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^.  ^ 


r  f  •  f  'M. 


■<  -^^  V 


/ 


/  / 


^ 


PRIMITIVE  HISTORY, 


FROM       T  H  E 


C     R     EAT     1,0     N 


T    O 


CADMUS. 

By    W.     WILLIAMS,    Efqr. 

Formerly  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 


Qais  eft  qaem  non   moveat  clariffimis   Monumentis   teftata  coniignataq;    Aaciquitas? 
TuLLT  dcDivia.  i. 

Nobis  videtar  Quicquid  Ltterit  mandetur  id  commendari  omnium  Eruditoram  Lefiioni 
deccre.      Tully  Tu{c.  Difp. 

£xempla,  ex  vetere  Memoria  et  Monumentis  ac  Literis,  plena  Dignitatis^  plena  Antiqui- 
tatis,  plurimum  folenc  et  Aud  iriutis  habere  ad  probandum,  et  Jucunditatis  ad  audien 
diun.     Tully  in  Verrcm.  3,  90. 


CHICHESTER: 
Priuted  and   fold   by   J.    SEAGRAVE.     1789. 
(Large  Paper^  Price  One  GaiAea;..«Small  Paper  Haifa  Guineai  to  Sub/cribers.) 


f  _ 


TO 
HIS    ROYAL     HIGHNESS 

GEORGE, 

PRINCE   OF   WALES, 

THIS     HIS  TORT 

OF  the  moft  ancient,  as  well  as  the  moft  fi^al 
and  important,  Events  in  the  Annak  of 
Mankind,  compofed  in,  and  by  a  Native  of, 
that  Loyal  Principality,  is.  By  the  Gracious  PermJJion 
of  His  Royal  Highness,  with  the  moft  profound 
Deference,  moft  fmcere  Gratitude,  and  moft  dutiful 
Re^eft, 

DEDICATEDTO 

Bs    ROYAL    HIGHNESS, 

B  Y    H  I  8 
MOST    FAITHFUL, 
AND     DEVOTED     SERVANT, 


Chichbitbr, 

AugufL  i2tb,    1789. 


William  Williams, 


i 


>  MEADS  OP  THE  CITAPTERf. 

G    H    A     P.        II. 

ej  JaphtVt  ijfui.  Of  ShenCt.  Concerning  the  aget  of  the  Pojidiltt^ 
vian  Patriarchs.  The  chromhgy  of  the  Septuagint  bejly  but  too  long^ 
Abraham*  s  migration  ^^^  years  before  the  Iliac  war^'j'jo  after  the  flood. 
A  coincidence  offeveral  chronological  accounts  fuws  the  interval  between 
the  flood  and  the  Chrijiian  era  to  be  zg^S  years.  A  iifcujfion  of  the 
Egyptian  chronologjf. 

C     H    A    F.        IIL 

^f  Ham's  ifue^from  whom  the  Titans^  who  ruled  the  regions  fur^ 
rounding  the  Mediterranean  fea.  Of  Nimrod^  and  the  firfl  kings  ofBa* 
bylon.  .  OfNinus,  Semiramis,  and  Myrina.  The  duration  of  the  Affy^ 
rian  empire.  Various  chronological  matters  as  to  Egypt  and  AJfyria. 
The  chronology  of  the  Book  of  Judges  proved  erroneous.  The  AJyrians 
potent  early ^  Stmiramis  was  Ifis ;  but  her  mother  fometimes  had  that 
name,  they  being  ofttn  confounded  together*  A  Table  of  the  direS  d^end^ 
^nts  of  Noah's  three  fons^ 

C     H     A    F.        IV. 

Of  Noah  and  his  Jons,     of  Ham  nnd  the  Cabiri;  Curetes^  DaByh^ 

Palici,  Patceci,    Penates,  Lares^    Corybcntes^    AnaBes^   Diofcuri^  (3c. 

The  fettlements  oj  Ham's  iffue.     Of  MiJor\  in  Egypt;  Cufh,  in  Svjiana; 

Canaan^  in  Phenicia.  Of  the  Belus  who  went  to  Babylon.     Of  the  fever al 

Meons.     Of  Hhea  or  Cybele^  the  Titan  Meon'ser  Saturn's  Udy.      Of 

7  eutct  or  Tuithoj  flre  of  MannvSy  founder  ef  the  Titans.     OfAe  Titans 

and  their  contemporaries.     Of  the  Phenitian  Hercuks  prior  to  Cadmus 

mnd  toSefoflris:  Yet  the  Titans  were  long  after  the  primitive  Cabiri  Meon 

or  Saturn^  the  father  ofPicus  dijlinguiftttdfrcm  Amenophis  and  Acmon^s 

Jire^  and  from  Mifor^  one  of  the  Egyptian  Cabiri  here  enumerated.    Oj 

Ammon^  TeuMamus^  Amos  orAmofi^.     Cf  the  Antiquity  of  the  Titans. 


t  'n  K  p.     % 

Se^Hements  of  Japhefi  ijfue.  Of  Mai;og.  OflJic  Celts^  ScytTiians^ 
and  Prrfian^.  The  Saronidce  or  Druifh  attended  Harries  family.  Gnmer 
fire  rf  Cimvieriin^:,  Cowrnirn<^  CI:or,iarian^^  peopled  Phrygin.  Of  their 
inroads:  of  ^mi^rat^im^  aiid  -kg^  remriie^f^r  t^iat-evilj  An  account 
qf  the  ancient  Cel^w.  Of  B^-^fuin  pr^p^^d  ay  Gnmerians,  Pheniciam^ 
T^roians,  and  Goths.  IJcotti  or  inferior  Gofhs  came  to  Ireland 
after  their  dejcent  into  Spain.  A  Table  of  (he  royal  families  of 
Ireland.  The  Firholgs^  viz.  ^el,^ee ;  'fir  Oaili^  Viri  Gallic  Of  tht 
progrefs  of  European  population.  The  Gomerians  proceeded  atfirjl  north- 
jtiOrJLt  ihent^e^TMrd^  cd<hig  rivtrs  and  btirJuten  mountains.  TAv?  "Guhs 
jh9f9ei  W€ftnmrd ;  Mr  ScJavcuian^  Mrikw^fd.  Tht  Hangitrians  i»rt  t 
jdifiin^Oafs. 

CHAP.         Tlv 

Stttlmtnis  iffShem's  iffue.     Ahraa^nVs  trmfit  td  Umaail:  fht  Sftiftr 
fremift.      His  tifit  to  Egypt.    Confequencts  ofSnrd'^s  beauty.     Tke  tiWtt 
•of  Ahraa^s  miprmon  fettled  by  the  timtoftht  txoS;  itni  this  fitted 
i)y  ikt  reign  of  the  Treafury  Builder.     Abraam  liveS  dt  l^dmdfcx^  c^leV 
Athera:  Jlisfona  comrade  of  the  Egyptian  Henul^s.     Abrdarn's  return 
fr&iK  Egypt,    "tm^s  refcue.     A  braam^s  (fifldtioft  and  tijion.   T/hmdet  bo  r^. 
Circumcifion  ordained.     Sarah  promt  fed  a  fon  by  God^  and  by  three  An^ 
gels.     Sodom  burnt.     Metamerphofs  ofZot*s  wife.     His  incefi.     Abu- 
mcUc*s  error  and  amends^     I  facte*  s  birth  and  €ircumciJion..     Ifhmael  ex- 
fofed.     Abraam* i  treaty  with  Abimelec.     God's  order  for  IfaaC'sfacrifcej 
his  jredtmipiion.     Of  wor/h if  on  eminences.    Sanchcfniatk^  aU%tdes  to  this 
/acri^cc.     Furchafe  of  SaraJCs  fepuUhm, ,  ,  ^ebcceefentfoK     Ketur^k 
Abraham' s  fecund  wjft ;  their  tffiu.     Abraham  died^it^j^.  '4/hmae{^ 
^^*^  37-    £f<^ani  Jacob  born.    Efaufelli  his  iirlhright?,  .Abimtlcc'A 
virtuous  orders  rtfpcSmg  Rebecca:  his  treaty  mithl/iM^    jJEfau.-marrm 
iilmMtMiiiand^n  JJhmaelitci'hisifuc    Heis  -d^rmded  of  his  blejing. 

ib  Jacob 


ti  ktAPJi  QW  THJ£  CHAPTERSv    , 

Jacob  goes  to  Padanaran.^  Bis  dream:  the  orign  of  the  Betilia.  Jatoi 
welcome  to  Laban  :  hence  the  TwelveTribes.  An  appendix  touching  the 
the /acred  chronology. 


THE    THIRD    BOOK. 


C    K(     A     p.        I. 

Of  the  Pagan  remnants  0/ ancient  hijlory.  Of  Sanchoniatho;  Manethe: 
the  oldEgyptian  chronicle.  Of  the  table  of  Thtban  kings fromEratoJlhenes. 
Of  the  interval  between  the  Flood  and  the  Chrijlidn  eta.  Of  Herodotus^ 
JofcphuSy  ApollodoruSy  and  Diodorus.  Ancient  account  of  Italy:  the 
Umbri,  Ligures^  Volfei,  TyrhenianSj  Aurunci,  Au/ones^  Opicij  Lcejlri^ 
gons,  CyclopSy  were  Cclta:^  but  intermixed  with  Pelafgi,  Lydians  and 
Phenicians.  Of  Annacus,  Gordius^  and  Midas,  kings  of  Phrygia.  Of 
Manes  J  Alcimus^  Cambles^  and  jar  dan,  kings  of  Lydia.  Of  Rhodes. 
Of  Lefbos :  Of  Iphimedia  and  Butes ;  and  of  Cadmus.  Ancient  men- 
tion of  the  Scythians;  of  the  Gctx ;  of  China.  Ufe  of  a  Genealogical 
Table  of  collateral  lines.  European  poffeffions  of  Ham's  family.  Of 
jfanus,  of  Teuiat  and  Acmon^  Ham's  defendants.  A  Genealogical  Tabic 
from  Sanchoniatho. 

C     H     A     P.        II. 

Sanchoniatho*  s  fragment^  with  remarks.  '  A  Genealogical  Table  from 
Hefiod.  The  Atlantean  Theogony  of  Diodorus.  A  table  and  dijcujffion 
of  Tully's  Titan  Gods.  The  Cretan  Theogony  of  Diodorus.  A  Jupple^ 
ment  to  the  turetes  in  Diodorus.  A  Genealogicat  Table  oftHk  Titans  and 
thtir  tonUmporwritf.  v 

•  :  V  CHAP.  in. 


HEAD9    PF    THE    CHAPTERS.  vM 

CHAP.        III. 

A  defcription  of  ancient  Egypt:  a  Jliort  account  of  their  old  police,  cuj^ 
torn.,  laws,  and  religion;  with  reJleSions. 

CHAP.  IV; 

An  account  of  the  old  Egyptian  chronicle.  Ohfervatiamon  this  chro^ 
niclc.  -  ManethoU  Dynajltes  and  Panodorus.  The  Jirjl  kings  of  Thebais 
from  Eratofihenes.  Manet ho^s  twofirjl  Tomrs  oj  Dynajlies  from  Afri^ 
canus  and  Eufebius  ;  with  remarks:  The  lyth  and  i8M  Dynajlies  are 
alfofrom  Jofephus.  A  new  arrangement  of  the  lith  Dynajly,  confonant 
to  the  number  of  reigns  in  the  old  chronicle ^  and  to  a  hint  in  Syncellus. 
A  correSed  table  of  the  old  chronicle.  Mane tho' s  fifteen  fucceffive  Dy^ 
najlies  held  i^?i\  years;  the  years  of  the  collateral  are  1674;  totals  3555* 
AJhort  chronological  table  from  the  firfi  fettlement  of  Egypt  to  the  Trojan 
war.  An  arrangement  of  the  Dynaflies  down  to  that  war^  and  to  the 
Exod,  in  Jive  collateral  columns. 

CHAP.         V. 

Hiflory  ofthejirjt  Egyptian  kings.  Of  Mi/or  or  Menes  Thoth*s  father^ 
and  of  the  primitive  Egyptian  Ifis.  OfThoth  and  his  literature.  Mane-^ 
tho*s  account  of  the  Hycji ;  hinted  at  by  Polnno  and  Tacitus :  and  by 
HeredotuSy  who  Jays  they  afterwards  fiole  lo^  of  whom  an  acccount. 
Touching  the  18M  Dynafly  of  Manetho,  his  account  of  the  firfl  king  of 
the  igthy  whom  he  7niflakesforSefoJiris,  next  follows.  Manetho*s  account 
of  the  Exod  ;  alfo  Cheremon*s^  with  remarks.  The  account  of  the  Exod 
by  Lyjimachus  and  Tacitus.  Artapanus  and  Juflin  mention  the  divifion 
of  the  Red  Sed.     A  verfion  of  the  Hymn  of  Mofes. 

CHAP.  VL 


viii  HEA15S    OF    THE    CHAi»Yfcii!|, 


c   If  A   P.    yr 

0/Phoroneus.  Ogyges.  Of  the  Ptlafgi.  Lijh  pfthe  Si^onian,  Ar- 
give,  Athenian^  Arcadian^  and  Bcsotian  kings.  Of  Cecrops  and  his  fuc^ 
Ceffbrs.  The  Titan  war,  and  Typhon*s^  Saturn* s  retreat  to  Italy.  Of 
his  fon  Belus.  Of  Prometheus,  iyphon's  aSs  in  Egyyt^  The  Egyptian 
JHonyfius  and  his  conforL  Her  [on  Orut.  Berffcond  hujbtmd  \Ame^ 
Mfhis^  Menon^  or  Belus.  Marfyui.  A  fumm<gry  auiMM  tf  Sejofirii : 
Tht  continuation  ofthi  Hi/lory  being  to  cammenC€  with  Sefofiris^  Danaus^ 
Cadfims^  Minot ;  and  with  Jacob's  A"^  ptials :  The  preftnt  accmnt  ends 
miih  an  enumeration  of  the  principal  heads^  rtadiin^  danm  to  tkt  TrijfeM 
andibe  Ex^. 


r: 


P    R    E    FACE. 


TH  E  errors  and  contradidions  in  Ancient  hiflory  and 
chronology^  in  writers  both  ancient  and  modern^  render 
^  it  laudable  to  attempt  a  more  probable  account  and  date  of 
Primitive  events^  than  we  have  hitherto  been  entertained  with. 
Of  the  facred  chronologies,  the  Hebrew  counts  the  interval 
between  the  Creation  and  the  Cataclyfm^  1656  years,  the 
Samaritan,  three  centuries  lefs ;  the  Septuagint,  fix  centuries 
more!  Two  oixki^i^  accounts  muft  be  falfe  :  but  which  are 
thefe  two  erroneous  is  the  queftion. 

Still  more  improbable  are  the  chronological  dates  recorded 
in  profane  authors.  Berofus  made  the  Antediluvian  period,  in 
Sari,  above  30,000  years ;  the  period  afligned  to  Vulcan  in 
^Syp'*  .Herodotus  counts  17,000  years  from  the  Egyptian 
Hercules  to  Amalis.  Diodorus  Siculus,  from  Sol  and  from 
Ofiris  to  Alexander,  23,000  years  :  the  reigns  of  the  Gods 
and  Demi-gods,  18,000  yiears :  from  thence  to  the  time 
of  Diodorus  15,000.  Plato  mentions- chronologies  of  Sais 
during  8000  years.  Pomponius  Mela  fays  that  kings  reign«d 
in  Egypt  before  Amafis,  13,000  years.  Laertius  counts  from 
Vulcan  to  Alexander  48,000  years.  Tully  fays,  the  Baby- 
lonians had  records  of  470,000  years;  Diodorus,  473,000. 
Thefe  are  periods  of  days  from  the  Titan  Belus.      Africanus 

mentions 


vi  PREFACE. 

mentions  48  myriads  of  Chaldean  years  :  Berofus,  at  leaft  i  r 
myriads.       Manetho  counted  the  Egyptian  Dynafties  ;  3555 
years  :  Diodorus,  above  3000.      The  old  Egyptian  chronicle 
extends  their   annals  to  36,525  years.      And,  tho'  Manetho 
and  this  chronicle  have  only  1 13  reigns,  Herodotus  has  330  ; 
Eufebius,  360 ;  Diodorus,    470^  Africanus,  about  480,  during 
a  period  exceeding  5000  years.      Jofephus  deems  Mofes  to  be 
contemporary  with  Amofis,    who  expelled  the  Hycfi ;  who, 
as  Manetho  in  Jofephus  relates,  removed  from  Egypt  feme 
centuries  before  the  Exod.   Syncellus  names  40  AfTyrian  kings 
from  Ninus  to  Sardanapalusj   tho*' Diodorus   Siciilus  fays  that 
Ctefias  enumerated  only  30,       Among  modern  writers,  fomc 
deem  Noah  to  be  Saturn ;  fome.  Ham ;    fome,    Abraham ; 
and  fome  make  the  Titan  Saturn's  rival,  Ammon,  to  be  Ham. 
Pezron  brings  the  Titan  Gods  from  the  Celtas,  and  Japhct ; 
the'  Homer  deduces  them  from  the   Ethiopians,   of  courfe 
from  Ham.      Perizon  denies  that  the  king  at  the  Exod  was 
named  Amenophis  ;  tho'  Manetho  proves  this  to  be  his  name, 
from   Egyptian  records.      Dr.   Jackfon  extends  chronology 
exceffivcly,  placing  Semiramis  above  2000  years  before  the 
Incarnation;    thus  confounding  her  with  Ham's  immediate 
progeny  5  altho'  fhe  was  as  late  as  Jove,  Juno  and  Europa ; 
and  of  courle  no  earlier  than  Cadmus  and  Chiron;  heroes  that 
of  \2itt.z,K  petrified  into  religious  towers!     Auguftine  counts 
her  and  Ninus  very  judicioufly  fome  1000  years  after  the  De- 
luge.   On  the  contrary.  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  abridges  chronology 
quite  as  unreafonably  :    and  deems  the  predeceflbr  of  Danaus 
to  be  the  fon  of  Perfeus,  not  of  Crotopus.     He  and  Sir  John 
Marfham  deem  Sefoftris  to  be  Sefac:  the'  Ariftotle  fays  rightly 
that  Sefoftris  was  prior  to  Minos :  Agathias  fcts  Iiim  even  be- 
fore 


PREFACE.  vii 

fore  Ninus.  Herodotus  (who  faw  his  triumphal  trophies)  and 
Diodorus,  fet  him  three  or  four  reigns  before  the  Trojan  war: 
and  Manctho  fays,  *'  He  was  the  brother  of  Danaus  /'  which 
Diodorus  confirms,  by  faying  that  the  Egyptian  colony,  fettled 
by  Danaos  at  Cholchis,  were  foldiers  of  Sefoftris. 

Yet  fome  chronological  intelligence  flill  remains  of  inefti- 
mable  value*  Eratoflhenes  (hews  that  the  Egyptian  empire^ 
founded  by  Thoth's  father  Menes,  declared  by  Sanchoniatho 
^  to  be  Ham's  fon  Mifor,  fubiifted  a  little  above  looo  years  be- 
fore the  Iliac  war:  and  that  Nitocris  the  22d  fovcrcign  of 
Tbbbais  (deemed  by  Manetho,  the  23d  of  Memphis)  began 
her  reign  or  regency  in  Upper  Egypt  670  years  after  the  com- 
OEMshcement  of  that  kingdom ;  and  about  338  years  before  the 
capture  of  Troy.  Africanus  fets  her  1 9  years  later,  in  the 
Dy^fties  of  Memphis;  where  fhe  reigned  during  the  abfence 
of  Dionyfius ;  as  (he  did  fome  time  before  at  Thebes,  in  the 
Titahian  war.  during  her  father  Ammon's  avocations.  Con- 
ftantifie  ManafTes  fays,  the  Egyptian  empire  lafted  1663  years, 
^lits  ftttkverfion  by  Cambyfes:  to  this  the  23,000  years  from 
Sol  and  Ofiris  to  Alexander,  taken  as  Lunar,  agree.  Varro 
fays,  Egyptian  Thebes  (whofe  founder,  as  Herodotus  writes, 
was  Menes  the  firft  king  of  Egypt)  was  built  2100  years  be- 
fore Ais  time.  Diodorus  Siculus  and  Cephalion  agree,  that  the 
Aiiyrian  empire  (founded  by  Nimrod)  fubfifted  1000  years  be- 
fore the  fall  of  Troy.  Nimrod  is  the  Ninus  whom  Dicearchus 
in  Stephanus  deems  the  founder  of  Nineve ;  and  whom  Emi- 
lius  Sura  in  Paterculus  places  at  the  head  of  the  Aflyrian  em- 
pire, 1995  y^^s  before  the  downfall  of  Antiochus  Magnus, 
190  years  bdfore  the  Chriftian  era,     Thele  are  grounds  of  a 

probable 


viii 


PREFACE. 


probable  chronology.      On  thcfe  I  proceed  ia  the  following 
refearches  into  remotefl  antiquity.     I  may  add  tlia«k  Bdfhopi 
Cumbcrlandi quotes  Varro  as  feying,**  there  were  i6iCentorifis. 
between  the  firft  flood  and  the  Olympiads  :"  whicdr  i&  only  281 
years  wide  of  Archbiftiop  Uftier's  computation/;   to  which  Ij 
fubfcribe.   For,  not  finding  that  thofe  lights  have  been  thrown 
on  Primitive  Hiftory,  which  ancient  authors  afford^  I  here 
endeavour  to  difplay  them  to  public  yiewji  with  a  dcfign  tch 
illufbate  the  venerable  veflibule  of  the  hiflortcal  d^artment : 
a  £dbric  fo  grand^  that^  like  the  Cupola  of  Sainfc  Paul-s  Cathe- 
dral compared  with  its  appendages,  it  beggars^  all  fucceoding 
fabjcds  of  record. 


PRIMITIVB 


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PRIMITIVE     HISTORY, 

B  O  O  K     L  C  H  A  P.     L 


CONTENTS. 

The  Creation  recorded  /^  Moses  is  our  folar  fyjlem.  An  account  of  the 
Planets  if  that  fyjlem.  A  folar  Cycle  of  33  years^  more  correS  and 
concife  than  the  Gregorian;  with  a  method  for  its  CorreSion  of 
Meto'«  lunifolar^  in  334  years;  and  coincidence  with  the  Gregorian, 
at  the  end  of  four  centuries.  Alfofor  a  further  corrcHion  of  the  luni^ 
folar  Cycle,  and  for  its  coincidence  with  an  ecliptical  Cycle,  of  1 803 
years;  which  is  properly  the  great  terrejlrial  year.  Meto's  Cycle, 
known  long  before  his  time  to  the  Titans,  is  alluded  to  by  the  igjlmes 
at  Stonchenge,  round  the  altar  of  the  Sun  and  Moon,  or  of  Belin  and 
Belifama.  Tkeprogrefs  anciently  made  in  AJlronomy.  Mention  of  old 
AJlronomers.  The  planetary  account  continued.  A  p  u  l  e  i  u  s  mentions 
the  planet  beyond  Saturn.  The  planets  probably  inhabited.  Of  Comets. 
Other  planets  fur  round  other  funs.  A  plurality  of  Worlds  an  ancient 
doSrine.  The  old  Philofophers  had  an  infight  into  many  of  the  great 
phenomena  of  Nature. 

'T'H  E  mundane  Creation  recorded  by  Mofes  the  famous  general 
'*'  of  the  Ifraclites,  who  was  converfant  in  the  records  of  Thoth  Qucft.  i.  2. 
Ham*s  grandfon,  is  our  folar  fyftcm;  not  confined  to  this  globe 
alone^  nor  comprehending  the  fixed  ftars.  The  feveral  orbs,  that 
revolve  in  elliptical  ambits  round  their  common  fun  to  the  eaftward, 
make  together  one  compleat  piece  of  machinery.  Thus  Thales  in 
Plutarch  fays,  *♦  The  earth's  dcftruQion  would  throw  the  univerfc 
into  confufion."  Lucan  fays, 

^'  Omniii  fata  laborant,-u»Si  quicquam  mutare  velis/' 

The  fate  of  all  wou'd  rue  a  fingle  change. 

The 
B 


a  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Booki. 

Hhe  planets,  and  their  fun  aiQ  mutxmlly  on^nc  another;  attradinj 
at  dated  diftances,  and  at  dated  didances  repelling  one  another; 
and  confining  one  another  within  their  refpeftive  limits ;  previenting 
that  appulfe  am}  collifion  which  Tome  apprehend;  probably  by 
means  of  the  circumambient  ether ;  by  its  eladicity  caufing  repul- 
fion,*when  approximation  has  taken  place  in  the  highed  degree;  till 
Opt.  p.  an  oppofite  repulfion,  by  the  ether  compreffed  thro*  a  contrary 
323.  2^roximatioD>  counterafb  and  overcomes  the  former  rcputfion;  thia 
repulfion  is  Sir  Ifaac  Newton's  ethereal  impulfe. 

That  the  mofaic  creation  includes  all  the  planets  of  the  folar 
*  '  *  /  Tydem  Saint  Paul  implies,  who  mentions  the  formation  of  Worlds. 
ap.   omn,    2•^j|y  ^ji^g  ^j^^  f^n  the  moderator  of  the  oth^r  luminaries.  Lucan  fays, 

'*  Sol  radii fq;  potentibus  adra  ire  vctat." 
Sol's  potent  rays  erratic  dars  rcdrain, 
Claudian,— — ^  Volventem  fidera  mithram." 

Sol  whirls  the  planets. 
Manilius,— '*  Sidus  fidere  condat.'* 

Stars  in  their  orbits  are  retained  by  dars. 

Plato  aflerts  that  Jove's  golden  chain  in  Homer  is  the  fun,  whofe 
Thccetcttt.  ^y*  influence  all  niaiture.  Meffala,  in  Macrobius,  taking  janus  to 
be  the  author  of  nature,  writes  thus;  "  The  founder  and  governor 
of  all,  united  the  nature  of  water  and  earth,  which  by  their  gravity 
always  tend  downwards,  to  that  of  fire  and  fpirit,  which  by  their 
levity  mount  Jwiftly  upwards;  and  thefe  he  has  confined  to  the  hea- 
vens. To  thefe  heavens  he  has  annexed  fuch  an  attraSive  force, 
as  unites  and  binds  together  different  natures  and  qualities.'* 

This  fydem  confids  of  the  fun  in  the  common  but  flu6luating  focus 
of  the  planetary  orbits,  revolving  round  its  axis  once  in  606  hours, 
as  found  by  fpots  oft  appearing  on  its  diflc'  for  fome  time.  This  rota- 
tion retorts  the  attrafted  ether  of  the  fydem,  that  othefwife  would  be 
abforbed,  and  the  planets  wich  it  into  the  fun :  which,  thro*  the  vari- 
ation of  the  reciprocal  attraftions  of  the  planets  according  to  their 

different 


Chap-i.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  ^ 

differeni  fituations^  ibifts  its  place  in  a  finall  degree  in  the  common 

elliptical  focus  of  the  fyftem.     This^  like  folar  eclipfes,  may  fome- 

what  affe6i  terreftrial  fealbns :  for  planetary  fituations  muft  afF<^d  the 

earth  ftill  more  than  the  (on,  whofe  magnitude  ailonifhingly  exceeds 

the  earth's:  its  diameter  exceeding  this  globe's  lOO  times,  equalling 

thrice  the  fpace  between  the  earth  and  the  moon.     Ariftotle  held  the  Plutarch  fen- 

liin  to  be  ether:    Zenophanes,  that  it  is  an  ignited  cloud:  Philolaus     ^*°^"- 

ihe  Pythagorean,  that  it  receives  its  fplendour  from  the  fire  of  the 

world :    Anaxagoras,   that  it  is  a  burning  globe.     It  probably  is,  as  Spea.  420. 

Addifon  fays  of  the  ftars,  an  ocean  of  flame. 

Mercury,  or  Stilbon,  a  fmall  planet,  tho'  bigger  than  our  moon, 
is  the  neareft  to  the  fun :  going  round  it  1092  times  in  263  fidereal 
years.  He  moves  above  1827  miles  in  a  minute,  in  an  orbit  inclined 
fevcn  degrees  to  the  ecliptic:  its  nodes  are  in  the  14th  degree  of 
\  Taurus  and  of  Scorpio.  ExceflTivc  as  this  planet's  velocity  is,  it  is 
23,  (Vow,  comparatively  to  that  of  the  folar  light,  as  a  fnail's  in  com- 
pan'/bn  of  a  rwdiMoyf's:  unlefs  we  fuppofe  the  folar  rays  to  be  con- 
tinued columns  of  ether,  effefting  vifion  by  an  impulfe  given  by  the 
end  of  the  column  next  to  the  objeft,  in  confequence  of  an  impulfe 
received  by  the  column  at  its  end  contiguous  to  the  fun:  and  not  to  he 
minute  luminous  corpufcles  paflfing  all  the  way  from  the  fun  to  the 
eanYi.     Mercury's  eccentricity  is  to  his  mean  diftance,  as  21  to  100. 

Venus^  the  next  planet,  is  about  the  iame  fize  as  the  earth.     395 
times  in  243  (idereal  years,  or  full  13  times  in  8  years  flie  goes  round 
the  fun;  in  an  orbit,  whofe  axis  is  inclined  to  her's,  75  degrees:  and 
to  the  earth's  three  degrees  and  a  half;  croflSng  it  in  the  14th  degree 
of  Gemini  and  of  Sagittary.     Calfini  could  not  determine  her  diurnal       i^hilof. 
period:  which  lome  count  23  hours;    others  24  days.     Auguftin,      Tranfac. 
from  Varro»  records  a  Angular  change  in  the  cour(e>  magnitude, 
figuve»  cotouT,  of  Venus;  faying  that  Caftor  related  it;    and  that 
Adraftus  of  Cizicum,  and  Dion  of  Naples,  placed  this  event  in  the 
lime  ofOgyges.     Her  atmofphere  was  noted  in  America,  at  her  laft     ^jn^rkan 
fcJar  iranfic    Her  ^cccnui^ity  is  to  her  mean  diftance  from  the  fun»  Tranf.  Vol. 

B  2  The 


In  Ptafanit, 


PRIMITIVE    MISTOKY.  (B6ok  u 

The  Earth  (created  at  firft  a  ihipercfii  defoiate  mafs^  as  Mofes  and 
L.  9,  '  Hefiod  teftify)  revolving  daily  on  its  axis,  compleats  160  circuits 
round  the  fun  in  58,441  days:  but^  with  ^  motion  mod  accelerated 
At  the  beginning  of  March  and  Oftober,  performs  61  g  tropical  years 
in  226085  days:  that  is,  33  years  contain  12053  days,  more  nicely 
than  the  Gregorian  account :  To  that  every  eighth  intercalated  year 
fliould  be  the  fifth  year  (inftead  of  the  fourth)  after  the  feventh  inter- 
calation. Shak  Cholgji  in  Hyde  (hews  that  the  Perfians  ufed  fuch  a 
cycle.  This  fhortfolar  cycle  of  33  years  may  be  made  to  coincide 
with,  and  to  be  fubordinate  to,  the  Gregorian.  Ten  periods  of  33 
years  each  and  one  olympiad,  making  334  years,  will  correft  Meto's 
cycle  of  19  years,  by  admitting  amidft  every  17  of  thefe  laft  cycles 
an  intercalatory  one  of  11  years:  thus  neither  the  fun  nor  moon 
would  err  a  fingle  day  in  2600  years.  The  two  next  folar  periods  of 
33  years  each,  after  this  lunifolar  cycle  of  334  years,  would  com-' 
pleat  the  Gregorian  cycle.  Thus  then  I  conftitute  a  ftiort  folar  cycle, 
and  afterwards  by  it  correft  Meto's  Itmar. 

4— 4— 4r-4— 4— 4— 4— 5-:^33  tropical  years,  or  12053  days.  Theft 
ten  times  33  years,  and  one  olympiad  make  334  years.  Next,  to 
corre6t  Meto's  cycle  anfwerably,  19—19—19^19—19—19—19—19 
(—11)  —19—19—19—19—19—19—19—19—19-334  years:  which 
121,991  days  exceed  by  90  minutes;  and  334  tropical  years  exceed 
4131  lunations  juft  as  much.  It  is  notable  that  eight  Jubilee  peri- 
ods, each  of  7  times  7  years,  equal  i43>i75  d^X'*  within  12  minutes. 
But  to  communicate  a  nice  and  high  lunifolar  cycle;  three  periods 
of  334  years  each,  and  two  of  19  years  each,  amount  to  1040  tro- 
pical years,  and  to  12,863  lunations;  alfo  to  379,852  days.  The 
defed  both  in  the  lunar  number,  and  in  the  diurnal,  is  lefs  than  half 
an  hour.  The  next  century  may  begin  with  new  cycles  of  the  Sun 
and  Moon.  The  folar  thus;  every  33d  year  inftead  of  the  32d  may 
be  a  leap-year,  for  ten  periods  of  33  years  each,  when  an  ordinary 
olympiad  may  enfue.  So,  for  three  periods  of  334  years  each;  when 
another  period  of  33  years  may  enfue ;"  which  with  five  years,  the  laft 
of  which  to  be  a  biflextile,  make  38  years  or  two  of  Meto's  cycles; 
to  be  added  at  every  third  return  of  our  reformed  lunifolar  cycle  of 

334 


In  Ptolemy. 


In  Diodoro^ 
a. 


Ghap.  1.)  PRIMIT^IVE     H  ISTORY. 

334  years.     Thus  the  account  of  the  Sun  and  Moon  will  not  err  a 
fingle  day  in  50,000  years. 

The   tropical   year    is    fhorter  than   the  fidereal,  by   tlie    fun's 
^rofling  the  equator  more  to  the  weftward  annually ;  occafioning  a 
a  yearly  prevention    of  the  equinoflia!  points,    firft  difcovered  by 
Hipparchus,  and  amounting  to  50  feconds  of  a  degree,  according  to 
feme ;  but  Vince  computes  it  only  2 1 1  feconds  in  ten  years.     Thus 
in  Hefiod's  time  Arfturus  rofe  at  fun  fet,  60  days  after  the  winter 
folftice.     Hipparchus  computed  the  folar  year  lefs  than  365 1  days, 
by  288  feconds:  this  anfwers  nearly  to  19  years  during  235  luna- 
tions; the  cycle  adopted  by  Meto,  and  alluded  to    by    Hecateus, 
where  he  mentions  Apollo's  vifit  to  the  arftic  ifland  once  in  19  years, 
as  Diodorus  Siculus  pofitively  declares.     To   this  cycle  alfo  relate 
the  19  ftones  round  the  altar  of  the  Sun  and  Moon,  Belin  and  Beli- 
(ama,  at  Stonehenge,  and  anciently  called  the  choir  of  the  Gaurs, 
3lt\A.  Xmbennount  from  its  fan6iification :  where.the  30  arches  of  the 
/>iy/erfircJe  allude  to  the  days  of  the  month;  and  the  five  trilithbns, 
to   the  intercalatory  days:   the  40  circular  ftones  denote  novendial 
periods,   into  which  the  year  was  divided.     Anfwerablc   to  which 
Mela  fays  the  virgin  prieftefles  of  the  Gallic:  deity  were  nine.     Dio- 
dorus fays  (5)  that  the  Curetcs  were  nine.     Nicander  aflerts  that 
RVveawas  adored  on  the  ninth  day  of  the  moon.       Add    that   perq; 
novem  noScs  priefts,  prieftefles,  and  initiated  perfons  abftained  from 
vcnery.  The  Roman  nones  arid  Niindinac  likewife  favor  this  opinion.   Macrob.Sat 
Roman  males  were  given  a  name  on  the  ninth  day.     The   Romans 
feem  to  have  intended  the  cycle  of  indiftion  to  correft  their  Julian  * 
year  anfwerably  to  Meto's  cycle,  by  omitting  a  day  at  each  fifteenth 
retuin  of  it:  but,  tho*  19  Julian  years  exceed  235  lunations;  yet  fo 
many  lunations  exceed  19  tropical  years  about  two  hours  :  and  pro- 
bably the  difcovery  of  this  occafioned  the  difufe  of  the   indiftion. 
Meto  introduced  his  cycle  into  Greece  432  years  before  the  chriftian 
era.     Couplet  fays,  this  cycle  was  in  ufe  in  China,  in  the  reign  of 
Yau.    Du  Halde  tells  us,  the  Chinefe  above  2000  years  ago  counted 
the  year  to  contain  365  days,  5  hours,  50  minutes.     The  ancient 
Perfians    counted   49  min.  15  fee.  tho*    for   civil    ufe  they  added 

35  days  to  120  yean  of  365  days  each.     Strabo  (17)  fays  that  when 

Eudoxus 


«5 


16. 


Solttn    Ge- 
lal's   year 


$  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Eudoxus  attended  Plato  into  Egypt,  he  learnt  from  the  priefts  how 
much  the  folar  year  exceeded  365  days,. the  difcovery  of  which  he 
Potter's      attributed  to  the  Egyptian  Hermes.     Solon^s  cycle  confifted  gf  1461 
»  "^^^**""«-    ^g^yg  in  4  years.    He  learnt  it  in  Egypt:  the*  he  entered  not  into  this 
nicety  in  his  converfation  with  Croefus.      Diodorus  and  Strabo  (17) 
fay  the  Egyptians  counted  their  (aftronomical)  year  365^  days,  which 
was  determined  by  Hermes.     Their  fothiac  or  canicular  period  of 
1461  civil  years  equal  1460  Julian:    Jablonfky  derives  fothiac  from 
fothios,  commencement  of  time.     This  period  they  multiplied  by 
their  lunar  cycle  of  25  civil  years  of  365  days,  containing  309  luna- 
tions, with  a  furplus of  68  minutes:  this  fhews  they  had  made  early 
and  accurate  obfervations  of  mean  lunations.     Cenforinus  fays  the 
fothiac  period  was  eftablifhed   1322  years  before  the  chriftian  era. 
Syncellus  attributes  the  intercalation  of  five  days  to  Afeth,  (AffisJ  one 
*  of  the  laft  kings  of  the  Hycfi.  Macrobius  fays,  this  intercalation  took 
place  at  the  end  of  the  Roman  Auguft;  and  Alex.  ab.  Alexandro 
fays,  the  Egyptian  year  began  at  September;  that  is  from  the  intro- 
du6iion  of  this  intercalation.     But  probably  the  Egyptian,  like  the 
Macedonian,    Chaldean,    and  Afiatic,  originally  begah  at  the  au-  ' 
tumnal  equinox;  yet  the  fothiac  cycle  commenced   at  the   fummer 
fplftice.     And,  as  the  civil  year  of  Egypt  fell  fhort  of  the  tropical, 
5  hours  and  49  minutes;  and  the  year  began  at  the  Heliac  rifing  of 
Sirius,  when  the  fothiac  cycle  commenced;  we  may  hence  find  that 
^  the  rifing  of  Sirius  was  on  the  day  of  the  fummer  folftice,  at  what 
time  that  cycle  was  adopted.     Cenforinus  writes  that  Sirius  rofe  he^ 
liacallyon  the  21ft  day    of  July,   A.  D.   238^  a   century   before 
which  a  fothiac  cycle  ended.     Sirius  is  to  be  traced  back  according 
to   the    fidereal  year ;  the    folftice,    according   to   the    tropical ; 
Columella  fet  it,  in  the   reign  of  Claudius,  on  the  25th  of  June. 
From  thence  to  the  time  of  Cenforinus,  the  Julian  years  exceeded 
the  tropical  by  36  hours,   that  is,  in  198  years  the  folftice,  fuppofed 
on  the  2^5th  of  June  at  middiiiight,  fell  truly  on  the  24th  at  noon,  A. 
D.  238,  whence  upwards  1560  juUan  years  contain  12  days  more 
than  fo  many  tropical :  therefore,   from  the  account  of  Cenforinus, 
1322  years  before  the  incarnation  the  fummer  folftice  was  on  the  fixth 

of  the  Roman  July :  .but  as  i^GoJidercal  years  contain  5,69800  day^, 

Sirius 


( 


Chap,  lO  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  y 

Sirius  rofe  heliacally  July  the  ninth,  A.  C.  13$ 2.  But  Pliny  dceme4       ,.  .7, 

the  heliac  rifing  of  Sirius  three  days  earlier ;  which  fets  it  exa&Iy  at 

the  furamer  folftice,  in  the  year  132  a  before  the  incarnation.  Poiphyry 

fays  the  fothiac  cycle  began  originally  at  a  new  moon :  probably  ;  as 

ihcir  lunifoiar  cycle  was  25  fothiac.     Plutarch's  Tale  of  Mercury's  IfuctOfihs. 

getting  the  five  intercalated  days  from  Luna  arofe  hence.     As  the 

War  year  exceeds  by  full  five  days  the  old  civil  year  of  360  days; 

cxprelTed  by  the  literal  numbers  in  the  word  mithras :  which  as  much 

exceeds  the  lunar  year  ;  tho'  at  firft  they  were  all  computed  equal : 

Mercury  took  five  days  from  the  lunar  year,    and  added  them  to 

the  folar.      Ctefias  in  Photius,  and  Berofus  in  Atheneus  (14)  fay, 

^  Thefeftival  Saceas  at  Babylon  (refembling  the  Saturnalia)  held  five 

days,  from  the  16th  of  Lous."     It  feems  in  memory  of  this  noted 

imetcalaiion.    Hefychius  fays  that  Sechcs  among  the  Babylonians  was 

•  Mercury ;  Strabo  thought  there  was  a  Pcrfian  goddefs  Sacea ;  as  o- 

tStveu  JfctmSakia  an  Arabian  deity:    yet  the  name  arofe  from  the    .  , 

Atheneus,  4. 
Shields  Salei^  on  which  they  beat  the  tune  Orlhios  with  their  fwords,       Apolon. 

in  the  mi/itary  dance  Bctharmos.     The  ancilia  of  the  Roman  Salii       ,,,^] 

were  \n  imitation  of  thefe  fhields.     This  feftive  anarchy  or  MiffuU 

arofe  from  the  five  days  being  a  fupernumerary  period  above  the 

la  civil  months :  as  it  was  at  Mexico,,  at  the  firft  difcovery  of  that 

totuitry;  and   fpent  there  alfo  in  feftivity,  a  cuftom  derived  from 

Aflyra— The  golden  circle,  that  adorned  the  tomb  of  Symandes, 

ftews  that  the  year  was  then  counted  365  days.     Plutarch  fets  this 

intercilation  in  the  time  of  the  Titan  Saturn  ;  faying,  the  days  bore 

the  names  of  five  of  Rhea's  children;  who  are  Ofiris,  Arucris  or  the 

ddcr  Orus,  fons  of  Sol ;  Ifis,  whofe  fire  was  Hern:es;  Typhon  and 

Nephkbe  (Venus,  Viftory  or  Finis)  who  efpoufcd  each  other.       His 

accoDmis  a  confufed  medley;    being  a  phyfical  allegory  under  the 

»>amcsof  real  perfbns.  Apollodorus  deems  Typhon,  Saturn's  brother. 

Venus  was  Ifis  herfclf,  the  lady  of  Typhon's  affeflions.     The  elder 

Orus  is  Sanchoniatho's  Apollo,  the  antagonift  of  Marfyas,  and   the 

Olympian  wreftlcr.     The  father  of  Ifis  is  faid  here  to   be  Hermes, 

^coLuk  Meon,  Menes  or  Mifor,  was  ftiled  Hermes  and  Ofiris :  but 

Wurb  Cybcle's  hufcand,  the  father  of  Ceres  or  Ifis^  was  alfo  called 

i'Mi:  aoid  is  therefore  confounded  with  Mifor  and  others  who  had 

the 


8  PRIMITIVE     HIST  OR  Y.  (Book  u 

the  name  of  Meon  :  which  is  Celtic  for  Ocean,  hence  Venus  is  faid 
to  fpring  from  the  Sea ;  tho*  the  original  Venus  was  Ham*s  wife,  and 
her  father  Noah  was  the  primitive  Oceamis  fire  of  the  Pagan  Gods« 
Oceanus  being  alfo  a  name  of  the  Nile,  Cybele*s  huftand  was  alfo 
confounded  with  every  Nilus,  that  is  with  every  Meon  and  Ame« 
nophis  from  Mifor  to  the  King  at  the  £xod.  The  Sol  in  Plutarch 
above  is  Hyperion,  Titan  or  Ammon,  a  fpoufe  of  Rhea  or  Cybeie 
his  fifter  likewife,  and  fire  of  the  Titan  Ofiris  who  was  the  Egyptian 
Dionyfius :  and  Saturn  was  Apopis,  fet  amongft  the  Paftor  Kings : 
for  Plutarch  fays,  **  Sol's  fon  Ofiris  aided  Jove  againft  Sol*s  brother 
Apopis**;  but  this  Ofiris  was  Aitimon's  fon;  and  the  war  was  that 
of  Ammon  and  Saturn.  Apopis  and  Arcles,  tho'  Titans,  are  fet  at 
the  end  of  the  paftoral  kings,  as  they  probably  obtained  the  fupreme 
ccnnmand  over  the  Hycfi,  before  they  were  expelled  by  Amos,  who 
-  according  to  Plutarch  was  Ammon.  But  if,  with  Syncellus,  we  admit/ 
AflSs  or  Afeth  partly  with  Arcles,  who  is  his  Certus  or  Melecertes,  • 
Plutarch  Ihews  that  Seth  or  Afeth  was  TypT^on;  and  thus  nearly 
agrees  with  Syncellus  as  to  the  time  of  the  intercalation.  Saturq 
and  Typhoh  were  both  Aftronomers.  Yet  Afeth's  difcovery  feenpls 
to  be  the  lunifoiar  cycle  of  25  years,  each  of  365  days.  For  Syncelfus 
relates  that  in  Afeth's  reign  the  Calf  Apis,  as  he  is  called  alfo  by 
L.  $.  a8.  Herodotus,  was  deified.  Plutarch  fays,  the  years  of  Apis  were  the 
Marcel.  L  22  fquare  of  five :  iaind  Ammian  writes  that  Apis  was  the  moon's  emblem. 
Macrobius  allows  that  Apis  was  confecrated  to  the  moon,  as  well  as 
to  the  fun;  that  is,  his  fignification  had  a  lunifoiar  refpeQ.  His  29 
marks  in  Elian  allude  10  the  days  in  the  lunar  period.  Plutarch 
tells  us  that  his  dam  ^^ras  fuppofed  to  be  impregnated  by  the  lunar, 
rays.  Fabricius  writes  that  the  Egyptian  Kings  at  inauguration,  in 
the  temple  of  Apis,  vowed  that  the  civil  year  fliould  confift  of  365 
days  ^xafily.  Mnevis  at  Heliopolis,  confecrated  to  the  fun,  was 
degraded  to  a  fccondary  rank  by  Apis;  whofe  inftitution  was  an 
improvement.  The  bull  Onuphis  at  HenAunthis,  where  there  was 
a  Nilometer,  regarded  the  fun  only  as  the  Nile's  inunda 'on  enfues 
when  the  fun  attains  his  greateft  ftrength,  of  which  a  bull  is  the  em- 
blem: as  alfo  did  Serapis,  whofe  moft  ancient  temple  was  at  Mem- 
phis; yet  remotely,  Serapis  alluded  to  Noah  and  his  inundation:  tho' 

Serapi^ 


1 


Macrobiuji. 


Chap,  t.)  P  RI  M  IT  I  VE    HIST  O  R  y.  9 

Serapts  fometimes  fignified  the  hibernal  fun.  lablonfky  interprets 
Agaihodcmon,  a  name  of  the  Nile  and  of  Ofiris,  to  lignify  the  fun  ; 
and  Aprs  was  Ofiris. 

Diodorus  Siculus  fays  that  the  Titan  Saturn's  Kre  for  his.  aftrono- 
micaHkill  was  named  Uranus.     He  determined  the  annual  period; 
andisthe  old  aflronomer  Ophion,  in  Nonnus  (41);  who  fays   that 
Idmon  a  Phrygian  feer  explained  a  folar  eclipfc  (38)  to  Ercchtheus; 
9Jid  Atcas  determined  the  months  and  folar  period.     Natalis  Comes 
fays  thai  Hyperion  determined  the  the  folar  and  lunar  periods:  that 
fone  deemed  Typhon,  fdme  Atlas,  fomc  Endymion,  to  have  deter- 
mined the  lunar  motions.     Lucian  fays  that  Phaeton  afccrtained  the 
folar  ambit:  hence  he  is  feigned  to  have  occafioncd  the  conflagration      Aftr<rf. 
mentioned  by  Ariftotle.     Apollonius  Rhodius  (3.  245)  tells  us  that 
Medea'^brother  Abfyrtus  was  Phaeton.    Paufanias  mentions  a  Phae* 
m  fon  of  Cephalus.     Strabo  writes  that  Atreus  taught   the   folar 
courit;  Hy^mus  fays.  He  firft  folved  a  folar  eclipfe.     Nonnus   (6) 
/a/s  that  Atreus  wdis  an  aftrologer.     Clement  of  Alexandria  tells  us, 
Chiron  drew  fchemes  of  the  heavens.     Laertius  writes  that  Mufseus 
contrived  a  fphere.      Tully  mentions  Prometheus,  Cepheu9,    and 
others  as  aftroimmers.     Paufanius  thought  that  Titan  was  allegori-   Tafc.  Difp. 
cally  deemed  fol's  brother  from  his  celeftial  obfervations.  Dionyfius 
Hal.  fcis  Atlas  on  mount  Caucafus,    where  Prometheus  alfo  ftudicd      l.  ,. 
fheflmjhc,  as  Servius  writes,  inftrufled  the  Affyrians  in  that  fci-      Virg. 
cnce:  who,   as  Diodorus  fays,  began  to  make  aftronomical  obferva- 
1^    tjom  473,000 years  (of  days)  before  Alexander's  empire;  that  is,  fomc 
.   162 J  years  before  the  Incarnation.     But  Callifthcnes  fent  Ariftotle 
from  Babylon  aftronomical    obfervations    made  there  during  igoj 
years;  that  is,  from  the  firft  fettlement   there  after  the  general  dif- 
perfion.      Laertius  fays,  that  373  folar  eclipfes,  and  832  lunar,  had 
been  obfcrved  before  the  time  of  Alexander,     Paufanias  writes  that 
Atla5  made  obfervations  inBocotia,  on  mount  Ceryx,  the  native  place 
of  Mercury.    But  the  aftronomer  Mercury  in  Manilius  (1)  is  Mifor, 
the  firft  egyptian  Ofiris;  who  is  the  aftronomer  Bacchus  in  the  poet 
Dionyfius.     Hyginus   fays,    the  planet   Stilbon  was  dedicated    to 

Mercury^  becaufe  he  firft  determined  months  and  the  courfe  of  the 

C  ftars; 


AOr.  a. 


10  l^RIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

ftars;  but  adds  that  Euhemerus  faid,  Venus  (Mifor's  mother)  was 
Athenco,  12.  Mercury's  inftruaor.     She  is  the  Cupris  counted  by  Epicharmus 
more  ancient  than  Mars,  Jove,  or  Saturn;  and  ftiled  by  Ptolemy  the 
mother  of  the  Gods,  as  Atargatis  is  in  Macrobius.     Plato  fays  that 
Thoth  (the  fecond  Mercury,  termed  by  Eratofthenes,  Hcrmogenes) 
invented  aftronomy,  bcCdes  letters,  arithmetic,  geomctr)^  and  dice. 
"Ccelum,  Saturn,  and  Mercury,  faid  by  Thoth  Trifmegiftus,  in  Lac- 
tantius,  to  be  his  kinfmen,  are  Noah,  Ham,  and  Mifor,  whofe  fon 
Thaut,  in  Sanchoniatho,  is  this  Trifmegiftus,  or  Plato's  Theuth,  and 
faid   by   Sanchoniatho  to  be  the  inventor  of  letters:    tho*  he  fays, 
'*  Three  were  invented  by  Ifiris,  Cna  the  firft  Phenician's  brother;" 
the  Ofiris  who   was    Mifor.     Thoth  was  that  primitive  god  of  elo- 
quence, the  honour  of  which  the  Greeks  beftowed  on  Maya's  fort: 
jho'  Thoth's  mother  was  the  ancient  Amaya  and  Ifis,  whofe  name 
was  afterwards  affumed  by  Cybele,  and  her  daughter  Ceres.    julii|f 
Firmicus  fays,  ''  Quae  efculapio  Hermes,  ^nich  nufq.  tradiderunt;* 
he  means,  what  Enoch  taught  to  Noah,  and  Mifor  to  Ifmunus.     He 
tells  us,     "  Mercury  taught   efculapius,  and  Anubis   aftronomy." 
Anubis  was  Thoth;  for  Plutarch  fays,  "  He  was  the  fon  of  Ofiris/* 
that  is,  of  Mifor  or  the  firft  Menes.     Alcandi  rightly  deems  Trifme- 
giftus the  fecond  Idris  or  Mercury;  but  fome  oriental  authors  deem 
Enoch,  the  firft  Idris  or  aftronomer.  Idris  is  derived  from  the  Celtic 
Edrych,  like  the  Greek    derko,  video:  thus,  cader  idris,  the  Welch 
mountain  fignifies  fpeculum,  or  the  obferver's  feat :  hence  it  appears 
to  have  the  fame  fignification  as  Ida:  yet  Idris  is  a  proper  ijame  in 
Wales,  like  the  Arabian  Edris,    Origen  fays,  that  a  part  of  Enoch's 
writings,  containing  the  courfes  and  names  of  the  ftars,  was  found  in 
Arabia  Felix.     Polyhiftor  wrote  that  in  the  reign  of  the  chaldean 
Evochus,  (who  was  certainly  Nimrod)  the  computation  of  Time  by 
Sari  was  omitted;  that  is,  periods  of  years   containing  each  360 
days;  which,  as  Herodotus  fays,  had  been  ufed  in  Egypt,   till  the 
folftices  had  made  two  compleat  revolutions,  efFefted  in  138  years. 
^     g       Pliny  fays,  *'  the  baby  Ionian  Belus,  whofe  tower  was  ftill  extant, 
was  the  inventor  of  aftronomy.*'     But  Diodorus  (1)  fays,  the  ChaU 
Tofcpb.       deans  learnt  aftronomy  from  Egyptian  colonies.  Berofus  wrote  that 
Antiq.  i.  7.   iq  the  tenth  generation  after  the  deluge,  a  juft  and  great  Chaldean 

Was 


Chap.  1.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  ii 

was  (killed  in  aftronomy.  -  He  is  fuppofed  to  be  Abraham :  who^  as 
Artapanus  fays,  was  an  excellent  aftronomer,  and  taught  that  fcience 
to  Phenicians  hefort  he  vifitcd  Egypt.  Polyhiftor  wrote  that  he  g^^^^^  p^^ 
taught  the  Egyptians  and  Phenicians^  but  did  not  invent  aftrology :  9*  17* 
his  anceftors  derived  it  down  to  him  from  Enoch:  whom  he  takes  to 
be  the  mod  ancient  Atlas.  Bochart  writes  that  the  Arabs  called 
Enoch,  Idris,  in  greek  an  adept.  So  the  Orphic  Hymn  fays  pro- 
bably of  Abraham,  tho'  it  is  no  argument  of  their  authenticity. 

Idris,  &c. 

"  That  Great  Adept,  who  knew  each  ftcUarway, 
•*  And  cou'd  each  planetary  Courfc  difplay.*' 

But  Diodorus  Siculus  fays  that  the  Rhodian  Sol's  fon  A£leus,  who 
built  Heliopolis  (and  of  courfe  arrived  at  Egypt  before  Abraham, 
llfho   refidcd  in  that    city)  taught  the  Egyptians  aftronomy.      This 

fiiews  tVvat  Abnbam  was  fcarcc  prior  to   Cecrops,  fon    in  law  of       l.  4. 

ASteus.  NoDous  fays  that  Cadmus  was  an  aftronomer  and  geogra- 
pher; but  Lycophron  fhews  that  Cadmus  was  a  name  of  Mercury. 
Nonnus  adds  that  Linus  inftrufled  the  Arcadians  in  the  folar  courfe. 
Cyril  counts  this  Linus  coeval  with  Cadmus:  who,  as  Zenobius  ^^^  ,  , 
writes,  flew  him.  Linus  taught  Orpheus  the  maftcr  of  Mufoeus; 
wYvofc  mother   being,   as  Plato  writes,  Selene,  the  Arcadians  were 

fabled  fO  be  Profelenians.     Dionyfms  of  Chalchis,    and  Arifton  of 

Chios  fay  that  Selene  appeared  juft  before  the  Gigantic  war.     But 

others  attribute  that  name  to  the  Arcadians,  becaufe  they  counted 

not  time  at  firft  by  the  moon.     Herodotus  fays,  the  Greeks  learnt 

the  ufe  of  the  pole  and  of  the  fundial  from  the  Babylonians.     Hours 

arc  mentioned  by  Daniel.      Hefiod  fays  that  Themis  and  Jove  were 

authors  of  the  hours.  Porphyry  derives  the  name  of  Horus  from  the 

divifion  of  time.     The  ancient  watches  fliew  there  were  exaQ  divi-  Bufcb.  prep. 

fions  of  nodumal  thne,     UliOes  (hews  that  the  Greeks  divided  the      3.  n. 


night  into  three  watches,  as  we  do.  Cedrenus  fays  that  about  the 
time  that  Babel  was  built,  Audoubarios  of  Arphaxad's  lineage  firft 
taught  the  Indians  aftronomy. 

To  rctum  to  the  planetary  account;  the  mean  diameter  of  the 

C  s      .  "  .  Earth's 


II.  10.  253. 


\ 


ta  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

Earth's  orbit  is  190  millions  oF  miles:  its  •eccentricity  is  to  its,  mean 
diameter  as  17  to  1000.  Its  axis  is,  for  providential  ends,  as  held  by 
Anajcagoras,  inclined  to  the  earth'3  near  23  i-  degrees;  this  Empedoclcar 
imputed  to  the  fun's  influence  on  the  atmofphere.  Indeed  the  Earth's 
fpiral  courfe  fcems  to  arife  from  the  alternate  rarefaftion  and  diffipa* 
don  ofthcietlier  furrounding  each  hemifphere:  but  with  the  greateft 
effeO:  in  the  northern,  owing  to  a  greater  reflection  from  more  ex- 
tenfive  continents  in  that  hemifphere.  Yet,  that  the  current  of  air 
between  the  tropics  flows  weftward,  is  owing  to  denfe  particles  of  air 
lagging  behind  the  rolling  globe,  and  thence  relatively  acquiring  a 
retrograde  motion.  Otherwifc  the  noftumal  air  from  the  Weft,  as 
moft  condenfed,  would  flow  towards  the  rifing  fun  continually.     The 

Strom,  c.  in  BceUe,  as  Laertius  and  Clement  of  Alexandria  write,  was  an  Egyp- 

Eufcl>-       tian 'emblem  of  the  fun!     Porphyry  and  Pliny  (11)  fay,  "They  roll 

balls  of  dung  backward:  and  (33.  1 1}  the  fun's  operations  refembjc 

Pliny,  2.  47.  (i^jg  animars.'*  But  the  emblematical  rcafon  may  be  the  bro\fe 
beetle's  arrival  at  maturity  every  Olympic  period  or  Roman  luflrum. 
Paufanias  limits  the  life  of  the  reptile,  named  by  the  Seres  a  Nuet,  to 
this  period;  he  dcfcribes  it  as  a  large  Spider:  our  Nuet  is  of  the 
Lizard  clafs.  Note  here  that  the  period  of  the  Olympic  games, 
founded  by  Hercules  the  Daftyl,  alludes  not  to  their  number;  for 
Strabo,  and  Phoronidis  Auftor,  nane  3  bcfides  the  5  in  Paufanias. 
Strabo  fays  they  were  five  males  and  five  females.  Diodorus  counts 
them  10:  the  fcholiaft  of  Apollonius,  11.  It  refpefts  the  quadrennial 
cycle,  afterwards  introduced  at  Athens  by  Solon,  and  at  Rome  by 
Cefar.  The  Egyptians  who,  as  Eufebius  and  Syncelliis  write,  called 
the  moon,  Olympias,  had  a  fimilar  cycle,  founded  on  the  fame  cal- 
<:ulation  as  their  fothiac,  fubftituting  days  for  years  :  yet  Olympias 
feems  to  relate  to  Diana's  rites  at  Bubaflis,  fee  Bryant  on  Omphe. 
Ammian  jays  they  began  the  firft  year  in  the  evening,  the  next  at 
midnight,  the  third  in  the  morning,  the  fourth  at  noon.  This  was 
the  cycle  of  the  auguft  Gpds;  the  fourth  year  being  named  Orws; 
the  third,  OJiris;  the  fecond,^s ;  the  firft,  Sothis;  who,  fays  Plu- 
tarch, was  the  dog  of  Ifis:  but  this  became  an  ignominious  name^ 

y  ct  Valcns.  ^^^^  Typhon  the  gallant  of  Ifis  fell  into  difrepute:  for  Petofiris  calls 
Sothis,  Scth,  Typhon*s  name  in  Plutarch.  This  Seth  or  Sothis 
feems  th|  idolatrous  Kyon^  Kiun^  Sirius,  whofe  appearance  was  of 

importance 


Chap,  k)  primitive     HISTORY.  .      ij 

importance  in  Egypt;  being  attended  with  the  rifing  of  the  Nile, 
and  the  confequent  fertility  implied  in  the  Cornucopia  of  Ifxs,  who 
faid,  "She  rofc  in  the  dog  Star."  Yet,  if  the  elder  Ifiis  be  meant, 
Saturn  may  be  Kiun,  KOiON  Coeh,  Coinos,  a  defpot;  fee  Hefychius 
and  Bryant:  yet  kiun  in  Turkifli  is  Sol  or  Mithras.  Strabo  (17)  Anc  Un. 
fays,  the  Thcbans  of  Egypt  added  to  their  annual  period  the  fur-  p.  31". 
plus  above  365  days,  when  it  amounted  to  a  day,  and  to  a  year; 
and  that  the  invention  was  attributed  to  Ilcrnics.  Diodorus  fays, 
the  people  of  Thebais  at  the  end  of  12  months  of  30  days  each, 
intercalated  five  days  and  a  quarter:  and  he  mentions  a  quinquennial 
feftival  (3)  obfervcd  in  Phcnicia:  and  that  the  Gauls  facrificed  their 
captives  every  fifth  year.  ApoUodorus  fiys  (3J  that  fo  early  as  the 
x\me  of  Cadmus  a  cycle  of  8  years  was  iji  ufc,  refembling  a  double 
olympiad;  that  Cadmus  obtained  Ilarmonia  after  ferving  Mars 
•iurir^  that  period.  This  was  about  the  time  of  Jacob's  fcrvitude.  piach.  Phil. 
P\uiaTc\\  caW&ihis  period  the  great  year,  and  fays    "  Apollo  fcrvcd  ^* 

A dmctus  during  this  icrm:'^  which  was  lunifolar,  and  contained  99      Amato 
junations:  thus  the  Olympiads  are  faid  by  Pindar's  fcholiaft  to  have 
been  4g  months  and  50  alternately;    fee  Cenforinus.     The  Daph- 
nephoria  was   a   Novennial    fcllival  in  Apollo's  honour,  by   which 
the  Boeotians  comenioraied  the  double  olympiad.      They  exhibited 
365  crowns,  reprefenting  the  days  of  the  year;  and  globes,  for  the 
Ajij  and  moon.     Sir  Ifaac  Newton  fays,  this  oQaeteris  was  the  nov-  0<i-»9-  K9' 
ennial  period  of  Minos  in  Homer.     The  Pythian  games  at  firft  were     ' 
celebrated  every  ninth  year ;  afterwards,  like  the  Olympiads,  every 
fifth;  which  (hews  their  relation  to  the  folar  period.     Their  inftitu-        Natal. 
tion   was  fo  high,  as   that    Zetes,    Calais,  Caftor,  Pollux,  Pelcus, 
Telamon  and  Hercules  obtained  crowns  at  them.     The  firft  prize 
0/ Zinging  was  won  by  Chryfothemis  a  Cretan,  whofe  father  Car-' 
manaor  expiated  Apollo ;  the  next  by  Philammon  ;  the  third,  by  his  10.    ' 

fon.  Plutarch  fays  that  "  fome  deemed  the  great  year  to  contaiii 
8;  fome,  19;  others,  an  enormous  period  determined  by  a  con-  Sent.  Pmloi. 
junftion  of  all  the  planets:"  as  Venus  complcats  3121  ambits,  and 
Mercury  7972,  in  1920  terreftial  years.  Some  count  a  great  year, 
when  the  equinu6lial  points  compleat  an  entire  revolution.  The 
Egyptians  counted  it  36525.     I  deem  it  1803  years;  when  the  fame 

eclipfe 


14  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

cclipfe,  after  one  hundred  repetitions,  returns  on  the  feme  day  of 
the  year:  it  contains  22300  lunations;  and  658,532  days.  There- 
fore, if  to  the  correfted  lunifolar  cycle  of  1040  years  before  men- 
tioned, we  add  two  lunifolar  cycles  of  334  years  each,  and  five  of 
Meto's  cycles,  which  equal  3^folar  cycles  of  33  years  each,  lacking 
a  common  olympiad,  we  obtain  a  compound  cycle  of  the  fun,  moon» 
and  cclipfes,  in  1803  tropical  years. 

The  earth's  inclination  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  decreafes. 
Hipparchus  found  it  23  degrees  52  minutes;  it  is  now  lefs  by  24 
minutes:  this  diminution  accelerates,   and  of  late    has   been    two 

L.  I.  I.  feconds  in  five  years.  Columella  fays,  "  Hipparchum  prodidiflc 
tempus  fore,  ut  cardines  mundi  loco  moverentur.*'  Plutarch  fays^ 
'5  At  Syene  even  at  the  northern  folftice  objefts  caft  a  fliadow,  not 

In  Orac.      fo  formerly."     That  the  north  ftar  revolves  round  the  pole  of  the/- 
earth's  axis  was  known  to  Aratus,  ( 

"  Breyi  convertitur  orbe." 

The  nutation  of  the  earth's  axis  may  arife  from  partial  vapours, 
rains,  fnows,  condenfated  air,  accumulated  water  of  the  ocean  thro* 
a  continuance  of  ftrong  winds  from  the  fame  quarter,  till  a  reflux 
enfues.     Cefar  of  Bologne  found  the  meridian  to  alter. 

In  Orac.  The  diminution  of  the  earth's  annual  period  Plutarch  fliews  us 

was  apprehended  in  the  time  of  Calliftratus.  LaQantius  afferts  that 
this  will  be  found  true  in  the  latter  times.  Copernicus  held  that  the 
earth  was  in  his  time  31  femi-diameters  nearer  to  the  fun,  than  in 
Ptolemy's :  hence  our  humourous  Butler  tells  us, 

*«  That  in  1200  years  and  odd, 
"  The  fun  had  left  his  ancient  road; 
"  And  nearer  to  the  earth  is  come, 
'*  Full  50,000  miles  from  home." 

The  earth's  annual  motion  is  found  by  the  apparent  retrograde 

motion  of  the  fuperior  planets,  as  the  earth  pafles  by  them ;  alfo  by 

the  fwifter  apparent  motions  ofvenus  and  mercury,,  in  their  fuperior 

conjun£lioa with  the  fun,  than  in  their  inferior;  when  their  appa-- 

rent  velocity  equals  only  the  difference  between  the  earth's  and 

their 


45 


In    Stratx) 

2.    IIO8. 


Chap,  t  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

their  own.     This  terreftial  progrefs  was  maintained  by  the  Pythago* 
reans,  as  Plutarch  and  Ariftotle  affert,     Laertius  writes  that  Philo^   Oc  Ca;h), 
laus  firft  taught  of  the  earth's  motion  in  an  orbit.     Tully  fays,  this    Acad.  2. 
opinion  was  held  by  Hicetas:  Plutarch  in  Numa  fays  fo  of  Plato: 
Ariftarchus  of  Samos  held  it  alfo:  Pythagoreas  probably   brought 
this  doftrine  from  E^pt. 

The  earth's  oblate  figure  is  noticed  by  Dionyfius  the  poet. 
"  Expanded  moft  beneath  the  folar  path." 

Polybius  held  the  earth  to  be  high  at  the  equator.     The   mean 
difiance  of  the  earth's  furface  from  the  centre  is  3969  englifh  miles, 
la  axis  is  to  the  equatorial  diameter  as  229  to  230.       Lucretius  ad« 
vances  an  opinion  of  the  earth's  continual  augmentation  by  the  ac- 
ccfs  of  corpufcles  floating  in  the  regions  of  fpace.     But  thefe  are 
on\y  -bodies  in  the  atmofphere,    fometimes  afcending,  fometimes 
defcending,  according  as  the  air  is  condenfated  or  rarified;  a  meer 
appendage  of  the  earth:  pure  ether  is  too  minute,  elaftic,  and  volatile, 
to  adhere  to  grofs  bpdies.     We   may  as  well  expeft  the  folar  rays 
will  plate  the  ocean  with  gold.     It  is  true  that  ignition   augments 
the  weight  of  bodies;  but  this  acccflion  is  tranfient.     The  igneous 
ether,  having  formed    a  coalition,    flows  in  a  continual  ftream  to 
mailer  11  aflTefts  in  ignited  bodies,  and  caufes  it  to.  evaporate  with 
itfelf:  in    which    conjunct    operation    they  pervade   folid    bodies 
oppofed  to  them,  as  iron  or  ftone :  in  thefe  they  are,  in  this  com- 
bined ftate,  awhile   entangled,  but  extricate  themfclves  with  the 
utmoft  expedition,  together  with  fuch  adventitious  matter  as  is  natu- 
rally fuited  to  confort  with  thefe  volatile  fugitives;    attaching   itfelf 
to  them,  inftead  of  adhering  to  its  old  aflbciates,  juft  as  metallic 
particles  in  water  will  apply  itfelf  to  metal.     The  ethereal  matter 
detached  from  ignited  bodies,  when  condenfated  to  a  proper  degree, 
becomes  luminous  and  vifible;   yet  thro*  exceflive  minutenefs  it 
penetrates  the  eye  without  doing  it  damage :  for  the  difference  be- 
tween luminous  fire,  and  burning  fire,  refembles  that  between  light 
and  wind  aQing  on  the  furface  of  water;  light  pervades  it  without 
difturbance,  but  wind,  more  grofs,  joftlcs  againft  it,  and  crej^tes  a 

commotion  : 


i:6  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     HISTORY.  (Book 


t* 


commotion:  thus  not  luminous  fire,  but  the  rurrent  of  ignited  and 
rarified  air  accompanying  it,  caufcs  ebullition  and  combuftion;  ex-. 
cept  the  luminous  body  be  fo  greatly  condenfated,  as  in  the  focus 
of  a  burning-glafs,  that  the  Pores  of  an  objeft  be  unequal  to  their 
freepaffage;  when  its  difTolution  enfiies,  with  an  inflammation  of 
phlogifton.  Thus  wood,  in  a  glafs  decanter  of  water,  was  burnt  by 
Parker's  lens  to  a  coal,  tho'  the  water  was  not  warmed ;  but  it  boiPd^ 
when  ink  thrown  into  it  impeded  the  rays.  Hence  denfc  ether  is 
light;  denfer  ether,  fire. 

In  the  earth's  atmofphere,  the  tcrreftrial  vapours  and  effluvia,  by 
their  various  combinations,  fermentations,  condenfations,  attrac- 
tions, repulfions,  rarefaftions,  refraQions,  and  refleftions,  produce 
extraordinary  effefts;  as  clouds,  rain,  hail,  fnow,  froft,  ftorms, 
blights,  feabrine,  haleoes,  rainbows,  waterfpouts,  heat,  thunder, 
lightning,  earthquakes,  nofturnal  lights,  meteors,  flaming  lances,  / 
and  bloody  appearances,  as  mentioned  by  Pliny.  Julius  Obfequens 
mentions  northern  lights  in  Tubero's  Confulate,  refemb/ing 
'  burning  arrows.  Sauflure  has  found  the  electricity  of  the  air  to  in- 
creafe  fometimc  after  funrife  and  funfct,  and  to  diminifh  fometime 
before  both. 

The  earth  is  attended,  at  the  mean  diftaiice  of  240,000  miles,  by 

the  moon;  tho*  her  diftance,  owing  to  the  fun's   greater  attraftion 

at  the  folar  perigee,  is  greater  than  at  the    apogee.     The  moon's 

Luna:  facie,     circumference  is  about  6840  miles.     Plutarch   fays,  the    Egyptians 

counted  the  moon's  quantity  of  matter  to  equal  a  72d  part  of  the 

earth's;  this  eftimate  is  too  little  by  a  fifth  part.    Petofiris  and  Ne- 

W  2.  23.    ^gpf-Q^  calculated  a  degree  of  a  lunar  circle  to  be  33  ftadia.  Manetho 

Allron.poem  j^jj^^  ^j^j^   Petofiris  his  friend  :  but  how  fo,  if   fq  ancient  as  to  be 

mentioned  by  Ariftophanes ;  unlefs  this  poet  ufed  a  general  appella- 

Atheneos,  3.  tive  belonging  to  priefts  of  Ofiris  ?  Julius  Firmicus  deemed  Necepfo 

a  juft  king,  as  well  as  good  aftronomer;  and  terms  them  both  prelates* 

HifL  JMx.  Reineccius    fays,    a  book  of    Petofiris  to  Necepfo  is      11   extant. 

Plutarch  held  the  moon  to  be  of  a  terreftial  nature;  which,  fays  he, 

Scntim.    '<  GlaJJis  ftiew  in  an  eclipfe.'*     But  as  to  this,  the  Druids  ufed  magu 

nifiers 


Chap.  lO  PRIiMITlVE     HISTORY.  17 

magnifiers  for  aftronomical  purpofes.     Anaxagoras  held«  there  are 

mouBtainSy  plains,  and  valleys  in  the  moon.     Volcanoes  appear  in 

it.     Zenpphanes  held  it  to  be  inhabited:  Proclus  cites  Orpheus  as 

a  maintaincr  of  this  doArinc,     Dcrham  obfcr\ed  the  moon's  atniof- 

phere,  in  eclipfes.      Ancient  eclipfcs  prove  a  fmall  diminution  of 

ber  monthly  period ;  which  may  be  farther  examined  into  by   the 

total  folar  eclipfe  faid  by  Plutarch  to  have  begun  upon  the  meridian:   Lun«  facie. 

and  by  the  lunar  eclipre  according  to  Tully  before  funrife,  when 

Alexander  beat  Darius  ;    but  deemed  by  Pliny  at  funrct  in  Sicily  :       2.  70. 

and  by  that  in  the  547^h  year  of  Nabonaffar,  at  funfct :  alfo  by  that 

at  Babylon  in  the  383d  year  before  the  incarnation,  w  hen  the  fun 

was  fetting :  and  by  that,  201  years  before  the  incarnation,  when 

the  moon  was  rifing  at  Alexandria.     The  moon  rofe  eclipfed   at 

Cambridge,  in^New  England,    in    February    1700.     The   fun  fet 

ecUpfed  in  France,  in  June,  1630.     The  Saxon  Chronicle  records 

''^(o\9ti  edipfe  at  noon,  1140.  13.  Kal.  April.     At  Berlin  the  fun 

'began  to-be  edipled  at  rifing  in  February,  1718.  A  folar  ecfipfc 
was  at  funrife^  May  14th,  1231.  a  lunar  at  funfet,  June  1,  1250. —  Holingflied. 
The  moon  now  performs  4366  circuits  in  (334--19— )353  tropical 
y^ears;  retaining  nearly  the  fame  fide  towards  the  earth  continually; 
and  influencing  by  attraction  the  terreftrial  ocean  varioudy,  accorcf- 
ia^^tbe  fun  and  moon  aft  in  a  coincident  direftion  or  otherwife. 

Tully  mentions  the  lunar  influence  over  the  tides.  Hipparchus  Nat.  Dcor. 
determined  a  mean  lunation  to  be  29  days,  12  -rll-l-  hours.  The 
Arabs  counted  the  fraftioh  792,  which  gives  44  minutes  exaQly. 
The  difference  is  the  18th  part  of  a  minute:  this  (hews  how  nicely 
that  old  aftronomer  had  calculated  mean  lunations  ;  we  now  count 
a  Curplus  of  61  out  of  1200  parts  of  a  minute.  It  is  therefore  not 
furprifing  that  Agis,  Dercylus,  ApoUodorus  and  Dionyfius  Hal. 
fhould  hold  that  Troy  was  taken  1 184  years,  A.  C.  at  a  full  moon, 
17  days  before  the  fummer  folftice  :  or  that  Dionyfius  (rf  Argos, 
Hellanicus  and  Eratofthenes  fhould  place  that  capture  1 1  days  earlier 
in  the  enfuingyear.  Both  accounts  will  (land  thq  teft  of  examina- 
tion: for  a  full  moon  enfued,  on  June  the  third,  in  the  year  1784. 
at  fix  P.  M.  the  folRice  being  on  the  20th  at  midnight.  Thus  it  was 
(twice  1393,  or)  2786  years  before;  that  is^  1002  years  before  the 
^  D  incarnation: 


%%  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  u 

hicarnation:  and  in  182  years  before  this,  there  were  1251  lunations 
with  a  furplus  of  18  hours  :  thus  the  full  moon  was  164.  days  Jn^orc 
the  fummer  folftice,in  the  year  A.  C.  I184  and  tx  days  earlier  the 
next  year. 

The  lunar  nodes  complete  their  retroceffion  round  the  heavens  in 
18  years  and  225  days;  this  not  being  the  exaQ  period  of  any  num- 
ber of  lunations,  nonreturn  of  an  eclipfe  can  occur  then:    but  after 
2^3  lunations,    or  "6685  days,    the  fame   node  will  be  within  284. 
minutes  of  its  former  iituation,  and  an  eclipfe  will  be  then  renewed 
with  a  little  variation  :  thus  there  is  a  regular  progrefs  of  eclipfes  ; 
one,  feen  at  firft  within  the  polar  circle,  becomes  vifible  after  223 
lunations  nearer  to  the  equator,  and  at  length  nearer  to  the  oppofke 
pole;  and  returns  exaftly  100  times  in  1803  tropical  years.     After 
68go  lunations,  the    fun  and  node  meet  into  1 1    feconds.     As  the 
Suidaa.       Chaldeans  before  the  deluge  counted  by  Sari,  periods  containing  1 8^ 
years  and  a  half  of  360  days  each,  a  method  of  chronology  difufed 
in  the  reign  of  Evochus,  it  ftiews  that  mankind  had  an  early- know- 
ledge of  eclipfes :  tho'  Thales,  who  as  Pliny  writes,  determined  the 
Occafus  matutinus  Vergiliarum  to  be  25  days  after  the  autumnal 
equinox,  was  in  Greece  held  to  be  the  firft  prediftor  of  an  eclipfe; 
being  that  which  prevented  the  Medes  and  Lydians  from  a  battle 
,       Laertius  lays,  the  ancient  Egyptians  knew  that  a  lunar  eclipfe  enfues 
when  the  moon  pervades   the  earth's  fhadow.     The  moon   in  the 
horizon  appears  larger  than  on  the  meridian,  thro'  the  greater  den- 
fity  and  refraftion  of  the  lower  region  of  air:    this  phenomenon  is 
more  confiderable  thro'  fome  wood ;  owing  to  ftagnant  vapours  and 
the  atmofphere  of  the  trees,  as  infpeftlon  thro*  a  tube  will  efFeftually 
prove^     In  autumn  the  moon  approaches,  at  and  after  full,  towarda 
the  north  pole ;  thus  fhe  rifes  almoft  as  early  one  night  as  another, 
tho*  owjng  to  her  progrefs  in  her  orbit  fhe  attains  the  meridian  fome 
49  minutes  later  nightly.     At  the    winter  folftice   ftie  attains  her 
greateft  northern  latitude  juft  at  her  i'ull:  thus  fhe  reflefts  in  the 
higheft  degree,  and  with  the  longeft  continuance,  the  folar  light  to 
our  hemifphere,  when  we  arc  moft  deprived  of  light  direftly  from  the 
fun ;  as  (he  does  to  the   fouthem  hemifphere,  when    it   is   winter 

*  there 


Chap,  i)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  ^9 

there.  Her  borrowed  light  was  early  underftood ;  for  as  her  name 
Moon  is  from  the  Hebrew  Mon^  an  image,  lb  I.una  is  from  th9 
Celtic  LLun^  an  image. 

Mars,  called  alfo  Pyrois  and  Artes,  more  diftant  than  the  earth  Jul.  Firmic. 
from  the  fun,  tho'  his  diameter  fcarce  exceeds  the  earth's  femidia*  Vafcmir 
meter^  and  he  has  no  viCble  fatellite,  goes  round  the  fun  in  an  orbit 
inclined  two  degrees  to  the  ecliptic  193  times  in  363  tropical  years: 
rev<dving  thrice  in  74  hours  on  his  axis ;  which  is  inclined  almoft 
60 degrees  to  the  ecliptic:  tho'  his  inclination  decreafes  three  fe- 
conds  in  ten  years.  His  Atmofphere  is  confiderable ;  and  its  re- 
fraftioB  may  fupply  the  i^fe  of  a  fatellite.  His  form,  like  the  earth's 
and  Jupiter's  is  oblate ;  the  equatorial  diameter  being  to  the  polar, 
as  i6  to  15.  His  eccentricity  is  to  his  mean  diftance  from  the  fun^ 
as  93  to  1000.  « 

TVie  iBBO^t  Jupiter,  ftill  farther  from  the  fun,  goes  round   it  in 
433^T  ^yh  rerolving  on  his  axis  once  in  596  minutes.     His  axis  is 
a/moft  pe/pendicular  to  his  orbit;  which  inclines  80  minutes  to  the 
ecliptic:  its  nodes  are  in  the  feventh  degree  of  Cancer  and  of  Capri- 
corn.   His  diameter  exceeds  ten  of  the  earth'$.   Several  long  clouds, 
like  belts,  appear  occafionally  on  his  furface.       Of  four  moons,  the 
.-neaxeSt  goes   round  Jupiter  in  42   hours  28  minutes,  36  feconds. 
The  next,  in  85  hours,  13  minutes,  42  feconds     The  third,  in  172 
hours,    lefs  24  feconds.      The  laft,    in  400  hours,  32   minutes,   9 
feconds.     A  planet  whofe  equatorial  day  is  only  five  hours,  requires 
more  fecondary  light  than  the  earth.     Thefe  fatellites  arc  fo  difpofed 
as  to   fucceed  one  another  duly.     His  eccentricity  is  to  his  mean 
diftance  from  the  fun,  as  48  to  1000. 

Saturn  ftill  more  remote  from  the  fun,  goes  round  it  in  10759 J 
days,  fnrrounded  by  a  luminous  ring  of  unequal  thicknefs,  inclined 
30  degrees  to  the  ecliptic,  and  above  20  thoufand  miles  in  breadth, 
and  as  many  diftant  from  Saturn :  whofe  diameter  exceeds  8  diame« 
ters  of  the  earth.  His  orbit  is  inclined  two  degrees  and  a  half  to 
t!ie  ecliptic,  and   interfcfts  it.  in  the  21ft  degree  of  Cancer  and  Ca- 

'D  2    •  pricorh. 


to  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

pricorn.  Saturn  has  belts  on  his  di(k.  By  fpots  on  it  his  diurnal - 
fbtation  has  been  found.  Of  five  moons,  one  goes  round  him  in  45. 
hours,  18  minutes,  27  fcconds.  The  next  in  65  hours,  41  minutes^ 
22  fcconds.  The  third  in  108  hours,  25  minutes,  12  feconds. 
The  fourth  in  15  days,  22  hours,  41  minutes,  14  feconds  The  laft 
in  79  days,  7  hours,  48  minutes.  Thefe  fatellites  prove  the  opacity 
of  their  primariesi  by  being  eclipfed  by  them;  and  their  owno'pa^ 
city,  by  eclipfing  them.  Cedrenus  writes  that  this  planet's  was  alio 
a  name  of  Nimrod ;  hence  Kiwn  is  miftaken  for  Saturn,  inftead  of 
Sirius;  which  ftar  was  dedicated  to  Nimrod  who  was  the'firft  Orion. 
la  Amaforio.  ^he  inferior  planets  prove  opaque  confonant  to  Plutarch's  aflertion 
of  Venus,  by  appearing  quite  dark  during  their  tranfits  over  the  fun: 
as  Venus  on  the  third  of  June  1769;  being  totally  immerfed  at  12 
minutes  after  7.  P*  M.  under  the  meridian  of  Lundy:  having  enter- 
ed the  folar  difk  about  the  breadth  of  her  own  diameter  to  the  fouth^  ' 
ward  of  the  higheft  point  of  the  fun's  edge.  Saturn's  eccentricity  ^ 
is  to  his  mean  diftance  from  the  fun,  as  1 1  to  200. 

Nat.  PKilo-  A  planet,  mentioned  by  Apuleius,  has  been  lately  difcovered  fo 
^  ^'  vaftly  diftant  from  the  fun,  in  the  uppermoft  regions  of  the  fyftem, 
as  to  foar  almoft  in  the  higheft  heavens,  and  challenge  the  name  of 
Uranus.  Its  circuit  is  performed  in  83  years  and  18  weeks.  Its 
diameter  is  to  the  earth's  as  9  to  2 :  and  its  eccentricity  is  to  its  mean 
diftance,  as  1  to  21.  Of  its  two  fatellites,  one  performs  its  ambit  in 
8  days,  17  hours;  the  other  in  13  days  and  a  half  nearly.  Aulus 
Gellius  was  aware  of  the  probability  of  fuch  difcoveries ;  faying, 
'*  It  is  ftrangely  held  that  there  are  no  more  planets:  for  there  may 
be  others,  tho*  we  cannot  difcern  them  thro*  their  immenfe  diftance; 
which  (adds  he)  muft  render  aftrological  rules  quite  uncertain."— 
Thus  the  folar  fyftem  confifts  of  feven  primary  planets;  12  fecond- 
ary  ;  two  facred  numbers.  Sol  inclufive,  the  number  of  globes  are 
twenty — Befides  thefe,  feveral  comets  in  contrary  dire£lions  pervade 
the  fyftem,  generally  approaching  fo  near  the  fun  as  to  take  fire; 
and,  receding  with  incredible  velocity,  tho'  it  decreafes  as  they  re- 
treat, in  orbits  extremely  elliptical,  to  immenfe  diftances,  with  a 
vaft  atmofphere  furrounding,  and  a  ftiining  train  (lowing  from  them, 

of 


Chap.  1.)        '     PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-  21 

oTaa  aftonilhing  lengthy  ihcy  neverthclefs  arc  many  years,  fome  of 
them  feveral  centuries  in  performing  their  ambits:  yet  perhaps  they 
do  not  iu  general  tranfgrefs  the  limits  of  the  folar  fyftem.  That  of 
1680  removes  11200  millions  of  miles  from  the  fun  :  its  periodical 
time  is  575  years. 

The  cubes  of  the  central  diftances  of  the  planets  are  as  the  fquares 
of  their  periodic  times:  and  in  equal  times  they  defcribe  equal  areas;  Sent.  Philof. 
which  feems  to  be  Plato's  doftrine  in  Plutarch.  **  '  ' 

The  little  alteration,  that  the  planetary  periods  and  paths  have 
undergone  during  a  long  ferics  of  ages,  argues  them  to  be  fubjc6l 
to  permanent  laws  impofed  on  them  by  Omnipotence.  Even  the  a- 
mazing  periods  and  paths  of  comets  are  precifely  determined  by  a 
power  incomparably  beyond  that  of  vifiblc  beings.  This  even  the 
kncients  apprehended.  Plutarch  fays  that  fome  of  the  Pythagoreans  Sent.  Philof. 
4Keued  a  comet  to  be  a  ftar,  which  at  ftatcd  periods,  after  com- 
plcating  a  cemin  ambit,  reappears.  Diodorus  Siculus  fays,  the 
Egyptians  could  predift  the  return  of  fome  of  the  comets.  Some 
maintain  a  comet  to  be  implied  by  the  Egyptian  Phcnix:  but  Taci- 
tus favs  the  Phenix  was  likewife  the  emblem  of  the  Cynic  cycle,    ^      .  ,   ^ 

.  ,  Annal. 6.i8. 

containing  1460  Julian  years;  when  hiftorians    fuperftitioufly  fup- 

poted  t\\at  a  political  revolution  took  place  correfpondent  to  the 
aftronomical ;  and  therefore  limited  the  duration  of  the  Egyptian 
and  Affyrian  empires  to  that  period:  thus  Diodorus  fays,  that  52 
(which  may  allude  to  weeks  of  a  year)  of  the  race  of  Menes  reigned 
above  1400  years;  as  he  fays  of  the  Affyrian;  therefore,  where  he 
fpecifies  1360,  we  fhould  read  1460;  like  as  Syncellus  computes. 
The  comet  of  the  years  1532,  and  1661,  has  fometimc  fince  been 
expefted  to  reappear  early  in  the  year  1789:  this  could  be  nothing 
more  than  meer  conjeflure;  unlcfs  a  third  appearance  had  corre- 
fponded  with  thefe  two.  Befides,  Halley  fays,  that  yVp^an's  obfer- 
vations  in  1532  were  vague  ;  fo  that  if  a  comet  appear  foon,  it  may  „  , 
be  that  of  1737,  and  1684.  The  comet  of  1672  may  be  that  of  SaxonChron. 
1532;   1110. 


£2  Primitive   history.  (Bookt« 

Invalid  is  the  objeftion  that  intempcrature  renders  the   ^ther 
planets   uninhabitable;    as  for  inftance^  becaufe  the  folar  heM  ai 
Venus  is  double  its  heat  at  the  earth.     Heat  depends  not  abfoIiHelf 
on  the  fun,  tho*  Sol  is  a  grand  operator :  v|e  have  warm   days  ia 
winter,  cold  in  fummer.       At  Nova  Zemla  the  fduthwind  is  cold; 
the  northwind,  hot.    The  various  combinations  of  the  different  efflu« 
via  from  the  earth,  in  the  atmofphere,  occafion  great  alterations  of 
heat  and  cold.     Can  we  think  the  glorious  planet  Jupiter,  lOO  times 
as  fpacious  as  the  earth,  and  illuminated  by  4  moons,  was  not  in- 
tended for  as  noble  a  purpofe,  as  this  globe  of  ours;  which  as  to  the 
major  part  of  it,  at  leaft  fince  the  deluge,  is  only  the  ruins  of  a  world; 
.  fufficiently  good  as  it  is  for  the  merits  of  its  inhabitants  ?     Yet  what 
naked  mountains  and  dreary  waftes   doth  it  exhibit :  how  vaft  are 
the  Arabian  deferts ;  how  extenfive,.  formidable  and  ominous  are  the 
Lybian  fands !    Quite  uninhabitable  is  the  fpace  wkhin  20  degree^i 
of  each  pole!    tho'  indeed  refraftion  caufes  the  fun's  appearance  a- 
bove  the  horizon  in  fpring  at  Spitfbergen  10  days  fooner  than  other* 
wife  5  and  the  Aurora  Borealis  is  there  very  luminous. 

Macrobius  fays  that  at  the  creation,  the  moon  was  in  Cancer,  the 
Sun  in  Leo,  Mercury  in  Virgo,  Venus  in  Libra,  Mars  in  Scorpio, 
Jupiter  in  Sagitcary,  Saturn  in  Capricorn.  This  pofition  of  the 
heavens  feems  an  f^ptian  calculation  to  authorize  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Sothiac  cycle  from  the  fummer  folfticc.  It  fets  the 
«ioon  in  her  laft  quadrature* 

The  folar  fyftem  is  encompafsed  with  an  infinite  number  of  o- 
ther  fyffems,  at  immenfe  diftances;  and  illuminated  by  their  refpec- 
tive  funs:  many  of  them  appear  to  us  in  clear  nights ;  and  both  their 
magnitudes  and  diftances  muft  be  aftonifhing:  for  the  diameter  of 
the  earth's  orbit  is  only  as  a  point,  making  no  fenfible  difference 
(except  a  little  as  to  a  very  few  of  them)  in  their  diftances,  or  ap- 
parent magnitudes.  Molyneux  computes  that  their  diftance  ex- 
ceeds the  fun's  400,000  times.  An  infinite  number  of  thofe  funs 
are  too  remote  'to  be  vifible  to  the  naked  eye;  but  in  fome  places 
are  fo  numerous,  that  their  blended  rays  give  a  brighter  hue  to  the 

Iky, 


MarcelHn.rjf 


Chap.i.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  •    23 

fty,  than  its  general  complexion:  thus  the  galaxy  appears  thro* 
Tclcfcopes  fo  powder'd  vith  ftars,  that  it  may  be  fuppofed  the 
Heaven  of  Heavens  :  a  fad  apprehended  many  ages  ago*  Manilius 
ilbi  .  •  •  . 

*'  An  major  denfa  SteHarum  Turba  Coron^ 

"  Contexit  Flammas,  et  crafTo  Lumine  candct?" 

Ariftotle  fays^    Anaxagoras  maintained    that   the  galaxy   is  the  Meteor,  i. 

light  of  ftars.— Tully  afferts  "  Mundorum  innumerabilia.'*     De-  Nat.  Deor. 
iDocritus  and  Epicurus  held  there  are  an  infinite  number  of  worlds ; 
fo  did  Anaximander  ;    fo  Anaxagoras  j  fo  Zenophanes.     Lucretius       Amm: 

"  Efle  alios  aliis  terrarum  in  partibus  grbes :" 
Round  other  Suns  terraqueous  globes  revolve. 

T\\e  ancicnuhad  an  infight  into  many  of  the  great  phenomena 
of  nature.  Iwcretius  held  colours  to  be  rays  of  light.  Pherecydes,  2.794. 
and  Anaximander  (born.  Olympiad  42.  2.)  predifted  earthquakes. 
Anaximenes  his  pupil  faid  they  arofc  from  en  unequal  temperature 
of  the  fuperiour  and  fubterrancan  air.  Pliny  writes  that  an  earth-  2.  79. 
quake  bears  an  afl^nity  to  thunder.  Anaxagoras  (who  was  born 
0\yinpiad  70,  and  held  that  a  rainbow  is  a  folar  refradion  from  a 
dcnfe  cloud;  and  maintained  the  |^r(?t;i(rf^n^i«/ obliquity  of  the  fphere) 
aflerted  thunder  to  be  a  collition  of  hot  and  cold  clouds:  Ariftotle, 
from  the  concourfe  of  moift  vapours  and  dry  exhalations,  ^^naxi- 
mcnes,  who  taught  in  Greece  the  art  of  making  dials,  compared  fea- 
brine  to  lightning  :  thefe  are  both  eledrical  effefts.  Tullus  Hof- 
tilius  was  thunderftruck,  like  a  Ruffian  profeflTor  lately,  thro*  fome 
error  in  praflifing  Numa's  eleftrical  rules,  to  foUicit  Jove  Elicius 
from  above  :  hence  Ovid  fays, 

^  Eliciunt  Cocio  Te,  Jupiter!'*  ^***  ^• 

Thee  Jove  they  lure  from  heaven. 

Pliny  writes  that  N^ma^Mid  PorCemmti  fruited  this  feat.  Servius   2. 53. 
fays,  the  nymph  Bygois  wrote  an  "  Ars  Fulgitrarum/*     Ariftophanes 

hint| 


n  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  {Book  i 

hints  at  the  praftifc  '^  of  hifTmg  at  lightning:"  the  moid  breatii 
condufts  the  lightning  away.  Pythagoras,  born  Olympiad  43. 
2.  and  Epimenides,  could  calm  the  wind  and  Tea,  by  allaying  tlie 
violent  fermentation :  that  of  the  laft  element  is.  done  by  oil  • 
which  alfo  effefts  it  in  the  human  bowels,  and  is  excellent  in  the 
flux.  Exploded  gunpowder  will  abate  a  ftorm ;  as  will  ill-fcented 
^»«'*       combuftibles. 

Other  fyftems  of  worlds  have  comets  likewifc:  which  are  obferved 
^Sec  Jonfton,  to  appear  fuddenly  with  great  luftrc,  and  then  vanifh  for  an  unde- 
termined length   of  time.       Hollingftied  records  one  A.  D.  1572. 
llein.It.Soc.  Another  appeared  lately  in  CoUoCeti. 

The  whole  folar  fyftem.  feems  to  alter  its  pofition  in  a  fmall  de- 
gree with  refpeftlo  the  Cdereal  fyftems  and  abfolute  fpace. 

In  Lycorgo.  Plutarch  has  a  fine  expreffion  of  Plato/  that  «  when  the  wor<i 
^as  created  and  fet  in  motion,  it  afforded  pleafure  to  God'^-^CIau- 
dian  thus-  celebrates  God's  wiidom  in  the  creation. 

When  I  obferv'd  the  world  difpos*d  with  art. 
And  mutual  laws  obey'd  by  ev'ry  part; 
The  fea  confined  within  its  ftated  bound. 
And  years  revolving  dance  their  conftant  round ; 
Th*  exaft  viciffitudes  of  night  and  day: 
I  faw  creation  own'd  theCodhead's  fway. 
That  providence  bid  the  ftars  in  order  move ; 
And  difPrcnt  fruits  a  difPrent  feafon  love : 
The  fun  to  rule  the  day  with  native  light ; 
The  moon  with  borrowed  Tays  to  govern  night« 
*  He  girt  the  main  with  fhores  extending  far ; 

And  on  its  axle  balanced  earth  in  air. 

Biit  the  wonders  of  providence  in  the  natural  world  are  ftill  more 
admirably  difplayed  by  King  David  in  the  104th  Pfalm. 


PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K    L  C  H  A  P.     IL 


CONTENTS. 

The  MeJJiMi  kwmanfpiritjirjl  created^  and  tnjlrumental  in  the  general 

Creation.     His  divine  nature  is  God.      The  Angels^  and  fixed  Stars, 

prior  to  this  World.     The  exifience  of  Angels  ajferted  by  the  Ancients. 

Scripture^  Phocylides^  Pherecydes  and  Empedocles^  mention  Apojlate 

Spirits;  Serapis  is  from  Sarphy  Celtic /or  a  Serpent.     Pagan  Gods 

affeSed  the  nameofSerpents.'^God^s  operation  by  injlruments  gradual. 

Pagan  notions  of  the  Author  of  the  Creation^  confonant  to  Scripture; 

'  tri^naUy  divine  Communications.     Of  Divine  Love.     The  order  of 

theCreation.    Various  genera  of  Animals.     All  Creatures  areforpro^ 

vid€ntial  Ends.    Of  Man.     The  Divine  Nature  of  the  human  Mind  ; 

its  Immortality;  tho*  under  refiriSions  at  prefent.    Of  Dreams.     Of 

the  RefurreBion. 

/CHRIST'S  divine  nature  is  the  eternal  God— *'God  ever  blcffed/*  Rom.-  9- 
^^  —God  manifeft    in   the  fleffi— The    Godhead  bodily— The  CoIos!"*2f' 
mighty   God,  the  everlafting  Father/'     His  human  fpirit  was  the  ^^^'  ^' 
firft  of  created  beings,  to  be  God's  prime  inftrument,  operating  thro' 
the   divine  energy  of  the  Logos  in  the  formation  of  the  Univerfe. 
So  he  fiiys,  "  Father,  glorify  me  with  thyfelf,  with   the  glory  which  John  17. 5. 
I  had  with  thee  before  the  world's  exiftence"— "  The  Lord  poffefled  Prov.  8. 
me  in  the  beginning  of  his  way/'    Saint  Paul  fayS,  **He  is  the  Pro-  Colos.  i.  15. 
togCiicsof  every  creature;  for  by  him  all  things  were  created— God  Ephcs.  3.  9. 
created  all  things  by  Jefus  Chrift."     Being  united,  as  we  find  from 
John,  1.  where  we  read,  "  The  word  was  God,  all  things  were  made 
by  him  ;•'  and  Hcb.  11.    "  The  worlds  were  framed  by  the  Divine 
Logos/*     Being,  let    me  repeat,  united  with  this   Divine    Logos 
fwho  is  one  with  the  '•  God  of  our  Lord  Jefus  Chrift,  the  fatlier  of  gphcs  i. 

E  g^ory) 


^6 


Mat. 

1 8. 

Heb. 

1. 

Ch.  7.& 
ittz. 

lO, 

Lib.  7, 
od;  I. 


DIr. 


Timeo. 
PI  u  tar: 
Placit. 

Phil05. 

Pliny  36. 
Arnob.  1 . 


I.  Tim.     3. 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  1. 

gtory)  in  the  creative  operation  :   when,  as  Job  fays,  **  the  .earth 
w?is  hung  upon  nothing;  and  the  morning  ftars  fung  in  concert^  and 
all  the  fons  of  God  made   acclamations  of  joy.'*     Hence  we^Ieam 
that  the  fixed  ftars,  which  by  their  permanent  polition  (after  due 
allowance  for  the  earth's  annual  progrefs)  afcertain  the  approach  rf, 
morn,  exifted  prior  to  our  folar  fyftem.     As  alfo  the  fpiritual  minU 
ftersof  God:  Beings  of  a  pure  empyreal  mould,  irrefiftible  by  grofs 
matter,   and  employed  in  fuperintending  the  affairs  of  the  univerfe, 
and  human  concerns  in  particular.     S  >  Chrift  fays,  "  Their  angels 
always  behold  the  face  of  my  Father  who  is  in  heaven."  Saint  Paul 
enquires.  Are  they  not  all  miniftering  fpirits,  emiflfaries,  and  a  mi- 
niftry  to  the  heirs  of  falvation?  Daniel,  who  mentions  a  hundred 
millions  of  angels  ftanding  in  God's  prefence,  fhews  us  there  are 
particular  angels  conftituted  to  fuperintend  the  feveral  provinces  of 
the  world.     With  this  doctrine  ancient  Hefiod  agrees  ;*ftilfng  thent 
"  Jove's  immortal  guardians  of  mankind,  and   obfervers   of   theil^^ 
aftions.'*      A  Punic  treaty,  referred  to  by  Polybius,  mentioned  the 
Demon  of  Carthage.     Homer  fays,  '*  The  Gods  often  vifit  pfaces 
incognito,  to  obferve  the  vices  and  virtues  of  men."     Laertms  in 
Zeno  mentions  the  Stoical  opinion  of  demons  who  intereft  tbem- 
fclves  about  mankind.      Thales,  Pythagoras,   and  Heraclitus  held 
the  univerfe  to  be  full  of  fpirits  and  demons.     Tully  fays,^thc  air  ii 
full  of  immortal  demons.      Laertius  writes  that  the  Magi  held  the- 
atmofphere  to  be  full  of  demons.    Plato  defcribes  the  fupreme  Being 
as  iffuing  his  commands  to  inferior  fpirits  touching  human  concerns. 
Thales,  Pythagoras,  Plato  and  the  Stoics  held  that  there  are  fpiritu- 
al fubftances  of  a  middle  nature.     Hoftanes  held,  both  divinean- 
gels  refiding  in  God's  prefence ;  and  others  terreftrial,  vagrant  and 
hoftiletoman;  as  the  evil  genius   of  Brutus;    the  truth  of  which 
apparition,  and  of  that  to  Dion;  and  to  Curtius  Rufus;  and  to  Caffiua 
Parmenfis ;  alfo  Cefar's  to  Caffius,  feems  unqueftionable. 

Some  of  thofe  fpirits  are  thro'  pride  degraded.  So  faint  Paul  men- 
tions the  Devil's  condemnation.    Saint  Peter  implies  tl^at  God  fpared 
not  the  tranfgreffing  angels,  but  cad  them  down  to  1  c'\     Judc  fays. 
«'  The  angels,  who  kept  not  their  ferll  eilate,  but  left  tHeir  habita- 
tion 


Chap.  2)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  27 

lion,  he   has    referved  in  perpetual   chains  under  darknefs,  to  the 
judgment  of  the  great  day.        Job  fays,  "   He   charged  his  angels 
with  folly."     So  Empedocles  afferted  the  lapfe  of  demons  purfued  Plutar.Ufury 
by  divine  vengeance.     Hence  Ate,  Jove's  offspring  (a  name  derived 
from  the  Arabic  Ada,  to  be  hoftile)  is  faid  to  be  precipitated  irrew 
vcrfibly  from  heaven.       Phocylides  maintains  the  exiftence  of  evil     Homer  II. 
/piritsas  well  as  of  good.  '  Apollo's  oracle  declared,  **  The  Demons 
who  iraverfe  indefatigably  fea  and  land,  are  kept  in  fubjeClion  by        aIcx. 
the  fcourge  of  God.'*     Ficinus  fays,  that  Pherecydes  mentions  the       piato's 
apoftacy  of  Demons ;  and  that  Ophion  headed  the  revolters.     Here        Vhxir, 
it  is  obfervable  that  Uranus  is  by  Lycophron  and  Apollonius  Rhodius 
named  Ophion;    who  was  a  Pheiiician  deity,  of  whom  Pherecydes 
wrote.      Nonnus  mentions  him  as  an  aftronomcr,  as  was  Uranus    Eufcb.  Prep. 
Probably   from  him  the  Ophiogencs  were  derived;   their  founder    strabo  13. 
being  Caid  to  be  converted  from  a  Serpent  into   a  Hero.     Some  Phny  7.  sad 
Ophiogencs  refided  near  Lampfacus;     others  in  Cyprus.     There     Su-abo  10. 
were  Opbioncs  in  Etolia:  probably  they  were  followers  of  Ophion 
and  Acraon  his  fire  from  the  Thermodon,  with  Cyclopes,    Amazons 
and  Chaiybes;  fo  Stephanus  derives  the  Opici  or  Ophici  from  Oph- 
ion.     Thoth  attributed  divinity  to  ferpents.     The  Egyptian  Cneph  Eufcb.  Prep. 
Ufas figured  as  a  ferpcnt  with  a  hawk's  head  to  denote  his  fagacity  and 
vigilance.     Of  angels,  fomc   were  filled  Seraph^  from  flying  fer- 
pentsoFa,  fliining  appearance;      thcfc  being  fymbols  of  their  acute 
parts  and  expeditious  powers.     A  ferpcnt  is  in  Welch  named  Snrph. 
Hence  the  king  of  Hell  was  named  Serapis.     A  fcfpent  is  alfo  the 
fymbol  of  the  artful  Satan,  the  original  Serapis.     The  Pagans  ap- 
plied this  Hieroglyphic  of  mental  abilities  to  their  fiflitious  Gods,  of  q^j^j„    3^^^ 
which  fee  more  in  Stillingfleet.     And  it  was  afTeCled  by  princes  and        3-  3- 
commanders.       The  firft  king  of  China  is  recorded  to  have  had  a      Couplet. 
ferpenfs  body,   and  fcems  related  to   the'  Egyptian  Cneph.     The 
eWeft  Ceres  istheCcnchreisof  Hyginus;  Lucan  fhews  that  Chencris      9  7»«- 
is  a  ferpent.    Ceres  was  drawn  by  ferpents.    The  Scj^thians  affirmed  piodor.  mic. 
Aat  the  founder  of  their  Nation  was  the  fon  of  a  woman  from  the  ^' 

waifl:  down  like  a  ferpcnt.  She  is  the  pcrfon  employed  by  Typhon 
to  guard 'Jupiter,  and  is  Ceres.  Typhon*s  fatellites  were  ferpents. 
Thefc  allegories  all  allude  to  feraphic  vigilance.     Cecrops  was  re- 

E  a  puted 


t8  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY*  (Book  u 

puted  partly  a  ferpent.  The  comrades  of  Cadmizs  became  ferpentsi 
and  hence  the  Greeks  were  named  Achivi.— Asthe  higheft  order  of 
angels  were  named  Seraphs^  the  Arch  Apoftate  was  of  that  clafk' 
till  his  condemnation  to  the  moft  abjed  condition  by  God's  decree^ 
Other  angels  of  an  inferior  order  are  denominated  Cherubs  ;  beings 
from  their  miniftry  and  expedition  compared  to  flying  Oxen, 

As  God's  will  is  executed  by  ccleftial  minifters,  the.  gradual  for^ 

mation  of  the  world  is  no  impeachment  of  Omnipotence^     AH  the 

operations  of  nature  are  graduiJ.      The  elements  having  received 

their  properties   from  God^  and  been  originally  fet  in  motion  by 

Him^  are  continually  employed  in  performing  his  pleafure^  and 

by  their  a6lion  on  one  another  are  inceflantly  effecting  mighty  vi- 

ciffitudes.    <*  He  makes  his  angels^  winds;   and  his  minifters^  fire.^ 

EfchylusTays  of  the  deity^   Uore  fuv  ug  IIup  (Patysruu      The  Porfiaml 

In  Clem.     Held  (hat  angels  were  created  to  form  the  univerfe. 
Alev. 

The  Chaldaic  oracles  aflert  that  the  world  has  inteltigent  and 
unfwerving  guides.  But«  as  to  the  fupreme  power^  however  full- 
ordinate  beings  gradually  execute  his  inftantaneouswill»  Empedoeles 
held  that  **  God  has  not  form  and  members^  but  is  a  holy  ineffable 
mind,  who  by  fwift  thoughts  agitates  the  univerfe/'  This  muft  aj^ 
pear  probable  to  man ;  who».  imperfe£l  as  He  is^  by  thought  exerts 
his  nerves^  finews>  and.  animal  fpirits.  Empericus  fays^  he  held 
divine  reafon  indefcriptible ;  human^  declarable.  Pythagoras  faid 
that  **  God  made  the  world  in  a  thought^  not  in  procefs  of  time.'* 
When  Ariftotle  faid,  that  "Mind  with  nature  caufed  the  univerfe/* 
he  meant  that  a  rational  caufe  ufed  natural  operations  inftrumentally: 
this  is  Tully's  ars  naturae.  This  vis  infita,  this  plaftic  nature  com^ 
Eofeb.  Prep,  municated  by  Jehova,  induced  Orpheus  to  deem  Ether  the  mind  of 
Jove ;  this  is  Porphyry's  logos  fpemiaticos.  Ariftotle  held  a  per* 
feEL  incorporeal  being  the  head  of  all  :  that  nature,  the  inftrument 
of  this  intelleSj  afts  not  merely  according  to  the  neceffity  of  ma- 
terial motions,  but  for  purpofed  ends  unknown  to  itfelf^  tbf  natur* 

aliqr 


Chap-O  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  b^ 

ality  of  raoraUty.  Sa  Plutarch  fays,  Empedoclcs  held,  the  fyHcm 
oi  the  world  not  to  be  the  refult  of  fortuitous  iMchanifm,  but  of  « 
divine  wifdom  affigning  to  every  part  the  mod  convenient  place  for 
the  common  good*  Stobeus  (ays,  Ecphantus  held  that  a  providence 
Ciiperiotend^  the  material  world*  philo  the  Jew  maintains^  that  ^'God's 
eternal  Logos  is  the  ftroi^  column  of  the  univerfe  :  this  ^iflbciatca 
and  regulates  the  component  parts^  that  water  diflolvc  not  eartl^ 
nor  fire  inflame  the  air/' 

Sacred  writ  requires  not  profane  authorities  for  confirmation  ^ 
but  it  proves  their  imperfed  traditions  frequently  to  have  a  true 
foundation.  We  may  therefore  obferve  that  the  Pagans  had  tradi- 
tionally fome  notions  of  the  creation,  which  bear  an  affinity  to  truth. 
BeroAis  wrote  that  Dis  or  Belus  (the  Lord^  clove  afunder  Omoroca  Alex.  Polyh: 
(the  Chaotic  Abyfs},  divided  the  darknefs,  fcparated  earth  from  ^  ch^^^/"^ 
Vieaveti,  axvd  marihalled  the  univerfe;  adding,  that  after  the  creation 
of  beafts,  bird^  and  man,  Belus  perfe3ed  the  formation  of  the  fta^s, 
fun,  moon,  and  five  planets :  for  a  refinement  of  the  air  afforded  a 
profped  of  the  conftellations.  So  Sanchoniatho  fays,  **  The  uni« 
verfe  was  illuminated,  and  the  fun,  moon,  and  ftars  became  efful* 
gent.**  Plato  mentions  Anaxagoras  to  have  held  that  a  difpofing 
mind  was  the  univerfal  caufe.  Tertullian  fays,  that  Zeno  held  the 
Logos  to  be  the  creator  and  direftor  of  all  things  in  nature.  The 
Cbinefe  in  Formofa  deemed  the  world  at  firft  a  chaos,  but  reduced 
to  order  in  four  years ;  that  is  years  of  days.  The  primitive  con- 
fu&on  of  elements  Ovid  fays,  "  Deus  et  melior  Natura  diremit." 

From  the  great  Protogenes  of  the  creation  Pagans  derived  the 
primitive  Prometheus,  accounted  by  Efchylus  the  fon  of  Themis. 
In  that  poet  he  declares  himfelf  the  fource  of  human  intelligence. 
Phornutui  fays  the  Logos  was  named  Japet;  that  is  metaphorically, 
as  being  the  Protogenes.  Plato  told  Dionyfius  that  the  ancients 
joined  Prometheus  to  Jove.  Tully  fays,  •'  The  fcience  of  Prome-  Tafc.Difp.j 
theus  is  divine  intelligence  traduced  to  erroneous  fable."  Siiidas 
tells  us,  **  Prometheus  taught  mankind  wifdom/^  Infinite  inteli- 
fence  feems  to  be  the  Egyptian  Cneph,  the  author  of  their  Phtha, 

Opas, 


30  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book.i^ 

Opas,  Vulcan  or  divine  fire ;  by  which  is  meant  that  nature  of  the 
divine  Logos,  which  was  the  Protogenes  of  the  creation,  and  per- 
former of  the  divine  will  in  the  fabrication  of  the  world ;  whofe 
emblem  thro'  all  the  Eaft  was  material  fire,  by  reafon  of  its  a6iivity 
and  vitality:    thus  this  divine  Protogenes  is  the  Vulcan,  who,  as 
Hyginus  writes,  made  Pandora,  deemed  the  firft  woman;  her  fabu- 
lous hiftory  having'taken  its  rife  from  Eve.     The  Chaldaic  oracles 
fay,  '*  The  father  perfefted  all  things^^  and  affigned  them  to  the  fe. 
cond  mind;"    Chrift's  human  fpirit.      Plato,  by  his  Nous  Aionios, 
Autopator>  intends  the  coeternal  divinity  of  the  Logos;  and  bv  his 
Phyche,  and  Logos  Demiurgos,    the  Protogenes  above-mentioned. 
From  the  true  Logos  came  Hefiod's  Minerva  *'  fprung  from  Metis 
implanted  effentially  in  Jove.*^      Phornutus  nicntions  this  Minerva 
from  Jove's  Metis.     Herodotus  (8)  calls  Minerva,  Provident.     In 
hymns  attributed  to  Orpheus  this  Minerva  is  ftiled  Monogenes;  and 
faid  to  be  male  and  female.     And  the  Protogonus  is  ftiled  Diphues, 
of  twofold  nature.     Hereobferve  the  confufion  of  the  Pagan  poets. 
Ifter  in   Suidas,  and  Nonnus  (5)  fay  Tritogenia  was  Luna;   hence 
they  reputed  the  Titan  goddefs,  inftcad  of  divine  wifdom,  male  and 
female  ;  hence  Lui)us  and  Luna;  hence  the  Deities  Afhtaroth;  the 
Mithras  found  at  Lyons  had  a  female  head.     The  Arabian  poet 
Motanabbi  fays  to  this  efl^eft, 

"  Nee  Nomen  Fccmininum  Soli  Dedecus, 
,     "  Nee  Mafculinum  Luna*  l^loria." 

Apuleius  frbm  the  Orphic  Theology  has  this  line, 

"  Jupiter  et  Mas  eft,  et  Femina,  nefcia  mortis." 

Minerva  was  Luna,  Aftarte  or  Venus  Urania  called  (as  Hefychius 
writes)  by  the  Egyptians  Athyr,  a  name  by  Plutarch  attributed  to 
Ifis,  that  is  the  elder,  who  was  Cybele  or  Rhea ;  hence  Orpheus 
deems  Rhea  (blending  her  with  intelligence,  called  by  Plutarch  Ifis, 
whom  he  deems  the  fame  as  Minerva)  the  daughter  of  Protogonus. 
Nat.  Comes,  alfothc  wife  of  Prometheus ;  namely  that  Pxometheus,  who  as  Lyfi- 

machides 


Chap.  2.)  P  R  I  M  I  T I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y. 

machides  wrote,  was  much  ancienter  than  Vulcan:  and  whom  Tully, 
as  above,  denominates  divine  intelligence.  Thus  the  facred  names 
conferred  at  firft  on  the  divine  mind,  were  proftituted  by  Oriental 
adulation  at  firft  to  Ham  and  his  family,  and  afterwards  to  the  Ti-i 
tans;  from  them  I  here  retrace  them  to  the  facred  original.  To 
the  truly  divine  Minerva  or  Ifis,  wlio  is  Plutarch's  intelligence,  re- 
lates the  infcriptioh  at  Sais,  **  I  am  all  that  was,  is,  or  fhall  be,  and 
no  mortal  has  unveiled  me."  Minlerva  or  Ifis  is  faid  by  Plutarch, 
to  be  Science,  and  deemed  the  daughter  of  Prometheus:  fhe  teaches 
temperate  perfons  a  knowledge  of  God  refident  with  her.  Cudworth 
informs  us  that  Ariftidcs  in  his  oration  on  Minerva  fays,  Pindar  af« 
firms  that,  "  Sitting  at  her  fire's  right  hand,  (he  there  receives  com* 
mands  from  him ;  for  fhe  is  fuperior  to  the  angels,  and  gives  them 
the  mandates  fhe  had  firft  received  from  her  fire."  He  concludes 
thus,  *•  All  Jove's  works  are  common  with  Jove  and  Minerva." 
Se^rvxus  tays  **  Minerva  and  Vulcan  had  the  command  of  the  Thunder 
in  common  with  Jupiter.**  Confonant  to  this,  Plato  fays  "  Vulcan 
and  Minerva  had  a  common  nature,  as  of  the  fame  origin;  and  their 
purfuits  and  operations  have  the  fame  tendency."  To  this  heavenly 
Minerva  the  Maya  of  Indoftan  bears  a  relation  ;  Maya,  the  parent 
of  the  Pagan  god  of  wifdom;  Amaia,  the  original  Ifis. 


8^ 


En.  I. 
Cntias. 


Cudwonh  writes,  that  Heraclitus  held  "All  things  were  made  by 
the  eternal  Logas,  who  was  with  God,  and  was  God."  Plato  held, 
"  The  conftruflor  of  the  world  to  be  the  fon  of  God."  Even 
Julian  allowed,  that  '*  the  primary  caufe  produced  an  intelleftual 
fun,  who  formed  the  materiarfun."  The  intelleftual  fun  is  the 
Phanes  of  the  Greeks,  the  Monogenes  of  the  Orphic  philofophy. 
The  Orphic  Argonauts  fay,  "  He  was  furnamed  Phanes  from  the 
priority  of  his  Epiphany."  Empedocles  held,  "  a  fun,  the  original 
of  iVc  vifiWe  fun."  He  is  the  Perfian  Mithras  mentioned  in  Plu- 
tarch's Ifis  to  be  "  the  mediator  between  the  good  principle  and  the 
evil,  Oromazes,  and  Arimaniiis:".  words  compounded  of  the  names 
of  thofe  ce'eflial  bodies  that  influence  natural  good  and  evil:  Orus 
being  Apollo,  or  the  fun,  orlight;  Ma  is  Venus  Urania;  Mazeus 
was  Jove's  Phrygian  name,  as   Hcfychius  af]'erts;  Ares    is   Vars; 

Manes 


1.4. 


In  Heniiu. 


Phitarch 
Scat. 


8* 

&4ttndiopi/ic 


Cedrenus. 


Soidas. 


Atcs 


Rom*  8*  14* 
Gal.  4*  6. 

Jolm.  14. 
Argonaut. 


liis. 

Plato 
Syrapos. 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY-  (Book  t« 

Manes  is  Meon  or  Saturn^  Cybele's  fpoufe.    Thus  has  moral  good 
and  evil  been  perfonified.     Philo  the  Jew  terms  the  Logos,  the  image 
of  God;  adding  that  he  was  God's  inftrument  in  the  creation.  Daniel 
mentions  an  appearance  of  the  fon  of  God.     He  is  Apollo  Loxias  f 
the  Lokius,  or  divine  fire  of  the  Volufpa,  who  was  the  enemy  of  the 
falfe  Gods  of  the  Goths.   Tenifoh  fhews  that  the  ancient  firachmans 
held  the  world  to  be  framed  by  the  fon  of  God.     Orpheus  main-, 
tained  that  the  divine  operator  in  the  beginning  created  ether,  but 
enveloped  in  chaos :  that  light  burfting  thro'  the  ether  illuminated 
the  creation :  but  fpoke  of  God  as  being  transfufed  thro'  this  light, 
^d  that  he  endued  man  with  a  rational  foul.     Cyril  of  Alexandria 
(|uotes  Orpheus  thus,  *'  I  adjure  thee,  thou  voice  of  the  Father, 
which  he  'firft  uttered,  when  by  his  counfcls  he  founded  the  uni- 
terfe.'*— Sanchoniatho  wrote,  that  the  fpiritual  breath  thro*   love 
produced  Mot,  termed  by  Athanagoras  Ilus,  where  he  mentions  the 
Orphic  creation :  tho'  Mot  amongft  the  Kifti  fignifies  tongue.     Ari- 
ftophanes  fays  that  love  engendered  on  chaos  men  and  all  animals. 
Suidak  on  Annacus  fays,  that  Zeus  ordered  Prometheus  and  Minerva 
to  make  teen  of  clay  ;    then  an  infpiring  fpirit  to  give  them  life. 
Lucian  attributes  this  infpiration  to  Minerva.      We  hence  fee  that 
the  ancients  were  aware  of  the  fpirit  of  God  and  of  his  Son;  that  is 
of  the  third  charafter  in  the  Godhead ;  the  aflTumption  of  which 
charafler  Chrift  means  in  faying  ^*  We  will   come  and  refide  with  . 
you.'*  Here  we  fee  the  AiCpvvi  Ep«T«  of  Orpheus.     From  the  triple 
charafter  of  the  deity  Hermes  deduced  his  title  of  Trifmegiftus, 
Martial's  Omnia   Solus  et  ter  Unus;  which  is  implied  alfo  by  the 
triplicity  of  Oro-ma-zeus,  or  the  good  principle,  in  Plutarch.  Ban- 
nier  fays,  Lao   Kiun  taught  the  Chinefe  thus,  "  Tad  or  reafon  pro- 
duced one,  one  produced  two,  two  produced  three,  three  produced 
the  univerfe."     Neptune's  Trident  and  Apollo's  Tripod  ar-e  fymbols 
of  the  omnipotent,  good  and  intelligent  Trinity.    The  Athenians  de- 
dicated to  Minerva  (named  Tritogenia)  the  third  day  of  the  moon. 
Plutarch  fays  a  triangle  was  her  fymbol.—  Parmenides  faid  that  Love 
was  the  firft  of  the  Gods.     Plato's   Phaedrus  fays,  Love  is  without 
parentage,  and  none  can  declare  his  origin.  His  Agatho  fays,**Love 
is  the  fource  of  peace  to  mankind,  and  is  more  ancient  than  Japet." 

This 


Hefy  chiQ  8 


thap.  «0  ^  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y-  33 

This  Japct  by  the  way  is  older  than  Noah's  eldefl  fon;  on  account 
of  vbofe  antiquity  |>eifons  enfeebled  with  age  were  called  Japet^ 
The  japet  here  is  that  of  Phomutus^  produced  by  divine  love  for 
human  falyluion.  ^I  mean  not  to  confirm/acred  writ  by  Pagan  proofs: 
but  to  ihew  that  thefe  liniverTal  notions  of  the  divine  diftinftions  in 
Xhe  Godhead  ^ere  GottiBMn  to  Jews  and  Gentiles :  and  produce 
thefe  concurrent  teftimcMues  together,  agakift  thofc  who  objeCl  to 
tbe  fcriptures  4that  the  notions  are  Platonic ;  and  to  Plato,  that  his 
opinions  are   Jewiib*      But  wlience  were  they  acquired  both  by 
Jews  and  Greeks  ?  Traditionally,  ab  origine,  from  ihofe  who  had 
diTtae  communications,  Adam,  Enoch,  Noah,    and  Abraham  :  as 
Plato  hinofelf  derives  the  origin  of  laws  from  revelation ;  and  Arif-     -^  ^8- 
cotle  owns, that  pofterity  corrupted  ancient  traditions.    But  let  fcep« 
tics  employ  their  natoral  light  in  advancing  more  rational  tenets  : 
then  they  win  have  fome  pretenGons  to  decry  thofe  that  were  derived 
\o  ancient  Cages  from  facred  fountains,  declared  in  the  golpel,  and 
attefted  in  the  ftrongeft  manner,  in  that  day  that  was  prefigured  to 
Abnbsun,  hy  his  facrifice  in  the  mount.     Puerile  as  the  Egyptian 
PhilofophersTound  the  ideas  of  their  Grecian  pupils,  yet  they  found 
them  different  from   modern  freethinkers;  they  found  them  docile 
and  addided  to  imhibe  inllruffion,  and  to  revere  fublime  truths  de- 
rived from  refpeftable  fources :    Truths  not  repugnant  to  reafon^ 
dnTHoo  vaft'for  its  comprehenfion ;  it  being  impoflible  for  finite 
apatcidcs  to   conceive  infinity :  thus  Plato's  Phzdrus  fays,  divine 
lov^  is  ineffable ;  and  the  infcription  on  Ifis  declares,  that  divine 
intelligence  is  inexplicable. 

The  power  of  omniprefent  love  is  eloquently  difplayed  by  Plato's 
Agatho  ;  and  thus  poetically  by  Boethius. 

Concordant  laws  the  univerfe  obeysi 
And  oppTite  elements  affefiion  fways. 
SoPs  brilliant  car  diffufes  golden  light: 
Hefpec  conduds,  and  Cynthia  rules,  the  nighl. 
Ocean  confines  his  waves  in  ftated  bounds. 
Left  lawlefii  they  tranlgrefs  earth's  ample  mounds. 

F  This 


34  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Booki. 

This  regularity's  atchievM  by  love. 
Regent  of  earth,  and  fea  and  realms  above. 
Should  he  the  reins  refign,  each  mutual  friend. 
With  friend  wou*d  fight,  and  warwou'd  never  end« 
This  fair  machine  th^'d  labour  to  diflblve. 
Which  now  their  union  caufes  to  revolve. 
Almighty  love  mankind  together  draws. 
Who  court  the  fanaion  of  his  focial  laws. 
Of  nuptial  ties  he  each  endearment  fends. 
And  amity  implants  in  conftant  friends. 
Bleft  mortals,  if  your  breafts  are  rul'd  by  love. 
Who  rules  the  regions  of  the  powers  above. 

Thevenot  has  a  Perfian  reprefentation  of  love  prefiding  over  the 
globe,  and  of  one  row  of  men  fupporting  another  with  their  joint 
arms;  expreflive  of  unanimity  and  due  fubordinatiom 

Previous  to  the /armation  of  the  world  the  material  part  was  created 
a  mingled  mafs  of  Tohu  and  Bohu;  the  confident  part  being  a 
chaos ;  the  fluid,  an  Abyfs,  Sanchoniatho's  Bau,  termed  Bathos  in 
Epiphanius;  the  French  Boue.  This  turbid  medley  Sanchoniatlio 
calls  Mot,  the  Ilus  of  Athenagoras.  As  Rowland  interprets  Mot^ 
motion,  it  probably  means  Ilus  fet  in  motion  or  a  ferment.  The 
Egyptians  fignified  the  Chaos  by  their  elder  Onis,  whom  Ifis  con* 
ceived  by  Ofiris  in  Terra's  womb :  the  fecond  Orus  was  the  world 
arrived  at  maturity.  Thus,  as  Sanchoniatho  obferves.  Civil  Hiftory. 
was  allegorized  into  Natural.  But  to  deliver  a  more  literal  ac- 
count. Prompt  to  obey  the  omniprefent  fpirit  who  agitated  the 
mingled  fluids  (the  Bohu  or  Bau)  lo,  the  lucid  or  igni.fluous  fluid 
detached  itfelf  from  the  opaque  matter,  and  inftantly  formed  an  af. 
femblage  of  light  in  the  fun ;  for  God  faid,  "  Let  light  be,  and 
light  was.'*  Thus  this  glorious,  minute,  eiaftic  body,  itbe  fineft  efflu- 
vium of  fire,  entered  on  its  office  of  difplaying  its  colours  around, 
with  an  energy  that  pervades  she  migfa^  body  of  air^  ihe  denfe 
body  of  water,  and  ftill  denficr  body  of  glals,  with  aUbkite  eafe, 
even  in  defiance  of  llie  laws  fif  gravity;  and  woidd  pervade  the 

earth 


Plutsrdi 


Chiqi.  t.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  35 

earth  to  it&  centre^  if  its  extreme  elafticity  did  not  occafion  its  im«. 

mediate  and  reiterated  refle^on  from  bodies  of  irregular  furfaces 

(both  in  the  aggregate,  and  as  to  their  conftituentparticles)in  a  variety 

of  direflions,  diereby  analyzing  its  compound  rays ;   that  fo  faiths 

figkUy  <^  painit  the  forms  of  things/*  by  penetrating  otir  eyes  quite 

innocently  for  a  long  feries  ofyears  ;    announcing  the  diftance  of 

objefts,  by  the  angle  formed  by  the  rays  reflefted  from  the  objeft 

to  each  eye :  like  as  the  diftance  of  an  obje£i  is  learnt  by  obfervatious 

taken  at  two  different  Rations.     The  expanfe  of  air  next  attained 

its  proper  region  :  having  the  fubtle  ethereal  fluid,  pure  from  grofs 

onelaftic  matter^  above;    and  the  denfer  fluid,  below^     Then  the 

tenei^  cohefive  matter  (fuch  ks  Schorl,  Spar,  Quart^^  often  im« 

pregnated  with  gold,  filver^  copper,  iron)  fubfided  according  to  its 

nariaus  confiftence,  into  one  folid  mafs;    its  furface  thus  becoming 

excavated  f<»r  the  reception  of  the  ocean.    On  this,  the  extant  land» 

^teed  (lom  biperfluous  moifture,  and  aQed  on  by  combinations  of 

ws^ter^  air^andfircj  generating  faline  principles,  which  are  Acid^AU 

kali,  and Ajr&nic^  became  both  diverfified  and  fertile:  Fire  renders  air  Bnffbn. 

inflammable:  thefe  combined  with  water  conftitute  the  aerial  acid, 

Tlie  air^  purified  from  dcnfe  vapours,  afforded  a  pix>fpe3  of  the  fun 

by  day,  and  of  the  moon  and  ftars  by  night.     This  eclairciflement    . 

.  «aii.compIeated  on  the  fourth  day.     Orpheus  faid,  ^<  Light  fliooting  in  Soidas. 

thro*  the  realms  of  ether,  illuminated  the  earth:"    when  as  Plato  in  Tineo. 

&/$,  '^  God  with  the  new  bom  world  commanded  the  birth  of  night 

andday^  and  months,  and  years  :    thefe  were  not  antecedent  to  the 

heavens;  with  which  time  commenced  and  will  expire  :    this  world 

being  only  the  image  of  a  better,  whofe  duration  will  be  immenfe/' 

Next^  animals  were  created ;  laft  of  whom,  Man^  named  Adam  ; 
with  Eve»  literally  the  collateral  objeft  of  his  love  :  hence  arife 
Plato's  Andro^rgyn^s,  of  both  fexes  at  firft  united;  whence  each  re- 
tains a  defire  of  union.  Ficinus  obferves,  that  Plato  affirms  man-, 
kind  to  have  been  the  laft  of  the  creatio^i.  Adam  feems  the  radix  Protsgoras. 
of  theiOfelian  Adamta,  People.  Eve  was  the  foundation  of  the 
Egyptian  Ifis»  and  Babylonian  Venus.  Bocharti  from  the  Hebrew 
Chavah  (tho*  our  Englifli  name  is  from  thelrifli  Aibh,  aiv,  fimilitude,) 

F  a  interprets 


3fi  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

interprets  Eve,  life  :  fo  Plutarch  fays,  that  Ifis  is  conceiving  nature 
Plato's  Oufia*  Doves  (the  fymbot  of  love)  hatched  Venus,  or  Ifis, 
Hyginus*  .  ancient,  from  an  egg.  Ovum.  Its  rotundity  reprefents  the  earth: 
but  on  the  renewal  of  mankind  after  the  deluge,  the  egg  alluded  to 
the  Ark ;  which  floating  like  an  ifland  was  named  Oon,  the  name 
of  an  egg,  or  an  ifle. 

Suidas  quotes  an  old  Tiifcan  author,  who  counted  each  day  of 
the  creation  a  millennium:  faying,  **In  the  firft,  God  made  the  heaven 
and  earth  :  in  the  fecond,the  firmament,  calling  it  fky ;  in  the  third, 
the  fea  and  all  terrdlrial  waters ;  in  the  fourth,  the  fun,  moon  and 
ftars ;  in  the  fifth,  every  animal  of  fowls,  reptiles,  beafts  and  fifhes : 
in  the  fixth,  man.'* — As  to  the  computation  here  of  diurnal   time, 
Aulus,  Gellius,  and  Pliny  fay,  the  Athenians  began  the  day  from 
funfet,  probably  after  the  Egyptians  and  Phenicians;  and  the  Italians 
do  fo  now.     Nicholas  of  Damafcus  fays,  the  Numidians  counted  by    *  - 
nights.     Cefar  fays,  in   Gaul  the  day  was  fubfequent  to  the  Night. 
Graevius  notes,  that  the  Arabians  followed  this  rule.     Tacitus  fays, 
the  night  in  Germany  introduced  the  day.     The  Englifli  count  by 
fevennights,  and .  fortnights.     The   Greeks  call  the  period  of  the 
earth's  diurnal  rotation,  a   Nych-hemeron.     Orpheus  ftiles  night 
the  mother  of  the  Gods  :  Aratus  calls  her  Ancient.     Tully  reputes 
Kat:  Door,    day  the  child  of  night.     But  Gellius  and  Pliny  fay,  the  Babylonian     ^^ 
day  began  from   funrife;    the   Umbrian,  from  noon;  the  Roman,    ^t 
from  midnight.     Pliny  fays,  the  Egyptians  counted  from  midnight. 

Concerning  the  feveral  genera  in  the  animal  and  vegetable  worlds 
with  which  this  globe  was  fupplied  at  the  creation:  the  known 
plants  may  be  about  1600  kinds;  which  are  comprehended  in  fev- 
eral orders,  that  are  reduced  to  24  clafTes.  Bifhop  Wilkins  formed 
the  Birds  into  nine  claffes  ;  which  he  diftributed  into  195  feveral 
forts.  The  feveral  forts  of  fiflies  may  be  600 :  tho*  Pliny  computes 
them  under  200.  The  feveral  forts  of  beafts,  unlefs  fubdividcd  in- 
to their  fpecial  varieties,  are  fcarcdy  100.  Of  infeds  and  reptiles 
there  may  be  as  many.     Myriads  of  Animalcules  remain  unknown  : 

MuUer 


Chzp.t)  PRIM  IT  I  VE     HISTORY.  37 

Mullcr  has  left  a  defcription  of  95  newly  difcovered  genera.     The 
Creator's  power  appears  as  wonderful  in  miniature  as  in  magnitude. 

Innumerable  arc  the  proofs  of  divine  providence  in  every  depart^ 

mcnt  of  the  creation.     If  the  world  contains  fome  noxious  and  pefti* 

lenda]  articles^  to  be  inftruments  of  God's  juftice  and  vengeance  ; 

nuffiberlefs  are  the  ufeful»  the  falutary,  the  comfortable^  the  plesu 

furabic^  and  the  beautiful^  to  evince  his  benevolence  and  indulgence. 

The  Sheep  prcfenu  wool;  the  Bee,    honey;  the  Vine,  nedar;  the  ' 

Olive^  oil;  the  Earth's  bowels,   fait  and  coals :  the  air  is  the  vehicle 

of  fertilizing  ihowers  from   the  fea,  aud  of  exhilirating  rays  from 

the  fun.      Admirable  is  the  fagacity  difplayed  in  the  formation  of 

plants,  and  of  animals,  to  anfwer  their  ends,  aud  to  ad  their  parts  in 

the  creation.     It  is  furprifing  that  Lucretius  could  illuftrate  the 

dam* ft  affedion  for  her  young,  yet  remain  blind  to  the  providential 

e^utc    The  Pfamift  fays. 


His  tomb  Protefilaus  failed  to  hide 

From  the  ftill  bright  idea  of  his  bride  : 

His  fpeftre  rofe  to  clafp  the  widow'd  fair,  ' 

In  unfubftantial  arms  and  vacant  air. 

But  what  aQuatcs  it,  feems  to  be  the  Anima  of  Lucretius.     Banni'*r 


94.  9. 


Sh^)  he  not  hear,  who  framed  the  car: 
Who  formed  the  eye  not  fee? 

As  to  man,  the  ancients  fuppofed  him  to  be  a  triple  compofition ; 
body,  mind«.  and  phantom :  called  by  Virgil, 

Cineres^  Animaeq;   Umbraeq. 

Snprro's  £dda  tells  us  that  man  received  firft,  foul;  next,  life  ;  then 

ibc   fenfes.      Saint  Paul  enumerates  Soma,  Pfyche,  Pneuma.     O-     1  Th.  5. 

tbers  tcrai  thefe  diftinftions.  Corpus,  Animus,  Simulachrum.     This 

laid  is  the  apparition  or  phantafm  in  evocations ;  fleeting  and  impal-       1.  123 

pable  as  an  image  on  a  mirror.     Thus  Propertius  relates. 


1. 19. 


V 


88  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  C^ook  i. 

fays,  the  Egyptians  held  the  foul  to  cohfift  of  two  parts,  phantom 
and  fpirit.  This  laft  retui^ns  to  the  deity  at  diflbtution ;  but  the 
fimulachrum  departs  to  the  {hades ;  fleeting  away,  as  Tirefias  told 
Ulifies,  like  a  dreain.      This  may  become  vifible  to  the  corporeal 

Tufc        ^^ '    '^"*  ^^  Lacedaemonians  evoked  the  phantom  of  Paufania». 

Difp-  ,_  The  intettigcm  Tully  mentions  aj^ritions  as  proofs  of  exiftenee 
after  this  Ufe.  But  fouls,  divefted  of  dehfe  fubftance,  can  only 
have  t6mmunicatbn  with  fouls  in  the  temporary  dilIbl>ution  of  pro- 
found fleep.  Thus  angels  have  aifumed  vifiWe  forms:  but  the 
Deity  to  Abraham,  Jacob,  and  others,  difclofed  himfelf  intuitively  in 
dreams.  Angels  Kkewife  have  had  mental  intercourfc  with  human 
fouls  in  this  manner,  as  with  Mary's  Kufband— The  Indians  believe 
man  endued  with  a'fopremefoul,  which  is  divine?  and  an  animal 
foul^  the  fenfitive  principle  of  pfeaftire  and  pain :  thefc  referable 
the  Animus  and  Anima  of  Lucretius.   Virgil  fays,  that  fouls  in  pfo- 

*  ^  ^*       cefs  of  time  occupy  other  bodies;  except  as  to  thofe  who,  like  Ixion 
20,  35.       and  Tantalus,  are  doomed  to  Orcus.       This  dpftrine  Saint  Luke 

A£b         countenances;  hinting  that  fome  may  be  adjudged  unworthy  of  the 
24.  I  $•       refurreClion  from  the  dead :  for  there  will  be  a  refurreftion  of  all  to 
John  5.  29.  judgment ;  yet  that  of  the.  unjuft  will  not  be  the  refurreftion  of  life, 
but  of  damnation,     Lucretius  i>ot  only  fays,  that  man  conHfts  of 
Corpus,  Simulachrum,   and  Anima;  but  of  Animus  or  Mens,  witlv 

3.  423.  which  the  Anima  is  conjoined,  and  to  which  it  is  fubfervient ;  and 
explains,  that  what  he  termed  Anima  in  the  firft  place,  he  intends  by 
Animus  in  the  laft :  bis  Anima  properly  being  that  vital  medium 
that  conne6is  mind  with  the  animal  fpirits, 

3. 144.  .  per  totum  diffita  Corpus, 

Paret,  et  ad  Numen  Mentis,  Momenq;  movetur. 

• 
The  feat  of  the  mind  he  deems  the  breaft.  But  when  we  refleft 
within  ourfelves  where  thought  exerts  itfelf,  we  immediately  find 
its  cabinet  council  is  held  in  the  head ;  but  the  fountain  of  the  af* 
Tufc.  Difp.  feftions  is  the  heart.  Tully  like  Lucretius  feems  to  confound  Ani- 
mus with  Anima.    As  to  the  materiality  of  mind,  it  depends  on 

t  definition ; 


1. 123 


Cbap,  s.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  39 

definition ;    if  all  matter  be  inert^  mind  cmaoi  be  mauer ;  which 
Materialifb  confound  with  fubftancc. 

Mankind  were,  as  to  the  nobler  facu!tie«  of  the  foul,  reSeaion, 
volition,  judgment^   created  fimilar  to  the  divine  Archetjrpe*  Plato  InThc^teto* 
treating  of  man's  fimilitude  to  God,  deems  it  to  confift  in  wifdom, 
reHitude  and  fandity  :  and  fays,  a  good  man  is  God's  image.  Tullv    Sanaitaie. 
afferts.    Mens  a  dik  ad  lioiiiinef  pervcnit:    alfo,  £ft  homini  cum  Nat.  Deor! 
dco  rationis  focietas.     Again,  Sic  ad  intenigendum  natus  eft  homo,  pe  Leg: 
qoas  :  morulis  dcus,  ut  equus  ad  curfum.  He  lays^  ^  The  foul  by  pj^f ' 
itsaflBnity  with  divinity  is  endued  with  forcfight/^     The  Chaldaic 
Oracles  fay,  *•  The  human  mind  affects  God :"  alfo,  «  The  paternal 
mind  fet  his  image  on  fouls/*     liipparcbus  held,  human  feuls  to  be 
a  portion  of  heaven.     The  Volufpa  (ays,  chat  fouls  are  divine,  and 
have  communication  with  fpirits.     MaaiiliiM  Uy9^ 


Pliny  2.  s6. 


\ii  du\num  eft  habiure  dcum  fub  peftore  vcftro:  l.  4. 

In  adumq;  redire  Animas,  Csloq;  venire  ?-— Again^ 


*  Quis  dubitet  hominem  conjungere  Csdo  ?  L.  s. 


Eximiam  natura  dedit  Lingoamq;  Capaxq; 

Ingenium,  volucremqs  aninrnm ;  qoem  deniq^  &i  Unum 

Defcendit  Deus,  atq;  habitai;  ipfumq;  rtcfmiu 

Tlu^  Plalmift  fays, 

J 

ril  thee  my  great  Creator  pralfe,  «39*  »4* 

For  my  furprifing  fraiQC  : 
All  thy  atchievements  wonder  raife  i  ^ 

My  foul  owns  whence  it  tiame. 

The  Eighth  pfalm  is  a  noble  corfeflioa  of  that  high  veneration  fo 
well  reprcfcntcd  by  Boyle  to  ht  ilu^  ftom  maM'«  »teU^  to  God. 

Jhe  Eighth  Pfelm. 

f  ar  obenwieactli,  |elpi»vaf  nfp 

The  glories  of  thy  name ; 

Thou 


40  iPRlMltlVE    HISTORY.  (Book  a 

Thou  haft  difplay'd,   above  the  flcies. 
The  fplendour  of  thy  fame. 

The lipsof  babes»  who  preii the  brcaft^ 

The  deity  difclofe : 
In  them  thy  prowef*  ftands  confeft» 

To  fil^nce  ali  thy  foe*. 
When  ail  tbe  beav^ns^  that  round  HI  IhtAe, 

The  moon  and  fteHir  rays. 
The  fabrics  of  thy  band  liivine. 

My  feeble  fight  amaze : 

What  then,  O  t>odl  ean  man  apjpear, 

TThy  fond  regard  to  move  ? 
The  Son  of  Man,  to  thee  Ya  deaot; 

So  honour^  in  -thy  love. 

Inferiour  fcarce  to  heav'nly  hofts^ 

Next  angels  He's  renown'd ; 
This  rank  he  thro'  thy  boulaty  boafts» 

By  thee  with  honours  crown'd. 

The  works  of  thy  almighty  IkiU 

AU  to  his  plealUre  bow : 
Thou  grant'^ft  him  pdw'r  to  rule  at  Will 

Thy  creatures  here  below  : 
Oxen  and  iheep,  all  beafts  that  dweli 

In  ev'ry  wood  and  field ; 
Each  bird,  each  filfa  cf  fin  or  fbell» 

That  various  climates  yield. 

Yar  above  earth,  Jehova,  rife 

The  glories  of  thy  Tiame : 
Thou  haft  difplay'd  above  the Ikies^ 

The  fplendour  ef  thy  fame. 

How  much  nobler  are  tliofe  notions  of  man,  arifing  from  bis 
wental  faculties  and  powers,  to  aftoniihingly  as  4b<gr  have  been  ex- 
erted 


•iii 


CIiV-«)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  41 

^rted  by  an  Archimedes  and  a  Newton,  than  Lord  Monboddo's 
OTOundlefs  conclufions  that  man  was  not  calculated  for  converfadon, 
becaufe  he  attains  fpeech  with  difficulty.      We  may  as  well  main- 
lain  that  man  was  never  intended  for  ambulation,  becaufe  he  is  flow 
in  learning  to  walk;  or  that  the  was  not  dcfigned  for  mafti cation,  be* 
caufe  born  without  teeth*     He  allows  that  man  is  formed  with  or- 
gans for  articulation ;  but  implies  that  they  were  not  intended  to  be 
ufeful  ;  and  cannot  find  this  or  any  other  fpecific  difference  between 
us  and  Ouran  Outangs :    a  relationfhip  with  whom  his   Lordfliip 
claims ;  and  applauds  his  friend  Bontius  for  inventing  an  affinity 
between  themfelves  and  their  highly  informed  Homines  caudatos. 
This  reminds  me  of  the  philofopher,  who  imperfeftly  defined  man, 
an  animal  with  two  legs,  and  without  plumes  ;  when  his  rival,  ftrip- 
ping  a  Cock  of  his  feathers,  convinced  him  that  his  definition  was 
mcom^\eayL    Perfons,  who  fondly  imagine  an  affinity  between  them- 
fe\ves  and  biboons,  may  bring  themfelves  or  others  to  approve  of 
an  smorous  connexion  with  them.     Several  novel  philofophers  are 
Co  prone  to  beftial  alliances  and  manners,  that  they  affirm  man  to  be 
a  quadruped:  tho*  the  influxure  of  the  elbow  and  knee,    the   dif- 
porportion  of  the  length  of  the  leg  and  thigh  to  that  of  the  arm, 
theanteriorpofition  of  women's  breads,  evince  that  man  is  not  formed 
to  )>c  a  quadruped;    in  which  pofture  the  hair  would  obftnift  his 
fi{^^  inftead  of  being  a  graceful  covering  for  his    (boulders  from 
&n  and  rain.     When  children  imitate  quadrupeds,  they  go  on  their 
knees,  not  on  their  feet ;  which  would  occafion  a  mod  expofed  and 
ndiculous  pofture  :  but  the  abfurdity  of  a  propofition  beft  qualifies 
it  to  be  a  novel  philofopher*s  axionnu 

Prometheus  is  faid  in  Pagan  ftory  10  have  formed  the  human 
framr;  and  Minerva  to  have  infpired  it;  here  Prometheus  repre- 
favts  ihc  Monogenes,  or  Chrift's  human  unembodied  fpirit  at  the 
•creation;  Minerva,  the  Logos  or  his  divine  nature.  Montfaucon 
*M  a  monument  of  Minerva,  with  Pfyche  the  foul's  emblem,  at- 
^iBg  Prometheus  iaihioning  the  human  frame. 

The 


I.  VoL 


49  PRIMITIVJE    HISTORY.  (lk>0k  u 

The  eOence  of  hwnan  Ibuls  exifted  from  the  beginning,  in  tbc 
omniprcfcnt  Deity^  But  the  expreffion  of  Levi*i  payment  of  ty(he« 
in  Abraham's  Loins  alludes  to  corporeal  defcent:  fo  a  wife  with  hq^ 
dowry  often  purchafes  for  her  iflue  as  well  as  berfelf.  Soul  is  tbq 
piyi)f)9e  aurs  parjticula ;  Plato's  Qew  Maf^  The  infinite  being  per<» 
v^des  all  nature.     Luctn  fays. 

Eft  quit>dcunque  vides^  quocunq;  moveris^ 
God  is  whatever  we  fee,  wheree'er  we  ga 

Manilius  fays, 

Infufumq;  Deum  Caclo^  Terrifq;  Fretoq; 

We  may  therefore  confidently  fay  that  life  is  God,  and  God  life. 

Seneca  fays,  **  A  holy  fpirit  refides  in  us  the  fuperintendant  of  good 

men  and  bad  :  He  will  fhew  us  the  fame  treatment  he  receives  from 

us/*     Pythagoras  faid,  '•  By  ill  life  we  torture  the  God  who  is  in 

us."     He  held,  *•  God  a  mind  pervading  the  univerffe^,  the  (buifcc 

of  life,  the  univerfal  principle  animating  all/'    Virgil  fays,  Spiritus 

intus  alit.     Henry  More  held  that  the  life  of  God  aftuates  the 

2. 4.        ^^^'*     Antonine  held  a  prefident  from  whom  we  flow,  as  from  a 

ftream«— The  intelleft  comes  from  fome  common  fountain  of  its  own 

nature."     He  fays,  "  Counteraft  not  the  deity  within  us.'*     AHb^ 

5.  10,  27.     „  The  foul  is  intelligence  and  deity."     Cleanthes  held  the  Author  * 

Faft.  6.      of  the  world  to  be  a  fpirit  pervading  every  part  of  it.     Ovid  fays, 

Clem:       *'  Eft  Deus  in  nobis."     Orpheus,  *•  Deus  adftat  in  omnibus  unus.** 

^p*-        Hefiod  fays,  ••  The  human  mind  is  God  incognito."    TuMy  fays, 

Somn.       Deum  te  fcito:  alfo  that  Euripides  afferted,  "  Soul  is  God."     On 

divination  he  fays,  **  The  foul's  exiftence  is  from  all  eternity." 

Addifon  fays,  •• 'Tis  the  divinity  that  ftirs  within  us :"     Pop?  ex- 

preffes  it,  **  Breathes  in  our  foul,  informs  our  mortal  part."    Saint 

'  a£  *'     ^^"'  ^^y**  *'  ^^"''  *^^y  ^^  ^^^  temple  of  the  Holy  Ghoft— In  whom 
17.  28.       we  move  and  have  our  being" — Virgil  fays, 

**  Jovis  omnia  plena." 

The  univerfe  is  a  plenum  of  Jehova. 

The 


♦•4- 


Ott^f-)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  43 

The  inhabitants «of  the  iflands  in  the  South  fea  maintain  the  pow^ 
erful  infiucncc  of  the  divine  fpirit  to  be  univerfally  difFufed.  — This 
ubiquity  of  the  Deity,  whofc  infinite  fubftance  pofTeffcs  infinite  fpace, 
is  an  invincible  argument  againft  a  vacuum;  which  js  hot  demon- 
flratcd  from  Loco-motion.     Bodies  are  capable  of  it  thro*  porofity, 
asalieve  thro*  water;  a  glafs  platCj  againft  the  folarrays;  as  opake 
bodies  alfo  are,  by  thofe  rays  giving  way  thro*  the  porous  air.     The 
denfe  body  of  gold  is  fo  porous  as  to  be  pervious  even  to  water. 
The  fine  -ethereal  fluid  pervades  bodies  in  motion,  with  as  little  ob- 
Sruftion  to  them,  as  if  they  moved  in  vacuo.      Eleftricity  is  a  proof 
of  a  fine  fluid  poflefling  all  fpace,  and  by  its  contiguity  overturning 
cities  and  mountains,  and  fhaking  diftant  regions  at  the  fame  inftant. 
When  we  pufh  a  long  pole  againft  any  objeft,  the  impulfe  given  at 
the  farther  end  is  not  by  the  particles  of  the  pole  touched  by  us  i 
fb  the  panicles  of  the  eleftrical  fluid,  which  communicate  the  im- 
pvAfeai  the  father  end  of  a  long  condu6lor,  or  at  the  farther  end 
oJTa  large  kingdom,  are  not  the  identical  particles  that  receive  the 
impulfe  Mt  SrA;  but  thefe  are  contiguous  to  others;  fo  on  uninter- 
nqptedly  from  end  to  end  :  and  the  fartheft  move  at  the  fame  inftant 
as  the  neareft.     If  a  feries  of  billard  balls  are  placed  contiguous,  a 
molioii  given  to  the  neareft,  will  be  at  the  feme  inftant  communicated 
tfir^kije  remotcft.      Btit  if  there  are  intervals  tetween  them,  they  will 
Wmaved  in  fucceflion,  or,  as  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  fays,  by  fits ;  not 
-Sit'omce.    Therefore  if  the  motion  of  the  eleftrical  fluid  be  fuc* 
ceffivc.  Tome  ftill  finer  body,  called  by  the  Chaldeans  Empyreum, 
^ffefn^the  intervals  between  the  particles  of  the  eleftrical  fluid; 
wKch  it  pervades  with  as  much  eafe,  as  eleftrical  matter  pervades 
acondador:  and  thus  mind  pervades  the  human  fpeftrum,  and  the 
fpeSmm  poffcfles  itfelf  of  the  animal  fpirits ;  and  God  pervades  the 
vhofc:  the  Pfalmift  fays,  ^^Ih  God's  light  we  ftiall  fee  light:'*  God      3^  ^ 
Mng  infinite,  tho*  without  parts,  as  not  liable  to  partition ;  being 
"OBe  infeparabie  whole,  all  and  every  where  an  unbounded  uniform 
"imnd  totalty  prefent  throughout  the  univerfe  ;    as  a  globe  prefents 
one  imifottittfcirface' towards  every  direftion  throughout  fpace,  which 
IS  that  Unlimited  extent  poflefled  by  the  infinite  being.—- As  to  the 
minuteBCfa '^4)0dief ,  how  fubtle  is  Aquafoitis^  and  fpirituous  Al- 

Cr  %  cahoL 


,4        '  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Alcahol.  If  we  incline  a  botUe  containing  cold  liquor^  upon  our 
letting  the  liquid  fall  fuddenly  back  to  the  fide  contiguous  to  our 
hand,  how  fwiftly  does  a  chill  effluvium  fcnfibly  affeft  us  thro*  the 
glafs ;  fo  on  the  contrary,  if  we  pour  hot  water  into  a  glafs,  or  earthen 
veffel !  How  does  fire  penetrate  thro*  iron !  W.hat  an  extenfive  fpace 
will  a  fmall  candle  fill  with  light  for  a  confiderable  time.  Jenkins 
on  Chriftianity  fays,  "If  all  the  luminous  fluid  emitted  from  the 
fun  during  a  year  could  be  confolidated  into  one  inert  mafs,  it  would 
not  equal  a  fingle  grain  of  fand." 

That  foul  is  Deity  always  prefent  to  aChiate  bodies  duly  organized 
and  prepared  to  obey  its  influence,  Ariftotle  furniflies  us  with  fomet 
^^^6.  ^7^^^  analogical  evidence.  He  fays,  *•  If  Mice  lick  fait,  they  have  young 
without  copulation;  and  their  young  have  been /ound pregnant  be- 
fore their  birth.'*  In  Plato's  Convivium  it  is  maintained,  that  the 
body  and  foul  of  men  are  in  a  ftate  of  pregnancy  :  but  foul  here 
means  that  middle  nature  between  animus,  mind,  or  intelleA,  and 
the  animal  fpirits ;  it  is  the  Anima  of  Lucretius  conneding  body  and 
foul :  and,  as  difcernment  and  judgment  are  attributes  of  the  animus, 
imagination  and  volition  feems  to  be  fo  of  the  anima,  which  I  take 
to  be  ex  traduce ;  for  which  I  refer  to  the  fpermatic  animation  dif- 
coverable  tliro*  microfcopes,  Anima  may  be  defined  the  materi- 
ality of  mind,  the  fpirituality  of  body  :  it  is  the  Pfyche  afluating  the 
animal  fpirits,  and  communicating  to  the  body  didatcs  and  imprcr. 
fions  received  from  the  mind :  and  on  the  contrary,  fenfitive  per- 
ceptions  to  the  mind.  Our  intelleft  is  divine ;  and,  as  Solomon 
fays,  reverts  at  death  to  God :  from  whom  our  reanimation  will  en- 
fue  at  the  rcfurreftion ;  when  the  Pfyche  clad  in  a  new  body  will 
regain  a  commiflion  to  communicate  to  it  the  divine  powers  of  mind- 
Plato's  Phaedo  fays,  the  foul  exifts  fomewhere  before  its  connexion 
with  the  body.  His  Philofopher  fays,  every  foul  is  more  ancient 
Stanley,  than"  all  bodies.  '  Socrates  held  the  foul's  pre-exiftence.  Plutarch 
fays,  Empedoclcs  held,  the  fouls  both  of  the  dead  and  of  the  unborn 
have  now  an  exiftence.— To  the  queftion  how  we  are  not  omni- 
fcient,  if  we  participate  of  the  divine  nature,  I  anfwer;  the  foul  isfo 
immured  in  the  body,  fo  blended  with  it,  fo  clogged  by  it,  that  its 

higheft 


Chap-  tt.)  l^RIMITIVE    HISTORY,  45 

higheft  faculties  are  under  reftriftions ;  that  it  is  debarred  from  inform 
mation  but  thro'  the  corporeal  fcnfes:  thus  in  Ideots  the  intellcaual 
powers  are  almoft  totally  fufpended  j  fo  in  temporary  Lunatics,  On 
the  contrary  in  fleep,  when  the  fetters  of  the  body  are  relaxed,  the 
foul  often  exerts  a  wonderful  energy,  and  exercifes  and  fports  with 
the  Pfyche's  imagination.     Lucretius  fays, 

Somnus  cum  dedita  membra. 


Eft  aliud  tamen  in  nobis,  quod  tempore  in  illo 
Multimodis  agitatur. 

Plutarch  fays,  ^<  As  the  fun  is  always  fplendid,  without  appearing  Deieci  Ortc« 
fo  till  the  clouds  are  difpelled;    fo   the  foul  difengaged  from  this 
corporeal  cloud  acquires  a  divine  energy."     The  foul  in  fleep  -is  ca- 
pable of  communication  with  celeftial  fpirits,  by  infmuation,  the 
CV\a\da\c  conveffation  without  found.     TuUy  fays,  Dii  cum  Dormi- 
entibus  coWoqutntur.     Baxter  on  the  foul  defines  dreaming,  poflef- 
/ron  In  Oeep.    Cyrus  dying  told  his  fons  the  foul  in  fleep  becomes 
more  cfivine  and  fees  into  futurity*     Herodotus  relates  that  Cyrus 
xireamt  concerning  the  fuccelfion  of  Darius  fon  of  Hyftafpes  to  the 
Pcrfian  throne.     Tertullian  mentions  inftances  of  the  foul's  power 
t>f  divination  in  dreams.     Vefpafian  dreamt  that  he  fliould  be  Em- 
peror, when  Nero  had  loft  a  tooth  j  this  enfued  next  day.     From  a 
iitaan  Antonius  Mufa  perfuaded  Auguftus  to  quit  the  wing  which  he 
was  then  commanding  at  Philippi ;  and  this  wing  was  routed.     So- 
phocles thro'  a  dream  detefled  the  thief  who  robbed  the  temple  of 
Hercnles.     Xenophon  (4)  relates  his  dream  and  the  fortunate  con- 
fequence  to  his  expedition.     Lord  Verulam,  juft  before  his  father's 
dcceafe,  dreamt  that  their  country  feat  was  plaiftered  with  black    * 
mortar.     In  Pliny's  time  the  mother  of  a  Pretorian  learnt  that  **  a       t5»  t. 
dccoftion  of  the  root  of  Eglantine  or  fweet  Briar  would  cure  the 
Hydrophobia;*'    in  which  a  foiution  of  Pewter  is  ferviceable;  but 
Ac  moft  certain  remedy  for  this  extraordinary  inflamation  is  repeated 
bleedings  ad  deliquium.     Tully  fays,  the  cure  of  ferpentine  poifon         Div, 
by  Ariftolochia  was  learnt  in  a  dream.      Sozomen  fays,  his  friend 
Aquilinus  in  the  yellow  jaundice  dreamt  that  to  dip  his  meat  in  a 

compofition 


i 


Sicv  17. 
2.  t4» 


In  Synefio. 


46  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY;  (Book  1, 

compofition  of  honey,  wine,  and  pepper  would  prove  a  cure,  as  it  did* 
Plutarch  fays,  that   Pericles  in  a  dream  <}ifcovered  a  medicine  that 

piodor.  cured  a  wounded  maa.  When  Alexander's  foldiers  were  wounded 
with  poifoned  arrows,  the  king  in  a  dream  learnt  what  herb  would 
perform  the  cure.  Antonine  aflerts  that  in  dreams  he  foUnd  a  cure 
for  fpitting  blood,  and  for  the  vertigo.  Paufanias  relates  Pindar's 
B«ot.  dream  of  Proferpine's  reprimand,  and  the  fatal  confequence.  A  fe- 
male apparition  told  Socrates  truly  that  he  (hould  not  dfe  till  the 
third  day  next  enfuing..  The  appearance  of  the  Jewifh  Hierarch  to 
Alexander  converted  his  refentment  to  reverence,  the  king  declaring 
he  had  before  in  a  vifion  prortiifed  him  the  empire  of  Afia.  Baxter 
inftapqes  thq  dream  of  Pelopidas,  and  Timoleon's.  Hamilcar  truly 
dreamy,  that  he  fliould  fup  next  ip  Syracufe.  Dreams  difcovered  a 
murder  to  Simbnides  and  faved  him  from  fhipwreck.  Amphictyon 
Pliny.  '^^  ^  famous  interpreter  of  dreams.  Need  I  quote  (acred  writ? 
Homer  fays,  that  dreams  are  from  Jove.  •  Zoroafter  held  that  fomc 
in  fle^E  receive  divine  communications.  Here  obferve  that  Zoroa/^ 
ter  is  am  apellative  of  more  than  one  Orential  philofopher^  derived 

Bochart.     irom,Zpr,  or  the  Hebrew  Schur,  tp  contemplate,  and  After  a  ftar. 
ARuleius  fays  the  fixth  Zoros^fter  was -matter  of  Pythagoras,  whilft 

fekntley.      a  c^ptiv.e  ofCambyfeSy  in  Egypt  ^  whither  however  he  fays  the  pre- 
valent account  was  that  Pythagoras  went  voluntarily.  This  Zoroafter 
Diogenes  names   Zabratvis;  Ajeximder.  in  his  fymbols,  Na-ziaratus; 
Wwtarch,  Zaratus,;  Suida»,  Zares;  Cyril,  Zaran.     Hermippus  calls   'f.^t*' 
In  Amobio.^  o|i?  an  Armenian,  a  nephew  of  Hoftanes :  who,  as  Pliny  writes  wa« 

contemporary,  wiih  Xerxejs*  HTsrmrppns  calls  another  a  Pamphylian,,  • 
known  to  Cyrus  j  Agathiasf^ys  he  was  contemporary  with  Hyftafpes: 
He  i<  Plato's.  Erus,  who  revived  after  a  death  of  ten  days:  another 
^.Ba£lriap«  the  opponent iOjPNmus  acco^diagto  Trogus,  and  named 
Ox^ajftes  by  Diodoros.  Suidas  mentions  a  Perfiai\,  named  by  the 
Ara^bians  Zaraid^t :  but  this leemsto be  the  fame  as  all  the  reft, 
except  Oxiartes :  who  fe^ptui  to  fc.e  the  fop  of  Horpmazes  in  Plato  % 
aijudjwhom  Phita^ch  CQunt^  690  years  before  the  Trojan  war;  iSuidas, 
5095  'Caftor.>tbc  Ly4ia»  6op  years  before  Xerxes,  Hermipjpus 
4Ui^rate4^6Q>ooo  of  Jiiis  verfe$. 

PUto 


Chapt.  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY-  47 

Pljtto  dys,  the   fcft  of  Qrphcus  derive  E«ft«  from  C^^eg^M  as  it     cracylo. 
keeps  the  foul  in  imprifonment.      Suidas  fays^    Soma  is  a  corpfe. 
Plato  alfo  fays,  **  I  have  heard  from  fages  that  we  are  now  dead,       Gcorg. 
and  the  body  is  our  fepulchre:'*  and,  "  It  was  an  ancient  queftion, 
•whether  life  is  not  rather  death ;  death,  life.     The   Indian  Brach- 
mans  held  this  life,  the  life  of  embryos  •  death,  a  birth  to  real  life. 
Silcnus  told  Midas,  "  No  ill  is  faid  of  the  dead,  becaufe  their  na-     Plutarck 
turc  is  exalted."     HeracHtus  fays  of  fouls,  **  Our  life  is  their  death; 
and  when  we  die  they  live.'*     Empedocles  faid  that  fouls  are  here  In  Porphyry, 
in  exile.      Maximus  Tyrius  (15)   fays,  *•  Death  is  the  exordium  of  In  Piatarcli. 
immortality,  the  nativity  of  a  future  life."     Tully  alferts,  "  li  vi-  Scip: 
vunt,  qui  ex  corporum  vinculis,    tanquam  c  carcerc  evolaverunt." 
And,   **  Poffe   animos,  cum  e  corporibus  excefferint,  in  Caelum^  Tuft, 
quafi  in  domicilium  fuum  prevenire."  Alfo^  "  mortem  non  interri-  ^^P* 
XMva  efTe  omnia  tollentem  atq;  delentem,  fed  quandam  qua^  mi« 
gTatvontm  commutationemq;  vita/'    Again,  **Non  eft  lugenda  Mors, 
^uam  immortilitas  confequitur."       He  fays,   ^  the  ancient  Cafci  DeScncdate 
held  that  a  man  at  his  deceafc  did  not  totally  die;    and  Pherecydes 
mainuined  the  foul's  fempitemity."      Paufanias  fays  the  Chaldeans 
and   Indian  Magi  aflerted  the  foul's  immortality.     The  Chaldaic 
oracles  (ay,  **  Tis  thine  to  fpeed  to  the  father's  light  and  gldry : 
f«,  as  the  foul  is  a  fire  glowing  with  the  father's  virtue,  it  <5on- 
tknies  immortal,  and  is  a  queen  of  life.'*     The  Druids  taught  the  AmmiMi 
/&o/'s  immortality.     The  People  of  the  Friendly  ifies  deem  the  foul 
a  vital  and  divine  principle.     Thofe  of  the  Society  ifles  maintain 
that  God  refumes  the  foul,  and  afterwards  configns  it  to  an  eternal 
manfiott;  thus  conjoining  mind  and  Pfyche  together;  the  enlarge* 
meitof  whkh  laft  in  an  amcient  fculptore  refpeding  Prometheus^  i»  Montfaacoa. 
figured  by  a  Butterfly.     Solomon  fays,  the  duft  fliall  return  to  its^ 
priAijie  earthy  and  the  fpiric  revert  to  God  the  donor."      Thoth 
Tnfinegiftitt.  tells  the  Egyptian  Eficulapiu^,.  the  human  foul  ia  im^ 
mortal.     Cbalcidius  wrote  that  he  faid  at  his  death.  He  lived  hero  j^  Apulcio. 
in  am  earthly  body  an  exile  and  aftranger,  and  was  now  returning 
home:  that  death. wa»  not  lamentable^  this  life  being  rather  death.  ^  Laertio. 
'^^pompus  &}»,  the  Magi^  who  as  Ariftotle  held  were  verfed  in 

phi.ofophy 


48  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

^hilofophy  prior  to  the  Egyptians,  maintained  the  rcfurrcftion  and 
immortallity  of  man.     Propertius  fays, 

Sunt  aliquid  Manes,  Lethum  non  Omnia  finit. 

Lucan  fays  of  the  departed  foul, 

Rifitq;  fui  Ludibria  Trunci. 

The  foul  at  pageantry  funereal  fmiles. 

Laer.  Anachariis  doubted  whether  we  fhould  efteem  our  exiftence  here 

a  real  life.     The  author  of  the  Religio  Medici  obferves,  that  men 
Spe&ktor^if  fometimes  at  the  hour  of  their  departure  reafon  and   fpeak  above 
diemfelves.    Calanus  told  Alexander,  Propediem  Te  videbo.    Cato 
in  Tully  pleads  our  concern  for  futurity  to  be  an  argument  for  the 
foul's  immortality;  as  the  Speftator  does,  the  continually  improveable 
Tufc  :        nature  of  our  mental  faculties.     Tully  obferves  that  the  human  mind 
Qs*^*        has  an  augury  of  futurity,  which  is  ftrongeft  in  minds  of  the  higheft 
De Republic.  ^^^P^c^ty*     Owing  to  this  forefight  Plato  tells  us,   ^  When  a  perfon 
is  at  the  point  of  death,  anxious  doubts  and  fears  arife  from  a  re* 
fle£lion  on  the  errors  of  his  life  ;  then  the  pains  and  torments  referved 
for  the  guilty  in  the  other  world,  which  he  had  hitherto  accounted 
fabulous,  and  had  made  the  objefls  of  raillery,  begin  to  affeft  and  *jf^ 
make  an  impreffion  on  him."      Thus  in  Proverbs  we  read  that  an  f^' 
ti.^.        impious  man  at  approaching  death  is  deftitutc  of  hope.  * 

But  left  what  is  advanced  above  be  taken  to  fliew  that  the  infinite 
being,  of  whom  our  mind  confifts>  is  limited  by  inert  matter,  let  me 
obferve  that,  as  water  pafles  thto*  a  fponge,  air  thro*  water,  ether 
thro*  air,  light  thro'  ether;  fo  blood paffes  thro*  veins ;  animal  fpirits 
thro*  Mood;  the  pfyche  thY-o*  the  animal  fpirits ;  and  mind  pervades  . 
the  pfyche :  God  pervades  all :  yet  the  perception  of  him,,  and  the 
participation  of  his  energy  by  coiporeal  beings,  depends  on  his 
pleafure;  by  which  alone  he  can  be  limited;  and  by  which  we  are 
prevented  from  knowing  more  of  him  and  by  him  than  he  chufes. 

Thus 


Chap  2-  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  49 

Thirs  as  to  the  Son  of  man,  the  Deity  even  in  him  occafioiially  faf. 
pended  the  divine  powers  :  as  when  he  exclaims,  **  My  God,  my 
God,  why  haft  thou  defcrted  me?"  alfo,  "  If  it  he  thy  will  let  this 
Cup  evade  me."  Yet  in  bis  fuperiour  nature  he  was  God  incarnate  j 
but  his  human  nature  was  to  accomplifli  the  redemption  by  his  hu* 
man  merits  as  the  feed  of  woman. 

Pure  intelleft  is  divine :  and  we  are  taught  that  we  fhall  bodily 
fuffer  for  the  bodily  abufe  of  it :  tho*  no  creature  is  endowed  with  it 
but  in  a  limited  degree  :  for  even  in  the  next  ftate  it  will  tenant  a 
body,  tho*  of  a  nobler  (lamp.     So  Virgil  fays. 

Altera  fato — Corpora  debentur. 

Job  fays,  •*  In  my  flefh  I  fhall  fee  God ;  whom   I  (hall   fee  for 
inyfelf,  and  my  own  eyes  fhall  behold,  and   not  another,  tho'  my 
reins  bcconfumed  within  me."     Ifaiah  fays,  "  Thy  dead  fhall  live; 
V\\>ci  vscj  ieai  body  they  fhall  arife :  awake  and  fing  ye,  who  dwell  in         ^^^ 
the  duft:  for  tbe  earth  fhali  emit  her  dead/f     Again,  "  The  earth 
(hall  alfo  difclok  her  bloods,  and  no  more  cover  her  flain/*     Da- 
niel fays,  **  Many  of  them  who  fleep  in  the  duft  fhall  awake,  fome       '*•  *• 
to  eternal  life,  and  fome  to  fhame  and  everlafting  contempt."  King 
David  faid,  "  I  fhall  be  fatisfied,  when  I  awake  with  thy  fimilitude." 
Alfo,  "Thou  (halt  guide  me  with  thy  council,  and  afterwards  receive 
me  to  glory;"  and  fee  Pfalm  49.  15. 1  will  not  quote  Chriftian  authori-      ?3j  '4- 
tiesj  as  Luke  20.  or  Paul  1.  Cor  15.  hecaufe  it  is  their  perfuaGon 
tmivcrfally.     Pliny  affures  us  that  Democritus  pofitively  afferted 
the  rcfurredion  of  the  body.     Theopompus,  340  years  before  the 
Chriftian  era,  wrote  that  the  Perfian  Magi  held,  **  the  prefent  ftate 
of  things,  and  the    ftruggles  between  the  good  and  bad   principle, 
irould  continue  6000  years:  after  which  Hades  Yfould  be  deftroyed,  PluUrchilfit 
and  men  would  be  happy  and  live  without  food,  and  their  bodies 
become  tranflucent.      The  Greek  poem  attributed  10  Phocylides 
has  lines  to  this  effeft. 

We  hope  the  remains  of  the  dead  will  foon  from  eartb 

Revifit  light,  and  afterwards  become  divine: 

For  fouls  continue  incorruptible  in  the  dead ; 

For  the  foul  is  God's  gift  to  mankind  ^and  his  image. 

H  The 


50  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

The  body  we  receive  from  earth ;  to  that  refolv*d. 
We  all  are  duft;  but  heav'n  receives  the  foul.   . 

Here  follow  my  reafons  for  fuppofing  that  imagination  and  volition 
are  faculties  of  the  Pfyche  or  Anima.  In  fleep  we  undergo  a 
relaxation  refembling  a  diflblution  :  then  the  imagination^  uncon- 
trouled  by  reafon,  mind  or  animus,  entertains  itfelf  with  various 
extravagant  reprefentations ;  fo  in  a  delirum :  even  dogs,  tho'  de- 
ftitute  of  intelled:,  poflefs  imaginations  indicated  in  dreams.  It  is 
true  that'  mind  or  intelleS,  being  fuperiotir  to  the  Pfyche,  often 
checks  and  correSs  the  wild  failles  of  the  imagination;  which  are  al- 
ways moft  giddy  in  perfons  abounding  with  animal  fpirits.  I'he 
imagination  therefore  has  a  connection  with,  and  can  be  inftigated 
by  the  animal  fpirits  on  the  one  hand,  and  is  controulable  by  the 
intellect  on  the  other  :  it  therefore  belongs  to  man's  middle  nature  : 

Tttfc.  Difp.  which  is  endued  with  the  fenfe  of  pain.  To  this  middle  nature  alfo 
'•*^'  belongs  volition ;  which  Locke  fays  is  determined  by  uneafinefs:  as 
indeed  it  ofttn  is  by  the  uneafinefs  arifing  from  ungovernable  and 
unfatisfied  paffions :  but  experience  teaches  us,  and  the  laws  infift, 
that  it  can  coincide  with  reafon  or  the  intelleft :  and  fometimes  it 
a6ts  from  caprice  and  whim,  the  genuine  offspring  of  the  imagina- 
tion. Yet  how  often  does  it  determine  contrary  to  our  reafon,  judg« 
ment,  underftanding,  and  confcience;  which  top  often  prove  un- 
.  equal  to  its  regulation  and  government.  Therefore,  if  our  niind 
underftanding  at  any  tiftie  condemns  our  will,  this  is  of  courfe  d^^ 
ftinft  from   mind;  as  refolving  not  only  diftinCt  from  mind,    but. 

Rom.  7. 15.  contrary  to  its  approbation.     Saint  Paul  fays,  "  what  I  condemn^     1 

^^jaTto.'^'  that  I  do— I  ferve  God  mentally ;  fin  carnally :"  yet  he  ufes  w7/for      j 
intellectual  approbation,  mental  choice  or  confent ;  not  thait  oper-     i 
ative  wilfulnefs  that  proceeds   to  aftion  contrary  to  judgment  or     ^ 
confcience,.  by    a  determination  oppofite  to  the  underftanding ;  an 
impetuous   refolve,  perverfe,  and   repugnant  to  found  judgment; 
and  prompted  by  the  paflions,  that  too  often  ^'prevent  the  operation 

Critic  RcT.  of  the  regulating  power,  which  ought  to  direfl"  the  will  5  inftead 
oa.  1788*    cither  of  appetites  or  capricious  whims* 

PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K     L  CHAR      IIL 

CONTENTS. 

Creation  was  tompleated  in  Six  Days :  InflittUion  of  the  Sahbath.     Edcn^ ' 

called  in  China  Lan  Theu^  Celtic  Jor  God*s  Precin£l  or  Clofe^  was 

tuatered  hy  the  Choa/pis,  Tigris^  Euphrates  and  Phyfeus.    This  proves 

the  Surface  of  the  Antediluvian  World  was  uneven.  Man*s  reJlriSion 

from  the  Tree  of  Knoxvledge^  Eve^s  SeduHion  thro*  Satan* s  Envy,  the 

Motive  of  ail  his  Sorceries:  of  which fome  fad  Injlances.     Adam*$ 

Trasijgrejion  and  its  felf  evident  effeSs.     The  World* s  Conflagration^ 

HeU  \fj  the  Ancients^  conjijlent  with  God*s  Jfuftice  and  Benevolence. 

A  Divine  In/huSor  and  Saviour  expe&ed  by  Pagans ;   prediSed  by 

Demons^  mi  by  Socrates.     DifiinSions  refpeSing  the-  Mejfiah  \    the 

Logos  xvas  united  with  Chrijl*s  human  Spirit  at  the  Creation  ;  and  be- 

€ame  incarnate  at  the  Redemption.      The  Logos  ejfeniialfy  One  with 

ike  Hofy  Ghojl.     Proofs  of  the  Mejfiah:  his  Second  Advent.    Info- 

moos  State  of  Religion  at  his  Firjl.    'Oriental  Accounts  of  the  Origin 

^Thit^s. 

TH£  Creation  being  in  fix  days  compleatedt  God  on  that  ac« 
count  fandiBed  the  feventb.     Pagans  had  a  Tradition  of  this 
HdMlcmimdal  holiday*     Hefiod  fays»  «<  The  feventh  day  is  holy/* 
fj  who  lived  160  years  before  Rome's  foundation^  wrote  thus 

ECJojuuov  ff/jurj  evjflf^   Keu  Tw  TenKeffro  OTcavTU. 

EiSojixTif  S**ffresra  Kai^ku^  i^ov  tffjurji.  Clem: 

Alex. 
CalBmachus  fays  5^^,^.  5. 

MGotMTVi  y^fioi^  Km  9$  Tervxovro  (i««vr«. 

H  2  The 


Gen: 
29.   27 


12. 


I 


5«  PRIMITIVE     HISTO  R  Y.  (Book  1. 

The  Goths  and  other  Shemites  obferved  Hebdomadal  periods : 
and  from  them  the  Greeks  and  Romans  adopted  them ;  not,  in  my 
opinion,  from  Ham's  line,  who  feem  to  have  obferved  Nundinae ; 
in  Mefopotamia  in  Jacob's  time  Hebdomadal  periods  were  ob- 
ferved. 

The  newborn  earth  was  watered  with  a  mift  or  dew :  contrary  to 

•  the  fecundity  of  Egypt  arifmg  from  inundations  of  the  Nile;  and 

perhaps  contrary  to  our  partial  (howers,  which  often  here ,  occaGon 

the  Rainbow's  appearance :  tho*  feldom  obfervable  even  in  Perfia. 

The  firft  human  pair  were  placed  in  a  moft  delicious  region  thence 
named  Eden,  eaftward  of  the  defert:  and  it  feems,  (tho'  doubtlefs 
EzA.  27,     ^^^  deluge  afterwards  greatly   altered  all   low  countries)  near  the 
23.  Ifaia  27-  confluence  of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates.     Ptolemy  places  an  Addan 
thereabouts.     Herodotus  (1)  fays,  that  country  was  the  moft  fenilc 
he  had  ever  feen,  the  Corn  yielding  two  hundred  fold.     Rauwolf 
on  his  travels  found  the  Tigris  to  be  called  HiddekeL     The  two  o- 
ther  rivers  of  Eden  were  the  Choafpis  environing  Sufiana  or  Chufe- 
ftan,  and  the  river  that  forms  the  ifle  of  Chader  at  the  head  of  the 
Perfian  Gulf,  the  ancient  territory  of  Havilah  fon  of  Chus ;  whofe' 
Gen  25,  17.  defcendcnts  here  Pliny  names  Chavelaei.     This  river  is  nained  Phi- 
i   am.  15. 17  ^^^  j^y  Sirach's  fon,  and  Phyfeus  by  Xenophon.     Arrian  infori 
Alcx.Exp.7.  us  thus,    '*  A  channel  forms  a  communication   between  the  Eulet 
and  Tigris  :    this  laft  being  alfo  lower  than  the  Euphrates,  m^ 
channels  from  this  run  into  that :  which  receives  many  other  river 
previous  to  its  fall  into  the  Perfian  gulf."  Salmafius  fays, the  Eulteus  ^ 
is  the  Choafpis.      Herodotus  fays,  "  The  Choafpis  runs  by  Sufa,, 
and  the  Perfian  Monarchs  drink  its  water."      Pliny  afferts'this  of  * 
the  Eulaeus :    yet  fays,  the  Choafpis  joins  the  Tigris  between  Cte-i.  H 
fiphon  and  Seleucia,  fome  40  miles  from  Babylon:  the  Eulaeus  joins  1 
the  Tigris  at  Charax  175  miles  from  Babylon.     To  the  river  Ulai 
Daniel  fays,  Sufa  was  contiguous;  as  PHny  fays,   to  the  Eulaeus  1 
who  writes  that  the  Eulaeus  and  Tigris  form  a  Lake  near  Charax,   . 
fituated  on  an  artificial  mount  at  the  confluence  of  thefe  rivers ;  the 
^  Tigris  on  the  right,  the  Eulaeus  on  the  left :  and  that  the  Eulaeus, 

'  in 


Delia  Vallc. 


Cbap.3-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  53 

iniucourfc  from  Media^  divides  Sufiana  from  Elimais:   alfo  that 
after  the  two  branches  of  the  Tigris  form  the  Pafitigris,  this  united 
ftrcam  receives   from  Media  the  Choafpis ;    and  pafling  between 
Ctefiphon  and  Seleucia>    falls  into  the  Chaldean  lakes :  that  origin- 
allythe  Tigris  and  Euphrates  had  different  mouths,  till  united  ar- 
tificially."— We  muft  conclude  that  the  Choafpis  and  Eulacus  \fere 
fo  near  at  Sufa  as  to  lave  two  different  (ides  of  that  City ;  or  that 
the  fame  river  has  two  mouths  of  different  names  :  however,  that  at 
Charax  was  not  within  the  limits  of  Eden,  as  it  would  have  confti- 
titcdafifth  river. 

Bdola,  which  Eden  afforded,  is  fuppofed  to   be  Pearls.     Mofcs,  Exod.  16. 

who  fays  Manna  was  white  and  round  like  Coriander  feed,  compares  Numb.  ii« 

it  to  Bdellium.     Pliny  fhews  that  Pearls  (whence  the  Tower  of 

o,  28*  0,  35* 
Paralia)  abounded  on  that  coaft.      Rauleigh  takes  it  to  be  a  Gum 

\xet  tommou  in  that  neighbourhood.  Arrian  (in  his  Erythrean 
,  Periplus)  ucaiing   of  Horea  below  the   Pcrfian   gulf,  tells  us  the 

neighbouring  region  only  produces  Bdellium.  This  Pliny  defcribes. 

froftnm  teaches  us  that  the  Onyx,  produced  alfo  in  that  country,  "'  ^* 

nas '' the  Murrine  flone,  of  which  the  Parthians  made  cups,"    that    4?'  }S: 
,      ,     .  .  '^  btalibi. 

wnen  hcA  imparted  an  aromatic  tafle  to  wme  :  Pliny  mentions  their  Montfaucon. 

yarigaied  colours. 

JEden'sfituation  amidfl  four  antediluvian  rivers  Ihews,  (if  we  had 
^not  been  exprefsly  told  of  mountains  at  the  deluge)  that  the  earth's 
furface  anterior  to  the  flood  was  diverfified  with  inequalities,  low- 
lands and  highlands.  Indeed  the  globe  being  at  firfl  in  a  fluid  flate,  «. 
tbc  water  affcmbling  into  their  appointed  bed,  mufl  naturally  have 
fcracd  channels  in  their  courfe,  and  the  mediterranean  countries 
I      fcavc  been  more  elevated  than  the  maritime.     Some  plants  require 
-.     an  elevated  fituation  ;    and  eminences  are  beneficial  in  controuling 
tcmpcfts,  arrefting  rain,  fheltering  the  vallies,  and  affording  defcents 
to  mineral  waters. 

The  Chinefe  call  the  firfl  man's  place  of  refidence,  Lan  Thcu  ; 
tKs  in  Celtic  fignifies  God's  clofe  or  cloifler,  precinCl  or  fold. 

The 


i 


54  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  n 

The  firft  pair  were  interdifted  on  pain  of  death  from  an  aft  figu* 
ratively  termed  eating  \  of  the  tree  of  knowledge  of  good  and  evil^ 
which  grew  in  the  centre  of  their  garden.  Some  think  the  virtue  of 
compliance  and  fin  of  difobedience  are  the  good  and  evil  they  were 
to  experience  thro*  this  tree ;  which  they  were  probably  debarred 
froni>  as  a  token  of  their  fubje6lion^  and  a  trial  of  their  duty. 

Eve,  whofe  nam^  refembles  Efa  in  the  Cuban  dialed  of  Caucafui 

a  daughter,  was  feduced  to  difobedience  thro'  an  artful  Serpent's  in- 

{ligation,  whom  fhe  might  have  miftaken  for  a  divine  Seraph  :  but 

•  he  was  Satan  (that  apoftate  Seraph,  the  genuine  Serapis,  an  obfelete 

God  of  Egypt  in   the  time  of  Herodotus^   reftored  by   the    fon  of 

Eufcb.  Pwp.    Lagus,  and  deemed  by  Porphyry  the  Prince  of  Demons)  who  aflum- 

ed  or  influenced  that  animal ;  **  Being  a  deceiver  of  all  the  world;'* 

*5V'|'     and,  ^^  a  murderer  from  the  beginning:"   •*  Death  -coming  into  the 

Wifd.  1.  24.  world  thro'    the    Devil's  envy/'     This  appears  to  be  the  conftant 
motive  of  Satan's  malice  towards  man;  inducing  him  **  as  a  roaring 
.   Lion  to  traverfe  the  world  in  queft  of  prey  ;**  Man's  avowed  ene- 
my^  like  the  evil  Genius  of  the  undaunted  Brutus;  of  which,  and 
of  the  fpcftre  that  appeared  to  Dion,  Plutarch  makes  mention ;  and 
inclines  «*  to  the  old  opinion  of- evil  Demons  invidous  to  good  men 
ueterring  and  urging  them  from  virtue;  left  by  their  perfeverance  11% 
good  conduft  they  fliould  attain  a  happier  lot  from  deftiny  than 
ihemfelves."     Thefe  beaded  by  the  Arch-apoftate  feduce  men  to  J* 
vice ;  and  to  affront  God,  either  by  the  adoration  of  the  planetay^*"' 
or  of  deified  mortals :  the  former,  by  conftrufting  fchemes  and  ma- 
9  gical  rules  and  rites  refpefting  them  :  the  latter  by  artful  oracles  at- 

tributed to  them,  as  the  Delphic,  Dodonean,  Ammonean.  Henci 
many  furprizing  prediftions  to  avert  calamities  (inflifted  by  Demons) 
thro'  expiations  more  horrid «ven  than  thofe  calamities:  as  by  in- 
terring alive  a  male  and  female  Gaul  and  Greek  in  Rome  ;  or  the 
human  oblations  to  the  Minotaur*  Plutarch  writes  that  **  Araxes 
king  of  Armenia  being  promifed  fuccefs  againft  the  Pcrfians  if  he 
would  facrifice  his  two  daughters,  flew  thpfe  of  Micfalcus,  an  Ar- 
menian Lord ;  but  flying  From  his  refentment  was  drowned  in  the 
Helmus,  from  him  named  Araxes."    Thus  the  moft  flagitious  rites 

were 


Cha^3•)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  55     . 

w^c  reputed  divine  ceremonies.     Plutarch  fays,  the  Cimbri  fcruti- 
nixcdthe  fate  of  war  in  the  blood  and  bowels  of  their  captives.  The 
Carthaginians,  when  beaten  by   Agathocles,  facrificed  aoo  noble 
youths.       Vobifcus   fays,  Aurelian   confented    to    facrifice  all  his 
captives  at  the  inftance  of  the  Sibylline  oracles.     The   Moabites 
even  facrificed  their  children  in  flames  of  fire  to  Moloch;    which  in 
Celtic  fignifies  a  molefter.     Hence  alfo  the  many  aftonifliing  incan- 
tations and  evocations,  of  which  even  facred  writ  is  not  deftitute  of 
examples,  as  at  Zoan  and  Endor.      Pelias  told  Jafon  to  evoke  the 
ghoft  of  Phryxus  from  Cholchis.     Theanor  was  forbidden  in   the  ^^  ViniMt. 
aft  of  evoking  the  ghoft  of  Lyfis.      Apion  declared  that  he  excited  ^^     '  ^ 
apparitions  to  give  him  an  account  of  Homer,   but  he  dared  not  di- 
vulge the  intelligence  given  to  him.     A  fpeftre,  evoked  by -a  Thcf-  L^can 
falian  forcerefe,  told  Sextus  Pompeius  the  fate  of  the  Pharfalian  bat- 
i\c-     1  will  not  examine  into  the  abominable  necromancies  of  Ti- 
V>cf\u&,  ^ero^or  Julian;  nor  the  bloody  rites  of  the  Cabiri  polluted  AmoHas  j. 
u^ith  fratricide.     Dr.  Hicks  tranflates  Hervor's  nuigical  poem  to 
evoke  her  fathtT's  ghoft.     The   Runic  chapter  of  Semund*8   Edda 
celebrates   Odin's   magtc.     Horace  mentions  Canidia*s   damnable 
Philtre  of  a  famifhed  boy.     The  learned  Pliny  and  reverend  Potter 
fcem  as  if  they  would  recommend  fuccedaneous  Philtres  of  a  more 
uiTUKent  nature,  when  they  condefcend  to^inform  us,  that  a  foal's 
iiippoinanes  mix'd  with  the  lover's  blood,  or  the  virus  of  a  ftud  mare, 
or  the  left  bones  of  a  Toad  eaten  by  Ants,  are  powerful  philtfes  1 
fo  are  a  Cat's  brains,  as  Wierus  hints.     Captain  Carver  defcribes  t 
fpecies  of  conjuration  amongft  the  Americans. 

Some  of  the  Pagan  divinations  are  only  mere  fuperftition:  their 
efficacy  depends  on  addrefles  to  Demons.  Such  are  the  Sortcs  ^■^•'"^••^ 
Homericae  ;  or  three  knots  tied  on  three  ribbons  of  various  colourS| 
Numa's  fufpenfion  of  a  ring  in  a  cup  of  Water ;  the  Mongul  Lama's 
circumgyration  of  a  ftool;  Com  fet  for  a  Cock  on  the  24  letters, 
which  occafioned  the  dead)  of  Jamblichus.  Some  afcribe  great 
virtue  to  plants  at  particular  feafons :  as  to  the  Marmaritis  in  evoca^ 
tions;  the  Achemenes,  for  criminal  confeflions:  mention  is  made  of  the 
£alis,  by  Xanthus,  for  necrojmancy:  the  Luni^ria,  for  Incantations. 

Sometimes 


\ 


56  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  1. 

Sometimes  the  Demomacal  oracles  were  compelled  cdnfefledly,  as 
Balaam  was,  by  a  power  paramount  to  theirs,  to  difclofe  inftruClive 
truths.     Thus  Theano  the  Athenian  prieftefs  being  afked,  when  a 
woman  might  go  from  a  man's  company  to  the  facred  rites,  replied ; 
"  From  her  hufband's  at  any  time,  from  another  never."     The 
Pythian  prieftefs  told  Alexander  reluftantly,  "  Thou  art  invincible,*' 
Some  oracles  of  this  fort  appear  at  firft  fight  ironical;  as  when    the 
Delian  oracle  bidits^uppliants,to  ftop  a  peftileAce,  learn  to  double  . 
the  Cube.    ,This  is  done  by  finding  two  mean  proportionals  between 
two  lines  as  1  to  2.  Thefe  proportionals  are  the  roots  requifite;  and 
are  obtained  by  fetting  all  thefe  proportionals  normal  to  a  ftrait  line, 
at  fuch  a  diftance  that  the  tops  of  all  thefe   uprights   fliall  touch 
another  ftrait  line  drawn  from  one  to  all  the  reft;  whilft  three  lines 
parellel  to  one  another  can  be  drawn,  one  from  the  top  of  the  talleft 
upright  to  the  foot  of  the  neareft  intermediate;  the  fecond,  from  the 
top  of  this  intermediate,  to  the  foot  of  the  next;  the  third,  from  the 
top  of  this  laft  intermediate  to  the  foot  of  the  fourth-  proportional. 
This  prefcription  implied  ferious  purfuits,  inftead  of  intemperance. 
The  Delphic  oracle  faid  that  "  Draughts  of  cool  water  would  cure 
the  Gout:"  for  whether  perfpiration  is  checked  by  cold,  or  by  aftrin- 
gent  food,  water  tends  to  promote  it;  or,  when  the  malady  proceeds 
from  vifcous  juices,  or  glutinous  blood,  thefe  are  attenuated  by  di- 
luting draughts,  and  the  inflamation  is  abated  alfo.     An  oracle  de* 
clared  that  lAOwas  the  fupreme  God.     Another  oracle  owned  the  jj* 
Hebrew  difcretion  in  adoring  a  felf-cxiftent  God;  and  to  Auguftusi».    *i 
the  power  of  a  Hebrew  child  over  oracles.  Divine  wifdom  prompted. 
Mercury's  Oracle  to  fay,    "  I  proceed  from  the  king  of  Heaven ;" 
Dt\xu  13.  ^^2it  is,  as  be  reprefented  divine  wifdom.      Mofes  teaches  us  that 
God  permits  Pfeudo-prophets,  to  try  the  faith  of  mankind.     But 
where  an  oracle  utters  cruelties ;  as  when  the  Mcflenians  were  told 
to  devote  a  virgin  to  the  infernal  Gods;  Agamemnon,  to   flay  his 
daughter:  Or  fallacies,  as  that  Pyrrhus  the  Romans  (hould  fubdue: 
Croefus  a  great  power  (hould  fubvert;   fo  on  Alexander's  application 
in  his  laft  illnefs,  Serapis  faid.  It.  is  beft  for  him  to  ftay  where  he  is: 
They  may  truly  fubfcribe  to  the  Clarian  Apollo's  confcffion,  **  We 

are 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  57 

are  angels  endued  with  an  inconfiderable  portion  of  the  Godhead.'* 
In  this  equivocal  manner  a  Druidefs  told  Dioclefian,    "He  would 
be  Emperor,  when  he  had  flain  Aper,  a  Boar ;  many  Boars  he  flew 
unfuccefsfully,  till  he  recollefted  that  Numerian's  father  in  law  was 
named  Aper.     Cambyfes  was  told  he  ftiould  die  at   Ecbatan ;  he 
he  avoided  the  Median  city,  biit  died   at  Ecbatan  in   Syria.     But 
Ammon's  oracle  plainly  told  Cimon's  *  legates,  tliat  "  Cimon  was 
with  them;"  fimilar  to  Samuel's  prcdiftion    rcfpefting  Saul.     On  Plut. Cimon. 
their  return  they  found  that  Cimon  was  at  that  time  dead.     Pyrrhus 
was  told,  "  He  fliould  die  when  he  faw  a  Wolf  encounter  a  Bull." 
He  died  on  the  day  of  his  feeing  this  fight  reprefented  on  the  monu- 
ment of  Danaus.     Sylla  was  told,  he  fliould  die  in  the  height  of  his 
life  ;  the  truth  of  this  prediftion  he  experienced  and  attefted.     The 
head  of  Orpheus  told  Cyrus,  their  deaths  ftiouId  be  fimilar.    Thefe 
accounts  prove  the  operations  of  thofe  apoftate  fpirits;    moft  times. 
CTueV;  ofien fallacious;  fome  times  predifting  fuch  truths  as  their 
powers  could  ^ii^\n  to;  aiming  by  it  to  feduce  man,  by  ^rivalling 
God's  pre/ciencc.  There  is  fuch  a  coincidence  between  Calphurnia's 
dream,  and  the    Augur's   prediftion,  concerning   Cefar's  murder, 
that  it  feeras  quite  unreafonable  to  conclude  both  fortuitous,  con- 
firmed as  they  were   by  the  event.     So  when  Tiberius  told   Galba, 
Vie  ftiould  have  a  tafte  of  empire;  and  when  ThrafiUus  declared  his 
oWh  imminent  danger  to  Tiberius,  invifiblc  fpirits  feem  to  have  con- 
dti&ed  the   omens,   otherwife    quite  precarious.     Tacitus    records 
Vefpalian's  miraculous  cures  under  the  influence  of  Serapis,  whom 
lie  fays  fome  efteemed  Efculapius;  fome,  Ofiris;  fome,  Jove ;  fome, 
Pluto;    fome  alfo    deeming  his  image  to  have   been   removed  to 
Racotis  from  Memphis. 

Horrid  expiations  invidioufly  intended  to  rival  the  grand  expiation 
by  the  Woman's  feed,  begim  from  earlieft  antiquity;     for  Manetho  ^"^^^ /j^^' 
^rote  that  Amofis  abolifhed  human  viftims  in  Egypt;    Hercules  did  12. 

foin  Gaul;  Cecrops  at  Ath-^ns.  Demons  prefcribed  their  own  rites 
of  invocation;  Hecate  appointed  her  own  ftatute  to  be  of  Ivory,  or 
Parian  marble,  with  golden  fandals,  entwined  with  a  Snake  from  *  . 

hcid  to  foot.     Theurgy,  or  (not  to  fay  divine  information  in  con-  ^^ 

I  fequencc  ^ 


68 


Pindar 
Pyth,  4. 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  (Book  1. 

fequence  of  a  life  of  purity)  the  ftudy  of  God's  wifdom  in  the 
creation.  Demons  perverted  to  aftrology,  evocations,  incantations^ 
fafcinationSf  and  divinations ;  accompanied  with  diabolical  invoca- 
tions, the  Jinc  qua  non  for  thcfe  impious  purpofes.  Angles  and 
Curves  are  deftitute  of  all  efficacy,  only  thro'  a  reference  (arbitra- 
rily impofed  on  them)  to  certain  Demons :  thus  we  might  make  a 
circle  to  invoke  Hecate ;  a  right  angle,  Pluto,  Bacchus  or  Matrs'; 
an  acute.  Mercury  j  an  obtufe,  Terra ;  a  curve,  Diana ;  a  fquare, 
Juno,  Rhea,  Vefta,  Ceres  and  Venus :  a  rhoHabus,  Saturn :  as  a 
crofs  among  Chriftians  regards  Chrift,  and  was  the  emblem  of  life 
in  Egypt;  a  triangle  was  Minerva's  fymbol  :  a  Rhombus  was  the 
fymbol  of  Venus.  Spheres  and  t:ylinders  were  ufed  in  the  rites  of 
Hecate. 


As  Antony  thro*  Woman  loft  the  world.  Eve's  foUicitation  fub- 
dued  Adam's  fortitude. 


Rom.  5* 
EccUf.  7* 


Atdc. 


*^  Fondly  overcome  with  female  charm.*' 

Thus  by  one  man  fin  entered  into  the  world.  In  regard  to  which 
fatal  effeft  of  human  freedom  Solomon  fays,  "  God  has  made  man 
perfeft,  but  they  have  explored  many  inventions.**  The  beautiful 
Pandora,  with  her  cabinet  of  woes,  derives  her  origin  from  Eve*s 
mifconduft :  it  is  remarkable  that  hope  was  left  for  confolaiion. 
Hefiod  and  other  Poets,  as  Paufanias  relates,  afferted  that  Pandora 
was  the  firft  woman. 


5«- 
Polit. 


Difappointed  in  their  expeflations  their  crime  ftood  naked  to  their 
view.  Probably  there  was  a  fudden  appearance  of  the  badge  of  pu- 
berty. Concluding  that  it  might  difcover  their  guilt,  they  were 
induced  to  apply  Fig-leaves  for  a  covering.  Job  fays.  If  I  covered 
my  tranfgrejftons  as  Adam.  Plato  mentions  the  naked  ftate  of  man 
originally.  But  Bifhop  Newton  on  the  fall  obferves  that  the  lan- 
guage is  highly  figurative,  and  alludes  to  ancient  piQurcs  and  hie- 
roglyphics, the  primitive  recorders  of  thefe  tranfaflions.  He  fup- 
pofcs  *«  thcferpent  to  be  Satan^5  fymbol:  the  eating  of  the  forbidden 

fruit 


Chap.8.}  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  59 

fruit  to  denote  the  violation  of  a  divine  prohibition,  the  indulgence 

of  an  unlawful  appetite,  an  afpiring  after  interdifted  knowledge: 

that  the  Tret  of  Life  is  an  emblem  of  a  happy  immortality ;  and 

means  no  more  a  real  tree  than  is  meant  in  the  Apocalypfe." — Au-      2.  Scit. 

guftine  allows  that  the  natural  Paradife  is  an  emblem  of  a  fpiritual. 

Saint  Paul  figuratively  fays,  being  cloathed,  we  fliall  not  be  found 

naked. 


2.  C.  5.  3. 


For  this  ill  office  God  put  enmity  between  the  woman's  feed  and 
the  ferpent's.  Maimonides,  tho'  a  Jew,  allows  that  this  expreflion 
of  the  woman* s  feed  is  one  of  the  moll  wonderful  paffages  of  fcrip- 
ture.     Yet  it  is  not  more  fo  than  Ifaiah's,  A  virgin  fhall  conceive. 

The  ferpent,  as  Satan's  malicious  inftrument,  is  doomed  to  grovel 

in  duft,  and  to  eat  it ;  woman,  to  painful  childbirth ;  man,  to  daily 

\^>aowT  for  life ;  and  then  both  to  death ;  eternal  death,  but  for  the 

refurreetion  obtained  by  Chrift.     The  land  itfelf  was  execrated  on 

their  account.     Thus  was  man's  felicity  in  this  ftate  feverely  marred, 

his  manners  debauched,  his  faculties  impaired,  his  fovereignty  di-. 

mini/hed,  his  conftitution  debilitated,  his   life  for  ever   forfeited. 

This  is  the  true  reafon  of  Ovid's  obfervation,  y^  ,^^ 

Inde  Genus  durum  fumus,  experienfq;  Laborum ; 
Et  Documenta  damns  qua  fimus  Origine  nati. 

Hence  we're  a  hardy  toiling  race,  and  bring 
Abundant  proofs  from  what  dire  fource  we  fpring. 

Wato  mentions  that  "  men  becoming  infirm,  unfkiHtil,  and  un-  poij{i^.u3 
equal  to  their  own  confervation,  fell  under  great  difficulties."  Man 
became  more  favage  than  dogs;  they  became  Canibals.  The  New 
Zealanders  are  fuch  at  prefent.  Jerom  faw  Scotch  Canibals.  Dio- 
donis  fays,  the  Irifh  and  Northern  Celtse  Avere  fo :  yet  I  take  thefe 
Canibals  to  be  Geta: ,  for  the  Hyperboreans  were  of  a  mild  and  in- 
^ffcnfive  difpofition :  tho'  relatively  to  Greece,  fome  of  the  nations 

I  2  bordermg 


A 


6o 


Macrob.' 
Sat.  1.  21. 


Bannler, 


L.     12. 


Horn.  Od.  10 
Ovid  M.  14* 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

bordering  on  the  Pontus,  of  barbarous  manners,  were  deemed  Hy- 
perboreans. 

Providence  inftrufted  thefe  primitive  delinquents  to  wear  the 
fkins  of  beafts.  They  were  expelled  from  Eden,  left  (as  facred  writ 
reprefents  it)  they  (hould  tafte  of  the  tree,  whofe  fruit  had  the  pro- 
perty of  perpetuating  life.  This  tree  Cherubs  were  appointed  to 
guard  with  a  flaming  fword,  which  they  brandifhed  in  ever)'  direflion. 
Thus  Paradife  was  furniflied  with  means  of  prolonging  life :  and 
mortals,  being  excluded  from  it,  were  of  courfe  configned  to  death; 
that  this  may  not  prove  eternal  we  owe  to  Chrift.  The  Phenix  is 
an  emblem  of  man's  original  eftate ;  which  is  repaired  by  the  Re- 
demption, as  the  conftitution  of  the  Phenix  is  renewed  ;  the  brown 
Beetle  is  a  fymbol  of  man's  future  condition ;  this  infe6l,  after 
groveling  at  firft  in  a  reptile  and  benighted  ftation,  fuddenly  attains 
a  fuperior  region,  and  foars  above  the  earth.  An  Aurelia  is  the 
Egyptian  embleip  of  Pfyche. 

The  lofs  of  Eden  probably  occafioned  the  firft  cries  of  Eva,  Eva, 
in  the  orgies  of  Bacchus,  and  of  Adon  in  Egypt  and  Phenicia ;  how- 
ever perverted  to  lament  Hibernal  defolation:  Hefychius  fays 
that  Bacchus  fignifies  lamentation :  Militta,  Venus  Genetrix,  figni- 
fies  the  fame  as  Eve,  as  explained  by  Mofes  himfelf. 

Nicander  Colophonius  mentions  a  tradition  alluding  to  the  human 
fall ;  that  "  The  crime  of  Prometheus  was  his  perfuading  mankind 
to  refign  to  the  Serpent  their  priviledge  of  renewing  their  conftitu- 
tion." Dr.  Slare's  grandfire,  at  85  years  old,  had  new  teeth,  and 
his  hairs  became  black;  may  not  fome  diet  aid  this  reftorative  ap- 
titude. Menander  fays  that  wOman  occafioned  the  affliftion  of 
Prometheus.  The  Dragon  in  Nonnus  tafting  the  juice  of  the  Grape 
is  a  fable  evidently  deduced  from  the  Serpent's  tafting  the  original 
fruit  in  Eden.  From  an  impcrfeO;  tradition  concerning  the  tree  of 
life,  the  Pagans  acquired  their  idea  of  Moly ;  and  from  Paradife, 
their  golden  age. 

Ver  erat  eternum»-per  fe  debat  omnia  Tellus, 

Plato 


Chap.3)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  61 

Plato  mentions  the  fpontaneous  fecundity  of  the  earth  originally.  Polit. 
"  As  by  one  man   fin  entered  into  the  world,   and  by   one  msui's 
difobedience  many  became  finners :"  the  manifeft  depravity  of  hu- 
man nature  proves  us  derived  from  a  tainted  fource;   which   might 
deprive  us  of  a  blifsful  futurity,  and  fubjeft  lis  to  perpetual  anguifli 
and  reraorfe,  or  to  total  annihilation,  from  a  being  of  abfolute  pu- 
rity; if  his  infinite  benevolence  did  not  provide  an  admirable  reme- 
dy,  except  thro"  our  own  wilful  mifcondu6t     Job  fpeaks  of  human 
depravity;    How  can  he  be  clear,  who  is  born  of  a  woman  ?   David 
lays,  I  was  formed  in  iniquity;  my  mother  conceived  me  in  fin.  The 
Jews  told  Chri ft,  thou  waft  altogether  iorn  in  fins.     For  this   here- 
ditary taint  he  fubmitted  to  baptifm.     Plato  frequently  hints  at  hu- 
man degeneracy,  as  in  Critias  and  Thocetetus.  He  quotes  Simonides 
as  faying,  "  It  is  difficult  for  a  perfon  to    be  truly  good.'*     In 
Timjcushc  fays,  "  No  man  is  thro'  option  vicious,  but  is  fo  from  a 
OLt^uvtd  conftitution."      Here  Option  means,  what  Will  means  in      Chap.  7. 
Saint  Paul  to  the  Romans;  mental  confent,  not  an  impetuous  refolve. 
PImrch  fays  that  Empedocles  held,  human  fouls  are  here  in  an 
apoftate  ftate,  vagrants,  ftrangers,   and  fugitives  from   God.     He 
faid,  "  Life  is  a  fcene  of  contention,  like  a  combatant's."  Horace 
defcribes  our  growing  degeneracy  in  a  moft  poetical  climax. 

Etas  Parentum,  pejor  Avis,  tulit 

Nos  nequiores,  mox  daturos 

Prcgeniem  Vitiofiorem. 

ImelJigent   Man  can  fink  into  Druidical  barbarities,   Gothic  igno- 
rance, and  fodomiiical  turpitude.      Not  at  once,  but  age  after  age. 
Intcrdia  literature,  the  rifing  generation  will  be  illiterate;  teach 
them  fuperftition,  they  will  be  fuperftitious;  initiate  them  in  vice, 
they  Will  purfue  it  induftrioufty.     The  famous  Solomon,  wife  and 
learned  to  a  proverb,  might  make  us  tremble  at  our  propenfity  to 
degeneracy,  even  when  bleft  with  the  higheft  illumination.  Infpired 
to  build  God's  temple  in  the  moft  unparelleled  ftile  of  magnificence, 
carnal  inclinations  made  him  an  apoftate  to  fiftitious  Gods,  and  dia- 
boUcal   rites.     How  did  Nero  abandon  his  virtuous  principles? 

How 


i 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (BocJc  i;> 

How  did  Domitian  ?     It  is  in  vain  to  fay  that  men  are  as  virtuous  as 
their  anceftors,  and  that  human  degeneracy  is  void  of  foundation. 
The  nations  now  eminent  are  not  the  defcendents  of  thofe  anciemfty 
eminent;  but  of  progenitors  who  a  few  centuries  ago  were  buried 
in  ignorance  and  obfcurity.      Their  poverty  long  reftrained  them 
from  the  vices  of  luxury,  fraught  as  they  were  with  thofe  of  barba- 
rity.      The  nations,  that  were  degenerating  before    the   times  of 
Horace  and  Homer,  have  been  long  evanefcent,  tho*  the  regions  re- 
main.      The  Affyrian  empire  is  no  more;  the  Egyptian  is  gone  for 
ever.     Thus  whole  kingdoms  degenerate,  and  confequently  fink  to 
ruin.     Others  emerge  from  poverty,   ignorance,  and  obfcurity,  to 
power,   fame,    wealth,    and  luxury;    degenerate   in    turn,  and   of 
courfe  fall  to  decay.     Hence  Egypt,  that  land  of  primitive  heroes, 
muft  groan  under  perpetual  flavery.     Great  Babylon  is  totally  gone. 
Once  glorious  Greece,  the    famous  nurfe  of  patriots  and  philo- 
fophers,  at  this  day  maintains  only  the  flaves  of  flaves.     And  Oh 
my  Britain  1  reflefi:  on  Carthage  the  old  empirefs  of  the  ocean;  fcairce 
a  veftige  of  her  ancient  grandeur  remains.     Tyre  arid  Crete  are 
•whelmed  in  obfjpurity.      Thou,  mighty  Rbifhe,  triumphant  queen 
of  the  world,  art  now  the  c'loifter  of  dreaming  drones,  the  peft  of 
induftry,  and  bane  of  glory ;  and  probably  thofef  are  now  born,  who 
fhall  fee  even  thy  cloifters  vanifh,  **  without  leaving  a  fingle  wreck 
behind.'*     P«jx»t  Pujxi^. 

Jerufalem,  thou  citadel  of  fectirity  art  now  fecure  in  dull.  By^^* 
zantium  muft  foon  undergo  another  revolution.  The  Belgian  ftate« 
are  now,  even  now,  in  jeopardy.  The  fantaftical  and  infidious  realnl 
of  France  is  tottering  to  its  foundation.  And  thou  undone  Britannia! 
thy  ftrides  gigantic  to  deftruftion  are  beyond  all  example.  Delude! 
by  a  boundlefs  credit,  and  by  the  prefence  of  borrowed  wealth  in 
thy  metropolis,  thou  haft  rioted  away  thy  vitals  amidft  a  tempora:ry 
affluence.  Like  a  prodigal  not  content  with  his  annual  income; 
whilft  that  affords  hundreds,  he  diffipates  thoufands ;  till  the  inhe- 
ritance is  gone,  and  no  refource  is  left  to  prevent  captivity.  Cap- 
tivity, unlefs  their  own   bad  policy  prevent  it,  by  thofe  implacable 

and  invidious  foes,  whom  thou  haft  been  from  tjme  to  time  indulging 

with 


Chap.  S-)  P  R  I  M  /  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  63 

vith  opportunities  to  rcplcnilh  their  exhaufted  ftores,  that  they  might 
rcocw  the  attack  with  redoubled  ftrength :  which  thy  natural  fituation 
could  efiedually  prevent ;  if  not  neglected  thro'  an  infatuation  at-, 
tending  all  natiom  in  their  turn  ;  when  their  degeneracy,  arrived  at 
Jts zenith^  provokes  Omnipotence  to  infli£l  it;  either  by  their  abo- 
minable guardians  being  lulled  into  an  unpardonable  fecurity;  or 
tempted  to  repair  their  fhattered  fortunes  by  a  national  facrifice. 

Thus   the    circuit   will  proceed  till  compleated.     The  Hurons 
and  Siberians  will  afFeft  the  luxuries  of  Mexico  and  Indoftan  :    and 
in  turn  experience  the  downfal  of  Egypt  and  Babylon.     Every  where 
bad  will   be  fucceeded  by  worfe  ;    till  the  laft  extreme  fhall  incur 
the  laft  ill  confequences.     For  lo,  proportionable  evils  arife  in  the 
natural  world.      Chilling  effluvia,  noxious  to  fertility,  continually 
defttoy  tV\e  genial  temperature  of  the  air,  and  the  earth's  fecundity. 
WY\\\^\T\\>it  Torrid  Zone  hurricanes  and  tornadoes  commit  general 
devaliations :  the  Polar  ice  increafes  continually ;  Nova  Zemla  con- 
fids  o/"  earrA  wafted  on  funken  ice.  Untoward  fermentations,  thro'  a 
combination  of  vapours   unfriendly  in  their  nature  hourly  caufing 
changes  of  putrid  moifture,  fultry  heat,  chilling  damps,  and  piercing 
cold,  furprizing  and  afflifling  the  human  frame  by  quick  viciffitudes 
ot  extremes;  alfo  tempefts,  lightnings,  earthquakes,  volcanoes,   in- 
undations ;  likewife  famine,  and  peftilence  annually  varied,  as  well 
as^noral  evils,  demonftrate  our  fituation  here   farther  and  farther 
removed  continually  from  a  conftant  round  of  felicity ;  and  daily 
pronounce  the  impending  anathema  of  an  offended  God ;  which  in 
tkc  fuinels  of  time  will  burft  on  the  world  in  all  its  majefty  of  terror, 
wid  "  fet  on  fire  the  foundations  of  the  mountains.     In  the  day  of 
God,  wherein  the  heavens  being  on  fire  fhall  be  diffolved,  and  the     2.  Pet.  3. 
cicmems  fhall  melt  with  fervent  Jieat" — ''But  wars  and  infurreftions    l,|^  ai« 
muft  prcvioufly  occur.     Nation  ,wiH  rife  againfl  nation ;  and  realip 
againft  ,^ealm :  and  mighty  earthquakes^  and  famines,  and  peflilences 
ihall  be  in  divers  places :  and  vaft  phantoms  and  prodigies  fhall  be 
in  the  fky.     This  will  be  the  introduaion  of  miferies"— "  The  fun      Mat.  24. 
ftall  be  prefeqtly  flarkened,  the  moon  refleS  no  light,  the  fhining 
planets  vanifh^  and  the  hofl  of  heaven  totter/*    ««  On  earth  inex- 
tricable 


Duet.  32. 22. 


64  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

tricable  confufion  of  nations;  the  (midland)  fea  and  the  (circumam-' 
bient)  ocean,  all  in  an  uproar.     Men  quite  difpirited  thro*  dr^ad 
and  profpeft  of  terrors  impending  over  the  world:  for  the  powers  of 
^*5'         heaven  fhall  undergo    convulfions.*' — Paufanias  mentions   irregu- 
larities in  the  courfe  of  nature  as  omens  of  impending  woes.     King 
David  fays/ 

Pf.  50.  Our  God  fhall  come,  no  longer  filence  keep  : 

Fire  all  around  devour,  and  tempefts  fweep. 

Thcfs.  1.4.  Saint  Paul  fays,  ''  The  Lord  himfelf  fhall  defcend  from  heaven 
with  a  fhout,  and  with  the  voice  of  an  archangel,  and  with  the  trump 
of  God.      And  the  dead  in  Chrifl  fhall  rife  firft.— Chrifl,  the  firft 

I.  Cor.  ic.  fruits  ;  afterwards,  they  who  are  Chrift's  at  his  advent.  Then  we 
who  are  alive  fhall  be  wrapt  together  with  them  in  clouds,  and  meet 
the  Lord  in  the  air.  Thofe,  who  are  alive  at  the  Lord's  advent 
fhall  not  prevent  thofe  who  are  afleep — We  fhall  not  all  fleep,  but 
we  fhall  be  changed  in  a  moment,  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye :  God 
giveth  a  body  at  his  pUafure.y  Laftantius  finely  expatiates  on  this 
fubjeft.  The  Pagans  had  a  full  and  uniform  perfuafion*  of  this  aw- 
ful catafirophe.     It  is  in  vain  to  applyUo  Phaeton  Ovid's  prediftion. 


•  AfiFore  Tempus, 


3*  3 


Quo  Mare,  quo  Tellus,  correptaq;  Regia  Caeli 

Ardeat.  **« 

.  *» 

For  Antonine  fays,  Heraclitus  wrote  much  about  the  conflagra-^ 
tion  of  the  univerfe.  Plutarch  fays,  he  held  that  the  world  and  all: 
corporeal  things  will  be  diffolved  by  fire.  The  Egyptians,  like  the 
Stoics,  maintained  that  the  world  will  be  deftroyed  by  fire  as  well  as 
Timcus.  5y  water :  Strabo  fays  fo  of  the  Druids.  Plato  fays,  the  truth  of 
'  Phaeton's  fable  is  that  •'  there  Jhall  be  a  great  change  of  things  in 
earth  and  heaven ;  and  in  a  Ihort  time  a  diffolution  of  terreflrial 
things  by  mighty  fire."  The  Bramins  teach  the  diffolution  of  the 
world  by  fire :  the  moon  fhall  look  red ;  the  folar  rays  refemble 
flaming  brimflone;  lightnings  fhall  blaze  around;  the  four  elements 

fhall. 


Chap  2.  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  65 

fliall  war ;    till  earth  by  this  laft  agony  fhall  be  converted  into  "her 
priftine  chaos.     Manilius  fays, 

Funcra  cum  Facibus  vcniunt,  Terrifq;  minantur 
Ardentes  fine  fine  Rogos;  cum  Mundus,  et  ipfa 
^Egrotet  natura,  novum  fortita  Sepulchrum. 

With  unabating  piles  the  world  fhall  bum ; 
And  fickly  nature  fill  her  deftin'd  uri^^ 

The  Volufpa  of  the  Scandinavian  Edda  afferts  this  general  con- 
flagration. Tully  fays,  Eventurum  noftri  putant  ut  ad  e'xtremum 
Omnis  Mundis  ignefceret.  Plato  quotes  a  prediftion  of  Orpheus  to 
this  efFeft, 

After  the  fixth  millennium  earth  muft  burn„  p, .,  , 

Suidas  fays,  «  The  Tyrrhenians  held  that  the  world  would  con- 
l/niie  only  6000  years  from  its  creation;"  but  rather  from  the  de- 
luge.    Even  Lucretius  declares,  Mundi  Tnor/^//^  Templa;  alfo. 

Omnia  paulatim  tabefcere,  et  ire 
Ad  Scopulum,  Spacio  /Etatis  defeffa  vetufto. 


I 


Nat.  2.  3. 13 


Seneca  fays,  fire  is  to  be  the  end  of  the  world;  and  that  Berofus 

held,  the  conflagration  would  enfue,  when  a'conjundion  of  all  the 

pUmets  fhould  occur  in  Cancer.     Caffini  found  a  conjunftionof  five 

planets,  wheri  the  fun  was  in  Aquarius  in  the  year  A.  C.  2012,  jufl 

before  a  new  moon,  in  the  beginning  of  Chwen   Hio's  reign;  and 

bere  by  the  way  we  may  obfcrve  that  he  had  but  four  predecefTors, 

who  in  all  are  not  pretended  to  have  reigned  nwre  than  439  years ; 

:'   thus  the   Chinefe  empire   began  according  to  this  calculation  2451 

years  A.  C.  and  their  firfl  king  Chin  Nong  (for  Fohi,  the  Japanefe 

Foki,  was  the  firfl  man)  was  a  hufbandman,  and  was  the  Japanefe 

Sin  Noo ;  who  was  a  hufbandman,  as  was   the  Patriarch   Noah  :" 

^liom  Sin  Noo  appears  to  be.  ^ 

That  the  world  will  at  length  be    deflroyed,  all  nature  round  us 
proclaims^loud.     The  fields,  the  banks,  the  high  clifts  and  the  lofty 

K  moun- 


\ 


66  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

tains  are,  in  all  climates  and  regions,  hourly   rufliipg  into  ocean's 
bed  ;  thus^Anaxagoras  faid,  if  time  fail  not,  the  hills  will  all  fink  in- 
to the  fea.     Providence  commiflTions  minifters  to   retard  redundant 
population  till  the  feafon  of  judgment.     Yet  the  natural  increafe  of 
the  human  fpecies  would  of  courfe  oyerflock  the  globe  ;  and  man. 
kind  would  at   length  have  more  reafon,  than  Alexander  had,    to 
weep  for  another  world.     Wood  and  other  fuel  is  growing   fcanty 
in  many  places  :  provi^ons  will  do  fo  foon.     The  fubterranean  fires 
are  raging  more  and  more  :  and  their  rage  will  ftill  increafe,  as  they 
obtain  additional   vents.     The   frequency  of  the   Aurora  Borealis 
fhews  the  increafe  of  the  eleftrical  matter,  which  will  and  doth  render 
earthquakes  more  frequent  and  fevere ;  till  the  war  of  elements  per- 
form their  grand  and  awful  operation.     The  moon's  period,  and  of 
courfe  her  diftance,  decreafcs;  the  earth's  probably  does  fo  too;  her 
inclination  to  the  ecliptic,  on  which  our  feafons  depend,  decreafes 
more  and  more  :  and  we  have   God's  word  that  when  the  various 
feafons  ceafe,  the  world  will  ceafe  alfo.     But,  whether  .folar  attrac- 
tion, a  comet,  fubterranean  fire,  or  an   inflamed  atmofphere,  will 
deftroy  the  earth,  is  unknown  to  man ;  who  only  knows  that  thofc 
feveral  agents  are   abundantly  able  to  effeft  the  tragedy.     The   Si- 

L^  j^  bylline  oracles  declare  jthat  it  will  be  effefted  by  a  Comet ;  and  an- 

!-•  5'  other  will  be  a  harbinger. 

>. 
But  we  muft  excedingly   admire  that,  fo    far  from    injuftice  ifc^* 

man's  lofing  Eden;  or  cruelty,  in  his  being  born  liable  to  fin  aiif'\ 

death ;  on  the  contrary  God's  juftice  and   benevolence  have  becfl 

rendered  glorioufly  confpicuous.     A  fuppofition  that  God  intended 

man's  continuance  in  Eden  is  brg  with  a  mutability  inconfiftent  with 

divine  perfeQion.     '  He  knew  that  man  would  tranfgrefs,  and  the 

plan  was  formed  fuitably  :    "  for  whom  he  foreknew,  he  predefti- 

Rom.  8.      ftated."     God  has  an  inftant  comprehenfion  of  all  duration.     Man's 

option  and  its  fatal  attendants  are  equally  prefent  to  Omnifcience. 

Saint  James  faid,   '*  Known  unto   God  are  all  his  works  from  the 

beginning  of  the  world."     That  mankind  fhould  be  endued  with 

option  juftice  requires;  that  fo  blifs  may  be  the  reward  of  fpontan- 

Dcut.  30. 19  cous  conduQ.     Thus  God  declares,  "  I  call  heaven  and  earth  to 

atteft 


A^i  15.  18. 


Chaps-)  PRIM  IT  I  VE     HI  ST  OR  Y.  67 

aiieftagainft  you,  that  I  have  propofed  to  you  life  and  death;  be-  3^^^ 
nevolence  and  execratioa:  therefore  chufe  life,  that  both  thou  and 
thy  feed  may  live."  Juftin  Martyr,  and  Clement  of  Alexandria, 
quote  Plato's  exprcffion,  **  The  blame  is  his  who  wills  a  fin,  God 
is  inculpable ;  '*  Kiru  'e\oviJievov,  Qeog  *ctvcciTog^\  Homer  has  two  lines 
to  this  effefl, 

Mankind  to  heav'n  their  ills  afcribe  ;  yet  they  od.  i.  33. 

Spontaneous  to  misfortune  urge  their  way. 

God  fays  in  Ifaiah,  "  To  whom  have  I   fold  you  ;  for  your  ini- 
quities ye  fold  yourfelves/'     Clcanthes  declares  to  this  efFeft, 

Man  to  defirc  felicity's  inclin'd; 
To  heav'nly  reafon  yet  both  deaf  and  blind, 
^o\t  ^uide  to  blifs  :  thus  follies  all  entice ; 
,    Each  runs  impetuous  to  his  fav'rite  vice* 

That  mankind  inherit  a  vicious  propenfity  is  an  innate  defeft  de-   * 
rived  from  Adam's  voluntary  fault.     That  this  difpofition,  odious  as 
It  IS  to  divine  purity,  has  been  exculpated,  we  owe  to  divine  love. 
TViatwemay,  ifwepleafe,  <jbtain  heavenly  afliftance  to  counterafl 
^bis  vicious  propenfity,  we  owe   to  divine  grace  and  benevolence  : 
fo  Bias  the  fagc  faid,  "  when  good,  impute  it  to  God."  Tully  fays, 
^^erno  igitur  Vir  magnus  fihc  aliquo  adflatu  divino.     Finally,  that  Nat.  Dcor. 
our  penitence  can  procure  us  pardon  for  neglefting  to  ufe  or  apply 
for  fuch  afliftance,  we  owe  to  God's  infinite  love  and  compaflion ; 
'•'bofe  infinite  judice  is  fo  confident  with  thofe  adorable  attributes, 
^  oy  no  means  to  prove  infinite   feverity  :  except    where  defiance 
^nd  derifion  impioufly  challenge   the  majcfty  of  the  divine  terrors. 
Thus  the  hiftory  of  the  human  fall  is  pregnant  with  matter  not  for 
repining  and  murmurs ;  but  for   piety,  gratitude,  love,  and  adora- 
tion.     Every  man  will  have  the  Penny  due ;  but  for  more  Jehova 
fays,  ««  I  will  fliew  mercy  unto  whom  I  will  fhew  mercy."     Divine 
love  becoming  confpicuous  thro*  human  frailty  is  alluded  to,  where 

K  2  Themis 


68 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


(Book  i. 


•Themis  tells  Venus  that  Cupid  would  never  attain  his  full  ftature  till 

Monifaucon.  the  birth  of  Anteros.    .  • 


Ch.  19. 

.  Pf.  17. 

Rovt^land 
Mona. 


That  mankind  were  given  in  all  ages  to  expeft  a  wonderful  puri- 
fication from  the  (lain  of  original  fin,  we  may  conclude  from  Job, 
wlio  fays,  "  I  know  that  my  Redeemer  liveth,  and  that  he  (hall  ftand 
at  the  latter  day  upon  earth.'*  David  fays,  "  I  will  behold  thy  face 
in  rirhteoufnefs ;  I  fliall  be  fatisfied  when  I  awake  with  thy  Jimilitude.'* 
Some  eftcem  the  names  of  the  Antediluvian  Patriarchs  to  be  a  con- 
tinued chronicle  of  the  grace  intended.  Confucius,  near  500  years 
before  the  redemption,  pointed  out  the  time  of  Chrift's  nativity. 
.  Keating  fays,  it  is  certain  that  Bacrach  a  Druid  of  Leinfter  predifted 
that  "  a  divine  perfon  fliould  be  born  in  a  wonderful  manner,  and  be 
murdered  by  the  great  council  of  his  own  nation  ;  tho'  his  advent 
was  for  the  felicity  and  falvation  of  mankind,  and  to  refcue  them 
from  the  delufions  and  tyranny  of  infernal  Demons."  Demons 
were  acquainted  with  the  facred  prophecies  ;  as  Satan  difcovcrs  in 
Ezek.30. 13.  Chrift's  temptation.  So  it  was  predifted  that  there  fliould  be  no 
more  a  prince  of  the  land  of  Egypt :  therefore  the  Sibylline  oracle 
direfled  the  Romans,  as  Dio  (39)  jelates,  "  to  (hew  civility  to  the 
Egyptian  king,  but  to  give  him  no  aflTiftance  :**  left  perhaps  they 
fliould  be  involved  in  the  difaftrous  fa^e  impending  over  that  realm, 
purfuant  to  decrees  fuperiour  to  the  power  of  Demons.  To  facred 
fources  it  was  owing  that  the  Sibylline  oracles  predifted,  as  Virgil 
andTully  flicw,  the  birth  of  an  illuftrious  fovereign.  The  objeftioM 
of  Galla^us  and  others  from  the  difficulty  of  having  recourfe  to  thofe 
oracles  are  impotent :  Varro  declares  that  accefs  could  be  had  to 
them.  The  prediftion  of  a  King  was  probably  in  the  Tarquinian 
books,  which  had  been  burnt  only  20  years  before  Lentulus  alluded 
to  them.  Befides,  the  Erythraean  Sibyl's  predictions,  amongft  tho(e 
recovered  by  Sylla,  and  moft  in  repute,  were  fubfcribed  as  hers, 
and  therefore  known  to  be  the  fame  as  in  the  former  colleftion. 
When  the  Oracles  proftituted  by  Virgil,  who  was,  not  a  ftranger  to 
Oriental  prophecies,  tell  us. 


De  Reruilic* 


Gcor.  3.  12. 


lUe  Deum  Vitam  accipiet,  Divifq;  videbit 


Permixtos 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  69 

Permixtos  Heroas,  et  ipfe  videbitur  illis : 

Pacatumq;  reget  patriis  Virtudbus  Orbem.  ^    ^* 

They  could  never  mean  Pollio's  fon,  never  mean  Oftavia*s.  Vir- 
gil's adulation  induced  him  to  apply  the  laft  line  to  Auguftus  him-  Gcor.  i.  24. 
kWex  pojl  Fa5to ;  when  the  cxpcfted  child  at  Rome  proved  a  female. 
This  emperor  was  fo  fenfible  of  a  perfon  of  divine  wifdom  being 
predifted,  that  he  affumed  Apollo's  habiliments. 

Tuus  jam  regnat  Apollo. 

So,  *'  The  fun  of  righteoufnefs  (hall  arife   with  healing  on  his 
wings." — Again,  Magnum  Jovis  Incrementum;  in  whofe  reign. 

Nee  magnos  metuent  Armcnta  Leones ; 
Occidd  et  Serpens. 

HererccuTto  Ifaiah    2  ;  4.     11  ;   6,  7.    65;  25.     It  is  truly  of 
Chrin  that  Statius  fays, 

Longamq;  Tibi,  Rex  Magne,  luventam 
Annuit,  atq;  fuos  promifit  Jupiter  Annos.  ^'  '* 

So  the  Pfalmift  fays,  **  Thou  gaveft  him  length  of  days  for  ever 
and  ever.'*       Thofe  bold  expreflions  in  the  Pagan  poets  are  drawn        21.4. 
from  facred  fountains.     To  Chrift  not  to  Probus  alludes  the  Sibylline 
oracle  in  Florianus.       It  promifed  that  under  him  the  world  fhould 
be  free  from  favages. 

As  Tacitus  and  Suetonius  teach  us  that  the  Eaft  was  full  of  expec-  j^-^^  - .  j^^ 
tation  of  this  great  perfonage  about  the  time  of  Auguftus ;  fo  it  is  Vita  Vcfpa- 
probable  that  he  was  to  come  at  the  time  predifted  by  Enoch,  Noah, 
and  mhers.  At  this  predifted  time  the  king  of  China  altered  his 
title  of  Viftorious  to  Pacific.  A  fubfequent  king,  64  )  ears  after- 
wards, fent  an  embaffy  in  queft  of  this  Saint,  who  was  to  be  found  in 
the  Weft;  but  thefe   filly  legates  miferably  miftook  the  Idol  Fo,  in 

India,  for  this  prince  of  peace  ;  who  is  the  Mediator,  that  Plutarch        Ifisct 

r  Ofiris. 

fays. 


70  PRIMITIVE     HISTQRY,  '        (Book  i. 

Jnli  Firmici  fays  the  Perfians  named  Mithras,     At  Byblus,    when  Oliris  ufed  to 
in^Purchafe's  be  expefted,  after  much  mourning,  lights  were  brought,  and  falva- 
tion  declared.     Socrates,  in  his  dialogue  on  prayer,  fpeaks  of  a  di- 
vine inftruftor,  *^  who  was  to  come  into  the  world ;  and  had  man's 
welfare  at  heart,  and  a  wonderful  propenfity  towards  us."  Well  did 
this  fage  deferve  the  Augurial  crown  prefented  to  him  by  Alcibiades 
for  this  predi6lion.  And  this  prediflion  is  the  moft  probable  ground 
of  TuUy's  declaration,    Neq;  folum  cum  Laetitia  vivendi  Rationem 
Leg.  2.       accepimus;  fed  et,  cum  Spe  meiiore^moricndi .     Thus  do6lrines  ob- 
vious to  Chriftians,  were   the   higheft  arcana  of  Paganifm:  for  in- 
ftance:  Plutarch's  Maneros  a  Child  o/PaleJiine,  his  Mediator  Mithras 
the  Saviour  Ofiris,  is  the  Mefliah. 

Three  diftinftions  as  to  this  great  Mediator  are  to  be  carefully 
noted.  By  confounding  thefe  arife  all  the  miftakes  as  to  the  Meffiah's 
perfon.     Firft,    his  divine    nature,    which   was   the   Logos-     This 
rnEufcbio.     is,  as  Philo  the   Jew  declares,    ''  Eternal,  infinite,  and  abfoIuteJy 
God:"  One  with  the  Father  and  the  Holy  Ghoft.     But  the  Logos, 
properly  fpeaking,  is  God  with  a  reference  to  Chrift's  human  nature. 
As  man's  internal  nature  is  diftinguifhed  into  Animus  and  Anima;  the 
firft,  the  foul  as  indued  with  intelligence;  the  laft  as  it  aftuates  the 
animal   fpirits ;  fo  God  is  to  be  confidered  as  God  diftinft  from  all 
conneftion  with  a  human  fpirit;  and  as  the  Logos  operating  in  con- 
juhftion  with  Chrift's  human  fpirit,  before  and    after    Incarnation. 
The  Logos   is  God  communicative,  difpenfing  orders,  performing 
a£ls  in    Chrift,  tho'  abfolutely  God;  whence  Ifaiah   (9)  calls  Him, 
the    everlafting    Father.       Saint    John    fays,    the    Logos    is  God. 
John  14.  9,   Chrift  fays^  '<  who  has  feen  me,  has  feen  the  Father;"  and  he  fays 
&2s.k  vcr,   j^  jj^g  charafter  of  the  Triune  God,    "  We  will   come  and  refide 
with  you."     Alfo,  I  will  not  leave  you  Orphans,  I  will  come  to 
you. 1  John  2.  1.  Chrift  is  ftiled  the  Paraclete ;  thus  another  Pa- 
raclete (John  14.  16.  and  26)  means  as  to  tharafler;  being  totally 
fpiritual  and   invifible:  fo  Paul  defcribes  the  Sp'rit  as  our  pathetic 
^^*    '  ^  *   InUrceJfor;  and  the  beftower  of  the  Word  of  wifdom  and  of  know- 
I.  Cor.  12.    ledge  ;    but  fays  he,  '«  the  various  gifts,  adminiftrations,  and  opera- 
it                  tions,  proceed  from  the  fame  Spirit,  Lord,  and  God :  for,  as   the 
■L.     •  feveral 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  71 

feveral  members  of  the  body  are  one  body,  fo  alfo  is  Chrijl;  for  by 
One  Spirit  are  we  all  baptized/*  the  Spirit  being  of  the  fame  indi- 
vidual eflence  as  the  Father  and  the  Logos ;  w  ho  are,  as  this  Apoftle 
fpeaks,  ''One  and  the  fame  Spirit;"  tho'  diftinguifhed  by  their  Vcr.ii. 
operations;  as  when  the  human  Animus  wills  the  Anima  into  aftion, 
confents  to  the  afFeQions,  or  indulges  the  imagination. 

The    Logos  was  united  with   Chrift's  'human   nature  two  feveral 
ways;  firft,  with   his  human   fpirit  (which  is  Philo's  Protogenes)  at 
the   creation ;  for  tho'  Adam  was  the  firft  corporeal  man,  .and  his     i.  Cor,  15; 
foul  was  the  firft  that  animated  a  body  ;  yet   Chrift's   was    the    firft  ^^' 

unembodied  human  fpirit,  the  Monogenes,  that  firft  foul  that  exifted 
forages  void  of  flefti ;  tho'  his  Pfyche,  which  could  exift  void  of 
grofs  body,  as  do  the  phantoms  of  dead  perfons,  exhibited  an  appa- 
rent form  to  Mofes  in  the  rock,  and  to  Abraham  on  the  mount: 
coTvwe^ed  with  this  human  foul  he  was  the  Logos ;  abftrafted  from 
it.  He  is  the  divine  Spirit,  fee  Pfalm  95.  The  Baptift  declared 
that  ChriR  was  prior  to  him:  Chrift  afferts  Himfclf  to  have  been  prior    '     ^g/ *    ' 

to  Abraham;  and  that  "  I!c  fliall  afcend  where  formerly."  He  alfo   ,  , 

John  6.  &  1 7. 
fays,  '*  Glorify  me  with  Thyfclf,  with  the  glory  I   had  with  Thee 

before  the   world's  exiftence.      Saint   Paul   fays,  '*  Chrift  was  the      i«Colofs. 
Pioiogenes  of  all  creatures-,"'  and,    "  God  created  all  things  by  Je- 
fiis  Chrift."   In  the  work  of  creation,    the  l-ogos  or  God's  commu- 
nicative  nature,  which  Saint  John  (1.  7.)  .calls  the  divine  light;  as 
does   Saint   Paul;   and   **  Omnipotent  wifdom;"    afted  conjointly    i.  Tim.  6. 
with  Chrift's  human  fpirit.  So  John  (1.  1.  2.)  tells  us,  "  The  world     ''    °'' '' 
wsis  made  by  the  Living  word  of  God."  Chrift's  human  fpirit  (which 
obtained  exiftence  without  carnal  copulation,  as  Adam  did)  with  the 
Logos,  became  incarnate  for  the  purpofe  of  human  falvation;  which.  ,,  Tim^^c 
was  to  be  eifefted  by  the  Merits  and  Paflion  of  the  Man  Jefus,    the  * 
Woman's  Seed:  when  the  words  of  Plato's  Sophifts  were  to  be  veri- 
fied;  Prometheus  fufFered  for  the  theft  of  Epimethcus."     For  this 
end  the  efficacy  of  the  divine  nature  was  occafionally  fufpended   in 
Chrift,  and  was  obtained  by  his  human  fuplications.     So   he    fays, 
"  Let  this  cup  pafs  from  me.— My    God  my  God  why  haft  thou  j^^t.  it  and 

deferted  ine.~The  day  and  hour  my  Father  only  knows."     But,         2^- 

i_  Pf.  22. 

however 


72  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Booki., 

however  a  temporary  fufpenfion  of  Chrift's  divine  powers  took  place, 
for  the  exertion  of  his  human  virtues,  fuch  as  fubmiffion,  patience, 
fortitude,  confidence,  benevolence ;    yet  the  Logos  became  incar- 
'•  4^'         nate  :  Saint  John  pofitively  fays  fo.     Saint  Paul  fays,  "  He  was  the 
Col.  2.9.      Godhead  corporeally — God  manifeft  in  the  flefh."      We  therefore 
»•     ^^'  3-     fhould  not  derogate  from  Chrift's  divinity,  by  applying   texts  and 
fenfes  to  it,  which  properly  regard  his  human  nature,  either  before 
John  14..  28.  or  after  incarnation :    as  when  Chrift  fays,  "  My  father  is  fuperiour 
Mark  13.  32.  to  me;"   and,  "  knows  more  than  the  fon."      His  human  nature  re- 
Mat.  «.  14.    q^i^'^d  baptifm  to  remove  the  hereditary  (lain:  this  even  Saint  John 
i5«  the  Baptift  feems  at  firft  to  have  imperfeftly  apprehended. 

This  human  nature  immediately  after  baptifm  regained  the  fuf- 
L.  3.21       pended  honour  of  union  with  the  divine  fpirit:  for,  "being  baptized, 
16.  Adls^  10    ^^^  P^^y^"g»  Heaven  was  opened  ;    and  the  Holy  Ghoft  defcended 
38.  in  a  corporeal  form,  like  a  Dove,  upon  him."     And,"  God  anoint- 

ed Jefus  of  Nazareth  with  the  Holy  GhoR  and  wiih  power,"  as  Saint 
Ephcs.  1. 17.  Peter  confirms  :  "  the  God  of  our  Lord  Jefus  Chrift  becoming  God 
in  Chrift,"  2.  Cor.  5.  19;   *'  the  incarnate  Logos,  the  Godhead  bo- 
dily, God  manifeft  in  the  flefli."     Owing  to  this  incorporation,  the 
Ads  20.  28.  blood  of  the  man  Chrift  is  ftiled  God's  ;  the  life  of  the  man  Chrift 

I.  John.  3^     is  ftiled  God's.     His  carnal  frame  became  that  temple  of  God,  which 
10.     * 

he  rebuilt  in  three  days,  according  to  his  word.     He  having  *'  the 

divine  power  to  refume  his  life  :"  as  he  wonderfully  demonftrated ; 
thereby  proving  himfelf  to  be  God,  1.  Cor.  6.  14.  and  the  quickning 
fpirit^  1  Pet.  3.  18,  to  very  numerous  wimefles;  who  uniformly 
attefted  the  extraordinary  faft  at  the  expenfe  of  their  lives,  and  in 
defiance  of  the  moft  excruciating  torments;  hopelefs  as  they  were 
of  temporal  advantage,  being  flatly  foretold  the  contrary  :  but  far- 
ther to  confirm  his  refurreflion,  the  dead  bodies  of  many  virtuous 

perfons  revived  immediately  after  him,  and  leaving  their  toml>s  went 
2^  at  •  2  7   c  2 

53.      '  into  Jerufalcm,  "  and  appeared  unto  many." 

In  like  manner  as  refpefting  Chrift,  thofe  err,  who  confound  texts 

regarding  the  Holy  Ghoft's  operations yV^'wh  fuch  as  relate  tohis/?^r- 

fon.     Of  this  laft  fort  are  Job  33.  4,  "  God's  fpirit  is  my  maker." 

John 


Chap.  3-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  73 

John  14.  26,  The  Holy  Ghoft,  which  the  father  will  fend  in  my  name, 
£ff  will  teach  you  all.  To  Ilvfu/i^ — 'eyiciv)(T.      So    AQs  5.  3,  4,  A  lie 
to  the  Holy  Ghofl  is  a  lie  to  God  ;  not  only  to  a  pcrfofi,  but  a  divine 
perfon.     And  as  others  there   fpeak  to  him;  fo  Hcb.  3^  7,   He  ad- 
drcffes  olhers  in  the  words  of  Pfalm  95  ;    being  one  in  effencc  with 
the  Logos  and  God,  verfe  12  and  14;  and  Chap.  4.  7  ;  alfo  1    Cor. 
10.9;  which  is^fferted  mod  plainly  by  Chrift  himfelfin  Saint  John   John  14.  iF, 
14.— Texts  treating  of  the  Holy  Ghoft's  operations  befpeak  a  fubor-        ^^'  ^^' 
dination  inconfiftent  with   "  The   eternal  Holy   Ghoft's"  abfolutc    ^^^-  9-  "4- 
omnipoicnce,  an  attribute  of  '*  the  Lord  God  and  Spirit,"  who  com- 
miffioned  Ifaiah,  48.  16;  and  fpakc  by  the  prophets:   for  Saint  Paul 
Fays,  well  fpake  the  Holy  Glmfl  by  Efaias  the  prophet  unto  our  fa-   ^^^*  28,25. 
thers,  faying,  '^  Go  and  tell  this  people,  ye  fhall  hear,  and  fliall  not 
undetftand :"  words,  that  when  fpoken  Saint  John  fays,  Ifaiah  faw 
Goi^oloty:  and  Ifaiah  fays,  they  were  fpoken  by  the  voice  of  the  Jo^n»  12.41. 
Lord.    Saint  Peter  fays    that   God's  faints  fpoke  thro*   the  Holy       If.  6.  q. 
Ghofl's  impulk.     Chrift's  human  merits  obtained  the  Holy  Ghoft's 
S'^oiojica  to  be  fuhfcrvicnt  to   his   defires,  as  the  human  mediator  J^^'^  i^- »3- 
with  God.    So  Chrift  fays  of  the  Holy  Ghoft,  "  He  fhall  not  fpeak 
of  himfelf.-     That  is,  the  Triune  God,  in  quality  of  the  Holy  Ghoft, 
viW  only  aft  as  won  by  the  man  Chrift's  interccftion.     But  Chrift, 
as  the  divine  Logos,  who  is,  with  the  Father  and  Holy  Ghoft,  con- 
jundGod,  declares,  *'  I  will  come  to  you,"  and,  "  we  will  come   ^'•^*  "'^  ^' 
^oyou."    Even    Hindoos   diftinguifti   between  God  in  the    Deity's  Johni4.  18. 
general  character,  and  in  the  particular  charaflcr  of  the  Logos.     As 
tnefir/J,  they  call  God  Naraycna-     Brchm  is  the  eternal   Logos,  or 
God  in  operation  :  Brehma  is  the  twofold  nature  of  the  Logos  afting 
inthework  oFthe  creation  in  general.     Suidas,  treating  of  Tluilis, 
O'^^  of  the  Egyptian  heroes  of  the  Cynic  Circle  in  Sycellus  and  the 
Pafchal  Chronicle,  tells  us  he  reigned  over  Egypt  as  far  vis  the  ocean, 
^dafked  the  oracle  of  Serapis  (which  therefore  muft  have  been  an 
^^cicnt  one  in  that  kingdom)  if  any  prince  had  been,  or  would  be,  fo 
potent  as  himfelf:  the  Oracle  replied,  God  is  in  the  firft  place,  then 
^heword,  and  the   fpirit  with   them,  all   coexiftent   in   unity,  with 
power  eternal.     The  hiftorian  Socrates  fays  that  a  Crofs  with  a  facred  ^ 

inscription  found  in  the  temple  of  Serapis  was  allowed,    by  perfons  jjp 

L  vctfed 


74  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  u 

verfed  in  that  character,  to  allude  to  Chrift.     An  oracle  of  Apollo 
Milcfius  faid. 

Of  mortal  body,  an  adept  in  miracles, 

Arrcftcd  with  arms,  under  Chaldean  judges. 

He  fuftain'd  a  bitter  exit  thro*  Nails  and  a  Crofs. 

Thefc  predictions  are,  like  fome  others,  fufpefted,  for  being  too 
plain;  as  ifobfcurity  were  a  criterion  of  divine  declarations:  indeed 
as  to  the  obftinate  Jews,  ever  repugnant  to  God's  literal  commands, 
and  known  that  they  would  reje6l  and  crucify  the  Meffiah,  as  they 
had  flain  many  facrcd  prophets  prior  to  him  ;  to  them  many  prophe- 
cies were  couched  in  myfterious  language  ;  that'  during  their  con- 
tumacy **  they  might  hear  and  not  underftand ;  the  fear  of  the  Lord 
being  the  beginning  of  wifdom."     Yet  the  Chriftian  predictions  arc 
all  exprefs,  precife  and  literal ;  except  John's  againft  Rome,  whiJft 
under  the  Roman  empire;  a  reafon  that  induced  their  poet  PerGus 
to  be  as  myfterious  as  the  Evangelift  ;  who  fervently  requefts  his 
Chriftian  readers  to  pry  diligently  into  the  fenfe  of  his  Revelations. 
Abulpharag.   Zerduftit  the  Archmage  predicted  a  Virgin's  conception  ;  and  that  a 
ftar  fhould  announce  her  fon  to  be  the  incarnate  Creator. 

Our  divine  redeemer,  predifted  by   Socrates,  was  the  woman's 

feed,  who  was,  and  came,  to  bruife  the  Serpent's  head.     The  abfcu 

lute  perfeftion  of  his  precepts  is  ai>  internal  proof  of  their   facred 

fource.     And,   as  multitudes  at  that  time  had  external  proofs,    by 

miracles,  of  this  do6tor's  high  authority  ;  fo  we  now  have,  from  his 

Luke  21.9.  pr editions.     His  prophecy  that  previous  to  the  end  of  Jerufalem,  the 

*^*         type  of  the  world,  ftrange  fights  in  the  fky,  and  mighty  earthquakes, 

Hiil.  5.      famines,  and  peftilences,  ftiould  be  in  various  places,  Tacitus,  Jo- 

fephus  and  others  confirm ;    **  Vifae  per  Caelum  concurrere  Acies, 

rutulantia  Arma,  et  fubito  Nubium  Igne  collucere  Templum,  expaffae 

repente  Delubri  Fores,  et  audita  major  humana  Vox,  EXCEDERE 

DEOS  ;    fimul,  ingens  motus  excedentium.''      "  The   temple  (hone 

with  a  fudden  inflamation  of  the  clouds,  the  doors  of  the  fanftuary 

were  inftantly  thrown  open,  and  a  voice  fuperiour  <o  Awwaw  proclaimed 

the 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  TI  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  75 

the  departure  of  the  divine  guardians ;  and  lo  a  loud  found  was  oc- 
cafioned  by  their  retreat."       Suetonius  mentions  continual  dearths 
under  Claudius;  one  of  them  Saint  Luke  fpecifies.     Seneca  men-   q^   j^^ 
tions  a  Comet  in  this  reign  ;    another  vifible  fix  months,  in  Nero's.   Afts  u. 
Grotius  counts  many  earthquakes  during  thefe  reigns:  Jofephus  men-        Bell.* 
tions  earthquakes  in  Judea,  and  famine  and  peftilence;   and  prodi-  -'"  *  fj  ^J' 
gies  in  the  fky  :  he  fupportsthe  furprizing  account  in  Tacitus  relat- 
ing to  the  temple.     Chrift's  prediflions  acquire  every  day  additional 
ftrength.     For  iiiftance,  the   invincible  and  fatal  obftruclion  to  the 
reftoration  of  the  temple  under  Julian   is  recorded,  not   only   by 
judicious   and  credible   Chriftian  thcologers,  but   in   the    flrongeft 
chain  of  expreflionspodible,  even  by  the  faithful  and  intelligent  P<2^«n 
Ammian  Marcellinus,  an  officer  of  Julian's  army.     He   was  by  no 
means  addiftcd  to  propagate  reports  without  examination  :  his  ac- 
count is  too  minute  and  circumftantial  to  be  fufpefted  of  negligence; 
\\\s  \tnp31n\aUty  is   too  well  founded  to  be  blown  away  by  the  vain 
puffs  of  an  Ephemcris :  even  if  not  ftoutly  fupportcd,  as  his  narative 
jSj   by  the  no/efs  eloquent  than  devout  Chryfoftom ;  the  mellifluous 
and  con/cientious  Ambrofe ;  the  powerful  and  religious  Nazianzen. 
Ammian  fays  that  **  Julian,  dcfirous  to  extend  the  memory  of  his   23.  i 
reign  by  the  grandeur  of  his  works,  formed  the  defign  of  rebuilding, 
at  an  extraordinary  expenfe,  the  SLnci^nt  Jlupendous  temple  at  Jeru- 
falem ;  which   had  been  befieged  by   Vefpafian,  and  after  him  by 
Titus;  and   after  many  bloody  rencounters,    with  difficulty  taken  : 
he  appointed  Alypius  of  Antioch,  formerly  vice-prefeft  of  Britain, 
to  accomplifli  the  work.     Therefore,  whilft  Alypius  vigorou/ly  pro- 
(ecuted  the  enterprize,  feconded  by  the  governor  of  the  province, 
tremendous  VLolumes  of  flames,  making  frequent  eruptions   near  the 
foundations,  rendered  the  place  inacceffible  to   the  repeatedly  burnt 
artificers;  and,  by  the  too /aial  obftruftion  of  that  clement  in  this 
manner,  the   undertaking  was  abandoned.'* — And  he  mufl  be.  an 
abandoned  infidel,  with  very  vague  and  unphilofophic  notions  of  pro- 
vidence, who  can  infinuate  to  be  cajual  dii\  event  fo  extraordinary, 
fo  critically  timed  confonant  to  the  confident  prefages  of  Chriftians; 
fo  punfiually  enfuing  to  vindicate  the  Meffiah's  prediftion,  confirm 

L  2  the 


L 


76  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E  H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Boak  1. 

the  Creed,  and  fatisfy  the  expeflance,  of  all  the  Chriftian  fpeftators.  > 

^   9;  5-        The>  philofopher   Taurus,  in   Gellius,  declares  that  the  nullity  of 
Bentley  on  *  .  ^ 

Boyle.        providence  is  no  tenet  even  for  a  (trumpet,     Plutarch  obferves  that 

Pyth.  Orac.    *'  ^^  ^^    "^^  conjefture    but   prediction,  when  it   exprefTes  (as    by 
Chriftians,  previous  to  Julian's  attempt)  what  will  be,  how,  when, 
on  what  account,  and  by  whom  :*'  as  that  the  work  would  be  fru- 
ftrated,  by  methods  providential  and  fatal;  if  in  thofe  times  attempted; 
becaufe  it  was  premature,  and  whilft  fo,  decreed   to  be  obftrufted 
by  Omnipotence,  according  to  Chrift's  declaration.     But  more  than 
all,  the  lapfe  of  almoft  18  centuries  evinces  the  truth  of  this  divine 
prediction. — In    addition    to  which,  the  miferiCvS,     diforders,    and 
diftreifes,  that  for  fome  time  paft  have  been  affliCtiiig  the  world,  and 
worfe  impending,  will  probably  within  a  century  (tare  conviftion  in 
the  face  of  the  incredulous  :  as  the  completion  of  woe,  after  growing 
fqrrows,  will  tremendoudy  afTert  the  truth  and  honour  of  an  affront- 
Mat.  24.     ed  MefTiah  :    '*  at  whofe  advent  in  the  clouds  of  heaven,  when  he 
fliall  fend  his  angels  with  the  loud  found  of  a  trumpet  to  convene 
his  eleft  from  every  quarter  of  the  univerfe;**  the  mifcreant  wiiJ 
fhrink  as  a  coward,  and  tremble  as  a  criminal  :  whilft  the  cordial 
believer,  amidft  his  follies  and  frailties,  fhall  throw  himfelf,  wiih  pro- 
found  humility  and  fubmiffion,  on  his  Saviour's  infinite  compafTion ; 
exclaiming  like  the  contrite  Taxman,  "  God  have  mercy  on  me  a 
miferable  offender :"  without  daring  to  impute  merit  to  his  own  con- 
du6l  and  creed ;  but  relying  implicitly  on  the  tranfcendent  merits 
and  tranfcendent  love  of  the  Son  of  Man,  in  whom,  altho'  his  foul 

iraia.53.  10.  was  made  a  facrifice  for  fin,  the  Godhead  condefcended  to  become 
incarnate,  for  man's  admonition.     Yet  morality  joined  with  belief 
is  fo  neceffary  to  entitle  us  to  the  benefits  of  Chrift's  paffion  ;  thai         • 
only  true  contrition   can  in  any  degree  fupply  its  place,  and  be  a       !l 
recbmmendation  to   a    prodigal  fon's  portion  from  celeftial  bene-       ^ 
volence  :  except  where  God's  volition  chufes  to  exert  its  abfolute 
power  ;  for  he  will  hkve  mercy  on  whom  he  will.     This  is  the  great         ^ 
conflift  mentioned  by  Epiftetus  ;  "  the  divine  enterprize  for  a  king- 
2.  18.        dom  and  for  liberty.     Now,  fays  he,  remember  God,  and  invoke 
him  to  be  an  ally  and  affiftant ;  like  Mariners  in  a  ftorm.*'  Johnfon 

faid 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  IM  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  77 

raid  of  a  Highlander's  infidelity,  A  deep  potation  would  cure  the  ill 
cffcfls  of  a  Ihallow  draught. 

Our  novel  philofophers    fcem     unconfcious    of    the    difTercncc 
between  the  prefent  flatc  of  things,  and  that  in  the  ages  preceding 
Chriftianity.      Before   that  difpenfation,  brothels  and  taverns  were 
not  the  only  general   places  of  lewdnqfs  and  debauchery  ;   Pagan 
temples  infinitely  furpafTed  in  libidinous  fcencs  even  the  public  ftews. 
All  young  virgins,  (ays  Strabo,  were  proftituted  in  the  temples  of 
Pcrfia;  and  the  Armenian  virgins,  in  the  temple    of  Anaitis.     The 
Babylonian  females  were  obliged  to  proftitute  themfelves  in  Mylitta's 
temple  to  any  ftranger  who    chofe  it;  (fee  Raruch  6.  40.)  Lucian 
fhewsthat  at  Biblus  women  were  proftituted  in  the  temple  of  Venus;  Dca,  Syria. 
Valerius  Maximus  fays  the  fame  as  to  Carthage;  fo  in  Numidia,  at  , 
Sicca  Venerea;  a  name  in  fenfe  fimilar  to  Succoth  Benoth.     Juftin 
^-^\\^MU\\e  virgins  of  Cyprus  were  proftituted  in  the  temple  of  the   j^^^q^,  ,^ 
Babylonian  Belli s;  and  in  Jove's  at  Egyptian  Thebes,  a  woman  was    182.  2.  51.  , 
enjoyed  nightly.     The  very   Member  of  Generation  was  adored 
with  rites  congenial   to  it,  and  p:iraded  about   in  proceflion.     Nor 
were  men  privately  butchered  in  dark  nights  and  blind  alleys,  thro' 
motives  of  hate    or  avarice;    but  human  viftims    were    publicly 
flaughter*d  at  their  (acred  altars,  on  principles  of  piety  and  religion, 
Anftomcncs  facrificed  300  men,  one  of  whom  w^  the  Spartan  king, 
to  Jupiter:  the  Carthaginians,  when  defeated  by  Agathocles,  ofFer'd 
ioo  youths  to  Saturn  :  20,000  human  viAims  annually  polluted  the 
altars  of  Mexico.     Thefe  infamous   indecencies,    thefe  horrid  bar- 
barities, were  praftifed  with  complacency   and   delight,    by  whole 
nations,  in  times    fo  enlightened   in  other   refpefts,  as  to  afford  a 
Socrates  and  a  Cicero.     Human  viftims  were  facrificed  to  Taramis,  ^"^an. 
Hefus,    and  Teutates.     Elian  records  a  happy  mother's  joy  at  fight  j^^^-^^^i    ,q^ 
of  a  divine  Crocodile  devouring  her  honoured  child!    The  Druids       21. 
offered  feveral  human  viftims  inclofed  together  in  a  vaft  ftatue  com- 
pofcd  of  Wicker.       Thus  we  fee  in  what  a  miferable  manner  the 
unaffifted   light  of  nature   is  liable  to   be  benighted;    and  it  is  an 
alarming  proof  that  the  mind  of  man,  capable  of  tracing  the  moft 
intricate  demonftrations  of  the  mathematics,  is  obnoxious  to  the 

feduftion 


^ 


78  PRIM  I  TIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

feduftion  of  fome  power  extremely  artful,  and  indefatigably  inali<» 
cious.  Socrates  forefaw  that  nothing  lefs  than  a  Heavenly  Inftruftor 
could  effefl:  a  reformation  in  religion,  abounding  as  it  did  with  profit 
to  the  priefts,  and  with  pleafure  to  the  people;  and  he  fagacioufly 
concluded  that  God  would  fend  One  in  vindication  of  his  own  ho- 
nour, and  out  of  compaflion  to  his  deluded  creatures.  Tho*  the 
human  abilities  of  Socrates  tragically  failed  to  accomplifh  any  reli- 
gious improvement;  yet  a  perfeft  fyftem,  when  attended  with  won- 
derful proofs  of  the  divine  fource,  was  fuccefsfully  introduced  by 
a  Man,  who  had  otily  the  education  of  a  Carpenter's  fon,  feconded 
by  illiterate  Fifhermen;  whofe  timid  natures  were  fo  altered  by  the 
divine  energy,  by  a  genuine  enthufiafm,  that  they  fealed  their 
teftimony  with  ardour  in  their  own  blood.  Thefe  eye  witnefTes.of 
the  plained,  tho*  moft  wonderful  fa6ls,  as  Chrift's  Death,  Burial, 
Refurreftion,  and  Accenfion,  had  neither  profit,  power,  nor  plea- 
fure in  view;  but  were  devoted  to  Pcrfecution  and  the  Crofs,  pre- 
vioufly  denounced  their  inevitable  doom  by  a  Monitor,  to  whom 
with  abundant  reafon  they  gave  the  fulleft  credit. 

The  Afiatic  account  of  the  Origin  of  Things  bears  fome  faint  al- 
Richardfon's  lufion  to  truth  :  it  is  thus.*-  The  earth  had  been  formerly  inhabited 
and  afterwards  depopulated.  I'he  period  of  the  Adamites  will  be 
700O  years;  when  all  mankind  will  be  extinguifhed,  and  their  place 
fupplied  by  Beings  of  a  more  exalted  nature,  with  whom  the  world 
will  end.  The  Preadamites,  who  refembled  Angels,  were  named 
Peris  and  Dives.  The  firft  were  beautiful  and  benevolent;  and  tho* 
their  fins  had  offended  God,  they  ftill  enjoyed  divine  favour.  The 
Dives  were  hideous  in  form,  and  malignant  in  mind  ;  differing  from 
infernal  fpirits  only  in  being  unconfined  to  Hell,  but  roaming  ever 
around  the  world  to  fow  difcord  and  mifery  among  men.  The  laft 
king  of  the  Preadamites  having  offended  God,  the  angel  Hares  was 
fent  to  chaftize  him.  A  war  enfuing,  the  Preadamite  King  was 
fubdued,  and  fuperccded  by  Hares;  who  abufing  his  power,  Adam 
was  created  to  be  Lord  of  the  Earth.  Hares  and  the  Dives  rebelled 
«.gainft  the  divine  will;    but  the  Peris,    acquiefcing  in  Heaven's 

mandates 


Chap.  30  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  V.  ^  79 

mandates,  became  the  friends  of  man.  Hares,  with  his  chief  allies, 
was  doomed  to  a  long  feries  of  torment  in  Hell ;  but  the  other 
Dives  are  allowed  to  traverfe  the  earth,  as  a  fccurity  for  man's  obe- 
dience. The  Peris  and  the  Dives  are  fuppofcd  to  be  formed  of  the' 
element  of  Fire,  and  to  be  longeval,  yet  fubjcft  to  death;  and  tho' 
endued  with  fuper-human  powers,  to  have  in  many  refpefts  the  fen- 
tiraents  and  paffions  of  mankind.       They  wage  war,  and  fo  forth. 

The  Indian  Shaftcr  tells  us,  that  God  having  refolved  to  manifeft 
his  power  and  excellence,  by  creating  a  world  peopled  with  intelli- 
gent animals,  prepared    the    four   elements;  thefe  being  confufed 
together  he  feparated;  firft,  blowing  on  the  water;  which  taking  an 
oval  form,  expanded  into  the  firmament.     Earth  and  water  fubfided 
into  a  globe.      Next  he   created  the  fun  and  moon,  to  determine 
times  and  feafons.     Laftly,  he  created  a  man,  named  Porous;  who 
being   formed  for    fociety,  he  gave  him  a  woman  named  Parkouti. 
Their  four  fons  founded  the  profeflions  of  religion,  arms,  commerce, 
and  mechanics;  but  they  obtained  wives  indifferent  quarters  of  the 
world.      Weyz,  or  Vifkermah  the  artizan,    fet   Idols  under  green 
trees,  becaufe  God  had  appeared  to  him   amidjl  trees.     The  prieft 
became  indolent;  the  foldier,  a  tyrant;  the  merchant,  a  cheat;  the 
artift,  extravagant;  and  his  idolatry   offended  the  priefl.      Their  ill 
examples  corrupted  their  poflerity.  God  fpread  darknefs  and  terror 
over  the  flky.     Thunders  roared,  and  lightnings   flafhed;  the  feas 
overwhelmed  the  earth  and  deflroyed  mankind;  but  their  fouls  were 
lodged  in  the  Bojom  of  the  Almighty.     Then  God  caufed  Three  men 
from  mount   Mero — purbati,  to  people  the  earth.     To  Bremau  he 
gave  the  power  (like  another  Prometheus)  of  making  nien.  Vifhnou 
had  the   qualifications  of  an  Agathodemon.     Rudderi  anfwers   the 
charaacr  of  a  Typhon.     Bremau  executing  his  tafk,  in  the  fecond 
Age  w^as  tranflated  to  Heaven.     This    race  is    to  end    by  a  general 
deftrufiion.      God ''gave  Bremau  a  written  law  from  mount  Mero 
purbati,    out  of  a  cloudy    which  difclofed  fome  Rays   of  his   Gloiy. 
He  faid,    the  Cataclyfm    enfued  thro'  man's  difobedience  of  his 
former  Code. 

The 


k 


80  PRI  M  I  TI  VE     H  ISTORY.  (Boak  x. 

The  Zend  Avcfta  contains  the  Cofmogony  of  the  Parfees:  it  was 
performed  at  fix  intervals.  1,  the  heavens.  2,  the  water.  3,  the 
earth.  4,  vegetables.  5,  animals  in  general.  Lajlly^  Man,  Ahariman 
corrupted  the  world,  invaded  heaven,  poifoned  man.  A  general 
rebellion  againft  God  enfued.  T*  Afchter  came  (deemed  Aftarte  by 
Bryant)  a  ftar,  a  fun,,  three  forms  like  Hecate  :  fli^  fuperinduced 
the  flood. 

The  Bramins  or  Brachmans  (defined  by  Bryant  Bar  Ach  Manes, 
j^  .,  fons  of  the  great  Manes,  or  rather  fons  of  the  tribe  of  MancsJ  re. 

late  that   '*  the^ferpent  (Fohi,  the  Japanefe  Foki  figured  like  a  fer- 
pent,  as  was  the  Egyptian  Cneph;    which  renders   it  probable  that 
the  Preadamites  were  the  apoftate  angels)  permitted  the  vicious  world 
to  fubfide  into  the  abyfs.     Sin  Noo,  long  fubfequent  to  Foki,  be- 
came a  hufbandman  and  planter:  therefore  had  an  Ox's  head  :"  un- 
lefs  this  was  taken  from  tlic  fymbol  which  reprefented  the  Cheri!ibim; 
aS   a    ferpent  was  the  emblem    of  the  Seraphim.      Sin  Noo    was 
the  Chinefe   Chin    Nong,    who  was  a   hufbandman,  and  certainly 
was  Noah :  from  him  therefore  the  Poftdiluvian  kings  of  China  dc^ 
fcended. 

A.  Polyhiftor,  from  Berofus,  informs  us  that  "  the  nfewly  created 

animals  unable  to  bear  the  prevalence  of  light  (which  expofed  their 

crimes)  expired :  on  this  Belus  confented  to  fhed  his  own  blood  for 

the  renewal  of  mankind."     We  cannot  but  perceive  that  this  Belu% 

Plutarch.      jjj^^  ^j^  Perfian  Mithras  the  mediator,  alludes  to  Chrift. 

Sacred  writ  requires  not  thefc  imperfeft  relations  for  a  fupport : 
on  the  contrary,  it  fhews  the  true  fource  of  thefe corrupted  traditions; 
which  demonftrate  that  all  mankind  had  originally  an  account  of 
the  apoftate  angels,  and  of  their  antipathy  to  the  human  race  ;  who 
degenerated,  and  ftill  continue'  to  do  fo,  from  their  original 
innocence. 

As  Empedocles  afferted  the  air  to  be  Pluto's  region.;  fo  Satan  is 
declared  to  be  the  prince  of  the  air;  hence  comes  his  name  Diabolus, 

Devil. 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  8i 

Devil,  from  the  Hibemo  Celtic  Dia,  God,  and  Abheil  or  Avel,  Air. 
A  ferpent  in  Irifh  is  Aithid;  which  alfo  fignifies  a  fiery  perfon  5 
hence  Atia  in  the  ftatute  of  Weftminfter,  and  Hate,  the  Greek  Ate; 
and  probably  Hades.     Of  Ate  Homer  relates, 

Jove  whirld  her  headlong  down,  for  ever  driv'n 

From  bright  Olympus  and  the  ftarry  Heav'n  :  ^    ^ 

Thence  on  the  nether  world  the  fury  fell, 

Ordain'd  with  man's  contentious  race  to  dwell.  Pope.   . 

In  Arabic  Adu  fignifies  Foes.  Richardfon. 

Let  me  add  what  Plutarch  relates  concerning  the  Perfian  doflrine. 

Orimazes  made  24  Gods  and  put  theni  iiuo   an  egg  (this  primitive 

egg,  held  by  the  Phcnicians,  was  the  earth;  the  Druids  invented  many 

abfurd  fables  concerning  it)  '*  but  Arimanius  making  as  many  more, 

\>ac:y  ^^o^^  the  egg;"  that  is,  they  occafioned  the  earth's  diffolution: 

•'  Hence  it  comes  that  good  is  intermingled  with  evil.     The  fatal 

time  />  appnoachingi  in  which  thefc  fliall  be  deftroyed  by  peftilence 

and  famine ;   and  Arimanius  (hall  utterly  perifli  :  and  the  earth  be 

made  even  and  fmooth.     There  ftiall  be  one  life,  and  one  city,  and 

one  language  of  all  men  living."      Who   does  not  here  perceive 

traces  of  divine  truths  communicated  to  us  in  the  facrcd  fcriptures?  Lacnius. 

Arimanius  was  the  Perfian  Pluto. 


The  Bramins  compare  the  Creator  to  a  mighty  Spider,  who  out 
of  itfelf  fpun  the  web  of  the  univerfe  ;  and  when  fufficiently  pleafed 
with  the  performance,  will  rctraft  and  abforb  the  whole  into  it- 
felf. Indeed  if  fo  infignificant  a  creature  as  a  Spider  is  able  to 
perform  its  ufual  but  admirable  piece  of  mechanifm  ;  why  need 
we  doubt  thai  Omnipotence,  who  produces  mighty  forefts  from 
minute  feeds,  and  perhaps  from  minuter  falts,  conld  produce,  from 
feme  plaftic  and  gcncratfve  principle  within  himfelf,  the  materials 
of  a  world  ? 

Guido  Tachard  a  Jefuit  fays,   the  Siamefe   maintain  that  the 

M  fira 


Kircher. 


Reafon. 


8a  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

,   Bl     t»   ^^^  men  were  of  greater  ftature  and  longer  lived  than  the  pr^fent. 

Grades  of  That  the  earth  will  at  length  be  confumed  by  fire.  Abraham 
Rogers  wrote  that  in  Choromandel  it  was  maintained  that  feveral 
worlds  exift  in  various  parts  of  the  univerfe;  and  that  the  fame 
world  is  often  deftroyed  and  renewed  again.  That  our  world  began 
with  2  golden  age,  and  will  perifh  by  fire ;  they  compare  it  to  an 
egg;  as  do  the  Chinefe. 


PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K     !•  C  H  A  P,     IV.    . 

CONTENTS. 

AiajffCs  eldejlfon  Cain  Jltw  his  nextj  Abel.     Cain*s  exile  to  the  Land  of 
Nod,  from  God's  Prefence.      Cain's  Progeny.      Tubal  Cain's  Father 
Lamech  has  AJfurance  of  ProteBion.      In  the  Time  of  Seth's  Son 
£nofht  Idolatry  began  with  the  Deification  of  Men.    His  Defcendents. 
The  Ages  of  the  Antediluvians.     Of  the  Antediluvian  Chronology. 
Andtni  Stature  and   Longevity  confidered.     Time  firjl   counted  by 
Hays,  next  hy  Moons,  then  by  three  Seafons,  lafily  by  Solar  Years. 
Antediluvian  Periods  probably  counted  by  Seafons.     Of  Lunar  Years. 
Chinefe  Records  mention   nine  Augufi  Men^    probably   Noah's  An^ 
ce/lors;    and  from  them  Nine  became  a  noted  number.      The    Ante- 
diluvian Hijlory  by  Berofus^  AbydenuSf  and  Alex.  Polyhijlor. 

\  DAM'S  eldeft   fon  Cain,  whofe  name  implies  an  acquifuion,  Genefis. 
-^^  purfucd  Agriculture.     His  fecond  fon  Abel  (whofe  name,  as 
at  Genefis  50.  11,  fignifies  mourning,  but  in  Syriac  Theodore)  led 
a  paftoral  life.     Each  out  of  his  ftore  made   an  oblation  to  Gx>d.   Hcb.  n. 
Cain  out  of  jealoufy  flew  Abel;  as  his  offering,  thro'  a  fuperiour 
faith,  wasmoft  acceptable:  yet  Cain  was  pronounced  paramount  to 
Abel.     For  this  crime  Cain,  whom  God  by  fome   token  affured  of 
life,  was  expelled  to  the  land  of  Nod  ;    which  fignifying  error,  and 
being  doomed  to  fterility,  feems  to  be  the  Defert  of  Paleftine.     But 
he  dwelt  facing  Eden;  our  Vcrfion  fays  to  the  Eaftward  of  it.  Cain 
built  a  town  named  after  his  fon  Enoch,  whofe  name  fignifies  a  de- 
dication :   Ptolemy  has  a  town  named  Anuchtha,  in  Sufiana.  Noah's 
family  may  have  preferved  the  old  name,  and  repaired  it.  So  Joppa 

M  2  is 


94  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

is  faid  to  have  been  founded  before  Noah's  flood.     This  is  a  feaport 
town  of  Paleftine,    famous  for  the  ftory   of  Andromeda,    and  the 
Syrian  Perfeus  of  Herodotus  deemed  Sol's  fon  by  the  fcholiaft  of 
3.  200.   Apollonius  Rhodius,  and  brother  of  .'Eetes ;  but  called  Sol  by  Ly- 
A.  I  CIA.  cophron's  fcholiaft,  and  deemed  Afteria's  fpoufe  :  his  name  is  Eury- 
Jofh.  15.  medon  in  Apollonius.     A  tity  named  Cain  was  within  the  limits  of 
Juda's  tribe.     Cain  was  likewife  banifhed  from  God's  prefence  :  this 
proves  that  perfons  of  merit  enjoyed  divine  appearances  :    fo  Pau- 
L.  8.       fanius  fays,  the  Gods  vifited  men  diftinguifhed  for  juftice  and  piety. 
Odyfs.  1.   Plato's  Sophift  tells  us,  Homer  mentions  the  Gods  as  converfant 
with  juft  and  raeriKirious  perfons,  and  took  cognizance  of  human 
mifconduft. 

From  Enoch  Irad  fprung ;  whofe*  fon  Mehujael  begot  Methufael, 
Lamech's  father.  To  Lamech  Adah  bore  Jabal  a  Paftor,  and  Ju^ 
bal  a  mufician.  Hence  we  find  that  many  arts  arxd  fciences  were 
knpwn  to  the  Antediluvians,  which  after  the  deluge  were  foft;  thro* 
a  fcarcity  of  people  of  fufficient  abilities ;  thro'  the  nQceHity  of  at- 
tending to  the  mpft  urgent  requifites  of  life ;  thro'  famine,  pefl:ilence, 
floods  and  earthquakes;  thro'  inhuman  wars.  As  the  arts,  literature, 
and  polite  manners  of  the  Romans  were  overwhelmed  by  Gothic 
inundations ;  fo  clouds  of  various  kinds  enveloped  in  night  the  pri- 
mitive arts.  Ham,  the  ancient  Egyptian  Vulcan,  was  figured  with 
a  hammer  and  the  key  of  fcience,  as  if  unlocking  the  Antediluvian 
fciences.  The  key  indeed  is  Pluto's  badge  :  fo  that  Ham  may  hav^  ' 
'  been  Serapis  as  well  as  Vulcan;  for  Seraph  is  Uffit,  as  Cham  is 
Fervour:  but  Noah,  who  faw  the  death  of  the  Old  World,  \vas  the 
.  firft  Pluto  :  as  he  was  alfo  the  firft  Oceanus  father  of  the  Gods ; 
having  cruifed  on  the  moft  extenfiye  Ocean  of  any.  We  cannot 
fuppofe  that  the  huge  Ark  was  conftrufted  without  metallic  tools  T 
and  we  read  that  Lamech  had  by  Zillah,  Tubal  Cain  a  Metallift ; 
whofe  fitter  was  Naamah.  Lamech,  who  confcft  himfelf  a  murderer, 
had  even  a  greater  aflurance  of  pardon  and  proteftion  than  Cain. 
This  circumftancc  attrafted  the  particular  notice  of  Mofes,  who  had 
flain  an  Egyptian.  He  afterwards  appointed  Afylums  in  Paleftine  5 
Diodor  Sic.    in  imitation  of  Myrina  the   Amazonian  queen,  who  inftituted  an 

afylum 


Herodotus. 


aap.  40       .     P  R  I  M  I  TI  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  85 

afylum  at  Samothrace,  in  the  time  of  Orus,  who  was  coeval  with 
Crotopus  king  of  Argos,  according   to  Statius  ;  and,  according  to      ^    ' 
Manetho,  reigned  near  three  centuries  before   the  Exod.     Myrina 
wasNitocris,  who  after  drowning  her  fecond  hufband  Menon's  afTaf- 
fins  in  her  fubterranean  apartments  at  Babylon,  took  fauftuary  in  a 
houfe  of  Afhes. — But  Bifhop  Newton,  agreable  to  the  Arabic  ver- 
fion,  reads  interrogatively.  Have  I  flain  a  man?    The  Englifh  mar- 
ginal reading  feems  moft  corrcft ;    for  I  take  the  true  fenfe  to  be, 
«  1  have  flain  a  man  when  wounded;"  that  is  in  my  own  defence : 
this  being  more  juftifiable   than  Cain's  aft,     any  Vengeance  exe- 
cuted on  me  fliall   be  amply  retaliated.     Bilhop  Louth's  verfion      Heb. 
confirms  this  fenfe.  ^^' 

Adam  had  feveral  fons  and  daughters.       His  Ton  Scth,  born  after 
Abel's  death,  was   (by  his  (ifter  Azura,  as  Syncellus  writes)  the  fa- 
>i!^e\  otttvolh:  in  whofe  days  mankind  began  to  profane  Jchova's 
name;  by  conferring  it  on  mortals.     Idolatry  did  not   commence 
with  the  worfbip  of  the  fun  and  moon;  but  with  the  Apotheofis  of  de- 
cea fed  friends;   to  whom  men  dedicated  the  planets,  pretending  their 
tranilation  to  the   fkies.     So  Virgil  finds  a  place  for  Auguftus  a- 
niongft  the  conftcllations.       The   primitive  people  had  too  exaft  a 
UadiiioD  of  the  true  God,  to  miftake  the  Sun  for  him,  as  ignorant 
Indians  at  this  day  may  do.     Almoft  all   the  Pagan  Gods  were  dei- 
fied/)er/bns  :  thus  Uranus  not  only  is  Heaven,  as  the  Chaldean  Ne-  Luyd  Arche 
60  now  is  in  RufTia  and  Dalmatia,  but  was  the  title  of  Ophion  the      ®^^8* 
Titan  king:  Occanus  was  an  appellation   of  Noah.     The  Syrian 
deities  were  departed  mortals  ;  as,  Nibhaz  or  Anubis;  Adonis  called 
aUo  Adonofiris,  and  by   Hefychius  Mars-adonis :  Gad  or  Mazal 
Job  was  Agathodemon ;    Abraxa  or  Abracadabra,  Sol:  Ob  (Can-  Selden: 
ob,  Chan-ob)  aDemon;  Miphlezeph,  Priapus;  Samael,  Dcus  fane-     "    ^'' 
^us;  Nifroch  feems  to  be  Afarachus  or  Afar-agag:  Nebo  was  Uranus 
>i  man's  name.     Afmodcus  was  Rex  Demonum.     Achor  is   Pliny's 
God  of  Flies,  Belzebub,  the  Jove  Apomyos  who  was  Ham,  and  who  Ai„'^/^i£j^ 
vasalfo  Belzeboul,  Lord  of  Dung;  whofe  name  was  given  to  the 
I^tin  Sterces  or  Saturn,  fo  named  from  mafturing  land  ;  yet  Achor 
^s  trouble,  fee  Jofhua  7.  26;  this  name  therefore  is  the  fame  in  fig- 

nificatioa 


86  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

nification  as  Moloch,  Celtic  for  Moleftus ;  yet  again,  Achor  feenn 
alfo  to  be  Chor  or  Choraeus,  or  Uchoreus,  who  was  Meon :  but  the 
mod  ancient  Hercules  affiimed  a  dominion  over  Flies;  I  think  there- 
fore this  Hercules  was  the  Mcon  who  was  Mifor,  and  freed  from 
inundations  the  territory  of  Ham,  who  was  the  firft  Prometheus  of 
Egypt.  Baal  Phegor,  Jerom's  naked  God,  and  Baal  Pe'or  hon- 
oured with  lewd  rites,  was  Priapus ;  Pe  and  Phe  are  prepofitives, 
Gwr  and  wr  in  Celtic  fignify  man  ;  thus  Pe'or  is  the  man  ;  and  Peor 
Apis,  as  By  rant  obferves  is  Priapus;  that  is  the  man  Apis;  the  firft 
Apis  was  that  Meon  or  Menes  who  was  Mifor  :  Aftarte  or  Athera 
was  alfo  Atergatisor  Derceto,  and  Baaltis  or  Dione :  Rimmon,  the 
Pomegranate,  was  her  emblem;  or  rather  the  Ark's ;  for  the  primi- 
tive Dione  was  one  of  the  females  in  the  Ark,  I  think  Ham's  wife; 
and  as  a  Pomegranate  contains  its  feeds  within  a  ftrong  fhell,  fo  the 
Ark  contained  the  fource  of  mankind.  Nergal  was  a  Cock  facrerf 
to  the  fun.  Hadad  was  Dionyfius,  adored  with  Bacchanalian  ex- 
Hcfych:  clamations.  Ada  was  Juno.  Elion  a  king's  name,  taken  from  the 
fun,  was  Mithras  in  Perfia;  Mencs  and  Mars  in  Egypt.  Artes  and 
Melec-artes,  was  the  Egyptian  Hercules ;  primitively  Mifor,  tho'  a 
Titan  afterwards  adopted  this  name  ;  from  a  wrong  definition  of  this 
name  Syncellus  had  his  Certes,  He  is  Moncecus;  and  the  Malica 
of  Hefychius,  from  Malek  and  the  Irifh  Mai,  Rex,  whence  Pall 
.  Mall  fignifies  King's  palace:  he  is  the  Sandcs  of  Berofus  in  Agathias; 
and  Artes  being,  as  Vettius  Valens  writes.  Mars;  this  probably  is  the 
Mars  named  Camulus,  being  Ham's  fon,  the  Arab  Dy fares  and 
Menath,  the  Macedonian  Thaumus,  in  Hefychius;  yet  Cannilus  and 
Thaumus  may  be  Ham  himfelf,  Cham  ol.  Benoth  was  Venus  Ura- 
nia. Dagon  was  a  God  of  Agriculture  and  feems  to  have  been  Ma- 
zeus,  the  paftoral  God,  and  with  Athera  to  have  been  the  Deities 
Afhtaroth*  She  was  called  Cabar,  being  the  Venus  older  than  Jove; 
Arg.^  and  one  of  the  Cabiri  in  the  Ark;  tho'  the  Titan  Rhea  afiumed  her 
titles.  This  Venus  was  the  Perfian  Mylitta,  the  Arabian  Alilat, 
NoQiluca,  or  Lucifera,  that  i«the  Hebrew  Cocab;  when  the  planet 
was  confecrated  to  her,  as  was  the  moon  alfo.  Math  or  Pluto  was 
one  of  the  eight  Cabiri.  Ifmunus  the  Phenician  Efculapius  was  the 
laft  of  them;  he  is  Lycophron's  Epius.     Monimus  was  Hermes,  the 

firft 


Schol.'ApolI. 


Chap.3-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  8/ 

firft  of  whom  was  Mifor ;  the  fecond,   his   fon  Thoth ;  the  third, 
Thoth'sfon  Tat,  the  Gallic  Teutat  or  Tuith.     Azizus  feems  to  he 
thcGalHc  Hefus,  fuppofed  to  be  Mars,  probably  the  Mars  Camulus 
above:  and  Behram,  Cuftos  Itinerantium  in  Hyde;  he  was  Bachun, 
Sanguineus.     Damafcius  fays  that  the  Syrians  called  Saturn  El,  Bel    vita  Ifiiior. 
and  Bolathes ;  this  Cronus  or  Saturn  was  the  firft  of  Empoleraus, 
vhowasHam,  Chamus,  Thamus,  Moloch,  Milcom,  Mamas  figni- 
fing  Lord  of  men  ;  and  Samael.     Remphan  or  Chiun  is  the  ftar  de-   Amos  5.  26. 
dicatedto  this  Saturn  or  Moloch  ;  but  he  being  Cham,  the  ftar  was  Ads.  7,45. 
Syr,  Syrius,  Sol,  named  now  Kiun  by  the  Saracens:    hence  Chon, 
and  perhaps  John.     The  primitive  Hercules  and  Athera  were  called 
Chon;  their  names  being  confounded,   as  Lunus  and  Luna:  this 
Hercules  is  the  Pataecus  and  Trapezius  in  Hefychius,  being  Mifor; 
who  after  Ham  alfo  became  Thamus  or  Thammuz  :  and  was  the  Ba- 
bylonian Sefach  pr  Seches,  in  Hefychius,  in  honour  of  whom  the 
kftlw^  Sacea  was  obferved,  during  5  days,  as  Caligula  direfted  for 
the  Saturnalia.      But  tho*   Mifor  was  the  Adonis   who  was  Ofiris ; 
yet  Him  being  Chamos  and  Adonis  alfo,  fplendid  Titles,  he  is  the 
Perfian  Abobas  of  Hefychius ;  hence  the  Titan  Saturn  is  the  Apopi_s  I^^^- 
ofPJutarch:  tho'  Amnion's  fon  Dionyfius  was  called  Epaphus;  be- 
caufehewas  blended  with  the  Ofiris  who  was  Mifor,    Epaphus  and 
the  primitive  Apis  :  this  induces  me  to  think  that  Ham  was  the  moft 
ancient  Phoroneus,    and  retired  to  Greece  in  old  age,    but  long 
prior  tothe  time  of  Niobe's  fire.     He  feems  alfo  to  be  the  Oriental 
ifithras:  alfo,  that  oldeft  Mars  who  was  Saturn,  and  martial  Jove; 
for  caftem  titles  were  infinite.    He  is  lik^wife  the  primitive  Bel,  faid 
byHeiychius  to  be  Neptune's  fon  ;  for  Noah  was  the  firft  Neptune 

•  »dOceanus;  as   he  was  Muth  or  the  eldeft   Pluto  who  faw  the 

•  death  of  the  Old  World.  Ham  or  Chamos  was  probably  Barmoth, 
the  fupreme.  But  whether  he  or  his  fon  Menes  was  Omanus  I  can- 
not determine ;  probably  both  were  fucceflively  ;  and  the  Achaeme- 

nians  fignifiy  the  Tribe  of  Menes.     He  probably  was  Afima,  a  name  pownal. 
that  feems  to  fignify^  like  Samos,  facred :    his  emblem  is  faid  to  be 
^  Goat,  as  it  was  Mifor's,  who  was  Menes  or  Mendes,  or  Pan,  a 
title  of  God  himfelf,  as  Meon  was:  but  Afima  as  probably  was  a  '     '  '7* 
^itle  of  Aftarte  or  Belifama,  the  Anaitis  of  Perfia:  yet  as  Mifor  was 

Seches, 


88  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E  ri  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  i, 

Seches,  or  the  Mercury  who  was  the  Afumes  of  Carthage,  and 
vowels  were  interchangeable,  he  may  be  the  Afima  of  Canaan.  I 
take  him  likcwife  to  be  Daniel's  Moazim,  God  of  Hofts,  a  Name 
"*  ^  *  transferred  from  God  to  Dionyfius,  but  firft  to  that  Ofiris  who  was 
Mifor. — Rimmon  may  be  the  God  of  Pleafure,  from  the  Irilh 
Renjhain;  tho'  Rimmon  is  likewife  a  Pomegranate  the  Ark's  emblem; 
for  puns  and  equivocal  terms  conftituted  a  part  of  Pagan  Arcana. 

The  Greek  and  Roman  Gods  were  deified  mortals;  their  Penates 
Apuleius,  ^"^  Genii,  were  guardian  Deities  particular  or  general;  fometimes 
thefe  were  Manes;  Lares,  the  domeftic  Larvae,  or  itinerant  Lemures 
who  were  Evil  Genii:  for  as  Servius  fays,  each  perfon  has  a  good 
and  evil, Genius  from  birth;  fometimes  Gods,  fometimes  dcccafed 
friends  were  adopted  Lares;  who  refpeft  the  perfon,  as  Penates 
the  Goods. 

In  like  manner  we  may  fhcw  that  the  primitive  Gods  of  other 
countries  were  deified  mortals.  Of  the  eight  Egyptian  Cabiri,  as 
*  0  ep.  4.  ^^^jj  ^^  ^j^^  Primitive  Cabiri  in  the  Ark,  mention  will  foon  be  made. 
It  is  indeed  true  that  the  Egyptian,  had  8  phyfical  Deities;  but  their 
names  mentioned  by  Ficinus  prove  them  not  prior  to  the  Cabiri. 
Ficinus  alfo  names  the  8  phyfical  Deities  of  Orpheus. 

The  Celtae  had  Gods  partly  from  Egypt  and  partly  from  the  Getae. 
Ham  was  Thor  or  Taran,  Jove  Taranteus^  for  he  was,  like  the 
Egyptian  Vulcan  who  was  Ham,  reprefented  with  a  Hammer,  and 
was  honoured  or  rather  difhonoured,  like  that  ancient  Saturn,  with 
human  victims;  therefore  Woden  his  fire,  ftiled  in  the  Edda  the 
Sherringh.  oldeft  of  the  Afes  or  Deities,  was  Noah;  who  thus  was  Serapis  or 
the  Celtic  Dis.  Woden  then  was  rightly  entitled  All-fader.  Friga 
was  his  wife;  Dyfa,  or  Themis,  was  Thor's.  Odin,  Thor,  and  Friga 
were  Great  Gods.  The  firft  month  was  dedicated  to  Thor;  the 
fecond  to  Goca,  Gaia,  Thorns  Daughter,  the  Egyptian  Athyr,  or 
Thebe.  From  the  Goddefs  Rheda  March  was  named  Rhed- 
monath:  from  the  Goddefs  Eoftre  April  ^as  named  Eoftur;  and  our 
moft  folemn  feftival  at  this  feafon  ftill  unaccountably  retains  that 

Pagan 


•Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  89- 

Pagan  name;  as  Chriftnias  is  a  Popifh.  Blakulla  refembled  Tcthys; 
Tanfan,  Tyche;  Mara  is  the  NighuMare;  Nocca  or  Nick  Hen,  is 
Old  Nick,  VagnoFt  and  Hading  prefided  over  war;  Roftiph,  over 
augury;  Roftar  refembled  Typhon;  Fro  or  Froto  in  charaftcr  re- 
Tenabled  Iris:  I  fay  nothing  of  Fawns,  Satyrs,  Elves,  Fairies, 
and  Goblins. 

Teatat  or  Tuith  was  the  Celtic  Mercury.     Their  Dis  was  the 
Punic  Erebus  with  long  hair.     Their  Vulcan  was  Thor   or   Ham. 
Hefus  was  that  more  ancient  Herculean  Mercury  who  was  Mifor, 
hence  Lucian  defcribes  him  as  an  old  eloquent  navigator;  to  him  the 
Hermeraclean  Idols  relate;  being  a  warrior.      He  was  alfo  a  Mars, 
and  entitled  Cad  aiidOgmeon,  or  Potent  Menes.  This  reconciles  the 
different  places  of  Tacitus  where  he  fays  the  chief  God  of  the  Ger- 
mans was  Mars,  Hermes,  alfo  Hercules.  Either  he,  or  his  great  grand- 
^oTv  MauTwis,  was  the   ancient  German  Hercules  called  Al-mannus 
founder  of  their   nation;  altho*  the  Goths  intruded  very  Ibon  into 
Germany.    Belin  or  Belatucadrus    (Bel  y  Duw  Cadarn,  the  potent  j.     ,     , 
God)  and  Belifama,    the  facred  Goddefs,  were  thofe  Deities  whom 
the  fun  and  moon  ^cre  at  firft  dedicated  to,  and  afterwards  fucceeded 
as  objefts*of  worfliip.  •    Probably  they  were  at  firft  appointed  to  re- 
pxcfent  the  Great  God,     Belin  or  Belain,  way  Penin  or  Penain,  the 
capital  eye;  for  an  eye  on  the  top  of  a  fceptrc  was   the  emblera  of 
Divine  wifdom'  and  omnipotence!      Nehsllennia^s  Cornuxropia  fhew^ 
her  to   be  Ifis,  who  was  Onvana,  Ongana,  and  was  adored  by  the 
Suevi.     Crode  or  Saeter  was  alfo  a  Gothic  Deity  that  refembled  the 
'Perfian    Arimanius.     Hertha  was    Demetet;    Camma,    Anaitis,    to 
whom  the  New  Moon  was  de  icated.  Cam  fignifying  incurvated:  But 
Boadicea's  Deity  was  purely  Celtic;  Andras  Ty,  fignifies  the  tute- 
lary power  of  the    North.     The  martial  God  Zamolxis  was  that  Lacrtius. 
Saturn   and    Mars,  who  was  Ham;  the   name  is   Zam-ol-Zeus:    he  gannier. 
was  reprefented  by  a  fword.     The  Vandal  Belbuch  and  Zeomebuch 
Teem  to  be  good  and  evil  Genii.     Proao  is  the   God  of  weights  and 
meafures.     Porewith  fcems  to    be  viftory.     Suantovith    perfonates 
the  four  feafons.     Rodigaft  is  like  a  Cherub.     Siva   holding   grapes 

JN  and 


90  P  R  I  M  J  T  I  V  E  ,  H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  x, 

and  an  apple  is  fimilar  to  Pomona,  flyas  is  an  Ethic  -Deity^ 
teaching  us  that  tyranical  paffions  fubdue  mankind,  and  will  at 
length  fet  the  world  on  fire.  Irminful  was  the  Hermes  who  was 
Mifor. 

The  Scythian  Deities  Tahiti,  Papa,  Api,  Etofyrus,  Artim-pefa, 
Thami-mas-ades,  refembled  Vefta,  Jove,  Demeter,  Apollo,  Aftarte 
and  Neptune.  — Dionyfius  Afer  fays  the  Britons  adored  Bacchus: 
and  Saint  Patrick  cautioned  the  Irifh  about  the  worfliip  of  the  dei- 
-fied  Sol. 

The  Sarmatian    Deities   Pogwid,  Tefla,  Laclo,  Nia,  Marzane, 
Zicuonia,  refembled  Pallas,  Jove>  Pluto,  Ceres,  Venus,  Diana. 

Thus  the  Pagan  Deities  every  where  were  perfonal,  altho'  they 
gave  fome  of  them  the  title  of  Uranus ;  as  to  the  Titan  Saturn's  fa- 
ther ;  Saturn's  grandfire  was  ftiled  Sol.  It  was  after  the  times  of  the 
Titans  that  the  Egyptians  and  Phenicians  allegorized  Civil  Hiftory, 
and  introduced  phyfics  among  perfonal  aflions,  as  we  find  from 
Diodorus  and  Sanchoniatho.  This  was  carried  to  fo  great  a  lengthy 
that  the  Perfians  adored  the  winds ;  the  Egyptians  and  Romans,  al- 
,  moft  every  thing  in  nature.  And  as  Idolatry  was  carried  to  the 
higheft  excefs ;  fo  it  began  from  higheft  antiquity  :  for  there  is  no 
doubt  that  Mofes  tells  us  that  "  God's  name  was  profaned  in  the 
days  of  Enofh  ;"  the  contrary  fcnfe,  as  in  our  verfion,  is  incredible;, 
for  Abel  and  Seth  were  devout  perfons ;  and  God's  approbation  of 
Abel's  invocation  occafioned  his  murder. 

Enofh  had  brothers  and  fitters^  and  was  the  father  of  Cainan  and 
others  of  each  fex.  Cainan  begot  Mahalaleel  and  others  pf  both 
fexes.  Mahalaleel  begot  Jared  and  others  of  each  fcx.  Jared  be- 
got the  pious  Enoch,  who  had  the  teftimony  of  God's  approbation^ 
Heb.  !•  ^"^^  ^^^  tranflated  to  heaven.  Pagans  had  fome  idea  of  thofe  tranf^ 
lations :  fo  Paufanias  (8)  writes  that  Arifleus  was  tranflated.  Enoch 
had  brothers  and  fiflers :    was  a  prophet,  and  as  Judc  wrote,  pre- 

diaed 


Chap.  4-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  gt 

tliftcdthe  Lord's  advent  with  his  faints  to  judge  finners.  He  be- 
got Methufela  and  others  of  each  fex.  Methufela's  fon  Lam^ch  had 
brothers  and  fitters,  and  children  of  each  fex,  particularly  Noah, 
whofciiatne  implies  ceffation  :  Tzetzes  fays  it  is  Attalus  in  the  Lv- 
dian  language.     He  is  the  Sin  Noo  of  Japan. 

Years 

Adam  lived  •  -  -  930 

Seth  -  -  -  912 

Enofh         -  -  -  -  905 

Cainan  -  -  -  -  910 

Mahalaleel  -  -  -  ^95 

Jared  (the  Samaritan  copy  fays  847)  962 

Enoch  -  -         -         -         -  365 

Methufela  (the  Samaritan  copy  fays  720)  969 


Lamech,  (in  the  Samaritan,  653;  in  the    7 
Hebrew  and  Jofephus,  777)  J 


753 


As  to  their  ages  at  Paedogony   the  He--% 
brew  and  Septuagint  accounts    agree  that  (187 
Jared' $  was  J 

The    Hebrew  agrees  with  Jbfphus    ^^2it7   g 
Methufela's  was  3 

And  Lantech's  -  -         -  1B2 


Jerom  fays  the  fame  of  fome  Samaritan  copies  in  his  time.  The 
Alexandrian  copy  of  the  Septuagint  fays  fo  of  Methufela.  And  it 
facing  improbable  that  Enoch  was  120  years  younger  at  propagation 
than  his  fon  at  propagation,  we  have  reafon  to  prefer  the  account,  in 
the  Septuagint;  after  corre6ling  Lamech's  and  Methufela's  ^gesby  the 
Hebrew  and  Jofephus :  for  SynccUus  fays,  Eufebius  found  it  in  the 
Hebrew  thus,  **  Methufela,  at  t,87  years  old  begetting  Lamech,  (ur- 

N  2  vived 


9^  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book*. 

vived  this  782  years,  even  to  the  deluge.      The  Samaritan  accouot 
is  in  the  fecond  column  here  following. 

Adam,  at  Seth's  birth 
Seth,  at  birth  of  Enofh 
Enofli,  at  Cainan's 
Cainan,  at  Mahalaleel's 
Mahalaleel,  at  Jared's         -         - 
Jared,  at  Enoch's 
Enoch,  at  Methufeia^s 
Mediufela,  at  Lamech's 
JLamcch,  at  Noah's 
Noah,  at  the  Flood 


Years. 

'  Yean. 

230 

130 

ao5 

tos 

190 

90 

170 

7a 

165 

65 

162 

62 

165 

65 

187 

67 

182: 

53 

600' 

600 

2256        1307 

• 

Dupin  lays  that  '*  Bede  was  the  firft  who  rejefled  the  Greek  Chro- 
nology :*•  which  in  the  main  is  adopted  by  the  hifforian  Demetrius, 
Prtp,  Evang  who  lived  in  Ptolemy  Philopator's  reign,  and  is  quoted  by  Eufebius. 
Jle  counted  3624  years  firoin  the  creation  to  Jacob's  amval  in  Egypt, 
which  he  fet  136a  years  after  Arphaxad's  birth,  two  years  fubfe- 
quent  to  the  flood.     Dr.  Jackfon  quotes  many  authorities  confirm- 
ing the  .Septuagint's  agreement  with  Jofephus  concerning  the  Ante-- 
diluvian  period  being  2256  years  :  tho'  he  alfo  quotes  many,  for  its^ 
agreement  with  Demetrius,  who  counts  that  period  2262  years;  which' 
Africanus  and  Auguftin  fublcribe  to.     But  Demetrius  counted  La-- 
mech  188  years  old  at  propagation;    if  fo,  Methufela  died  fix  years 
before  the  flood.     Sulpitiusf  Severus,  Eufebius  and  Syncellus  count 
2242  years  before  the  flbocf.     But  they  allow  Methufera'^  birth  to 
.  have  been  1287  years  after  the  ereation,  and  his  life  to  have  laflted 
969  :  fo  thathe  muflr  have  furvived  the  flood  14  years:  this  proves 
their  Chronoibgy  erroneous;      Nicephorus  has  2242  :    yet  his  par- 
ticuiiaur  term^  amxmiirto  2262. 

The  Ht^rew  aocouiit!  c£  the  agesr  at  P^edogony  is^  extnemcly  diC- 
proportionate,  and  I  therefore  think  inaccurate.     It  agrees  with  the 

Samaritan 


Chap.*.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  93 

Samaritan  as  to  Adam,  Seth,  Enos,  Cainan,  Mahalaleel,  Enoch: 
and  with  Jofephus,  as  to  Jared,  Methufela  and  Lamech.  Jofephus 
tgrecs  with  the  Septuagint,  except  that  feveral  copies  of  the  laft 
agrees  with  Demetrius  as  to  Lamech. 

The  Antediluvian  month  was  uniformly   30  days;    and  the  year,   Auguftin  de 
360.     Alexander  ab  Alexandro    fays    the-  Egyptians  affigncd  12   Trin:4. 4. 
months  of  30  days  each  to  a  year ;    which  they  reprefentcd  by  a 
ferpent  with  the  tail  in  its  mouth  :  but  he  fays  they  intercalated  five 
days.    This  intercalation  Herodotus  confirms.  ^,  ^, 

Eupolemus,  who  lived  170  years  before  the  Chriftian  era,  alfo 
Saint  Peter  and  Saint  Jude,  all  quote   a  Book  afcribcd  to  Enoch.  V  .^ 

This  book  confirms  the  Chronology  of  the  Septuagint,  by  counting 
tixoeh  165  years  old  in  the  year  of  the  world  1286.     Thence  to  the 
Rood  i\^e  Hebrew  Chronology  agrees   with  Jofepus  ;    as  this  book 
does,  before  that  year  of  Enoch  :  thus  on   all  accounts  the  Antedi- 
luvm  CAronology  in  Jofephus  fecms  to  be  abfolute. 

But  that  the  Antediluvian  Chronology  is  folar  appears  difputable. 
No  cxceflive  degeneracy  has  taken  place  in  age  or  ftature  :  tho*  in 
all  ages  particular  exceptions  have  occurred.      Goliah  was  fix  cubits 
a^dahalf  in  ftature:  a  cubit  is  to  an  Englifh  yard  as  231  to  400 ;  as 
found  by  the  pyramid's  dimenfions  taken  by  Greaves,  and  by  Stuke- 
fcy's  meafures  of  Stonehenge.     Og's  Bed  was  15  feet  and  a  half  in 
length.     Paufanias  writes  that  in  the  Ide  of  Lade  oppofite  to  Miletos 
^  corpfe  of  Afterius  fon  of  Anax  was  found  to  be  ten  Cubits  long* 
Inafmall  Lydian  Iflc  he  faw  human  bones  of  a  monftrous  fize,  re- 
ported to  be  thofc  of  Omphale's  fon  Hyllus.     Oreftes  is  faid  to  have 
beenfeven  cubits  high.    Dcrham  found  the  height  of  an  Irifh  youth,  pliny  7,  16. 
Scinches:  yet  the   Sarcophagus  in  the  great  Egyptian  Pyramid  is 
^0178  inches.    Bofwell  faw  large  human  bones  in  the  Iflc  of  Rafay, 

Alkcleton  found  in  the  Church-rVard  ofWotton,  in  Surrey,  was  111 

•  •  •  ' 

f^Hchcs  long.      But  on  the  contrary   Augiiftus  was  (horter  than  our 

Queen  Elizabeth  ;  for  the  Roman  foot  proves  to  the  Englifh,  from 

Trajan's  pillar,,  as  2225  to  2304:    yet  Maximinus  was  nine  feet  in 

ftature ; 


54 


L.  3. 

7.     16. 


Orig. 


Sac. 
4» 


Cofmolog. 


Apolo,  97. 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  tV 

flature  ;  altho'  Aulus  Gelliqs  fays  that  man's  utmoft  height  is  Dsven 
Roman  feet,  or  four  cubits.  Flinyfatv  an  Arab  9  feet  g  inches  higb.; 
He  and  Solinus  (5)  fay  that  both  Pufio  and  Secundilla,  irn  the  reign 
of  Auguftus,  were  above  10  Roman  feet  in  ftature.  Euniachus  m 
Phlegon  mentions  two  coffins  in  Africa  with  flvclctons  23  and  24 
cubits  long.  Pliny's  account  of  a  corpfe  in  Crete  16  cubits  long, 
and  fuppofed  to  be  Otus  or  Orion,  is  fufpicious :  Plutarch's,  ot 
Antaeus  is  prepofterous;  fo  is  that  of  Orontes  by  Philoftratusand 
Paufanias.  That  of  Eryx  by  Boccace  is  incredible.  In  Stillingfleet 
it  is  obferved  that  horfes  and  other  animals  muft  have  been  larger  in 
proportion,  as  well  as  men,  to  have  anfwered  their  rcfpeflive  ends; 
and  then,  as  Grew  remarks,  pafture  would  have  been  infufficient. 
As  a  providential  means  of  preferving  the  ftature  of  mankind  it  is 
obfervable  that  tall  men  generally  afFcftfhort  women;  fhort  men, 
tall  won^en.  Indeed  Hakewill  cicdlts  Purchafe  and  others  as  to 
luen  12  or  15  feet  high. 


Ufher. 
Buchanan^ 


As  to  longevity  and  maturity,  Ariftotle  limits 'ttie  procreative 
facuky  in  men  to  fixty-five,  and  in  women,  to  forty-five;  they  breed 
teeth  at  feven  months  old,  and  fhed  them  at  fcven  years;  they  live 
{fays  Hippocrates)  twelve  times  feven  years.  I  may  add  that  man 
attains  to  half  his  ftature  at  two  years  old.  Modern  inftances  of 
longevity  are  Parr  and  Jenkins;  this  laft  lived  above  170  years. 
Parr  did  penance  for  adultery  at  105  years  old,  and  lived  above  152. 
Sir  Robert^Sibbald  afterts  that  Lawrence,   a  Highlander,  followed' 

Phil.  Trans.  fifhin<T  at  14O  years  of  age.  Martha  Warterhoufe  of  Yorkfliire  lived 
near  140  years;  one  Eclesfield  of  Ireland,  and  the  Countefs'of 
Defmond  both  exceeded  that  age.  John  Sands  of  Horborn,  in 
Staffordftiire  died  in  the  year  1625  at  140  years  of  age.  A  witnefs 
from  Dent,  at  York  affizes  1664,  was  139  years  old.  Saint  David 
the  metropolitan  of  Wales,  is  faid  to  have  lived  146  years:  the  ages^ 
of  Drakenl)org,  a  Norwegian,  in  the  year  1770,  and  Colonel 
Winfloe  of  Ireland  in  1766.  Francis  Confift  of  Yorkfliire  was  150 
years  old  in  the  year  1768.  Doftor  Slare's  grandfire  had  a  new  fet 
of  teeth  at  85  years  old,  when  his  grey  hairs  became  black;  14  years 

Will.  Trans.  :after  this  he  died  of  a  Plethora.    A  woman  of  Githian  in  Cornwall, 


lA 


Chap.40      *  PRIMITIVE     H  1ST  OR  V.  95 

in  the  year  1676,  died  aged  164  years.     It  is  plain  that  Jacob,  who 

lived  147  years,  was  not  foold  as  fome  of  his  anccftors;  for    Ifaac 

was  180;  Abraham  175;  and  probably  he  afcertained  his  fire's  and 

grandfire's  ages  eXaflly;  but  folar  years  were  not  in  ufe  prior  to  their 

time.    Mofes  lived  120  years;  yet  he  fays  that  men  in  general  lived       P?*  9^* 

about  70  or  80  years:  fo  Herodotus  writes  that  Solon  obferved 

man's  common  period  to  be   70  years;  yet  he/TuUy,  Pliny,  and 

Valerius  Maximus  fay  that  Arganthonius  lived  120  years;  Cenforinus, 

Lucian,  and  Anacreon  allow  that  royal  veteran  150  years.  Ephorus  Pliny  7.  48. 

VTOiethat  fome  of  the  Arcadian  kings  attained  the  age  of  300  years. 

Suidas  fays  that  Orpheus  the  fcholar^of  Linus  and  fon  of  OEager  the 

great  grandfon  of  Alcyone  daughter  of  Atlas,  flouriflied  eleven  ages 

before  the  Trojan  war,  and  lived    nine   ages,  or   270  years.     Ste-. 

phanus  records  that  Annacus  of  Iconium  lived  about  300  years,  and 

died  at  the  time  of  Deucalion's  flood.     Suidas  calls  him  Nannacus; 

"E-uWs,  Cannae  us:  hence  Bochart,  tho*  improbably,  fuppofes  him 

tobeChanocbor  Enoch,  and  the  deluge  to  be  Noah's.     Pliny  was 

credulous  enoxigh,  and  fays  from  Anacreon  that  Cinyrasof  Cyprus.  . 

'ived  jfo  years;  GF.gimius,  200;  and  that   Hellanicus  mentioned 

FAol'ms  200  years   old;  alfo   that   Damafles  afferted  Piftor^us  an 

Eioliaii  to  have  lived  300  years ;  likewife  that  in  Vefpafian's  tijme 

Tenentius  of  Bonona,  and  Aponius  of  Araminium,  lived  each  150 

years;  yet  even  Pliny  was  of  opinion,  "  that  the  furprizing  accounts 

ofloii/revity  arofe  from  ignorance  of  the  old  computations  of  tinic." 

rhcfirft  Dynaflics  of  Egypt  and  of  Babylon,  and  the  reigns  of  the 

Theban  kings  in  Eratofthenes,  are  all,  except  Apappus,  of  a  mode- 

^^f  length;  yet   fome  perfons   undoubtedly  arrived  at  a  great  age; 

JOYC  Picus   lived  120  years;  his  father  was  the  emblem^  of  time; 

Chiron  was  extremely  old:  Epimenides  lived  at  lead  144  years.  The  Hon  Apollo. 

Eg}*ptians    fuppofed    that  mankind    and   Crows   could    live    100 

olympiads, 

Diodorus  Siculus  informs  us  that  time  was  at  firft  counted  by  the 
nioon ;  next,  by  three  feafons*  Plutarch  fays,  the  Egyptians  counted 
^injeat  firft  by  the  moon  ;  next  as  the  Arcadians,  by  Quadrimeftrial  ''  *' 

periods;  a  method  attributed  to  fome  King  Pifo,  or  Phero,  by  Cen-         N"°»*- 

forinus. 


q6  P  R  I  M  I  r  I  V  E  II  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  u 

Ibriniis,  who  fays  they  before  ufed  Bimeftria!  periods.      Herodotus 
counted  three  ages  to  a  century;    foanjige  contained  lOo  feafon's, 
and  a  year  contained  three.      Eudoxus  in  Plato  fays,  the  Egyptians 
c:ounted  a  month  for  a  year:    this  Pliny  confirms  ;    and  tells  us  the 
•  Britifh  Druids  counted  time  by  the  moon:  which  argues  their  Eaftern^ 
derivation  to  have  been  of  a  very  early  date.     At  this  day  to  exprefs 
L.  3-       a  year  we  fay  a  twelvemonth.     Alex,  ab  Alexandro  fays,  the  lunar 
years  were  30  days.     The  Chaldeans  at  firft  had  years  of  days ;  and 
called  years  and  days,  Jomin  ;    the  Hebrews,  Jamin  :    on  the  con- 
trary prophetic  days  were  years.     We  muft  undcrftand  days  by  the 
Chaldean  period  in  Tully  of  4^0,000  years  ;  and  in   Diodorus,  of 
si^eringham.   473000.     The  fragment  of  Palephatus  fays,  "  at  Vulcan^s  death  his 
fon  Sol  fucceeded  to  the  realm  of  £^gypi,  and  reigned  4477  days; 
for  then  the  Egyptians  knew  no  other  wayof  counting  time.'*  Hence 
probably  Vulcan's  30,000  years  in  the  old  chronicle  were  diurnal 
reaching  from  the  time  of  Ham's  taking  poffeffion  of  Egypt,  till  his 
fon  Sol    fucceeded  to  that  title ;  he  was  *  either  Mifor's  brother  or 
Mifor  himfelf :    indeed  I  think  he  was  Phut,  who  made  room  for 
Mifor  in  Egypt,  by  removing,  as  I  conclude  from  Eupolemus,  to 
Babylonia.     Before  the  Arcadians  eftablifhed  the  lunar  period,  they 
counted  by  days,  and  hence  pr6bably  acquired  the  name  of  Profc- 
iertians. — Yet  Jofephus  mentions  feveral  authors  who  affirmed  the 
longevity  of  the  Antediluvians.    Indeed  months  are  plainly  dcfcribed 
as  parts  oTa  year  in  the  Mofaic  accotmt  of  the  deluge ;  tho'  Mofcs  . 
may  have  applied  this  way  of  counting  time,  learned  in    Egypt,  to 
his  account  of  the  flood,  notwithftanding  that  the  folar  year  was  not 
in  ufe  at  the  deluge.        Manetho  fecms  aware  of  lunar  years;  and 
attributes  to  the  Egyptian  'Vulcan  (who  is  declared  on  the  Obclifk 
ofRamefis  to  be  the  fire  of  their  Gods,  and  therefore  is  Ham)  9000  . 
years,  which  is  above    727  folar.     In   the  Orphic    Argonauts   the 
^Macrobii  are  faid  to  have  lived  12^000  months ;  but  this  is  a  poetic 
account. 

Moft  proT)ably^the  ages  dFtbe  Antediluvians  were  recorded,  when 
time  was  counted  "by  feafons,  which-computation  fcems  to  have  been 
<ufed   to  Eber's  death.     The  poets,  'to    preferve  the   marvellous* 

counted 


Chap.  40  P  R  I  M  I  TI  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  97 

counted  each  feafon  a  year.      Hefiod  mentions  Boys  of  100  years 

old.  Levi's  fon  Merari  attended  Jacob  to  Egypt;  Mcrari's  fons  215 

yeaP6  afterwards  left  Egypt  along  with  Mofes.     Ephraim  is  recorded  ^*  Oe*^^"* 

to  have  lived  to  fupply  the  lofs  of  his  fons  at  Gath  with  others.    Ta-   »•  Num.  14. 

cob  was  130  years  old  at  his  dcfcent  to  Egypt,  yet  was  fhort  of  the 

age  of  his  anceftors:  and  we  may  conclude  that  tlie  Antediluvians 

were  as  longeval  as  their  defccndents  :  therefore  they  probably  lived 

fome  300  years,  or  thrice  as  many  fcafons.  So  Fohi  the  firft  king  of 

China  reigned  1  ^5  years,  or  345  fcafons.     The  Goths  and  Jews  kept 

three  grand  feftivals  annually,  which  diftinguiflied  the  year  into  fo  Snorro 

many  parts.     Varro  thought  that  fcafons  have  been  miftakcn  for     ^  ^^^ 

years. 

But,  in  comparifon  with  the  Hebrew  and  Samaritan,  the  Greek 

Ckonology  approaches  ncarcft  to  the   truth,  in  years  of  360  days, 

tiW'mtTcalations  took  place.     For  in  order  to  rank  Abraham  as  low 

in  time  as  Aftartc  (Juftin  fhewing  that  he  lived  at  Damafcus  rather 

fubfequcDt  to  iVthera  a  name  of  Aftarte)  and  to  place  Mofes  as  low 

35  Ramfinitus  the   Treafury  builder  recorded  in  hiftory  facred  and 

profane,  we  muft  allow  the  Septuagint  to  be  trueft,  tho'  not  exaft. 

In  favour  of  the  Lunar  Hypothefis  it  is  well  argued  that  however 
longeval  men  may  have  primitively  been,  it  is  improbable  that  they 
r    lived  a  century  or  two  childlefs,  when  propagation  was  fo  requifite  : 
Aowever  retarded  at  prefeat ;  where  rents,  for  want  of  public  regu- 
lations, grow  exorbitant ;  and  of  courfe  provifions  and  wages :  oc- 
cafioning  a  ftagnation  of  trade  and  employment,  and  difcouraging 
*^^)tial  conneftions  ;    as  do  the  want  of  habitations  on  uncultivated 
'^ds,  on  which  Labourers  may  fettle.     It  is  therefore  replied  that 
^c  fons  noticed  in  fcripture  are  not  the  eldeft  refpeftively.      The 
feveral  Patriarchs  certainly  had  other  children:  and  there  were  other 
Clonals  created  as  well  as  Seth's  father  ;  and  they  all  bore  the  com- 
°H)n  name  of  Adam:  fo  it  is  faid,  male  and  female  created  He  Them;  Qcn.  i,  zi. 
^^  ^hich  is  added  in  another  place,  *^  he  called  their  name  Adam  ;  j.  2. 
^iich  about  Caucafus  fignifies  people.      In  Noah's  time  there  werer 

O  Giants 


gS  PRIM  I  TIVE'  HISTORY.  (Book  i.- 

,  Giants ;  and  the  daughters  of  men  fcem  a  diftinft  race  from  the  dr- 

6. 4.  "  . 

vine  line  of  Seth,  from  whom  Noah,  Abraham,  David  and  T^fuSi- 
defcended.  Indeed,  after  the  Deluge  Noah's  three  fon's  produced 
the  three  great  claffes  of  mankind;  Japet,  the  fair  light  haired  Scan- 
dinavians and  other  Northern  people  denominated  Celtae ;  on  ac- 
Stanlcy.  count  of  which  complexion  Jamblichus  calls  Pythagoras,  Comer. 
Shem,  the  Goths  who  have  peopled  the  middle  regions  from  Aramea 
or  Sham  to  Balk  and  Carmania  in  Perfia,  and  thence  to  the  Chinefe 
Shamo  and  Cathay  ;  whence  they  proceeded  ftill  eaftward  to  Ame- 
rica, and  on  the  other  hand  into  Germany,  Gaul,  Spain,  Britain  and 
Ireland,  from  whence  they  have  attained  America  likcwife,  where 
they  have  found  their  copper-coloured  relations.  Ham  produced 
a  race  more  tawny  ftill,  and  his  fon  Chus  begot  the  Ethiopians ; 
hence  he  had  the  name  of  Afbolus :  this  difference  of  complexion 
arifes  from  the  colour  of  the  membrane  next  under  the  fcarf-fkin  ; 
in  Negroes  it  is  black;  copper-coloured  in  Americans  ;  reddifh 
white  in  true  Celtae:  intermixed  as  theleare  with  the  Getae,  whence 
they  of  old  conftituted  the  Celto-Scy  thians.  In  like  manner  three 
primary  tongues  fucceeded  the  original  language ;  but  the  Celtic, 
Gothic,  and  Chaldaic,  are  now  varioufly  blended  together,  and  re*- 
inforced  with  an  infinity  of  new  terms  adapted  to  new  inventions.. 
But  of  this  more  elfewhere. 

As  to  the  objeSion  that  if  the  Antediluvian  years  be  fuppofed 
lunar,  the  feveral  progenitors  would  be  too  young  for  propagation; 
that  argument  only  affefts  the  Hebrew  and  Samaritan  chronologies. 
Women  in  the  Eaft  are  often  pregnant  at  10  years  old.  Arrian 
writes  that  Indian  girls  are  mature  at  fevea:  Clitarchus  fays,  they 
have  children  fo  early.  Brydone  fays  that  Sicilian  women  marry 
In  Pliny.  very  young  and  live  to  fee  five  or  fix  generations.  Of  juvenile 
propagation  Benjamin  is  an^inftancc,  who  was  born  after  Dinah's 
rape  ;  yet  ten  Tons  of  his  attended  Jacob  to  Egypt.  Ahaz  begot 
Hezekiah  at  ten  years  old  :  for  having  a  reign  of  16  years,  which 
he  began  at  the  age  of  20:  his  fon  fucceeded  him  at  25  years  old. 
Jofiah  at  13  begot  Jehoiakim  ;  who  at  2^  years  of  age  fucceeded  his 
father  then  only  39  years  old. 

There 


Ohtp  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  99 

There  are  5974  lunations  in  483  Julian  years;  according  to  which 
the  'feveral  lives  before  the  flood,  if  counted  by  lunar  years,  ftand 
^as  follows:  they  are  fomewhat  longer,  if  we  allow  30    days  to  each 
lanar  year. 

Adam  at  Paedogony  -          iS:  7  At  Death  75  :  2 

ISeth             -  -             16:  7         — ^ 73-9 

£nos             -           ♦-  'I5*  4  ■                  73:  2 

Cainan             -  -             13:9          73:7      , 

Mahalaleel             -  -       13:  4  \     ■  72 :  4 

Jared            -  -             13:1         77:9 

Enoch                 -  -        ^3:4 29:6 

Methufela             -  •           15:   1           78:  4    . 

Lamcch                  -  ^4-9  ■—  60:  10 

Noah  at  the  flood  -      -     48:  6 

On  the  contrary  the  long  intervals  in  the  Septuagint,  tho*  pro- 
hably  feafons,  between  the  generations  in  Noah'^  line  down  to  Ja- 
cob, feems  to  be  to  aflford  time  for  experience  and  maturity  of  judg- 
ment in  this  felefted  race,     Tho'  many  inftances  of  longevity  oc- 
cur in  other  families.     Removes  were* flow  in  Jafon^s  line;  and  in 
t\\al  of  Achilles ;    alfo  in  that  of  Minos,  for  Apollodorus  deems 
Ariadne  the  miftrcfs  of  Thefeus  to  be  Europa's  grandchild.     Ci- 
nyras,  Saturn,  Chiron,  Jove  Picus,  Minos,  all  lived  long.     Niobe 
was  intimate  with  Latona,  wliofe  gallant  was  Tityus,  at  another  time 
of  his  Hfe  vifited  by  Rhadamanthus,    Alcmena's  fecond  huft)and : 
this  befpeaks  longevity  in  fome  of  them. — Some  maintain  the  earth 
^o  be  exceedingly  ancient,  from  the  depth   of  foil  on  the  Sicilian 
JLavas;  but  fliowers  of  aflies  have  conferred  foil  on  fomc  of  thefe. 

The  Chinefe  records  afford  an  account  of  nine  men,  Nieu  Gin  ; 
the  number  of  Noah's  anceftors.  Thefe  are  ftiled  Gin  hoam  xi^ 
the  auguft  family  of  men.  From  thefe  arofe  the  Dii  Novenfiles;  and 
the  Novendial  obfequies.  Probably  in  honoar  of  the  9  Antedi- 
Juvian  Patriarchs,  the  Curetes  and  Mufes  were  9.  '  The  civil  year 
of  360  days  feems  to  have  been  divided  into  9  periods  of  40  days 

O  2  vcach: 


100  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E  H  I  S  T  OR  Y.  (Book  at^ 

each  :    of  which  fome  traces  appear  in  the  40  days  of  purification^ 

Exod.  24. 18   abftinence  and  temptation.    Mofes  ftaid  twice  on  the  Mount  40  daytf» 

Kings  ^i.  6.   The  errors  of  the  Ifraelities  were  40  years.     The  length  of  the* 

^     '7-  temple  was  40  cubits.     The  number  of  ftripes  were  not  to  exceed 

Dcat.  25,  3.  ^  ...  . 

40.     Lucina's  period  is  40  weeks.     The  Mexican  period  of  20  days 

was  a  fubdivifion  of  the  original  40.  The  year  was  likewife  divided  " 
.  into  40  periods  of  Nundinae.  The  virgin  priefteffes  of  the  Gallic 
Deity  were  nine.  Nicander  fays  that  "  Rhea  was  adored  on  the 
Satur.'  ninth  day  of  the  moon."  Roman  males  were  named  at  nine  days 
old,  a  period  they  called  Nones:  when  as  TuUy  fays,  divinare  fo- 
lent.  Perfons  to  be  initiated  in  facred  myfteries  abftained  nine 
nights  from  venery.  Olaus  fays  there  was  a  general  affemhly  of  the 
people  among  the  Gothic  nations  every  nine  years,  when  they  offer- 
ed men  and  beafts  in  facrifice.  The  outer  circle  of  fingle  ftones  at 
Stonehenge  feems  allufive  to  the  40  Nundinae  in  a  year:  as  the  30 
arches  do  to  the  days  of  the  month  ;  the  five  trilithons  to  the  in- 
tercalatory  days  ;  and  the  19  fingle  ftones  within  thefe,  like  ig  o^ 
thers  in  Cornwal,  to  the  luni  folar  cycle:  and  the cfiiptical  pofition^ 
to  the  earth's  elliptical  ambit.  Till  Numa's  rrign  the  Roman  year 
Dio  Caffius.  confifted  of  10  months;  each  containing  4  Nundina.  He  intro- 
duced  the  Hebdomadal  period  from  Egypt ;  the  firft  day  of  which 
was,  as  Montfaucon  (hews,  dedicated  to  Saturn* 

^,    ,  Berolus  about  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great,  wrote  concerninir 

Abydcnns.  ^ 

Apollbdorus  the  Antediluvians  to  this  efFeft.  The  firft  man  was  Alorus,  a  Baby- 
"  Chr!  Ionian,  who  reigned  10  fari ;  which  Suidas  counts  18  years  and  a 
.  half:  Sahra  (whence  the  rivulet  between  the  Ruflians  and  Chinefe 
is  named  Saratzin)  being  the  moon  in  Chaldee,  a  Sarus  was  either 
the  period  of  a  feries  of  eclipfes  during  223  lunations;  or  18  years 
and  225  days,  in  which  Jtime  a  revolution  of  the  lunar  Nodes  is 
compleated.  This  Alor  is  not  Sanchoniatho's  Chryfaor,  as  fome 
fuppofe ;  for  Alor  faid  that  "  God  fet  him  at  the  head  of  mankind. 
AUaparus  reigned  3  fari.  Amotion  (whom  Abydenus  calls  Am-il- 
arus)  13  fori,  at  Pantibibla;'^  fuppofed  Sipparain  Mefopotamia,  on 

Jolh.  ist  85.  the  Euphrates,    Ptolenty's  Sippara;    which  Sir  Ifaac  Newton  takes 

to  be.Sepharvanii ;  but  Dcbir  was  at  firft  named  Kirjath  Sepher,  the 

City 


ClBp-4-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  ^loi 

City  of  Records.     Ammcnon  of  Chaldea,  Abydenus  fays  of  Panti- 
biblos,  reigned  12  fari.       There  had  arrived  in  Chaldea  from  the 
Erythrean  fea  (after  40   fari,  fays   ApoUodorus)   a  man  of  prowefs  A.  Polyhit. 
named  Cannes,  clad  in  a  fifh-fkin.        He  taught  aftrology,  archi-       Chnrn/ 
tefture,  laws,  politics,  geometry,  the  confervation  of  feeds  and  fruits. 
At  nights  he  returned  on  Shipboard.  He  ufed  Letters,  and  defcanted 
on  the 'origin  of  things."       Hyginus  calls  this  doftor,  £uhadnes;     in  Photio. 
Helladius,  Oen,  which  in  Celtic  fignifies  a  Lamb :    therefore  this 
hiftory  may  be  founded  in  an  anticipation  Berofus  did  not  under- 
Hand :  a  prediCUon  is  often  expreffed  in  pad  terms  inftead  of  future; 
fee  the  53d.  Chapter  of  Ifaiah.     Helladius  fays  that  "  fome  counted 
him  a  fon  of  the  primitive  Oos :    that  he  rcfembled  a  Filh  only  as 
dad  in  a  fifh-fkin,  his  head,  hands,  and  feet  being  human.'*       Un- 
der either  Amelon  or  Am-menon   appeared   another  maritime  ad- 
vcniuier,  named  by  Abydenus,  Annedotus^  26  fari  after  the  firft ; 
vi\vo  i\veirfoTc  could  not  be  fo  late  as  the  40th  Sarus.     After  MegaL 
^mof  Pamibibla  had  reigned  18  fari;  4  other  adventurers,  namely 
Euedocus,  Eneugamus,  Eneubulus,  and  Anementus  appeared  un- 
der i)j{)n  of  Pantibibia,  a  paftor  who  reigned  10  fari.  Next  Eudoref- 
ckiofPantibibla  reigned  18  fari.  In  his  time  a  feventh  do6lornamed      Abydcn/ 
0-dacon  appeared.  Thefe  all  expatiated  on  the  fummary  do£lrinesof 
Oanncs.    The  eighth  king  Amempjiuus  sl   Chaldean   of  Laranchi 
KigDcd  10  fari :  Abydenus  here  names  Anodaphus.    Oti-artes  of  the 
/Wp/ace  reigned  8   fari:  Polyhiftor  calls  him  Ardatcs.     His  fon 
Xifuthrus  reigned  18  fari.     The  fum  of  their  reigns  is  120  fari;  and 
cachfarus  being  18  years  and  225  days,  120  fari  are  2266  Antedi- 
luvian years  ;  thus  if  Noah's  flood  cnfued  before  the  expiration  of 
the  laft  farus,  Berofus  confirms  the  Septuagint  chronology. 

"  Saturn  forewarned  Xifuthros  in  a  dream,  that  on  the  15th  day  Polyhiftor. 
of  the  fecond  month  a  deluge  would  deftroy  mankind:  that  he  fhould  ^"  ckr**' 
record  the  origin,  intermediate  ftate,  and  end  of  all  things,  and  buty 
^t  writings  in  Sippara,  or  Heliopolis:  alfo  build,  and  embark  in, 
a  (hip,  with  his  friends;  taking  in  fowls  and  quadrupeds.  That  on 
enquiry  whither  he  was  going  he  ftiould  reply,  "  To  the  Gods  to 
pray  for  human  felicity/'    ««  Thq  fliip  was  five  furlongs  long ;  two, 

broad.'* 


102  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Eufcb.  broad.**     Berofus  wrote  that  the  dduge  commenced  in  the  fecond 

Syncel.  j^Qjji^j^  J    ^hich  was  Jiar  ;  not  the  Macedonian  month,  Daefius,  as 

Hippocrat.    interpreted.     Galen  fays,  the   Macedonian  momh  Dius,  which  the 

Epidcmil.  ygj^j.  began  with,  commenced  at  tHe  autumnal  equinox.     Dr.  Jack- 

fon,  2.  70,  obfervcs,  from  Ptolemy 'is  Almegeft,  that  the  Chaldean 

and  Babylonian  year,  and  (as  Gaza  from  Simplicius  fays)  the  Afia« 

tic  year  began  at  the  autumnal  equinox  :     tho'   the  Syromacedoni.. 

ans  fet  the  months  each  a  month   later  refpeftively.     So  Jofephus 

Antiq.  I.  4.  ^^V^*  '*  ^^^  fecond  month  was  named  Dius ;  and  by  the  Jews,  Mar- 

chefuan :"  tho'  Mofes  ordained  Nifan,  which  anfwers  to  Xanthicus, 

to  be  the  primary  month.     Abel  and  Cain  made  their  oblation  at  the 

Judg.  9.  ^^  of  the  days,  that  is  of  the  year  ;  when  the  feaft  of  Vintage  was 

Jcrem.  41.  afterwards  obferved  :  as  by  the  Sichemites. 

Abydenus  fays  that  "  Xifuthrus  was  conveyed  Into  Armenia,  ft 
Eufeb:  Prep,  having  been  predifted  to  him  that  a  deluge  would  enfue  on  the  15th 
of  the  month  Daefius,  as  it  was  interpreted  ;  but  Daefius  is  a  month 
in  the  Macedonian  calendar.  He  was  direfted  tofeury  his  records 
at  Heliopolis  of  Sipparae. — On  the  third  day  after  the  abatement  of 
the  waters  he  difmiffed  birds  from  the  Ark.  Thefe,  waverfmg  the 
boundlefs  ocean  without  finding  a  refting-place,  retumed.to  Sifithrus; 
as  others  did  afterwards,  Ofi  a  third  trial  the  birds  appeared  with 
muddy  feet:  this  anfwered  his'hopes.  Then  the  divine  power  with- 
drew him  from  human  fight.  But  the  ffeip  being' arrived  at  Arme- 
nia; its  wood  furnilhed  the  inhabitants  with  Amulets,  worn  at  their 
necks." 

Polyhiftor  from  Berofus  wrote  that  ^'.  when  the  flood  abated, 
Chron.  Xifuthrus  let  out  birds,  that  for  want  of  food  returned.  Being  fomc 
Sycicel.  days  afterwards  let  out  again^  they  returned  with  muddy  feet:  but  , 
the  third  time  they  returned  not.  Then  Xifuthrus  opened  the  fhip; 
which  approaching  and  grounding  on  a  mountain,  he  difembarked, 
with  his  wife,  daughter,  and  pilot.  Proftrating  themfelves  on  the 
ground,  and  eriefting  an  altar,  on  which  they  made  an  oblation,  they 
difappeared.  Their  friends  went  in  quell  of  them,  hut  in  vain.  A 
^celeftial  voice  declared  that  for  their  piety  they  were  tranflated  to 

ithe 


Chap.40     ^  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  103 

tbe  Gods;  bidding  M^m  alfo  to  be  religious,  and  to  repair  to  Baby- 
lon ;  and   communicate  the  records  to  mankind:  telling  them  that 
the  country  round  them  was  Armenia.     On  this  they  offered  a  facri- 
fice,  and  went  round  to  Babylon :  the  Ark  refting  on  the  Corcyrrjcn  See  Bryant. 
hills  of  Armenia.  Then  they  took  the  records  from  Sippara;  foun^'cd 
fcvcral  towns ;  paid  regard  to  religion ;  and  rebuilt  Babylon;*'     Thus 
Herennius  Philo   of  Biblos  fays  that  "  Babylon  was  founded  2000  Pliny, 
years  before  the  timeof  (theTitan)Semiramis.*'  She  lived  about  1000  5^?. 
years  after  the  deluge  :  other  cities  as  Joppa,  Anuchta,  are  held  to 
have  had  an  Antediluvian  original.    Syncellus  fays  that  the  Chaldiac 
hiftorians,    following   Abydenus,  Apollodorus  and   Polyhiftor,  ap- 
pear to  affert  the  exifterice  of  an  empire  in  Chaldea  previous  to  the 
Cataclyfixi;  tho'.faered  writ  mentions  it  not. — Philo-Judeus  fays  that 
the  Chaldeans  exprefsly  named  Noe  to  be  the  perfon,  in  whofe  time 
the  univcrfal  deluge  occurred.      He  is  the  Fifli  Notius  that  faved  Aftron.'i.s^ 
\t\s,  and  tiom  which  mankind  defcended.  ^^^>  4> 

In  memory  of  this  great  event  a  proceflion  with  a  barge  was  cuf- 
tomary  in  £g>'pt  and  other  places.      Sefoftris  built  a  (hip  nearly  as 
big  a«»  the  Ark,  in  honour  of  Ofiris  a  name  ufed  in  Egypt  for  Noah; 
as  Oceanus  alfo  was  :    thus  K«/x\(/«,    fignifying  both  a  Crocodile  and  Clem,  Alex 
an  Ark,  therefore  at  Egyptian  Thebes  a  Crocodile  reprefented  the  2/^296. 
^tV.;   a  Shark   the  devouring  fea;    a  Hawk,  providence;    an  old 
Man,  Noah  ;  a  Boy,  new  life  :    and  their  king  (Meon,  Celtic  for 
Ocean]  faved  by  a  Crocodile,  means  Noah  by  the  Ark.     Plutarch 
writes  that  the  Conftellation  Argo  (G  and  K  being  commutable  let- 
ters) reprefented   the  /hip  of  Ofiris. — Bryant  remarks  that  Hefy- 
Aiu&fays  Ippos  was  a  large  Fiih ;  butihips  were  called  Hipps,  and 
^^onyfius  entered  into  'a   Hippa :  hence  Orpheus  fays  that  Hippa 
^as  hisnurfe.      He  alfoobfcrves  that  a  ceremony  in  the  Elcufinian  V.  2.222. 
n^yfteries  related  to  the  rcftoration  of  mankind  thro'  Noah,  whofe 
name  fignifies  repofe.     After  much  noAurnal  lamentations  the  priefts 
bids  the  mourners  **  Take  courage,  the  perfon  whom  they  lamented 
^5  loft  is  preferved,  and  they  would  be  releived  from  their  forrows.** 
^^^  I  take  a  ceremony  of  this  fort  at  Biblos  to  have  alluded  to  the 
fall  and  redemption.     However,  Lucian  mentions  Syrian  ceremo- 
nies .Jg 


107. 


104  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  ^ 

nies  relative  to  the  flood  :   and  the  Greeks  called  both  a  fhip  and  ^ 
temple,  Naos. 

The  roof  of  the  Ark  refembled  thofe  rooms,  next  to  the  rooFo  ^ 
ancient  f)alaces,  from  their  form   called  eggs;  fo  Caflor  an-d  Pollu)c: 
were  born  in  one  of  thefe  rooms.     From   the  Ark  therefore  arofe 
the  fable  in  Hyginus  of  fiflies  bringing  afhore  the   egg  that  pro- 
ceeded from  Heaven  to  the  Euphrates,  and  being  hatched  by  a  Dove 
produced  Venus  Urania  the  Syrian  Goddefs.     Socrates  wrote  that 
the  Argives  folicited  Bacchus  out  of  the  deep,  at  the  fame  time  com- 
mitting an  egg  to  the  abyfs.      Iflands,    as  I  (hall  (hew,  was  called. 
Oon,  Greek  for  an  egg ;  and  the  Ajk-  was  the  famous  floating  ifland 
fabled  to  be  Delos.     Ham's  wife  Thebc,  a  name  of  the  Ark,  was 
the  Scythian  I'abiti,  derived  from  the  Chaldaic  Tabit,  Area.     She 
was  alfo  the  (irft  Kis  or  Venus,  and  Latona,    and  Beroe  the   con- 
temporary of  Tethys  in   Nonnus,  and  Amaia   the  mother  of  Aai 
Mercury  who  was  Mifor  and  the  fecond  Ofiris,  whofe  wife  was  the 
Stanley.         firft  Egyptian  Kis  and  Chamyna,      In  the  Doric  Amaia  fignifies  gran- 
Pythag,         dam ;  flie  being  Thoth's,    who  recorded  thefe  events.      The  Dove 
induced  Noah*s  family  to  quit  the  Ark  :  thus  Ampelius  fays,  **  The 
dove  hatched  from  this  egg  a  Goddefs  benign  and  compalTionate  to 
mankindl^    The  Ark  refembled  the  primitive  Egg  in  repeopling  the 
world.      And  the  earth  refembles  an  egg,  in  being  a  cm  ft  inclofing 
the  ftibterranean  abyfs:     So  Proverbs  8,  27;   He  fet  a  circle  on  thcvf- 
face  of  the  depth  :    and  Job  26.  10,  fays  the  fame.     But  the   A« 
refembled  an  ifland,  Oon ;  which  is  alfo  an  Egg.     Herrera  fays  df  ' 
Cuba,  that  aged  people  report  of  ^n-old  man,  who  knew  of  an  api- 
proaching  deluge,  that  he  built  a  (hip  and  embarked  in  it,  with  hiK 
Family  and  many  animals;    and  fentout  a  Crow,  which  did  not  re- 
turn at  firft,  but  afterwards  brought  back  a  green  branch:  and  men- 
tions NoaVs  fons  covering  him  when  drunk,  and  that  the  Indiana 
defcended  from  the  fon  who  ridiculed  hin^  the  Spaniards,  from  xht 
other  fons. 

PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K     I.  C  H  A  P.     V. 

C.ONTENTS. 


h  Account  of  the  Deluge /ram  Mojes :  with  a  Quotation  from  Enoch' i 
Book^  and  from  Polyhijlor.      The  Ark  probably  built  near  Babylon^ 
and  proceeded  Northward^  as  Canopus  bore  over  the  Stern  during  the 
Voyage.     Mention  of  the  Deluge  by  various  Authors.      Plutarch  re- 
laies  the  Month  and  Day^  and  the   Dove's  mejfage.     The  Apamean 
VLeial  regards  Deucalion's  Flood.     An  univerfal  Tradition  of  the  De- 
luge.    Vijible  Effects  of  it  every  tuhere.      Probable  Caufes  of  it.     Of 
tfc«  Jbding  of  America^  and  the  peopling  of  it  from  Sarmatia,  Tar- 
tar/, CAina^    Phenicia^  Britain  and  Norway.     Eight  Antediluvians 
could  defcribe  the  Globe  to  their  Progeny.  Ancients  Maps  of  the  Globe. 
Ancient  Notions  of  the  American  Continent.    Ancient  Voyages.  Traces 
oj  Phenicians  in  the  Wefl  Indies.      Of  the  Huron  Language ^  and  the 
Efqimaux^     Seneca's  PrediHion  concernirig  the  Difcovery  of  a  dijlant 
Continent.     From  Cape  Tagrin  to  Rio  Grand  «  only  a  Fortnight's 
Voyage.    Of  the  Renovation  of  Plants  overwhelm' d  a  whole  Year.   The 
Ari  grounded  on  Cauca/us.     Site  of  the  Gordyean  Hills.     Memorials 
of  the  Ark  in  China.      A  Table  of  ancient  Calendars  ;    with  Minutes 
concerning  fovie  Parts  of  them. 

T  E  T  us  now  advert  to  the  information  concerning  ihe  Deluge 
•*^  tranfmitted  to  us  by  Mofes.  **  The  world  growing  populous, 
the  fons  of  God,"  by  whom  is  underftood  the  favoured  line  of  Seth, 
^'  admired  and  converfcd  with  the  beauteous  daughters  of  men  :** 
who  probably  were  Cain's  ignoble  race.  The  book  attributed  to 
Enoch  deems  *'  thefe  libertines,  200  Egregori  of  Seth's  line,  living 
in  Jared's  days  on  mount  Hermon  ;  and  names  20  of  their  princi- 
pals :  of  whom  the  third  was  a  geographer;  the  fourth^  an  aftrologer; 

P  the 


#■ 


I 


to6  PRTMITIVE      H  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  i;. 

iTie  feventh  taught  the  folar  motions ;  the  eighth,  pneumatics  ^  the 
ninth,  the  planetary  courfes;  the  tenth  wasametailift  and  lapidarianrt 
the  eleventh,  a  magician  ;  the  twentieth  taught  the  lunar  motions. 
From  thefe  fprung  gigantic  canihals  called  Naph-elim;  who  begot 
the  Eliud.  God  comnHflioned  Michael,  Uriel,  Raphael  and  Cab« 
riel,to  precipitate  their  ringleaders  into  the  abyfs,  till  the  dayof  judg-i 
ment."  Ephraim  fays  that  **  Cain's  daughters  with  their  mufic  fe- 
duced  Seth's  gigantic  fons  from  the  eminences,  where  Adam  fettled 
them,  to  Od  :  tho*  men  in  general  refided  between  Paradife  and 
the  ocean.*'  Some,  Jews  as  well  as  Chriftians,  took  the  fons  of  God 
Lake  20.35.  to  be  angels ;  tho'  ccleftialfpirits  are  void  of  carnal  enjoyment.  In 
Auguftin's  time  fome  copies  of  the  Septuagint  read  *'  Angels  of 
God."  From  this,  intercourfc  fome  held  that  Demons  or  Incubi 
proceeded,  who  are  fuppofed  to  have  carnal  intercourfe  with  women: 
but  this  feems  a  monkifh  delufion.  Others  conclude  thofe  enam- 
oured beings  to  be  the  apoftate  angels ;  but  thefe  would  be  likely  to 
continue  the  commerce,  if  praflicable.  Some  with  much  appearance 
of  truth  furmize  them  to  be  men  of  power,  who  took  forcibly  the 
daughters  of  their  inferiours.  Polyhiftor  wrote  that  "  A  vaft  con- 
Eufcb.  courfe  of  foreigners  reforted  to  Chaldea  :  thefe  lived  diforderly  like 
favage  beafts."  So  Mofes  writes  that  "  Mighty  Aggrejfors  lived  in 
thofe  days ;"  fuppofed  to  be  Cain's  progeny :  alfo  that  "  from  the 
aforefaid  intercourfe  proceeded  an  iffue,  of  whofe  violent  riots  the 
world  refounded."  This  enormous  abufe  of  human  liberty  offended 
God.  He  decreed  no  longer  either  to  controul  or  tolerate  human 
lufts  than  120  years  ;  or  as  I  think,  feafons;  anfwerable  to  the  40 
years  of  temptation  in  the  defert.  A  Deluge  fhould  then  enfue; 
which  God  predifted  to  Noah,  who  both  inculcated  and  praftifed  a 
virtuous  life  x  whilft  temporal  concerns  engroffed  the  attention  of 
the  reft  of  mankind;  whom  God  declared  he  would  deftroy  on  ac- 
countof  <heir  violence,  with  the  earth. 

God  inftrufled  Noah  to  build  an  ark  of  three  ftories ;  300  cubits 

long ;  50,  broad ;  30,  high :    a  cubit  being  to  an  Englifh  foot,  as 

the  fine  of  60  degrees,  to  the  cofine;  or,  as  Aulus  Gellhis  writes,  21 

Roman  inches.  •— Noah,  purfuint  to  orders,  embarked  with  his  wife^ 

,  3  fons 


Chfon» 


2.  Peter.  2. 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  107 

jfonsand  their  wives  ;  and  took  in  provifions ;    alfo  feven  pair  of 
clean  beads,  and  of  all  fowls,  and  two  pair  of  all  impure  bcafts,  which 
arc  the  carnivorous.    The  Ark  was  called  Thebah  and  Thebe,  figni-  . 
fying  alfo  Bos:  hence  Themis  in  the  flood,  fuppofed  to  be  Deuca- 
lion's, is  reported  to  have  rode  upon  an  Ox. — The    Ark  was  pn). 
bibly  built  itear  Babylon  ;  that  neighbourhood  affording  Bitumen, 
md  Cyprefs,  which   Gopher  wood  appears  to  be  j  for    Cyprefs  in 
Hibcrno  Celtic  is  Cufar.     Bochart   fuppofes  the  Ark  was  built  at 
Sirabo's  Cypariffon,  near  a  paffage  leading  to  Babylon  and  Seleucia. 
She  drifted  towards  the  north;  hence  the  ftarCanopus,  in  the  fouth- 
crnhemifphcre,  is  on  the  fhip's  ftern:  which  is  fo  named  from  the 
Saxon  ftern,  and  the  Iflandic  ftarn,  a  (lar. 

On  the  17th  day  of  the  fccond  month  all  the  refervoirs  of  the 
Moterancan  abyfs  were  difrupted :    and,  after  40  days  of  inceifant  • 
3a4cxccfivc  rain,  the  Ark  Qoatcd.     The  Deluge  rofe  15  cubits  a- 
boveibeloftieft  mountains,  — After  150  days  the  waters  began  to  re-. 
treat;  and  the  Ark  groui^ded  on  mount  Ararat,  on  the  17th  day  of 
the ^cnth' month.      In  the  Septuagint  thefe  occurences  arc  dated 
ten  days  later.     The  mountain  tops  appeared  ort-  the  ftrft  day  of  the 
tenth  month.     Their  remaining  fo  long  invifible  after  the  Ark  was 
^toond,  argues  that  it  fettled  on  land  much  higher  than  any  other 
in  ihofe  regions ;  for  the  waters  retreated  ib  fall  that  in  two  monthi 
moret\ic  lowlands  were  vifible:   this  is  confirmed  by  the  Ark's  be- 
coming aground  on  the  firft  day  of  the  water's  abatement,  when  the  . 
hlgheft  hills  were  15  cubits  under  the  furface  of  the  flood  :  and  the 
Arfeoiuft  have  drawn  that  depth  of  water,  which  equalled  half  her 
height.     Forty  days  after  the  firft  appearance  of  land  Noah  difmifled 
a  raven  and  a  dove  out  of  the  Ark ;  the  dove  returned :  and,  being 
di/patched  a  week  afterwards,  brought  back  an  olive-leaf:  which 
proved  that  the  waters  had  now  left  the  lower  grounds.     Being  after 
another  week  fet  at  liberty,  flie  returned  no  more. — On  the  firft  day 
of  die  next  year,  the  whole  country  being  free  from  water,  Noah 
uncovered  the  Arlc.      He  quitted  it  on  the  27th  day  6f  the  fecond 
Aomh.     Here  a  year  of  twelve  months  containing  30  days  each  is 

Pa  diftinaiy 


# 


>o&  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  u 

diftinfily  dercribed.     The  Deluge    began  on  the  faine  day  of  the 
month  that  Plutarch  tells  us  Ofiris  went  into  the  Ark,  the  17th  of 
Athyr  ;.  in  which,  fays  he,  the  fun  went  thro'  Scorpio :  and  he  fcu 
the  22d  day  of  the  month  Paophi  (which  preceded  Athyr)  juft  after^ 
the  autumnal  equinox.     Thus  he  determines. the  feafon  exaftly :    o^ 
therwife  the  Egyptian  months  were  vague,  and  went  thro'  the  whole 
zodiac  in  1460  Julian  years,. which    compleated  a  Sothiac  period* 
This  cycle    began  on  the  18th  day  of  July,  at  the   heliac  rifing   of 
Sirius :  for  Macrobius  and  Dio  Caflitis  {hew  that,  the  year  after  the 
Afliac  fight;  Thoth  began  on  the  29th  day  of  the  Roman  Auguft  • 
and  thence  to  the  year  138  of  the  Chriftian  era,  there  was  a  precef- 
fion  of  fix  weeks;  when,  as  Cenforinus  writes,  the  Sothiac  period 
recommenced:    it  ofcourfe  was  inftituted  1322  years  before   the 
incarnation,  at  the  fummer  folftice*     Plutarch  elfewhere  writes  that 
Solert.  Deucalion  fent  a  dove  out  of  the  Ark  :    thus  the  Greeks  transferred 
AnimaL  Noah^'s  hiftory  to  him ;    the  Egyptians,  to  Ofiris.     This  dove  was 
facred  at  Dodona^  and  at  Ammon's  or  Ham's  temple  in  Lybia. 

Chron.       Polyiiftor,  .according  to  Eufebius,  afferted  that  the  Ark  grounded 
J°^*P^"'*  on  the  Corey rean  hills  in  Armenia:    Indeed  Polyhiftor  and  Aby- 
9.  II,  12.     denus  wrote  "  that  a  remnant  of  the  Ark  continued  thee  to  their 
time :  and  that  perfons  ufed  the  bitumen  aad  pieces  of  the  wood  as 
amulets."  BochaVt  writes  that  Corcur  is  Navis  longa;  and  that  Mela 
an  ancient  author  tells  us,  "  The  man,  who  efcaped  with  his  fons 
Eufeb.  Prep,  after  the  Deluge  quitted  Armenia."     Hieronymus  an  Egyptian,  who 
9'  *»*&*^9*  treated  of  Phenician  antiquities,   Mnafeas  and  many  others,  men- 
tioned the  Deluge  and  the  Ark.     Lucian's  account  of  the  Deluge  is, 
"  that  the  earth  emitted  from  the  abyfs  a  great  flood:  andvaft  rains 
falling,  the  rivers  overflowed  more  that  ufual,  and  the  fea  rofe  to  a 
great  height;  the  whole  land  was  overwhelmed,    and  all  mankind 
periflied  except  Peucalion.     He,  for  his  piety  was  faved  in  the  Ark 
with  his  wives  and  children,  and  a  pair  of  each  kind  of  land  ani- 
mals ;  which  were  with  him  in  the  Ark  during  the  flood ;  that,  fays 
1  he,  enfued  thro'  the  contentious,  perfidious,  implacable  and  inhu- 

man difpofition  of  the  Antediluvians."      Tq  this  Deucalion,  who  is 
Itfcah^  Andro  Teius  alludes  in  faying  that  ^«  in  Deucalion's  time 

wicked 


'L* 


Chap  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  y.  109 

wicked  perfons  abounded  :  for  every  place  was  full  of  people,  which 
made  provifions  fcarce,  and  mankind  fraudulent ;  want  difregarding 
kings^  laws  and  religicn."  Of  him  Apollonius  relates  (3)  that  "  he 
firft  erefted  towns  and  temples,  and  was  the  firft  fovereign  in  the 
world.'*  Ovid  extols  his  equity  and  piety  ;  and  inftaad  of  the  Titan 
Deucalion's,  defcribes  the  univerfal  Deluge,  and  its  caufes,  in  a 
moft  poetical  manner. 

Protinus  irrumpit  venae  pejoris  in  iEvum,  w 

Omne  Nefas  :  fugere  Pudor,  Verumq;  Fidefq; 
In  quorum  fubiere  Locum  Fraudefq;  Doliq; 
Infidheq;  et  Vis,  et  Amor  fceleratus  Habendi. 

Vivitur  in  Rapto :  non  Hofpes  ab  Hofpite  tutus; 
Non  Socer  a  Genero:  Fratrum  quoq;  Gratia  raraeft  ; 
\rt\minet  Exitio  Vir  Conjugis;  Ilia,  Mariti: 
Luridaterribilesmifcent  Aconita  Novercae: 
Filius  ante  Diem  patrios  inquirit  in  Annos. 

Quae  Pater  at  fumma  vidit  Saturnius  Arcc, 
Ingentes  Animo  et  dignas  Jove  concipit  Iras-— 
Talibus  inde  Modis  Ora  indignantia  folvit ; 
•*  Nunc  Mihi,  qua  totum  Nercus  circumtonat  Orbem, 
«  Perdendum  Mortal  e  Genus---dcnt  ocyus  omnes, 
••  Quas  meruere  pati,  fie  ftat  Sententia>  Paenas.*' 

Utq;  manu  lata  pendentia  Nubila  preffit. 
Fit  Fragor ;  hinc  denfi  funduntur  ab  Ethere  Nimbi. 

Nee  Caelo  contenta  fuo  Jovis  Ira :  fed  illume 
Caeruleus  Frater  juvat  auxiliaribus  aquis. 
Ipfe  Tridente  fuo  Terram  percuffit :  at  ilia 
Intremuit,  motuq;  Sinus  patefecit  aquarunu 
Expatiata  ruunfper  apertos  Flumina  Campos; 
Obruerat  Tumulos  immenfa  Licentia  Ponti ; 

Pulfabaiit 


.J 


k 


lio  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Pulfabant  novi  montana  Cacumina  Fluftus  : 
Omnia  Pontus  erat ;  decrant  nam  Littora,  Pdnto. 

Of  this  admirable  defcription,  by  the  help  of  6  lines  from  Drvden^ 
here  follows  an  Englifh  verfion. 

Thro*  all  the  world  prevails  each  horrid  crime ; 
That  ftill  more  heinous  grows  with  growing  time. 
All  modefty  has  left  both  age  and  youth  ; 
Integrity  is  gone,  and  fled  is  truth. 
Deceit,  fraud,  perfidy,  fupply  their  place : 
Force,  av'rice,  rapine,  fway  the  human  race. 
To  guefts  nona  bofpitality  allow.: 
No  brother  {hares  fraternal  friendfhip  now. 
This  his  wife's  father  to  deftroy  contrives  : 
Wives  flay  their  hufjbandsj  hufbands  flay  their  wives* 
Nefarious  ftepdames  poiPnous  draughts  prepare  i 
Sons  of  parental  health  impatient  are. 

The  Deity  obfervant  from  al)ove» 
Anger  conceiv'd>  an  anger  worthy  Jove : 
The  God  indignant  fpoke  ia  terms  like  thefe  ; 
"  Thro^all  yon  canh,  girt  round  by  roaring  feas, 
«  The  foqs'of  meivfliall  pcrifli ;  they  ftiall  reap 
*'  The  fruit  of  their  deferts :  this  vow  I'll  keep.'' 

He  bid$  a  world  of  cloudy  Involve  the  flcy : 
Loud  thunders  peal :  rains  tumble  from  on  higlu 

Nor  from  his  patrimonial  heav*n  alone 

Is  Jove  content  to  pour  his  vengeance  down : 

His  brother  of  .the  fe^s  he  urgent  craves 

To  help  him  with  auxiliary  waves. 

Then  with  his  trident  Neptune  ftruck  the  ground  ; 

With  central  tremors  earth  received  the  wovmd. 

The 


Chap.50  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  Ui 

The  fhock  difclos'd  the  fountains  of  the  mainr 
Th'  expanded  waters  deluge  all  the  plain. 
The  talleft  hills  are  *whelm'd  by  lawlefs  wavesi 
Each  loftieft  mountain's  crown  proud  ocean  laves. 
Coafls  intervene  amidft  the  main  no  more. 
For  the  whole  world's  a  fca  without  a  fhore. 

Mofes  calls  the  Ark,  Thebah,  a  term  learnt  in  Egypt.     So  in  the  N.  io6. 
Odyffey,    an  Ark  is  Thebotha,  its  name  in  Clement  of  Alexandria.  5^^]    j^y^^^ 
But  Theba  being  alfo  Bous,  whence  the  fable  of  lo's  becoming  a    phron,  i2q6 
cow,     Diodorus  fays  the  Ark  of  Ofiris  was  named  Bous ;  and  He- 
fychius  fays,   *' Bous,  Baris,  Argos,  are  names  alfo  of  the  Ark;** 
hence    priefts  are  Argiphonts.     The    Ark   alfo  was   Butus,    Baoth, 
Booth,  the    Indian   Buto  (boat)  Clement   of  Alexandria's   Indian 
Boutta,  their  Budda:  Plutarch   fays  that  tombs  were    called  Buti; 
b\\t.'\i\  iVxe  language  of  the  Kifti  the  moon  is  Bute.      Seira  was  both 

an   ark  and  -a  hive;  hence  the  prieftefles  of  the  Arkite  rites  were 

Syrens,  Meliffky  Kvi^shiSug:    fee  this  at   large   in  Bryant..     Kigtrroc, 
whence  Kive  and  Cup,  is  an  Ark,  and  is  akin  to  Thebotha,  juft  as 

Cham,  Chamos  is  Plato's  Thamos. 

Some  Perfons  furmize  that  the  univerfal  Deluge  is  alluded  to  by  Montfaocon. 

i\ie  Apamean  medal  of  Severus,  having  an  Ark  with  only  twa  per-  Gent.  Mag. 

fons  in  it;    a  dove  hovers  over  it;  but  Plutarch  confers  a  dove  on 

Deucalion's  Ark.     Blanchini   and  Vaillant  fay  the  infcription  was 

Neo;  Harduin  faw  Ncok  ;  and  Gorius  takes  it  to  be  Neok,  initials 

ofNeocuri  fuperintendents  of  a  temple:  The  French   king's  itiedal 

has  Neok  on  the  end   of  the  Ark ;  but  Falconnier  read   Noe  on 

Philip  le  Pere's  medals.      The  (lory  is  a  Pagan  one  of  Deucalion, 

^y  the  defeendents  of  Magnes,  fon  of  Eolus,  Deucalion's  grandfon. 

Apamea  is  denominated  Kibotos;  which  has  a  proximate  reference 

^  Site:  tho*  that  might  .have  been  adopted  to  refemble  their  ancef- 

^or's  fituation  in  the  flood.  Bochart  Ihews  that  towns  named  Apamea  pjjny  -^ 

^^^rc  furrounded  by  water;  as  Apamea  in  Syria  and  Babylonia.  The  Stepha. 

'^^nic  is  derived  from  the  Celtic  Ap-Meon,  chili  of  the  fea;  Meon 

w  Celtic,  for  ocean,  Maon  is  Arabic  for  water. 

Plato 


iia    •  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  f. 

Plato  writes  that  an  Egyptian  prieft  recounted  to  Solon  the  hiftorjr 
In  TiflMBo;  of  the  general  flood,  "  long  before  the  Grecian  inundatioas  :'• 
telling  us,  Deucalion's  flood  did  not  afFeft  Egypt.  In  Critias  he 
counts  this  the  Third  Deluge.  Corata  obferves,  from  Acofta, 
Herera,  and  others,  a  tradition  amongft  the  original  Americans^ 
that  mankind,  except  a  few,  were  deftroyed  by  a  flood.  Lupus 
Gojnara  fays  fo  of  the  Mexicans:  John  de  Laet,  of  the  Peruvians 
and  others:  Martinius,  of  the  Chineie.  Woodward  refers  to  tra- 
ditions of  an  univetfal  flood  amongft  the  Scythians,  Perfians,  Bithy- 
nians,  Phrygians,  Cilicians,  Phenicians,  Babylonians,  Egyptians, 
Carthaginians,  Greeks,  Romans,  Germans,  Gauls,  Spaniards^  and 
Britons. 

Burnet's  Theory  mentions  that  the  Spanifti  Count  Caftiglione  had 
from  an  Ethiopian  an  account  of  a  tradition,  "  that  the  Antedilu- 
vians breathed  a  pure  air,  and  lived  happily;  the  earth  producing 
fruits  fpontaneonfly.  At  length,  when  mankind  had  thro'  pride  de- 
.  generated  from  their  primitive  innocence,  'the  angry  Gods  caufed 
fo  violent  an  earthquake,  that  great  part  of  the  globe  fubfided  into 
fubterranean  cavities,  and  the  waters  contained  in  thofe  recefles  were 
thereby  protruded."     Job  fpeaks   of  a  fubterranean  ocean.     The 

lli  2  P^alfflift  fays  that  God  founded  the  earth  upon  the  feas.  Seneca  fays, 
"  Coniider  what  vaft  lakes  are  latent  under  ground,  and  rivers  that 

B.^.  run  we  know  not  where:  thefe  from  all  quarters  fliall  be  the  caufe 
of  a  deluge." 


Nat»   Queft. 


The  bowels  of  the  earth  were  difrupted,  and  various  fiflures  af  the 
globe  enfued;  fome  parts  of  it  fubfided,  whilft  the  bottom  of  the 
ocean  was  ejefted,   and  became  continent:  thus  the  earth  was  de- 

Gen.  IS.  13.    ftroyed  with  its  inhabitatus,  as  Mofes  records.     The  Pfalmift  fays, 

Pfalm.46.  !•  it  was  crumbled  to  peices.     Virgil  fays, 

^n.  12.  204-  Tellurem  eff^undat  in  Undas, 

Diluvio  Mifcens. 

Lycophron  fays  that  "  raging  tempefts  tore  the  earth  to  pieces." 
Xn45.      Noniius  fays,  ^' that  the  world  was  unworlded."   PJiilo  Judeuseven 

aflerts 


See  Catcot, 


Ghap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  113 

affcrls  that  ''every  particle  was  reduced  to  fluidity:"  but  Ararat 
and  other  mountains  remained  at  and  after  the  flood;  for  they  could 
not  petrify  during  the  time  of  the  Deluge — Amazing  diflocations 
appear  from  the  vaft  regions  of  fand  in  many  places;  and  from  va-  , 

rious  marine  foflils  in  high  mountains  of  all.  countries.     Cedrcnus 
writes  that  marine  fifli  have  been  found  in  mount  Libanon.  Sauffure 
found  on  the   Alps  a  petrifaflion  filled  with  round  fliells,  in    a   di^ 
Tcaion  normal  to  the  horizon  ;   and  original  ftones  mounted  on  pc- 
irifaftions;  and  marine  fliells  at  the  elevation  of  1380  toifes  above 
the  fea.     In  fortie    mountains   of  France  a  flaty  grit  contains  im- 
prcffionsof  plants,  found  now  only  in  India.     Shells  arc  found  on 
the  tops  of  fome  of  the  Jura  mountains.     On   the  Vogcs  are  gr-cat 
blocks  of  granite  rounded,  as  if  rolled  in  water,  and  lying  on  grit 
and  pudding-ftoncs.     Ehrhart  mentions  round  ftones  in  the   moun- 
tains of  Memingen:  Langius,  fome  on  the  Alps.  Plot,  on  Shotover 
\u\\ nt^i Oxon,  and  Dartmoor  in  Devon.     Hills  and  wealds  in  the  p..,  ^ 
north  of  England  abound  with  fand  and  pebbles:  Swedenborg  ob-         164. 
ferved  the  like  in  Sweden.        Many  places  in  England  abound  with 
gravel  reniote  from  water.     A  large  foffil  jawbone  was  found  lately 
near  Maeft rich t,  with  turtle  and  other  bones,  echcnites  and  belem- 
nites  and  corals:    alfo  a  crocodile's  flveleton  30  feet  long,  in   the 
Tttountains  of  Canne.       BuflFon  mentions  lamina  of  white  ftone  con- 
taining many  and  various  fifhes,  in  the  mountains  of  Caftravan.     At 
Tooraine  in  France  36  leagues  from  the  fea,  Reaumur  mentions  a 
W  of  oyfters  of  130,630,000    fquare    fathoms.      Hardel   cliflF  in 
Hampfhire  contains  a  great  variety  of  turbir?ated  and  bivalve  (hells. 
In  Berks  at  Catfgrove  hill   many  oyfter  fhclls  were    dug  up  and 
periwinkles.     Rungwell  hill  in  Surrey  contains  oyfter  fliells   unpe* 
^ficd.     Herodotus,  Plutarch,  and  Strabo  fay  that  cockle  fliells  ap- 
pear in  the  mountains  of  Egypt.   Mela  treating  of  Numidia  fays  that 
**  far  from  the  fhore  are    bones  of  fiflies,  ovtter  fliells,  and  ftones 
fmoothed  by  attrition.'*      Paufanias,  Theophraftus,    Xanthus  Lyilus, 
Strato,  and  Eratofthenes  have  mentioned  fiinilar  inftances.    £,chinsA 
turbinets,  and  pearl  fliells  have  been  found  in  mountains  near  Genoa. 
Remains  of  crocodiles  have  been  found  in  Germany ;  of  moofc  deer, 
^  Ireland;  and  of  whales  in  the  heart  of  Britain.     The   banks  of 

Q  York 


114  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

York  river  in  Virginia  confiftt  of  fhells  and  marine  bodies:  near  the 
^^Amcrr  eaftern  foot  of  the  fecond  mountain  in  the  ridge  towards  the  Allegany^ 
JefFrefton  found  pelrified  (hells  different  from  any  now  found  on  the 
fhore  of  that  country;  and  the  whole  region  weftward  of  the  Bhie 
ridge  is  a  continued  bed  of  iimeftone..  Staehlin's  northern  Archipclaga 
mentions  bones  of  elephants  found  in  North  America.  Awhale^s  back« 
bones  were  found  in  hills  beyond  the  Falls  of  the  river  James.  Foflil 
fhells  are  found  in  Maryland.  Pennant  found  (hells  bedded  in  large 
blocks  of  (lone  in  North  Wales.  Thcfc  are  not  produced  from 
marine  falts,  or  fpawn  wafted  in  the  air ;  for  I  have  found  them  in 
the  folid  liraeftone,  in  confufed  clufters,  not  in  pairs»  the  natural 
ftate  of  the  bivalve  forts.  Dr.  Withering  obferved  at  Dudley  in 
Staffordfhire,  ••  the  rock  inclofes  rounded  pebbles  ;*•  the  furround- 
ing  ftone  being  probably  an  antediluvian  petrifaflion  made  at  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean  :  for  fuch  petrifadions  eonfult  the  philo(bphic 
V.  6q.  p.  1.  Tranfaaions.  Near  StaWeford  are  fevcral  beds  of  marine  (hells. 
Walcot  defcribes  many  remains  of  animals  lodged  in  (lone ;  and 
(ays  that  in  many  quarries  and  pits  near  Bath  petrifadions  are  found. 
He  quotes  Ray^s  travels  for  fimilar  appearances  in  Germany ;  Pan- 
toppidan,  as  to  Norway;  Shaw;  as  to  Afia;  Adanfon^  as  to  Sene- 
gal; Kalm^  as  to  North  America ;  Ulloa»  as  to  South  America.  Bell 
mentions  petrified  (hells  in  the  rocks  about  Shamachy^  weftward  of 
the  Cafpian  fea.  So  Dr.  Woodward  colle6led  proofs  obtained  in 
England^  Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark^  Holland,  Germany,  Flanders^ 
France,  Spain,  Egypt,  Barbary,  Guiney,  Brafil,  Peru,  Barbadoei» 
Jamaica,  Virginia,  and  New  England.  Whitehurft  gives  us  a  cu- 
rious catalogue  of  extraneous  foflils  found  in  England,  (uch  as  the 
nautilus,  fea-tortoife,  and  crocodile.  Dr.  Shaw  found  that  the  ftones 
in  the  Egyptian  pyramids  abound  with  foflil  (hells  and  corals.  Steno 
fays  fo  of  the  ancient  walls  of  Volaterra,  a  place  whofe  name  is  de- 
rived from  loftinefs  of  (ituation.  At  the  elevation  of  feveral  hundred 
fathoms  mufcle  and  cockle  (hells  are  found  in  Ireland  at  mount 
Naphat.  On  mountains  near  Richmond  in  York(hire  are  great 
quantitiesof  (tones  with  refemblances  of  cockle  (hells;  fome  in  the 
middle  of  the  folid  rocks;  others  in  beds  of  limeftone,  6  or  eight 
fathoms  under  ground    The  Derby(hire  limeftone  contains  marine 

bodies. 


Chap  5)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  115 

bodies.  The  impreflion  of  a  crocodile  Mr,  Watfon  found  at  Afh- 
ford.  At  Mold  in  Flintfliire  a  black  flate  contains  the  exaft  im- 
prcflions  of  leaves  of  feveral  plants.  Near  Whitby  are  cofnua 
ammonis.  In  Selborne, Hants,  fand  is  contiguous  to  clay,  and 
Ihclls  have  been  found,  that  are  now  generated  only  in  the  Indian  fea 
or  Gulf  of  Mexico.  On  hills  at  Adderlyin  Gloucefterfliire  areftones 
in  the  form  of  cockle  (hells  and  oyfter- (hells.  About  Frodingham  arc 
ihclls  fticking  out  of  the  ftone-ftrata.  Near  Reading  are  fubterra- 
fiean  oyfter  (hells  lying  on  fand,  and  extended  thro*  feveral  acres  of 
ground:  In  Hertford{hire,  3  miles  N-  E.  of  Rickmanlworth,  in  cut- 
ting thro*  a  hill,  veins  of  fand  appeared  with  (hells  of  mufcles  and  of 
other  ft(he8.  A  gravel  pit  near  Uppingham  contained  rounded  lime- 
ftones,  fea  (hells,  and  fand.  Dugdale  informs  us  that  in  the  uplands 
of  Huntington(hire  the  (keleton  of  a  fea  (i(h  was  found  above  20  feet  HiA.  Drains* 
\on^.  Hale  found  in  Gloucefterihire  a  bu(hel  of  petrified  cockle- 
fhtWft  iii&\ii6t  from  one  another.     Ovid  fay% 

Procul  a  Pelage  Conchae  jacuere  marinac  M.  14. 

Sand  is  the  grit  of  (tones,  bones,  and  (helk;  but  what^  except  an 
ocean,  efiefled   the  grit  of  the   Tartarian,  Arabian,  and  African 
defefts;  that  have  often  overwhelmed  whole  cities,  tribes,  and  ar- 
inies;  and  render  the  phyfical  Typbon  fo  tremendous.     That  the 
bottom  of  the  ocean  has  been  thrown  up  appears  not  only  from  vaft 
regions  of  fand;  but  from  the  feveral  ftrata  in  moft  places  not  lying 
according  to  their  fpecific  gravities,  but  as  they  were  fortuitoufly 
and  gradually  amaifed  in  the  deep.      And  that  the  (trata  of  the  An- 
tediluvian earth  were  difirupted  and  difplaced,  appears  firom  their 
prefent   pofition   in*  feveral  places,  normal  to  the  horizon,  as  at 
Caldy  ifland,  and  the  whole  fouth   coaft  of  Pembr6ke(hire.     Sir 
Kenelm  Digby,  and  Baker  the   conlul  at  Tiipoli  mention  a  town 
and    people  petrified  40    days  journey  thcncei  S»  £•  and  ^ver- 
^vhelmed  with  Jand« 


ii6  PRIMITIVE      H  STORY.      .  (Book  i. 

The  fubterranean  waters  at  Noah's  flood  may  have  been  expreflcd 
by  a  comet's  approach  ;  as  the  moon  raifes  the  ocean.  Ariftotle  in 
Seneca  fays  a  comet  caufes  tempefts  and  inundatrons  ;  of  which. 
Seneca  quotes  a  ftrong  inftance.  Whifton  obfcrvcs  tjiat  the  comet 
of  1680 ;  whofe  period,  according  tp  reiterated  appearances,  is  ap> 
boiit575  years,  made  an  approach  2344  years  before  the  incarnation: 
and  with  probability  concludes-  the  Deluge  was  at  that  time.  For, 
tho'  the  interval,  as  Archbifhop  Ufher  computes,  between  the  De- 
luge and  incarnation,  was  2348  years  j  yet  the  firfl  ye-ars  contained 
only  360  days  :  139  of  thofe  years  equal  137  fiderial;  209  of  them 
equal  206  tropical.       Herodotus  writes  that  the  (un  had'  twice  rifen 

%  in  the  weft  :  this  refpefts  hcliac  rifings  of  the  ftars ;  and  enfued  twice 

in  137  fidereal  years.  Thoth  in  Egypt,  and  his  coufingermanEvo- 
chus  or  Nimrod  in  Chaldea,  added  five  day«  to  the  folar  year.  Thus 
four  years  too  much^nay  have  been  counted  before  their  corrcfiion. 
A  comet  may  have  drawn  the  earth  fo  far  beyond  its  ^cient  orbit,  as 
to  caufc  ao  augmentation  of  173  days  to  33  years. — But  as  the  De- 
luge proceeded  from  feveral  caufes  (for  the  rains  continued  only  40 
days,  altho*  the  flood  increafed  during  150)  a  little  abatement  of  the 
centrifugal  force,  arifing  from  tlie  earth's  rotation,  would  make  tlie 
waters  recede  from  between  the  tropics,  and  overflow  the  countries 
beyond  them  :  and  after  a  little  interval  of  time,  an  increafe  of  the 
earth's  diurnal  motion  would  caufe  the  fea  to  return,  and  inundate 
the  equatorial  lands.  Alfo  as  air  can  be  condenfed  to  water,  fo  may 
the  fubtle  ether,  by  a  combination  of  means  under  Omnipotence ; 
who  could  diflipate  thofe  occafional  vapours  like  dew,  and  exhale 
them  into  the  boundlefs  regions  of  fpace;  in  which  operation  a  ftrong 
wind  according  to  Mofes  played  a  part.  Again,  the  flowing  trains 
of  fome  of  the  comets  have  been  obferved  of  an  amazing  longitude; 
Johnfon      the  earth  might  have  been  imm^rfed  m  one  of  thefe'at  the  Deluge. 

Seneca  N.  2.  One  in  the  year  1456  extended  thro'  60  degrees:  another  is  recorded 

7».^JS'       tof  have  equalled  the  m%  way  in  longitude.     Pliny  mentions  the 

Meu^or:       comet  called  Typhon  by  the  Egyptians  and  Eihiops,  and  its  fad 

PlinVz.*  zs-  effeas. 

The  earth's  furface  is  200  millions  of  fquarc  miles.      A  cube  of 

ten 


Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  117 

ten  miles  of  water  will  cover  256  miles  fquare,  to  the  height  of  four 
miles;  the  compre/Iion  being  lefs,  as  the  height  is  lefs.     Therefore, 
as  no  known  mountain  >  are  four  miles  high;  and  the  various  hills 
would  engrofs   a  confiflcrable   part   of  the  fpace   contained  in  that 
height,  it  is  probable  that  the  bowels  of  the  earth  contain  waters  fuf- 
ficient  to  caufe  a   deluge,  efpecially  fupppfing,  as  we  are  both  told 
ind  conclude  from   phenomena,  that  the   earth  was  difrupt(:jd  and 
fubfided  into  the  cavity  :  for,  tho*  the  prefent  ocean  was  much  com- 
prcffed  by  fupcrincumbent  waters ;  yet  the  waters  that  covered  high 
lands  were  lefs  comprefled  in  proportion.     The   eleftrical  fluid  of 
theatmofphere  alfo  can  expand  the  waters  of  the  ocean,  by  defcend- 
inginto  the  earth,  and  leave  the  waters  of  the  fky  unfupported  like- 
wife:  as  when  it  is  detached  from  thunder-clouds  and  water-fpouts. 
The  eleftrical  power  of  the  air  was  known  in  Hcfiod's  time  ;  who 
deems  AcUo,  the  child  of  EleQro  and  Thaumas ;    that  is  in  plain 
x«ni\&,  icmpeft  is  produced  by  wonderful  eleftricity.        This  efFeft 
of  an  eleSrical  ftate  of  the  air  is  evident  from  the  expeditious  flowing       Phllos. 
of  the  kke  of  Carniola  in  a  thunder  feafon.  Tranfaa. 

But  as  the  highcft  mountains  of  Armenia  were  covered  only  15 
cubits,  probably  the  Andes  of  America  were  not  totally  overflowed; 
and  feveral  animals   able  to  furmount  ftcep  afcents,  or  that  were 
^d  there  perhaps  providentially  from  the  adjacent  regions,  were 
^creprcftrved.      Animals  by  inftinft  often  change  their  fituation 
according  to  the  weather  impending,  as  we  find  by  hares  and  wood- 
cocks.    Animals  peculiar  to  the  torrid  zone  would  never  migrate 
^''0' Siberia ;  and  if  we  fuppofe  that  the  continent  of  Africa  joined 
South  America  till  fome  centuries  after  the  flood;  how  came  Ameri- 
<^*to  have  fo  many  animals  totally  unknown  in  the  old  world;  as  the 
hulLfrog ;  the  rattle-fnake  ;  racoon  and  guanaco.      The  American 
floth  cannot  travel  18  miles  in  a  whole  year ;  and  could  never  have 
migrated  •  from  Caucafus   to  South  America,   over  mountains  and 
rivers.     And  none  of  thefe  animals  are  in  the  iflands ;  but  are  pecu- 
liar to  the  continent:  this  proves  that  they  were  originally  prefcrved 
there  by  the  advantageous  height  of  their  ftupendous  mountains.   In 
iikc  manner  fome  animals  were  preferved  in  the  Atlantic  and  Nubian 

mountains : 


k 


tr«  PRI  M  I  TI  VE    HI  STORY,  (Book  i. 

mountains:  for  Africa  jufl   after  the   Deluge  waS  an  entire  ifland; 
and  the  Nile  is  at  all  times  a  great  obftacle  to  the  migration  of  wild « 
animals,  ofpecially  reptiles,  from  Arabia  towards  Mauritania. 

As  to  mankind;  altho*  the  prefent  Kamtfchadales  feem  defcendents 
of  the  Mungalian  Chinefe,  both  from  their  perfons  and  language ; 
and  came  immediately  from  the  Curule  iflands;  yet  the  language  of 
the  Tfchutfki  differs  from  theirs.     Therefore  the  northernmoft  parts 
of  America  were  probably  peopled  by  the  Samojedes  from  Sarma^ 
tia,  as  far  down  on  the  weft  as  Nootka  found :  where,  as  the  Sa- 
mojedes do.  Idols  are  kept  in  tents;  in  the  centre  oi  which  is  the  fire; 
round  this  they  lie :    Carver  mentions  incantations  refembling  the 
Samojede;   fee  Yfbrand  Ides.      A vril  the  French  jefuit  found  that 
the  northern  Tartars  in  purfuit  of  Morfes,  were  often  wafted  away 
On  large  floats  of  ice  to  diftant  places.    Lower  Sarmatia  was  probabJf 
the  fource  of  the  AJftniboeh :    who  are  feparated  on  the  fouth  by  a 
river  running  to  the  weft  and  by  the  Saint  Charles,  from  the  Sioux: 
whofe  language  refembles  that  of  the  Chinefe  Tartars ;  and  who* 
above  the  Mifliflipi,    are  neighbours  on  the  north  eaft,  at  the  Red 
river,  to  the  ChriJHanoux,  and  the  regions  noith  €(f  4ake  Superiour, 
where  the  Algcniin  language  prevails :  *»  it  dctth  <m  the  tiorth  of 
the  river  Saint  Laurence,  a  country  probably  peopled  alio  from 
Chinefe  Taftaiy *:    as  Greenland  was  partly  from  Norway.      I'he 
Laplanders,  Samojedes,  Chinefe  and  Americans  reprefent  variout 
t:onceptions  by  knots.     Like  the  Naap  »of  sthc  Caucafean  Kifti^  the 
Algonkin  nippee,  deep,  is  akin  to   nap,  tiappy^      The  Algonkia 
'Ouifquiba,  drunken,  refembles  the  Irifh  Ufftebach,  and  Tartarian 
Aifchy  ;    as  from  medd,  methu.      The  Algorikins  cali  the  Englifh, 
Sagaunofli,  a  name  akin  to  Sacse:    their  word  nip,  to  die,  feems  a* 
kin  to  our  word,  nip.     Mittaus,  Stoekings,  refembles  "Mittens:  their 
magat  is^he  Indian  maha,  the  Latin  magnus :  malatal,  mailum,  evil. 
Neepoo  dead  i^^akin  to  nekus.       The  iSamojedes  feem  to  have  ex- 
tended themfelves  gradually  round  the  north  of  Hudfon's  bay,  to- 
wards Greenland,  and  down  as  far  as  Wager  river:  for  Middleton  fays, 
the  Efquimaux  were  unintelligible  to  the  Indians  at  Churchhill;  and 
Sans  .£gidius  writes  that  the  Norwegians  in  the  year  982^  found  n, 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  ^^^ 

wUd  people  on  the  weftern  fide  of  Greenland.  The  Huron  language^ 
cc^ious^  expreffive  but  guttural^  and  not  fo  fmooth  as  the  Algon- 
quin»  in  thefe  refpeds  rerembles  Celtic;  but  diftin^ons  in  it  by^ 
tones  befpeak  it  to  be  an  ancient  unpolilhed  Chinefe ;  which  is  gut- 
tural :  Reland  fays  it  has  no  labials ;  if  fo^  the  Celtic  muft  difdaim 
all  near  affinity  with  it.      It  is  the  vulgar  tongue  on  the  fouth  of 
Saint  Laurence  to  the  Miffiflipi :   the  Algonkin,  as  Carver  tells  us» 
prevails  from  the  Ohio  and  Miffiffipi  to  Hudfon*s  Bay ;    is  copi« 
CNis,  eafy,  and  not  abounding  in  tones  and  accents.       The  Pheni-» 
dan  tongue  is  traced  in  the  Weft  Indies  and  BraGl.     Adair's  reafons 
for  fuppofing  the  Americans  a  Jewilh  progeny,  apply  to  Phenicia^ 
Canaan,  and  Carthage,  fettlemenu  of  Ham's  family :    Jews  would 
never  have  omitted  circumcifion.     De  Lact  remarks  that  the  Mexi- 
cans about  the  year  902  fubdued  the  prior  inhabitants ;    who  as 
Uerera  writes  were  fettled  there  A.  D.  710,  and  came  from  Cali- 
forma*.  xVie  Mexicans  came  from  firafiL     About  30  miles  above 
Si.  Antonyms  Falls,  Captain  Carver  found  hieroglyphics  fculptured  in 
a  cave :  thefc  feem  to  have  been  of  Phenician  origin :    the  fource 
of  thefe  vidorious  Mexicans.      But  Strahlenberg  mentions  pidure* 
writing  among  the  Tartars  ;    and  De  Laet  and  Homius  derive  the 
Northern  Americans  from  Scythia  or  Tartary :  tKeir  errant  way  of 
\VCe  confirms  this  notion.     Capuin  Carver  obfervts  that  the  Ameri- 
can fliode  of  removing  all  their  hair,  except  a  tuft  on  the  crown,  is 
Ijkewile  a  Tartarian  cuftom*      Bell  aflerts  that  the  Tongufi  refemble  ' 
the  Canadians ;  as  do  the  Tzulim  Tartars.      Sfaungo  is  Chinefe  for 
a  Have ;  Shungufh  in  America  fignifies  a  dog :    here  remark  that  ^^^^' 
when  the  Chriftians  are  called  by  Turks,  dogs^  the  word  may  like« 
^fc  Hgnify Jlaves,  the  fenfe  perhaps  here  intended.  The  Americans 
dircover  an  apathy  or  phlegm  in  their  temper  refembling  Dutchmen 
and  Tiirks.     They  confirm  their  aflent  with  the  word,  oath.    The 
SvikWs  in  name  refemble  the  Sacae.      The  Americans  are  fond  of 
pinting  themfelves  azure,  like  the  Celtae     The  Naudbwisffie  lan^. 
guage  on  the  weft  of  the  Miffiffipi  is  extenfive ;  their  negufh,  dead, 
ii  NfMuc;  Meneh,  water,  is  the  Arabic  Maon.     Pownal  (ays  thait 
A^can  prefixes  and  affixes  to  words  refemble  Tartarian :  and  that 
die  Tartars  call  two,  neacb  1  the  Americans^  need). 

Ei^ht 


190 


Clem.  Alex. 


Apolon. 
Rhod. 
4-  *79- 


L.  2. 


Nat.  Qucfl. 


Bedford 
Chron. 
2.   4. 


Animal. 

Timcus 
Critias* 


i 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Eight  Antediluvians  remained  to  inform  pofterity  of  the  various 
parts  of  the  globe.  Pherecydes  Syrus  wrote  that  Zan  delineated  on 
a  large  and  fair  fheet  the  earth  and  ocean.  The  regions  of  the  earth 
were  defcribed  on  fquare  pillars  of  ftone  at  Cholchis.  Atlas  and  Her- 
cules  drew  charts  of  the  globe,  and  were  great  navigators,  Keat- 
ing's  Irifli  "hiftory  relates  that  "  Biotha's  foh  Adhna  was  fcnt,  bv 
Nion  foh  of  Belus,  to  explore  the  Weft.'*  This  Nion  was  the  pri- 
mitive Ninus  or  Nimrod.'  Strabo  from  Plato  tells  us,  the  Egyptian 
priefts  informed  Solon,  that  the  ifle  Atlantis,  which  was  as  large  as 
a  continent  w-as  deftroyed.  Seneca  from  Thucidydes  informs  lis,  the 
ifle  Atalanta  funk  wholly  or  moftly  during  the  Peloponnefiac  War. 
This  was  much  the  cafe  of  Saint  Vincent's  Ifle  in  modern  times. 
Plato  implies  that  the  deftruClion  of  Atlantis  was  fubfequent  to  an 
invafion  of  Greece  by  the  Ccltae,  and  9000  (lunar)  years  before  his 
own  times.  Ammian,  17,  and  Pliny  2,  90.  relate  that  the  ifland, 
which  funk  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  was  larger  than  Europe.  Proc\u% 
on  Plato  writes  that  "  there  were  in  his  time  feveniflands  in  that 
fea  confecrated  to  Proferpine:  and  of  three  other  Jarge  ifles,  one 
was  confecrated  to  Pluto ;  another  to  Ammon;  the  middlemoft^  of 
1000  furlongs  in  extent,  to  Neptune:"  perhaps  Porto  Rico,  Hif* 
paniola  andCuba:  "  that  the  inhabitants  of  this  laft  had  a  tradition 
of  the  great  Atlantic  ifle,  which  was  paramount  over  the  others,  and 
alfo  facred  to  Neptune."  Elian  mentions  kings  of  the  Atlantic  ifle 
defcended  from  Neptune.  Plato  writes  that  *'  many  potent  kings 
reigned  there  before  its  deftruQion  by  a  deluge  and  earthquake^ 
and  extended  their  power  over  Lybia  and  Europe."  He  alfo  tells 
us,  the  ifland  was  divided  between  Neptune's  ten  fons  had  by  ClitO* 
Atlas  the  eldeft  was  paramount  over  the  whole  ifland.  His  twin 
brother  Gadirus,  in  Greek  Eumelus,  as  Plato  interprets  (tho'  Gadir 
fignifies  a  fold,  like  Cadir  in  Welfti,  whence  probably  the  word^^ 
gather)  ruled  tjie  extremity  of  the  ifle  next  to  the  Herculean  columns. 
The  other  twins  were  Ampheres  and  Eudaemon;  Mnefeus  and  Au- 
tochthon ;  Elafippus  and  Meftor;  Azaes  and  Diaprepes.  But  per- 
haps Plato  is  not  more  happy  in  Grecifing  the  names  of  thefe,than  of 
Gadirus ;  there  is  room  to  lament  that  he  had  not  tranfmitted  to  us 
che  original,    whicb  might  have  given  us  fome  idea  of  the  Atlantic 

language. 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  121 

language,  which  Solon  learnt  in  Egypt,  and  fcenis  to  have  been  the 
facred,  and  alfo  the  Celtic;     not  only  from  Gadir  above,  but  from 
Abaris  the  facred  name  of  Pelufium  ;  for  Abar  in  Celtic  is  filth  ;  fo 
Minerva's  Egyptian  name  Xeith,  from  the  Celtic  Xyddu,  pronounc- 
ed Neithee,  to  fpin  :  Meon  or  Mcncs  in  Celtic  is  Oceanus  the  name 
of, the  Nile;  hence  fomc  of  the  names  of  Menes  and  A-menophis, 
are  by  other  writers,  as  I  fliall  fliew,  called  Nilus  j    Serapis  is  from 
the  Celtic  Sarph,  a    ferpent :    I  will  not  mention  the  other  Pagan 
Gods,  who  had  their  names  originally  amongft  the  Ccltae  after  Tcu- 
uVs  arrival  in  Spain  ;  from  whence   his  progeny  brought  the  Cha-  Trogus. 
lybes  and  Curetes  to  the  Thermodon  ;    where  mixing  with  the   Cy- 
clops Amazons  and  Pclafgi,  they  came  to  Ph»ygia,  Greece,  Crete, 
Italy  and  Sicily,  bringing  the  worfhip  of  the  old  Egyptian  Cabirs  with 
them;  which  their  Titan  leaders  contrived  to  transfer  to  thcmfclves, 
by  afluming  the  names  of  the  ancient  Cabiri,  as  Ammon,  Saturn, 
Ofirxs,  Hermes,  Ifis,  Athera,  Thebe,  to  name  no  more  at  prefent. 
Euftathius  on  Dionyfuis  (94)  fays  that  16  was  called  Selene  in  the 
Argive  dialed;  but  Proclus  on  Timaeus  fays,  the  Gods  called  Selene 
what  men  called  Mene.     Briareus  was  in  the  language  of  men  called   Horn,  II.  i. 
y£g£on;  but  Breyr,  or  Brehyr,  in  Welfli  is  a  baron  :  and  I  fufpeft  Pfalm5o,  14* 
that  the  divine  food  Moly  means  the  incenfc  of  praife,    from  the 
Welfli,  Moli,  to  praife.     The  bird  Chalcis  was  fo  named  ironically, 
as  not  being  white,  and  had  its  divine   name  (tho*   men  named  it 
Kumindis)   from  Caleb,  Calx,  Chalk;  Swinton    derives  Kumindis 
from  Khuni,  niger;  and  Nhus,  aeneus:  this  proves  that  the  Hebrew 
vas  not  the  divine  language.     Myrinna,  the  Phenician  Muth,  is  from 
the  Celtic  Maru,  to  die. 

To  return  to  Plato ;  he  (ays,  the  pofterity  of  thefe  Atlantic  kings 
reigned  many  ages  there,  and  in- the  iflands  facing  Egypt  and  Tyrr- 
henia;  the  eldeft  fon  fucceedingto  the  inheritance  continually.  It 
abounded  with  the  bed  copper  and  with  elephants.  The  feveral  ' 
groups  of  idands  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  fome  of  them  containing 
volcanoes,  may  be  fragments  of  that  Atlantic  region:  as  moft  of  thofe 
in  the  South  fea  may  be  >f  a  continent  once  exifting  in  the  midft  of 
thai  extenfive  ocean;    tho'  fome  are  new  iflands^  being  fome  coral j 

R  fome 


122  PRI  M  I  TI  VE     H  I  STORY.  (Bookie 

fbme  volcanic,  produ£lions.     Plutarch  fays,  the  Atlantic  iflands  (fti 
In  Sertorio.    ^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  time)  are  two,  feparated  by  a  narrow  frith,  and  diftant 
from  Afric  1200  miles:  he  feems  to  allude  to  Britain.  On  the  moon's 
diflc  he  fays,  "  the  Ogygian  ifland  is  five  days  failing  weilward  from 
Britain."     He  means  Iceland^  N.  W.  for  he^adds  that  "  the  great 
continent  furrounding  the  ocean  was  from  the  Ogygian  ifle  about 
5000  furlongs;"  which  is  nearly  the  truth  refpefting  Greenland: 
but  fays  he  •*  not  fo  far  from  three  other  iflands :"  thefe  feem  to  be 
Newfoundland,  Anticofti,  and  Cape  Breton.      Plato  tells  us  "  that 
from  the  Atlantic  ifle  beyond  the  Herculean  pillars,  and  bigger  than 
Lybia  and  Afia  minor  united,  a  paffage  lay  to  other  adjacent  iflands, 
and  thence  to  the  oppofite  continent ;    which,  fays  he,  is   really  a 
continent,  furrounding  the  ocean."      This  is  the  land  aflerted  by 
Plutarch  to  be  a  great  continent.  Theopompus,  340  years  before  the 
Chriftian  era,  wrote  that  Silenus  told  Midas  it  was  of  immenfe  ex- 
tent.    Lucian,  pretending  a  defire  to  vifit  the  Tranfatlantidae,  fup- 
pofes  he  might  arrive  at  fome  great  ifland  in  80  days  ?   a  nice  con-, 
jefture  probably  founded  on  fome  tradition.      Photius  informs  us, 
many  authors  agree  with  Olympiodorus,  that  UlyflTes  failed  over  the 
(Atlantic)  ocean.      Strabo  (1)  writes  that  "  Menelaus  was  reported 
to  have  failed  from  Gades  to  India :"     this  ftiews  the  prevalent  no- 
tion of  its  pra6licability ;  which  was  a  natural  idea,  as  the  earth  was 
allowed  to  be  fpherical,  which  lunar  eclipfes  demonftrated;  and  the 
Tully.Mela,   ancients  were  perfuaded  of  the  exiftence  of  Antipodes.     Strabo  alfb 
oblerves  that "  only  tit  magnitude  of  the  Atlantic  fea  deterred  mar- 
iners from  failing,  on  a  partlkly  from  Spain  to  India."      This  was 
precifely  the  idea  of  Columbus  :  neither  of  them  conceiving  that  fb 
•vafl:  a  continent  as  America  intervened  :  which  yet  appears  to  have 
been  fettled  early,  and  probably  at  firft  accidentally  from  China  ; 
the  Europeans  found  the  people  there  ignorant  of  letters,  coinage^ 
lime,  the  iron  and  fail-cloth  manufaftures. 


In  Timaeo* 


Facie  Ltmae. 
ElianVar.H, 
3*  18 

Vera  Hift. 


z*  67. 


Long  voyages  were  performed  in  times  of  high  antiquity.     Feftus 
Avienus  copied  Himilco*s   voyage  from  ancient  records.      Pliny 
fhews  that  the  ancients  had  a  notion  of  a  northern  paflage;  but  the 
Indians  faid  by  him  to  have  been  thrown  upon  the  German  (or  Nor- 
wegian) 


Chap. '5')  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  12^ 

wegian)  coaft  were  probably  from  Labrador.  For  the  frozen  ocean 
of  Scythia,  at  leaft  of  late  years,  is  unnavigable  even  by  Ruffians 
and  Siberians  :  and  no  pafTage  can  exift  except  thro*  Hudfon's  Bay: 
where  the  ftrong  and  high  tides  (for  which  the  tides  in  Hudfon's 
Streights  are  inadequate)  from  Whale  Cove  along  the  coaft  at  Ran- 
kin's Inlet ;  and  from  Cape  Fullerton  and  Whalebone  point  to 
Wager  ftreights,  with  the  deep  foundings,  extenfive  openings  and 
black  whales,  argue  that  Hudfon's  Bay  has  a  communication  with 
the  Pacific  ocean;  probably  thro  Nootka  Sound.  For,  as  the  people 
and  animals  differ  on  each  fide  of  that  found  ;  fo  the  Efquimaux  a- 
hove  Whale  Cove  are  unintelligible  to  the  northern  Indians  of 
Churchhilh  The  Romans  had  lome  account  of  that  rare  bird,  a  black  Virgil,  t • 
iWan:  it  exifts  in  New  Holland.  ^''^'  ^-  ^^* ' 

Herodotus  had  learnt  that  the  Erythrean  Jea  had  a  communica- 
tion w\i\\  i\ie  Atlantic.     The  Phenician  difcoverers  of  it  in  Pharao 
Necho^s  reign,  failing  out  of  the  Indian  ocean  round  Africa,  had 
the  fuQ  to  the   narth  at  noon.       Pliny  writes  that  Caclius  Antipater  2.67. 
faw  a  perfon  who  had  failed  froni  Spain  to  the  Arabian   Gulf;    and 
that  a  Spanifh  wreck  was  found  there  in  the  xeign  of  Auguftus :  alfo 
that  Cornelius  Nepos  mentions  onie  who  went  to  Spain  from  Ethio- 
pia in  the  reign  of  Lathyr.       Strabo  had  acquired  fomc  account  of  L.  15. 
Cathay;  this  feems  from  Arrian  to  be  the  country  near  the  fources  of 
the  Indus  and  Ganges:  yet  it  extends  to  the  utmoft  eaft'  above  China. 
Hanno,    who  before  the  reign  of  Darius  Nothu«,  coafted  much  of 
the  weftern  fide  of  Afric,  with  30  fhips  and  30,000  men,  colonized  ^*^''  ^^^5- 
the  ifland  Cerne  ;    which  was  as  far  fouthward  from  the  ftreights,  as 
Carthage  was  eaftward  :  having  paffed  a  defert  coaft  for  two  days  to 
the  fouth,,  they   failed  to  the  eaft  one  day.     This   ifle,  two  miles  in  ^*  3«* 
circuit  as  Pliny  writes,  with  whom  Polybius  agrees  that  it  is  a  mile 
from  the  fliore,  lies  in  the  bottom  of  a  bay.      By  this  defcription  it 
is  juft  beyond  Cape  Blanco,  the  ancient  Hefperium  Ceres.     Scylax, 
in  the  time  of  Darius  Nothus,  mentioned  towns  on  that  coaft  Found- 
ed by  Hanno :    who  beyond  Cerne  entered  a  lake  thro*  the  great 
^iver  Chremetes^  counted  by  Ariftotle  amongft  the  greateft  African 

R  z  river** 


124 


Pliny  5. 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 


(Book  !• 


6.  32 


4-  S 


Bochart. 
Keating* 


rivers.  It  is  the  Senegal.  Thence  he  failed  to  another  large  and 
broad  river  named  Bambotus  abounding  with  crocodiles;  this 
anfwers  to  the  Gambia.  On  that  coaft  he  founded  Dum-athiiia» 
Gytta,  Acra>  Melitta,  and  Arambe. 


Splinus  and  Arnobius  mention  the  Canary  ifles  ;  thefe  were  the 
Fortunate  iflands,  probably  as  efcaping  the  fate  of  Atlantis.  Pliny 
particularly  names  the  ifle  of  Canary.  Polybius,  about  170  years 
before  the  Chriftian  era>  mentioned  the  Britannic  iflands  and  their  tin. 
Strabo  quotes  Artemidorus,  who  was  in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Lathyr, 
as  mentioning  the  Britannic  ifle;  and  quotes  Polybius  as  refuting 
Eratofthenes,  who  lived  in  the  126th  Olympiad,  and  Dicoearchus, 
Ariftotle's  fcholar,  and  Pytheas  prior  to  either,  concerning  the  mag- 
nitude of  Britain.  Athenaeus  writes  that  the  main-maft  of  the  gal- 
ley built  by  Archimedes,  of  20  banks  of  oars,  and  prefented  by 
Hiero  to  the  ting  of  Egypt,  was  brought  from  Britain.  Suidas 
affirms  that  Charon  of  Lampfacus,  about  the  75th  olympiad  treated 
of  the  navigation  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Hercules;  who  as  Pherecydes 
and  Panyafis  wrote  failed  to  the  ifland  Erytheia  in  a  fcyphus  or 
fkifF,a  name  fignifying  alfo  a  cup.  The  Argonautic  poem  of 
Onomacritus,  whp  lived  560  years  before  the  Incarnation,  or  of 
Orpheus  of  Crotona,  contemporary  with  Pififtratus,  mentions  Jemis 
or  Ireland.  Jernis  is  from  the  Punic  Jar,  wood ;  and  Nis,  whence 
the  Greek  Neos,  ifland:  the  original  name  Na  viod  vuide  confirms 
this  derivation:  for  tho'  Jar  in  Irifli  fignifies  weft,  it  only  does  fa 
Mona*  in  a  relative  fenfe.  Rowland  Ihews  that  Plutarch's  ifle  of  Heroes 
was  Anglefea;  which  in  the  times  of  the  Titans  was  Thule,  and  called 
Ynys  Dowyll,  fhady  ifle,  as  Thule  in  Syriac  is  Umbrae:  but  in  the 
time  of  Pytheas  of  Marfeilles  above  three  centuries  before  the  In» 
carnation,  the  Ultima  Thule  was  Iceland;  for  Dionyfius  the  poet 
fays,  "  the  fun  there,  at  his  neareft  approach  to  the  northern  pole 
does  not  fet.*'  Solinus  fays  "  that  at  the  winter  folftice  funrife  and 
funfet  happen  there  at  the  fame  inftant;  and  that  Thule  is  a  voyage 
of  five  days  from  the  Orknics:  Strabo  (1)  fays,  *'  of  fix  days  from 
Britain,  towards  the  north,  and  near  the  Frozen  ocean  as  Pytheas 
afferts.**  Norway  could  not  be  intended;  for  Solinus  and  Pliny  call 

that 


Geor.  I. 


Chap  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  1^5 

that  country  Scandinavia,  reputing  it  an  ifland.  So  Agathemeris 
names  the  ifles  Jernia,  Albion,  Thule  and  the  great  Scandia  beyond 
thcCimbric  Cherfonefus;  bcfides  thefe,  he  names  the  ifland  Salice,  +''3'**  *$• 
hrgerthan  Albion;  the  fize,  as  well  as  other  reafons,  induces  me  to 
believe  this  ifland,  named  by  others  Taprobane,  to  be  Borneo  not 
Ceylon.  Servius  writes  that  Thule  lies  to  the  north-weft  of  Britain, 
lowardsthe  Orknies  and  Ireland,  and  enjoys  continual  day-light, 
ihcn  the  fun  is  in   cancer:  this  exaftly  determines  Thule  to   be 

•  •     Iceland.    Bochart  ftiews  that  Thule  is  Syriac  for  Umbrae;  fo  named 

f        from  the  long  nights  in  winter;  whence  Statius  fays, 

Nigrae  Littora  Thules.  Sylv. 

Pliny  tells  us  that  **  according  to  Pytheas,  night  lafted  fix  months 

aiTkU,  an  ifland  fix  days'   failing  northward   from  Britain,  and  2.  75.  4*  16. 

I         Vwivin  out  day's  failing  from  the  Frozen  fea.  Suidas  fays  that  Thule 

I         tore  the  name  of  the  Egyptian  Thulis,  a  prince  whofe  enipire  was 

r       extenfive:  be  is  counted  one  of  the  Cynic   cycle  in  Syncellus  and 

f       tlie  Pafchal  chronicle:  I  take  him  to  be  Thulur  the  friend  of  Ty- 

h      phon  or  Woden,  called  Afeth  and  Afis.     Pliny  writes  that  Auguftus 

fcnt  a  fleet  to  the  Cape  of  Norway,  and  thence  to  the  Icy  coafts  of 

Scythia;  probably  it  was  that  faid  by  Paterculus  to  have  been  com- 

\        naflded  by   Tiberius.      Solinus  counted  it  a  voyage  of  40  days  to 

rf»e  Hefperides;  thcfe  by  their  veins  of  tin,  mentioned  by  the  poet 

j       Dionysus,  are  the  iflands  of  Scilly ;  being  alfo  the  Cafliterides  hinted 

at  by  Herodotus.     Strabo  counts  them   **  Ten   contiguous  iflands,      3*  "5» 

having  mines  of  tin  and  lead,  for  which  they  were  frequented  by  a 

northern  courfe  from  the  port  of  Artabri;"  now  the  Groine.    Ono- 

nacritus  ftiles  Britain  the  fpacious  manfion  of  Demeter.  How  early 

Che  Phenicians  vifited  Britain  is  uncertain;  but  Achilles  wore  boots 

of  tin;  Agamemnon,  a  breaft-plate;  Eneas,  a  fliield.  Strabo  tells  us, 

*'  Publius  Craflus  was  the  firft  Roman  who  vifited  the  Cafliterides, 

where  he  found  the  natives  addifled  to  navigation,  and  of  a  pacific 

turn:"  He  was  praetor,  and  governed  Spain;    Marcus   Craflu?  was 

his  Ton.     Democritus  wrote  on  the  navigation  of  the  ocean. 

The 


2.77. 

2.  106 


Hom.Il.  ig« 


i 


X26  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i 

I'he  two  following  accounts  are  exceedingly  remarkable,  an 

fupport  each  other.     Diodorus  Siculujs  firft  informs  us,  "  There* i 

a  vaft  iiland  diftant  from  Afric  feveral   days  failing  in  the  Atlanti 

ocean:"  .for  which  affertion  he  affigns  this  reafon.     "  Pheniciaii 

coafting  Africa  were  driven  off  by  a  ftorm  of  feveral  days  duratio 

to   this  land.     The  Tyrrhenians  intended  to  fend  a  colony  thithei 

but  the  Carthaginians  obftruBed  them,  left  the  excellence  of  tl 

country  fhould  tempt  the  whole  people  to  emigrate  thither ;  keepir 

it  in  referve  for  thcmfelves."     Here  Diodorus  before  the  Chriftia 

era  {hews  us  that  he  had  obtained  an  account  of  a  region  beyort 

the  Atlantic  known  to  the  Tyrrhenians,  Phenicians,  and  Carthagi 

nians,  and   both  fo  inviting  and  fo  cxtenfive  as  might  have   occa 

fioned  the  evacuation  of  all  Tufcany.     And  this  account,  ancient  a 

it  is,  only  confirms  one  Jiill  older  attributed  to  Ariftotle  which 

this:  "  Beyond  the  Herculean  Pillars  the  Carthaginians  are  repone 

Mirabil.    to  have  found  a  defert  ifland,  abounding  in  all  kinds  of  wood,  nat 

gable  rivers,  and  variety  of  fruits,  diftant  many  days  failing  from  t^ 

continent:  which^when  the  Carthaginians  frequented  and  inhabite 

on  account  of  the  pleafantnefs  and  fertility  of  the  place,  their  rule 

by  a  law  prohibited  all  perfons  from  going  thither  on  pain  of  death. 

This  priority  of  poffeflion  fliews  the  reafon  of  the  obftruaion  give 

to  the  Tyrrhenians.     The  country  difcovered  was  South  Americ 

to  which  the  Caribbean  fea,  and  the  Gulfs  of  Honduras  and  Mexic« 

gave  the  appearance  of  an  ifland;  which  was  uninhabited,  tho*  i\ 

Chinefe  may  have   previoufly  difcovered  Mexico  and  Californij 

Well  was  South  America  noticed  for  navigable  rivers  ;  for  the  Ri 

de  la  Plata,  the   river  of  Amazons,  and  the  Oronoquc,  like  tt 

Miffiflipi  and  Saint  Laurence  in  North  America,  outvie  the  Danul 

and  Wolga ;  the  Ganges,  Oby  and  lenifa ;  the  Nile  and  the  Nigc 

On  this  difcovery  the  prediQion  in  Seneca's  Medea  was  probab 

grounded. 

Venient  Annis  Secula  Seris, 

Quibus  Oceanus  Vincula  Rerum 
Laxet;  et  ingens  pateat  Tellus. 
Ocean  in  latter  times  (hall  loofcf  his  band ; 
'  And  grant  free  accefs  to  a  fpacious  land. 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  127 

From  Cape  Tagrin  in  Africa  to  Rio  Grand  in  America  is  only  540 

leagues,  or  a  fortnight's  voyage.     New  Zealand  and  Otaheite  are 

farther  afundcr  than  Afric  from  Brazil;    befides  their  vaft   diftance 

at  prefent  from  any  cjntinent:  yet  the  fame   language   prevails  not 

on\y  in  thofe  iflands;  but  at  the  Sandwich  ifles  and  at  Eafter  ifland, 

inrliich  form  with  New  Zealand  a  triangle,  whofe   fhorteft  fide  is  at 

leaft  600  leagues.     The  fame  language  is  alfo  found  at  .Prince's  ifle 

in  the  Streights  qf  Sunda;  and  appears  to  be  Chinefe  with  prepo- 

fitive  vowels.     Tho' trade-winds  oppofed  the   direft   return  of  the 

Phcnician  (hips  from  Brafil  ;  they  may  have  taken,  the   fame  nor- 

dierly  courfe  as  fhips  from  Brafil  now  purfue.    Strabo  fhews  us  that 

failing  on  aparellelof  latitude  was  known  before  the  Chriftian  era. 

But  it  is  probable  that  the  boundaries  of  the  two  worlds  were,  during 

a  long  time  after  the  Deluge,  nearer  to  each  other  than  at  prefent; 

\Woi(\u\ie  contiguous;    and  that  Pelagos,  the  fea  thence  fo  called,     ^^i^^- 

made  i\\e  dwifion  in  Peleg's  days,  by  a  phyfical  feparation;  the* 

underwood  to  be  a  political  partition.     Saint  Auftin  mentions  (the* 

he  reprobates)  the    notion   that  men  could  crofs  the  Atlantic  to 

a  New/ound  World. 

The  Phenicians  feem  by  degrees  to  have  difcovered  the  Weft- 
Indies  and  Mexico.     The  chief  Deity  in  Hifpaniola  was  named 
•    Chemis;  which  refembles  Chemofh,  Chamos,  Cham.     Bannier  even 
mentions  Mani-tou,  as  a  God  of  the  Algonquins;   and  Okki  as  » 
^^  of  the  Hurons;   the  firft  is.  Manes  Tea,  the  God  Manes, 
^C'Jcs,  Mendes,  or  Pan:  the  laft  is  the   Phenician  Minerva;  the 
Ottonofthe  Irequois  ;  whofe  A-tahaut-a  is  Sanchoniatho's  Taaut 
*^ofMifor,  and  Manetho's  Athoth  fon  of  Menes  or  Mendes.  The 
*^nian  Hen  or  old  Ruman  of  Texeira  was  Rimmon,  a  pomegra- 
^^^  the  emblem  of  the  Ark :  yet  the  ancient  religious  were  fond      Wif«» 
^equivocal  terms;  therefore  Ruman  may,  like   Eros,  be  a  volup- 
^""ous  God,  and  His  name  be  akin  to  the  Irifh   Rcmhain^  voluptas. 
'^urchafe  relates  that  captives  at  Mexico  were  obliged  to  fight  to  death 
^uh  aprieft,  to  become  viftims;  fhefe  refemble  the  human  viftims  of 
^f  Ae  Druids.The  Mexican  Caufeysarefimilar  to  the  Indian,  Iberis^n, 
^Cainpanian.  Coloffi  and  Pyramids  arevifible  in  Mexico  and  Peru, 


128  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  T  O  R  ¥•  .(Book  !• 

as  in  Egypt  and  China.The  fons  of  Ham  delighted  in  thefe  ftupendous 
monuments.  From  this  fource  we  muft  draw  the  colofli  in  the  iflet 
of  the  Pacific  ocean ;  whether  the  conftruftors  came  thither  from 
China ;  or,  by  the  way  of  America,  from  the  Mediterranean  :  thic^ 
navigators,  who  could  adventure  to  that  continent,  could  attempt  to 
go  beyond  it :  and  thefe,  from  the  fame  principles,  caufed  the  fame 
ereftions  as  in  their  mother-country.  Bryant  obferves  that  a  ftone 
Idol  in  Eafter  ifland  was  named  Dago,  the  Phenician  Dagon.  The 
Peruvians,  like  the  Manchews,  lack  the  letters,  B  and  D.  Mar- 
tinius  tells  us  that  the  Chinefe  anciently  ufed  the  magnet  in  naviga- 
tion :  Gilbert,  that  the  Arabs  did  fo  in  traverfing  deferts,  as  ac- 
cording to  Pownal  Abaris  did  a  magnetic -arrow. 

The  Argonautic  poem  before  mentioned  relates  that  "  Jafon*s 
comrades  driven  by  a  ftorm  from  Jcrnis,  Ireland,  and  finding  them- 
felves  in  a  fortnight  at  the  bounds  of  the  wcftern  ocean  (probably  to 
the  northward)  in  three  days  more  anived  at  Circe's  country;  wh}c?i 
was  an  ifland  of;  an  immenfe  magnitude."     Altho'  we  fhouid  deem 
this  account  a  fable  yet  it  is  certain  that,  fo  early  as  the  date  of  that 
poem  560  years  before  .the  Incarnation,  a  notion  of  a  large  region 
on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Atlantic  was  entertained;  indeed  far  earlier: 
Va..  H.  3.    f^j.  xheopompus  in  Elian  introduces  Silenus  telling  Midas  there  was 
a  vaft  continent  beyond  Europe  and  Africa,  as  alfo  (on  the  other 
hand)  beyond  Afia.      Ammian's  expreffion  of  birds  and  beafts  of  a 
,  foreign  world  engraven  on  Egyptian  monuments  is  fingular:  it  muft 

be  an  odd  way  of  exprefling  prepofterous  hieroglyphics,  that  oftci 
refemble  nothing  in  real  life:  it  therefore  dcferves  enquiry  whether 
g  any  of  them  refemble  American  animals.     The  deformed  fpeftres  in 

p.  129.  Britain  mentioned  by  Gilda*  feem  to  be  derived  from  Egyptian  hiero- 
glyphics :  as  thofe  in  the  weftern  regions  of  North  America,  and 
amongft  the  Samojedes.  Strahlenberg  mentions  piflurefque  writing 
amongft  the  Tartars,  as  the  Clerk  of  the  California  does,  amongft 
the  Americans* 

Hackluit  and  Hun»phrcy  Luyd  ia  his  continuation  of  Caradoc  of 

Lancarvan's 


Ides. 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  ST  O  R  Y.  129 

Lancarvan's  hiftory,  mentions  the  difcovery  and  fetdement  of  North 
America  by  Madoc  fon  of  Owen  Gwyneth.     Luyd  relates  that  the 
<:rofs  was  honoured  there  before  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards  :    Her- 
bert notices  the  life  of  beads.     Powel-,  from  Gutyn  Owen  in  Edward 
the  fourth's  reign,  wrote  that  Madoc  went  thither  with  ten  (hips,  in 
the  year  1 170.     Tlie  Univerfal  Hiftory  quotes  the  evidence  of  Davis    rp   1    q 
who    met   a  whole   fettlement,  that   fpoke  Welfh   in   purity.     Sir       Vol.  8.  * 
Roger  Manley  deems  the  American  Doegs  their  defcendents.  Mere- 
dith ap  Rhys  who  gave  the  account  of  Madoc,  could  not  build   it 
-upon  the  difcovery  of  Columbus ;    as  he  died  fome  years  before  the 
expedition  of  Cabot  or  Cdumbus.     The  name  of  the  river  Gwindor 
in  America  is  Welfli,  fignifying  white  water.     Pengwin,   a  bird's 
name,  is  vhite  head.     Gwrando  is  to  liften ;    Bara,  bread  ;  Mam, 
mother  ;    Tat,  father  ;    Bryd,  time ;  Bu,  a  cow  ;    Clugar,  a  heath- 
cock  ;   Llwynog,  afox;  Wy,    an  egg ;    Calaf,  a  quill.:    Trwyn,  a 
Tvofc;  "H^f,  heaven.       Peter  Martyr  fays,  the  Virginians  celebrated 
the  memory  of  one  Madoc,  as  a  hero:    who  may  have  founded  the 
Hurons :  for  he  enlifted  men  into  his  fervice  for  the  expedition,  and 
Hiir  in  Welfh  fignifies  hire.     La  Hontan  fays,  ^'  their  language  is 
ftrongly  afpirated  and  guttural :"    in  this  it  refembles  Welfh.     The 
Huron  verbs,  like  Welfh,    are  conjugated  by  varying  the  primary 
'lyWable,  as  Garero^  I  war ;    Sarego,  thou  warrcfl ;  Arego^  he  wars : 
in  Welfh,  Gare^viy  is  to  defend.     The  Huron  God  of  war  .4 res-ccm^ 
icfcmWes  the  ma  rial  Gods  of  the  old  world  Ares  and  Chon  :  as  the 
ifisnd  Olchon  in  t  e  Baykal  Lake  of  Siberia  fignifies  Chon's  Ifle ; 
ifccriver  Orchon,  Chon's  river:  yet  I  am  to  fay  that  Chon  is  a  name 
of  the  moon:  but  Chon  Is  Saxon  for  fortis.    It  is  elfewhere  obferved 
tkat  Saturn  was  deemed  the  mofl.  ancient   Mars,  or  Ares,  a  word 
probably  refined  from  the  Hiberno  Celtic,  Arach,  might:    as  Pha- 
'^h  may  alfo  be,  with  the  prepofitive  Ph.    Plutarch  fays   thatthe 
Greeks  inhabited  the  maritime  parts  of  this  great  continent ;  that  the 
^habitants  thouiBrIn  the  comrades  of  (Chon  the  Egyptian)  Hercules 
^ere  intermixt  with  thofe  of  Saturn  ,-    and  theiy   named  the  planet 
Saturn  Nycturusr    thus  yVres^coni  alludes  to  Saturn  and  Hercules. 
5!he  Welfh  probably  were  unable  to  abolifh  Paganifm  ;  the  alluring 

S  '  Tites 


Lun^s  Fadej 


130  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  f. 

rites  of  which  could  debauch  thefe  emigrants  or  their  progeny;   as  it 
was  able  to  do  a  Solomon.     Yet  in  all  likelyhood  the  Welfli  fettled 
in  Florida :  where  th«  language  and  proper  names  bear  an   affinity 
to  the  Celtic.       Wafer  and   Malcolm  produce  many   words    from 
Darien  fimilar  to    Celtic.       The  traces  of  the  Celtic  language   ^- 
mongft  the  Hurons  and  other  people  near  the  Saint  Lawrence  river 
may  partly  arife  from  a  colony  of  Gre.enlanders  in  the  eleventh  cen- 
Mallct  Hift.  ^^^'     Greenland  in  the  tenth  century  received  a  colony  from  Ice- 
Denm.        land,  peopled  at  firft  from  Norway.  Yet  reafons  before  affigned  in- 
validate the  Celtic  claim  to  the  Hurons.     The  clerk  of  the  Califor- 
nia wrote  that  the  Americans  bury  their  deid  fitting,  as  Herodotus 
records  of  the  Namofeans.      Stellar  found  American   arrows,  and 
inftruments  to  kindle  fire,  like  thofe  of  Kamfliaika  or  Tahan.    Bell 
obferves  a  fimilitude  between  the  Canadians  and  Tongufians  ;    who 
are  fwarthy  like  the  Tzulim  Tartars,  whofe  language  has  a  mixture 
of  Arabic,  and  Turkifh :  many  of  thefe  have   fkins  fpotted  white 
from  their  birth.    Lord  Monboddo  mentions  a  Jefuit  who  difcovered 
that  the  Efquimaux  language  refembles  the  Bafque;  which  is  a  Celtic 
dialeft :  this  receives  fome  confirmation  from   the  Vocabulary    of 
Dobbs.     A  hand  is  law,  in  Welfli  Llaw,  hence  claw  :  ice  is  claw^  in 
Latin  gla^cits:  to  call,  clay;  in    Welfli,  Galw ;    in    Greek  KaAf«. 
The  original  Sarmatian  language  was  probably  Celtic,  I  mean  in  the 
northern-moft  regions  of  that  extenfive  traft  ;    where  the  Samoiede 
nation  chiefly  refide ;  who  feem  related  to  the  Efquimaux  and  Lap- 
landers:   yet  they  ufe  polygamy  like  the  Oftiacs,    who  fpeak  a  Bul- 
garian dialeft,  and  where  originally  Calmucks,  a  people  allied  to  the 
Tongufians,  and  Yakuti. 

As  the  Deluge  lafted  about  a  year,  the  renovation  of  plants  fo 
long  immerfed  (tho*  the  inundation  began  when  feeds  in  general  in 
our  hemifphere  had  attained  maturity,  the  cattle  at  difembarkation 
probably  proceeding  to  fuch  regions  as  afford  food  during  winter) 
tends  to  prove  that  their  reproduftion  oft  arifes,  in  fituations  con- 
genial to  them,  from  their  falts,  as  well  as  from  perfeft  feeds:  which 
our  famous  Boyle  proved  in  regard  to  flowers  refembling  wild  Pop- 
pies, whofe  aflies  produced  fimilar  flowers.     A  region  bf  Kannanor 

on . 


Chap    5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  ST  O  R  Y.  131 

on  the  Malabar  coaft  is  fingular  in  producing  Kardamums  :    their  ^  ,  ^^j  . 
aflies  produce  a  new  crop.  Furze  likewife  fhoots  up  plentifully  from  Hiit^io.  6 
itsafhes.   In  tlTe  Philofophical  Tranfaftions  young  Afh-trees  are  af-  ^^^^\^I^^ ' 
ferted  to  have  fprung  from  the  rotten  wood  of  old  water -pipes,  in  a 
place  remote    from  afh-trces.    Indeed  marine  and  mineral  falts  waft- 
ed thro*  the  air  (and  perhaps  principles  ftill  more  fimple;  and  com- 
bining with  vegetable  falts)  produce  fome  plants,  and  alter  others: 
I  mean  in  a  limited  degree  ;  not  generating  any  new  fpecies,  or  any 
capricious  Lufus  Naturae;  but  fuch.as  their  own  feeds  can  reproduce 
and  perpetuate  ;    as  when  wheat  degenerates  to  darnel,  whofe  feed 
will  produce  the  like.     I  have  found  this  and  wheat  growing  on  the 
fame  root  ;    which  indeed  may  have  become  fo  thro'  coalefcence. 
As  providence  ufcs  natural  methods,  fome  fuch  chemical  procefs,  as 
is  hinted  at  above,  can  produce  in  a  defert  the  cedar,  acacia,  myrtle, 
oVivc,  fir,  pine  and  box  :  thus  Ifaiah  tells  us,  "  the  defert  fhaH  re-  35. 
jo\ce  andbloflbm  as  the  rofe  ;"  for  tho*  this  may  be   a  metaphor, 
we  can  never  fuppofe  it  would  be  taken  from  a  phyfical  abfurdity  : 
5ee  Lucretius  on  this  fubjefl ;  alfo  Porta's  natural  magic,  2.  looi,  to 


1021. 


Crccdu 


Res  lit  convertant  Formas. 

Things  make  new  combinations,  whence  arife 
In  bodies  all  ihofe  ftrange  varieties* 

Again, 

Concurfus,  Motus,  Ordo,  Pofitura  Figuni, 
Cum  permutantur,  mutari  Res  quoq;  debent. 

As  concourfe,  motion,  form,  iite,  order  do  j 
Their  fubfequent  produftions  vary  too. 

Nay,  I  believe  the  human  body  contains  an  animal  fait,  that  in 
•its  firft  principle  is  incorruptible,  and  thro*  the  Omnipotent  operation  . 
of  the  great  author  of  nature,  will  reproduce  our  bodies  at  the  fea- 
Xon  of  the  refurreftion  j  till  when  it  is  awaited  for,  in  the  regions  of 

S  2  departed  J0^^ 


I 


132  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  i* 

departed  perfons,  by  the  pfyche^  anima,  umbra,  fpe6lrum,  phaiw 
torn  or  apparition  ;  that  tablet  of  the  mind,  and  effigy  of  the  body. 
The  idea  of  animal  fait,  however  he  fports  with  it,  may  have  pre*- 
fentcd  itfelf  to  Sir  Roger  Manley;  where  his  dying  philofopher  de- 
Tufk,  Spy.  clares,  that  he  is  going  to  experience  the  nature  of  fait. — Lycophron 
fhews  that  the  Deluge  was  in  autumn,  where  he  tells  us,  however 
notably^ 

'*  Whales,  dolphins,  fea-calves,  grapes  and  acorns  eat;" 

It  has  been  held  that  the  Ark  reded  on  mount  Thaman'n,  which 
Bochart  interprets,  of  eight.  Agathias  mentions  (4)  Ka/xv^v  G5f/xavt.y. 
This  mountain,  called  by  the  Arabs  Al  Judi,  and  Giudi  by  the 
Tartars,  is  one  of  the  Cardue  hills  between  Armenia  and  Mefopo- 

tamia.      The  Chaldee  Paraphraft  therefore  calls  the  hill,  Cardu. 

Tournefort.  Others  fet  the  Ark's  (ituation  280  miles  further  to  the  N.  E.  near 
Chardin.  xh^  Araxes;  ten  leagues  from  the  town  Nak-chuvan;  Nak  in  Arme- 
nia being  a  fhip,  2ind  Shivan,  refted.  It  is  12  leagues  S.  E.  from 
Erivan,  and  two  days  journey  from  the  th;ee  Churches  :  is  named 
Mafis;  and  is  inacceffible  thro*  fnow.  Below  is  Cemain,  which  town's 
name  refembles  Semen  or  Shemonah,  that  is,  eight.  But  thefe  names 
may  have  been  conferred  fubfequent  to  an  hypothefis.  -  Berofus 
wrote  that  the  Ark  grounded  in  Armenia,  on  the  Cordyean  hills. 
In  Jofepho.  called  by  Curtius  Cordaei.  Ptolemy  places  the  Gordiacan  hills  at  the 
fprings  of  the  Tigris  ;  which  Strabo  informs  us  proceed  from  mount 
Niphates  ;  and  that  the  Tigris  leaves  the  Gordiaean  hills  and  Mefo- 
potamia  on  the  right.  Tournefort  confirms  Strabo;  who  fays,  "  thefe 
fprings  are  2500  ftadia  diftant  from  thofe  of  the  Euphrates ;"  whofe  . 
principal  fources,  rifing  according  to  him  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Taurus,  produce  two  dreams  to  the  eaftward  of  Erzeron  the  Ar- 
menian capital.  Thefe  run  weftward,  furrounding  the  plain  of 
Erzeron ;  the  one  on  the  north,  the  other  on  the  fouth,  and  uniting, 
three  days*  journey  weft  from  Erzeron,  turn  fouthward  ;  leaving, 
fays  Strabo,  Armenia  on  the  right.  The  Araxes  or  Aras  runs  eaft- 
ward from  the  fame  hills,  which  are  always  covered  with  fnow.  They 
arc  a  northern  branch  of  Taurus,  and  named  by  Strabo  Mt.  Abos  : 

Pliny 


Cha^50  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  133 

pliny  fets  it  in  Armenia  Major.  The  northern  branch  of  the  Araxes 
is  the  Arpagi  ;    which,  after  receiving  a  rivulet  from  Cars,  is  the 
fouthern  boundary  of  Ferfian  Georgia.       Turnefort  informs  us  that 
«  the  Mofchick  hills  extend  from  Cars  towards  Teflis,  the  capital 
of  Georgia  five  days  journey    from  the   Cafpian  fea,  fix  from  the 
Ittxine,  on  a  branch  of  t  e  river  Kur:"  it  feems  to  have  been  the 
ancient  Acropolis  the  capital  of  Iberia;  which  was  between  the  Arax- 
es and  the  Kur:  this  lail  had  Albania  to  the  eaft,  on  the  Cafpian  fea: 
tk  maritime  part  of  it  belongs  to  Ruifia  ;  tho'  a  part  of  Georgia  at 
large:  being  divided  from  north  to  fouth  by  a  branch  of  Caucafus ; 
out  of  which  the  Kur  iffues.      Caucafus  and  the  Mofchick  hills  are 
the  northern  bounds  of  Perfian  Georgia.  Pliny  fhews  that  the  Gor* 
dyean  hills  were  near  the  Caucafean  gates  :  but   that  the  Cordueni  6.   u. 
wcrcformerly  named  Carduchi,  adjoining  to  Adi^bene,  and  laved  by     '  '^' 
i\\eT\p\s.--The  Gordiaean  mountains  he  places  near  the  Tigris,  Ch.  27. 
MoTckhecomcs  divided,  nigh  the  Mefenian  Apamea,  195  miles 
ve/lward  of  the  Babylonian  Seleucia.    This  proves  that  fimilar  names 
belong  to  a  vaft  range  of  mountains.       Diodorus  Siculus  mentions  L,  14. 
the  mountains  of  the  Carduchi  as  difficult  of  afcent  to  the  Greeki 
under  Clearchus,  before  their  arrival  at  Armenia  proper.     Curtius 
and  Arrian  fhew  that  the  Gordiaean  mountains,  or  mountains  of  the 
Sogdians  were  beyond  the  Tigris,  on  Alexander's  left,  the  Tigris 
^  his  right.     Plutarch  joins  the  Gordieni  with  the  Armenians  and  ^  Lucullo. 
^Ppadocians:  yet  he  fays  that  "  Taurus  was  between  Gordiene  and 
^nnenia;  and  had  Iberia  on  the  north,    from  the  Araxes  to  the 
Euxm:    next  to  whom  the  the  Albani  were  near  the  Cafpian  fea:  '"  Pomp^io. 
«the  Iberi  were  about  the  Mofchian  hills,  and  extended  to  Cau- 
cafus on  the  north :  here  fpring  the  river  heads."    Strabo  writes  that 
*'  Caucafus  furrounds  Iberia,  tending  fouthward  towards  Armenia  ^*  *' 
andCholchis;  Iberia  is  entered  by  two  iVraits  from  Armenia;  one^ 
fixHn  Albania;  one,  from  Colchis. *'•- Alio  that  *•  Caucafus  furround- 
ing  the  Iberi,  and  touching  on  Armenia,  unites  with  the  Mofchian 
hills  and  the  Cholchian,  as  far  as  the  Tibarenes ;"     whom  Strabo 
joins   with    thofe   Chaldeans  near  Trabezond,   who  were   Chalybes. 
— Curtius  fays  that  "  Taurus,    rifing  in   Cappadocia,    and    leav- 
ing Cilicia,  extends  to  Caucafus,  and  joins  the  Armenian  mountains: 

thefc 


134  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  OR  Y.  (Pcoki. 

thefe    numerous    and  contiguous    hills  form    a   continual    ridge  ; 

Alexander,  whence  almoft  all  the  Afiatic  rivers  iffue,  fome  into  the  Red  fea, 
fome  into  the  Euxine."  Plutarch  fhews  that  the  battle  of  Gaugamela 
was  fought  between  theNiphates  and  the  Gordiaean mountains;  which,' 
to  reconcile  this  with  Strabo,  muft  be  interfecled  by  the  Tigris  :  as 

In  E  •"ebo-      the  fouthern  branch  of  Taurus  is  by  the  Euphrates.     Alex.  Poly- 

hiftor  calls  thofe  hills,  Corcyraean :    the  language   there  being,  as 

Strabo  fays,  partly  Arabic;    in  which  Bochart  obferves  that  a  large 

"Eufeb.  Prep,   fhip  is  Corcur.     Nicholas  of  Damafcus,  about  the  reign  of  Auguftus, 

9*  *'•        wrote  that  the  Ark  grounded  on  the   lofty  mountain  Baris  in   the 

province  of  Minyas  in  Armenia:  and  reliques  of  the  fhip  continued 

Propcrt3.io  there  a  longtime.       Baris  in  ihe  Egyptian  tongue  implies  a  fhip: 

11  Hcrot.  I.  Barain  the  Zingara  language  is  a  fhip.     Strabo  fays  that  Baris  was 
in  Armenia  an  objeft  of  adoration.     This  was  the  Ark,  named  alfo 

'Sec  Bryant.  Thebe,  Bous,  Argo,  Campfa,  Tabit,  Seira,  Oon,  Ippa,  Cetus. 
Hefychius  fhews  that  the  Ark  was  named  So-beris.  Suidas  inter- 
prets Bareis,  Naves,  Turres.  Jerome  fays  that  Baris  fignifies  a 
tower.  Ptolemy  has  a  town  named  Baris  in  Pamphylia.  But  mount 
Ararat,  a  name,  as  Goropius  interprets,  implying  a  congeries  of  hills, 
but  called  by  the  natives  according  to  Jofephus  the  hill  of  defcent, 
is  generally  taken  to  be  in  Armenia,  and  is  thus  rendered  in  the  Vul- 

<ien.  ¥.'  g^^^  ^"^  Septuagint.  Jeremiah,  51,  joins  Ararat  with  Minni,  doubt. 
lefs  the  Minyas  pf  Nicholas;  by  fome  derived  from  mines,  with 
which  as  Procopius  writes  Armenia  abounds.  Amos  calls  this  moun- 
tain Armunah  ;  Aquila,  Armona.  Bryant  efleems  it  xhe  mother 
country  of  the  Minyae.  Autonine  places  there  a  city  named  Areas. 
Meon  in  Celtic,  like  Mor,  is  mare;  as  Maon  is  Aqua  in  Arabic: 
thus  Armorica  is  in  the  Saxon  Chronicle  named  Armenia,  the  region 
^•*  aboye  the  Tea. — As  the  Ark  grounded  on  the  firfl  day  of  the  flood's 

abatement,  notwithflanding  that  the  loftiefl  mountains  were  15  cubits 
under  water,  it  muft  have  been  upon  the  higbeft  hill  in  all  thofe  re- 
gions :  yet  the  defcent  mufl  have  been  gentle,  to  accomodate  the 
large  cattle.  Bochart  quotes  Aratus  thus,  Armenioc  celfis  itiftabat 
Montibus  Area. 

i,. ,,,       Strabo  mentions  the  olive  as  growing  in  Gogarene  in  Armeniat 

k 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  135 

it  may  be  that  fort  which  Hercules  brought  from  the  Hyperborean 
Goths  near  the  Euxine,  from  them  named  Cotinos.  Syncellus 
affirms  that  Ararat  is  in  Parthia.  In  fad,  Solinus  ihews 
that  "  the  vaft  mafs  of  mountains  called  in  India  Imaus  and 
Paromifns;  in  Parthia,  Choatra's;  next  Niphates  and  Taurus;  that 
turning  (northward)  at  the  Euxine,  tended  to.vards  the  Rip- 
hean  hills,  had  the  general  name  of  Taurus;"  probably  from  J(?r; 
and  where  higheft,  Caucafus;  which  likewife  was  a  general  name  of 
the  whole  trad;  tho'  commonly  appropriated  to  the  fummit  between 
Iberia  and  Scythia.  Bochart  derives  the  name  from  Gog  Hafan, 
Gog's  Fort.  Pliny  agrees  with  Solinus.  Therefore  Caucafus  being 
the  higheft  part  of  all  thofe  vaft  mountains,  there  the  Ark  grounded. 
Had  it  refted  on  a  lower  mountain,  the  waters  would  not  have  cove- 
red Caucafus;  which  feems  a  fit  fpot  fr.om  which  to  difperfe  the  ani- 
tt\a\s  both  of  hot  and  cold  climates;  otherwife  lome  might  have  been 
prevented  by  Caucafus  and  Imaus  from  ftocking  northern  regions^ 
But  on  what  particular  fpot  of  this  vaft  ridge  the  Ark  really  grounded 
is  difficult  to  fay;  For  Taurus  or  Caucafus  not  only  extends  to  Pcr- 
fia;  but  to  the  north  of  Cabul  in  India,  being  called  Kaf  Daghil 
Herbert,  who  is  confirmed  by  Bell  in  the  firft  part,  mentions  a  tra- 
dition that  the  Ark  fettled  on  Da  Moan  a  large  mountain  near  the 
city  Tauris ;  and  that  Noah's  wife  died  near  it  in  the  village  Mo- 
rante.  In  favour  of  weftern  Caucafus,  Cato,  Juftin  (2)  and  Am- 
mian  (^22)  afTert  that  the  Scythians  were  the  firft  people;  alledging 
that  the  rivers  defcend  from  Scythia.  Mofes  Chorenefis  fays  that 
Upper  Armenia  fends  rivers  towards  each  quarter  of  the  heavens, 
and  is  the  higheft  region  of  the  globe.  Yet  if  the  Cafpian  Tea  was 
formerly  united  with  the  Euxine,  as  held;  it  is  probable  that  the 
Ark  refted  about  Parthia;  to  favour  the  difperfion  of  animals  to- 
wards all  quarters. 

The  plate  of  gold  found  at  Malta,  1694,  with  figures  of  Egyptian 

Gods,  had  one  with  a  long  ftiell,  with  a  ferpent  above  it,  on  his  back, 

figurative  of  the  Ark,  Noah,  and  Providence. 

Tho* 


136  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  1. 

Tho'  the  Chincfe  feem  to  allude  to  Noah,  when  they  relate  that 
Fohithpir  firft  king  bred  up /even  forts  of  crcaturcs,which  he  ufed  to 
facrifice  to  the  fuprcme  Spirit  of  the  univcrfe;  hence  he  was  named 
Paof)hi,  that  is  oblation;  ^u^Paophi  is  the  name  of  the  fecondEgyptian 
month,  and  probably  fo  named  in  honour  of  Ophionj  yet  Fohi  does 
not  feem  to  be  their  firft  Poftdiluvian  king;  but  the  firft  human 
being.  Chin  Nong,  the  Japanefe  Sin  Noo,  was  Noah;  whofe. mo- 
ther, they  fay,  when  flie  conceived  him,  was  furrounded  by  a  rain- 
bow ;  this  is  an  allegory,  agreeable  to  the  religious  myfteries  of  Pa- 
ganifm;  it  alludes  to  the  earth,  that  common  mother  invefted  with 
the  rainbow  God's  token  to  Noah.  It  is  notable  that  the  Chinefe 
barges  retain  the  model  of  the  Ark :  the  length  is  fix  breadths,  with 
flat  bottoms  and  level  decks ;  tl>ey  are  three  ftorie;^  high,  each  di- 
vided by  galleries. 

As  there  is  fome  difpute  at  what  feafon  of  the  year  the  Delugt 
began,  I  will  here  annex  fome  ancient  calendars;  ;premifing  a  few 
words  touching  fome  parts  of  them. 

The  Abyffmians  began  their  year  with  the  month  of  Septeniber  ; 

Cockbourn.    Simplicius  on  Ariftotle  fays,  the   Afiatics   began  the  year  at  the 

autumnal  equinox;  but  the  Arabs  and  Damalcenes  at  the  vernal. 

Galen  fays,  the  Roman  September  was  the  Hyperberetaeus  of  Per- 

Poplicola.    gamus,  and  the  Boedromion  of  Athens.     Plutarch  tells  us,  the  Idtff 

of  September  fell  on  the  full  moon  of  Metageitneon:  thus  the  yeai 

was  lunar,  tho*  correBed  by  intercalations;  for  Dionyfius  Hal.  counted 

•the  23d  of  Thargelion,  17  days  before  the  fummer  folftice ;  which 

alludes  to  the  folar  year.     Diodorus  Siculus  fet  Scirophorion  partly 

I  in  Tune  and  July.     Plutarch  tells  us  that  Metageitneon  was  called 

^STcaSh    Carneus;    and    Hecatombeon,    Cronius,    but    by    the    Bseotians, 

Hippodromius. 


I 


Seal.  Canon.      The  Greek  intercalations  were  fo  calculated,  that  a  full  moon 

Diodon  Sic.   occured  on  the  20th  of  Boedromion.  Meto's  cycle  began  in  Greece 

'*•        at  the  fummer  folftice,  on  the  the  13th  of  Scirophorion,  432  years 

before 


Chap.6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  137 

before  the  Incarnation.     The  Olympic  games  were  at  the  full  moon 
preceding  the  fummer  folftice. 

Plutarch    writes  that  Chabrias   took  Naxos  at  a  full  moon  in  Camil.  Pore- 
Boedromion,  on  the  fixth  day  of  that  month.     The   Sibyl    in  Ser-    ^^  * 
vius  fays,  the  tenth    Chaldean  month   was    dedicated   to   Apollo.  Eel.  4. 
Syncellus  tells  us,  the  Hebrew  Nifan  began  on  (the  25th  of  the 
Roman  March,  which  was)  the  29th  of  Phamenoth:  So  Jofephus 
fays  that  Nifan  was  (as  it  thus  moftly  appears)  the    Egyptian   Phar- 
muthi;  and   the   (Syromacedonian)  Xanthicus.     Confonant  to  this 
account  from    Syncellus,  the  15th  of  Athyr  feems  to  have  been  the 
17th  of  the  Jewifti  Marchefuan;  and  thus,  altho*  Plutarch  informs 
us  that  Ofiris  went  into  the  Ark  on  the  17th  of  Athyr,  yet  his  fub- 
fequcnt  relation  proves  that  we  fhould  read  the  15th;  juft  as  Berofus 
^TOtethat  Xifuthus  embarked  on  the  |i  5th  day  of  the  2d  Baby- 
\oman  month. 

Afacrobius  fays  that  the  days  began  to  exceed  tlie  nights  on  the 
eighth  of  the  Calends  of  April.      Plutarch  erroneoufly  writes  that  ^ratw. 
the  Greek  Anthefterion  was  coincident  with  the  Macedonian  Daefius,  Sylla* 
and  with  the  Roman  March. 

Hyde  fays  that  tlie  names  of  the  Perfian  months  are  Median:  and  Ch.  15.1c  19. 
that  the  month  Phervardih,  fovens  Religionem,  was  removed  from 
July  to  March;  fo  as  to  the  reft,  an  anticipation  took  place:  fo  that 
Aban  was  their  laft  month,  and  correfponded  to  Oftober:  this  con- 
firms Plutarch's  account  of  the  Flood's  commencement  when  the 
Sun  pervaded  Scorpio. — Mehar  or  Mihr  was  alfo  called  Azur. 

As  to  the  fpring  being  the  moft  favourable  time  for  the  end  of  the 
Deluge,  fpring  in  one  hemifphere  is  autumn  in  the  other:  and  Po- 
cock  notes  that  wheat  and  barley,  fown  in  the  Eaft  in  November,  are 
ripe  in  May:  the  Gofpel  informs  us  that  wheat  was  ripe  in  Judea 
at  Low-Eafter. 

T  A  Table 


PRINimVE     HISTORY, 
A      TABLE      OF 


(Book  i« 


Roman, 


k 


September. 


Odober.  Theautam- 
nal  Equinox  was 
about  the  loth. 


November. 

December. 

January. 

February. 

March, 

April. 

May. 

June. 


July.  Pliny  fct  the 
Ridngof  Sirius  15 
days  before  the  Ca- 
lends of  Aoiguft. 


Grecian. 


•Hefiod's  Year  began  after 
the  Riling  of  the  Pleiads. 
Plato's  the  ift  Moon  after  the 
Summer  Solfti(;e.  Plutarch  in 
Pelopidas  ihews  the  old  yezt 
beean  foon  after  the  Winter 
SoTfUce. 

I.  Boedromion. 


2.  Maimaderion  was  the 
Boeotian  Alalcomenius;  fee 
Plutarch's  Ariflidcs. 

3.  .Pyanepfion,  Pluurch  on 
liis  counts  parellel  to  Athyr 
and  Virgiliarum  Ortus. 

4.  Antheflerion. 

5*  Pofideon.  No  Star  of 
Urfayifibletill  the  fecond 
Watch;  See  Agatharcides 
in  Photius. 

6.  Gamelion. 


7.  Elaphebolion.  Paufanias 
fet  the  vernal  Equinox  in 
this  month   Elaphius. 

8.  Munichion;  fee  Plutarch's 
Demetrius. 

9.  Thargclion.  Dionyfius 
Hal.  fct  the  23d  day  17 
days  before  the  fummer 
Solftice;  fee  Plutarch's 
Timoleon.  Laertius  on 
Socrates  calls  this  the  6th 

•    month. 

10.  Scirophorion.  Diodor. 
Sic.  fet  partly  in  June  and 
July. 

1 1 .  Hecatombeon.  The  Ma- 
cedonian Lous;  fee  Plu- 
tarch's Alexander. 


Macedonian. 


Galen  fays,  tho  Syromacedo- 
nian  months  began  each  a  mcrndi 
later  than  the  Macedonian.  So 
Joiephus  f^.ys  their  Dius  was  the 
Jewifli  Marchefuan ;  and  Xan* 
thicus  was  Nifan. 


1.  Dius,  began  (as  Galen  fays) 
at  the  autimiilal  Equinox! 

2.  Apellaeus. 

3.  Audineus.  Suidiu  means  the 
Syromacedonian  month,  where 
he  fets  it  at  the  Roman  Ja* 

nuary. 

4.  Peritius. 

5.  Dyfbiis.         ' 

6.  Xanthicui. 

7.  Artemeflu^  .    ; 

8.  Dxflus. 

;?, 

9.  Panemus* 

10.  Lous. 

1 1  •  Gorpiaeua. 


12.  Metagitneon:  in  BoBOtia  , 

Panemus;   fee  Plutarch' J  "•  Hyperberet^us, 
Camillus.  I 


Chap.  5.) 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


^39 


ANCIENT     CALENDERS. 


Jhidean. 


I.  Tifrithc  1  ft  month 
till  the  Exod.  It  is 
Ethanim.  1  Kings. 
8.  2.   fee  Exod  12, 

«   mod  \$^^ 


3.    Marcker4ian ;      is 
Bal,  I  Kings  6. 


3.  Chifleu.  7   Zech. 


4.  Thcbc^.  *   Eftcr, 
'     2.  16. 


5.  Sabat.  Maccab.  i. 
16.  14.   and  Zech. 
*     11.7. 

^.  Adar;    fee  Hefner, 

7,  Nifan  ;  or,  A  bib; 
fee.  Exod  !  z.  &  13. 
alfo  Heller  3. 

S.   Jair  or  Zif.  1.  of 
Kings,  6, 

■  ■•  ■*  ., 

$;  Sivan. 

10.  Thiunmuz. 

11.  Abb. 


12.  Elul ;  fee  Nehem. 
6.  15.  . . .' 


Egyptian. 


1.  Thoth,  at  each  commence- 
ment of  the  Sothiac  Cycle, 
began  at  the  Heliac  Rifing 
ofi>iriiLs;  fee.Pliwc,  2v47. 

2.  Paophi.  Plutarch  fet  the 
22d  day  (in  his  time)  juft 
after  the  aytomnal  Equinox. 

3.  Athyr.  When  Sol  pervn^es 
Scorpio;  fee  Plutarch.  The 
BcEotian  Damater. 


4.  Choiac.  December ;  fee 
Plutarch's  Romulus. 

5.  Tibi. 

6.  Mechlr.  The  fixth  day  was 
ante  Id,  Jan.  in  Pliny's 
Time,  6.^  if.  this  month  is 
the  Coptic  Amfhir. 

7.  Phamenoth;  the  29th  day, 
as  Cedrenus  writes.  Was  the 
25th  of  the  Hebrev*^  Nifan. 

8.  Pharmathi.  Suidaa  fet  at 
the  Roman  April:  Jofephus 
at  Nifan. 


Perjian. 


■  \f 


9.  Pa-chon.  The  nth  was 
ante  Non.  Mail.  Scaii]^. 
Canon.  3.  13.  ' 

io.  Payni. 

II.  Epiphi.  Ptolemy  fet  the 
Rifing  of  Sirius  on  the  21ft  ' 
day,    in  his    tme.     Thwn 
fet    the   Summer    SolHice 
in  this  month. 


12.  Meibri. 


r.  Aban; 

2.  Adar. 

3.  DL 

4.  Befaemeti* 

5.  Afphander. 


6.  Pharavardin  began  at  the 
vernal  Equinot:  Scaliger's 
Canon.  3.  it.  yet  a. 

7.  Adarpahafch,  or  Ardibe- 
hifht. 

8.  Churdad. 

9.  Tyr,  or  Tir  ;  Sagitta,  yd 
Planet  a  Mercurius.  . 


10.  Murdady     or  Mor-dad; 
mortem  dans. 

11.  Sheriva. 


12.  Mehar.  The  21ft  day^of 
the  feventh  Month  from  the 
Vernal  Equinox  was  the 
24ch  of  the  fuEth  Jewiih* 
Haggai,  2.  i. 


i 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K     I.  C  H  A  P.     VL 

CONTENTS. 

Noah  quits  the  Ark:  He  was  Oceanus  Sire  of  the  Pagan  Gods,  and 
Chief  of  the  Eight  Cabiriin  the  Ark.  His  Hijlory  attributed  to  OJiris: 
fome  Hero  in  mojl  Countries  has  the  Honour  of  other  Men*s  ASs ;  as 
Arthur  in  Britain:  A  Digrejfionjhews  who  and  when  Arthur  was. — 
Noah^s  Curfe  again/1  Canaan's  Father.  All  Mankind  ajfociated  'till 
the  EreSion  of  Babel.  Of  Canaan.  Of  the  Primitive  Mercury.  Of 
Letters  reinvented  by  him  and  Thoth  Hermogenes  his  Son  ;  tho*  known 
to  the  Antediluvians.  The  famous  Library  at  Memnonium  was  prior 
to  the  In/litution  of  the  Sothiac  Cycle.  Cecrops  brought  Letters  to 
Attica  ;  Cadmus^  to  Basotia  ;  Saturn^  Hercuks  and  Evander  to  Italy. 
The  Seth,  who  was  Typhon^  engraved  Pillars  at  Thebais.  Odin  had 
Letters  from  Thuler^  whofeems  Thulis  and  Lucian*s  Hercules  Senex^ 
Jove  wrote  on-  Goat'sjkin.  Deriades  wrote  to  Dionyjius.  An  Indian 
King^  to  Semiramis.  Sefojlrisfet  Infcriptions  on  triumphal  Columns. 
The  Number  of  ancient  Letters*  Commutation  of  Letters.  Sacred 
nnd  Hieroglyphic  CharaBers.  Different  ways  of  Writing.  A  new 
and  unchangeable  Alphabet. 

NOAH,  having  difembarked,  made  a  burnt  offering  of  every 
clean  bead  and  fowl,  on  an  Altar,  to  God  :  who  declared, 
*'  Man's  imaginations  to  be  vicious  from  youth ;  yet  he  would  no 
more  execrate  the  earth  ;  but  whilft  it  fhould  laft,  the  feafons  and 
day  and  night  fhould  fucceed  in  due  rotation.'*  He  bleffed  Noah's 
family  ;  gave  them  dominion  over,  and  perm iflion  to  eat  all  animals, 
except  their  blood.  He  decreed  to  retaliate  murder:  and  promifed 
that  the  Rainbow  fhould  be  a  token  that  another  Deluge  fhall  never 
be.     I  have  fworn,  fays  God,  the  waters  of  Noah  fhall  overflow  the 

earth 


1 


Chap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  141 

earth  no  more*      Homer  mentions  the  rainbow  as  Jove's  token  to  Ifaiah,  54. 

mankind.     Here  obferve  that,  tho*  the  rainbow  appears  often  in  our       ^' *7* 

5t7» 
clitaate ;  yet  in  fome  other  countries  it  feldom  or  never  is  feen  ;  as 

inPerfia. 

fc       Cedrenus  writes  that,  8  years  after  the  flood,  on  mount  Libanon 

[    of  Armenia,  Noah  cultivated  vines ;  in  which  alfo  Ofiris  refembled 

him.   Before  the  ufe  of  letters  every  notable  exploit  was^  attributed 

to  the  moft  famous  man  in  each  country:  as  by  the  Egyptians,  in  re* 

gaidto  N'oah>  concerns  ;  who  was  thus  the  firfl  Oliris;  a  name, 

thatby  iu  relation  to  Sihor,  fignifies  the  Nile  called  ocean  :  but  as 

it  relates  to  Syr,  Celtic  for  a  ftar,  is  Sirius  or  Sol.     Ofiris  was  like- 

wiiea  name  of  Ham's  fon  Mifor  :  thus  Tacitus  ftiles  Ofiris,  "  An- 

ilquiffimum  Egypti  Numen."     That  Mifor  was  the  primitive  Egyp-  L.  4, 

uaT\?>o\TuUy  fhews ;  ftiling  Nile's  fon  Vulcan  or  Phtha  the  fire  of 

Sol:  hercKWc  is  that  parent  of  the  Gods,  Oceanus,  who  was  Noah;  Nat.  Dcor. 

and  Vulcan,  as  being  a  Cabir  and  both  fire  and  grandfire  of  the  o* 

ihtr Egyptian  Cabiri,  was  Ham:  for  Sanchoniatho fhews  thatMifor's 

nephew  Ifraunus  was  the  eighth  Cabir  or  Deus  Potens  ;  whofe  great 

progenitors  were  Ogen,  Okem,  or  Ocean  and  Tethys  ;  that  is  (for 

O^cii  in  Celtic  is  an  Agar)  the  predifter  of  the  Deluge  Noah,  and 

hisconfort,  the  two  principal  of  the  8  univerfal  Cabirs  in  the  Ark. 

The  Egyptian  Cabirs  are   1.  Phtha  or  Opas,  who  was  Ham;  2.  his 

w/eThebe  or  Latona:  3.  Sol:  4.  Pan  or  Mendes,  Mifor  or  Ofiris; 

5«  Wswife  Ifis  or  Chamyna,  the  name  of  an  ancient  Ifis  in  Paufanias: 

6.  Plato  names  Theuth  or  Thoth,  who  was  Hermanubis  and  Hermo- 

pnes  Mifor's  fon,  in  Eratofthenes:    7.  Varrd  names  Muth,  who  was 

Scrapis ;  I  take  the  moft  ancient  Serapis  to  be  Noah,  who  faw  the 

Death  of  the  Old  world  ;    unlefs  wc  except  that  Serapis  who  was 

Satan.     Epius,  Apis  or  Ifmunus  was  the  eighth.       Suidas  fays,  the 

Grecians  had  medicine  from  Apis ;  Clement  of  Alexandria  writes 

^hat  Apis  a  native   Egyptian  invented  medicine  before  I6\s  arrival 

ihither,  and    founded   Memphis:  he  is   Menes   or    Mifor;  but  the 

eighth  Cabir   was    Mifor's    nephew    Knui.uis,  Lycophron's    Kpius. 

Homer  names  their  two  progenitors.  Ocean  and  Tethys:  Herodotus, 

the  3  firft  males,  and  the  primitive  Latona,  who  fecms  to  be  Thebe 

of 


H^ 


•i.  -..^■ 


Tolly  Nat. 
Deor. 


Eratofthen. 


Diodor. 


Sic. 


VRl  M  I  TI  VE    «IiSiT?.QR,Y.  {(fiopjf,^ 

^f  Egypt,. not  the  Titan  Latof^ajnwho  j^ffumed  her  namcf  j^^d ?wai 
cpevai  iwith  Tifcyuf  aQ4.  Ra^amfir^  in  faying.  Qlljrk 

^gd  Ifi&*?were  Oc€a3  and  TjCthys^-.raean^SvNoahanfljhij  confort..  3m  * 
their  grandfon  Mifor  was  the  firft  Egyptian  Ofiris;  and^^  wife 
Chamyna  was  their  firlt  Ifis  and  Minerva  the  daughter  of  Thebe  and 
thM  ancient  Prometheus,  who  alfo  was  H4m  2  H.his^ugbter^ef  fiis 
fead  alfe^rhe  naAeidf  Thebe  after  her  ritotber.  Mifor,  being  the  im- 
#rediate  founder  of  the  Mifraim  or  Egyptians,  bad  all  the  titles  adUt» 
kktion  c6uld  bellow-;  a!s  Sol,  Pan,  Sirius,  Ofiris,  Adonis,  Adono^ 
firis,  Titin,  Tharauz,  Hyperion,' Apollo,  Agathodemon,  Dionyfius, 
BaccHus;,  Faunus,  Mercury,  J^eon  or  Oceaii,!  Neptune,  Nile, 
Choirseus,  Uchoreus,  Siris,  Egyptus,  Priapus. 
^::I.''  ,>>■'  •-.  ^v:I^   ..      •••      ^  ^.-  .   •    . 

-VTKefe 'Titles  were  afterwai-iisaff^^^  by  fome  of  the  Titans  ;  as 
Nve^e  the'titfcs  of  Ham*s  other  immediate  defcendents.  So  Clement 
cff' Alexandria  fays  the  Athenian  Minerva  was  Vulcan's  daughter: 
but  this  Vulcan  was  Ham  ;  and  this  daughter  was  the  ancient  Egyp^ 
tian  Ifis  wife  of  Mifor  or  Ofiris,  long  before  the  Gecropian  Minerva 
<vh(>^  was  only  her  copy.  This  Vulcan's  wife  was  alfo  a  Minerva, 
ihd  daughter  of  that  primitive  Nilus  or  Ocean,  who  was  Noah,  the 
Edda's  Ymer,  from  Mor,  Oceanus  :  and  Snorro's  B^rgel  Mer,  borri 
before  the  earth's  renovation,"  and  faved  on  fhipboard. 

Ham's  fon  Mifor  is  the  firft  Egyptian  Menes  or  Meon,  a  name  tbk 
in  Celtic  implies  Ocean  5  as  Maon  is  Arabic  for,  water.     And,  from 
the  interpretation  of  the  Theban  lifts  of  Kings,  implies  Sol  alfo;  ^ 
likewifc  docs  Mar;    whence  in  the  Egyptian  hiftory,   Menes,  Amcft 
nophis  and  Maris  are  often  confounded,  and  frequently  are  called. 
Nilus.     Mifor  is  the  Ofiris  to  whom  were  attributed  the  aflions  of 
the  Egyptian  Bacchus,  the  Titan  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius :  who  was 
likewife  confounded  with  the  original  Bacchus  or  Evochus,  Nimrod, 
Nebrod  or  Faunus,  a  name  given  to  him  from  his  fawn  flcin  Tunic: 
hence  the  Bacchanal,  in  Senca's  CEdipus, 


l^ebride  facra  precinfta. 


Td 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     II  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  143 

To  Nimrod  properly  relates  the  title  of  Zagreus.  His  true  name 
probably  was  Ninus,  affumed  afterwards  by  the  fpoufe  and  fon  of 
Scnuramis:  for  Dicearchus  in  Stephanus  fays  that  '^Babylon  was  built 
by  the  fourteenth  king  after  Ninus  the  founder  of  Nineve."  He  was  In  Chaldcob 
Nimrod.  But  where  Pliny  fays  **Oppiduip  Nebriffa  cognomine  Vene- 
ria,"thefe  names  relate  to  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,  and  that  Egyptian 
Venus  or  Ifis  who  was  Ceres  his  Confort.     Silius  Italicus  fays, 

Nebriffa  Dionyfaeis  confcia  facris. 

Much  con fufion  is  bred  in  hiflory  by  the  cuftom  of  attributing  re- 
markable exploits  in  general    to  one  famous  perfon  ;  or  giving  the 
true  performer  the  title  of  fome  former  hero :  as  in  regard  to  Saturn, 
Jove,  Bacchus,  Apollo,  Neptune,    Pluto,  Mars,  Mercury,    Her- 
cu\c%;^\mo,  Venus,  Minerva,  Proferpine.    Thus  the  Gothic  Odin 
is  thereprefentativc  of  various  heroes  of  different  ages.     O,  is  a 
prepoBiive;  Din  is  Dis :  the  firft  Dis  was  Noah  ;  the  fecond,  Japet, 
the  third,  Acmon's  brother ;    the    fourth,    the  Titan   Japet.     But 
Typhon  Has  the   mod   formidable  Odin,  in   the  Titanian.  wars;  in 
which  all  the  regions  from  (Jades  to  Babylon  were  involved.  Typhon 
commanded  Getae,  and  the  Titans  retreated  to  their  ftronghold  named    Die  Cafs.  ] 
Xeira.-Iji  Britain,  all  famous  feats  of  antiquity  are  attributed  to  the 
i'CDow/ied   Arthur :  and   almoft  every  notable  place  contributes  to 
thw Across  memory.        Yet  it  is  not  eafy  to  difcover  who  he  really 
^^    Arthur  was  certainly  a  great  viftor  over  the  Saxons,  who  came 
^  Britain   in   Vortigern's  or  Gwrtheirn's  fourth  year,   during  the 
confulate  of  Felix  and  Taurus,    as  Nennius  writes  :  who  fets  the 
•  ^wmencement  of  Vortigern's  reign  in  the  confulate  of  Thodofius 
'^d  Valentinian,  A.  D.  425.      But  he  counts  42t  years,  inftead  of 
M  from  Patrick's  Miflion  to  his  own  time,  A.  D.  858  in  the  reign 
of  the  firft  Mervin  ;  tho'    commonly  fuppofed  the  fecond  ;  as  Nen- 
'''US  counts  429  years  to  Mervin's  fourth,  from  the  advent  of  the. 
Saxons :     who  are  erroneoufly  held  to  have  come  later  than  the  firft 
mentioned  confulate  A.  D.  428.       Stapleton's  verfion  of  Bede  fets 
the  arrival  of  the  Saxons  in  the  429th.  year  of  the  incarnation:  but 

Bede 


144  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t^ 

Bede  places  it  in  Marcian's  reign  :  whence  later  hiftorians  and  edi- 
tors have  counted  the  time  according  to  that  reign,  inftead  of  the 
year  of  the  Chriftian  era.  Hence  we  may  conclude  that  the  pathetic 
letter,  quoted  by  Gildas  and  Bede,  conveying  the  groans  of  the 
Britons  !to  Etius  in  his  thijrd  confulate,  was  prompted  by  Saxon 
cruelties.  Ethelwerd  fays,  the  Romans  quitted  Britain  485  years 
after  Cefar's  invafion ;  that  is,  A.  D.  425.  The  Saxon  Chronicle 
mentions  a  battle  between  the  Saxons  and  Vortigern  A.  D.  455:  but 
It  is  improbable  that  he  and  his  allies  were  at  variance  within  fix 
years  after  their  advent;  for  the  Saxons  at  firft  were  engaged  againft 
the  Scots  and  Pids.  Henry  of  Huntingdon  records  a  battle  be- 
tween them  at  Stamford.  The  Hallueluja  fight  in  North  Wales  un- 
der Germanus  againft  the  Saxons  is  related  by  Conftantius  of  Lions, 
about  30  years  after  the  death  of  Germanus,  as  well  as  by  Bede  and 
Paul  Diacon:  Nennius  fays  that  Germanus  went  to  France  after 
Vortigern*s  death,  and  Cambden  proves  that  Germanus  died  A.  D. 
L.  26.  435*  Ammian  mentions  the  Saxons  and  Scots  as  foes  to  Britons  fo 
early  as  his  time.     Claudian  fays^ 


.Stilic. 
TheodofiTs* 


K 


Profpicerem  <iubiis  venientcm  Saxona  Ventis. 

Alfo, 
Maduerunt,  Saxone  fufo,  Orcades. 

But  Arthur  and  his  contemporary  Merlin  arc  real  perfonages  only 
as  they  coincide  with  Uther  and  Aurelius  Ambrofe.  Thus  hiftorians 
blend  Uther's  aftions  with  Arthur's:  their  names  have  the  fame  im- 
port ;  both  Uthr  and  Arthur  fignify  wonderful.  Gildas  writes  that 
Aurelius  Ambrofe  often  fought  the  Saxons,  and  inftances  the  Bado- 
nian  fight;  which  others,  particularly  Henry  of  Huntington,  who  re* 
fers  to  Gildas,  attribute  to  Arthur.  So  William  of  Malmfbury  fays 
that  Arthur  fought  for  Aurelius  Ambrofe,  whom  he  deems  Vortigern's 
fucceffbr ;  efpecially  at  the  Badonian  fight :  which  Polydore  Virgil 
afcribes  to  Uther;  from  his  creft  furnamed  Pendragon,  but  Arthur's 
creft  was  a  dragon.     The  Flores  Hiftoriarum  fay  that  Nathan  Lcod 

(or 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  IM  I  T  I  V  E     »  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  145 

(or  Lluyd)  was  a  captain  under  Uther  :  White  of  Sarnigllokc  counts 
him  an  officer  under  Arthur.     Ethelwerd  fays  he  was  king,  and  fell 
by  the  Saxons,  14  years  after  Cerdic's  arrival.     Henry  of  Hunting- 
ton and  the  Saxon  annals  fay  that  Nathan  Leod  (who  perhaps  had 
the  epithets  of  Uthr,  and  Aruthr)  was  a  famous  king  60  years  after 
the  arrival  of  the  Saxons,  and   fell   in  battle  A.  D.   508.     Henry 
deems  Arthur' a  general  of  the  Britifh  kings  about  this  time.       For- 
dun    fays.  Lot  of  Scotland  miirried  Ann,  Uther's   filler  j   Geofry 
deems  her  Arthur's.       Bede  is  filent  about  Arthur,  whofe  birth  is 
fiftitious;  and  gives  the  honour  of  the  Badonian  fight  (which  Staple- 
ton's  verfion  fets  55  years  after  the  advent  of  the  Saxons)  to  Aure- 
lius,  who  was  of  Roman  dcfcent.      Gildas,  iFordun,  Polydore,  and 
Bede's  late  editions  count  that  fight  11  years  fooner.       Trithemius 
deems  Arthur  coeval  with  Clovis,  A.    D.  482—511.     He  routed 
PoWio,  Tribune  under  Leo,  who   reigned  A.  D.  460-474.      Pro- 
WbVy   A.nhur  was  Childric*s   ally  againft.  Pollio  A.  D.  470.     Ar- 
thur fent  his  nephew  to  Simplicius,  who  was    Pope,  A.    D*  465 
to    483.      To  conclude,    Arthur   and   Uther  are  appellatives  of  a 
Brifift  prince  celebrated  byLowarch  Hen  and  Talieflin;  heflourifh- 
ed  about  the  year  470  and  till  about  511.     His  real  name  probably 
was  Nathan  Leod.     Arthur's  remains  are  faid  to  be  now  at  Malmf- 
laury.     As  to  his  tomb  at  Glaftonbury  found  by  the  Abbot  Henry 
de  Sully,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  the  fecond  ;   who  comrhanded  the 
ftarch,  owing  to  the  fong  of  a  Welfh  bard  at  Pembroke,  this  whole    • 
account  feems  to  be  one  of  the  many  fiQions  of  Giraldus ;  who  fays 
that  Arthur's  fliin  bone,  according  to  the  Abbot's  report,  exceeded 
the  length  of  a  tall  man's  leg  by  thfee  fingers.     The  Latin  epitaph 
it  fufpicious  ;  tho'  Camden  reprefents.the  letters  rude  and  of  a  Go- 
thic form,  as  copied  formerly  from  the  original  during  itspreferva- 
tion  in  the  Abbey  ;  Leland  faw  the  original ;    but  fays  that  Arthur's 
queen  Giiinevor  was  buried  at  Ambrefbury.     Arthur  is  the  reputed 
founder  of  Windfor  Cattle.  Sir  John  Prys  cites  a  donation  to  Landaff 
Cathedral  by  Arthur's  fon  Noe  :    but  Arthur  is  not  mentioned  by 
Gildas;  who  feems  to  attribute  the  Badonian  fight  to  Ambrofe  ;  and 
mentions  Maelgwn  Gwined  long  fubfequent  to  him;  tho'  William  of 
Alalmfbury  writes  that  Gildas  was  interred   at  Glaftonbury,   A.  D. 

512.  which  tends  to  prove  that  the  advent  of  the  Saxons  and  Arthur's 

U  vars 


L 


,46  PRIMITIVE, HISTORY-  ,  (Book  1. 

wars  were  earlier  than  commonly  eftimated. — As  to  Merlin^  he  was 
named  Ambrofe  Wledic ;  which  laft  imports  Aurelius  ;  for  Conati " 
Aurelius  was  Conan  Wledic  ;  yet  Pennant  interpret3  Wledic,  mar- 
tial. It  is  argued  that  Merlin  called  himfelf  Ambrofe  Guletic  ;  this 
Nennius  dubioufly  and  wrongly  interprets,  /  am  named  Ambrofe* 
Nennius  wrote  Guletic,  the  W.  being  unknown  in  Latin,  fo  William 
is  Gulielmus.  Vortigern  gave  much  land  to  Merlin  :  this  prefent 
befpeaks  him  a  prince,  as  the  Britifh  hiftory  coun  s  him,' and  of 
Roman  defcent ;  in  which  alfo  he  refembles  Ambrofe  Aurelius. 

To  refume  the  Patriarchal  hiftory.  '  Noah  being  once  overcome 
with  wine,  and  lying  naked  in  his  tent,  his  fon  Ham  Canaan's  father 
faw  and  divulged  it  to  Shem  and  Japhet :  who  brought  clothes  into 
the  tent,  with  their  backs  toward  Noah,  and  covered  him  decently. 
Noah  learning  his  youngeft  fon's  difrefpcflful  behaviour^  curfed 
Canaan's  father,  dooming  him  to  ferve  his  brother.  Shem  had  a 
blefling :  and  Japhet,  probably  as  eldeft  fon,  had  a  promife  to  pof- 
fefs  the  lands  both  of  Ham  and  Shem.  '  This  enfued  during  the 
Greek  and  Roman  empires;  for  tho'  Shemites  have  occupied  a  great 
part  of  Japhet's  territory,  it  is  by  intermixing  with  his  pofterity  rather 
than  by  fubduing  or  removing  them.  Japhet  will  again  triumph, 
after  the  1260  years  of  the  firft  beaft  in  the  Apocalypfe  ;  whofe 
period  commenced  during  the  Exarchate  of  Ravenna :  when  the 
crowns,  implying  independent  power,  were  on  the  ten  Horns,  or 
branches  of  the  Roman  empire :  probably  when  the  namcfake  of- 
Jove  Papa  affumed  a  fpiritual  authority  over  all  kindreds,  about 
A.  D.  606.  at  leaft,  before  the  Antichrift  became  the  fecond  beaft, 
with  the  two  horns  of  power,  fpiritual  and  temporal,  on  obtaining 
the  fovereignty  of  Ravenna,  A.  D.  756,  or  666  years  after  John's 
vifion.  This  laft  number  feems  to  be  ftiled  a  man's,  as  commencing 
from  an  event  refpefling  a  private  individual,  that  is,  John's  pre- 
diftion;  riot  from  any  public  era.  Thro*  a  fpirit  of  predi6lion  Ham 
was  accurfed  in  the  particular  line  of  Canaan,  agreeable  to  the  fe* 
cond  commandment;  where  itis  declared  that  a  wicked  progeny  ftiall 
have  lefs  m^rcy  by  reafon  of  Parental  fins.  Human  oblations  rend- 
ered Canaan's  idolatry  doubly  abominable. 

Noah 


Chap  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  147 

Noah  lived  with  his  foiis  at  lead  till  after  Canaan's  birth.      And 
Mofes   mentions  the  whole  people   as  afTemblcd  at  Shinar;  there-   Cen.   ir. 
fore  the   creftion  of  the  tower  of  Babel  was  previous  to.  any  dif- 
perfion. 

Canaan's  name  is  more  exa6lly  Cnaan :  it  fignifies  a  merchant^ 
like  Mercury.  He  is  Sanchoniatho's  Cna,  the  brother  of  Ifiris,. 
the  inventor  of  three  letters,  or  rather  alphabets.  For  this  Ifiris, 
Hyfirus,  or  Ofiris^  being  Canaan's  brother,  was  Mifor  or  the  pri- 
mitive Menes  or  Mercury  of  Egypt  who  >yas  the  father  of  Thoth 
Hermogenes.  In  his  reign  letters  were  invented,  before  the  time 
of  Phoroneus„  the  brother  of  Egialeus,  as  Anticlide*  recorded..  PHny. 
Thus  Plutarch  and  Gellius  inform  us  that  Mercury  2i  primitive  God  Sympos.. 
of  Egypt  is  reported  to  be  the  difcovererof  letters.  Plato  who  men- 
uotis  Hyperborean  letters  attributes  this  invention  to  Thoth  or 
Tbeuth;  but  it  was  in  his  father's  reign.  Tully  tells  us,  **  Thoth- 
taught  the  £gyptians  laws  and  letters."  Thoth  was  expert  in  letters,,  j^^^  q^^^. 
being /ecretary  to  the  firft  Cronus- or  Ham.  Sanchoniatha  attributes 
to  him  the  invention  of  the  facred  charafters..  In-  Stobacus  Ifis  tells 
Orus  that  **  Hermes  depofited  the  facred  lymbols  of  the  mtindane 
elements  near  the  Adyta  of  Ofirisr''  here  Hermes  is  Thoth,  Ofiris 
IS  Mifor.  Tofothrusy  the  Egyptian  Efculapius  and  Thoth's  contem- 
porary was  expert  in  letters.  Varro^  ir>  Auguftinv  fays,  ^^  the 
Egyptians  were  taught  letters  by  Ifis  2000  years  before  his  time."  Cir.  D.  18.^ 
She  was  Mifor's  wife  :  Cybele  and  her  daughter  Ceres  affumed  this  ^^' 
name  fome  five  centuries  afterwards.  A  famous  library,  called  the 
Mind's  Relief,  was  at  Memnoniiim,  prior  to  the  commencement  of 
the  Sothiac  cycle,  1322  years  before  the  Chriftian  era;  for  the 
Golden  circle  of  Ofymand)  as  at  Mcmnonium  proves  that  the  year 
was  then  365  days  exaftly.  Manetho  confulted  Thoth'^hierographic 
infcriptions :  biu  deems  him  the  firft  Hermes;  tho'  Eratofthenes  calls 
him  Hermogenes, 

Berofus  fhews  that  letters  were  in  ufe  among  the  Antediluvians^ 
Peter,  Jude,  Polyhiftor  and  Eupolemus  quote  a  book  attributed  to 
Eqoch:    it  was  not  genuine  in  their  time,  yet  probably  contained 

U  2  '  paiTages 


148  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

pafFages  of  Antediluvian  original,  and  allude  to  one  n^ore  ancient. 
Varro  flicws  that  the  Egyptians  had  letters   2000  years  before  his 
age.     Jofephus  mentions  a  tradition  that  Seth   erefted  two  fquare 
pillars,  on  which  all   inventions  were  recorded.     Thefe  remained 
even  to  his  time  in  Syriad.     Sculptures  there  were  near  Schirath  in 
Judg.  3.      .   £p}^raim.     Ammian  (22)  fays,  the  Syringes,  (according  to  Paufania^^^ 
near  the  vocal  ftatue    in  Egypt)  were  fubterranean  and  ferpentine 
recelTes,  where  adepts  in  ancient  rites,  prefaging  the  Deluge,  engraved 
many  hieroglyphics.     Thefe  probably  were  that  Seth's,   who  Was 
Jambfich'us,     Typhon.     Pythagoras   and    Plato  read  them  ;  and  they  remained 
to  the  time  of  Proclus.     Letters  were  in  ufe  in  the  time  of  Job  (ig) 
who  indeed  appears  to  have  lived  (30.  3)  after  the  Exod  :  Ccdrenua 
counts  him  Efau's  grandfon.       Cyprian,  Tertullian  and  Minutius 
L.  7.   Felix  affirm  that  the  Titan  Saturn  brought  letters  to  Italy :    Pliny 
and  Solirius  fay,  the  Pelafgi  brought  letters  thither.      Diodorus  Si- 
culus  relates  that  a  Deluge  deftroyed  all  the  literary  monuments  of 
£^   .  Grcexre  :  hence  the  Egyptians  pretended  to  be  the  firft  aftronomers; 

which  fcience  Sol's  fon  Aftis  taught  them.  Euftathius  in  Homer 
fays,  the  Pelafgi  alone  preferved  their  letters,  after  the  flood.  Tacitus 
Annal.ii.  14  ^"^^^  that  Cecrops  introduced  letters  into  Attica;  and  the  Italian 
Aborigines  had  letters  from  Evander  the  Arcadian  ;  who,  as  Aure- 
lius  Viftor  relates,  brought  letters  to  Italy ;  Ifidore  gives  this  honour 
to  Evander's  mother.  Juba,  in  Plutarch,  fays  *'  They  learnt  letters 
from  Hercules:*'  he  was  taught  by  Linus  :  which  accounts  for  the 
Latin  letters  being  the  moft  ancient  Greek;  for  Linus  rejeded  the 
S-  iS.  'Cadmean  innovation:  which -laft,  as  Herodotus  writes,  were  firft 
received  by  the  lonians;  Hefychius  and  Harpocration  fay  the  Attic 
were  the  moft  ancient.  TuUy  attributes  the  Phrygian  charafters  to 
the  Egyptian  Hercules  :  thus  the  Phrygian  were  the  Pelafgic  :  this 
Hercules  was  Demaraon  the  father  of  Melcart,  in  whofe  honour  were 
the  Ifthmian  games;  hot  Damaratus,  as  in  Tacitus.  But  Leo  Al- 
latius  and  others  fay  that  Ifiod  of  Japhefs  line  invented  the  firft 
Grecian  letters.  Pliny  fuppofes  that  letters  were  known  to  the 
AflTyrians  from  the  earlieft  times;  but  owns  that  Gellius  afcribed 
their  invention  to  the  Egyptian  Mercury ;    as  others  did,  to  the 

L  Syrians.     Diodorus  fa}'s  the  Egyptians  had  letters  from  Ethiopia; 

'  but 


Chap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  ^  149 

but  Thebais  was  reputed  a  part  of  Ethiopia.     The  Gentoos  fay  that  l.  3. 

Brahma  invented  letters.     Suidas  attributes  the  Hebrew  letters  to     ^ 

Abraham.     Mofes  recorded  the  defeat  of  the  Amalekites,  before  he 

received  the  Commandments.    Nonnus  mentions  that  Deriades  wrote  L,  21. 

to  Bacchus,  alTertinghimfelf  to  be  Mithras  and  the  Aflyrian  Phaeton: 

deriding  Sol,  Jove,  and  Saturn,  he  acknowledged  only  earth  and 

Water  divine.  *  Zenobius  fays  that  Cadmus  flew  Linus  for  oppofing 

his  own   Pelafgic  lettera  to  the  Phenician :   therefore  the  Cretans, 

who,  according  to    Mimnermus,  derived  letters  from  the   Mufes, 

daughters  of  Uranus^  truly  afferted  that  "  the  Phenicians  did  not  j^.  ,        '. 

invent,  but  only  alter,  the  forms'  of  letters."     Tacitus  afferts  that 

the  Phenicians  had  letters  from  the  Egyptians :  whofe  letters,  as  in- 

fcriptions  (hew,  refemble  Etrufcan.    Paufanias  faw  an  infciiption  on 

the  tomb  of  Cora^bus  a  contemporary  of  Crotopus.      Prometheus, 

CecTops,  Phenix,  Danaus,  and  Orpheus  conftituted  different  alpha- 

betSi  as  merchants  have  their  different  marks;  which  Chinefe  letters 

refemble  reinarkably  :    thus  the  Samaritans  feem  to  have  invented  a 

crabbed  charafter,  to  be  unintelligible  to  other  Jews.     In  like  man* 

ner  it  is  probable  that,  as  the  powers  of  pronunciation  were  afFefted 

varioufly  at  Babylon,  this  event  furnifhed  the  hint   to  the  feveral 

captains,  to  introduce  new  words  into  ufe  j    rather  than  that  words 

radically  new  were  inflantly  applied,  inftead  of  old.     So  as  to  mea- 

fuTCs,  one  clafs  of  men  meafured  by  their  general's  foot ;    another^ 

by  the  length  of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  down. — Herodotus  (aw 

monumental  trophies  of  Sefoftris  in  Paleflinc  containing  infcriptrons;  -, 

andm  Ionia  on  two  of  his  ftatues  this  infcription  in  the  facred  cha- 

rafters  of  Egypt,  "  I  won  this  region  by  thefe  fhoulders  of  mine.'* 

Odin  bad  Runic  letters  from  Fimbul  Tyr:  Tyr  here  fignifies  Tyriusj 

^*  Tyr  became  a  proper  name  amongft  the  Goths ;  the  Edda  ftiles 

Ae  Gothic  God  Tyr  fagacious  and  brave  to  a  proverb.     Tyr  is  the 

name  of  a  month  in  the  Perfian  and  Ethiopian  calendars ;  as  Athyr 

is  in  the  Egyptian,  and  Theri  in  the  Armenian  :  yet  Tyr,  which  is 

S^gitta,  was  the  Perfian  name  of  the  planet  Mercury.     Fimbul  feems 

to  be  the  oldeft  Hercules;  for  he  was  alfo  called  Thul-ur,  Senex  j 

^ucian  writes  that  this  Hercules  was  figured  in  Gaul  as  an  old  mari- 

*^^^  drawing  his  audience  by  the  ears  with  his  tongue.      Thulur  is 

the 


I 


150  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     II  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  ,  (Book  1. 

the  Egyptian  Thulis;    for  Is  fignifics  a  man,  as  Ur  \n/ Celtic  does. 
fie  is  Snorro's  Fimbul  Thul,  and  his  Afa  Tor,  or  divine  Tor.      He 
was  Meon  (Ogmeon)  who  was  Mifor.       One  Gothic  Odin  was  as 
earfy  as  the  Phenician   Hercules ;    for  Valerius  Flaccus  (hews  that 
the  Goths  were  in  Europe  prior  to  the  time  of  Sefoftris  :  they  were 
fo'in  the  Titanian  war,  and  their  leader  Odin  feems  to  be  Typhon; 
tho'  the  original  Odin  was  Noah.  Yet  Snorro  (hews  that  the  laftOdin 
^w^as  in  the   twenty  fecond  generation  from  Priam.     A  Copper  urn 
dug  out  of  the  ground  in  the  time  of  Epaminondas  contained  the  rites 
paufanias.  of  the  great  Goddeffes  recorded  on  a  roll  of  tjn.     Lucan  fays  that 
records  were  made  in  Egypt  on  ftone,  prior  to  bark  or  leaves.  Let- 
ters on  wooden  tablets  were  in  Irifh  called  Feadda,  wood,  wydd  . 
this  term  is  Gothic,  and  probably  from  the  Goths  Ireland  had  letters, 
Suidas  tells  us,  Jove  recorded  events  on  the  (kin  of  the  goat  that 
fuckledhim:    this  parchment  was  called  Diphthera;    its  antiquity 
5.  50.      was  proverbial.     Herodotus  fays  that  parchment  grew  into  ufe  thro* 
afcarcity  of  paper  of  Biblos.       Ctefias  mentioned  the  Indian  kmg's 
letter  to  Semiramis ;  who  as  Diodorus  writes,  infcribed  a  rock  in  the 
mountain  Bagiftan  with  Syriac  letters.     But  Ophion's  feven  books 
defcriptive  of  tht  univerfe,  mentioned   by  Nonnus,  is  the  oldell 
Poftdiluvian  treatife  on  record ;    for  Apollonius  Rhodius  (hews  ui 
that  Ophioii  was  Uranus  depofed  by  his  fon  Saturn.     Strabo  men- 
tions letters  on  linen:    Symmachus,  Perfian  letters  dyed  on    filL 
Pliny  7.  58,  and  Tacitus,  in  faying  that  the  Latin  letters  were  Ae 
Ann.  II.  14  "^^^  ancient  Greek,  are  confirmed  by   Dionyfius  of  HalicarnafliU 
(4)  as  to  letters  on  a  column  in  Diana's  temple  at  Rome.     Pliny  re-- 
fers  to  a  Delphic  plate  of  brafs  then  ii>the  Palatin  Library.  — Strabc^ 
mentions  very  ancient  Ethic  poems  of  the  Turditani,  probably  fimi-^ 
7.  .63.     '^ir  to  the  Old  Arifmafpian  verfes  tranfcribed  by  Arideas  prior  to^ 
Homer. 

c„^«^.  Plutarch  and  Pliny  count  the  Cadmean  letters  16.  Herodotus, 
(5-  58-)  fays  that  the  lonians  firft  received  thefe:  the  Attic  letters 
being  the  old  Pelafgic;  which  were  the  fame  as  the  Latin  in  the  time 
of  Pliny,  Tacitus,  and  Dionyfius  of  Halicarna  fTus.  The  Druids  did 

not 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  151 

not  commit  their  maxims  to  writing;  yet  Cefar  fays  the  Gauls  ufed 
Greek  letters^  but  were  ignorant  of  that  language.  Plutarch  teaches 
us  that  Alcmena's  tablet  had  charaflers  ufed  in  Egypt^in  the  reign  Soc.  Ifis. 
of  Proteus  ;  alfo  that  the  Egyptian  letters  were  25,  equal  to  their 
luni-folar  cycle  of  25  years  of  365  days.  Coins  of  Bericus  and 
Cafwallon  prove  letters  in  Britain  as  early  as  6efar. 

Ariftotle  in  Pliny  fays  that  Z  and  $  wefe  two  of  18  old  letters,  and 
that  Epicharmus  added  fl  and  %.     But  Caffiodorus  writes  that  Z  was       7-  S^* 
no  ancient  letter;  double  5  anfwered  its  purpofe;  and  Plato  tells/tis 
Zwas  a  modern  letter.     Vega  on  the  contrary  fays,  the   Peruvians 
lack  S,  that  is  the  foft  found  of  it;  it  being  pronounced  hard  like  z,  ^''*V**'*** 
as  in  dies,  days.  The  Latins  fubftituted^  for  it,  as  Patriffo,  YlAT^tflfii 
the  Greeks  put  fometimes  a  fingle  5  for  it,  as  5^«|«,  £aj<r«.  Sometimes  it 
v/as  converted  into  /.  Confonant,  as  t^M^oq^  lugum:  and  into  G.  as 
WaLipa^o, ?Toin  'apaj&i  alfo  into  Z),  as  Zeus,  Deus;  Zancle  Dancle, 
Nidor  from  jiv/J^.   Edward  Lluyd  tells  Rowland  that  the  Armoricans 
nkdZfordh;   hence  Theuth  and  Dheu  became  Zeus,  and  perhaps 
Heus.  The  firft  and  third  infcriptions  in  Apollo's  temple  at  Thebes,  in 
Cadmean  charafters  feen  by  Herodotus,  contain,  as  now  reprefented, 
.    all  the  letters  except  L  h  *.  the  three  double  confonants.    Plutarch 
fajfilW  Palamedes  and  Simonides  invented  four  letters  each.Tzetzes 
attributes  two  to  Simonides,  three  to  Epicharmus.  Pliny  deems  the  Pa- 
iamedcan,  d.  i.  0.  %.  and  the  Sinionidean  Z.  H.  *.  «.  Two  of  thefe 
*^  dipthongs;  three  double  confonanti;  three  afpirated  confonants: 
^Wch  lad  Viftorinus  attributes  to. Simonides.     Suidas  deems   Z, 
infteadofj,  a  Palamedean;  this  Ariftotle's  account  of  Z  renders 
probable.     Simonides  and  Epicharmus  lived  about  500  years  before 
™  Incarnation :  but  infcriptions  in  Fourmont  fhew  that  /Twas  ufed 
*^  years  before  the  Chriftian  era.     Yet  Plato  fays,  the  Athenians 
"fed  the  fhort  £,  and  0,  for  the  long:  So,  the   famous  Sigeari   in- 
'cription  tranfmitted  by  Dr.  William  Sherrard,   Conful  at  Smyrna :  * 

y^Uhis  has  the  afpirated  Confonants;  as  likewife  has  the  Baude. 
lotian  lombftone  at  Athens,  A.  C.  450;  together  with  /fafpirate; 
^hb,  and  AT,  C,.  K,  and  G,  are  Gutturals.  The  Sigean  Letters 
^c  thcfe;  (Stt  Piatt  x,)     S  i$  fometimes  an  expletive,   as  Mufca 

from  J^l 


i 


152  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  i. 

from  Mwu.  S  is  often  a  prepofitive,  as  feveral  other  letters  are;  fo 
Omalos,  Similis;  akis,  Sagitta;  the  Irifh  Alt  (whence  vault)  is  Saltos: 
Hecr,  fir;  Semajim,  heaven;  Havo,  fave;  Myrina*  Smyrna;  Micy* 
thus,.  Smicy thus;  Tyr-henia,  Tyr-fenia;  the  Irifli  Siar  is  lar;  Halea» 
Salcn;  fait  is  from  Al;  Septem  from  Hepta;  Semi,  from  Hemii; 
Indus,  Sindus;  Upnos,  Somnus;  Ur,  Sur  in  Syncellus;  Elli,  Selli; 
Alpia,  Salpia,  in  Lycophron:  a  hog,  Suka,  Sic:  Aracen,  Saracen. 
The  Welch  Taru  is  the  Belgic  Steer;  Ber,  a  fpear.  Smoke  is  from 
the  Celtic  Mwg;  Hell  is  in  Hebrew  Sheol:  Hen,  old  in  Celtic,  and  . 
venerable,  is  the  Highland  Sean,  the  Chinefe  Chan,  pronounced  i 
Shan,  and  the  Latin  Senex.  Sol  is  from  the  Celtic  Haul;  as  Apollo 
IS  Ap  Haul.  Slip  is  from  Labor;*  Ship  from  Hippa:  Sub  from  .uro  r 
Scribo  from  Tfa^ftr;  Selene  from  Elane,  whofc  facred  Lake  in  the 
Gevaudan  bore  her  name. 

The  Latin  B  came  from  the  Ccltac;  it  is  the  firft  letter  of  the 
Irifh  table;  which,  inftead  of  Alphabet,  is  termed  Bcth-luiTnon. 
Vega  fays  the  Peruvians  lack  B;  which  fometimes  is  changed  into 
V;  as  Be,  Galic,  and  Beith,  in  Irifh,  Biote  in  Greek  became  the 
Latin  Vita;  Febris,  Fever;  Dabid,  David:,  In  India  Bedh  and  Vedh 
Bochart.  are  fynonymous :  the  Suevi  are  Ptolemy's  Suebi.  B  and  P  are  com- 
Canaan.  I.  mutable;  as  Cubo,  Kvzlu;  Boko,  Pafco;  ab,  apo;  Labor,  lapfer 
Pha/jg!'4-*4.  Pepper  is  in  Turkifli,  Beber;  Bras  is  Prcs  in  Celtic,  hence  price. 
Lady  Mont,  goods  being  eftimated  by  it  formerly:  Gabon  is  Irifli  for  Capo:  Pufc 
is  the  fame  as  Beth  in  Celtic;  Pibifeth  is  Bubaftis;  Prydyn,  Brium 
Rutupinus,  Rudby;  Epifcopus,  Bifhop;  Cophtos,  Cobt;  Peto  Ac 
ancient  Beto;  Pel  Celtic,  Pila,  Latin,  for  a  Ball:  Ampelus,  Ham* 
belus.  Hyde  fliews  that  the  Perfians  put  P  for  B.  Plutarch  fays 
the  Eolians  put  P  for  B.  In  Haim's  Punic  coin  B  refembles  P:  fo 
in  the  Runic  Alphabet :  Purgos  in  Greek  is  the  Phenician  Borg,  the 
Gothic  Burg  and  Berg;  and  in  ancient  Latin  Uvppog  was  Burrhus: 
Puer  is  the  Tartarian  Baar;  hence,  the  Oriental  and  Irifh  Bar,  fon. 
Blood  is  the  Tartarian  Plut.  Balaena  is  Phalaina;  Berenice,  Phere- 
nice.  The  Macedonians  put  B  foT  *,  as  Bilipp  )s  for  Philip.  Plu- 
tarch fays  the  Boeotians  ufed  B  for  P,  as  BuGos  for  Pufios.  At 
Otaheite  B  is  pronounced  like  P.       The  Arabs  like  the  Irifh  had 

4id 


Chap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  153 

no  P;  but,  without  the  character,  applied  much  of  its  found  to  the 
B,  as  the  Welfli  are  now  apt  to  do.      On  the  contrary,  P  and  T 
lerve  the  Manchews  inftcad  of  B  and  D  as  in  Peru,  where  G  is  fup« 
^ted  by  K,  and  F  by  V.     B  was  ufed  in  Latium  about  the  year  of 
Rome  493i  as  the  DuilUan  pillar  evinces ;  it  occurs  in  two  of  the 
Ettgubian  tables.     Sir  George  Whelcr  fays,  *'  the  modern  Greeks 
jironounce  B,  as  we  do  V;  hence  Balcrianos  on  Valerian's  medals  ;  • 
and,  to  reprefentB  ufc  M  P.     The  Irifli  turn  B  into  M,  as  Bean  a 
woman,  in  the  plural  is  Mna;  fo  the  Eolians  had    Murmex  for  Bur- 
»iex,  whence  came  Formica ;    fubmitto  becomes  fummitto,  Seben- 
nytus,  Sementioud,   Berodach,  Merodach ;  beer,  Merum,  whence 
merr)':  the  Celtic  Cam  is  the  Hebrew  Gab,  whence  the  Latin  Gib- 
bus.  In  Numbers  32,    Beon  is   Meon.     By   this  tranfmutation  of 
\eticrs,  the  Celtic  Buyd,  or  Armorican   Boet,  became  the   Englifh 
tatai  Mid  food,  the   Danifh  Mad,  the  Latin  Viftus;    in  Galic  it  is 
I.4,\rtici\ce  Edo.     B,  P,  and  K,  often  ferve  for  each  other;    as 
Pen  and  Kyn,  head  ;  fo  Hefychius  has  Boptopvyvi,  and  Ko^opvyvi ;  the 
J^rifhBw,  white,  is  Can  in  Celtic,  hence  Canus;  and  Sicani,  mean 
'om  of  the  Cani   or  white  men :  Ilf/xTf,  Cinque,  quinque.    Barleiis 
on  Lucian  would  thus  convert  Deucalion  into  Thubal :    but  I   de- 
'JVC  it  from  Deu  Gael  Ion,  Ion  the  divine  Celt.      He  was  a  native, 
"^J^d  his  family  inhahftants,'  of  Celt:-  Sc^thia  during  feven  generations 
*^*  Teiitatcs  or  Tat:    fo   I  am  a    Cambrian,  as  born  in   Wales, 
^w*"^  my  family  have  lived  during  during  feven  generations  from 
.'*™T>  Ferrar's  heirefs,  the  wife  of  Lewis  Williams,  Reftor  of  Nar- 
■    "Wh,  but  a  native  of  the  county  of  Hereford:     Pezron  is  right  in 
*^ing  the  Titins,  Celts;    but  not  in  deriving  them  from  Gomer, 
*^ccpt  thro'  intermarriages  :    for  Tuith,  Teiitat,  Tat  or  the  fecond 
^'^h,  was  Ham's  great  grandfon  ;  being  the  fon  of  the  fecond  Her- 
®^j  who  was  Thoth  Hermogenes  fon  of  Menes  or  Mifor. — B  is  alfo 
•  inverted  in  F;    as  Far  is  from  the  Celtic  Bara,  bread :  the  Irifh 
^^  in  Englifh,  bear,  is  Fero;  Turba  is  turf:  Bremo,  Fremo :  Bu- 
"•'ais,  Bufalus.    The  Eolic  Digainma  was  the  Phenician  Vau  in  form 
*^d power:    fo  the  Englifh  fay  indifferently,  bereaved  or  bereft: 
**fc  becomes  lives :    Vir,  in  the  Celtic  Ur,  is  Fers  in  the  Tartarian 
^&i^;    Fir  in  the  Irifh:  the  Belgic  Vier  is  fire;   Voet,  foot. 

X  Terentius 


154 


t 


PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Terentius  Scaurus  fays  the  Digamma  was  ufed  for  the  Afpirate  H ; 
as  Faedusfor  Haedus;  Fordeum,  Hordeum;  Femur,  Homer:  Prifcian 
fays  the  Eolians  did  fo;  the  Spaniards  have'Haba,  Habla,  for  Faba, 
Fabula:  Folamh  in  Irifh  is  hollow.  But  inftead  of  the  F  the  Greeks 
chiefly  ufed  *,  which  is  P  afpirated.     F  fometimes  became  G,  as 
Fel,  Gall  ;    for,  fup  ;  and  as  G  and  C  are  commutable,    Ovid  has, 
Chloris  eram.  Flora  vocor.     Sometimes  it  has  the  power  of  Gh  in 
enough,  often  pronounced  cnow;  fo  MenzikofF  becomes  Menzikow. 
The  Perfian  Ghihar  is  the  German  Vier,  the  Englifh  four,  the  Tar^ 
tarian  Fyder;    alfo  the  Cambrian  Pedwar,  juft  as  Pifcis  is  fifh :  or 
Caput  is  the  Saxon  Heafod,  head.     F  often  fupplies  a  guttural  ac- 
cent, as  Floyd  is  Lloyd  ;  fo  the  Eolians  for  RoJov  had   FpjJov    tho' 
ftriftly  L  and  R  are  only  femigutturals ;  R  being  the  Canine  letter, 
the  real  gutturals  are  G,  H,  K,  Q.    Sometimes  F  fupplied  an  Hiatus; 
fo  Prifcian  from  Alcman  ha^Dafion  for  Daeon:  Turneforfs  Delian 
infcription  has  the  Digamma  F,  filling  the  Hiatus  in  avro  thus  ATFTO 
written  from  the  left ;  fo  Hafoc,  a  hawk.     The  Roman  Digamma  is 
the  fixth  letter,  like  the  Hebrew  Vau  or  Whau.      In  Greek  the  Z, 
which  argues  itfelf  by  that  means  a  late  letter,  fupplanted  F  j  and  in 
numerals  by  fome  accident  it  degenerated  into  the  double  letter  ft, 
named  Bau  Epifemon;  probably  becaufe  F  originally  refembled  this 
form  J  for  what  is  Bau,  but  Vau?  Ifidore  fays  that  V  redoubled  is 
the  Eolic  Digamma,  which  was  W;  fo  Dionyfius  Hal.    tells  us  the 
diphthong  Ou  was  prefixt  to  vowels,  and  fimilar  to  the  digamma ;  m 
Ouanax,  Wanax,    Fanax ;  and  Silvius,    Silfius,  Silouiusj    Ouate^ 
Vates :  fo  woman  is  Faemina.     Sir  George  Wheler  fays,  •*  the  mo- 
dern Greeks'pronounce  Au  and  Eu,  as  Af  and  Ef/*     The  ancients 
changed  the  laft  U  of  two  into  an  O,  as  Volgus  in  Ennius.     DonatU3 
faid,  "  V  and  I  were  confonants,    when  they  preceded   vowels.'* 
But  at  firft,  the  Latins  ufed  the  Digamma  for  the  V  confonant,  as 
Fotum  for  Votum.      The  Welfh  convert  V  fometimes  into  M,  as 
Vaur  or  Maurj  fo  the  Latin  Mavors  is  the  Sabine  Maniers  :  fome- 
times  into  B,  as  Vach  or  Bach ;    fo  the  Latin  Vado  is  the  Greek 
Bado  :  -  as  the  Englifh  bull  is  Vol  in  Sclavonian,  Bole  in  RufTian. 
15  vowel  was  often  pronounced  as  Ou ;    fo  Ouranos,  UranuQr     For 

this 


i 


Cbap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  155 

this  diphthong  a  fingle  O  was  fomctimes  fubftituted,  as  Dionyfo  in- 
fcribed  on  an  ancient  cup.  O  fomctimes  ftood  for  the  diphthong  Athcncus. 
au;  fo  Lotus,  lautus.  O  has  (bmetimes  been  exchanged  for  U,  as 
Fretu,  Acherunte  :  Pliny  fays,  the  Umbrians  did  fo  ;  tho*  the  U  in 
their  alphabet  is  invifible  to  Hodiernal  antiquaries,  yet  Swinton  fhews 
dni  V  was  ufed  early  in  Latium.  U  redoubled  was  fomctimes  con- 
vened to  G  as  war,  Gueire;  warranty,  Garranty  ;  William,  Gwillim, 
Gulielmus.  V  is  fomctimes  a  prepofitive  as  E/Jw,  video.  Y  is  often 
fabftiiuted  for  G  ;  as  Ceag,  key;  Gear,  year  ;  Gemen,  Yemeaor 
yeoman,  commoner* 


Tk  Latin  V   ferves  greatly   for  the  Greek  Upfelon  as  a  vowel, 

and  often  carries  the  found  of  a  diphthong,  as  in  Guy.  .     Bochart  pij^jg^  .  ^g 

fliers  that  I  is  fomctimes  fubftituted  for  U  ;  thus  Ifaiah's  Phul,  and 

.'  x\\t CViiidean  Phulac  is  the  Egyptian  Philae:    fo  Itis  is  Idus,  in  Ma-  qj^  ^5^ 

\  crobius:  Varro  fhews  that  U   and  E  are   commutable,  as  Turma, 

Tema.   Us  fomctimes  fubftituted  for  E,  as  lanus,  Eanus  ;  decern, 

I         undecm;  Dei,  Dii,  eis,  iis  ;  Heth,  Hittite;  Sikelia,  Sicilia:  Gel- 

Jius  fays  that  E  or  I  was  ufed  indifferently  ;    Firma  is  Perm,  farm, 

Feonn;  Gibel  is  Iccbel.     I  often  fuperccdes  A;  as  Ibrahim,   Abra- 

bam:  foEdocs;  as  Anglia,  England;  France,  French;  Tar,  Terra. 

Tw.kunic  alpliabet  lacks  E;  as  the  Etrufcan  is  fuppofed  to  lack  O 

MJodi^;    and    'Wife  remarks  that   the    Hebrew  Aleph  is   no  pcrfeft 

Fovel :  hence  wc  may  conclude  rhat  I  fupplicd  the  place  of  allthe 

other  vowels.     E,    O,    U,  fcrve  for  one   another  in  Geta*,  Goths, 

Gutae.     In  Irifh  MSS.   A,  O,  U,  are  written  indifferently  for  one 

another  ;  and  E  for  I :  fo  Dear,  Djor  and  Deur  is  a  tear.     Hccabe 

15  Hecuba  in  Latin;   Armuza  is  Ormus  ;  Calamos  is  Culmus.     AI, 

El,  II,  01,  fignify  great:    from  the  Latin  Bonus  comes  bene  ;  from 

Cura,  care;  from  cavus,  cove;  hence  Urania  was  Couella ;  Caelum, 

Covum.     In  ancient  languages  vowels  were  rather  implied  than  ex-  Scjct  Pomp. 

preft  :    fo  in    Welfli,  Gwydr  (Gwydir)  is  glafs.      Hebrew  abounds 

with  inflances.   In  Englifh  an  E  final  fuppliesthe  intermediate  vowel, 

as  people,  populus,  in  Welfh  Pybl :  but  the  E  final  is  more  modern 

dian  Robin  Hood's  epitaph.     The  Latins  turned  a  long  vowel  into 

X  2  a  double 


156  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  ^ 

double  one;  fo  Lucretius  has Fluuida:  fometimes  into  diphthong^ 
as  loure  for  lure,  in  Ennius:  we  render  Duplex,  double  :  the  Duil 
lian  pillars  has  Caftreis.  The  Welfli  pronounce  the  U  final,  as-ir 
the  termination  of  the  word  obloquy.  But  the  Latin  Y  was  fubfti. 
Ornore.  tuted  for  the  I  final.  Tully  fhews  that  Y  was  ufed  in  his  time,  but 
Mont&uc.  j^Qj.  by  Ennius. — A  final  in  the  dative  cafe  was  fubfcribed  with  an  I 

raJeo.  ' 

Graec.   in  old  Marbles;  alfo,  O  w^hen  long;  and  E,  when  long. 

G  in  the  Celtic  tongue  was  an  old  letter :  but  in  Latium  the  G 
was  long  fupplied  by    C  as  in  the  Duillian  infcriptiqn   Anno  Urbia 

Qucft.  ^16^  Plutarch  fays  it  was  introduced  by  Carvilius.  They  are  com- 
mutable:  Geranus  is  Crane;  Ai-guptos,  Regio  Coptorum ;  Carthago, 
Cartacoi  Cerens,  Gerens,  on  the  Duillian  column;  Golaith  in 
Welfli  ifthc  Latin  Clades:  the  Hebrew  and  Irifli  Gamul  is  Camel ; 
acer is  eager;  from  Centum,  Quingenti;  vicefimus,  viginti ;  ago, 
aftus;    rego,    rexs,  rex;  Acraganta,  Agrigentum;     Gorjeftan,  the 

Aufon  country  of  the  river  Kor.— Q  was  added  after  Cata's  time*  The 
*  ^ '  Eugubian  tables  lack  X,  Y,  Z.  but  have  Q  and  G:  but  when  G 
was  introduced  at  Rome,  C  fuperceded  K,  and  Qj  as  Prifcian  re- 
lates :  but  the  Tufcan  alphabet  fhews  that  C  was  the  original  K;  tho* 
in  the  Greek  confounded  with  S;  hence  Sybele  for  Cybele  in  Mont- 
faucon.  The  Roman  interpretation  of  the  Sibylline  oracle,  Tria 
kappa  kakifta  proves  that  the  Latin  C  was  the  Greek  Kappa. — Xwaj 
fubaituted  for  the  joint  letters  C  S,  and  as  Varro  fays,  G  S.  hencc 
Frux,  frugis ;  it  is  on  the  Duillian  column.  Q,  like  K  and  G,  Wtt 
often  put  for  P,  as  Ilf/xTe  Quinque  ;  Lupus,  Avaog ;  Itto^,  Equus  ; 
lepus,  Auyutr.  The  Cadmean  Gamma  in  the  Sigean  infcription  re- 
fembles  the  Etrufcan  Pi»  and  the  Runic  L;  as  the  Runic  S  refembles 

Wonn.  jT^jurn^ont's  Lacedaemonian.     The  Runic  B,  I,  K,  R,  T,  refcmble 

the  Grecian.     Q,  from  the    Hebrew  Koph,    had  no  place  in  the 

J,,  r      ,     Greek  table,  but  was  the  Koppa  epifemon  in  numerals;  as  their 
Aififworth.  ^  o        •  r  ,  , 

Epifemon  Sanpi  was  from  the  Hebrew  Tzade,  or  Z  hard.     X  is  a- 

kin  to  the  Hebrew  Schin,  and  the  Greek  Chi ;  and  is  often  refolved 

into  this  laft,  as  in  the  Nuchemeron ;    tho*  in  Attica  the  %  was  long 

before  it  fupplanted  the  K ;  as  like  wife  was  the  H^  K  C  being  tena- 

cioufly 


Cbap  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  157 

cioufly  continued.      The  Latins  had  B,  D,   and  G  from  the  Celts. 
In  the  South  Seas,  G,  C,  K,  and  S  are  Supplied  by  T. 

Plutarch  fays  eleven  letters  fufficed  the  ancients;  the  reft   being 
affe&ions   of   letters,    denoting    differences,    as    accent,    quantity.  piJton, 
Therefore  in  the  Tufcan,  yhich  as  Pliny  lays  was  Pclafgic,  the  E  or 
I,  and  H,  will  beft  bear  fuppreffion:  but  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaffus 
imtcs  that  fome  held  that  alphabet  to  contain  13  letters:  which  writ-  strud. 
ten  from  the  righthand  to  the  left  (the  L,  M,   N,  S,  refembling  the  ^^'  '4* 
Sigean)  are  according  to  Swinton   as  follows,  and  are  the  ancient   Pliny,    35^ 
Laun  leuers.     (See  Plate  i.)  ^  *'•  *^'  ^• 

If  this  was  the  entire  alphabet,  we  might  conclude  that  the  Pelafgi 

luidnoithe  three  letters  of  Ofiris,  added  to  the  Phenician  alphabet* 

't\\tl>ras  like  the  ancient  Greek  Sigma  or  San  inverted,    and  by 

theShepWd  in  Atheneus  Compared  to  a  Scythian  bow,  which  was 

much  iflCflrvated.     And  I  fufpcft  that  the  infcrit>tion  on  the  Taren- 

tincmedi\  mentioned  by  Pollux  from  Ariftotle,  was  not  Taras,  but 

Tanc ;  for  ^Tarachon,  Chon  of  Tyre,    or  Melcart ;  for   Bannier 

Ays  he  fometimes  bore  a  Herculean  club :  his  father  Demarapn  Zeus 

WIS  Jove  ThalaflTius  or  Neptune.      Atheneus  fhews  from  Euri^es 

aftd others  how  the  letters  (^S^^  Plate  2*)  were  formed;    Gori  ful)l^ 

Itfatcs  V'au   for  Swinton*^  digamma :    if  fo,  U  when    a   confonant  In  Pr^fcian. 

ifaVed  for  F,  and  when  a  vowel  for  O ;    thir  laft  Pliny  confirms. 

Indeed  how  can  we  fuppofe  an  alphabet  to  lack  a  vowel  expreffive 

of  a  ftrong  full  found,  as  O,  Ou,  U ;  as  well  as  the  fmart  found  of 

A,  or  the  tinfel  founds  of  E,  or  I.  The  proper  names  of  places  and 

perfons  revolt  againft  the  idea;  as  Porfenna,  Bononia,  Volfci,  Boii, 

Volta,  Voltumna,  luturna,  Volturnus,  Volumnus,  Vertumnus,  Por- 

tumnus. — The  O  is  fcarce  vifible  in  a  Lacedaemonian  infcription  as 

if  one  of  Plutarch's  affeftions  of  letters.     (See  Plate  4.) 

In  the  Irifh  alphabet  A  was  commutable  with  O,  and  U.— B,  with 
P.— C,  with  G.— D,  with  T.— E,  with  I— F,  with  V.— H,  was  an 
afpirate  :  therefore  the  eleven  letters  of  the  Irifh  alphabet,  if  that  be 

the 


158  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY;  (Book  i. 

the  true   number   of  the  primitive   letters,    as    Plutarch    aflfirms, 
Were    thefe, 

B.  C  D.  E.  F.  L.  M.  N.  O.  R.   S. 

Yet  vowels  were  at  firft' implied,  not  expreft;  and  F  is  of  doubtfu 
antiquity;  thus   at  firft  there  feem  to  have  been   only  eight  confo- 
nants.        Fohi's  eight  elementary  characters  fupplanted  the  Chinefc 
knots  upon  chords,  a  mode  of  recording  matters,  ufed  alfo  in  Ame- 
rica.    But  from  the  above  account  of  Irifh  letters,  E,  0,^were  more 
fufficient  vowels  foruniverfal  ufe,  than  Plutarch's  E.  L     The  Do- 
rians ufed  O,  for  Au.     Yet  that  there  were  three  primary  vowels  is 
probable,  anfwerable  to  bafe,  tenor,  and  treble;  others   fubfequeru 
to  thefe  were  Defleftions.  The  Hebrew  Tetragrammaton  contained 
all  the  vowels  of  the  Jewifli  alphabet,  implying  a  fine  qua  non;   that 
every  name  Ihould  even  litterally  owe  exiftence  to  God,  If  Wife  is 
right  in  excepting  to  the  Hebrew  Aleph  as  a  pcrfeQ  vowtl,  we  then  ob- 
tain  from  the  otliers  the  Celtic  /cm.  Indeed  the  Sacred  Tetragramma- 
ton^   Porphyry's  levo,  where  only   the  E,  O,  feem  eflTential,  ap- 
pears  from  Macrobius   to    have  originally   been   a  Trigammaton 
lap,  implying  a  Trinity,    and  the  God  of  Mofes,  according  to  Dio- 
Sat.  1.  L.  I.   dorus  Sicu^us.     Chiflet  publifhed  an  Antique  containing  three  hcads^ 
erroneoufly  fuppofed  to  be  the  Eumenidcs,  with  ferpents  depending 
from  a  tree,  and  the  word  lAO.     As  the  Egyptians  dropt  the  A,  ia 
in    forming   lO,  their   Goddefs  or  Principle    of    vScicnce;    fo  the^ 
'    Hebrews,    omitting    O,    formed   Jah,    Ja,.  Je.       Plutarch  not  ob- 
ferving  the  Oriental  way  of  writings    reverfed  the    letters    to  Ei^ 
Thus  the    Egyptian  tity    On    became    No ;  Rhea,   Hera;    Neitb 
or  Anaitis,  Athene,  which    fbme  derive  from  Athan.     Thro*  fuch 
errors  Sabbaco  became  S®;  Amenophis,  the  Noph  of  the  Hebrews^ 
and  the  Coptic  Memph;  the  Neochabis  of  Atheneus,  Pliny's  Nefta- 
bis.      Plato  deems  I  an  ancient  vowel;  L,  and  R  primitive  confo- 
nants.     Thefe  are  commutable  letters  according  to  Lucian;  hence 
Mazaroth,  Mazaloth;  and  the  Gallic  Azur  is  in  Spanifli  Azul;  Lud, 
Rud.     Sir  George  Wheler  fays  "  the  modern  Greeks  pronounce  B 
as  F;  the  Eta  as  I,  in  lip;  the  Epfilon,  broad:'*  yet  B  is  moll  com- 
monly 


Chap-  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  159 

monly  commutable  with  P;  therefore  Plutarch's  eleven  radical  let- 
ters feem  to  be  thefe. 

A.  I.  O. K.  L.  M.  N. P.  R.  S.  T. 

This  arrangement  of  the  Vowels  affords  a  new  Trigrammaton  in 
the  vocal  AIO,  the  true  Roman  Aio  Locutius.  But,  as  Ifidorc 
fays,  tlie  Eolics  (whofe  language  feems  from  Pezron  to  be  the  moft 
ancient  Greek)  doubled  U,  inftead  of  a  Digamma;  and  Dionyfius 
Hal.  writes  that  Oic  ferved  that  purpofe;  I  think  that  O,  was  pro- 
nounced nearly  like  Ou,  or  like  Oo  in  Book.  And  when  I  note 
the  affinity  between  A,  E  and  I;  likewife  that  between  O  and  U;  I 
fee  the  chafafters  that  denote  a  perfonage   truly  divine,  the  Alpha 

and  Omega  of  Sacred  Writ.     The  eight  confonants  reprefent  the 

e\^\vi  Cabiri;  and  with  the  vocal  I,  the  nine  Mufes. 

T  Vu\\  aT\  afpirate  (and  fometimes  without,  as  Itis,  Idus)  fupplied 
the  place  oFD,  which  oft  is  a  prepofitive  as  Jana,  Diana;  and  fome- 
times is  an  expletive  as  Ko,  rcdco.  Gwynt  is  Celtic  for  wind;  OtA 
for  oetas;  Mud  for  mute;  the  Th  in  the  Engliffi  thou  is  equivalent 
to  the  double  D  in  Welffi,  as  Nyddu,  to  fpin,  is  pronounced  Nythee. 
Tagesand  Tagus  are  names  from  the  Pheniciair  Dagon,  or  elfe  from 
^^iPifcis.  Thur  in  German,  Thura  in  Greek,  is  door  in  Engliffi, 
Doras  in  Iriffi.  Tree  is  from  Deru.  Theos  is  Deus;  Salt,  faid; 
^^%  Pedro;  Strada,  ft:reet;  Tentyra,  Dendera;  Tahapanes,Taphncs, 
^aphnas  Pelufiae  ;  Ardovan,  Artapanus.  Th,  in  the  old  Engliffi 
^'phabet  is  D.  Brother  is,  in  the  Tartarian  tongue,  Brudor;  day 
'^Hi  Duo,  Tua,  in  Engliffi,  two:  The  Latins  wrote  indifferently 
Haud  or  Haut;  the  French  Verd  or  Vert;  the  Engliffi-  mixed  or 
^^^U  learned  or  learnt.  Quid,  is  what:  Ad,  at:  Udor,  water.  ^^  ^ 
•^ir  George  Wheler  heard' the  modern  Greeks  pronounce  D,  as  our  30. 

^^^i  th,  in   that,  the  Saxon   Dhat.     Da  and  De  in  the  Eaft  fignify  Shcrring. 
^^^'     T  is  often  converted  to  S ;  as  Glotta,  Gloffa;    fo  as  to  D, 
^^^on,  Rofa:  D,  N,  S,  T,  and  X,   in  Hebrew  Schin,  Dens,  alfo 
^»  are  Dentals.     But  L,  N,  and  R,  fupply  the  place  of  D,  as  Sella, 
'^^  Sedda,  whence   Scdes,  feat;      Penna    from  Pendeo;    Arceffb. 

Ancientlv 


V6o  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  I* 

Anciently  in  Latin^    confonants   conftituted  more  mafculinc  inU 
Ainfworth.     ^**'^  ^^^^  vowels;  fo  they  did  terminations;  thus  D  on  the  Duiliian 
pillar  is  applied  to  that  purpofe,  as  in   "  Altod  Marid  pucnandod.'' 
T  has  fometimes  been  converted  into  B,   and  C,  as  Terebra,  from 
Teperpw ;    Proceres    from   UpoTspoi ;  and  into    L,  and   N;  as  Mitis, 
mild;  Tlirvgy  Pinus:  alfo  B  into  D,  as   the  Irifh,    Doit  from  Boit, 
fire,  akin  to  heat.     Des,  Bes;  Duellum,  Bellum.     K   was  JTormed 
like  the  reverfed  C  in  the  Tufcan,  and  refembles  the  Chaldee  Kaph 
(wlience  its  Greek  namq  Kappa)  and  alfo  the  concave  palm  of  the 
hand,  which  Kaph  not  only  does,  but  fignifies;  hence  arifes  ftrong 
proof,  that  the  Chaldee  alphabet  is  more  ancient  than  the  Samaritan: 
which  if  the  evidence  of  Phenician  infcriptions,  Punic  coins,  and  er- 
rors in  the  Septuagint  owing  to  fimilar  Hebrew  letters,  want  it    is 
confirmed  by  other -letters,  as  Vau;  which  fignifies  and  reprefents 
a  hook:  Pe,  fignifies  a  mouth,  and  refembles  one  with   its  tongue 
and  the  ancient  Gr^^^  P,  as  it  was  at  firft    reverfed;  the  Chaldee 
Gimel  refembles  the  Gothic;  yet  the  Samaritan  is  the  Greek  Gam- 
ma reverfed,  as  anciently:  the   Tzade  has  a   much  greater  refern^ 
blance  of  our  Z  inverted,  and  approaches  nearer  to  our  S  (which 
is  founded  often  hard  as  days,  raife)  than  the  Samaritan  doth:  and 
here  obferve  that  this  hard  found  of  S,  before   it  was  reverfed  to 
form  Z,  or  hard  S,  gave   C  an  opportunity  to  ufurp  its  foft  found^. 
as  in  cedar,  city.     The  Samaritan  Lamed  refembles  our  L,  and  pn^ 
bably  they  had  it  from  the  Getae;  for  the  Tufcan  L  is  in    a  reveiSl* 
pofition;  and  the  Greek  Lamda  refembles  the  Chaldee  Lamed,  whick 
fignifies  a  goad  or  fpit.     But  the  infcription  from  the  Defert  of  Sin, 
in  Shaw,  differs  from  the  Chaldaic  letters,  and  refembles  the  Celef- 
tial  in  Agrippa. 

K  fupplied  the  place  of  C,  G,  and  Q.  Bochart  derives  Agbarus 
from  Acbar;  Caene  in  Egypt  is  Giene.  Ring  in  the  Tartariai^ 
tongue  is  Rink:  in  Irifh,  Cabhar  a  goat  is  now  Gabhar;  Sag^rt^ 
Sacerdos;  Chin  is  Gen  in  Welch:  Beth  Gamul  is  Domus  Cameli-. 
Bryant  derives  Aqua  from  Ogua.  Bochart  contrary  to  Richardfon^ 
fays  the  Perfians  utter  H  ftrong,  like  K,  or  C  in,  cry;  fo  Shah  is  Shach,. 
Paul  Vinetus   calls  Hormuz,    Cormoza;  fo  on   the   contrary  Kwr 

is 


chap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  ^Si 

\s  hound;  K^p^v,  horn;    Cham,    Ham,    Sanchoniatho's    Amynus : 
ChaAh,    Eve:    Hamor,  Emmor;    Cair  air;   fo  Caer  Celtic  for  a 
citadel,  was  not  only  Car,  as  Car-chemifh,  but  likewife  Her,  as  Hir 
Cherefli  is  Heliopolis  or  Balbcc.     The  Saxon  Hwegol  is  cycle ; 
Ehun  is  Cant,  Centum:   Hus,  houfe,  CaFa :  Hwa,  who.  Qui ;  what,  £^^  Lluvd 
^id.    Selden  flicws  that  Hadaand  Chada  are  related-:  he  fays  that 
■         Hada  is  feminine  ;  Adad,  mafculine  :  fo,  in  Irifli,  an  afpirate  before  Dli  Syr. 
a  vowel,  or  after  a  confonant,  beginning  a  noun,  implies  the  femi- 
nine gender.     Jablonfki   fays  that  Ph,  in  Egypt  was  the  mafculine 
artide;  thus  the   ftatue  of  Ph'amenophis  in   Paufanias  was  that  of 
Amcnophis,    Mcnophis  or  Mcnes  :  the  Ph'anaccn  of  Paufanias  fig- 
nifies  either  the  king  or  the  Phenician  :  and   Pharaoh,  fetting  afide 
the  prepofitive,    is   derived  either   from  Ares,    or    like     Agrotes 
from  the  Celtic  Ar,  whence  Aro;  yet  the  Egyptian  light-houfe  was 
Aenvcdfrom  the  Hiberno  Celtic  Phara,  or  Faire,  to  watch.     He- 
lydnustys  the  Cretans  prefixed  B  to  radical  vowels:  and  thus  El 
becaiDcBcl.      Prepofitives    (whether  afpirSites,    gutturals,    the  Di- 
^j/uma  or  other  confonants)  were  neceflary  in  thofe  tongues,  where 
vowels  were  implied  rather  than  infcrted  :  and   confonants  give  a 
folidity  to  language,  vary  its  miifical  conftruclion,  and  exercife  the 
oral  organs :  hence  Tiog   became  Filius ;  Aia,  Gaia  ;  Epta,  Septem; 
Ores,  Tor  ;     Saos,  Samos.       I,  confonant  fupplied  the  foft  G,  as 
Jacob,  John  :  fo  Jain  in  Hebrew  is  Gwin  in  WelOi;  Vinum  in  Latin; 
Oinon  in  Greek  ;  wine  in  Englifh.     Bochart  fhews  that  the  Arab  G, 
if  founded  as  in  giant.      K  fometimes  is  converted  into  M;    as  the 
Polifli  Kotka,  a  cat,  is  the  Hungarian  Machka.  ^'^^^  '•  ^4- 

Inftances  of  A,  E,  I,  fcrving  for  one  another  are  ;  fiiire,  fhare  ; 
wcg,  way.  Via, — Littcra,  a  letter. — Bracca,  breeches. —Mater,  ^Vov!d^ 
MjfT£p. — Ago,  Abigo. — Mentha,  mint.  — Hcri,  here.— imploy,  em- 
ploy; intail,  entail.— Sabaoth,  febaoth.  —  Pa!  :  ,  Pelus.- — Sarapis, 
Serapis. — Pilhom,  Patumos.— Migdol,  Magdoi.  in.— Apis,  Epius. 
—  Letous,  Latona. — Ereb,  Arab.  Sometimes  O  is  fubltitutcd  for 
I,  as  Olli  for  Illi  ;  O  fupplied  the  place  ofU,  UU,  OU^  OO  ;  as 
Servos,  Dionyfo,  Volt,  Vol gus,  Equos:  fo  in  the  Delianinfcription, 

AiBq  for  AiBqv'j  I  on  the  Apian  column,  Odeni,  for  Oudeni :    in  the 

Y  Dullian 


x€2  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Rook 

Duillian  inrcription  Diebos  for  Diebus:  Jefus,  Jefous.     O  fonr 
times  fuperceded  E,  as  Tego,  Toga;  Vefter,  Vos:  \sy»^  Xoyor. 
Englifli,  O  frequently  affumes  the  found  of  of  U,  as  work,  doj 
fon  :  fometimes  I  does  fo,  as  ftir,  fir.  The  Hurons  lack  the  U  vow 
but  exprefs  the  diphthong  Ou  :    on  the  contrary  Sextus  Emperic 
writes  that   the  founds  of  Ou,  Ei    and  Ai  were   fimplc,  like   finj 
vowels.     A  foinctimesis  founded  like  Au,  as  all,  cjlI\.    O  is  found 
fometimes  (hort,  fometimes  long,  as   mofs,  mod  :     fo  I  ;    as  wii 
mind.     Sometimes  Ea  takes  the  found  of  £,  as  head,  lead.     Moi 
faucon  lays  that  ai  did  fo  anciently.      E  fomciimcs  is  converted 
to  U,  as  Percello,  perculi.       A-  and  O  are  fo  ueiimes  commutab 
Ainfworth.     gg.  Spartum,  Sporta;   arid  O  has  been  converted  into  A u,  as  Coilt 
Caudex.     U  has  been  converted  into  A,   as  Ki>\;-,  Calix:  into  E, 
N6(po%  nubes:    into   I,  as  Xa^/^r,    carus  ;   fo  Optumus,  optimus. 
Wclfh,  Byrr  is  a  fhort  male  ;  Berr,  afhort  female. 

F,  V,  B,  P,  M,  are  Labials  and  often  ferve  for  one  another ; 
Fotum  for  Votum.  From  the  Celtic  Trefcomcs  uibe  ;  from  Ma 
Llysfam,  ftcpdame.  A  vine  is  Muin  in  Irifli.  Dived  became  L 
metia.  IJfiOa,  fido;  Ovis,  Opilio;  Coup,  cuff.  In  Celtic  Ava 
apple,  whence  Abella  in  Campania  :  Pliny  Ihews  that  B  was  ufed 
that  name  before  V.  Beneventum  is  Benebentos:  the  Greek  Po 
mos,  Bellum,  is  become  Maloma.  In  Welfh,  as  Rowland  teaches 
Mona.  Yon,  Von,  Mon,  Bon  is  Finis  ;  fo  Lifbon  or  Llylbon  fignifies 
extreme  court.  Avon  in  Welfh  is  the  Irifh  Amhan,  the  Latin  A 
nis.  The  Irifh  and  Spanifh,  like  the  Greek,  lack  V  :  B  and  Bh 
Irifh  ferve  inflcad  ;  fo  Garbh  is  pronounced  Garv.  P,  is  ofte 
prepofitive  as  Platus,  Latus  ;  Puro,  Uro:  it  fometimes  is  an  I 
pletive,  A^«?,  lapis:  fo  is  B,  as  ambufh  from  Amus,  Irifh. 
and  N  arc  often  fubflituted  for  each  other,  as  quondam.  L  is  for 
timwS  turned  into  N  ;  as  Nv/^sJ)^,  Lympha;  Nankin,.  Lankin;  for 
times  into  D,  as  Lacryma,  /i^xpvaa:  fometimes  into  S,  as  Bel 
Fcftus.  Belias;  Annibal,  Annibas. 

R  is  fometimes  converted  into  S,  as  Arbos,  Honos ;  and  into 


CYiap.   6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  163 

2S  Awpcv,   donum  ;  Mo-m,    mora :  aereus,  aeneus :    into  C  as  paucus 

from  Ur.vpog ;  and  G  as  Apiv,  agna ;  Seges  from  Sero.     R    is   fome- 

umcs  put  for   D  ;  as   Medidies,  Meridies.     The  Chinefe  lack   R  ; 

and  for  B,  D,  R,  X,  Y,  iife    P,  T,  L,  SS:  at  faint  Kilda    R,    P 

and  G  are  not  ufcd;  fee  Martyn. 

Tranfmutations  of  letters  occur  in  the  Celtic  radicals  grammati- 
ally.  In  the  Cornifh  tongue  Beu  is  living  ;  yn  vcu,  alive.  Benen 
is  woman  ;  a  Vencn,  O  woman.  Darn  (pronounced  Daurn,  whence 
perhaps  to  darn)  is  a  hand  ;  Ith  Tarn,  in  thy  hand.  Fual,  fhackles, 
1$  in  Amiorica  hual.  Fordh,  a  way  ;  Gyz  Vordh,  your  way.  Guyn, 
white:  Maga  Huyn,  as  white.  Golou,  light;  a  Volou,  of  light:: 
Ker,  dear;  Mar  Ger,  fo  dear.  Kolan,  a  heart ;  Ou  Holan,  my 
heart.    Mira,  look  ;  Da  \'^iraz,  to  look  ;  hence  admiro.     Piban,  a 

'^V^e,  anBiban,  the  pipe.  Pries,  a  fpoufe ;  Ou  Fries,  my  fpoufe. 
Tan  fire:  aDan,  of  fire;  Dour  ha  Than,  water  and  fire.  In  Irifh, 
Tiarna  is  a  ford  ;    a   Dtiarna,  their  lord;   mo  Thiarna,    my  lord. 

Cinishcad;  Gin,  heads.  Mathair  is  mother ;  a  Vathair,  his  mo- 
ther. 

The  Egyptians  had  three  forts  of  characters,  probably  the  inven- 
uonof  Ifiris  or  Mifor,  rather  than  three  letters.       The  epiftolary, 

™  wcerdotal,  the  hieroglyphic.      This  laft  was  either  cyriologic,  Clem.  Alex. 

^^ty  initials,  as  T,  D.  Theologi^  doQor  :  or  fymbolic;  which 
Vn  was  either  allecTorical,  as  an  emblem  of  God  is  a  hawk;  or 
[  piaurefquc,  as  a  crefccnt  reprefents  the  moon  ;  or  laftly  topical,  as  Plutarch. 
^V'  Jno.  for  Efquire  John.  Of  this  laft  fort  are  Anagrams,  con- 
filling  of  tranfmutations  ;  as  Roma,  Amor,  Oram,  Armo,  Mora, 
Kamo,  Maro.  Of  fymbols  the  following  are  inftances ;  and  for 
^Ofe,  fee  Horus  Apollo,  Kircher  and  Shaw.    A  pyramid  reprefented 

"^cafcent  of  fire. — A  cone,  an  eagle,  alfo  a  beetle,  reprefented  the  , 

i>  Clem*  Alex. 

^^^»  as  did  a  fceptre  bearing  an  eye  :    this  was  Belain  and   Penain.  Macrobius. 
-^cylinder.  Terra;  an  egg,  the  world.     A  moufe;  deftruftion  from  j^^J^i;^^^  ,7. 
i^s  undermining.     A  bee,  a  king.      A  vulture,  nature  from  its  epi-  Plutarch. 
^^  gender;  or  from  univerfal  depredations.    A  hare  acute  tearing, 

Y  2  from 


a  64 


Macrobius. 
Diodorus. 
Porphyry. 
Hor.  Apol. 
Eufcb.  Prep, 
Plutarch. 
Macrobius. 
Lactan'^ius. 
Hor.  Apol. 


Hcrodot. 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i 

from  Its  long  ears.  A  knot  neceflity.  A  horfe,  promptitude.  -  A 
kifs,  love — A  crofs,  life — An  eye,  providence.— A  kite,  fpeed.— 
A  hand  open,  liberality;'  fhut,  avarrce.— A  fcrpent,  fagacity.-w/ 
fceptre,  power — Honey,  death ;  as  bees  robbed  of  it  experience 
—A  fword.  Mars,  in  Scythia.— A  fly,  impudence.— A  dog,  vigilance 
and  fidelity — A  circle,  eternity — A  hippopotamus,  Typlcwi.  Plu- 
tarch fays,  .impudence;  and  a  fifh,  hate:— An  old  man,  d^-ath;  an  in- 
fant, birth — A  hoar,  winter  —The  Pythagorean  Y  fignified  the  path 
of  life,  thro*  ^hich  from  the  fimplicity  of  youth  we  proceed  to  vice 
or  virtue:— Y  in  China  fignifies  juftice.  A  black  pidi^eon  denoted 
widowhood;  hence  the  Dodonean  Prieftefles  were  fabled  to  be  Pid- 
geons.— An  aurelia  fignified  Pfyche— The  palm-tree,  a  year;  as  did 
an  annular    ferpent:— An  anemone,  difeafe — Two  crows,    nuptials. 

A  ftag,  longevity — A.  fealcd  book,  remote  time A  hogidefolation. 

A  mule,  barrennefs \  bat^  i.nbecility.,^\     phoenix,    the    reOir- 

reflion— A  mole,  blindnefs — A  beaver,  felf-injury— A  hyena,  mu- 
tability; her  Ikin,  perfcverance.— A  crocodile,  evil A  winged  globe. 

Divine  ubiquity. 

Lady  Montague  of  Turk'fh  Hieroolyphics  informs  u%  *'  Tbere  is 
no  flower,  fruit,  herb,  weed,  pebble,  or  featlcr,  but  has  a  fentence 
implied  by  it:  we  may  quarrel*  cenfuro,  fend  letters  of  pifTion, 
friendfliip  or  civility,  without  ink.'*   Dio  Idfus  Siculus  fays,  •<  Thtf' 

.  hiftory  of  Ifis  and  Ofiris  was  engraven  on  a  ohnnn  in  facred  cha* 
rafters  at  Nyfa:  and  the  triumphal  columns  of  Sefofiris  had  infcrip- 
tions  in  thefe  charaQers;  alfo  that  the  Egyptian  KierogH  phics  weri^ 
Ethiopic  charafters."  The  Scythians  ufed  Hieroglyphics  (taught 
probably  by  Tuitho)  and  fent  Darius,  a  nioufc^  a  bird,  a  frog,  and- 
arrows,  fignifying  that  he  muft  fight,  or  fwim  and  fly  to  efcape  de- 
ftruftron.     The   Sasniundine    Edda  contains    fymbolical  doctrines. 

,  Pownal  obferves  that  the  elementary  charafters  of  Egypt  are  in«cr- 
fpcrfcd  amongit  Hieroglyphic  infcripti<  ns,  and  that  they  refemble 
Etrufcan.     Dr.  Woidc  has  noted  them  in  Coptic  manufcripts. 


The  Irifli  Ggham,  which  Cohmci  Vaiancy  derives  from  the  Phcu 

nician 


(Book  J  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  165 

nician  Ocham,  is  a  facred  or  ftate  charafter.     It  confifts  of  ftrait 

lines  of  various  len^r'  s  and  in  various  direQions  on  each  fide  of  a 

long  perpendicular  line.  Theferefemble  the  firft  Chinefe  charaflers:  ^^^* 

tho'     their    prefent    refenible    the    Egyptian    HierogUphics;    fee 

Porphyry  of  Pythagoras.     The   Ogham    has  an  advantage  overall 

other  alphabets:  a  hermit,  in  a  dcfoKite  forcft,  with  a  knife  planing 

two  fides  of  a  rod,  fo  as  to  f  )rm  a  fharo  edge  or  angle  between  them, 

which  might  .infwer  the  purpofe   of  the  perpendicular  line,  could 

make  (Iran  incifions  on  each  fide  of  the  angle,  of  lengths  and  in  di- 

rctlions  confonant  to  the  Ogham  ;  and  this  probably  was  their  ori-  jamblichai, 

ginal  Feadda;  and  is  probably  the  oldeft  of  all  alphabets,  as  it  is  the 

fi  ?ip'e(l.      As    Pownal  fays  that  Ogham  is  Great  Ham,   fo  Ogmeon 

relates  to  Meon,  Mi  for. 


Laerttius. 


A.  book  of  Democritus  treated  of  the  facred  charaQers  of.Baby* 
Ion.  P\ularch  fays  that  Ainun  fignified  Recondite;  thus  Sancho- 
niatho*s  Ammnnenrt  letters  were  facred  charafters  of  Phenicia:  it  is 
c/er/vccf /rom  the  I r'fli  Amus,  ambufli.  Heliodorus -ays  the  Ethio- 
pians bad  vulgar  letters  and  regal ;  which  laft  refembled  the  Sacer- 
dotal of  E:jvpt.  S^erringham  derives  the  name  of  the  Runic  from 
Ryne,  myflery.  Theodorct  on  Gencfis  mentions  the  facred  cha-  C.  6i, 
ta&cTs  of  Greece 

The    Phenicians,  Egyptians,  and  Tufcans  wrote  from  the  right-    Hcrodot. 
Jiand  to  the  left.     Matthias  Belius  publifhed  Scythian  letters  written       ^"  3^- 
from  right  to  left.     Lybian  letters  are  faid  to  have  been  difcovcred  ^jp,   ,-,g^ 
on  ancient  Coins  in  Spain.     Scriptures  in  Greece,  after  the  time  of 
CadYnus,  were  performed  in  alternate  direftions;    the  firft  line  from 
the  left  to  the  right,  a^  Ifidore  affirms;  the  next  reverfed:  this,  fronri  ^"8^^  ^* 
its  refemblance  to  ploughing,  was  termed  Bouftrophedon.  The  Ark 
ofCypfelus,  Tyrant  of  .Cotinth,  was,   as  Padfanias  writes,  thus  in. 
fcribed;  fo  were  Solon's  Law^;  fo  the  Marble  before  the  Temple  at 
Sigenm,  defcribed  by  Chifhul.      Feftus  and  Paul  Diacon  (hew  that 
the    Greieks  knew    the  Chinefe  way  of  writing  in   perpendicular 
columns;  beginning  from  the  right  hand;  this  direflion  may  have 
been  deduced  from  th)8  Ogham.    There  are  perpendicular  Infcrip- 

tions 


1.66  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     n  I  S  TOR  Y.  (Book  i 

nons  at  Perfepolis.  Diodorus  Siculus  fays  that  this  form  of  wriiin; 
was  ufed  in  the  Iflc  of  Taprobane,  fuppofcd  to  be  Ceylon,  but  pre 
bably  it  is  Borneo;  it  being  a  circular  ifland  under  the  Equato 
Marcian  Heracleotes  calls  it  Bopeicv.  Pliny  fays,  **  it  was  ne; 
the  Seres;  7000  STtadia  long,  5000  broad,  and  divided  by  a  river; 
belonged  to  a  group  of  feven."  Thefe  were  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Jav 
Celebes,  Timor,  Ceram,  and  C^ilolo;  being  the  principal  of  lY 
the  Sunda  and  Molucca  iflands ;  beyond  which  the  (hallows  ne? 
New  Guinea  were  thofe  that  obftrufted  the  fleet  of  Sefoftris.  Thei 
iflanders  had  feven  letters;  and  varied  each  by  four  differer 
pofitions,  as    w,   ^    ^  Av. 

It  is  furprizing  that  it  is  uncertain  to  whom  the  world  is  indebic 
for  the  great  advantage  that  letters  have  received  from  the  art  c 
No.  3877.  ^™^^"6-  ^^  ^^^  y^^r  ^775*  ^^^  catalogue  of  Lockyer  Davis  cor 
tained  a  book,  printed  at  Paderborn  three  hundred  years  before 
and  within  fifty  years  of  the  difcovery,  announcing  it  to  be  the  Rr 
pertorium  Domini  Johannis  Mills,  arte  quadam  imprimendi.  But 
find  that  Colophon  did  not  refpeft  the  art  in  general,  but  only  the 
particular  book.  Trigault  aflerts  that  the  Chinefe  praftifed  this  a 
five  centuri^  before  his  time;  their  way  of  ftamping  a  whole  pag 
with  one  entire  block  Coftar  ufcd  at  Harlem  366  years  ago;  Fau 
ufed  Angle  types  332  years  ago;  his  Pfalter  was  printed  at  Menu 
A.  D.  1457.     his  Officiale  Durandi,   1459- 

If  we  except  the  V^^^  Ogham  all  the  alphabets  now  known  are  to 
complex  to  be  primitive;  altho'  probably,  out  of  various  we  migl 
feleft  an  alphabet  that  is  both  fimple  and  perfeft ;  which  it  cannc 
be,  where  one  charafter  Can  be  converted  into  another;  as  c  into  < 
o,'a,  b,  d,  p,'q,  g;  or  i,  into  b,  1;  3  into  8;  o  into  6,  8,  9 :  S 
that  if  the  modern  charaflers  excel  in  beauty,  they  are  deficient  i 
certainty:  and  the  Bornean  method  above-mentioned  of  feven  cha 
ra6ljers  confifting  of  combined  ftrokes  effentially  different,  and  eac 
containing  four  different  fignifications  according  to  its  diref 
reverfed,  fupine,  or  proflrate  poflure,  feems  preferable  to  an 
that  have  ever    yet    been    introduced  i^to  praSice;  for   inftanc< 


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I 


Chap  6.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

(See  Plate  5,)  Thefe  we  may  thus  denominate   (See  Plate  6  J     Se- 
veral  of  thefe  charafters  are  in  ancient  alphabets;   fee  the   Tufcan 
L  and  P;  the  Runic  K,  N,  A,  L,  the  Sigcan  G,  L  Y.     See   Cha- 
raflers  of  Perfepolis.       Out  of  this  alphabet  it  is  eafy  to  form  com- 
pounds and  de-compounds,  finilarto  the  Chinefe  manner,  and  not 
unlike  fome  branches  of  Brachygraphy:  thus  (See  Plate  7.)  Baptift 
Porta  mentions  fingle  charaders  denoting  entire  words,  from  Tully; 
as  M.  Modus ;  T.  Tempus. 


167 


Phil,  Tran. 

201. 


So  far  I  have  taken  the  liberty  of  remarking  on  this  extraordi- 
nary, thall  I  fay,  as  the  Mexicans  thought,  this  magical  art  of  paint- 
ing founds,  and  of  analyzing  them,  by  refolving  words  into  diilinft 
marks;  that,  when  duly  arranged,  can  carry  fpeeches  exatlly,  tho* 
filently,  all  over  the  world:  and  convey  the  information  of  perfons 
afuT  their  death  even  to  their  lateft  pofterity:  the  fame  print  and 

^aL^aWing  durable  for  feveral  centuries. 

END    OF    THE     FIRST    BOOK» 


Emendations  of  this  Firjl  Book. 


'Vi.The  Marginal  Ref.  is  to  Plutarch. 

—  'f  line  5.  Pythagoras— 16.  appendage. 

—  W.  line  23.  For  lefs,  read  lacking. 
"•'0.  line  9.  Kiun. 

•  3^»iinei3.  Omit  the  firft  Comma. 
•"  Jl?«  line  2 1 .  After  Damnation  add,  Ovid 

%s  Bis  duo  funt  i^lominis.  Manes, 

C.ro,  Spiriius,  Umbra. 
■"  39'  line  9.  For  quas,  read  quaii. 
**4flinc20.  Animation. 
•^  4^.  '*'^^  9-  Hicrarch.  1.  18.  Appellation. 
■^47' iS.Forqufi.read  quafi.   17.  Cafci. 
■"5^' line  I.  Demoniacal. 

—  58' line  31.  Records. 

—  59- line  4.     Before  Auguftinc,  Thus 

Hnfebius  mentions  the 
<^^TOv^  KoyoMC  of  Mofes. 
-61.  line  9.  For  clear,  read  clean. 


Page  87.  line  6.  Eupolemus. 

—  94.  line  2^.  For  above,  read  about. 

—  97.  line  17.  Seem. 

—  104.  10.  Ifland.  1.  30.  mention. 

—  113.  line  7.  For  Shells,  read  Pebbles. 

—  1 14.  line  I.  Confifl. 

—  119.  line  6.  Of  the. 

—  125.  Hue  16.  For  Cycle^  rea4  Circle. 

—  1 26,  line  2.  OiMtJirft. 

—  135.  line  19.  After  Daghi  add.  And  as 

far  as  the  fprings  of  the  Oxus,  Indus, 
and  Ganges,  uniting  with  the  yn- 
menfe  mountains  of  Thibet,  a  name 
akin  to  Thebe  and  Theboth:  thefe 
mountains  are  alfo  called  the  Boot-an, 

—  141.  line  20.  Augur,  p.  143.  line  26* 

Theodofins. 

—  156.  line  3.  i^illar.  1.  15.  Recs. 

—  160.  line  16.  For  P,  Pi.  , 


Gen.  lOt  lo. 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY 

B  O  O  K     IL  C  H  A  P.     I. 

CONTENTS. 

Noah*s  Family  came  to  Stnnaarfrom  the  Eajlernjide  of  the  Tigrh 
The  erection  of  Babel  contrary  to  God*s  Command^  "  to  Replenijh  th 
Earth.'*  Memory  being  impaired  and  the  Organs  of  Speech  affeBed 
thefe  DefeEts  occajioned  the  Confujion.  Babel  mentioned  by  fevtra 
Ancients  ;  particularly  by  a  Sibyl:  An  Account  of  thefe.  Pri^nitii 
Language.  Ruins  of  Babylon :  the  PrediHion  of  its  Fall,  fro 
Ifaiah. 

NO  A  H  's  family  came,  as  our  verfion  fpeaks,  from  the  eaft 
ward :  that  is  from  the  eaftern  fide  of  the  Tigris,  to  Shinar 
or  Sennaar,  in  Arabic,  Senjan  The  Armenian  hills  arc  to  th 
north  of  Babylonia,  Berofus  wrote  that  they  were  direfted  to  pro 
ceed  by  a  circular  rout.  Heftiaeus  in  Jofephus  mentions  Sennaar  a 
Babylon.  Many  mentionthe  city  Singara  in  Mefopotamia  ;.  fome  I 
region  of  that  name  thereabouts :  Piolemy  places  a  town  and  moun- 
tain there  :  to  all  thefe  the  modern  Senjai*  feems  to  relate.  Hyd« 
tells  us  the  city  Senyar  lies  fouthward  of  Nifibin,  three  ftages  tc 
the  weft  of  Mufol  on  the  Tigris  :but  Ptolemy  places  Singara  at  tha 
river.  Mofes  flicws  that  Sennaar  was  the  region  in  which  Babylo 
was  fituated*  '         . 

They  refolved  to  build  a  town  :  alfo  a  lofty  tower  of  burnt  brick 
laid  in  flimy  bitumen  ;  for  a  mafk,  that  they  might  know  where  v 
affemble.  Glycas  fays  that  40  years  were  fpent  in  profecuting  thi 
enterprize.  The  Mofaic  account  doth  not  direftly  fhew  that  tht 
creftion  of  this  edifice  was  fo  much  an  aft  of  impiety,  as  of  extrava 
gance :  yet  the  defign  of  this  tower  was  probably  idoiairous;  fo 
Eupolemus  writes  that  Ham  had  the  title  of  Belus,     El,  and  Elioi 

fignif 


Chap.  1.)  PRI  MI  T  I  V  E     H  I  STORY.  169 

gonify  Sol ;    and  Hefychius  teaches  us  that  the  Cretans  and  others 

prefixed  B  to  words  beginning  with  vowels  ;  hence  Bel  and  Bal  ;  fo 

Balbec,  Balbechiswas  Heliopolis;  like  as  Atarbechis  in  Egypt  was 

the  city  of  Venus  Urania.     Sylburg  on  Paufanias  fays  from  Hera- 

ditus,  that  the  Pamphylians  turned  Elios  into  Babelios.     He  feems 

to  be  the  Balcn  of  Efchylus,  and  the  Britifli  Belih  in  Herodian,  that 

\    is  Bel    Hen,  venerable   Bel;    he  was    alfo   Belain,  thc#  folar   eye, 

and  Penain    the   capital  eye,  and  was    reprefented    by  a   precious 

lone  on   a   fceptre,    lignifying  perception    and    power  ;    whence 

theftone  (Bclain)  in  Pliny  is  termed  "  the  eye  of  Belus  the  Affyrian 

Goi" 


L.8. 


37.  10. 


Shem's  Tons  were  confederates  with  the   reft;     for  God  faid,  the 
people  were  then  one:  and  Mofes  implies  that  they   fharcd   in  the       ^^^  *''  ^ 
general  confufion  of  fpeech,  where  he  fays,  thefc  are  Shem's  fons 
aJiti\\\e\r  tongues ;  as   Homer  fpeaks  of  men   of  divided  tongues.  j|  j 
Indeed  tk  notion  that  the  Shemites  preferved  the  original  tongue 
/yro^ai/y  groundlefs;  as  it  is  that  the  Hebrews,  tho*  Shem's  defcend- 
cms,  /poke  the  language  of  Shem  ;  for  the   Hebrew,  tho*   it  has  a 
tinflureof  the  Gothic,  which  in  reallity  is  the  language  of  the  She- 
mites, and  alfo  a  mixture  of  Celtic,  Gomer^s  tongue,  thro*  the  in- 
toads  of  the  Cimmerians;  yet  the   Punic  fpeech  in  the  Poenulus  of 
Kawus,  akin  as  it  is  to  the  Phenician,  proves  that  the  Hebrew  lan- 
jBigcwas  that  of  Chaldea,  where  Abraham's  family  refided,  and  of 
Canaan  whither  they  reforted  ;  that  is  in  faQ,  the  language  of  Ham's 
ions. 

The  ereftion  of  this  mighty  tower,  as  we  may  well  fuppofe,  en- 
pged  all  the  men  then  in  the  world ;  for  an  Egyptian  pyramid  for 
ftveral  years  engaged  above  360,000  men  ;  befides  240,000  in  the 
Quarries  on  the  Arabian  fide  of  the  Nile.  It  therefore  tended  to  pre- 
vent men  from  expanding  themfelves  over  the  various  regions  of  the 
earth,  in  brder  to  tenant  and  cultivate  the  lands,  of  the  feveral  climates, 
*nd  render  the  different  parts  of  the  globe  beneficial  to  man  :  thus 
plantations  of  colonies  are  agreeable  to  the  plans  of  providence; 
whofe  command  was  to  **  Replenifh  the  earth."     The  Sibyl  obferves     •  3' 

Z  that 


t 


170  P^IIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

that  thro*  the  difperfion  the  earth  was  peopled;  for  as  Mofes  declares^ 
the  Lord  difperfed  them  over  the  whole  world.  Thro'  God,  as  fome 
read  the  M9faic  account,  ^*  Men's  fen fe  of  hearing  was  fufpcnded/* 
So  Scaliger's  Barbarian  Chronologer  fays  that  God  declared  **  One 
man   fhould  not  hearken  to  another ;"    and  this  term  became  cx- 
preffive  of  difobedience.     But  mod  probably  their  organs  of  fpeech 
became  varioudy  affefted,  as  if  thro'  fome  paralytic  ftroke,  fo  as  to 
produce  a  variety  of  dialeSs;     and  their  memories  likewife  became 
too  confufed  to  retain  the  ufual  terms,  by  which  ideas  were  defcribed? 
fo  as  to  compel  the  different  families,    on  their  difperfion  by  divine 
power,  which  probably   deftroyed  their  ftores  of  provifions,  to  in- 
vent new  terms  and  idioms  to  communicate  their  ideas :  this  united 
thofe  of  the  fame  language,  whilft  it  feparated  them  from  thofe  to 
whom  they  were  unintelligible.     Hence  the  tower  was  named  Rabel 
which  fignifies  confufion.     Pliny  tells  us,  memory  may  be  impaired 
tliro*  fear,  or  difeafe  or  hurts:  he   inftances  one,  **  who   thro*  the 
blow  of  a  ftone  forgot  to  read,  but  nothing  etfe." — I  think  the  chief 
alteration  was  in  the  organs  of  fpeech ;    by  which  fome  w  ^re   pre- 
vented from  articulating  one  fetter,  fome  another;  as  happens  at 
this  day :  and  the  original   language  being  perfeftly  fimple,  a  Onall 
alteration  occafioned  words  to  carry  a  very  different  fenfe;  as  Bibo, 
Vivo:  beat,  cheat,  feat,  heat,  cat,  meat.     Weal  h  pronounced  vetA 
by  the  French  ;  who  find  as  much  difficulty  in  exprefling  /J7/VA,  as 
in  keeping  it.     Valerian  was  in  Greece  called  Balerian  ;    Philip  was 
called  in  Bceotia,  Bilip.      The  Peruvians  lack  B,  D,  F,  G  and  S. 
The  Chinefe  ufe  L  for  R.     The  Hurons  lack  the  letter  U,  apd  ai 
Reland  afferts  all  the  Labials.     In  the  South  Seas  T  is  ufed  for  K. 
For  other  inflances  of  fubflitutions  of  letters  I  refer  to  what  ha& 
been  obferved  concerning  them  already. 

Cedrenus  writes  that  the  Babelian  confufion  was  616  years  before 
Abraam's  migration.    Several  profane  hiflorians  mention  the  ereClioa 
Bryant.  of  Babel  and  the  confequences  attending  it.     Homer  fays  that  Vul- 

can (who  was  Ham)  was  thrown  from  the  tower  of  Belu^.  Being 
nine  days  in  his  fall  or  retreat,  hence  arofe  the  Novendial  period* 
Eupolemus  afferted  that  "  the  city  of  Babylon  was  firft  fonnded  by 

ihe 


C\iap.  X.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  171 

tlicperfons  preferved  from  the  Deluge;  who  were  giants,  and  ereftcd   Eufeb.  Prep, 
the  famous  tower:    which  falling   thro*   the  divine  aft,  the  giants    9*  '7»  *8- 
were  difperfed  all  over  the  world."     Nonnus  (34)  dcfcribes  this  dif-  " 
perfion;    and   Nimrod  was  the    Bacchus  who  had  the  command. 
'   Polyhillor  wrote  that  "  the  gigantic  inhabitants   of  Babylon   were 
deftroycd  for  their  impiety."     Abydenus  fays,  "  it  is  reported  that 
the  primitive  men  produced  out  of  the  earth  proud  of  their  ftrength 
and  fizc,    and  preferring  tijemfelves  to  the  Gods,  erected  a  lofty 
tower  where  Babylon  now   is:    but  when  it  had  almoft  attained  the  Eufcb!thra. 
Iky,  hurricanes  ilTuing  from  the  Gods  fubverted  the  whole  fabric : 
the  ruins  acquired  the  name  of  Babylon  :     for  the  Gods  made  their 
language  various,  who  had  till  then  only   one  tongue.     The  place 
-where  they  built  the  tower  was  named  Babylon,  on  account  of  the 
expreffivenefs   of  the  primitive  diale6l;  for  th«  Hebrews  term  con- 
WW,  Babel."       Synccllus  adds  from  him   that  the   war  between 
Saturn ai\d  Titan  was  fubfequent  to  that  event.       Juftin  mentions 
^'  Pbenicistns  driven   to  Tyre  by  an  earthquake,"  which  probably 
fubverted  Babel  :  thefe  emigrants  were  defcendents  of  Canaan,  who^ 
as  Eupolenfius  informs  us,  was  the  founder  of  the  Phcnicia?is.     Thefe 
hiftorians  fhew  that  the  tower  erefled  by  the  firft  Poftdiluvians  was 
^oli/hed.      It  was  afterwards  repaired  by  that  Belus,  who  as  Poly-. 
WloT  wrote  efcaped  deftruftion,  remained  at  Babylon,  lived  in  it, 
*w)flamed  it  Belus.     Abydenus  fays  he  furrounded  Babylon  with  a 
•a/1,  that  decayed  with  age,  and  was  rebuilt   by    Nebuchadnezzar. 
Thus  the  Belus,  deemed  by  Enpolemus  to  be  the  brother  of  Mifor, 
Canaan  and  Chus,  rcfidcd  at  Babylon  after  the  general  difperfion 
*^d  after  Nimrod's  death  ;    who,  as   Cedrenus,  Syncellus  and  Jo- 
ftphus  tho*   improbably   write,    perifhed  under  the   tower.     Belus 
tounded  a  kingdom  there,  according  to  Berofus,  163  years  after  the 
Deluge:  for  it  was  2405   years  after  the  creation,  according  to  the 
computation  in  Syncellus,  which  fuppofes  the  creation  2242  yeSlrs 
l^cfore  the  flood.     The  partition  of  the  earth  into  fubdivifions  ^was. 
^^  the  time  of  Phaleg  and  Ham*s  grandfon  Thoth :  therefore  feveral  Hygin, 
years  after  the  foundation  of  the  Babylonian  and  Egyptian  empires;  ^*^*  H> 
^hich  enfued  immediately  after  the  general  difperfion.       Jofephus 
^Uotts  the  Sibyl  thus  5  **  All  mankind,  having  one  language,  built 

Z   2  A 


J72 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

a  mighty  high  tower,  as  if  by  that  means  they  would  fcale  heaven : 
but  the  Gods  raifing  tempefts  overturned  the  tower,  and  made  each 
man's  fpeech  peculiar :  hence  the  city  of  Babylon  had  its  name.** 
Syncellus  fhews  that  Polyhiftor  on  this  head  ufes  the  exaft  words  of 
the  Sibyl.  But,  as  there  were  feveral  Sibyls  of  different  countries 
and  ages,  a  difcuffion  concerning  them  is  fomewhat  necefTary  to- 
wards afcertaining  to  which  of  them  this  hiftorical  paffage  belongs; 
only  let  me  premife  that  the  Oracles  now  extant  are  fiftitious  in  gen- 
eral ;  yet  they  feem  to  be  interfperfed  with  fome  of  the  ancient  pre- 
diftions;  particularly  the  third  and  fifth  books  have  fome  pretenfions 
to  authenticity :  the  third  mentions  Babel. 


Phaedras.. 


Ladan  tills. 
Solinus. 

Mirabil. 


Plato  mentions  the  Sibyl,  a  name,  as  Diodorus  fays,  fignifying 
cnthufiaft.  Servius  derives  it  from  the  Doric  Sios,  Deus,  and  Bui- 
los,  full ;  or  Boule,  counfel.  The  Sibyl  quoted  by  Jofephus  could 
not  be  the  younger  Chaldean,  who  (as  Strabo  fays)  was  Athenais  of 
Erythraea,  in  Alexander's  time,  and  refembled  the  ancfent  Ery- 
threan:  but,  as  Suidas  and  Paufanias  write,  wasSabba  the  daughter 
ofBerofus  and  Erymanthe  ;  yet  Sabba  feems  only  an  appellation, 
fignifying  fanfla.  She  of  courfe  (as  Paufanias  writes)  was  later  tbai> 
the  Cuntean  Demo^  or  rather  Semo,  which  alfo  fignifies  fanfta.  Shr 
is  Varro's  fevcnth^  whom  he  calls  Demophile  ;  alfo  Amalthea,  hcl* 
name  in  Suidas  and  Ifidore.  She  is  the  third  bibyl  of  Bochus;  wat 
buried  at  Lilybaeum  ;  and  was  Tarquin's  Sibyl  ;  but  is  confounded 
with  the  firft  Gumean  Sibyl  of  Ionia;  whom  Ariftotle  and  Virgil 
ftile  the  *•  Longeval  virgin  of  Erythraea;'*  Strabo  mentions  her  an- 
tiquity :  Plutarch  and  Clement  of  Alexandria  call  her  Herophile. 
Ovid  fays  fhe  had  lived  700  years,  when  vifited  by  Eneas  at  the 
Italian  Cumae,  and  had  300  to  come.  Phlegon  fays  fo  of  the  Ery* 
threan.  This  calculation  of  the  time  elapfed  arofe  from  counting 
the  interval  between  the  mod  ancient  Sipyl,  and  the  Iliac  wars.  Livy 
counts  Evander's  mother  Carmenta  prior  to  the  Cumean  Sibyl's  ad-< 
vent.  .  Virgil  calls  this  Deiphobe,  the  daughter  of  Glaucus ;  but 
fhe  probably  was  Tarquin's  Sibyl.  Herophileis  Varro's^M,  men^ 
tioned  by  ApoUodorus;   alfo  \i\i  fourth^  mentioned  by  Nevius  and 

Pifo, 


Chap,  lO  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

Pifo,    and  called  the  Cimmerian.     Suidas  feems  to  Tay  that  (he  was 
alive  and  483  years  old  at  the  capture  of  Troy  :    having  flourifhed 
during  the  voyage  of  the  Argonauts,  and  in  the  time  of  Tros:  that 
flic  was  reputed  the  Sicilian,  Rhodian,  Lybian,  Sardian,  mentioned 
by  Elian  and  the  Scholiaft  of  Ariftophanes  ;  alfo  (as  by  Jerom  and 
Plutarch)  deemed  the  Samian  Sibyl :    likewife  the  Lucanian,  and 
Gergethian,  or  Hellefpontine.     But  the  Samian,  Varro's^xM,  men- 
tioned by  Eratofthenes,  was  named   Phyto ;    or  rather  Pytho  :  tho' 
Jcrom  and  Auguftin  take  the  Samian  to  be  Tarquin's.;    but  Euripides 
fays  that  Lamia^s  Daughter  vifited  Samos  ;  of  her  more  prefently  ; 
flic  of  courfe  being  Phyto.      Paufanias  fays  that  Hcrophile   before 
the  Trojan  war  came  to  Samos,  Claros,  Delos,  and  Delphos.     He 
mentions  the  ftone  at  Delphos,  from  which  fhe  uttered  predictions; 
and.aflerts  that  fhe  was  the  firft  who  received  the   name  of  Sibyl : 
xiv^i  ftie  explained   Hecuba's  dream,  and  died  at  Troas :  alfo,  as 
^u\d^tays  of  a  Delphic  Sibyl  before  Troy's  fall,  that  named  her- 
felf  Diana;  which  Clement  of  Alexandria  afcribes  to  a  more  an- 
cient Sibyl.      Suidas  fays  her  oracles  were  in  Heroics.     Herophile 
is  Lycophron's  and  Arrian's  Sibyl,  the    daughter  of  Dardanus  by 
Teucer's  daughter  Nefo:  tho'  Paufanias  names  her  father  Theodore; 
Laftantius  and  Ifidore   fay  Ihe   was  born  at  Babylon  ;  thus,    like 
l^n  Martyr,    confounding    her  with    Strabo's  laft    Erythrean. 
She  lays  in  Paufanias,  flie  was  born  at  Marpeffus,  of  a  nymph  of 
*^   She  was  fabled  to  be  Noah's  daughter,  probably  becaufe  flie 
®^^ioned  her  father's  ark  :  but  he  was  Dardanus,  who  in  Deucal- 
ion's flood  efcaped  in  a  bark,  according  to  I^ycophron, 

Dardanus  renown'd  of  yore. 
For  the  bold  fwimmer's  art!  like  Iftrian  boar. 
Roving  alone  in  leathern  mail  he  rides ; 
And  o'er  the  main,  like  Cretan  fea-fowl,  glides : 
Deferting  Hecate's  Zerynthian  cell. 
At  Saos,  where  the  Corybantes  dwell. 
What  time  Jove's  airy  realms  flood  all  below ; 
And  to  their  bafe  the  loftieft  turrentg  bow. 

Man 


173 


174  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY,  (Book  .a 

Man  on  the  watry  world  then  ftruggling  lies  ; 
Whilft  univerfal  fate  infults  his  eyes. 

Paufanias  tells  us  her  tomb  was  at  Troas ;  he  recites  her  epitaph. 
Bochus  in  Solinus  mentions  a  Delphic  Sibyl,  fenior  to  Herophile: 
(he  is  Phemonoe,  whofe  poems  Homer  pirated.  Clement  of  Alex- 
andria deems  her  .older  than  Orpheus.  He  agrees  with  the  Scholiaft 
of  Ariftophanes  that  fhe  affumed  the  name  of  Diana.  This  Phemo- 
noe,  the  Sibyl  of  Servius,  Paufanias  deems  the  firft  Delphic  prieftefs, 
yet  fubfequent  to  the  Peleades  of  Dodona^  Phaen  king  of  Chaonia's  . 
daughters,  who  were  the  firft  that  fung, 

Jov€  was,  and  is,  and  will  be;  mighty  Jove! 

Therefore,  when  Paufanias  tells  us  her  oracles  were  the  firft  in 
.  Hexameters,  he  means  at  Delphos  that  facred  place  on  the  fouthern 
fide  bf  Parnaffus,  (in  Phocis,  famous  alfo  for  the  mounts  Helicon 
and  Cithaeron)  a  few  miles  north  of  the  Crilfaean  bay  in  the  Gulf  of 
Corinth.  Yet  he  fays,  Boeo*s  hymn  recorded  that  Olcn  the  Hyper- 
borean, with  his  countryman  Pagafus,  Agyiejis  and  others  dedicated 
that  oracle  to  Apollo,  firft  uttered  prediftions  there,  and  invented  the 
Hexameters  :  before  which,  when  Oracles  was  common  to  Terra  an^ 
Neptune^  Paufanias  fays  that  Pyrcon  delivered  Neptune's  refponfe% 
•  till  that  God  refigned  his  intereft  to  Terra  ;  who  uttered  her  own 
refponfes,  till  flie  ceded  the  place  to  Themis,  whom  Apollo  fucceed- 
«d.  Paufanias  gives  us  a  prediction  of  Phemonoe's^  touching  a  fa- 
crilegious  Eubean,  to  this  eiFeCL 

A  mortal  arrow,  from  Apollo's  hand. 
Shall  flay  this  robber  of  Parnaflian  land ; 
His  expiators  then  ftiall  come  from  Cret^, 
And  fame  eternally  record  the  feat. 

Ifidore  and  Pliny  deem  her  Apollo's  daughter,  and  25  years  be** 
Tore  Linus;  Clement  of  Alexandria  fays,  27.  Paufanias  writes  thaf 
^he  daughter  of  Jove  (Suidas  fays,    Apollo's,   wliom  PMny   call^ 

Pbemonoc^ 


Chap.  1.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-  ^7$ 

Phemonoe)  and  of  Lamia^  Neptune's  daughter,  was  older  than  Hero- 
phile ;  but  he  counts  Lamia  herfelf  the  firft  Sibyl ;  who  is  V arrows 
fecond,  a  native  of  Lybia,  and  mentioned  by  Euripides  :    yet  Cle- 
ment of  Alexandria  deems  Lamia,  a  Sidonian..    Bryant  defines  La- 
mia and  the  Chiiiefe  Lama,  El  Ham  ;  and  derives  Cuma  from  Chum 
or  Chus,  Ham's  fon.       Plutarch  doubts  whether  Lamia's  daughter, 
or  the   Sibyl  educated  by  the  Mufes  at  Helicon,  and  mentioned  by 
Serapion,  was  the  primary  Pythian  prieftefs.     Clement  of  Alexan- 
dria fays,  (he  gave  a  refponfe  to  Acrifius.     Phemonoe  feems  to   be  . 
the   Sibyl,  who  won  the  prize  at  the  funeral  of  Pelias,  father  of 
Acaftus :     and    Lamia's    daughter  to  be  the  Egyptian    mentioned 
by     Elian,    Clement  of  Alexandria,    and  Suidas,  who   counts  her 
coeval   with  Atlas    and  Tarachon  king  of  Egypt  2    tho'  Paufanias 
lays  that  fome  deemed  Sabba,  the  Egyptian  Sibyl.     Varro's  third 
SibyX,  ftyled  alfo  the  Delphic,  mentioned  by  Chryfippus,  was  the 
daug\\vet  of  Tirefias,  and  named  by  Apollodorus  and  Suidas,  Manto; 
Daphne,  by  Diodorus,  who  accufes  Homer  of  pilfering  her  poems. 
Varro's  eighth  was  the  Hellefpontine  of  Marpeffus,  contemporary 
with  Cyrus,  as  Heraclides  Ponticus  related :    but  here  probablyt  as 
others  do,  confounding  the  two  Cumean  Sibyls  ;  the  eldeft  being 
ibc  Erythrean  or  Cimmerian.     Varro's  ninth  was  a  Phrygian  of  An- 
Ofu,  probably  the  Colophonian  Lampufa  of  Suidas,  fprung  from 
Cbdchas.       Suidas  deems  Cajfandra  a    Sibyl,  calling  her  alfo  Tar- 
Mondra,  and  Sar-bis.     He  alfo  names  a  Sibyl,  ElifTa;  and  one  of 
Threfpotis ;  this  lad  is  the  Dodonean  prieftefs  prior  to  Phemonoe . 
for  the  Dodonean  territory  was  anciently  named  Threfpotis  ;  it  forms 
Aecoaft  of  the  Ionian  fea  near  the  ifle  Corcyra;  and  had  the  Moloffi  StrabiK 
caftward  :  its  old  inhabitants  were  the  Selli  or  EUi,  whence  its  name 
Ellopia:  from  Opiacame  Opis,  Ops,  Terra;  as  from  Apia,  Apis. 
Varro's  tenth  Sibyl  was  Albunea^  the  Tiburtine  :    fhe  was  Carmenta, 
orNicoftrata,  not  Leucothoe.     Varro's  primitive  Sibyl  is  his  Per- 
fi^n,  firft  Chaldean,  and    Hebrew  ;   the  Judean    of  Elian   and  of 
I      Alex,  ab  Alexandro :     her  name  was  Sambethe  ;    that  is  prieftefs  of 
tnc  Sacred  Houfe.     She  probably  was  alfo   EUifla.     Suidas  agrees 
^^  Laftantius  that  Alexander's  hiftorian  Nicanor  mentioned  her ; 

for 


176  p  R  I  M  I  T  W  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  i. 

for  a  prcditlion,  fays  Suidas,  concerning  him.       This  feems  to   be 

the  Sibyl,  who  mentions  Babel.      The  Sibyl  of  the  oracles  now  ex- 

l'  ^*  tantaflerts  herfelf  to  be  wrongly  fuppofed  the  daughter  of  Circe  and 

^'  5-  the  Gnoflian  Jove ;  and  filler  of  Ifis.     Some  of  thefe  prediftions  are 

no  lefs  true  than  Angular  ;  for  inftance. 

The  Britons,  and  the  Gauls  with  op'lence  crown'd. 
Shall  ocean  make  with  bloody  wars  refound. 

Tarquin's  oracles  were  Pagan,  as  Dionyfius  Hal.  (4)  Livy  (32) 
Plutarch,  TuUy,  Tacitus,  Macrobius,  Lucian,  Zofimus  and  Suidai 
L.  3  evince.  Tully  and  Livy  fay  they  were  poems.  Thefe  were  burnt 
before  Sylla  was  diftator.  Some  of  the  primitive  Oracles  were  very 
poetical  and  fublime;  as  Virgil,  and  Homer's  adoption  fliew.  TuUf 
fays,  the  "oracles  in  his  time  were  acroftics,  compofed  artfully, 
^  and  equivocally.     The  prediction  of  a  king  to  fubdue  Parthia,  that  is 

L.  3.       Magog,  and  the  world,  feems  to  have  been  in  the  firft  oracles,  in 
the  care  of  the  Quindecimvirs.     In  the  confulate  of  06lavius  and 
Curio,  1000  poems  were  collefted  ;    chiefly,  as  Varro  wrote,  from 
Erythrae  ;  thefe  being  figned  :  they  were  fcrutinized  by  the  Quinde- 
cimvirs.    Suetonius  fays,  that  Auguftus  burnt  2000  prophetic  trea* 
*  tifes;  but  felefted  and  preferved  the  Sibylline,  thefe  Stilicho  bur* 
Tacitus  tells  us,  dubious  and  filly  poems  under  the  name  of  Sibyl* 
line,   were  in  circulation ;    when  Tiberius  ordered  thofe  obtaine* 
at  Samos  &c.  to  be  fcrutinized.       Dio   confirms  this   account.      A 
Tiber.   Gothic  Sibyl  was  named  Vola ;  whence  fool,  and  the  Italian  Fol*  » 
Ihe  was  authorefs  of  the  Volufpa* 

The  number  of  the  Sibyls. 

1,  Sambethe,  the  firft  Chaldean,  the  Egyptian  Sabba;  probabl>^ 
the  primitive  Thebe;  and  the  Sibyl  who  was  in  the  Ark,  Ham's  wif^' 

2.  Lamia,  the  Lybiah,  Neptune's  daughter;  fhe  was  the  daught^^ 
of  Meon  and  Cybele,  and  founded  the  Samothracian  rites. 

3.     ?hytc^^ 


Chap  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y;  177 

3.  Phyto,  Lamia's  daughter,  the  Samian, 

4.  Phemonoe,  the  firft  Delphic. 

5.  Herophile,  daughter  of  Dardanus,  the  Erythrean,  the  firft 
Cumean,  the  Cimmerian,  and  (econd  Delphic  and  Samian. 

6.  Daphnis  or  Manto,  daughter  of  Tirefias,  the  third  Delphic. 

7.  Carmenta,  the  Tiburtine  Albunea;  fee  Clement  Alex. 

8.  Caffandra. 

9.  Lampufa,  daughter  of  Chalchas,  the  Phrygian. 

10.  Deiphobe,  Demo,  Demophile  or  Amalthea,  daughter  of 
G\a\icus,  Ac  fecond  Cumean,  and  Tarquin*s. 

To  thefe  add 

11.  The  Threfpotian  of  Suidas,  that  is  the  Dodonean  prieftefs  ; 
the  firft  of  whom  was  Promenea ;  the  next,  Timaretc  j  the  third, 
^icandra;  fee  Herodotus. 

u.   Sabba  or  Athenais,  the  daughter  of  Berofus;  fhe  feems  to 
^t  borrowed  her  name  from  Sambethe,  the  Egyptian  Sabba  of  - 
ftofanias. 

Mofcs  Chorencnfis  writes  that  Maribas  of  Catina  was  fent  to  Ar- 
«ces  (who  flew  Antiochus  Sidetes)  by  his  brother  Val-arfaces  king 
^Armenia,  to  fearch  the  archives  of  Nineve  :  in  which  a  volume, 
^flated  from  the  Chaldee  into  Greek,  by  Alexander's  order,  con- 
^^ed  a  hiftory  of  Zeruanus,  Titan,  Japetos-thes,  and  their  fuccef- 
fors.  It  mentioned  that  thefe,  the  firft  iflue  of  the  Gods,  were  for- 
'^idable,  illuftrious  and  great  benefaftors,  and  the  fource  of  popula- 
^^^  Diftinft  from  them  was  "a  race  of  Giants,  who  arrogantly 
*^^cd  an  impious  defign  in  the  ereftion  of  a  tower.     In  the  courfe 

A  a  of 


I 


178'  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  £. 

of  the  work,  the  irritated  Gods  liaving  raifed  a  tempeft  fubverted 
that  immenfe  ftrufture,  and  endued  the  feveral  individuals  with 
ftrange  languages,  which  created  diforder  and  confufion.  One  rf 
thefe  was  Japet's  defcendent  Haic,  a  famous  and  valiant  chief,  ex- 
pert at  the  javeHn,  and  a  ftout  archer.  Mofes  adds  that  Japetofthes, 
Merod,  Sirath,  Thaclath,  were  Japet,  Gomer,  Thiras,  Thor-go- 
mus  :  then  follow  Haic  and  his  pofterity,  as  named  from  AbydenusJ 
who  wrote  that  Haic's  fon  Armenacus,  was  (lain  by  Belus :  Haic's 
grandfon  Arameis  was  the  fire  of  Amafia;  whofe  fon  Gelamius  was 
the  fire  of  Harma ;  his  fon  Aram  was  the  father  of  the  handfome 
Araeus,  flain  by  Semiramis.  She  therefore  was  contemporary  with 
this  twelfth  perfon  of  Japhet's  line:  but  probably  was  more  advanced 
in  years  than  he;  who  appears  to  be  the  Arabian  ally  of  her  huf. 
band  Ninus,  and  Abraham's  adverfary  Arioch  king  of  EUazar,  an 
Arabian  tribe. 

Some  furmize  that  by  one  tongue  in  the  Pentateuch  is  meant  one 
voice,  or  unanimity,  preventing  a  feparation;  and  that  the  enfuing 
confufion  arofe  from  diffention.     To   fupport  tliis  fenfe,  David  is 
quoted  as  imploring  God  ^*  to  divide  their  tongues;"  that  is,  to  fct 
them  at  variance.     But  the  effential  and  iotal  diverfity  of  names  for 
primary  objefts,  as  the  fun  and  moon  ;    befides  the  great  organical ' 
defleftion  in  fuch  names  as  are  radically  akin  ;  tend  to  evince,  not 
only  that  the  organs  of  fpeech  were  affeQed  and  impaired  as  if  para- 
litically,  occafioning  letters  to  be  fupplied  by  others  of  a  different 
organ,  as  B  for  D  ;  fimilar  to  the  Irifh  Bot,  Boit,  fire,  converted  to 
Doite;  and  both' akin  to  the  Englifh  heat,  hot:    but  that  memory 
was  impaired  and  new  terms  invented  thro'  neceffity.     Thus  let  us 
fuppofe  that  by  the  converfion  of  M  into  L  the  Englifh  moon  is  the 
irifh  Luan,  and  by  tranfpofition  the  Latin  Luna;  alfo  by  converfion 
of  N  into  R,  the  Welfh  Lhoer  and  Cornifh  Lur,  whence  lure  :  and 
that  the  Bohemian  Mefyc,  and  Circaffian   Maza,  are  derived  froiit 
the  Celtic  Mis,  a  month,  and  perhaps  At,  a  caufe,  rule  or  reafon  ; 
which  lafl   is  abfolutely  and  alone  the  Turkifh  name  of  the  mooiT 
and  of  a  month  :  yet  why  do  the  Hungarians  call  it  Hold  :    and  the 


jook  2.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     II  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  179 

rifb  alfo  name  it  Re  ;    which  likcwife  fignifies  time  ?     The  names 

[{old,  and  Ai  or  Ay,  may   be  nearly   related,  and  likewife   refpecl 

jiKic  in  the  Gothic  language;  for  Hold  is. old  with  an  afpirate  ;  atid 

^e  have  a  common  idiomatic  expreflion,  **  for  ever  and  ay."  Con- 

fotiantto  this,  Ifis  was  Luna;  and  Ifis,  Ifcka,  fignifies  ancient;  hence 

Ifckie  in  Laponic  is  Annus,  as  years  conftitute antiquity  :  thus  En- 

nus.  Annus,  is  from  fwojr,    antiquiis.     So    as  to  foot;    the   Welfli 

Trocd  produced  the  word  tread;  the  Armoric  Troad,  produced  trot, 

and  trotter:  the  Irifh  Kos  (whence  the  Skas  of  man,  the  root  of  Scate) 

is  the  Greek  Pous^  Podos  ;  the  German  Fus^  whence  fufs  ;  and  the 

Gothic  Fotusi  In  Hungarian  it  is  Laab^  whence  leap,  labo,  flip  and 

flipper:  the  Turkifh  ^^^^  produced  our  jog;  and  may  be  akin  to  the 

Sclavonian  Noga.     Yet  we  muft  allow  that  Troed,  the  Irilh  Troidh, 

isdifFerent  from  the  Hibernogothic  Kos  and  German  Fus  radically, 

aUo from  the  Hungarian  Laab,  and  Turkifli  Ajag;    altho*  we  have 

txv^Wfti  words,  as  above,  allied  to  them  all ;    whence  we  might  be 

induced  locon elude  them  all  fynonymous  expreffions belonging  to  one 

copious  language  ;  to  which  we  may  add  Paftern,  and  Hoof,  whence 

huS,   In  exprefijvc  tongues,  a  fmall  variation  in  the  thing  occafions 

a  different  name,  as  a  poniard,  dagger,  tuck,  cutlas,  hanger,  fword) 

fabre,  brqadfword,  rapier:  the  Arabs  had  a  looo  terms  expreflive 

of  i  fword. 

^fltNoah's  three  fons  had  each  a  language  in  the  main  radically  and 
i^JWimaticaliy  different  from  one  another:  however  theCeltic,  Gothic 
andChaldee,  became  in  various  inftances  blended  together  :  for  the 
Goths  and  Huns  have  many  Celtic  words,  many  Chaldaic:  the  He- 
brew has  many  Celtic,  many  Gothic  :  the  Celtic  many  Phenician, 
and  (particularly  the  Iliberno-celtic,  arguing  thence  the  Ifcotti  to 
be  originally  Getae)  many  Gothic.  Thus  the  Hungarian  Viiz  is 
akin  to  the  Irifh  Uifge,  the  Manks  Wyftee,  the  Laponic  Keatfe;  in 
fnglifh  it  is  water,  akin  to  the  Phrygian  Udor,  whence  Dwr,  and 
Endor,  and  many  Chaldean  names ;  alfo  the  Hiberno-Gothic  Bea- 
Ara,  whence  bathe.  The  Hebrew  Phaser  is  the  Hungarian  Feir, 
Ac  Englifti  fair.  Gore  is  the  Celto-Scythian  Guyar,  the  Hiberno- 
Goihic  Keara,  the  Hungariar>  Veer;  as  blood  is  the  Tartarian  Plut; 

A  a  2  the  ^ 


ijo  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Booki 

the  Welfli  Kray  is  the  Lufatian  Krae,  the  Sclavonian  Kry,  the  Po- 
Ufli  Krew,  the  Irifh    Kru,  the  Latin  Cru-or,  whence  crude  and 
cruel  and  the  French  Cru.     In  Irifli  it  is  alfo  Fuil;  in  Manks^  Phul;. 
perhaps  akin  to  the  Dell  of  the  Efquimaux.      In  Welfli  alfo  it  is 
Guad,  akin  to  the  Cantabrian  Odda ;   and  the  laft  fyllable  of  San^ 
guis,  as  the  firft  may  be  to  the  Turkifli  Kan.     All  of  them  are  re- 
mote from  the  Greek  Aima,  which  came  from  Phenicia.     Many  are 
the  inftances  of  curtailing  words,  as  Caput  is  the  Saxon  Cop ;  in 
Laponic  Oyvie,  the  Hungarian   Fey.     The  Chaldaic  Nebo  is  the 
Ruffian  Nebo,  and  the  Celtic  Nev  :  and  N  being  a  prepofitive,  the 
Gothic  Heav-en,  or  fupreme  Nev :  from  Nebo  came  Nebula.     By 
Converfion  of  V  into  M,  and  the  prepofitive  S,  Heaven  is  the  Perfic 
Seman  ;  and  by  the  prepofitive  T,  the  Chinefe  Tien.     In  many  in- 
ftances the  Turkifli,  Hungarian  and  Sclavonian  agree  with  the  Go* 
thic  and  its  neareft  relations ;   To  the   Turkifli  Beber  is  in  Englifli 
pepper:  Okoz,  ox:  Oth,  fire,  is  akin  to  heat.     Difch  a  Tooth,  to 
Tuflc.     A  cat,  in  Latin  Catus,  in  Welfli  Kath,  is  in  Turkifli  Keti, 
hence  kitten :  from  Kuck  heaven  came  cockloft;  alfo   Kucklops. 
Indeed  the  Gothic  tongue  appears  to  be  the  bafis  of  the  other  three; 
which  yet  have  all  of  them  admitted  many  Celtic  and  many  Pheni- 
cian  words;  and  have  an  infinity  of  late  invented  terms  peculiar  \0 
themfelves  refpeflively.     The  Goths  were  related  to  the  PcrfianI, 
as  will  be  fliewn  hereafter ;  fo  they  were  to  the  Scythians  and  Tar- 
tars, and  in  the  courfe  of  this  hiftory  the  fimilarity  of  the  Gothia 
tongue  to  the  Tartarian  will  be  fatisfaftorily  exemplified.     Somt 
Turkifli  and  Tartarian  words  are  allied  to  the  Celtic,  as  the  Turkifl* 
Er,  the  Tartarian  Firs,  the  Latin  Vir,  is  the  Celtic  Ur  and  Gwr,  9^ 
man.     The  Turkifli  Turegh  is  akin  to  the  Irifli  Tork,  heart;  whence^ 
Turk  ;  as  Lelex  was  from  Lelek,  Anima.      Surprizing  are  the  de- 
viation of  words  from  the  primary  roots :    Lord  Monboddo  derives 
ftranger  from    Ex,  whence  extra,  Extraneus,    Eft  ranger,  ftranger. 
Eye  is  allied  to  Oculus  and  Lygad;  for  in  Sclavonian  it  is  Oku, 
whence  Oculus ;  Ocellus  feems  to  be  compounded  of  Oye  and  Ceil, 
as  if  a  Celt  being  a(ked  what  he  called  an  eye  fliould  fay  Oye,  Ceil, 
as  a  Roman  might  fay  light  was  Lux,  Lumen,  and  the  two  names 
fliould  be  fuppofed  one:  yet  O  in  Ocellus  may  be  a  prepofitive ;  as 


Dbap,   1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  'i  V  E    HISTORY.  ttt 

tin  the  Welfli  L*ygad,  congenial  to  the  Gallic  tongue;  then  Ygad 
is  ikin  to  the  Irifli  Aedh,  and  both  to  the  Saxon  Eage,  eye  ;  which 
inCircaflian  is  Nay,  N  being  a  prepofitive.     An  inftance  fimilar  to 
Ocellus  from  Oye  Ceil  is  Ins-ula  ;    which  is  from  the  Celtic  Inis» 
and  Ulo  which  is  from  the  Chinefe  Pulo,  P  being  a  prepofitive.  The 
Latin  Cauda  is  not  only  akin  to  the  German  Queue,  but  became 
the  Italian  Coda,  and  by  changing  D   into   L  their  Cola ;  then  by 
converting  C  into  T  we  have  the  Englifli  tail  :    but  how  different 
from  any  of  thefe  are  the  Welfh  Lhoft,  the  Scotch  Urybul,  the 
Caniabrian  Buztanac,  the  Greek  Oura,  the  Spanifh  Rabo,  the  Cer- 
ium Schwantz,  the  Bclgic  Steert,  the  Iflandic  Rooa,  the  Sclavonian 
Rep,  the  Polifh  Ogon,  the  Hungarian  Fark,  the  Turkifh  Coiruk! 
Yet  many  of  thefe  may  be  fynonymous  terms  of  one  copious  lan- 
piaje;  as  we  fay  tail,  rump,  bottom,  backfide,  breech,  fundament^ 
V«AtT\OTs,  befides  other  terms  of  a  ruder  cafl. 

Hvginusfhews  it  was  an  ancient  opinion  that  "  Mankind  for  a   pab.  134. 

longtime  ufed  all  one  language;  and  lived  unincorporated  till  the 

reign  of  Phoroncus  fon  of  Inachus  and  Atchia  Ocean's  children  :  that 

afterwards  Hermes   interpreted  the  feveral   languages,  into  which 

their fpeech  was  divided  ;  andalfo  diftributedthe  earth  intonations, 

"■ttking  the  firft  appointment  to  Phoroneus :"  this  Hermes  was  Thoth, 

-   Acfcft  Simandes  or  fon  of  Mendes  or  Menon  faid  by  Anticlides, 

tt  Pliny,    to  have  "  invented  letters  15  years  before   the  time  df 

fiioroneus  the  moll  ancient  king  of  Greece."     The  longevity  of  the 

primitive  Poftdiluvians  brings  it  within  the  bounds  of  probability 

^  Mcnes  or  Mifor  and  his  fon  Thoth  were  alive  about  the  birth 

ofPhaleg,  and  in  the  time  of  Phoroneus.      Yet  I  think  that  either 

Plioroneus  the  brother  of  Egialcus  was  older  than  Niobe's  fire  ;    or 

dfethat  Pliny's  Menon  or  Menes  was  Tuitho's  fon  Mannus  Acmon*s 

fire.     For  Thoth  having   invented  letters  during  his  father's  reign> 

his  fon  Teutat,  Tat  or  Tuitho  brought  them  to  Spain,   Gaul  and     . 

Germany:  Tat*s  fon  Mannus,  or  Almannuswho  may  be  the  ancient 

Hercules  that  propagated  the  Phrygian  charatlcrs,  brought  them  to  Tully. 

Cappadocia  and  Thcffaly.     Xiobe's  fire  liVed  1800  years  before  the 

Chriltian 


1  82  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  \'  E     HISTORY.  (Chap.  x. 

Chriftian  era;  for  Hellanicus,  Philochorus,  and  Acufilaus  fee  him 

1020  before  the  Olympic,    ^hoth  reigned  300  years  earlier,  as  ap- 
£u/cb    Prcp.  ' 

pears  from   ihe  Theban   kings  of  Eratofthenes;  whofe  lift,  by  the 

way,  evinces  that  the  reigns  in  thofe  ages  were  not  in  general  re- 
markably long  :  the.reafon  may  be  this;  the  eldeft  fons  begotten  in 
youth  did  not  long  furvive  their  fathers*.  It  was  othewife  as  to 
children  begotten  late  in  life:  fo  Saturn's  fon  Jove  lived  to  cohabit 
with  Alcmena;  and  Chiron,  to  inftruQ:  Achilles.  The  reigns  of  the 
Demi.gods,  and  of  the  Cynic  Circle,  and  firft  Dynafties  of  Egypt 
and  of  Babylon,  were  all  of  a  moderate  length.  The  Alexandrine 
Shcrringhim  Chronicle  fays  that  Mercury  reigned  only  35  years;  SyncelUis  that 
Arphaxad  reigned  33;  Palephatus,  that  Sol  reigned  only  12. 

Horus  Apollo  fays,  "  It  is  reported  that   the  world  was  formerly 
in  feventy-two   divifions:'*    Syncellus    mentions    feventy-two    lan- 
Dcut   t2  8    S^^ig^s-     Mofes  fays,  "  When  the  Supreme  divided  to  the  nations 
their  inheritance;  when  he  feparated  Adam's  fons,  he  fet  the  boun- 
daries of  the  people,  according  to  the  number  of  the   Children  of 
Ifrael.**  Elfewhere  he   names   15  perfons  of  Japhefs  line,     32  of 
Ham's,  27  of  Shem's,  with  Peleg's  nephews;  in  all,  75,  with  Cainan; 
as  Ephorus  and  others  afferted;  yet  Clement  of  Alexandria  fays  there 
was  only  feventy-two  languages:    If  fo,  Noah's  three  fons  were  not 
alive  at  the  partition  of  the  earth.  The  Chinefe  fuppofe  the  number 
of  the  nations  to  be   feventy-two ;   their  number  according  to  the 
Pfalmift,  78,  55. 

That  there  was  once  an  univerfal  language,  its  opponent  Lord 
Monboddo  alrpoft  brings  himfelf  to  prove;  where  he  finds  "  Good 
realon  to  believe  that  all  the  languages  in  Europe,  Afia,  and  a  part 
of  Africa,  fprung  from  the  fame  original."  His  objeftions  to  making 
this  an  univerfal  propofition  are  taken  from  the  Hurons  of  North- 
America,  and  the  Galibi  of  South  America;  for  he  fays  that  the 
third  language,  which  he  can  depend  upon,  has  an  affinity  with  the 
»«364«  337-  Galibi:  He  derives  it  partly  from  the  Galibi,  partly  from  Florida; 
where,  as  he  afterwards  tells  us,  the  Welfh  planted  a  colony.  The 
Galibi  are  as  inconfiderable  as  the.Flemmings  of  South  Wales;  fome 

of 


Chap.  1.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  183 

of  whofe  antiquated  words  are  derived  from  the  Celtic,  Iflandic, 

Gothic,  Bohemian,  Greek,  Turkifh,  and  old  Sicilian,  and  perhaps 

other  tongues;  for  inftance,  brock,  a  badger,  is* Saxon;   Boddar,  is 

from  the  Irifh  Bodhar,  and  the  Welfli  Byddar.    Kaffle,  to  fquabble, 

(words  akin)  is  from  the  Iflandic  Kafla,  a  cudgel.      HagI,   hail,  is 

Iflandic.     Pulk,  as  in  the  North  country  dialcft,  is  a  pool:  Velg  is 

fallow;   Wilg,  willow:    Vitty,  fit:  Dearn,   ftern:    Spr^t,  fprightly: 

Den,  day,  as  in  Bohemia:  Neal,  a  needle,    is  the   Iflandic  Naal. 

Foor,     Furrow,    as    in    Greek:    To    till,  reach;    from   lihXca.     A 

zangle  of  corn  is  from  the  Sicilian  Zancle,   a  fickle.    Buflucky,  a 

ruptured  perfon,  is  from  the  Turkifli  Bufl'uck,  ruptured,  fraftured. 

BUnch  is  akin  to  the  Greenland  Blink,  the  gleam  thro'  refleftion 

from  fnow.  ^ 

If  the  obfolete  words  of  a  fmall  province  in  a  Welfli  county  are 
toTsufcellaneous,  who  can  affirm  the  language  of  the  Galibi  to  be 
fimple  and  original  ?  Who  can  affure  us  beyond  a  doubt  that  it  doth 
/jor  contain  both  Phenician  words  and  Chinefe;  fome  words  reaching 
them  by  means  of  voyagers  acrofs  the  Atlantic,  and  of  others  acrofs 
the  Pacific  ocean?  The  diverfities  of  fenfe  that  the  fame  word  in 
the  Huron  language  bears,  according  to  tone  and  accent,  implies 
&at  it  came  to  America  from  the  Chinefe  Tartars.  But  we  muft 
grant  that  the  language  of  his  Lordftiip's  caudated  gentry' of  Nico- 
bar  is  undoubtedly  Sui  Generis!  His  Lordfliip  confefles  that  "  The 
N^w-Holland^rs  and  all  nations  found  in  a  very  barbarous  ftate,  yet 
having  the  ufc  of  fpeech,  did  not  invrut,  but  by  intercourfe  obtain 
it."  But  as  all  nations  were  barbarous  at  firft,  all  nations  muft  have 
obtained  their  language  by  traduftion;  and  art  only  contributed  to 
P^lifh  and  amplify  it:  tho*  it  is  fomewhat  mortifying  to  find  that  our 
'     inventive  faculty  is  inferior  to  that  of  the  caudated  wits  above  men. 

tioned,  voluble  as  we  muft  allow  them  to  be  in  converfation.     But  • 

the  truth  is,  that  thefe  facetious  geniuffes  neither  owe  their  language 
to  invention,  nor  to  comniunication,  but  innate  inftinft;  and  twenty 
baboons,  brought  inftantly  from  birth  into  as  many  diftinfl  countries, 
^ill  all  talk  the  fame  language,  and  underftand  one  another  at  their 
firft  vifit     Indeed  one  of  therir  fraternity  is  a  remarkable  exception; 


i84  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

I  mean  a  jovial  gentleman,  whofe  honourable  lineage  was  fo  ancient, 
that  like  Melchizedeck's,  its  origin  was  unknown ;  his  name  was 
Silenus ;   but  his  tail  belonged  to  his  leathern  jerkin. 

Amidft  the  various  languages  that  arofc  from  the  confufion  of 
fpccch  at  Babel,  to  conjefture  which  approaches  neareft  to  the  pri- 
mitive tongue,  we  may  with  Plato  fuppofe  that  "  Names  had  fome 
congruity  with  the  things  they  related  to:"  that  animals  received 
names  from  fomewhat  peculiar  to  them;  as  the  cuckoo,  from  its  note: 
and  that  founds  tended  to  reprefent  the  things  to  be  defcribed,  and 
were  a  piftura  loquens.  Ariftotle  and  Plato  term  names,  M//xv)jOLarar, 
,  imitations:      So    in  Welfh,  thunder  is  Taran,    whence  thundering 

Jove  is  Taranteus.  Grwnn  is  a  hog;  hence,  groan,  grunt.  Swine, 
Mwch:  a  cow,*  Buwch,  in  Irifh  Bo,  whence  the  Latin  Bos,  a  buK 
or  COW;  hence  the  Irifh  name  a  cow,  Bol,  which  occafioned  the  lu- 
dicrous proverb  of  an  Irifh  Bull.  A  calf  in  Welfh,  is  Lo:  a  crow, 
Bran:  a  groan,  Och:  a  neighing,  Wihi;  to  roar,  Rhlio.  DellaValle 
fays  the  Hottentots  call  beeves.  Boos:  fheep,  Baas;  Ba  is  the  plural 
of  Bo  in  Irifh:  Hefychius  tells  us  Ma  is  fheep  in  Phrygia.  The 
beaft  called  by  Europeans  a  fluggard  is  named  Ah,  from  the  noife 
*  it  makes.  In  the  South  Seas,  the  nofe  is  Aheu;  which  expreffes  the 
found  made  in  fneezing:  So  amongft  the  Efquimaux,  to  fneeze  » 
Y^-ice:  a  goofe  is  Hah ;  belly-ach,  Ei-yah,  from  the  complaining 
note  it  occafions.  Eufebius  fays  that  "  Perfons,  in  Saturn's  (that 
is  Ham's)  reign,  had  the  fkill  of  converting  with  beafts:"  This  mufl 
have  arifen  from  the  congruity  of  founds  to  the  ideas  they  reprc- 
fented:  Even  now  good  mimics  will  deceive  partridges  and  other 
birds ;  and  we  may  perceive  that  crows  ufe  different  notes  on  diffe- 
rent occafions;  fome  to  call,  fome  to  elude,  fome  to  alarm. 

Phornutus  pofitively   afferts  that  the  Ancients  deemed    Japhet 
the  Father  of  langnage. 

Pfammeticus,  to  difcover  the  primitive  language,  had  two  infants 
nurfed  by  dumb  perfons,  apart  from  other  human  vifitants,  and  fuck* 
led  by  goats:  at  length  the  children  pronounced  Bekkos,  which  was 

concluded 


Prep.  It,  g. 


Chap.  1.)  PRI  MI  T  I  V  E     H  IS  TORY.  185 

concluded  to  be  the  Phrygian  word  for  bread;  whence  our  hake; 
but  probably  the  children  meant  the  goats;  the  word  refembling  the 
note  of  that  animal;  and  Pezron  obferves  tha^  *'  a  goat  is  in  Greek 
called^^Hvj,  and  in  Celtic  Bic  ;"  hence  the  Italian  Becco,  and  our 
buck  ;  alfo  the  Hungarian  Bak.  The  Egyptian  king  might  there- 
fore more  readily  have  concluded  in  favour  of  Celtic,  a  dialeql  of 
which  is  Gomr-aeg,  or  Comer's  language  in  Wales;  in  which  a 
Teat,  in  Latin  Mamma,  is  called  Mam,  a  word  that  children  when 
only  a  few  days  old  pronounce  :  from  giving  fuck  ^  nurfe  is  called 
Mamniaeth  ;  a  mother,  mam  and  mamma;  in  Arabic  and  Laponic, 
Am :  Delia  Valle  tells  us  the  Hindoos  fay  Mamma  Havah,  for  mo- 
ther Eve.  Thus  Atheneus  fhews  that  Ti^fliiv  is  a  nurfe  ;  this  is  de- 
rived from  the  Celtic,  Teth,  a  teat;  as  is  the  maternal  Goddefs 
Tethys,  the  confort  of  Ogen,  the  Irifli  Ocein,  that  is  Og  Hen,  Cel- 
tic for  old  Ocean,  who  was  Noah,  the  parent  of  the  primitive  Cabiri.   Gale  Court 

_,....        ^  _  ^  -         of  Gentiles. 

rrom  this  primitive  Oceanus,  Ogenus  or   Ogen,  Erafmus  teaches 

us  that  old  men  were  called  Ogenides.  Ogan  in  Wclfh  is  Vatici- 
J9/(ini,  and  fuits  Noah  who  was  a  prophet.  Og  in  Celtic  is  alfo  an 
epithet  fignifying  potent ;  hence  Ogmeon  is  (like  Ogmor)  potent 
Ocean  ;  as  is  Elmannus,  the  name  of  an  ancient  Hercules  ;  either 
Acmon's  fire,  or  the  Meon  who  was  Mifor.  But  Oghen  in  the  Ne* 
ther  Lands  fignifies  eyes. 

Some  words  from  their  univerfallity  befpeak  themfelves  to  be  pri- 
mitive ;  as  Mam  :  alfo  5r»,  a  cow,  B  being  converted  into  C.  Ba^ 
or  Ma,  fhcep.  Moon  is  either  derived  from  the  Oriental  Mun,  to 
illuftrate,  or  (as  Bryant  fays)  from  the  Hebrew  Mon  or  Moonah 
an  image ;  hence  by  converfion  of  M  into  L  the  Irifli  Luan^  Luna, 
is  from  the  Celtic  Llun,  an  image  ;  as  it  reflecls  the  folar  light. 
Cano  in  Latin,  is  in  Welfli  Canu ;  in  Arabic,  Cainat  is  a  fongftrefs. 
The  Ladrone  iflands,  the  rendezvous  of  pirates,  are  fo  tailed  from 
Ladron,  Celtic  for  Latro.  Carim  in  Turkifli,  like  Cams  in  Latin, 
is  beloved;  Caru  inWclfh  is  to  love.  God  in  Welfh  is  Duw\  atManga- 
lor,  Deu,  which  in  Perfia  isGeiiie;  in  Cambaia  Maha  Deu  is  magnus 
Deus  ;  at  Mexico  God  is  Teu;  the  Greek  dative  is  Theo  ;  the  Latin 
Deo :  hence   Zeus,  and   Sios  in  the  Doric  :    the  Hindon  Cam-deo 

feems  to  be  Cham  Deus.  In  Irifli  God  is  Dia,  in  Saint  Kilda  Tia,  in 

B  b  China 


Rowland. 


Vcrflegan. 


ii6  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Boo1tB» 

China  Ti  pr  Tia.  A  tooth  is  Dant  in  Wclfh,  in  India  Dandon, 
dentem:  in  Dutch,  Tant,  in  Saxon,  Than,  in  German  Zaii,  in 
Hebrew  Shan  or  Schin :  in  Hungarian  it  is  Fogh,  akin  to  the  Irifb 
Feag.— From  the  Celtic  Coch^  red,  comes  Cochiiieal;  Neall  in  Hi-^ 
berno  Celtic  being  noble;  hence  the  word  fignifies  noble  red.  InLatin 
Mors  is  death  ;  in  Greek,  Moros  is  fate,  and  Callimachus  has  Mortoi 
mortals;  in  the  South  Seas  Morai  is  a  repulchre;in  Perfia  Mor  is  death; 
at  Surat,  Mor  is  to  kill  ;  in  Celtic  Marw  is  to  die ;  in  the  Ofetian 
tongue  Mard,  is  death  ;  in  the  Iflandic  Mprd  is  murder.  In  Welfli 
a  manfion  is  Bdd  ;  in  Perfia  and  India  Abad  ;  hence  the  Bangorian^ 
Egyptian,  Phrygian  and  Macedonian  Abydos  ;  the  Englifh  abode, 
abide,  bed,  booth:  the  world  itfelf  in  Welfhr  is  Byd.  In  the  South  Seas 
Eei  is  Edo,  eat;  Taata  is  a  man;  in  Welfh  Tat  is  a  father,  as  is  the  Greek 
Atta;  whence  Attes  was  called  papa,  Pappeus  and  Apappus,  and  pro- 
bably  Epaphust  and  hence  the  Celtic  God  Teutat  figniBes  the  parent 
God;  he  was  called  fimply  Tat,  father;  alfo  limply  Teuth  or  Teutho, 
Deiis  :  O  is  a  termination  frequent  in  Wales.  Mercury  was  the 
great  Gpd  of  the  Celtae;  fo  wasTcutho;  who  therefore  was  Mercury 
Teutates :  fome  fancy  him  to  be  Pluto  :  but  his  g'randfon  Deois  or 
Dis  was  one  Pluto,  called  Summanus  from  Mannus  his  fire.  Japhet 
was  alfo  a  Pluto :  but  the  oldeft  Pluto  was  Noah  the  firft  Muth  and 
Serapis.  Tuitho,  Teutat  or  Tat,  being  Ham's  (the  firft  Vulcan's) 
great  grandfon^  introduced  the  Vulcanian  arts  and  worfhip  into 
Europe.  That  Vulcan  was  a  Celtic  God  Viridomarus  in  Plutarch 
evinces.  Cefar  tells  us,  "  Vulcan  was  a  German  God  :"  and  Ham 
being  Zeus,  the  Gallic  Thor  was  figured  with  a  hammq^;  and  this 
proves  that  Odin  his  fire  was  Noah.  Tuitho  founded  the  Her- 
minones,  named  likewife  Hermanduri,  from  Hermes,  Mendes  and 
Dwr,  water ;  for  Paterculus  places  his  Hermandori  on  the  banks  of 
the  Elbe.  From  Tuitho  alfo  came  the  Tuitones  and  Teutanes  near 
Pifa.    Tacitus  has  thruft  an  S  into  the  name,  owing  to  the  fimilitudc 

Lae^^^  between  T  and  ft  in  Greek.  SoEmpedocles  calls  Neith,  Neitis,  Anaitis, 

Neftis :  Cote  in  French  is  in  Englifh,  coaft.  Tautah  (Tatta)  is  a 
father,  at  the  Ifthmus  of  Darien.— Behar  in  Perfic  is  Ver  in  Latin: 
the  change  of  B  into  V  is  frequent ;  fo  Ber  in  Welfc  is  in  Latin, 
Veru.     This  explains  the  name  of  the  God  Latobius:    he  was  the 

k  God 


Marcell. 


2.  io6. 


Chap.  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  187 

Cod  of  health,  fo  was  Latana's  fon,  Letou  Uios,  hence  Latobius; 
Horace  calls  him  Latoe. 

Ajlar^  in  Greek  Aftera,  in  Perfic  Ster,  hence  Efter,  Eafter  and 
th6  Phenician  Aftarte,  in  India  is  Starra— Dryr  in  Wales,  and  Dur 
in  Ireland,  water,  is  the   Phrygian  'Ydor;    and  Durbeta,    a   town 
near  the  Tigris,  fignifies  waterhoufe ;    fo  Duram  in  Daniel  feems  a 
place  near  water  :  Endor  (Ain-dor)  is  waterfount :    hence  ialfo  the 
Naiad  Doris,  the  Phenician  Dora  of  Stephanus,  and  the  city  Dorath 
on  the  river  Diur  or  Dwr  in  Mauritania:  die  Siberians  call  the  eaftern 
fea,  Al-utor-a,   the  great  water.     A  hound,   in  Greek  Kviov^    is  in 
Chinefe  Keuen  :  tlie  name  of  a  Chinefe  king  was   Lao  Kiun;  but 
Kiun  is  generally  fuppofed  to  be  the  Phenician  Saturn;  tho'  it  feems 
lobe  Sirius,  whether  the  ftar,  or  Sol  :  for  Kiun  is  Sol  in  Turkifli ; 
Wl\he  Dogftar  was  of  prime  importance  in  Egypt  on  account  of  the 
annuimundation. — Taboo  in  the  South  Seas  feems  akin  to  the  He- 
brew iji  found  and  fenfe;  and  thefe  interdifts  arifing  principally  from      VoUS^' 
coDUgms  difeafes.  Tabes  is  allied  to  Taboo ;  and  contaminate  is  (o, 
hy  tic  converfion  of  B  into  M. 

Bochart  obferves  that  Rix  or  rich  in  Germany,  Gaul,  and  Britain  is 
^iinto  the  Arabic  Ric,  Robur.  Rath  is  a  mound  in  Wales,  Ireland,  g^  Samme 
•■d  Arabia, — Oon  on  the  weftern  coaft  of  North  America  means  an 
Se,  and  is  allied  to  the  Celtic  Yn :  fo  Oon  Alafchka  is  the  ifle 
AWchka,    or  American  ifland;    for  the  Siberians  call    America, 
Altfchka;  and  the  fenfe. of  the  word  is  to  be  found   in  Hiberno- 
Cckic;  Ala-afcath  is  the  foldier-s  nurfe.     When  Captain  Cook  in- 
sured for  the  ifle  Oon  Alafchka,  the  tautology  rendered  his  queftion 
'^ifttcUigible:    there  was  amon^  the  Britons  a  fimilar  tautology; 
AvaLon  fignifies  Apple-ifland,  yet  the  place  was  ufually  called  Ynis 
Avalon,  the  ifland  of  Apple  ifle;  as  failors  fay  the  ifland  ofBell-ifle; 
^nd  here  obferve  that  the  Cekic  Ynis  is  the  Algonkin  Minis,  with 
^  M  prefixed.     Mount  Hor,  whence  the  Greek  Oros,  is  a  fimilar 
taotcrfogy :  as  Portugal  is  Port  a  Port :  in  Anglefea  is  Pont  Rhyd- 
pont,  the  Bridge  of  Fordbridgc.     The  foreft  of  Dean  fignifies  the 
foreft  of  Foreft.    Bales  is  old  Bel,  yet  Bfchylus  calls  him  old  Ba- 

B  b  2  ten,  ^ 


4.  iJ. 


188  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i- 

len,  or  old  Signior  Bel.     An  ifle  near  Odn  Alafchka  is  named  Ooin 
Ella;  a  Peninfula,  Oon  Emak.     One  of  the  Sandwich  ifles  is  named 
Oon  Neeheoow.     The  city  On  in  Egypt  figniBes  the  t/lr^  as  the  iflc 
of  Ely  :    Strabo  fays  that  (On,  or)  Heliopolis  was  built  on  an  arti- 
ficial bank.    Mela  calls  certain  Iflanders  in  the  German  ocean,  Oontrz 
Pliny  mentions  the  ifles  Oona  in  the  North  Sea,  called  by  the  Cim* 
brians,  Morimarufa,  the  dead  fea,  from  M6r  and  Marw.     Irelan  J 
was  named  by  the  Welfti  Yverdh-on;  I  think  it  means  the  ifle  that 
is  the  final  country  or  tribe;  from  Ibh,  regio.aut  Tribus,  and  Err 
or  Eirr,  finis;    whence  alfo  Eire,  Eirin,  the  final  Ifle  :    as  Pryd-j^n 
is  fair  ifle  ;  which   TalieflTirt,    redundantly   as   above,  denominates- 
Ynis    Prydyn.       The  town   of  Comer-on,  Comer's  ifle,  is  in  the 
Danube  near  Prefl)urg.      Antilles  is  derived  from  On  or  Yn,  ifle, 
and  the  Erfe  Tealla,  Tellus,  land,  ifle  lands,  iflands.     Tor  is  an  ex- 
tenfive  word ;   it  fignifies  a  high  rock  or  fummit:  fo  of  Cholchis 
Pliny  fays,  the  Toretac  inhabited  the  fummit  of  Cape  Cronea  ;  and 
the  Agarturi  are  Arabian  mountaineers:  hence  To  Opog^  mons;    and 
4.  5.  28.        jj^g  ig^nd  Tyra  in  Egypt,  where  from  the  port  Datneon  Sefoftris  Dar- 
ius and  Ptolemy  the  fecond  attempted  a  canal  to  the  Nile ;  which 
the  fear  of  fpoiling  the  water  put  a  flop  to.      Here  was  Caph  Tor. 
Prom  Tor  comes  Mam  Tor  in  Derbyfllire,  and  Torbay  in  Devon; 
which  fome  explain  Tortus,  but  not  Sans  Tort ;  for  alt  bays  are  in- 
curvated.     Crocken  Tor  is  a  Devonfliire  hill.     Chitor  is  a  famous 
city  on  a  high  hill  in  India.      Tor  is  varied  into  Tzor,  Tur,  Tar, 
Sor,  Sur,  Scur,  Sar,  Scar:  thus  from  Sarrhanus  comes  fcarlet.  The 
Englifli  beer,  a  liquor  invented  by  Ofiris,  owes  its  name  to  the  He- 
brew  Beer  a  well;  and  hence  Meriim  ;  as  the  Hebrew  Jain,  wine  is 
from  Ain,^  Foiv;  Continens  pro  cgntento. — Stan,  Tan,  Tain,  Tania^ 
a  region,  feems  an  univerfal  word*;    hence  Teneo. — Pczron  notes 
that  Lacus  is  in  Celtic  Laguen  ;    hence  Lagune.  — Wineis  Gwtn  m 
Welfli,  yinum  in  Latin,  Oinon  in  Greek,  Jain  in  Hebrew. 


Pliny  2.  29. 


^ 


Plato  faid  that  Solon  began  a  commentary  on  the  Atlantic  Jan- 

guage,  which  he  had  learnt  at  Sais,  and  may  have  been  tolerably 

genuine  before  the.Perfian  conqueft,  as  remote  from  opportunities 

of  corcuptioh  s  it  may  obtain  among  the  Brebes  of  Morocco  at  tbiiB 

V  f'  day : 


Chap*  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Yi  189 

day :  yet  Strabo  fays  that  Hercules  brought  the  Moors  from  India. 

Some  words  are  allied  to  the  Celtic;  indeed  the  Atlantidae  had  great 

connexions  with  Europe.     Moor  is  derived  from  M6r,  fea  :  Neith 

from  Nyddu,  pronounced  Neithee,  to  fpin  ;  and  fhe  being  Nitocris, 

ihe  Irifli  term  battle,  Neith.     Abydus  is  from  Bod.     Pelufium  was 

in  their  facred  language  called   Abaris  ;    Abar  is  Celtic  for  filth, 

which  is  confonant  to  the  fenfe  of  Sin  and  Pelufium  :  but  Rowland 

infifts  that   Abaris  the  Hyperborean  was  named  Ap  Rhys.       Pa^nus 

is  Celtic  for  induftrious  ;    Molochj  for  molefter.      The  prevalence 

of  the  Celtic  tongue  is  furprizing  ;  Malcolm  fays  the  Dialed  in  the 

Hebrides  is  akin  to  the  Chinefe  ;  and  inftance  or  two  will  confirm 

that  prefently.       Parfops  on  Japhet,  tells  us  the  Hiberno-Celtic  is 

fpoken  at  Thebet,       Wafer  fays  the  Daricn  language  refembles  the 

Celtic.     Yet  after  all,  fimilar  words  in  languages  of  countries   fo 

xttaoie  rather  prove  that  they  belonged  to  the  original  tongue,  than 

to  any  articular  one  that  fuperceded  it.      Teutat  introduced  many 

Oriental  words  amongft  the   Celts,  as  Hefus  from   Hizzuz :  Mar3       Dj^^ 

from  Mar,  a  lord ;  hence  mayor  :  his  Greek  name  is  from  the  Cel-  p^vici. 

tic  Ar,  Clades.     But  in  the  language  of  Otaheite  a  Prince  is  named 

Arte.     For  more  inftances  of  agreement   between  the  Celtic    and 

Hebrew,  lee  Rowland's  Mona  and  the    end  of  this  chapter.  When 

Tcatat  or  Tuitho's  pofterity  proceeded  from  Gaul  eaftward  to  the 

Ikrmodon,  and  then  defcendedto  Phrygia,  Greece,  Crete,  Pheni* 

cia,  Italy,  Sicily,  Egypt  and  Lybia,  they  brought  many  Celtic  words 

with  them  ;  fuch  as  their. own  names,  Meon,  Uranus,  Sadom,  Cro* 

nus,  Jou-patcr,  Mercury,  Neith,  Venus,  Juno,  Rhea;  and  Saturn, 

ai  well  as  other  Titans,  brought  many  other  Phenician  words  into 

Europe.     The  Phenitian  Hercules  may  have  brought  many  Coptic 

and  Atlantic  words  into   Hungary ;    which  country  received  fronii 

bim  its  name  :    it  is  derived  from  Chon  Kaer,  Chon's  caftle.      He 

iikewife  gave  his  name  to  other  places;  thus  Italy  was  called  Chonia; 

a  province  of  Spain  Tarachon,  Tyr  Chon^  Terra  Choni. 

The  Chinefe  bids  as  fair  as  any  to  be  the  primitive  language,  from 

its  fimplicity,  containing  as  fome  affert  only  330  radical  \t6rds,  tho* 

others  augment  them  to  1500,  all  monofyllables,  having  no  variety 

of  dcclenfions,  conjugations,  nuit^bers,  or  genders;  tho*  altered  by 

tone 


> 


^go  PRIMITI VE.    H  ISTORY.  (Book  2. 

tone  and  accent  to  6o,ooo  different  fenfes.     Yet  it  is  greatly  inter*. 
mixt  with  Celtic,  Gothic,  and  Chaldee;  and  probably  corvfifts  moftly 
of  thefe  three  parental  tongues,  that  immediately  fucceeded  the  ori- 
ginal language.     The  politeft  Chinefe  contains  the  moft  extenfive 
fenfe  in  the  concifeft  terms.      The  affinity  fuppofed  between  the 
Chinefe  tongue  and  Hebrew  relates  to  the  fimpleft  words  expreft  by 
the  fimpleft  charafters,  which   yet  enter   into  the    compofition  of 
others.  Pie  in  Chinefe  is  animal  heat;  Pia  in  Hebrew,  hot  embers; 
the  Englifli  word  pie  iiakin  to  both:  and  probably  the  Hebrew  re- 
fembles  the  Chinefe  in  more  words  of  Gothic  original,  than  either 
Chaldee  or  Celtic;  for  the  conftitution  of  the  Gothic  language  rc- 
fembles  the  Chinefe,    as  abounding  in  monofyllables  void  of  dc- 
clenfions,  conjugations,  and  numbers.     The  Englifh  fubftantivc* 
adjeftives,  pronouns,  and  verbs  were  originally  almoft  all  mono- 
fyllables,  infomuch  that  it  would  be  to  the  laft  degree  tedious  to 
enumerate  them;  this  we  may  inftantly  perceive  in  reflefting  on  the 
names  given  to  the  parts  of  the  human  body,  as  nails,  toes,  heeK 
feet,  joints,  veins,  blood,  (kin,  fleffi,  kg,  fliin,  bone,  knee,  thigh, 
&c.  So  as  to  all  nature,  animate  or  inanimate,  is  ag«,  youth,  man> 
child,  boy,  maid,   girl,  beaft,  bird,  fowl,  fi(h,    horfe,   mare,    coh; 
bull,   cow,  calf,   Iheep,    ram,  fewe,   lamb,  wool,  horn;    goat,    \si^ 
fwine,   pig,  boar,  fow,  hog,   dog,  bitch,   whelp,   cat,    rat,    moufi\ 
goofe,  duck,  drake;  cock,  hen;  egg,  neft;  eel,  trout,  carp,  tend, 
crabs,  prawns,  fin,  fhell ;  tree,  wood,  grove,    copfe,    bufh,    plaati 
Ihrub,  branch,  bough,    fpray,   fprig,  twig,  rod,  fwitch,  ftick,  ftal^ 
pale,  fhoot,    root,  leaf,  bud,    bark,   rind,  fap,  heart,   pith,  ftumpi 
ftakc,  feed,  fruit;  alh,   oak,    elm,  fir,  beech,  birch;    corn,    ftrav, 
flieaf,  thatch,  chaff;    wheat,   oats,   hay,  grafs,    blade,   herb,    reed, 
rufh,  weed;  fpace,  room,  time,  fire,  light,  day,  night,  fun,  mooa, 
ftars,  fky,  air,  wind,  cloud,  fnow,  mift,  dew,  rain,  hail ;  fea,  tide, 
,    wave,  flood,  brook,  ftream,  lake,  pond,  well;  earth,  ground, landj 
foil,  dirt,    mire,  duff,   mud,  clay,  (time,  marl,  (tone,  rock;    nn^at, 
food,  drink,  clothes,  drefs,  (hoes,  hofe,  coat,.(hirt,  cap,  hat; — old, 
young,  tall,  (hort,  black,  brown,  fat,  lean,   fick,  well,  wife,  dull, 
good,  bad;  hot,  cold,  moift,  dry;  give,  take,  do,  go,  walk,  riide, 
run,   dance,   leap,   ftand,   &t,   lie,  fleep,  watcfa»  fpeak,  talk,  fing, 

laugh. 


Chip,  u)  P  R  I  M  I  T  1  V  E     HISTORY.  191 

laugh,  cry,  hear,  fee,  feel;  truth,  liesj  hate,  fear,  love,  war,  peace. 

Thcfe  fpecimens  are  quite  enough,  a  complete  vocabulary  would  be 

as  irkfome  as  voluminous.     I  have  dwelt  To  long  on  the   fubjefl, 

becauie  the  Gothic  tongue  was  one  of  the  firft  after  the  confufion ;     " 

iu  kin  to  the  Tartarian  is  fhewn  by  Wife,  from  authors  of  note.  The 

Latin  and  Greek  tongues  have  many  words  taken  from  the  Gothic, 

as  well  as  from  the  Celtic  and  Phenician  ;  as  Viclua,  widow ;  foam, 

Spuma;  edge,  Acies;   foal,  Pullus;  wound,  Vulnus:  father.  Pater; 

brother,  Frater;  mother.  Mater;  daughter,  Thugater;  fhrine,  fcrecn, 

Scrinium;  gall,  Fel;  law.  Lex;  worm,  Vermis;  light.  Lux;  nephew, 

Mepos;  nut,  Nux;  axe,  Afcia;  head.  Caput;  foot.  Pes;    ox,  Bos> 

whore,  Scortum;  ram,  Aries;  fifh,  Pifcis;  otter,  Lutra;  boar,  Aper; 

fow,  Susi  cow,  Vacca-,  bee,  Apisj  wafp,  Vefpis;  orchard,  Hortusi 

way.  Via;  wind,  Ventus;  fee,   Feudum ;  hill,   CoUis;  one,   Unus| 

vwo.Duo;  three.  Ties;  fix.  Sex;  feven,  Septem;  eight,  0£lo;  right, 

Rednftittiort,  curtus;  long,  Longus;  glad,  Lsetus;  when,  Quando; 

then^  Tuoc;  at.  Ad;  over.  Super;  make,  Facio;  call,  Kaleo;  niagn 

Mignusi  name,  Nomen-,  pit,  Puteus^  pair.  Par;  knee.  Genu;  my, 

Muos,  fly;  Hafur,  caper;  Afe,  avus;  Ude,  udus;  Afmur,  amor;  bear, 

Feroi  break,    Fra6lus;    breach,  firakos,    iEolice;   brook,   bruax, 

£olice;  Wic,  vicus;  Wyly,  oiolos;  crane,  heron,  Geranos;  Deer, 

TVara;  door,Thura;  dare,Tharro;  dyke,  Teichosj  path  from  xtmv 

njMcr,  Ruter,  iEolice;  leave,  Leipo;  whole,  Olos;  whore.  Oar; 

Udor,  water;  Ule,  weald;  Uphe,  woof;   Habeo,  have;  hard,  Arduus; 

grofc,  Craff^s;  Ic,  Ego. 

The  Chinefe  charafters  fingly  denote  things,  as  a  fire,  torrent. 

Butfo  do  the  letters  of  other  languages.    *  The  Irifh  have  names  of 

trees;  A,  Ailm,  a  fir;  B,  Beith,  a  birch.      In  Galic  E  and  I  fignify 

be  and  (he:  and  all  the  vowels  are  interjeftions.   The  Gothic  names 

of  many  letters  have  particular  fignifications  in  Irifh,  and  this  proves 

Ikat  Irifh  bears  a  great  affinity  to  the  Gothic.  Thus  A  is  Collis;  Be, 

Femina;  C<,  Terra,  vel  Nox;  De,  Dies:  Ge,  Anfer:  I,  Regio:  O, 

Auris;  Ne,  Heri:  Re,  Luna;  Se,  Calidus.     But  the  relationfhip 

between  the  Irifh  and  Gothic  will  appear  foon. 

Hebrew  letters  are  moflly  names;  for  tho'  Bryant  interprets  Alpha, 

Vox 


L.'  17. 


% 


192     '  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.'  (BoOk  g. 

Vox  Dei^  the  Phenician  Alpha  (or  Hebrew  Aleph)  is  a  Bull;    and 
letters  being  numerals,  perhaps  JovcCs  feip  was  marked  Alpha;  hence 
l^"^^^^^^  the  fable  of  Europa's  bull:  yefthe  ftbry  had  a  higher  origin:    The- 
mis is  faid  to  have  efcapcd  the  Deluge  on  an  ox ;  thefe  name^  allude 
to  the  ark.     The  Hebrew  Beth  iis  a  houfe;  Gimel,  a  camel;  Daleth, 
a  gate;  Vau,  ahook;  Lamed,  a  goad;  Pe,  a  mouth;  Refch,  a  head; 
Schin,  a  tooth;  Tau,  finis.  Plutarch  writes  that  the  firft  Egyptian  letter 
refembled   the    Ibis.    Amraian  fays  the  Egyptian  letters  were  entire 
names;  and  aword  comprehended  a  whole  fentence.  Martyn'saccount 
of  Saint    Kilda,   and  Wafer's  of  Darien  give  us  reafon  to  think  the 
Chinefe  are  fons  of  Japhet.  The  Chinefe  language  is  guttural  like  the 
,  Welfli.    One  Chinefe  king  was  named  Chwen  Hyo,   which  no  Euro- 
peans, except  Cambrians  can  exaftly  pronounce.  Fohi's  native  p^ace 
was  Lanthieu,  in  Welfh  God's  fold,  clofe,  cloifter,  or  precinft,  pro- 
nounced with  an  afpirate  Hlaa.     Kall-Gan,  which  Bell  interprets  the 
cverlafting  wall,  fignifies  the  white  wall.  Chart  pronounced  Shan  is  the 
Sean  of  Saint  Kilda.     Indeed  there  are  feveral  reafons  to  think  that 
Japhet's  iflue  peopled  China;  particularly  fimplicity  of  manners,  and 
pacific  difpofition,  which  diftinguifhed  the  northern  Celtae.  Yet  many 
Egyptian  names  and  rites  appear  both  in  China  and  India.  Probably 
in  countries  fo  extenfive  fome    defcendents  of  Noah's  three  fons 
effeQed  fettlements;  as  they  peopled  the  three   Zones  throughoBl 
Afia;  altho*  the  original  partition  feems  to  have  been  according  to  the 
three  great  divifionsof  the  old  world.  Hailed  aflferts  that  the  Shanlcrii 
tongue,  appropriated  by  the  Bramins  to  religion,  is  the  parent  of 
the  feveral  dialefts  from  China  to  the  Perfian  Gulf;  tho'  the  Benga- 
lefe  is  neareft  to  it  in  expreffion,  conftruftion,  and  grammar:  yet  he 
found  words  in  the  Shanfcrit  refembling  Greek  and  Latin  as  well  as 
Perfian  and  Arabic. 

A  great  affinity. has  been  difcovered  between  the  Greek,  Gothic, 
and  Perfic:  but  the  ancient  Greek  was  chiefly  a  dialeftof  the  Celtic; 
as  many  Irifli  and  Welfh  words  fully  teftify:  yet  the  Goths  tinftured 
it,  as  they  have  the  Celtic,  and  particularly  the  Irifli;  but  they 
almoft  extirpated  the  Celtic  in  Germany,  except  a  few.  words  col- 

leaed 


Chap.  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  193 

lefted  by  Pezron.  Stemhelm  fays  the  Finnic  abounds  in  Greek 
words  ;  thefe  doubtlefs  were  originally  Celtic.  For  Greek  words 
derived  from  Celtic,  fee  Sarames  and  Pezron.  Highland  foldiers 
found  in  North  America  a  language  fimilar  to  the  Erfe,  a  diale6l  of 
the  Celtic :  which  the  language  of  the  South  Seas  refembles  in  its 
grammatical  con{lru8 ion;  as  Tane,  Maritus  ;  Aheine,  Mulier;  Hua- 
hine.  Uxor;  Teine,  Frater;  Toohine,  Soror. 


Tho*  the  language  of  Canaan  had  received  a  great  mixture  of  fo- 
reign words,  yet  the  objeftion  againft  the  Hebrew  as  the  original 
tongue  (however  it  might  not  be  fo  in  reallity)  merely  on  account 
of  its  artificial  conftruftion,  becomes  only  perfons  like  Diodorus 
Siculus;  who  was  ignorant  of  a  polite  primitive  language  derived  from 
one  well  inftruftcd   family.     Doubtlefs  the  greateft  remains  of  the 
ongjinal  tongue  are  to  be  expefted  about  Chaldea  and   Canaan;  as 
neareft.  the  fcene  of  the  firft  variation  ;    for  as  people  removed  ta 
greater  diftances,  their  language  departed  more  and  more  from  its 
onginal  purity.  But  there  arc  no  grander  miftakes  than  that  the  lan- 
guage of  Shem  was  that  of  Canaan;  or  that  Abraham's  language  was 
Shem's;  or  laftly,  purer  than  the  other  dialefts  of  the  Chaldee.  The 
particular  branch  of  Shem*s  line,  from  which  Abraham  defcended, 
had  by  fome  means  fettled  in  Chaldea,  and  had  acquired  the  Chal- 
(fean  tongue;  but  frequenting  Mefopotamia,  Damafcus,  and  other 
regions  northward  of  Chaldea,  the    Hebrew  acquired  a  mixture  of 
Gothic  and  Celtic,  as  the  lift  of  words  in  Rowland's  Mona  evidently 
proves :  thus  as  to  the  Gothic ;  Gehel,  coal :  Phar,  bear  ;  Se,  he ; 
Evil,    evil  ;  Gaah,  gay :    Haras,  harafs  :   Dal,  tall :  Sahap,  fweep  : 
Nodah,  note:  Lufs,    lofs :    Cis,    cheft :  Dakar,    dagger :    Shibbar, 
Oliver:  lild,  child  :  Parak,  break:  Meria,  marrow:  Rafah,  grace: 
Sac,  a  fack  :  Nut,  nod:  Kol,  call:   Ahel,  ahall:  Burgad,  burgefs: 
fianc,  a   bench  :  Marak,  a  mark :  Colar,  a   collar  :  Kun,    whine  • 
from  gavel  came  gravelkind,  a  tenure :  Kalal,  vile.     Hoberi;  men 
over  againft. — The  Scythians  brought  the  Gothic  language,  a  dialeft 
of  the  Shemite,  in  fome  degree  into  Mefopotamia;  the  Cimmerians    f«c  Richard- 
left  fomewhat  of  the  Celtic  in  Phenicia.     As  the  Arabic  was  origin- 

C  c  ally 


194  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book*/ 

ally  Shem's  language,  their  Nicht  is  our  Knight;  Khattaf,  caitif: 
from  Gau,  Sol,  came  gaudy;   from  Gib,  Gibl,   came  Gable  end. 

Perhips  I  am  Angular  in  furmizing  that  the  three  branches  of 
Noah's  family  had  each  a  diftinft  tongue,  which  produced  fubor- 
dinate  dialefls  among  their  refpeftive  defcendents.  Canaan  was  a 
Pacnulus.  fon  of  Ham,  and  Plautus  proves  that  his  language,  which  was  in  ufe 
at  Carthage,  is  the  fame  as  the  Hebrews  made  ufe  of.  Words  in 
the  Japhetic  or  Gomerian  language  are  varied  in  the  primary  let- 
ter. Ham's  progeny  tranfpofed  the  primary  letter  ;  Shem's  inftead 
of  altering  words  ufed  particles,  as  do  the  Tartars  as  well  as  the 
Englilh:  for,  that  the  Goths  are  Shem's  pofterity  will  hereafter  be 
proved:  and  from  that  fource  alfo  fprung  the  Sclavonians,  Hungari- 
ans, Turks  and  Tartars;  thefe  being  all  defcendents  of  the  ancient 
Scythians;  who  to  the  northward  intermixed  with  the  Celtae,  and 
towards  the  fouth  with  the  Jndi.  Thus  as  to  the  Celtae,  the  natives 
of  Baraba  between  the  Irtilh  and  Oby  (a  name  from  the  Perfian  Ob, 
water)  are  honeft ;  fo  are  the  genuine  Tongufi,  who  (as  Bell  tells 
us)  refembles  the  Canadians;  yet  their  language  is  theCalmuc:  and 
the  Tzulim  Tartars,  who  referable  Americans,  have  an  Arabic  dia^ 
left  :  which  language  is  intelligible,  fays  Bell,  from  Egypt  to  In- 
doftan ;  as  the  Sclavonian  (ufed  by  the  Calmucs)  from  Venice  to 
Kamtzatka.  The  Gothic  language  by  degrees  drove  the  Celtic  in- 
to Armorica,  Wales,  Cornwall,  Ireland  and  the  Highlands ;  the 
language  in  which  places  was  called  Gomr'aeg,  and  the  people 
Gomri ;  hence  Mon  mam  Gomri,  Anglefea  the  mother  of  the  Cam- 
brians:  Wales  and  Welfh  being  apellations  conferred  by  foreigners^ 
The  Sclavonian  prevails  in  Bohemia,  Poland  and  Ruflia;  they  being 
originally  Celto-Scythians.  The  Hungarians,  as  Ammian  and  Pro- 
copius  write,  refided  anciently  between  the  Don  and  Wolga.  As 
they  penetrated  to  the  fouth  of  Caucafus,  fo  they  came  to  Hungary, 
and  were  called  Ugri,  Sclavonic  for  Aquatic  :  but  mixing  with  the 
Cbuni  of  Ptolemy  on  the  Boryfthenes,  received  their  name,  derived, 
as  I  have  obferved,  from  Chon  or  Chun  the  founder  of  their  town 
and  of  Choniad*      It  hence  appears  that  the  Hungarians  arc  com- 

pofed 


Chap.  1.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

pofed  of  two  different  nations.  The  Chinefe  deem  ihe  Huns  to  be 
Turks,  and  rcfident  between  Corea  and  the  Getes :  the  Byzantine 
hiftorians  fet  the  eaftern  Turks  beyond  Sogdiana,  deeming  them 
Sac£  ;  Vr^hich  proves  their  affinity  to  the  Gctae.  There  were  Hun- 
gars  far  to  the  eaftward  of  the  Alans,  upon  the  Edel,  Raa,  or  Wolga; 
fee  Menander  :  but  they  feem  to  have  come  originally  from  regions 
ftill  much  farther  to  the  eaftward  :  in  faft  from  Eaftern  Tartary,  and 
Tongufy.  After  all  the  Hungarian  tongue  feems  to  be  an  cxtraor^ 
dinary  medley. 


195 


An  Univerfal  Diftionary,  formed  with  caution  and  flcill,  would 
tend  to  (hew  original  words,  or  derivatives  from  them  j  and  the 
various  mixtures  of  languages^  thro'  intercourfe^  in  procefs  of  time. 


C  C  A 


A  Model 


196 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  %. 

A    Model   of  an    UNIVERSAL   DICTIONARY. 


Engliih,  Tooth. 

Turkilh,   Difch;    hence  Tufk. 

Greek,  Odous,  odoncos. 

Latin,  Dens,  dentis. 

Ofetian,  Dendak. 

Indian,  Dandon. 

Welih,  Dant,  hence  daunt. 

Dutch,  Tant,  hence  taunt. 

Danifli,  Tand.  _ 

Iflandic,  Ton,  ten. 

Saxon,  Than. 

German,  Zan. 

Hebrew,  Shan,  or  Schin. 


I.   DRNS. 

I    Hangariaa,  Fogh. 
Iriih,  Feag. 

Diminutive  Fiakail. 
Mankf ,  Fhegil. 

N.  B.  The  Irifh  Dant  it  not 
what  bitea,  but  is  bitten;  a 
morfel. 


Englifh,  Mo9B. 
German,  Mon. 
Daniih,  Mone. 
Greek,  Mene. 
Belgic,  Mane. 
Saxen,  Maen, 
Laponic,  Manna. 
Arab*  Manah. 


2.   L  UNA. 


Latin,  Luna. 
Sclavonian,   Luna. 
Irifh,  Luan ;  alfo  Re. 
Celtic,  Lun. 
Greek,  Se-lene. 
In  Gaul,  Eiane. 


Wd(h,  Lhoer. 
Armonic,  Loar 
Corniih,  Lur, 
hence  Lure 


Poli(h,  Zab. 
Bohemian,  Zub» 
Sclavonian,  Sob. 
Lufatia,  Sub. 

Hence«  fup,  fip. 


Polilh,  Miefyac. 
Bohem,  Mefyc. 
Dalmatia,  Mifzccz. 
Lufatia,  Meiitz. 
Circaffia,  Maza. 

Muys. 
Perfia,  Mah  or  Maw. 
Lefa  uis.  Moots. 
Kifti,  Bute. 


3 


60 

C 

s 


.^4 


Amoric,  Troat;     hence  Trot, 

and  Trotter. 
Iriih,  Troidh. 
Cornifli,  Truvd. 
Wclih,  Troed  ;  hence  tread. 


I3.    PES. 
Iriih,  Kos,  Erfe,  Kas. 
Manks,  Skas,  hence  Scate. 
Greek,  Pous,  podos. 
Latin,  Pet,  pedis. 
German,  Fus;  hence  fafs. 
Danifh,  Foede. 
Gothic,  Fetus. 
Iflandic,  Fet. 
Engliih,  Foot. 
Belgic,  Voet. 
Siamefe,  Bat. 


I  Sclavonian,  Noga. 
Bohemian,  Noha. 


Hungarian,  Laab;  hence  leap» 
labo,  flip,  flipper. 


Turkifh,  Ajag  or  Ajakj   hence 
jog- 


[Or  thus.    4.  COR. 

Latin,  Cor;  Gallic  Caeur;  Italian,  Cuore;  Spanifh,  Coracon;  Irifh,  ^Kroidhe;  Greek*  ytcpSiM 
Englifti,  heart;  Dutch,  Htrt;  Daniih,  Hicric;  Saxon,  Hcrte;  German,  Hcrte;  WeJih,  Kalon; 
Corniih,  Colan;  Armoiic,  Kalon;  Sclavonian,  Serze;  Polifh  Serce;  RufBan,  Serxe;  Hungarian^ 
Szivn;  Turkifh,  Giur*eg«  akin  to  Cor:  and  Turegh,  akin  to  the  Irifh  Tork. 

.    r  '  Jofephus 


Chap  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  197 

Jofephus  writes  that  the  tower  of  Babel  was  built  by  Nimrod, 
Ham's  grandfon,    whom  he  ftiles  enterprizing  proud  and  impious^ 
as  a  refuge  from  another  Deluge  :  to  which  he  might  fuppofe  a  level 
country  liable.      But  the  Babylonian  tower  feen  by  Herodotus  was 
a  fubfequent  work:    the  original  tower  having  been  deftroyed  at 
the  confufion  of  human  fpecch.      Herodotus  fays,  the   bafe  of  the 
Babylonian  tower  was  a  fquare  furlong.      Strabo  fays  its  height  was 
•  a  furlong.     IC  confifted  of  eight  fquare  towers  (landing  one  on  ano- 
ther, each  having  a  lefs  bafe  than  its  next  fupporten     Herodotus 
obferved  that  the  fmall  river  Is  ran  by   a  tower  of  that  name,  into 
the  Euphrates,  wafting  along  lumps  of  bitumen,  thence  conveyed 
to  Babylon,  eight  days  journey  diftant.       Ifidore  of  Charax  names 
the  place  Eliopolis,  mentions  its  fprings  of  bitumen,  and  places  it 
on  the    Euphrates,  215  miles  weft  of  Seleucia,  which  was   where- 
abouts  Baghdad  was  built ;    for  that   town,  as  Emirchond  of  Tcx- 
cita  relates,  was   at  firft  erefted  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Tigris. 
Strabo  fets  Seleucia  300  ftadia  from  Babylon.     Is,  or  Hit,  is  a  great  L.  j6. 
town  to  the  weft  of  the  Euphrates.      Three  miles  to  the  fouth-weft 
of  it,  in  a  valley,  are  many  fprings,  puffing  out  liquid  bitumen  with 
a  loud  noife  :    the  inundations  of  the  Euphrates  from  time  to  time 
waft  away  the  ftagnant  pitch.      Pliny  fays  that  Charax  (which  figni-  5^  ^.^ 
fics  a  bulwark,  like  the  Irifti  Carraic)  is  fituated  on   an  artificial 
mount  at  the  confluence  of  the  Tigris  and  Eulaeus  ;    and  that  Juba 
counted  175  miles  thence  to  Babylon.     He  writes  that  Seleucia  was 
40  miles  from  Babylon  ;    where  a  new  cut  was  made  from  the  Eu-  Ch.  26.  27. 
phrates  to  the  Tigris ;  and  Ctefiphon  was  three  miles  from  Seleucia; 
between  thefe  towns  ran  the  Tigris  joined  by  the  Choafpis.     This 
defcription  is  precife ;  and  alfo  diftinguifhes  the  Choafpis  from  the 
Eulaeus.     Yet  many  travellers  take  the  tower  of  Babylon  to  be  8  or 
9  miles  W.  N.  W.  from  Baghdad,  in  a  wide  plain  :  it  is  called  Kar^ 
huf.     All,  who  mention  it,  call  it  Nimrod's  tower :  and  fay  that  the 
people  there  believe  it  to  be  fo,  and  that  it  is  now  termed  the  tower 
of  Babel.     If  fo,  Nimrod's  tower  and  old  Babel  did  not  ftand,  where 
Nebuchadnezzar's  Babylon  did.  But  the  Arabsaflert  that  this  tower 
was  ercfted  by  a  prince  of  theirs  for  a  beScon  ;  altho'  attributed  to 

Nimrod : 


igS  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    ,H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  z. 

Niairod :  as  t!ie  vulgar  impute  all  great  matters  to  their  mod  famous 
chieftain.  Rauwolffuppofes  the  tower  of  Babylon  36  miles  S.  W. 
of  Baghdad.  Texeira  deemed  it  a  day's  journey,  or  fome  40  miles 
from  Baghdad.  Delia  Valle  going  down  from  Baghds^d  five  days 
on  the  river,  tho'  he  returned  by  a  direft  road  in  two,  fuppofed  he 
had  found  the  ruins  of  Babel  farther  S.  W.  from  Baghdad,  both 
from  its  fituation,  and  its  being  called  Babel  by  the  Arab?. 

Thus  when  we  refleft  that  mankind  cannot  afcertain  even  the  lite 
Polit.  3.  a.      of  the  greateft  city  of  Afia,  '*  a  city  (fays  Ariftotle)  as  extenfive  as  a 
nation,  infomuch  that  many  of  its  inhabitants  were  ignorant  of  its 
capture  during  three  enfuing  days ;"  with  the  moft  profound  humi- 
liation muftvthc  prefent  race  of  men  contemplate  the  judgements  of 
Almighty  God  on  the  vanity  of  mortals  long  evanefcent :  whilft  hit 
power  and  eternity  Hand  confpicuous  to  our  feeble  eyes,  by  the  con- 
trail they  form  to  the  tranfient  and  impotent  works  of  the  moft  illuf- 
trious  princes  :    whofe  very  names,  maugre  their  grandcft  efforts  to 
the  contrary,  elude  our  ftrifteft  refearches.       Kaiah's  no  lefs  true 
Ch.  13;         than  fublime  prediftion  of  the  final  fall  of  Babylonj  verfified  in  part 
Whefcldon.     j^y  ^  fcllow-coUegianof  mine,  here  follows  compleat. 

The  Down/all  of  Babylon. 

Thus  big  with  forefight  of  impending  woes, 
Th'  exclaiming  prophet  heav'n-infpir'd  arofe. 
•*  Jehova  bids  the  royal  harlot  mourn  ; 
I  fee  the  phials  of  his  fury  burn. 
Lo,  he  commands,  '*  Bid  all  my  pow'rs  prepare 
Their  bloody  banners  for  the  day  of  war. 
High  let  the  trumpet's  brazen  clangor  rife ; 
Each  portal  fhake,  and  uproar  rend  the  fkies. 
Mufter  my  bands  ;  bid  countlefs  legions  pour, 
Make  the  hills  thunder,  and  the  vallies  roar. 
Rebellious  war  let  ftates  revolting  wage. 
Funds  of  my  wrath,  and  heralds  of  my  rage. 
Yc  planetary  globes  my  force  proclaim  5 

Syftems 


Chap^iO  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

Syftems  of  worlds,  and  rolling  orbs  of  flame ! 
This  day  be  mine  :  triumphant  vengeance  fly  : 
Aflert  your  God,  ye  armies  of  the  flty  I 

Howl  impious  city!  for  thy  doom  prepare : 
Let  cries  and  groans  and  clamour  wound  the  air« 
Let  dire  difmay  enervate  ev'ry  hand : 
And  lawlefs  rapine  ftalk  thro'  all  the  land. 
Let  helUbred  horror  ftrike  thro'  ev'ry  part  j 
Each  vifage  mar,  and  harrow  ev'ry  heart.** 

That  God,  who  fills  th*  infinity  of  fpaCe^ 
Who  (lamps  confufion  on  the  guilty  facc^ 
See,  fee,  he  comes !  he  cleaves  the  burfting  flcy. 
And  makes  the  ether  blaze  before  his  eye* 
Awe  at  his  fight  the  whole  creation  feels ; 
While  vivid  lightnings  flafli  beneath  his  wheels. 
Black  defolation  gathers  all  around  : 
War  (hakes  thy  tow'rs ;  and  blood  diftains  the  grounds 

"  Hear !  by  my  own  tremendous  name  I  fwear, 
No  fun  that  day  (hall  gild  the  fields  of  air : 
No  moon  refleft  a  gleam  of  borrowed  light; 
No  ftar  (hall  glimmer  thro'  the  gloom  of  night. 
Shrunk  at  my  prefence  melting  clouds  (hall  fly ; 
And  worlds  di(rolving  fmoke  beneath  mine  eye*    , 
The  pride  of  man  fuftain  a  mortal  wound: 
And  arrogance  (hall  wallow  on  the  ground. 
Not  gold  (hall  buy  the  fight  of  human  face  ; 
My  fury  (hall  deftroy  th*  infernal  race.'* 

Like  fcatter'd  fheep  they  flee,  nor  refuge  know ; 
From  coaft  to  coaft  purfu'd  where'er  they  go. 
Myriads  of  flaves  difpers'd,  from  bondage  freed ; 
Seek  their  old  homes ;  no  lord  controuls  their  fpeed. 
Whoe'er  remains,  the  hoftile  fword  (hall  thtuft 
Thro'  his  vile  heart,  and  bid  him  bite  the  duft^. 

Confed'ratc 


^99 


200 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

Confederate  hofts  in  heaps  their  blood  fhall  (hed  ; 
The  dying  fadly  mingled  with  the  dead  : 
The  (hrieks  of  ravifh'd  matrons  pierce  the  fkies ; 
And  butcher'd  infants  blaft  parental  eyes. 

Lo  the  Medes  rufh  like  fome  overwhelming  flood  ; 
Not  gold  they  covet,  but  they  thirft  for  blood. 
As  Sodom  and  Gomorrha  fell  before. 
The  glorious  Babylon  (hall  be  no  more. 
No  more  (hall  glad  inhabitant  remain  ; 
No  more  the  (hepherd  tune  the  rural  ftrain. 
No  more  her  youth  (hall  trip  the  fprightly  round. 
In  airs  refpon(ive  to  enchanting  found. 
No  more  full  bowls  her  flufter'd  fons  employ : 
No  more  the  ring  of  revel,  laugh  of  joy. 
There  noifom  dens  the  tigers  (hall  explore ; 
There  monfters  bellow ;  there  the  lion  roar. 
The  moping  owl  there  fix  her  folemn  court. 
And  horrid  fatyrs  take  their  frantic  fport. 
Savages  howling  thro'  her  ftrcets  (hall  roam ; 
And  dreadful  dragons  haunt  each  desMate  dome. 
This  is  her  fate;  this,  this  her  mighty  fall ; 
"  Death  haftes  amain ;  one  hour  overwhelms  her  all.*' 


[1:3= 


PRIMITIVE    Is-. 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

BOOK     II.  CHAP.     II. 

CONTENTS. 


Of  JaphcCs  Iffu^e.  Of  She7n*5  Concerning  the  ages  of  the  Pojldiluvian 
Patriarchs.  The  Chronology  of  the  Septuagint  bejl;  hut  too  long. 
Abraham^ s  Migration  393  Years  htfore  the  Iliac  War,  771  after  the 
Flood:  or^  a^  will  bejhcwn,  it  could  not  be  earlier  than  15  years  be- 
fore  theft  Dates,  A  Coincidence  of  feveral  Chronological  Accounts 
fhfws  the  Interval  between  the  Flood  and  the  Chriflian  Era  to  be  2348 
Years.     A  Difciijfmn  of  the  Egyptian  Chronology. 

JA  P  H  E  T '  s  fon  Gomer,  the  father  of  Aflikenaz,  Riphath 
and  Togarma,  was  the  Brother  of  Magog,  Madai,  Javan,  Tu- 
bal, Meflicch  and  Tiras.  Javan*s  fons  were  Elifha,  Tarfhifh,  the 
Kittim,  Dodanim,  interpreted  by  the  Septuagint  Rhodians,  who 
peopled  the  Gentile  Ifles. 

Noah  began  to  have  fons  at  the  vigorous  age  of  500,      Arphaxad 
was  born  two  years  after  the  flood,  when  Shera  was  100  years  old,  u,   lo*     9, 
and   Noah  602  :    and  Ham  was  Noah*s  youngeft  fon.     Japhet  of  ^^'  '°'  ^*' 
courfe  was  the  eldeft,  as  Mofes  afferts. 

Shem's  fon  Aram  the  father  of  Uz,  Hul,  Gether  and  Mafh,  was 
brother  of  Elam,  Afliur,  Lud  and  Arphaxad;  whofe  fon  Salah  was 
father  of  Eber,  the  father  of  Joktan,  and  of  Phaleg,  fo  named  from 
the  partition  at  his  birth.  This  event'occurred  long  after  the  Baby- 
lonian difperfion;  probably  on  account  of  that  confufion  continuing 
for  fome  time  :  in  the  interim  perfons  feized  places  indifcriminately, 
and  lived  unincorporated  and  unfociably:  an  irregularity  that  Italy 
laboured  under  even  till  the  time  of  their  Janus  and  of  the  Titan 
Saturn  his  contemporary  and  friend.  In  Greece  focieties  commenced 

D  d  under  _, 


202 


I 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  «. 

Fab.  143.       under  Phoroneus,  who  as  Hyginus  fhews,  had  that  country  allotted 
to  him  by  Hermes.     I  take  this  Phoroneus  to  be  elder  than  Niobe's 
fire  ;  yet  to  be  the  real  brother  of  Egialeus,  and  the  Phoroneus  who, 
according  to  Anticlides,  reigned    15  years  after  Menon  communis 
Pliny,      cated  letters.  Solon  enquired  of  the  Egyptians  concerning  this  firft 
Plato,      Phoroneus.     Heftiaeus   Milefius  wrote  that  the  difperfion    enfuing 
thro*  the  diverfity  of  language,  people  refided  where  they  plcafed, 
and  every  one  occupied  whatever  land  occurred.      Thus  no  ftated 
partition  took  place  immediately.     Bengelius,  not  improbably,  holds 
that  this  partition  was  a   phyfical  one,  by  the   ocean :  tho'  Pagan 
writers  mention  an  amicable   diftribution  of  territory.       Diodorus 
^*  3-    Siculus  writes  thus  concerning  the  primitive  people.      '*  They   led 
an  irregular  and  favage  life  ;  fed  on  fucculent  plants  and  fruits.    Be- 
ing annoyed  by  wild  beafts,  they  learnt  the  ufe  of  mutual  aid  ;  and 
fear  urging  them  to  fociety,  by  degrees  they  embraced  relationfhip. 
But  as  yet  with  an  indiftinft  voice  proceeding  to  articulate  founds, 
L,  I.  *ud  to  invent  names  for  things,  they  at  length  attained  an  elocution 
defcriptive  of  all  things.     But  as  feveral  focieties  in  this  manner  ex- 
ifted  in  the  world,  and  each  connefted  words  fortuitoufly,  all  did  not 
ufe  the  fame  language.'*     This  is  his  notion ;  thro'  ignorance  that 
there  was  once  an  univerfal  language  :  which  however  is  mentioned 
Fab.  143.    by  Hyginus,  Abydenus,  and  the  author  of  the  third  book  of  Sibyl. 
line  Oracles,  which  has.*a  greater  appearance  of  authenticity  than 
any  of  the  reft.     Yet  the  three  fons  of  Noah  formed  the  three  great 
clafles  of  mankind  foon  after  the  difperfion ;  and  many  terms  being 
forgotten,  new  ones  were  invented  ;    and  thro'  defe6l  in  the  ufe  of 
the  vocal  organs,  as  we  have  noted,  feveral  letters  were  altered  in 
original  words  ;  as  K  for  P  ;  L  for  R  ;  Z  for  Dh  ;  B  for  D  ;  T  into 
'     B,  L,  or  N  ;  D  into  R,  L  or  N  ;  S  into  L,  R,  T,  or  N ;  L  or  M 
into  N:  befides  labials,  dentals  and  gutturals  into  their  like.     More 
than  this,  the  grammatical  conftruftion  of  the  three  grand  languages 
was  quite  different ;  and,  as  Plato  tells  us  that  Thoth  inftituted  the 
grammar  rules  of  Ham's  language  ;   fo  Phornutus  informs  us  that 
Japhet  was  by  the  ancients  reputed  the  father  of  language  in  Greece. 
The    third    generical   language  was   the  Gothic  ;    which  prevailed 
among  the  Shemites,  who  peopled  all  the  regions  of  the  lower  Scy- 

thia 


Chap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  203 

thia  and  Sarmatia,  down  to  Perfia  and  Arabia  ;  and  paffing  thence 
into  AbyflGnia  extended  themfelves  round  into  Nubia  and  Numidia; 
of  this  more  hereafter:  I  will  only  add  here  that  Scenite  Arabs  who 
were  Nomades  occupy  Barbary  under  the  Tropic. 

In  the  direO:  line  of  defccnt  from  Phaleg  are  Reu,  Serug,  Nahor, 
andTerah  whofe  children  were  Haran,  Nahor,  Abraham  and  Sarah. 
Joktan's  fons  were  Elmodad,  Sheleph,  Hazarmaveth,  Jerach,  Ha- 
doram^  Uzal,  Diklath,  Obal,  Abimael,  Sheba  the  fecond,  Ophir, 
Havilah  the  fecond,  Jobab. 

Some  eaftcrn  authors  relate  that  in  Serug's  time  Afifanus  a  king  of 
Egypt  built  a  fhip  and  invaded  the  maritime  regions  :    that  his  fuc- 
ceflbr  was  Pharo  fon  of  Sanes,  probably  the  Atlifanes  of  Diodorus: 
OmiI  giants  were  frequent  in  Nahor's  time  ;    one  was  Ad,  an  Arab  -, 
anoiW  Hellen,  fabuloudy  faid  to  have  been  at  the  ereftion  of  Ba- 
bel, and  adored  in  Greece.      Noah's  hiftory  being  applied  to  Deu- 
C2Llion,  their  pofterity  became  confounded.     This  Oriental  Hellen 
was  theBalen  of  Efchylus.     Serug  is  faid  to  have  invented  gold  and 
filvercoin:  his  contemporary  Samirus  a  Chaldean  king,  lilk-weaving, 
dying,  weights  and  meafures.     He  fecms  to  be  the  Samiras  of  Cte- 
fias,  in  Pliny,  who   invented  gallies.     Sorne   Arabs  deem   Terah  to 
be  Azer,  the  ancient  name  of  the  planet  Mars:   Oriental  authors  fay 
that  Azer  was  a  man  of  note,  Nimrod's  fon  in  law,  and  his  favourite; 
becaufe  he  made  his  idols,  which  required  (kill  in  aftrology,  as  to 
timeand  materials.  I  think  that  N'imrod  was  Samiras,  a  name  akin  to 
Sabazius,  a  title  of  Bacchus,  who  was  Nimrod.  Sam  Ur  is  holy  man. 

Concerning  the  ages  of  the  Patriarchs  from  Shem  to  Abraham^ 
at  paedogony  and  death,  the  Septuagint  is  confirmed  by  the  Samari- 
tan chronology,  and  moftly  by  Jofephus,  as  to  the  age  pf  each  at 
propagation  :  it  therefore  claims  a  preference.  I  have  conftrufted 
the  table  accordingly  ;  following  thofe  copies  from  which  Jofephus 
counts  Nah6r  at  paedogony,  129  :  for  the  Hebrew  has  29  ;  having 
dropt  a  century  as  to  him  and  his  predccefTors.     Dr.  Jackfon  allows 

D  d  2  that 


204  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  (Book  *. 

that^one  copy  of  Jofephus  counts  Tcrah  430  at  Abraham's  birth. 
This  feems  to  be  the  truth  :  otherwife  we  muft  cither  admit  the  Sa* 
maritan  account  of  Terah's  being  145  years  old  at  his  death,  for 
Ads  7.  Abraham  was  75  then  ;  or  elfe  60  years  maft  have  elapfed  betw«CH 

the  birth  of  Terah's  eldeft  child,  and  of  Abraham.  Syncellus  ob- 
ferves  that  ^*  according  to  the  Hebrew  chronology  Abraham  muft 
have  lived  in  Noah's  days :  but  the  Church  received  the  Septuagint 
verfion  on  the  authority  of  the  Apoftles/* 

Ages  at  Paedogony  Years.  If  Lunar;     Months.  If  Seafonij  Montlu. 

Arphaxad  after  the  flood  2                           28 

at  Salah^s  birth         135  10:   11 45*  o 

Selah,  at  Eber's        -        -    130       ■  10:     6 43:  4 

Eber,  at  Phaleg's    -        -'    134 10:  10 44:  8 

Phaleg,  at  Reu's    -        -        130 10:    6 43:  4 

Reu,  at  Serug's      -  -       132     ■       — 10:     8 44:  o 

Serug,  atNahor's         -     -      130 10;     6 43:  4 

Nahor,  at  Terah's      -      -      129 10:     5 43:  o 

Terah  at  Abraam's    -      -      130 10:    6 43:  4 


.Jm, 


1052  85:    o  350*  8 


Thofe  copies  of  the  Septuagint  that  attribute  79  years  to  Naho^ 
and  70  to  Terah  at  paedogony,  place  Abraham's  birth  942  years  after 
the  flood.  The  correftors  of  the  Hebrew  chronology  found  there 
would  be  nothing  furprizing  for  Abraham  to  wonder  at,  in  his  be* 
coming  a  father  at  100  years  old,  if  his  father  and  grandfire  did  Co 
fome  30  years  later  in  life ;  to  obviate  this  remark  they  counted 
his  grandfire  79  at  paedogony,  and  Terah  70  :  whilft  the  later  He- 
brew copies  omitted  a  round  century :  whereas,  till  about  the  time 
that  Abraham  applied  himfelf  to  aftronomy,  time  was  counted  by 
quadrimeftrial  periods  in  Egypt:  as  are  the  3400  years  in  Diodorus^ 
from  Proteus  to  his  own  time. 

7.  48.  Pliny  tells  us  that  fome  nations  counted  the  year  by  two  feafons  ; 

Plutarch  writes  that  the  Egyptians  had  at  firft  lunar  years;  then  like 

fome 


Numa. 


Chap,  i.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  tos 

bme  other  nations,  quadrimeftrial  years;  and  the  Arcadians  trimef- 
rial ;  that  the  Arcananian  year  hstd  fix  months.     Among  the  various 
^ays  of  counting  time,  as  there  arc  two  moons  in  59  days,  it  is  pro- 
bable that  fome  Afiatic  nations  might  have   counted  by  bimcftriaF 
periods;  and  others  may  have  divided  the  double  olympiad  into   12 
portions;  fo  that  as  the  grand  period  confifted  of  8  years;  the  fub- 
divifions  were   8  months ;  and  this  method  of  counting  time   may 
have  been  obfcrved  by  Shem's  family,  till  Eber's  timej  who   feems 
to  have  obtained  his  n^me  from  eroding  the  Tigris  into  the  Mefopo- 
lamian  territories   of  Chaldea;  as  his  pofterity  had  that  of  Hebrews 
from  palTing  the   Euphrates    into   Syria.       And  this  period    may 
have  been  determined  by  the  periodical  time  of  the  planet  Venus, 
dedicated  to  Aftartc;  whofe  name  I  take  to  be  rather  Perfian  than 
Phenician;  and  to  have  been  familiar  to  the  Shemites.     Her  perio- 
4\ul  time   is  very  nearly  32  weeks;  and   as  nearly  25  Nundinae. 
loji  of  her  revolutions  are  performed  in  647  years  :  but  I  count 
Abraham's  birth  680  years  after  the  flood.     It  is   remarkable  that 
EaUcr  bears  Aftarte's  name;  and  it  is  probable  that  8  months  were 
counted  in  this  Venereal  year;  as  12  months  are  in  the  Terreftial ; 
1052  periods,    each   containing    8    lunations,  equal  680    Tropical 
years.    This  correfpondence  between  the  Lunar  period,  and  the 
Venereal,  accounts  for  the  dedication  both  of  the  Moon  and  planet 
Vtms  to  Aftartc  or  Venus  Urania;  as  the  correfpodence  between 
.  Aerifing  of  Sirius  and  the  Tropical  year  occafioned  both  the  Dog- 
Star  and  Sol  to  be  confecrated  to  Ofiris. 

But  the  truth  feems  to  be  this.  The  Jews  miftook  the  expulfion 
^fthe  Hycfi,  for  the  Mofaic  Exod;  and  placed  this  event  fo  high 
as  the  time  of  Inachus;  which  computation  mounted  Abraham  up  to 
^"e  days  of  Noah.  The  Greek  tranflators  found  that  the  intervals 
'^^twecn  father  and  fon  refpeftively  from  Noah  to  Abraham  accord- 
*^g  to  the  Hebrew  chronology  placed  Abraham  too  near  to  Noah; 
therefore  a  round  century  was  added  in  the  Septuagint  between 
every  defcent ;  which  proved  too  much.  On  the  other  hand,  to 
confirm  the  notion  that  Mofes  was  as  ancient  as  Inachus,  collateral 
periods  during  the  Judges  are  fet  in  order  offucceffion.  ButtheAme- 

nophis 


2o6  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Books. 

nophis  at  the  Exod  was  fubfequent  to  the  Ramefis  whp  lived  during 
the  Trojan  war,  and  built  the  famous  Treafure-houfe,  and  furvived 
that  war  at  lead  eight  years.  And  from  the  Exod,  in  the  14th 
year  of  this  Amenophis  we  are  to  count  up  to  Abraham's  birth. 

Saint   Luke    names    a    Cainan  between    Arphaxad    and  Salah: 
Jofephus  counts  him  130  years  old  at  Paedogony.  Demetrius,  above 
220  years  before  the  Incarnation,  feems  to  include  him  in  the  pe* 
digree;  as  he  counts  1360  years  from  Arphaxad's  birth  to   Jacob's 
defcent  to  Egypt.  This   period  indeed  reaches  too  far  down;  for 
Diodor.  Sic.  Jacob  was  fettled  in  the  country  called  Ramefis,    a  name  of  Sefoftris, 
who  drained    it,  and   lived    1400  years  before  the   Incarnation;  a 
body    of  his    foldiers,  whom  Danaus    commanded,  and    fettled  at 
Cholchis,   had   adopted   the    rite   of  Circumcifion:  this  was  a^ 
Ifhmael  had  propagated  that  rite  in  Arabia;  of  which  country  tholt 
colonifts  were  natives;   for  Diodorus  fays  they  were  Jews  intermixt 
with  Arabs  and  Syrians.  But  as  the  followers  of  Danaus  into  Greece 
did  not  practice  Circumcifion,  it   appears  that  Danaus   left  Egypt 
prior  to  Jofeph's  meridian  elevation.    Of  the  above  colony  mention 
is  made    by   Herodotus,  Dionifius  the  poet  and  Agathias:  of  the 
Egyptian  expedition  to  Cholchis  befides  thefe  Authors,  notice  if 
taken    by  Apollonius  Rhodius,  Val.  Flaccus,    Juftin,    Pliny,   «(t 
Euftathius.  Their  praftice  of  circumcifion  Herodotus  and  Diodonn 
mention.     yEaetes,  the  fon  of  that  Sol  who  was  Orus  Apollo,  feems 
to  have  had  the  command  of  that  colony  delegated  to  him,  and  to 
have  founded   Cholchis.     He  was  alive  in  <he  time  of  Phrixus. 
Or  fignifies   Sol,  as   in    Job    31.  26;    hence  Sol    and  Apollo  are 
the  fame. 

The  lengths  of  reigns  in  Egypt,  as  they  ftand  in  Jofephus,  (he^*^ 
that  Jofeph's  defcent  was  13  years  before  the  reign  of  Rameft  * 
Miamun,  the  Pharo  or  Phero  of  Herodotus;  for  the  Exo^^ 
was  in  the  14th  year  after  the  reign  of  Ramfinitus,  the  Remphis  o^^ 
Diodorus,  which  according  to  Manetho  in  Jofephus  lafted  &6  years^^ 
Prior  to  him  Sethos  or  Proteus  (the  elder)  reigned  59  years.  Hi^ 
predeccfior    Amenophis    or   Memnon    Phefo's   fuccellor    reignecT 

19  years 


tap.  2.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  toj 

years  and  a  half;  Pliero  reigned  65  years.  Jofeph  had  been  in 
rypt  full  2  2  ycari  before  Jacob's  defcent,  which  preceded  the 
cod  215  years. 

Conftantine  Mariaffes  rightly  places  Abraham  in  the  time  of  Belus, 
ho  was  engaged  in  the  war  of  Saturn  and  Amnion;  for  Jofcphus 
ills  us,  Abraham's  fon  Apher(whom  Suidas  wrongly  deems  Saturn's 
lyPhilyra;  but  he  was  Chiron)  accompanied  the  Egyptian  Hercules 
n  his  expedition  againft  Anteus.  This  Hercules  was  the  comrade 
>f  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius:  he  (lew  Bufiris  Agenor's  half-brother; 
^^ho  lived,  as  Ifocratcs  affirms,  200  years  before  Perfeus;  that  is 
500  years  before  the  Trojan  war.  Diodorus  fays  that  "  this  Her- 
cules and  other  warriors  fought  with  clubs  in  the  Titanian  war.** 
that  was  in  the  fourth  century  before  the  Iliac.  Our  gothic  word 
battkis  derived  from  that  weapon,  called  in  Irifh  Bat,  a  name  pre- 

fcmdin  the  game  of  Cricket.    The  Sibyl  counted  the  Titanian  war 

during  A^  tenth  generation;  as  was  Abraham. 

When  Ab  aham  vifited  Egypt  he  was  civilly  entertained,  tho*  a 

pallor:  this  fhcws  that  the  paftors  or  their  allies  were  then  in  power. 

But  when  Jacob  went  thither,  paftors  were  quite  in  difrepute.     Eu-  «  ri^  p 

pokmus  wrote  that   Abraham  converfed  with  the  priefts  of  Helio-      9.  17. 

f(&:  but  Diodorus  (hews  that  the  founder  of  that  city  was  Sol*s 

i»  Aftis  ;     whofe  brothers  were  Ochymus  the  grandfire  of  Lindus 

licucalion's  contemporary,  and  Triopas,  whofe  daughter  Iphimedea 

^as  mother  of  Otus  and  Ephialtes:  therefore  Abraham  was  not  prior 

^Aftis  the  father  in  law  of  Cecrops :    owing  to  whom  Menander 

>ys, "  The  Athenians  efteemed  themfelves  coeval  with  Sol."  Iphi-  Diodon  Sic, 

•edia  was  ftolen  by  the  comrades  of  Butes  fon  of  Boreas,  whofe  fon 

ycurgus  was   coeval  with   Orus:  therefore   Abraham  was  fcarce 

^or  to  Boreas;  who  by  the  fifter  in  law  of  Xuthus  and  of  Cephalus, 

id  Zethes  and  Calais.     Procris  wife  of  Cephalus  was  accufed  of  an 

triple  with  Minos;  but  falfely,  becaufe  not  infeQed  by  him  with  \     „  , 

,p.,«,j.  r'l  Apollodorus, 

c  Venereal  difeafe ;  he  was  cured  of  it  by  Pandion's  fon;  what  time 

•  difcovered  that  Pafiphae's  pregnancy  was  not  by  him,  as  (he  alfo    Palacphatu«. 

i  not  receive  infeftion  :  therefore  Minos  was  partly  contemporary 

with 


Sylv. 


II.  20.  220. 


1 


2d8  .  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  t. 

with  Abraham:  but,  as  they  were  both  longeval,  n^uch  of  their  lives 
really  fell  under  different  periods  :  thus  Minos  was  coeval  with  Gep- 
lialus  and  at  laft  contemporary  with  Thefeus  ;  it  does  not  follow  that 
Thefeus  was  Abraham's  contemporary :  Old  Parr  lived  under  ten 
fuccefTive  reigns ;  yet  the  firft  of  thefe  fovereigns  could  not  be  con- 
temporary with  the  laft.     Orus,  who  was  coeval  with  Butes  and  Ip- 
himedia  neice  to  the  founder  of  Heliopolis,  was,  as  Statius  fhews, 
coeval  with  Crotopus  of  Argos;  therefore  Abraham  was  alive  during 
Lycophron.   his  reign;    which  was  about  the  time  of  Cecrops  and    Deucalion, 
whofe  flood  was  in  the  time  of  Dardanu^,  whofe  fon  according  to 
Homer  was  contemporary  with  Boreas.     Abraham  lived  nigher  to 
the  time  of  Noah's  flood  by  above  three  centuries  than  he  is  counted 
in  the  Septuagint  :  which  chronology  proves,  from  a  comparifon  of 
various  accounts,  too  long;  yet  is  nearer  the  truth  than  either  the  He- 
brew or  the  Samaritan.  There  is  luch  a  coincidence  of  accounts  from  ' 
different  authors,  concurring  to  prove  the  interval  between  the  flood 
and  the  Chriftan  era  to  be  2348  years ;    that  they  cannot  poffibly  be 
done  away  by  afingle  chronology,  which  is  far,  very  far  from  being 
above  exception.    The  confonant  acQpuntsI  mean  are  thefe.  Conftan- 
tine  Manafles  fays,  the  interval  betweenMenes  and  Cambyfes  was  16^ 
years.   Varro  fays  that  Egyptian  Thebes,  whofe  founder  was  Meocr 
their  firft  king,  was  built2ioo  years  before  his  time.  Diodorus  SictlHv 
and   Cephalion  affirm  that  the  Affyrian  empire   commenced   lOOO 
years  before  the  fall  of  Troy.     Berofus  concludes  that  it  began  163 
years  after  Noah's  flood,  fuppofing  that  event  2242  years  after  the 
creation.  Auguftine  fays  that  "Ninus  was  1000  years  after  the  flood.*^ 
He  and  Semiramis  were  about  the  time  of  Juno,  Europa  and  Cad- 
mus.      Emilias  Sura  counted  1995  years  from  the  fall  of  Antioch^^ 
the  Great  up  to  Ninus,  the  founder  of  Nineve  as  Dicearchus  cal^^ 
him  ;  who  was  not  the  Titan  Ninus,  but  Nimrod.      The  Septuagi^^' 
tranflators  finding  the  Hebrew  chronology  erroneous  as  to  the  fever^ 
ages  at  paedogony,  from  collateral  accounts  in  Egypt,  and  Chalde^ 
added  a  round  century  to  each  perfon'sage:  which  tho*  nigher  tlm  ^ 
truth,  yet  makes  an  excefs  in  all  above  two,  if  not  three,  centurie^ 
This  opinion  is  confirmed  by  Abraham's  ridiculing  the  idea  of  hi  -^ 

,  bein^ 


Diodorus. 
Patei  cuius 


Stephan :   in 
Chaldco. 


:hap   2.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  £     H  I  S  T  O  R  y.  209 

% 

eing  a  parent  at  99,  or  Sarah  at  89  ;  for  why  fo,  if  their  immediate 
nceftors  were  much  older  at  pacdogony  ?  Auguftin  (ufpefts  fuch  an 
iddition  in  the  Greek  chronology  as  is  here  defcribed. 


Civit.  Dei. 


Concurring  accounts  evince  that  Mifor's  reign  in   Egypt  began 
about  159  years  after  the  flood.     The  16th  Dynafty  (of  Thebans) 
in  Eufebius  were  the  five  firft  kings  in  Eratofthenes^     Both  count 
t\ie  fum  of  their  reigns  190  years,  fimilar  to  the  period  attributed  in 
the  old  chronicle  to  the  collateraJ  Dynafty  of  Thinites,  next  to  the 
kings  in  the  Cynic  circle  of  that  chronicle  :  who  were  either  feleft 
worthies   of  Egypt,  or  princes  during  the  ufurpation  of  the  Hycfi, 
and  therefore  were   either  collateral  with  thefe  or  with  fome  of  the 
other  Dynafties,  but  did  not  precede  the  Theban  Dynafty,  or  firft 
Tbinite  :  for  the  fecond  king  of  Thebes,  and  of  This,  was  Thoth  the 
fonofMenes,  fhcwn  by  Sanchoniatho  to  be  Ham's  fon  Mi  for;  the 
^mmc  Mcncs,    who  founded   Memphis ;    for   Thoth  erefted   a 
palace  there.      To  Eratofthenes  we  owe  a  lift  of  the  Theban  kings 
/ramAfenes  to  the  kings  who  reigned  there  fubfequent  to  the  Trojan 
war,  and  collaterally  with  the  laft  Amenophis  of  Egypt  during  the 
Exod.    Eratofthenes  fhews  thai  the  interval  between  the  foundation 
ofthe  Theban  kingdom,  and  the  capture  of  Troy,  was  about  1008 
T^s:  and  the  commencement  ofthe  Egyptian  empire  preceded  the 
^rian  fome  feven  years;  the  Egyptian  being  allowed  to  have  been    . 
Ac  firft  that  was  eftabliftied  in  the  worlds  fubfequent  to  the  flood. 
Manetho  attributes  511  years,  in  all,    to  the  Hycfi  :   who  were  ex- 
pelled by  Amofis,  as  Ptolemy  of  Mendes  wrote:  he  was  Thummofis, 
*JJd  as  Plutarch  teaches  u^*  "  Ammon  ;"  or  Apappus,  who  reigned 
"y  himfelf  and  his   lieutenants,  100  years:  and  was  Phiops,  who 
reigned  at  Elephantis  and  Memphis  94  years.  Syncellus  fays,  he  be- 
8^n  his  reign  at  fix  years  old:     as  if  he  lived  only  100.      But  there 
'*  no  end  of  Oriental  titles;  he  was  Cinyras  king  of  Syria,  who  lived  Pliny  7.  48. 
^60  years.     If  Amos  or  Amofis  in  the  i8th  Dynafty,  and  Manetbo's 
Teihmofis,  be  his  Tmofisor  Tuthmofis,  and  the  intermediate  reigns 
be  thofe  of  his  vicegerents,  as  Chcbron  was  his  fon  Dionyfius,  and 
Ameffis  was  Nitocris  wife  and  fiftt  r  of  Dionyfius,  whofe  Indian  ex-  Diodor.Sic.3 
pcdition  was  during  the  wars  of  Ammon  his  fire  j  then  Ammon, 

E  e  Amos 


210 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


(Book  ^- 


Amos  or  Amofis  muft  have  reigned  129  years.     But  the  feventh  and 
eighth  kings,  as  well  as  the  firft  and  Tecond,  are  Ammon  and  his  fire: 
hence  Syncellus  rightly  accufes  Jofephus  of  tautology  ;  which  ap- 
pears ftill  plainer  in  the  next  Dynafty.   Therefore  the  feventh,  eighth 
and  ninth  kings  are  to  be  fet  before  Chebron's  predecefTor,  who  is 
Ammon,  after  the  expulfion  of  the  HycG,  according  to  Theophilus 
of  Antioch:  as  Thmofis  the  eighth  king  is  alfo  Ammon,  prior   to 
their  expulfion:    Amenophis  being  reg?nt  during  30  years,  whilft 
Ammon  was  under  difficulties  between  tl  e  Krft  part  of  his  reign  and 
the  latter;  when  Saturn,  who  feems  latterly  to  have  commanded  the 
Hycfi,  had  fome  advantage.      Thus  the  Hycfi  Teem  to   have  been 
finally  expelled  juft  before  the'laft  25  years  of  A  nmon's  reign: 
which  laftcd  in  the  Lower  Egypt,  with  the  interregnum  of  Ameno- 
phis  the  firft,  tho*  fet  fecond  in  Jofephus,  fome  65  years.     I  there- 
fore compute  time  in  Egypt  from  the  deluge  to  the  Exod  thus. 


From  the  flood  to  Mi  Tor's  reign. 

Five  Theban  kings  before  the  Hycfi  feized  Mem- 
phis, fome  63  years  after  their  inroad  to  Pdu- 
fium. 


1 


Duration  of  the  Hycfi  after  their  feizure  of\ 
Memphis,  tho*  their  whole  ftay  in  Egypt  was> 
511  years.  ^ 

Thmofis  (who  had  formerly -reigned  almoft  10) 
years,  as  Amenophis  above  30,  prior  to  the  r 
expulfion  of  the  Hycfi)  reigned  after  that  event 

Dionyfius,  or  Chebron,  a  name  fignifying  fociaL 

Amenophis  regent  during  the  excurfions  of  Dio- 
nyfius, and  fecond  hufband    of  Nitocris   by 
whom  he  had  Egyptus  and  Danaus:  fiie  was  j 
Ifis,  Ceres,  Semiramis,  Myrina;  he  was  Menon, 
Belus  and  a  Nilus 


Years.     Months, 
159     :      O 


igo      :     O 
448      :     O 

25     •    4 
13    :    O 

20    :    7 
Ameffis, 


Chap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

Years.      Months. 


ail 


.  Ameffis,  or  Nitocris  fitter  and  wife  of  Dionyfius; 
afterwards  fhe  was  wife  of  Ame 
and  laftly  of  the  Titan  Ninus, 


afterwards  fhe  was  wife  of  Amenophis  or  Menon,  i       21 


Mephres,  viceroy  during  the  abfence  of  Orus  7 
her  Ion,  -  .  ^ 

Orus  fon  of  Nitocris  and  Dionyfius  or  Chebron, 

Achenchres — Rathofis— Armais;     viceroys  of    ) 
Sefoftris, J 

Sefoftris  or  Ramefis  after  his  return, 

Ramefis  Miamun,  Phero  or  Nuncoreus, 

Amenophis  or  Memnon, 

Rapfes,  Sethos  or  Proteus, 

Ramifes  or  Ramfinitus  the  treafury  builder  and 
new    king    at   the   birth  of   Mofes,    and   the( 
jroungeft  Proteus  who  furvivedthe  Iliac  war  at{ 
leaft  eight  years,  fee  Pliny  and  Hyginus. 

-Amenophis,  the  laft  Nilus  of  Diodorus  ;    in  his  7 


12 

• 
• 

9 

36 

• 
• 

5 

49 

* 

10 

1 

• 
• 

4 

66 

• 
• 

0 

19 

• 
• 

6 

;g 

• 
• 

0 

66 


14th  year  the  Exod  enfued, 


13 


Total         1 202 


This  period  ftiU  more  evidently  appears,  if  we  count  thus;  only  we 
niuft  fto  reconcile  the  fum  of  the  reigns  mentioned  in  Jofephus  and 
Syncellus  to  their  fum,  as  it  follows  from  the  particular  lengths  of 
^efeveral  reigns)  fill  up  the  firft  king*s  reign,  the  length  of  which  is 
Omitted,  with  fixty  years :  tho'  the  old  chronicle  allows  only  348 
years  for  the  duration  of  the  whole  Dy natty  :  and  I  miuch  fufpeft 
that  the  Dynafty  of  Hycfi  reigned  fomc  years  collaterally  with  the 

E  e  2  firft 


212  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

firftikiiig  of  the  i8th  Dynafty  ;  which  may  be  the  true  reafon  that 
thejength  of  that  firft  king's  reign  is  unmentioncd;  it  coinciding  with 
the  latter  part  of  the  Paftoral  pelriod  t  otherwife  Apophis,  who  is 
allowed  61  years,  and  is  the  laft  king  in  the  lift  of  Afi  icaiius  ;  and 
whom,  from  Plutarch's  mentioning  the  war  between  Apophis  and 
Sol^  in  which  DionyfiQs  was  againft  Apophis,  I  concluJe  to  be  the 
Titan  Saturn,  could  not  be  the  opponent  of  Tethmofis,  Thmofis, 
Amofis,  or  Amos,  who  was  the  Titan  Ammon.     Of  tliis  more  foon. 


From  the  flood  to  the  commencement  of  Mifor's 
reign,  _  .  - 


The  firft  Dynafty  of  This  ended,  when  the  Hycfi  "J 
had  lived  at  difcrction  many  years  in  the  Lower  > 
Egypt,  after  a  continuance  of        -         -         J 

The  fix  firft  kings  of  the  Hycfi,  who  were  Idngl 
a  Banditti  like  their  brethren  the  Ta  rtar^and 
Arabs,  without  regal  or  regular  govewment^ 
and  were  at  length  eclipfed,  reftriftcd  and 
finally  expelled  by  the  Titans  Uranus,  Ammon 
and  Dionyfius  or  Chebron ;  iri  whofe  honour 
Arbe,  or  the  city  of  Jarbas  fon  of  Jove  Ura- 
nus and  Garamantis  was  named  Hebron,  J 


Ytars, 

25s 


iSo 


TheTitanian  or  i8th  Dynafty  in  all, 
Rhapfes,  Sethos  or  Proteus, 

Rhemphis,  Raamfes,  Ramifesor  Rhamfinitus  thei 
Tneafury  builder,  and  younger  Proteus  who^ 
received  Menelau*,  -  - 

Amenophis,  in  whofi:  t4.th  year  was  the  Exod, 

Total 


39» 

69 

66 
13 


1201 


Yet 


€hap.  5.;  P  R  I  M  i  T  I  V  E     H  1  S  T  O  R  v.  ^13 

Yet  J  cannot  retraft  what  I  have  before  fuggefted,  that  the  laft 
years  of  the  Part  oral  Dynafty  coincide  with  the  firft  of  the  fubfe- 
quent  Dynafty;  for  which  reafon  the  period  of  that  reign  is  not  fpe- 
cified   in  Jorcphus.   I  therefore  think  that  the  Paftoral  Dynafty  did 
not  comnnence  till  after  a  longtime  of  confufion,  during  which  there 
was  an  interregnum  at  Th^s;  for  Sefoftris,  as  otherwife  muft  be  the 
cafe,  did  not  reign  there  fo  foon  as  482  years  after  the  commence- 
ment of  the  ^Egyptian  empire;  becaufe  Nitocris,  who  reigned  at  leaft 
70  years  before  Sefoflris,  and  afted  a  moft  martial  part  in  the  Tita- 
Tiian  wars,  docs  not  appear  in  the  Theban  lift  of  fovereigns  till  670 
years  after  the  foundation  of  that  kingdom.     I    therefore    conclude 
that  the   Paftoral  Dynafty  ftiould  be   fet  many  years   lower-,  and   an 
interval  of  feveral  years  be  admitted  between  the  firft  Thinite  Dy- 
nafty and  the  Paftoral.     This  fuppofition  affords  room   to  fet    the 
¥.xoda  few  years  higher  than  otherwife;  but  it  muft  be  at  all  events 
9L&Aowas22  years  fubfequentto  the  fall  of  Troy:  forRamifes,   who      *"^' 
then  reigned  in  Egypt,  was  the  Proteus  of  Herodotus  who  intercepted 
Helena,  and  according  to  Hyginus  was,  tho*  an  old  man,  alive  eight 
years  afterwards;  and  the  Exod  occurred  in  the  14th  year  of  his 
fucceflbr.  But  if  (he  Paftoral  Dynafty  ended  entirely  before  the  com- 
tncncenient  of  the  18th  Dynafty,  Troy's  fall  muft  have  preceded  the 
Swi  37   years*     The  Amenophis   after  Manetho's  Rhamphis,  the 
IcBJihis  of  Diodorus,  the  Rhamfes  of  Tacitus,   the  Raamfes  of 
Mofe,  Pliny's  Ramifes,  the  Ramfinitus  and   youngeft  Proteus  of 
Hcmdotus,  the  Proteus  alfo  of  Hyginus,  is  the  laft  Nilus;  his  fuc- 
ceffor  Diodorus  deems  above  lOQO  years  before  his  time,  which  was 
wut  60  years  before  the    Incarnation:  therefore   this  Nilus  was 
*^ncd  at  the  Exod,  about  the  time  above  computed. 

Miamun's  predeceflTor  was  the  real  Sefoftris;  as  appears  by  his 
naving  expelled  his  brother  Armais.  His  name  of  Ramefis  Cyril  of 
^*cxandria  confers  on  Egyptus,  who  as  Manetho  wrote  was  Sefoftris.  ' 
^  *nis  Diodorus  Siculus  confirms  by  faying  the  Egyptian  colony  at 
^"^'chis  were  foldiers  of  Sefoftris,  and  fettled  there  by  Danaus  the 
"'other  of  Egyptus.  The  intermediate  rulers  between  Sefoftris  and 
Orus  arc  regents,  in  the  abfence  of  Sefoftris.     In  the  2d  and   12th 

Dynafties 


214 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


(Book  s« 


Sylvx. 
I.  570. 


Scolia  Apol. 

Rhod.  4« 

275. 


L.  3. 


L 


Dynafties  the  reign  of  Sefoftris  or  firft  Ramefes  is  48  years;  which 

equals  the  intermediate  reigns  between  him  and  Orus  in  the.iSth 

Dynafty,  letting  afide  the  odd  months.     Statins  difcovers  that  Orus 

Apollo  reigned  juft  before  Sefoftris;  Orus  being  expiated  touching 

Typhon's  murder  by  Crotopus  of  Argos,  whofe  fon  was  fucceeded 

by  Danaus  brother  of  Sefoftris.     Dicaearchus  doubted  whether  Orus 

or  Sefoftris  introduced   Horfemanfliip  into  Egypt;  this  proves  the 

proxin)ity  of  their  reigns.     Indeed  he  afferts  pofitively  that  Sefon- . 

chofis  (or  Sefoftris)  fucceeded  Orus  2500  lunar,  or  202  folar  years 

before  the  Theban  Nilus,  whofe  reign  was  436  folar  years  (then  in 

ufe)  before  the  Olympic  era:    thus  Sefoftris  reigned   1414   years 

before  the   Chriftian   era.      As  to  Egyptian  regents  Eufebius  fliews 

that  petty  princes  reigned  there;  as  ''  Telegonus  fon  of  Orus  Apollo 

the  Paftor,  under  Acherres,"  who  was  a  viceroy  under  Sefoflik 

Jofephus  places  Sefoftris,  where  Herodotus  fets  Proteus.     But  tht 

Proteus  deemed  by  Apollodorus  coeval  with  the  Egyptian  Dionyfiui 

and  Rhea,  as  he  alfo  was  with  Bufiris,  was  a  more  ancient  Proteui 

than  even  the  (ire  of  Helena's  Proteus;   and  became  the  Janus  of   j 

Italy,  as  Julian  Aurelius  afferts,  and  may  have  been  the  Janias  of    \ 

Herodotus.    ^^^  Hycfi.     This  may  have  mifled  Jofephus  to  fet  Sefoftris  content 

porary  with  that  later  Proteus,  whofe  fon  Ramfinitusor  Ramifes  w0 

furnamed  Proteus  alfo;  for  Herodotus  and  Hyginus  name  a  Prot* 

in  Egypf  during  the   Trojan  war,  when  as  Pliny   relates  Ramifo 

reigned   there:   and  Ramifes  being  formerly  a  title  of  Sefoftris,  thii 

likewife  may  have  contributed  to  miflead  Jofephus,  or  prompt  himi 

'  ^'     to  miflead  others  in  fevour   of  the  Jewifli  Legiflator's  antiquity, 

which  was  fet  in   competition  with  that  of  Phoroneus   and    Apis- 

Diodorus  calls  Proteus,  the  father  of  Rhemphis,  Cetes;  this  denote^ 

him    to  be  Sethos  at  the  head  of  the  19th  Dynafty.      The   error  i«^ 

Jofephus  is  a  plain  repetition  of  names;  tho'  his  length   of  reigi^^ 

throughout,  down  to  the  Exod,  feems  to  be  near  the  truth^  only  b^ 

gives  fome  room  to  furmize  that  the.  17th  Dynafty  did  not  end,  ti^ 

fome  years  after  the  commencement  of  the  18th,  the  Hycfi  ftill  pr^-^ 

ferving  fome  power.  Jofephus,  having  named  Armais  and  Rameffe^^ 

who  is  Sefoftris,  before  Miamun  and  his  fucceffbr,  immediately  aft^^ 

thefe  introduces  them  again;  but  in  the  fecond  place  the   fon  c^^ 

Setho^^ 


jf^ap-  IK.)  PRIMITIVE    H  1  S  T  O.R  Y.  115 

^thos,    the  SefoH's  of  Jofephus,  is  furnamcd  Rhamphes,  who  ii 
tficmphis  the  fuccefTor  of   Proteus  in   Diodorus,  the  Rhamfes  of 
pacitus,  the  Raamfes  of  Mofes,  Pliny's  Ramifes,  the   lal    Proteus, 
l^id  by  Herodotus  anJ  Hyginus  to  have   furvived  the  Trojan  war. 
felut,  as  juft  now  hir.ted,  a   Proteus,  far  ancienter  than  he  or  his  fa-  Gcor. 
IJber,  is  mentioned  by  feveral  authors.     Virgil  fays  he  was  vifited  by 
ijirifteus  deemed  by  TuUy  to  be  the  fon  of  Dionyfius,  and  held  by  Vcrrc84. 57. 
^Taufanias  to  be  a  friend  of  Areas  the  Arcadian  king  who  wedded 
^  Autonoe  daughter  of  Cadmus.     Apollodorus  fays  that  Dionyfius  vi- 
fited this  Proteus;  whom  Conan  (in  Photius)  deems  contemporary 
i  with  Cadmus,  and  with  Bilfiris,  who  facrificed  Pygmalion's  brother 
1  Thafius    (or,  as  Apollodorus  names  him,  Thrafius)  to   experience  Hygin^,, 
f  his  augury  touching  a  famine,  that  laded  nine  years,  and  feems  to  be 
*     he  fame  that  affefted  Ammon,    Abraham,  and  Teucer  of   Crete. 
CoRanfays  that  Proteus  married  Chryfonoe  the  daughter  of  Clitus^ 
t'lAand  prudent  king  of  the  Sithoni,  a  people  of  Thrace,  and  ex- 
ptRmg  Ae  Bifalti,    reigned  over  their  country.      The    Egyptian 
Hercules  flew  his  two  brutal  fons,  whom  Proteus  interred,  and  ex- 
piated Hercules.     Hyginus  names  a  daughter  of  Proteus,  Idothea; 
aibealfo  calls  a  daughter  of  Ocean:    therefore  this  ancient  Proteus 
ferns  not  only  the  Paftor  Janias,  but  the  firft  Amenophis  of  the  18th 
Djiafty;  for  every  Meon,  Maro,  and  Amenophis  was  a  Nilus  and 
'  ftcanus:  thus  he  may  alfo  be  the  Aufonian  Maro,  and  the  fame 
I^ribn  as  Janus;  whofe  friend  Saturn,  being  Meon  Cybcle*s  hufband^ 
*^y  by  fome  be  fuppofed  to  be  this  Maro;  however  that  be,  the  an- 
^nt  Proteus    was    the    contemporary,  if    not  one  or    other,  of    ' 
wcfe  perfonages. 

Africanus,  at  the  18th  Dynafty,  is  filent  about  the  firft  part  of  the 
^gn  of  Amos  or  Amofis,  who  expelled  the  Paflors,  as  Tatian  from 
?  ftolemy  the  Mendefian  prieft  evinces.  This  fhews  that  Africanus 
"ippofed  the  firft  part  of  this  king's  reign  coincided  with  the  latter 
P^nof  the  reign  of  Apophis,  deemed  by  him  the  laft  king  of  the 
%cfi,  and  appearing  from  Plutarch  to  be  Saturn;  as  Amos  to  be 
^niinon.    The  Titanianwar  was  not  over  till  1506  years  before  the     "^'     *"** 

Incarnation. 


k 


,216  •  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  \'  E     II  I  S  T  O  R  Y-  (Book  a. 

Incarnation ;  or  till  842  years'  after  the  flood  :  it  ended  with  the 
death  of  Dionyfius,  when  AmefSs  became  queen.     Menes  founded 
the  Egyptian  kingdom  about  159  years  after  the  flood,    Confequent 
for  the  moft  part  to  the  I'heban  Dynafty  of  five  kings  during  190 
years,  the  Hycfi  remained  in  Egypt^5ii  years:  for  they  entered 
Egypt,  but  did  not  gain  pofle/fion  of  Memphis,  before  the  clofe  of 
that  Dynafty  ;  nor  of  This^  till  the  end  of  the  firft  Thinite  Dynafty, 
when  they  occafioned  an  interregnum  there.     Confonant  to  this  ac- 
count Nitocris,  who  a6led  a  diftinguiflied  part  in  the  Titanian  war, 
appears  in  the  Theban  lift  of  fovereigns  about  670  years  after  the 
commencement  of  that  kingdom,  which  perhaps  preceded  the  Mem- 
phite   fome  three   or  four   years.     Yet  Africanus  fets  her  later  at 
Memphis;  which   fliews  that  the   Heptanomis  was  not  recovered 
during  her  fway  at  Thebes,  from  thfe  Hycfi^  but  was  fo  fliortly  aftcif. 
Ayards.     Tacitus  mentions  the  migration  of  a  great  multitude  (whom 
he  prefentiy  terms  an   Aflyrian  concourfe)  out  of  Egypt   towards 
Hift.  5.  Sj.  Syria,  in  the  reign  of  Ifis,  a  name  aflumed  not  only  by  the  wife  of 
Dionyfius,  but  by  her  mother  Demeter  or  Rhea,  Ammon*s  confort. 
But  Tacitus  (like  others)  confounds  the   Hycfi  with  the  Ifraelites, 
who,  as  Manetho  proves,  were  long  fubfequent  to  the  Hycfi.     The 
Jews  indeed  were  the  Ethiopians  (or  Chaldeans)  faid  by  Tacitus  tp 
be  emigrants  (that  is,'  to  Egypt)  in  the  reign  of  Cepheus,  Jacokfl. 
contemporary.     Polemo  in  Africanus  faid  that  Herodotus  wrote  ol. 
a  body  of  men,  who  retired  out  of  Egypt  in  the  time  of  Amofis :  *• 
migration  of  this  fort  Herodotus  (7.   89)  mentions.     Polemo's  o^rO^ 
account  is  this;   **  In  the  reign  of  Apis  fon  oJF  Phoroneus  part  of  ^^ 
Egyptian  force  relinquiflied  Egypt,  and  fettled   in  Syria."      The"^ 
feem  to  be  the  fugitives  from  the  Red  Sea,   mentioned  by  Stephan"^-^ 
to  have  founded  Azotus.     They  were  the  Hycfi.     The  long  x€\^ 
of  Apappus  may  have  reached  from  the  time  of  this  Apis  to  the  er^ 
of  the  Titanian  war,  about  the  time  of  Lycaon  and  Cecrops.     Eith^^ 
Ammon,  or   Uranus  his  fire,  was  the  gallant  of  Niobe    daught^^ 
of  Phoroneus :    thus  Ammon  was  contemporary  with  the  Argiv 
Apis. 

Mcrr 


Chap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  tc; 

Men  and  Mar,  both  fignify  emanations  cither  of  light  or  water. 
Amenophis  the  predeccflbr  of  Orus  is  the  Myris  prior  to  Sefoftris  : 
Uio'  Herodotus,  who  deems  him  goo   years  before  his   own  time, 
confounds  him  with  Maeris  who  was  Maro  or  Maindes  the  founder 
of  the  Labyrinth,  and  Amenophis  the  laflking  of  the  i8th  Dynafty. 
Jacob's  defcent  was   in  the  tenth  year  of  Phero's  reign,  who  was 
Miamun,    or  the   fecond  Sefoftris   fon   and   fucceflbr    of  the  firft. 
During  his  reign  the  Sothiac  cycle  was  introduced,  1322  years  be- 
fore the  Incarnation.       Miamun  was  the  younger  Sefoftris,  who 
formed  the  realm  into  diftinft  jurifdiftions;    for  Mofes  writes  that 
Jofeph  formed  the  whole  nation  into  diftinft  corporations.     Tho*  he         •    •  7* 
had  lived  13  years  in  Egypt  under  the  Great  Sefoftris  ;    whofe  fuc-. 
ceffes  brought  fuch  an  influx  of  wealth  into  Egypt,  that  new  regu- 
laiions  became  ncccftary  ;  yet  Jofeph  had  not  diftinguiftied  himfelf 
Vfljuft  at  the  death  of  this  hero. .   Jofeph  alfo  lived  in  the  reign  of 
M«m,  the  Maro  and  Mendes  of  Diodorus,  Strabo's  Maindes  and 
McDWOn,  mentioned  juft  now  ;    for  the  great  canal,  from    the  Nile 
^orfcis  king's   famous   lake,  is  named  Jofeph's  Canal   to  this   day. 

On  the  whole,  if  the  kings  of  the  Hycfi  were  wholy  prior  to  the 

i8lh  Dynafty,  yVbraham's  birth  was  about  695  years  after  the  fjood: 

Ki  removal  to  Canaan,  770  years  after  the  flood  ;  the  Exod  twelve 

centuries  aPt  r  the  flood.      Yet,  if  the  firft  part  of  the  18th  Dynafty 

Coincided  with   the  latter  part  of  the  Paftoral   Dynafty,  Troy's  fall 

DUiy  have   preceded  the  death  of  Ramifes  only  eight  years;    and  his 

^cath  preceded   the   Exod  almoft   fourteen  years:  and   Abraham's 

"*nh,  and  the  Exr)d   may  be   fifteen  years  refpedively  nearer  to 

N^Oah's  flood.     This  appears  to  me  to  be  the   beft  eftimate  of  all. 

The  determination  of  the  era  of  the  Titanian  war,  and  of  the  ex- 
P^^fion  of  tiie  Hycfi  ;  and  of  the  interval  between  thefe  events  and 
Abraham's  arrival  in  Canaan  depends  on  a  true  arrangement  of  the 
18th  Dynafty;  which  according  to  the  old  chronicle  contained  14 
^^^gns :  Jofeuhus  enumerates  18  ;  and  from  the  fum  of  their  reigns, 
•^y  him  r{^  J^Hedly  mentioned,  the  firft  king  muft  have  reigned  60 
years.     But    Syncellus  accufes  Jofephus  of  naming  fome  of  the   - 

E  f  kings 


n 


fi8  PRI  MIT  I  VE    HIST  OR  Y.  (Book*. 

kings  twice;  yet  allows  the  period  of  that  Dynafty  to  be,  according 
to  Manetho,  whom  both  pretend  to  follow,  391  years;  only  two  lels 
than  in  Jofephus ;  who  therefore  appears  to  name  fome  kings  twice  ' 
owing  to  interruptions  in  their  reigns.     The  period  of  that  Dynafty 
is  allowed  by  Syncelius  to  be  nearly  right :    but  the  old  chronicle 
probably  afcertains  the  true  number  of  kings.      Among  the  fuper- 
^       numerary  perfons  named  by  Jofephus  the  firft  and  fecond  kings  are 
his  feventh  and  eighth  alfo.     The  firft  may  have  been  long  inter- 
rupted in  his  reign  by  the  Hycfi  ;    and" the  fecond  by  Titans  in  alli- 
ance with  them.      Thefe    contentions  fubfided,  when  Chebron   or 
Dionyfius  aflifted  his  father :  but  the  Titanian  war,  faid  to  be  322 
year&  before  the  Trojan,  ended  when  Typhon  flew  Dionyfius,  1506 
years  before  the  Incarnation.     During  the  interval  between  the  two 
parts  of  his  father's  reign  in  Egypt  the  Amenophis  fet  next  to  Or» 
by  Jofephus  feems  to  have  been  regent ;  and  the  two  reigns  next  be- 
fore  his,  ftiould  ftand,   along  with  his,  before  the  fecond  reign   in 
that  Dynafty  ;    which  is  the  reftored  reign  of  his  predeceffbr:    for 
thefe  three  diflocated  reigns  let  Orus  and  his  father  Chebron  too  far 
afunder  :    and  as  each  Amenophis  feem  to  have  been  only  regents^ 
one  in  Ammon*s  diftrefs,  the  other  in  the  abfence  of  Dionyfius^ 
Orus  is  only  the  fixth  real  king ;    not  the  tenth,  as  in  Jofephii* 
1.  Mephramuth  reigned  60  years  during  contefts  with  the  Paftoiu 
and   then,  inftead  of  being  the  7th  king,  he  reigned,  after  the  rcU 
triftion  of  the  Hycfi,  26  years  longer.— 2-  His  fon  Amofis  during 
their  reftriaion,  reigned  near  10  years,  when  his  rival  Saturn,  wha 
had  alfo  oppofed  his  father,  compelled  Ammon  to  remove  to  Lybia 
and  Crete,  fome  30  years,  whilft  Amenophis  held  Egypt :    Saturn 
was  the  Paftoral  Apophis ;  Melcart  was  Arcles ;  and  Typhon,  Aflis.^- 
Afeth  or  Seth.     Dionyfius  afterwards  reftored  Ammon,  when   hc^ 
reigned  25  years  more.     3.   Dionyfius  or  Chebron  fucceeded  himi^ 
during  13  years;  when  he  appointed  a  fecond  Amenophis  (Bclusthe 
father  of  Sefoftris)  regent  during   20  years ;  taking  with  him  old 
Maro,  the  firft  Amenophis,  to  Thrace.     Typhon  flew  Dionyfius  at 
his  return.     4.  His  queen  Ameflis  (ucceeded  to  the  throne:    but 
when  her  fon  Orus  flew  Typhon  he  was  difabled  fror     eigning,  till 

his 


ears. 
60 

: 

Months, 
0 

25 

• 

10 

9 

• 

8 

30 

I 

10 

25 

• 

4 

13 

I 

0 

20 


21 


12 


i 


Chap-  2-)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  119 

his  expiation  by  Crotopus  of  Argos.  5.  Mephres  held  the  fceptre, 
till  Orus  became  qualified;  in  the  interim  he  and  his  mother  vifited 
Europe  and  Afia.  Note  that  if  Amenophis.was  a  real  king,  Mephres 
may  be  deemed  only  a  regent. 

1.  Mephramuth  reigned  at  firft,         ^  .     -j 
after  reflrifting  the  Hycfi,  j 

2.  Amofis  or  Ammon  reigned  before   the  ex- 7 

pulflon  of  the  Hycfi,         -  _  C 

3.  Amenophis,  regent  in  Ammon's  exile, 

Amofis  reftored  by  Dionyfius, 

4.  Chebron  or  Dionyfius, 

appoints  the    fecond  Amenophis    regent,  7 
during  his  decennial  war  with  the  Giants,  3 

5.  Ameffis   his   qu^en    fucceeded    Dionyfiui,  1 

whom  at  his  return  Typhon  flew,       -        J 

Mephres  was  regent  during  the   difquali- ^ 

fication  of  Orus,  on  his  flaying  Typhon,  J 

<f.  Orus,   after  his  expiation  by  Crotopus  of } 

Argos,  -        -  -         -  3     36     :       5 

The  reft  follow  in  due  order  in  Jofephus,  as  I  ftiall  fliew. 

The  expulfipn  of  the  Hycfi  was  a  confequence  of  the  Titanian 

^T;  and  fubfc<Juent  to  Abraham's  arrival  in  Canaan.     His  vifit  to 

JEgypt  was  under  Amenophis,  before  their  expulfion,  and  during 

,;Ammon's  retreat  to  Crete,  in  the  time  of  the  great  famine.     A  for- 

conate  inundation  of  the  Nile  may  have  exempted  the  region  about 

fIcUopolis  from  it.    The  latter  part  of  the  Titanian  war  was  the  Gi- 

jr3.i)tic;  it  lafted  10  years,  and  ended  1506  years  before  the  Incar- 

n3.tion,  or  322  before  the  fall  of  Troy.    This  date  agrees  with  the 

tixne  of  Nitocris  in  the  Theban  and  Memphite  lifts  of  fovereigns. 

^cufilaus  and  Philochorus  counted  1020  years  from  Jnachus  to 

^^  Olympiads.  Caftor  counted  384  years  from  Jnachus  to  Sthenelus 

^W  fon  of  Crotopus,  who  expiated  Orus  Apollo.     This  Sthenelus 

therefore  lived  till  the  636th  year  before  the  Olympiads,  or   1412 

before  the  Incarnation.    Danaus  the  brother  of  Egyptus  or  Sefoftris, 

^feom  Ariftotle  deems  prior  to  Minos,  came  to  Argos  in  the  time  of 

F  f  2  Gelanor 


tto  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-  (Booka. 

Gelanor  fon  of  this  Sthenelus:  therefore  Jofeph  came  to  Egypt  in 
the  generation  fubfequent  to  that  which    lived  A.  C.  1412.     If  the 
total  period  of  the  Paftoral  kings  was  prior  to  the  commencement  of 
the  18th  Dynafty,  his  arrival  there  was  about  A.  C.  1385;  the  Exod 
37  years  after  the  Iliac  war;  Solomon's  death  231   years  after  the 
Exod  and  916  before  the  Chriftian  era.      But  I  think  the  firft  years 
of  that  Dynafty  coincided  with  the  laft  of  the  Hycfi;  and  Jofeph*s 
captivity  was  1400  years  before  the  Incarnation,  and  the  Exod  22 
years   after  the   fall  of  Troy,  which   Ramifes  certainly  furvived  8 
years;  the  Exod  was  14  years  after  his  death,  and  according  to  this 
laft  account  246  years  before  Solomon's.     David  began   his  reign 
390  years  before  the  70  years  of  captivity,  which  ended  with  the 
capture  of  Babylon;  thence  80  years  elapfed  to  the  7th  year  of 
Artaxerxes,   which  was  144  years  after  the    eclipfe  predifted  by 
Thales,  and  calculated  by 'Hipparchus  to  have  been  601  years  before 
the  Incarnation.    Booz  may  have  been  the  father  of  Obed65years 
after  the  Exod;  if  we  compare  Joftiua  14.  7-*io,  with  Ruth  1.  4. 
Jeffe  may  have  been  born  21  years  afterwards;  and  at  50  years  of 
age,  as  he  was  old  at  GoHah's  death,  have  become  the  father  of 
David  who  died  at  the  age  of  70.  Solomon  furvived  him  40  years. 

The  ages  of  Abraham's  Poftdiluvian  anceftors  are,  according  to 

the  Septuagint,  as  follow.  « 

Years. 
Shem,        -        -        .        .-       600, 

Arphaxad*      -      -        .      -  538,  or  565, 

(Caiaan      -      •      *      -      -  460,) 

Salah,       --       -       -      -  433>or  4^0, 

Eber,      .      -      .       ^      -  404,  504,  or  564, 

Pbaleg,        .       .      -       .  339, 

Reu, 339* 

Serug,         -         ...  330, 

Nahor,        -        -         -  208, 

Tcrah,      •      -       -      *      -      205. 

Th^ 


Chap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY,  $21 

The  Jcwifh  chronologers  ever  aimed  to  magnify  the  antiquity  of 
their  nation,  by  fetting  the  Exod,  inftead  of  the  expulfiojn  of  the 
Hycfi,  (which  was  above  three  centuries  earlier  according  to 
Jklanctho's  account  tranfmitted  to  us  by  Jofephus  himfelf)  in  the  time 
of  Amofis  and  of  Phoroneus  Niobe's  father:  tho'  Amofis  and  his 
rival  Saturn,  who  were  both  longeval,  lived  till  the  time  of  Lycaon> 
Deucalion,  Cecrops,  and  Crotopus;  that  is  their  lives  were  about 
the  lengths  of  Abraham's  or  Ifaac's,  or  from  160  to  180  years; 
Saturn's  fon  Picas  lived  120  years,  jgis  did  Mofes^  which  was  ten 
years  iooger  thaQ  Jofeph.  Chiron,  the  Iba  of  S^uaru  whofe  longe- 
vity rendered  him  (the  emblem  of  time,  was  (b  long  lived,  that  he  is 
faid  to  have  exchanged  immortality  with  Pi»n^tlieusj  which  only 
means  in  reallity.  that  one  long  lived  man  was  bora  juil  |U  the  death 
of  another. 

That  the  Exod  was  a  little  after  the  Trojan  war  we  may  conclude 
from  Slrabo,  who  writes  that  foon  after  that  war  Phenicians  founded 
towns  on  the  Atlantic  coaft  of  Lybia;  and  Procopius  quotes  this. 
Phenician  infcription,  extant  in  his  time  in  the  region  of  Tangier; 

We  fly    from  joOiua,  &c. 

Here  by  the  way  we  may  believe  -durt,  as  the  Phenicians  were  ac- 
quainted with  the  Britannic  Ifles,  and  probably  gave  them  the  name 
of  Baratanac,  fignifying  Tinlaad^  they  retired  in  great  numbers  to 
Britain ;  for  Sammes  teaches  us  that  many  Britifh  words  are  allied 
to  the  Phenician  tongue:  as  Dun,  a  hill;  whence  downs:  Ceren, 
Cornu.]  Pen,  Pinna,  a  fummit.'  Careg,  Carac,  a  rock:  Caer,  Car^ 
a  fort ;  Cum,  Cum,  low  ;  Get,  Gwith,  a  (eparation  ;  Gwith,  Get, 
a  breach ;  Katurfa,  Katerva.  Meath,  Mawath,  a  plain  or  mead. 
Ara,  Ahar,  flow  :  Garaw,  Garaf,  fwift :  Bro,  Bare,  Regio  ;  hence 
Allo-broges,  Aha  Regio.  Taran,  Tarem,  thunder  :  Hefus,  Haziz, 
fortis;  Jamblichus  in  Julian  fays  he  was  Mars;  as  Monimus  was 
Hermes ;  Hefus  and  Taramis  had  human  oblations.  The  Caenaej 
nine  Gallic  priefteffes,  were  named  from  Cohen  a  pried:  as  the  Magi 

ifom  Hogf^     Golva  akin  to  the  Britifli  Galvus  is  from  Cheleb,  fat. 

Rheda. 


22a 


P  R  I  MI  T  I  V  E     HISTORY. 


(Book  a. 


Tadtm 
Aafoiu 
Martian 


Rhcda  a  chariot  is  Phenician.  Efledum  a  Britifli  waggon  is  from 
HafTedan.  Breeches  is  from  Brachyn  Knees.  Bard  from  Parat 
(hence  Parrot)  to  chaunt :  their  Nablia  or  Dodecachords,  from  Na- 
bal  ;  the  Cinyra  was  a  Decachord.  Dwr,  Udwr,  water.  Rhyd, 
Vadum,  is  the  Phenician  Rid.  Magon,  Manfio.  From  Keven,  a 
ridge,  Les  Cevennes.  Laith  is  the  Phenician  Laiith,  humidity ; 
Dale,  Daula.  Gamulus,  Camol,  a  prince.  Sorb  in  Phenician  is 
Aridity  ;  hence  abforb.  Uchel,  high,  Uhel.  Aber  is  a  conflux  of 
waters  in  Wellh  and  Phenician.  Cetra,  a  Britifh  fhield  is  Cetera, 
the  Moorilh  Citura.  Rich,  ftrong,  Ric.  Apollo's  Augurs  Paterae 
from  Patar  to  interpret.  The  Samolus  cut  with  the  left  hand  is  from. 
Samol,  Siniftra.  The  Parti.coloured  Bardiacus  is  the  Phenician 
Bardes,  the  Ai^b  Borda.  The  Javelin  Matara  fignifie^  to  dart:  from 
the  Median  Dart  Palta  comes  Pelt.  Spade  is  Spatha ;  Camon  a 
trumpet^  Camo  in  ^yriac. 


PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K    11.  CHAP.  IlL 

CONTJ^NTS. 


Of  Ham's  IJiie^/rom  whom  the  Titans^  who  ruled  the  Regions  furrounJU 
ing  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  Of  Nimrod^  and  the  Jirjl  Kings  of 
Babylon.  Of  Minus,  Semiramis^  and  Myrina.  The  Duration  of  the 
Affyrian  Empire.  Various  chronological  Matters  as  to  Egypt  and 
AJfyria.  The  Chronology  of  the  Book  of  Judges  proved  erroneous: 
The  Afyrians  polcnt  early.  Semiramis  was  Ifis;  but  her  Mother 
jwutimes  had  that  Name,  they  being  often  confounded  together.  A 
TaHtofihe  direS  Defcendants  of  Noah's  Three  Sons. 

T  JAM  is  the  eldeft  Cronus  or  Saturn  of  Eupolemus,  and  youngeft 
^  ^  fon  of  Noah ;  who  being  the  primitive  Oceaniis  fire  of  the 
Gods ;  is  the  Pluto  figured  with  Neptune's  trident  -,  hence  Plato 
and  TuUy  deem  Saturn  the  fon  of  Ocean;    for  Ham  is  the  Saturn  } 

counted  by  Diodorus  the  youngeft  of  the  (Antediluvian)  Gods:  his 
laws  Charondas  introduced  at  Carthage ;  and  he  is  the  Vulcan,  fon 
of  Nilus  or  Oceanus  (in  Laertius)  whofe  laws  Cecrops  introduced  at 
Athens;  being  the  eldeft  God  of  Egypt,  the  primitive  Ammon  and 
Chamos.  Ham  derives  his  name  from  the  Hebrew  Ama,  Sol :  fo 
Chavah  is  Eve  ;  Hamor,  Emmor.  Ham  is  Plutarch's  Caimis,  who 
was  the  primitive  Or,  or  Sol ;  a  title  like  others  affeQed  afterwards 
by  the  Titans.  Ham  is  Marnas,  and  Jove  Martius,  and  Tarantaeus, 
or  Thor.  But  Shaw  interprets  Ham,  Carnage  ;  which  agrees  with 
^res,  from  Ar,  flaughter  in  Hiberno-Celtic.  Ham's  fons  were 
Cufti,  Mifraim,  Phut,  Canaan.  From  Canaan  fprung  Sidon,  Heth, 
the  Jebufite,  Amorile  (which  three  laft  branches  dwelt  in  the  Judean 
mountains)  the   Girgafiiite,   Hivite,  Arkiie,  Sinite,  Arvadite,   Ze-^ 

roarite  ^ 


I 


^24  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  s. 

marite  and  Hemathitc. — Mifraim's  iCTue  were  the  Ludim,  Anamira, 
l.ebabhn  (fuppofed  Lybians)  Napthaim,  whence  Neptune's  name^ 
P'atlirufim,  Caphtorini,  Cafluhim  from  whom  the  Philiftim.  The 
two  lad  tribes  fettled  promifcuoufly  ;  for  Amos  fays,  ^'  The  Philif^ 
tines  carne  froiti  Caphtor;"  which  feem^  to  be  on  the  weftern  fide 
of  the  Upper  part  of  the  Arabian  Gulf,  Pliny's  Tyra,  about  Colzoum; 
when  the  prefent  Ipace  between  the  Mediterranean  fea  and  that 
Gulf,  in  the  line  between  Tanis  and  Arfinoe,  was  covered  with 
water.  That  Mifor  or  Mazor  is  the  true  name  of  the  father  of  the 
Mifrtiim  or  M^ftteans  Sanchoniatho  ffliews.  Bochart  (hews  that  Egypt 
•'  was  calkd  Mifor  and  Mafor  (as  Weli  as  the  land  of  Mifraim)  in 

facried  wHt.  Jofephus  fays^  they  all  called  Egypt,  Mezre.  Bochart 
1.7.  fays,  **  the  Arabs  now  call  Alcairo,  Mefer ;  the  prime  Egyptian 
Momh  is  Mefort.*'  He  interprets  the  name  to  fignify  a  fort,  aillb 
ftfei^ts ;  both  applicable  to  the  nature  of  Egypt:  but  Sanchoniatho 
lays,  '«  Mifor  is  liberal  i'*  being  from  the  Syriac  Meforo.  Mifor  or 
Menes  had  feveral  cities  dedicated  to  him,  as  Mendes  in  the  Delta; 
\lena&  in  Sicily,  having  a  facred  well  of  that  name  near  it;  Manaira 
in  Judea-j  Mendae  in  Thrace;  Mendes  the  Egyptian  Pan,  the  oldefl 
God  of  Arcadia,  being  Menes  or  Mifor. 

Cufh,  Pliny's  Ethiops  fon  of  Vulcan,  was  the  father  of  Sebi» 
Havila,  Sabta^  Raama,  Sabtecha  and  Nimrod.  Raama's  fons  were 
Sheba  and  Dedan.  Cufh  was  furnamed  Afbolus,  as  being  the  pro^ 
genitor  of  the  Negroes,  whofe  fable  complexion  arifes  from  a  metti^ 
brane  under  the  ikin,  which  contains  a  black  humor  in  Negroes: 
yet  Chuz  fignifies  a  nation ;  and  Choumi,  a  people ;  fee  Richard* 
fon. 

■W 

Nimrod  is  the  Bacchus  faid  by  Arrian  to  be  15  generations  older 

than  Hercules.      Nimrod  add  his  kinfman  Sidon  refemble  Sancho^ 

niatho's  Agreus  and  Haleus.     Nimrod  or  Nebrod  was  the  origirial 

Bacchus  or  Evochusone  of  the  firft  Chaldean  kings  after  the  Deluge. 

Nebrod  being  a  famous  hunter,  as  Homer's  OdyfTey  L.  571  defcribes 

Orion  to  be  ;  ^  he  had  the  name  of  Nebrod :    hence  the   Pafchal 

chronicle 


Jofii.  21 


,  Chap  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  2*5 

chronicle  fuppofes  him. to  be  Niinrod, ;  His  name  Nebrod  arofe  from 
his  Fawhflcin  Tunic,  which  Diodorus  Siculus  terms  Nebris  ;  hence 
Seneca's  , 

Nebridc  facra  precinfta. 


See  Pezron. 


Hence  alfo  Diodorus  calls  Bacchus,  Faunas.     Hence  Mercury 
in  the  Alexandrian  chrvjnicle  is  called  Faunus:   Mifor  or  Ofiris  be- 
ing  Mercury,  and  likewife  Bacchus;  thus  the  Anthologia  afcribesthe 
invention  of  wine  to  Mercury;    namely   that   Mercury,    who  was 
Mifor :  but  his  (ire  and  grandfire  were  acquainted  with  the  juice  of 
the  grape  as  well  as  he.     yVnother  Faunus  was  the  Italian  ;  who  (as 
Plutarch  (ays)  was  flain  by  Hercules;   and  was  the  fon  of  Mercury  ; 
for  Mercury  being  an  Ofiris,  as  above,  and  this  being  an  appellation 
ot  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfiusor  Jove  of  Nyfa,  he  became  confounded 
V\lVi  Saturn's  fon;  for  this  Faunus  was  really  the  fon  of  that  Jove, 
who,  as  Pliny  writes,  was  named  Picus:  for  the  Titans  ruled  all  the 
regions  furrounding  the  Mediterranean  Sea :  thus  Suidas  fays  that 
Fjcus  gave  the  Weft  to  Hermes  ;    who  fled  to  Egypt  from  his  bro- 
thers.    Silius  Italicus  fays. 

Bacchus  domitabat  Iberos.  l.  3. 

Diodorus  Siculus  fays   an  infcription  of  Ofiris  recorded  that  he 
penetrated  into  India,  and  the  Artie  regions,  and  to  the  Springs  of  g^j^^^ 
the  Danube.      Lucian  informs  us  that  Bacchus  fubducd  the  Tyrhe- 
niahs. 

From  Bacchus,  which  fignifies  fon  of  Chus,  came  the  Irifh  Bach, 
ebriety.  Bacchus  was  called  Nana;  which  Tzetzes  (on  Lycophron) 
interprets  TTa^vvitvj;;:  hence  Ulyffes  is  therecalled  Nana.  Hellanicus 
(in  Dionyfius  of  HalicarnafTus)  mentions  Nana,  king  of  Pelafgi,  ex- 
pelled by  the  Hcllens,  and  fettling  at  Crotona.  Arnobius  has  a 
Nana,  the  daughter  of  fome  Sangarius,  and  mother  of  Attis :  Ban- 
nier  fays  Nana  or  Nannea  was  Anaitis  or  Diana;  but  flie  was  Venus 
Urania  or  Aftarte:  yet  was  confounded  with  her  daughter;  who  is 

'G  g  Nicaea 


926  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book «. 

Nicaea  Sangar's  daughter  in  Photius.  The  explanation  of  Nana  by 
Tzetzcs  fhews  it  to  be  fynonymous  with  Aleta,  Titan^  Rhodian, 
N  Spartan,  Pelafgus,  Itinerant,  Similar  to  which  are  the  Nani  in  the 
Edda  :  and^  as  Amnion's  image  was  carried  about  in  a  boat,  fo  the 
Nani  made  a  (hip  for  their  Qods,  whom  they  called  Afes:  As,  in 
Gothic  fignifying  divine;  the  title  given  them  by  the  Pelafgi;  whence 
Afia,  or  Afaia,  fignifies  the  land  of  the  Gods.  Gruter  has  a  calendar, 
in  which  notice  is  taken  of  the  (hips  of  Hercules,  Ammon,  and  Ifis, 
She  invented  failing  (hips  :  and  fecms  to  be  the  On  Nana,  a  figure 
of  whofe  head  was  found  at  Clermont.  Yet  the  firft  Ifis  wat 
Ham's  confort.  That  Picus  above  was  Saturn's  (on,  Virgil  (bevs, 
who  fays, 


•Picufq;  Parentem 


Te,  Satume,  rcfert. 

The  Juno  confort  of  Picus  was  Circe.     Thus  Circe  in  Valerius 
Flaccus  declares  concerning  herfelf, 

Aufonii  Conjux  Ego  Regia  Pici. 

37.       So  Nonnus  deems  Faunus,  Circe's  Son.   Arnobius  fays,  the  Boni 
Deawas  Fatua  the  wife  of  Faunus;  but  (he  was  the  wife  of  that  Egyp- 
tian Faunus  who  wasAmmon's  fon  Diony(ius.  The  barbarous  Latio 
chronicle  commended  by  Scaliger  fays  that  Picus  was  Ninus.     Ei>* 
Clem.  Alex,  febius  fays  that  "  Belus  his  (ire  was  Saturn:"  who  reigned  in  Italy^ 
and  there  acquired  the  name  of  Sterces,  from  manuring  land;  hence 
Gale  interprets  his  Syrian  denomination,  Bel-zeboul,  Lord  of  Dung. 
He  is  the  Phaethon  who  aflPeQed  his  father's  throne  ;  his  retreat,  is 
his  fall  into  the  Po.   Philochorus  wrote  that  he  died  in  Sicily.  Suidas 
fays  the  empire  of  Jove  Picus  extended  from  Spain  to  the  Euphrates. 
Diony(iu8  of  Halicarna(rus  fays,  that  Atlas  was  the  firft  king    of 
Arcadia  :  Apollodorus  places  him  among  the  Hyperboreans.     He  is 
in  the  lift  of  the  firft  navigators ;  and  had  concerns  in  Lybia  a3  welf 

as 


Clem.  Alex. 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  227 

as  Scythia.  The  river  Mofel  had  iu  name  from  Neptune,  who  as 
Bochart  (from  TzetzesJ  affirms  was  named  Mos  El,  God  of  the 
\vater.  This  Neptune  was  Meon  Cybele's  hufband,  that  is  the  Titan 
Saturn.     Lucan  fays, 

Venit  ad  Occafum  Mundiq;  Extrema  Sefoftris. 

Dicearchus  fays  that  Sefoftris  affefted  to  live  a  Grecian.  Diodorus 
Siculus  fays,  Uranus  not  only  ruled  the  Atlantidac,  but  the  major  Apolbn  4. 
part  of  the  Univerfe,  efpecially  towards  the  weft  and  north.      Alfo      *73' 
that  Saturn  reigned  over  Lybia,  Sicily,  Italy  and  the  weftern  regions. 
Hecateus  (in  Diodorus)  and  TuHy  fhew  that  Apollo  frequented  the  Nat.  Dcor. 
Hyperboreans.     The  Cyclops  of  Sicily,  (whofe  name  according  to 
Bochart  is  Punic,  from  Chek  Lub,  Sinus  ad  Lybiam  ;    but  Pliny  3.S. 
and  Mela  fet  them  near  Etna)  were  Celta? ;    but  were  blended  with  **  ^' 
tiveOpici  or  attendants  of  Ops  •,  KuxA,  goggle,  comes  from  the  Cel- 
tic Gi9g,  Gog,  fury:    tho'   fome  may  derive  Cyclops   from  Kuck, 
kuckl,  (as  Gibl  from  Gib)  heaven;  for  they  may  have  been  aftro.. 
nomers  like  the  Druids,  and  ufing  Telefcopes  been  thence  deemed 
Monoculi ;  as  were  the  Arimafpians  :  yet  they  feem  to  have  been  fo 
named  from  (hutting  the  left  eye  in  taking  aim:    for  Herodotus  fays 
Aal  Spou  is  eye ;    and  the  Scythians  were  Arimi,  or  Arameans : 
Tacitus  deems  the  Fenni  or  Finns,  great  archers.    Pindar's  fcholiaft 
(hews  (from   Phrenicus)  that  the  Titans  were  from  the  north:  Gallic 
machus  fuppofed  the  Celts  defcendents  of  the  Titans.     This  arofe 
from  the  Titans  being  defcendents  of  Acmon,  the  grandfon  of  Tui- 
tho  or  Teutat,  the  Gallic  Mercury,  Thoth*s  fon  and  Mifor's  grands 
Ion:  who  takinfr  the  advantage  of  the  Mediterranean,  vifited  Spain, 
Gaul,  and  Germany,  when  only  inhabited  by   rude  forrefters,   to 
whom   his   ai:complHhments  appeared  divine.— Hence    Latona  (in  I-  2 
Diodorus)  is  a  Hyperborean. — Paufanias  fays  that  Lucina  (who  was 
older  than  Saturn)  came  from  the  North  to  Latona's  aid  ;    and  that 
Achaia  came  to  Delos  from  the  Hyperboreans  ;  Suidas  fays  Achaia 
was  Ceres. — In  fme,  the  Titans  fprung  originally  from   Ham,  but 
affeaed  Europe.     Hence  the  Pelafgi  found  that  the  names  of  their  ^^""^^^  *' 

G  g  2  primitive 


228  PRIMltiVE     HISTORY.  (Bookt. 

primitive  Gods  came  from  Egypt.  Thefc  Pelafgi  had  come  to  Athens 
from  Samothrace,  anciently  called  Leucania ;  where  they  inftituted 
the  rites  of  the  Cabiri,  tho*  ignorant  of  their  names.      Thus,  (the* 
the  Titan  dominions  were  fo  extenfive  that  they  obtained  that  name, 
akin  to  Bar-tane,  from  the  Celtic  TyT(inu»  the  overfpreading  houfc; 
from  which  name  their  metropolis  in  the  Lower  Egypt  was  called 
Tanis,    Tan,  Tzan,  Tzoan,  Thon,  Thonis,  a   name    expreffive  of 
^  adventurers)  yet  Homer  derives  all  the  Gods  from  Ethiopia ;  or  the 
territories  ofChus:  hence  Babylonian  Neftar  isthe  wine  oftheGods, 
His  primitive  Oceanus,  the  progenitor  of  the    Pagan  Gods,    was 
Noah.       Some   interpret  ^Inachus  to  be   Anak-Chus:    I  derive  it 
from  Anak  fimply;  for  the  Cufhites  were  Negroes;  the  Pelafgi,  not: 
yet  Ahak  or  Inak  (ignifies  the  fame  as  Phenician,  P'  being  a  prepo- 
fitive;  thus  Aufonius  has  Ph'anax :  and  Chadre  Anak  the  name  of 
Carthage  is  the  feat  of  the  Anakfm  from  Phenicia ;    Anak  primi- 
tively came  from  Anach,   fury,  in  Hiberno-Celtic.     However  that 
be,  the  Pelafgi  had  knowledge  of  the  Egyptian  theology  ;  of  courfe 
an  ancient  conneftion  muft  have  fubfifted  between  them  and    the 
Egyptians.     But  it  was  the  worfhip  of  the  ancient  Cabiri  that  thefe 
Pelafgi  were  acquainted  with  ;  not  Neptune's,  Juno's  or  Vefta's;  but 
Mifor's,  or  the  firft  Mercury's  whom  they  figured,  as  in   Egypt 
immodeftly  ;    to  exprefs  the  prolific  powers  of  his  race  ;    on  whick 
account  his  emblem  was  a  goat,  the  prize  of  the  Dithyrambic  chortti 
»     thence  called  Tragedians.     Yet  it  fhews  that  Mi  for,  Ofiris,  or  Bac- 
I^e^^  -,  -^       chus  was  confounded  with  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,  whom  the  fabu- 
lifts  feign  to  have  been  transformed  to  a  goat ;    a  ftory  applied  by 
Ovid  to  Semele's  fon,  tho'  long  fubfequent  to  the  Titanian  war. 
As  to  the  Pelafgi,  whofe  name  is  derived  from  Pelas,  afar,  and 
Gaia,  region,   Dionyfius  Hal.    afferts  that  they  inhabited  Argos  fix 
generations  before  they  colonized  Hemonia  or  Theffaly;  which  they 
occupied  for  fix  other  generations  before  their  expulfion  by  Deu-: 
calion,  with  the  Leleges  and  Curetes.      Confonant  to  this  account 
Paufanias  deems  Car  the  fon  of  Phoroneus   tz  generations,  that  is 
four  centuries,  before  Lelex  (the  fon  of  Lybia  and  Neptune)  came 
from  Egypt.     Thus,  as  Eufcbius  hints,  there  is  reafon  to  fuppofe  a 

Phoroneus 


Paufan^i' 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  929 

Phoroneus  exifted  In  Greece  prior  to  Niobe's  fire.       Some  Pe^afgi 
attained  Arcady  (more  anciently  called  P-elafgia)  prior  to  the  advent 
of  the    Cecropian  Minerva,  who  was  Venus  Urania;  whence  they 
were  (tiled  Profilenians,  that  is,  before  thofe  Sileii  or  Siatyrs  who 
adored  her.      Afius  an  old  poet,  by  faying  Pelafgus  was  produced 
by  the  earth  on  the  Arcadian  hills,  only  meant  that  he  was  a  native  : 
To  the  river  is  meant,  when  Inachus  his  fire  is  faid  to  fpring  from 
Ocean  and  Tethys. — The  Lydian  colony  that  came  to  Italy  were  a 
branch  of  the  Titans,  as  well  as  the  Oenotrians  :    but  the  Tyrrheni 
both  there  and  in  Greece  were  ancient  natives,    named  from  Tyr 
Hen,  that  is  old  people   of  the  land,  who  were  Celtae.     Xanthus 
Lydius  fays   the  brother  of  Lydus  was  Torybus    not  1  yrrhenus. 
Rafen  the  Tyrrhenian  chief  (in   Dionyfius  Hal:)  derives  his  name 
from  Rhys  Hen;  which  proves  him  to  be  an  Autochthon.     The  Ly- 
dian colony  Teem  to  have  been  the  real  Opici  led  by  Ops  and  Saturn, 
MarCyas  and  Tarchon  or  Chon  of  Tyre.     Diodorus  Siculus  (in  Eu- 
febius)  fays  that  Saturn  was  a  king  of  Lydia  and  Italy  :  Solinus  iays 
that  JWarfyas  came  to  Italy.     The  Opici  communicated  their  name 
to  fbme  of  the  natives.     The  name  ^of  Hercules,  their  comrade,  is 
(aid  to  be  Chon ;  hence  Chonia  in  Italy,  and  Chone  a  town  of  the 
QBnotrians,  in  Stephanus.     Suidas   fays  the  Chaones  were  called 
(%ones.     All  this  evinces  that  Ham's  family  occupied  a  great  part 
of  Europe.  ^ 

Nimrod  grew  potent,  and  for  hunting  became  a  proverb  :    hence 

this  original  Bacchus  was  furnamed  Zagreus.      Yet  Nonnus  and 

Tzetzes  erroneoufly  deem  Zagreus  "  the  fon  of  Jove  and  Profer- 

pine**-  the  elder,  who  was    Rhea   Ammon's  confort.  '  Hence,  tho* 

this  laft  Bacchus,  who  was  Dionyfius,    is  deemed  the  fon  of  Jove 

5^"d  Proferpine  by  Tully  and  Orpheus,  yet  Orpheus  elfewhere  ftiles  , 

h^ni  fon  of   Saturn,  as  he  alfo  gallanted  Rhea ;    who  however  was 

^^'^^y  the  reputed   mother  of  Dionyfius.     Tully  makes  two  of  one 

Bacchus  ;    for  his  fecond  is  the  fon  of  Nile,  or  Occanus,  that  is  of 

Wton  or  Saturn,    Cybele's  or   Rhea's  fpoufe.     Every  Meon  and 

Amenophis  was  a  Nilus  or  Oceanus,  which  Meon  in  Celtic  fignifies. 

Jablonfki 


zChron.  7.8 


I 


23Q  P  RI  M  IT  I  VE    H  1ST  OR  ¥•  (Book  tv 

'  Jablonfki  derives  the  name  from  Ame  Nouphi,  teller  of  good  newfi 

but  how  Ihall  we  obtain  Memphis  from  this  fource?    A  is  only  an 

uncertain  prepofitive,  as  Seth,  Afeth  -,    Thoth,  Athoth ;   Cenchris^ 

Achenchris;  Cheres,  Acheres ;  Menes,  Men,  Araanus,  that  is  Sol; 

fee  Leviticus  a6,  30;  and  Gale's  Court  of  the  Gentiles  2*  8;  fo  wc 

fay  round,  around  ;  rife,  arife.     As  Nilus  is  derived  from  Nahal^  a 

torrent;  fo  every  Ofiris  has  an  affinity  to  Sihor ;  and  Uchoreus  or 

Chorjeus  to  Ghor  :  as  has  Achores  the  God  of  flies  at  Gyrene,    that' 

1  Chron.  13.  j^  Bgi^ebub  ;  who  was  Meon  or  Saturn  :    yet  Achor  is  Dolor,  and 
«      *5" 

refpefts  Moloch,  in  Geltic  Moleftus. 

Nimrod  was  Lord  of  Babel,  and  of  Ercch,  which    feems  to  be 
Pliny  10.  21, 
Dia.  Car:      Ptolemy's  Orchoe,  or  Arecca  ;    but  Herodotus  has  an  Anderica  io 

S'^pli*  Sufiana,  and  an  Anderica  in  Babylonia  :    Nimrod  was  alfo  Lordjif 

Accadj  called  in  the  Septuagint  Archad,  probably  Argadof  Sittacenc; 
and  Lord  of  Galneth  in  Shinar,  Ifaiah's  Chalne  or  Galane.     The 
Greeks  call  the  country  about  Ctefiphon^  Chalonitis  :    thence  Hor^ 
nius  derives  the  philofophers,  Galani. — Bryant  fuppofes  Erech  to  be 
Bars-ippa ;    as   the  Arab  interpreter  calls  Erech,    Al-baris  ;    and 
Strabo  fays  that  Barfippa  was  famous  for  Linens:  but  Nonnus  calli 
the  Erech  near  the  Tigris  Arachne  on  this  account.      Nimrod  ex* 
pelled  Afhur  and  built  Nineve,  (he  being  the  primitive  Ninus)  wHbr 
a  branch  of  the  Euphrates  reaches  to  the  Tigris ;    alfo  Rehoboth, 
fuppofed  to  be  Ptolemy's  Birrlia  ;    tho'  that  refembles  Balak's  Hu- 
zoth  :  he  likewife  built  Calah,  probably  the  capital  of  the  country 
called  by  Strabo  Calachene:  alfo,  between  Galah   and   Nineve,  he 
founded   the  great  town  of  Refen,  fuppofed   Zenophon's  Larifla. 
The  Berofus  of  Annius  fays,  Nemroth  Saturn,  the  fire  of  Jove  Belus, 
founded  the  Babylonian  kingdom  131  years  after  the  Flood.     But 
Alexander  Polyhiftor  from  Berofus  affirms  that  the  firft  Dynafty  of 

InS  n  kings  at  Babylon  began  163  years  after  the  Deluge:  forSyncellus 
fays  it  was  2405  after  the  Creation  ;  between  which  and  Noah's 
flood  he  computes  2242  years.  Annius  forged  ahiftory  of  Berofus  in 
five  books;  for  Tatian  fays  that  Berofus  only  wrote  three.  Polyhiftor 
who  flourifhed  about  a  century  before  the  Chriftian  era,  deems  Evo- 

chus 


Cha^  30  P  R  IM  I  T  I  V  E    H  i  S  T  O  R  Y,  ,3, 

chus  the  fame  perfon  as  Choum-afbolus,  counted  by  him  the  fecond 
of  this  Dynafty,  who  were  in  all  feven  Chaldeans,  and  reigned  190 
years.  Polyhiftor  probably  had  at  the  head  of  the  lift  the  fecond 
Belus  of  Eupolemus  ;  who,  being  the  brother  of  Mifraim,  Cnaan, 
and  Choum-aibolus  or  Chus,  muft  be  Phut;  with  probability  deemed 
the  primitive  Apollo,  called  Pythius;  he  difcovered  the  qualities  of 
nightfhade  to  Ifmunus  the  eighth  Cabir  of  Egypt,  and  either  Mifor's 
fon  or  Nephew.  Evochus,  who  certainly  was  the  original  Bacchus^ 
or  Nirarod,  was  probably  only  a  lieutenant  under  Belus  his  uncle; 
and  feems  to  have  died  before  his  father  Choum-afbolus.  Nimrod's 
chief  fway  feems  to  have  been  at  Nineve  ;  for  Dicearchus  (in  .Step- 
hanus)  mentions  the  founder  of  Nineve  to  be  Nitius;  but  that  Ninus 
v^as  Nimrod. 

Africanus  counted  the  continuance  of  the  firft  Dynafty  924  years 
v:\dahalf:  and  he,  Ccdrenus  and  Syncellus^  deem  Evochus  to  be 
Nimrod ;  and  fet  him  at  the  head  of  the  lift^ 


Evochus,     - 

6  ■ 

Choumafbolus,     -     - 

7i 

Porus, 

35 

Nechubes 

43  >  Totals  824  4 

Abius, 

48 

Oni-baal, 

40 

Zinzirus,    ... 

45 

Africanus  attributes  a  fhort  reign  to    Evochua.      He  probably 
reined  the  major  part  of  his  time  at  Nineve,  during  the  life  of  his 
imcle  the  firft  Babylonian  Belus,  as  Eupolemus  fhews.     Tho'  Belus 
being  a  regal  title,  Mofes  Chorenenfis  ftiles  Nebroth  both  Belus  and  Eufcb.Prep. 
Saturn.     Artapanus  fays,  **  Belus  alone,  of  the  gigantic  inhabitants        9*  '9- 
of  Babylonia  by  a  divine  judgment  deftroyed  for  their  impiety  efcap- 
ing  death,  refided  at  Babylon,  in  a  tower,  which  he  had  built  and 
bore  his  name.*'      Philo  fays,  Babylon  was  built  by  the  fon  of  the  Stcph. 
moft  wife  Belus.      Eupolemus  (who  wrote  170  years  before  the  In-        ^  * 
carnation)  fhews  that  this  founder  was  Phut;  who  leaving  no  iffue, 

his 


232  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

his  dominions  devolved  to  the  collateral  line  of  Chus.  Therefore 
whatever  names  in  Africa  allude  to  Phut  may  relate  to  one  of  the 
Mifraim,  who  had  that  name  in  honour  of  his  anceftor's  brother : 
for  Eupolemus  fays  plainly,  "  from  the  firft  Belus  or  Cronus  came 
^.  ,V,  ■  Belus,  and  Canaan  fire  of  the  Phenicians :  his  fon  too  was  Choum, 
named  by  the  Greeks  Afbolus,  fire  of  the  Ethiopians,  and  brother  of 
Meftraeim  fire  of  the  Egyptians."  Afbolus  implies  Negro :  Ovid 
gives  this  name  to  a  black-tan  ftag-hound  of  Afteon's  pack.  Tatian 
makes  mention  of  Afbolus  a  Centaur. 

The  next  Dynafty  confifted  of  fix  Arabs ;  thefe  continued  to 
reign  215  years,  fays  Eufebius.  Syncellus  counts  the  Dynaft) 
thus. 


Mardocentes, 

45" 

Anonymous, 

Sifimardacus, 

37 

Nabius, 

Parannus, 

40 

Nj^bonnabus,     -     - 

25  J 

215 


Syncellus  fays,  Arabian  kings  are  held  to  have  reigned  in  BaV}- 
lonia  prior  to  Ninus :  that  the  Arabian  Dynafty  was  (tho'  quite  im- 
probably) fuccededby4i  Aflyrian  kings ;     the  firft  of  whom   was 
Belus;    and   the   laft,  as  Polybius,    Diodorus,    Cephalion,   Caftor, 
Thallus  and  others  agree,  was  Sardanapalus.     The  chronological 
dates  of  the  two  firft  Dynafties  feem  uncertain.     Stephanus  deems 
the  founder  of  Babylon  to  be  the  fucceffor  of  the  Arab  Dynafty  :  he 
In  Chaldeo.    fays,  "  Dicearchus  wrote  that  Babylon  on  the  Euphrates  was  founded 
by  Chaldeus  (or  a  Chaldean)  who  was  the  14th  king  from  Ninus, 
who  founded  Nineve:"  that  is  Nimrod,  with  whom  the  fpoufe  and 
fon  of  Semiramis  are.  confounded.      It  muft  be  from  this  14th  king 
that  Paterculus  reckons  the  duration  of  the  AfTyrian  empire  107O 
years.  Tho'  there  are  who  deem  this  founder  to  be  Nebuchadnezzar; 
and  in  the  fourteenth  generation  after  the  Titan  Ninus.  This  opinion 

make5 


*33 


Anlmaf.  12. 


Chap.  3.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

makes  fad  havock  of  the  loii'^  Cterian  lift  of  Affyrian  kings  in  Syn^ 
cellus  ;  but  accords  with  the  foundation  of  the  Affyrian  empire  ac- 
cording to  Herodotus.  It  is  impoffible  there  Jhould  be  32  kin<ys 
between  Ninus  and  the  Trojan  war;  incredible,  that  there  fliould 
be  22  ;  as  the  Cecropian  line  at  Athens  confifts  of  but  ii.defcents, 
and  Semiramis  was  as  late  as  Juno,  Deucalion  and  Cecrops.  So 
the  line  of  Inachus  contains  1 1  defcents  to  Agapenor,  who  was  at 
the  fiege  of  Troy.  Alfo,  Heftor  is  the  feventh  inclufively  from 
Dardanus  the  brother-in-law  of  Cadmus,  who  went  in  queft  of  Eu- 
ropa  contemporary  with  Jove  and  Juno. 

If  the  chronology  of  Africanus  refpecling  the  two  firR  Babylonian 
Dynaiilies  be  true,    thence  to    the  Titan  Belus  of  Babylon  there 
appears,  according  to  the  arrangement  of  the  kings  m  Syncellu-s^  a 
chafm  in  the  Affyrian  hiflory;  authors  mention  fome  princes  whofe 
umes  and  order  are  unknown.     Elian  fays  an  eagle  carried'Tilgamus         21 
(or 're\eganus,  fee  Bochart's  Canaan,   2.   n.)  the  grandfon  of  Bac- 
chorusy  a  king  of  Babylon,  into  a  garden.     Samirus  ai  Chaldean 
king,  coeval  with  S^nig,  invented  filk-Weaving,  dying,  weights  and 
jneafures  :     and  fcems  to  be  the  Samiras  of  Ctefias  in  Pliny,  who 
invented  gallies.     Apollo  was  the  gallant  of  Leucothoc  the  daughter 
of  Orchamus  feventh  king  of  Babylon  from  Belus.     But  I  think  the 
four  intermediate  reigns  in  Mofes  Chorenenfis,  between  Belus  and 
Ninus,  really  preceded  Belus,  and  are  arranged  in  an  inverted  order: 
injr  reafon  will  appear  prefently.      This  Belus  is  the  Tyrian  men- 
tioned by  the  ancient  poet  Dorotheus. 

In 
'A^X^ivi  BaSvXuv  Tv^iov  B^Xoio  UoXtClJi^*  Jul.  Firmicu 

This  is  the  Titan  Belus,  who  (as  Thallus  wrote)  was  engaged  in    xheophil 
awar  againfl  Ammon,  32a  years  before  the  Trojan,  when  Attica  was  Ad  Autolic. 
called  Afte :  but  he  wrongly  added  that  the  king  there  was  Gug,  or 
GyguS)  that  is  Gyges  or  Ogyges :    for  Cedrenus  quotes  proof,  and 
Syncell us. confirms  it,  that  the  Ogygian  flood  was  248  years  before 
Beucaiion's :   which  Apollodorus  fets  in  the  time  of  Cranaus  the 


234  P  RI  M  IT  I  VE    HIST  OR  Y.  (Book  t. 

•  p  r  1^-  /ucceffor  of  Cecrops  :  and  Africanus  fays  that  "  the  Ogygian  flood 
having  depopulated  Athens,  no  king  reigned  there  during  189  years^ 
till  the  reign  of  Cecrops ;"  from  whofe  father-in-law  A£Us  that 
country  was  denominated  Afte.      Paufanias  counts  Cecrops,  Jove 

Arcad.  Saturn,  the  Curetes  and  Lycaon,  contemporary.    Cato  deems^  Ninus 

250  years  after  a  great  Deluge, .which  feems  to'  be  that  of  Ogyges 
by  the  irruption  of  the  Euxine. .  Otherwife  this  Ninus  was  Nimrod. 

Hefiod.  That  this  Titanian  war,  whtch  lafted  at  Teaft  ten  years,  happened 

Thcog.  636.  about  320  years  before  the  Trojan,  appears  from  the  table  of  Theban 
kings  by  Eratofthenes.  For  Nitocris  (according  to  Diodorus  Siculus) 
aided  Ammon,  after  he  was  worfted  by  Saturn:  and  Conftantine 
*  ManafTes  fhews  that  the  Egyptian  empire  began  2188  years  before 
the  Chriftian  era:  and  Eratofthenes  fliews  that  Nitocris  began  her 
reign  670  years  after  the  commencement  of  that  empire,  that  is  334 
years  before  the  fall  of  TrOy  :  Africanus,  in  his  feries  of  Memphite 
princes,  brings  Nitocris  about  20  years  lower,  in  that  part  of  Egypt. 
Nitocris  ftands  like  a  polar  ftar  in  the  lift  of  Eratofthenes  to  regulate 
the  Dynafties ;  as  her  fon  Orus  in  the  Dynafties,  to  fix  the  times  of 
the  Titans.  Thus  Epiphanius  rightly  fays,  that  Abraham  and  Ninus 
lived  during  the  period  of  the  18th  Dynafty ;  and  Conftantine  Ma- 
naflfes  as  rightly  obferves  that  Abraham  lived  alfo  as  early  as  tie 
Babylonian  fielus  ;  for  that  patriarch  lived  175  years. 

Diodorus  Siculus  (from  Euhemerus)  fays  that  "  Jove  was  enter- 
Fragment  in  tained  by  Belus  at  Babylon  ;    when  Caffius,  whofe  name   Mount 

Eufcbio.  rr^ 

Caflius  bears,  ruled  Syria  5  and  Cilix,  Cilicia.'*  Caffius  ftands  high 
in  Sanchoniatho*s  lift  ;  but  Camus  was  a  name  of  Jove  himfelf;  Ci- 
lix was  fon  of  Agenor.  Abydenus  mentions  the  war  between  Saturn 
In  Eufcbio.  and  Titan  ;  who  is  Ammon  or  Hyperion. — This  Tyrian  Belus  is 
Sanchoniatho's  Demaraon  Zeus,  the  father  of  Melcart  or  the  Ty- 
rian Hercules.  Bannier  fays,  the  Phenician  Hercules  was  Agenor* 
Thefe  names  are  epithets.  Tully  names  an  Egyptian  Hercules  the 
fon  of  a  Nilps,  that  is  of  Oceanus  or  Neptune.  This  is  the  Nilus^ 
who  as  Ptolemy  Hephacftion  wrote  was  Hercules  Egyptius ;  and  th^ 

Belusy 


Chap.   3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  235 

Belus,  who  was  Tally's  "  Indian  HercViles/'  the  father  of  Agenor, 
Melcart  or  Chon.  This  Chon  was  the  Etrurian'  Tar-chon,  or  Chon 
of  Tyre,  the  Egyptian  Tarachon  of  Suidas,  contemporary  with  Cc- 
crops.  Atlas  and  the  Sibyl  ;  he  was  Strabo's  Tearcho,  who  vifited 
the  weftcrn  limits  of  Europe  :  from  him  part  of  Italy  was  named  l.  15. 
Chonia:  Strabo  deems  him  a  Chufhite.  He  is  the  O-tfor-chon  of  the 
Dynafties :  tho'  the  Hercules  of  Germany,  who  was  Al-mannus  and 
Og-meon  of  Gaul,  was  prior  to  Chon  ;  and  was  Mannus  the  fon  of 
Tuitho  or  Teutat,  who  ^ame  from  Africa  to  Spain  and  Gaul.  A  fon  of 
Mannus  was  Deois  or  Dis,  probably  theCeltic  Pluto,progenitorof  the 
Gauls:  tho'  the  Titan  Japet  was  a  Pluto;  as  was  Noah's  eldefl  fon,  and 
I  think  Noah  himfelf  was  the  Egyptian  Serapis.  Bochart,  unwilling 
to  be  a  defcendcrit  of  the  Devil,  as  the  lineage  is  fomewhat  difhon- 
ourable,  furmifes  that  Cefar  wrote  Diefpiter  ;  Cefar  wrote  Ditem 
Patrem  ;  yet  the  Gauls  derive  their  volubility  of  tongue,  didimula- 
lionand  other  mercurial  talents,  from  that  Mercury  who  was  Tuitho 
or  Teutat.  But  alas,  Mercury  was  a  Deus  inferus,  one  of  the  in- 
fernals,  likewife.  Thus  the  Gallic  tribe,  when  gathered  to  their  . 
fathers,  and  entering  into  OJlia  Ditis^  may  with  peculiar  propriety 
fey  with  Adrian,  / 

Thou  little  fleeting  fprightly  foul. 

The  body's  gueft,  companion,  friend. 
Thou  pale  cold  naked  little  fool,  '"    ': 

Ah,  whither  whither  wilt  thou  tend! 
No  more  gay  wit  and  humour  (hew. 
That  copious  lately  us'd  to  flow! 

This  digreflion  is  to  be  imputed  to  Bochart*s  fuperlative  delicacy: 
tho'  I  muH:  own  that  the  original  Dis,  Odin,  Muth,  Serapis^  was 
Noah,  who  faw  the  death  of  the  old  world.  He  feems  alfo  the  Pluto 
(and  Ham  the  Saturn)  adored  by  the  GEnotrians.  Macrob. 

Belus  or  Zeus  of  Tyre  was  an  uncle  to  Jove  Picus,  and  was  the 
Jove  Thalaflius  of  Hefychius,  or  that  marine  prince  who  was  father 

G  g  2  of 


t36  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  f. 

of  Agenor  and  of  the   Egyptian  Belus  or  Amcnophis,  called  (in 
Diodorus  Siculus)  Nilus  the  father  of  Danaus  and  Egyptus.     From 
Belus  Ovid  counts  Orchamus  to  be  feventh  in  defcent;  yet  I  incline 
to  deem  this  Belus,  Arbelus.    Hyginus  names  among  the  Argonauts 
Therfanon  the  fon  of  Leucothoe,  daughter  of  this  Orchamus;    this 
name  may  be  compounded  of  Or  Cham ;    yet  more  probably  it  is 
derived  from  Orch^  chief,  and  Amous.      Mofes  Chorenenfis  writes 
'moI^^     thatBelus,  after  many  fuccefsful  engagements  with  the  gigantic  princes 
of  the  adjacent  regions,  was  (lain  in  a  bloody  battle  with  Haic^  the 
^         gigantic  king  of  Armenia.     But  this  account  is  inconfiftent  with  what 
he  quotes  from  Abydenus  and  Maribas  of  Catina  ;    for  he  telU  us, 
'*  Haic's  fon  Armenacus  was  born  after  the  death  of  Belus  ;**    bm 
Maribas,  who  wrote  130  years  before  the  Incarnation,  fays,  **he  was 
born  before  Haic's  revolt  and  retreat  to  Armenia  ;'•  and  Abydenui 
Ppcp.Evan,    fays,  **  Belus  flew  Armenacus."      Abydenus  (in  Eufebius)  informs 
us  that  Belus  drained  the  country  about  Babylon  of  the  water  that 
overflowed  it ;    and  furroundcd  the  city  with  a  wall.     He  feems  to 
be  Elian's  Belus  Archacus.     Curtius  (5)  fays,  he  built  the  city  :  but 
Hei^odotus  decbres,  ^*  that  metropolis  rofe  gradually  under  feveral 
kings."      And  I  believe  Ammian's  Belus  antiquiflimus,  who  built 
the  tower,  and  (as  Pliny  writes)  invented  aftronomy,  was  Nimwrf 
or  his  colleague:   for  aftronomical  obfervations  had  been  preferveA 
there  during  1903  years  before  the  Macedonian  conquefts.     Arrian 
fays  (3)  he  obtained  divine  honours,  and  Alexander  defigned  to  re^* 
build  his  magnificent  temple  in  the  middle  of  the  city;  which  Xerxes 
(7)  had  fubverted.     Pliny  wrote  that  this  temple's  remains  were  ex* 
tant  in  his  time  :  Curtius,  that  his  palace  was,     Abydenus  (in  Mofes 
Chorenenfis)  names  him  four  fucceflbrs ;  and  fays  that  Haic  of  Ar- 
menia's fon  Armenacua  wa&flaia  by  Belus;  and  that  Haic's  fucceflbrs 
were  Armaeis,  Amafia*  Gelamius,  Harma  and  Aram ;  whofe  band* 
fome  fon  Araeus  was  flain  by  Semiramis.     Africanus  fet  the  four 
fucceflbrs  of  Belus  long  aft^r  Nivus^  but  faid  iheir  reigns  lafted  %s 
follows. 


6.  26« 


ii 


B«ltts, 


Chap.  3*)  P  R  I  M  I  1 1  V  E    H  I  S  t  O  R  V.  %sf 

Belus,       55,  whofe  fon  Mithras  Servius  mentions;  Nonnus: 
Babius^      37,       calls  him  Deiiades,  from  Deru  in  Celtic 
Anebis,     38.        an    oak,  whence  Drus,    ahd  Druid,   and 
Chaealus,   45.       Dryad, 
Arbelus,    42, 

N.  B.     Herbert  deems  Bel  us  to  be  Nimrod*s  fon,  and  Baladan^ 
fire  of  Berodach. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria  tells  us  Abydenus  miftook  Arbelus  for  the  fa-  Contra, 
ther  of  Ninus:  which  confirms  my  opinion  that  this  lift  ftands  here  Julian* 
in  an  inverted  order ;  that  Arbelus  fhould  be  firft ;  Belus,  laft. 
There  is  reafon  to  fufpeft  the  non-exiftence  of  four  intermediate 
reigns  between  Belus  and  Ninus:  for  Eufcbius  fays  that  Egialeus  of 
Sicyon  reigned,  when  liclus  and  Ninus  did  at  Babylon;  which  im- 
pVics  that  there  was  no  interval  between  the  two  laft:  therefore  it  is 
probabk  that  the  king,  who  flew  Haic's  fon,  was  Arbelus;  miftaken  Chron, 
(as  Cyril  aflerts)  for  Belus  the  predeceflbr  of  Ninus ;  tho*  not  his 
father,  but  his  uncle  the  Tyrian  Belus  of  Dorotheus,  and  Agenor's 
father.  Yet  Eufebius,  fuppofing  Egialeus  the  firft  Sicyonian  king  to 
be  Niche's  uncle,  as  is  ufually  done,  miftakes  in  faying  the  Belus, 
iv\i6  vas  Lybia's  fon,  was  his  contemporary :  for  as  Eufebius  himfelf 
aflettfj  Danaus  the  fon  of  this  Belus  was  contemporary  with  the  * 
Jl/Uenth  king  of  Sicyon.  Therefore  the  Belus  coeval  with  Egialeus 
was  the  Babylonian  Belus  of  Eupolemus  Canaan's  brother,  and  his 
facceflbr  Ninus  was  Nimrod.  And  he  was  a  more  ancient  Phoro- 
neus  than  Niobe's  fire,  who  was  the  brother  of  Egialeus,  and  to 
whom  Trifmegiftus  allotted  Greece  ;  not  the  fon  of  Inachus,  who 
was  coeval  with  ih(^  Jeventh  king  of  Sicyon.  Probably  of  this  eldeft 
Phoroneus  Pliny  fpeaks,  when  he  fays  that  fifteen  years  before  his 
time  Menon  (or  Menes  the  eldeft  Egyptian  Mercury,  from  whom 
his  {on  Thoth  was  called  Hermogenes)  invented  letters.  Ham  him- 
felf feems  to  have  been  a  Phoroneus,  as  he  was  a  Prometheus. 

Ifis  fled  from  Typhon  to  Babylon  with  Menon,  or  Amenophis  the 
Xgyptian  Belus,  and  there  efpoufed  Ninus:  tho*  her  former  hufl)and 

Dionyfius 


\ 


S88  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

Dionyfius  altered  the  fate  of  the  Titanian  war,  begun  in  the  time  of 
that  Babylonian  Bclus  who  was  the  Tyrian;  therefore,  tho*  Nonnus 
implies  that  Dionyfius  was  really  not  young,  when  he  paid  his  ad- 
drefTes  to  Beroe  (42)  who,  as  being  a  legiflatrix,  feems  to  be  Ceres  the 
daughter  of  Venus  Urania,  Aftarte  or  Rhea,  that  is  the  noted  Ifisor 
Semiramis;  for  Nonnus  fhews  that  fhe  was  taken  for  Diana,  as  Ifis 
was;  and  that  fhe 'and  Bacchus  paid  attention  to  agriculture;  and 
that  (he  was  the  daughter  of  Venus  Urania;  notwithftanding  this,  the 
utmoft  we  can  fuppofe  is  that  Bacchus,  being  bom  about  the  time 
that  Belus  died,  may  have  married  Ifis  60  years  afterwards,  when 
(he  was  12  years  old;  and  fhe,  32  years  afterwards,  may  have  mar- 
ried Ninus.  Saturn's  fon  jove  Picus  is  faid  by  Diodorus  to  have 
been  born  when  Dionyfius  routed  Saturn;  and  Scaliger's  barbaroor 
Chronologer  with  probability  fays  that  Picus  was  this  Ninus.  Thk 
the  four  intermediate  kings  between  Belus  and  Ninus  (if  really  fo) 
could  not  on  an  average  have  reigned  longer  than  23  years  each. 
But  Diodorus  fays,  tho'  improbably,  as  I  gather  from  Nonnus,' that 
Tritonia,  (Nitocri^  or  the  younger  Ifis)  was  born  prior  to  Dionyfius^ 
whom  I  think  he  in  that  place  miftakes  for  Semele's  fon.  However 
that  be,  thofe  four  reigns  more  probably,  preceded  Belus  as  well  ai 

•  Ninus,  and  all  ftand  in  an  inverted  order  in  Mofes  Chorcncafc; 
for  in  Syncellus  and  Eufebius,  as  their  place  is  different,  fo  thfis 
order  is,  reverfed.  They  arrange  them  thus,  Arbelus,  Chaleus, 
Anebus,  Babius.  Mofes  betrays  his  own  error;  for  inftead  of  fay- 
ing Arbelus  /on  of  Chaealus,  as  his  pedigree  requires,  he  fays, 
Chaealus  fon  of  Arbelus.  To  explain  this  away,  he  formed  a  table 
having  one  Arbelus  fire  of  Chaealus;  another,  his   fon. — If  Ninus 

'  was  Picus,  he  was  the  Jove  who  became  famous,  as  Diodorus  re- 
lates, after  the  death  of  Ammon  and  his  fon.  Suidas  fays  he  lived 
120  years;  if  fo,  he  was  born  before  Dionyfius  routed  Saturn;  and 
this  is  moll  probable,  for  Saturn's  having  male  ifTue  occafioned  the 
Titanian  war.  Ctefias  counted  Semiramis  62  years  old  at  her  death, 
,and  that  fhe  reigned  42  years;  but  this  is  improbable,  except  her  reign 
in  Egypt  to  be  included;  as,  to  fay  nothing  of  her  connexion  with 
Dionyfius,  fhe  had  two  fons  by  Menon,  and  one  by  Ninus,  with  whom 

fhe 


Chap  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  239 

fhe  lived  fome  years  in  conjunftion:  fo  her  reign  began  at  Babylon 
at  a  late  period  of  her  life.     That  Ifis  was  Spmiramis   I   will   fhew 
prefently.— Pliny  (after  Juba)  writes  that  this  queen  was  fo  leud  as 
to  copulate  with  a  ftallion:  which  with  Juba's  leave   could  not  have 
happened,  except  the  ftallion  was  as  unnatural  as  herfelf.      But  this 
ftory,  improbable  as  it  is,  tends  to  prove  her  to  be  the  noted  Ceres; 
whom  the    Pythian    Oracle  (in   Paufanias)    denominates  a  horfe's 
bedfellow.     It  arofe  hence,  Neptune  or  Ocean  in  Celtic  is  Meon> 
which  was  Saturn's  name;  who  therefore  is  Neptune  the  firft  Cen- 
taur, and  the  gallant  of  Ceres;  thp'  here  (as  ufual)  the  younger 
Ceres  is  taken  for  the  elder.    Neptune  got  the  name  of  a  horfe  like- 
wife,  becaufe  Rhea  prefented  Saturn  with  a  foal  inftead  of  young 
Neptune.      When  Ifis  went  to  Babylon  with  Menon  or  Amenophis, 
fhe  feems  to  have  acquired  the  titles  of  Semiramis,  Nitocris,  and 
Myrina,  who  built  Smyrna,  and  was  flain  by  the  Thracians,  when 
^Tfon  Orus  reigned  in  Egypt;  with  whom  fhc  had  made  a  treaty 
of  anmyj  having   probably  refigned  Africa  to  his   fway.   'Hyginus 
fstys  that  Semiramis  burnt  herfelf  to  death  for  the  lofs  of  a  horfe  : 
this  report,  tho'  apparently  fabulous,  gave  countenance  to  the  fcandal.  *^^' 

Horfemanfhip  was  juft  then  invented,  and  a  managed  horfe,  of  high 
value;  befides,  the  fleetnefs  of  her  horfe  preferved  her  in  the  Indian 
mff,  Plutarch  mentions  her  ftrange  method  to  cenfure  avarice;  (he 
hwk  a  Cenotaph,  on  which  an  infcription  encouraged  a  fearch 
tfcerein  for  treafure;  but  Darius  only  found  a  mifer's  reprimand* 
Plutarch  fays  ftie  built  fhips  and  made  a  furvey  of  the  Red  Sea,  . 
Many  noble  works  are  attributed  to  her.  Strabo  fays  the  town  of 
Zela  in  Armenia,  where  Anaitis  was  folemnly  adored,  was  fituated 
on  a  mount  of  Semiramis's:  thus  refembling  Bubaftis.  Maribas  of 
Catina  attributed  to  her  a  city  and  palace  in  Armenia;  whither  (he 
reforted  in  fummer,  but  in  winter  refided  at  Nineve.  Pliny  fays 
ihc. founded  Melita  in  Cappadocia,  near  the  Euphrates;  and  5. 3,  23, 28! 
Arachofia  or  Cophe  in  CapifTene:  alfo  Abefanius  and  Sorafte,  in  the 
region  of  the  Omani.  He  alfo  mentions  her  pendent  gardens. 
Ammian  fays  (he  built  the  walls  of  Babylon,  which' name  Suidas  fays 
ihc  fubAituted  for  Nineve:  thus  Nineve  on  the  Euphrates  was  the 

city 


340  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

city  of  Babylon.     Ctefias  wrote  that  thefe  walls  were  360  Stadia  in 
L.  23.  circuit    They  were  at  Icaft  50  cubits   highj  Herodotus  fays  «cx>: 
Curiius  fays  3S&  feet  broad.     Yet  Berofus  blames  the  Greek  hiftorl- 
ans  for  fuppofmg  that  Semiramis  founded  Babylon,  and  afcribing  the 
Cont.Apion.  famous  ftruftures  about  it  to  her.      Jofephus  afcribes  the   Pcnfile 
gardens  to  Nebuchadnezzar:  Pliny  hints  that  they  were  attributed 
to  Cyrus.       To  her  Herodotus,  484  years  before  the  Chriftian  cra^ 
attributes  the  admirable  mounds  of  the  river,  to  prevent  inundations. 
L^  ^^    Polysenus  meiuions  her  Column,  noting  the  Eaftern  boundary  of  her 
empire  to  be  the  river  Inomane,  or  rather,  as  Pliny  writes,  lomene 
beyond  Ganges;  the  South  limits,  the  region  of  Myrrh  and  Frankin- 
cenfe.     She,  as  Ifis,  was  confounded  with  her  mother:   thus  Suidas 
fays,  fhe  was  called  Rhea:  He  adds  that  fhe  ere£led  pyramids;  thus 
,      Syncellus  afcribes  thie  third  pyramid  to  Nitocris,  who  is  no  oth^ 
than  Semirainis.     Suidas  fays,  Ihe  invented  Metals,  and  employed 
her  captives  about  them.     He   mentions  her   fiftitious    Elephants 
among  her  vaft  preparations  during  three  years  for  a  war  in  Indiab. 
Conan  makes  her  the  precedent  of  inceftoiis  marriages  amongft  the 
Mcdes  and  Perfians;  her  commerce  with  her  fon  begun   in   error, 
was  continued  thro*  choice:  but  Juftin  fays,  her  fon    flew  her    for 
attempting  fuch  a  connexion;    fo  various  and  uncertain  are  tiir 
the  aOiions  and  death  of  this  heroine,  •;; 

Diodorus  Siculus,  the  capital  hiftorian  of  Ninus  and  Semiramia^ 
tells  us  that  feveral  befides  Ctefias  wrote  of  Semiramis.  He  relates 
that  "  Ninus  of  Aflyria  in  conjunftion  with  Ariaeus  king  of  Arabia, 
fubdued  the  Babylonians,  and  flew  their  king.  Next,  Barzanes  of 
Armenia  fubmittcd  to  him.  Then  he  fubdued  the  Medes,  and  cru- 
cified Pharnus  their  king;  and  in  17  years  fubdued  all  Afia^  except 
Baftria  and  India,  and  conquered  Egypt.  He  then  founded  on  the 
Euphrates  (the  Mefopotamian  city)  Nineve,  150  Stadia  in  length, 
and  90  in  breadth.  The  walls  were  fo  broad  as  to  admit  three  chariots 
abreaft  to  go  over  them,  and  100  feet  high;  having  1500  towers, 
each   200  feet  high:  his  former  refidence  being  Telane,   the   moft 

ancient  city  of  Aflyria,  according  to  Stephanas.     He  next  marched 

into 


In  Photio. 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  141 

into  Ba6lriana,  where  he  married  Semiramis,  whofc  mother  Derceto 
was  an  inhabitant  of  Afcalon  :"  Which  being  founded  by    Afcalus 
the  brother  of  Tantalus,  proves  that  Semiramis  was  not  earlier  than 
thefe  perfons.     Diodorus  proceeds,  "  Derceto  afhamed  of  having 
this  child  expofed  her,  and  drowned  herfelf;  hence  the  fable  of  her 
becoming  a  fi(h  ;"  which  however  proves  her  to  be  Venus  Urania, 
according  to  the  poet  Pifcc  Venus  latuit.     "  Doves  nourifhed  the 
child  by  pecking  the  cheefes  of  farmers;  who  next  educated  her,  and 
then  delivered  her  to  Simma  the  king's  agent ;    who  named  her  Se- 
miramis, from  the  benevolent  Doves;  Semiramis  in  Syriac  meaning 
a  Dove."    So  Diodorus  mentions  that  the  youngeft  Cybele  was  ex- 
pofed, till  relieved  by  fheperdeffes.     Menon  the  governor  of  Syria 
married  her,  and  had  by  her  two  fons .  Hypates  and  Hydafpes,  at 
Nincve.     Meantime  Ninus  led  1700,000  foot,  200,000  horfe,  and 
lOSoo  chariots  armed  with  fcythes  againft  Ba£lriana,  in  feveral  di- 
vifioiis.    Oxyartes,  with  400,000  men,  cut  oflPa  part  of  his  forces:  but 
Niniu  fending  fuccours  routed  the  Baftrians,    and  befieged  Baftra, 
a  &wng  place.     Semiramis  came  to  her  hufband  then  in  the  army. 
o/ATinus,    in  a  drefs  fo  commodious,  tbo*  it  difguifed  her  fex,  that 
it  was  long  a  pattern  among  the  Medes  and  Perfians.     Being  a  woman 
not  only  of  great  beauty,  but  excellent  parts,  (he  remarkt  that  the 
BaBtrians  relying  on  the  natural  ftrength  of  the  citadel,  had' in  it  a 
ii^t  garrifon  :  and^  with  a  feleft  band  of  foldiers,  took  it  by  fur- 
prife.     Ninus  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  unable  to  perfuade  Menon 
to  refign  her,  threatened  to  pull  out  his  eyes  :    on  this  Menon  hung 
himfelf,  and  Ninus  married  Semiramis.     By  her  he  had  a  fon  Ninus; 
and,  foon  after  dying,  left  her  the  realm.     His  Sepulchre  at  Nineve 
was  nine  furlongs  high  ;  forty,  in  circuit.       Menon  is  the  Meon  of 
Xanthus ;    his  wife  is  Callirhoe  daughter  of  Ocean,  or  the  Meon 
who  was  the  Titan  Saturn. 

Semiramis  employed  two  millons  of  men  in  building  Babylon,  on 
both  fides  of  the  Euphrates.  The  wall  was  360  furlongs,  with  many 
towers;  fix  chariots  abreaft  could  go  over  them  ;  others  faid  only 
two  chariots,  and  that  they  were  50  cubits  high,  with  250  towers. 

I  i  Diodorus 


i4'2  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  ST  O  R  Y.  (Book  a. 

Diodorus  fets  an  interval  of  two  Plethra  between  the  hoyfes  and  wall, 
which  was  compleated  in  one  year.      Hence, 

Dicitur  altam 
Coftilibus  Muris  cinxifle  Semiramis  Urbem. 

In  the  narroweft  part  of  the  river  fhe  erefted  a  bridge  five  furlongs 
long;  the  arches  were  12  feet  wide.     The  ftones  were  bound  with 
iron  cramps,  having  melted  lead  poured  into  the  fockets.      Each 
pier  prefented  an  angle  againft  the  ftream.     It  was  30  feet  broad, 
and  floored  with  beams  of  cedar,  cyprefs  and  palmtrees.     She  faced 
the  banks  of  the  river  at  each  end  for  the  diftance  of   100  furlongs 
with  a  wall  as  ftrong  as  that  of  the  city ;  and  erefted  a  callle  at  both 
ends.     The  weftern  was  in  circuit  60  furlongs;  the  other,  40  11 
length,  and  100  yards  high  ;  the  towers,  40  yards  higher ;  having 
hunting-matches  reprefented  on  the  vfalls.  It  had  3  gates,  and  brazen 
ftatues  of  Ninus,  Semiramis  and  Jove  Belus.     Underneath   wcfcf 
banquetting  rooms  of  brafs,  the  entrance  to  which  was  a  curious 
piece  of  mechanifm.      Next  fhe  funk  a. lake  35  feet  deep;  each  fide 
being  300  furlongs  in  length,  lined  with  brick  cemented  with  bitu- 
men.    Diverting  the  river  into  this  tank ;  fhe  made  a  fubterraneJff 
gallery  of  communication  between  the  two  caftles,  12  feet  high,  i^ 
broad ;  compleating  it  in  260  days  :  the  brazen  gates  of  it  remained 
till  the  Perfian  conqueft.       In  the  centre  of  the  city  fhe  erefted  thte  - 
temple  of  Jove  Belus,  with  bricks  and  bitumen.   Here  the  Chaldeam« 
made  aflronomical  obfervations.     On  the  top  were  golden. flat ues  c^^ 
Jove,  Juno  and  Rhea ;    this  proves  Semiramis  fubfequent  to  thcCr"« 
Titans.     Diodorus  proceeds  thus,  "  Jove's  flatue  pajfant  was  for*^ 
feet  high,  and  weighed  1000  talents;"     and,  being  in  the  Dedali^— 
flile,    argues    Semiramis   not  to  have  been  long  prior  to   Mina^--^ 
"  Rhea's,  of  the  fame  weight,  fat  on  a  golden  throne,  having  tW  "* 
lions  flanding  at  the  footflool,  and  near  them  two   huge  filver  fe<"^ 
pents  weighing  each  30  talents.  Juno*s  flatue  wasereft,  andweighe  ^ 
800  talents ;  her  right  hand  held  a  ferpent  by  the  head  ;  her  left,    ^ 
fceptrc  adorned  with  gems.     A  table  common  to  the  three  Deitic^^ 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  243 

of  gold  40  feet  long,  17  broad,  and  weighing  500  talents,  held  two 
flagons,  of  30  talents  in  weight;  alfo  two  cenfers  weighing  300  talents. 
Of  three  vafes,  that  confecrated  to  Jove  weighed  12QO  Babylonian 
talents  ;  the  other  two  weighed  600  each.'*  Each  talent  according 
to  Varro  in  Pliny  was  equal  to  eighty  pounds.  "  I'hefe  the  Perfian 
kings  made  prize  of.  The  Penfile  gardens  were  made  by  a  Syrian 
king  to  pleafe  his  Perfian  concubine  ;  tho*  attributed  to  Semirami^ : 
each  fide  extended  4  plcthra.  The  foundation-ftones  were  16  feet 
long,  4  broad.  Then  feveral  ftories  of  arches  were  raifed ;  the 
upermofl  being  50  cubits  high.  The  walls  were  22  feet  thick.  Sheets 
of  lead  covered  this  pile  :  on  which  a  depth  of  foil  was  laid  fufficient 
for  the  growth  of  large  trees.  The  arches  contained  apartments. — 
She  built  other  cities  on  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates;  for  the  com- 
merce of  Media  and  Paraetacene.  She  caufed  an  obelifk  to  be  hewn 
out  of  the  Armenian  hills  and  brought  to  the  river  by  afles  and  oxen; 
\iV\cnce  it  was  conveyed  to  Babylon ;  being   135  feet  high;  and  25 

on  each  fide  of  the  bafe.**     Pliny  writes  that  Cyrus  made  prize  of  33-  3- 

her  bowl  weighing  15  talents. 

'*  Marching  into  Media,  at  a  mountain  facred  to  Jove,  and  named 
Bagiftan,  (he  conftrucled  a  garden  12  ftadia  in  circuit.  The  rocks 
of  this  mountain,  contiguous  to  this  Paradife,  rofe  17  furlongs  in 
hdght.  Here  her  flatue  was  engraven,  with  100  fuitors.  An  171-- 
fififtion  in  Syriac  recorded  that  flie  afcended  to  the  fummit  on  the 
baggage  of  the  army.  Proceeding  thence  to  Chaon  a  city  of  Media, 
ihe  Turrounded  an  extraordinary  high  rock,  fituated  on  an  elevated 
plain,  with  a  garden.  Here  fhe  lived  voluptuoufly  ;  chufing  hand- 
fome  foldiers  for  enjoymen.t,  whom  Ihe  immediately  configned  to 
deai.h.  Removing  to  Ecbatari,  fhe  conftrufted  a  direft  road  over 
Mount  Zarca^us :  built  a  palace  at  Ecbatan  ;  and  plentifully  fup- 
plied  that  town  with  water,  thro'  an  aqueduft  15  feet  broad,  and  40 
deep  ;  cut  thro'  the  mountain  Orontes,  which  was  25  ftadia  in  height, 
and  1 2  ftadia  from  the  town :  by  which  the  water  of  the  lake  on  the 
other  fide  was  conveyed  to  the  city.  She  then  made  a  tour  thro' 
Peifia  and  other  provinces,  forming  roads  by  removing  rocks  and 

I  i  2  hills: 


144 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

hills :  rometimes  railing  mounts  on  plains  as  fepulchrcs  for  de- 
ceafed  officers,  or  to  build  towns  upon  them;  and  fmall  mounts 
for  her  own  pavilion,  to  review  her  army.  She  traverfed  Egypt,  and 
fubdued  a  great  part  of  Lybia.  On  confulting  Ammon*s  oracle, 
fhe  was  told  Ihe  fhould  quit  the  world  and  attain  divine  honours  ,when 
her  fon  Ninyas  fhould  confpire  againfl.  her.  She  afterwards  fubdued 
Ethiopia  in  a  great  meafure.  Then  Ihe  led  her  army  back  to  BaOra. 
Having  enjoyed  peace  a  confiderable  time,  fhe  at  length  prepared 
to  invade  India,  whofe  king  was  Stabrobates.  His  army  wasimmenfe, 
and  elephants  numerous.  She  therefore  fent  to  her  viceroys  to  enrol 
all  the  able-bodied  youth,  to  appear  at  Baftra  in  three  years  time. 
Then  fhe  had  fhipwrights  from  Phenicia,  Syria  and  Cyprus,  to  con- 
flruft  the  frames  of  portable  barges,  for  rivers;  fhe  being  apprehenfivc 
of  a  fcarcity  of  materials  on  the  (hoflile)  banks  of  the  Indus.  Wii 
the  hides  of  three  hundred  thoufand  oxen  fhe  made  fiditious  ele- 
phants; an  artifice  imitated  by  Perfeus  of  Macedon  with  fimilar  ill 
fuccefs.  Thefe  inclofed  a  camel  with  its  rider,  and  were  made  in 
an  inclofed  place,  to  prevent  the  information  of  fpies  and  deferters. 
Her  army  amounted  to  three  millions  of  foot,  500,000  horfe, 
100,000  chariots ;  and  as  many  Camel-riders,  with  fabres  four 
cubits  long.  Two  thoufand  frames  of  boats  were  carried,  like  tbe 
artificial  elephants.  By  camels.  Thefe  reprefentations  were  rendeMi 
familiar  to  the  horfes  by  ufage.  The  king  of  India  conflru6led  fotir 
thoufand  boats  of  huge  reeds,  and  colle3ed  an  army  more  numerous 
than  that  of  Semiramis;  and  augmented  the  number  of  his  elephants* 
Then  he  fent. an  embafTy  to  Semiramis  to  cenfure  her  unjufl  con*- 
duft,  and  libidinous  life  ;  vowing  to  crucify  her,  as  foon  as  made 
captive.  Semiramis  having  read  the  letter^  replied  **  The  Indian 
fhall  foon  experience  my  virtue."  On  her  arrival  at  the  InduSj 
finding  the  enemy's  fleet  prepared  for  battle,  fhe  foon  fitted  out 
her  barks,  and  lined  the  river-bank  with  foldiers.  After  a  long 
and  fharp  engagement,  viftory  declared  in  favour  of  Semiramis/ 
who  funk  1000  barges,  and  took  a  multitude  of  prifoners;  and  fub- 
dued the  iflands  and  towns  of  the  river,  making  100,000  captives* 
The  Indian  pretended  flight  to  intice  the  enemy  to  land:  Semiramis 

accordingly  threw  a  bridge  over  the   river,  and  purfued  the  foe. 

Leaving 


Chap  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTOHV,  345 

leaving  6o,QOO  men  to  guard  the   bridge.     The  Indian  fcouts,  de* 
ceived  by  the  mock  Elephants  advancing  in  front,  made  a  tremen- 
dous report  concerning  them.     But  fome  centinels  of  Semiramis,  in 
difgrace  for  negleft  of  duly,  deferled  to  the  Indians,  and  difcovered 
the  fallacy.     Both  armies  advanced  to  battle;  but  the  Indian  Horfes^ 
offended  at  the  fcent  of  the  hides,  fell  into  confufion.     Semiramis 
with  a  feled  body  of  men  completed  the  rout.     Stabrobates  led  on 
his  foot  (uftained  by  Elephants;  himfelf,  mounted  on  a  large  on?, 
attacked  the  queen  in  perfon;  his  Elephants  proved  irrefiftible.  He 
wounded  her  firft  with  an  arrow  in  the  arm,  then  obliquely  on  the 
back   with  his  javelin.     The  queen's  Steed,  being  fleeter  than  the 
Elephant,  preferved  her  life.     At  the  bridge  multitudes  preft  one 
another  to  death.      But  when  the  major  part  of  her  furviving  forces 
had  repaired,  Semiramis  ordered  the  bridge  to  be  broken,  which 
^Qi  an  end  to  the  confli6l.     After  an  exchange  of  prifoners,  fhe 
ttxoxw^  toBaftra,  with   fcarce  a  third  of  her  army.'*  Arrian  and     '  '*' 
Strajboby,  Ihe  died  during  her  Indian  expedition:  But  Megafthenes  Alex,  L.6. 
(kkSirabo)  denies  that  Semiramis  went  fo  far  as  India.  Arrian  allows 
ibe  was  there,  but  was  put  to  (light. 

*•  Sometime  after  the  Indian  war,  an  eunuch,  at  her  fon*s  inftiga^ 

^om  attempting  her  life,  fhe  refented  it  not;  but  refigned  the  em- 

]rin^  and  prefently  difappeared/*  Valerius  Maximus  fays  that  when 

Bafylon   revolted   from  Semiramis,  fhe  ^polled  againft  it,  without 

fiaying  to  put  her  difhevelled  hair  in  order  before  fhe  reduced  it  to 

obedience.     Several  writers  faid  that   perfuading  her  hufband  to 

permit  her  to  reign  during  five  days  (which  feem  to  be  their  great 

feftival)  fhe  imprifoned  him  on  the  fecond,  and  held  the  empire  till 

old  age.     She  appears  to  be  the  Lybian  Myrina  whom  Homer  and  j)io^jQrus 

Strabo  celebrate  as  a  fwift  charioteer.       Her  hiftory  in  Diodorus  is 

to  this  efFeft.     "  Myrina  queen  of  the  Amazons  (thus  refembling 

Minerva  Ammon*s  ally,  and  indeed  his  daughter  Ceres  or  Ifis)  with 

30,000  foot  and  2000  horfeycovered  with  fkins  of  fnakes,  and  armed 

with  fwords,  bows,  and  javelins,  routed  the  Atlantidcs,  crazed  their 

town,  and  flew  all  the  males  above  14  years  of  age,  and  enflaved  all 

others,  males  and  females.     On  this  the  whole  nation  fubmitting,  fhe 

founded 


246  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Boott. 

founded  the  town  Myrina,  and  fettled  her  captives  there.**     This  is 
Smyrna,  fee  Lycaphron,  and  Syncellus;  called  fo  after  the  daughter 
of  Cinyras  of  AfTyria,  fays  Hyginus:  but  Cinyras  being  Ammon, 
this  daughter  is  Ifis  the  Egyptian  Venus;  efpecially  as  Hyginus  (ays, 
*'  Adonis  was  the  fon  of  this  Cinyras,  and  of  the  Elder  Smyrna,** 
who  was  khea,  and  Adonis  was  Dionyfius.     Myrina  of  courfe  lived 
in  the  time  of  Orus  fon  of  Ifis,  as  is  recorded.   Diodorus  proceeds, 
*'  Myrina  next,  in  behalf  of  her  new  fubjefts,  invaded  and  beat  the 
Gorgons,  taking  3000  captives:  who  furprized  and  (lew  their  guard, 
but  were  themfelves  at  length  flain.    The  queen  interred  her  people 
under  three  great  Barrows.     Entering  Egypt,  fhe  formed  a   league 
with  Orus;  and  thence  invaded  Arabia.  She  next  reduced  Syria,  and     | 
kindly  received  the  Cilicians;  fubdued  the  country  about  Taurus 
overran  Phrygia,  to  the  Caicus:  built  the   maritime  cities    Cymca^ 
Pitane,  Priene,  and  (bme  inland  towns.     She  feized,  among  other 
iflands,  Mitylene,  named  after  her  fitter:"  the'  Diodorus  elfewherc 
s    A     b    ^^y**  ^^^^^  ^^^  daughter  of  Macareus  the  fon  of  Jove  Cyrenaicut 
Macareus  is    faid  by  Myrtillus  to  be  the  fire  of  the  Mufes;  but  he 
was  a  Jove,  and  moft  probably  Ammon  and  Cinyras.      But  to  pro* 
ceed:     "  On  account  of  a  tempeft  Ihe  made  a  vow  to  the  motherof 
the  Gdds,  by  which  fhe  went  alone,  and  cpnfecrated  an  altar  to  tin 
Goddefs  in  Samothrace,  or  the  facred  Ifle;  and  inftituted  the  faCwA 
Order  of  the  Corybantes  there;  fome  of  whom  were  her  own  foB>>        '■ 
and  a  facred  Grove  for  an  afylum:"  thefe  incidents  prove  that  ftc      \ 
was  Cybele's  daughter  Ceres,  Ifis  or  Nitocris,  who  as    Herodotus 
writes  took  afylum  in  afhes;   and  Corybas  the  Samothracian  Hieraro» 
was  her   fon. — "  Mopfus  being  expelled  Thrace  by  Lycurgus,  irm- 
vaded  the  Amazons  (thought  by  Bryant  to  be  votaries   of  Ha*^ 
Azon;  but  Amhafan  in  Irifh  fignifies  Ferus;  and  Amhas,  pugnato^  ^> 
as  Araatz  in  Hebrew  is  fortis)  inconjunftion  with  Sipylus  of  Scy^' 
thia;  and  flew  Myrina."   Hence  I  conclude  that  Lycurgus  was  fla^  ^ 
by  the  Grecian  Bacchus,  not  by  the  Egyptian;  as,  in  the  reign  of  tV^^ 
Egyptian's  fon   Orus  Lycurgus  was  alive.     Strabo  writes  that  b^ 
tomb  named  Batieia  was  in  the  Trojan    plain.     Conan   in    Photi^ 
fays  that  *•  Semiramis  was   held   by   fome  to  be   tne   daughter   ^ 
Ninus:"  thus  Jove  was  faid  to  have  lain  with  his  daughter   Profe^^ 

pii^^^ 


Chap,  30  PRIMITIVE    M  I  S  T  O  R  Y-  147 

pine;  here  Uranus  and  the  elder  Proferpine,  Ceres,  or  Semiramis, 
who  was  Rhea,  are  meant.  Great  confufion  arofe  in  the  Titanian 
Hiftory  by  confounding  both  Uranus  and  Ammon  with  Saturn's  fon 
Picas;  and  the  two  Proferpines,  and  Cybeles  together.  The  elder 
Proferpinewas  Rhea^  fhe  cohabited  with  Ammon,  and  alfo  (as  being 
Eurynome)  with  Uranus  her  fire;  and  is  confounded  with  the  youngCf 
Ceres,  Ifis,  or  Semiramis,  who  cohabited  with  Picus:  fhe  is  alfo 
confounded  with  the  younger  Proferpine,  her  daughter,  according 
to  Sanchoniatho;  but  ufually  reputed  her  grand-daugher. 

The  Robe  of  her  invention,  Juftin  informs  us,  was  a  contrivance 

to  prevent  her  being  diftinguifhed  from  her  fon.      It  feems  to  have 

been  effeminate  rather  than  martial:  for  fhe  is  faid    to  have  intror  Martiaf. 

duced  parti-coloured  vefls;  and  Perfian  fculptures  reprefent  flowing 

robes,  not  fuccinft.      Juftin  feems  to  fay  that  Ninus  was  later  than 

Sefoftris.    Agathias  pofitively  fays  fo.  Yet  they  mean  the  younger 

Ninus;  for  the  elder  was  Picus;  and  his  wife,  Rhea's  daughter;  but 

that  the  elder  Semiramis  was  Rhea  herfelf   Cedrehus  implies,  in 

Gtying  Jove  Bel  us  was  her  Ton. 


Ninils  or  Ninyas,  the  fon  of  Semiramis,  was  a  moft   effeminate 
-pnncc;  invifible  to  all  except  concubines  and  eunuchs.     However, 
for  internal  fecurity  he  annually  raifed  a  militia  out  of  every  pro- 
vince^ which  aflembled  at  the  metropolis;  and  he  fent  a  faithful 
officer  to  govern  each  province.  At  the  end  of  the  year  he  difbanded 
his  troops,  on  their  taking  an  oath  of  Allegiance,  and  raifed  others: 
giving  none  of  them  time  to  form  confpiracies.     Atheneus,  from 
Phenix  Colophonius,  has  given  us  his  epitaph  to  this  effeft, 

Ninus,  Affyrian  king,  as  authors  hold. 

Was  once  poffeffor  of  a  fea  of  gold  ; 

And  wealth  cou'd  boaft  more  copious  than  the  fand. 

That  numberlefs  o'erfpreads  the  Cafpian  flrand. 

He  ne'er  beheld  a  ftar's  celeftial  light  1 

Nor  do  I  think  he  e'er  defir'd  the  fight. 

He  ne'er  performed  what  facred  rites  required; 

Nor  to  adore  the  Deitv  afpir'd. 

He 


Diodorus  2. 


248 


PRIMITIVE      H  I  S  r  O  R  Y.  (Book  2. 

He  trampled  on  the  laws,  nor  ftoopt  t'  accoft 
His  flaves;  nor  knew  how  many  he  cou'd  boaft. 
A  man  of  prowefs  or  to  drink  or  eat; 
Bumpers  he  fill'd,  fcorn'd  every  other  feat. 
The  dead  when  this  ridic'lous  monarch  joined. 
He  this  ftrange  memorandum  left  behind. 


"  To  yon  cold  fepulchre,  where  Ninus  lies, 

Affyrian,  Mede,  curl'd  Indian  turn  thine  eyes. 

Next  hear  mc,  I  no  trifling  truths  declare; 

I  Ninus  was,  and  breath'd  the  vital  air. 

Gates  gratified  my  palate;  and  my  arms 

Were  fatiated  with  heavenly  beauty's  charms. 

The  wealth  I  owii'd,  my  enemies  now  may  own; 

As  ivy  wreaths  mad  Bacchanalians  crown. 

Gone  to  the  fhadcs,  my  treafure's  at  an  end; 

Nor  gold  nor  cavalry  cou*d  me  attend; 

Nor  me  a  filver  chariot  thither  bore-, 

I  now  am  dufl,  who  once  a  diadem  wore." 


Eufebius  and  Syncellus   name  Ninyas,  Zames,  which  figniftsr 
SanBus.     Gedrenus  fays  that  Thurus  reigned  after  Ninus;  Rhti'i 
brother,  who  was  his   father  Zames,  called  him  Mars.     Cedreniii, 
and  Suidas   fay  •'  Thuras  was,  after   Ninus,  king  of  AfTyria,  and 
Marfliam.      firnamed    Mars   after  the   Planet.     He   was  a  fierce  warrior;  and 
attacking  the  gigantic  tyrant  Gaucafus,  a  defcendant  of  Japhet,  cut 
him  off.     The  AfTyrians  deifying  him,  firnamed  him  Baal,  which  in 
their  tongue  fignifies  Mars.*'    Rhea  or  Gybele  is  here  miflaken  for 
the  younger  Gybele,  Geres,  or  Semiramis,  the  mother  of  Thurus. 

Diodorus  Siculus  fays  that  Sardanapalus  was  the  thirtieth  king 
I»  Syncello.  from  Ninus,  founder  of  the  Affyrian  monarchy  ;  and  that  Teutamusy 
the  king  at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  was  the  20th  from  Ninyas, 
fon  of  Semiramis:  Cephalion  who  wrote  above  a  century  before  the 
Incarnation,  deemed  him  the  22d  from  Belus;  whom  he  here  con- 
founds with  Arbelu5« 

Thus 


,/ 


Chap.  3.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

Thus  then  I  fiorm  the  Table  of  Babylonian  kings  after  the  Arabian 
Dynafty,  from  Arbelus,  the  Belus  of  Abydenus. 


849 


1.  Arbelus, 

16.  Lam-prides, 

8.  Chaleus, 

ty.  Sos-aresj 

3.  A-nebus, 

i8*  Lamp-ares, 

4.  Babius, 

19.  Panyas  coeval  with'Jafon, 

5.  Belus, 

20.  Sofarmus, 

6.  Ninus, 

21.  Mithraeus, 

7.  Semiramis, 

22.  Teutamus,    or  Teutanes ; 

8.   Ninyas  Zames, 

during  the  Trojan  war. 

9.  Arius, 

23.  Teuteus, 

10.  Aralius, 

24.  Thineus, 

11.  Xerxes  Baleus, 

^ 

25.  Dercylus,             ' 

la.  Anna-mithres, 

26.  Eupacmes,  Eupalmus,  £u- 

13.  Bcl-ochus  (counted  the  fe- 

pales. 

cond)  coeval  with  Perfeus: 

27.  Laofthenes, 

be  feems  from 

Cedrenus 

28,  Pyritiades, 

to  be  the  firft  ! 

Sardanapa- 

29.  Ophrateus, 

lus. 

30.  Ephe-cheres  or  Ophratencs, 

14.  Bel-eterOwS,  who 

truly   was 

31.  Acra-zapes  or  Acra-zanes, 

Baleus. 

32.  Thonos  Concolerus,  orSar- 

15^  Setbos, 

danapalus. 

As  Semiramis  was  later  than  Jove  the  father  of  Minos  (for  Ihe 
erefted  his  ftatue)  the  reigns  between  her  and  Teutaraus  muft  have 
been  fliort.  But  Ihe  and  her  mother  feem  to  have  borr.e  the  name 
of  Semiramis,    in  common. 

Cyril  (againft  Julian)  deems  Laoflhenes  165  years  after  the  Tro- 
jan wisir.  But  as  to  Dioaorus  Siculus,  if  Teutamus  was  the  20th 
from  Ninyas,  Sardanapalus  muft,  as  the  lift  ftands  after  giving  four 
kings  their  feniority  to  Belus,  be  the  32d  from  Ninus  :  Cephalion 
counted  23  effeminate  kings  from  Ninyas  to  Sardanapalus;  thus  he 
^'^d  Diodoras   fliew  that  the  prefent  lift  contains  too  many  by  two, 

K  k  below 


I 


250  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  t. 

below  Teutamus:  befides  the  four  kings  at  the  head  of  my  lift:  Ce- 
drenus  counts  only  Ninyas,  Thurus  and  Lamis  between  Nirarod  and 
the  firft  Sardanapalus. 

Diodorus  Siculus  and  Cephalion  agree  that  the  Affyrian  kings 
reigned  fucceflively  to  the  capture  of  Troy  during  loob  years.  They 
mean  from  the  firft  foundation  of  a  kingdom  at  Babylon,  163  years 
after  the  flood,  according  to  Polyhiftor,  fuppofing  the  flood  2242 

In  Syncello,    yearj  after  the  creation.     From  the  flood  therefore  to  the  Chriftian 

era,  the  interval  was  about  2348  years.     Emilius  Sura  (in  Pater- 

culus)  counted  from  the  reign  of  Ninus,  who  muft  be  the  founder  of 

Nineve,  1995  years  incufively,  to  the  reduClion  of  Antiocjius  the 

l^  Great,  190  years   before  the    Incarnation.     Conftantine  Manafles 

fays,  the  Egyptian  empire  lafted   1663  years,  till   its  fubverfion  ly 

Apolon.  Cambyfes,  A.  C.  525.     And  Mifor  probably  founded  his  kingdom, 

4,  268.    fomewhat  fooner  than  Nimrod's  was,  as  Egypt  was  the  moft  ancient 

Synccl.  p.  38  empire:  if  therefore  about  160  years  after  the  Deluge;  the  interval 
between  the  flood  and  Incarnation  will  be  2348  years.    Eratofthencs 
counts  about  1008  years  from  the  firft  king  of  Thebais  to  Phuron, 
when  Troy  was  takent  therefore  if  Menes  began  his  reign  in  Thebais 
about  156  years  after  the  flood,  the  interval  between  the  flood  and  la^ 
carnatiofi  will  be  2348  years.  Diodorus  Siculus  counts  23,000  (luatrj 
years  from  Ofiris  (or  Mifor)  to  Alexander's  conqueft  of  Egypt,  ^ 
years  A.  C.  thefe  lunar  years  are  almoft   i86o  folar ;  this  fets  the 
commencement  of  the  Egyptian   empire  156  years  after  the  flood. 
Hence  it  appears  that  Cenforinus   means  the   interval  between  the 
Olympiads  and  Noah's  flood,    inftead  of  the  Ogygian  ;   when  he 
counts  it  1600  years. 

The  Egyptians  are  deemed  the  moft  ancient  nation  in  Ariftotle*s 
Meteorology,  1 ;  and  Apollonius  Rhodius  ftiles  Egypt "  the  mother 
4.  268.    of  the  firft  men":  hence  Egypt  was  called  Ogygia,  fignifyingits  an-*^ 
tiquity,  as  Stephanus  acquaints  us ;    and  probably  on  this  account- 
Dionyfius  the  poet  termed  Hecatompylos,  Ogygian. 

That 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  351 

That  the  kingdom  of  Thebais  begun  about  156  years  after  the 
flood  Varro  alfo  (hews  :  he  fays  that  Thebes  was  founded  2100 
years  before  his  time.  Thebes  was  built  and  governed  by  Thoth's 
father  Menes ;  who,  as  Sanchoniatho  fhews,  was  Mifor.  Jofephus 
fays  that  Menes  founded  Memphis  long  before  Abraham's  time, 
and  1300  years  before  Solomon's  ;  which  computation  exceeds 
mine  a  very  few  years.  Diodorus  fays  that  Uchoreus,  the  eighth 
of  the  race  of  Ofymandyas^  built  Memphis;  but  he  miftakes 
Uchoreus,  the  Choreeus  of  Dionyfius  HalicarnafTcnfis,  and  father 
of  Callithea  or  Ceres,  who  was  Cybele's  hufband  Meon  or  the  Ti- 
tan Saturn,  and  was  the  eighth  of  Ham's  line,  as  thus.  Ham,  Mifor,  ^ 
Thoth,  Tat,  Mannus,  Acmon,  Ophion  or  Uranus,  Saturn;  I  fay 
he' miftakes  this  Meon  for  Menes  Thoth's  father,  who  probably  was 
Ofymandyas  or  the  Ofiris,  whofe  vocal  ftatue  was  made  at  the  com-  ' 

mand  of  Sefoftris;  and  who  was  the  Ofiris  that  founded  Chemmis  and  Diodorus  i. 
TbeVts:  and  the  eighth  of  this  family  amongft  the  founders  of  Mem- 
phis  wai  Ifmunus  the  eighth  Cabir  ;  a  palace  there  was  built  by  his       afties/ 
cou/iii-german  Thoth. 

The  old  chronicle  in  Syncellus  tells  us  that  the  Auritac,  (that  is,  the 
Hycfi  of  Avaris)  poffeft  the  Lower  Egypt :  next,  the  Meftreans  of 
Tliebais  ;  who  under  Amous,  as  Plutarch  calls  Ammon,  expelled 
tbe  Hycfu  After  this  Titanian  race,  common  Egyptians  obtained 
tfcc  Ibvereignty,  the  firft  of  thefe  feems  to  be  the  firft  Proteus  of 
Herodotus.  This  chronicle  mentions  a  long  period  of  36525  years- 
which  is  their  Sothiac  cycle  of  1461,  multiplied  by  25,  to  form  a 
Lunifolar  cycle.  This  it  fills  up  moftly  with  phyfical  periods  relative 
to  the  celeftial  Gods :  attributing  to  Vulcan  30,000  years  ;  to  the 
reft  of  12  Divinities,  3984  years;  to  the  Demi-gods,  217  years;  to  tbe 
Cynic  cycle  443  years.  This  circle  feems  to  relate  to  the  Hycfi 
during  their  fupreme  power.  The  period  of  the  Hycfi  Manetho 
counted  in  all  511  years  ;  but  their  power  was  abridged  fome  years 
before  their  final  removal.  He  counts  fix  kings  among  the  Hycfi 
during  260  years  :  tho'  Apopis  and  Afeth  or  AfEs  were  Saturn  and 
Typhon,  as  we  learn  from  Plutarch  :  but  if  inftead  of  Affis  we  read 

K  k  a  Arcles 


252  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  s. 

Arcles,  he  is  Melcart  or  Plutarch's  Melcander,  contemporary  with 
Ifis,  and  king  of  Biblos.  Thefe  probably  were  aided  by  t}ie  Hycfi 
againft  Ammon,  and  had  the  fupreme  command  :  but  the  Hycfi  re- 
mained fometime  in  Egypt,  after  they  had  loft  the  fovereignty  as 
well  as  before  they  acquired  it.  Abraham's  fon  Midian  feems  alfo 
to  have  been  their  ally,  and  (lain  by  Adad,  Sanchoniatho's  Adod, 
fon  of  Ammon,  Jove  Pappeus  or  Apappus.  The  Hycfi  reigned 
collaterally  with  thofe  kings  of  Thebes  and  This,  whofucceeded  the 
firft  Dynafty  at  each  place.  The  Titan  Gods  and  Demi  gods  make 
Ifis.  a  great  part  of  the  1 8th  Dynafty,  as  Orus  fliews.  The  general  fuc- 
ceflion  of  kings  began  with  the  i6th  Dynafty,  whom  Eufebius 
deems  the  five  firft  Theban  kings.  The  period  from  this  Dynafty  to 
the  thirtieth  inclufively  is  1881  years,  according  to  the  old  chro. 
nicle;  ending  eight  before  Alexander  beat  Darius  330  years  before 
the  Incarnation.  This  makes  the  commencement  of  the  Egyptian 
empire  a  few  years  fooner  than  the  foregoing  calculations  :  but 
the  term  of  that  chronicle  will  be  proved  a  little  too  long  by  a  future 
examination. 

Terom,       ^hc  Latin  tranflator  of  the  Chronicon  of  Eufebius  fays,  Manetto 
counted  from  Vulcan  to  Menes   2100  years;    that  is,  inclufivd|; 
thefe  being  Lunar  years,  the  interval  from  the  time  that  Egypt  vu 
taken  pofteffion  of  by  Ham,  to  the  end  of  Mifor's  reign  was  170 
folar  years. 

The  partition  of  territory  at  Phaleg's  birt^,  whereby  it  is  faid 
that  Thoth  made  the  firft  diftribution  to  Phoroneus,  proves  fubfe- 
quent  to  the  foundation  of  the  Egyptian  and  Babylonian  empires. 
This  laft  Syncellus  fays  continued  uninterruptedly  under  40  kings 
after  Belus,  during  1460  years  (which  is  a  Sothiac  period)  to  Ma- 
cofcolcrus,  whom  (fays  he)  Polybius,  Diodorus,  Cephalion,  Caftor, 
Thallus  and  others  call  Sardanapalus.  Diodorus  counts  30  kings 
from  Ninus.  The  duration  according  to  this  Hiftorian  is  now,  in 
one  place,  1400  years;  in  another,  1360  :  but  Syncellus  fays,  he 
reckoned  fomewhat  above  1300,  Juftin  fays  1300.  Agathias,  at 
the  end   of  the  annals  of  Glycas,  1306.       However,  Diodorus  and 

Cephalion 


Chap-  30  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  253 

Cephalion  count  1000  years  from  the  commencement  of  the  empire 
to  the  Trojan  war.  And  the  commencement  of  the  Egyptian  empire 
in  Eratofthenes  and  Conftantine  Manaffcs  fliews  this  date  reaches  to 
the  primitive  Babylonian  fettlcment    under  Nimrod.      Dica^archus 
(hews  that  Nimrod  was  the  primitive  Ninus  ;  as  he  calls  the  founder  Stephan. 
of  Nineve  by  that  name.     The  Titans  aflTeSed  the  names  and  titles  ,^^  Chaldco. 
of  Ham's  immediate  defcendcnts  ;    as,  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius  was 
called  Bacchus,  who  really  was  Nimrod  fon  of  Chus ;    and  his  wife 
probably  was  the  real  Semiramis,  asCedrenus  afTerts:  but  Rhea  having 
affumed  her  name,  Cedrenus  thought  that  the  eldeft  Ninus  and  Semi- 
ramis  were  the  parents  of  Picus,  Belus  and  another   Ninus  :    who 
feem  all  to  be  one  perfon,  the  father  of  Minos :    he  ruled  Aflyria, 
as  Cedrenus  writes,  30  years.      Picus  may  have  aflfefted  the  name 
of  Ninus,  when  he  came  to  Babylon.     Whence  hiftorians,  to  recon- 
d\c  Picus  with  Nimrod,  put  feveral  perfons  into  the  Aflyrian  lift  of 
kingi  between  Bclochus  (the  contemporary  of  Perfeus)  and  Ninus: 
ihcfe  may  have  been  real  kings  of  Nineve  after  the  real  Nimrod, 
but  not  after  the  Titan  Belus  of  Babylon,  and  his  fucceflbr;  yet  their 
foreign  names  befpcak  them  to  be  fiflitious. 

That  Ninus,  the  fucceflbr  of  this  Belus,  could  not  have  been  1000 
yean  before  the  Iliac  war  is  plain  ;  for  the  Titanian  war  in  the  time 
of  Belus  was  in  the  fourth  century  before  the  fiege  of  Troy.  Ap- 
pian  counts  the  duration  of  the  Affyrian,  Median  and  Perfian  empires 
fcarce  900  years.  Herodotus  reckons  520  years  from  the  Median 
revolt  up  to  Ninus.  But  they  both  compute  too  fhort:  as  they  bring 
Ninus  down  within  50  years  of  the  fall  of  Troy.  Auguftine  more 
rightly  counts  Ninus  1000  years  after  Noah's  flood.  The  Chronicon  Civit.Dci. 
of  Eufebius  is  not  very  remote  from  the  truth  in  placing  Ninus  in  ^^• 

the  time  of  Miamun,  who  feems  contemporary  with  Ninyas.  Oro- 
fius  computes  near  the  truth  in  faying  '*  The  great  king  Ninus  was 
3184  years  after  the  creation :"  this  preceded  the  deluge  2256  years: 
thus  Ninus  was  928  years  after  the  flood,  or  1420  before  the  Incar- 
nation. As  Ninus  appears  to  be  Picus,  his  life  and  reign  were  both 
long,     Paterculus  counts  the  duration  of  the  Aflyrian  empire  to  the 

Median 


254  IVRIxMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books. 

Median  revolt  1070 years;  and,  as  he  mentions  Emilius  Sura's  com- 
putation to  the  fall  of  Antiochus  to  be  1995  years,  Paterculus  ap- 
pears to  count  from  the  14th  king  faid  by  Dicearchus  to  be  the 
founder  of  Babylon;  as  thus. 

Years. 
From  the  Incarnation  to  the  Median  revolt,         -  710. 

From  that  revolt  to  that  fourteenth  king,       -  1070 

The  fix' Arabs  reigned  -  -  -  aig 

The  feven  Chaldeans,  -  -         ^  igo 

Thefirft  reign  began  after  the  flood,  -  163  - 


2348 


There  is  reafon  to  believe  that  1 1  reigns  were  interpolated  in  the 
lift  of  Aflyrian  kings:  for  Syncellus  counts  41  from  Ninus  to  Sarda^ 
napalus  ;  Diodorus  only  30.  Teutamus  is  his  20th,  from  the  fon 
of  Semiramis;  and  is  Cephalion's  22d  from  Belus.  Syncellus  calls 
him  Teutamus  ^rnd  Tautanes ;  and  deems  his  32d  king  Babius  to  be 
Tithonus  and  TatUanes :  thus  the  foundation  of  his  great  longevity  ir 
his  being  alive  when  thole  kings  lived  who  were  contemporaricm 
well  of  the  twenty  fecond  king  of  Babylon  as  of  the  thirty-fecond. 
I  farther  fufpeft  which  are  the  the  kings  fo  interpolated  -,  and  think 
that  the  firft  Belochus  and  Baleus,  the  ninth  and  tenth  kings  of  his 
table,  are  the  fame  perfons  as  the  fecond  Belochus  and  Bel-eteros, 
which  fignifiesthe  fecond  Bel :  thefe  are  the  19th  and  20th  kings  in 
the  table  of  Syncellus.  Sethos,  the  11th  king,  is^omitted  by  Jerom; 
but  nfiore  probably  his  neighbours  ought  to  be  fo :  for  he  may  be 
the  great  Sefoftris,  fovereign  of  Affyria  and  Egypt.  It  is  probable 
that  Belochus  the  fecond  (who  feems  to  be  the  firft  alfo,  and  is 
called  Belimus  by  Cephalion,  who  counts  him  contemporary  with 
Ferfeus,  and  640  years  after  Ninus,  that  is  Nimrod)  is  Jove  Belus ; 
for  AgatHas  calls  him  Belleus;  and  Eufebius  fays  his  daughter  Atofla 
was  called  Semiramis.  Conan  attributes  to  her  all  the  exploits  of 
laPhotio.      ^^^  famous  Semiramis  j  thus  the  invention  of  letters  is  attributed  to 

Atofla : 


Chap,  a-)  P  R  1  M  i  T  1  V  E    li  1  S  t  d  R  V.  is^ 

Atofla:  tho*  due  to  Mifor'swife  and  Ton.  The  interpolated  names 
feem  to  be  thefc;  Mamythus,  Afcalius,  Sphaerus,  Mamylus, 
Sparthaeus,  Afcatades,  Amyntes,  Belochus  the  fecond,  the  Tame  as 
the  firft  ;  Beleteros,  the  fame  as  Baleus ;  befides  two  after  the 
Trojan  war.  If  Belochus  was  fo  low  as  Perfeus,  Sethos  or  Sefoftris 
preceded  him. 

Two  incidents  contributed  to  induce  chronologers  to  extend  dates? 

enormoufly.     One  was  the  ufe  of  Lunar,  Trimeftrial,  and  Quadri* 

meftrial  periods.     The  other  was  the  confounding  of  the  Exod  with 

the    Faftoral  expulfion ;  thro*   a  defirc   to  confer  an  antiquity  on 

Mofes  equal  to  Inachusor  Amofis;  tho*   Manetho  fhews  that  four 

centuries  elapfed  from  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Amofis,  who  expelled 

the  Hycfi,  to   the  Exod.    But  the  fcveral    chronological  accounts 

before  mentioned,  all  concur  to  determine  the  interval  between  the 

Deluge  and  Incarnaiion  Lo  be  about  2348  years.     This  calculation 

Vill  ftill  more  fully  appear  well-grounded,  when  Mofes  is  bfought 

down  to  the  time  of  Rhamfinitus  the  famous  Treafury  builder  of 

/acrerfand  prophane  hiftory;  who^  is  that  Rami  lies  faid  by  Pliny  to 

have  lived  in  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war,  at  Heliopolis;  and  finally 

l^heo  the  Chronology  of  the  Book  of  Judges  is  reduced  to  a  period 

anfwerable  to  the  number  of  defcents  in  David's  line,  and  in  the 

Sicetdotal. 

Sunuel  fays,  after  Sifera's  oppreffion  were  Jerubbael,  Bedan 
^Machir*s  great  grandfon)  and  Jeptha:  He  is  filent  as  to  Sampfon 
and  the  reft.  Aaron's  grandfon  Phineas,  who  was  a  man  grown 
when  in  the  Defert,  was  living  after  Sampfon's  days;  when  he  muff 
have  been  at  leaft  456  years  oM,  according  to  the  prefent  extended 
hiftory  and  chronology. 

If  it  be  contended  that  the  latter  part  of  the  Book  of  Judges  ,^\j,, 

(where,  after  the  account  of  Sampfon,  Phineas  is  mentioned  as  ftill  20.^8. 

alive)  is  not  placed  in  its  due  order;  what  proof  is  there  for  tliis 

opinion;  which  would  occafion  a  chafm  of  fome  centuries  in  the 

Sacerdotal  fucceffion?  But   Jofephus  fays  that  Salmon's  fon  Bodz 

Jcffc's  grandfire  was  Eli's  contemporary.  Booz  married  Ruth,whofe 

firft 


k 


156  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book». 

firft  hufband  was  one  of  the  invaders  of  the  Moabites  between  the 
times  of  Othniel  and  Debora.  The  Tyrian  annalsfhew  that  the  inter- 
val from  Hieram,  whole  eleventh  year  was  Solomon's  fourth,  to  iFam 
contemporary  with  Cyr^s,  was  only  fome  three  centuries. .  Manetho 
fhews  that  the  Exod  was  about  four  centuries  fubfequent  to  Amofis 
or  Amos,  declared  to  be  Ammon  the  Titan  Saturn's  adverfary  in 
the  Titanian  war  above  three  centuries  before  the  Trojan  ;  which 
laft  therefore  occured  about  the  time  of  the  Exod.  The  exceffive 
length  of  time,  at  prefent  pretended  in  the  Book  of  Judges,  is  in- 
compatible with  the  few  perfons  in  the  regal  line  from  the  Exod  to 
David,  which  is  feveral  times  recounted  in  the  facred  Scriptures. 
Chronological  errors  are  become  frequent  in  the  Old  Teftament, 
of  which  inftances  fhall  foon  be  produced;  but  erroneous  dates  do 
not  invalidate  fa£ls. 

Jofeph  could  not.be  fo  early  as  Deucalion  ^nd  Cranaus;  for  he 
was  put  in  Iron  fetters,  and  Iron  was  not  invented  till  73  years,  after 
Deucalion's  flood.  A  fon  of  Abraham  by  Chetura  was  a  comrade  of 
the  Egyptian  Hercules,  who  was  in  the  Titanian  war.  Cedrenus 
writes  with  much  appearance  of  truth,  that  Abraham  was  cod- 
temporary  with  Rhea  and  Picus.  Aftarte's  temple  was  m  ruins  before 
Solomon's  was  built,  which  was,  as  Jofephus  writes,  1440  ygmi 
after  Noah's  flood.  Horfemanfliip  was  in  ufe  in  Jofeph's  time,% 
was  invented  about  the  time  of  Orus,  Neptune,  and  Ereftheus. 
Jofeph  wore  a  parti-coloured  vefl:,  an  invention  of  Semiramis,  a 
native  of  Afcalon,  built  by  a  brother  of  Tantalus.  A  fcarlet  thread 
was  tied  round  Zara's  wrift;  but  Melcart  invented  the  fcarlet  dye» 
Num.  35. 32  ^"^  ^^^  Titiin  Saturn  was  the  firft  who  wore  a  fcarkt  tunic.  Mofes 
Pliny  35-  3*  mentions  pidures;  an  art,  as  Pliny  writes,  fubfequent  to  Troy.  The 
Hycfi  were  expelled  from  Egypt  by  Amos,  the  Titan  Ammon,  before 
Jacob  went  thither;  Paftors  being  then  an  abomination  to  the 
Egyptians.  Manetho  fliews  that  the  Exod  was  near  three  centuries 
after  Orus  thencnth  king  of  the  18th  Dynafty:  Orus  vifited  Croto- 
pus  of  Argos,  who  reigned  21  years;  his  fon  Sthenelus  11  years; 
from  the  end  of  his  reign  were  384  years  up  to  Inacbus,  who  was 
1790  years  before  the  Incarnation;  thus  the  Exod  was  in  the  twelfth 

century 


chap.  3.)  P  R  ,1  M  I  T  I  V  £    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  ^57 

century  before  the  Chriftian  era.  Manetho  likewife  (ays  that  at  the 
Exod  Abaris  was  caWtd  formerly  (imp\y\ng  long  be/ore  ihat  event) 
Typhon's  city.:  Typhon  wns  flain  by  Qrus,  for  which  parricide  he 
wa;s  expiated  by  Crotopus.  Thus,  erroneous  is  that  general  opinion 
af  the  Jews  and, early  Chriftians  (who  furmized  that  the  HycG  were 
the  Hebrews  under  Mofes)  that  the  Exod  was  about  the  time  of 
Phoroneus:  indeed  Jofephus.  candidly  enough  informs  us  that  the 
Egyptian  hiftorian  Manetho^  from  the  records  of  that  kingdom^  had 
pofitively  afleried  otherwife* 

Concerning  uncertainties   in  the   Book  of  Judges,    Theophilus 
Bifhop  of  Antioch  fets  Shamgar  after  Sampfon.     Eufebius  fays  that    L.  3.  Ad 
Elon  was  omitted  in  the  Septuagint.     Clement  of  Alexandria  omits        "^  ^^* 
Jair.     The  Pafchal  Chronicle  allows  Othniel  only  32  years;  Afri- 
cuias  and  Clement  Alex,  afford  him  50  years.     As  to  Sampfon  his 
Tcigp  was  during  the  Philiftine  tyranny;  therefore  it   concerns  not 
jCkiMoIogy  whether  Sampfon  ever  exifted,  or  not.  The  Chronology 
in  rhrflook  of  Kings  islefs  than  that  in  Judges  by  a  century^  and 
was  fo  in  the  time  of  Eufebius:  Saint  Paul'^  peciod   of  450  years 
Mgards  events  prior  to  the  Judges;   *'  Aftqr  thfie  events  (fays  he) 
^hiring  450  years,  he  appointed  Judges."    A  readii^  confirmed  by  ^^^  '3- 
Aie  beft  manufcripts;  and  proving  ihat^  as  5  years  were  between  the 
40  years  of  error,  and  the  appointment  of  Caleb's  lot,  fo  there  were 
5  fears  more  to  the  appoinlment  of  Judges.      It  is  probable  that^ 
Aaing  the  oppreflion  of  Ifrael^  co//a^^ra/ princes  reigned  in  feveral 
{ttovinces;  and  that  thefe  reigns  are  counted  at  prefent  fucceffively;   ,  Ghron. 
die  original  records  not  being  extant  at  this  day:  fuch  as  the  ancient      ^7»  ^^ 
Chronicles  written  when  Jotha^i  was  king  of  Juda,-  and  mentioned 
by -the  prefent  written  in  the  captivity. 

Here  follows  a  genmnc  lift  of  fucceffive  Judges  and  Priefts;  and 
of  David*^  line,  from  the  tranfit  over  Jordan. 

LI  The 


I.  6.  I. 


•58 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


(Bookt. 


Stroa.  1/ 


1.  Jofliua,       I 

2.  Othniel, 

3.  Deborah, 

4.  Gideon, 

5.  Bedan;  1 5am.  12. 

6.  Jepthath, 

7.  E\v,Sain.4.  18. 

8.  Samuel  and  Saul, 

7-  ^S^^ 


The    LIS  r,    &c. 

1.  Eleazer,  Jo/k.  24.  33. 

2.  Phineas, 


3.  Eli,  4, 9. 

4*  Samuel, 

5.  Ahiah,  and  brother 

to  Ahimelet. 

6.  Abiathar. 


1.  Nahfhbn^ 

2.  Salmon^ 


3.  Booz;  fee 
Jofefhus. 

4.  Obed,. 

5.  Jefle;  old  in 
Saul's  time* 

6.  David;  JeflSS* 
youngeft  foo* 


That  theie  lifts  could  not  be  more  numerous,  appears  henc^?** 
Hezron,  who  was  Gilead's  brother  in  law,  (1  Chron.  2.  21.}  hai*^ 
by  Abiah,  (verfe  24)  Afliur  the  fire  of  Tekoa,  the  fire  of  Ikke/ln^ 
(2  Sam.  23.  26.)  fire  of  Ira,  one  of  David's  30  guards.    Abiafa|iilk 
(Exod  6.  24.)  the  fon  of  Korah,  Levi's  great  grandfon,  was  in  lir— 
Defert  under  Mofes;  and  his  fon  Kore  was  the  father  of  Shalhlii 
who,  with  his  fon    Mattathiah,    (1   Chron.   g.    ig.    and  31.)  wcflB^ 
officers  of  Solomon's  temple.     This  argues  that  Tohu,  the  grc 
grandfire  of  Samuel's  father,  was  not  lowefr  in  defcent  than 
grandfon  of  that  Elkanah,  who  was  Korah's  fon,  (Exod.  6.H^^ 
Sadoc,  the  Hierarch  at  the  dedication  of  Solomon's  temple,  was  (^^ 
Clement  of  Alexandria  writes)  the  eighth  inclufively  from  Aarott   -^ 
as  Ezra  was  the  fixteenth. 

Salmon,  41  years  after  the  Exod,  may  have  had  Booz  by  Rahab. 
Booz,  at  25  years  old,  may  have  begotten  Obed;  who,  at  20  yeah 
old,  Jeffe;  who,  at  35,  David :  He  died  at  70;  Solomon  died  40 
years  after  David.  This  whole  period  amounts  to  231  years« 
Solomon  appears  to  have  died  916  years  before  the  Chriftian  era^ 

for 


Chap.  8.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

for  Ezekiel  (hews  that  390  years  clapfed  between  the  commence- 
ment  of  David's  reign  and  the  captivity;  which,  after  70  years  ended 
with  the  capture  of  Babylon  ;  thence  80  years  elapfed  to  the  feventh 
year  of  Artaxerxes;  which  was  144  years  after  the  eclipfe  predifted 
by  Thales,  and  calculated  by  Hipparchus  to  have  been  601  years 
before  the  Chriftian  era. 

1.  Year,  Darius  Medus  born,  600 
years,  A.  C. 
62.  Babylon  taken, 
a.  Darius  reigned  there. 

7.  Cyrus  reigned  after  him. 

8.  Cambyfes  and  Smerdes. 
I'he  eclipfe,  A.  C.  601              36.  Darius  Hyftafpes. 
The  paffion,  P.  C.     29  i          ai.  Xerxes. 

—— — —  7.  Artaxerxes»  when  Ezra's  com- 

630I  miffion. 

M4     —     144 


«59 

4.5. 


4861,  middle  of  the  70th  week. 

3[,   =«=    remainder  of  the  week. 


7—7=490  In  the  midft  of  the  laft  week  the  real  facrU 
fice  of  Chrift  fuperceded  the  typical. 

Some  account  the  eclipfe  16  years  later:  But  Cyrus  was  born 
the  year  after  Darius :  Tully  fays  that  Cyrus  lived  70  years :  he 
reigned  in  all  30  ;  and  is  allowed  to  have  begun  his  reign  559  years 
before  the  Chriftian  era.  Herodotus  and  Eudemusdeem  this  eclipfe 
in  the  reign  of  Cyaxares. 

The  chronology  above  is  fhortcr  than  that  commonly  received, 
by  fonie  80  years :  but  the  dates  in  the  old  fcriptures  abound  with 
anachronifms.  Thus  Ahaziab,  Jehoram  of  Juda's  youngeft  fon, 
fucceeded  his  father  at  42  years  old;  who  yet  ended  his  reign  at  40  2.  21,  20. 

Lis  years 


2CkrOB.22, 


y 


a6o  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book «. 

2.  K.  15,30,  years  old.      Hofea  conrpired  againft  Pekah  of  Ifrael  in  JotTiam's 
^^^»  33-         20th  year;  yet  Jotham's  reign  began  in   Pekah's  fecond  year,  and 
lafled  only  16  years ;  and  fcarcely  that,  as  Ahaz  fuccceded  Jotbam, 
*  and  2"^°'  ^"  Pekah's  17th  year. — Again,  Hofea  fucceeded  Pekah  immediatelyi 
2.  K.  1.6.  I.    v'lu)  reigned  20  years  ;  yet  Hofea's  reign  began  in  the  12th  of  Ahaz 
(2.  K.  17.  1,)  tho'  Ahaz  did  not  begin  his  reign  till  the  17th  of  year 
of  Pekah, — So,  Amaziah  of  Juda  reigned  only  15  years  after  Jero- 
2,  K.  14,  17  boam  of  Ifrael  befcatne  king:  yet  Amaziah's  fucceffor  began  to  reign 
in  Jeroboam's  2yth  year. — Alfo,  tho*  Amaziah  reigned    15  years 
collaterally  with  Jeroboam,  whofe  reign  was  41  years :  whereby  he 
2  K:  14;  17,  furvived  Amaziah  26  years  only :  yet  it  was  in  the  38th  year  of 
2  K.  15.^8.     Amaziah*s  fucceffor,  that  Jeroboam  was  fifcceeded  by  his  fon.  J6- 
fephus  counts  this  Jeroboam*^  reign  40  years. — Saint  Matthew  namei 
in  the  regal  table  of  Juda,  Uzziah  or  Ozias,  next  to  Jehoram;  M 
Jotham  next  to  him,  as' he  is  2.  K.  15.  13  and  32.     The  fa6l  fcdtk 
to  be  this  ;  Azariah  (who  is  Uiziah)  fucceeded  Jehoram.     In  the 
interim  Jehu  reigned  in  Ifrael  28  years.  All  between  him  and  Gadi, 
who  probably  was  Jehu's  fon,  are  interpolated.    All  between  Joram 
and  Azariah  in  the  line  of  Juda  (one  of  whom  rs  a  woman)  are  in- 
terpolated,  as  faint  Matthew  fhews :  therefore  chronology  of  courfe 
proves  it  as  to  Ifrael.     Ahab's  70  fons  were  begotten  by  the  tsme 
prolific  Rabbi,  as  begot  60  children  for  Ibzan:  and  the  murderof 
thefe  70  refembles  judge  Abimelec's  murdering  70  other  bretben^ 
fo  eafy  it  is  to  make  and  unmake  mortals  in  the  regions  of  romance. 
From  Solomon's  death  to  the  captivity  even  Jofephus  counts  but 
374  years :  that  exceeds  my  cajculation  54  years.    Clement  of  Alex* 
andria  mentions  that  fome  computet}  only  352  years  from  David  to 
the  end  of  the  captivity.      Alexander  Polyhiflor  placed  Solomon  as 
-low  as  Vaphres  of  Egypt.     Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaffus  fhews  from 
Timaeus  that  Carthage  was  built  38  years  before  the  Olympic  era, 
which  began   776   years  before  the  Chriflian  :  Jofephus  fays  that 
Solomon's  temple  was  founded   143  years  before  Carthage.      This 
Ant  8  2        2iccount  places  Solomon  nearly  at  tlie  time  that  I  do.     He  alfo  fays 
that  Solomon  built  the  temple  1440  years  after  the  Deluge.     The 
extreme  age  that  mull  be  attributed  to  Phineas  after  Sampfon's  days, 

argues 


Strom.  I. 


Chap.  3-)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY,  a(5i 

argues  that  the  prefent, hiftory  is  prolonged  with  three  fi£litious  cen- 
turies at  lead  ;  ftill  allowing  Phineas  a  life  equal  to  any  of  the  fons 
pf  men  fubfequent  to  the  £xod. 

Ramifes,  fon  of  the  firft  Proteus  of  Herodotus,  lived  as  Pliny 

v^rites,  in  the  Trojan  war;    and  appears  to  be  the  Ramfinitus  the 

Treafury  builder,  who  harafled  the  Ifraelites.     The  Greeks  called 

him  alfo  Proteus  after  his   fire.      But  Apollodorus  means  a  much 

older  Proteus  (probably  the  Proteus  faid  to  be  Janus)  when  he  fays 

that  Dionyfiuswent  to  Proteus,  and  thence  to  Rhea.      So  Conan  laPhotio. 

lays,  Proteus  was  contemporary  with  Cadmus  and  Bufiris  :  Virgil, 

with  Arifteus.      Proteus  and  his  fon  Ramfinitus  or  Rhemphis  feem 

from  Herodotus  to  be  the  firft  and  fecond  kings  of  the  19th  Dynafty* 

and  the  laft  of  thefe  two  is  the  Ramefis  or  Proteus  who  lived  during 

the  Trojan  war ,-   and  commenced  his  reign  at  the  birth  of  Mofes  ; 

tko'  the  Exod  happened  under  his  fucceflbr,  who  is  the  laft  Nilus  of 

Diodmus.      Jofephus,  to  advance  the  antiquity  of  the  Exod,  con- 

f  vena  the  Proteus  and  Ramfinitus  of  Herodotus,  Pliny's  Ramifes^the 

iCi^€tDphis  of  Diodorus,  Manetho*s  Rhamfes,  the  Raamfes  of  Tacitus 

and  Mofes,  into  a  fecond  Sefoftris  and  fori  :    and  <:reates  at  fecoiul 

Armais  for  this  purpofe.      But  Herodotus  fhews  that  after  Sefoftris 

and  his  fon  Phero  (Manetho's  Ramefis  Miamun,  and  Pliny's  Nun- 

coreut)  Proteus  reigned,  before  the  Trojan  war:  he  was  the  Rhapfes 

aotf  Scthos  of  Jofephus,  fucceeded  according  to  Herodotus  by  the 

ftnloua  Treafury  builder;    but  Diodorus  intcrpoles  between  Phero  q^^.^.  j^  i^^ 

and  Sethos  a  Marus^  who  is  Amenophis  the  laft  king  of  the  18th 

JOynafty,  Strabo's  Maindes  or  Menon.     The  Treafury  builder  lived 

in  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war;    and  his  fucceflbr,  at  the  Exod. — 

Ptezron  confirms  my  computation;  he  fets  Mofes  three  centuries  after 

Jove  and  Europa. 

To  return  now  to  the  Aflyrian  hiftory.     Ctefias  may  have  aug-     - 
mcnted  the  lift  of  kings  with  fiditious  names ;  fome  of  thefe  being 
Gcccian,  fome  Perfian,  fome  Egyptian.     The  intention .  >vas  to  ex- 
tendi Ninus  up  to  the.  founder  of  the  ancient  Nineve^  a^  Ctefias  pro- 
bably 


262  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  ••. 

bably  took  him  to  be ;  for  want  of  records  probably  demoliflied  at 
the  capture  of  Babylon  by  Cyrus:  conquerors  being  fond  of  appearing 
at  the  head  of  hiftory,  and  giving  rife  to  a  new  era.  Ninus  is  proved 
Suidas.  to  be  Picus;  and  Semiramis,  Ifis.  Picus  lived  120  years;  in  his 
youth  he  was  contemporary  y^ith  Ammon  and  his  fon  ;  latterly  with 
Ammon's  grandfon  Orus ;  and  at  laft  with  Egyptus  and  Danaus:  for 
Europa  and  Cadmus  lived  in  the  time  of  Picus  and  Danaus.  Ame- 
nophis  the  father  of  Egyptus  or  Sefoftris  was  Menon  fpoufe  of  Se- 
miramis ;  and,  being  fubordinate  to  Jove  Picus,  they  attended  him 
in  the  Ba6lrian  expedition.  Sefoftris  and  Armais  were  their  children. 
^  ,  The  mother  of  Egyptus  was  Sida;  who  was  Aftarte,  as  Selden  aflertsi 

that  is  Venus  Urania;  but  (he  was  often  confounded  with  her 
daughter  the  younger  Venus,  Ifis  or  Semiramis.  Armais  or  Armes 
was  the  Mercury  who  was  the  councellor  of  Ifis,  and  alfoof  Sefat 
tris  in  Elian.  But  Anubis  being  a  Mercury,  PluUrch  deems  bin 
the  foh  of  the  Egyptian  Venus ;  who  was  the  Titan  Ifis.  But  Ami. 
bis  was  far  more  ancient  than  Picus  or  the  mother  of  Armais  ;  he 
beiiig  Thoth.  Soon  after  the  death  of  Ninus,  Sefoftris  grew  famous 
and  invaded  Ba£iriana  in  his  turn :  whilft  the  fecond  Ninus  led  t 
voluptuous  life,  taking  care  only  to  raife  troops  for  the  fecurity  of 
"Babylonia,  and  the  regions  about  the  Tigris. 

It  is  an  error  to  fay  there  were  no  Aflyrian  kings  prior  to  PA\ 

And  Hygin.  merely  becaufe,  having  no  concerns  with  Judea,  facred  writ  takes 

no  cognizance  of  any.     Apollodorus  fays,  Cinyras  was  a  king  of 

Hift.  2.      Aflyria.  Lucan  fays,  the  Temples  built  by  Cinyras  in  Phenicia  were 

as  old  as  the  Egyptian.  Tacitus  fays,  he  founded  the  moft.  ancient 

ventcs.    'pgjjjpi^  Qf  ^j^g  Paphian  Venus.     Clement  of  Alexandria  fays,   (he 

was  the  daughter  of  Uranus,  and  miftrefs  of  Cinyras;   therefore  fhe 

was  Rhea  and  he  was  Ammon.    Cinyras  was  buried  in  the  Paphian 

temple;    whence     probably    this    Pagan    Profanation  originated* 

Apollodorus  fays    he    wedded    Pygmalion's  daughter   Metharme. 

Suidas  fays  the  dominions  of  Picus  extended  from  Spain  to  the 

Euphrates.  Nonnus  fays  that  Staphilus  became  king  of  Aflyria  after 

Bacchus;  whom  fome  count  Silenus  (here  an  apel^ative  like  fatyr) 

and  Staphilus  his  fon.     Pliny  ftiles  Horus  king  of  Aflyr  a.    Tzetzes 

ftilcj 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  263 

ftilcs  Sefoftris  and  Ofymandyas  kings  of  Aflyria;  but  by  thefe  names 
he  probably  means  oneperfon;  Symandias  fignifying  fon  of  Mendes, 
Menes,  or  Amenophis.  Manetho  fays,  the  Hycfi  fortified  the  eaftern 
fide  of  Egypt  thro*  fear  of  the  potent  Affyrians.  Ifaiah  fays,  an 
Aflyrian  haraffed  the  Ifraelites  in  Egyptj  and  during  their  errors, 
tbe  Aflyrian  is  faid  to  be  powerful  in  the  Holy  Land.  Diodorus  fays 
that  Sefoftris  fortified  Egypt,  from  Pelufium  thro*  the  Defert  to 
Heliopolis,  againft  the  incurfions  of  the  Syrians  and  Arabs. 

Scaliger's    barbarowi    Chronologer    agrees  with  Cedrenus  and 

Suidas  that  Semiramis  was  Rhea;  both  (he  and  her  daughter  having 

this  title,  derived  according  to  Bryant  from  Sama  and  Ram;  and 

fynonymous  to  Belifama.  So  Cedrenus  fays,   **  Semiramis  had  thefe 

fons,  Jove  Belus  and  Ninus;*'  but  Jove  Belus  was  the  reputed  fon 

of  Rhea  or  Cybele;  he  feems  to  be  Jove  of  Nyfa.       Again  he  fays, 

"  After  Ninus,  Thurus  ruled  Aflyria;  his  father  Zames  firnamed    ^*^t^*** 

him  Arcs:*'  but  Ares  was  fon  of  Jove.      Cedrenus   fays   **  The 

AByrians   erefled  the    firft   ftatue  to  this  Thurus,    fucceflbr  of 

Ninas.*'  But  Apollo  was  denominated  Thurius,  derived  from  Thor,  j^  g  j|^ 

a  Cow  in  the  Phenician  tongue;  this  being  the  fymbol  of  Aftarte, 

implies  Thurius  to  be  her  defcendant.     Bochart  indeed  fays,  the 

Sueci  called  Thunder,  Thor;  who  therefore  was  the  Gallic  Taramis, 

whence  Jove  Taranteus;  both  being  from  the  Celtic  Taratij  Thunder. 

But  Thor*s  bearing  a  hammer  fliews  him  to  be  that  Zeus  who  was 

the  Egyptian  Vulcan,  or  Ham ;   whofe  fon  Menes  or  Mifor  was 

therefore   ftiled   Dionius.      However,  the   Celtic   Thor  was  long 

before  tho.  Aflyrian  Thuras.     Bochart  quotes  a  Greek  author  thus, 

••  After   Ninus,  Thuras  ruled  Aflyria,   his  father  Zames,    yuno's 

brother^  called  him  Mars,  after  the  planet.*'      It  feems  clear  that, 

if  Thurus  was  Mars,  his  father  (Juno's  brother)  was  Picus,  and  there 

was  but  one  Titan  Ninus ;  who,  if  Semiramis  was  Rhea,  was  her 

lbn«     But  the  fecond  Ninus  is  the  fon  of  Semiramis,  and  taken  for 

his  father  Ninus  who  was  Picus:  and  he  being  blended  with  Ammon, 

Semiramis  was  confounded  with  her  mother  Rhea,  Cybele,  Aftarte, 

Dionc,  Baaltis  or  Derceto.     That  Derceto  was  Aftarte  Artemidorus 

Ihews,     Semiramis  was  the  Egyptian  Minerva,  Neitb,  or  Nitocris:  ^^^^^' 

fo 


1^ 


264  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  .(Bookt. 

fo  Suidas  fays,  (he  built  the  pyramids;  Syncellus  ftiys  Nitocris  built 
the   third    pyramid. ,    Herodotus  calls  the  builder,  indead  of  the 
building,  Che-ops,  houfe  of  Ops.    Clement  o^  Alexandria  :fays,  Se- 
Strom.  I.       miramis  was  a  queen  of  Egypt :  but  Herodotus   could  hear  of  no 
other  queen  of  Egypt  than  Nitocris,  or  Minerva  ViSrix.;  therefoit 
Nitocris  or  Neith  was  Semiramis.  But  Plutarch  fays  that  by  Minerva 
Ids  was  frequently  underAood.      As  lfi»  or  Ceres  was  often  con* 
founded  with  her  mother;  fo  this  elder  Ceres  or  Ops  was  often  con- 
founded with  her  own  mother,  the  elder  Vefta,  Titaea  or  Terra  :  for, 
6^267.      ^ho*  Virgil  (Eneid  8.  137)  diftinguifhes  Terra  from  Demetcr  j   yet 
he  feems  to  do  fo,  as  the  younger  Ceres  was  (tho'  improperly)  called 
Ovid  Fail.    Demeter ;   which  means  the  mother  of   A^w,  or  of  Ceres.     Tbc 
V  *       younger  Vefta,  Rhea's  daughter,  lived  a  virgin;  as  did  the  Minem 
Civ.  Dei.  ^jjQ  ^2s  the  daughter  of  Picus.      Varro  (in  Auguftine)  fays.  Tern 
was  Ops,  Proferpine  and  Vefta.     Aufonius  (Epigram  29)fhewstlnt 
Dionyfius  or  the  Titanian  Ofiris  the  fpoufe  of  Ifis  was  Adonis,  and 
Attes  :     thus   Paufanias   ftiews  that   Attes   was   ilain   by  a    botfi 
Pliny  ig.  4.  ^*    ^^^   Adonis.       And    Venus    being    Semiramis,    her    pendeBt 

^,    „  Gardens  at   Babylon  were    called  gardens   of  Adonis.     He   wn 

Manil.  4*  .      . 

called  Adonifirisj  and  fhc  was  the  Venus   who  fled  from  Typha* 

^^?  61*^'    ^^    ^^^^   ^^y^'     Venus    Dione    fled    from    Typhon   to    the  A* 
phrates;  alfo  Pifce  Venus  latuit:   So  Tzetzes  fays  that  Seminoik 
was  coiiverted  into  a  fifti.     Artemidorus  fays,  "  The  Syrians  eat  i» 
fifli,  out   of  refpefl   to  Aftarte:"  Here  as  ufual  the  two  Cybcki 
are  confounded,   for   Rhea  the  elder  Cybele  was  in  alliance  witk 
Typhon. 

When  Semiramis  appeared  in  the  Aflyrian  army,  (he  was  called 
from  the  fingularity  of  the  aft  and  of  her  drefs,  as  well  as  by  wa^ 
of  eminence,  Venus,  the  Woman,  in   Celtic  Beneu;  the  B  bcin^^ 
turned  to  V,  as  from  Ber  comes  Veru;  fo  Manorbyr  in  Pembrokc^*^ 
fhire  is  the  Manor  of  the  Spit,  which  was  formed  by  Cauldy,  or  th^^ 
Ifle  of  the  Coldees;  as  the  Ifle  of  Wight  forms  Spithead.  By   con—" 
verting  B  Into  M    Beneu  is  made  to  fignify    beauty  in   Hebrew. 
Semiramis  thus  became  Benoth,  the  Binos  of  Su'das.     Tho*  fome 
define  Venus  Owen,  a  fmile,  agreeable  to  the  epithet  Philomedes; 

and 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  265 

and  Bryant  derives  it  from  Oiva;,  a  Dove;  yet  my  derivation  proves 

correft,   from  the  grammatical  tranfmutation  of  primary  letters  in 

Celtic:  thus  in  Cornifli,  Bcncn  is  a  woman;    a   Venen,  O  woman. 

Benoth  has  nearly  the  fame  fignification ;  Succoth  Benoth  being  the ' 

Tents  of  the. virgins ;  or  rather  of  Venus  Urania  :   for  Mofes  calls 

the  firft  (lation  of  the  Jews  Succoth  ;  Jofephus  calls  it  Latopolis ; 

for  Latona,  who  was  a  great  Deity  of  Egypt,  was  cojifounded  with 

Ifis,  or  Venus  Urania,  as  being  the  mother  of  Orus.    Hence  Homer 

makes  Venus  the  miflrefs  of  Bacchus;  Dionyfius  being  the  father      '^'    *  ^ 

of  Orus.     The  African  Sicca  Venerea  is  confonant  to  Succoth   Be^ 

liolh  ;  in  both  thofe  places  of  devotion  women  Were  proftituted  in 

honour  of  Venus.     Eufcbius  fays,  Latona  is  Juno:    Plutarch  (on 

Craflus)  writes  that  fomc  call  Juno,  Venus.       Ifis  is  derived  from  v^^ld*/* 

Ifchka,  which  is  of  the  fam^  import  as  Latona  or  Letous,  who  was 

Kfiiia  Perenna;     for    Ifckie   in  Laponic  is  Annus;  fo  is  Lato  in 

Lufafian;   Leitou  in  Sclavonian  ;  years  being  at  firft  lunar  :  and  as 

from  Annus   came  Annofus,  fo  Ifis  fignified  ancient,  as  Eufebius 

stSetts.     Plutarch  (hews  that  as  Ifis  had  many  names,  fo  that  name 

l|ad  many  fignifications.     Suidas  fays  a  city  in   Crete  was  named 

Bene.       Aflabinus,  the  Ethiopian   name  of  Dionyfius,  bears  fome  ^  ^. 

.  .-  ^  ^  OaRianus.    * 

ftlltion  to  Venus;    the  Deities  Afliteroth  being  Lunus  and  Luna  ; 

ifetiice  the  mafculine  Venus,  pollens  Deus.  AfTabinos  is  Aita-binos; 

T  amf  S   are  commutable,  as  Thalaffa,  Thalatta  5  Glofla,  Glbtta. 

ItiUt  is  the  fame  as  Papa,  a  name  of  Jove,  and  allied  to  Atys,    a 

'      itUtte  of  Dionyfius,  Jove  of  Nyfa.-^Cedrenus  fays  the  Wife  of  Bclus, 

I     the  was  Amenophis  or  Menon,  was  Sida;  but  Selden  (hews  that 

S/ddi  in  Ecclefiaftes  means  a  beautiful  woman.      Suidas  deems  Sida,  Ci.  11. 

.  4e  daughter  of  Taurus  (the  Jove  who  ftole  Europa)  and  that  fhe 

^landed  Sida  in  Pamphylia:  he  calls  herhufband,  Tmolus:  but  fhe 

^as  ArnmorCs  daughter  ;    and  mother  (not  daughter)  of  Danaus,  in    ^ 

Pavifanias.     Plutarch   fays  "  Ifis  fled  to  Biblos  to  Aftarte;*'  who 

^ais    Rhea,  Athera,  Derceto,   Dione,  Baaltis  or  Beltis ;  deified  at 

Bafeylon  by  Venus  Semiramis;  which  name  is  faid  to  fignify  a  dove: 

but.  Dione  rather  does  fo,  and  was  probably  given  hcif  in  gallantry ; 

M  m  hence 


J 


266  PRIM  I  TIVE     HI  STORY.  (Book  t. 

hence  that  bird  became  facred  to  Venus :  yet  according  to  Bryant, 
the  dove  had  relation  to  the  primitive  Ifis  or  Venus  and  to  No^h*s 
dove.— I  think  Noah's  wife,  who  feems  to  be  Friga,  the  priniitive, 
Woden's,  was  deemed  a  Venus  ;  as  Ham's  was  in  Egypt,  and  Mi- 
for's  afterwards ;  long  before  the  Titanian  beauties,  who  aflfumed 
their  honours.  Plutarch  plainly  (hews  that  Ids  lived  in  the  time  of 
Athera,  Atergatis  or  Derccto,  and  her  daughter  Semiramis  :  as  in- 
deed Semiramis  was  Ifis.  Eufebius,  according  to  Jerom,  deemed 
Semiramis  contemporary  with  Europa ;  yet  inconfiftently  places  her 
above  500  years  before  Cecrops  ;  who  was  full  as  early  as  Deucalion 
the  coufin  German  of  Ele6lra  the  mother  of  Harmonia  wife  of  Cad- 
mus Europa's  inquifitor.  Plutarch  fuggefts  that  Semiramis  was  a 
fervant:  yet  that  Semiramis  is  Ifi  ,  Ceres  or  Cybelc,  appears  hence? 

^,??"**     Semiramis  is  recorded  to  be  the  authorefs  of  Eunuchifm  ;  which  k 
MarceJhn  14  f*  rr>  r  x  - 

Chil.9. 175.  attributed  to  the  miftrefs  of  Atys.    T zetzes  lays,  the  Tynan  records 

mention  that  Semiramis  became  a  fifh  ;  fo  Pifce  Venus  latuit.     She 
^-  '4*      is  Thefmophorus  or  the  legiflator  Beroe  (in  Nonnus)  the  daughter 
of  Venus  Urania  or  Aftarte:  but  Berytus  or  Beruth,  which  is  Beroci 
is  (in  Stephanus)  a  fifh.     Hefychius   fays  (he  was  called  Ddiphat\ 
Selden  derives  this  from  the  Syrian  Delphah,  venereal  embracei 
The  Penfile  gardens  of  Semiramis  were  famous-,  Suidas  fays,  "  tbrf 
were  called  gardens  of  Adonis  and  proverbially  barren  :"  but  AdoWl 
was  Ofiris  the  gallant  of  Ifis,  who  was  Venus.      Eudoxus  (in  PliH 
tarch)  fays  that  Ifis-prefided  over  amours.      Suidas  (hews  that  Pru- 
pus,  fon  of  Jove  (of  Nyfa)  and  Venus,   was  Orus  Ion  of  Ifis:  thiu 
Prep.  2.  2.    Priapus  is  in  Eufebius  the  fon  of  Venus  and  Dionyfius.   LuciancalU 
Priapus  a  DaQyl  and  Titan;  meaning  Orus  Apollo.    Epimenides 
deemed  Venus  the   daughter  of  Saturn   and  Eurynome ;    (he  wa»  . 
Derceto;    for  Paufanias  reprefents  Eurynome,  like  Dercetp,  h?ilf 
Apollonius.     woman,  half  fi(h.      She  was  the  concubine  of  Opbiwn   or  Uranus^ 
prior  to  her  connexions  with  Saturn  and  Ammon:  for  (he  wasRhca^^ 
Aftarte,  Athera  and  the  eldeft  Proferpine,  with  whom  Uranus  (wa^ 
thus  the  Jove  who)  committed  inceft.       Apollonius  Rhodius  men- 
tions Eurynome's  commerce  with  Ophion,  whom  Saturn  depofed* 
Ifis  being  confounded  with  her  mother  the  elder  Profepine,  the  Core 

Protogone 


De  Saltu. 
L.  8. 


Fab.  Ult. 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  267 

Protogone  of  Paufanias,  Clement  of  Alexandria  fays  that  Proferpine 
loved  Adonis :  therefore  fhe  is  the  fame  as  Venus :  who  is  by  Epi-  Natal.Comes 
knenides,  and  Diodorus  (i)  faid  to  be  the  daughter  of  Saturn,  he 
being  the  father  of  Ceres  or  Ifis.  Hyginus  fays,  Ifis  invented  a  fhip 
with  fails,  to  go  in  quell  of  her  fon  Harpocrates ;  this  is  the  elder 
Ifis,  and  her  fon,  Adonofiris.  Ifis  is  the  Salambo  of  Babylon  (in 
Hefychius)  who  fpent  her  time  in  roamingafter  her  loft  Adonis. 
Venus  is  alfo  faid  by  Apollonius  tohave  been  beloved  by  Dionyfius; 
flie  therefore  is  Ifis :  and,  being  Ceres,  a  name  derived  from  the 
Hebrew  Keres,  Clades,  was  the  Libitinsea  infera.  Clement  of 
Alexandria  fays,  the  Argives  adored  Venus  the  grave-digger.  Plu- 
tarch fays,  Ifis  was  fometimes  called  Muth,  death.  Paufanias  calls 
death.  Fate;  and  (1)  the  celeftial  Venus,  the  eldeft  Fate.  Apiileius  l.  5. 
ftiles  her  queen  of  the  Manes  and  the  Cyprian  Venus.  Aufonius 
mentions  that  April  was  dedicated  to  that  Venus,  who  was  Ceres. 

Rhea,  Aftarte,  Dione  or  Baaltis  was,  as  Artemidorus  fliews,  Ater-   '•  9 
gatisand  Derceto  :  alfo  Athyr  and  Athera,  which  in  Egypt  fignified  ^ 

fas  Tzetzes  fays  Thebe  in  Syriac  does)  a  cow,  the  Symbol  of  the  Lycophron. 
elder  Ifis,  the  Aftarte  or  Aftitoreth  of  Phenicia  ;  the  Venus  Urania, 
whom  the  fcholiaft  of  Apollonius  (3)  deems  older  than  Jove.  So 
Hcfydiius  fays,  the  Egyptians  call  Venus,  Athyr;  as  Plutarch  calls 
Ifii;  5trabo  fays,  "  Athera  was  called  Atergate,  whom  Ctefias  calls 
Derceto.'*  Pliny  fay^^,  Atergatis  was  Derceto.  Diodorus  calls  Der-  5.  23. 
relo  the  Goddcfs  of  Afcalon,  and  fays  the  mo'l  ancient  temple  of 
V^Mus  Urania  was  at  Afcaloti.  Macrobius  fays  that  Adargatis  was 
rterra.  Thus  Derceto  being  Athyr,  and  Athyr  the  elder  Ifis,  flie 
••^s  the  mother  of  S(  niiramis.  To  her  the  Egyptian  month  Athyr 
^s  dedicated.  Panfaiias  fhews  that  her  hufband  Sitarn  (being 
r^on,  which  fignifics  ocean)  had  the  name  of  Neptune:  for  he  fays 
^si-t  Neptune  was  Defpoina's  father,  and  that  ftie  wa«;  Ceres  Demeter's 
•  Ti^ht<T;  hut  this  Ceres  was  Saturn's  daughter:  beiue  I  conclude 
^^a^^  Saturn  was  the  Neptune  who  invented  Horfe:narifhip ;  his  fon 
Z/V\iron  bei'ig  a  HorTcman.  The  Idea  Mater  of  Lartantius,  and  of 
V^Vy  (gy)   is   named  Venus,  by  Solinus,  7.  alfo  Mdier  Deum  ,-  as     *h.  7V 

M  «i  2  likewife 


ft68  P.RIMITIVE     HISTORY,  (Bock  t. 

likcwife  by  Valerius  Maximus,  i.  i.  and  is  his  Ceres  vetuftiffima i 
the  antiquiflima  of  Tully  and  Laftantius.      Varro  fays,  the  PheoU 
cian  Aftarte  was  the  Latin  Ops,  and  the  Egyptian  Ifis ;  wherein  (hq 
is,  as  ufual,  confounded  with  her  daughter.      She  is  the  Cecropiail 
Minerva,  who  at  Eiis  was  named  Meter ;    tho*   the  Minerva,  who 
was  in  the  army  of  Bacchus  (as  the  poet  Thymaetes  in   Diodonis 
wrote)  was  the  younger  Ifis.     That  poet  faid  the  Egyptian  Bacchus 
was  Ammon's  fon,  and  of  courfe  the  fon  of  Rhea  or  the  elder  Ifis. 
Mythologifts  fay   Minerva  was  anciently  called  Men-erva;  which 
name  is  partly  derived  from    Mene,  Luna.     She  is  Nitocris,  and 
Nicea  whom  Nonnus  calls  Luna  ;  and,  "  Diana  in  the  field,  Venus 
in  the  chamber  :**  thus  Paufanias  fays,  **  Eurynome  was  taken  to  be 
Diana;'*  fhe  being- Derceto,  Athera,  Aftarte,  Venus  Urania  or  tW 
^,  5 2^      eldeft  Diana,  grandmother  of  Orus  Apollo  and  of  his  fifter  Bubaftn 
Agathias  writes  that  Anaitis  was  Venus.      Ifis  is  the  younger  Min* 
erva,  whom  Herodotus  counts  the  daughter  of  Neptune ;    who  was 
Meon  Cybeles*  fpoufe  and  father  of  the  younger  Ceres  or  Ifis.  Hence 
Suidas  fays  Minerva's  temple  at  Athens  was  that  of  Ceres,  Neptuiw 
and  Dionyfius.  Apuleius  (ii)  ftiles  Ifis  "  Cecropian  Minerva,  JunOt 
Deum  Mater,  Ceres  Vetufta,  Proferpine,  queen  of  the  Manes  ,Hi^ 
cate,  Diana,  Luna,  Venus."     Servius  deems  Ceres,  Luna,  Dim 
Gcor.  I.  5.     Juno  and  Proferpine:  hence  the  planet  Venus  was  alfo  called  Jm^ 
^'iSando^^    Sanchoniatho  fays,    Saturn  and  Aftarte  traverfed  the  whole  worfit 
and  that  flie  was  mother  of  the  Artemidcs :    hence  (he  is  Diana  Cc— 
leftis,  the  Venus  Urania  in  Tully,  Herodotus  (1)  and  Plato's  Sym— 
pofiacs,  who  counts  her  the  daughter  of  Uranus.     But  Tully,  owip^ 
to  Venus   being  called   by  her   mother  Dione's  name,  confouni^ 
Aftarte  with  the  Venus,  who  was  efpoufed  by  Adonis  or  Adonofirisr^ 
the  fon  of  the  eldeft   Cinyras,  who  was  Ammon.     Strabo  (16)  fays^ 
his  palace  was  at   Biblos.      **   He  was  made  king  of  Cyprus  bf^ 
Dionyfius,"    when  worfted  by  Saturn.     Cinyras  is  feigned  to  haver 
Adonis  by   his  daughter;  becaufc  Rhea  or  Cybele  was  confounded 
with  her  daughter  Ceres,  who  is  the  Venus  beloved  by  Adonis:  thus 
Tatian  fays  that  Rhea  became  a  tree;    and  Clement  of  Alexandria, 
on  the  contrary,  fays  that  Venus  was  beloved  by  Cinyras.      And 
Proferpine  is  faid  to  have  been  enjoyed  by  Jove  her  fire,  the'  ftie 

died 


Chap.  30  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  £    H  I  S  r  O  R  Y,  t^ 

died  a  virgin;  becaufe  fhe  is  confounded  with  the  cider  Proferpine 
who  was  alfo  Rhea,  and  Eurynome  who  cohabited  with  Uranus  her 
fire;  but  was  the  mother  of  Jupiter  Europ:a's  gallant;  who,  being 
confounded  with  Ammon,  is  faid  to  enjoy  his  mother  :  and  as  San- 
choniatho  fhews  that  his  daughter  Minerva  was  Proferpine's  fifter ; 
Amsion  had  the  younger  Proferpine   by  the  elder  Ceres  or  Rhea,       Hygin: 
the  mother  of  that  Ceres  who  was  the  real  Ifis,  the  Venus  who  fled      -«  "^'t** 
from  .Typhon,  and  Derceto's  daughter:  who  being  Serairamis,  proves 
hcF  mother  to  be  Dione  or  Baaltis,  and  Aftarte  or  Athera:  this  Af-  Nonnus 
tacte  or  Venus  Urania  gave  her  name  to  the  city  Urania  in  Cyprus. 
Of  her    daughter  Germanicus  on  Aratus    fays,    "  The    daughter 
of  Venus  was  transformed  to  a  fi(h,  and  deified  by  the  Syrians.** 
Amenophi^  or  Menon  the  fpoufe  of  Semiramis  is  the  Egyptian  Belus, 
nho  (as  Paufanias  fays)   went  to  Babylon:  he  is  the  Nilus,  in  Dio- 
4.oi\ii,  the  father  of  Egyptus  and  Danaus;  for   every  Araenophis 
\nis  ^  Nilus.     Their  mother,  fays  he,  was   Memphis  daughter  of 
Uchorcus :  Memphis  is  a  Patronymic  of  Ifis:  Uchoreus  (from  Chor) 
isfynonymous  to  Meon,  Cybele's  hulband.  Diodorus  (in  Eufebius) 
fays  that  Ceres  is  Luna  and  Juno.     Tully  fays  Luna  had  Bacchus 
by  jove:  this  fhews  that  Rhea,  the  elder  Ceres  and  Proferpine,  the 
reputed  mother  of  Dionyfius  by  Ammon,  was  Aftarte,  Venus  Urania, 
^^^tbian  Alilat.  Apollonius  (4)  and  Virgil  fay  that  Pan  enjoyed     Geor: 
L«ni  io  the  fhape  of  a  ram ;  they  mean  Aftarte  and  AmnK>n  ;  the 
'iwfiid  by  Diodorus  (in  Eufebius)  to  be  Saturn's  brother,  Lucian 
^  Aftarte,  Selenaea:  and  flie  is  the  Thracian  Bendis  faid  by  Pro- 
«*»«  to  be  the  moon.      Nicomachus  ftiews  Themis,  Ifis  the  elder, 
%a,  Diana   Celeftis,  Afteria,  Vefta,  Vemis  Urania,  and  Dione  j^  pj^^^j^ 
^  l>e  the  fame  perfon  ;    alfo.    Fate  and  Death.     Plutarch  fays  that     In  Numa: 
Vcnuswas  Libitina.     In  Tully  ftie  is  fortune  alfo;  fo  in  Hygintfs.         z.lT^* 
J^^kfonfays  (Chron/2.  179)  the  moon  was  in  Armenia  called  Tyche. 
^"^J"  in  Suidas,  and  Nonnus  (5)  tell   us    Tritogenia  was  Luna  or 
^^^\is  Urania.     Plutarch  fays  that   Minerva  was  Ifis;  who   had  a 
*"^fand  names.     Minerva  being  Athera,  Ovid  fays  Met.4.  tcc. 

Maftatur  Vacca  Minervac. 

and 


k 


270  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY,  (Book  j 

And  being  Aftarte  or  Venus  Urania,  Virgil  terms  the  planet  Vcnui 
En.  II.  260.  Minervae  Sidus.  Thus  both  Minerva  and  Venus  had  the  name  ( 
Apaturia:  and  when  diftinguiOied,  they  are  fo  as  mother  and  daugl 
ter,  who  are  too  often  confounded.  Paufanias  fays  that  the  ftatue  ( 
Venus  Urania  was  arrayed  in  armour;  thus  Lycophron  calls  Minerv 
the  Phenician  deity:  yet  her  daughter  was  the  Egyptian  Nitocrii 
who  aided  Ammon,  when  her  mother  was  of  Saturn's  party.  Rhc 
or  Aftarte  is  the  Minerva  faid  in  Strabo  to  be  the  mother  of  the  Co 
rybantes:  iho*  JlriBly  they  were  the  fucceffbrs  of  thofe  Curctes  wIm 
were  really  the  Daftyls,  and  related  to  Rhea:  thus  feme  reputec 
Saturn  to  be  their  fire;  as  he  cohabited  with  Rhea:  fome  reputec 
them  to  be  fons  of  Sol,  tl.e  Sol  or  Titan  who  was  Ammon,  Sa- 
turn's  rival  in  love  and  empire:  hence  Euripides  and  others  deemed 
them  to  be  fons  of  Jove.  Diodorus  has  an  infcription  for  Ifis,  whid 
(hews  that  the  elder  I  (is  was  Diana  Celeftis,  faying,  Bubajlis  wai 
founded  in  honour  of  her:  but  as  it  calls  her  the  mother  of  Orus,  i« 
alfo  refpefts  the  younger  Ifis. 

As  Eufebius  (from  Diodorus)  fays  that  Pan  was  Saturn's  brother^ 

Prep:  Ev,  2.  it  confirms  my  opinion  that  Ammon  was  Saturn's  brother,  and  fom^ 

Hcfychius.      times  named  Hyperion,  Titan  and  Sol.     He  is  the  Zeus  Caraiusy 

Clem:  Alex,  the  BoBOtiarts:  hence  the  ftory  of  the  ram's  tefticles  thrown  intp.ir 

bofom  of  Ceres.  The  eldeft  Ceres  and  Ammon  were  the  Gods  Afflte^ 

roth.  Quintus  Curtius  fays  that  Ammon's  idol  had  a  ram's  head.  Juba 

4.7.         wrote  that  the   Greeks  called  wool  Thalaffia;  hence  probably  cain< 

Jove  Thalaffius:  yet  Efchylus  (in  Paufanias)  has  a  maritime  Jupiter 

who  feems   to  be    Neptune,  Agenor's  fire,  called   by    fome   Bclu 

Prifcus,  and  the  Tyrian  Belus  of  the  poet  Dorotheas;  alfo  to  be  San 

choniatho's  Demaraon  Zeus.      To  Ammon  relates  Turnefort's   in 

fcription  from  the  Ifle  of  Naxia. 

O^cg   Aiog    'MviXcaOov, 

On  Eneas  Hefychius  fays  that  Ma-zeus  was  a  Phrygian  name  of  Jove  ;  and  thj 
Rhea  was  called  Ma,  among  the  Carians  and  Lyd  a  is;  whofe  Ian 
guage  Bochart  fays  is  allied  to  the  Phyrgian.       Hefychius  fays  M; 

i 


;;hap.  8-)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  271 

1  Phrygian,  is  fheep.      Thus  it  anfwers  to  Afhleroth,      Tlis  name 
Fa/ares  is  fynonymous  to  Mazeus;  Sar,    which  is  primarily  a  rock, 
nifi^sa  potentate.     Ammon  probably  was  Anammelec;  Anam  in 
abi«  being  fheep.     He  alfo   was  Philo's  Phenician  God  Agrotes: 
icrobius  reprefents  him  holding  ears  of  corn.   Paufanias  (1)  men- 
tis   Ceres  Ovifera,    meaning  the  el  Jeft  Ceres.     She  was  Sais  of  Lycophron. 
rypt;  and  the  Saites  adored  flieep.     Rhea  or  Aftane  was  the  real 
ino,    Hera,  wife  and  fifler  of  Ammon,  not  of  Picus.     Lucian  fays 
j^artewas  Juno.   Augiiftine  fays,  Allartc  is  a  name  of  Juno.  Hence  JudiQu;  16.   ^ 
J\odorus  fays,  fome  held  Ofiris  to  be  Juno's  fon:  and  that  Ifis  was 
Icctned  to  be  Ceres,  Juno  and  Luna.  So  Eufebius  calls  Luna  the  mo- 
ther of  Bacchus.  Hefychius  (ays  BvjxGv);  'vj^H^r*  \  'Acp^oSir^i;  meaning 
Venus  Urania.  Sanchoniatho  fhews  that  fhe  was  alfo  called  Dione. 
?\uiarch  mentions  the  Goddefs  called  by  fome  Juno,  by  others  Venus. 
YauWnm  (3)  mentions  an  ancient  wooden  ftj^tue  of  Juno  Venus. 
'    Strabofjj  fays    the  Tufcans  call  Juno,  Cypra;    ihe  is  Cyprus  the 
;     ^ghterof  Ciri)  ras  in  Stcphauus.  She  is  here  the  younger  Titanian 
Ms;dio,*  as  Juno,  the  elder  Ifis:   they  being  (let  me  repeat)  often 
Wended  together.  This  Cinyras  was  older  than  the  fon  of  Thyas  in 
Suidas,  who  gave  Agamemnon  a  brcaftplate,  and  was  grandfon  of      jiomcr. 
"»-nacus,    a  name  compounded  of  Pharo-Anax.    Hyginus  fays  he 
^AcSwi  of  Paphos  and  extremely  handfome.  Catullus  {hews  that 
f    J^licina  is  Diana  and  Luna.  She  was  Elithya  and  Phofphorus;  and 
iflftjrfjcus,Pafiphae;  being  Venus  Urania,  as  Paufanias  affirms.  Olen         _ 
'^ftufanias  fays,  (he  was   Cupid's  mother,  and  was  Pepromene  or 
I  ^^i  but  that  fhe  was  older  than  Saturn.      TuUy  fays,   that  Luna 
wd  Lucina  are  fynonymous  names ;   aod  that  fhe  was  Diana,  (the 
rfdcr)  Proferpine's  daughter;  here  as  ufual  the  younger  Ifis  is  con- 
founded with   the    elder:    for  Macrobius   calls  Diana,    Opis;  who 
is  Ops   or   Rhea  the  daughter  of  Uranus,    Ophion,    or     Ophis. 
She  is  certainly  the  Oupis  of  Callimachus  and  Palephatus,    Ttilly's 
Upis,  the  Opis  of  Herodotus,  who  brought  the  facred  rites  to  Delos; 
ho'  from   that  office  he  places  her  in  a  menial  capacity  under  the 
3ods,  that  is  under  the  original  Cabiri:  hence  perhaps   the    notion. 
hat   Semiramis  was  a  fervant.     We  muft  obferve  that  mod  of  the 

titles* 


2/2 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


(Book  t. 


titles,  affumed  by  the  Titan  Rhea,  and  her  daughter  Ceres,  originally 
belonged  to  Ham's  wife,  and  to  his- daughter  Mifor's  wife  ;  fuch  as 
Ifis,  Thebe,  Chamyna,  Latona;  as  Ham  was  the  firft  Egyptian  Vul- 
can, Prometheus,  Cronus,  and  Belus-,  and  Mifor,  their  firft  Ofiris, 
Bacchus,  Mercury,  and  Pa"h.  The  floating  ifle  of  Delos  feems  to  al- 
lude to  the  Ark,  in  which  Ham's  Latona  was. 


In  Cefar: 

Elian. 

Arrian. 

3,  Paufaniis. 


Some  take  Ninus,   who  efpoufed  3emiramis,    to  be   the   Lydian 
Ninus  defcended  from  Omphale  and  the  Tyrian  Hercules;    Alcides 
being  feveral  generations  later:    for  Apollodorus  fays,  (he    was    the 
relift  of  Tmolus  king  of  Lydia,  who  (as  Ovid  fays)  differed  from 
Midas  in  the  conteft  between    Pan  and  Apollo:    and   (as    Hyginus 
writes)  had  Midas  by  the  Mother  of  the  God^;   and  therefore  feems 
to  be  the  famous  Gordius,  who,  (as  Plutarch  fays)  had  Midas  by  the 
Bona    Dea.     On  rivers,  he  fays,  Tmolus  killed  himfelf  from  a  pre- 
cipice, thro*  remorfe  forravifhing  Arrhippe  one  of  Diana's   train. 
Others  fuppofe  Ninus  to  be  the  fon  of  the  Babylonian  Belus,  Saturn's 
ally.     If  be  was  Picus^,  he  was  Saturn's  youngeft  fon,  who  extended 
his  fway  from  the  Euphrates  to  Spain;   and  this  is   probable,   as  the 
times  coincide;  efpecially  confidering  this  Jove's  longevity,  dLmount- 
ing  to  120  years. 

A  TA  B  L  E  0/  the  dircH  (Ufcendants  of  Noah's  three  fans. 


Noah. 


Japhet, 
Gomer, 
Tiras, 
Thorgomue 
Haic, 

Armenacus, 
Arameis, 
Amafia, 
Gelamius^ 
Harma, 
Aram, 

Aracus,  flain  by 
Semiramis* 


Shem, 

Arphaxad 

Salah, 

Eber, 

Phaleg, 

Reu 

Serug 

Nahor, 

Terah, 

Abraham, 

Ifaac. 


—  I 

Ham, 

Mifor; 

Thoth, 

Tat, 

Mannus, 

Acmon, 

Uranus, 

Saturn, 

Picus. 


primitive; 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

B  O  O  K     II.  CHAP.  IV. 

CONTENTS. 


pf  Noah  and  his  Sons.      Of  Ham  and   the  Cabiri;  Curetes,  DaByls^ 

Palici^  Patacij  Penates^  Lares,  Corybantcs,  AnaEles,  Diofcuri,  t?c. 

The  Settlements  of  Ham*  s  JJ/'ue.     Of  Mi  for,  in  Egypt;  Cujh,  in  Su- 

tana ;   Canaan,  in  Phenicia,       0/  the  Belus  who  went  to  Babylon. 

Of  the  feveral  Mecns.   OfCyhde^  the  Titan  Meon*sor  Saturn's  Rhea 

or   Lady.       Of  Teutat  or  Tuitho,   Sire  of  Mannus,  Founder  of  the 

TiloHs.     Of  the  Titans  and  their  Contemporaries.     Of  the  Phenician 

ffercuUs  prior  to  Cadmus  and  to  Sfjojlris :   Yet  the  Titans  were  long 

after  the  pri7nitive  Cahiri^  Meon  or  Saturn,  theFather  cf  Picus,  dijlin- 

^Jked  from  Amenophis  and  Acmon^s  Sire,  and  from  Mi  for,  one  of  . 

Ac  Egyptian  Cabiri  here  enumerated.     Of  Ammon,  TeuMamus,  Amoiy 

wr  km^s.     Of  the  Antiquify  of  the  Titans. 

T  ET  us  now  trace  Noah's  family  in  general.    Noah  is  the  Aion 

[  of  Nonnus ;  and  the  ancient  Proteus  of  Orpheus,    who  bore 

^ie  keys  of  the  Ocean.     He  is   the  ancient  Nereus  of  Apollonius 

"nodius.     Alfo  the  Ofiris  whom  Plutarch  calls  Oceanu«.     And  the 

^^^    being   called   Boiis,  he   is  the  Oceanus   in  Euripides,  and  the  q   ^       g 

'fcptune  in    Hefycliius,  called  Taurus.     Herodotus  mentions   the  L.  4.  49. 

"vcr  Noas  in  Thrace  ;    it  is  a  branch  of  the  Danube.     Pliny  (6) 

tells  Us  there  was  a  town  of  that  name  near  the  Red  Sea :  faid  to  be 

the  native  pUire  of  the  Sibyl  Sambctlie;    whence  perhaps  the  fable 

CI  nerbeinir   Noah's  dauolncr.     Suidas  mentions  the  town  Noae   in 

Sicuy,     Thefe  are  all    furjM:fcd  to  he   named  in  honour  of  Noah : 

lb  probably  was  No  in  Eg\pt  ;  as  Chemmis  in  honour  of  Ham; 

N  n  Mezre 


•74  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

Mezre  and  Mendes  in  honour  of  Mifor.       Noah  feems  to  be  the 
German  Alcis  or  El-zeus,      The  firft  Janus  may  have  been  Noah^ 
jji^  J    and  named  Jah  No;  as  Ovid  hints  that  Janus  was  more  ancient  thaa 
all  the  Grecian  Gods. 

Noah's  three  fons  produced  iflue  of  three  different  complexions;  the 
Ethiops,  Getae  and  Ceftae;  who  neverthelefs  intermixed  with  one 
another  in  the  countries  between  20  and  50  degrees  of  narthem  lacL 
tude :  conftituting  on  one  hand  the  Indo-Scythians ;  on  the  other, 
the  Celto-Scythians. 

Critia8«  Thefe  fons  of  Noah  are  Plato's  Gods,  who  took  their  realtMlqr 

Lot  without  contention:  tho*  this  pacific  difpoGtion  continued  m 
long  time  ;  for  Ham's  fons  Chus  and  Canaan  poflefTed  thelnfetm 
of  Babylon  and    Paleflinc  ;    whilft  the   Arabian  Hycfi   invaded 
Egypt- 
Similar  to  this  primitive  divifion  of  the  earth,  the  Titans   long 
afterwards  made  a  partition  of  the  Vorld  between  Saturn,  Titan 'tr 
Ammon,  and  Japet :    Saturn  being   Meon,  was  an  Oceanus  mi 
Neftune ;  Ammon  was  Jfove ;  and    Nonnus  mentions  the  glotff 
realms  of  Jiapet,  who  thus  was  Pluto^      Of  thefe  Titans  the  "fti^ 
wrote, 

Kai  tu^tXtvffe  Kpovog,    hccs  Ttrav^    luxeloile* 

The  Greek  and  Roman  Poets  wrongly  attributed  this  partition  Id 
Saturn's  fons. 


I 


Phcrccydcs 

In  Tcrtullian 

Natal: 

Comes* 


Lord  Monboddo,  from  a  French  Jefuit,  fays  the  Americans  deem 
themfelves  defcendents  of  three  families.  The  Saturn,  faid  in  the 
Sibylline  poems  to  have  been  the  firft  fovereign  in  the  world ;  alfo 
faid  to  be  the  firft  crowned  head,  is  the  Cronus  or  Belus  prinius  of 
Eupolemus:  that  is  Ham,  who  gave  his  name  to  the  art  of  chemiftry: 
yet  in  Perfic  Cham  is  fmall.     He  is  Tully's  Valens,  Mercury's  fire; 

Sadom 


ChaiNj.)  PRI  M  IT  I  VE    HIST  OR  Y-  .     tj^ 

Sadorh  (whence  Saturn)  fignify insr  Valens.   This  Mercury  was  Mifor: 
bat  his   fon  Thoth  was  the  Hermes  wljofe  mother   Phoranis  (her    . 
ocher  name  Chamyna  being  a  Patronymic,  like  the  flritifh  Camma}^  '^^^^X- 
feems  the  daughter  of  tho  mon:  ancient  Phoroneus,  whoo)  I  take  to* 
be  Ham;  confounded  a^  he  is  with  the  Ton  of  Inachus.       Ham    was 
alfo    Ae    great    Egyptian    Vulcan,     progenitor  of    their    Cabiri. 
Hence  be  is   the  K^jx^hI^*?  of  Afclepiades,  Stobeus,   and  Photius. 
Alexander  the  Great  wrote  to  his  mother  that  a  pried  liad  difclofed 
tofkim  the  mortality  of  their  Gods,  and  that  Vulcan  was   the  prin*. 
Ctpal.     He  is  the  Tan  Fan  of  the  (fOths;  this  name  (ignifying  Ignis  Minnt  Pefix* 
Numeni  Tan  being  Celtic  for  fire;  Fan,  is   Numen  in  Teutonic; 
hence  perhaos  Fane,  a  temple;    many  words  are  thus  compounded, 
as  Hen  Caftle,  Pembrook,  Crunwear,  Penzance:  yet  Sherringham 
fays  Tan  in  Teutonic  fignifies  Sor  .-He  is  theVolian  or  Vulcan  an  Marcdlas 
^d  God  of  Gaul.     He   is  the    eldeft  Thamuz,     the  Macedonian 
Tbauims  or  Mars  ;  hence  Genitor  Mavors;  and  being,  the  original  q^^^^  "*** 
Zaniolxis,  or  Zam-oUZeus,  the  mighty  God  Ham,  the  Samolus  anr 
•mblem  of  prolificity  was  dedicated  to,  and  named  from  him;  yet 
Samol    Ggnifying   the  left  hand,  this  plant  was  gathered  with  that 
band*      He  was  the  Egyptian  Thamiiz:  hence  Plato  fuppoles  him  to 
be  Ammon,  a   name  prim  tively  of   Ham,  tho*  affumed  long  after* 
^»w^  by   Rhea's   Gallant,      Plutarch  fays  Amun  is  recondite,  the 
lenft  of  Baflkreus  according  to   Hornius;  this  was  a  name  of  the 
Tilan  Ammon's  fon,  who  in  that  name  and  in  others  was  confounded 
with  his  fire;  fiinilar  to  the  Cefars  and  Ptolemies.  Plutarch's  Amyn 
is  Sanchoniatho's  Amynus  Thoth's  grandfire.     Camafene   in   Sicily 
feems  «to   have  been  named  in  honour  of  Hanu      Nonnus  in  bis  14*  ai, 
Dionyfiacs  writes 

*Itectg  ^R^atgroto  Svu  flwpiu^f   Kct^etpovg^ 

He  names  tVem  Alcon  and  Eurymedon,  which  fignify  power  and 
cxteprivc  dominion,  and  allude  to  Mifor  and  Canaan.     Apollonius        ^ 
R^odiu^  favs  that   Eurymedon  was  Perfeus;  and  this  (hews  that  the 
Titans  aflumcd  tlie  titles  of  Ham's  immediate  defcendents.  Jackfon 

N  n  2  refers 


II 


ty6  PItlMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book » 

refers  to  a  Medal  of  Carrhac,  having  the  image  of  a  Cabir,  or  Deiu 

Scho?  A^t  PQ^^"s>  ^^^^  ^  hammer  and  key.       The  Hammer  is  peculfar  tc 

Rhod.        Vulcan,     The  key  feems  to  imply  that  he    unlockt  the  arts  to  th< 

Poftdiluvians:  but   Paufanias  fays,  the   key  alludes  to   Pluto;  fron 

from  which  we  might  fuppofe  him  to  be  Muth  or  Serapis,  as  well  a< 

Vulcan:  for  he  was  Ammon,  Montfaucon's  fetting  Siiii.     Horniuj 

fays  that  Sol  is  Serapis  from  Seraph,  owng  to  burning;  hence  alio 

he  derives  Seraphs,  and   Pro-ferpine.     Cham  in   the  Zingara  laii- 

guage  is  Sol,  the  great  Pheniciau  Deity  Chamos.     Cham  and  Zeus 

alfo   figriify  fervour;  hence  Jove  Serapis  in  Selden :    but  his  foo, 

being  Ofiris,  was  Serapis  alfo;  for   Oriental   titles  were   common'jr 

transferred  from  fatiier  to  fon,     Paufanias  writes  that  the  moft  anci- 

Sttidas.      ent  Temple  of  Serapis  was    at  Memphis.     Cecrops    broug'  t    iWn 

Vulcan's  laws  to  Athens;  and   Ham    being   the   primitive  Cronuv 

Cbarondas  faid  the  laws,  he  inftituted  at  Carihaoe,  were  Saturn^ 

Ham  is  called  Belus,  as  well  a^  Cronus,  by  Eupolemus.       Eratoft- 

henes,  by  Riling  Thoth's  father,  jovius,  fhews  that  Ham  wa^  called 

Jove;  Mifor  or  Menes  being  his  fon.     He  is  Tully's  Jove,  who  b^ 

the   primitive   Proferpine  had  the  frft  Di-ana.     The  Celtic  Thai 

Irifh  for  a  lord,  but  Iflandic  for  Audacia,  was  this  primitive  Jove 

*^  '  for  SchefFer  fays,  after  Rheen,  that  *•  in  Lapland  Thor  was  figWBi^ 

with  a  hammer  in  his  hand,"  Vulcan's  badge;   Ham  being  VuiHti 

Cronus,  and  Zeus.   This  explains  Paufanias,  where  he  ftiles  Vulcan's 

'  ^'     altar,    Mrrtial    Jcve*s:  for  the   eldeft   Mars  was   this  Saturn;    tho? 

Gruter's   infcrption  Mars   Camulus  relates  to  Mifor,  the  primitive 

Mercury  in    Macrobius:  Camol    fignifies  a  prince.      Ham    is    Lir- 

cian's  Mars,  who  taugjbt  Priapus  to  dance.     LaBantius  informs   us 

this  Mars,  theThracian  Cod,  **  was  in  Macedonia  named  Gabirusj 

the  Arabian  Cabar  in  Stiden;  that  is  Cabir,  potent:  thus  Ham  is  tt"" 

I.  918;  Jove  deemed  by  the  Scoliaft  of  Apollonius  to  be   the  oldefl  Cabf 

and    his  fon  Mifor    bcii  g  Ohri  ,  a  name  given  to  Dionyfius,  he 

reputed  the  yonngeft  Cabir.     Ham  being  Thor,  the  Meon  who  w^ 

Noah  or  the  firft  Oceanus  and  hi    confort  Tcthys  (whom  the  Tita 

Meon  and  Cybele  affecled  to    perfonarc)  became   Odin  and  AffiiT 

Kertha,    Terra  ai^d  Frga:    this  Odin  i^  the  oldeft  of  the  Afaein  th' 

Edda,  fuperior  to  the  Potent  Gods :    but  Typhon  long  afterward 

feem 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  1  T  I  V  E    H  1  S  T  O  R  Y.  ^n 

feems  to  have  been  an  Odin  alfo.     Wormius  fhews  that  human  ob- 
lations were  made  to  Thot;  as  they  were  to  the  primitive  Saturn  of 
Egypt,  who  was   Ham;  Jeremiah's   Chemofh  ;  the    Chamos  of  the  42- 7» 
Septuagint:  to  him  Hamburg  feems  to  have  been  dedicated,  probably 
by  hisj^reat  grandfon  Teutat  or  Tuitho.  Ham  was  Taramis  or  Jove 
Tarameus.  He  is  aifo  the  primitive  Egyptian  Prometheus  in  Phornu- 
tus;  not  the  Aftrono.ner  of  Caucafus,  but  the  fource  of  men  in  Egypt. 
His  wife's  name  was  Thebe  the  mother  of  Chamyna^  that  Ifis  or  Mi-  Paofan. 
ncrva  who  was  MiforVs  con(ort.       Hecatompylos  was  called  Thebes  DioJorui  i: 
fr(jm  her;  as  (he  was  called  Thebe  from   the  Ark;  fee  Bryant;  and 
Ham  feems  the  real  Zeth  of  Apollodor.UvS,    from  whofe.  wife  Thebe 
Thebais  had    its   name.       She  was  Coria  Tully's  Coriphe.       Pau- 
fanias  fays  that  Prometheus  was  a  Cabir,  but  miftakes  him  for  Deu- 
calion's fire;  and  fays  that  fome  myflerious  donation  of  Ceres  initi- 
ated the  Cabiri;  which   regards  the  Samo-thracian  Cabiri;  a  name 
thai  feems  allie  1  to  the  Perfian  Ghabri;   Ghabr,  Ghavr,  fignifies   a 
faj^c,  or  ma^e,  a  na  ne  derived  from  Mogh,   Sacerdos,  which  agrees 
withrfie  fcnfc  of  Mage  in  Apuleius;  tho*  they  properly  were  Luna*s 
priefts,  Luna  in  Perfic  being  Magj.      Ham  was  the    Prometheus  of 
Egvpt,  in  whofe  time  a  deluge  deftroyed  a  great  part  of  mankind, 
as  Diodorus  wr'tes:  this  was  no  other  than  the  univerfal  Cataclyfm, 
Tlwtt  (in  the  hiftorical  fenfe)  it  is,  that  Plato  tells  Dionyfius^  '*  The 
Ancients  joined    Prometheus  to  Jove:**  in  a  theological  fenfe,  the 
Logos  and  Omnipotence  are  meant. — The  Gallic  Hercules,    whom 
Lucian  proves  to   be  Mercury,  and  whofe  worfhip  was  inftituted  in 
Gaul  by  Tuitho  or  Teutat,  tho'  afterwards   tran  ferred  to  himfelf, 
was  Ham's  fon    Mifor,  the  firft  Egyptian    Mercury  s^nd    Hercules; 
hence  the  Hcrm-eraclea  mentioned  by  Hornius.     His  father  made 
him  Viceroy  of  Egypt,  where  he  embankt  the  river  near  Memphis, 
thus  termtnati'ig  the  Eagle's  ravages  on  the  vitals  of  this  primitive 
Prometheus:    tho'  the    Titans    afFefted    the  titles  of    the    Cabiri, 
wherever  they  imitated  their  aftions;  as  we  now  ftile  any  great  hun- 
ger, a  Nimrod:     This  is  the  Prometheus  who,  as  Suidas  write?^,  re- 
formed language  in  a  grammatical  manner-,  for  his  fon  enafled  laws* 
his  grandfon  invented  letter^;  which  feem  fubfequent  improvements. 
Tiic  daughter  of  this  primitive  Prometheus  was,  as  Anticlides  fhews, 

that 


278-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  (Book  t 

that  Ifis  Mifar's  wife;  whofe  name  Rheaor  Cybele  and  her  daughter 
Ceres  adopted.  This  aReQation  caufed  the  old  hiftoriand  to, blend 
the  Titans  \^ith  Ham  and  hU  immediate  defcendenls;  Co  Eufebiui 
with  good  grounds  fuppofes  a  more  ancient  Pboroneus  than  Niobe*s 
fire  ;  tho*  no  records  reaching  higher  than  them,  Plato  fays  they  had 
nothing  more  ancient.  Cham's  renown  extended  to  the  fiirtheft  Eafti 
Cambalu  is  named  from  Cham  Baal :  Japan,  Pan's  Land»  is  named 
Chamis  ;  Cham  there  is  Sol. 


In  Cratylo. 


Tully,  Laertius  and  Ampeliiis  fay,  *'  the  Egyptian  Vulcan  wai 
fon  of  Nilus  •/•  that  is  of  the  firft  Oceanus,  Oken,  Ogen^  or  Noah: 
for  Plato  J  Tomer,  Hefiod  and  Orpheus,  deem  Ocean  and  Teth)ji 
the  i^rents  of  the  Gods,  Vulcan  being  the  firft  God  of  Egypt :  ai4 
being  Prometheus,  he  (in  Efchylus)  profefTes  himfelf  the  inventor  ol 
medicine  and  ineuls;,    and  is  moft  probably  the  Zeus-Afclepius  of 
Ariftides.     Ammon  and  his  fon  Dionyfius,  or  the  laft  Ofiris,  being 
blended  with  Ham   and   Mifor  the  fecond  Ofiris,  Noah  being  the 
firft,  are  by  the  Scholiaft  of  Apollonius  deemed  the  firft  Cabiri  :  buW 
the  Titan  Ammon  was  not  prior  to  the  four  next  Cabiri  there  men- 
tioned :  for  Axieros,  derived  by  Bochart  from  Achfi  Eres,  the  eaiA 
is   mine,  is  Terra,  Dcmeter  or  Cybele ;    AxiokerCas^  Axixxkeufi; 
the  Deities  of  mortality  (Keres  being  death)  are  Pluto  and  Pni^ 
pine  ;  the  fourth  is  Cadmillus,  the  Tufcan  Camillus  from  the  Phcm--' 
^  cian  Chadanty  to  minifter :  he  is  the  Hermes  whom  Lycophron  call^ 
Cadmus.     But  the  grand  Cabiri  were  Ofiris  and    Ifis  ;  or  Sol  an^' 
Luna.     In  honour  of  thefe  Cabiri  the   Druids  erefted  Ahiri  ncr^^ 
Oldbury  :  .its  platform   is  the  figure  of  a  ferpentine  feraph,  abov^^ 
two  miles  long,,  formed  of  400  huge  ftones  ereQed  ih  two  rows  :  '\l^00 
head,  on  Overton  hill,  called  Hak  Pen  confiOed  of  an  outer  circle*^ 
of  40  ftones;  and  an  inner,  of  19.     The  middle  of  this  feraph  per* 
vades  a  circle  of  100  ftones  about  10  cubits  high  and  broad  ;  and  1-5 
afunder,  inclofing  two  temples  each  confifting  of  two  circles ;  one, 
of  30  ftones,  and  250  cubits    in  diameter;  the  inner,  of  12   ftones 
and  100  cubits  in  diameter:   near  the  altar  of  the  folar  temple  is  an 
obelifk  ;  near  that  of  the  lunar,  three  ftones  forming  a  crcfcent.    The 


Chap.  3-)  P  ]fe  I  M  I  T  I  V  £    rt  t  ^  T  O  R  Y,  179 

40  ftones  allude  to  fo  many  Nundina^i  the  19,  to  the  lunifolar  cycle; 
the  30,  to  the  days  of  a  month;  the  12,  to  the  months  in  a  year. 
Herodotus   fays   the  Cabiri  were  Vulcan's  fons.     Pherecydes  (in  ^'  ^7' 
Strabo)  lays  the  Cabiri  were  three  fons  and  three  daughters  of  Vul- 
C^u  and  Cabeira  daughter  of  Proteus ;  who  here  means  no  more  than 
Nereus,  Neptune,    Nilus,  Oceanus;  he   is  Noah;  Cabeira  is  only 
an  apellative  of  Thebe  or  the  primitive  Athyr,  the  Arabian  Caban 
Yet  Pherecydes  here  miilakes  Noah's  fons  and  daughters  for  Vul- 
can's ;  and  the  Cabiri  of  the  Ark,  for  the  Egyptian.     Servius  fays 
**  the  Cabiri  were  the   Penates,  Ceres,  Pales  and  Fortune  :**    but  En.  a;  325: 
Ceres  herfelf  was  Fortune.  Varro  and  CaQius  Hemina  fay  the  Same-  Maaobim; 
thracian  Gods  were  the  Penates,  and  the  great  beneBcial  and  potent 
Deities  :  thcfe  were  Ops,  Proferpine,  Pluto  anid  Hermes:  but  Arno- 
bius  fays  they  were  Neptune  and  Apollo.     Virgil  fhews  that  Vefta      En.  a; 
was  one  of  his  Penates  patrii.  Alexand  ah  Alexandro  calls  the  Lares,  ^^  g^ 
Dymon,  Tychis,  Herois,  Anachis^     Amobius  fays  they  were  Func- 
torum  Animse;  and  this  is  moil  probable.     Euripides  mentions  the 
Cyclopean  Lares.     Ovid  derives  them  from  Mercury  and  the  Naiad 
Lam:  but  the  Egyptian  Mercury  was  often  one  of  theni  himfclf, 
beiiig  Tychis  or  Agathodemon,  the  Egyptian  Ofiris  or  Dionyfius 
who  was  Mifor.     Thoth  and  Ifmunus  were  the  two  others :  but 
^ISkA  being  blended  with  his  fire,  the  Latins  had  only  two  general 
LmrcB.  So  Athenagoras  wrote  that "  in  the  Pcnetrale  ftood  the  ftatues  q^^^^  ^r* 
df  two  youths,  2  feet  high,  and  clad  in  dogs^flciiis*^rc)pTefcni!ng  Ifmunus  cheol,  vol,  S. 
and  Thoth.  Ifmunus  orEfculapius  was  the  Lar  of  Socrates.  Varro  fays 
the  Lares  were  the  Manes;   indeed  perfons  often  cbofe  the  ghoftsof 
their  anceftors  for  their  Lares,  hence iftilcd  Paternal  by  Dionyfius 
of  Halicarnaffus.     Thefe  propitious  or  tutelary  Gods  were  named 
from  the  Celtic    Llary,  mild,  gentJe:   Penates,    from  Pen,  Head, 
fignify  the  heads  of  the  family:  Servius   En.  2.514  fays  the  were 
Dii  Domi  culti,  Domeftic  Gods.      Hyginus,  in  faying  the  Curetes  ^*  '  '^^' 
and   Corybantes  were  the  Lares,   confounds  the  Cabiri  with   the 
Curetes  and  Corybantes,  who  latterly  were  their  priefts,  ?md  origin- 
ally were  the  nine  Telchines,   from  the  ifle  Telchinis,  now  Rhodes; 
attending  Rhea  thence  to  Crete.       Pherecydes  (in  Strabo)  fays  the 


nme 


i8o  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

nine  Corybantcs,  fprung  from  Apollo  and  Rhytia,  refided  in  Samo. 
thrace ;  that  fome  deduced  them  from  Cholchis;  fome  affirmed,  the 
Titans  gave  them  to  Rhea,  as  guards,  being  Ba6lrians.     Strabo  fays 
they  were  fons  of  Athene  and  Sol,  that  is  Ammdn. — Diodorus  fays 
(3)  the  Cureles  were  fons  of  Jove  the  brother  of  Uranus:  and  in  this 
place  counts  them  ten  ;    taking  them  for  the  Daftyls :  elfewhere  he 
fays  they  were  fons  of  Jove  and  Rhea  ;  but  that  fome  deemed  them 
the  nine  Tons  of  the  Da£lyls.     Indeed  the  Daflyls  were  Curetes;  to 
whom  fucceeded  others,  and  in  the    firft  place  their  defcendents. 
Thus   Paufanias  afferts  that  the  Idean  Daflyls  were  the  Curetes. 
Fab.  Bacch;     Euripides  fays,  they  were  fons  of  Jove.  Their  name  is  derived  from     ■ 
Couris,  afpear:  fo  Lycophron    calls  Demeter    flea  Kup/T«  ;    for  this 
Ceres  the  elder,  Rhea  or  Aftarte,  was  Athene  or  Venus  Armata. 

.  Bryant  derives  Curetes  from  Cur  Ait,  Sol  Igneus,  and  fuppofcs 
them  to  be  priefts  of  the  fun  ;  which  feems  partly  the  cafe ;  but  we 
muft  add,  of  the  other  luminary  alfo.      He  derives  Telchines  frotft 
Tal,  Talos,  Sol ;  and  Chan,  Rex.     Paufanias  fays,  the  Curetes  o^ 
Idaei  Daftyli  came  from  the  Hyperboreans  to  Ida  in  Crete  (tho'  pro-* 
bably  firft  to  Rhodes)  and  from  Crete  to  Olympia  in  Peloponnefuilr 
•    where  in  the  golden  age  they  built  a  temple  to  Saturn  (or  Ham)<i 
the  hill   Kronion.       With  the  Titan  Saturn   and  Spartans,  a   liife 
equivalent  to  Titans,  fignifying  a   fpreading  people,  they  went  io 
Italy  :  the  Sabins  were  their  pofterity  (tho'  fettled  in  the  country  cT 
the  Umbri)  and  built  the  city  Cures;  their  Salii  continued  their  an- 
cient rites  :   the  origin  of  tragedy,  at  firft  dirges  in  honour  of  Bac* 
chus,  and  deemed  more  ancient  (by   Plato)  than  Thefpis   the   lup- 
pofed  inventor  of  tragedy,  becaufe  he  introduced  aftion  into  thefc 
Dithyrambic    exhibitions  ufual  at  the  time  of  vintage;  tho'  at  firft 
Elegies.     The  Sabins  feem  to  be  a  peculiar  colony  of  Dionyfius  or 
Sabazeus,  the  holy  God,  whofe  priefts  were  the  Zabii:  and  B  being 
commutable  with  M,  he  was  Semo  ;  and  hence  Samos  had  its  name, 
which,  as  Diodorus  tells  us,  fignifies  facred:  but  this  Jove  ofNyfa 
being  often  confounded  with  Jove  Picus,  a  name  to  which   Sancus 

is 


Chap.  30  PRIMI  T  I  V  E     M  I  S  TORY.  2S1 

is  fynonymous;  he  was  Semo  Sancus,  Saint  Picas,  Saba-zeus,    holy 
Jove  i  yet  Saba  in  Phenician  is  to  be  drunk  ;  as  the  Goddefs  Methy 
is  from  the  Celtic  Medd.  Thcfe  Spartans  and  Curetes  (as  Stephanus 
writes)  depofited  infant  Jove  in  Crete:  who  as  Callimachus  fays, 
the'  held  by  fome  a  native  of  Crete,  was  born  on  Mount  Lyca^us  in 
Parrhafia,  a  diftrift  of  Arcady,  held  once  by  the  Apidani.     Saturn, 
being  betrayed  in  an  attack  on  Crete,  by  the  aid  of  fome   of  thefe 
Spartans  (who  feem  to  be  the  Leleges   fometimcs  mentioned  with 
Curetes)  efcaped,  as  Julius  Firmicus  afferts,  to  Italy.    Some  of  the 
moft  ancient  Curetes  or  priefts  of  the  Cabiri  went  with  Teutat  to 
Spain  and  Germany;    thus  this  order  were  earlier  than  the  Daftyls 
who  in  Crete  were  initiated  in  it.      With  Mannus  and  Acmon  they 
went  from  Germany  to  Cappadocia  and  Phrygia :  then  with  Uranus, 
Saturn  and  Rhea  to  Arcady,  Rhodes  and  Crete;  where  the  Da£lyls 
and  their  fons  afTumed  this  Sacredotal  office :  the  Daftyls  were  re- 
lations of  the  Titans,  and  the  fubfequent  Curetes  were  their  iflue 
wd  Sacerdotal  fucceffors  ;  and  in  Samos  had  the  name  of  Corybants 
(as  Diodorus  writes)  from  Corybas  Jafion's  fon:    his  uncle  Dardan^ 
wbok  real  name  was  Polyarches,  fee  the  Scholiaft  of  Apollonius, 
as  Jafon's  was  Etion,  brought  the  rites  thence  again  into  Phrygia ; 
the  Cabiri,  in  whofe  honour  they  were  inftituted,  being  the  Phr)'- 
^aB  Penates :  but  at  Samothrace  the  Titan  Gods  were  added  to  the 
original  Cabiri,  whofe  names  the  Pelafgi  there  were  ignorant  of.  Dar- 
dan,  or  Tartan,  is  a  chief  or  Pontifex  of  fire,  Vulcan's  Hierarch. 

Reland  derives  the  Cabiri  from  Chabar,  Socius,  aflbciated  :  he 
adds  that  the  Englilh  Gaffer  alfo  fignifies  Socius ;  and  by  a  change  of  Wife. 
F  into  M,  comes  Gammar,  and  the  Celtic  Cymmar;  fo  Cymmerau 
is  a  conflux.  But  Bochartjuftly  derives  Cabiri  from  Cabir,  potent;  Chan.  i.  ra; 
for  Orpheus  and  Varro  call  them  powerful.  Wife  thinks  them  the 
DiiConfi;  Varro's  12  Dii  Confentes,  defcribed  as  propitious  Deities; 
and  quotes  Eratofthenes  as  mentioning  the  altar  on  which  the  Gods 
vowed  their  league.     Thefe  Ennius  names, 

Juno,  Vefta,  Minerva,  Ceres,  Diana,  Venus;    Mars, 
Mercurius,  jfovis^  Neptunus,  Vulcanus,  Apollo. 

•    O  o  But 


a82  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  (Book  2 

But  Julian  Aurcliiis,  befides  tliefc,  names  eight  Patrician  Deities; 
janus,  Saturn,  Geniu."^,  Pluto,  IJacchus,  Sol,   Luna,  Tellus.      Yet 
thefc  are  not  cxaftly  the  Cabiri :    for   Herodotus  fays  that  Bacchus 
2.  43,  &  50.  ^^^^  Q„^  Qf  jj^g  iWnd  clafs  ;  and  that  Juno,  Vefta,  Themis  and  Nep- 
tune were  not  Egyptian  Divinities  ;  and  Hercules  was  of  the  fecond 
clafs  which   augmented  the  primitive  eight  to  twelve.     Saturn  was 
alfo  (according  to   Macrobius)  a  late  Deity  in  Egypt.      Therefore 
the  Egyptian  Cabiri  were  different  in  a  great  degree  from  the  auguft 
Gods  of  Rome.     Ammon  and  Rhea,  as  well  as  Saturn  and  Hercules, 
feem  to  have  been  added  to  the   eight  ancient  Deities.     The  third 
clafs  was    Dionyfius,  Neith,    Orus   or  Harpocrates,  and   Bubafte.' 
Varro  errs  a  little  in  faying  that  Caelum  and  Terra  were  Saturn  and 
Ops,    Taut  and  Aftarte,    Serapis  and   Ifis.       Caelum  and    Serapis 
were  as  different  as  Heaven  and  Hell ;  but  Terra  Titaea's  daughter 
'  was  Ops,  Ifis  and  Aflarte  ;  Saturn  was  Caelum*s  fon  ;  Taut  was  the 
fecond  Egyptian  Mercury,  (tiled  Hermogenes  by  Eratofthenes.  The 
Egyptian  Cabiri  were  eight  of  Ham's   family.     I   take  the  original 
Serapis  to  be  Ham's  father;    he  is  Muth;   and  the  primitive  Odin 
faid  in  the  Edda  to  be  fuperior  to  the  other  potent  Gods:  the  Tufcan 
En.  10.       Mantus  of  Servius.     Ham  was  Phtha,  Opas,  Vulcan,  Prometheus 
Chamos,  Zeus,  Belus,  Cronus.     Ham's  wife  Thebe  feems  to  be/fe 
moft  ancient  Latona,  one  of  the  great  Egyptian  Divinities  mentionti 
by  Herodotus,  alfo  the  firft  Ifis  and  Athyr.     Their  (on  Mifor,  or 
Ofiris,  who  was  Men,  Menes,  Mendes  Thoth's  fire,  feems  to  have 
been  a  dual  or  rather  univerfal  Deity  ;  from  him  the  people  of  Baf- 
fora  call  themfelves  and  their  language,  Mendai  :  he  was  Pan  ;  and 
probably  a  Sol:  he  was  Plato's  Thamus  Thoth's  contemporary,  indeed 
his   fire  ;    alfo  Agathodemon,  Bacchus,  and   Mercury,  Sirius  and 
Adonis.      His  wife  Chamynay/diS  alfo  called  Ifis,  and  Athyr  :  nam^* 
alTumed  by  Cybcle  and  her  daughter  long  afterwards.  Athyr  fignifi^  ^ 
Bos  ;  as  Thebe  does  according  to  Tzctzes.     Mifor's  fon  Thoth  w^-' 
Trifmcgiftus    the    fecond   Mercury.       The    Memphite    Efcl-epi*  ^ 
deemed  by  Pliny  one  of  the  primitive  deified  men,  and  called  Epii 
by  Lycophron,    Apis  by  Clement  of  Alexandria,  who   deems  hi 
the  founder    of  Memphis,  and   a  phyfician   prior  to    I(;,    (as  Snidi? 

count 


II. 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  1  S  T  O  R  Y.  283 

counts  him  a  king  of  Memphis,  rich,  the  inventor  of  medicine,  and 
a  God)  is  the  eighth  Cabir  -,  thence  is  named  IJmunus.     This  is  the 
true  Ogdous  of  Diodorus  :  tho'  he  blends  him  with  the  Uchoreus  or 
Choreus,  who   was  Meon   or   the  Titan   Saturn,  the  eighth  direQ: 
defcendent  of  the  royal   line  of  Ham  ;    from  whom   came  Mifor, 
Thoth,  Tat,  Mannus,  Acmon,  Ophion  or  Uranus,  Meon  or  Saturn. 
Strabo  fays   Apis  was  Ofiris.     If  fo,  he  was   Mifor  himfelf.     But  17. 
Plutarch  tells  us  that  fome  deemed  Apis  the  fon  of  Ofiris.     Api  in 
the    Malayan   tongue   is  fire:   as  Baal  in  Iflandic  is  Incendium.— 
Two  of  the   Cabiri  were  named  in  Sicily  Palici ;  from  the  Punic, 
Palichin,  rendered  by  Bochart,  venerable.     Diodorus  Siculus  fays, 
thefe  excelled  other  Gods  in  antiquity  and  veneration.    Their  fire's 
apellation  was  Adran,  potent.  They  probably  were  Ham  and  Mifor. 
They  had  a  facred  well  called  Menaisj  near   the  city   Menai,  fays . 
Apollodorus.      Their   Idols  were   fmall  and  named  by  mariners,    "    *^  ^^' 
Paixci ;  which  as  Bochart  fays  is  expreflive  of  fculpture  ;  or,  if  B 
has  been  converted  into  P,  derived  from  Balach,  allufive  of  pro- 
teSion.     Herodotus  fays,  Vulcan's  image  at  Memphis  was  diminu- 
tive, like  thefe.     But  Perfeus  ftiles  thefe  Gods  therafelvcs, 

Ingentes  de  Puppe  Dii. 

Thefe  maritime  Gods  were  Cabirs  ;  probably  Oceanus  or  Noah 
thefirft  Neptune-,  Jove  or  Ham  ;  Mifor  or  Hermes,  who  was  Aga- 
thodemon  and  the  firft  Hercules;  hence  Hercules  Pataicus  in  Hefy- 
chius.  He  is  the  eloquent  Hercules  of  Gaul  reprefented  as  an  old 
mariner.  Herodotus  mentions  a  temple  of  the  Cabiri  at  Memphis. 
Of  thefe  Gods  I  fhall  fay  more  prefently. 

The  ancient  Deities  of  Greece  mentioned  in  Plato's  Cratylusfeem 
to  have  been  brought  by  the  Getsc  from  Perfia  ;  namely  Sol,  Luna, 
Terra^  Stellae,  Caelum. 

Herodotus  fays  the  Perfian  Gods  are  Sol,  Luna,  Terra,  Urania, 
^g'^is.  Aqua,  Ventus,  Jove.     Ficinus  fays  that  Evander  found  thefe 

Oct  eight 


3-37: 


284  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  «. 

eight  named  on  an  Egyptian  column,  Saturn,  Rhea,  Ofiris,  Spiritus^ 
Caelum,  Terra,  Nox  et  Dies.     But  I  have  already  named  their  eight 
perfonal  Gods  froni  Herodotus,  Plaro,  Varro  and  Sanchoniatho.— 
Hence  it    was  that  the  ancient  Gallic  temples  had  eight  fides,  and 
eight  images  were  figured  on  each.      To  the  old  Cabiri  were  added 
at  Samqthrace  (in  the  time  of  Orus)  Ceres,  Proferpine,  Pluto    and 
Hermes ;  or  rather,  four  Titans   afliimcd  thofe  titles   belonging  to 
Ham's  immediate  iffue.      The  Cabiri  alfo  became  confounded  with 
the  Diofcuri ;  the  firft  clafs  of  whom  were   fuppofed  to  be  Ammon 
and  his  fon  Dionyfius;  but  really  w^re  Ham   and  Mifor:  the   laft, 
were  Caftor  and  Pollux :  and  all  thefe  became  confounded  with  the 
Anaces  or  AnaQes  who  were  deemed  this  Dionyfius,  and  Eubuleus 
or  Hermes,  and  Tritopatreus  or  Orion:  but  I  think  originally  were 
Ham,  Mifor  and  Nimrod.      Again,  thefe  all   are  confounded  with 
the  Daftyls,  the  relations,  attendants  and  priefts  of  the  Magna  Mater; 
j^^^    ,who,  as  Paufanias  fays,  was  adored  at  Thebes  with  the  Cabiri.  Dio- 
dorus  (3)  fays,  her  myfteries  were  inftituted  at  Samothrace  in  the 
Hcrodot.  a.    reign  of  Horus.  Yet  the  primitive  Cabiri,  whofe  rites  the  Pelafgians 
50— 52,       had  previoufly  introduced  there  (for  they  came  thence  to  Athens, 
prior  to  Cecrops)  were  the  primitive  Gods  of  Egypt;  tho'  the  Titans 
afterwards  aflumed  their  titles,  attributes,  and  merits.     For   Hem- 
dotus  fays,  the  Pelafgi  knew  not  the  names  of  the  Gods,  but  caWtd 
them.  Divine,  the  Gothic   Afes,    till  they   had  other  names   from 
Egypt,  and  the  Oracle  of  Dodona   authorized  them:  after  which, 
they  adopted  Dionyfius.     From  this  religious  turn  Homer  calls  the 
Pelafgians  divine.  Yet  Herodotus  thought  the  Pelafgi  introduced  the 
names  of  Vefta,  Themis  and  Juno;  as  unknown  in  Es;ypt.    Themif. 
cyra  was  named  in  honour  of  Themis,   before  the   Titanian   wan 
Mcflen.   Paufanias  fays  that   "  Cadmus  inftituted  Cabiric  rites  near  Thebes  : 
Melampus,  at  Eleufis  in  Attica:  Caucon,  at  Meffene.    Thcir'grove  20 
furlongs  from  Thebes  was  confecrated  to  Ceres  and  Proferpine.  The 
myfteries  arofe  from  a  prefent  of  Ceres  to  Prometheus  a  Boeotian 
Cabir,  and  his  fon  Etneus."  This  fecms  an  impcrfeQ  account,  owing 
to  the  great  Egyptian  Cabir  being  that  Prometheus  who  was  Vulcan 
or  Ham  :  whofe  lot  at  firft  feems  to  have  been  Africa;  l;ut  Canaan 
feized  Phenicia;  Chus  extended  himfelf  to  Babylon,  Sufiana,  and 

India; 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  285 

India;  and  his  progeny,  probably  with  Phut  after  the  Babylon  dif- 
perfion,  got  to  Mauritania;  thence  gradually  into  Spain. 

Egypt,  Ham's  dominion,  was   formerly  called  Aeria^  a  name   it 
had  in  common  with  Crete:  if  derived  from  the  Celtic,   it  fignifies 
the  feat  of  war;  Aer  in  Welfh  fignifying  battle,  hence  Ares.       The  Gellius. 
Scholiaft  of  Apollonius  derives  it  from  the   blacknefs  of  the  foil;   .270. 
-whence  Suidas  fays  that  Egypt  was  called  Melam-bolus:  as  Ennius, 
according  to  Servius,    faid  the  Nile  was  called  by  the  Latins  Meloj  ^T^i  ^' 
and  Plutarch,  calls  it  Melas;  fo  Diodorus  calls  it  Oceames  from  the*  Ifis. 
Chaldee  Okem,  black:  Isomer  calls  it  Oceanus.      It  was  alfo  faid 
to  be  named  Actos,  as"  Egypt  was  Aetia,  from  the  dark  hue  of  an     Lycophroni 
eagle;  and  Egypt,  from    the  dark  colour  of  a  vulture:  hence  the 
fable  of  Prometheus  tormented  30  years,  as  Hyginus  relates;  till  the 
Egyptian  Hercules  drained   his  province.     From  this  colour,  the 
Ethiopians,  as  in  the  poet  Dionyfius,  called  it  Siris,  as  Pliny  does:  v.  223. 
and  Chronicles  1.  13,  5.  it  is  called  Sihor  from  its  muddinefs,    ac-  5.9. 
cording  to  Jerom.     It  was  named  Nile  fi'om   Nahal,  emphatically 
tJie  river.     Apollonius  Rhodius  ^.  269.)  and    Lycophron  call    it  I"  ^^*"^  23: 
Triton ;  hence  moft  probably  the  Egyptian  Minerva  was  denomi- 
nated Tritonia.     Pliny  calls  it  Agathodemon;  it  being  called  Ocea- 
imtj  which  in  Celtic  is  Mron^  the  name  of  Menes  or  Mifor  who  was 
that   Ofiris    called    in    Plutarch    Agathodemon.      Stephanus  fays, 
"  Egypt  was  called  Ogygia,  allufive  to  the  antiquity  of  that  king- 
dom; as  alfo  was  Egyptian  Thebes.     Euftathius  on  Dionyfius  tells 
US  it  was  named  Hephallia,  from  Vulcan.     Bochart  fays,    '^  it  was 
named   Rahab,  ^rom   Ryb,  a  pyramid,  which  is  the  fhape  of  the 
Delta;'*  but  probably  from  its  being  the  Land  of  the  Pyramids.     It 
was  alfo  called  Ypea.   Plutarch  deduces  its  name,  Chemia,  from  the 
blacknefs  of  an  eye.  But  Egypt  is  in  the  Pfalms  termed  the  land  of  '°5'  *°  * 
Ham    or  Cham:    who   as   Sicilian    authors  report  built  Camefenc 
in   their  ifland,  fuppofed  by  fome  to  be  called  Camarina;  but  this 
may  have  been  named  from  Comer  Hen-,  as   Camafene    from  Cha- 
mus    Hen;  who  was  Camefcs   or  Cham  Hizzus;  indeed   Panormus 
feenis  to  be  the  God  Pan,  who  was  Mcndes,  Menes,  or  Mifor,  the 
fon  of  Ham:  and  as  Panormus  became  Palermoj  fo  Panos,  Pales. 

He 


I 


•66'  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Bookj 

He  is  the  Belus  Primus  of  Eupolemus:  from  him  came  the  Baby 
Ionian  Belus,  as  Eupolemus,  Paufanias  and  others  write^  Diodon 
"  miftakes  him  for  Lybia's  fon:  Julian  Aurelius  calls  him  the  lecon 

Gen.  c6,  II.  Belus.  Moles  calls  the  Egyptians  Mifraim.  The  old  Egyptia 
Andq.  I.  6.  Chronicle  and  Jofephus  call  them  Meftreans.  Reineccius  cw 
authors  to  fhew,  that  the  natives  now  call  that  country,  Mezr 
Suidas  fays  it  was  called  in  his  time  Mefer.  Memphis  was  ancienti 
named  Mefer,  as  Abulfeda  writes;  till  Amrou  deftroyed  it,  an 
founding  Foftat  named  it  Mefer.  The  fort  of  Babylon  ftood  nea 
this  place;  as  therefore  according  to  Jofephus,  did  Latopolis,  b 
which  Mofes  took  his  march.  Foftat,  after  its  deftruftion,  ws 
Savary.  named  Mafr  Elatic,  ancient  fort,  which  literally  is  Old  Cairo,  Cac 
being  a  fortrefs:  and  Grand  Cairo  had  the  name  of  Mefer.  Mofe 
fays  that  the  firft  movement  was  from  Ramefis  to  Succoth,  whicl 
fignifies  tents,  as  Foftat  does.. — Mendes  was  alfo  built  in  honour  c 
Mifor;  as  Chemmis  in  honour  of  Cham;  and  Thebes,  of  his  wife 
Delia  Valle  fays  the  people  ofBafTora  call  themfelvesand  their  Ian 
guage,  which  is  a  dialed  of  the  Arabic,  Mendai.  There  was  a  towi 
in  Pallene  called  Mende.  The  Egyptian  month  Mefori  was  dedi 
cated  to  Mifor;  as  Thoth,  the  next  month,  to  his  fon:  Rhea  a 
Athyr,  Muth  or  Pluto,  Ophion  or  UrAnus,  Chon  and  Epaphus,W 
this  honour  in  the  months  Athyr,  Phar-muth,  Pa-ophi,  Pa-dMft^ 
and  Epiphi.  Mifor,  the  Mifer  or  Mifes  of  Orpheus,  was  the  firf 
Egyptian  Ofiris  or  Bacchus,  and  alfo  Menes  or  Mendes  the  ancien 
God  Pan  both  of  Egypt  and  Arcadia;  thus  Suidas  fays  that  **  Pai 
wore  a  fawnfkin;"  which  was  the  robe  of  Bacchus.  He  was  th 
Ofiris  flain  by  a  river-horfe,  which  occaGoned  the  dirge  Manero 
and  Perimanos  in  Suidas;  tho'  this  was  afterwards  applied  to  tin 
ftory  of  Typhon  and  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius:  and  alfo  phyiGcall; 
to  the  Sun.  He  was  the  Atutug  o'ASuvtg  vto  Ue^C^icoVy  in  Hefychius 
Ptolemy'S'  Mars-adonis.  He  was  alfo  the  primitive  Mercury,  fathe 
of  Thoth,  hence  called  Hermogenes.  This  is  the  Mercury  dccme 
in  Paufanias  the  youngejl  fon  of  Saturn;  for  this  Saturn  was  Haf 
hence  Paufanias  calls  (this)  Hermes,  Param-mon,  the  fame  as  Ba 
ammon.  Rhea's  hun)and  took  the  name  of  Ammon  from  Ham;  \ 
was  Amos,  Apappus  and  Phi-ops,  which  may  fignify  fpoufe  of  Op 

Suid: 


See  Selden. 


C4iap.  4,)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  287 

Suidas  fays  that  Mercury  was  contemporary  with  Mcftres,  not  aware 

that  he  was  either  Thoth  the   fon  of  Meftrcs,  or  Mcflres  himfelf^ 

called  by  Eratoflhcncs,  Dionitis ;    his  father   being  that  Zeus  who 

was  Ham,    Saos  or  Sol,   proi^enitor  of  this  Dionyfius.     Therefore 

Suidas  inverts  the  order,  when  he  lays  Vulcan  fucceeded  Mercury; 

and  it  is  probable    that  he  reigned  1680   lunar  of  131  folar  years, 

before  Menes  or  Mifor  was  deputed  under  him:     otherwifc  Suidas 

muft  confound  the   Oliris,  who  was  Mifor   or  Mercury,    with  the 

Ofiris  who  was  Noah.      He  fays  Vulcan's  fon  Sol  leigned  4477  years, 

which  he  counts  diurnal  ;    this  probably  wa^  Phut,  as  Mifor's  reign 

was  longer:    Shcrringham    attributes  this  account   to   Pdl«phatus, 

Mifor  and  his  wife    Chamyna  are   the  Oiiris,  and   Ifis  (daughter  of 

Prometheus  or  Ham  and  Thebe)  who  as  Diodorus  writes  were  buried 

atPhilae  :  and  their  mother  is  the  eldell  Ifis  faid  in  Plutarch  to  be 

i\\e  mother  of  Ofiris. 


Plutarch. 


M\(or's  iffue  the  Napfhuim  fettled  about  Marntiarica  and  Barea  on 

the  LybiaM   fea  :  Promontories  being  there  ca'led,  fays   Plutarch, 

N^pthm-^    hence  Neptune,  deemed  a   Lybian  God   by  Herodotus. 

Bochart  places    the   Naphthuim   near  Cyrenaica. — The   Lnbim  are 

joined  in  the   Chronicles  with   the  Eajvptians.     The  Lebahim    are 

^Acnto  be  the  Lubim,  who  with   Shifhac  invnded  Judea;  and  are 

prohiily  Lybians,  a  name  derived  from  Luh^  thirft. — The  Anamim, 

"^^  Anam  in  Arabic,  (beep,    feem  to  be  the  Anamii  or  Nomades 

•  ^rNaramonitis.— The  L?i'/mptohably  founded  L.ydda  near  |oppa. 

^2ekicl  and  Jeremiah  join  Lud  with  Phut  and  Cufh.— The  Pathriifim 

occupied  P'athros,  which   feremiah  joins  with  Noph  ;  naming  them 

Wh   Mizra'm,  Mi^f^ol   and    Taphnes;    or   Mezre,    Maj^dola    and 

Daphne  PeluficT.     Ifaiah   navies  Path ros  with  Mifraini  and  Chus: 

^o'emy  fets  P'athyns  near  Thebais.— As  the  PhilitUnes  are  derived 

from  the  Cafluhim  ;    fo  in  Amos,  from   Caphtor:  but  thefe  invaded 

^"^  Avims  about  Gaza,  and  fettled  there.     Tor  alludes  to  an  elevated 

^^^\  therefore  Taph-tor  appears    to  be  the  mountainous  track    io 

^8ypt  near  the  head  of  the  Arabian  Gulf,  before  the  DeUa'6  cxiftence. 

Pliny 


Ifis. 


II. 


^ 


288  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Baoki.1 

%  29:  Pliny  mentions  the  land  Tyra  in  Egypt,  where  Sefoftris  began  Uij 
canal.  As  the  Delta  is  a  new  country,  and  Strabo  fays  "  the  bor 
of  the  Lake  Maeris  was  once  a  fea  coaft,    and  the  Nile  flowed  in 
the  Gulf  near  Coptos  ;  as  the  Mediterranean  did  at  Heroopolis; 
intermediate  range  of  hills  between  thefe  towns  feems  to  have 
Caphtor  ;  where  Atfih  and  Colzoum  now  ftand,  and  the  hill  faci 
Memphis,  fouth  of  the  Canal  to  the  Red  Sea.     There  is  a  Torj 
mount  Sinai.. 

Canaan's  Settlement  is  evident.     He  is  Cna,  Sanchoniatho*8  firfl 
Phenician.     Canaan's  fons  fettled  at  Sidon  ;  at  Area  near  Lebanon; 
at  the  Sea  Arvad  or  Aradus  and  that  ifland;  at  Simyra  5  at  Hamath; 
in  the  country  of  the  Gergefenes  ;  next  to  whom  were  the  Emorites; 
the  Jebufites  were  at  Salem  ;  next  to  whom  were  the  Hivitcs  :  Hcth, 
near  Hebron  or  Chebron,  a  name  given  in  honour  of  Chebron,  who 
from  Manetho  appears  to  be  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius,     The  Sinitc  i 
was  at  Pelufium  or  Sin,  names  that  denote  a  muddy  place.     It  wai    : 
one  of  the  primitive  cities  of  Egypt,  and  was  named  Abaris  ;    Alnr 
in  Celtic  (ignifie's    filth,   which  is  confonant  to   the' other  nana    i 
Here  the  Hycfi  made  their  firft  lodgement,  in  their  attempts  aj^ 

Egyp^ 

The  city  Cercufium,  at  the  conflux  of  the  Euphrates  and  Aboriii 
and   evidently  compounded  of  Caer-Chus,  is  named  in  honour  of 
Nimrod*s  fire  :    as  Car-chemifh,  in  honour  of  his  grandfire.     ChilJ 
himfelf  feems  to  have  fettled  at  Gaza  anciently  named   lone,  tl 
Stephanus  writes:    hence  he  is  the  lonichus  ofEtham  Ninirod'l 
councellor,  fee  the  Nuremburg  Chronicle,  and  Bryant.     Chus  is» 
in  the  Volufpa,  Niger,  who  came  from  the  South  ;    fee   Snorra 
The  defcendents  of  Cufh  extended  themfelves  to  Arabia  and  the 
Num,  21.  vicinity  of  the  Nile  :  for  Mofes  married  a  Cufhite  of  Midian.     I 
derive   the  land  of  Gos-hen,  from  Cufh-hen,  Celtic  for  Old  Cufh* 
The  Cufeans  extended  to  Cholchis  ;   and  as  Ephorus  in  Strabo  fays, 
from  the  rifing  of  the  winter  fun  to  its  place  of  fetting.     Bryant 

thinks 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    HIS  T  O  R  Y.  tSg 

thinks   that  Cuthai  fignifies    land   of  Cufli :  but  I  rather  think    it 
means  Gothland,  and  was  peopled  by  Shcm's  progeny. 

\  ^r  Some  Cufeans  came  to  Europe,  hence  Samothrace  and  Lefbos 
[  4irere  named  Ethiopia.  But  Cufh,  who  is  Pliny's  Ethiops  fon  of  the 
Xgyptian  Vulcan  or  Ham*  fettled  principally  in  Sufiana,  and  is  the 
phoum-afbolusof  the  Chaldeans  and  of  Eupolemus.  Dionyfius  the 
poet  has  Sabeans  at  the  River  Cophe  in  India;  and  others  to  the  weft 
of  the  Indus.  Havilah  fettled  at  the  head  of  the  Perfian  Gulf. 
Nimrod  (with  Belus  or  Phut,  as  I  conclude  from  Eupolemus,  and 
becaufe  Ezekiel  and  Jeremy  join  Phut  with  Cufli  and  Lud)  founded 
an  empire  in  Shinaar :  fo  far  are  the  Cufhites  from  being  the  people 
of  the  difperfion.  Nimrod  is  the  ancient  Zagreus  or  Bacchus,  whom  H- 
Nonnus  mentions  as  prior  to  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius,  who  invaded 
India,  Phut  having  no  iflue  on  record,  probably  his  name  was 
renewed  in  Mifor's  family,  as  there  are  feveral  monuments  of  that 
Dame  in  Lybia  :  indeed,  after  the  difperfion  he  may  have  removed 
mto  Africa.  Pliny  mentions  the  city  Putea  2  Ptolemy,  the  river 
Pbut  in  Mauritania  i  from  which  Jerom  fays  the  country  was  named 
Regie  Phytenfis.  Bochart  derives  the  name  from  Phuts,  fcattered  ; 
which  h^s  an  affinity  to  Spartan,  and  to  Titan,  a  name  given  by 
Viycophion,  and  Callimachus  to  Tethys  :  it  is  derived  from  the  * 
Cdtic  Tjt,  Domus,  and  Tanv,  fpargere  ;  hence  Sanchoniatho  calls 
the  Titans,  Aletap,  which  Suidas  interprets  Errones  :  thus  Titans 
ac  length  became  an  opprobrious  n^mti  fo  the  fons  of  Temenus  hired 
Titans  to  flay  him:  tho*  once  honourable \  thus  Tithonus  lived  with 
Teutamus  of  AfTyria,  among  the  Titans  or  Nobles.  Ham's  family 
in  earlieft  times  had  concerns  with  Lybia  and  Atlantis.  Teutates 
came  thence  to  Spain.  He  was  Thoth*s  fon  Tat,  and  grew  famous 
among  the  Celtae  ;  was  called  in  Germany  Tuitho:  he  may  be  Heus, 
but  is  wrongly  fuppofed  to  be  Hefus,  who  was  Mars,  Azizus,  from 
Hizzus,  fortis  :  Hefus  and  Teutates  are  diflinftly  mentioned  by 
Lucan.  Teutat  fignifies  either  father  Teutb,  or  the  father  God  ; 
for  Teu  is  Cod  :  fo  Ficinus  fays,  "  whom  we  call  Deus,  the  Egyp- 
tians call  Tenth  j''  the  Teu  of  Mexico,  the  Deu  of  Mangalore,  the 

P  p  Duw 


I 


igo  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Booki 

Duw  of  the  Celtae,  the  Theo  (in  the  oblique  cafe)  of- Greece,  the 
Deo  of  Rome  and  the  Cam-deo  of  the  Hindoos.  Tuitho  founde 
the  Teutones,  and  probably  Hamburg  in  honour  of  his  great  grand 
fire.  He  was  the  father  of  the  famous  Mannus,  Al-mannus,  the 
ancient  Hercules  named  alfo  Og-meon,  thefe  being  names  of  die 
fame  import ;  hence  the  Gallic  Hercules  was  reprefented  as  a  mari- 
ner:  yet  their  anceftor  Menes  of  Egypt  was  the  primitive  Hercules. 
.  Mannus  was  the  father  of  Deois,  or  Dis,  and  of  Acmon  the  imme- 
diate founder  of  the  Titans.     Hence  they  were  reputed  Scythians ; 

Scoh  Pindar,  as  Deucalion  is  by  Lucian  •,  and  Hyperboreans,  by  Pherenicus  ^ 
ym,  3.  ^jj.^  Celtae,  by  Callimachus.  The  Orphic  Argonautics  deem  the 
Thracians  of  Titanian  race.  Thrace  was  a  principal  fcene  of  the 
Titanian  wars;  as  well  as  of  Telchinian  Sorceries:  Strabo  fays  the 
Corybantes  were  either  Baftrians  or  Colchians  appointed  to  be  Rhea's 
guards,  by  the  Titans  :  which  (hews  they  had  extended  themfelves 
towards  Scythia.     Thus  TuUy  brings  Latona's  fon  from  the  Hyper*    ■ 

In  Diodorus.  boreans :  who  (fays  Hecateus)  vifited  an  Arftic  ifle  of  theirs,  as  iMg    . 
as  Sicily,  every  19  years  ;  which  period  alludes  to  the  lunar  cycle.    ; 
Julian  Aurelius  fays  "  he  had  his  fon  Thelmiffus  by  the  daughter   'I 
of  Zabius  a  Hyperborean  king;'*  or  rather  of  his  father  Sabaze*^ 
4.33.      ^ho  was  Dionyfius.     Herodotus  fays,  Argis  and  Opis,  Hyperb»i» 
maids,  who  attended  the  Gods,  brought  the  facred  rites   to  lite 
from  Scythia.     Eratofthenes  fays  that  Apollo   hid  the  javelin  wWA 

Hcrodot.  4:  fl^^  ^^^  Cyclbps,  amongft  the  Hyperboreans  ;  Abaris  had  it  after- 
wards. Strabo  (4)  fays  that  Ceres  and  Proferpine  were  adored  in  an 
ifle  near  Britain,  probably  Mona.  Paufanias  fays  the  Curetcs  (con- 
founded by  him  with  the  Daftyls,  who  were  only  a  fpecial  fet  of  the 
Curetes,  as  their  fons  were  afterwards)  came  from  the  Hyperboreans 
to  Crete.  Eufebius  fays  that  Cronus  reigned  in  Lydia  and  Italy. 
Prep.  2.    Prometheus  refided  on  Caucafus. 

Phut,  Pythius,  is  the  Apollo  who  difcovered  the  qualities  of  nighu 

Diofcoridcs.    ihade  to  his  nephew  I fmunus :  hence  Tully's  eldeft  Apollo  was  fon 

of  Vulcan,  that  is  of  Ham  ;    and  was  Carneus  or  Cronius ;  Ham 

being  Cronus.     Eupolemus  proves  that  Phut  is  really  the  Belus^ 

who 


Chap.  4.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  291 

who  as  Diodorus  writes  went*  from  Egypt   to  Babylon  ;  which   is 

fomewhat  confirmed  by  Paufanias,  who  fays  the  Babylonian  Belus 

Was  from  the  Egyptian;   whom  he  wrongly  fuppofcs  to  be  the  fon  of 

Neptune;    unlefs  he  be  the  firft   Neptune,  who  was  Noah,  Virgil's 

Nereus  Grandacvus,  and  the  Deoriim    antiquiflimus  of  ApoUonius 

Rhodius,  alfo  Homer's  Oceanus.     The  Egyptian  Bclus  fire  of  Sc- 

fojllris  was  from  the  Babylonian,  who  was  the  old  Tyrian  Belus  mcn^ 

tioned  by  the  poet  Dorotheus :    he  was  the  Titan  Saturn's  brother 

Demaraon  Zeus,  or  JoveThalaffius,  the  fire  of  Melcart,  Melcander 

or  Agenor,  titles  of  the  Tyrian  Hercules.     Cedrenus  fays,  the  wife 

of  (the  laft  Egyptian)  Belus  was  Sida,  a  name  from  Siddah,  a  beauty-, 

as  Potter  fays  Core  is  in  the  Moloffian  dialeft.     She  was  Venus  Se-  e  u 

^  Sclden:  2:  4: 

miramis,  or  the  younger  Ifis,  and  went  with  Menon  or  Amenophis, 
or  the  youngeft  Belus  father  of  Sefoftris  to  Babylon  :  being  after-  ' 

wards  a  widow,    fhe  became  the  wife  of  Ninus.  — Polyhiftor  fays, 
"  The  gigantic  inhabitants  of  Babylon  were  deftroyed  by  the  Gods  Eufcb:  Prep.- 
Ibrdieir  impiety  -,  except  that  one  of  them,  Belus,  efcaped  deftruc-        9-  *^> 
cioo;    refided  at  Babylon  ;    ereCled   and  lived   in    a   tower,  that 
boTt,  his  name."      This  is  the  fecond  Belus  of  Eupolemus,  Mifor's 
brother.       Herennius  Philo  fays,  '*  Babylon  was  built  long  before 
the  reign  of  Semiramis,  by  the  fon  of  Belus;"  that  is  of  the  Belus 
prauus  of  Eupolemus,  who  is  Ham.     But  Herodotus  fays,  Babylon 
lofc  gradually  under  feveral  kings:  thus  Stephanus  (from  Dicearchus) 
WTDle  that  Babylon  was  built  by  the  fourteenth  king  after  the  founder 
of  Nineve  :  this  exaftly  anfwers  to  the  king  who  fucceeded  the  Arab 
dynafty  of  Babylon :   for  Polyhiftor  counts  feven  Chaldean   kings 
fucceeded  by  fix  Arabs.    Yet  the  length  of  their  reigns  as  recorded, 
will  not  admit  that  the  next  fuccefibr  of  thefe  Arabs  fhould  be  the 
Tyrian  or  Titan  Belus,  who  (as  Thallus  wrote)  was  engaged  in  the 
Titanian  war,  in  the  fourth   century  before  the  Trojan.      So  that 
probably  Elian's   Belus,  aud  Ammian's,  was  either  the  Babylonian 
Belus  of  Eupolemus,  or  intermediate   between  him  and  the  Titan 
Belus  of  Thallus  and   Dorotheus.     Indeed  as  Mofes   Chorenenfis 
(hews  from  Abydenus  that   Africanus   poftponed  four  kings  ante- 
cedent to  Ninus,  it   is   probable  that  thefe  kings  have  becen    as 

P  p  2  erroneoufly 


41 


t<i«  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

orroneoufly  poftponed  to  the  Titan  Belus,  as  well  as  to  Ninus;  and 
lluit  Mofes  Chorenenfes  has  inverted  their  orderj  Belus  being  really 
after  them;  and  Arbelus  the  firft  of  them;  and  probably  the 
fourteenth  king  from  the  founder  of  Nineve.  Cyril  againft  Julian 
(3)  afTerts  that  Abydenus  miftook  Belus  for  Arbelus. — Strabo  and 
Berofus  attribute  the  famous  Tower  to  a  Belus,  but  (as  I  have  faid) 
it  is  uncertain  whether  this  Belus,  Ammian's  Belus  antiqufffi  tius, 
and  Elian's  Belus  archaeus,  be  the  Babylonian  Belus  of  Eupole- 
mus,  or  not;  moft  probably  he  was;  as  aftronomical  obfervations 
were  made  early  at  Babylon.  He  is  the  Balen  of  Efchylus;  and 
the  Titans  made  this  name  known  in  Europe. 

la  EoTeb.  Eupolemus,  quoted  by  Polyfliftor,  reprefcnts  Ham  to  be  Cronuj 
or  Belus  Primus.  He  is  the  Cronus,  whom  Plato  (in  Timaeus} 
deems  the  Ion  of  Ocean;  for  Noah  was  the  mod  ancient  Neptune^ 
and  monarch  of  the  moft  fpacious  ocean,  when  Omnia  Pontus  craL 
Noah's  grandfon  Mifor  was  the  fecond  Oceanus,  Neptune,  Ofiris. 
He  was  alfo  Sirius  or  Sol,  whence  a  Cock  was  Mercury's  fymbol, 
and  Sol's:  He  likewife  was  Mendes  or  Pan,  Agathodemon,  the 
primitive  Mercury,  Nilus,  and  whatever  titles  adulation  coutf 
beftow;  as  Herculfes,  whence  Hermheracles;  but  HermharpocniBi 
alludes   to   Thoth,     who  was   Harpocrates   as    appears  from    d*t 

Anubis    his   fymbol. Mifor  or    Ofiris   was    often    confounded 

with  Nimrod,  who  was  the  real  Faunus  and  Bacchus;  and  with 
Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,  who  was  the  third  Ofiris;  and  had  the 
names  of  Bacchus  and  Faunus  in  common  with  Nimrod;  as  alfo 
had  the  Italian  fon  of  Picus.— Mifor  was  not  the  Ofiris  or  Bacchus, 
who,  as  Clement  of  Alexandria  writes,  was  Orcus,  that  is  Muth  or 
Serapis;  (hence,  Ofiri-Serapis;  fo  Diodorus  Siculus  fays  (1)  Ofiris 
was  Serapis;  hence  alfo  Manes  was  a  name  of  Pluto)  for  Montfau* 
con  mentions  a  Pluto  with  Neptune's  fymbols;  therefore  Serapis 
feems  to  have  been  Noah.  Mifor  is  Sanchoniatho's  Mercury,  to 
whom  the  firft  Saturn  or  Cronus  (names  derived  from  Sadorn  potent, 
whence  Talieflin  calls  Saturday,  Dydd  Sadwrn,  and  from  the  Celtic 
Crwnn,  circular,  a  crown  being  h\A  to  he  f  rft  worn  by  Saturn) 
granted  Egypt.     This  Saturn  was  Ham,  miftaken  by  Sanchoniatho 

for 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  i  S  t  O  R  Y.  193 

for  the  Titan,  whofe  contemporary  he  counted  Mifor,  the  Faunus 
whom  fome  of  the  later  Greeks  miftook  for  the  Italian,  whom  there- 
fore they    deem    Mercury.     Mifor  is  Cadmillus,  one  of  the  three 
Cabin,  whom  Acufilaus  of  Argos  reputed  fons  of  Vulcan.     He  is 
tbc' Mercury  called  by  Lycophron  Cadmus-,  whence   Ifidore  wrote 
that  Cadmus  built  Egyptian  Thebes.     Mifor's  confort  Ifis  was  Mi- 
nerva Hygeia,  or  Medica.     Mifor  is  alfo  Sanchoniatho's  Ifiris,  the 
brother  of   Cna,    mentioned   by  Stephanus,    and   the    Hyfirus  of 
Hellanicus  in  Plutarch;  that  isthefirft  Egyptian  Ofiris.  Krentzemius 
fays,    Mifor   and    Ofiris   are   names    nearly   allied    in  Hebrew.— 
Mifor,  Mendes,  Meiies,  Meon,  the  Arab  Menath,  wa?  confounded  Tenifon 
with  Acmon's   fire,  and  with    Cybele's   hufband   Meon   the  Titan        143- 
Saturn:  with  whom  Ham  was  confounded,  as  well  as  with  Ammon, 
the  Titan  Saturn's  rival.      So  Plato  fays  that  Theuth  (Mifor's  fon) 
ftounttied  when  Ammon    ruled    Egypt:    but  Theuth    was  Ham's 
grandlbn,  and  long  prior  to  the  Titans.     So  alfo  Sanchoniatho  fays 
th^t  Thoth  was  fecretary  to  Cronus,  meaning  the   Titan    Saturn, 
infteatf  of  Ham.     Thoth,  being  Hermes  Trifmegiftus,  the  fecond 
Mercury,  called  alfo  Hermogenes  as  being^  Mifor's  fon,  is  the  Mer- 
cury faid  by  Diodorus  to  be  the  fecretary  of  Ofiris;  that  hiftorian 
there  confounding  the   Ofiris,  who   is  Mifor,  with   Ammon's   fon 
Dkmyfixis:  this  Dionyfius  (being  the  lateft  Ofiris)  refembles  Mifor, 
in  fliaf  be  was  (lain  by  Typhon,  who  was  reprefented  by    a  river-     -  ^.yJ!^*^* 
hork^  as   Porphyry  wrote;   for  Menes  the  firft  was  flain  by  one  of 
thofe  animals.  But  in  as  much  as  Ofiris  was  put  into  an  Ark,  he  is 
blended  with  Noah,  the  primitive  Ofiris:  and  is  the  Neptune,  and 
Agaehodemon,  with  a  ear  of  corn  on  antiques.     Menes,  Mifor  or 
Ofiris  IS  alfo  blended  with  Dionyfius,  in  Paufanias,  where  he  fpeaks 
of  the  'f  heatre  of  Menes  as  the  Theatre  of  Dionyfius.     That  Mifor 
was  the  firft   Mercury  appears  alfo  hence;  Julius   Firmicus    fays 
*'  Mercury  taught   Aftronomy    to  Anubis;'*  who  is   often   called 
Herm-anubis:  he  is  Trifmegiftus,  who  was  Thoth  the  Hermogenes 
of  Eratofthenes.    Manetho  fays  the  fecond  Mercury  was  Agathode-  Sy"^^""^. 
men's  fon  and  Tat's  father.     Plutarch  calls-Ofiris  (that  Ofiris  who 
was    Mifor)  Agathodemon.     SeWen  fhews   that   Mifor,   Menes  or        "    ^'^' 
Agathodemon  was  Gad;  which  in  Celtic  fignifies  an  army,  and  may 

refpeft 


294  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

refpecl  Mars:  he  fajts^Gad  was  tranflated  Daemoniilm ;  and    Meni, 
Tyche:  and  by  faying  that   the  Sun  was  facred  to  Agathodenioiv 
he  fticws  him  to  have  been  the  primitive  Egyptian  Sbl.     Elfewheie 
he  fays.  Pan  and  Sol  were  the  fame ;  but  Pan  was  Mendes,  Menes,' 
or  Mifor.     Diodorus  fays  that  fome  held  Pan  to  be  Ofiris.    A  goat 
was  the  emblem  of  his    prolific    nature,  as  was    Priapujs;  who,  as 
Phornutus  thinks,  was  Pan,  and  Agathodemon,  the  Gad  or  good. 
fortune  of  Syria.     Mifor  or  Menes  was  Sirius,  which  often  fignifiei  I 
Sol,  as  Men   does;  and  Saos  at  Babylon,  as  Hefychius  writes:  and 
Malyc  among  the  Kifti;  whence  he  is  Hercules  Malica,  the  primitive 
'    Melec-ertes;  Artes  being  Fortis,  as  is  Chon   or   Con    in    Saxon: 
Artez  is  alfo  a  name  of  Mars;  and  that  planet,  called  alfo  Hercules, 
was  dedicated  to  him.     Bochart  fays  Seir'is  a  Goat;  thus  the  firft 
Egyptian  Ofiris  appears   more  plainly   to    be   Mendes,  Menes,  or 
Mifor;  from  him  Edoni  was  at  firft  called  Scir:  and  hence  Maimo- 
nides  fays  the  Zabii  adored  Goats:    but  Suidas  (hews  that  Seir  is 
Sol,  alfo  Sirius,  and  indeed  (from  Ibycus)  any  other  ftar;  for  Syr 
in  Celtic  is  a  ftar.   Ofiris  comes  from  Sirius  a  name  of  the  Nile:  fo 
Meon,  Manes  (whence  thp  Englifli  Main-,  the  Hebrew    Main  or 
Man,  and  Ha-main  or  Haman,  the  waters;  the  African  Aman,  ii 

Univ.  Hift.    Shaw:  the  Arabic  Maon,  water;  alfo  Armenia;  and  the  river  Mm6 
'^'  '97-      and  the  rivers  Menan  of  Siam  and  Lao;  the  Latin  ManoJ  is  Ocewtt, 
a  name  of  the  Nile,  and  of  the  great  fire  of  the  Pagan  Gods,   who\s 
Noah,  or  Baal  Meon,  a  name  alfo  of  his  grandfoft  Mifor,  of  Acmon's 
fire,  and   of  Saturn.     Thus   Plutarch  fliews  that  Ofiris  was  Nilus: 

Prep.  3. 2, 3.  Eufebius  fliews,  both  from  Diodorus  and  Manetho,  that  «*  Nilus 
was  Oceanus  progenitor  of  the  Gods:"  but  Plutarch  means  the  Nilus 
who  was  at  the  head  of  the  Egyptian  Gods;  the  Ofiris  who  was  Mi- 
for; Eufebius  means  the  primitive  Oceanus,  Ofiris  or  Noah.  His 
confort  Tethys,  whofe  name  is  derived  from  Teth,  the  Celtic  for  a 
teat,  whence  the  Greek  Ti6or,  and  the  Gallic  Tettes,  is  the  great 
primitive  mother  of  the  Gods.  Rhea,  being  the  mother  of  Jove,  Jano 
and  others,  was  afterwards  honoured  with  that  name;  as  alfo  with  the 
titles  belonging  to  the  elder  Vcfta,  who  was  her  mother  Titaea  or 

FaiL.£  26      '^^^^^y  as  Ovid  evinces:  fo  Euripides  fays    ^'  Mother  Rhea;"   alfo, 

^■■k         **  Ge  is  the  Goddcfs  Demeter."     Yet  Virgil  diftinguiflies  between 

,^^BI§  Terra 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  195 

Terra  and  Demeter,   probably  becaufe  the  younger  Ids  was  often 
called  Demeter  ;  tho*  the  name  belongs  to  the  mother  of  Avia^  Ceres     "'   *  ^^^* 
or  Ifis.     Rhea  was  one  of  the   Deoe   Matres :  for  Tully  fays,   the  Vcrru8  9.44: 
fane  of  the  great  mothpr  was  at  Enguiiios;  and  Plutarch  fays.  En- 
guinos  was  famous  for  the  Deoe  Matres.     They  feem  to  be  Vefta  or 
Titaca,  Cybele  or  Rhea,  and  Ceres  or  Ifis.     Ariflophanes  and  Plato  Y^t'  .  . 
fay  *'  commencing  with  Vefta."     So  Cyrus  at  his  entry  into  Sardis 
(Cybele's  native  place,  as  Herodotus  writes)  paid  Adoration  firft  to  5: 

Vefta.      Panfanias   fays,  this  was  the   cuftom  at  the  Olympic  rites. 
Bnt  fome  may  place  Proferpine  inftead  of  Vefta;  for.  Montfaucon  7015.2,2,+, 
(hews  that  *'  Vefta  and  Cybele  were  Terra/'  and  Ceres  and  Profer- 
pine were  entitled  Defpoinac.      Seldcn  fuppofes  the  Deae  Matres  to      , 
be  the  Aftarte  of  the  Septuagint,  and  the  Enneae  Numina  Divae  of 
Silius  Italicus;  the  magna  Mater  being  Hecate,  that  triple  Divinity, 

viYio  is  the  Diva  triformis  in  Horace.     But  the  Temple  of  Xeres  at  ^^ 

Ode  3,  22, 
Patiathad  the  ftatues  of  Terra,  Ceres,  and  Proferpine;  and  where 

Anftophanes   mentions   Demeter,  Proferpine,  and    Calligenia,    he  Paiifanias 

means  Rhea,  Proferpine,  and  Ceres,  who  was  the   Bona  Dea  or 

Callithea.  Yet  as  to  Hecate,  the  triple  faced  Proferpine  of  Apuleius, 

tria  Virginis  Ora  Dianae,  Diana  the  younger  was  oft  confounded  with 

Venus  Urania,  Aftarte  or  Rhea,  the  univerfal  mother;  who  is  the  Am- 

masof  Hefychius,  from  the  Syrian  Amma,  Mater;  and  the  Perfian  g^y 

Mitra,  from  Mather,  Mater:   alfo  Mylitta  of  Aflyria  (the  Arabian 

AJjtfta)derived,  as  Scaliger  fays,  from  the  ChaldeeMylidtha,Genetrix: 

alio  Alilat,  from  Halilath,  Noftiluca.     Diana  is  fometimes  the  re- 

jM^fentative,  fometimes  tne  daughter  of  Ifis,  Luna,  Venus  Urania, 

as  Savary  obferves;     becaufe  a  young  Diana  appears  juft  after  the     letters  on 

conjun6lion  of  Sol  and  Luna.     She  is  Callirhoe  the  wife  of  Manes 

or  Saturn,  and  mother  of  Atys ;    her  daughter  was  Memphis  (or  a 

Mcmphite)  the  mother  of  Sefotlris.      She  was  Nahalennia  as  her 

Cornucopia  declares.      Well  faid  Plutarch,  that  Ifis  (the  younger 

and  elder  taken  together)  was  Myrionyma  :  ftie  was  indeed  Pafithea: 

her  name  Juno  Couella  is  from  the  Celtic  Coel,  belief,  and  is  the 

fame  as  Fidia:  Hefychius  and  Suidas  read  KoioXi^g,  facred.      Sextus 

Pompeius  fays   Covum,    Caelum.     She  is  the  legiflatrix  Beroe  in 

Nonnus  j  Thia ;  Thyone,  in  Diodorus  ;  Maia  and  Amatai   Antaea, 

Achaia, 


sgS  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY..  (Book  i. 

'Achaia,  in  Suidas ;  Matuta;  Athera,  Atergatis,  Derceto,    Semira. 
mis,  Dione  or  Baaltis,  Venus  Urania,  Luna,   Aftarte,  Ileibya,  La- 
cina,    Diana,  Bubafte,    Juno,  Hera,    Cyra,    Buto,    Latona^  Leda,  J 
Eurynome,  Afima,  Euclia,  Callithea,  Calligenia,  Bona  Dea,  Vcfta,  I 
Alilat,  Alytta,  Mylitta,  Demeter,  lo,  Thebe,  Metragyrte,  Aftronoej  i 
Aftroarche,  Bafiiea,  Brimo,  Deo,  Rhea,  Cybele,  Ceres,  Ifis,  Ops, 
Opis  or  Upis,  Cubebe,  whence  the  Babia  of  Damafcus;  Proferpine, 
Core,  Hecate,  Ifis-Serapis ;    in  Proclus,  Bendis;    this  is  the  Irifli 
Baindia.     She  is  in  Plutarch  Nephthes,  Methyer  and  Muth,  bonce 
Thermuthis  or  Athyr-muth  ;    Nox,  Styx,  Empufa,    Clades,  Sors, 
Fatum,  Tyche,  Nemanus  and  Saofis :  Anaitis,  Ncith,  Onka,  Mio^- 
erva,    Myrrha,  Nitocris  ;  Sais,  as  Charax  in  Tzetzes  relates:  Siga 
in   Paufanias,  derived   by    Sherringham   from   Siggi,  viftory  ;  alfo 
Chamyna,  Pepromene,  Erynnis,  Europa;  in  Ovid,  Anna  Perenna; 
in   Lycophron,  Ampheira,  Curites,  Mamerfa;    Sito  and   Simalida 
in  Atheneus  ;  Cenchreis  in  La6lantius  •,  Damia,  in  Feftus  ;  Clatra; 
Aferot,  from  Aferim,  woods  j    Medea  in  Macrobius;  Ada,  Achero,  " 
Elle,  Gerus,  Ma,  Amnias,  Salambo,  Azefia,  Deliphat,  Saretes,  Iq 
Hefychius  -,  Daeira,  in  Efchylus;  Fauna,   Fatua,  Pales,  in  Boccacci 
Lemnos,  in  Stephanus:  Sida,  in  Cedrenus;  Benoth ;  Nannea,   froit 
Nain,  Celtic  for  grandam  ;  as  Edda  is  Gothic;   Nana  is  mother  J 
the  Kifti  tongue  :  Anea  from  Ana,  like  Amma,  mothep  ;  fo  Ifim 
is  Lucis  Mater,  as  Pezron  affirms.       In   the  language  of  the   Kifi. 
Bute  is  the  moon  ;    and  the  earth  is  Latte,  Lette  ;  whence    Latona. 
Lucian  aflerts  Rhea  to  be  Cybele ;  fo  Claudian  deems  Ceres  the 

FrofcrpincR  daughter  of  Saturn  and  Cybele.  Yet  Rhea  was  confounded  (let  mc 
ftill  repeat)  with  her  daughter,  whole  name  is  derived  from  the  He* 
brew  Keres,  Clad<?s  ;  fhe  being  one  of  the  Cabiri  of  Eleufis :  thus 
Paufanias  (i)  calls  her  the  eldeft  Fate:  and  Plutarch  fays,  flie  was 
fometimes  denominated  Muth,  or  Death;  thus  ftie  was  Thermuthis, 

Epiphanius.  ^^  Athyr-muth,  and  Ifis-Serapis :  and  the  Venus  who  embalmed 
the  corpfe  of  Heftor.  But  we  muft  ever  remember  that  the  Titans 
aflumed  the  titles  of  Ham  and  his  immediate  dependents.     Rhea 

InVcrrcm.     ^as  the  Ceres   antiquiffima   of  Valerius  Maximus,  and  of  TuUy* 
^^'9'     Her  idol  was  conveyed  to  Rome  with  immortal  parade,     Rhea  is  the 
^s,  mother  of  Ofiris  in  LaClantius:    tho*  Ifis  properly  wa.s  Rhea's 

daughter 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  f .  %fj 

daughter  whom  Paufanias  calls  Demeter  Chthonia^  or  Terredrial  ;  3. 

in  oppoiition  to  Aftarte  or  Venus  Urania.      The  younger  Ceres  is 

Euclia  in  Plutarch  fuppofed  to  be  Diana  ;    the*  the  Diana  Celeftis    ^  ,«.    ' 
.  Arutidcf 

vas  her  mother^  the  eldeft  Semiramis  authorefs  of  Eunuchifm^  her 

||Nriefts  being  Galli.     She  is  Eurynome  Ophion's  lady  in  Apollonius 

J  Rhodius  ;  hence  Potter  thought  Eurynome  to  be  Diana,  that  is  the   .    .     ^ 
•  ^  I    A-  t       1  ir  -  Antiq.  Gr.  a 

^Ccleuial:    hence    alio,  Jove's  inceft  vith  Profcrpine ;    Rhea  being  20. 

'  ihe  elder  Proferpine  daughter  of  Uranus,  in  Arrian  (a),  and  in  Dio- 
I 'dorus    from    Orpheus:    fo    Paufanias    (4)   calls   Demeter,    Core; 
^  Uending  the  eldeft  Ceres  with  the  youngeft  Proferpine :  tho  Potter 
;  lays  that  Core  in  the  Moloflan  dialect  fignifies  a  beauty;  which  futts 
Venus  Urania.     Sanchoniatho  deems  the  Proferpine  who  died  a  vir- 
gin to  be  Saturn's  daughter*,  taking  her  for  the  daughter  of  the  elder 
Ceres  ;  Claudian  fays  her  daughter  was  nurfed  by  £ie6ira  5  who,  as  Proferp.  •, 
Uyginus  writes,  was  Vulcan's  wife.      The  elder  Ceres  inculcated 
'  agrkuteire   with  Jafion,  and  with   Ammon,  who  is  Sanchoniatho' s 
J    Dagofl^  or  Jove  Arotrius:    tho' oft   confounded  with   his  nephew 
Pkii^  hence  the  Latter's  fuppofed  inceft  with  Rhea,  in  Arnobius, 
Atbenagoras  and  Clement  of  Alexandria  ;    for  Rhea's  gallant  was 
Aflnnon,  tho*  (he  cohabited  aflfo  with  Saturn:   and  they  being  Cybele 
orihe*eldeft  Ceres  and  Meon,  who  was  Oceanusor  Neptune,  hence 
Nej^neand  Ceres  were  placed  in  the  fame  fane;    yet  PVutarch 
liSgniLi&fb  a  phyfical  reafon.     Sida  is  an  Arabic  verfion  of  Rhea  |  Sav«7* 
Riband  Rhea  being  Celtic  for  lord  and  lady,  as  Sidi  and  Sida  in 
Aniric.     Sida  being  alfoa  pomegranate,  as  Rhoia  is,  Rhea  became 
Rhoia  and  Rimmon ;  and  hence  the  tale  of  Atys  deriving  exiftence 
£pom  a  pomegranate.      It  being  u'fual  for  a  daughter  to  take  her 
mothef  6   title,    as  Cybele,  Ceres,    IGs,  Demeter,    Dione,  Rhea's 
daughter  became  the  Sida  of  Cedrenus ;  fhe  being  the  mother  of 
Danaus;  other  writers  tell  us  Ihe  was  Ifis,  and  after  the  death  of 
Dionyfitts  wedded  Belus,  Menon  or  Amenophis  Neptune's  fon,  who      J^^'  .. 
thus  proves  to  be  Orion;    for  Apollodorus  fays  his  wife  was  Sida. 
He  was  fitnamed  Tritopatreus,  it  being  uncertain  whether  Neptune, 
Jove  or  ApoDo  was  his  father  j  this  Apollo  was  Arueris. 

Q  q  Tat 


298     .  PRIMITIVE     HI5TORY.  fBook  1 

Chro.     •  Tat  was  Mifor's  grandfon:  for  Eufebius  and  Manetho  in  Synccllus 
fay  that  he  was  the  Ton  of  Trifmegiftus  the  fecond  Mercury,    Livy 
(22.  44)  fets  the  tomb  of  Tat  or  Teutat  at  new  Carthage.     He  pro- 
bably was  the  founder  of  the  Teutaei  in  Tingitania,  as  faid  by  Mar* 
4:  6.  44  mol  :  and  Tuitho,  founder  of  the  Teutones;  and   of  the  Teiitanes, 
En.  lo,   21*^  ancient  people  about    Pifa  mentioned  by  Cato  in   Servius.      He 
introduced  the  worfliip  of  Vulcan,  Sol  and   Luna  into  Germany : 
Ccfar  that  is  of  Ham,  Menes  and  his  wife  Chamyna. 

To  him  Tuefday  was  devoted. — Mannus,  Manes,  Man  or  Meon 
fon  of  Tuitho  or  Teutat  was,  as  Polyhiftor  wrote,  the  father  of  Ac- 
Phornutus.  mon,  Sanchoniatho's  Elios :    for  Uranus  the  fon  of  Elios  was  fir- 
Hcfychiu.   named  Acmonides.      Uranus  is,    by    Lycophron    and    Apollonius 
Rhod:      Rhodius,    named  Opbion  ;    who,  according  to  Pherecydes  (in  Eu- 
Prcp,  Evan,   fcbius)  was  a  Syrian  God.     Nonnus  fays  Ophion  was  an  aftronoroer; 
as  Uranus  is,  in  Diodorus.     From  him  came  the  Ophiogenes^  their 
founder  being  faid  to  be  converted  from  a  ferpent  to  a  hero.     Ly- 
cophron and  Apollonius  fay  his  confort  was  Eurynome  ;  by  whom 
Hefiod  fays  a  Jove  (either  Uranus  or  Ammon)  had  the  graces.    Ar- 
nobius   an4  Athenagoras,  by  Jove's  inceft  with  Proferpine,    mean 
Uranus  and  the  elder  Proferpine:  tbo' the  ftory  is  applied  to  the 
father  of  Minos  and  the  daughter  of  Ceres,  who  died  a  virgiiuThfo' 
this  confulion  of  names  Sanchoniatho  and  Paufanias  ftile  the  c\Att 
Proferpine,  Core-,  tho'  fhe  was  the  Magna  Mater.     She   is  Eury-i* 
nome  the    beloved  concubine  of  Uranus,  feized  by  Saturn :  ihe  is 
alfo  no  lefs  than  thofe  three  young  ladies  fent  by  Uranus  to  furprize 
Saturn,  namely  Aitarte,  Rhea,  and  Dione  ;  Sanchoniatho  miflaking 
••  titles  for  perfons.     Paufanias  fhews  that  Ihe  was  Derceto,  the  nier« 
maid  ;    being  thai  Venus  Urania,  of  whom  the  poet,  Pifce  Venus 
r^^^!^^       latuit.— She  is  Beroe  and  Berytus,  faid  by  Heftiaeus  (in  Bochart j  to 
23:         be  a  fifh.      Uranus  begot  the  Core  ProLogone  of  Paufanias  in  a  fer- 
pent's  form,  becaufe  he  was  Ophion  :  but  in  this  Athenagora3  miC 
takes  him  to  be  his  Grandfon  the  Cretan  Jove.     Uranus  fecms  to  be 
,  ^..  ^h^  gallant  of  Niobe,  who  probably  was  the  eldeft  lo,  called    by 

fjvid  1  horonis:  this  Niobe  being  the  daughter  of  Phoroneus,  deemed 
by    Anticlides  the  oldea  king  of  Greece  i  by  Acufilaus,  the   firft 

man. 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  ^  499 

man.  He  was  reputed  the  Ton  of  Inachus  and  the  brother  of  Egialeus: 
alfo,  according  to  Plato,  Caftor  and  Acufilaus,  contemporary  with 
Ogyges,  probably  the  Agag  of  Mofes,  and  deemed,  by  the  Scoliaft 
of  ApoHonius,  the  fon  of  Bootes.  Clement  of  Alexandria  places 
Cres  of  Crete  in  his  time.  Acufilaus  counts  the  flood  of  Ogyges 
1220  years  before  the  Olympic  era  :  Ccdrenus  connts  it  248  years 
before  Deucalion's:  it  was  189  years  before  Cecrops,  as  Africanus 
in  Eufebius  aflerts.  Ogyges,  according  to  Lycus  in  Tzetzes,  and  OnLyco- 
to  Paufanias,  wedded  Thebc  the  daughter  of  Uranus.  Their  daughter  ^ 

Alalcomene  nurfed  Minerva,  Ammon*s  daughter,  named  by  Efchylus 
Onka  and  Neith :  Plato  calls  her  Neith  ;  it  is  derived  from  the 
Celtic  Nyddu,  pronounced  Neithee,  to  fpin:  yet  in  Hiberno  Celtic 
Neith  is  battle:  Onka  is  potent:  from  Neith  comes  Neo ;  from 
OkkdL,  occo. 

Pwfanias  counts  Ceres  coeval  with  Pelafgus  Lycaon's  fire,  and 

witb  Prometheus  Deucalion's  fire,  deemed  by  fome  in  Syncellus  94  l' 

yetrs  after  Ogyges;  and  with  Lycaon  Niobe's  grandfon  coeval  with 

Cecrops ;    whom  Ifocrates  deems  1000  years  before  Solon  and  Pi- 

fiftratus,  who  lived  56b  years  before  the  Chriftian  era.      The  elder 

Cerea  was  meant  by  Paufanias  above;   for  he  writes  that  "  Lycaon's 

Vralher  Temcnus  educated  Juno"  the  filler  of  the  younger  Ceres. 

ApQllodorus    counts   Lycaon's    fon    Nyftimus   contemporary  with 

Deocalion  ;  wlio  was  coeval  with  Phaeton,  Cranaus  and  Crotopus;   Clem.  Alex: 

llfo,    as  Manetho  wrote,  with  the  fixth  king  of  the  18th   dyHafty. 

Plutarch  on  Pyirhus  fays  that  Phaeton  was  firft   king  of  the  Molofli 

after  Deucalion's    flood,  and  was   deemed  Sol's  fon,  owing  to  his 

flLiIl  in  the  folar  motion:>.   Deucalion  was  a  great  grandfonof  Urahus; 

and  generally  reputed  a  nephew  of  Atlas,  whofe   daughter  Sterope 

wedded  Ocnomaus  fon  of  Alxion  (as  Paufanias  writes)  andofEgina 

daughter  of  Afopus.     Oenomaus  flew  Tricolonus  Lycaon's  great 

grandfon;  and  was  flain  by  Pelops,  in  the  reign  of  Endymion*s  fon 

Epcus  :  Endymion  himfelf  was  coeval  with  Clymenus  a  defcendent 

of  Hercules  the  Daftyl,  and  reftorer  of  the  Olympic  Games  fifty 

years  after  Deucalion's  flood.       Lycaon's  grandfon  Areas  was,  as 

Paufanias  alfo  writes,  coeval  with  Triptolemusj     who,  as    Strabo  ^g.. 

Q  q  2  writes. 


Paoiaiiias 


^00       '^  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E   H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Hook  i. 

writes,  went  in  purfuit  of  lo  the  ward  of  Argus  Panoptes,  and  the 
daughter  of  Jafus.  Eufebius  fays,  fhe  wedded  Telegonus  fon  of 
Orus  (Apollo)  the  paftor;  but  in  that  (he  is  deemed  the  mother  of 
Epaphus,  flie  is  confounded  with  a  prior  Io>  who  feems  to  be  Niobe 
and,  lo-damia. — Paufanias  fays  that  Lelex  was  the  fon  of  Neptune 
and  of  Lybia,  daughter  of  Epaphus  ;  thus  Lelex  was  Agenor't  bro« 
ther  and  uncle  of  Danaus.  Lacedacmon,  grandfon  of  Atlas,  wedded 
Sparta  grandaughter  of  Lelex  and  mother  of  Euridice  wife  of  Acri* 
fius.  Polycaon  the  youngeft  fon  of  Lelex  (as  Paufaiiias  writei) 
wedded  Mef&ne  daughter  of  Triopas.  The  Grecian  Mercury  was 
another  grandfon  of  Atlas;  and  was  educated  by  Lycaon't  ion 
Acacus.  Oardanus  was  likewife  a  grandfon  of  Atlas ;  who,  as  Acn^ 
filaus  wrote,  was  a  contempcM'ary  of  Triopas  ;  and  whofe  grand* 
daughter  Harmonia  was  wife  of  Cadmus  the  father  of  Seroele^  and 
of  Autonoe  the  wife  of  Arifleus,  and  of  Ino  the  wife  of  Deucalion's 
greatj  grandfon  Athamas,  uncle  of  Polydeftes,  who  entertained 
Danae.  Athamas  was  father  of  Melecerta ;  who  being  confounded 
with  Melcart  the  Tyrian  Hercules,  Lycophron  attributes  his  iecond 
name  Palemon  to  Hercules.  Ovid  fays,  Melecerta  met  at  Tibur  i« 
^*  ts*  Italy  a  Hercules,  who  muft  be  Ammian's  ^*  Hercules  antiquiop/ 
Melcart,  orChon,  from  whom  part  of  Italy  was  named  Choris 
H^^'  Con  in  Saxon  fignifies  fortis.  Suidas  places  him  in  the  tinie4 
Minos  and  of  Athamas.  He  was  later  than  Ogmeon  of  Gaui,  tbt 
Al-mannus  of  Germany,  whom  Eufebius  and  Jerom  deem  the  muft 
ancient  Hercules.  I  take  Ogmeon  to  be  older  than  Elian's  ancient 
V.H:9.  i6.  Maro  king  of  the  Aufones ;  tho'  Meon  and  Maro  are  names  oft 
fimilar  import:  for  Meon  is  Ocean;  and  Maris  or  Mxris  is  derived 
from  the  Celtic  Mer  (humor)  the  fource  of  the  Latin  Mare,  die 
Englifh  meer,'  and  mirc;  the  Egyptian  Mxris  and  Mareotis;  the 
Hebrew  Mar,  Gutta;  the  Arabic  Mara,  mano,  which  alfb  is  in 
Arabic,  Mana;  whence  the  Rivers  Menan  of  Siam  and  Lao  i  and 
Maon,  Aqua,  in  Arabic.  Mar  and  Maon  thus  prove  fynonymousi 
hence  Ar-morica  from  the  Celtic  Mor  (akin  to  Mar)  is  in  the  Sascon 
Chronicle  called  Armenia :  fo  Og-meon  is  the  fame  as  Og-moM, 
the  Great  Sea;  and  Mor-gan-wg,  the  true  name  of  Glamorgan,  h 


f  •  99« 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  1  S  T  O  R  Y.  501 

the  head  of  the  Great  Sea:  and  Morgan,  the  fame  as  Kyn.mor^  is 

head  or  prince,  or  Khan  of  the  iea  :  and  Maur-itania  is  from  M6r« 

tain^  a   region  by  the  fea ;  as  Aquitain,  a  country  by  the  water. 

Mcon  and  Maro^  names  confounded  in  the  Egyptian  Hiftory,  in 

another  fenfe  fignify  the  Sun,  Men  and  Mar^  as  appears  from  the 

explanation  of  Theban  names  in  Eratofthenes.     Emanations  of  light 

and  of  water  appear  to  have  been  defcribed  by  fimilar   words,    as 

Sinus,  Siris ;    Mar,  Men ;    Aur,  Or ;  thus  a  river  in  the  Lefgais 

language  is  Or  and  Khor.     So  Mifor  was  both  Siris  or  Meon  (that 

is  Nilus  or  Oceanus)  and  Sirius  or  Sol  :  thus  Tully  deems  Vulcan^ 

Sol's  fire ;  they  are  Ham-  and  Mifor.      Owing  to  this  confufion^ 

Memphis  built  (as  Manetho  wrote)  prior  to  the  Hycfi,  is  faid  by 

Herodotus  to  have  been  built  by  Menes :  Diodorus  calls  its  founder 

Uckoreus,  a  name  in  import  fimilar  to  ^Meon ;   but  firnames  him 

Ogdous:  thus  miftaking  him  for  the  Meon  who  was  Cybele*s  hulband 

Silttm»  called  Choreus  in  Dionyfius  of  Halicamaffus^  from  Chor, 

aCOffftBty  as  Meon  is  Celtic  for  Ocean,  the  old  name  of  the  Nile. 

Tfalt  Athenagoras  (from  Hefiod)  deems  Uranus  the  father  of  Ocean; 

fflhooi  Hefiod  counts  Saturn's  brother  ;  but  his  name  is  fynonymous 

CO  MecHi  Saturn's  own  name.     Efchylus  deems  Ocean  the  brother  of 

AUass  whom  Nonnus  (a)  deems  the  fon  of  Terra,  that  is  of  Titaea; 

inASanchoniatho  deems  Atlas  Saturn's  brother.     Hefiod*s  Ocean 

here  u  Demaraon  Zeus,  Jove  Thalaifi^As,  the  Tyrian  Belus  who 

went  Srom  Tyre  to  Babylon,  the  Neptune  who  was  Agenor*s  Sire^ 

tbat  is  Melcart's.      Apollodorus  fays  that  Agenor's  wife  Telephafla 

died  at  Thafus;  which  adds  to  the  probability  that  he  was  the  Thafian 

Hercules  :    as  his  father  feems  to  be  that  Egyptian  Hercules  whom 

Hephaeftion  calls  Nilus,  that  is  Ocean  or  Neptune,  or  Jove  Tha- 

laffius.      He  feems  alfo  Maker  the  father  ofSardo  in   Paufanias. 

Thus  Lycophron  deems  Tarchon  (or  Chon  of  Tyre,  the  Phenician 

Hercules)  the  ••  fonof  a  Hercules;"  who  is  Hepheftion's  Nilus,  the 

Tyrian  Belus,  and  TuUy's  Indian  Belus,  Demaraon  Zeus.     Tzetzes 

erroneoufly  deems  Tarcbon  and  Tyrfenus  fons  of  lera  and  Telephus 

the  fon  of  Alcides  and  Auge ;  this  is  irreconcileable  with  Tarchon's 

being  coeval  with  Marfyas,  as   Solinus  writes ;    and  with  Cecrops 

and 


goa  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

and  Atlas,  as  in  Suidas.  Saturn  being  Meon,  Ocean  or  Neptune; 
hence  Macrobius  fays  a  Triton  was  ufuajly  fct  on  Saturn's  temple: 
hence  alfo  Virgil  fays  that  Neptune  produced  a  horfe  ;  Chiron's  fire, 
who  by  Lycophron's  Scoliaft  is  accounted  a  Centaur,  V.  1200, 
having firft  learnt  to  manage  a  horfe;  he  may  alfo  have  imported  horfes: 
I  believe  the  Marcomanni  were  the  firft  nation  of  Cavaliers.  Phorcys 
king  of  Corfica  faid  by  Varro  to  have  been  routed  and  flain  by  Atlas, 
was  fon  of  Pontus  and  Terra,  that  is  of  Meon  and  Cybele.  This 
Meon  is  the  L^choreus  whom  Diodorus  counts  Ogdous ;  being  (as 
faid  before)  the  eighth  from  Ham  incluGvely  :  Thus,  Noah  and  Sa- 
turn's fon  Jove  inclufive,  the  Sibylline  poems  rightly  fct  the  Titans 
in  the  tenth  generation  from  the  Deluge.  But  the  Meon  who  was 
Mifor  muft  be  the  founder  of  Memphis,  as  his  fon  Athoth  founded 
a  palace  there.  Diodorus  in  fetting  Symandias  long  before  Uchoreus 
or  Saturn  means  either  Thoth,  or  Menes  his  fire  ;  tho'  Sefoftris 
was  a  Si-mandyas;  the  narne  meaning  a  fon  of  Menes  or  Amcnophis: 
but  Is-mandes  fignifies  divine  Mendes  ;  lo  As  in  Gothic  is  divine. 
Owing  to  the  fynonymy  of  Men  and  Mar,  Diodorus  fays  Maro  the 
fecond,who  foQndedthe  Labyrinth,  was  held.by  fome  to  be  Mcndcii 
he  is  Strabo's  Maindes,  Imandes  and  Menon.  That  Maro  and 
Maris  (frbm  Mor,  which  is  allied  to  Meon,  whence  Mencsjarc 
akin  to  Chor,  Mofes  evinces,  in  faying  that  Seir  was  the  mow- 
tain  of  the  A'morites,  Canaan's  defcendants  -,  yet  the  Horim  or 
Duet.  I.  &  2.  .  .  .  ' 

12.         Chorim  were  the  ancient  inhabitants  ;  in  other  words,  this  was  their 

ancient  name. 


Chon  mentioned  juft  now  was  Tearchon,  Tara-chon,  O-tfor-chon, 
Chon  of  Tyre,  S^nchoniatho's  Melcart;  that  is  a  name  derived  from 
Meier,  king  (the  Malica  of  Hefychius)  and  Artes  fortis;  fo  Hero- 
dotus fays  that  Artaxerxes  means  a  ftout  warrior;  and  Vettius 
Valens  tells  us  Mars  was  in  Egypt  named  Artes.  Berofus  in  Athe-, 
neus  calls  Hercules,  San3es  ;  it  fignifies  in  Celtic  amazing.  He, 
as  Tally  writes,  was  a  fon  of  Jove,  that  is  of  Demaraon  Zeus,  by 
Afteria,  who  feems  to  be  Ailarte  latinized-,  for  Ampelius  feems  to 
name  her  Athera.    Chon  may  likewife  have  been  the  Daflyl.    Pau- 

fanias 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  T.  jog 

fanias  calls  him  Sar-do,  Ton   of    Makeris,     from   the    Phenician 
Macharid,  terrible.     Sar  is  the  fa  ne  as  Tfor,  Tor,  and  Tyre.  He 
colonized   Sardinia  with  Lybians;  the   old  name  of  that  ifland  was 
Ichnufa;  fignifying  like    the    prefcnt  (derived  from  the  Phenician 
Sarad)  a  fole  or  print  of  a  foot^  yet  it  may  be  derived  from  Sardhyn, 
the  citadel  of  Sar,  the  Tyrian^  as  Sardo  is  the  Tyrian  God,  from 
Deu,  Deus.     He  was  probably  the   Hercules  who  contended  with 
Apollo  for  a  Tripod.  Diodorus  fays,  he  aided  the  Gods  againft  the 
Giants,  when  their  weapons  were    clubs,  as  Hyginus   alfo  relates.    Fab.  274. 
He  traverfed   a  great  part    of  i\vQ  earth  triumphantly;  vifited   Cau- 
cafus  and   the  North;   aided  Prometheus;    flew  Emathion  king  of 
Ethiopia;  alfo   Bufiris,  who  lived  two  centuries   before  Perfeus,  as 
Ifocrates  affirms.     He   alfo  flew  Anteus,  and  erefled  a  Column  in 
Lybia;    from  whence  he    obtained    the  golden    Apples,  or  rather 
Sheep  of  the  Hefperides,  neices  of  Atlas;  whofe  daughters  Bufiris 
fent  Pyrates  to  feize;  thefe  Hercules  flew.     Atlas,  for  the  reftora- 
tion  of  his  daughters,  taught  Hercules  aftronomy.     Pliny  fays  there 
was  a  chapel  of  Hercules  at  Lixos  in    Fez,  anci enter  than    that  at 
Gades.     Tacitus  fays,  the    Lybians  aflerted  that    the  moft  ancient 
Hercules  was  a  native  of  their  country.     Salluft  fays,  he  founded  J"8'*'"*' 
the  town  of   Capfa.     Hebe  became  his  bride.     He  cohabited  with 
'Pyrcne  the  daughter  of  Bebryx;  flie  was  entombed  in  the  Pyrenees. 
He  fiAdued  Chryfaor  in  Spain.     By  launching  into  the  Ocean  he 
was  feigned  to  open  the  pafs.     He  founded  Alexia  in   Gaul;  and 
flew  Dercylus  and  Alebion  Neptune's  fons.     Agatharcides  relates 
that  he  wounded  Dis;  who  muft   then  have  been    old;  if  he   was 
Acmon's  brother;  but  he  probably  was  Japet  Saturn's  brother.  Ta- 
citus found  that  Hercules  had  been  in  Germany-,   yet  probably  this 
was  Al-mannus,  Tuitho's  fon,  and  Acmon's  fire.  Hercules  crofled 
the  Alps.  Potitius  and  Pinarius,  chiefs  of  the  Aborigines,  entertained 
him  on  mount  Palatin.     He  next  fubdued  Giants  at  the  Phlegrean 
plains  of  Cuma  near  Vefuvius;  and  Eryx  fon  of  Venys  and  Butcs  in 
Sicily.     He  died  in  Spain;  yet  fome  fay,  Typhon  flew  him.     He  is     . 
deemed  the  inventor  of  the  Tyrian  dye.     Having  the  title  of  Mya<  Arnob. 
grus,  he  feems   to  be  Bel-zebul;  tho'  the   former  name  probably 

arofe 


304  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  g. 

arofe  from   the   equivocal   fenfe  of  Zebul;  jirft*  as  the  Dodonean 
priefteffes  were  feigned  to  be  pigeons,  from  a  word  which  fignified 
alfo  old  women  or  widows.  Zebul  is  the  fame  as  the  Eolic  Zabulus, 
Diabolus.    Buttho*  he  was  Tar-chon,  whence  the  Tarquins;  for  Q 
by  the  Normans  was  called  Chpn,  Choq,  fimply  may  be  the  name  of 
his  mother  Athera.     Cona  in  Iflandic  is  the  Greek  Gune;  birt  Chon 
in  the  Hindoftanic  and  Zingara  tongues  is  the  moon,  who  was  Venus 
Urania,  Aftarte,  Athera.     Van-cA^in  at  Siam  is   Monday;    and   falls 
on  our  Monday,  as  near  as  confifts  with  difference  of  Longitude:  fo 
their  Thurfday  is  Van  Pra  Haat,  the  day  of  the  venerable  Atta,  the 
fame  as  the  Scythian  Papa,  Jove  Pappeus^the  Egyptian  Apappusor 
Ammon:  their  Friday  is   Van  Souk\  Souk  refembles  Siga,  Minerva 
in  Paufanias^  or  Venus  Viftrix,  Sherringham*s  Siggi,  viSory.     Yet 
Strabo  fays  a  crocodile  was  in  Egypt  named  Souchos,  and  tliat  it  was 
the  name  of  a  certain  king:  to  whom  Plutarch  adds  the  title  of  Pete, 
Sacerdotal.  Sieldcn  fays  it  docs  not  appear  than  Chon  was  the  name 
of  the  Egyptian  Hercules;  named  by  Paufanias  Maker;  heiice  Magar, 
a  place  at  Carthage;  but  Suidas  fays  Tara-chon  was  a  king  of  Egypt 
contemporary  with  Cecrop$  and  Prometheus:  Solinus  mentions  him 
in  Italy  with    Marfyas.     When  Saturn  marched  weftward,  Aftarte 
and    Melcart  attended  him;   thefe    two  heroes    accordingly   had 
temples   at    Cades.     Timagenes  (in   Ammian)  fays,    *«  The  AAtt 
Hercules  led  the  Dorians  to  the  confines  of  the  Ocean:"  the  name  of 
this  colony  is  probably  derived  from  Dwr,  fignifying    water:  yet  it 
may  arife  from  his  own   name    Dorfanes  derived  from  Ador  San^ 
and  as  Bryant  fhews  that  San  and  Es  bear  the  fame  fenfe,  he   feems 
to  be  Juftin's  Adores.      The  Hyperboreans  whence  he  brought  the 
Olive  were  thofe  Northern  Goths  near  the  Euxine,  whence   it  was 
named  Cotinos.     Sanchoniatho  fays,  **  Aftarte  accompanied  Saturn 
over  the  World."    She  became  the  Minerva  Belifama    of   Gaul. 
Saturn  being  Meon,  equivalent  to  Maro,   I  take  him  to  be  Elian's 
Aufonian  Maro,^the  firft  Centaur  or  horfeman;  hisfon  was  an  expert 
hprfeman.     Yet  this  Mar6  may  be  the  old  officer  left  in  Macedonia 
by  Dionyfius. — Cadmus,  who  was  fubfequent  to  Me'cart,  is   gene- 
rally  reputed   a  couGn    germ  an  of  Danaus  and  Egyptus,  who  in 
Manetho  were   Armais  and'  Sefoftris;    this  Diodorus  (8)  confirms 

by 


Silv:  I*  570. 


Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  t  O  R  Y.  305 

by  faying  that  Danaus  founded  the  Cholchians  :  but  this  colony  was 
part  of  the  troops  ofSe(oftris.  He  was  the  firft  Ramefis ,-  and  Cyril 
of  Alexandria  fays  Ramefis  was  Egyptus.  Dicearchus  deems  Sefof-  o  l  1  *  1 
tris,  the  fucceffor  of  Orus  Apollo;  this  is  extremely  probable;  for  Rhod. 
Ariftotle  fets  Sefoftris  before  Minos  Europa's  fon:  and  Jove,  Euro- 
pa's  gallant,  was  coeval  with  Orus  and  Cadmus.  Trogus  Pompeius 
and  Agathias  deem  Sefoftris  as  early  as  Ninus  and  Semiramis,  whom 
I  take  to  be  Sida  the  mother  of  Egyptus  in  Cedrenus:  for  Belus  the 
fire  of  Egyptus  is  faid  to  have  wedded  Ifis  when  a  widow;  and  Ifis 
was  Semiramis:  this  Sida  in  Suidas  is  deemed  the  daughter  of  Jove 
Taurus;  whom  he  thus  confounds  with  Hammon  the  fpoufe  of 
'Rhea,  Sida's  mother:  Taurus  was  Europa's  gallant.  Statius  writes 
that  Apollo,  who  as  Athenagoras  fays  was  Orus  (and  he  was  fon  of 
ifis)  was  expiated  touching  Typhon's  murder  by  Crotopus  of  Argos, 
Deucalion's  contemporary,  as  Tatian  writes  :  he  was  the  fire  of 
Sthenelus,  whom  Danaus  either  fucceeded  or  fuperceded,  being 
the  gueft  of  Gelanor.  Two  daughters  of  Danaus  Wedded  two  grand-- 
fons  of  Xuthus. 

Thus  the  times  and  contemporaries  of  the  Titans  are  tolerably 
afcfcrtained.      For  Orus  was  foti  of  Dionyfius  or  laft  Ofiris  fon  of  Paufanias* 
Axtenon  the  fpoufe  of  Rhea,  fifter  and  concubine  of  the  Titan  Sa- 
tUTBffiTe  of  Chiron,  and  of  Europa's  gallant  educated  by  the  Dac- 
tyls, wio  invented  iron  63  years  after  Deucalion's  flood.     Homer 
coihm  Europa  the  mother  of  Minos  the  grandfire  of  Idomeneus^ 
So,  Apollodorus  counts  Ariadne,  Europa's  grandchild.     Minos  and 
tiis  brother  Radamanthus   were  adopted  by  Afterius  the  younger 
Saturn  ;  hence   Pindar  calls  Radamanthus,  Saturn's  fon.       He  ef- 
poufed  Alcmena,  Amphytrion's  widow,  and  vifited  Tityus  the  gal- 
lant of  Latona. 

The  Titan  Saturn  or  Meon  was  Anak;  hence  the  Cretan  Afterius  Paufanias. 
is  called  the  fon  of  Anak,  and  Carthage  was  Chadre-anak,  or  Cadyr 
Anak,  tbe  king's  citadel.      But  Ham  was  the  Saturn  who  was  that 
ancient    Mars   called   Genitor:  alfo    Moloch,    Celtic   fignifying  a 

R  r  moleftor; 


8o6  ;  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  %. 

molefter-,  and  Virgil's  Gradivus.  But  where  Dionyfiusof  Halicar- 
naffus  deems  Mars  the  grandfire  of  the  Italian  Faunus,'  he  means  the 
Titan  Saturn;  thus  Mars  was  a  (on  of  Jove  Uranus.  But  Ammon's 
fon  Dionyfius,  the  laft  Egyptian  Faunus,  being  reputed  Rhea's  fon 
fee  Scldcn.  alfo,  was  by-fome  deemed  Saturn's-,  and  is  Ptolemy's  Mars-adonis, 
whom  Hefychius  calls  the  Abobis  of  the  Perfians  :  he  feems  to  be 
the  Egyptian  Epaphus-,  tho'  Saturn  was  Apopis.  This  Dionyfius  is 
the  Mars  called  by  Hefychius,  Thamus,  a  name  more  truly  a|)plied 
•by  Plato  to  that  more  ancient  Ofiris,  who  was  Mifor,  indeed  of 
either  Ammon  or  Ammon's  fon.  Dionyfius,  being  a  Mars,  was 
called  Mafares ;  that  is  Rhea's  Mars  ;  for  Hefychius  fays  (he  was 
called  Ma  in  Lydia.  Suidas,  like  others,  confounds  Faunus  fon  of 
Jove  Picus,  when  he  calls  him  the  aftronomer  Hermes,  with  Mifor 
the  firft  Egyptian  Mercury,  Mars,  Pan,  Hercules,  and  Ofiris  ;  tides 
moftly  affefted  by  the  Titan  Dionyfius. 

Picus  is  Sanchoniatho's  Jove  Belus.     Lycophron  fays,  **  For  him 
Europa  was  taken  from  Sarepta,  to  avenge  lo  ftolcn  for  the  lord  of 
Memphis*,"  who  at   that  time  was  Ammon.     This  Jove  Belus   was 
not  the  fire  of  Sefoft Hs;  whofc  father  Amenophis  was  Belus  Agenor's 
brother.     Agenor's  father,  the  Tyrian  Belus  went  to  Babylon  aitd 
Eufcb:  Prep,  there  entertained  Saturn's  fon  Jove.     He  was  Demaraon  Zaus^  and 
Jove  Thalaffiu$ ;  hence  he  was  a  Neptune  ;  tho'  uncle  to  the  Kt^ 
tune  who  was  Saturn's  fon.      Amenophis  being  a  name  of  like  im- 
port as  Meon,  which  is  Ocean  the  old  name  of  the  Nile,    Diodorus 
fays  that  Nilus  in  a  bull's  form  begot  on  Memphis  the  daughter  of 
Uchoreus  (a  name  derived  from  Chor,  a  torrent ;  and  of  the  fame 
import  as  Nilus,  Ocean,  Meon,  and  belongs  here  to  Cybele's  fpoufe) 
their  fon  Egyptus ;  whofe  father  is  by  Manetho  called  Amenophis; 
and  by   Apollodorus,    Belus:  who   fays,  he  had  Egyptus  by   the 
daughter  of  Nilils;  which  fiiews  my  explanation  of  Uchoreus  to  be 
right :  and  it  tends  to  confirm  the  account  that  Ifis  the  daughter  of 
Saiurn,    Meon,  Nilus  or  Uchoreus  wedded  the  father  of  Egyptus, 
after  the  death  of  Dionylfus.     Apollodorus  adds  that  Belus  was  the 
grandfon  of  a  Memphis  the  daughter  of  (fome  older)  Nilus;    who 

pcrhap 


z,  2. 


Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  307     . 

perhaps  was  Acmon's  father  Meon,  Man  or  Mannus.  A  Nilus  ftill 
older  is  the  fire  of  the  Ecjyptian  Vulcan,  Sol's  father,  in  Tully  : 
thefe  are  Noah,  Ha:n  and  Mifor.  The  ftor)  of  the  bull  has  no  re- 
lation to  Europa's  amour  ;  but  arifes  herice  :  "  there  was  a  tradition 
amongfl:  the  Egyptians  (fays  Elian)  that  Menis  an  Egyptian  king 
defirous  to  inditute  the  wordiip  of  an  animal,  chofe  the  bull."  This 
he  devoted  to  Ham  his  fire,  who  was  the  Jove  whence  Eratofthenes 
fliles  this  Nfenes,  Jovius;  it  alludes  to  the  Ark  named  Bous;  hence 
Plutarch  and  Varro  derived  Serapis  from  Soros  Apis,  Cheft  of  Apis: 
others  derive  it  from  Apis  and  Sar  a  prince  ;  whence  fir.  From 
Mifor's  adoration  of  Apis,  Ofiris  is  faid  to  have  tranfmigrated  into 
Apis  :  from  this  bull  Mifor  became  Neton  the  martial  God  of  Spain; 
as  his  grandfon  Tat,  Teutat  or  Tuitho  was  their  Mercury.  Hiilory 
often  confounds  other  Meons  with  this  primitive  Menes  or  Mifor: 
^ho  being  an  Ofiris,  a  bull  became  the  fymbol  of  every  Ofiris,  or 
Meon ;  for  the  Ofiris  who  was  Mifor,  being  the  primitive  Egyptian 
Sol,  his  ftrength  was  refembled  to  a  bull's.  Thus  as  far  as  regards 
the  bull,  the  Meon  or  Amenophis  firle  of  Egyptus  being  the  Menon  • 
or  Belus  who  went  to  Babylon  with  Ifis  or  Semiramis,  is  confounded 
with  Mifor. — The  Egyptians  were  fond  of  giving  the  names  of  their 
important  river  to  their  kings  ;  or  perhaps  their  names  to  the  river, 
viYienever  they  improved  its  utility  ;  as  Chor,  Meon,  Siris,  Ocean, 
Nahal,  Egyptus,  Tritonia.  But  in  faft  not  only  Amenophis  in  this 
matter  of  the  bull  is  confounded  with  MifoY;  J)ut  the  lady's  firft 
liu(band  Dionyfius,  as  being  an  Ofiris-,  for  Lycophron  denominates 
him  Taurus  likewife  :  indeed  this  Jove  of  Nyfa  is  oft  confounded 
with  Picus,  the  Taurus  who  ftole  Europa. 

Agreeable  to  tl^  defcent  of  Egyptus  in  Diodorus,  Tully  fays  Nile, 
was  the  father  of  his  fc^nrlh  Mercury.  He  is  Danaus  the  brother  of 
Egyptus  :  bciri^  Armuis,  Armes  or  Hermes,  fignifying  a  Diviner. 
Elian  fays,  "  He  was  the  councellor  of  Sefoftris,"  or  Egyptus. 
Tully  riy<;  "  I  is  name  was  not  to  be  mentioned  ;"  probably  as  ba- 
nifhed  for  ufurpatien. 

R  r  a  Acmon's 


^ 


S68  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  «. 

Acmon's  father  was  alfo  called  Meon  ;  as  well  as  his  grandfon 
Saturn  Cybele's  gallant,  the  founder  of  the  Meonians.  Acmon 
being  Elios  or  Sol,  and  his  father  Meon's  name  fignifying  Oceanus, 
7-  5^'  Gellius  (in  Pliny)  fay%  Ocean's  fon  Sol  invented  gold,  phyfic,  and 
honey.  The  Nile  being  called  Ocean,  which  is  Meon,  Saturn  is 
Nilus  the  father  of  TuUy's  fecond  Minerva,  counted  by  Sanchoni- 
atho  Saturn's  daughter.  Thus  Herodotus  and  Paufanias  (i)  fay  that 
.  Minerva  was  Neptune's  daughter  j  and  (8)  that  Neptune  had  a 
daughter  by  Ceres,  that  is  the  elder,  or  Cybele :  and  thus  Hefychiuis 
(on  Belus)  mentions  Jove  fon  of  Neptune  ;  Neptune  being  fynony- 
mous  with  Ocean,  and  Meon,  the  name  of  Cybele's  hufband  :  thus 
Saturn  wis  the  Neptune,  Ammon  the  Jove,  and  Japet  the  Pluto 
who  divided  the  world  ;  a  partition  attributed  to  Saturn's  three  fons. 
Saturn  is  meant  where  Herophilus  and  Diodorus  fay  that  Rhoda  was 
the  daughter  of  Neptune  and  Venus ;  and  Epimenides  fays,  of 
Ocean  and  Venus  ;  that  is  of  Meon  and  Urania,  Aftarte  or  Rhea; 
whofe  gallant  being  Ammon,  as  well  as  Saturn ;  and  Ammon  (as 
Plutarch  fhews)  being,  as  many  others  were,  honoured  with  the 
Natal.Comes  title  of  Sol,  Pindar  and  Afclepiades  deem  Rhoda  Sol's  daughter. 
Her  name  was  ta^ken  from  the  lOand  of  Rhodes,  fo  called  frofp 
the  Celtic,  Rhodio,  to  walk  ;  the  Rhodians  being  Pelafgi  or    Itiacr 

rants.  ^ 

• 

Diodorus  i.  Mifor  was  Menes  that  ancient  king  who  invented  Lotus  Bread  s 

and  Ofiris  founder  of  Thebes,  when  the  Lower  Egypt  was  a  morafs: 
and  as  he  built  Memphis  he  is  the  Uchoreus  of  Diodorus,  but  not 
the  eighth  from  Simandes,  but  Simandes  himfelf;  and  the  firft 
Bufiris,  not  the  8th  after  him.  He  was  flain  by  a  Hippopotamus  : 
is  oft  confounded  with  Memnon  the  inventor  of  delicacies  and  great 
archite6t;  who  founded  the  Labyrinth  ;  being  Strabo's  Imandes  i^i^fl 
Maindes,  the  Mendes  and  Maro  of  Diodorus,  and  that  Amenopliis 
who  was  the  predeceffor  of  the  Proteus  of  Herodotus,  whofe  fon 
Ramfinitus,  Pliny*s  Ramifes,  was  called  Proteus  alfo;  and  by  tly- 
ginus  deemed  old,  eight  years  after  the  Trojan  war ;  when  accord* 
ing  to  my  calculation  he  had  reigned  51  years.  In  the  14th  year  of 
his  fucceffor,  the  laft  Amenophis  or  Nilus,  happened  the  Exod* 

All 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  309 

All  thefe  Meons  and  the  fire  of  Sefoftris,  alfo  the  Amenophis  next 
after  Chebron,  and  Cybele's  hufband,  and  Acmon's  father  muft  be 
carefully  diftinguifhed  from  that  primitive  Menes  who  is  Mifor  ; 
with  whom  they  are  often  confounded  ;  and  who  was  Pan  ;  whence 
Ifis  the  queen  of  this  Ofiris,  Mendes  or  Pan,  is  on  Rigord's  medal  ' 
ftiled  Theou  Panos:  after  his  death  Thoth  was  her  councellor. 

That  Mifor  was  Meon,  Menes,  or  Mendes  Manetho  and  Sancho- 
niatho  fhew:  the  firft  deems  Thoth  fon  of  Menes;  the  other,  Mifor's; 
vfho  was  the  Ofiris  that,  in  honour  of  his  fire,,  founded  Chemmis, 
•*  a  grand  city  (fays  Herodotus)  in  Thebais,  near  Neapolis;'*  and 
the  native  place  of  Danaus.  But  Noah  was  the  primitive  Ofiris:  and  ^^^^^*  *• 
he  was  the  firft  Caelum  faid  by  Trifmegiftus  to  be  living  in  his  time 
vith  Saturn  and  Mercury;  who  are  Ham  the  primitive  Cronus  of 
Eupolemus,  and  his  fon  Mifor  the  Mercury  on  whofe  account  Era^  ^*^**^: 
tofthenes  calls  his  fon  Thoth  (who  was  Trifmegiftus)  Herraogenes; 
and  the  Ofiris  afferted  by  Plutarch  to  be  Agatho4emon.  Hence 
Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius  being  an  Ofiris,  Atheneus  coqfounds  him 
with  Agathoderaon;  to  whom  the  firft  cup  of  wine  was  dedicated:  for  ^ 

be  was  the  Ofiris  and  Mercury  who  taught  the   ufe  of  the  griape. 
bence  alfo  the  firft  cup  was  confecrated   to    Mercury;  fee  Suidas: 
Mifor  being  that   firft  Mercury  to  whom  (as  Sanchoniatho   wrote) 
Ctpnus  or    Ham    granted  Egypt.     Mifor  with  Thoth  and  I fmunus     > 
cooftituted  the  three  Lares  or  Penates;  yetbeficjes  thefe  each  perfon 
butd  his  peculiar  Lares,  who   were   fuch   Qods,  or   fometimes  the 
manes  of  deceafed    friends,    as     Roman  .Catholics,  Patron- faints; 
tho*  Chrift  is  the  univerfal  proteftor,  annulling  all  inferiour  tutelage.     . 
Ariftophanes  tells  us  Mercury  has  many  iirnames,     Hellanicus  fays 
^firis  was  called  Hy-firus  :    Sanchoniatho  calls  the  brother  of  Cna 
the  firft  phyfician,  Ifiris  ;    this  fhews  the  prepofitive  uncertain:   fo  ' 
Scth,  Afeth ;  Thor,  Athyr;  Vefta,  Avefta;  Thoth,   Athoth;  Taaut, 
Athauta:  Sarraoth,  Afarmoth;  Seman,  Afoman-,  Dis,  Ades;  Anubis 
tfrom  Nobeah;  Thena,    Athena;    Neith,    Anaitis;  Manes,   Amanus, 
tOm^nus;  Mihr,  Pcrfic  for   Amor;  AfTouan,  Syenc;  Ram;   Aram; 
Zan,  Azan;  Melee,  Amelec;  Menophis,  Amenophis;  Cheres Acheres; 
.Ccnchris,   Achcnchris;   Pteras,   Aptereosj    Margians,    Amyrgians, 

Pachman^ 


310  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

Pachman,  Apachnas;  Phtha,  Aphtha;  Star,  Eftcr,  Aflera:  Tabor, 
Atabyrius;  Dorfancs,  Adorfan:  Bel,  Abellio:  Der-ceto,  Atargatis: 
Dione,  Idione. 

This  ancient  infcription,  "  Saturn  the  youngeft  of  the  Gods  is  my 
fire,  I  am  Ofiris,"  relates  to  Ham  and  his  fon  Mi  for:  for  the  .father 
of  the  Egyptian.  Bacchus,  called  alfo  Ofiris,  was  Ammon  not  Saturn, 
whofe  juniority  is  dubious:  Sanchoniatho  counts  Cronus  the  firft  fon 
of  Uranus:  fo  Diodorus  in  the  Cretan  Theogony.  The  above  in- 
fcription fhews  why  the  Ofiris_who  was  Mifor  or  Menes  was  efteemed 
the 'firft  mortal  king  of  Egypt,  being  a  Poftdiluvian.  Ham  was  the 
youngeft  Antediluvian,  or  univerfal  Cabir,  tho'  the  prime  Cabir  of 
Egypt. 

Diodorus  Siculus,  in  placing  Ofimandius  before  the  founder  of 
Chemmis,  argues  him  to  be  Menes  or  Mendes,  that  is  Ifimandes  or 
Is-mandes,  divine  Mendes:  as  he  does  Uchoreus,  by  him  reputed 
that  founder,  tp  be  Hmunus,  Mifor's  fon  or  Nephew,  who  was  Og- 
dous  as  being  the  Eighth  Egyptian  Cabir,  who  is  amongft  the  build- 
ers of  Memphis;  tho'  Herodotus  fays  its  firft  founder  was  Menes: 
He  is  Mifor,  for  his  fon  Thoth  built  a  palace  there:  but  the  T/»/i 
Saturn  Meon  or  Uchoreus  was  Ogdous  as  being  the  eighth  inclu&vc 
in  Ham's  direft  line.— Mifor  or  Menes  was  efteemed  the  firft  mortal 
king  of  Egypt  as  being  next  to  Ham  the  youngeft  Antediluvian 
Cabir;  .but  the  eight  Egyptian  Cabiri  were  of  Ham's  peculiar  family: 
his  parent  Ogen  or  Og  Hen  (old  Ocean)  who  was  the  firft  Se- 
rapis^  being  the  moft  ancient  perfon  in  the  Poftdiluvian  world,  was 
the  patron  of  ancient  men;  as  his  eldeft  fon  Japhet  became  prover- 
bial for  antiquity.  Let  me  recapitulate  the  eight  ancient  Gods  of 
Egypt,  (i)  Vulcan^  Phtha,  Opas,  Hamhimfelf,  called  alfo  Cronus, 
Belus,  Zeus,  Prometheus,  Chamos.  Diogenes  Laertius  fets  him  at 
the  head  of  the  Egyptian  philofophy.  Cecrops  introduced  his  laws 
at  Athens:  being  called  Cronus,  his  were  the  Saturnalian  laws  of 
Carthage,  at  firft  called  Chadre  Anak  :  as  Sicily  was  Trianak,  in 
honour  of  Ham:  Carthage  was  alfo  called  Charchadon  in  honour  as 

Bryant 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y/  311 

Bryant  fays  of  Adonis;  and  Carthada,  in  honour  of  Juno:  that  Juno 
who  was  (2)  Ham's  confort  Thebe;  and  feems  to  be  that  ancient 
Latona  deemed  by  Herodotus  a  gr^at  deity  of  Egypt :  (he  is  the 
ancient  Venus  mother  of  the  Gods.  (3)  Her  daughter,  Mifor's  wife 
Chamyna,  afterwards  the  Britifli  Camma,  feems  to  be  their  IfiS  . 
daughter,  of  the  ancient  Prometheus  or  Ham,  and  the  Amaia  of 
Suidas.  Their  primitive  Sol  (4)  Sirius,  Siris,  Syr,  Sihor,  whence 
Sir,  Sur,  Swr,  Princeps,  was  Mifor,  Men,  Menes,  or  Mendcsj  who 
likewifewas  Pan  ("5)  and  therefore  a  dual  divinity,  or  rather  univer- 
fal;  for  he  was  Ofiris,  Agathademon,  Hermes;  Bacchus,  Thamus^ 
Scraps,  and  the  firft  Efculapius;  for  he  was  the  Ofiris  faid  to  be 
Apis;  hencehe  was  the  Bacchus  faid  to  be  Priapus,aname  derived  by  Dii.Syr^ 
Bryant  from  Pe'or  Apis:  Pe'  is  a  particle  or  prepofitive,  u^  and  yca^ 
fignify  man  in  Celtic:  hence  Peor  and  Phcgor  arc  the  fame,  and  relate 
to  Priapus:  fo  Jerom  fays  that  Phcgor  was  a  naked  God;  and  Mofes 
proves  (Numb.  25.)  the  lewdnefs  of  Peor's  rites.  Phornutus  agree- 
ably to  this  account  deems  Priapus  to  be  Pan.  The  name  fuits  the 
prolific  founder  of  the  Egyptians;  as  Hefychius  fays  Apis  is  from 
Appas  a  parent,  in  Callimachus  Appa,  the  Hebrew  Abba:  hence 
Papa,  and  Apappus.  Selden  fays,  *«  the  Sun  was  facred  to  Aga- 
thodemon;  alfo,  that  Pan  and  Sol  were  the  fame.'*  But,  when  the 
Egyptians  complimented  this  immediate  founder  of  their  nation  into 
aPViyfical  Deity,  feigning  him  the  Sun;  they  under  different  deno- 
minations llilcs  him  the  Sun  in  different  refpeCls;  as  Serapis  he  was 
tbt  winter  Sun;  as  Apollo,  he  was  unrivalled;  as  Pan,  prolific;  as" 
Onis,  progredivc:  as  Arueris,  operative;  as  Amoun,  refplendentj 
as  Ofiris  (from  0(h-iri)  time-former;  as  Harpocrates,  feeble  as  an  y^^j, 
infant;  Mercury,  for  his  aftivity;  Bacchus,  for  exhilarating  power. 
Agathodemon,  for  benefits.  This  is  the  Ofiris,  who  was  counted 
Antiquiflimum  ^gypti  Numen;  Herodotus  fays  the  Titan  Ammon's  TacitJt. 
(on  **  Dionyfius  was  a  junior  God;"  tho'  he  affumed  the  name  of 
Ofiris:  fo  Polyaenus  fhews  that  one  of  his  generals  bore  the  name  of 
Pan,  who  by  noifes  in  the  night  ftruck  the  foe  with  fear;  hence 
imaginary  terror  accquired  the  name  of  panic;  fuch  as  afterwards 
terrified  Brcnnus.  Another  of  his  officers  affefted  the  name  of  Anu- 
bis;    who  originally  was  Thoth,    the   fon  of  the  an^cient  Ofiris  or 

Mifor 


Stephan. 


312  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E   .  H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  2 

Mifor.  (6)  Thoth  as  Plkto  (liews,  was  an  ancient  Egyptian  God; 
ihus  proving  with  Acufilaus  and  Sanchoniatho  that  fome  of  Ham's 
Ions  were  Cabiri  alfo.  (7)  Muth^  Serapis  or  Piuto,  whofe  divinity 
.  Varro  afferted.  He  was  Noah  the  prinnitive  Neptune;  hence  at  Ca- 
nopus  Ifjov  TloQuluivog.  He  is  the  Tcrrejlial  Serapis,  who  (as  Suidas 
fays)  reprefented  the  Nile;  holding  a  cubit  and  a  bufhel,  to  meafure 
the  river  and  its  plentiful  produce.  Socrates,  the  ecclefiaftic  fays 
that  Serapis  prefided  over  the  Egyptian  inundations:  but  Paufanias 
fays  that  Neptune  was  the  God  of  all  inundations.  Jablonfki  derives 
the  name  from  Sari  Api,  column  of  meafure.  Ruffin  fays  it  was  a 
cuftom  to  keep  theNilometer  in  the  temple  of  Serapis.  He  was  theGod 
Canopus,  who  was  fancied  to  be  the  pilot  of  Menelaus,  and  by  others 
to  be  the  pilot  of  Sefoftris.  But,  as  God  of  the  waters  of  the  Nile,  he 
was  reprefented  by  a  watcr-vafe.  Rufiiius.  fays  that,  in  a  conteft  with 
fome  Chaldean  Priefts,  the  Egyptians  fecretly  had  a  porous  vafe  coat- 
ed with  wax;  which  melting  near  the  Chaldean  fire,  the  water  iflTued 
out,  and  extihguifhed  the  Chaldean  God.  Serapis  was  the  Hibernal 
^un,  which  occafioned  nature's  periodical  death;  hence  he  was  infer- 
nal Jove;  fo  Apollo's  oracle  fays,  in  Macrobius,  ''  Dis,  cum  faevit 
Hyems.  He  is  the  primitive  Odin,  father  of  Thor  who  certainly 
was  Ham :  but  the /Titans  affefted  thefe  and  all  other  names  orxgmlfy 
conferred  on  Ham  and  his  family.  Noah  faw  the  death  of  Niturc 
at  the  Deluge;  and  was  the  great  All-fader  Odin  and  Oceatius. 
The  moft  famous  Temple  of  Serapis  was  at  Canopus;  and  there  his 
worfhip  was  in  the  higheft  repute.  A  prieft  told  Ariftidcs  that  the 
place  was  nan>ed  Canopus  before  the  vifit  of  Menelaus.  Savary  de- 
rives it  from  Cahi,  land,  and  Noub,  gold;  and  fays  the  filtering 
pots,  fuch  as  above,  were  made  of  clay  obtained  at  Canopus,  a 
name  that  feems  corrupted  from  Chan  Opas,  or  Ob.  Ocean, 
Ofiris,  Neptune,  Proteus,  Triton,  were  all  Gods  of  the  Nile;  but 
the  River  God  of  Canopus  was  certainly  Serapis.-  Strabo,  by  the 
Serapiums  at  Memphis  and  Canopus,  means  repofitories  of  Nilo- 
meters  facred  to  Serapis;  whofe  moft  ancient  temple,  (as  Paufanias 
writes)  was  at  Memphis.  A uguftin  terms  Serapis,  Maximus  Egyp- 
tiorum  Deus.  Varro  fays  Serapis  and  Ifis  were  great  Gods:  but  fhc 
was  the  primitive  Ifis  daughter  of  the  Eg>'ptian  Prometheus  or  Haiil; 

and 


Chap.  4.)  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y,  313 

and  he  was  the  cekflial  Serapis  who  was  Ofiris  or  Mifor.     (8)  Epiu* 
or  Ifmunus  is  Clement  of  Alexandria's  phyfician  Apis,  a  builder  of 
Memphis;,  more  ancient  than  lo,       Pherecydes  calls  the  mother  of 
the  Egyptian  Cabiri,  the  daughter  of  Proteus;  that  is  of  that  primary 
man  who  was  Noah  or  Ogen,  Virgil's  Nereus  Grandaevus,  the  mod 
ancient  God  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius.     Her  name  Cabira  is  an  apel- 
lative ;  fhe  being  one  of  the   eight   univerfal  Cabirs  in  the   ark. 
But   fhe  was   the   mod   ancient  Beroe  the   daughter  of  Oceanus 
and  Tethys,  who   were   Noah  and  his  wife.     She  was  aifo   called 
Thebe,  which   as    Tzetzes    fays   is   Bos ;     fo  is   Athyr,  a   name 
afterwards  affumed  by  Aftarte:    but    Ham's   wife   originally   had 
the  name  of  Thebe   from   the  Ark  called  alfo  Bous  -,    which  figni- 
fyinga  cow  or  bull,  a  cow  beciame  her  fymbol,  as  a  bull  was  Noah's, 
Ham's,  and  Mifor' s.      From  Thebe's  furmounting  the  Deluge  (he 
was  named  Il-ithya,  from  A/flu/tf,  as  Bryant  remarks  :  fo  Lytophron 
termk  Dardanus  a  fea  fowl  for  the  fame  reafon.      Ham  the  Egyp- 
tian Vulcan  was  both  an  Egyptian  and  univerfal  Cabin     Pelafgians 
brought  the  rites  of  thefe  Cabiri  to  Samothrace,  the*  ignorant  of  Hcrodoe, 
their  names :  they  afterwards  fettled  at  Athens  ;  when  they  obtained 
the  names  of  the  Gods  from  Egypt :   Luciah  fays  th^  Egyptians  firft 
knew  the  names  of  the  Gods:  but  Herodotus  adds  that  V^fta,  Themis 
and  others  had  names  from  the  Pelafgi  t    which  proves  them  more 
modem  than  the  firft  Cabiri,  whofe  names  were  unknown  to  their 
Pefalj^ic  votaries  •,  who  had  learnt  their  rites  from  Teutafs  defcend- 
cnft ;  and  who  feem  to  be  at  firft  Celtic  followers  of  Mannus  arid 
Acmon  out  of  Europe  to  the  Thermodon  ;  and  afterwards  to  have 
-  come  with  Alizons,  Cyclops  and  Syrians,  to  Theffaly,  Athens,  Sa- 
mothrace, Crete,  Rhodes,  Lefbos  and  Italy,     The  Cyclops  feem  to  Herodot.  4. 
be  Arimafpians ;  and  with  the  Amazons  to  be  akin  to  the  Scythians: 
for  the  Amazons  taught  fome  of  the  Sarmatians  theScythian  language: 
tho*  Procopius  derives  the  Goths  from  Sarmatia;  which  indeed  was 
partly  Celto  Scythia,  where  Scythian  or  Gothic  or  Tartarian  manners 
prevailed;  fuch  ashorfemanfhip,  refidence  in  waggons;  fee  Tacitus. 

Hafti  was  denominated  Ammon  long  before  Rhea's  gallant ;  who 
had  the  title  of  Sol,  but  was  grandfon  of  that  Sol  who  was  Acmon. 

S  f  Plutarch 


Stephan. 


312  '    PRIM  ITIVE   .HI  STORY.  ^^_ 

Mifor.     (6)   Th-^th  as    Plkto  flicws,    was  an  ancient  Egyptian  God; 
thus  proving   with  Acufilaus  and  Sanchoniatho  that  fome  of    Ham*a 
Ions  were  Cabiri  alfo.      (7)  Muth^  Serapis  or  Piuto,  whofe   divinity 
.  Varro  afferted.     He  was  Noah  the  prinnitive  Neptune;  hence  at  Ca- 
nopus  Ifjov  TloQulicvo;.       He  is  the  Tcrrefiial  Serapis,  who  (as  Suidas 
fays)  reprefented  the  Nile;  holding  a  cubit  and  a  bufhel,  to  meafure 
the  river  and  its  plentiful    produce*     Socrates,  the  ecclefiaftic    fays 
that  Serapis  prefided  over  the  Egyptian  inundations:  but  Paufanias 
fays  that  Neptune  was  the  God  of  all  inundations.    Jablonfki  derives 
the  name  from  Sari  Api,  column  of  meafure.     Ruffin  fays  it  was  a 
cuftom  to  keep  theNilometer  in  the  temple  of  Serapis.  He  was  theGod 
Canopus,  who  was  fancied  to  be  the  pilot  of  Menelaus,  and  by  others 
to  be  the  pilot  of  Sefoftris.  But,  as  God  of  the  waters  of  the  Nile,  he 
was  reprefented  by  a  water-vafe.  Rufirtus  fays  that,  in  a  conteft  with 
fome  Chaldean  Priefts,  the  Egyptians  fecretly  had  a  porous  vafe  coat- 
ed with  wax;  which  melting  near  the  Chaldean  fire,  the  water  ifliied 
out,  and  extinguifhed  the  Chaldean  God.    Serapis  was  the  Hibernal 
Ain,  which  occafioned  nature's  periodical  death;  hence  he  was  infer- 
nal Jove;  fo  Apollo*s  oracle  fays,  in  Macrobius,  "  Dis,  cum    faevit 
Hyems.     He  is  the  primitive    Odin»  father  of  Thor    whn  ccrtaiiij/ 
Was  Ham :  but  the. Titans  affefled  thefe  and  all  other  namc^  origiiid!j|^ 
conferred  on  Ham  and  his  family^     Noah  faw  the  death  of  NilMr 
at  the  Deluge;  and  was  the  great   AlUfader   Odin  and   Occantf 
The  moft  famous  Temple  of  Serapis  was  at  Canopus;  and  there  } 
worfhip  was  in  the  higheft  repute.     A  pried  told  Ari(tide^   thai  ^ 
place  was  nan>ed  Canopus  before  the  vifit  of  Menelaus*     Savary 
rives  it  from   Cahi,  land,  and  Noub,  gold^    and  fays  the  filtei 
pots,  fuch    as  above,  were  made  of  clay  obtained  at    Canot 
name  that  feems  corrupted    from    Chan  Opas,  or  Ob, 
Ofiris,  Neptune,  Proteus,  Triton^  wer6  all  Gods  of  the  Nit< 
the  River  God  of  Canopus  was  certainly  Serapisj-      StftI 
Serapiums  at   Memphis  and   Canopus,  mean!^  repnfifr 
meters  facred  to  Serapis;  whofe  moft  ancient  tcm^ 
writes)  was  at  Memphis,     Auguflin  Terms  Seraj^ 
tiorum  Deus.    Varro  fays  Serapis  and  His 
was  the  primitive  Ifis  daughter  of  tiic 


Chap.  4.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  315 

of  the  Egyptian  Bacchus,  and  of  the  Venus  who  was  the  younger 
Ifis,  Dione  or  Semiramis ;  alfo  of  Mars,  and  the  Grecian  Pan.  And 
their  fon  Dionyfius  was  the  Jove  of  Nyfa,  the  father  of  that  Apollo 
and  Diana,  who  were  Orus  and  Bubafte.  Animon'5  fon  by  Maia 
had  Hermaphrodite  by  Venus  Eleflra,  who  as  the  Sclioliaftof  Apol- 
lonius  1.  9.  6  writes,  refided  at  Samorhrace.  Tho'  all  thele  are 
reputed  ufually  the  children  of  Jove  Picus  or  Lapis,  the  father  of 
Semele's  fon,  and  of  Minos,  Radamanthus  and  their  brother  Sarpedon 
often  confounded  with  Bellerophon's  grandfon  the  Trojan  warrior, 
hence  alfo  deemed  a  fon  of  Jove ;  who  was  the  fdther  of  the  Lem- 
nian  Vulcan,  and  his  beauteous  wife ;  alfo  of  Caftor  and  Poilux,  and 
finally  of  Alcides.  By  the  elder  Ceres  (according  to  Sanchoniatho) 
Ammon  was  the  Jove  (that  great  difpenfer  of  benefits  miftaken  by 
Diodorus  forthefather  of  Minosjivho  begot  the  younger  Proferpine 
ftblen  by  Aidoneus  king  of  Epirus,  from  Sicily:  -which  occafioned 
the  diftrefs  and  errors  of  Ceres  (fo  finely  difplayed  by  the  poets,  par- 
ticularly Homer  and  Claudian)  during -which  fhe  paid  her  celebrated 
vifit  to  Celeus,  and  beftowed  wheat  on  Triptolemus  his  cldeft  fon:: 
tho*  Panyafis  and  Pherecydes  give  him  other  parentage. 

Diodorus    fays  than   Minerva  Vi£irix  was  Ammon's  daughter. 
T\dly  fays  her  father  was  Saturn's  brother  and  fon  of  Uranus.     Am- 
mon yi2is  the  ancient  Cinyras,  Ton  of  Paphus^  and  the  gallant  of 
Vcnnsm  Clement  of  Alexandiria,  and  the  father  of  Adonis  who  was 
Addnofiris,  Ofiris  or  Dionyfius;  tho*  ^efiod  has  an  Adonis  fon  of 
Phcnix.     Suidas  deems   Cinyras,  fon  of  Thyas,  and  grandfon  of 
Pharnacus,  Cyprian  kings ^  and  famous  for  his  wealth':  but  this  is  a 
later  Cinyras,  Agamemnon's  friend.     Apollodorusfays  that  Cinyras 
Pygmalion's  fon-in-.law,was  the  fonof  Sandoc  a  defcendentofCecrops; 
his  wife's  name  was  Metharme  :    he  feems  to  be  that  Affyrian  king 
whom  Panyafis  calls  Thoas.     Cinyras  the  father  of  Adonis  founded  Hift?2j^' 
Paphos:  and  the  ancient  temple  of  Venus  at  that  place,  as  Tacitus 
afferts.     But  Sandoc's  fon  was  a  difTe rent  Cinyras  from  the  gallantof 
Venus-,  who  moft  probably  was  the  kingof  Affyria  father  of  Adonis 
or  Ofiris,  whofe  mother  was  the  Venus  that  infliCled  infanityon  the 

S   f  2  fons 


I 


jifi  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  t 

fons  of  Neptune'  and  Halia,  in  Rhodes  (and  contemporaries  of  tbtf 
three  fons  of  Jove  by  Imalia,  begotten  after  the  Titanian  war)  for 
Diodorus.  ^j^^jj.  inhofpitality  towards  her  in  her  progrefs  from  Cytherae  to  Cy-. 
prus.  Laftantius  calls  the  wife  of  Cinyras,  Cenclireis,  which  fig- 
nifies  Serpens,  and  alludes  to  the  elder  Ceres, 

Plato  calls  Ammon,  Thamus;  owing  to  his  being  blended  with 
that  Ofiris,  as  piodorus  writes,  who  was  his  fon  Dionyfius;  and  Dio* 
nyfius  with  the  Ofiris  who  was  Mifor  and  Thamus,  as  Plato  (hews  by 
deeming  him  Thoth's  contemporary.      The  Titans  (as  already  faid) 
j^fFefted  the  titles  of  Ham  and  his  immediate  defcendents.    Thus  the 
Titan  Prometheus,  and  Atlas,  alfo  Phoroneus,  were  not  the  firft  of 
their  refpeSive  names. — I  take  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius  to  be  San- 
choniatho's  Adod,  and  thie  Adad  of  Macrobius;  and  Hadad  fon   of 
fiedad  who  fmote  Abraham's  fon  Midian.     Ammon  is  lo's  gallant^ 
and  flew  thofe  Curetes  thjjt  concealed  his  fon  Epaphus,  the  fecond 
Dionyfius  of  Diodorus,  wju)  became  a  king  of  Egypt,  and  inftituted 
divine   rites:    He  was  born  in  Crete.     Ammon  is  Tully's  Arcadian 
Jove  the  fire  of  Minerv^  victrix,  Nitocris  or  Neith.     Likewife  tbg 
Jove  who  efpoufed  Protogenia   the  aunt  of  Dorus,  and  mother  of 
Aethlius  Endymion's  father.— As  Plutarch  fays  Ammon  was  Amou^ 
he  feems  to  be  1  euft-amus,  whom  Diodorus  in  defiance  of  chvono- 
logy,  deems  the  for^  of  Dorus.     He  fays   Teu£iamus  had  Afterius 
(whom  Manetho  counts  Pandion's  contemporary)  by  Creta;  butih/s 
was  Ammon's  confort.     Ammon  being  th^  fon  of  Uranus,  he  ^d 
his  fon  Dionyfius  are  Sanchoniatho*s  Diofcuri,  tho*  placed  amongft 
Sydic's Tons:  and  are  thofe  to  whom  Epicharmus  in  Atheneus  (4) 
fays  that  Minerva  fung  a  war  fong:  the  meafure  was  two  daftyls  and 
a  fpondee.     When  Timotheus  fung  this  fong,  called  Orthios,  ac- 
companied with  mufic  to  Alexander,    Suidas  fays  he   inftantly  in  ^ 
martial  tranfport  fliQUted  to  arms.     This  was  the  tune  of  the  military 
dance  Betharmus,  invented  by  Pyrrhicus  one  of  the  Curetes,  a  name 
derived  from  Couris  a  fpear:  thus  Juftin  43  tells  us  that  fpears  were 
Attic,     anciently   revered  as  divine.     There  was   a   Satyric    dance   called 
Sicinnis,  in  Athenaeus.     The  Indians  in  the  South-vSeas  and  North- 
Americans  fing  a  war-fong.  Paufanias  fays  Afterius  was  fon  of  Anax, 

fon 


Arcad; 


Chap.  4.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  8^7 

fon  of  Ge;  who  here  is  Titaea:     Anax  was  Saturn,  and  being  Am- 
nion's rival,  Saturn  often  fathered  his  children.     Apollodorus  counts 
Afterius,  and  Jove    Lapis,  brothers;  fo   Sanchoniatho  deems  Zeus 
Belus^  and  the  younger  Saturn  who  was  Afterius:  and  as  the  elder 
Saturn  was    Neptune,  Afterius  was  the  younger  Neptune.     Rhea 
Ammon*s  wife  was  the  mother  of  Lapis,  whom  Eufebius  calls  Lapes; 
but  the  name  alludes  to  Rhea's  giving  a  ftone  to  Saturn  for  her  fojri.  ^^^.^'* 
Agathocles  fays  Rhea  had  that  ftone  from  the  ifle  Proconnefa.  Pau- 
fanias,  who  mentions  Zeus  Lithos  (3)  fays   that  Saturn   fwallowed 
this  ftone  on  mount  Petrarchus :  it  was  preferved  and  daily  anointed 
in  the  Temple  at  Delphos,    and  covered  with  wool  that  grew  during 
the  Saturnalia.  Tully  mentions  the  oath  by  Jove  Lapis;  whom  Apu- 
leius  calls  Deus  Lapis.     This  is  the  Coel  Faen  or  Credence  ftone  of 
the  Welfh,  derived  from  Jacob's  Bethel:  fee  Rowland's  Mona,  and 
Gcnefis  31.  46.     Perfons  fwore  on  fmall   ftones  as  tokens  of  the 
Bxtyl.     Midius  Fidius  was  the  Roman  path;  and  this  proves  Jove 
Pious  to  be  Sancus,  named  Piftios  in  Dionyfius  Hah     Plutarch  fays  Dc  Flam. 
Mithras  was  born  of  a  ftone.      Some  think  this  an  allegory  alluding 
to  flints:  but  Mithras  refembled  Apollo,  not  Vulcan:  it  therefore 
probably  refpefts  Lapis,  who  had  an  univcrfal  empire,  like  the  Sun. 
"  Baiinier  fays  Elben  fignifies  a  ftone  or  a  child;  and  Rhea  fubftituted 
amiihcr  child  for  her  own.     Le  Clerk  on  Hefiod  fays  that  Balah  fig- 
nifict  to  confine,  as  well  as  devour.     La6tantius  thought  this  ftone 
wMMtkc  God  Terminus.    Prifcian  fays  the  Latins  called  it  Abaddirj 
ibe  Greeks,  as  Hefychius  writes,  Bstylus.     This  name  arofe  from 
Jacob's  Bethel.     Bochart  fays  the  fame  word  fignifies  animated  and 
tQointed:  therefore  the  poets  call  them  animated  ftones.     Some  of 
them  were  fmall  and  worn  a3  amulets.     But  the  true  Betyls  were  the 
rocking  ftqnes  of  the  Gaurs:  thus  Damafcius  fays,  "  I  faw  a  Betyl 
iqaving  in  the  air.** — As  to  the  name  Jovis,  Jove,  it  neither  comes 
froin  Juvo,  nor  from  the  Celtic  Jou,  yopng;  for  it  was  a  name   of 
^.aturn's  fire,  and  of  his  rival  Ammon,  as  well  as  of  Lapis  or  Picus: 
Jovje  is  th^  fame  as  Chova,  which  in  Cochin  Chin4gi  is  king:  both  arc 

ifrom  Joua,  Jehova. 

Teuftaraus 


I 


^318  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY*  (Book?; 

TeuSamus  and  Ammon  (if  diverfe)  poffcft  dominions  in  Cret^  at 
die  fame  time;  and  both  married  Creta,  Teutamus  feems  to  be 
Teutamides  (in  Dionyfius  of  HalicarnaflTus)  the  father  of  Nanas^  a 
name  given  to  the  mother'of  Atys  in  Arnobius:  (he  is  Venus  Urfyiia 
Aftarte  or  Diana,  whom  Bannier  reports  to  have  been  called  Nan^ 
nea  or  Nana:  hence  perhaps  the  legend  Na;neae  Sebefio,  yet  Bacchu^ 
was  called  Nana  fon  of  Venus  Urania,  or  Rhea,  often  confounded 
(let  me  repeat)  with  her  daughter,  whofe  father  was  often  reputed  to 
be  Ammon,  Amos  or  Teuft-amos-  Teuft-amus  is  derived  from 
Tauft,  a  title  of  honour  in  the  Eaft,  according  to  Delia  Valle;  fig- 
nifying  what  is  meant  in  facred  writ,  and  in  Milton  by  Thrones^ 

Jove  Lapiswas  Egiochus,  and  hence  is  confounded  with  Atys  (fo 
named  from  Attagos,  a  goat)  fometimes  reputed  the  fon  of  Manes  or 
Saturn;  but  rather  of  Ammon;  for  he  was  Dronyfius.  Arnobius  owns 
his  account  of  Atys  to  be  a  fable.  Dionyfius  Hal.  fays  Atys  was  the 
father  of  Lydus  by  Callithea  daughter  of  Choreus,  that   is  by   Bona 
Dea  or  the   noted  Ceres;  by  whom  (but  here  confounding  her  with 
her  mother)  Plutarch  fays  Gordius,  who  from  Strabo  feems  to  be  the 
fon  of  Triptolemus,  had  Midas;  whofe  daughter  la  was  betrothed  ra 
Atys.    Arnobius  took  this  goddefs  to  be  the  wife  of  the  Italian  Fau- 
nus,  inftead  of  the  Egyptian,  who  was  Dionyfius.     As  Choreus  im- 
ports the  fame  as  Meon,  and   is  Cybele's   hufband;  Diodorus  fay^ 
**  Meon  king  of  Lydia  had  Tby  his  wife  Dindyme  his  daughter  Cy- 
bele:  *'but  Dindyme  was  the  elder  Cybele.  Thus  the  miftrefs  of  Atys 
was  Claudian*s  Noia  Ceres.     Diodorus  blends  the  (lory  of  Atys  and 
Cybele,  with  Hyperion's,  by  miftaking  the  younger  Cybele  for  her 
mother.     Atys  or  Dionyfius  was  nurfed  by  a  goat,  and  became  Jove 
Egiochus,    a  name  erroneoufly  given  to  his  coufin  german  Picus. 
Diodorus  Siculus  fhews  that  Ofiris  was  fometimes   deemed  piony* 
fius,  fometimes  Jupiter.     Dionyfius  Hal.  fliews  there  was  a  Jupiter 
Faunus;  who  was  this  Ofiris,  Bacchus,  or  Dionyfius.  Bannier  fhews 
:ihat    the    name    Sabafius  was    common    to    Jove  and  Dionyfius, 

whofe 


Chap.  4-)  PRIMITIVE     HIST  OR  VI  319 

,  whore  name  fignifies  Jove  of  Nyfa.  The  Rhodian  Oracle  in  Gale 
is  thus. 

Magnum  Atten  placate  Deiim,  qui  caftus  Adonis, 
Evius  eft,  Largitor  Opum,  pulcher  Dionyfius. 

.  Sufebius  alfo  fhews  that  Attis  was  Adonis:  tho'  the  ancient  Adonis 
or  Thamus  was  Mifor;  who  being  flain  by  a  river-horfe,  he  was  alle- 
gorized into  the  Sun  overpowered  by  Winter,  whofe  fury  was  more 
commonly  compared  to  a  boar's;  this  likewife  was  fabled  of  Acmon^ 
when  he  became  Elios.  Ammon's  fon  being  firnamed  Ofiris,  and 
flain  by  Typhon,  a  river-horfe  became  Typhon's  emblem.  Paufanias 
writes  that  Attis  was  flain  by  a  boar,  as  Adonis  is  faid  to  be. 

Plutarch  calls  Ammon,  Amos;  as  Africanus  calls  Amofis,  who  ap- 
pears to  be  Ammon  by  his  priority  (in  the  Dynafty)  to  Orus,  Am- 
nion's grandfon.  Ptolemy  ot  Mendes  wrote  that  Amofis  expelled 
the  Hycfi.  In  the  reign  of  Amofis  Heliopolis  appears  to  have  been 
recovered  from  them.  The  Hycfi  had  loft  Memphis  in  the  reignof 
Mkris,  900  years  before  Herodotqs.  Amofis  is  the  Amafis  in  Dio- 
dorus  mifplaced  after  Sefoftris ;  as  is  Adifanes. 

That  Ham's  Titan  defcendents  were  of  high  antiquity  appears  from 
the  foMowing  confiderations.  Arbe,  who  founded  Chebron  in  ho- 
nour of  Chebron  fon  of  Amofis,  or  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,  was 
Anak's  father,  and  grandfire  of  Achiman,  Shefliai  and  Tholmai, 
who  lived  at  the  Exod  :  he  feems  alfo  to  have  been  Jarbas  fon  of 
Jove  and  Garamantis. 

The  Rephaims  of  Affiteroth  Carnaim   were  in  Abraham's  time,  j^^^  ^ 
whofe  father  was  an  idolater :  Carnaim  refpefls  Saturn;.  Afliteroth^ 
Aftarte.  Juftin  and  Nicholas  of  Damafcus  fay  that  Athera  (Aftarte) 
the  goddefs  of  Damafcus,  was  deified  prior  to  Abraham's  refidence 
there.     Mofes  mentions  Afliteroth  Carnaim,  lo  called  from  her  and  Gen.*  14: 
her  hufband   Cronos.       Plutarch  fays  that  Ifis  went  to  Aftarte  at 

Biblos ; 


320  P  R  I  MIT  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  .   (B6aU  *. 

Biblos ;  therefore  Ifis  was  as  early  as  Abraham:  who  is  faid  by  £11- 

Eufeb.  Prep,   polcmus  to  have  lived  at.Heliopolis;  a  city  founded  by  Aftis  brodi^r 

^  ''^'         ofTriopas,  in  honour  of  Sol  their  fire  :  Triopas  aided  Deucalion's 

fons  againft  the  Pelafgi  in  TheflTaly :  Ochymus,  brothtr  6f  Triopas, 

Diodorus:       was  grandfire  of  Lindus,  who  was  living  before   the  death  of  Deu- 
calion, the  contemporary  of  Cecrops,  Cranaus  and  Lycaon.     Poly- 
hiftor  quoted   Cleodemus  (whom  he  denbniinates  a  Prophet   and 
Malchas,  and  a  hiftorian  of  Jewifh  aflFairs)  thus ;  "  Abrahtm  had 
feveral  fons  by  Chetura  ;  three  of  whom  were  Afer,  Afur^  Afran  : 
from  Afur,  Aflyria  had  its  name ;    from  Afer  and  Afran,  the  city 
Afran  and  all  Afric.     Thefe  were  comrades  of  Hercules  in  his  ex- 
pedition againft  Lybia  and  Anteus:  by  Afran's  daughter  Hercules 
had  Diodorus  the  father  of  Sophon,  from  Whofti  the  Sophae."  This 
Hercules  was  the  comrade  of  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,.  and  was  en- 
gaged in  the  Titanian  war :  he  was  Melcart,  or  Melcander  contem- 
porary with  Ifis;  aHbthe  Malica  of  Hefychius. — Afcalus  the  brother 
of  Tantalus,  who  was    C6eval  with  Oenomaus  fon-in-law  of  Atlasi 
built  Afcalbri :    a  kihg  ^f  which,  as   Juftirt  writes,  compelled  the 
Tynans  to  build  their  city;  which  was  a  ftrbng  town  in  Jofliua's  time. 
Ezekiel  fhews  that  this  refpefts   ancitiiit  Tyrfe,  which  was   **  at  the 
26.  2.  paflage  to  the  fea,"  and  wall  deftroy^d  by  Nebuchadnezzar ;  when 
infular  Tyre  arofe  from  its  ruins  :  fo  the  Tyrians  told   Alexander 

Curt:  4.  2.  that  the  temple  of  Hercules  was  at  Paletyre  on  the  continent.  Se- 
miramis  was  a  native  of  Afcalon,  which  proves  her  not*  earlier  thto 
Tantalus.  Afcalon  is  interpreted  the  fire  of  infamy ;  it  therefore 
feems  to  have  been  built,  when  Sodom  was  deftroyed.  Afhdod  or 
Azotus,  as  Stephanus  fays,  was  built  by  fugitives  from  the  Red  Seat 
thefe  appear  to  be  the  Hycfi  expelled  by  Amofis  :  in  Jofhua*s  time 
it  was  a  town  of  note. — Jofephus  fays  Aftarte's  temple  was  grown  old 
and  ruinous,  before  Solomon's  was  founded. — The   Pfalmift  fays 

Ant.  I.  5.     that  Jofeph  was  put  in  irons;  but  Helladius  and  Thrafillus  wrote  that 
,Q^      iron  was  not  mvented  till  73   years  after  Deucalion's  flood.— The 

Diodor:  Egyptians  fought  with  clubs  in  the  Titanian  war,  and  time  of  Belus; 

^ygin-  but  fwords  were  in  ufe  in  the  time  of  Jacob,  G^n.  48.  m.  In  Jofeph*8 

time  horfemanfhip  was  in  ufej  the  praftic6  of  which  Dicearchus  fa)s 

was 


29:  29. 


Chap.  5,)       ^         PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  321 

Avas  introduced  by  Onis,  or  his  fuccefTor  Sefollris.     Plutarch  fhews  ^    ,     , 

.  \  Scol.  Apoi- 

it  was  by  Orus,  who  told  Ofiris  the  ufe  of  a  horfe  in  purfuit ;  and      Ion.  Rh. 

fays  that  Typhon  fled  on  an  afs.     Orus.  is  (hewn  by  Manetho  to  have 
been  confiderably  prior  to  Amenophis  the  king  at  the  Exod,  who  in 
imitation  of  Orus  wanted  a  fight  of  the  Gods  :   Statius  Ihews   that  Sylv:  1,570: 
Orus  was  coeval  with  Crotopus.       Paufanias   fays  (1)  there  was  a 
ilatue  6f  Neptune  on  horfeback  encountering  the  giant  Polybotes : 
and  that  Adraftus  according  to  the  poet  Antimachus  was  the  firft 
Greek  cavalier.    Hprfemanfliip,  as  Nonnus  writes  (22)  was  in  ufe  in 
the  Indian  war  of  Bacchus;  and  Erectheus  ferv^init  as  acavalier. 
Semiramis  rode  a  horfe  in  the  Indian  war.     Horfctnanfliip  com-    . 
menced  in  Greece  in  Chiron's  time :  in  Italy  under  Maroi  whom  1 
take  either  to    be   the  old   comrade    of  Dionyfius ;    or  Chiron's 
father  Meon  or  Saturn.       Danaus  taught  the  Greeks  to  fink  wells ; 
as  Abraham  taught  the  Syrians :  about  which  time  Silenus  obtained 
water  at  Pyrrhica  in  Laconia,  by  finking  a  well.      Demetrius  Pha-  Paufanias. 
krius  fays,  martial  trum,pets  were  not  in  ufe  at  tlie  fiege  oF  Troy  : 
Lycophron  fays  that  Concks  ferved  the  purpofe  ;    as  now  in  the 
South  Seas :  martial  trumpets  were  in  ufe  at  the  Exod.      Paufanias 
fays,  trumpets  of  war  were  invented  by  a  fon  of  Alcides.     Diodorus 
and  Suidas  fay  the  Tyrrhenians  invented  them:  fromwhom  the  Hera. 
cWde  learnt  their  ufe.  Indeed  Euftathius  mentions  a  kind  of  fonorouS 
tube  employed  in  religion  by  the  Egyptians,  and  invented  by  Ofiris: 
he,  like  Minerva,  was  a  general  parent  of  inventions.— Mofes  was. 
acquainted  with  military  turrets  for  fieges :    thefe  were  unknown  at  ^"•^'  *°-  *® 
the  fiege  of  Troy  •,  the  famous  wooden  horfe  at  which  was  an  arrant 
fable;  for  if  the  gate  was  broken  dowci  for  its  admittance,  the  con- 
cealed warriors  were  quite  unnecefTaty,  Jofeph  wore  a  particoloured 
veft  :    but  Martial  8.  8.  fays  that  "Semiramis  invented  particoloured 
robes:  hence  Pliny  calls  particoloured  cloth,  Babylonian.     Juda's  g.  .g. 
fon  Zara  had  a  fcarlet  thread  tied  round  his  wrift ;  but  Melcart  in-, 
vented  tlie  fcarlet  dye;  and  the  Titan  Saturn  was  the  firft  who  wore 
a  fcarlet  cloak.      Jewels  were  unknown  at  the  Trojan  war;  but  were 
ufed  in  Egypt  at  the  Exod.     Mofes  mentions  piftures  :    but  Pliny 
fays  the  invention  of  that  art  was  later  than  the  Trojan  war. 

T  t  Yet 


3"  PR  I  MITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

Yetthofe,  who  fet  the  Titan  Saturn  as  high  as  Ham,  err  on  the 
other  hand;  for  Saturn's  fon  Chiron  was  alive  after. the  birth  of 
Achilles:  and  Abydenus  counts  the  Titanian  war  fubfequent  to  the 
Eafeb.  Prep  Babylonian  difperfion.  But  it  appears  that  the  Titans  adopted  the 
^*  '^*  titles  of  Ham  and  his  defcendents^  Eupolemus  calls  Ham,  Cronus; 
which  appellatron  Chiron's  fire  afFeftcd.  Ham  wasalfo  entitled  Belus 
and  Zeus  ;  hence  his  fon  Menes  or  Mifor  was  ftiled  Dionius.  So 
Ceres  was  denominated  Ifis;  yet  the  worfhip  of  Ifis,  by  Ceres  eftab^ 
lifhed  at  Athens,  was  not  fo  muth  her  mother's,  as  that  of  the  an- 
cient Chamyna,  wife  of  Menes  or  Mifor,  the  firft  Egyptian  Ofiris, 
Plato's  Thamus,  coeval  with  Thoth,  and  really  his  fire.  He  is  the 
Ofiris  of  whom  Tibullus  fays, 

'•  ^  Primus  Ar^tra  Manu  folerti  fecit  Ofiris, 

For  the  Hycfi  had  vaft  arable  pofTeffions  before  the  reign  of  Grus, 
Chebron  or  Amofis;  but  Orus  was  Ainmon's  grandfon  :  his  father 
Dionyfius  acquired  the  name  Ofiris,  becaufe  he  and  Ceres  fupplied 
Greece  with  corn  in  time  of  fcarcity.  But  Mifor  is  the  Ofiris  who 
is  figured  on  an  old  Britifb  coin  with  a  ear  of  corn  and  named  Camu, 
from  Camusj  ocean;  for  Camillus  and  Cadmus  were  names  of  tliis 
«r«ckEpigr  j^^^^,  Oceanus  or  Hermes.     His  fon  Thoth  invented  the  fickle. 


PRIMITIVE 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

BOOK     II.  C  H  A  P.  V. 

CONTENTS. 


Settlements  o/Jfaphet's  IJUe.  0/ Magog.  Of  the  Celts,  Scythians^  and 
Perjians.  The  Saronida:  or  Druids  attended  Ham's  Family.  Gomer 
Sire  of  Cimmerians,  Comerians,  Chomarians^  peopled  Phrygia.  Of 
their  Inrpads :  Of  Migrations^  and  legal  Remedies  for  that  Evil.  An 
Account  of  the  ancient  Celta:.  Of  Britain  peopled  by  Gomerians,  Phe* 
nicianSy  Trojans,  and  Goths.  Jfcotti  or  Inferior  Goths  came  to  Ireland 
after  their  Defcent  into  Spain.  A  Table  of  the  Royal  Families  of 
Ireland.  The  Firbolgs,  viz.  Belgce;  Fir  Gaili,  Viri  Galli.  Of  the 
Progrefs  of  European  Population.  The  Gomerians  proceeded  atjirfl 
northward,  then  wejlward,  along  Rivers  and  between  Mountains. 
The  Goths  moved  wejlward:  The  Sclavonians  northward.  The  Hun^ 
^avians  are  a  mixed  Clafs. 

JA  P  H  E  T,  from  whom  the  Titan  Japet  probably  derived  q^^, 
his  name,  peopled  all  the  North.  He  feems  to  be  the  primitive 
Di$,  Difcelta,  or  Samothes,  mentioned  by  White  of  Bafingftoke^ 
and  fo  named  from  his  wifdom.  Nonnus  (31)  mentions  the  gloomy 
realms: of  Japhet.  His  pofterity  being  fair,  his  divifion  of  territory 
was  named  Europe  from  Ur  Appa,  vir  Canus  •  hence  Sicani  fignify 
fons  of  white  men  ;  yet  Sammes  derives  this  from  ^Secanim,  neigh- 
bours. Being  Noah's  eldeft  fon,  his  antiquity  became  proverbial : 
as  his  hardy  pofterityafFeQed  the  northern  regions,  above  the  Euxine 
and  Cafpian  feas,  and  beyond  Mount  Caucafus,  Horace  calls  them 
Audax  Japeti  Genus.  That  mountain  being  their  boundary,  the 
Titan  Japhet's  fon  was  feigned  to  be  confined  to  it.--^Magus  reputed 

T  t  2  a 


10: 


224 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  fBook  t. 


a  king  of  the  Celtae  was  Magog  •,  deemed  by  the  hrftorians,  who 
adopt  this  account^  a  great  founder  of  towns,  as  Moguntia,  Rotho- 
magum  :  for  White  fays  his  name  in  Celtic  implies  a  houfe:  Bochart 

Can.  1.  42.  (hews  that  Magus  in  Syriac  is  a  manfion  ;  which  Meon  (ignifies  ac- 
cording to  Bifhop  Cumberland,  Twine  fays  *•  the  Welfh  Cots  re- 
femble  the  Punic  called  Magaria,*'  by  S6rvius,  En.  1.  320.  San- 
choniatho  has  a  Magus  who  was  an  archifeft.  He  deems  him  Mifor*! 
uncle  inftead  of  Coufin-germah:  yet  the  Celtic  Magus  feems  to  be 
fon  of  Dis  or  Deas  Acmon's  brother.  Florence  of  Worcefter  ftiles 
the  Bifhops  of  Hereford,  Magetenfes  -,  but  Magus  here  is  a  variation 
(not  unufual)  of  Fagus :  for  Hereford  was  Caer  Fawyd.  As  the 
Belgac  were  named  from  balck,  might,  but  nick-named  from  Bolg, 
belly ;  fo  Mage  in  Iflandic  is  belly  •,  but  Maagur  is  AflBnis  ;  and  in 
old  Englifh  Magas  is  kingsfolk ;  Meagtha,  a  tribe.  The  ancient 
Hercules  had  his  name  Magufanus  from  Magus.  Some  derive 
Magus  from  the  Iri{h  Magh,  a  plain  field;  in  Welfh,  Maes;  in 

LoydArchs-  Hungarian,  Mezeu ;  others  derive  Magog  from  Mpgb  in  Perfian  a 
®1®S*  priefl;  which  therefore  Apuleius  tells  us  that  Magog  in  Perfic 
fignifies.  • 

Syncellus  derives  the  Celts  and  Galatae  from  Magog ;  as  Jofepfam 
does  the  Scythians  ;  who  flriftly  were  Shemiles ;  tho*  towards  tfce 
north  intermixing  with  Celtae,  they  became  Celto-fcythians.  Scyth 
or  Scuite  fignifies  emigrants:  as  do  Rhodians,  Balaroi,  Pelli^ 
Titans,  Spartans,  Najii ;  and  Cymmerau  fignifies  a  conflux:  henct 
Cimmerians;  which  does  not  (ignify  darknefs,  unfuitable  to  ibt' 
Cimmerians  near  the  Euxine  :  thus  alfo  Scot  fcarcely  comes  frti 
Scotos,  rather  from  Scuta.  But  Scoui  Ifcotti  are  lower  Goths*. 

Juftin  fays  the  Scythians  were  laborious,  flrong,  fierce  in  war,  tho* 
temperate  viftors;  fevere  againft  thieves;  negligent  of  gold  and 
diamonds;  their  riches  being  their  flocks,  whofe  milk  was  their 
diet;  (kins,  their  apparel.  Women  were  debarred  from  marriage, 
men  from  feafls,  (Ariflotlc  favs  from  the  feftal  bowl)  till  they  had 
(lain  a  foe.  They  feem  to  haveacquired  the  apellation  of  Comati 
from  an  imitation  of  their  God  Dii  called  at  Carthage  Erebus  and 

reprcfented 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  1  S  t  O  R  Y.  a^S 

reprefented  with  long  Ibofe  hair,   fee   Polybius.     Innovations  were 

capital  crimes.      Herodotus  fays  that  Anacharfis   having   feen  the 

worfhip  of  the   Magna  Mater,  privately  pra6lifed  the  fame  at  his 

return  to  Scythia  ;  for  which  he  was  flain  on  the  fpot :  as  was  a  king, 

for  fome  alteration  of  drefs  and  rites.     Governors  of  provinces  made 

an  annual  entertainment  for  thofe  who  had  flain  any  foe  •,    at  which 

they  ufed  the  fculls  for  cups :  tho'  the   heads  (a  prize  at  this  day 

carefully  preferved  by  the  Americans)  were  after  a  battle  prefented 

to  the  king,  who  returned  them  to  the  viAors:  thefe  drank  the  blood 

of  their  firft  captive;  and  offered  one  in  a  hundred  to  Mars,  and  flayed 

the  flain  for  ufe  and  triumph.  They  ufed  fmall  pills  on  marches,  that 

were  durable  food;  in  this  the  Britons  refembled  them:  as  alfo  in  having 

wives  in  common;  as  Plato  hints:  like  the  Lybians,  as  Ariftotle  avers^ 

and  the  Limyrnians,  as  Nicholas  of  Damafcus  relates.      Pliny  fays 

a  Scythian  weed  would  (uffice  their  horfes  for  ten  days  at  once^ 

The  men  eat  venifon,  honey,  chcefe,  milk,  efpecially  Mare*s:   to 

obtain  a  greater  quantity  they  ufed  inflation.     Swine  they  detefted* 

They  removed  their  families  in  covered  waggons.     Contrads  were 

confirmed  by  dipping  a  fword  or  dart  in  wine  mixt  with  their  blood, 

which  the  company  drank  with  imprecations  againft  violaters  of  the  L.  30. 

coinpa6i.     Pliny  fays  the  Britons  were  fo  addifted  to  ibagic,  that 

thty  may   be  fuppofed  to  have  communicated  it  to  the  Perfians, 

whufe   Magi  Ariftotle  acquits   of  magical  legerdemain:  yet  Suidas^ 

fiiyi^he  Perfians  were  called  Magufeans,  and  Magog,  from  him;  and 

dMCbe  was  the  inventor  pf  magic;  but  the  Perfians  were  Shemites; 

iuywever  Celtae  may  have  intruded  amongft  them.     From  the  Goths 

fvho    were   Shemites)  came  FoHf,  and  Goetic.     Magic    depended 

much  upon  aftrology,  as  difplayed  by  Aratus  and  Manilius,  and  de« 

termining  the  Sidereal  afpefts  and  pofitions,  that  render  the  fecret 

virtues  of  herbs,  minerals,  or  animal  fubftances,  moft  powerful  for 

incarnations,  accompanied  with  addrefles  to  Demons.     By  convert* 

ing  vegetable  falts  into  animal,  they  trisinsformed  rods  into  ferpents; 

9^  evoked  Ghoftsj  x>r  Demons  in  their  fimilitude ;  by  ufing  parti. 

Miliar  forms  of  words  and  figns,  alfo  peculiar  herbs,  and  obferving 

particular  days,  hours,  feafons,  times  of  the  Moon^  and  planetary 

MpP^i  as  extremely  efficacious.    Baptift  Portii  (4rom  Paracclf^s) 

^    and 


Hift.  Britain 


3i6  PRIMITIVEHISTORY-  (Book  t. 

and  Cefar  Longinus  defcribe  the  magical  Ungucntum  Armarium. 
Piftorius  defcribcs  various  forts  of  divination,  fuch  as  by  the  fievc 
and  fheers.     Rue  and  a  virgin's  Fluor  are  amulets;  fo  the   ftellated 
Pentagon,  or  an  open  hand:  but  fome  Demons  are   to   be  averted 
only  by  falling  and  prayer;  and  only  a  life  of  fan6tity  can  obtain  the 
affiftance  of  good  Angels.     The  magicians  of  Egypt  were   famous: 
Sanchoniatho  tells   us  that  Thoth  made  ufe  of  fpells;  indeed   the 
Gaurs,  who  were  people  of  black  complexions,  feem  to    have  their 
magic  and  religious  rites  from  Chaldea  and  flam's  family;  thefe  the 
Titans  and  Goths  propagated  thro*  Europe,  and  in  Sarmatia,  whence 
it  has  reached  the  weftern    regions    of  North-America:  the  Idol 
Shaitan  between  the  Irtifli  and  Oby  refembling  the  Penates  of  thofe 
Americans;  and  the  incantations  of  Tongufian  Shamans,  the  Ame- 
rican  defcribed  by    Carver;  as   do  their    arms,  lances,   and  fmall 
batchets;  and  fnow  ihoes.     Shaitan  is  the  Perfian  Shitan,  Satan.  An 
old  Ode  in  Bartholin  calls  Odin  the  father  of  magic.     Artemis  de- 
rived from  Hartom,  M'izzard,  was   the  Goddefs  of  Tauris.     Con- 
cerning  the  Spirits   attendant  on  incantations,  Agrippa  3.  24.  re- 
counts thofe  that  prefide  over  the  planets,  zodiac,  days,  winds    and 
elements.  Aban  named  Gabriel,  Michael,  Raphael,  Samael,  SachicI, 
Anael,  Caffiel;  Dardiel,  Satael,  Miel,  Caftiel,  Rachiel,  Machataii; 
Hurataph,  Amabiel,    Seraphacl,  Afafiel,  Uriel,    and  three    more^. 
^Artabel  deems  36,000  legions  fubfervient  to  Aratron  the  Spirit  of 
Saturn;  29,000  legions  to  Bethor,  Jupiter's;  36,536  to  Och,  Sol's; 
4000  to  Hagith,  the  Venereal;  100  to  Ophiel,  Mercury's;  befides 
Phaleg  in  Mars  and  Phul  in  Luna;  a  legion  being  490:  or  6666  ac- 
cording to  Wier,  who  names  and  defcribes  about  70  heads  of  nume- 
rous legions;  among  whom,  befides  Lucifer,  are  Baal,  Byleth,  Be- 
lial, Afmodeus,  Amon,  Cerberus,  Paymon,  Bune,  Berith,  Aftaroth, 
Orias,  Bifrons,   Balam,   Phenix.     Trithemius  attributes   Michael^ 
Soli;    Gabriel   Lunac;  Raphael    Mercurio;  Anael    Veneri;  Samael 
Martio;  Zachariel  Jovi;  Oriphiel  Saturno. 

Sarron  the  fon  of  Magus  is  deemed   a  cultivator  of  arts.     Jolin 

Lewis  derives  Sarum  or  Sarron  from  him.     White  makes  Paufanias 

fay,  his  death  arofe  from  purfuing  a  hart  into  the  fea;  but  befides 

chat  horfemanfliip  was  not  in  ufe  fo  early,     Paufanias  counts  Sarron 

(claffed 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  3^7 

(clafled   by  Ariftides  among  the    maritime  princes)  a  king  of  the 
Traezenians,  and  fucceflbr  of  the  grandfon  of  Orus  Apollo;  who  as 
Statius  writes  was  expiated  touching  Typhon*s  miirder  by  Crotopus 
of  Argos,  and  therefore  was   only  one   generation  prior  to  Danaus 
and    Cadmus.     Thus  Paufanias  fhews  that  Saron  was  later  than  Da- 
naus;  alfo  that  Orus  like  other  Tit^ans,  had  dominions  in  Europe. 
He  may  be  the  Sol  who  was  Medea's  grandfire. — Diodorus  Siculus 
mentions  the  Saronidae  as  philofophers;  they  were  Druids-,  and  fcem 
to  have  come  into  Europe  with  Ham's  family.     As  Lucan  and  Lac- 
tantius  fay  that  human  viftims  were  offered  to  Teutat  and    Hefus, 
they  probably  came  with  Tat,  Teutat,  Tuitho:  for  Amofisand  Her- 
cules were"  averfe   to  human  viftims;  tho'  Hercules  feems  to   have 
have  brought  the  Curetes  to  Cadiz,  where  Juftin  finds  them;  being 
at    firft    Satellites;  afterwards  a  facerdotal  order,  when  Rhea  was 
deified.     Bloody  facrifices   begun   early  in  the  family  of  Ham,  the 
primitive  Saturn,  whofe  laws  and  rites  were  brought  by  Teutat  to 
Spain;  and  the   firft    Curetes  probably  attended  him  and   his  fon 
Mannus,  as  well  as  their  defcendents  Acmon,  Uranus,  Saturn,  Rhea 
and  Melcart.     Thefe  priefts  were  the  fource  of  the  Corybantes,  and 
Salii  who  danced  to   the  clattering  of  their  armour;  the  city  Cures 
\rair  founded  in  honour  of  them.     Ariftophanes  fays    that  Orpheus 
a\to  oppofed  human  viftims;  and  the  Titans  appear  to  be  reformers 
id  this  refpeft:  but  the  Maflagetae  continued  this  horrid  praftice  in 
Europe.     Yet  Apuleius  (ays  that  human  viftims  were  flain  for  the 
Syrian  Goddefs;  but  I  take  her  to  have  originally  been  Ham*s  con- 
fort.       Hefychius  fhews  that  Saron  fignifies  a  hollow  oak;  as  an  oak 
whence   Drus  (in   Hebrew  Alon,  whence  Alona  near  Delphos)  in 
Celtic  is  Deru,  and   reprefented  their  fupreme  God;  hence   their 
pricfts-were  called  Druids;  whofe  tenets  were   contained  in  oral 
poems;   and  moft  perfeftly  inculckted  in  Britain;  tho'  Gallic  Druids 
refidcd  in  Armorica.    Their  civil  maxims  remained  long  among  the  Aufoiiiu5. 
Turditani,  in   Spain;   as  Straho  fays  their  laws  were  in'  metre;  like 
thofe   of  the   Agathyrfi;  which  Ariftotle  fays  they   fet  to  mufic; 
as  Athenaeus    fays   the    Athenians    did    the    laws    of  Charondas. 
It  was  to  aflift  memory;  hence  laws  and  fongs  were  usLtncd' NomoL  Arift.  Prob. 
Sweden  has  lately  thrown  their  laws  into  metre;  whil^  the  Univerfe 

can 


328  P  R  I  xM  I  T  I  V  E      HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

can  fcarce  contain  the  laws  and  Reports  of  Britain.  The  moral 
maxims  of  the  Druids  feem  to  have  been  contained  in  the 
three  books  of  Arimafpian  verfes  committed  to  writing  by  Arif* 
teas  the  Proconnefian;  of  whom  fee  Herodotus  arui  Strabo. 
Laertius  fays  that  the  Druids  inculcated  Divine  Adoration,  moral 
turpitude,  praftiee  of  fortitude,  difregard  of  death  :  that  the  Magi 
(who  feem  to  have  a  great  affinity  with  the  Druids)  encouraged 
piety  and  juftice;  praftifed  Divination;  tho*  Ariftotle  denied  their 
being  converfant  in  magical  Divinations. 

They  held   an  Agathodcmon  named  Jove  and  Oro-mazeus  ;     a 
Caco-demon  named  Pluto  and  Ari-manes :  and  afferted  the  efficacy 
of  prayer.     Cefar   fays,  the  Druids   decided  on  controverfies  and 
crimes.      Difobedience    incurred   excommunication ;    a  grievous 
punifhment,    the  delinquent  having  intercourfe  with  none.      The 
Druids  difcanted  on  the  ftars  and  their  motions;  on  the  magnitude 
of  the  earth  and  the  univerfe;  and  of  the  power  of  the   immortal 
Gods.     Mela  adds  that  "  they  taught  geography,  the  foul's  immor- 
tality, and  pretended  to  teach  the  defigns  of  providence.      They 
were  corporeal  phyficians,  ufing  amrulets  ^nd   charms."      As   they 
ufed   magnifiers  for  celeftial  obfervations,  fhutting  one   eye  ;    the 
name  of  the  Cyclops,  who  were  Monoculi,  like  the  Arimafpians,  mvf 
be  derived  from  Kuck,  Turkifh  for  heaven,  whence  we  fay  Cock- 
loft ;  Kuck  becoming  Kuckl,  as  from  Gib  Gibl,  a  hill ;    and  Lofft 
in  Iflandic  is  air.     Yet  the  Cyclops,  whofe  name  is  more  probably 
derived  from  Gwg,  fury ;  and  whofe    fierce  countenance  produced 
the  term  goggle,  kuci,  may  have  been  deemed  one  eyed,  as  well  as 
the  Arimafpians,  from  the  praftice  of  fhutting  one  eye  in  archery* 
Pliny  fays,  the   Druids  cured   fore  eyes  with  the  fumes  of  Selago^ 
which  refembles  Savin  :  this  they  touched  only  with  a  white  cloth,,  in 
gathering  it,  and  after  an  oblation  of  bread  and  wine.    They  deemed 
a  decoftion  of  Mifleto,  cut  on  the  moon's  fixth  day  with  a  golden 
fickle,  a  remedy  for  fterility  andpoifon.     The  fuperftitious  floryof 
the  ferpent's  egg  thrown  by  the  Druids  into   a  river  to  fwim  with  a 
golden  ring  round   it,  had  a  myflerious  relation  to  the  globe   fur- 
rounded 


24:  II. 


t6^  43: 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE    ft  I  S  t  d  It  Y.  ^w§^ 

roondbd  by  tfte  Zodiac^  Mate  hints  that  bw*»  Abairiir  the  Hyper^ 
boreaMfv  and  Zamoloii^  ufed  ifU7a!matk>n^-~H^  fiventioM  a^  fn^dicat 
maxim  of  the  latter  agciinft  topical  expedkms  ;  that  the  ey«  (houtd* 
not  he  cured  wit botit*  thehead^  nor  the  heaid  wiidkuMfllie  body;  adding^ 
Bor  ibe  body  witliouc  the  ioul'« 

Of  the  tlwee  cliLlTes,  tke  Bank  wefe-  the  loweft  $  next  weref  the 
Vat;e3*;  the  fupreme  were  the  Druids  or  divines';  over  whom  pro- 
fided:a^  Hierarchy  in  the  atnofual  aflembly  of  this  mitionai^  €ouft.  o^ 
judicatures  facerdotal!  convocaiion^  and  cotlego  o(  phiIo(bp}icf^air 
Where  at  trials  women  fee»  to  have  confticuted  a^jiiry  at:eoj*diftg:tcr 
^acitus^  H.  4.  61,.  and  Plutaroh  deMuIieribus:;  Patormias  ghnes  aii 
inftance  of  this  among  the  Elians..  indeed  ther^  w»ope  DruidefTe^ 
-and  female  Augurs  in  high  repute  among  the  Celtaetone  of  them  was 
the  famous  Velleda  in  Tacitus,  H.  4.  6i,  The  fuperiour  order  of 
Druids  were  ftiled  Vacerrac,  apparently  from  Vachdatach  (Irifh) 
a  prefident.  The  Bards  celebrated  in  hymns  the  praifes  of  their 
heroes;  the  Vates  aflfifted  at  facrifices.  Yet  as  if  to  demonftrate  the  in- 
confiftency,  the  frailty,,  the. corruption  of  human  nature ;  the  puerile 
fuperftitions  of  the  Druids  render  them  contemptible  ;  their  mur- 
derous auguries  and  oblations  fo  great  a  difgrace  to  mankind  ;  as 
to^dtferve  that  total  extiipation  the  Roman  arma  compelled  them  to 
uoA^tgp:  tho*  the  fuperftitions  andidtes  of  their  oonqyeixH'S  werd 
qiut^^  ridiculous,  andi  too  often  as  bloody  as  their  ownr  Itrfbllov^a^ 
tliat  Chriftianity  has  bothhumanised  and  elevated  fodesty  iiifteiad  oC 
debftfing  it,as  fuperficial  critics^pretendgiwhofcandallEeEyangdical) 
tratba-with  the  illeife£l$  of  Gothic  ignorance  and  brutality,  followed^ 
byi  the  ADtichriftian  arts  of  facerdotal  defpotifm>.  which  for  feverati 
ages  debarred  the  laity  from,  the  light  of  the  gofpel;  Since  the  in-' 
cftimable  invention  ofthe  Prefs,  ignorance,  fuperftitton  and  barbarity 
dk^in^^ery  free  conftitution.;  and- whilft  f deuce  increafes  and  artr 
inprove^  true  fiprtitude  groundedion  Ghriftian  pnnciplba  marcher 
hand  in:  band. with  humanity,  and  baniflies  all  favage  ferocity  from- 
the*  viftor's  bread.  If  any  prefer  the  barbarous  rites  of  the  Druids^ 
to  themildand  rational  duties  of  Cbriftianity;  let  thera  enjoy  Gefar^s- 

U  Ui  defcripdon 


330  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

defcription  of  the  unhappy  vi£lims  inclofed  in  Oziers,  and  burnt. 

alive  :  Let  them  under  Lucan's    conduft  traverfe  the  horrid  fhades 

of  the  abominable  Maffilian  Grove.     If  they  long  to  renew  the 

elegant  rites  of  Priapus ;  they  may  think  ir  their  duty  to  adore  the 

delicate  Cloacina  likewife  ;    or  to   parade  daily  (like  the   Peguers) 

^ith   the  Devil's   brcakfaft.     They  may   glory  in   facrificing  their 

.  children  to  Saturn,  or  in  being  facrificed  themfelves  to   Taramis, 

Hefus  and  Teutat  -,  yet  are  too  fceptical  to  comprehend  the  miracles 

and-prophecies,  that  (confirmed  as  the  latter  are  by  time,  like  thofe 

refpefting  the  doom  of  Babylon,  Tyre,  Egypt,  and  Jerufalem)  atteft 

the  divine  power  of  the  Mefliah.     Bloody  viftims  may  raife  them  to 

ferocity  of  butchers ;    while  true  contrition  would  fink  them  into 

heaven-born  fons  of  peace,  and  votaries  of  God-like  love. 
Antiq:  I.  3. 

Jofephus  gives  us  reafon  to  think  that  fome  of  Tubal's  pofterity 

fettled  in  Spain. 

Govfitr  peopled  Phrygia ;  hence  Claudian, 

Dat  cunfla  Vetuftas 
Principium  Thrygibus. 

But  Herodotus  and  Strabo  7  inform  us  the  Phryges  were  Bryipf 
from  Thrace.     Cato  fays  mankind  were  renewed  in  Scythia.     Bo- 
chart  fays  that  Gomer  which  fignifies  adjuft  and  Phrygia  (a  naiae 
derived  from  cPpvysiv  )  are  of  the  fame  imports     Pliny  mentionii  the 
city  Cimmeris  there.     Sherringham  derives  many   Phrygian  names 
from  the  Celtic ;    Paris,  from    Par,  Hafta ;    Deichus,  from   Dycb, 
fortis;  Hyllus  from  Hyl,  Ferox.      The  Cimbri  and  Cimmerians^ 
Gomarians  and  Chomarlans,  alfo  the   Humbrians  or  Umbrians  are 
Gomer*s  dependents ;  and  even  the  Cimmerians  of  Campania,  con- 
founded as  they  are  by  Homer  with  the  Arftic  Cimmerians  ;  which 
however  befpeaks  them  of  the  fame  origin  :    the  Laeftrigones  were 
^^*  "•   fome  of  them  ;  whom  Homer  alfo  places  in  the  North  :  Bochart  de- 
rives the  name  from  the  Hebrew  Lais  Tircan,  Leo  mordax  ;  hence 
they  were  the  Sicilian  Leontines,  and  their  language  probably  was 

Celtic.     •  In  Italy  they  were  alfo  the  Aurunci.      Yet  the  Cyclops, 

tho 


7-  73' 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  331 

tbo*  intermixed  with  them,  were  the  Chalybes,  who  came  to  Greece, 
Crete,  Sicily  and  Italy  with  the  famous  Acmon.  From  their  re- 
movals they  acquired  the  name  of  Pelafgi  or  foreigners.  They  were 
intermixed  alfo  with  the  Chaldeans  of  Cholchis;  and  founded  Them- 
ifcyra  in  honour  of  Themis  Ichnea,  or  the  Canaanite,  fee  Homer's 
hymn  to  Apollo.  As  they  came  to  the  Thermodon  thro*  the  north 
of  Europe,  they  were  ftiled  Hyperboreans:  tho*  they  had  previoufly 
come  from  Spain  with  Teutat  northward,  and  were  the  original 
Teutones  overrun  afterwards  by  the  Goths,  who  gave  the  name  of 
Jutland  to  the  Cimbric  Cherfonefus  :  near  which,  on  the  fea  coaft 
of  Germany  Strabo  places  Cimbri  and  Sicambri.  Ptolemy  mentions 
Chomarians  in  Batlriana,  and  Chomer  their  capital ;  faying  they 
were  more  civilized  than  the  Scythians  :  yet  he  deems  the  Sacks  on 
the  laxartes  Comerians;  for  being  Scythians  blended  with  Comer's 
race  they  were  Celto-fcythians.  Arrian  mentions  a  Comar  in  India; 
another  was  in  Theflaly.  Lycophron  has  Kufjiv^cg.  Cape  Comerin 
fign^fies  Comer's  ifle  and  is  the  extremity  of  the  hither  Peninfulaof  ^'^J^'- 
India.  But  the  Sacks  properly  were  Scythian  or  Gothic  defcendents 
of  Shem.  Cato  mentions  Scythia  faga.  Pliny  fays  the  Perfians  6. 17. 
called  all  the  Scythians,  Sacae.  Strabo  found  the  Sac£  in  Armenia, 
and  Cappadocia.  Seiks  inhabit  Lahore.  Sakita  is  a  province  of 
ftucbaria.  Their  country  alfo  feems  to  be  Seiftan ;  the  Welfh  now 
givethe  name  of  Sais  to  the  Saxons  and  Angles.  The  Sacae  may 
have  been  named  from  the  Arabic  Saka,  Potum  praebere;  as  mu£h 
as  to  fay  Soakers  ;  of  this  their  ancient  manners  were  a  ftrong  con- 
firmation :  but  Sacae  may  be  derived  from  Sacham  (Irifh)  to  attack; 
lience  to  fack,  and  the  Shields  Saceae.  Yet  Saca  in  old  £ngli(h  is 
Ibrrow  :  Saga  is  a  faw,  tale  or  prediSion.  The  Byzantine  hiftorians 
^em  the  Sacae  Eaftern  Turks  beyond  the  Sogdians ;  and  SacaR  live 
at  the  head  of  Indus.  The  Eaftern  Turks  are  reputed  Huns  by  the 
Chinefe. 

As  the  Titanian  fons  of  Ham  had  their  name  from  Ty  Tanu,  mean,  j^^  i^^^^ 

ing  the  overfpreading  houfe;   Japhet's  was  Andras  Ty,  the  northern 

houfc     Hefychius  tells  us,  Andras  in  Tufcan  is  Boreas. 

U  u  2  When 


InPhaedro: 
Fatientta  dir 


^34  P  R  I M  I  T I V  E     H  I S  T  O  R  ¥•  (Book  «. 

When  Boadicia  invoked  Andras  Ti^  the  Romans  rurmifed  this  td 
be  a  feminine  Deity  ;  as  Plato  and  Plutarch  mention  Adraftea^  tht 
daughter  of  Jove  |and  Neceffity,  their  hiftorians  therefore  framed 
the  addrefs  to  her :  but  (tho*  Rowland  interprets  Andrafte,  viftory) 
the  queen  meant  the  tutelary  power  of  the  north:  agreeable  to  fcrip^ 
ture,  which  confirms  the  opinion  of  fpiritual  fuperintendants  over 
the  various  provinces  of  the  world:  thefe  are  the  Local  Genii  of  the 
Romans. — AJhhenaz  fettled  about  Si  thy  nia,  where  the  Afcanianlak^ 
and  river  are  fituated.  Afcania  Was  a  town  in  Troas  ;  on  the  coafl; 
•were  the  Afeanian  iftes.  Homer  names  a  king  Afcanius  at  the 
Trbjan  war.  The  Pontus  Axifius  or  Euxinus  feems  derived  from 
Afhkenaz.  Jofephus  fays  the  Paphlagonians  were  called  Ripatheans 
from  Rip&th.  In  their  country  Mela  finds  the  Riphaces;  Pliny,  the 
Riphaci.  They  exftended  along.lhe  Don  and  the  Riphean  mountsrins. 
About  Pontus  and  Cappadocia,  famous  for  horfes  which  were  their 
tnerchandize,  were  the  Trpgiiri  and  Trogmades,  Ions  of  TogaiFttm, 
Baek:  "p,  &  ^\^  fettled  nerth  ol  Judea  and  tradetlto  Tyre*  The  Phrygians  were 
pa? dy  fipdm  him,  and  called  Tigramtnanes.— *The  Septuagint  reaA» 

.    prince "of  Rofli,  Mefech  and  TubaJ.  Between  the  Euxine  and  Cafpiafn 
(Wre  Ihe  Rhoffi  a;nd  Mofeliid:  hence  the  Rufs  and  Mufcovite*    to 
y.  22.  thenOMJh  of  Syti^k  PUny  has  th6  to«wn  Rhofos,  and  mou«t  RhoiSm ; 
••9* "®  .and  near  Aimenil^,  *e  Mofclieni ;  alfo  on  the  Iberus,  the  MdMA: 

g  thitrt  Htrodotus  joins  with  the  Tibarenes  under  Ariomardus  foft^ 
Darius  and  of  Parmye  the  daughter  of  Smerdis  fon  of  Cytus^ 


7- 


Kodhatt  derives  C^ucafus  from  Gog-hafan,  Caer  Gog,  or  Gogh's 
fort.  The  Magini  near  the  Tanais  are  fuppofed  to  have  been  att- 
tiently  natntd  Magogini ;  and  the  Maiotis,  Magotis,  from  Magog. 
DeaSyr'r  Pliily  fays,  Hiefapolis  Was  by  the  Syrians  called  Magog;  tho*  Lucian 
fay*,  Deucalion  wa^s  its  founder.  Suidas  fays  the  Perfianswere  called 
amongft  themfelves  Magog  and  Magufaei,  hence  magic  ;  and  that 
fome  held  the  Perfians  to  be  Aflyrians :  it  is  certain  that  Nineve  the 
capital  of  Aflyria  was  on  the  eaftem  bank  of  tbe  Tigris  ;  tho*  Baby- 
lort  was  ntoied  the  city  of  Ninus  by  the  hulband  of  Semiramis^  The 
God  Magog.  ka&  reached  Japan.«^Madai  planted  Media,    fiocbtrt 

derives 


Chap.  5-)        .      PRIMITIVE    HISTORY^  .388 

^et^ives  Sarmatia  from  Sear  Madai,  a  Remnant  of  Madai ;  but  Sear 
In  Celtic  is  an  Attizan. 

Pliny  fays,  the  Sarmatians  were  anciently  defcended  from  the 
Medians.  Herodotus  derives  the  Sarmatians  from  the  Scythians; 
bat  this  is  an  indefinite  term  owing  to  thq  mixture  of  Celts  and  Scy- 
thians^  and  the  roving  difpofition  of  the  lattCK  Herodotus  means 
^ofe  Celto  Scythians,  when  he  diftinguifhes  Scythians  from  proper 
Cimmerians,  who  were  Japhet's  iffuej  and  on  the  other  hand  from 
the  Maflagetac  who  were  Shem's;  hence  Gothic,  Belgic  or  Gallic 
manners  in  Abyflinia,  whither  Shemites  migrated  from  Arabia. 
Scyths  and  Celto-fcyths  puflied  themfelves  fometimes  from  Europe 
into  Afia,  as  tinder  Ham's  famous  defcendent  Mannus  Acmon*s  fire,  Herodot.  k 
and  in  the  time  of  Sefoftris,  and  of  Midas  and  Marfyas,  who  terri-  gj^toi'^* 
lied  them  with  ftrange  noifes;  alfo  in  the  time  of  Pfammeticus;  and 
under  Lygdamus  and  Cauibaules  and  Brennus;  but  Juftin's  relation 
that  they  held  Afia  tributary  "during  igoo  years  is  incredible.  At 
other  times  they  fallied  from  Afia  into  Europe, as  when  commanded 
by  Woden,  under  the  name  of  Goths,  Getae;  fome  of  whom^  as 
Valerias  Flaccus  writes,  repulfed  Sefoftris.  Hyginus  mentions  the 
treachery  of  Carnubutas  king  of  the  Geta  in  Myfia  to  Triptolemus, 
W*warch  fays  that  Gauls  the  progeny  of  the  Celts  migrated  beyond  Camil; 
AtlUphean  mountains,  to  the  coafts  of  the  Hyperborean  fea:  yet 
d*ft  appear  rather  to  be  Goths;  and  their  pofterity  remain  amongft 
lie  Tzulim,  whofe  language  has  a  mixture  of  Arabic^  and  amongft 
tfce  lV)ngufians,  whofe  tongue  is  a  Calmuc  dialeft,  as  Bell  remarks; 
tfcey  differ  little  from  the  Yakuti  wnderthe  Arftic  circle  weftward 
^  the  Lena;  who  at  this  day  leave  their  aged  parents  (whom  the 
Getie  ufed  to  deftroy)  to  die  of  famine  in  a  (olitary  hut.  Mont- 
ittuicon  "writes  that  the  Derbices  flew  and  eat  their  kin,  when  above 
70  years  old.  Strabo  fays  the  Cimmerians  invaded  Greece  about 
tbe  time  of  Homer,  Tacitus  lays  the  Iberians  ahd  Albanians  came 
ftom  TheflTaly  in  the  time  of  Jafon.  If  Pliny  finds  Dardans  on  the 
benks  of  the  Dfmobe;  Strabo  (7)  in  return  fays,  the  Phrygians  are 
Brygcs  a  nation  of  Thrace.— Well  may  this  life  be  called  a  meer 
paflage;  fince  we  find  all  the  nations  on  earth  have  been^  age  after 

age 


^ 


334  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  Chap.  5.) 

age,  in  a  Rate  of  inceflant  fluftuation;  moved  by  falfe  hopes,  and 
removed  thro*  real  difappointment;  difturbing  themfelves  and    one 
another,  till  the  inftant  departing  breath  leaves  their  bodies  motion- 
lefs,  and  puts  a  period  to  their  various  undertakings. — Altho'   the 
major  part  oFa  country,  under  a   vigorous  and  intelligent  police, 
could  receive  more  than  double  its  improvement,  have  we  not  feen  a 
nation  tranfporting  its  people;  whilft  new  taxes,  laid  on  the  refidue, 
are  raked  from  the  extremities  to  the  centre,  without  provifion  for  a 
due  reflux;  that  the  needy  Provincials  mud  either  follow  their  money 
to  the  Metropolis,  or  their  countrymen  to  the  Antarftic  Pole.  Indeed 
a  trip  to  the  capital  is    a  promifing  ftep  to  death  or  exile.     Indivi- 
duals in  the  country  grow  fo  poor,  thro*  taxes  and  remittances,- they 
cannot  employ  others;  and  the  public  has  provided  no  adequate  re- 
fource;  the  neceffitous  repair  to   town,  where  the  cafe  is  much  the 
fame,  except  as  to  French  cooks  and  frizcurs,  and  Italian  fidlers; 
they  therefore  take  wicked  courfes,  for  want  of  honed  employment. 
Bridewells  are  now  the  feminaries  of  vice,  tho*  formerly  houfes  of 
induftry:  houfes,  to  be  rendered  effeftual  only  by  joining    feveral 
pariflies  together,  to  fupport  a  common  one  between  them.— .^^s  an 
induftrious  multitude  are  the  ftrength  of  a  kingdom,  and  the  only 
remedy  againft  defertion,  I  recommend  the  following  regulatkm to 
fome  future  Emperor  of  New  Holland;  for   a  fupreme  magi&mt 
(hould  prefide  in  every  nation,  to  be,  as  Ariftotle  defines  him,  a  con- 
fervator  of  right;  therefore  his  authority  is  founded  in  law;  alfo  in 
confent,  at  lead  of  his  own  troops  and  officers,  as  the   Pretorian 
bands  made  the  old  Romans  fenfible.     But  confent  is  only  another 
word  for  eleftion.     For,  tho*  in  domedic  focieties,  where  the  eldeft, 
by  the  courfe  of  nature,  grows  fooned  mature  in  abilities  coporeal 
and  mental,  the  governments  were  hereditary  and  according  to  pri- 
mogeniture; and  the  right  was  irremovable  without  confent  and  ab- 
dication, as  in  the  cafe  of  £fau;  and  men  were  divided  at  fird  ac- 
cording to  their  families  and  tongues;  forming  petty    communities, 
with  each  a  prefident:  which  was  the  origin  of  feudal  tenures;  pa- 
rents having  a  perfonal  authority  over  their  children;  maders,  over 
their  fervants:  at  length  feudal  conditions  became  incident  to  grants: 

and  fome  fuch  are  frequent  even  in  leafes  at  this  day.     Yet  when 

many 


(Booka.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  335 

many  of  thofe  families  coalefced  into  a  nation,  they  paid  little  regard 
to  priority  of  birth  unaccompanied  with  other  merit:  fo    the    Hycfi   x 
eleStd  a  king:  the  daughter  of  Uranus  was  voted  to  the  fovereignty 
of  the  Atlantides  by  the  public  voice;  maugre   the  falfe  notion  of 
right  divine,  which   the   inftances  of  Saul   and  of  David,  Jefle's 
youngeft    fon,  ferve  fully  to  explode.     Mofes   had  not  the  divine 
right  of  birth  or  even  lineage:  and  Othniel  was  a  younger  brother. 
The  evils  attending  eleftions  have  wrought  in  favour  of  hereditary 
prelenfions,  more  than  all  other  pleas  whatever;  therefore  the  tenet 
that  the  Britifli   Lords  and  Commons  have  the  power  of  appointing 
a  king,  notwithftanding  the  aft  that  fettled  the  fucceflion  in  the  Ha- 
noverian line,  has  a  ftrong  tendency  towards  the  Polifh  fyftem  and 
all  its  inconveniences.  Improper  is  the  exertion  of  fuch  a  power,  in 
a  Hereditary  government;  except  where  the  birth  right  is  forfeited  by 
a  conduft  that  flrikes  at  the  vitals  of  the  conftitution;  or  by  an  ex- 
treme impotence  of  mind:  when  the  honours  arc  to  be  transferred  to 
the  next  perfon,  unexceptionable,  according  to  the  eftablifhed  li- 
mitations, in  the  fame  line  of  defcent;  the  two  eftates  being  incom- 
petent to  Sinnul  a  law  or  to  make  one;  and  a  power  not  in  themfelves 
they  cannot  confer  on  others,  efpecially  fo  far  as  to  convert  an  here- 
ditary monarchy   into  an  eleftive  oligarchy.     Reprefentatives  are 
TMitned  for  ordinary  bufinefs  confonant  to  the  conftitutionj  for  any 
futtdwnental  alteration,  in  which  the  people  ought  previoufly  to  be  ' 
appealed  to,  they  fhould  have  an  opportunity  to  delegate  fuch  re- 
prefentatives as  they  can  beft  confide  in  about  fuch  fpecial  bufinefs. 
Natul*al  reafon  direfted  people  to  feleft  the  ableft  man  for  a  leader: 
no  private  intereft  or  attachment  took  place :  people  in  a  primitive 
ftate  of  nature  fee  only  the  main  objeft,  which  engrofles  their  whole 
attention;  the  public  fervice  ftares  them  at.  once  in   the  face;  no 
otherimportantobj eft  can  well  prefent  itfelf;  till  refined  laws  have 
nicely  diftinguifhed  private  property,  and  in  a  manner  alienated  it 
from  the  public:  when  the  people  become  Weanedfrom  the  commu- 
nity, and  are  led  to  fludy  finefTe  and  duplicity,  in  the  preference 
that  the  acquired  eafe  and  profperity  of  the  ftate  affords  them  to 
give   to  their  private   intereft  before  the  conjmon  weal.     Thus  a 

ftate 


3j6  PR  I  MITI  VE    H  ISTOR  Y.  (Boofc:  a^ 

flate,  flaurifhing  in  peace  and  the  Jux«rie«  of  life,  requirei  l^ms  tm 
force  individuals  to  refign  private  advantages  for  public  good*  Bu» 
in  a  ftate  of  indigence  and  difficulty  the  public  good  fupei?cede»  tbio' 
.  necefRty  every  other  confideration  in  the  human  brea(H  Sb  in  tho 
American  Hords  at  this  day,  the  fupremacy  is  yielded'*  by  tacit  conn 
fent  to  the  ableft  bodied  and  moft  enterprizing  man  ;  not  thro*  force* 
and  fear;  for,  tho*  the  ftouteft  man  might  compel  each  fingiy^  to^ 
make  way  for  him^,  yet  the  community  muft  be  too  ftrong  for  any 
iwdividuah     The  emperor  Maximin  was  told. 

Let  him  fear  many,  who  make:s  many  fear^ 

It.  i§  the  abfolute  propriety  and  fitucfs.  of  the  thing,  which  Wolw. 
la(lon  calls  truth»  that  ftamps  convidion  on  the  human  mind.     So 
it.  daily  happens  (where  a^  laborious  feat  is  to  be  performed)  a^  fooa 
a^  theflrongefl;  man  amongft.  the  multitude  fteps  forward,  a  tacit 
comparifon  is  formed,  and  confcioufnefs.  induces  the  company  to 
prefer  that  man  to  the  taik.     When  HeSor  challenged  the  Greeks 
the  honour  and  glory  of  military  ofEcers^  induced  feveral  to  m^et  it^ 
partly  to  {hew  Grecian  courage  to  the  foe ;  partly,  to  gjive  their  owft; 
forces  a  good  opinion  of  their  bravery;  and  in  One  a  fenfe  of  ofeft. 
gation  and  gratitude  combined  with  thefe  motives*      Yet  few  yieA. 
diflent  from  my  Opinion,  that  all  the  other  competitors  were  cob- 
vinccd  that  Ajax  was  the  propereft  man  :    each  would  have  written 
on  his  ballot,  Ajax  next  to  myjelf.      Thus  difputes  about  the  poft*  of. 
honour  is  abfolutely  wrong.      Who  are  fitteft  for  any   fervice  or, 
ftation  is  to  be  determined  by  thofe  who  are  empowered  to  form  the 
bed  judgment  they  are  able,  and  often  are  accountable  for  it. — Bui 
if  fociety  would  beuniverfally  attached  to  the  commonwealth,  there 
would  be  no  neceffity  that  one  Ihould  have  an  ejlablijhed  power  over 
another;    man  being  equal  by  nature.      Where  emergencies  arife^^ 
ihefitteft  (hould  (pro  tempore)  perform  every  office  and  duty  requifite^. 
and  afterwards  become,  like  a  Roman  dilator,  an  equal  member  of. 
fociety;  and  liable  to  applaufe  or  cenfure  according  to  his  condu6L 
**  In  hours  of  peace  content  to  be  unknown,**     But  when  a  nation 
hecomes  fo  depraved  as  to  lofe  fight  of  moral  obligations,  and  of  the 

public 


Chap.  5:)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  ^37 

public  good  i  and  the  daily  enforcement  of  rules  are  neceffary :  then 
an  eftabli/ked  power  muft  be  vetted  fomewhere  for  that  enforcement. 
Yet  on  the  coiittslry,  when  that  eftablifhed  power  becomes  abfolutely 
immutable  and  abfolutely  defpqtic;  acting  at  will,  not  by  law^  which 
Plato  (from  Pindar)  ftiles  the  queen  of  Gods  and  nien  •  the  remedy 
is  as  bad  as  the  difeaft.  The  corruption,  diffipation  and  contention 
ill  the  Roman  republic  ihduced  the  profcription:  it  neceffarily  enfued 
from  fo  many  equals  ftruggling  for  fuperiority.     A  fuperiority  did 

and  liiuft  take  ^lace  fbniewhere ;  unlefs,  as  at  Gibeon all  fall  to  Sam.  t:  21 

a  man.     But  ^vhen  this  fuperiority  became  uncontroulable,  Rome 
was   as   miferable   as  ever,  under  animals   fo  horrid  as  Tiberius, 
Caligula,  Claudius,  Nero,   Domitian,    Commodiis;    fucceeded  by 
the  Pretorian  bands;    fadly  teaching  us  the  dreadful  evils  that  cor- 
rupt perfons  entail  on  pofterity.     A  permanent  fdvereign  feems  not 
to  be  fo  much  the  Vox  Dei,  as  the  refult  of  humah  immorality  and 
difingenuoufnefs,  preventing  men  from  being  a  law  to  themfelves. 
Not  thro'  God's  approbation  but  indulgence  Saul  Was  conftituted 
king:  hot-  was  his  crown  hereditary,  but  went  to  the  yoUhgeft  fort  of 
ihdther  min.      In   fine,    Saliis  Populi  fufrema  Lex. — Cortcluding 
therefore  that  a  fupreme  magiftrate  will,  in  fome  unborn  age,  govern 
the  largeft  ifland,  in  the  fined  fituation  and  clithate,  of  the  univerfe, 
I  tbtei  prefume  to  advife  hirti.       Keep  provifions  low,  by  punifhirtg 
fdirdkaBcrs  and  confpirators  •,    alfo,  by  fetting  lands  only  according 
to  tht  Valuation  of  a  jury  empanelled  from  the  whole  province,  who 
miy  require  intelligent  ^rfons  to  give  them  information;  at  every 
Edltr  lands  (to   be  fet  at  the  enfuing  aututtin)  may  be  refeted  to 
fiicft  juries  :  alfo^  by  public  magazines;  for  farmers  will  find  a  market 
ID  tfirtdes  6f  plenty,  to  balance  lofs  in  times  of  fcarcity — Cherifh  the 
families  of  middling  fortune  ;  thefe  produce  divines,  lawyers,  phy- 
ficians,  merchants,  fherifs,  msfgiftrates,  grand  Jurors,  and  officers 
ofmiKtia.      Let  not  a  nation  confift  only  of  princes  and  paupers. 
But  foph  a  fcheme  in  a  commercial  country,  where  only  an  extenfive 
trade  can  fupport  the  public  credit,  istrHally  ideal.     Fifty  lie\tborn 
gentlemen  are  ever  ready  to  dart  from  behind  a  cotmteV,  to  purciiafe 
a  large  eftate  loft  at  dice  or  at  a  horfe-race. — Caule  high  cultivation 
every  where  fuited  to  the  foil,  under  the  furvey  of  government. 

X  X  Recommend 


838  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  (Bool  t. 

Recommend  refcrvoirs  in  every  arable  ground  to  fave  the  fleeting 
foil.  As  Great  Britain  in  a  few  years  will  be  half-peopled  by 
baftards,  for  want  of  houfes  on  waftes,  where  labourers  may  live  in 
wedlock;  let  a  fociety  of  agriculture  have  miflionaries  to  inlpcQ 
lands  lying  wafte,  or  extravagantly  monopolized:  which,  on  their 
report,  and  notice  (to  the  occupier)  of  the  fad,  if  continued,  may 
be  aflumed  by  governnient  at  a  fair  rent;  who  fhall  fet  induftrious 
men  on  thofe  lands,  ere£l  farm  offices,  raife  fences;  the  whole  to  be 
under  the  infpeftion  of  a  fociety,  and  men  deputed  by  them  ;  all 
men  that  want  rural  employ,  to  apply  for  work  at  thefe  public  farms, 
or  at  the  houfes  of  induftry.  Let  a  report  of  proceedings  be  made 
every  autumn  to  judges  of  circuit.  Set  up  public  houfes  of  induftry 
for  both  fexes:  Parifhes  and  parochial  officers  are  generally  inade- 
quate to  this  i  and,  their  .  office  being  annual,  interruptions  enfue. 
Every  town  and  port  confider,  and  promote  the  particular  utility  of 
each.  Keep  every  where  ftrift  watch  and  ward,  and  fupprefs  va- 
grants conftantly.  Rendefvoufes  of  pleafure  fupprefs,  particularly 
gaming  houfes  :  but  that  fubjefts  may  not  be  total  flrangers  to  paf- 
time,  have  feflive  meetings  once  or  twice  a  year,  under  flri£l  rules,- 
for  which  publifh  previous  charges,  arid  inflid;  fubfequent  penalties: 
and  let  the  paftimes  be  athletic  and  full  of  a6Uon.«-As  the  confump^ 
tion  of  imports  is  not  vicious  ;  and  is  even  beneficial,  whilft  exports 
increafe  equally ;  or  money  is  fo  redundant  and  of  courfe  fo  dimi- 
nifhed  in  value,  as  to  render  exports  too  dear  for  foreign  markets ; 
that  private  vices  are  public  benefits  is  a  falfe  maxim  arifing  from  a 
confufion  of  terms:  to  drink  wine  or  brandy  is  not  vicious;  drunken* 
nefs  is ;  and  the  profit,  arifing  to  the  public  from  the  confumption 
of  a  liquid  merchandize,  is  lofl  by  its  difabling  men  from  induftry 
and  the  fupport  of  their  families.  If  perfons  get  employment  by 
adminiftring  to  extravagance,  the  advantage  accruing  to  one  fubjefi 
is  another's  bane;  and  in  the  latter's  damage  the  public  fuftains  a  lofs: 
a  bacchanalian  to  day  promotes  a  tavern's  profit  and  the  public  re- 
venue :  to-morrow  he  will  be  unable  to  ferve  himfelf,  his  family 
or  the  public :  would  he  not  be  more  ufefully  employed  in  raanu« 
fafluring  cloth,  hats,  or  hard-ware ;  in  navigation  or  fifhing ;  in 
forming  engines ;  in  conftrufting  canals,  or  other  patriotic  labour  ? 

another 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  .339 

Another  contrafts  debt  for  cloaths,  or  a  carriage,  is  arretted  and  con- 
fined, and  (o  are  his  creditors,  who  become  bankrupts.      Thus  one 
clafs  of  idlers  gives  the  laws  an  opportunity  to  oblige  two  to  be  idle. 
Therefore  extravagance  is  partially  and  precarioufly  beneficial;  but 
induflry  and  callings  to  fupply  the  neceffities  of  mankind  are  abfo- 
lutely  and  undoubtedly  fo:  and  frugality  tends  to  reduce  the  price  of 
exports.  But  if  the  vices  of  drunkennefs  and  extravagance  are  of  fuch 
uncertain  u(e  to  the  community;  perjury,  robbery,  murder,  adultery 
are  far  from  being  of  any.      Superfluities  have  been  miftaken  for 
vices  :  a  man  of  large  fortune  may  buy  Italian  marble  to  adorn  his 
manfion,  or  Chinefe  ware  to  deck  his  table,  without  being  vicious', 
whilft  he  enables  the  merchant  and  mariner  to  furnifh  other  countries 
as  well  as  ours  with  foreign  merchandizes  purchafed  by  exports.   Yet 
the  man  who  employs  mechanics  in  erefting  a  palace,  may  as  bene- 
ficially  engage  them  in  building  a  village  on  waftes  and  defolate 
hinds. — Put  prifoners  to  labour  of  fome  fort,  according  to  their  capa- 
cities.   Their  fuperintendant  fhouldhave  an  intcreft  in  their  labours; 
to  prompt  him  to  aHivity  in  his  ftation.      There  fhould  be  no  men- 
bcrs  of  the  commonwealth  abfolutely  idle:  the  children  of  rich  men 
fliould  learn  fome  mental  fcience  or  manual  art,  to  contribute  towards 
the  public  advancement,  in  fome  manner  and  degree.     Let  even 
Tftcn  of  the  beft  fortune  be  ufeful  members  of  the  community :    if 
fudi  aleft  to  be  above  laws,  they  will  always  have  imitators.     Ex- 
travagant fafhions  fupprefs :  thofe  who  live  by  making  fuperfluou3 
drefles,  may  do  fo  by  making  decent  and  convenient:    for  perfons 
in  general  will  ufe  their  money  in  fome  way,  by  which  members  of 
the  community  will   get  employment.     How  rediculous  is  it  that 
fafhion,  thro*  a  falfe  maxim  of  public  benefit,  fhall,  by  forcing  fome 
to  buy  a  garment  twice  as  big  and  dear  as  neceflary,  prevent  their 
buying  a  new  hat ;    or  it  will  remain  unpaid  for.      But  (hall  every 
pretender  drefs  like  a  gentleman  ?  to  prevent  this  letfumptuary  laws 
regulate  the  dreffes  of  all  ranks ;  imitate  the  ancient  Romans.     If 
live  have  good  Agrarian  laws,  let  commiflioners  annually  give  printed 
charges  aSout  their  objefts  to  the  land  tax-afleflbrs,  and  fwear  them 
to  particulars  every  year  :  the  fault  often  lies  not  in  the  laws:  but  in 

X    X  2  a 


i 


^ 


540  PRIMITIVE      HISTO  R  Y.  (Book  t. 

a  want  of  infpeQion  into,  andL  of  a  vigorous  and  fummary  method  of, 
their  execution.  Let  the  laws  be  rendered  concife  and  unequivocal. 
Imitate  the  twelve  tables.  **  Mores  Populi  regunto. — Senaius  ceteris 
fpecimen  efto. — Quodcunq;  Senatus  creverit,  agunto. — Paenaviolati 
Juris  efto. — Lites  cbntraBas  judicanto.'*  Ruffians  and  outlaws 
abound,  where  expences  of  profecution  are  extravagant:  pepouder 
courts,  refembling  a  coroner's  inqueft,  held  by  niagiftrates  of  the 
divifion.  Tor  fmall  crimes  would  anfwer  well.  The  means  to  obtain 
right  thro'  Englifh  laws  grow  every  day  more  alarming;  particularly 
by  fpecial  jurits.  A  deputy  fherif,  out  of  twenty-four  whom  ji«  is 
to  fummon,  provides  levcn  or  eight;  and  a  few  truly  fpecial  fellows,. 
in  waiting  among  the  circumftantes,  fupply  the  deficiency:  and  much 
is  in  the  power  of  corrupt  attornies  in  felefting  the  twenty-four.  As 
rural  deans  could  controul  perfons  in  ecclefiaftical  offices,  under 
bifliopsi;  efpeoially  if  thefeheld  their  fees  (like  college  livings)  im- 
mutably ;  and  were  more.addifted  (like  Ifaac)  tp  rural  meditations: 
fo  barrifters  at  law  might  perfons  in  civil  ftations^  under  judges 
bf  affizc  ;  provided  that  even  thofe  councellors  fliould  not  efcapc 
with  impunity  for  abufca:  and  attornies  ihould  by  brought  tojuftice 
by  other  means  than  by  men  of  the  fame  clafsr  Let  printed  charge* 
of  all  indiftable  matters,  as  well  aff  ruleis  of  cqndufl  in  office,  be 
given  to  cx>nftables  and  overfeers;  whoibould  be  examined  annu^jtty 
touching  them,  on  ?l Jolemn  oath  at  the  autumnal  affizes.  Let  mifen, 
who  have  an  unreafonable  fum  in  their  hands  an  improper  length  of 
time,  be  indifted.  Overgrown  fubjefts  are  dangerous  ;  a  ftatutc  of 
gravelkind  affefting  cftates  above  a  certain  amount  might  be  a  nation's 
falvation.  Let  taxes  be  proportionate  ;  if  a  tax  be  on  game,,  grant 
not  the  game  of  fixteen  manors  ?for  half  a  guinea ;  whilfl  another 
man  cannot  traverfe  a  farm  of  100  acres  under  two  guineas.  If  light 
be  taxed,  let  not  houfes  of  25  windows  pay  more  in  propoi-tion 
than  a  palace — nor  manfions  of  a  low  rent  more^than  others  of  a  high 
rent ;  as  if  light  were  criminal  and  fineablc. 

But  now  to  refume  the  fubjeft  of  primitive  population,  Tiras 
planted  Thrace.— J^ai/^n,  Jaonia,  a  province  of  which  was  Aonia^ 
afterwards  BcEOtia.     Javan  feems  to  be  Aon.  From  him  a  later  hero 

had 


Chap,  5.)  PRIMITIVE    MISTORV.  ^4* 

had  this  name,  ^vho  from  Apulia  came  by  water  to  Boeotia,  and  was  p.^   q^^ 
fucceeded  there  by  his  fon  Dimas.     Javan  is  wrongly  fuppofed  to  be       Steph. 
Janus  of  Italy,  who  was  as  late  as  Lycaon's  youngeft  fon  CEnotrus. 
Aurelius  Vidor    (tho*   improbably)    deems   Janus   a   grandfon   of 
Er^chtheus.     However,  he  was  no  earlier  than  the  Titan    Saturn 
Chiron's  father. — Alexander  the  great  is  known  at  this  day  at  Tanjaor 
by  the  name  of  Javanna  Raja,  king  of  the  Javans.  And  is  Daniel's  j^^^    ^^j^\ 
Javan.      Stephanus   fays  Ictcav  ea   rov  letcav.        Hefychius    fays   the       Hift, 
Hellens  were  called  Janncs.    Strabo  fays  that  Attica  was  named  Jas; 
that  is  Jan.    Anacharfis  deemed  the  Athenians,  Scythians;  he  meant 
Celto-Scythians.     Thucidydes  fays  the  inland  towns'of  Greece  were 
ancienter  than    the  maritime:  which  fhews  that  the  firft  colony  en- 
tered it  from  the  Continent.      The  Scoliaft  of  Ariftophanes  fays  the 
Barbarians  call  all  the  Greeks  Jaones:  Homer  mentions  the  laones, 
Iliad  13.  and  Epiphanius  fays  the  lonians  retained  the  ancient  lan- 
guage of  Greece:  they  arc   called  by  Ariftotle  Selli,  and  Elli,  and 
Eoli  from  Eol,  Celtic   for  fcience*;  and  fome    of  them  Dori,  from 
Pwr,  water;  long  before  thofe  Dori  who  were  Hellen's  fons  had  ex-  gailuft. 
jftence:  thus  the   Phenician  Hercules  led  Dorians  to  the    coaft  of  Bell.  Jag. 
Gaul;  who  after  his  death  in  Spain  went,  with   their  Armenian  and 
Median  comrades,  into  Africa.     Dorians   accompanied    Teuftamus  , 

g;raBd(ire  of  Minos  into  Crete.     Here  note  that  PaufaniaS  attributes 
ancknt   Hymns  to  the  Dorians.     Herodotus  deems  the  leaders  of    , 
the  Dorians,  Egyptians.      Strabo  fays   the  Dorians  were  Perfians: 
hence   he    and   Varro   found    Perfians  in  Spain.  To    explain 

this;  Teutat  or  Tuitho  was  an  Egyptian,  who  went  to  Spain 
and  Gaul;  his  fon  Mannus  went  to  Germany;  his  grandfon  Acmon, 
to  the  Thermodon;  thence  he  led  a  mixt  people  partly  Celtae, 
partly  Geta^,  partly  Syrians  and  Chaldeans.  lornandes  fays  the* 
Amazons  were  Getae;  Nic^phorus  unites  Amazons  with^  MafTagetae 
and  Sarmatians  at  the  Cafpian  fea;  as  he  does  Sarmatians  with  Ger- 
mans in  Europe.  Hippocrates  fets  Sarmatian  Amazons  at  the  Palus 
Masotis;  fo,  Mela:  alfo  Turcae  or  Thyrfa-getae.  Palephatus  fays, 
*'  the  Amazons  were  Men,  vfho  plucked  their  beards,'*  as  Americans 
now;  do.  There  were  Amazons  and  Nomades  in  Lybia;  from  Ara- 
bia they  attained  Abyflinia,  Nubia,  Numidia  and  Mauritania.  Thcfe 

and  M 


Satnmes. 


"> 


342  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  j. 

and  the  Goths,  like  the  Arabs,  were  Shemites.  Herodotus  calls  the 

Germans  Perfians. To  return  to  the  Eoli,  they  ufed  a  language 

more  nearly  akin  to  the  Celtic,  than  other  Greeks.  Pezron  obferves 
that  Four^  in  Welfh,  Pedwar,  was  Petores;  Five^  in  Welfli  Pump, 
was  Pempte;  a  month,  in  Celtic  Mes,  was  Meis  •,  wine  in  Celtic 
Guin,  was  Goinos;  a  hill,  in  Celtic  Dun,  was  Dounos,  hence  downs, 
and  from  fortreffes  on  fuch  fituations,  town:  a  pork,  Porkos;  a  water 
pit  Puteos:  a  breaft,  in  Celtic  Bron,  was  Brun;  a  car,  Carron;  heart, 
in  Celtic  Chor,  was  Choros.  Coleworts,  Kaulos,  in  Celtic  Caul: 
a  fkull,  Kranion,  in  Celtic  Crene;  an  oven,  Fornos,  in  Celtic 
Forn;  hence  furnace:  a  forum  was  Phoros,  in  Celtic  Foir,  fair. 
Clamour,  Thraus,  in  Celtic  Trous.  A  boat.  Bake,  in  Celtic  Bac. 
The  Greek  Broton  is  from  the  Celtic  Brot,  bread.  Un,  en  in  Greek, 
is  one;  Daw,  duo,  two;  Tri,  tres,  three:  Deg,  deka.  Myrdd,  Myrias, 
a  Myriad.  Agos,  Aggos,  finitimus;  Al,  alios,  alius;  am,  amphi, 
about,  as  in  ambit.,  Amwyn,  Amuno;  Arth,  arftos;  Bloefy,  Blaefus; 
Brochy,  e?vHw,  refpefts  ferocity.  Cib,  Kibos;  Claiar,  klearos,  warm. 
Cledr,  kleithron,  a  rafter;  Clod,  kledron,  laud.  Cnithio,  xvvjfla, 
ferip.  Cnoi,  Kv«w,  knaw.  Diliis,  iv\Xog.  Dwr,  uJwp,  water.  Eiddo, 
Idios.  Elin,  wAfv^.  Etto,  eti,  yet.  Faelu,  (JHjAow,  fallor,  fail.  Flaw, 
CpA/e«,  a  flaw.  Garan,  Geranus,  a  crane.  Geylifio,  Gigglizein,  tickle, 
hence  giggle.  Halen,  als,  fal,  fait.  Haul,  iiA/o?,  ctXiog  Eolice,  SoL 
Medd,  medu,  mead.  Nyddu,  Niiflw,  neo.  Porthwys,  Porthmeus,  \ 
ferryman.  Rhechayn,  ffy%f/v.  Rhyn,  rin,  a  hill.  Seban,  O^m^ 
fapo,  foap.  Sirig,  Serikon.  Cyroch,  violence,  (whence  perhaps  cou- 
rage) is  akin  to  the  Greek  xf^^cw,  to  exafperate,  and  Circius,  ^  ve- 
hement wind,  called  the  Syroch  in  Sicily  at  this  day.  Dionyfius  Hal. 
informs  us  the  Folic  Greek  was  akin  to  the  Latin;  and  Ifidore  fays 
that  "  the  ancient  Latin  was  the  language  of  Italy  in  the  time  of  Ja- 
nus/* when  it  probably  had  a  great  (hare  of  Celtic  words:  the  Latin 
Mare  is  from  Mwr;  Lana,  from  Glan:  Caterva,  Caturfa.  The  names 
of  Ofci  and  Volofci  are  derivable,  like  the  Eoli,  from  the  Hiberno- 
Celtic;  Ofci  and  Ufli  being  from  Uiflc,  water;  and  Volfci,  Vol-ofci, 
Bol-ofci,are  fkilful  watermen;  Bol,  like  Eol,  fignifying  fltill.  Feftus 

derived 


Dion.  KftU 


Chap.  5-)  PRI  M  IT  I  VE    HIST  OR  Y*  343 

derived  Petorotum,  the  four  wheeled  car  of  Gaul,  from  the  Ofci,who 
called  four,  Petora,  as  did  the  Eoliansi  and  the  Celts  alfo,  with  a 
fmall  variation  Varro  fays  that  Hoftis  in  old  Latin,  as  Pezron  fays  of 
the  Celtic,  was  a  hoft. 

Elifha  planted  Helas  or  Elis,  called  Elilha  by  Ezekiel  27.  famous 
for  purple  and  the  Olympic  games.    There  was  an  Alefium  between 
Elis  and  Olympius.    Strabo  has  an  Alefium  in  Peloponnefus;  but 
Paufanias  fays  the  name  (as  it  implies)  is  owing  to  Rhea's  errors:  (6 
the  Titan  Hercules  her  companion  founded  Alefia  in  Gaul.     Alefa 
was  a  city  of  Sicily:    Alefus  a  ^iver  there.      Alefuswho  built  Alfium 
in  Italy  is  fuppofed  to  be  Eliflia.     Virgil   fixes   in   Campania  Aga- 
memnon's officer  Alefus    faid  by  Ovid    to  have    fettled  in  Eturia. 
Tarftiifii  planted  Tarfus — Macedon  is  Chettim  or  Ketim  which,  as 
Bochart  tells  us,  fignifies  latent     Bryant  derives  itirom  Ktroc.inter- 
preted  a  fliip  by  Hefychius,  and  referred  to  the  Ark.     Hefychius 
calls  the  Myfians,  Cetii;  which  name  Pownal  thinks   equivalent  to 
Getac;  he  deems   the   Maketes,  hither   Getae.     Ma-cetes,    Mctmryig, 
the  old  name,  is  derived  from  Ma,  (heep,  and   Ketim;  they  being 
paftors.     Dionyfius  Hal.  names  a  town  in  Latium,  Ketea.  Ariftotle, 
a  lake  near  Cuma,  Ketus.     Suidas  fays  the  Latins  were   anciently 
called  Ketii;  and  by  Daniel,  Chittim.     The  Arabic   Chetim  figni- 
fies t\ie  fame  as  Latium;  yet  fome  derive  Latium  from  Lat,  incanta- 
tion.— Branches  of  families  removed  to  different  places  thro*  traffic^ 
war,  marriage,  and  other  inducements;  as  the  family  of  Corytus  to 
Phrygia;  Cecrops,  Lelex,  Danaus,  and  Cadmus  to  Greece;  Teutates 
to  Spain;  an  Egyptian  colony  fettled  at  Cholchis,  hence  the  Chol- 
chians  are  termed  Egyptian  Scyths,  Moors,  and  Chaldeans.  Ptolemy 
has  a  country  near  Lycia  named  Cetis.     Homer  mentions  the  Cetii, 
weftward  of  Cilicia,  according  to  Strabo,    13;  Jofephus  fays  that 

Cyprus  was  firft  named  Chetima. Bochart  patriotically  condufts 

the  Rhodanim  of  the  Septuagint  to  the  Rhone;  yet  Rhodes  is  com- 
monly fuppofed  their  feat:  Rhodes  and  its  vicinity  are  of  courfe  the 
Pagan  ides  of  Mofes.  Sammes  interprets  Rhodanim,  yellow;  as  is 
Chalu,  whence  Galatia;  but  others  derive  Rhodes  from  Rod,  Ser- 
pens; but  it  comes  from  the  Celtic  Rhodio;  whence  road.     Parme- 

nides 


i 


■> 


344     '  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

nides  in  Suidas  fays  the  citadel  of  Thebes  was  called  the  Happy  ifless 
'  Mela  fays  they  were  near  the  promoittory  of  mount   Tatui'us:  the 
Egyptian  Oafes  were  alfo  denominated  Happy  Ifles.  'But  Crete  is  d 
Happy  Ifle  in  Lycophron  v.  1194,  1200;  fo  Macris,   from   Macar; 
Beatus;  alfo  Eubaea,    Icarus,    Rhodes,    Chios,  and  Naxos  named 
Dia:    yet  Macarr  in  Arabic  is  merely  a  pkce    of  refidence;  fee 
Richardfon.  The  Rhodanim  are  however  called  Dodanim,  arid  fome 
more  probably  efteem  Dodbtia  their  place  bf  fettlehlent :  Diiw  Dun 
fignifies  God's  hill.     They  were  Dodohaei  afterwards  called  Pelafgi. 
Hefiod  fays  Dodona  was  the  feat  of  the  Pelafgi.  Epholrus  (ih  Strabo) 
'^'  fays  the  Pelafgi  founded  the  Oracle  of  Dodona;  in  the  country  firft 
called   Threfpotis,  inhabited  ancieritly   by  the    Hielli :  hence    the 
Threfpotian  Sibyl  was  the  Dodonean  prieftefs,    who  was  a  widow 
j^  g.    hieroglyphically  reprefented  by  a  black  pidgeon.     Homer  in  Strabo 
thought  thefe  people  Barbarians  :    but  the  Pelafgi,  who  gave  their 
name  to  the  Dodoneans  and  founded  the  Oracle,  were  probably  the 
iffue  oF  Acmon's  followers  who  brought  the  worfhip  bf  Themis  and 
Vefta  from  Phrygia.       But  the  Oricle  refembled  Ambn's  :  and  thic 
Deities  of  the  Pelafgi  were  moftly  the  fanle  as  the  Egyptian;  for  being 
ignorant  of  their  names,  they  learnt  them  frorh  Egypt :   having  de- 
rived their Teligibn  from  Teutat:  and  hence  I  conclude  that  Avamda 
the  great  Lybiian  God  was  Ham,  not  the  Ifitan  Saturn's  rival.  Juftifi 
11:2:  S40:      (7)  fsiys  Ae  Macedons  were  Pelafgi :  Homer  fets  Pelafgi  at  Troas. 
Herodotus   fays   the    Eolians,  Arcadians,  Attics  and  lonians  were 
Pelafgi.     Some   of  thefe   were   originally    Homer's   Alizons,    the 
Amazons  of  Ephorus  in  Strabo  12;  the  Moor^,  faid  to  be  at  Chol- 
chis  by  the  Orphic  Argonauts,  741;  as  Syrianis  are  fet  at  the  Ther- 
modon  by  the  Scholiafl  of  Dionyfius,  772.     In  fiift  the  Pelafgi  were 
partly  Chalybes  or  Celtlae,  and  pattly  original  Afiatics  blended  with 
them  under  Acmon  Teutafs  grandfon  ;  Celta?  came  with  him  from 
Europe  to  the  Thermodon,  and  thence  with  Afiatics  to  Greece,  and 
afterwards  to  Italy ;  hence  the  Strymon  in  Thrace  is  named  Palef- 
tinus  in  Plutarch  (defluv)  and  Pliny   mentions  Foffae  Philiftinae  at 
the  Po !    Jofephus  fays  the  Iberi  on  the  fouth   fide  of  the  Euxine 
"were  named  Theobeli  from  Tubal;  Ptolemy  there  places  the  city 

Thubi-laca. 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  345 

From  Gomer  Jofephus  deduce ^  the  Gomerites  named  by  the  Greeks 
Galatians  or  Phrygian  Gauls.  Herodotus  (4)  places  the  Cimmerians 
hereabouts,  Pliny  names  the  town  Cimmeris  in  Troas.  ButPezron  ^  ,. 
derives  the  European  Gauls  from  Gomer,  and  not  the  Afiatic:  tho* 
they  were  akin :  for  European  colonies  fettled  in  the  Afiatic 
fide  of  the  Euxine  in  the  time  of  Midas  and  Marfyas  5  and  ftill 
earlier,  under  Acmon.  Euftathius  from  Arrian,  fays  that  Thracians 
were  l^d  by  Patarus  into  Afia.  7.  Strabo  fays  the  Phrygians  were 
Thracians :  whofe  language  was  Gothic  :  thus  the  Phrygian  tongue  I'lonyfi^^ 
became  Celto-Scythian.  Diodorus  Siculus,  and  Pofidonius  (in 
Strabo)  fay  the  Cimmerians  were  Cimbri :  whom  Strabo  fets  with 
Sicambri  (called  by  Cefar  "  Si-gambri/*  fons  of  Gomer)  on  the  ^"  7- 
German  coaft:  he  fays,  the  Germans  refembled  the  Gauls  in  perfon, 
manners  and  diet.  Appian  thought  the  Cimbri  were  CeUs  or  Gauls: 
yet  flriaiy,  Gauls  were  not  Cehae  but  Getae.  Plutarch  and  Feftus  ^^^^^'^ 
hold  that  Cimber  means  Latro:  but  it  is  derived  from  Kemp  Ur, 
camp-roan.'  Strabo  fhews  that  the  Cimbri  were  Cimmerians.  Ap- 
pian,  that  they  were  Celiac,  Some  think  Galatae  means  faved  from 
water:  Bochart  thinks  it  alludes  to  red  hair;  for  which  reafon 
Tacitus  derives  the  Caledonians  from  the  Germans.  In  tbe  ides  of 
Scotland  the  old  inhabitants  are  faid  to  be  red-haired^  and  in  this  to 
Tefemble  the  Scandinavians ;  the  refult  is  that  the  Celto-Scythians 
pr€biki(y  were  fo:  as  Ammian  reports  of  the  Alans  to  the  eaftward  of 
the  Don,  and  about  the  Cafpian  Sea.  Lucan  fays  *'FIavis  Britannis.*^ 
Tacitus  fays  the  language  of  the  iEftyi  on  the  Baltic  refembled  the 
firidffi ;  in  manners  they  refembled  the  Suevi,  whom  he  aflerts  to  be 
vorfliippers  of  Ifis:  both  having  received  religious  rites  from  the 
Titans.  Some  derive  Gaul  from  Gwal,  a  vale;  and  hence  Wales. 
John  Lewis  thinks  that  Albion  is  from  Gai-bian,  Little  Gaul:  others 
'  from  Ail  Ban,  White  Cliff,  in  Irifli.  The  Highlanders  call  their 
-country  Albain.  '  Some  furmize  that  Gauls,  alfo  Celts  and  Pifts,  Didl  Cha: 
fignify  warriors.  Keating  fuggefts  that  Fir  Gailli  means  fpear-men; 
but  that  Gaodhal,  derived  from  Gaoith^  Lore,  and  Dil,  love,  is  a 
philofopher.  Others  maintain  that  Gael,  as  well  as  Celt,  is  woodi 
^nd  that  Gauls  or  Celts  being  forrefters  had  thence  their  denomin- 

Y    y  ation  1 


Si$  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  i. 

.  ation :  thus  Liguria  and  Llaegria  are  from  Llech  Gwr,  a  man  in  a 
covert,  fuch  as  the  primitive  woods  on  the  Loire  :  and  Ireland  is 
rather  from^  the  Punic  Jar^  wood,  than  from  the  Geltic  Jar,  weft  ; 
for  Jerne  was  the  name  it  bore  abroad,  not  at  home.  Yet  Callus 
comes  from  Gallu,  might;  as  Belgas  from  Balk,  converted  cpn- 
temptuoufly  to  Bolg,  from  their  knapiacks. 

The  Celts  occupied  the  major  part  of  Europe.  In  Italy  the  Opici 
Pol.  7.  as  Ariftotle  afferts,  were  the  Aufones,  deemed  by  Elian  the  primary 
Italians ;  and  were  fo   called  before   they  were  named  Saturnians  i 
and  are  the  Aurunci,  as  Servius  writes,  the  oldeft   Italians :    their 
name  is  derived  from  Wr-rhongca,  Celtic  fignifying  libertines,  dif- 
folute  men.     Yet  properly  the  Opici  followed  Saturn  and  intermixed 
with  the  old   inhabitants :  as  the  Tyrrhenians  of  Athens  received 
Amazons  of  Lybiawith  Miherva;  their  name  Aeorpata  in  Herodotus, 
given  to  them  by  the  Scythians,  fignifies  worfhippers  of  the  air,  over 
which  Pallas  prefided^     The  Umbrians  or  Humbrians  Servius  and 
Bochus  (in  Solinus)  derive  from  the  Gj^uIs,  that  is,  Gaels  or  Celts. 
Pliny  fays  the  Tulcanrftook  300  of  their  towns;  which  proves  them 
3^14;.  populous  as  well  as  ancient:  accordingly,  Pliny  and  Florus  deem 
them  the  moft  ancient  Italians.  They  def  ive  their  name  from  Corner. 
-    5;  5.  Pliny  fays  the  Pelafgi  mtruded  on  them ;  as  they  in  turn  cecW  ta 
the  Lydians;    whom  he  confounds  with  the  Tyrrheni:  for  tho*  dit 
Tufcans  came  from   Lydia,  the  Tyrrheni  derive   their  name  from 
Tyr  Hen,  Celtic  ;    being  the  old  people  of  the  land.       From   Hen. 
came  Sen,  Senes,  Senex,  as  from  Haul,  Sol:  Hepta,  Septem,  Hex, 
Six.     Dionyfius  Hal.  rightly  concludes  them,  from  their  language, 
different  from  thofe  Pelafgi  who  came  from  Greece  ;  and  alfo  from 
the  Lydians.      He  derives  the  Sabines  from  the  Umbri.  Silius  Ita^ 
licus  miftakes  Picus  for  Ammon  in  faying  their  firft  king  was  Sabus 
fon  of  Sancus;  who  feems  to  be  Semo  Sancus:  Semo  fignifies  facred. 
and  Sancus  is  Picus,.  from  the  Celtic  Sanca,  to  peck.     The  Umbrf 
N*  and  ^"^  Aufones  were  the    fanie   people ;  and  were   invaded  by   the 

CEnotrians,  both  on  the  weftern  coafts,  as  Dionyfius  writes,  where 
PqI        they  had  fettlements  mentioned  by  Ariftotle;  and  from  the  Adriatic^ 

The 


Chap.  5.}  P  H  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I^  T  O  R  Y.  347 

The  Phoronis  of  Hellanicus  fets  this  event  jn  the  time  of  Nana,  whofe 
fire  Teutamides  was  fon  of  Anayntx>r ;.  whole  Cre  Pbraftor  was  fon 
of  Pelafgus  and  Menippe  daughter  oi  Peneiis.  Suidas  fays  the 
JLatins  (a  name  derived  by  Rochart  from  the  Phenkian  Latin^  incan- 
tations) were  anciently  called  Ketii:  therefore  all  thefe  people  feem 
Ketim,  defcendents  of  Javan;  and  I  think  them  the  true  AtK>rigines, 
'whom  Dionyfius  fays  were  by  fome  deemed  Indigena?;  tho*  he  thought 
them  CEnotrians  cwr  Pelafgi ;  who  took  the  names  of  I  talus  and  hi« 
fucceffor  Morges^  who^received  Siculus-;  yet  he  deems  the  Siculi 
original  natives:  Philiftiis  Giysthat  Siculus  foa  of  Italus  commanded 
Ligures^  in  his  invafion  of  Sicily. 

The  Celtae  of  Gaul  SiKiis  kalicu€  ftiles^ 

Vaniloqoum  Gcltc  Oenus« 

Diodorus  Siculus  fays  thf!y  fpcak  •vafinjy  of  themfelves,  contemp-    .^ 

tuoufly  of  others.     Arrian  calls  the  Celt«  a  felf  coiiceited  race.  Yet 

^thc  Cehse  were  of  a  martial  <uriw     Tully  iay«  they  gloried  to  die  in  ^"^'^"  ^^^^ 

liattle,  but  dreaded  dtfeafe:  biH   J  take  this  dilpofition  and  many 

others  here  related,  to   have  belonged  to  the  G^Uiji  who  ftriClly 

{peaking  were  Goth%  not  Gpnaerians :  t)ius  polyga;ny  was  a  Gothic 

prafiife  in  ufe  amonft  the  Maifagetaei  Agathyrfi,  and  the  Danes:  fo 

Mcfa  fays,  Getae  ad  Mortem  paraliflimi.      fLlian  fays  th^y  would 

1>ear  up  againft  the  waves  of  the  fea  in  foil  armour;  and  Nicholas  of 

Damafcus   writes  that  they  would  pcrfift  in  the  ftruggle  Xo  death  to 

avoid  fufpicion  of  timidity,     Atheneus.  tells  ^s  thai  after  fupper  they 

ufed  to  exercife  themleives  in  mQck*i;ombats^  aijid  were  attended  by 

-armour-bearers  at  their  meals;.  -    The  greateft  hero  always  challenged 

the  thigh  of  any  animal;  difp«tes  about  this pretenfion  were  decided 

by  the  fword.  The  mod  agreeable  death  was  to  lie  down  voluntarily 

on  a  fliield  and  be  flaia  with  a  fword,  to  prevent  any  more  ignoble 

end.     Previous  to  a  battle  their  Bards,  like  the  Americans  in  their 

war-d5>nce,  fung  the  panegyrics  of  their  heroes.       Arrian  fays  that 

the  Indians  commemorated  their  heroes  in  fongs  :  as  Tacitus  writes 

«of  the  ancient  Germans,  as  to  Manniis  and  Tuitho.      The  name  of 

Y  y  a  :their 


> 


1^0  FRIMITIVE      HISTORY.         CBdoIc  i. 

country  was  more  fimple:  for  Pliny  fays  the  Romans  long  ufed  Pulte> 
non  Pane:  and  Plautus  (an  Umbrian)  terms  himfelf  Pultifagonides, 
from  Puis  (the  Celtic  Pouls)  He  derives  Pulmencum.  Theopompus 
in  Atheneus  (2)  fays  the  Tufcans  had  their  wives  in  common;  as  is 
aflerted  of  the  Britons;  alfo  by  Ariflotle  of  the  Lybians.  The  Ma- 
labar women  are  allowed  great  latitude  in this  refpcft:  hence  the  iffiie 
derive  their  pedigree  from  the  maternal  line.  '  Promifcuous  copula^ 
tion  was  general  till  about  the  time  of  Cccrops:  when  legitimacy  was 
neceffary  to  inherit  property.  Yet  thofe  Britons  who  had  their 
wives  in  common  were  Belgic  or  Gothic;  for  Eudoxus  in  Laertius 
(on  Pyrrho)  related  that  this  was  apraftice  amongft  the  Maffagetae; 
and  Strabo  fays  that  amongft  fome  tribes  of  Arabs  the  fame  woman 
was  common  to  a  whole  family,  each  man  leaving  a  ftaff  at  the 
door  of  the  tent  durbg  his  amorous  conveffation;  a  praftict 
in  Britain. 
^       .  • .  . 

The  Celtiberians   in  piiace  pradifed  dancing  with  great    agility. 

Diodoms.  They  frequently  waffled  their  bodies  with  urine;  and  wore  buflkins 
of  hair  and  fhort  coats  oF'blacH  wool^  a  common  drefs  in  Spain  at 
this   day.     Some  of  the  Celtae  wore  coarfe  parti-coloured   clothe^ 
and  fliaved   their  beards^     Their  chiefs  cut  their  ?yelid^,  bur  not 
tbeir  beards.     Their  hair  was  inclined  to  red^  which  they  darketidi 
by  art,    and    curled  with  irons  ;   and  wore  it  ftiffened  over  th^k 
fhoulders.     They  were  tender,  fair,  and   tall;  of  quick  parts,  biit 
affefted  obfcurity  in  converfation:  yet  were  hofpitable  to  ftrangers, 
tho*  cruel  to  enemies;  whofe  heads  they  embalmed,  and  kept   reli- 
gioufly,  and  cut  off  the   right  hand  of  captives.     Their  afpeft  was 
fierce,  their  voices  ftrong;  the  women,  as  robuft  as  the  men.     Scy*. 
thians,  fays  Lucian,  "  gloried  in  affifting  their  friends  and  in  fharing 
their  diftrefs.     But  their  friendfhipswere  particular,  and  ratified  by 
diinking  fome  of  each  other's  blood:  they  \\6[A^  general  friend  in  the 
fame  light    as  a  common  harlot.     They  even  revered    Pylades  and 
Oreftes  for  their  ftriQ  friendfhip,  calling  them  Coraci"  from  Corarvgy 
Celtic  for  generous.  **  Both  fexes  wore  rings,  bracelets,  chains,  and 

Diodorus.    ^Qrfg|g|^3  Qp  gold;  but  their  breaft  plates  were  chiefly  of  iron:  heU 

mets  of  brafs  with  crefts^.     They   carried  fhiclds  with  devices:  the* 

Jbme 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  1 1  1  V  E    tt  1  S  t  O  R  V.  S5i 

fome,  thro*  excefs  of  courage,  fought  naked:  king  iron  fwords  made 
cither  to  cut  or  ftab,  hung  by  a  chain  at  their  fide.  They  bore 
lances,  whofe  (hafts  were  above  a  cubit  long,  and  broad  as  two 
hands:  thefe  their  chiefs  hurled  from  a  chariot  and  pair^  before  ihey 
clofed  on  foot  with  the  foe;  the  ftouteft  of  whom  they  often  chd-  TufcDifp!^ 

'  lenged  to  fingle  combat."  As  TuUy  tells  us  the  old  Romans  did  at 
entettaimnents,  they  celebrated  theanceftors  of  fuch  as  diftinguiflied 
themfelves  in  fight.  Their  Bards,  were  Boreadx,  ormatinifts^  cho« 
rifters  to  the  morning  fun  j  their  influence  was  often  fuch  as  to  part 
contending  armies;  to  whom  they  fung  their  panegyrics  to  the  harp: 
their  clarions  were  loud  and  flirill."  Strabo  fays,  *^  their  drums 
affixt  to  their  cars  made  a  terrible  found.*'  He  tells  us  **  theCelti- 
berians  celebrated  the  full  moon  by  feafting  and  dancing  at  their 
doors  all  night:'*  fo  did  the  Egyptians.  Cor  Garir^  the  Britifh  name 
of  Stonehenge,  came  from  this  exultation;  it  fignifies  Chorus  Jubili;  Rowland, 
Cor  in  Irilh  fignifies  mufic:  and  as  Dyn  inlflandic  is  related  toTono;  ^  *' 
<b  Dm  in  Pcrfic  is  Religio.  The  Indian  Brachmans  had  their  name 
from  Barach^  to  celebrate:  the  Gaurs,  who  now  at  Ifpahan  (fee  Bell's 
travels)  have  black  hair,  are  fwafthy,  and  do  not  fpeak  Perfic,  but 
fcem  originally  Chaldeans,  were  afacerdotal  clafs  denominated  from 

-  this  exultation;  like  the  Salii  and  Curetes,  whofe  dance   according  i.  nj-. 
to  Apollonius  Rhodius  called  Betarmus  was  invented  by  one  of  them 
oapeil  Pyrrhic  us  by  Paufaniasand  Nonnus:  but  Dionyfius  Hal.  and 
Epicbarmus  attribute  it  to  the  Athenian  Minerva.      Brown's  travels 
memion  a  remnant  of  it  in  Hungary,  with  a  claihing  and  brandifliing 
of  fwords.     Turnefort  found  fome  traces  of  it  in  the  ifle  of  Candia. 
Thefe  dances  had  not  always  a  military  relation,  but  were  of  a  reli- 
gious, fuperftitious,  enthufiaftic,  and  augurial  nature,  like  the   Si- 
bylline agitations.     So  Beli  tells  us  that  at  this  day  the  Shamans  of 
Baraba,  who  are  male  and  female,  and  verfed  in  incantations,  in- 
voke their  Shay  tan  with  a  doleful  tune  to  a  drum  with  rings  of  brafs 
and  iron :  the  refponfes  are  obfcure  and  ambiguous;  for  fimilar  rites, 
fee  Cai?ver  as  to  America.     From  Ghavr  or  Ghabr,  which  fignifies  a  HydcCh.  29 
fire*\^orlhipper,  comes  Gibberilh;  tho*  the  Hebrew  Chaber,  Chaver 
or  Hhaver  is  do6lus  or  fapiens. 

At 


35a  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (B<>ok  2. 

At  worfhip,    fays  Athenaeus,   "  the  Celt ae  turnecTto  the  right/* 
He,  like  Homer,  being  a  Grecian  meant  the  Eaft.  Their  Seers  drew 

Diodoniss.  prediftions  from  their  oblations;  which  were  often  fo  horrid  that  thejr 
would  cut  a  man's  throat,  to  judge  of  future  events  by  his  manner  of 
falling,  his  agonies,  the  gufhing  of  the  blood,  and  appearances  in  the 
entrails.  Procopius  fays  that  the  inhabitants  of  Thule  facrificed  men 
even  in  his  time.  Tacitus  tells  us,  **  Mona*s  altars  were  polluted 
with  blood  of  captives,  and  events  predided  from  their  entrails.*' 
.  The  Celts  and  Irifh  were  reputed  Cannibals.  But  the  fielgx  from 
the  heart  of  Afia,  infefted  by  the  Chaldeans  and  Canaanites,  feem 
to  have  introduced  thefe  horrid  rites  into  Europe.  Jerom  fays  *'  the 

Ethic:  7.  c.  Scotch  were  Cannibals;"  they  wpre  Goths  or   Scythians.     Ariftotlc 
^•,5'  mentions  Cannibals  on  the  borders  of  the  Euxine;  as  Diodorus  fays 
of  the  German  and  Irilh  Goths.     Lucian  accufes  the  Scythians  of 
eating  the  corpfes  of  their  parents*,  he  meant  thofe  near  the  Tanais^ 
*•  '7-  they  were  probably  Getae,  who  as  Pliny  writes  were  originally  Ara- 
means.  Lucian  fpoke  of  Scythians  with  long  hair,    "  in  which,  fays 
he,  they  differed  from  the  Alans:'*  thefe,  as  Claudian  and  Procopius 
write,  refided  between  the  Maeotis  and  Cafpian  gates.    Mela  reports 
the  Carmanians  to  be  hairy:  Ovid  (de  Ponto)  mentions  Getas  hir- 
futos.  Refpeding  the  Getae  Thucidides  fays  their  manners  rckmbled 
their    Scythian    neighbours.     On  the  contrary,  maugre  the  prqu^ 
diced  and   illiberal  Pinkerton,    who  forgets  that  his  favage  GbtVu 
overwhelmed  all  Europe  in  Stygian  night  for  many  centuries,     Ta- 
citus  teaches  us  that  **  the  Chauci  in  the  North  of  Germany,  tho' 
numerous,  were  honeft;  free  from  avarice  and  rapine,  tho'  furnilhed 
with  arms;  and  their  neigbours  the  Cherufci  were  ftiled  honeft  and 
equitable;'*  as  are  the  Barabintzy  now.  Of  thefe  Northern  Germans 
or  real  Celtae  it  is  that  Tacitus  fays  they  obferved  monogamy:   for 
the  Goths  gloried  in  polygamy,  fee  Menander  in  Strabo;   as  even 
lately  did  the  Tobol&i,  among  whom  many  Gothic  cuftoms  ftill  prc^ 
vail;  fuch  as  that  of  throwing  money  into  graves,  as  Americans  do 
their  moft  valuable  effefts.  Mela  fays  of  the  Hyperboreans,  ^*  they 
are  more  honeft  longeval  and  happy  than  others;  live  "at  their  eafef 
t:hiefly  adore    Apollo;  are   ftrangers  to   quarrels   and  war;  inhabit 
groves  and  forefts;  and  when  fatiate  of  life,  plunge  themfelves  cheer- 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY,  353. 

fully,  and  crowned  with  garlands,  into  the  ocean."    Pliny  confirms 
thisaccpimt:  as  doth  the  innocence  of  the  Samojedes  at  this  day:. 
But  to  continue  the  general  charafter  of  the  Celtic  ilations:  "  murder 
was  retaliated;  other  culprits  were  outlawed.  When  a  man  of  power 
was  dangeroudy  ill,  they  burnt  human  viClims  in  piles  and  cages  of 
ofier.  Criminals  and  captives  they  facrificed  to  the  Gods."  *'  Their 
religious  awe  was  fo  great,  that  money  dedicated  to  a  Deity  lay  about 
the  temples  unpilferred."  Nay  heaps  of  plunder  confecrated  to  Mars, 
even  gold  and  filver,  flood  untouched  in  many  Gallic  towns.    The 
Te£lo.fagi,  faid   by  Juftin  to   have   plundered    Delphos,  depofitcd 
their  booty  in  a  facred  lake  at  Thouloufe  in  perfeft  fecurity.    Reli-  I^iodorui 
ques  of  this  cuftom  continued  in  the  time  of  Gregory  of  Tour^.:    it 
being  ufual  to  throw  money  into  the  lake  Elane,  lb  named  as  dedi- 
cated to  Luna,  in  the  Gevaudan;  hence  Neh-alennia  may  be  Nea- 
Selene,  Nova  Luna.  A  ctiftom  of  throwing  pins  into  wells  continues 
to  this  time.      This  fecurity  fhews  that  Sacerdotal  refpeft  is  fcanda- 
Ibufly^iminirtied  at  this  day,  partly  thro*   the  unreferved  manners 
and  example  of  too  many  honoured  with  the  Prtefthood;  partly  thro* 
the  deprivation  of  authority  owing  to   the  flagrant  abufes  of  it:  but 
xhfefly  becaufe  the  education  of  the  whole   youth  of  a  nation  was 
*ftridly  attended  to  by  the  government  in  ancient  times:   but  now  we 
<Ai|erve  ojherwife.— In  public  calamities  fome  viftims  were  burnt  on 
hajjibme   tied  to  a  tree  and  fliot  to   death;  and.  tho'  tTiefe  were  gj^^^j^^ 
Joided  with  execrations,  yet  many  -confented  to  die  for  the  public. 
The   Maffilians,    fays   Petronius,   would  fatten  a  voluntary   poor 
•wretch  a  whole  year  for  facrifice;  and  fo  powerful  was  fuperftition 
that  perfons  of  Jiote  became  viftims  thro'  choice. 

As  the  Celts  and  Celto-Scythians  were  comprehended  under  th€ 
general  name  of  Scythians,  I  will*  from  Herodotus,  who  faid  the 
Scythians  were  great  votaries  of  Vefta,mention  Tome  of  their  bloody 
ntes,  which  I  take  to  be  Gothic.  Indeed  Ephorus  in  Strabo,  7. 
mentions  Scythian  and  Sarmatian  Cannibals;  and  Mela  deems  the 
Scythae  and  Sacae  to  be  fo;  which  laft  are  by  Chaerilus  in  Strabo 
^deemed  a  Scythian  race.  Yet  the  Sarmatians  ftriftly  were  defcended 
{from  the  Medes.    But  Dionyfius  the  Poet  has  Sarmauans  neighbours  y,  cjt. 

Z  z  to 


v 


354  f^fUi  t r V E     HtSrOKY.         (Book  .a; 

to  Indians:  and  Scytha  is  an  indefinite  name,  for  even  the  Sere^  were 
Scythians,  fee  the  Scolia  of  Diofiyfius  the  poet.  Psiufanias  dieems 
them  Scythians  intermijct  with  Indi;  in  other  words,  Ind^o-Scythians* 
Tertiullian  fays  the  Cimmerian  Scytbac  were  Cannibals;  but  the^ef 
dwelt  near  Che  Euxine,  and  were  properly  Cefto-Scythiansv 

Herodotus  informs  us,  ^'  The  corpfe  of  a  king  was  embalmed  and 
paraded  thro*   the  kingdom  :  the  attendants  wounding   their  ears, 
forehead,  hofe,  left  hand  and  arm,  and  (having  their  heads.  Where 
the  Boryfthenes  becomes  navigable,  they  interred  the  body  in  a  large 
fquare  hole  of  earth,  on  a  bed  fet  round  with  fpears:  covering  this 
with  timber,  they  fpread  a  canopy  over  all :  in  the  vacant  places  of 
the  pile   they  fet   his   concubines,    cook,  grooni,  waiter,    courier, 
horfes,  all  ftrangled;  together  with  golden  cups  and  other  utentris; 
and  raifed  a  mound  of  earth  over  all  as  high  as  poflible.    At  the  entf 
of  a  year,  they  ftrangled  50  horfes  and  50  noble  youths,  his  officers: 
emboweled  and  ftuffed  the  horfes  and  men  with  ftraw;  and   fattened 
*  the  men   with  iron  ftakes  on  the  horfes,  which  they  fet  on  woddetr 
ftages  round  the  Tumulus."    Vaft  Tumuli  are  at  this  day  found  ow 
the  banks  of  the    Wolga,  Tobol,  Irtiffi,  Ob,  and  Yenifei.     TUr 
corpfe  often  lies  on  a  flieet  of  gold,  with  arms,  utenfils,  and  Ocett^ 
tons  of  horfes.    Wives,  and  flaves  were  made  to  accompany  th^tfi, 
till  the  Ruffians  interfered.     A  Tumulus  at  Abury  in^  England  is- 
100  cubits  high;  its  bafe  300  in  diameter;  60  its  fummit.       Bell  in- 
forms us  that  *^  between  the  heads  of  the  Oby  and  Jenefey  are  funereal 
Mounds  of  the  Tartars,  containing,  befides  the  corpfe,  gold,  filv^er, 
jewels,  arms,  equipages,  dead  horfes  and  elephants;  brazen  ftatues; 
corpfes  on  filver   tables.'*     So  the  Americans  are  faid,  in  the  Cali* 
fornia's  voyage   to  Hudfon's  bay,  to  bury  a  corpfe  with  its  beft  ap- 
parel, kettle^  gun,  hatchet  and  other  effefts.     Lycurgus    reftrained 
the  Spartans  from  this  Gothic  or  Scythic  cuftom.      The  Scythians 
not  only  offered  beafts,  particularly  the  horfe;  but  one  in  a  hundred 
of  their  captives,  by  cutting  his  throat  after  they  had  poured  a  liba- 
tion of  wine  on  his  head.   With  his  blood  they  bathed  the  fword  of 
the  Deity,  which  (as  in  Gaul)  was  depofited  on  the  altar.  Both  Goths 

and 


Chap.  50  .PRI-MttTIVE     HISTORT. 

and  Celtae  imbrbed  thele  borrid  cuftoms  from  the  errant  fons  of  Ham, 
particularly  Canaan's  progeny.  JEuberoerus,  and  £nnius  in  La6Un- 
tius,  affert  that  Saturn  and  Rhea  were  Cannibals.  Philoftratus  fays 
fo  of  the  Lamiae;  one  of  whona  was  Scylla,  according  to  Ste{ich#u^. 
TThus  Omnifcience  had  Xufficient  motives  to  execrate  Canaan's 
father* 

Only  Savages  can  re{)ine  that  adoration  of  the  div.ine  mind  i« 
Spirit  has  fupplanted  thofe  infernal  rites;  too  nearly  refembled  as 
they  were  by  what  is  fantaftically  denominated  th^  elegant  Mythology 
of  Greece,  as  an  indirect  infult  to  Chriftianity;  a  proof  that  thofe, 
whom  God  pleafes,  are  totally  infenfible  of  the  beauty  of  holinef:^ 
and  abfolutely  unconfcious  that  Chriftian  humanity  has  civilized  the 
breads  of  wolves  and  tigers.  Carnal  inclinations  difown  duties  that 
demand  compun&ion,  and  .expe£l  a  contrite  heart  in  delinquents; 
the  true  oblation  to  that  facred  Dwity,  who  prefers  the  love  of  God 
and  Man  to  Hblocaufts  .aixd  Hecatombs jrneed  I. fay,  to  the  inde.- 
cencies  of  Bacchanals,  or  the  blood  even  of  finners. 

Strabo,  Paufanias  and  Cefar  confound  the  Gauls  with  Celtae:  yet 
ftridly^  the  Gauls  intruded  amongft  them,  and  were  originally  the 
Cune  as  the  Belgae:  hence  Suetonius  mentions   Gallic    Breeches; 
Millkl,  Britifh;    Lucan,    Batavian   like  Sarmatian  mentioned  by 
hhh:  Coats,  Cotae,  had   their  name  from  Goths;  the   Celtae  were 
coated  with  paint.     Pliny  mentions  the  Celtici  and  Celtiberaans  of 
'Spain,  and  the  Celtic   promontory  there.     Herodotus   places  the 
'Celts  in  the  weft  of  Europe:  thefe  really  were  the  original  inhabi- 
tants, thruft,   as    they  were,    by   the  Goths  into  Armorica,  Wales, 
Ireland,  the    Scotch    Highlands,  and   Lapland,  and   the   north   of 
Sarmatia,  whence  they  attained  Thibet  and  China.     Nonnus  finds     '^  ' 
Celtae  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine;  to  whofe  waters  they  had  recourfe, 
to  prove  the  legitimacy  of  children;  as  Julian  alfo  afferts. 

Phenicians,  and  as  fome  relate  Trojans  too,  fettled  in  Britain 
prior  to  the  Belgae  or  Goths  :  yet  the  primary  inhabitants  were  de- 
rived from  Gomer.      They  at  this  day  call  Wales  Gomri,  as  Mon 

Z  z  -2  mam. 


ess 


856  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-  (Book  #. 

Mam  Gomri ;  their  language,  Gom'raeg,  Gomer*s  fpeech ;  as  they 
term  the  Saxon  language,  Saifon.aeg.  Cumbria  is  Gomeri  Aia;  fa 
is  Comerie  in  Strathern.  Cefar  and  Diodarus  deem  the  inland 
inh*  itants.  Aborigines  :  Agathias  derives  them  from  the  Huns ;  a 
notion  reprobated  by  Jornandes  :  thefe  were  fubfequent  vifitors  of 
Europe,  originally  from  countries  to  the  eaftward  of  the  Goths.  As 
to  Phrygians  reaching  Gaul,-  Virgil  and  Silius  Italicus  mention  the 
Bebryces  about  Narbonne  :  Lycophron  gives  that  name  to  the 
Trojans.  Solinus  fays,  an  infcription  on  an  altar  proved  that  Ulifles 
had  vifited  Scotland.  Ammian  fays  '*  there  are  600  traces  of  Ulifles 
and  others  from  Troy,  in  Spain,  both  viftors  and  vanquifhed.  Ta- 
citus, of  Germany,  tells  us  an  altar  was  found  on  a  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
in  ancient  times,  confecrated  to  Ulixes  and  Laertes  his  fire.  Here 
by  the  way  Tacitus  ufes  the  letter  X,  as  if  an  ancient  letter  :  but 
that  hero  feems  here  to  have  been  the  Lar  of  fome  Roman :  the  hero's 
Grecian  name  was  Odyffeus.  As  to  Greek  letters  and  monuments^ 
Cefar  fhews  that  the  Gauls  ufed  thofe  letters,  tho*  not  the  language. 
If  Brute  or  his  defcendents  came  to  Britain,  which  is  improbable, 
it  was  either  from  Greece  or  Troy.  Homer  hints  that  Eneas  re- 
mained at  Troy :  Strabo  thus  underftands  that  poet.  Brutus  is  faid 
to  have  come  firft  to  Gaul.  Paufanias  fays,  Diana  dircAed  tbe 
Trojans  to  new  fettlements:  Gildas  tranflated  her  Oracle  into  Ltfiia 
verfe.  Nennius,  Talieflin,  and  Merlin  mention  Brute.  Gildas, 
according  to  Fordun,  did  fo,  Wheelock  thus  latinizes  an  old 
Saxon  poet. 

Inf ula  di£la  fuit  Britannia,  Nomine  Bruti. 
The  ifle  Britannia  owes  its  name  to  Brute. 

Sigebert  Gemlacenfis  (who  lived  about  a  century  before  Goefrjr 
of  Monmouth)  and  Henry  of  Huntington  count  Brute  the  fon  of 
Silvius,  the  grandfon  of  Eneas.  Girald  Barry  fays  the  Bards  de- 
duced Pedigrees  from  Eneas.  Tho*  Geofry  of  Monmouth's  hiftory 
abounds  with  fables  about  Arthur  and  Merlin  :  yet  the  bafis  of  his 

hiftory 


a.o«  307 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  357 

hiftory  is  as  credible  as  4hofc  of  Herodotus  and  Livy;  whofe  hiftorics 

are  interwoven  with  fables.     This  Britifti  hiftory  is  greatly  coiifirined 

by  records  and  oral  tradition.     The  hill  Golgotha  near  Nottingham 

is  famous  for  the  battle  fought  there  by  king  Humber.     The  laws 

of  Dunwallo,  and  of  Martia  (the  mother  and  guardian  of  king  Sifilt 

the  fecond)  tranflated   by  Gildas  into   Latin,  and  by  Alfred  into 

Saxon,  as  Higden  relates,  are  notable  :  and  the  highways  of  Belinus. 

King  Lucius  is  afferted  by  Uflier  and  Stillingfleet.     Bede  mentions 

the  erudition  of  Martians  hufband  Cuhelin,  or  Guitelin.      Caius 

proves  from  an  old  hiftory,  '*  Tempore  Guthelini  erat  Univeriitas  in 

Anglia:"  and  he  refers  to  the  Deflorationes  Gurguntii,  Cuhelin's 

father ;    which  he  fays  is  the  foundation  of  Geofry  of  Monmouth's 

hiftory.     The  Tudor  pedigree,  from  the  Welfti  records,  proves  the 

ancient  Britifti  line  of  fucceflion.  Latinized  as  the  names  are  in 

Geofry :  whilft  it  differs  from  it,  where   Tudor's  anceftors  did  not 

wear  the  crown.     Thus  the  royal  fucceflion  in  Geofry  agrees  with 

that  pedigree  from  Brute  to  Leir*s  grandfons*      The  hiftory  gives 

the  fucceflion  to  Cordeila's  family:  but  mentions  civil  wars  and  many 

changes  in  the  fucceflion  till  Dunwallo's  reign ;  whofe  defcent  is  not 

fpccified  in  the  hiftory  :  but  from  the  Tudor  pedigree  is  ftiewn  to  be 

from  Regau,  Cordeila's  fifter,  and  wife  of  Henwin,  Old   White, 

Idng  of  Cornwall.     John  Lewis  in  his  Britifti  Hiftory  relates  from 

the  Wclfli  antiquities,  that  18  battles  were  fought  in  the  quarrel 

toocbing  the  titles  of  Leir's  three  daughters.     It  is  true  that  Goefry's 

biftory  was   a   compofition  from  materials,   fome  authentic,    fome 

fiibulous,  about  the  time  of  the  Crufades  :    fo  he  fays  that  Hengift's 

funeral  was  after  the  manner  of  the  Soldans.     His  conluls  are  pro- 

perly  Twy  fogion,  chiefs.     His  Silvius,  mentioned  by  Wethamfted, 

is  Silius,  in  Latin,  Julius.     Fulgenius,  is  Sulien,  in  Latin,  Julianus, 

Belinus  is  Beli   Hen.     Brennus  is  Braan,^  hence   Bren  in  Suidas. 

Lcil  is  Leon.  Llaw  is  Leo,  not  Loth.     Caraufius  is  Carawn;  whence 

Tregaron.     Canock  wood  is  Canute's  foreft.     Thus  his  Latinized 

denominations  have  a  real  foundation  ;  as  appears  farther  from  the 

Tudor  pedigree.      Caius  fays  that  Gurguntius  wrote  the  hiftory 

Latinized  by  Geofry,  A.   C.  335.  Yet  the  account  of  Brute  is  on  shcrringh; 

the 


55^  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    )H  1  S  TO  R  Y.  (ftooli  %. 

,  '  the  whole  fufpicious  ;  as  none  of  the  R<«mian  1>iftorians  TOcntion 'Vmii 
in  this  ifland.  The  Monks  foifted  liira  into  the  records,  to  reccmcilc. 
the  Britons  to  the  fupremacy  of  the  Roman  church,  by  this  pretended 
alliance  between  Britons  and  Romarns  ;  after  the  Saxons  in  Auftin*& 
time  had  deftroyed  the  real  Bangorian  records.  Britain  and  Troy 
trfed  military  cars  in  common  with  Phenicia.  But  whatever  TrojaiM 
came  to  Britain  ^found  prior  infhabitants  there.  Richard  cf  -Ciren- 
cefter  fays  tliat  Britain  was  fuppofed  to  have  been  'peopled  lOOQ 
years  before  ihe  Incarnation  ;  'bm  this  alludes  to  Brute.  Sherring^ 
ham  fttrmizes  that  the  primary  iriha(bitants  ^df  Britain -w ere  Pheniciairs, 
who  fled  from  Joihua;  It  is  more  certain  that  they  traded  w»ith  fbe 
Gomri  for  tin :  and  thence,  as  Bodhart  thinks,  named  the  ifland 
'  fiardtanac,  Tinland:  >^hence  the  Orecians  *named  the  Britannic  ifles, 
of  which  Herodotus  had  an  obfcure  account,  Caffiterides.  So  Pliny 

'        writes  that  all  the  idands  Were  called  in  general  firitanniae*    CatuU 
lus  fays. 

Hone  timem  Britannia. 

The  Romans  probabjy  foftened  the  original  name  in  the  termi. 

nation,    to  Britannia  :  which  fome  derive   from  Prutania,    mecat 

Phenician  traders  probably  fettled  there;  as  the  Britifli  hiftor^men^ 

lions  fome  of  Ham's  progeny  in  Britain  before  the  time  of  Brute-, 

and  feveral  names  about  Cornwall  are  Phenician;  thus  Pownalob^. 

ferves  that  TuUy  has  a  Pendennis   in  Cilicia.     Ndrden  mentions 

Main  Ambre,  a  facred  rOcking-ftone  in  Cornwall ;  as  Nonnus  doe« 

(40,  41)  two  rocking- ftones  called  Petrae  Ambrofiae  and  A/flo/ f /x-v^u^oi, 

animated  ftones  near  an  olive  tree,  where  (Agenor  or)  Melcart  built 

'Tyre;  proving  by  the  way  that  the  Tyrian  Hercules  was   Agenor 

and  inventor  of  the  olive.      In  the  hieroglyphics  of  Horus   Apollo 

^w^rr  is  interpreted  facred.     The  dimerifions  of  Stonehengeanfwcr 

to  the  fame  cubit  of  20,79  inches,  as  the  pyramids  do:  and  I  think 

the  internal    length  of  the  Dundalk   Ship-Temple    is   26  of  thefe 

cubits.     The  true  ftandard  of  the  Egyptian  cubit  is  to  be  heft  learnt 

from  the  dimenfions  of  the  fepulchral  chamber  in  the  grand  pyramid: 

its    length    is   20    cubits;    height,  11 -i;    breadth,  10,  or  17.  19 

Englilh 


359 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVE    HfSfdRY. 

Englifh  feet:  thus  the  cubit  is  20 1  inches.     Pownal  obferved  Phc- 
nician  charaft^rs   on  the  Irifh  monument  at  New  Grange.      The 
Phenicians  introduced   the   Druidical  religion :  and,  among   other 
words,  Dwr,  from  'Ydwr,  water;  which  in  Irifh  is  Uifk,  whence  the 
rivers  Ufk   in  Wales,  and  Ifca  in  Hungary ;  Pen,  head,  tho*  akin 
to  the  Celtic  Kyn,  the  Irifh   Kean,  the  Tartarian  Chan  :  the  God 
Bt^lin  or  Bel-ain,  circle  of  the  fun  *  from   Ain  comes  Annus  and 
Annulus ;  alfo  Ain,  Yn,  Oon,  an  ifle,  as  land  encircled.      Twine 
from  Madoc  fets  Ethiops  in  Mona;  that  is  becaufe  the  Pheniciari 
Gods  as  Homer  writes  came  from  Ethiopia :  for  at  the  difperfion 
Ham*s  fons  propagated  Paganifm  from  Mauritania  to  Japan.     Ham 
is  Hoang  of  China,  Hoam  of  Japan.     Dagun  is  a  Chincfe  God,  as 
Ehigon  is  a  Phenician.     Britons  praftifed  Phenician  cufloms.    The 
Britifh  rocking-flones  are  the  Pheniciafn  Butyls,  or  animated  (not 
anointed)  flones :  for  Damafcius  fays,  *''  I  faw  a  Betyl  moVed  itt  t(he 
lir.**     Buxtorf  fhews  that  Jodham  Morain,  the  name  of  the  Druidical 
breaft:-phte,  is  the  Chaldee  of*  Urim  and  Thummim:     As  the  Caan-. 
tnites  made  their  children  not  ohlypaf^  thro*  fire.  Lev.  iff.  10,  but 
garee  them  in  facrifice^  fo  Edward  LIuydfrom  an  old  GlofTary  fhews 
Aat  the  Druids  drove  the  cattle  thro*  fire  twice  a  year :  their  human 
factifices  are  well  known.     The  fire  was  callied  Beal  Tine ;  Tan,  as 
lYiel^lietiician  Tzan,  being  fire.     Tertullian  faiys,  they  marked  their 
bodies  vfth  a  hot  iron  :  Lucian  fays  the  votaries  of  the  Syrian  God- 
deft  Sd  fo.     Tacitus  fhews  that  the  Pheniciian  Goddefs  Athera  was  ^^^  Gtrm. 
adored  in  thofi  parts :'  for,  faying  that  Demeter  was  adored  in  Ger- 
many under  the  name  of  Hertha,  earth,  he  adds  that  in  an  Oceanic 
i(l^,  mofl  probably  Mona  (yet  it  may   be  Rhe,  for  Re  is  an  Irifll 
Mine  for  Luna ;  tho'  Ree  is  Rex)  flood  a  facred  grove;  theGoitdiefs 
covered  with  a  vefl  was  paraded  about  in  a  vehicle  drawn  by  cow»; 
fliitf  refemblis  the  proceffion  of  the  Phenician  Agrotes  in  Sanchonii. 
itho  ;  smrf'Atftmon's  in  Q.  Curtiils  :  primitively  Arcite  rites,  aftcr- 
irafld^   eortfered  on  the  Titan  Rhea;    fee  Bryant.     As  the  Caftha- 
gtniAM'  cjirried   About,  in  covered  chariots  termed  by   Euflathius 
(II.  1'.)  portable  temples,  borne  by  oxen,  fniall  idols;  fo  Sulpitius 
Scverus  fays,  the  Gauls  (whofe  religious  rites  were  the  fame  as  the 
Britifh^)  mad€  a  procieffion  with  their  Gods  covered  with   a  white 

veil. 


^ 


360  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E      H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  t 

about  their  farms:  this  (hews  them  to  be  the  Phenician  Deities  Afhte-^ 
roth.  Tacitus  adds  that  they  afterwards  bathed  the  Goddefs  in  a  rivu* 
Ovid  Faft.4..  '^^>  '^^^  refembles  the  Roman  ceremony  touching  Ceres:  on  the  fixth 
of  the  Galends  of  April  according  to  Ammian;  when  as    Herodias 
writes   they  paraded  with  plate,  as  our   morrice-dancers  now    do. 
The  German  Goddefs  Hertza   had  a   lake  in  her  facred  grove,  to 
which  flie  retired  after  her  proceffion.  (Tacitus  Annal.  5.  9.   Mon. 
Germ.)  Artemidorus  (in  Strabo  4.)  (ays  that  in  an  ifle  neai*  Britain^ 
Proferpine  and  Ceres  were  adored  with  rites  (imilar  to  the  Samo* 
thracians;  who,  as  Diodorus  writer,  "  were  an  original  people,|having 
Shcrringham  ^  language   peculiar  to  themfelves:*'    but  it  probably  was  Celtic 
Bryant  fays  that  Anglefea  was  named  Mona  and  Menai  from  Venus 
Urania,  the  Moon;  alfo  that  many  Corni(h  Saints  were  Pagan  Gods, 
Tacitus  fays  the  Suevi  adored  I  (is.     From  her   groves    Ceres  was 
named  Aferot,  from  Aferhn^  woods;  yet  Regner  interprets  Afucr, 
^  Terra;  faying  (he  was  the  wife  of  Aiianus  (fuppofed  Woden)  a  name 
Syncel.    that  was  a(rumed  by  Cybele's  hu(band,  and  her  (on  Typhen:  whofe 
Plutarch,  f^^^y^^^  according  to  Phrygian  accounts  referred  to  by  Plutarch  was 
an  ancient  Hercules.     A(ianus  is  Afis,  fee  the  Sibylline  poems;  and 
Affis  was  Afeth,who  was  Seth  or  Typhon  the  gallant  of  Ifis.  Grucer 
has  an  ancient  Calendar  noting  the  (hips  of  Ifis,  Hercules,  and  Aau. 
mon:  the  Edda   mentions  the   (hip    of  the    Nani  (or  their  Gods. 
Archcolog.     Bacchus  was  called  Nana,  which  fignifies  not  Pygmy  as  in   Godhic 
V.  7. 150.    fables,  but  as  Tzetzes  on  Lycophron  interprets,  planet,    itinerant; 
^  words  fynonymous  to  Aletae,  Titans,  Rhodians,  Spartans,  Balaro^ 
Scuits.     Some  of  the  Nani  were  Cyclops,  for  the  Edda  defcribei 
them   as  forge-men.      Yet   originally,    as   Bryant   tells   u%    thefe 
Ships  alluded  to  the  Ark.     In  imitation  of  thefe  religious  (hips  were 
the  (hip  Temples  of  Ireland.     The  Briti(h  God  Bel  in  mentioned  by 
Herodian  and  TertuUian,  wa«  the  Sun,  the  Phenician  Belain,  God's 
37.  10.      Eye,  in  Pliny.     He  is  the  Balen  of  jEfchylus.     Edris   or  Idris,  a 
Welfli  name,  is  alfo  a  Phenician  and  Arabian.— —Gavelkind  was  a 
Titanian  cuftom;  Potter  obferves  it  was  a  Grecian^     The  corpfe  of 
Cimon's  father  was  afrefted  for  debt;  a  praftice  the  Wel(h  appre-* 
hend  to  be  legaf  at  this  day.     The  cuftom  of  decking  a  corpfe  with 

'flowers  and  a  white  (hroud  is  common  to  Greece   and  Britain.     As 

Sandys 


Chap.  50  PRl  MITIVE    HISTORY.  |6i 

Sandys  fays  that  Balaam's  Pethor,  rynonymous  to  Bethel,  is  named 
Rath  AlHat,  fo  in  Wales  are  many  Comahs  or  mounds  named  Raths, 
and  fo  called  in  Hiberno-Celtic.       Pczron  mentions  many  Spartan 
nfages  fimilar  to  Celtic ;  yet  I  fufpeft  them  in  both  places  to  have 
been  Titanian.     The  cuftom  of  leaving  the  upper  lip  unfhavcn  came 
from  the  eaft.     Twine  fays  the  female  garb  in  Wales  refembled  the 
Punic.     The   Univerfal   Hiftory   recites   many    Druidical   cuftoms 
fimilar  to  Phenician  and  Jewifh.      Indeed  as  the  great  Phentcian 
Deities  were  Baal  or  the  fun,  and  Aftartc  who  was  Luna  and  Lucina: 
fo  I  take  Stonehenge'the  great  tribunal  and  temple  of  the  ifland,  on 
the  Ambrofial  or  facred  mount,  to  have  related  to  the  fun  and  mooh; 
Betin  or  Bel-a-tu-Cadrus,  Bely  duw  Cadarn,  the  potent  God  ;  and 
Belifama,  the   holyGoddcfs  ;  as  the  name  of  the  ifle  of  Samos  ac- 
cording to  Diodorus    fignified   facred.       Its  plan  is  Scythian  •  for 
Scyths,  Getae  and  Perfians  attended  the  Titan  heroes  weftward;  and 
introduced  funereal  barrows,  which  are  of  high  antiquity.     The  30  . 
apertures  in  the  great  colonade  refpe^ed  the  days  in  the  Druidical 
aioftth  ;  the  40  circular  ftones  within  it  pro|>ably  refpeft  the  weeks 
in  Lucina's  period,  as  the  Mifleto  regarded  her:  or,  if  the  Druids 
did  not  (as  I  fufped)  obferve  Hebdomadal  periods,  40  Nundtnx, 
Into  which  the  360  days  of  the  year  were  divided.     The  five  Trili- 
tfeoM  alluded  to  the  five  intercalatory  days  ;    and  the  19  (tones  re« 
fatted  to  the  lunifoiar  cycle,  introduced  afterwards  into  Greece  by 
Mdbt^i  it  was  alluded  to  by  Apollo,  who  every  19  years  vifited  the 
JBfypcrboreans,  (aid  by  Pindar  to  refide  near  the  Happy  iflands. 
Thus  Stonehenge  was  probably  erefted  before  the  invention  of  the 
.Sochiac  period  :  the  Druids  probably  correfting  their  calendar  every 
19  years;  with  a  farther  correction  at  the  end  of  four  of  thofe  periods* 
The  Gaurs  and  Salii  celebratc-d  their  facred  feftivals  with  great  ex- 
ultation :  therefore  Selden  with  great  probability  derives  Adod  or 
Adad  (the  great  Phenician   Deity)  from  clamour  and  excitement* 
Ruftics  in  villages  imitated  thefe  exultations  in  their  Dithyrambics,  Heiych* 
'  accompanied  with   Orchefis  ;  hence  Thefpis,  Orchefticus*       Ovid        «»««•• 
mentions  the  clamour  of  the  Druids  about  the  Mifleto.     But  tragical 
brfolemh  tunes  were  ufed  in  incantations;  as  now  by  the  weftern 

A  a  a  Americans, 


36^  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  £     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  t. 

Americans,  and  by  the  Shamans  of  Siberia,  who  fing  difmal  tunes 
to  a  drum  with  brafs  and  iron  rings,  in  addrefling  their  Shaitan,  the 
Perfian  Sbitan,  Satan,  whom  the  northern  Scalds  adopted  from  the 
example  of  the  Ghaurs.  '  For  the  Druids  feem  rather  to  be  of  Per- 
fian origin,  than  Phenician,  tho'  under  Phenician  heroes  who  led 
Perfians,  Amazons,  Hyperboreans,  Sarmatians^  Cyclops,  Chalybes, 
and  Getae,  into  Europe;  where  the  Gaurs  ereQ;ed  their  Gothic 
temples,  blended  as  they  were  with  Phenicians  2  the  Thyrfagetae 
obferved  the  rites  of  Bacchus — I  take  TalieflTrn's  Prydyn  to  be  from 
Prydy  beauteous,  and  Yn  an  ifle:  Humphry  Lluyd  fays  that  Pryd 
is  white  :  conibnant  to  which'the  Gomri  named  the  ifland,  Inys  wen. 
White  ifland :  this  agrees  with  the  Leucon  Cherfon  in  the  Argon- 
autics  of  Onomacritus :  whence  probably  Albi^on ;  this  and  the 
Latin  Albus  being  probably  from  the  Hebrew  Alphen,  white.  So 
Pezron  fays  that  Alp  is  Celtic  for  white :  yet  others  fay  that  Alp  is 
Celtic  for  high  ;  and  Strabo  fays  the  Alps  were  firft  called  Albia  i 
North  Brition  was  named  Albania,  from  Alb  Ban,  high  hill,  or 
Alb-ain,  high  ifland :  the  people  were  called  Alban-Ich,  or  Acb, 
the  Highland  Clans.  In  the  Runic  Alphabet  fi  and  P  are  (imilar* 
As  to  the  giants  Albion  and  Belgion  or  Bergion^  whom  Ogmeon  (tbe 
Hercules  who  traverfed  Gaul  as  Lucian  writes)  fubdued,  Hocbsat 
Chan.  1. 41  fays  they  are  by  fome  named  Alebion  and  Dercyn. — Briuin»  if 
allied  to  Prydyn,  is  not  derived  from  any  word  whole  radical  letter 
i5  B  ,  for  the  Welfli  convert  not  a  radical  B  into  P  and  their  Prydatn 
in  Lowarch  Hen,  Pryd-ain  in  Pabo's  days,  Prydyn  in  TaliefliB^ 
cannot  come  from  the  Cambden's  Brith,  painted,  or  from  Whitacre's 
Brlth  and  Brit,  which  he  fays  primarily  fignifies  divided ;  fupported 
as  this  notion  is  by  the  poets. 

Toto  divifos  Orbc  Britannos. 

But  Britain  feems  to  have  no  relation  to  Prydyn,  but  to  be  de« 
rived  from  Baratanac. 


^ 


Comer's  defcendents  ufe  their  old  language  in  the  interiour  part# 

of 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  363 

of  Wales,  and  in  the  north  of  Scotland  :  for  their  fpeech  proves  the 
Pi£ts  to  be  Celtae,  if  not  efpecially  ancient  Britons:  who  (as  Solinus 
fays  of  the  Agathyrfi)  painted  themfelves  azure,  which  in.Welfh  is 
Glas  :  and  it  being  by  means  of  fea-ore,  of  which  glafs  is  made,  that 
manufaQure  had  its  denomination  from  that  colour  :  hence  Mela 
calls  it  Vitrum.  But  the  South  Britons,  who  foon  difufed  that 
praAice,  being  driven  by  the  Goths  (who  are  Cefar's  Gallic  Britons, 
miftaken  by  Pinkerton  for -ancient  Britons)  and  by  the  Romans  into 
Wales  and  Ireland  ;  and  the  language  of  thefe  laft  being  blended  ,  .  x 
with  foreign  words  from  Norway,  Spain,  Phenicia  and  elfewhere; 
for  Tacitus  obferves  that  commerce  made  frequent  vifits  to  the  Irifh 
ports ;  therefore  their  language  varied  much  from  the  Old  Celtic  in 
the  Highlands,  yet  originally  was  the  fame :  thus  the  WelQi  Mawr 
is  the  Erfe  More^  as  Glay  more  :  Dun  Can  is  white  fort :  the  i(le  of 
Moch  is  Buchanan's  Infula  Porcorum:  2jk,  Domus ;  buy,  yellow. 
Buchanan  fays  the  Scots  and  Pi6b  are  the  fame  people  as  the  Britons: 
but  John  Major  rightly  denies  this  as  ta  the  Scots,  yet  calls  them 
Irilh:  but  the  Scotch  were  a  Scythian  or  Gothic  race.  Of  the  Scotch 
J-crom  fays,  they  had  wives  in  common :  but  the  Celtae,  tho*  not  the 
Goths,  of  Germany  obferved  monogamy:  therefore  they  feem  to  be 
Belgic  Britons  and  Scotti  or  Ifcotti,  who  pra6Ufed  promifcuous 
copiibtion  The  Scotch  were  alfo  Cannibals,  as  were  the  Get»: 
andtbofe  Irifh  who  were  deemed  fo,  were  Goths  or  Scotch;  at 
Phjpcrtius  fays, 

Hiberniq;  Get«. 

"  Gambden  takes  the  Pifis  to  be  Britons.  Continuing  the  ufe  of 
paint  longer  than  others^  the  Romans  gave  them  thence  their  namc^ 
Claudian  lays, 

Nec  falfo  Nomine  PiSou 

Lucan  terms  the  Britons  in  general^  Caledonii ;   a  name  derived 
Irom  Gael  Dbyn ;  whicb^  like  Glyn  Dhyn,  the  derivation  of  London^ 

A  a  a  a  fignifies 


> 


864'  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  !• 

fignifies  Wood  Town,  Wotton.  Florus  calls  the  woods  adjoining 
to  the  Thames,  Caledonian.  Valerius  Flaccus  mentions  the  Calc 
donian  ocean.  Eumenius  on  Conftantine  blends  the  Caledonians 
and  Pifts  together:  but  Ammian  diftinguifhes  the  Di-calidones  from 
the  Scotti  and  Attacotti.       Keating  fays  the  Pifts  went  to  Scotland 

Brit.  Hid*  from  Ireland  in  Heremon's  reign:  and  that  Briotan  Maol,  Neimhid^s 
grandfon,  did  fo  long  before.  John  Lewis  fays  the  Scots  and  Pifls 
were  Britons ;  being  deceived  refpefting  the  Scots,  by  their  ufe  of 
many  Hiberno-Celtic  words.  Bede,  not  underftanding  their  language, 
thought  the  Pifts  different  from  Britons.  He  fays  the  Pifts  came 
from  Scandinavia,  named  by  the  Welfh  Lhych-lyn.  Indeed  Torfcus 
names  a  region  in  the  fouth  of  Norway,  Vik^ ;  ofwhiph  Olaus 
Magnus  fays,  Vichia  olim  Regnum.  Vic  in  Norwegian  is  a  bay  5 
in  Iflandic,  a  cape,  fee  Andreas.  But  the  language  of  the  Pitt* 
proves  them  to  be  Celtse  ;  thus  Edward  Lluyd  fays  that  in  Briiiflt 
books  the  Pifts  are  called  Gwydhelians,  which  is  a  name  of  the 
Celtae,  who  were  forefter-s.  Pinkerton  is  inclined  to  derive  the  Pifts 
Pehts  or  Pehs  from  the  Teutonic  Pheftan,  to  fight.  But  the  name 
may  relate  to  Pic  or  Peak,  and  be  Celto-Scythiian  from  Pic  and  Uw 
Of  Gwr,  men  of  the  Peaks,  Mountainers :  Pikland  is  Pentlandf, 
Headland.  Hence,  as  Pownal  dbferves,  they  may  be  the  Kuntftte 
of  Herodottis.  Some  of  the  Piks  feem  to  be  the  Y  Gwydhyl  ?\m^ 
tiaid  feid  by  Sir  John  Price  to  have  overrun  the  I(le  of  Man  in  the 
fixth  century.  Some  etymologife  Pifts  into  Vits,  Jutes:  but  the 
name  appears  more  akin  to  Vic,  Vicus,  from  their  living  in  com« 
panics  or  clans.  Pinkerton  deduces  the  Piks  from  the  Pici  men* 
tioned  by  Plautus,  and,  according  to  Nonnus,  the  Griffons  who 
were  at  war  with  the  Arimafpi.  He  thinks  they  inhabited  the  Illc 
of  Peiice  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube;  whence  as  Baftemae,  be  traces^ 
them,  in  Tacitus  and  Ptolemy,  to  the  Baltic.  In  the  Saxon  chro* 
nicle  the  Pifts  are  faid  to  come  from  Southern  Scythia:  indeed  the 
Dacae,  Getae,  Sarmatians,  Geloni  and  Agathyrii  coloured  their  bodies 

*"^  "'.  *'  ^^^^  azure  paint.  Geofry  of  Monmouth  fays  that  one  Rodric  led 
them  to  North  Britain  in  Vefpafian's  time  ;  and  that  one  Fulgeniu* 
led  othen  in  the  rcfgn  oi  Severus,  The  Scotti  were  termed  Milefian 

Spaniardsi 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  36^ 

Spaniards;  and  their  general  was  not  called  Mil  or  Milefius,  but 
Golamh  the  Milefian,  fireogan's  grandfon.  The;  Irifh  Hiftory  fays 
he  was  conten\porary  with  Neftanebus,  whom  it  counts  the  fifteenth 
Pharaoh  from  him  who  reigned  at  the  Exod,  and  called  there  Gin- 
gris,  or  rather  Chenchres.  Plato's  contemporary,  Eudoxus,  carried 
letters  to  Neftanebus  from  Agefilaus.  The  elder  Neftanebus  was 
only  fome  360  years  before  the  Incarnation;  the  laft  Neftanebus  was 
about  20  years  later. — Edward  Lluyd  fhews  us  many  old  Spaniih 
words  amongft  the  Irifh ;  but  they  feem  in  both  countries  moftly 
Gothic.  So  the  Irifh  Hiflory^  afferts  that  Ith,  the  uncle  of  Golamh, 
told  the  Irifh  that  their  language  was  preferved  in  his  family  :  and 
Irifh  writers  allow  that  the  Scots  in  Ireland  fpoke  the  fame  language 
as  the  Danifh  tribes  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  Ith's  grandaughter 
Tea"  founded  Thea  Mhuir  or  Tarjt.  The  Irifh  accounts  fay  that 
NiuPs  defcendent  Bratha^  great  grandfire  of  the  Mileftan  Golamh; 
went  from  Gothland  to  Spain.  This  leader  was  called  by  a  Celtic 
nanne  Gaedhal  Glas;  that  is  in  plain  Englifh,  the  Aziire  Celt.  All 
the  Northern  people  coated  themfelves  with  paint :  fo  Virgil  has 

Piftofq:  Gelonos-pidiq;  Agathyrfi. 

In  ^ain  they  probably  had  difufed  paint.     From  Spala  his  def^ 

cewknts  came  to  Irelaod. 

« 

The  Gangani  and  Luceni  in  Ireland  were  from  the  Concani  and 

Lucenfi  of  Spain,  or  Iberia,  a  name  alfo  of  Ireland,  according  to 

Ilidore:  it  is  derived  from  Ibris,  a  boundary;  fo  Gadir  is  Septum, 

confines.     Polybius  fays,  *'  the  Locrians  eflimated  'nobility  by  the 

feottle  liiie:"  and  Lycian  fesiales  were  heirs-,  as  amongfl  the  North- 

.Amcricafifi,  particularly  the  Hurons;  fo  it  is  not  improbable  that 

Ireland  was  named  fianba,  under  Woman.      Strabo  fays  that  female^i 

wcare  the  heirs  to  patramoaiial  eftates  in  Cantabria;  which  is  alfo  th^ 

ancient  Scouifh  ufage,     Diodoru*  Siculus  relates  that  the  inferiour 

fof*  of  Egyptians  allowed   fuperiority  to  their  wives.     Heraclides 

fays  tke  liyciar^s  were  originally  governed  by  women.     Nicholas  of 

I>amafcufi  fays,  tbeitr  daughters  Succeeded  to  the  inheritance;  and. 

the 


12. 


y 


gee.  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  t 

the  Sarmatians  obeyed  their  wives.  Bede  writes  that  the  Pitls  elected 

a  king  from  the  female  line.— —The  Milefians,  who  came  to  Ireland 

from  Spain,  proceeded  at  firft  from  Scythia  to  Gothland;  whence 

many  Gothic  words   (or  as   Edward  Lluyd   fpeaks,  Teutonic)  are 

blended  with  Hiberno-celtic:  as.  All,  all;  Geal,  coal;  Acar,  eager. 

To  Rowland  ^j^^.^^  ^^^^.  Adair^  adder;  D^//,  dull;  Acdh,  eye,  for  the  true  Celtic 

word  is  Suil,  the  Gallic  Ceil:  Aodh,  heat,  Belgice  Haud;  Cudh^  head ; 

Maidhdean,  maiden;  Sac^  a  fack;  Afal,  an  afe,  in  Belgic  Efel,  whence 

the  Latin  diminutive  Afellus;  the  Sclavonian  Ofel;  the  Welfh  is  Afyn, 

whence  Afinus.  Bean,  to  bang;  Sead,  fede*,  feat;  Fal,  a  wall;  Amad,  mad; 

Amerce'  is  from  Amhark,  Culpa;  Tam,  time..  Anadh,  need;  Aofla,  Aujl, 

old.    A ftray  from  y<y?r^m.  Alt,  vault.     C^^t/n,  capon.     5f/r,  bear, 

fero.     Dear,  a  tear.     Gamut,  camel.     Doras,  a  door.  Muin,  a  vine. 

Mathair,  mother,  rfiater.       Ail,  will,  hence  avail.       Maid,  wood. 

Fabhar,  favour.     Aibh  (aiv,  fimilitude)  Eve.  Diahheil,  Devil.  Aer, 

air.      Agha^  aghaft,  awe.      Ocein,  Aigein,  ocean.      Arrears  from 

Airedr,  to  fatisfy.     Ard  (airde)  hard,  arduus.     Airm,  arms.     Ait, 

pleafant,  hence  the  Flemifh  word  Highly,  Afcal,  in  German  Achfel, 

armpit,  axilla.     Athair,  father;  Atta  Greek  and  Gothic,  the  Cretan  ^ 

EitUs.     Bad,  boat.     Ba'ighin,  waggon.     Bailc,  Belgae,  bold;  Baic, 

ftout;  Balch  (Welfh)  arrogant.     Balla,  a  wall.     Bann,  an  interdiO. 

Bar,  filius,  hence  Beam  (as  from  fhoe,  fhoen)  in  Saxon.     £ai^  ^ 

bat  or   (lick.      Bearla,   parley.      Beajlin,    bead.      Braori^   brows. 

Brathair^  brother,  frater.      Beathra,  water,  hence   bathe.      Baeh^ 

cbriety,  hence  Bacchus.     Beilt,  belt.     Beim,  a  beam.     Bine,  fine, 

bene.  So  of  other  initials,  as  Cuihet^  covet.  Ceall^  kil,  a  cell.  Gial^ 

gill.  Stad^  (lay.  Sort,  fort. 

The  Goths,  originally  a  different  people  from  the  proper  Celts^ 
by  mixing  with  them  formed  the  Celto-Scythians;  and  both  their 
manners  and  languages  received  reciprocal  commutations.  Thus 
Woden,  wliofe  firname  Uggur,  OgGwr  (igniges  in  Celtic  potent  man, 
introduced  Jthe  cuflom  of  burying  or  burning  the  moveables  of  a 
dead  perfon  with  his  corpfe,  and  the  ercftion  of  vafl  Tumuli  over 
the  fepulchres  of  princes,  with  infcriptions  on  (lone,  and  circular 
temples  of  ftone«  Woden  (who  had  alfo  the  name  of  Balder,  from 

hawl; 


•^ 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVE    MlSTORV.  8^7 

bawl;  as  Galldur,  Magia  is  from  Gale,  call,  invoke,  inchant;  and 
from  Woden  may  come  Wod,  mad)  dealt  in  magic,  and  held  the 
foul's  immortality  like  the  Druids;  both  probably  after  the  Perfian 
Zabii.  He  alfo  offered  human  viftims.  Thefe  praflices  and  rites  the 
Celtae  adopted  from  their  Gothic  invaders.  Equivalent  to  the  Celtic 
title  of  Oggur,  Woden  was  namec^  Siggi,  Saxon  for  viStor.  Hence 
Paufanias  calls  Minerva,  Siga:  yet  O^ur^  confidered  as  one  word,  is 
in  Iflandic  Fretum;  which  alfo  applies  to  Noah  as  the  primitive 
Oceanus,  Ogen  or  Ocein. 

But  there  are  (uppofed  to  have  been  three  or  four  Wodens; 
the  primitive  Oden  is  Noah;  the  number  of  defcents  in  Henry  the 
fecond's  pedigree  from  Shem  to  Woden,  and  from  him  to  Ina,  are 
fo  few,  that  two  Wodens  feem  to  be  there  confounded  together; 
one  is  fet  in  the  time  of  Pompey;  one  older  is  deemed  a  defcendent 
of  Saturn  or  Ham;  hence  like  Adonis  or  Mifor  he  was  wounded  by 
a  boar.  Another,  from  his  name  AHanus  or  Affis,  feems  Afeth, 
Seth,  Typhon:  the  Titans  had  conneftions  with  the  Getae,  and  re- 
tired to  their  ftrong-hold  Keira;  they  were  in  Europe  prior  to 
Sefoftris.  The  turban  ivorn  by  Irifh  females  proves  their  relation  to 
Turks  and  Tartars;  tho*  the  German  Goths  probably  came  to  Eu- 
rope before  the  introduftion  of  that  article  of  drefs.— — The  Irifh 
accounts  fay,  the  Milefians  refided  in  Gothland  during  eight  gene- 
rations or  three  centuries.  Having  migrated  thence  to  Spain,  they 
tbeace  came  to  Ireland  about  the  time  of  Gurguntius  as  Girald  Barry 
aflerts.  But  Partholaim,  tho'  related  to  thefe,  yet  was  long  before 
before  them-,  and  therefore  is  wrongly  confounded  with  them.  For 
inftance,  CaAtalupe's  hiftory  of  Cambridge  fays,  Partholaim  a  prince 
of  Cantabria  was  perniitted,  by  Gurgunt  fon  of  Belin  of  Britain,  to 
fettle  in  Ireland.  Nennius  fays,  **  Partholaim  and  his  adherents 
foon  died  of  a  peftilence.'*  But  he  writes  fabuloufly  of  his  Spanifh 
fuccefTors;  yet  rightly  afferts  the  Scots  to  be  (originally)  Scythisjins; 
who  are  moflly  Shemites,  but  intermixt  with  Japhef's  line  in  the 
North;  and  with  Ham's  in  the  South:  hence  came  the  name  of  Ar^ 
cott,  Goth's  fort*  Sir  James  Ware  fays  the  Dutch  call  both  Scot* 
'  and  Scythians,  Scutten,  which  fignifies  to  fhoot.     But  Scotti,  Ifcotti, 

are 


^ 


§68  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  «. 

are  Gottis,  H  being  an  afpirate,  and  G  commutable  with  C,  Is  is  a 
man,  IfTa  fignifies  inferiour;  hence  Ifcotti  mean  Gothic  mentor  infe- 
riour  Goths.  Procopius  of  the  Gothic  war  ftiles  the  Alpes  Cottiae, 
V.  455.  H'AovTtai :  Dionyfius  Periegetes  names  Gadira,  KonvovC^  the  Gothic 
ifle.  In  Britain  they  were  the  Attacotti,  diRinguifhed  by  Ammian 
from  the   Caledonians,  who  as  Eumenius   obferves  were    Pifts  or 

Celtae. The  anceftors,  of  thefe  Milefians  went  from  the  North  of 

Europe  down  into  Spain,  after  Woden  had  led  his  Goths  thro*  all 
Europe  to  Belgium  and  the  Cimbric  Cherfonefus:  whence  thefe  new- 
comers into  Spain  from  Jutland,  had  the  name  of  Goths  likewife,  tho* 
their  language  partook  much  of  the  Celtic;  yet,  as  Edward  Lluyd 
tells  Rowland,  it  was  more   tinflured  with  Teutonic  (by  which   he 
means  Belgic  or  Gothic)  than  the  Welfh.     The  Goths  were  Getas, 
MaflTagetae,  Dacians,  or  Daae  from  the  confines  of  Margiana  and 
Baflriana,  fee  Strabo.     They  fell  down  into  Carmania,  as  wejl    as 
T^oved  into  Germany;  and  thro'  Carmania  into  Anatolia   and  Dur- 
guti  and  Kut-aia;  founding  Coty-aeum;  alfo  Cot-atis    in   Georgia; 
hence  Hefychius  calls  the  Sindi  of  Thrace,  Gens  Indica;  and  hence 
many  Perfian  words  fimilar  to  Gothic;  hence  alfo  Varro,  in  Pliny, 
finds  Perfians  in  Spain;  for  Hercules  led  Dorians  to  thofe  coaftsj  and 
Strabo   fays  the  Dorians  were   Perfians.      The  Goths  and  /ndo- 
Scythians  (whence    Hefychius    calls  Scythia,  Sindia;  and    Prifcian 
found  Scythians  on  the  Indus;  and  Cuthaia  is  Gothland;  Calcutta, 
the  Gothic  bill;  and  the  Pafcal  chronicle  mentions  Scyths  in  Perfia) 
were  not  fo  civilized,  according  to  Ptolemy,  as  the  Chomarians  of 
Baftriana.  Mela  mentions  the  MafTagetae  above  the  Cafpian  fea,  next 
to  the  Chomari,  who  lived  more    towards  the   North :  Hence  the 
Greeks  named  them  Chimerians  and  Cimmerians.       Herodotus  dif- 
tinguifhes  the  Cimmerians  (that  is  Celto-fcythians)  and  the  Scythians 
from  the  Maffagetae;  yet   deems  them  all  neighbours.     Strabo  fays 
the  Scythian  Nomades  fed  on  mare's  milk  and  were  of  high   integ- 
rity; but  from  what  is  faid,  he   means  the  Celto-fcythians,  who  had 
imbibed  the  mild  manners  of  the  Cimmerians.  The  MafTagetae  were 
fo  favage  as  to  deftroy  their  parents  in  old  age.  Strabo,  who  fays  the 
Daae  and  Getae  had  the  fame  language,  places  the   Maffagetae  and 
Sacae,   deemed   Scythians  by  Pliny »   beyond  the   Daae    eaOward. 

Ptolemy 


3«  1* 


4»  II* 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  J  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  569 

Ptolemy  fets  them  where  Balk  is  at  prefent.     Pliny   fays    the    Saca? 

were   anciently    Arameans.     The    youngeft  Woden's  pedigree    is 

deduced  from  Shem.  Abydenus  and  Syncellus  faj  the  Germans  were 

Shemites:  hence    the  numerous   Hebrew    words    akin   to    Gothic,   Mona. 

brought  by   Shcm's  iffue  into    Canaan:  as  Gehel,  coal;  Phar,  bear. 

Evil,   evil;  Dum,  dumb-, 'Haras,   harafs;  Shibbar,     (hiver;    Parak^ 

break.     The  Chomarians  of  Baftriana  feem  to  be  exiles  from  Par- 

thia  in  the  time  of  Sefoftris  and  Jandyfus,  mentioned  by  Arrian  in 

Photius.     Tribes  of  thefe  may  have  moved  Southward  and  joined 

Getae,  and  adopted  their  manners.  But  the  Maflagetae,  Getae,  Goths, 

became  in  Gaul  ^the  Galli  Bracchati,  like  the  Arayrgians  or  Mar- 

gians  of  Herodotus.     Ovid  fays,  Elcg.4. 6u 

Bracchataque  Turba,  Getarum-, 
And — Pcrfica  Braccha  tegit: 

Perfius  mentions  the  Medi  Bracchati.  Goths  fignify  veterans;  fo  sat.  3. 
Oraii;  fo  Artaei,  the  name  given  by  Hefyehius  to  the  anciclit  Per- 
sians :   yet  that  name  may  be  derived  from  the  Irifli  Art,  a  tent.— 
Ovid  fays  truly  that  Greek  is^  blended  with  Gothic;    for  fcveral 
Greek  and  likewife  Latin  words  are  (imilar  to  Gothrc:  as  ITt;^,  fire; 
YdoTj   water-,    Kuon,  hound;  thel'e  words  Plato    traced  to  Phrygian 
aid)^,   year;  Uper,  overj  Hera  is  from  the  Teutonic   Heer.  in 
the  Iflandic  diale£l  we  find  CEdie  related  to  ffivj,  Mos:  Ave,  Avu&.  Hicks*  Tknr 
Afur,  amor.     Akur,  ager.    Argus,  a^yog,  piger.    Afne,  afinus.  Aufa, 
ta  haufta;  boon,  bgnunu     Dyn,  Tono.    Drag,  trabo.    £1,  ala  Am, 
furo*     Er,    aro;    hence  Erd,  earth.      Eat,  edo.      Fata,    a  fat,    vas. 
Float,  fluit.     Howl,  ululo.     Hauft,.  aeftus.     Ir,  irruo.     Juck,  JuSi 
Kier„  Charus.     Kiel    Gelu.     Kin,    Genus.     Cheft,    Cifta.     Clcfe, 
con-clave,  a  clave.     Kona,  yvyv^*     Ledia,    Lutum,  Magur,   macen 
Me,  me,    Myg,  meib^  Mir,  mordeo.    Moufe,  mus.    Nighty  No6le. 
J«Jafu,  nomen.     Os,  Oftium.     Penne,  Pcnna.     Rofc    Rofa.    Scat» 
iSedes.      Sed,  Satio.      Sign,  figno.     Stada,  Statio.     Stryd,  Stridor^ 
Taa,  Taaus.    That,  id.    Theige,  taceo.     Then,  tendo.    Thu,  tu^ 
Ude,  udus.    Boil,  ebullio.    Wade;  vado.     Vil,  volo.     Voor,  ver, 
Wife^   Marfhal  and  Hicks  affirm  that  the  dual  Number  is  common 

B  b  b  to 


^ 


370    -^  PRIMITIVE     H  I S  t  O  R  Y-  (Book  a 

to  the  Greeks  and  Goths.     Anacharfis  denominated  the  Greeks, 

Clem.  I.  scythic;  that  is  Gothic:  a  name  that,  altho'  Clerk  on  Hefiod  affirms 
otrom.  !•        ' 

"  Cot  to  be  Phenician  for  a  Wrangler;'*  and  in  New  Holland  Cotta 

is  a  dog,  is  derived  from  Cott  or  Goth,   Welfti  for  ancient,  veteran. 
Hen  Uri  from  which  reverfcd  comes  Uranus,  the  venerable  An- 
ceftoroftheTitansj  for  Hen  fignifies  alfo  the  dignity  accompanying 
feniority,  as  Senators,  Sanhedrim,  Seigneur,  Senefchal,  Alderman, 
Elders:   fo  the  Druids  had  the  title  of  Senani.    Thro*  the  title  of 
.     Hen,  Bel  became  Bclin,  Balen,  Bel  Hen,  fupreme  Bel:  and  Co- 
Hen,  the  Arabic  Cahcn,  is  a  Hierach5  hence  the  Cabiric  Goes  of 
Hefychius.  Cohen,  and  Goes  differ  no  more  than  the  Englifh  Houfen 
and  Houfes:  fo.Golh  is  the  fupreme  God  himfelf,  ancient  of  days^ 
Cotti  or  Goths  are  names  of  the  fame  Import  as  Heneti,  a  name  de- 
rived from  Hen,   Old:  fo  Tyr-hcni  is  from  Tyr  Hen,    Old  Land. 
Sherringham  fays  that  Woden's  followers  were  called  veterans.  Thus 
Archeolbg.  ^^^  place  called  corruptly  Kitty  Cot's  Houfe,  means  the  place  of  the 
7- 167    Old  Man's  Vifionv  Cith  being  a  Vifion.     OJd  in  the  Zingara  lan- 
guage is  Cofhta.  Ammian  (15)  finds  Cotti  on  the  Weftern  fide  of  the 
Alps*     There  were  Cotti  who  occupied  the  regions  between  the 
Rhine  and  the  Hartzian  hills.       Cotta  is  not  only  a  Roman  name, 
but  a  PerCan:  the  brother  of  Briarcus  was  Cottus:  Cotys  was  the  /t- 
cond  king  of  Lydia:  a  Hill  in    Mauritania  was  named  Coiiai«<— 
Arrian's  Periplusbas  Cottiaraat  the  Indian  cape.    Strabo,  Scotoufa 
In  Pelafgian  Theffaly;   and  fays  that  the  Edon^of  the  Hebrus  cele- 
brated  Cotys;  that   is  Is  Goth-,   tome  Gothic   prince.— The    Poet 
Dionyfius  fays,   the  Iberi  colonize4  thofe  Weftern  iflands  that  pro- 
duce  Tin.     The  Southern  Irifh  refemble  Spaniards  in   their  lank 
I,.  II*    ftature  and  long  vifage.      The  Iberians,  as  Strabo  writes,  were  di- 
vided into  pefmanent  claffes,  like  the  Egyptian^:  thus  the  manners 
of  Egypt  inculcated  at  Cholchis,  may  have  been  at  length  received 
in  .Spain:  the  ports  of  which  the  Phenicians  ufed  in  their  way  to  the 
Britifh  iflesi    this  introduced  the  Spaniards  to  an  acquaintance  with 
Ireland.     Thus  it  is    probable  that  the    laft  king  of  the  Firbolgt 
married  a  Spanifh  lady  as  recorded.     Tacitus  concludes  that  Iben«» 
mis  come  from  Spain  to  Britain. 

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Chap.  5-)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  371 

There  is  fomc  ciccount,  and  not  improbable,  that  before  Partho- 
laim's  arrival  in  Ireland,  1002  years  after  the  flood,  Fifhennen  in- 
habited it  two  centuries.  At  his  landing  tbcy  were  under  Ciocal, 
fon  of  Nil,  fon  of  Garv,  fon  of  Uad'nioir, 

Ciocal  had  landed  there  with  300  men  and  their  wives  in  fix  fliips. 
Partholaim  was  three  generations  after  Niul ;  whom,  tho'  deemed 
Magog's  great  grandfon,  even  Irifli  accounts  place  in  the  time  of 
the  Exod  ;  and  with  appearance  of  truth,  according  to  the  fuppofed 
date  of  that  event.  But  Pharaoh  Gingris  was,  according  to  Julius 
Pollux,  the  fon  of  Cinyras  ;  that  is  he  was  the  EgyptiaA  Dionyfius 
coeval  with  Amphyftion:  therefore  Niul  was  coeval  with  them  ; 
being  the  fon-in-law  of  Gingris,  who  if  he  was  Dionyfius,  explored 
all  the  European  Continent  himfelf.  This  Magog  or  rather  Magus^ 
was  not  Japhet's  fon,  but  the  founder  of  Moguntia,  and  fon  of  Dis 
fon  of  Mannus,  fon  of  Tuitho.  While  Acmon  the  other  fon  of- 
Mannus  founded  the  family  of  the  Titans,  being  the  father  of  Uranus; 
Dis  proceeded  weft  ward  and  became  the  Celtic  Pluto  :  in  Photius 
he  is  faid  to  have  been  wounded  by  the  Egyptian  Hercules,  Ofor- 
chon  or  Tarchon  -,  unlefs  we  fuppofe  this  Pluto  to  be  Japet.  Par- 
tholaim was  the  brother  of  that  Tait  who  was  the  great  grandfire  of 
Ncmedius  ;  and  feventh  in  defcent  from  Magus  or  Magog  :  a  name 
akin  to  Mage,  which  like  Bolg  and  Cres,  fignifies  belly. 

The  Firbolgs  are  plainly  Viri  Belgae,  who  arrived  at  the  N.  W. 
of  Conaucht  under  Slaingc  the  T2th  defcendent  from  Nemedius: 
who  came  from  theEuxine  217  years  before:  having  paffed  by' cer- 
tain mountains  on  their  left,  which  feem  to  be  the  Carpathian  hills. 
The  Irifh  accounts  fay  Nemedius  himfelf  came  to  Ireland  •,  and  an 
African  Force  expelled  his  grandfons  to  Scotland  and  Denmark. 
Firgaili  or  Viri  Galli,  that  is  Celts  or  Gauls  cSme  with  the  Firbolgs  . 
or  Belgae,  who  were  Goths  :  Whitacre  derives  Belgae  from  Balk, 
mighty:  as  the  Welch  (tho*  moftly  Gomerians)  have  that  name 
from  Balch,  arrogant :  Hornius  derives  Belg  from  Peleg:  as  Salmafius 
<lerives  Grec  from  Ragau,  Peleg's  fon.     Yet  Belgae  may  be  from 

Bbba  Balg, 


I 


07*  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

Balgj  a  fcholar ;    as  lioli,  from  Eol,  fcience.     But  mod  probably 
Belgae  and  Sacae  were  named  from  Bolg  and  Sac  (their  bags  to  hold 
plunder)  at  leaft  by  their  enemies;  whilft  Balk  and  Gallu^  Might,  were 
the   roots  from  whence  they  deduced  their  own  titles :  from  Balk 
comes  the  Belcac  of  Mela,  for  Belgae.     Ptolemy  fets  the  Maffagetae 
where  Balk  now  is.     Cefar  fays,  the  Belgae  from  Germany  difplaced 
the  Gauls;  by  whom  he  means  the  ancient  Celtae  :  but  as  to  Galli, 
tho'  derived  ufually  from  Gael,  I  take  it  to  be  from  Gallu^  niight, 
and  a  verfion  of  Balk:  from  Gallu  came  gallant.     Richard  of  Ciren- 
cefter  fays  that  about  the  year  A.  C.  350  the  Belgae  intruded  on  the 
Britons.     Divitiacus  brought  over  Belgic  reinforcements,  and  fub- 
dued  moft  part  of  the  idand.      The  great  grandfon  of  Geanann^ 
Slainge's  brother,  reigned  at  the  advent  of  the  Danes  or  Danans, 
'  fiippofed  defcendents  of  Jobhath  a  great  grandfon  of  Nemedius : 
thefe  arrived  there  37  years  after  the  Firbolgs;  and  held  the  ifland 
197  years  I   when  the  Milefian3  about  the  time  of  Neftanebus  ob* 
tained  the  fovereignty  5    foon.  after  Broegaa'&  fon  Ith  the  uncle  of 
the  Milefian  Gallamh  h^  explored  Ireland,  in  the  time  of  the  fons 
of  Cearmada  the  coufin  German  of  Danan«    This  Broegan  fon  of 
Bratha  is  accounted  the  founder  of  the  Brigantes  and  of  the  city 
X.  n.     Braganza..-^-— Strabo  means  the  fame,as  Celar  above  when  he  Wji 
the  Cimmerians  were  diflodged  by  Scythians ;  that  is  Goths. 

Before  navigation  or  tranfits  over  large   rivers,  the  firft  colonies 

followed  the  courfe  of  countries  along  the  fertile  banks  of  rivers,  and 

between  great  waters,  barren. mountains  and  other  reftraints,  Gomer's 

race  probably  extended  themfelves  between  the  Cafpian  and  Euxine 

fcas ;    next,  between  the   Don  and  Wolga  :  then  turning  weftward 

thro'  Mufcovy,  fo  called  from  Mefcch  his  brother,  attained  Poland 

between  Borifthenes  and  the  Duna  ;  and  pafTed  between  the  Weifel 

and  Neifter,  founding  the  town  Komara  at  the  head  of  the  latter: 

and  leaving  the  Carpathian  mountains  on  the  left,  they  proceeded  to 

Bohemia;  next,  on  one  hand  where  the  Danube  was  paflable,  turning 

fouthward,  they  founded  another  Comara.between  Buda  and  Vienna: 

on  thje  other  hand  they  pufhed  into  Jutland  (as  the  Goths  did  afler* 

wardvj  between  the  Oder  and  the  Elbe  j    beyond  which  laft  Strabo 

iays 


Chap.  50  PRIMITI  Vfi    H  is  t  Oil  V.    '  J7J 

fays  the  Romans  had  little   knowledge :  fo  tliat  Norway  fo  greatly 
intercepted  as  it  is  from  the  reft  of  Europe  by  the  Baltic,  appeared  . 

to  be   an  ifland ;    as  Solinus  defcribes  Scandinavia  to  be. That 

this  was,    thro'  the  intervention  of  natural  obftacles,  the  neceflary 
rout  of  the  firft  fettlers  appears  hence:  Herodotus  writes  that  the  Scy-  ^.  m 
thians  (that  is,  thofe  who  dwelt  between  the  Borifthenes  and  the 
Danube,  a  country  out  of  the   track  of  thofe  who  formerly  extended     ^ 
themfelves  above  the  Borifthenes)  held  their  nation  the  moft' modern 
of  any :  that  Targitaus  firft  occupied  their  country  then   a  defert. 
'  He  is  Strabo's  Tearcho,  who  marched  as  far  as  the  Herculean  pillars, 
and  was  in  faft  their  ereftor,  and  the  Tarchon  of  Suidas  and  Solinus^ 
coeval  with  Cecrops,  Atlas  and  Marfyas;  that  is  Chon  or  Chun  of 
Tyre,  from  whom  part  of  Italy,  was  called  Chonia«      His  title  Mar*, 
cufanus  comes  from  Marchuis  Gothic  for  caftle.     He  went  from  Shcrringham 
Spain  thro*  the  north  of  Europe,  became  famous  in  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many.    Strabo  (ays  he  led  an  army  ta  Thrace  and  Pontus.   .There  15* 
is  a  town  in  Hungary  named  Choniad.     The  Sicilian  Promontory 
was  called  Pa-chunos  from  him;    who  invented  watch-towers  called  Bochart 
Bachons,  Beacons,     fiannier  fays  he  was  Agenor :  Plutarch's  Sym- 
{K>fiacs  mention  the  adoration  of  Agenor  at  Tyre  as  being  their  firft 
phyfician  :  in  Amatorio  he  fays  Hercules  was  a  phyfi^cian  and  cured 
Alceftis.     Hungary  and  Tranfylvania  (occupied  by  the  Huns,  who, 
as  Ammian  (31)  and  Procopius  ftiew,   anciently  dwelt  between  the 
mouth  of  t**e  Don  and  Wolga)  lying  between  the  Neifter  and  Danube, 
Jmd  probably  thro*  negled  become  the  rendefvous  of  Banditti  who 
demanded  a  Hercules  to  reform  the  country.  Yet  I  think  his  name 
was  Chun,  akin  to  the  Turkifh  Giun,^  Sol:  Chon  fignifies  th^  moon, 
and  beloqgs  to  the  companion  of  this  Hercules,  namely  Aftarte, 
who  with  Saturn  joined  in  this  expedition:  and  was  the  Minerva  who 
gave  her  name  to  Athens  ;  and  the  Belifama  of  Gaul,  a  name  figni- 
lying  facred  lady;  as  doth  Semiramis.     In  honour  of  her  the  Lake 
^machon  in  Paleftine  probably  had  its  name. 


Ammian  fays  he  led  Dorians.     Strabo  8.  fays  the  Dorians^  were 
Perfians:  in  fa£t  they  were  Getae:  the  Titans  feem  to  have  removed 

bodies 


^74  P  R  I  M  I   T  -I  V  E     HISTORY.  (Book  2 

bodies  of  people  to  diftant  places,  to  introduce  arts.  Thus  an  Iflc 
in  the  Baykal  lake  was  named  Olchon-,  a  river  near  it  Orchon;  the 
river  between  the  Ruffians  and  Chinefe  was  called  Saratzin  from  the 
new  Moon:  near  Cazan  two  Tribes  who  fpeak  a  peculiar  language, 
adore  a  Bull,  like  the  Egyptians.  Owing  to  the  late  colonization  of 
Hungary^  their  language  in  numerous  inftances  differs  both  from  the 
Celtic  and  Gothic.  Thus  White  in  Gothic  is  Huit;  in  Danifli,  Huid; 
in  Belgic,  Wit:  in  German,  Weis:  in  Spanifli  it  is  Blanco;  in  Gallic, 
Blanc;  in  Latin  it  is  Albus;  in  Hebrew,  Alphenj  in  Greek  Leucosi 
in  Welfh  it  is  Gwyji;  in  Irifh,  Fin,  Banj  in  Manks,Ben:  in  Scla- 
vonian  it  is  Beel,  whence  perhaps  j&^/f,  in  Polifh,  Bialy;  in  Turkifh, 
it  is  Akj  in  Hungarian,  it  is  Ftir\  whence  perhaps  Fair,  both  akin 
to  the  Hebrew  Pheer — The  Englifh  Ear  is  akin  to  the  Latin  Auris; 
as  the  Greek  Ous  is  to  the  Ruffian  Oufe,  the  Bohemian  UfE;  yet 
the  Hungarian  Feul  and  Laponic  Pealle,  feem  related  to  the  Englifh 
peal,  appeal,  and  the  Latin  Appello;  and  to  call^  the  Greek  nahim 
So  Baculus  a  (lick  is  in  Sclavonian  Paliza,  in  Hungarian  Paleza, 
both  akin  to  the  Spanifli  Palo,  and  the  Englifli  pale:  from  the  Iflaodic 
Kafla,  a  cudgel,  came  the  old  Flemifli  Caffle;  as  beat  comes  from 
Bat,-  Irifli  for  ftafF.  Let  me  obferve  that  probably  a  great  variatJioA 
of  languages  after  the  feparation  of  men,  arofe  from  one  company 
cxpreffing  an  idea  by  one  term,  another  by  a  term  fynonymous  toil 
in  the  Original  tongue:  as  if  a  foreigner  afk  what  colour  Albus  was 
called,  one  perfon  fhould  fay  a  white  colour;  another,  a  light  hue; 
another,  a  candid  tinge;  another,  a  filver  dye;  another,  «  fair  var^ 
nifli;  another,  a  bright  lacker.  He  would  think  Britain  peopled  by 
as  motley  a  medley  as  it  is  reprefented  in  the  True-born  Engliftiraan. 
•  If  you,  my  reader!  on  being  afked  what  fliips  fail  upon  fiiould  fay 
the  main;  I,  the  ocean;  another,  the  fea,  or  the  tide,  or  the  water, 
would  any  ftranger  think  our  language  the  fame?  Thus  one  Cambrian 
may  fay  a  boy  is  in  Welfh,  Maccwy;  another,  Bachgen,  which  is  a 
metaphor  from  a  little  chin.  So,  as  Kru  and  Full  are  fynonymous 
words  in  the  Irifh  tongue,  fignifying  blood;  Kray  and  Guaed  are  fo 
in  theWelfh;  Cruor  and  Sanguis  in  Latin;  Gore  and  blood  in  Englifli: 
Gore  and  the  Hungarian  Veer  may   have  came  from  the  Celtic 

Guyar, 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVE    HI  SfdltY.  ^fs 

Guyar,  which  alfo  is  blood,  as  is  th^  Irifli  Keara.  The  German 
Krieg,  war,  whence  the  old  Flemifli  Grig  fignifies  outcry;  in  Belgic 
Criich,  whence  fcreech;  as  the  Danifh  Stryd,  Stridor;  the  Hanga-* 
rian  Had,  war,  is  akin  to  the  Wel(h  K4d,  fight.  Inflead  of  faying 
to  reach,  the  old  Flemifh  word  in  Wales  is  to  till,  from  the  Greek 
T/AA«:  and  their  Foor,  furrow,  is  the  Greek  Phwr:  their  Buffecky, 
broken-bellied,  is  from  theTurkifh  BufTuck,  broken:  and  their  Den, 
Dies,  is  the  Bohemian.  They  call  a  handful  of  ears  of  corn,  a 
Zangle;  but  Zancle  in  old  Sicilian  was  a  fickle.  But  as  to  difference 
of  dialed,  it  might  arife  from  climate,  diet,  ftammering,  lifping, 
rufticity,  affeftation,  mifconception,  and  other  reafons.  A  perfon 
may  not  pronounce  gloffary,  tho*  able  to  exprefs  polyglot:  Cook,  in 
the  South  Seas  was  pronounced  Toot.  I  will  add  that  words  ap- 
pearing fynonymous,  had  probably  at  firft  fome  diverfity  of  fenfe,  m 
to  the  qualities  and  circumftances  of  the  things;  as  tame,  wild,  old, 
young,  big,  little,  blue,  red:  thus  epithets  were  implied  in  the 
fubftantives;  as  Catulus,  a  little  dog;  Dwarf,  a  little  man ;  Giant,  a 
big  man;  Negroe,  a  black  man;  the  Arabic  and  Chinefe  abound  with 
inftances;  both  languages  being  exceedingly  copious,  yet  wonder- 
fully limple:  the  Arabic  had  looo  terms  refpefting  a  fword;  500, 
regarding.  alioi>;  200,  expreffive  of  a  ferpent:  the  Manx:hews  call  a 
fivaggy  dog,  Taya;  one  with  long  ears,  Yolo:  So  have  we  particular 
tcnmto  diftinguifli  different  qualities  in  dogs,  as  cur,  terrier,  fpaniel, 
mafli^i  hound,  greyhound.  But  to  fele6l  another  inftance  of  the 
Hungarian,  day  in  Wellh  is  Dydhj  in  Irifh  and  iSpanifh,  Dia;  inr 
Dutch  and  Sazon,  D«ch ;  in  Danifh,  Dag;  in  German,  Tag ;  in 
Gothic,  Dags;  in  Latin,  Dies;  in  Crete,  Dia;  in  Stlavonian,  Dan; 
m  Bohemian  and  in  Pembrokefhire,  Den;  in  Dalmatian,  Daan;  in 
the  iflc  of  Ceylon,  Dina;  in  Siam,  Van;  in  Cantabrian,  Eguna;  in 
Turkifh,  Gun,  Giun;  in  Arabia,  Yum:  in  Finland,  Peiva;  in  Hun^ 
gary  it  is  Nap:  the  Italian  Giorno,  the  French  Jour,  the  Latin  ad^ 
icftive  Diurnus,  are  from  the  Welfh  Diurnod,  like  the  Cornifh 
Dzyrna;  in  Greek  Hcmera.  I  think  this  Greek  word  is  from  Mar, 
^Ij  fee  the  explanation  of  Theban  Names  of  king*  in  Eratoflhcnes. 
The  alterations  that  words  gradually  undergo  is  furprizing:  Edward 

Llnyd 


27«  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

Lluvd  tells  his  friend  Rowland  that  Sum7nfr ^nd  //^proceeded  from 
the  fame  root:  vowels  were  oftTuiiftituted  for  one  another;  S  is  a 
prepofitive,  a^s  Septem.  Hepta;  and  M  is  fubftituted  for  F,  as  Mon, 
fon:  but  Mer  (whence  Mare)  fignifies  tide,  as  noon  tide,  even  tide^ 
Shrovetide.  Lord  Monboddo  plainly  fhews  that  the  Englifli  word 
Stranger  came  from  the  Latin  prepofition  Ex;  whence  Extra,  Ex- 
traneus  and  the  French  Eftranger. 

The  great  tide  of  people  pouring  towards  the  Weft,  as  if  follow* 
ing  the  Sun,  at  length  reverted  towards  the  Eaft.     To  events  of  this 
fort  in  the  time  of  Midas,  Sefoftris,  Pfammeticus  and  Brennus,  let 
me  add  that  lornandes  tells  us,  Filmcr,  fifth  king  of  the  Goths  aftef 
Berig,  not  only   proceeded    to   the    Pontus,    but    croft  the  Oby 
into  Scythia  from  the  ifle    of    Scanzia;    and    hence  Tartars    are 
found    not    only    between    the    Ttir    and    Tobol;    but    on    the 
Tzulim  between  the  Oby  and  Jennefey;  where  the  huts    arc  half 
funk  in  the  ground  with  a  hole  a  top,  a  fire  in   the   centre,  and 
benches  to  lie  or  fit  on  around;  a  mode  (fays  Bell)  prevalent  from 
Lapland  to  the  Eaftern  ocean:  The  Tzulim  tongue  is  partly  Arabic; 
and  the  Tongufian  tongue  is  the  fame  as  the  Calmuck.  Other  Goths 
l)iodoni8      ^^"^  ^  I>acia,  Thrace  and  Maefia,  under  a  Zamolxis,  who  enaftcd 
his  laws  in  Vefta's  name,  and  whofe  literature  is  attefted   by  many 
hiftorians,  calling  him  their  third  Philofopher;  the  firft  being  Zeut, 
doubtlefs  Theus,  Tuitho:  the    fecond  Dicenaeus,  that  is   Dis  Hen, 
Old  Dis:  but  I  have  faid   the  original  Zamolxis  was  Ham;  alfo  that 
Hen  fignifies  both  age  and  veneration  attending   it,  as  Senator:   fo 
Ur  Hen,   Uranus,  is  Vir  Summus,  rather   than   Senex;  Co-hen,  a 
Hierarch  ;  Bel  Hen,  Belin,  the  chief  lord,    fee   Tertullian:     and 
Penin,  Pen  Hen,  was   chief  head,  or  chan,  lord  paramount:  the 
Saxon  Nocca  was  Nick  Hen,  Old  Nick.    Hen,  with  the  prepofitive 
S,  is  the  Sean  of  Saint  Kilda,  and  the  Chinefe  Shan  or  Chan.     So 
Criona  in  Irifli  is  fage,  as  well  as  old;  hence  K^/vw    Indico.      Suidas 
and  Hefychius  fhew  that  OgygiuS,  which  figuratively  fignified  anci- 
ent, implies  likewife  fupreme.    Delia  Valle  fays  that  Pirin  Cambaya 
fignifies  both  old  and  venerable. 

Javan 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  ITI  V  E    H  1ST  OR  Y.  377 

Javan  and  Tiras  pafTed  at  the  Thracian  Bofphorus,  not  opened 
by  the  Euxine  deluge  till  Deiicallbn's  time:  thefe  peopled  the  regions 
fouth  of  the  Danube.  Claverius  proves  that  the  firft  fettlers  in 
Germany,  Gaul  and  Britain  all  ufed  the  the  Celtic  language,  which 
^  is  only  allied  to  the  Hebrew  as  to  words  adopted  from  the  Cim- 
merians by  the  Scyths,  and  communicated  by  them  in  Syria :  as 
Gever  Hebrew,  Gwr,  Vir,  Fir ;  Dal,- Tal,  tali;  Nodah,  Nodi,  note; 
Kalal,  Gwael,.  vile.  Jain,  Gwin,  Wine,  Vinura,  oinon.  Tan, 
Tzan.     Baw,     Sanchoniatho's  feau. 

The  Goths  were  Getae,  as  Spartian  and  others  write ;  placed  by  ^*^  AmvMtn 
Ptolemy  with  the  Sauromatae,  Pontics,  Iftrians,  and  Gelonians. 
But  they  came  more  anciently  from  countries  above  the  Oxus :  the 
people  of  which  neighbourhood  Pliny  fays  wer€  originally  Arameans, 
and  called  the  Perfians,  Chorfari ;  who  denominated  them  Sacae ;  it 
may  be  from  imducing  Sorrow,  in  aid  Saxon,  Saca  :  but  Sakia  in 
Algonquin  is  love  ;  hQticc  fake  or  regard:  this  name  has  been  treated 
of  already.  Micou  in  Sherringham  fays  the  Goths  in  the  Mufcovite 
tongue  were  called  Poland,  plunderers,  as  fome  interpret  Sacse,  a 
name  akin  to  Sacks,  as  Belgae  to  Bolg :  the  prefent  Seiks  feem  to  be 
their  defcendents.  The  Edda  deduces  them  from  Turkey.  Hero- 
dotus deems  them  Medcs,  5.  9.  As  they  obtained  Saxony,  Abydenus  ^"*"^  ^^ 
in  Syncellus  derives  the  Germans  from  Shem.  They  are  Strabo's 
Arim-afpi,.  from  Aram  and  Afpal,  Cactui-  Salmafius  on  Cebes  fays 
that  the  German  and  Perfian  tongues  are  akin  :  thus  Bend  is  bind ; 
Gow  a  COW;  Mamma,  mother;  Daughter,  a,  girl;  Novas,  novus ; 
Mirfh,  a  moufe  :  Sucker,  fugar.  In  Henry  the  fecond's  pedigree 
Woden  is  the  fifteenth  from  Shem  incluGvely;  Ina  the  32d.  Epi- 
phanius  wrote  that  Phaleg  and  Ragau,  from  the  age  of  Terah,  re- 
moved towards  Europe,  and  united  with  the  nations  whence  the 
Thracians,     Trogus  fays  the  Iftrians  were  fent  from  Cholchis  in  pur* 

fuit  of  Jafon. Bufbequius,  the  German  embaffador,  found  that      • 

the  language  of  a  Tartarian  envoy  had  a  great  affinity  with  the  Ger-    Language, 
man  :    prefixing  the  article  The  ;    and  terming  blood,  Plut ;   ftool, 
ftul ;   houfe,  hus  ;  rain,    reghen  ;    brother,  brudor;    filver,  filvir  :      Abkat 
fait,  fait  J  fiih,  fiia  $  fun,  fune  ;  moon,  mine ;  hand,  handa ;  ring.     Tongue, 

C  c  c  rink; 


> 


37  8  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  2. 

rink  ;  waggon,  Waghen  ;  apple,  apel.  To  thefe  we  may  add  a  few 
inftances  from  the  Caucafean  dialefts/;  as  name,  nom  ;  boy,  baar  : 
eorgwn.  jj^^p^  j^^^^^p  .  ^}fg^  ^j-q,  like  fro :  valley,  velly,  kauley  :  (kin,  kan. 
Gold,  oker.  Annus,  Ans :  ftar,  ftella.  Ear,  Oos.  Latitude 
latteh ;  and  the  earth  is  called  latta,  lette,  whence  Letous  Latona. 
Night,  jet ;  but  alfo  Bak  and  in  Georgia  Gam  :  yet  Sol  is  Marab, 
fimilar  to  the  Egyptian  Mar;  alfo  Malyk;  Luna,  Mazia;  Muys,  Moots, 
Buts,  Booto,  Boofh.  Amnis,  or.  Aqua,  don.  Fire,  art.  Heaven, 
arv.     Silva,    cad.     Maritus,  maar;    hence   mas,  maris.     Tongue, 

mot. Strahlenberg  the  Swedifh  officer  found  Runic  infcriptions 

in  the  Tartarian  deferts.  Indeed  the  Getae  and  Tartars  as  well  as 
Arabs  feem  to  be  Shem's  defcendents.  Areus  of  Lacedaemon 
Macab.  1. 12  alfertedthat  the  Spartans  and  Jews  were  relations. — Procopius  brings 
*°'  the  Huns  northward  from  the  Albanians  :  yet  Tacitus  tells  us  that 
thefe  proceeded  once  froip  Theflaly;  founfettled  a  creature  is  man; 
perpetually  vagrant  and  in  exile  here. 

The  Sctavonians  came  from  the  banks  of  the  Boryfthenes :  their 
AmUn.Hift  language  prevails  in  Bohemia,  Poland  and  Ruffia:  but  coming  fa 
8?.  19.  $38.  jj^^g  as  the  emperor  Zeno's  time  into  the  empire,  the  weftern  countries 

were  too  populous  and  martial  to  admit  of  their  incurfions,  and  of 

courfe,  innovations. 

The  Turks,  Huns  and  Sclavonians  proceeded  from  regions 
above,  about  and  beyond  the  Cafpian  lake,  at  diftant  times.  And 
as  they  migrated  from  regions  of  a  great  extent;  fo  they  had  formerly 
removed  from  countries  far  remote  from  one  another.  Ammia^- 
and  Procopius  fhew.that  the  Huns  refided  between  the  Don  and 
Wolga ;  yet  the  Chinefe  fay  that  the  Huns,  the  fame  as  the  Turks^ 
had  dwelt  in  the  defert  between  Corea  and  the  Getae.  Thus  the 
Huns  and  Turks  were  northern  Tartars,  above  the  MaflTagetae,  and 
below  the  Cimmerians.  The  Sclavonian  language,  and  the  Hun^ 
garian  (which  is  an  extraordinary  medley  arifing  from  a  variety  of 
people  that  at  different  periods  reforted  thither)  differ  widely  from 
the  Gothic:  but  tho*  each  has  received  a  multitude  of  foreign  words 
from  different  quarters,  the  Gothic  feems  to  be  the  bafis  of  the  other 

two„ 


Chap.  5.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  37^ 

two.  They  have  all  of  them  intruded  on  the  Celtic  :  jud  as  Cefar. 
faiys  the  Belgae  fallied  into  Gaul  from  Germany.  Diodorus  Siculus 
fets  the  Celtae  in  the  northern  parts  of  Gaul;  and  Gauls  in  the  fouth 
quite  along  to  Scythia  :  thqs  proving  ^hat  the  proper  Gauls  were 
Goths  or  Scythians;  as  the  language  and  manners  of  ^he  people 
even  fo  far  as  the  lake  Baykal  pi'ove  them  to  be.  Procopius  fays 
the  Goths  were  Sarmaiians :  but  Sarmatians  were  properly  Celto- 
Scythians. 

The  migrations  of  Teutat,  Mannus^  Acmon,  Uranus,  Taracon, 
and  Cronus  tended  to  corrupt  the  ancient  Celtic  tongue;  as  di<t  the 
Phenician  and  Roman  in  Britain.  And,  tho'  Noah's  three  fons  at 
firft  occupied  the  three  grand  divifions  of  the  Old  World  ;  yet  they 
expended  themfelves  feverally  eaft  and  weft,  thro'  different  parellels 
of  latitude.  Japhet  attained  the  northern  regions  not  only  of  Eu- 
rope, butof  Afia,  quite  to  Thibet  and  China.  Shem,  the  central 
quite  to  Jutland  on  one  hand,  by  the  inroads  of  the  Getae,  Seiks, 
and  Belgae  into  Europe  ;  and  on  the  other  hand  thro'  Chinefe  Tar- 
tary  quite  to  America ;  and  maintaining  their  ground  in  Arabia 
croffed  into  Abyflinia,  and  proceeded  thence  weftward  to  Numidia 
and  Mauritania  ;  Michael  of  Tripoli  the  Abaffin  embaffador  men- 
tioi^  vagrant   Gauls  called  Chava,  in   Ethiopia. 


The  Tartarian  defert  is  now  called  Shamo;  and  the  Tzulim 
Tartars  fpeak  a  mixture  of  Arabic.  Ham  in  turn  foon  incroached 
on  Shem  in  Chaldea,  Sufiana  and  along  the  whole  Erythrean  coaft 
to  China  and  Japan ;  and  probably  proceeded  thence  to  Peru  and 
Mexico^  And  altho'  Shem's  defcendents  were  reinforced  in  Arabia 
by  Ifhmael's  iffue  ;  yet  the  fons  of  Chus  made  an  imprefEon  on 
Arabia,  or  Ereb-aia,  fignifying  weftern  land  ;  hence  its  name  of 
Cufli-ath,  the  tribe  of  Cufli.  Dionyfius  and  Sefoftris  fubdued 
Arabia ;  hence  the  old  Arabic  language  bore  a  great  affinity  to  the 
Etbidpic  :  yet  it$*original  baiis  was  the  Shemite. 


Ccc2  PRIMITIVE 


Bell. 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 


BOOK     II.  CHAP-  VI. 


CONTENTS, 


Settlements  of  Skein's  IJfue.     Abraam*s  Tranfit  to  Canaan:  The  ditine 
Promife.     Hij  Vtfit  to  Egypt.     Confequences  of  Sarahs  Beauty.     The 
Time  of  Abraarn^s  Migration  fettled  by  the  Time  of  the  Exod\  and  this 
fettled  by  the  Reign  of  the  Treafury  Builder.      Abraam  lived  at  Da^ 
mafcus  after  Athera :    His  Son  a  Comrade  of  the  Egyptian  Hercules.^ 
AbraatrCs  Return  from  Egypt.     LoCs  Refcue.      Abraam' s  Oblation 
and  Vi^on^     Ifhmael  born.    Circumcifon  ordained.     Sarah  promifei 
a  Son  by  God,  and  by  Three  Angels.     Sodom  burnt.     Metamorphojis 
of  Lot's  Wife.     His  Incejl.     Abimelec's  Error  and  Amends.     Ifaa^s 
Birth  and  Circumcijion.     Ifhmael  expofed.     Abraham's  Treaty  with 
Abimelec.     God's  Order  for  Ifaac's  Sacrifice ;  his  Redemption.     Of 
Worfhip  on  Eminences^     Sanchoniatho  alludes  to  this  Sacrifice.  ^  Pur^- 
chafe  of  Sarah's  Sepulchre.     Rebecca' fent  for.     Keturah  Abraham's 
Jecond  Wife  ;    their  Iffue.     Abraham  died  at  175.     Ifhmael,  at  137, 
Efau  and  Jacob  born.    Efau  fells  his  Birthright.     Abimelec* s  virtuous 
Orders  refpeHing  Rebecca  :    His  Treaty  with  Ifaac.     Efau  marries 
two  Hittites  and  an  Ifhmaelite  i    His  Iffue.      He  is  defrauded  of  his 
Bleffing.      Jacob  goes  to  Padanaran.     His  Dream :  The  Origin  of 
Betilia.     Jacob  welcome  to  Laban :  Hence  tie  Twelve  Tribes. 


O  HEM,  Sem,  or  Semes  fignifies  Sol,  and  is  akin  to  the  Phenician 

Samen,  the  Italian  Semo ;  whence  OfJ^vog;  and  M  being  conrniu^ 

Uble  with  B,  henee  came  Sabin,  Sabis  and  Ce€oiicti,  and  the  priefts 

Zabii;    as  from  Samen,  Samanaei,    Samos,  and  Samorna   the  old 

name 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  i  t  1  V  t    H  1  S  t  O  R  V.  361 

name  of  Ephefus,  in  Stephanus.      Of  Shem's  line  Elam  gave  his 
name  to  Perfia.     Strabo  places  Elymais  between  Media  and  Sufiana. 
Media  and  Elam  are  named  together  in  Ifaiah,  Jeremy  and  Afts,  t. 
They  were  famous  archers,  reprefented  on  the  coin  called  ^Darics. 
In  Daniel's  time  Sufiana  feems  to  have  been  a  part  of  Elam.    Ptolemy  8.  2. 
fets  the  Elymaei  in  Sufiana.     But  Elam  was  probably  j^t  firft  of  fmall 
extent.     Herodotus  fays,  **  the  Perfians  were  anciently  named  Artaei; 
but  by  the  Greeks,    Kephenes:    being  afterwards  named   Perfae.*'  7.61. 
Bochart  derives  Perfae  from  the  Arabic  Pharas,  a  horfe  :  fo  Daniel 
calls  the  country.  Paras.     Kephenes   is  derived   from   the  Celtic  5^  ^^^ 
Cefnu,  to  conquer. 

Hefychius  and  Stephanus  fay  that  Artaei  fignify  veterans.     They 
may  originally  have  been  thofe  people  who  defcended  from  the  north 
into  Carmania  ;    while  others  of  them  proceeding  weftward  had  the 
name  of  Goths,  which  in  Celtic  likewife  fignifies  veterans:  their  en- 
terprizing  nature  has  carried  their  pofterity  and  language  at  length 
into  North  America. AfTur  gave  his  name  to  Afluria,  tho*  ex- 
pelled by   Nimrod;    whofe  family  extended   themfelvcs   along  the 
whole  fouth  coaft  of  Afia.      Aflyria  taken  at  large  was  a  country  of 
great  extent.     Hefychius  fays  it  reached  from  Phenicia  to  Babylon. 
Herodotus  fays,  the  Greeks  call  thofe  Syrians  whom  the  Barbarianj  -5.^ 
call  Aflyrians.       Nonnus  mentions  Libanus  in  Aflyria.      As  Tzor, 
Sot,  Sur  are  the  fame  as  Tor,  Tyre  and  Tar  in  GibraUtar,  Aflyria 
is  Atyria,  Aturia  ;    yet  thefe  laft  names  may  be  derived  from  Athyr 
and  Thor,  Bos,  the  fymbol  of  the  Syrian  Goddefs  Aftarte  or  Athera: 
fhc  and  Ammon,  who    was  Jove   Arotrius  and  Dagon,  being  the 
divinities  called  Afhteroth,  the  Paftoral  Deities  of  Syria. 

Some  place  Arphaxad  in  Arrapachitis,  a  northern  province  of 

Aflyria  :  his  defcendents  were  in  Chaldea  till  Abraham's  era..  Jofe- 

phus  fays,  the  people  afterwards  named  Chafdim  ^or  Chaldeans  were 

from  him   named  Arphaxadeans :    yet  the   Salae  near  Cholchis  may 

have  been  derived  from  his  jfon  Salah ;  from  whom  the  City  Sela  in 

Sufiana,  as  Bochart  writes,  derives  its  name.  Strabo  places  Chaldeans 

near  Trapezond. — Except  the  Lydians  had  their  firft  name  Meonians   i2> 

from 


382  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  2, 

from  Meon  or  Mifor,  their  fubfequent  name  could  not  be  from 
Shem's  fon  Liid.  Herodotus  derives' it  from  Lydus  fon  of  Atys, 
whofi?  father  Meon  was  Cybele's  fpoufe,  and  was  the  Choreus  of 
Dionyfius  and  the  Uchoreus  of  Diodorus,  whom  he  calls  Ogdous, 
Plony,  Hal.  being  the  eighth  inclufively  from  Ham.  Atys  had  Lydus  by  Callithea 
the  daughter  of  Choreus,  that  is  by  Bona  Dea  or  the  younger  Ceres, 
Herodotus  fays  the  Lydians  invented  the  games  adopted  in  Greece, 
and  were  excellent  fpear-men. 

Mefopotamia  and  Syria  proper  bore  Aram's  name.  Homer  men- 
II.  2.  783.  tions  the  bed  of  Tiphoeus  in  Arime,  Hefiod,  Echina  in  Arime, 
Strabo  (16)  fays  the  Syrians  were  named  Arimaei  and  Arime. — 
The  Canaanites  intruded  into  Phenicia  illegally,  as  they  did  into 
other  parts  of  Alia,  and  into  Europe:  thus,  tho*  the  Canaanite  is 
faid  to  be  then  in  the  land,  yet  it  is  declared  to  be  Abraham's  inhe- 
ritance. Who  yet  being  educated  ill  Chaldea,  and  removing 'into 
Canaan,  fpoke  the  language  of  Canaan,  that  is  of  Haxn's  family;  thus 
the  Punic  in  Plautus  totally  refembles  Hebrew.  Uz  built  Damafcus. 
Dama  in  Arabic  fignifies  man-fit;  and  Mafcenon,  Manfio.  Bochart 
fays  the  vale  of  Damafcus  was  called  Al-gaut;  and  fhews  that  Uz 
and  Uts  are  fimilar  to  Gauts;  it  fignifies  concave;  which  being 
Amyca  in  Syriac,  Polybius  calls  this  region,  Amyca.  Another  JJz 
wa:-:  Abraham's  nephew:  Job's  country  is  in  the  Septuagint  probably 
from  him   called    Aufitis,  placed    by  Ptolemy  in  Arabia    Deferla: 

Frcp.  10. 13.  Hence  Eufebius  ftiles  the  Chaldeans  uxouco/;  Hyc  or  Uch  being 
Celtic  for  fuperiour.  A  third  Uz  was  a  Horite  of  Edom:  hence 
Idumea  is  the  land  of  Uz.  Juftin  fays  Damafcus  was  founded  by 
Lam.  4.  a  king  of  that  name  (others  fay  by  Danias,  a  general  under  Diony- 
fius) and  Athera  this  king's  wife  became  a  great  objeft  of  adoration 
there.  Juftin  counts  Abraham  one  of  this  king's  fuccefTors.  Indeed 
Strabo  deems  Abraham  a  king;  Ephron  ftiles  him  a  great  prince. 
He  certainly  refided  there;  his  fteward,  who  was  a  Damafcene,  was 

Sec  Jofcphus.   ^^^n  in  his  houfe.     Nicholas  of  Damafcus  wrote  thus,  **  Abraam  a 

foreigner,  reigned  in  Damafcus,  whither  he  came  from  the  TranC 

Babylonian  Chaldea  with  an  army;  but  foon  removed  into  Chanaan 

with  his  people;  leaving  a  great  and  lafting  memorial  of  himfelf 

k  thro* 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  1  M  I  T  i  y  E    H  i  S  f  6  R  Y.  383 

thro*  the  whole  region  of  Damafcus;  where  a  villa  was  fhewn,  faid 
to  be  Abraam's  manfion."  Obferve  that  Chaldea  included  Mcfo- 
potamia:  on  the  contrary  Pliny  fhews  that  Mefopotamia  extended  to 
Babylon.  Abraam's  Ur  was  between  Nifibis  and  the  Tigris,  men- 
tioned by  Ammian:  for  Abraam*s  anceftors  lived  beyond  the  Eu- 
phrates; from  their  tranfit  over  which  the  Jews  were  named  He- 
brews. Babylon  belonged  to  Ham's  iflTue,  not  to  Shem's.  Pliny  has  ^,  24. 
an  Ura  where  the  Euphrates  turns  to  the  EaR  from  Palmyra,  Bochart 
fays  that  Abraam's  brother  Haran,  or  Charan,  founded  Charrhae  at 
the  conflux  of  the  Chabora  into  the  Euphrates;  and  it  is  by  Mofes  Gen.  14. 
called  Nachor:  and  near  Charrhae  was  a  town  named  Sarug.  Afts 
7.  2.  implies  that  Abraam's  abode  was  in  Mefopotamia,  before  he 
removed  to  Charran.  Ircnaeus  omits  that  pafTage  of  the  A6ts;j'et 
Genefis  15.  7.  and  A£ls  7.  4.  (hew  his  ofders  of  removal  were  given 
at  Ur. — Bochart  places  Hul  in  Cholobetene,  a  part  of  Armenia 
Major,  where  the  names  of  many  places  are  compounded  of  Choi. 
Mafh  or  Mefhech  fettled  in  Armenia,  about  mount  Mafius  or  Mafis, 
taken  for  Ararat.  Stephanus 'names  the  people  there  Mafieni.-— 
The  large  plain  near  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  called  in  Judith, 
Arioch's,  and  by  Herodotus  (in  Arrian  7.)  the  Nifean,  had  its  name 
from  Reu  or  Regau,  the  vulgate  calling  it  Regau,  as  the  Septuagint 
call  il\e  adjacent  country.  Arrian  fays,  it  maintained  150,000  horfes; 
Diodonis  (17)  fays  160,000.  Arrian  places  the  city  Ragae  a  forced 
day's  march  from  the  Cafpian  gates,  Ifidbre  calls  Raga  the  greateft 
city  of  Media:  it  is  called  Rages  in  Tobit,  and  was  near  Ecbatan. 
Reu's  fon  Serug  is  deemed  the  founder  of  Saruji  the  capital  of 
Diyar  Modar.  Bochart  fettles  Joktan's  ifTue  in  Arabia  Felix.  And 
as  the  Scenite  Arabians  prove  thusjo  be  Shem's  defcendents,  and 
their  police  fimilar  to  the  Tartarian,  the  Tartars  were  of  Sheim's  line 
Hkewifc;  and  as  Strahlenberg,  Rudbec,  and  ThomafTin  prove  an 
aiffinity  between  Turks,  Tartars,  and  Goths,  thefe  all  were  Shemites. 
The  Tartars  would  be  thought  Japhet's  defcendents,  -being  towards 
the  North  blended  with  Gomerians:  they  fay  that  Shem  fettled  in 
Iran,  near  which  and  Irac  was  a  city  named  Sham:  the  North  of 
Perfia,  and  the  fegions  of  that  latitude,  were  certainly  peopled  by 
Shem — Who  is  the  Shemingh^  or  Shem  Inca  of  the  Scandinavian 

or 


384    *  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  2 

or  Gothic  Scalds.    A  town  named  Joktan  was  one  day's  ftage  diftant 

from  the  Red  Sea,    and  feven  from   Mecca.- From  Elmodad, 

whofe  name  implies  a  great  meafurer,  fprung  the  AUu-metae^  near 

the  Lar. From  Saleph  came  the  Salapeni,  near  the  fource  of  the 

Betius— Hafarmaveth  is  the  Arabic  Hadhramauth  or  Chadramauth. 
Theophraftus  mentions  the  region  Adramyta ;  Strabo,  Chatramytis; 

which  Pliny  places  in  Arabia. In  Ptolemy  the  ifland  Hierach-on 

faces  the  CafTanitae. Hadoram  probably  founded  the  Drimati^  in 

Pliny,  on  the  Perfian  gulf. — Bochart  finds  a  realm  named  Uzal  in 

Arabia. Dikla,  being  a  place  of  palms,  is  deemed  to  be  Phaenicon 

in  Diodorus. Abal  feems  to  have   fettled  at  the  Sinus  Abalites 

of  Pliny,  the  African  fide  of  the  Arabian  gulf. Abimael_  is  the 

fire  of  Mael  or  Mali,  which  Theophraftus  frts  in  Aromatic  Arabia. 

Mael  in  Celtic  fignifies  gain. Saba  founded  the  Sabeans  in  fouth 

^     Arabia Ophar,    in  Arabic    Auphar,  is  rich  ;    the  feminine  is 

Uphre.     EupoleiTt\is  wrote  that  the  ifle  Uphre  in  the  Erythrean  fca 
abounded  in  gold.      Solomon's  Ophir  was  more  remote  ;   probably 

Guinea. Chavila  occupied  Chaulan,  near  the  Sabeans.     Ptolemy 

fets  the  Jobabites  near  the  Sacharites.  We  may  hence  conclude 
that  the  Hycfi  were  Shem*s  iflue.  That  his  iffue  were  Idolaten 
Mofes  fhews  us.  That  they  offered  human  facrifices  is  probable; 
for  Amofis,  who  expelled  them  from  Egypt,  aboliflied  human  vic- 
tims, as  did  Cecrops,  Orpheus  and  Hercules.  The  Maflagetae  were 
of  Shem's  line,  and  their  manners  barbarous  enough.  So  l\\al 
Abraam's  merit  of  faith  and  obedience  is  their  fole  title  to  Heaven's 
peculiar  favour. 

Shem's  defcendents,  according  to  Jofephus,  extended  themfelves 
eaftward:  but  they  alfo  at  firft  got  into  Arabia,  and  were  the  Aba- 
feni  who  paffed  into  Abaffinia:  and  from  them  many  Gallic  or  Belgic 
cuftoms  prevail  there  at  this  day  ;  for  as  Belgae  are  named  from 
Balk,  mighty  ;  fo  Gauls  are  from  Gallu,  might;  this  term  being^a 
Celtic  interpretation  of  the  Gothic  Balk.  Shem's  language  was  the 
Gothic,  which  was  the  Perfic,  till  this  was  blended  with  Chaldec  : 
hence,  as  Shem  peopled  Arabia,  there  is  a  great  fimilitude  between 

Dutch 


Chap.  6.  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY^  385 

Dutch  and  Arabic,       He  and  his  dired  defcendents   to  Terah  had 

fohs  and  daughters.     Terah's  fon  Haran,  who  died  before  his  father, 

in  hii  native  country  at  Ur  in  Chaldea,  was  the  father  of  Lot  and  of 

Nahor's  wife  Milcah,    and  of  Ifcah.       Terah  with  Abraam,    Sara 

and  Lot,  removed  to  Haran,  where  Terah   died.     Abraham  at  the  Aas?.  2; 

age  of  75  years,  having  before  had  God's  benediftion  and  command  ^^^'  *5-  7- 

went  from  Haran  into  Canaan,  fince  called  Palacftine  and  Judea.    It 

has  Phenicia  on  the  north,  the  Mediterranean  on  theweft,  Idumea 

on  the  fouth  ;  the  Jordan  on  the  eaft. 

Polyhiftor  from  Eupolcmus  wrote  that  "  Abraam  was  born  in  the  Eufeb.  Prep, 
tenth  generation  after  the  flood,  in  Camarine  a  city  of  Babylonia,       9*  '?• 
called  alfo  Urie   and  Chaldeopolis  :  was   the  founder  of  aftrology 
among  them:  and  of  fo  great  integrity  and  piety,  that  being  in  favour 
with  God,  he  was  ordered  by  him  to  remove  into  Phenicia.     He 
taught  that  nation  aftronomy,  and   other  excellent  fciences,  which 
recommended  him  to  the  king  of  Phenicia/*     Camarine  was  a  Sici-  Herodotus 
lian  city  :  the  Afiatic  city  meant  by  Eupolemus  was  Camaritc,  men-  .    7'^S^' 
tioned  by  the  poet  Dionyfius,  for  hofpitality  to  his  jovial  namefake. 
Polyhiftor  fays  that  "  Melo  counted  Abraatn's  birth  after  the  third 
age/'    This  arofe  from  the  Grecian  way  of  counting  a  century  equal 
to  three  generations;  his  birth  being  in  the  tenth  generation. — The 
4J0  years  of  pilgrimage  began  when  Abraam  left  Ur.  The  400  years     q^^ 
fccm  to  commence   from  his  pofTeffion  of  the  well  Beerfheba.     In  i3.Aas.7.6 
Genefis  (12)  it  is  faid  that  God  had  given  Abraam  a  promife  and 
order:  we  are  told  (15.  7)  where  it  was  5  and  we  find  (11.  31)  that 
Abraam  left  Ur  to  go  to  Canaan;  tho*  he  made  fome  ftay  at  Charan. 
Afts  7.2,  fhews  where  the  command  was  given  :    for  tho'  Irenaeus 
omits  the  place ;    yet  in  the  Acls  it  is  faid,  Then  came  he  out  of  ,, 
Chaldea  to  Charan. 

On  Abraam' s  arrival  at  Sichem  in  the  plain  of  Moreth,  a  Divine 
vifion  promiled  him  that  land.  Here  therefore  he^erefted  an  altar 
and  adored  the  Lord.  Thence  he  ftill  proceeded  to  ihcfouth.  Then 
a  famine  compelled  him  to  go  to  Egypt.  This  feems  the  fame  famine 
that  drove  Amnion  from  Lybia^  Teucer  from  Crete;  and  on  account 

D  d  d  of 


1 


386  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  * 

of  which  .Bufiris  made  Thrafius  the  Cyprian  fatally  experience  his 
^^^"^^Vir^u'  ^^"  augury.  The  Pelafgi,  who  laboured  under  the  fame  aflBiaion. 
Dion.  Hal.  i   devoted  the  tythe  of  their  children  to  the  Cabiri.     Callimachus  men* 

tions  a  drought  in  Egypt  during  nine  years. 

Apprehending  danger  thro/  Sara's  beauty  Abraam  called  her  his 
filler.  The  Pharao  took  her :  and  Abraam  had  herds,  flocks  and 
fervantS'  male  and  female,  and  great  favour  on  Sara's  account.  But 
on  her  account  God  fent  great  plagues  on  the  Pharao ;  who  repriw 
manded  Abraam  for  deceiving  him:  but  difmiffed  him  in  peace  with 
all  his  property ;  rich  as  he  was  in  cattle,  gold  and  filver.  Suidas 
calls  this  king,  Abimelec.  If  fo,  he  was  Melec-ertes,  the  Titanian 
Melcander  ofApoHbdorus.  Nicholas  of  Damafcus  wrote  that**  Abraam 
diftreft  by  famine  in  Canaan,  went  to  Egypt,  converfed  with  the 
priefts,  and  improved  them  much  in  morality,  with  great  honour  and 
9.  i6i  applaufe ;  alfo  in  arithmetic  and  aftrblogy ;  Abraam's  intention  being 
to  improve  them  or  himfelf.**  SynceHus  fays  that  Afeth  (the  prede- 
ceffor  of  Amofis,  who  expelled  the  Hycfi;  who,  or  their  allies  as 
being  paftors,  entertained  Abraam)  intercalated  five  days  into  the 

jj^.^        g     calendar:  if  this  addition  took  place  then,  it  was  probably  owing  to 
Abraam's  information ;  who  if  we  credit  Artapanus,  lived  20  years 
in  Egypt,  and  inftruCled  king  Pharetho  in  aftronomy.'  Jofephus  calif 
this  king  Pharaothes,     He  feems  to  be  Othoes,  and  Pliny's  Tithoes,  . 
five  reigns  at  Memphis  prior  to  Nitocris :  fome  think  him  Tutis,  as 
Marfham  affirms.     Polyhiftor  on  Eiipolemus  wrote  that  Abraam  re- 

Jbidp.  17.  fided  at  //^//(?^o/i5,  and  taught  the  Egyptians  aftronomy  and  oth«f 
fciences.  Eupolemus  attributes  aftronomy  to  Abraam  and  the  Baby- 
lonians ;  yet  in  fuch  a  manner  as  to  give  the  invention  to  Enoch. 
Heliopolis  was  built  by  Aftis  the  brother  of  the  Rhodian  Triopas, 

D'lodot.  J.      ^"^  "^^ft  probably  the  father-in- law  of  Cecrops.     The  neice  of  Tri- 

A^>oiloQor,  opas  was  the  mother  of  Lindus  Jalyfus  and  Camirus;  at  the  time  of 
Deucalion's  flood,  in  the  reign  of  Cranaus  fucceffor  of  Cecrops.- 
Therefore  Abraam  certainly  lived  about  this  time.  Indeed  he  is 
commonly  placed  about  the  time  of  the  Titanian  war,  which  was 
about  this  time  likewife.  Thus  Cedrenus  counts  him  contemporary 
with  the  fon3  of  Uranu^  and  that  war  at  the  time  of  his  vifit  toEgypt. 

Jofephus 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  387 

Jofephus  affcrts  that   Hecateus   wrote   an  entire  book  concerning 

Abraam.     Melo,  tho'  an  adverfary  to  the  Jews,  owns  that  *'Abraam 

was  famous  for  fcience  ;  and  had  by  a  kinfwoman  one   fon,  whofe   ^"'^^-  *'''^P* 

.9'  *9* 
name  implies  laughter;"  but  miftakes  Ifaac  for  Jacob  in  faying 'Mie 

had  twelve  fons,    one  of  whom  was  Jofeph."     He  fays  '*  Abraam 

had  by  an  Egyptian  flavc  twelve  fons,  who  cantoned  Arabia  amongd 

themfelves/* 

As  the  Sibyl  L.  3.  tells  us  in  the  tenth  generation  were  the  Titans: 
fo  Berofus,  without  naming  him  fays,  '^  In  the  tenth  generation 
after  the  Deluge,  there  was  a  great  perfon  in  Chaldea,  who  was  a 
cultivator  of  juftice  and  an  adept  in  aftronomy.'*  Abraam's  migra- 
tion to  Canaan  was  about  770  years  after  Noah's  flood,  and  394  be- 
fore the  fj\ll  of  Troy  :  it  could  not  be  above  15  years  higher  than 
thofe  dates.  Jofephus  tranfportation  to  Egypt  was  about  13  years 
before  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Scfoftris  or  Egyptus,  tailed  alfo 
Raniefis:  who  by  cutting  a  canal  from  the  Nile  to  the  Arabian  gulf, 
drained  Gofhen,  and  gave  his  name  to  that  region,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  Jacob :  whofe  defcent,  as  appears  from  the  length  of  reigns 
in  Manetho,  was  about  the  tenth  year  of  the  reign  of  Ramefis  Mi- 
amun,  the  Phero  of  Herodotus.  His  fucceflbr  was  that  Amenophis 
vfVio  is  the  Marus  or  Mendes  of  Diodorus,  and  Strabo's  Imandes  or 
Mcttinon.  This  is  the  Menes  who  introduced  luxury:  the  wealth 
brought  into  Egypt  by  the  conquefts  of  his  immediate  predeceffors 
filmilhed  him  with  the  means  of  indulging  in  delicacies.'  Next  to 
him  was  Proteus,  Cetos,  Sethos  or  Ramifes :  in  the  reign  of  whofe 
fon  Ramifes  Pliny  fets  the  Iliac  war.  He  probably,  as  was  ufual, 
had  his  father's  name  Proteus;  for  Herodotus  and  Diodorus  place  a 
Proteus  in  the  time  of  that  war  ;  and  Elian  fays  he  was  an  old  man 
eight  years  after  that  fiege.  The  former  Proteus  (tho*  not  fo  ancient 
as  he  whom  ApoUodorus  places  in  the  time  of  Dionyfius ;  Virgil, 
coeval  with  Arifteus)  reigned  59  years.  His  fon,  the  Ramfinitus  of 
Herodotus,  and  the  famous  Treafury  builder  of  facred  and  profane 
ftory,  was  the  new  king  at  the  birth  of  Mofes,  and  reigned  66  years. 
The  Exod  enfued,  after  his  fucceffor  the  laft  Amenophis,  and  laft 

Nilus  of  Diodorus,  had  reigned  13  years.     The  age  of  Mofes  coin- 

D  d  d  2  cides 


888  PRIMITIVE     HIST  O.R  Y.  (Book  «• 

cides  with  this  account ;  and  as  the  fall  of  Troy  happened  at  leaft 
eight  years,  before  the  death  of  his  predeceflbr,  that  war  mull  al 
lead  have  ended  22  years  before  the  Exod  :    but  as  Conftantine 
ManafTes  fetsthe  commencement  of  the  Egyptian  empire  only  1663 
years  before  the  Perfian  invafion,  it  appears  from  the  period  of  the 
16th  Dynafty,   and  from  the  fubfequent  ones  in  Manetho  that  the 
Exod  was  37  years  after  the  Trojan  war,  or  at  leaft  not  lefs  than  22 
years  after  that  event.     Juftin  (hews  that  Abraham  was  at  Dannafcus 
later  than  the  deification  of  Athera  or  Aftarte,  to  whom   Ifis  fled. 
Eufeb.  Frcp.   Apher  and  Aphra,  otherwife  Aphra  and  Japhra  Abraam's  fons,  (the* 
lofcphus!       Afer  is  counted  Saturn's  by   Cedrertus  ;  Abraam  being  deemed    a 
Anat.  1.  16.  Saturn)  were  comrades  of  the  Egyptian   Hercules  againft  Anteus  ; 
and  this  Hercules  was  a  comrade  of  Ammpn*s  fon  Dionyfius,  and 
of  his  fon  Orus.     Polyhiftor  (in  Jofephus  and  Eufebius)   adds  from 
Malchus,  that  Hercules  by  Aphra's  daughter  had  Diodorus  or  Dedor 
the  father  of  Sophon  founder  of  the  Sophaces.       Yet  Plutarch  fays 
that  Hercules  had*  by  Tingis  widow  of  Anteus,  Sophaces  the  father 
(not  fon)  of  Diodorus  ;    a  complimentary  fable,  adds  he^  to  their 
defcendent   Juba  the  famous  and  royal  hiftorian  2  fo  that  probably 
Tingis  was  not  the  lady.  CedVenus  reputes  Afer  the  fire  of  Aphrodite 
by  Aftynome.     Jofephus  from  Manetho  would  fain  pafs  the  former 
Proteus  here  for  Sefoftris  ;  and  for  that  purpofe  generates  a  fecond 
Armais  for  his  brother.      However,  the  perfon  pretended  to  be  by 
Jofephus,    was  not  Sefoftris  :    for  the  Ramefis  who  was  Sefoftris 
reigned  before  Jacob's  defcent  to   Egypt ;  the  land  given  him   to 
occupy  being  from  that  king  named  Ramefis :  and  Herodotus  Ihews 
that  the  Treafury  builder  was  long  fubfequent  to  him;  tho'  he  is  in 
Scol.  Apol-     Jofephus  next  to  his  Sefoftris.      Dicearchus  fhews  that  Sefoftris  or 
Ion.  4.  275.    his  predeceflbr  Orus  invented  horfemanfhip  :  but  horfemanftiip  was 
in  ufe  in  the  time  of  Jofeph  j  therefore  he  was  not  prior  to  the  time 
of  Sefoftris. 


^- 


Abraam  returning  to  his  altar  between  Bethel  and  Hai,  there  in- 
voked Jehova.  Lot's  fubftance  and  his  increafing,  they  feparated. 
Lot  removed  eaftward  toward   Sodom,  to  Jordan's  fertile  plains. 

Then 


Chap.  6.)  ?  R  1  M  1 1  I  VIC    rt  t  S  t  d  It  V.  38^ 

Then  God  promifed  Canaan  to  Abraam,  who  fettled  in  Mamre's 
plain  in  Hebron.  Africanus  mentions  fome  contention  between  Lot 
and  Abraham  before  their  feparation. 

Bera  king  of  Sodom,    Birfha  king  of  Oomorrha,  Shinab  king  of 
Admah,  Shem-ebcr  king  of  Zeboiim^  5ind  the  king  of  Bela  or  Zoar, 
petty  princes  of  fmall  diftrifts  contiguous,  had  been  12  years  tributary 
to  Chedorlaomar  king  of  Elam  :  but  now  revolted.     He  therefore 
with  his  allies  Amraphel  king  of  Shinar,  Ariocb  king  of  Ellasar  a 
tribe  of  Arabs,  and  Tindal    king  of  the   nations  about    Gilgal  or 
Galilee,  invaded  and  routed  the  Rephaims  in  Afteroth  Carhaim,  a 
people  devoted  to  Cronus  and  the.paftoral  Divinities  Athera  and 
Dagon ;  the  Zuzims  in  Ham  j  the  Emims  in  the  plain  of  Kiriathim; 
the  Chorites  in  mount  Seir,  to  Elparan  near  the  defert,  who  feem  to 
have  been  fubjefts  or  defcendents  of  Choreus,  Uchoreus,  Achoris, 
who  was  Meon  or  the  Titanian  Saturn.     Returning. by  En^mifhpat 
or  Kadefh,  they  routed  the  Amclekites  and  the  Amorites  of  Haze-> 
zon-tamar.     Encountring  the  revolters  in  the  vald  of  Siddim  (or  ^  , 
worfliipers  of  Sida,  a  name  of  Cybele)  as  this  place  was  defaced 
with  llime-pits,  the  kings  of  Sodom  and  Gomorra  fell  in  retreating. 
TVic'^viftors  pillaged  their  country,  carrying  away  Lot  aftd  all  his 
fubftance.     Abraam,  With  318  of  his  dependents,  joihing  the  forces 
of  his  patron  Mamre  and  his  brothers  Arier  and  Eflicol,  purfued 
the  viftors  to  Dan  ;  and  furprizing  them  in  the  night  in  two  different 
places^  routed  and  purfued  them  to  Hobah,  to  the  left  of  Damafcus, 
retaking  the  captives  and  their  booty.      The  (new)  king  of  Sodom 
met  Abraam  in  the  vale  of  Shaveth  or  Dale-royal.      Melchizedec 
king  of  Salem  Jehova's  prieft,  whofe  parentage  Saint  Paul  fays  is 
unknown,brought  him  bread  and  wine,  and  gave  him  his  benediftion. 
Abraam  prefented  him  with  the  tythe  of  the  fpoil:    the  reft  he  re- 
ftored  to  the  king  of  Sodom,  except  the  fhare  of  his  allies.     Amra- 
|>hel  of  Shinar,  whofe  name  fignifies  fupreme  Bel,  is  fuppofed  to  be 
Arabel  king  of  Babylon  :  but  he  feems  to  be  Belus  predeceffor   of 
Ninus :  and  Arioch  to  be  the  Ariaeus  afterwards  the  Arabian  ally  of 
Ninus,  and  the  Araeus  flain  by  Semiramis ;  for  Pliny  fays  that  Arabs 

occup/ec/ 


gjo  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y-  (Book  t. 

occupied  die  banks  of  the  Euphrates  to  the  Syrian  defeft.  Of  this 
war  Polyhiftor  Wrote  thus,  after  Eupolemus,  counting  it  prior  to 
Abraam's  vifit  to  Egypt,  tho*  prematurely,  as  Mofes  Ihews.  **  Th^  ;^ 
Eofcb.  Prep.  Armenians  vanquifhed  the  Phenicians  in  a  battle,  and  took  AbraamV 
nephew  captive;  Abraam  afTembled  his  domeftics,  routed  the 
viftors^  and  took  their  wives  and  children  prifoners.  The  foe  fcnt 
to  redeem  them,  Abraam  complied  on  receiving  a  ftipend  for  his 
foldiers.  At  the  Sacrarium  of  thie  city  Argarizis,  that  is  the  mount 
of  the  Supreme,  he  was  hofpitall/  entertained,  and  received  prefents 
from  Melchifedec,  prieft  and  king  of  the  place.'*  Suidas  fays 
Argarizis  is  the  name  of  a  nation,  and  Melchifedec  was  fonof  Sidon* 
Here  we  may  obferve  that  Abraam's  power  over  his  vaflals  and  his 
fon  Ifaac  (hews  the  feudal  fyftem  a  remnant  of  the  Patriarchal. 
Sefoftris  eftabliftied  tenures  by.military  fervice,  in  Egypt^ 

In  the  Canon  of  Eufebius  a  battle  between  the  Chaldeans  and 
Phenicians  is  recorded:  but  that,  being  four  years  after  the  reign  of 
Orus  king  of  Egypt  Ammon's  grandfon,  was  fome  feat  of  Sefoftm 
about  the  time  of  Jadob  and  >Iinyas. 

Abraam  in  a  vifion  being  promifed  proteftion  and  profperity,  ex- 
preft  a  fear  that  being  childlefs  his  Reward  Eliezer  of  Damafcus, 
born  his  domeftic,  would  fucceed  to  all  his  Effefts.  Then  Abraam 
received  a  promife  that  his  ifTue  fhould  be  as  numerous  as  the  ftan: 
and  was  ordered  to  divide  a  Heifer,  a  fhe  Goat,  and  a  Ram,  and  la 
offer  them  with  a  Dove  and  a  Pidgeon:  God  in  this  feeming  to  divert 
human  follies  towards  a  more  divine  objed,  than  a  Chamos,  Cronus, 
Dagon  or  Aftarte.     But  in  the  Pfalm  he  demands 

Will  I  make  flefh  of  Bullocks  my  repafl. 
Or  blood  of  Goats  e'er  condefcend  to  tafte  ? 
Jehova  praife;  to  God  devoutly  pray; 
Thy  fervent  vows  arc  offerings  thou  muft  pay. 

Kat.  Deo,       g^  Socrates  held  obedience  the  beft  worfhip;  and  Tully,  **  Cultus 
Optimus  pura  Mente  et  Voce  Veneratio." — Abraam  kept  off  birds 

;  V.  of 


Chap.  6.)  PRIMltiVti    rfl^foRV. 

6f  prey  froaithe  carcaffes,  and  at  fun-fet  fell  afleep:  when  God  told 
him  his  defcendents  fhould  know  toil  and  trouble  in  land  not  their 
own  400  years;  at  length  their' oppreflbrs  ftiould  be  oppreft;  and 
<hey  Oiouid  be  extricated  and  enriched  in  the  fourth  generation.  It 
being  now  intenfely  dark,  a  fmoaking  fitrnace  and  a  lamp  of  fire 
pafled  between  the  portions  of  the  .facrifice:  and  God  promifed 
Abraam  the  country  between  the  Nile  and  the  Euphrates. 

Ten  years  after  Abraam's  firft  arrival  in  Canaan,  Sarai  having  no 
child  induced  Abraam  to  cohabit  with  her  maid  Hagar;  who  proving 
pregnant  flighted  her  miftrefs.  Sarai  complained  of  her  infolence  to 
Abraam,  who  refigned  her  to  Sarai's  difcretion;  the  Concubine's 
petulant,  and  Abraam's  conjugal  behaviour  affording  an  inftruftive 
leflon  to  fucceeding  ages.  Then  Hagar  receiving  harfh  ufage  eloped. 
An  Angel  direfted  her  to  return;  promifed  her  an  innumerable  iffue; 
and  bid  her  name  the  fon,  flie  was  pregnant  of,  Iflimael;  who  would 
be  a  man  of  fpirit,  and  live  in  defiance  of  all.  He  was  named 
Iflimael  accordingly. 

When  Abraam  was  near  160  years  old,  and  Sarai  abput  go,  God 
required  integrity  of  him,  and  engaged  to  make  him  the  father  of 
multitudes,  and  of  kings;  and  to  grant  Canaan  to  his  pofterity.  As 
a  tnailLof  his  promife  every  male  of  Abraam's  family  was  ordered 
to  be'cifcumcized  at  a  week  old,  on  pain  of  death.  His  naiiie  was 
aite^  to  Abraham,  and  his  wife's  to  Sarah;  who  was  promifed  a 
fon  within  a  year.  God  alfo  declared  that  twelve  princes  and  a  nn- 
merous  iffue  fliould  defcend  from  Iflimael.  Abraham  and  Sarah  at 
firft  furmized  their  great  age  would  be  an  impediment. 

Abraham  feeing  three  men  neiar  his  tent  invited  them  to  fit  under 
atree  there;  whilft  he  fent  for  water  to  bathe  their  feet.  He  enter- 
tained them  with  veal,  butter,  and  milk.  Thefe  promifed  Sarah  a 
Ion,  The  Lord  refolving  to  vifit  Sodom  and  Gomorra,  thefe  mini- 
iler«  went  thither:  but  God  promifed  Abraham,  at  his  requeft, 
that  if  only  ten  virtuous  perfons  were  found  there  he  would  fpare 

the  place. 

.    ■     .  Lot 


59* 


Deut.  zgM 


% 


S92  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  Chap.  6.) 

Lot  in  Sodom  Teeing  two  perfons  (who  were  Angels)  arrive  at  the 

gate,  rofe  and   bowing  invited  them  to  his  houfe  all  night.     The 

Sodomites  young  and  old  came,  arid  infifted  on  a  carnal  commerce 

with  them.     Lot  offered  them  his  two  maiden  daughters :  but  they 

attempted  to  break  into  the  honfe.     The  Angels  ftruck  them  blind; 

and  in  the  dawning  hurried  Lot,  his  wife  and  two  daughters  away, 

his  fons  in  law  difregarding  the  notice.      At  fun-rife  Lot  arrived  at 

the  fmall  town  of  Zoar,  which  was  fpared  at  his  requeft.     Sulphur 

and  fire  deftroyed  Sodom  and  Gomorra,    and  all  the  inhabitants. 

Lot's  wife  difobediently  looking  back,  became  inftantly  a  column  of 

Salt:  which  Jofephus  fays  was  extant  in  his  time:  Burchard  and  others 

have  feen  it  fince.     God  in  fparing  Lot  regarded  Abraham,  who  be- 

held  the  tremendous  fcene.     From  this  calamity   arofe    Homer*f 

2.  783.  account   of  Typhon's  bed  in  Arime,  and  Hefiod's  Echidna  there: 

for  Strabo  fays  that  fome  fix  this  fcene  in  Syria,  and  that  the  Syrians 

called  Arami,  had  the  name  of  Arimi,  and  Arimeans;  that  Sodom 

was  the  capital  of  twelve  cities,  (bme   of  which  were  fwallowed  by 

earthquakes,  and  the  eruption  of  fire,  and  of  hot  bitumen  and  ful- 

phur.     Stephanus  writes  that  fome  place  Arime  in  Syria.  Mofesand 

Hofea  add  Zeboim  and  Admah  to  Sodom  and  Gomorra.  This  event 

occafioned  the  fable  of  Phaeton,  who  was  coeval  with  Deucalion,  and 

of  courfe  with  Cecrops;  who  was  contemporary  with  the  Titans  and 

with  Abraham. 

Lot  removed  to  a  cavern  in  the  mountain  with  his  daughters  :  who 

made  him  twice  drunk  with  wine,  and  lying  with  him  alternately,  the 

eldeft  became   Moab's  mother;  the  other  Benammi's,  who  founded 

^^^\^?'   the  Ammonites:  thefe  deftroyed  the  Zamzummims;  as  the  Moabitcs 

did  the  Emims,  gigantic  nations. 

Abraham  removed  Southward.  Sarah  paffing  for  his  fitter,  Abi- 
melec  king  of  Gerar  feized  her.  But  being  a  perfon  of  merit,  God 
prevented  his  being  an  adulterer  ignorantly,  cautioning  him  in  a 
dream  to  reftore  a  prophet's  wife.  Then  Abraam  owned  her  to  be 
his  wife,  yet  his  father's  daughter  by  a  different  mother.     The  king 

reftored 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  ITI  V  E    H  IS.T  OR  Y.  ^  393 

reftored  her,  and  gave  Abrahain  oxen,  fh'eep  and  fervants  male  and 
female;  and  pcrmiflion'to  refide  wherever  he  liked;  and  told  Sarah 
he  had  given  her  brother  1000  peicesof  filver  to  provide  her  a  veil. 
Abimelec  rendered  impotent,  and  his  wife  and  maid  fervants  ren-  ■* 

dered  barren  on  Sarah's  account,  were  re-enabled  to  have  iffue. 

Abraam  circumcifedhis  fon  had,  as  he  was  promifed,  by  Sarah,  at  a 

week  old,  naming  him    Ifaac.      At  his  weaning    Abraham   kept  a 

feftival. Sarah  urged  Abraham  to  difcard  Hagar  and  her  fon, 

owing   to  an  affront   from  the  latter.     God  ordered  Abraham  to 

comply  without  reluClance.     This  he   did   on    the  next  morning : 

giving  Hagar  bread  and  a  bottle  of  water.     She  went  to  Beerfheba. 

The  water  being  expended,  (he   laid  her   fon   among  fhrubs,  and 

went  a  bowfhot  off,  to  avoid  the  fight  of  his  death.     An   angel  told 

her  to  take  him  up,  and  that  his  iffue  ftiould  become  a  great  nation. 

Then   (he   difcovered  a  well.      The  lad  grew  up,  and  became  an 

archer  in  the  defert  of  Paran,  and  married  an  Egyptian.  He  founded    gj^.  p^^^ 

the  Scenite   Arabs   and  Nomades,  who  in  their  deferts  often  fubfift    ^^^^e  in 

BoAvel 
for  feveral  days  on  the  blood  of  their  Camels. 

Abimelec  finding  God  propitious  to  Abraham  required  an  oath  of 
allegiance  to  him  and  his  defcendents.  Abraham  engaged :  but 
told  the  king  that  his  people  deprived  him  of  a  well.  Then  he  gave 
ihc  king  fluep  and  oxen  :  and  they  made  a  treaty.  He  gave  feven 
ewe  lambs  in  token  of  his  having  funk  that  well,  called  from  the 
oath,  Beerfheba.  There  Abraham  made  a  plantation,  and  there 
invoked  the  Lord.  From  hence  I  date  the  four  centuries  of  the 
Pilgrimage. 

After  this,  God  to  try  Abraham,  told  him,  go  with  thy  favourite 

fon  Ifaac  into  the  land  of  Moriah,  and  make   him  a  burnt  offering, 

on  a  mountain  I  will  (hew  thee.     The  pious  Patriarch  convinced  in 

'  foul  that  implicit  obedience  mufl  be  paid  to  the  peremptory  command 

of  his  God,  equipt  his  afs  early,  and  took  Ifaac  and  two  of  his  youths 

E  e  e  with 


394' 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  c 

with  him :  and  clave  wood  for  the  fire^  and  went  to  the  place  of 
appointment,  which  he  dcfcried  on  the  third  day.  He  bid  his 
fervants  ftay  with  the  afs,  till  he  ami  Ifaac  (hould  return  from  worfhip. 
He  carried  fire  and  a  knife,  and  laid  the  wood  on  Ifaac,  thcn^  (at- 
Jofephus  writes  as  years  of  age,  Ifaac  a(ked  •*  where  is  the  viftim/' 
Abraham,  with  a  prefence  of  mind  refulting  from  a  full  confidence 
in  the  Divine  love,  replied^  •'  God  will  provide  one/'  Then  he 
bound  and  laid  his  fon  on  the  wood  upon  the  altar  he  had  eredecL 
On  uking  his  knife^  a  divine  angel  cried^  Abraham,  touch  not  the 
youth  \  thy  compliance  proves  thy  fubmiffiom  I'hen  Abraham  faw 
a  ram  entangled  in  a  thicket.  This  he  burnt  for  an  oblation  i  and 
named  the  place  Jehova-Jirethi  having  faid,  to  day  in  the  mount 
the  Lord  will  be  vifible.  The  angel  told  Abraham^  the  Lord  faith, 
«  By  myfelf  I  have  fworn,  for  this  thy  compliance  I  will  blcfs  and 
multiply  thee  as  the  ftars,  and  as  the  fand  on  the  fea  ihore:  thy  feed 
ihall  poflfefs  the  gate  of  thy  foes  i  and  in  thy  feed  (hall  all  nations  be 
Weft,  for  thy  obedience  to  me."  Happy  would  it  have  been  for 
this  numerous  {(fue,  if*  they  had  inherited  their  great  progenitor*! 
faith,  obedience  and  reliance :  as  only  their  diftruft,  impiety  and 
apoftacy  deprived  them  of  heaven's  peculiar  favour,  always  (hewn 
them  when  they  endeavoured  to  deferve  it.-— -— Polyhiilor  mentions 
this  oblation  as  follows,  **  Cod  commanded  Abraham  to  make  for 
him  a  burnt^oblation  of  his  fon  Ifaac,  Therefore  he  immedia(c/y 
brought  the  youth  to  a  mountain,  and  fetting  fire  to  wood,  laid  Jfaac 
on  it:  but  as  he  was  going  to  flay  his  fon,  an  angel  prohibited  Abra- 
ham's a£^,  and  tendered  him  a  ram  for  facrifice  i  this  he  flew,  and 
releafed  his  fon  from  the  flames// 

Thus  Cod  is  not  offended  with  oblations  to  the  proper  obje£l| 
on  eminences  j  but  with  their  mifapplication  to  Demons.  Indeed 
there  is  a  fort  of  conneftion  of  ideas,  that  renders  worfliip  on  fummiti 
mighty  decent.  We  own  God  fupreme  in  dignity  and  (lation  j  and 
therefore,  tho*  aware  of  his  \jbitjiiity  and  immenfity,  fuppofe  him  in 
the  moft  exalted  fimation,  the  lioavcn  of  heaven^  Ofcourfe,  In 
afcendinj[»  towards  the  fl^ics,  the-  idea  prefcntsitfelf  of  our  approachiiig 
C   -^'^  flirone  :  our  thoughts  arc  apt  to  be  elevated  with  our  bodiesj 

leaving 


Chap,  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  395 

leaving  the  earth  and  all  ahjeft  appurtenances  beneath  us:  and  with 
foaring  minds  we  afceiid  to  the  houfe  of  prayer  on  a  mountain  j  whofe 
elevated  fituation  is  moft  fuitable  to  be  the  manfion  of  the  exalted 
fpirit,  to  whom  it  is  dedicated.  Chrift  went  to  prayer  on  a  mountain. 
Solomon's  temple  was  built  on  mount  Sion.  Luke  6, 

Thus  an  elevation  of  the  Commuioti  Table  in  Churches  is  alfo 
extremely  fitting  :  it  adds  an  appearance  of  fublimity  to  the  rite  ; 
tends  to  remove  degrading  familiarity,  and  protefts  it  from  pollution 
and  infull  from  the  vulgar:  for  however  ufage  reconciles  it  to  us, 
to  permit  the  Sanftum  Sanftorum  to  be  trampled  upon  promifcuoufly, 
contrary  to  the  ancients;  yet  this,  and  the  interring  of  corpfes  (often 
infeftious)  tho'  only  the  oflfials,  the  excrements  of  fouls,  in  the  temple 
of  the  living  God",  are  praftifes  fo  indelicate  and  unbecoming,  that 
even  the  Efquimaux  and  Hottentots  would  be  fcanda-Iized  at  it.— — 
We  fee  that  Abraham  procured  burial  ground:  Chrift  had  a  fepulchre 
(previoufly  made)  in  a  garden.  The  Romans  were  fo  far  from 
poMXiting  their  Temples  with  dfead  Garcafles,  that  they  woirid  not 
permit  them  interment  even  in  the  city.  But  we  Cliriftians,  who 
pretend  to  a  refined  and  fpiritual  worftiip*  of  an  incorporeai  God; 
invoke  hia  divine  purity  to  give  us  audience  in  the  repbfitory  of 
p«tiid<  corfes! 

Sanchoniatho  its  faid  by  Porphyry  to  have  obtained  from  a  Hier*. 
arach  named  Jerombaal,  fuppofed  to  be  Jerubbael  or  Gideon^  Sqvm 
information  towards  his  biftory  :  which,  amidft  a  heterogeneous 
medley  of  men  and  mountains,  partly  real,  partly  fabulous^  like 
Hefiod'^s  genealogy,  contains  ibme  imperfefl  tcadittons  of  feveral 
real  matters  mifapplied»  and  mif|)laccd ;  &tfa-  as  ranking  Uranua  in 
the  time  of  Mifor.  He  attributes  to  his  Cronus  fomr  incidents  that 
Bslafie  to  Abraham  :  they  were  really  contemporaries.  The  mothjer 
ofi  J><toud,  the  Yehid  of  Genefis,  he-  names  Aiiobret,  which  fignifics 
conceiving  by  grace  ;  an  epithet  applicable  to  Sarah.  And  he  fays 
Jeeudwas  facriiiced  to  heaven  by  his  father,  who  was.  circumcifedi 
it  wad  a^  pradiic,    fays  Philo  in  Eufebiu^^  among  the  ancients,  for 

E  e  c  a  the 


22.  2 


396  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  a. 

the  rulers  of  cities,  or  nations,  in  great  perils,  to  devote  a  favourite 
fon  to  death  for  the  public  calamity  ;  to  appeafe  the  anger  of  the 
Gods.  Thefe  devotees  were  flain  with  myftic  rites. — Saturn,  whom 
the  Phenicians  call  II,  and  who  at  his  death  became  the  planet  of  that 
name,  reigning  over  that  realm,  and  having  by  Anobret  a  native 
lady  there,  an  only  fon  thence  named  Jeoud,  as  the  name  there 
implies,  facrificed  in  a  dangerous  war  this  fort,  royally  robed  on  an 

altar  of  his  ere6iion. After  this  example   fays  Porphyry,  *«  The 

Phenicians  in  public  diftreffes  of  war,  famine  or  peftilence,  facrificed 
to  Saturn  fome  favourite  perfon  chofen  by  public  voice.  Sanchoni- 
atho's  hiftory  abounds  with  inftances/* 

Abraham  next  dwelt  at  fieerlheba  ;  and  found  that  Nahor's  iflue 
by  Milcah  was  Huz,  9uz,  Kemuel  Aram's  fire,  Chefed,  Hazo, 
lidlaph,  and  Bethuel ;  and  by  Reumah  his  concubine,  Tebath, 
Gaham,  Thalafti  and  Maachath. 

Sarah  at  127  years  of  age  died  at  Kirjath  Arba,  or  Hebron  in 
Canaan.      Arba,   who  feems  to  be  Jarbas  fon  of  Jove  and  Gara« 

Num.  13.  22  jjiantis^  founded  this  city  feven  years  before  Tariis,  whichwas  founded 
by  the  Tftans.     Arba*s  fon  Anak  was  the  fire  of  Ahiman,  Shefliai, 

Jolh.  14.  Sc  an4  Talmai  contemporary  with  Joftiua.  The  city  had  the  name  of 
'**         Hebron  or  Chebron,  from  Chebron  fon  of  Amofis  j  thefe  I  take  to 

be  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius  and  his  fire. Abraham  came  to  mourn 

for  her :  and  faid  to  the  fons  of  Heth,  •*  I  am  a  ftranger,  grant  me 
a  fepulchrc.'*  They  rfcplied,  •*  Thou  art  a  great  prince,  chufe  a 
fepulchre/*^  Abraham  faid,  "  Apply  toEpron,  Zohar's  fon  to  fparc 
me  the  cave  of  MachpeJah  for  its  full  value.'*  Ephron  faid,  ^'Before 
the  fons  o^my  people  the  field  and  cave  in  it  I  give  thee.**  Abra- 
ham replied,  **  I  will  pay  thee  for  the  field.**  Ephraim  faid,  '*  IM 
full  value  is  400  fhekels ;  what  is  that  between*  us  ?**  Abraham 
weighed  this  fum,  current  raetaL  The  field  and  trees  on  it  being 
transferedy  Sarah  was  buried  there:  and  thus  in  death  took  pofleffion 
of  the  promifed  land.  This  was  a  beacon  ereftcd  for  the  Ifraclites^ 
which  they  never  loft  fight  of ;  till,  according  to  the  Divine  promifi^ 

they 


Ch^p.  6.).  P  R  1  M  I  T  i  V  ii    tl  1  S  t  0  li  V.  39^ 

they  filled  the  adjacent  country  with  defcendents  as  numerous  as  the 
fand  of  the  ocean.  When  the  difobediencc  and  incredulity  of  this 
very  pofterity,  reiterated  and  aggravated  continually,  at  length  exr 
pelled'tbem  from  the  regions  acquired  by  the  faith  aed  obedience  of 
their  anceftors;  and  to  be  hereafter  regained  by  their  children's  con- 
verfion  to  the  belief  of  truths  enfuing  confonant  to  prior  prediftion^, 
and  confirmed  by  concomitant  miracles  as  well  as  prediftions. 

Paleftine  had  been  occupied  by  Shem's  fon  Aram,  till  the  Csina- 
a'nites  difpoffeft  him:  therefore  Abraham  feems  to  have  a  hereditary 
claim  to  the  country  by  his  defcent  from  Shem,  a  part  of  whofe 
pofTeffions  it  was.  Ham's  domain  was  Africa  :  yet  his  fon  Canaan'^ 
language  was  fpoken  in  Paleftine  and  Chaldea. 

Abraham  being  far  advanced  in  years  told  his  fteward,  •'  Put  thy 

hand  under  my  thigh,  and  fwear  by  the  Lord,  thou  wilt  not  provide 

a  Canaanite  for  my  fon's  wife  :  but  one  of  my  own  kin  and  country; 

yet  not  bring  my  fon  thither."     This  guardianfhip  fhews  that  Ifaac 

was  ftill  young,  or  of  mean  talents.     His  bemg  detefted  in  careffing 

his  wife  ;  his  inability  tq  deteft  Jacob's  fraud  ;  and  his  confirmation 

of  Jacob's  bleffing  notwithftanding  the  Dolum  malum,  are  arguments 

by  no  means  in  favour  of  Ifaac's  acute  parts.     Abraham  feems  loath 

to  triift  his  fon  to  Mefopotamia,  left  he  fhould  be  infefted  with  the 

idolatry,  that  prevailed  amongft  his  anceftors. 

The  fteward,  in  confequence  of  his  engagement,  went  with  ten 
Camels  into  Mefopotamia,  to  Nachor.  There  without  the  city  he 
made  the  Gamcls  kneel  in  the  evening,  when  women  go  for  water : 
and  he  prayed  for  a  token  to  know  his  young  matter's  bride.  When, 
lo!  a  fair  virgin  came  with  a  pitcher  on  her  flioulder ;  which  fhe 
filled  and  brought  up  out  of  the  well.  The  fteward  alked  leave  to 
drink  out  of  the  pitcher.  She  faid,  *'  Drink,  and  I  will  water  thy 
Camels  too."  This  being  the  token  he  implored,  he  took  a  golden 
jewel  for  the  forehead,  weighing  half  a  ftiekel,  and  golden  bracelets 
of  ten  Ihekels  weight,  and  faid,  "  Whofe  daughter  art  thou  ?   Has 

thy 


39«  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book-t, 

thy  father  lodgings  for  us?"  flie  faid^  *'My  father  is  Bethuel  fon  of 
Nahor  and  Milcah  :  we  have  ftraw,  provender  and  lodgings.** 
Bowing  his  head  he  faid,  "  Bleffcd  by  the  Lord  God  of  my  mafter 
Abraham ;  the  Lord  has  led  me  to  my  matter's  relations."  Wkb 
this  news  the  maiden  ran  to  the  houfe.  Her  brother  Labati  went  * 
and  invited  him  thither.  He  declined  meat,  until  he  he  had  opened 
his  commilfion.  Obtaining  Bethuel's  confent,  he  prefenied  Rebecca 
with  gold  and  filver  ornaments,  and  garments  ;  and  made  rich  pre- 
fents  to  her  mother  and  brother,  Rebecca  confenting,  ftie  and  her 
nurfe  and  maids  fet  out  on  Camels*  Kaac,  who  dwelt  toward  the 
foutfa,  was  walking  along  the  path  that  led  to  the  well  Lahai-roi,  and 
devoutly  meditating  in  the  fields,  when  Rebecca  faw  him.  Quitring 
her  Camel,  fhe  took  a  veil;  for  the  farv^uic  faid,  •*  It  is  my  mafter.*' 
Ifaac  condufted  her  to  the  tent  which  had  been  Sarah's,  and  proved 
an  afFe6tionate  fpoufe,  being  then  40  years  of  age. 

Abraham  had  by  Keturahis  fecond  wife  Zimram,  Jokfhan,  Medan^ 
Midian,  Ifliibak,  and  Sbuahw      Midian's  fons  were  Eph^h,  Ephev, 
Hanock,  Abida  and   Eldaah.     J.okflian  begot  Sheba  and  Deduk 
Dedan's  fgns  were  the  Aflbutim^  Letufhim  and  Leummim.       JoB^ 
phus  fays  that  Shuali  was  the  fether  of  Sheba  and  Dedan,  whom  be 
calls  Sabacan  and  Dadan:  that  Chetura's  pofterity    occupied  tbc 
region  of  the  Troglodites,  and  the  parts  of  Arabia  Felix  adjacent  to 
the  Red  Sea  :  that  Epher  or  Ophres  is  faid  to  have  fubdued  Lybia, 
named  from   him  Aphric,  and  held  by  his  defcendents :  alfo  that 
Polyhiftor  quotes  Cleodemus  a  hiftorian  of  the  Jews,  as  confirming 
the  account  of  this  feulement;  and  that  Hercules  being  one  of  them 
fought  Anteus  in  Lybia;  and  had  by  Apher's  daughter  his  fon  Dedor 
the  father  of  Sophon  founder  of  the  Sophaces.     This  Hercules  was 
probably  the  Egyptian  ;  who  feems  to  be  the  father  of  Sefoflris;  h^ 
brother  Agenor  being  Melcart  the  Tyrian  Hercules. 

Abraham  portioned  the  fons  of  his  concubines,  and  fent  them 
eaflward.  He  left  all  his  eftate  at  his  deaths  being  then  175  years  of 
age,  to  Ifaac  :  who,  with  Hhmael,  bufied  Abraham  in  the  cave  of 

Maciipelab. 


Chpp.  6.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

Machpelah.  Ifaac  fettled  by  the  well  Lahairoi.  Khmael  died  at 
i37  years  of  agej  leaving  12  fons  ;  Nebajoth,  Kcdar,  Adbeel, 
Mibfam,  Miflima,  Duma,  Mafia,  Hadar,  Tenia,  Jetur,  Naphifh, 
Kcdemah,  thefe  dwelt  from  Havilah  to  Shur  facing  Egypt,  in  the 
road  to  Aflyria. 

Ifaac  fupplicated  God  on  account  of  Rebecca's  fterility,  who  then 
conceived  twins,  Thefe  contending  in  her  womb,  God  informed 
her,  two  nations  fhould  thence  arife,  and  the  elder  branch  fhould 
be  fubfervient  to  the  younger.  At  her  delivery,  the  firft  child  being' 
ruddy  and  very  hairy  was  named  Efau.  At  his  birth  his  brother 
took  hold  on  Efau's  heel,  and  hence  was  named  Jacob.  Ifaac  was 
then  60  years  of  age. 

Efau  proved  expert  in  hunting  and  rural  affairs;  Jacob  wis  fedatc 
and  of  a  domeftic  turn,  and  Rebecca's  favourite  :  Efau  was  Ifaac's, 
and  fupplied  him  with  vcnifon.— Efau  once  coming  from  the  field 
told  Jacob,  '^  I  am  quite  faint,  let  me  eat  of  that  red  pottage  of 
thine.'*  Jacob  faid,  *♦  Sell  me  thy  birth^right  to  day.''  Efau  re- 
ified, "  I  am  at  the  point  of  death,  of  what  ufe  can  my  birth-right 
be  to  me  ?*'  Then  on  oath  Efau  fold  his  right,  which  he  difregarded, 

and  Vccame  profane  by  transferring  the  priefthood  annexed  to   it. 

Jacob  gave  him  bread  and  his  pottage  of  lentils. 

A  famine  enfuing,  Ifaac  went  to  Abimelec  king  of  the  Philiftines, 
at  Gcrar.  God  told  him,  •'  Refide  here  and  I  will  blefs  thee,  and 
grant  to  thee  and  thy  feed  all  thofe  regions,  and  perform  my  en- 
gagement to  Abraham;  I  will  augment  thy  feed  as  the  flars;  and  in 
thy  feed  (hall  all  nations  be  bleft:  for  Abraham  obeyed  my  voice 
and  kept  my  charge,  and  my  laws."  Ifaac  fefided  there,  and  faid 
Rebecca  was  his  filler.  But  Abimelec  thro'  a  window  feeing  Ifaac 
carefling  her,  aficed  him,  how  fayeft  thou,  *♦  She  is  my  fitter.** 
Ifaac  replied,  *^  Left  I  die  for  her."  The  king  faid,  what  is  this? 
Some  man  might  have  enjoyed  her  and  thou  have  brought  guilt  on 
lUt     Then  he  made  proclamation,  **  Let  none   touch  this  man  or 

his 


399 


400  PtllMITIVE     HISTORY-  Chap.  6.) 

his  wife  on  pain  of  death/*        Thus  the  Philiftine  government,  tho* 
it  tolerated  fornication,  condemned  inceft  and  adultry. 

« 
Ifaac  had  that  year  from  the  land  a  centuple  return,  and  thro* 
divine  favour  augmented  his  flocks  herds  and  houfehold.  The 
Philiftines  envied  him,  and  choked  Abraham's  wells.  The  king  told 
him,  *'  Remove  her^e,  thou  art  abler  than  we."  Then  he  went  to 
the  vale  of  Gerar,  and  opened  the  former  wells,  and  funk  two  others 
in  the  valley.  Thefe  being  claimed  by  the  herdfmen  of  Gerar,  he 
removed  thence  and  funk  a  third*;  which  he  held  unmolefted;  Going 
thence  to  Beerfheba,  God  that  night  repeated  hispromife.  Ifaac 
built  an  altar  and  invoked  the  Lord.  Pitching  his  tent  there,  his 
fervants  funk  a  well,  which  he  named  Sheba,  the  Oath:  for  Abimelec 
attended  by  Ahuzzah  and  Phicol,  repaired  to  him  and  faid,  **  We 
faw  the  Lord  was  with  thee,  let  us  make  a  covenant  on  oath,  that 
thou  wilt  not  hurl,  us,  as  we  haye  not  hurted  thee."  He  entertained 
them,  and  next  morning  they  made  mutual  vows  :  then  his 
guefts  departed. 

Efau  at  40  years  of  age  married  Judith  the  daughter  of  Beeri,  uid 

Gen.  26^4    Balhemah  Elon's    daughter,  both  Hittites,  againft    the  confent  rf 

Gen.  36.  2.    Ifaac  and  Rebecca.     Balhemah  is    elfewhere  faid  to  be  Ifhmaers 

daughter;  but  that  feems  to  be  an  error  for  Mahaleth.  Adah  Ehn's 

daughter  is  faid  likewife  to  be  his  wife;  as  alfo  Aholibamah  daughter 

ofAnah,  Zibeon  the  Hivite's  daughter. 

Ifaac  grown  old  and  dimfighted  told  Efau,  '*  Kill  fome  venifon, 
and  drefs  it  to  my  palate,  that  I  may  blefs  thee  before  my  death." 
Rebecca  hearing  it  told  Jacob,  *♦  Kill  two  kinds,  which  I  will  drefs 
to  Ifaac's  tafte  ;  thou  (halt  prefent  it,  and  obtain  the  Benizon/* 
Jacob  faid,  "  Eftu  is  hairy,  I  am  not;  my  father  .may  feel  and  punifii 
mc  with  his  curfe."  Says  fhe,  '*  Be  that  on  me."  Here  as  elfewhere 
Rebecca  feems  to  fway  the  domeftic  fceptre.  The  meat  being  dreft, 
flie  decked  Jacob  in  Efau's  fineft  clothes,  and  put  kidfkins  on  his 
hands  and  neck.  Then  he  told  Ifaac,  "  I  am  Efau,  tafte  my  venifon 
to  blefs  me/'     Ifaac  faid,  «  Come  near  that  I  may   feel  thee.** 

Then 


Chap- «.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  40?! 

Then  fays  he,  '^  The  voice  is  Jacob's,  but  the  hands  are  Efau's." 
After  eating,  having  drunk  fome  wine  he  faid,  "  Kifj  me  my  fon.'* 
At  faluting  him  he  perceived  his  robe  perfumed,  and  gave  him  his 
benedifiion  :  *'  My  Ion  fmells  like  a  field  bled  by  the  Lord.  God 
give  thee  the  dew  of  heaven,  the  fat  of  the  land,  plenty  of  corn  and 
wine.  Let  people  fcrve  thee  and  nations  fubmit  to  thee  :  be  Lord 
over  thy  brethren ;  and  let  thy  mother's  fon  bow  down  to  thee. 
Curfed  be  each  who  curfes  thee,  and  bleffed  each  who  bleffes  thee.'* 
Prefently  Efau  addreffes  him,  "  My  father,  tafte  my  venifon,  to 
blefs  me."  Ifaac  cries,  Mfho  art  thou  ?  He  replies,  "  Efau  thy  cldeft 
fon."  Ifaac  trembled  and  faid,  •'  Who  is  he  whofe  venifon  I  have 
already  eaten?  Him  I  have  bleffed,  and  blcft  he  (hall  be."  Efau 
lamented  greatly  and  faid,  "  Blefs  me,  even  me  alfo,  O  my  fathet! 
haft  thou  no  Benizon  in  refefvc  for  me?*'  Ifaac  faid,  *'Thy  brother 
has  won  thy  bleflingby  ftratagem.  Lo,  I  have  made  him  thy  Lord, 
and  all  his  brethren  hts  fervai^ts;  with  corn  and  wine  Hhave  made 
him  abound.  What  now  my  fon  ftiall  I  do  for  thee?''  Efau  (aid^ 
^^  Haft  thou  bbt  of>e  benedi3;ion,  my  fatberf  Blefs  Hie,  me  alfo 
O  my  father!"  jand  he  wept  aloud.  Ifaac  repliddi  **  Thott/flialt 
live  in  the  fatnefs  of  the  land  and  in  the  dew  of  heaven.  By  thy 
(word  thou  fhalt  live,  aild  ferve  thy  brother :  at  length  thou  (halt 
break  his  yoke  and  have  the  domiliion/^  Lo  time  has  confirmed  the 
Palriarch's  predidiofl*  l^ot  only  the  Babylonian  captivity  was  by 
Edom's  fons:  but  the  Saracens  have  exercifed  a  long  dominion  over 
Jacob;  which  is  likely  to  continue  at  leaft  during  the  major  part  of 
next  century  ;  and  until  the  times  of  the  Gentiles  be  compleated. 

Efau  hated  Jacob  for  his/raud,  and  faid,  **  The  days  of  mournin<T 

For  my  father  are  near;  I  will  then  kill  Jacob."     Rebecca  apprizing 

Jacob  of  this  told  him,  **  Retire  to  my  brother  Laban  at  Haran  a 

little  while,  till  Efau's  refentment  cool ;    why  (hould   I    loofe  you 

.both  at  once?"  She  next  •  protefted  to    Ifaac,  "  If  Jacob   marry  a 

Hittite  my  life  will  be  miferable."     Ifaac  told  Jacob,  "  Marry  no 

Hittite,  go  and  marry  a  daughter  of  Laban's ;    and  God  blefs  thee 

and  make  thee  fruitful,  and  augment  thee  to  a  multitude;  and  grant 

thee  Abraham's  benediftion." 

F  f  f  Er*u 


40*  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  (Book  t 

Efau  feeing  Ifaac's  diflike  to  the  daughters  of  Canaan,  vifited  the 
Ifhmaelites^  and  added  Mahalat^  KhmaePs  daughter  to  his  wi vesi  (he 


26*  3. 


Vcr. 


was  Nebajoth's  fifter;  but  is  elfewhere  called  Bafhemath;  who  before 
was  faid  to  be  Elan's  daughter :  tho'  here  he  is  alfo  faid  to  have 
wedded  a  daughter  of  Elon's  named  Adah^  and  Aholibamah  the 
daughter  of  Anah  the  daughter  of  Zibeon  the  Hivite :  another  Zi* 
beon  prefently  appears  to  be  a  Horite^  and  an  Anah  to  be  bis  foni 
recorded  as  the  firft  difcoverer  of  Mules. 


Befides  the  fons  of  Efau  by  Bafhemahi  Adah  and  Aholibamah^  h^ 
had  by  others,  probably  by  Judith  and  Mahalath,  the  dukes  Timtiah, 

5eat.  2, 12.  Alvcth,  Jctheth,  Aholibamah,  Elab,  Pinon,  Mibzar,  Magdiel,  Irani. 

•*^*      £ftiu*»  fons  deftroyed  the  Horites  of  Seiri  the  Avim  of  Hazerim  to 

Azzah ;  and  the  Caphtorim,  who  came  from  Caphtor.     Efau  it  the 

Erythras  who  failed  on  the  Arabian  gulf,  before  the  time  of  Danaus. 

(.  ZIzi  ^^^  8*^^  ^^*  name  to  the  Azanian  fca,  which  receives  that  gulf,^ 
His  fepulchre  being  in  the  ifle  Ogyris,  iia  miles  in  circuit,  and  115 
diftant  from  land.  Arrian  on  India  fays  it  was  named  Oarada,  and 
100  miles  in  length. 


Efau'8  wife  Mahalath        )  I  —Duke  Nahah 

IlhmaePs  daughter,  or(     n^..^i     I— Duke  Zerah 
Balhema,  elfewhere     f — *^«"«*-*  j  —Duke  Shammah 
iaid  to  be  Eloa'^.         J  J  —Duke  Mizzah 


Cliap.  o.) 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY, 


403 


I  — Dulce  Tcman 
^ion— Adah,  Efau's  wife-— Eliphaz —  j  — Duke  o^ar 

— Duke  Zepho 
— Duke  Kenaz 
— Duke  Korah 
— Diike  Gatam 

'^Timna  con-J 

cubine   of C  Duke  Amelec 
Eliphaz     3 

I  —Hori 

— Duke  Lotan  J  —Heman 

— Alvan 
—Duke  Shobal— 


Seir  theHorite;  yet 
Seir  was  a  name 
of  Efau,  Gen. 
£5-  25.  but  the 
Homes  wereHi- 
vites^  Gen.  36.2 


— «*Manahath 
— .Ebal,  Shepho 
—©nam 


Duke      7 I  — Ajah 

Zibeon  J       j  -«.Anah — Aholibamah  — 
— Duke  Anah 


—Duke  Pifhon— 
— Duke  Ezer— — 

Duke  Difiian«. 


— Hemdan 
— Efhban 
— Ithran 
~Cfaeraii 

— Bilham 
— Zaavan 

.'.  —  Achan 

|-Uz 

I  .Aran 


■Duke 
leufli. 
Duke 
Jaalam. 
Duke 
"Korah 


Beer's  fon  Bela  of  Din-habath  wasfucceded  by 

Zerab  of  Bozrah's  Ton  Jobab.     His  fucceflor  was 

Hufham  of  Temani :  his  was 

Bedad's  fon  Hadad  of  AvUh ;  Midlands  Viflor  5  fticceeded  by 

Samlah  of  Mafrekah.     The  next  was 

Saul  of  Rehoboth,  by  the  river  Euphrates.     Next, 

Achbdr's  fon  Baalhanan.     Next, 

Hadar  of  Pan  :  his  wife  Mehetabel  was  daughter  of  Matred, 

Daughter  of  Mezahab. 

Brydone  has  tranflated  two  Chaldean  infcriptions  at  Palermo  in 
Sicily  importing  that  Efau's  grandfon  Zepho  was  governor  of  a 

F  f  f  2  tower 


^04  PRIM!  TI  VE    HISTORY-  (Bookt. 

tower  there  named  Baych,  near  another  named  Pharat  at  Palermo :. 
whither  in  Efau's  time  many  Hebrews,Damafcenes  and  Phenicians 
/    came  to  refide.     Indeed  fome  of  Abraham's  fons  appear  to  be  com- 
rades of  the  Pheflician  Hercules. 

Jacob  in  hjs  way  to  Padan  Aran,  which  as  Bochart  fhews  is  the 
cultivated  country  of  Mefopotamia,  after  fun  fet  laid  his  head  on  a 
ftone  and  fell  afleep.    He  dreamt  of  angels  afcending  and  defcending 
on  a  ladder  betweert  heaven  and  earth.     And  the  Lord  above  faid, 
^*  I,  the  Lord  God  of  Abraham  and  of  Ifaac>    grant  the  land,  on 
which  thou  lieft,  to  thee  and  to  thy  feed  ;  who  fhall  be  as  numerous 
as  the  duft.     Thou  Ihalt  expand  thy felf  towards  the  eaft,  weft,  north, 
.  and  fouth  ;    and  in  thee  and  thy  feed  fhall  all  nations  on  earth  be 
■  hleft.  Lo  I  am  with  thee,  and  will  preferve  thee  whither  thou  goeft, 
and  reconduft  thee  hither ;  nor  leave  thee  till  I  have  performed  my 
promife."     Jacob  awaking  (aid,  '*  The  Lord  is  certainly  here,  an<i 
I  was  unconfcious  of  his  prefence.**     Impreft  with  awe  he  exclaimed, 
"  This  is  God*s  manfion,  this  is  Heaven*s  portal,'*     Early  in  th^ 
morning  he  converted  the  ftor^e  thkt  was  under  his  head  to  a  pillarj 
and  anointed  it:  and  inftcad  of  Luz,  named  the  place.  Bethel:  vowing 
to  acknowledge  (Jod  his  proteGtor,  and  to  pay  him  the  tythe  of  all 
his  fulur«  fubftance.    From  the  ftone  fet  up  at  this  religious  Ipof, 
whbfe  name  fays  Bryant  fignifies  the  fame  as   Petor  (whence  the^ 
Egyptian  Petores  or  Augurs)  the  Greeks  derived  Petros,    to  which 
Chrift  alludes.     Hefychius  interprets  flfrjo^  *o  ET^iytvuCiocv. 

This  aft  of  Jacob  was  the  origin  of  Sanchoniatho's  Betilia:  ihfiy 
'^  '  '  had  this  name  from  the  ufe  of  the  placfs  whereev^r  they  were  ereficd; 
which  was  to  worftip  God:  fo  we  call  a  Temple  the  houfe  of  Go<[  j 
that  is  of  his  worfhip :  and  El  being  Sol,  hence  really  came  Zeus 
*  ^7'  Lapis— Hence  arofe  the  rocking  ftones  of  the  Gaurs  ;  fo  contrived 
that  they  might  feem  animated,  and  fill  the  fpeOators  with  wonder. 
They  feem  to  be  the  Htfrmaea,  defcribed  by  Strabo,  in  Egypt,  and 
the  Hebrew  Margemah«  Norden  fiiys  the  Pendre  ftone  pear  Blifton 
lo  feet  long,  4  broad,  go  inches  thick)  moved  with  the  wind.  Bryant 
was  informed  that  a  perfon  with  his  cane  moved  the  rocking  ftone  in 

the 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  40S 

the  Qiinefe  ifle  of  Amoy,  about  40  feet  long.     Apollonius  Rhodiiis 
mentions  one  iir  the  ifle  of  Tenos. 

Jacob  proceeded  to  the  eaftward,  and  favv  three  flocks  of  flieep 
near  a  well.  The  pallors  told  him  that  country  was  Haran  ;  that 
Laban  was  their  acquaintance;  and  that  his  daughter  Rachael  was 
coming  with  flieep  thither.  At  that  junflure  ftie  ai^rived,  Jacob 
uncovered  the  well,  and  watered  her  flock.  Saluting  her,  he  with 
tears  of  joy  told  her,  he  was  Rebecca's  fon.  She  h^ftened  to  inform 
Laban  :  who  ran  to  Jacob,  embraced,  faluted,  and  condufted  him 
home;  telling  Jacob,  "  Thou  art  the  fame  as  myfelf."  He^refided 
a  month  with  Laban ;  who  then  faid,  **Aflift:  me  not  gratis,  tho*  my  ^ 
kinfman;  but  name  thy  wages.**  Laban's  eldeft  daughter  Leah  had 
weak  eyes ;  her  fifter  Rachael  was  handfome  and  admired  by  Jacob. 
He  faid,  I  will  be  thy  fervant  feven  years  for  Rachael.  Laban  con- 
fented.  After  the  Hebdomadal  feftival  on  account  of  the  nuptials 
fome  contend  that  Jacob  demaiaded  his  bride,  whom  he  was  to  earn 
\}y  fuiurt  fervice :  but  the  demand  is  made  after  the  completion  of 
the  fervice  is  declared*  Thefe  critics  read,  **  Jacob  had  faid,  give 
me  my  wife,  for  my  days  (meaning,  fay  they,  the  feftal  week)  are 
compleated.  But  it  was  confequent  to  this  demand  that  the  feftival 
was  made  :  and  when  Jacob  was  cheated  with  Leah  (the  confumma- 
tion  being  probably  fimilar  to  the  Spartan  manner,  and  itisobferv- 
able  that  in  New  Zeland  nuptials  are  confummated  in*  the  dark)  he 
wclaimed,  did  not  I  ferve  thee  *for  Rachael  ?  Laban,  pleading  that 
primogeniture  took  place  by  cuftom  in  marriages,  replied,  "  Thou 
Ihalt  have  Rachael  for  feven  other  years  ^1?/  of  Service."  Thefe 
fervitudes  were  then  fafhionablc :  about  this  timeOrus  Apollo 
ferved  Admetus:  the  Tyrian  Hercules,  Omphale:  and  Cadmus, 
Mars,  for  Harmonia.  Jacob,  by  Laban's  daughters  and  their  two 
handmaids,  proved  the  founder  of  the  12  illuftrious  tribes  of  Ifrael. 

Awhile  let  us  leave  them,  to  take  a  view  of  profaTie  hiftory,  im- 
perfeft  and  ebfcure  as  all  the  accounts  of  the  moft  ancient  times 
prove  in  Pagan  authors  to  be. 


V- 


4o5 


^  Emehdakons  of  the.  Firji.  and  Second  Books;   the  former  being 

inaccurate. 

In  the  Titan  Genealogy,  the  hn  of  Dardanus  is  Erichthon. 
Page  I,  The  Margin  refers  to  Plutarch. 

—  3,  line  27.  After  Ciz^ii/ read,  Caffini  junior,  A.  D.  1740,  calculated  the  motions 

of  the  planetary  Nodes  5  and  determined  that  of  the  Venereal  to  exceed  the  Tcr- 
reftrial  34  feconds  annually.  ' 

—  9,  line  20.  Paufanias 

—  10,  line  26.  Between  Edris  and  Origen  infert  a  period 

—  15,  line  5.  Pythagoras Page  16,  In  the  Margin  read,  Juliae 

—  10,  line  23.  For  iefs,  read  lacking*— —Page.  20.  line  9,  Kiun 

—  27,  In  the  lafi  reference  read.  Sic:— Page  36.  line  13,  Omit  the  firft  comma 

—  37,  line  10.  Exhilarating-  Line  13.  After  Creation  add,  Male  and  female 

are  contrived  for>  and  attached  to,  one  another 
-— 38>  line  21.  After  damnation  fet  a  period:  and  add^,  Ovid  fays.  Bis  duo  funt 

hominis.  Manes,   Caro,  Spiritus,  tJmbra. 
— >  39,  to  line  2.  add.  As  to  parts  beyond  parts,  mind  is  one  divine  whole,  indiviiible 

line  9.  For  quas:  read  quafi.-  line  4.  Mynd  in  Iflandic  is  Image 

.-*  41.  19.  Read  in-flexure,  or  inward  flexure 

—  44,  to  line  9.  add.  The  minutenefs,  multiplicity  and  Uniformity  of  lucid  pardcles 

keep  one  another  fleady  in  their  diredion,  inftead  of  jofUing  one  another  aiide  : 
thus  the  rays  of  many  tkoufand  ilars  pafs  continiudly  and  diredly  to  immenfe 
diftances.    So  rays  imprint  an  objed  innumerably  and  perfectly  on  all  parts  of  a  ■ 
Mirror. 

—  45,  j^g.  Omit,  in  whic^i  a  foludon  of  Pewter  is  ferviceable 

—  '40,  hue  18,  And  in  other  places,  read  appellative  "Line  26,  with 

—  45,  line  5«  At  life  the  Quotation  ends 

—  52,  line  I 3  Omit  all  between  oS/er<ve^  and  Nrndinm 

—  15,  At  bottom  add,  Cafaubon  on  Credulity  hints  at  powerful  virtues  in  Peoaf 

and  Dittany 

—  59,  line  4.  Before  Augofline  infert,  Thus  Eufebius  mentions  the  tt^vjfrov^   Aoyoi^ 

of  Mofes 
*—  61,  line  9.  For  clear,  read  clean'  ■     ■■    Page  63,  line  20.  Surprizing 

—  73,  29.  Syncellus Page  81,  line  28.  Could 

—  83,  In  the  fourth  line  from  the  bottom,  before  Cain,  infert,  we  might  conclude 

that  he  retired  to  Cathay ;  for  Dr.  Hide  interprets  Cbata^  error. 

—  87,  line  6.  Eupolcmus— — 8,  fying : — 32,  fy 

—  88,  line  1.  Add,  as. 30,  For  the  period  put  a  comma 

—  91,  line''5.  After  language,  add  that  is  Atta  El. 

Exchange  Jared's  and  Methufela^s  ages  at  Psedogony  ;   and  in  the  laft  place 
read  Jofephus;  To  page  93,   line  14 

—  94,  line  22.  For  above,  read  about  -* 24,  Waterhoufc 

—  98,  line  29.  Before  of,   infert.   He  inflanccs  perfons  having  forty,  nay  forty-fevcft 

children;  as  Lycaon,  Egyptas,  Danaua  and  others  had  fifty  each.-  indeed 
women  in  the  Raft  frequently  bear  feveral  children  at  a  birth,  fo  that  the  earjj 
population  of  tiie  world  i«  readily  accounted  for 

—  99,  line  17.  Read  feem -Page  103,  line  10.  Chaldaic  ■  ■      .33,  relieved 

—  104,  line  10.  read  Ifland— -30,  mention— —Page  105,  line  3.   Omit  0*4/ 

—  109,    In  the  firft  Latin  line  omit  the  Comma—— Page  iii,  line  17.  Read  Kibotos 

—  113,  line  7.    For  Shells,  Pebbles 113,  linei,  Confift 

—  !  16,  Margin,   read  Meteor— page  117,  line  22.  For  there,    thither 

—  1 18,  30.  After  magat  infert,  the  Greek  megas 119,  line  6.  Add,  the 

—  123,  line  9;  for  thro'  jpcad,  between  Nevil  Bay  fuid« 


EMENDATIONS.  407 

Pag  I  ^3  » « .Moor  and  Smith  fawtwo  pcrfons  on  the  South  fide  of  Wagcr'sBay  different 
xn  complexion  and  manners  from  the  Eiquimaux 

—  125,  hne  j6.  For  cycle  read  circle j^6,  line  2.  Omit  firft 

—  130,  hne  26.  For  where,  were 

—  131,  hnc  5.  After  Trees  add,  Brydonc  mentions  the  (lone  in  Sicily  and  Calabria 

that  with  due  watering  and  heat  produces  Muairooms 

—  1331  in  the  headline  for  4  read  5;  fo  page  137,5  for  6. 

~  135,  After  line  19,  add,  And  as  far  as  the  fprings  of  the  Oxus,  Indus  and  Ganges, 
"t"*r^"?r  n  "'^  ^««  ^^g^  mountains  of  Thibet,  a  name  akin  to  Fhebc  and  Theboth; 
tkcfc  Hills  are  alfo  called  Boot-an 

•-  *37».To  line  19,  add.  Put  Corfini  fcts  Majmadlerion  in  the  ufual place  of  Anthc- 
Itenon  :    which  he  und  Harpocration  poftpone  to  Gamelion 

—  141,  line  20.  Augur Page  143.  line  26.  Thcodofiusr ici,  line  14.  Zugof 

~  i54»  "n«  3  '  •  After  Welch  infcrt,  pronounce  F  like  V,  and 

—156.  line 3.  Pillar  ..line  I5,rcc« 

—  i^,line  16.  For  P,  Pi ^toline  28  add,    the  Chaldaic  infcription  at 

Palermo  refembles  rhe  Etrufcan  alphabet  in  having  L  and  S  rcvcrfcd  ;   but  it 
has  alfo  U  dirca page  163,  line  4.  For  Y,  read  Z 

B  O  O   K    II. 

—  176,  Add  to  line  25,  It  iignifies  Vaticinium;  as  Edda,  like  Nannea  and  Amaia^ 

iignifies  grandam,  and  refpeds  the  Magna  Mater 

—  191,  At  the  end  of  line  ai,  add  a  Colon 

—  206,  line  10,  Dionyfitts  26,  before  hence  infert,  and  Horns  Apollo's 

Hieroglyphics. 

—  22i»  line  8.  Length Page  248.  At  the  laft  reference  at  the  laft  line page 

25 1 ,  line  29.  For  Cycle,  Circle 
*^  263,  line  16.  At  Jo^e  infert.  And  Tkurus  or  Arius  feems  a  brother  of  Ninyas, 

and  fon  of  Jove  Picus. 
'  ■2Q>  For  then  ivas  but  ^m,  read,  the  firft 

-—  216,  Laft  line;  read,  Proferpint— 275,  Headline,  Chap  |.  —line  14,  Omit  tAi 

—  aTQt  Headline,   Ch.  ^— -line  11,  at  Fortune  add,  and  Ifis;  Pales  was  Pan, 

MUftdes,  Mifor,  Oins        line  14.  At  Apollo  add,  Thefe  were  Meon  or  Mifor, 
^  aid  Ham  th*  firft  $ol,  Arneris  or  Qrus  reprefented  by  Priapus,  as  ^as  Mendes. 
'——line  15,  At  Patrii  add.  This  Vefta  was  Mifor's  confert  Ifu 
*-*28i.  Headline,  Ch.  4— line  15.  Sace/dotal. 

—  292,  line  3.  Firft— 295,  28,  For>j&*,  who 

—  303,  line  33.  For  inVwread,  the  Egyptian 316,  Set  the  Reference  at  the  laft  line 

«^  217,  Une  24.  At  Terminus  add.  That  is  Picus;  in  whofe  reign  as  Virgil  hints. 

Landmarks  were  introduced 
In  the  Contents  of  Ch.  5,  for  viz.  read  viri. 

—  332,  line  23.  For  tbere,  Aefc— — 3  j6,  line  27.  For  wealth,  weal 

•—  947,  line   3.  At  Peneus  add.  Yet  Nana  and  his  fire  were  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius 
and  Teudtamus  or  Ammon«— — line  1 1.  Add,  lulus  was  Taurus  or  Picus 

—  350,  line  2.  At  the  end  put  a  Colon 

*-  351,  line  21.  In  the  Margin  for  L  pnt  i — and  fet  the  laft  Referenceat  the^laftllno 
—^'302,  line  8.  At  Phenicians  add,  Iphigenia  in  Euripides  ftiles  Mycenae  her  Cyclo- 
pean Home 

—  369,  Line  penult:   at  Ver  fet  a  period; 

—  375»  line  2;  Before  war  infert  is line  26.  Sakon 

«—  377,  line  15.  Inducing— «»in  the  Margin  fet  Sherringham  at  Une  tt* 

—  388,  In  the  Margin  for  Anat,  Ant.— —391,  line  i.  From 
^—  396,  line  2 J  and  28,  Iphron.— — 3J7,  line  ^  Airf. 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

BOOK     IIL  C  H  A  R  L 

CONTENTS. 


0/  the  Pagan  Remnants  of  ancient  Hijlory.  Of  Sanchoniatho:  Manetho: 
The  old  Egyptian  Chronicle.  Oftht  Table  of  Theban  Kings  from 
Eratojlhenes.  Of  the  Interval  between  the  Flood  and  the  Chrijlian 
Era.  Of  Herodotus^  Jofephus^  Apollodorus^  and  Diodorus.  Ancient, 
Account  of  'Italy:  The  Umbri^  LigureSj  Volfci,  Tyrhenians^  Aurunci^ 
Au/oneSj  Ofici^  Lce/lrigonSj  Cyclops,  wer&  Celta,  but  intermixed  with 
Pelajgi,  Lydians  and  Phenicians.  Of  Annacus^  Goriius^  and  Midas^ 
Kings  of  Phrygia.  Of  Manes,  Alcimus,  Gambles^  and  Jardan, 
Kings  of  Lydid.  Of  Rhodes. Of  Lefbos:  OJ  Iphimedia  and  Butes  ; 
mnd  of  Cadmus.  Ancient  mention  of  the  Scythians;  of  the  Getce  ;  of 
China.  Ufe  of  a  Genealogical  Table  of  Collateral  Lines.  European 
Poffejfions  of  Hatn^s  Family.  Of  Janus^  ofTeutat  and  Acmon,  Ham's 
.  Befcendants.     A  Genealogical  Table  from  Sanchoniatho^ 

WJ  HEN  an  irrefiftible  tempeft  has  deftroyed  an  unfortunate 
^  ^  fiiip;  and  fpeftators  on  a  promontory  difcern  a  few  fcattered 
remnants  of  the  wreck,  bandied  about  at  random  on  the  turbulent 
bofom  of  the  boiftrous  ocean  :  this  melancholy  fcene  refembles  the 
ftraggling  fragments  of  the  mod  ancient  hiftories  ftill  floating  on  the 
'Ocean  of  time.  What  a  lofs  was  the  ancient  Hiftory  of  Memnonium^ 
Democritus  wrote  a  Hiftory  of  Chaldea,  and  of  Phrygia:  Xanthus^ 
of  Lydia :  Anacharfis,  of  Scythia;  Epimenides,  of  theCuretes  and 
of  Rhodes:  Ariftippus,  ofLybia:  Heraclides,  of  Perfia,  Sancho- 
niatho, Dius,  Heftiaeus,  Hypficrates,  Mofchusand  Theodotus  (which 

Ggg  1^ 


410  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  Chap.i.) 

laft  three  were  tranflated  into  Greek  by  Chaetus)  were  Phenician 
Hiftorians ;  Eumachus  and  Procles,  Punic,  preferved  for  a  time 
with  the  library  of  Carthage  by  Scipio.  Ray  fuppofed  there  was  'sl 
library  that  belonged  to  the  ancient  Ethiopians  atAyefas  exifting  even 
in  his  time. 

The  adulterated  and  confufed  medley  remaining  of  SanchaniatBoir 
a  few  detached  paffages  of  Manetho  and  Berofus  ;    a  part  of  a  fhort 
Egyptian  chronicle ;    with  the  firft  part  of  a  valuable  table   of  the 
kings,  of  Thebais   by  Eratofthenes ;  and  fome   fcanty    extracts   in 
various  authors,    from  others  more  ancient  than  themfelves  ;  have 
Airvived  the  general  devaftation.      Some  of  thefe  relics  are  invalu^ 
able.      The  lift  of  Theban  kings  difcovers  the  length  of  thne  front 
the  firft  fettlement  of  Egypt  to  the  Trojan  war.     Dionyfius  of  Hali- 
carnaffus  fets  the  capture  of  Troy  at  a  full  moon  17  days  before  the 
fUmmer  folftice,  and  eight  before  the  end  of  the  month  ThargcHon. 
Agreeable   to  this  accdunt  Apollodorus  counted  408  years  before 
the  Olympic  era,    which  began  A.  C#  776.     A   full  moon   in  the 
year  A.  C.  1184  happened  i6|  days  before  the  folftice.     Dionyfeiir 
of  Argosand  HeHanicua  wrote  that  Troy  was  taken  on  the  twclfft 
of  Thargelion  j  thus  fevouring  Eratofthenes,  who  fet  the  capture  of 
Troy  a  year  later  :    but  Agis  and  Dercylus  and  fome  Attic  wrttera 
confirm  the  firft  account.   Thus  is  this  remote  event  fettled  to  a  year. 
and  thence  upward  to  the  firft  Menes  of  Egypt  ;    whofe  fettlemcnt 
was  probably  full  a«  foon  as  his  kinfmen's  in  Chaldea  about  x6^ 
years  aft^er  Noah's  flood. 

Bsut  for  the  extra^s  and  fragments  now  mentioned,  there  would  be 
an  univerfaLfilenceasto  the  firft  Poftdiluvian  ages  amongft  profane 
authors}  who  have  mifapplied  a  few  imperfeft  incidents,  that  regard 
Noah,  to  Ogyge«i  Ofiris  and  Deuealidn  :  fome,  that  refpcft  Ham^ 
to  Ammon,  orhis  rival; the  Titan  Saturn^  fome,  that  concern  Mifor^ 
Meon,  Menes,  Mendes,  tOi  Acmon's  father  Mannus,  or  to  Cybele*a 
huft)and  Meon  who  was  the  Titan  Saturn,  or  Ammon's  fon  who  had 
the  honorary  name  of  Ofiris  in  common  with  Mifor,  or  to  Amenophi* 

iire 


Chap,  u)  PR  I  M  ITI  VE    HISTOR  Y.  411 

fire  of  Seioftris;  or  to  Memnon  ;  inftiort  to  any  one  nam^  Meon, 
Menon,  Menes,  A-menophis,  or  Maro,  ^11  of  whom  had  the  name 

ofNilus. 

Groping  thus  in  the  dark,  fome  think  the  Italian  Janus  was  Java^, 

tho'  contemporary  with  Chiron's  fire.     Plato  deems  Thoth  CMifor's 

fon)  coeval  with  Amman  the  rival  of  Chiron's  fire.     Some  aflert  that 

Thoth   allotted    dominions    to   Phoroneus :    but  Niobe's  fire    was 

not  two  centuries  before  Cccrpps ;    therefore  fome  more  ancient 

Phoroneus  muft  have  been   the  brother  of  Egialeus,  and  Thoth's 

<:ontemporary;  alfo  a  few  years  fubfequent  to  Thoth* s  father  Menes, 

in  whofe  reign  letters  were  invented;  tho'  I  think  that  Mannus  A,c- 

mon's  father  propagated  letters  in  Phrygia,  which  he  had  from  his 

father  Tuitho  or  Teutat:  who  probably  taught  them  to  the  Turde* 

tani  of  Spain,  as  in  Strabo.      Stephanas  and  the  Scholiaft  of  ApoU 

lonius  tell  us   Acmpn  the  fon  of  Mannus  founded   Acmonia  in 

.Phrygia ;    his  brother  I>oeas  the  cities  Lycailiaj^  Themifcyra  and 

Chalybia  inhabited  by  Amazons  and  Chalybes  near  the  river  Ther- 

modon.       Juftin  fays  the  Chalybes  derived  their  name  from  a  rivcer 

in  Spain.     Phornutus  deems  Uranus,  called  Acmonide^  by  Hefychius 

and  Simias  of  Rhodes,  the  fon  of  Acmon;  who  therefore  is  Saneho^ 

niatho's  EHon,  and  died  a  hunting:  but  he  was  fome  ages  later  than 

T^h  Mifor's  fon. 

Some   good   intelligence  is  to  be  extrafled  out  of  Manetho's 

Pynsffties  in  Syncellus   and  Jofephus.      For,  tho'   Africanus  and 

Eufebius  aimed  to  ftretcb  thofe  Dynaftics  (which  were  $0  including 

Gpds  and  Demigods)  to  the  fame  number  exclufively ;  y€it  the  18th 

Dynafty  difcovers  the  error,  for  it  contains  OruSy  who  was  a  Demi- 

God,    and^e  firft  Dynafty  of  This  begins  with  the  firft  kings  of  all 

Egypt,  Mifor  and  Thoth;  who  of  courfe  are  the  firft  alfo  in  the  lift 

of  Eratofthenes  :  five  of  whofe  firft  kings    preceded  the  Hycfi,  as 

in  the  16th  Dynafty  of  Eufebius,  tho' he  has  omitted  their  names. 

The  fixth  king  of  Thebes  is  exprefsly  a  Memphite;  fo  that  probably 

Memphis  being  the  principal    royalty  of  Egypt,  as  appears  from 

Thoth's  building  his  palace  there,  the  fixth  king  on  the  paftoral  in- 

•  G  g  g  a  vafion. 


r\ 


412 


PRI  M  ITIV  E     HISTORY.  '    (Book  g. 

vafion  retired  to  Thebes,   '  Jofephus  from  Manetho  Ihcws  that  their 
ufurpation  continued  sif^years^  260  of  which  they  were  under  a 
regal  dominion;    by  the  firft  kings  of  the  18th  Dynafty  they  were 
expelled.  518  after  the  commencement  of  this  Dynafty,'Amenophis. 
began  his  reign  ;  in  whofe  14th  year  happened  the  Exod. 

Berofus  counted  163  years  from  the  Deluge  to  the  firft  king  of 
Babylon.  Emilius  Sura  in  Paterculus  counts.from  (Nimrod,  often 
miftaken  for)  Ninus,  1995  years  to  the  overthrow  of  Antiochus  the 
Great ;  whence  to  the  Chriftian  era  is  igo  years.  So  Ctcfias  counts 
1000  years  from  the  fall  of  Troy  up  to  the  commencem^t  of  the 
AfTyrian  empire;  which,  as  faid  above,  was  163  yeafr after  the 
flood.  Conftantfne  Manaffes  fays,  *'  the  Egyptian  kingdom  lafted 
-1663  years;  Cambyfes  fubverted  it  A.  C.  525.  So  that  if  Mifor 
founded  it  three  years  before  the  Babylonian  (which  is  probable,  as 
it  was  the  firft  empire)  the  period  from  the  flood  to  the  Chriftian 
era  is  about  2348.  years.  The  23000  lunar  years  in  Diodorus  Si- 
culus  between  Mifor  and  Alexaiider ;  and  the  table  of  Theban  kings 
by  Eratofthenes,  make  the  cTommencementof  Mifor's  reign  156  years 
after  the  flood.  ^ 

3ad  Herodotus  tranfmitted  to  us  his  intended  hiftory  of  AfTyria, 
and  had  it  been  in  the  power  or  will  of  the  Egyptian  pricfts  to  %vc 
afforded  that  venerable  Grecian  a  more  exaft  hiftory  of  their  coun- 
try, the  information  concerning  the  moft  intimate  occurences  of 
ancient  times  would  have  been  ai)undantly  more*  fatisfaftory,  than 
we  muft  expeft  it  ever  to  be. — i— The  defire  of  Jofephus  to  enhance 
the  antiquity  of  the  JeMifh  nation,  by  placing  Mofes  as  high  as  the 
Hycfi  and  Inachus;  and  the  ftudy  of  other  garblers  of  Manetho  to 
compleat  an  aftronomical,  inftead  of  an  hiftorical,  period  in  the 
Egyptian  annals,  with  a  fiflitious  and  tautological  lift  of  imaginary 
perfonages  (extending  for  that  purpofe  15  Dynafties  to  30)  have 
ferved  to  augment  the  obfcurity  of  ancient  hiftory:  thus  we  have 
collateral  kings  placed  in  fuccefTion;  and  a  long  lift  of  princes,  whofe 
aSions  are  iinrecordcd,  becaufc  they  never  exifteiJ.       Other  hifto- 

rians 


Chap,  i.)  P  R  I  M  I  t  I  V  E    H  i  5  r  O  R  V-  4x3 

rians,  pofleft  with  the  fame  aftrononiical  phrenzy,  have  compleated 
a  Sothiac  period  with  fiflitious  kings  of  Aflyria,  from  Ninus  inftead 

of  Nimrod. To  Apollodorus  we  owe  an  excellent  genealogy  of 

the  Titans  and  their  contemporaries,  with  fome    fketches  of    their 

hiftory, We  fhould  have  been   more  obliged  to  Diodorus  and 

Trogus,  if  inftead  of  Ctefias  they  had  followed  Berofus,  fince  abufed 
by  the  forgeries  of  Annius.  But  let  us  now  have  recourfe  to  fuch 
materials  as  ftill  remain, 

Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaffus  writes  that  in  Italy  the  Umbri,  whofe 
name  Pliny  derives  from  Ombros,  a  Ihowcr,  faying  they  efcaped  ^'i/n"^*, 
from  a  Deluge  and  wete  the  moft  ancient  nation  in  Italy  (300  of  Cp.  S. 
\\  hofe  towns  were  captured  by  the  Tufcans)  were  a  numerous  and 
ancient  people^  Near  thefe  Dionyfius  fets  the  Ligures:  fo  named 
from  Llech  Owr,  being  forrefters  who  inhabited  Gaul  and  Italy  : 
indeed  both  nations  were  Celtac;  the  names  of  their. towns  bein^ 
moftly  Celtic;  as  Trebula  from  Tre  Bol;  hence  Vol-ofci  or  Volfci: 
Tre  being  a  town,  Bol  in  Hiberno  Celtic  fkill;  yet  Fol  whence  Voio 
is  high.  Maruvium,  on  an  unwholefome  lake,  is  from  Marw,  to  die* 
Iffa  in  Celtic  is  inferiour.  Tiora  is  from  Ty,  Domus,  and  Or,  Ora. 
Lifta,  from  Llys,  Aula.  CutiHa,  from  Cwtt,  a  cot.  Crotonia,  alfo 
Cfottf,  from  Crwth,  uter:  yet  others  fay  from  the  God  Crodo.  So 
Tyr-benia  is  from  Tyr-hen,  old  land;  and  their  chief,  Rafen,  from 
Rhys  Hen,  old  lord.  From  Hen  comes  Sen,  fenes.  Dionyfius  fays, 
there  were  Tyrheni,  as  much  as  to  fay  Celtae,  once  at  Athens:  thefe 
were  the  laones  called  alfo  Graicoi,  from  Grec,  Celtic  for  old. 
Snorro  writes  that  Europe  was  named  Enea,  that  is  Hen  Aia,  old 
land.  It  is  not  wonderful  that  Livy,  Polyaenus,  and  Plutarch 
fliould  deem  the  Tyrhenian  langiiage  different  from  the  Latin  of  their 
times:  for  tho'  both  were  originally  Celtic;  yet  the  Latin  was  blended 
with  Greek  and  Phrygian,  which  had  received  a  flrong  tinfture  of 
the  Gothic,  as  Plato  inftances  in  Pyr,  fire;  Ydor,  water;  Cuon, 
hotind:  the  old  Celtic  word  for  water  was  not  Dwr,  but  Uifk,  hence 
Uflc.  The  Tyrhenian  language  was  mixt  with  Phaenician  by  Tarchon, 
Marfyas  and  Saturn.  The  Latins  (by  whom  I  mean  the  colonics  of 
Evander  and  Eneas  with  a  mixture  of  the  ancient  Celtae)  had  fome 

»  •  mattery 


i 


414  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book.3. 

maiter^  from  .the  Theffalian  Pelafgi  under  Oenotrus,  in    CQVimon 
with  theTyrheni,  who  were  old  Celtae  mixtwith  Phaenicia^ns.      For 
inftance,  Dionyfius,.  Tacitus  and  Pliny  fay,  the  Roman  letters  were 
the  mo/l  ancient  Greek,  that  is  the  Pelafgicj  and  Solinus,  as  well  as 
Pliny,  writes    that  the   Pdafgi    brought   letters  to  Italy;   Aureliug 
Vi£lor  and   Tacitus  fay    they  were    brought  thither  by  Evander- 
Minutius  Felix,  Cyprian   and  TertuUian    fay  that   Saturn    brought 
letters    thither:  Juba  in  Plutarch  fays  that  Hercules  brought  letters 
to  Italy:  thefe  were  fimilar   to    the  ancient   Greek,  and  taught  by 
Linus;  whofe,  according  to  Zenobius,  were  Pelafgic:  and,  as  JHero-. 
dotus  fays  of  the  Egyptian  were  written  from  the  right  to  .(he  left; 
as  were  the  Etrufcan;  which,  according  to  Plipy,  were   Pdafgic. — 
In  Athcneo.  Theopompus  wrote  that  *'  The  Umbri  near  the  Adriatic  led  w  eaiy 
life  like  the  Lydians;'*  with  whom  he  feems  tp  confound' them:  **  6y 
the  fertility  of  their  foil  raifed  to  great  profperity,  they    (pent  their 
time  ia^ames  and  revels;  more  ftudious  of  loading  their  mb^s  with" 
variety  of  diflies,  than  of  a  life  of  decorum/'      Hence  the  nan^e  of 
Aurunci  (from  the   Celtic  Ur   Rhongca)  libertines.     The  Umbri 
were  expelled  (lays  Pliny)  by  the  Heturians^    DionyGus  Hal.  &y% 
by   the  Aborigines  or  Pelafgi,  or  as  Aurelius  Viftor  ftiles   ^e/i, 
Aberrigines,  that  is  vagrants:  yet  the  name  of  Orobians    f^gnifipl 
mountaineers.     Dionyfius  Hal.  informs   us  that  thefe  Pelafgi  werp 
akin  to  the  Dodoneans:  they  appear  to  be  Afiatics,  who   intermixt 
with  the  original  people  there,  and  came  from  Themifcyra;  bemf^ 
originally  foUowers^ of  Acmon  Teutat's  grandfon  :  hence  their  know- 
ledge of  the  Cabirian  Rites.       They  are  the  Hyperboreans  faid  by 
Pherenicus'  in  Pindar's  Scolia  to  be  of  Titanic  defcent.      Paufaoias 
wrote  that  Olen,   who  compofed  the  ancient  odes  of  Delos,    was  a 
Hyperborean.      Pherenicus  above  fliews  us  that  they  were  alfo  Ari- 
mafpians  ;    and  Strabo  joins  thefe  with  Hyperboreans,  and  Sarma^ 
tians.     Some  of  them  were  the   Amazons  about  the  Thermodon* 
Callimachus  in  the  Scolia  of  Theocritus  tells  us  the  daughters  of  an 
Amazonian  queen,    who  inftituted  the  facred  dance  and  no£lurnal 
vigils  were  Peleiades:  thefe  were  Dodoneanpriefteffes;  and  (he  was 
Cybele   Myrina  and  Lamia.     The  Titans   brought  Amazons  and 
Pelafgi  to  Athens  in  the  earlieft  times.    Thefe  Hyperboreans  were 

only 


Chap.  1.)  P  R  1  M  I  T  I  V  E    ri  i  S  t  O  R  Y.  415 

only  relalively  called  fo :  thus  Hercules  brought  the  Olive  from 
Them^  yet  not  from  the  Arftic  regions.  The  Pclafgi  were  ever 
fluftuating  and  unfettled:  in  the  fixth  generation  after  their  refidence 
in  Argos  they  removed  to  Haemonia  (which  had  changed  its  name  to 
Theffaly)  under  Achaius,  Phthius  and  Pelafgus  fons  of  a  Neptune  and 
Larifla.  In  th^  fixth  age  fubfequent  to  this,  Deucalion  the  fon  of 
Prometheus  and  Clymene  Ocean's  daughter,  with  the  Curetes  Le- 
leges  and  Parnaffians,  expelled  them  to  Baeotia,  Phocis,  Eubea,  the 
Hellefpont,  Afia,  Crete,  Lefbos  and  elfewhere.  The  Pelafgi  were  Dionys.Hal. 
were  firft  led  into  Italy  by  CEnotrus.  Niobe'a  fon  Pelafgus,  as 
Pherecydes  of  Athens  wrote,  had  Lycaon  the  fire  of  this  CEnotrus 
by  Deianira  daughter  of  an  elder  Lycaon,  fon  of  iCzeus,  a  prince  from 
whom  Arcadia  was  named  at  firft  iEzca — Italus,  whofe  name  Bochart 
interprets  to  fignify  Taurus,  a  defcendent  of  CEnotrus,  inftituted 
(as  Ariftotle  wrote)  public  entertainments;  which  however  were  con- 
da£led  with  regularity  and  ccconomy.  His  fucceffbr  Morges  received 
Siculus;  whofe  people  preft  by  the  Aborigines,  went  afterwards  to  Strabo: 
Sicily,  then  lately  occupied  by  the  Sicani,  a  name  that  fignifies  fons 
of  white  men  or  Europeans:  yet  Diodorus  and  Timaeus,  Sicilian 
hiftorians,  maintain  thatthefe  were  original  inhabitants.  The  Mo'r- 
geiei,  who  went  with  the  Siculi  built  Morgantia;  than  which  only 
Zai«^  (which  fignifies  a  hook)  afterwards  Meflina  built  by  Orion, 
Cztizni^  Enna,  Panormus,  Camafene,  and  perhaps  Camarine,  can 
boaft  a  higher  antiquity.  Hellanicus  wrote  that  the  people  under 
SicuJus  were  Aufones-,  near  whom  the  CEnotrians  fettled  :  that  they 
foltowed  the  Elymi,  who  fled  to  Sicily  five  years  before  from  the 
OEnotri,  in  the  third  age  preceding  the  Trojan  war.  ^The  Dodoneail 
Oracle  in  M-acrdbius  fcts  the  Siculi  and  Aborigines  in  Sicily  before 
the  Pfclafgi.  Favorinus  in  Gellius,  aud  Servius  fay,  the  Anfones 
were  primary  inhabitants  of  Italy,  Tzetzes,  Servius,  and  Bochart,  Eneid,  n. 
deem  them  the  fame  as  the  Aiirunci,  near  the  Laeftrigones  of  Hor-  '5*- 
mia;  who  in- Sicily  wereihe  Leontines,  and  (as  Thucidydes  hints)  the 
Cyclops.  Homer  de^ms  them  Hyperboreans,  that  is  refpefting 
Greece:  they  came  froiri  the  Thermodon,  and  were  called  Chalybes. 
Elian  mentions  the  Aufonian  Maro  as  introducing  horfemanfliip; 
therefore  he  may  be  the  Meon  who  was  Saturn  and  Neptune  the 

brother 


4iG  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  g 

brother  of  Jove  Ammon:  otherwife  he  may  be  the  Proteus  who  i^ 
faid  to  be  Saturn's  friend  Janus ;  but  mod  probably  he  was  the 
Egyptian  Maro  who  fettled  in  Maronea,  and  feems  to  be  the  firft 
Amenophis  of  the  i8th  Dynaffy. 

Philiftius  calls  the  people  under  Siculus,  Ligures;  probably  called 
•  Aufonians  from  their  old  king  in  Diodorus,  5 ;  whofe   Ton  Liparus 

colonized  the  Eolian  ifles:  Lipara  was  anciently  named  Meligomis. 
Thucidydes  fays  they  were  Siculi  expelled  by  the  Opici ;  who  alfo 
as  Plato  writes  inhabited  Sicily.      Thefe  three  bodies  of  men  were 
emigrants   intermixed  with  Umbri :    the'  Opici,    whom  Dionyfius 
alfo  mentions,  being  probably   followers  of  Ops   and  Saturn^  who 
gave  their  name  to  fome  of  the  prior  inhabitants  of  Italy  and  Sicify. 
Stephanus  fays  the  Opici  were  Ophici,  fromOphion:  he  was  Saturn's 
father  Uranus.       Diodorus  in  Eufebius   fays  that  "  Saturn  reigned 
over  Lydia  as  well  as  Sicily  and   Italy  :*'  we  may  add   Egypt  and 
Phenicia.     Thucidydes  deemed  the  Leftrigons  and  Cyclops  the  old 
inhabitants  of  Sicily  :  from  the  Cyclops   Demetrius  Calatianus  de* 
duced  the  Sicani. 

Dionyfius  agrees  with  Xanthus  Lydiu^  that  no  Lydianr  colony  caiilt 

to  Italy,  however  he  derives  Lydus  and  his  brother  (called  Torybas 

not  Tyrhehus  by  Xanthus)  from  Callithea  the  daughter  of  Choreua 

(Meon  or  Saturn)  and    from  Atys,  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius,  fomc* 

tiihes  fuppofed  Meon's  fon,  as  being  Rhea's.     Herodotus  in  one 

place  deems  Atys  the  brother  of  Cotys  ;    which  is   moft  probable, 

aho'  Dionyfius  deems  Cotys  his  father :  for  Meon   or  Choreus  wai 

Saturn  the  hufband  olCybele  or  Rhea  the  mother  of  Callithea,  Bona 

Dea  or  Ceres,  and  of  Atys  or  Dionyfius;      Solinus  fhews  that  Mar- 

fyas  and  Tarchon  certainly  brought  a  colony  to  Italy.     Lycophroa 

tells  us  tha^t  *^  Italy   was  anciently    called  Chone"  or  Chonia  ;    ms 

fuppofed  from  Chon,  or  Chun,  whence  the  Tarquins.       He  was  the 

Phenician  Hercules,  who  was  Tar-chon,  and  O-for-chon,  and  Sar- 

^o;  but  Chon  fimply  fcems  to  be  Aftarte,  Luna  or  Venus  Urania^ 

wIto  (as  Sanchoniatho  fays)  attended  Saturn, 

P4utaFck 


Chap.  1.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  417 

Plutarch  (from  A.  Polyhiftor)  informs  us  that  Anius  an  Etrufcan 
king  had  a  beautiful  daughter  named  Salia.      Her  Cathetus^  a  man 
of  note,  at  fome  paftime  faw  and  admired-,  then  feized  and  brought 
her  to  Rome.     The  father  after  a  vain  purfuit  drowned  himfelf  in  pjutarc. 
the  river  Anio.  To  Cathetus  Salia  bore  Latinus  and  Sali us,  founders  Parcllcl 
of  two  noble  lines. 

In    Sicily   a  Chaldean  infcription  at   Palermo   imports   that  in    Br^done 
Ifaac's  and  Efau's  time  many  Hebrews,  Damafcenes  and  Phenicians 
fettled  at  Pan  Ormus:  thefe  feem  to  have  been  Pelafgic  followers  of 
the  Titan  Saturn. 

In  Phrygia  and  the  adjacent  region  where  the  Tigrammanes,  de- 
rived from  Togarma,  dwelt,  the  firft  prince  of  note  as  ancient 
Hiftorians  inform  us  was  the  famous  Manes,  from  whofe  exploits 
Plutarch  on  Ifis  fays,  notable  aftions  were  called  Manic.  He  was 
the  famous  Titan  Saturn's  great  grandfire  Manes,  Meon  or  Oceanus 
father  of  that  Sol  who  was  Acmon. 

Before  Deucalion's  flood  reigned  Annacus  or  Cannacus.  Suidas 
fays,  the  time  of  Annacus  was  proverbial  of  antiquity.  Having 
lived  300  years  he  inquired  of  all  thp  mod  famous  Oracles  how  long 
hclhonld  ftill  live.  The  anfwer  was  that  all  things  (hould  perifh  at 
Ills  death.  He  ftrove  to  avert  the  impending  woe  by  tears  and 
fupplications ;  hence  to  weep  like  Annacus  became  alfo  a  proverb. 
The  flood  of  Deucalion  enfuing  occaConed  the  death  of  him  and  all 
mankind. 

The  next  king  is  Gordius.  One  day  at  plough  an  eagle  fat  on 
the  yoke  of  the  team.  A  young  Augurefs  of  Telmiflus  in  Lydia 
told  him  he  would  be  a  king;  and  offering  to  be  his  confort,  flie 
became  fo.  On  an  infurreiftion  an  Oracle  told  the  Phrygians  to 
crown  the  firfl  man  feen  riding  in  a  car  to  the  Temple  of  Jovc;  this 
was  Gordius  who  tied  his  Car  in  the  Temple  with  the  famous  knot 
cut  afunder  by  Alexander.     This  Temple  mud  have  been  dedicated 

Hhh  to 


.  rjrV 


K 


418  PRIMITIVE      H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  3 

to  Jove  Arotrius  or  Dagon.      Plutarch  on   Cefar  fays  that  Gordius 
had  Midas  by  the  Bona  Dea;    this  was  the  eldeft  Ceres,  who  pro- 
bably taught  him  the  ufe  of  the  plotigh,  by  which  he  feems  to  have 
acquifed  wealth  fufficient  to  procure  the  fovereignty,  and  in  token 
of  it  devoted  his  plough  to  the  God  of  Agriculture.    Into  the  mouth 
of  Midas,  when  an  infant,  a  fwarm  of  ants  conveyed  wheat,  a  prefage 
of  his  future  wealth  ;  or  rather  a  proof  of  wealth  arifing  from  corn 
L.  14.  thro*  itiduftrious  hufbandmen,       Strabo  mentions  his  rich  mines  in 
mouht  Bermius.     He  was  efteemed  handfome  and  devout.  Orpheus 
infttuSed  him  in  religious  rites ;   which  (fays  Juftin)  he  inculcated 
mightily  in  Phrygia.     He   introduced  funereal  dirges  :    and  by  his 
anniverfary  lamentation   in  memory  of  his   mother,    obtained  her 
divine  adoration.     He  built  Ancyra,  where  an  anchor,  which  was 
his  invention,  was  feen  byPaufanias.     He  refided  at  Peflinus;  where 
Herodian  fays  that  Ilus  routed  Tantalus,  and  firft  named  that  place, 
Peflinus.     Ammian,  22.  fays  that,  tho*  fome  attributed  the  name  of 
Peflinus    to  Ilus,   yet  Theopompus   did  fo  to   Midas.      Diodorus 
Siculus  3.  5.  writes  that  he  erefted  a  famous  temple  there,  in  honour 
of  the  mother  of  the  Gods;  who;  as  Hyginus  relates,  was  his  mother 
by  Tmolus.      Yet  feveral  other  authors  confound  the  two  Cybelcs 
together:  thus  the  wife  of  Tmolus  was  Sida  (as  Suidas  writes)  the 
daughter  of  Jove  Taurus,  miflaken  here  for  Ammon,  whofe  daughter 
Ceres  was  Sida  the  mother  of  Egyptus  by  Belus  her  fecond  hufband, 
as  Cedrenus  relates.       Midas  invented  white  lead  and  black.     De« 
ciding  in  Pan's  favour  againft  Apollo,  the  latter  beftowed  on  him  the 
<?ars  of  an  afs;    which  fiiews  that  animal  to  have  been  in  thofe  early 
times  as  contemptible  as  now.     Conan  in  Photius  fays  this  fable  arofe 
from  his  numerous  fpies,  figuratively  his  ears.       Tertullian   writes 
that  Silenus   being   brought  by   Paftors  to  Midas,    he  lent  him  his 
long  ears;  Voflius  interprets  this  as  attending  to  his  inftruftions,  for 
he  was  the  tutor  of  Bacchus.     Diodorus  fays  *'  he  was  king  of  Nyfa 
of  an  ancient  but  unknown  parentage;"  which  refemblcs  Melchifedec. 
rFor  his  hofpitaliiy  to  Silenus,  Bacchus  granted  Midasthe  faculty  of 
turning  all  things  to  gold  ;  that  is,  made  him  fo  abfolute  that  he  ex- 
torted money  on  all  occafions.     His  great  wealth,  according  to  Plu- 
tarch, did  not  preferve  him  from  fuicide.      When  alive  it  fcarce 

preferved 


419 


Chap,  u)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

prererved     him    from   famine,  ■   ■ — AthencTus  writes     (2)   that 

"  Midas  made  Silenus  drunk  by  pouring  wine  into  his  well."  B;on 
wrote  that  it  was  thence  named  the  Vinous  well,  and  is  be- 
tween the  Medesand  Paeonians.  Photius  fays  that  lome  Satyr  was 
thus  deluded,  but  does  not  name  him.  Thefc  accounts  prove  Midas 
from  his  age  to  be  fon  of  the  elder  Ceres.  The  river  Paftolus  was 
a  great  fourcc  of  his  wealth.  He  intended  his  daughter  Ja  for  the 
famous  Atys,  who  from  his  name  Papa  feems  to  be  Jove  Pappaeus  or 
Egiochus  :  but  with  him  Atys  or  Dionyfius  was  often  confounded, 
or  rather  is  this  Jove,  miftaken  ufually  for  Jove  Picus.  Atheneus 
(12)    counts  Midas  contemporary    with   Omphale  ;  who    certainly  ^ 

lived  long  before  Alcides ;  and  is  faid  by  Apollodorus  to  have  been 
the  wife  of  Tmolus,  the  daughter  of  Jardan,  and  mother  of  Agelaus: 
her  hufband  left  her  the  kingdom  of  Lydia.  Herodotus  fay^  the 
father  of  Midas  was  Gordius;  that  he  reigned  in  Phrygia;  and  made  i.  14-' 
an  oblation  at  Delphos  of  his  regal  throne,  a  great  curiofity.  In 
the  gardens  of  Midas,  which  Herodotus  places  in  Macedon,  grew 
the  Cabbage  Rofe :  among  them  Silenus  is  faid  to  have  been  appre-  8.  138. 
hended.  The  Bermian  hill  in  that  vicinage  is  faid  to  be  inacceffible 
in  winter,  thro*  fnow.  Homer's  life,  afcribed  to  Herodotus,  has 
the  epitaph  of  Midas  as  infcribed  on  a  female  ftatue,  and  attributed 
to  Homer.  This  epitaph  is  more  fimple,  natural  and  concife  in  Plato. 
Bui  Laertius  hints  that  Simonides  attributed  this  infcription  to 
Clcobulus. 

Here  I  er.e&ed  ani|  a  brazen  maid^ 

To  mark  the  tomb  where  Mida3*  corpfe  is  laid : 

While  water  runs ;  while  trees  afpire  on  high; 

While  brillant  Sol  and  Luna  grace  the  (ky ;  • 

While  rivers  glide,  and  ocean  laves  the  Ihpre  5 

Here  fixt,  the  death  of  Midas  I  deplore. 

On  tinted  marble  Rationed,  'tis  my  care 

To  tell  all  travelers  who  this  was  fare, 

For  Midias  thcfe  fepulchral  honours  are. 

H  h  h  2  '  That 


rarell. 


420  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Books. 

That  in  PIrfto  may  be  thus  tranflated. 

A  brazen  maid  on  Midas*  tomb  I  ftand^ 

While  fountains  flow,  and  tall  trees  fliad^  the  land  ; 

On  this  fad  mon'ment  ftadon'd  'tis  my  care,  &c. 

Plutarch  fays  that  Midas  grew  melancholy,  and  obtained  death  by 
drinking  bull's  blood.  Caranus  firft  king  of  Macedon,  making  a 
herd  of  goats  his  guide,  deprived  Midas  of  Edifla,  and  named  it 
Egca.  He  feems  to  be  Aurelius  Viftor's  Herculean  Re-caranus. 
Pliny  writes  that  Midas  invented  the  Cornet.  Heraclides  celebrates 
his  queen  Hcrmodica  for  her  wit  and  beauty.  She  taught  the  people 
of  Cyme  to  coin  money.  By  her  Midas  had  Gordius,  Ancharas^ 
and  Otreus.  Lityerfes  was  a  baftard.  Gordius  furrounded  Gor- 
dium  with  a  wall.  Plutarch  informs  us  that,  when  a  cliafm  of  the 
earth  had  fwallowed  a  great  part  of  Celanae,  the  Oracles  faid,  **  to 
clofe  it  the  mod  valuable  thing  in  life  muft  be  thrown  into  it.''  Many 
valuables  were  fo,  inefFeftually.  Ancharus,  deeming  life  itfelf 
moft  v&luable^  took  leave  of  his  father  and  of  his  wife  Timothc% 
and  rode  in  on  horfeback :  the  chafm  immediately  clofed.  Curdn 
the  Roman  a6led  thus  long  afterwards.  Stobaeus  fays  that  Mjdas 
threw  his  fon  into  the  opening. — Homer's  hymns  ftile  Otreus  kiag 
of  Phrygia^  and  the  contemporary  of  Anchifes.  He  probably  /ho* 
ceeded  the  fecond  Gordius.  Lityerfes  reigned  brutally  at  Cylena. 
Sofitheus  the  Tragedian  wrote  that  he  devoured  in  one  day  three 
Atheneus  10  Afs-loads  of  bread.  He  delighted  in  agriculture:  a  harveft  fong  in 
Phrygia  was  from  him  named  Lityerfes.  Hercules  for  his  cruelty 
flew  him,  and  call  his  corpfe  into  the  Meander. — About  the  time 
Strabo.  ^^^^  Midas  died  Cimmerians  entered  Phrygia :  Paufanias  calls  them 
Gauls,  and  fays  they  were  terrified  by  the  new  invented  pipes  of 
Marfyas. 

Of  Phrygia  minor  Servius  counts  Cynthius  a  king  long  before 
Teucer :  who  as  Virgil  writes  was  a  Cretan  and  retired  to  the  Con- 
tinent on  account  of  a  famine;  Scamander,  a  native   of  Crete,  was 

his 


Chap.  1.)  PRI  M  I  TI  VE     HI  STORY.  ^ai 

his  fire.  Being  annoyed  by  mice  he  built  a  temple  to  Apollo  Smin- 
thcus,  a  moufe  being  called  Smintlios.  Dardanus  fon  of  Corytus 
and  Eleflra  wedded  Teucer's  daughter  and  fuccecded  him.  Lyco- 
phron  places  this  about  the  time  of  Deucalion's  deluge;  the  famine 
feems  to  be  that  which  afrc6led  Abraham  in  Paleftine,  Ammon  in 
Lybia,  and  Bufiris  in  the  Delta.  Arrian  fays  tha^t  the  daughter  of 
Dardan  by  Teucer's  daughter  Nefo  was  a  Sibyl;  flie  feems  to  be 
Herophile,  who  fays  in  Paufanias,  fhe  was  born  of  a  nymph  of  Ida. 
Harmonia  the  fifter  of  Dardanus  wedded  Cadmus. — — Otrcus  king  Homcf. 

"     H;  n.n. 

of  Phrygia  was  the  father  of  Venus  mother  of  Eneas. 

In  Lydia  Manes  the  fon  of  Jove  and  Tell  us  (and  therefore  Cy- 
bele's  fpoufe)  had  by  Ocean's  daughter  Callirhoe,  Cotys,  and  as 
Herodotus  fays,  Atys:  but  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaffus  writes  that 
Cotys  was  the  firq  of  Alius  and  of  Atys  (from  whom  the  Atyadae) 
by  Halia  the  daughter  of  TuHus  a  native.  I  have  mentioned  that 
Lydus  was  the  fon  of  Atys.  This  pedigree  falfifies  the  fables  con- 
cerning Atys  in  Arnobius  and  othen.  One  of  his  defcendents  was 
Hermon  or  Adramys  king  of  Lydia,  and  founder  of  Adramitium  in     ^^^  ^""^' 

Myfia,  on  the  Caicus. In  Suidas,  Xanthus  a  Sardian  hiftorian, 

fon  of  Candaules,  when  Sardes  was  taken  in  the  reign  of  .Darius, 
Tays^at  Alcimus  was  a  pious  and  humane  king  of  Lydia;  in  whofe 
reign  the  fubjeft  enjoyed  peace  and  plenty;  on  this  account,  in  the 
feventh  year  of  his  fway  the  whole  nation  made  a  fupplication  that 
his  reign  might  continue  as  long  as  it  had:  the  event  proved  fo,  and 
the  realm  enjoyed  felicity.  Stephanus  adds  from  Xanthus,  that 
*'  Afcalus  fon  of  Hymenaeus  and  brother  of  Tantalus,  under  Aciamus 
(as  he  names  him)  kingof  Lydia,ledan  army  into  Syria, and  captivated 
with  the  charms  of  a  young  lady  built  Afcalon;"  which  was  a  ftrong 

town  in  the  time  of  Jofhua. -Xanthus  in  Athenaeus  (lo)  relates  •'^  S-  '•  '  • 

that  Gambles  king  of  Lydia  (and  one  of  the  Atyadae)  was  a  drunk- 
ard and  a  glutton.  One  night  he  devoured  his  wife;  and  next  morning 
the  hand  being  found  dill  at  his  mouth,  the  deed  became  public,  and 
he  deftrdyed  himfelf.  Nicholas  of  Damafcus  fays  that  "  fufpefting 
forcery,  and  {landing  with  a  drawn  fword  in  the  public  forUm,  he  ex- 
claimed thus,  '*  Jupiter,  if  this  is  my  wilful  deed,  I  will  punifh  my 
own  crime;  but  if  forcery  eflFefcled  it,   let  punifliment  cut  off  the 

forccrers/* 


428  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  g. 

forcerers."  Thus  faying  he  flew  himfelf  publicly;  foine  ridiculing 
the  glutton;  fome  commiferating  the  lunatic.  But  it  was  fufpe^ed, 
that  Jardan,  who  was  at  enmity  with  Gambles,  was  author  of  the 
mifchief:  whofe  daughter  was  Omphale,  from  whom  Craefus  de. 
fcended.  Diodorus  Siculus  fays  that  Hercules  had  Cleolaus  by 
Jardan's  maid.  Omphale  admiring  Hercules  emancipated  and  took 
him  to  her  bed,  and  had  by  him  her  fon  Lamon:  tho'  the  Heraclida^ 
in  Lydia  defccnded  from  Cleolaus.  Athenaeus  fays  that  a  noble 
Lydian  puniflied  Omphale  and  Midas:  the  lady  be  expofed,  becaufe 
flie  flew  her  gallants;  Midas  for  his  effeminacy  and  luxury  he  dc- 
pofed  and  dub'd  an  Afs. 


Diod.  Ssc. 


The  ifle  of  Rhodes  was  firft  peopled  bythe  Telchines,  who  af- 
fifted  Ocean's  daughter  Caphira  to  educate  Neptune.  They  were 
reported  to  be  fons,  that  is  defcendents,  of  a  Mars,  who  muft  of 
courfe  have  been  older  than  that  Mars,  who  was  Neptane''s  nephew. 
Indeed  he  was  Ham  himfelf,  that  Mais  who  was  the  Macedonian 
Gabirus,  or  Cabir,  and  Mars  Camulus.  They  were  certainly  Tu 
tans;  for  Apollo  and  Juno  were  clafle)!  among  them.  And,  as  Ae 
Diod  Sic.  name  of  Titans  arofe  from  their  overrunning  the  countries  round 
the  Mediterranean,  it  being  deemed  in  Sanchoniatho  equivalent  to 
Aletae,  wanderers;  -fo,  the  ifle  of  Rhodes  had  its  name  from  the 
Celtic  RhodiOy  to  walk.  Bryant  derives  Telchines  from  Taf,  Sol, 
and  Chan,  Kingj  and  efl:cems  the  name  fimilar  to  Curetes,  derived 
Eufcb  ^^^"^  ^^^'  ^^^^'  Stephanus  fays  Ait  is  SoU  Cur  is  Dominus.  Pho- 
roneus  Niobe's  fire  being  in  conjunftion  with  the  Parrhafiaiw 
attacked  by  the  Telchines  'and  Cariatae,  drove  the  Telchines  to 
Rhodes,  named  then  Ophiufa.  Bochart  derives  Telchin  from 
Talchis  a  wizzard.  Diodorus  fays  *'  that  the  Telchines  invented 
idols,  called  anciently  by  their  name:'*  but  by  Mofes  Teraphiin, 
equivalent  to  Seraphim,  as  Thettalus'for  Theffalus.  **  Being  nuk 
gicians  they  could  produce  cold  and  fliowers  of  fnow.  Prefaging  a 
deluge,  they  quitted  Rhodes.'*  Strabo  (14)  fays,.  **  they  came 
thither  from  Cyprus;  but  at  firft  from  Crete;  were  the  firft  artizans 
in  brafs  and  iron,  and  made  Saturn's  fcythc.     They   could   meta- 

morphofe  themfelves  at  pleafure:  and  were  Nine,  who  attended 

Rhea 


Chap.  1.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  423 

Rhea  to  Crete,  and  were  deemed  Curetes."  Diodorus  fays  (^.  12.J 
that  **  Neptune,  who  was  educated  at  Rhodes,  had  })y  Halia  filter 
of  the  Telchines  fix  fons  and  a  daughter  named  Rhoda  (deemed  by 
Apollodorus,  Amphitryte's  daughter)  the  mother  of  the  Heliades, 
who  fuccceded  the  Telchines/'  aud  were  as  early  as  Cecrops.     Sol 
their   fire   was    Ammon    and    Hyperion  :    for  Diodorus   fays   that 
**  Pafiphae  was  daughter  of  Sol  and  Creta,"  who  was  Ammon's  wife. 
So  Plutarch  fays  that  Sol's  fon   Ofiris  aided  Jove;  but    this   Ofiris 
was  Dionyfius  Ammon's  fon.     Diodorus  fays  that  "  Sol's  fons  in 
Rhodes  were  Ochimus,  Cercaphus,  Macar,  A6lis,  Tenagcs,  Trio- 
pas  and  Candalus.   His  daughter  Eleftryone  dying  a  virgin  received 
divine  honours;    in  this  refembling  Proferpine:  and    Hornius  fup- 
pofes  Macar  to  be  the  fame  as  Mercury;  hence  Jove  Ammon  feems 
to  be  theii:  father;  indeed  Rhea  had  the  name  of  Juno.     Ammon  at 
this  time  had  by  the  nymph  Imalia  three  fons  Spartaeus,  Cytus  and 
Cronius,  except  this  laft  be  fathered  on  him  by  Rhea;  for  he  feems 
to  be  Saturn's  fon  Jove  Picus.     The  Heliades  were  adepts  in  aflro- 
nomy,  geography,  and  navigation.     Tenages  had  the  befl  capacity, 
but  was  (lain  by  fome  of  his  brothers;  who  fled,    Macar  to  Lefbos; 
Candalus  to  Coos;  Aftis  to  Egypt,  where  he  founded  Heliopolis  in 
honour  of  his  fire,  and  brought  aitronomy  thither:  He  feems  to  be 
tlie  father  in  law  of  Cecrops.  Ochymus  the  eldcfl  reigned  in  Rhodes, 
and  had  by  the  nymph  Egetoria,  Cydippe  or  Cyrbe;  whofe  brother 
Cercaphus  becoming  king  had  by  her  Lindus,  Jalyfus  and  Camirus: 
in  whofe  time  Deucalion's  flood  enfued.     Each  built  a  city   of  his 
own  name,  after  they  had  made  a  partition  of  the  ifland.      Triopas 
fettled  at  Triopium  a  promontory  of  Caria.     And  Meliffus  king  of 
Cherfonefus  having  expiated  Triopas  touching  his  brother's  blood, 
he  aided  Deucalion's    fons   in   the-expulfion  of  the  Pelafgi  from 
Theffaly;  and  had  the  country  of  Dotion  for  his  reward.  But  bding 
banifhed  thence  for  felling  a  grove  facred  to  Ceres,  he  built  Trio- 
pium in  Gnidia.     Adventuring  thence,  he  obtained  Cherfonefus, 
.  and  a  good  part  of  Caria  likewife.     Another  Triopas  was  Neptune's 
fon  by  Canace,  whofe  fire  was   Eolus.     Another,  the  fon  of  Lapi- 
thas  Apollo's  fon  and  of  Stilbe  daughter  of  Peneus:    thus  Diodorus 
deems  Fhorbas  his  brother;     Atfaensus  fytaking  qf  this.  Triopas, 

favs 


AH  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  3, 

fays  after  Deuchidas,  that  **  the  ides  between   Syme   and    Gnidos 
were  called  Execrations:  becaufe  on  a  diffention  (after  the  death  of 
Triopas)  between  his  adherents,  fome  returned  home;  fome  attach- 
ing  themfelves  to   Phorbas,    removed  to  Jalyfus:  the  adherents  of 
Periergus  held  Camirus,  and  execrated  Phorbaj:  who,  being  fhortly 
fhipwreckt  with  Parthenia  his  fifter^  efcaped  to  Jalyfus.   Thamneus 
then  a  hunting  met  and  received  them  hofpitably;  difpatching  a  fer- 
vant  to  his  wife  to  make  preparations:  but  Thamneus  finding  nothing 
ready,  pounded  wheat  and  prefented  cakes  to  his  guefts.     Phorbas 
was  fo  pleafed  with  this  condefcenfion,  that  at  his  death  he  requefted 
the  funeral  rites  might  be  performed  by  gentlemen-,  which   in  the 
Phorbantean  facriftces  ftill  obtains."  This  is  the  Triopas  whom  Dio- 
dorus   counts   coeval  with  Neptune's  fon  Chthonius;  whofe  grand- 
daughter Nyfteis  was  daughter  in  law  of  Cadmus:  her  filler  Antiope 
was  wife  of  Epopeus  of  Sicyon  and  mother  of  Amphion  fon  in  law 
of  Tantalus. — Elfewhere  Diodorus  fays,  '*  Xanthus  fon  of  Triopas 
a  Pelafgian  peopled  Lefbos,  at  {iri>  named   IfT^i,  fcven  generatiom 
(or  above  two  centuries)  before  Deucai.v  n\s  floor).'*     This  is   pro- 
bably the  colony,  (which  as  Athenjtus  \.  .:rjs^  Gra  with  other  kin|g#  - 
commiffioned   to   Lefbos.     When  an  Oracle  bid  them  caft  a  virgin 
into  the  fea  for  Neptune,  her  lover  Enallus  leapt  into  the  fea  aRtr 
her,  and  both  were  apparently   overwhelmed   by  the   waves;  yet 
Enallus  was  afterwards  feen  at  Methymna.     But  Dionyfius  oF  Hdli* 
carnafTus  fays,  that  Macar  fon  of  Criafus  led  the  firft  colony  thuViei 
from  Greece.     This  ifland  took  the  name  of  Lefbos  fon  of  Lapithai 
fon  of  Eolusj  Lefbos  having  efpoufed  the  daughter  of  Jove*s  grand- 
fon    Macareus,  owner  of  the  ifle-  ApoUodorus  mentions  a  Triopas 
fon  of  Iphimedea  mother  of  Otus  and  Ephialtes  fons  of  Alocus; 
deemed  by  Paufanias  a  fon  of  Sol.     She  and  her  daughter  Pancratis 
were  flolen  from  Strongyle,  fince  named  Naxos,  by  a  party  ofThra- 
cians  under  Butesfon  of  Boreas;  deemed  by  Apollonius  Rhodius  to 
be  Strymon's  fon.  Boreas  having  Lycurgus  by  a  former  wife,  Butcs 
6n  a  quarrel  went  to  that  ifle,  and  wanting  females,  his  party  ftolc 
them  wherever  they  could.     ButButes  feizing  Coronis  in  TbefTaly, 
as  fhewas  performing  rites  to  Bacchus^  that  God  rendered  him 
infane,  and  he  threw  himfelf  in^s  ?  ^lU  which  fhcws  this  event  not 

'  .f  '  earlier 


See  C:i.  6 


Chap.  I.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    n  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  ^25 

earlier  than  the  time  of  Danaiis,.  who  taught  the  art  of  finking  wells 

in  Greece.     Butes  had  Eryx  by  Venus :    he  was  flain  by  the  Tyrian 

Hercules.     The  fucceflbr  of  Bntcs  in  Strongyle'wedded  the  filter  of 

Otus  and  Ephialtes,  who  called  the  ifland  Dia,  till    Polcmon's  fon 

Naxus  took  it  200  years  afterwards.     Smardius  the   great  grandfon      dj^^j^  gj^^ 

of  Naxus  was  coeval  with  Thefeus.      Seneca  fays  that  the  Thracian 

Lycurgus  was  the  fon  of  Dryas. 

About  the  fame  time  as  his  ^oufin-german  Danaus,  exiled  by  his 
brother,  arrived  at  Argos,  and  his  brother-in-law  Dardanus  founded 
the  Trojans,  Cadmtcs,  and  his  mother  TelephafTa  whom  Agenor  had 
efpoufedin  Eiirope,came,under  the  pretence  of  feekingEuropa  either 
his  neice  or  fifter,  to  Thrace;  where  their  companion  Thafus  founded  Apollodoru^ 
a  town  of  his  own  name.     Strabo  (10)  mentions  Arabians  among  his 
attendants:  Homer's  Scholiaft,  Spartans.    Being  at  Delphos  direfted   r,    . 
to  follow  a  cow,  and  v/hercvcr  fhc  refted,  to  found  a  city,  Thebes 
in  Boeotia  became  the  place.     Sometime  afterwards  he  fubdued  the 
Illyrians,  hence  he  named  his  youngeft   fon   Illyrius.     His  other 
children    by  Harmonia  are  in  the   Genealogical  Table ;    and  their 
hiftory,  reaching  lower  than  the  fettlement  of  the  principal  families 
in  Greece,  will  have  no  place  here.      It  feems  as  if  the  Deluge  of 
Ogyges  had  defolated  Boeotia  as  well  as  Attica;  as  that  prince  had 
Vei|ped  there  long  before  the  arrival  of  Cadmus.      But  of  the  firft 
fcttfements  in  Greece  I  Ihall  treat  prefently.     Pliny   relates  that 
Cadmus  found  a  copper-mine  in  Cyprus  and  a  golden  one  in  the 
Thracian  mountain  Pangeus.     The  nuptials  of  Cadmus  and  Har- 
monia were  celebrated  with  great  magnificence.    Ceres  provided  the 
bride-cake.     Mercury  a  harp.     Minerva  a  charming  necklace,  veil  Diodoras 
and  mniical  pipe.     Eleftra  played  on  the  cymbals  and  tabqrs  ufed. 
in  the  rites  of  Magna  Mater:  Apollo  on  the  harp  ;    the  Mufes   on 
{lutes  J  all  the  other  Gods  joining  in  the  general  feftivily.-     Nonnus 
y^.  writes  that  the  Hefperides  and  Atlas  joined  the  mufic  with  their 
voices.     Apollodorus  fays  that  Minerva  decorated  the  palace  ;  and 
that  (according  to  Pherecyde*)   Europa  prefented  the  bride  with  a 
flowing  robe  and  braceleti'of't'^^titban's  workmanfhip;  Jupiter's  pre- 

:^^^'  i  fi  .  '         fent 


»J*o 


Ch.  6. 


in  Photio. 


I'KIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3, 

fcnt  to  herfelf.      Arifteus  wedded  Harmon ia's  daughter  Autonoe  : 
more  mention  will  be  made  of  Cadmus  prefently;  who  according  to 
Paufanias  expofed  his  daughterSemele  and  her  fonBacchUs  in  an  ark. 
Atheneus   and  Dionyfius  Afer  mention   a  monumental  barrow   in 
Illyricqm  to  the  memory  of  Cadmus  and  Harmonia.     A   few  other 
fragments  fcattered  here    and  there  remain  of  fome  ancient  nations. 
Arrian  relates  that  the  Parthians,  ;n  the  time   of  Sefoftris  and   of 
Jandyfus  a  Scythian  king,  emigrated  from  Scythia  their  country,  to 
their  prefent  region.     The  Alexandrian  chronicle   fays  that  15^000 
removed  at  that  time.     Curtius   fays  they  were  Europeans.     The 
Scythians,    as  Herodotus  writes,  afferted  that  "  their  nation  had 
fubfifted  about  100a  years  before  Darius  Hyftafpes  invaded  them  : 
their  firft  king  wasTargitaus;  the  next,  his  youngeft  fon  Colaxas/*  I 
fufpeft  the  firft  to  be  Tarchon  with  a  colony  of  Afiatics,  and  this 
Scythian  province  to  be  Hungary  :    and  that  he  founded  Choniad; 
and  was  Agenor,  whofe  wife  was  an  European. 


Jackfon. 
Sherringham 


^       Shcrringi 


Jornandes  fays  thatBerig  led  the  Getes  out  of  Scandinavia.  Others 
fay  (tho*  improbably)  that  he  was  Eric  or  Erifthon,  who  expelled 
Amphyftion  from  Athens.  Vigetor  fon  of  Eric  led  a  colony  into 
Maefia.     In  his  fon  Vingenor's  reign  Zamolxis  the  Scythian  legiflator 

.  came  from  Maefia  to  Scandia  and  was  deified.  Diodorus  fays  he 
enafted  his  laws  in  Vefta's  name:  he  feems  to  have  introduced 
many  Perfian  rites,  and  many  Gothic.  Herodotus  mentions  him  : 
Plato  fays  he  was  a  king,  legiflator,  and  a  God  :  but  the  God  Za- 
molxis feems  to  be  Ham.  Filmer  the  fifth  king  led  a  colony  to  the 
Euxine.  His  fon  Tanaus  repulfed  Sefoftris.  Juftin  (erroneoufly) 
counts  them  prior  to  Ninus :  Sefoftris  was  immediately  fubfequent 
to  Ninus,  and  in  his  glory  during  the  infancy  of  Minos ;  for  Danaus 

.  went  to'Greece  about  the  time  that  Cadmus  was  in  purfuit  of  Europa^ 
Pliny  names  two  other  Scythian  kings  contemporary  with  Sefoftris. 

■  Soon  after  the  retreat  of  Sefoftris  the  Amazonian  kingdom  was 
founded  under  Marpefia  and  Lampedo— But  in  Jutland,  the  Gothic 
Woden  was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Skiold,  near  1000  years  before  the 
Chriftian   era.     In   Henry    the    fecond's   pedigree   Woden  is  the 

fifteenth 


Chap.  1.  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  427 

fifteenth  from  Shem-  This  dclcent  is  confirmed  by  Abydenus,  who  la  Syncelio* 
derives  the  Germans  from  Shem  :  probably  alluding  to  Woden's 
migration.  Pliny  fays  '^  the  MaflTaget^e  were  originally  Aramcans;'* 
who  were  defcendents  of  Shem.  They  lie  under  the  imputation  of 
propagating  human  facrifices.  It  is  certain  tliat  the  Titans  con- 
demned this  praftife,  reprobated  by  Amofisor  Ammon,  the  Tyrian 
Hercules,  Cecrops  and  Orpheus  :  tho'  Ham  was  the  Cronus,  for 
whom  the  infants  of  Canaan  (hed  their  blood  ;  a  praftife  probably 
learnt  from  Canaan's  fons  by  the  Aramcans :  for  it  does  not  feem  to 

have  been  a  praftife  amongft  Ham's  Egyptian  iffue. — Valerius 

Flaccus  fays.  They  were  Goths  or  Getae,  who  repulfed  Sefoftris; 
therefore  they  had  a  footing  in  Europe  above  14  centuries  before 
the  Chriftian  era.  Woden  being  called  Afianus,  and  Affis,  which 
is  Afeth,  and  Plutarch  faying  that  Seth  was  Typhon,  it  is  probable 
that  Typhon,  whofc  dcfccnt  is  omitted  by  Sanchoniatho,  was  a 
Woden  :  and  poetically  faid  to  be  a  Terrigene,  as  coming  from  an 
inland  region. 

Except  the  countries  adjacent  to  the  Mediterranean  fea,  there  is 
almoft  as  total  a  filence  as  to  the  world  in  general  till  NabonaflTar's 
era,  as  if  none  had  exifted :  unlefs  indeed  we  credit  the  Annals  of 
CViina  concerning  primitive  events  •  which  however  in  the  main  are 
Bot  above  fufpicion  ;  indeed  in  fome  points  are  undoubtedly  erro- 
neous. Thus  the  great  conjunction  of  the  planets  is  fet  in  thofe 
records  500  years  higher  than,  as  Caffini  calculated,  it  really  occured; 
who  found  that  2012  years  before  the  incarnation,  Saturn,  Jupiter, 
Mars,  Venus  and  Mercury  were  in  conjunftion,  juft  before  a  new 
moon.  It  was  in  the  beginning  of  Chwen  Hio's  reign  j  his  four 
predeccfTors  reigned  in  all  439  years. 

A  moft  fingular  and  extraordinary  people  the  Chinefe  unquef* 
iionably  are.  Detached  and  lequeftered  from  all  other  intelligent 
nations,  they  arrived  at  great  perfeftion  in  polite  arts,  by  their  own 
native  genius,  unaflifted  by  the  foreign  aid  derived  from  commerce, 
and    focial  intercourfe.      This,  added   to  the  fimplicity   of  their 

Ilia  language 


Ch>49*' 


4tt  PRI  M  I  TIV  E    HISTORY.  (Books- 

language  confiding  of  330  monoryllablcj,  each  denoted  by  a  pecu- 
liar charaQcr(derivativc8  having  a  compounded  charader  containing 
in  it  the  primary  cbarafter  of  the  radical  word)  might  induce  us  10 
conclude  them  defccndents  of  the  Poftdiluvian  children  of  Noab| 
-  whofc  latter  biftory  and  fettlcment  is  to  U3  unknown,  tbo'  the 
third  part  of  hi«  life  enfued  after  the  deluge.  Thus  the  firft  cha- 
rafters  denoted  worda,  not  lettera:  the  Hebrew  character*  denoted 
fyltables. 

China  feems  to  be  StraboU  Cathea  1  tho*  this  U  faid  to  be  weft* 
ward  of  the  Ganges,  The  Seres  inhabited  a  part  of  China  :  fop 
Pliny  fays,  ««  the  Lanos  (or  Lana)  interfered  their  country  1"  fo 
diftaiH  from  ^ome^  that  Floras  avers  ^  their  ambaiFadors  were  four 
months  on  their  journey  :'•  and,  as  they  invented  filk,  they  muft 
have  lived  in  no  highly  northern  latitude*  They  are  the  Sin»  roen- 
tioned  iti  Arrian's  £rythraean  Periplus  ^  and  Ifaiah's  Sinim, 

However,  many  Celtic  words,  and  many  Egyptian  names^  in 
China  evince  their  ancient  connexion  with  the  fons  of  Japhet  am/ 
of  Ham*  Japan  is  in  Paulanias,  and  now,  named  Sac^ia,  Lwl 
of  Sacas* 

Sanchoniatho's  fragment  is  chiefly  worth  attention,  where  lioc^ 
incides  with  the^  accounts  of  others ;  thus  his  Titan  genealogy  tho* 
crroneoufly  fct  coeval  with  Ham  and  his  fons,    appears  true  in  ibe 
main^  as  it  refembles  the  Atlantcan  in  Diodorus)   and  oftea  a^rcM 
with  Tully* 

I  fliall  infert  the  genealogies  of  Sanchoniatho,  Hefiod  and 
Cicero  :  and  add  a  copious  Uneal  tabic  of  the  Titaos  and  their  Con« 
temporaries  from  Apollodorus,  but  fomewhat  enlarged  from  other 
authors. 

This  table  will  at  one  view  demonftratc  the  number  of  dcfconts 

from  the  grandfire  of  Uranus  to  Deucalion's  defccndents  in  the 

Trojan  war.     It  will  (hew  that  not  only  Mars  and  Neptune  (whofe 

trial  was  in  the  firft  year  of  Cranaus)  but  Deucalion,  lived  in  the 

time 


Chap.  1.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY*  ,        4*, 

time  of  Cecrops  and  Cranaus,  as  Varro  in  Auguftine  tells  us ;  and 
of  Dardanus,  as  Lycophron,  aud  Euftathius  on  Homer  inform  us ; 
andof  Nyftimus  foa  of  Lycaon  the  contemporary  of  Cecrops,  as  ^^-^-^'S' 
Paufanias  writes,  and  great  grandfon  of  Phoroncus,  faid  by  Caftor 
and  Acufilaus  to  be  contemporary  with  Ogygcs  5  whofe  flood,  after 
he  bad  reigned  32  yeairs,  Cedrenus  deems  248  years  before  Deu- 
calion's J  who,  as  Tatian  writes,  \yas  coeval  with  Phaeton  and  Cro^ 
topu§  the  contemporary  (according  to  Statius)  of  Orus  Apollo  ;  as 
his  Ton  Sthencluswas  of  Danaus. 


Ptolemy  of  Mendes  dceraed  Amofis  coeval  withlnachus,  counted 
by  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaflus  in  the  fourth  generation  (or  about  130 
years)  prior  to  Cecrops,  and  deemed  by  Clement  of  Alexandria  co- 
eval with  Cres,  a  name  in  Arabic  fignifying  belly':  hence  Saint 
Paul's  Sloro  Bellies:  yet  Biihop  Cumberland  deems  the  Cretans, 
Cerethitcs,  fignifying  archers.  Africanus  fays  the  flood  of  Ogyges 
proceeded  Cecrops  189  years.  Caftor  wrote  that  the  reign  of 
Cecrops  began  429  years  before  that  of  Melanthus  father  of  Codrus ;  J^j  synccUo 
tnd  that  the  reigns  from  Inachus  to  Sthenelus  fon  of  Crotopus  (both 
\nclufivc)  took  up  384  years.  In  the  reign  of  Sthenelus  Tatian  fets 
iuTopa's  rape,  and  the  arrival  of  Dardanus  in  Phrygia;  and  Pro- 
ferpine'ji  rape  in  the  timcof  Lynceus,  Paufanias  fliews  thatHcrcynna 
daughter  of  Trophonius  wa«  one  of  Proferpine's  companions.  Acu- 
iilaus  counred  Triopaa  of  Argos  coeval  with  Atlas  and  Saturn,  who 
were  contemporary  with  CecropSj  Lycaon  and  the  Curetes.  Thallus 
(inThcophilus)  counted  thcTitanian  war  322  years  before  the  Trojan.  Tatiaa  and 
Pauftinias  fays  that  Carmanaor  of  Crete  the  great  grandfire  of  Tha-  Clem,  Alex. 
myris  expiated  Orus  Apollo  as  to  Python,  Diodorus  fhews  that 
Orus  was  coeval  with  Lycurgus  of  Thrace,  who  was  the  fon  of 
Boreas,  and  was  coeval  with  Aleus  and  Iphimedea,  and  their  fons 
Otus  and  Iphialtcs,  the  contemporaries  of  Butes  fon  of  Boreas  the 
fon-in-law  of  Erefthcus,  wbofc  daughter  Creufa  wedded  Xuthus,  and 
whofc  daughter  Procris  wedded  Cephalus  grandfon  of  Eolus,  and  had 
an  intrigue  with  Minos.  The  Grecian  Bacchus  depofed  the  afore- 
faid  Lycurgus,  aud  fet  Thcrops  in  bis  room. 

The 


430  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

The  gcncalo^ncal  table  will  alfo  fliew  the  contemporaries  of  Afo- 
pus,   Lclcx,  Atlas,  Tantalus,  Oenomaas,  Dardanus,  Danaus^  Cad- 

niiis.  and  others For  Ny£leis  grandaughter  of  Cthonius  wedded 

Polydore  the  great  grandfire  of  OEdipus,  and  fon  of  Cadmus:  hpr 
nephew  Amphion,  (whofe  daughter  Chloris  was  Neftor's    mother) 
wedded  Niobe  daughter  of  Tantalus,  who  was  coeval   with    Tros, 
and  by  Egina  the  daughter  of  Afopus  had  Pelops  fon  in  law  of  GEno- 
maus,  who  wedded  Sterope  the  daughter  of  Atlas,  and  aunt  of  Dar- 
danus and  of  Harmonia  whom  Cadmus  wedded,  and  of  Jafion  by 
whom  Ceres,  who  was    contemporary  with    Orthopolis  of  Sicyon, 
had  Corybas,  who  wedded  Thebe  the  daughter  of  Cilix,  and  niece 
ofCadmus.     Sterope's  fecond  huflband  was  Sifyphus,  Bcllerophon's 
grandfire,  who  was  acquainted  with  OEnone  the  daughter  of  Afopus 
the  grandfire  of  Eacus  Chiron's  fon  inlaw  and  grandfire  of  Achilles. 
Ifmene,  a  daughter  of  this  Afopus,  was  daughter  in  law  of  Niobe 
Diodo.  y.ii.   the  daughter  of  Phoroneus.     Cadmus  was  grandfire  of  Pentheus,  of 
the  Grecian  Bacchus,  of  Melecerta  whofe  fon  was  Naxtis,  and  of 
Chiron's  pupil  Aflcon  the  fon  of  Arifteus,  whom  Diodorus  deems 
the  fofter  father  of  the   Egyptian  Bacchus,  but  more   probably  o^ 
Semele's  fon.     Europa's  fon  Radamanthus  (deemed  Egina's  fonbj 
'    Plato)  wedded  Amphitryon's  widow  Alcmena,  and  vifitcd    Tityol 
Latona's  gallant,  and  Lycaon's  great  grandfon.       Sappho  (in  Atbe^ 
neus)  fays  that  Latona  was  intimate  with  Niobe  the  daughter  of  Pho- 
roneus.    Sparta  (who  was  either  the  grandaughter  or  great  grand- 
child of  Lelcx  a  name  probably  from  the  Hebrew  Lei,  Nox,  often 
confounded  with  Luna  the  queen  of  night)  wedded  Lacedemon  the 
grandfon  of  Atlas  and   Maia's  nephew.     Polycaon  the  fon  of  this 
Lelex  (Lybia's  fon  and  of  courfe  the  brother  of  Agenor  and  Bufiris) 
wedded  Meffene  daughter  of  Triopas,  who  is    deemed  (by  Acufi- 
laus  in  Eufebiusand  Tatian)    coeval  with  Saturn  Atlas  and  Prome- 
theus.      Sparta's  daughter  Euridice  wedded  Acrifius  Danae's  fire^ 
and  the  uncle  of  Melampus  Jafon's  coufin  german.      Sparta's  fon 
Amyclaswedded  the  daughter  of  Lapithas.     Ihis    the   fon    of  Tros 
wedded  Euridice  daughter  of  Adraftus.     Endy mien's  mother  was 
Hellen's  grandchild  and  maried  his  nephew;  her  fitter  was  wife  of 
Ceyx  and  aunt  of  Polydeaes,  Danae's  hoft.    Lycaon's    brother 

Temenus 


Chap.  1.)  PHI  M  IT  I  VE    H  1ST  OR  Y.  431 

Temenus  educated  Juno:  and  Lycaon's  grandfon  Areas  was  coeval 
with  that  favourite  of  Ceres,  Triptolcmus  the  contemporary  of  Eu- 
molpus;  who  was  routed  by  Ion  the  Ton  of  Xuthus,  and  (as  Tatian 
writes)  contemporary  with  Praetus.  Mufaeus  fays  that  Triptolemus 
was  the  fon  of  Ocean  and  Terra;  Orpheus  deemed  Difaules  his 
father.  Elatus  the  fon  of  Areas,  and  uncle  of  Stenobaea  the  wife  of 
Praetus,  and  Auge's  aunt,  wedded  Laodice  the  daughter  of  Cinyras. 
Other  celebrated  contemporaries  are  already  mentioned  in  the  fourth 
chapter  of  the  fecond  book,  concerning  Ham's  defcendents, 

Japhet  peopled  all  the  North.  Yet  Ham*s  pofterity  acquired  all 
the  regions  furrounding  the  Mediterrean  fea,  by  their  early  (kill  in 
navigation.  The  temperate  climate  on*  the  northern  fide  of  that  fpa- 
cious  fea  the  Titans  were  particularly  fond  of.  It  was  affefted  by 
Ogyges,  Atlas,  Saturn,  the  Egyptian  Hercules,  Jove  Picus,  Diony- 
fius,  Orus,  Cecrops,  Lelex,  Agenor,  Cadmus  and  Danaus.  Pau- 
fanias  writes  that  "  Lybians,  prior  to  Arifteus,  went  from  Greece 
to  Sardinia:*'  thefe  probably  were  part  of  the  forces  under  Teut- 
amus.  Bannier  notes  that  Phorcys  king  of  Corfica,  which  Sammes 
derives  from  Corfis,  a  woody  place,  was  fubdued  by  Atlas.  Strabo 
fays  that  Ceres  and  Proferpine  were  adored  in  an  ifle  near  Britain. 
janus  amongft  others  croft  the  fea  and  fettled  in  Italy.  Aurelius 
Vi€tor  fays  that  Janus  was  Creufa's  fon;  this  is  improbable,  as  Janus 
reached  Italy  prior  to  Saturn's  final  retreat  thither;  yet,  whether  he  Julian  Aurcl. 
was  the  ancient  Proteus,  or  a  defcendent  of  Deucalion,  he  too  was 
probably  of  Ham's  family.  Nigidius  in  Macrobius  calls  him  Apollo; 
being  probably  Arueris,  the  elder  Apollo,  who  gallanted  Ceres. 
Arnobius  fays  he  was  fon  in  law  of  luturna  and  of  Vulturnus  the 
father  of  Fontus.  He  is  alfo  faid  to  be  Vertumnus.  Fabius  Piftor 
wrote  thus;  **  In  the  time  of  Janus  there  was  no  monarchy  (that  is 
in  Italy)  for  the  defire  of  empire  had  not  yet  infefted  the  human 
breaft.  Janus  firft  inftrufted  men  to  ufe  wine  and  meal  at  facrifices. 
Hcfirft  inftituted  altars,  fruftiferous  groves,  and  facred  rites."  Yet 
Plato  deems  Prometheus  the  founder  of  religion.  But  this  Prome- 
theus is  Ham,  whofe  family  produced  the  Pagan  Gods;  at  the  head 
of  whom  was  Ogen  or  Ocean,  who  was  Noah  ;  his  three  fons  un- 
doubtedly 


43* 


.^  »s> 


P  R  I  M  I  T  I  \'  E      HISTORY.  (Book  8. 

doubted! V  inftituicd  religious  rites  in  their  (everal  families.        And, 
when  their  refpeBive  iffue  became  fubdivided  into  nations  and  tribes, 
each  Patriarch  inculcated  the  duties  of    religion  in   his  tribe:  thus 
Menes  in  Egypt,    Tuitho  in  Gaul,  Phoroneus  at  Argos,  Deucalion 
inTheflaly,  Cecrops  at  Athens,  Aftis  at  Heliopolis,  Rhea  in  Crete, 
Hercules  at  Ga  !es,  Janus  and  Saturn  in  Italy,  were  introducers  of 
religion:  and  wherever  men  formed   a  political  corporation,  their 
prefident  was  deemed  the  founder  of  Aeir  inftittitions  civil  and  reli- 
gious. Thus  alfo  as  to  the  Titan  Saturn^s  contemporary  Janus  (who 
could  never  bejavan,  as  he  was  no  earlier  than  Lycaon's  fons;  altho' 
Janus  the  ancient  God  was  probably  Noah,  Jah  Noa.)     Xeno  in 
Macrobius  tells   us,  "  He  wasthefirft  conftruftor  of  temples,  and 
inftituted  religious  rites:  in  his  time  every  family  was  pious  and  de- 
vout: in  the  poems  of  the  Salii  he  was  ftiled  God  of  Gods-,   and  was 
named  Confivius,  as  being  the  founder  of  mankind,"  that  is  of  civil 
fociety.  Atheneus  fays  ''He-married  his  fifter  Camefes  in  Perrhaebea, 
Plutarch's  Perrhaebus,  which  Pliny  fets  in  the  vicinage  of  Pindus. 
Mount  Janiculus  had  its  name  from  himj    as  alfo  the  river  Janus. 
Arnobius  deems  him  a  fon  of  Uranus  and  Hecate,     He  invented 
(hips  and  crowns  and  copper  coin:  wherefore  in  Greece  and  .Skify 
as  well  as  Italy  money  had  a  Bifront  impreflion,  with  a  fliip  or  co* 
ronet    on   the  reverfe," — See  more  concerning  Janus   prefently, 
who  may  have  been  Janias  the  Paftor  king,  as  Apopis  was  Satutik 
Thofe  err  who  take  this  Saturn,  or  Saturn's  rival  Ammon,  to  bcHanv: 
for  in  their  time  the  world  was  grown  populous,  and  the  navigation 
frequent  between  Lybia,  Crete,  Cyprus,  Greece,  Egypt  and  Phc- 
nicia.     Prometheus  in  Efchylus  afferts  himfelf  the  inventor  of  fails; 
an  honour  confcred  by  others  on  Ifis.     Atlas   was   a   famous  navi- 
gator as  w^ell  as  aftronomer.     Cecrops  taught  navigation.     Sancho* 
niatho  mentions  the  fhipwreck  of  the  Phaenician  Diofcuri. 

Among  otlicrs  we  may  remark  that  Tat,  Teutat,  or  Deu-tat,  that 
is  either  the  God  Tat,  or  Parent  God,  did  not  confine  himfelf  to 
Egypt.  According  to  Manetho  he  was  the  fon  of  Trifmegiftus, 
counted  by  him  the  fecond  Mercury,  and  fon  of  AgntLodemon-,  who 
as  Plutarch  fays  was  Ofiris:   that  is,   the  Oiiris  who  was  Mifor; 

whence  * 


Chat).  !•)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    HIST  O.R  Y.  433 

whence  his  fon  I'hoth,  is  by  Eratofthciies  firnamed  Hermogenes  : 
tho'  Manetho,  as  if  he  fubftituted  Thoth  for  Mi  for,  deems  Thoth 
(Trifmegiftus)  the  firft  Mercury  :  but  Sanchoniatho  rightly  deems 
Thoth  Mifor's  fon.  Teiitat  was  the  founder  of  the  Teiitones,  and 
chief  Deity  of  the  Gauls.  He  probably  founded  Hamburg  in 
honour  of  his  anceftor ;  as  Pergamus  alfo  feems  to  be.  Tacitus 
writes  that  "  the  Germans,  whofe  principal  Deity  was  Mercury, 
celebrated  in  ancient  Poems  the  God  Tuitho  and  his  fon  Mannus 
the  founders  of  their  nation:  from  the  three  fons  of  Mannus  came 
the  Ingaevones  neareft  to  the  Ocean  ;  the  Herminones  next ;  and 
then  the  Iftaevoncs :  fome  derive  many  more  from  that  God,  who 
was  deemed  a  Terrigene  :'*  as  ufual  to  leaders  of  Colonies,  of 
parentage  unknown  like  Melchifedec's.  Here  we  may  trace  the  . 
Titan  family  to  its  fource.  Acmon,  the  fire  of  Ophion  or  Uranus 
who  was  firnamed  Acmonides,  founded  Acmonia  in  Phrygia,  and 
was  the  brother  of  Doeas  or  Dis  who  founded  Lycaftia  Themifcyra 
and  Chalybia;  and  was  firnamed  Summanus  from  their  fire  Man- 
nus or  Manes,  the  fon  of  Tuitho,  Teutat,  Tat,  the  fecond  Thoth, 
^the  fon  of  Theuth  Hermogenes  the  fon  of  Menes  Dionius  or 
Mifiar;  Theuth  was  the  Hermes  who  was  Saturn's  councellor,  that 
is,  of  his  grandfather  Ham  the  firft  Egyptian  Cronos,  Belus,  Zeus, 
Valcan  or  Prometheus.  Noah  was  the  firft  univerfal  Cronus, 
Ofilis,  Oceanus :  but  God  is  the  divine  Cronus  of  Berofus,  who 
cautioned  his  Si-futhros  to  build  the  Ark.  As  Acmon's  brother 
founded  the  city  ofTliemis,  the  Pelafgi  were  his  defcendents ;  for 
Herodotus  tells  us,  they  introduced  her  worfhip  into  Greece  ;  and 
as  they  brought  with  them  the  worfhip  of  the  Cabiri  or  unknown 
Gods;  being  ignorant  of  their  names,  which  they  obtained  fn/^) 
Egypt,  they  appear  therafelves  ,to  have  been  of  Egyptian  original : 
eCpccially  as  they  founded  the  Dodonean  Oracle,  which  was  fimilar 
to  Ammon's.  Paufanias  fays  that  Pelafgus  was  the  firft  man  who 
appeared  in  that  country,  and  was  endued  with  excellent  qualities 
of  mind  and  body  :  the  Scoliaft  of  ApoUonius  Rhodius  deemed 
Pelafgus  the  fon  of  Inachus :  this  confirms  my  opinion  that  Phoro- 
ncus  was  prior  to  Inachus.  Probably  Ham  himfelf  latterly  with- 
drew into  Greece,  and  was  the  primitive  Prometheus  and  Phoro- 
neus ;  twelve  generations  after  whom  Paufanias  places  Lelex  ;  as 
Dionyfius  does  Deucalion,  after  the  arrival  of  the  Pelafgi  at  Argos. 

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PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 


BOOK     III.  C  HA  R  IL 


CONTENTS. 

Sanchoniatho*s  Fragment^  with  Remarks.  A  Genealogical  Table  frotn^^ 
Hefiod.  The  Allantean  Theogony  of  Diodorus.  A  Table  and  Dif- 
cujfion  of  Tully's  Titan  Gods.  The  Cretan  Theogony  of  Diodorus. 
A  Sappltment  to  the  Curetes  in  Diodorus.  A  Genealogical  Table  of 
the  Titans  and  their  Contemporaries. 

T  will  here  infert  the  fabftance  of  Sanchoniatho's  hiftorical  frag- 
•*•  ment,  with  fome  obfervations  of  Biihop  Cumberland  and  others. 
It  contains  matters  of  note  refpefting  the  Titans-,  but  errs  at  pcefent,, 
thro*  a  diflocated  paflage,  in  counting  them  contemporary  with 
Mifor ;  who  was  the  father  of  the  Mifraim,  and  particularly  of 
Thoth,  and  thus  proves  to  be  Menesfirft  king  of  Egypt,  in  the  next 
generation  after  the  eight  Antediluvian  Cabiri  faved  in  the  Ark. 
Indeed  Saturn,  Ammon,  Dionyfius  and  his  fon  Orus  (as  appears 
from  this  laft  in  Manetho)  were  fubfequent  to  the  Hycfi  ;  whereas 
the  eight  primitive  Gods  of  Egypt  were  prior  to  them,  and  lived 
before  any  appearance  of  the  Delta.  Thus  the  Auritae  or  Avritac, 
who  were  the  Hycfi  and  inhabited  Avaris,  -are  in  the  old  Egyptian 
Hchionicle  fct  prior  (in  Lower  Egypt)  to  the  Meftreansj  who  (during 
five  reigns)  at  firft  pofleft  the  Heptanomis  and  Thebais,*for  190  years 
l>efore  the  Hycfi  retrenched  their  dominion  about  Memphis  :  the 
old  chronicle,  as  is  evident  from  the  number  of  years  and  of  reigns 
iir  its  16th  Dynafty,  has  fet  the  period  of  thefe  five  Thebans  to  the 
eight  Thinites  of  the  firft  Dynafty;  the  two  firft  kings  of  which  were 
the  fame  as  the  two  firft  Thebans ;  but  the  Thinite  Dyivafty  reigned 
longer  than  the  five  Thebans,  and  this  difference  induced  Eufebius 

K  k  k  2  to 


436  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-  (Book  3. 

to  fet  the  five  Thcbans  in  that  Dynafty  agreable  to  the  period  in  the 
chronicle.     The  Meftraeans  of  Thebes  at  length  under  Amos  or 
Ammon  expelled  the  Hycfi  ;    from  which  time  the  old    chronicle 
acknowledges  them  kings  of  the  Lower  Egypt.     And  partly   out  of 
them  Manetho  and  the  chronicle  fele£led  their  Gods  and  Demigods: 
who  are  the  diftinguifhed  heroes  of  the  houfe  of  Ham  ;'   partly   the 
primary  kings  of  that  houfe  ;  and  partly  (after  a  long  interruption) 
fome  of  their  famous  defcendents;  partly  in  fuccefEve  order,  partly 
in  collateral.     Vulcan  or  Ham,  Agathodemon  or  Mifor,  Anubis  or 
Thoth,  were  primitive  Gods.     Moll  of  the  reft  of  Manetho's  Gods 
were  much   later,  and  many   of  them  contemporaries    during    the 
Titanian  war.     Thus   Herodotus  fays  that  the  Egyptian  Hercules 
was  one  of  thofe  added  to  the  eight  primitive  Gods,  to  augment 
the  number  to  12  ;  and  Dionyfius  was  in  the  third  clafs,  that  is,  fub- 
fequent  to  thofe   12.     In  (hort  the  Gods  and  Demigods  were  the 
worthies   of  Egypt,  fome  before,  fome  after  the  Hycfi,  down  to 
Danaus.     Thefe  political  luminaries  of  Egypt  ftand  felefted  at  the 
head  of  the  Egyptian  kings;    as  firfl:  in  dignity,  tho  not  altogether 
fo  in  order  of  time :    but  they  are  alfo  mentioned  in  their  fevenrf 
places  in  the  general  Dynafties>the  15  laft  of  which  are  fucceflivc; 
the  Titans  being  in  the  18th  Dynafty,  and  fubfequent  to  the  Hycfi, 
But  Sanchoniatho,  miftaking  the  Titan  Cronus  for  the  primitive, has 
trrontoujly  fet  them  in  the  time  of  Mifor  %    for  it  is  certain  that  the 
Titan  Saturn*s  fon  Chiron  (who  indeed  was  extremely  longeval)  V34 
alive  in  the  infancy  of  Achilles  :    and  Saturn  himfclf  is  the  emblem 
of  time  :  thus  Saturn  and  Chiron,  like  Cinyras,  may  have  lived  160 
years  each, 

Eufeb.  Prep.  Porphyry  fays  that  *'  Sanchoniatho  of  Berytus  related  the  Jewiflx 
affairs  with  veracity  5  according  with  their  own  hiftory  in  the  names 
of  places  and  men.  He  had  his  accounts  from  Jerombaal  (probably 
Jerobaal  or  Gideon)  prieft  of  the  God  Jevo:  and  dedicated  his 
work  to  Abibal  king  of  Berytus,  who  lived  before  the  Iliac  war, 
and  whofc  examiners  allowed  the  work  to  be  true ;  Sanchoniatho 
having  compiled  it  from  the  records  of  towns  and  temples  with  a 
fpecial  regard  to  veracity/'     Philo  of  Biblos  fays,  ^*  he  ftudied  the 

fcripturcs 


Chap,  1.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY*  437 

fcriptures  of  Taaiit,  the  inventor  of  letters  and  the  firft  hiftoriart. 
Obtaining  the  Ammonean  or  Recondite  records  in  the  Adyta  of  the 
temple   he   rejefted   allegories  and  fables   inferted   therein    by  the 
Phaenician  Hierophants  ;  but' the  priefts  afterwards  reftored  the  alle* 
gorical  fenfe.     Benefaftors  were  deified,  and  their  names  conferred 
on  the  mundane  elements  and  fotne  of  their  reputed  Gods:  the  fun  . 
moon,  planets  and  elements  were  their  phyfical  Gods."       Sancho- 
niatho  fays,  '*  his  hiftory   contained  records  made  at   Taaut's  (or 
Thoths)    command,  by  the  Cabiri,    Sydic's  feven  fons,  aind   their 
8th  brother  AfcKepius."     The  ancients  did  not  well  diftinguifh  be- 
tween  brothers   and  coufin  germans.     Damafcus  in   Photius  fays, 
*'  Sadyc's  fons  were  named  Diofcuri  and  Cabiri ;  the  8th  of  whom 
was  Efmunus  or  Afclepius.     Being  a  handfome  youth  Aftronoe  the 
Phaenician  Goddeft,  who  was  the  niother  of  the  Gods,  fell  in  love  with 
him,  Obferving,  as  he  was  hunting,  the  Goddefs  in  queft  of  him,  he 
cut  off  his  privities."     But  in  this  ftory  he  is  confounded  with  Atys, 
who  was  the  Egyptian  Adonis  or  Dionyfius :  and  as  to  both  the  ac- 
count is  a  meer  fable.       Arabians  affert  that  Afmunus  was  the  fon 
of  Mifor,  who  fet  him  over  the  Upper  Egypt.       Philo  writes  that, 
"  Thabion's   fon  the  firft   Phaenician   Hierophant   allegorized   the 
rccords,interfperfingphyfics,  for  the  prefidentsofthe  facred  myfteries: 
one  of  whom  had  been  Ifiris  the  irtventpr  of  three  letters,  and  bro- 
ther of  Cna  the  firft  Phaenician."     So  Eupolemus  deems  Canaan  the 
firft  Phaenician.     "  Afterwards  the  God  Sur-mu-belus  (who  feems  to 
be  Muth,  the  Belus  ofTzor)and  Thuro,  called  alfo  Chus-arthis 
(orChus^artes)illuftrated  Taaut's  doflrines  thus  allegorized.' '  Thuro, 
who  was  a  female,  feems  to  be  Athera,  Aftarte  or  Rhea.     She  was 
the  elder  Ifis  or  Ceres  ;  who  was  fometimes  called  Muth,  and  is  the 
Thcr-tnuthis  of  Epiphanius,  that  is   A-thyr-muth;    equivalent  to 
which  was  ^^her  name  of  Ifis-ferapis.      Jofephus  calls  the  Egyptian 
patroneft  of  Mofe?,  Thermuthis,  to    raife  his   antiquity. — Bryant 
thinks  Thabion's  fon  fignifies  prieft  of  Thebe  or  the  Ark,  and  of 
Ion  the  Dove.     Sanchoniatho  derived  the  creation  from  a  fermen- 
tation of  the  Chaotic  mafs  thro*  the  co-operation  of  fpirit  and  love- 
whence  arofe  an  affeftion  that  produced  Mot^  or  a  Mucilage  •,  that 
word  being  by  Bifliop  Cumberland  derived  from  the  Arabic  Matha^ 

to 


438 


{PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 


Jerom»  on 

Hofca, 


(Book  3. 

to  macerate:    the  fpirit  Colpias  is  from  Colpi-ja,  Vox.  Oris   Dei. 
Philo  names  Sanchoniatho's  firft  man  and  ^oman  "  Protogonus  and 
iton/'that  is  Primogenious  and  Life  :  yEon  refembles  Eve  in  letter 
andfenfe;  alfo  Oon,  Ovum,  the  primitive  egg,  and  the  primitive 
parent,  in  Photius.     '*  iEon,  fays  he,  difcovered  the  food  produced 
by  trees;"  this  alludes  to  the  forbidden  fruit.     Philo  renders  their 
fon's  name.  Genus,  a  derivative  from  Gennao,  to  generate  ;  which 
probably  is  from  the  Hebrew  Kana,  as  Cain  is ;  G  being  equivalent 
to  K,  and  a  letter  of  the  feme  organ.     His  wife  was  named  Genea; 
as  the  wife  of  Faunus  was  thence  named  Fauna;  and  as  Is,  and  Ifla 
a  name  of  Eve  in  Genefis,  fignify  male  and  female  ,  Vir  et  Virago. 
*'  Thefe   lived  in  Phenicia.     A  great   drought  enfuing,  they  ex* 
tended  their  hands  towards  theT^m,  deeming  and  naming  him  Baal- 
famcn.  Lord  of  heaven."      Philo  names  the  iffue  of  Genus,  Phos, 
Phur,  Phlox,  that  is,  light,  fire  and  flame :  in  Hebrew,  Ur,  Beer, 
Labahim.     "  Thefe  invented  and  taught  (he  method  to   generate 
fire  by  the  friction  of  flicks*'     A   difcovery  attributed   by   fome  to  • 
Phoroneus,  by  others  to  Prometheus.     *«  Their  gigantic  fons  gavt 
their  own  name  to  the  mountaihs  they  inhabited,  Caffius,   LibaAii% 
Antilibanus  and  Brathys."      Diodorus  Siculus  wrote  that  *'  Caffivs 
lived  in  the  time  of  Belus  of  Babylon,  and  Jove  the  father  of  Pro- 
ferpine  by  Ceres;"    yet  Diodorus,  as  he  counts  him  father  of  the 
Curetes,  meant  Jove  Uranus  father  of  the  elder  Proferpine,  or  Cc- 
cropian  Minerva,  who  was  Rhea.     Syncellus  mentions  Cafus  and 
BjcIus  fons  of  Inach-us,  as  founders  of  Antioch.      **  Thefe   bcgH 
Memrumus  and  Hypfuranius,  fo  named  by  their  mothers;   but  the 
women  of  thofe  ages  were  fhamelefs  projlitutes.''     This  confirms  the 
SccGcncfis.    the  opinion  that  the  daughters  of  men  were  Cain's  iflTue.     The  two 
names  lad  mentioned  Bochart  thinks  did  belong  to  one  perfon;  the 
laft  name,  a  verfion  of  the  firft  which  is  Rimmon  inverted,  is  derived 
from  Upfo3  and  Ouranos  :  but  as  a  plurality  of  perfons  isdefcribcd, 
the  original  name,  of  which  Hypfuranius  is  a  verfion,  might  by  a 
cafual   error  have  been  inferted  inftead  of  Ufous.     For  it  is  faid, 
**  Hypfuranius  inhabited  Tyre  (fo  named  by  Anticipation)-,  was  the 
firft  conftruftor  of  huts  with  reeds,  ruflies  and  the  Papyrus;  and  was 


Eufcb.  Prep. 
2.  2. 


Chap,  a.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  43^ 

at  variance  with  his  brother  Ufous/*  Tliis  is  the  name  aUb  of  a  fort 
of  Aram.  **  Ufous  was  the  firft  who  clad  himfelf  with  fuch  wild 
beafts  as  he  could  catch,"  Thus  Sanchoiuatho  proves  ignorant 
that  Adam  and  Eve  wore  this  fort  of  apparel.  '*Ufous  alfo  ventured 
on  the  Jea  on  a  tree  difmantled  of  its  boughs.  Violent  winds,  by 
rubbing  the  branches  of  trees,  having  fct  on  (ire  a  wood  at  Tyre,  to 
wind  and  fire  he  corifecrated  two  ftoncs,  and  worfhiped  them,  and 
made  oblations  to  them  of  wild  beafts  taken  in  hunting.  Their 
pofterity  confecrated  to  them  after  their  death  logs  of  wood  and 
ftones,  which  they  paid  worfhip  to  j  and  inftituted  anniverfary  fef- 
tivals  to  their  memory."  Ufous  here  feems  to  be  Noah,  with 
whom  Agrotes  is  confounded  :  Noah's  fon  Ham  was  Chryfor  and. 
Amynus 

*«  Long  after  thefe  came  Agreus  and  Halieus,"  as  Philo  calls  them. 
Thefe  refemble  Nimrod  and  Canaan's  fon  Sidorr.  Jf  they  are  fo, 
this  is  a  diflocation,  and  fhould  follow  the  account  of  Thoth ;  or 
otherwife  Sanchoniatho  outrages  all  chronological  order;  as  Mifor 
and  Thoth,  Ham's  fon  and  grandfon,  are  fet  long  after  thefe  :  and 
not  till  after  he  has  named  the  Titans,  whom  he  blends  with  Ham 
and  his  children.  "  Thefe  acquired  fkill  in  hunting  and  fifliing." 
Diodorus  fhews  that  one  Agreus  was  Arifteus,  deemed  to  be  Agreus 
andNomiusby  the  Scholiaft  of  ApoUonius.  This  Agreus  may  be  2.590.- 
Plutarch's  Arueris  or  eldeft  Oru^.  '*  From  thefe  defcended  two 
coufin-germans,  who  invented  the  forging  of  iron."  This  Mofes 
attributes  to  Tubalcain^  of  which  name  Vulcan  is  thought  to  be  a 
corruption.  "  One  of  thefe  was  named  Chryfor,"  interpreted  Vul-^ 
can  by  Philo.  Bochart  derives  it  from  Chorcs-ur,  ITupiTf^v/rf;;  Le 
Clerk  on  Hefiod  interprets  it  fire  Keeper,  **  He  praftifcd  fpells  and 
charms  ;  invented  the  hook,  bait  and  li.ne,  and  cockboats ;  alfo 
fails.'*  If  this  be  not  a  tranfpofition  of  Sidon's  account.  '*  He  after 
his  deceafe  was  deified  by  the  name  of  Dia-michius,  or  Jove  the 
engineer."  This  Diamichius  feems  to  be  the  Egyptian  Vulcan, 
progenitor  of  their  Cabiri;  that  is  Ham,  here  confounded  with  the 
Antediluvian  Vulcan  of  Cain's  line.  •*  Some  fay,  thefe  kinfmen 
invented  brick  walls.--^r^Frora  this  generation  came  two  brothers, 

'  one 


Gen,  4*  20. 


440  1>RiMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  j. 

one  named  by  Philo,  Technitcs,  the  ariift-,  atranflation  (fays  Bifhop 
Cumberland)  from  Malachi..  Philo  calls  the  other  Geinos  ALhtochton 
a  native  of  theland.  TheBifhop  fays  this  name  has  fome  affinity  with 
Epher  and  Ephron.       I  deem  Vfous,  Technites,  and  Geinos    Au- 
tochthon, all  to  be  Noah,  and  confounded  with  Agroueris  who  was 
Mifor.      "  Thcfe  made  tiles  of  clay  and  ftraw,  dried  in   the   fun. 
Two  of  their  defcendents  were  Agrus,  and  Agroueros'or  Agrotes,'» 
the  ruftic,  and  the  hufbandman :    but  thefe  feem  to  be  one  perfon. 
Mofes  fays  that  Jabal  was  the  fire  of  Paftors.      The  Bifhop  thinks 
Agrus  was  originally  named  Siddim  or  Sadid,  the  naniie  of  a  fon  df 
Cronus,  and  confonant  to  the   Greek  name;  and  that  the  laft  was 
Aroueris  the  Egyptian  God  ;  Agros  and  Aroura  being  fynonymous. 
"  He  had  a  ftatuc  held   in  great  veneration,  and  a  portable  temple 
borne  about  Phenicia  by  oxen;  at  Biblos  he  was  fupreme  God,"  or 
Bamoth.  I  take  this  Agrotes  to  be  miftaken  for  Noah,   who  purfued 
agriculture  ;  and  his  fon  Amynus  to  be  Ham,  as  being  Mifor'sfire. 
'*  Thefe  invented  fences  and  vaults."     Hence    fuch    receffes  wert 
called   Amynean;    Plutarch    fays    ihdii  Amjin    fignifies     recondite. 
They  are  the  patrons   of  hufbandmen  and  hunters:  and  are  fliW 
Aleta    (fignifying,     fays   Hyginus,    vagrants)   or   Titans.*'       Hcic' 
Sanchoniatho  begins  to  confound   Ham  and  his  fons,  with  Tit«a*s 
iflue.     *'  From    thefe    fprung  Amynus   and    Magus;    who    formed 
villages  and  collefted  flocks.     Their  iffue  were  My  for  and  Sydic." 
Yet  Magog   was  in    reality  their  coufin-german,  not  their   uncle; 
whofe  names  fignify  «*  The  liberal  and  the  juft.     Thefe  difcovered 
the  ufe  of  Salt."     Bifhop  Cumberland  derives  Pharao,  from  Paray, 

7)  18.  Liber.  Sydic  fecms  to  be  Juflus  the  Canaanite,  whom  Jofephus 
deems  the  founder  of  Jerufalem;  and  is  probably  the  Melchifedec 
of  Abraham's  time,  tho'  then  of  a  very  advanced  age:  Siiidas  fays 
that  Melchifedec  reigned  1*3  years.  Bochart  tells  us  that  the 
Planet  Jupiter  was  in  the  Eaft  named  S«dec.  The  Bifhop  on  good 
grounds  takes  Mifor  to  be  Mifraim,  and  Menes  the  firfl  king  of 
^gyP^  Thoth's  father,  (faid  by  Sanchoniatho  to  be  Mifor)  and  the 
inventor  of  letters,  attributed  by  Anticlides  to  Men^s.     "  Taut  was 

In  Pliny,  ^he  councellor  of  Cronus  (or  Ham)  who  granted  him  Egypt.**  This 
favours  the  Biihop's  opinion  that  Mifor  himfclf  did  not  (particularly) 

fettle 


Chap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  441 

fettle  in  Egypt:  this  is  probable,  for  the  Philiftim  and  Ludim  or 
Lydians  were  Mifor's  pofterity;  and  thefe  laft  being  primitively 
named  Meonians,  may  have  received  that  name  from  him,  and  not 
from  any  fubfequent  Menes.  Sanchoniatho  fays  *'  Hypfidus  or 
Elion  (who  muft  be  Acmon  the  grandfire  of  the  Titan  Cronus)  was 
contemporary  with  Amymis  .Mifor's  fire."  This  implies  that  the 
Titanian  line  was  not  the  fame  as  Ham's;  but  as  thehiftorian  miftook 
their  age,  he  alfo  miftook  their  family;  as  to  their  age,  Chiron's 
fire  was  feme  centuries  later  than  Mifor.  "  From  Sydic  came  t^je 
Cabiri,'*  or  Dii  potentes,  whom  Philo  confounds  with  the  Diofcuri; 
and  alfo  with  the  Corybantes,  who  were  the  facerdotal  fucccffors  of 
the  DaClyls  Rhea's  attendants  and  the  original  Curetcs.  Herodotus 
and  Pherecydes  count  Vulcan  the  father  of  the  Cabiri.  Acufilaus 
Argivus  held  that  Vulcan  was  their  grandfire,  Camillus  their  father. 
He  was  Mifor  the  firft  Egyptian  Mercury  Lycophron's  Cadmus. 
Ham  was  the  Egyptian  Vulcan.  "  Thefe,  fays  Sanchoniatho,  built 
^Jhxp\  from  them  fprung  others  who  difcovered  the  virtue  of  plants, 
the  cure  of  bites,  and  the  power  of  charms.**  The  firft  Diofcuri 
were  Ammon  and  his  fon  Dionyfius:  after  thefe,  Caftor  and  Pollux, 
ftiled  alfo  Anaccs,  a  title  ftriftly  belonging  to  Tritopatreus  (who 
was  Orion)  Eubiileus  (or  Hermes)  and  Dionyfius.  **  Sydic  alfe 
bad  (the  Phertician  Efculapius  called)-  Ifmunus,  (Lycophron's 
Epius)  by  a  Titanis,  the  daughter  of  Cronus  and  of  Aftarte."  Here 
again  Ham  is  blended  with  Chiron's  fire;  for  tho'  Ham  had  the 
title  of  Cronus,  and  hif?  confort  may  have  been  the  original  Aftarte  ; 
yet  they  were'not  Titans.  Apuleius  fays  that  Apollo  (who  here  is 
Phut)  taught  Ifmunus  the  virtues  of  nightftiadc,  palled  after  him  in 
Punic,  Aftir  Ifmuni.  Clement  of  Alexandria  deems  him  a  Mcirt- 
phite.  Damafcius  faid  Efculapius  of  Bcryta  was  riot  an  Egyptian  j„  photio. 
but  a  Phenician  ;  which  he  concluded  from  his  name,  for  fays  he, 
"  Among  the  Cabiri  Sydic's  fons,  the, 8th  was  Ifmunus'**  Sancho- 
niatho fays,  **  Elion  and  his  wife  Beruth  dwelt  about  Byblos.  He 
was  flain  by  wild  beafts  in  hunting,  and  deified  by  his  children." 
Berytus  was  fo  named  in  honour  of  his  wife.  Nonnus  fays  that 
Bcroe,  called  by  the  Latins  Berytus,  was  the  firft  city  jn  the  world. 

L  1 1  «  £lion's  . 


^^,  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (tiook  3 

"Elion's  fon  was  Epigeus  or  Autochthon  afterwards  named  Uranus/* 
He  is  the  formerAutochthon,  confounded  withNoah  theAgrotes  who 
was  Ham's  father.     ApoUonius  Rhodius  and  Lycophron  fhew   that 
his  name  was  Ophion.     He  was  founder  of  the  Ophiogenes  and  bc-« 
came  a'hero.     "  He  invented  Betylia^  or  animated  Jiones  ;**  Bochart 
reads  erroneoufly  anointed  Jiones ;  Damafcius  fays^  **  I   faw  a  Betyl 
moving  in  the  air."^     They  are  the  racking  ftones  of  the  Druids,  and 
Strabo's  Egyptian  Hermeia:  fuch  as  Main  Ambre  in  Cornwall;  and 
the  two  Petrae  Ambrofiae,    or  X1601  ti^yl/vzot   near  Tyre,  fee  Nonnus, 
40,  41*     *'  Uranus  had  by  his  lifter  Ge  four  fons,  Ilus  or  Cronus, 
Bctylus,  Dagon  or  Siton/'  the  Laponic  Scita,  the  God  of  corn,  **and 
Atlas/*^      Dagon*s  name  is  derived  fram  Dagan^  bread  corn,  the 
ufe  of  which  he  difcovered,  or  rather  improved  the  culture  of:  from 
bis  attachment  to  agriculture  he  was  named  Jove  Arotrius ;  I  take 
kim  to  be  Ammon.      Betylus  in  Arabic  is  a  fubduer :  £1  or  II  is 
potent,  as  is  Sadorn*      '^  By  other  wives  Uranus  had  much  ifliie ; 
on  this  account  Ge  quitted  him :  but  Uranus,  whenever  he  thou^t 
fit^  would  cohabit  with  her  by  force,  leaving  her  immediately.     He 
attempted  to  kill  her  children^  Ge  obtained  aid,  and  both  defended 
and  avenged  herfelf.      Cronus  grown  to  manhood  and  ufing  ThoA 
as  his  councellor,  ally  and  fecretary  (in  which  account  Chiron's  fin 
is  blended  with  Ham)  avenged  his  mother  by  the  advice  of  Thothf 
and  of  his  daughter  Minerva,  whofe  ^er  Perfephone  died  a  virgin;'* 
being  the  daughter  of  the  eldeft  Ceres  and  named  Core.     Hence  it 
appears  that  Proferpine  was  Saturn's  daughter,  not  grand-daughter^ 
and  the  Jove  her  reputed  father  was  Ammon,  not  Saturn's  fon  Lapis,. 
or  Dionyfius  the  Jove  of  Ny fa.  *'  Saturn  made  an  iron  fpear  and  fcfc* 
mitar,*'  this  is  the  earlicft  accountof  that  metal.    "Thoth  infpiredby 
/pels  the  partizans  of  Saturn  to  fight  Uranus;  who  was  thus  expelled 
his  kingdom,  to  which  Saturn  fucceeded;  and  took  captive  a  favourite 
and  pregnant  concubine  of  Uranus ;"  who,  as  Lycophron  and  ApoU 
lonius  Rhodius  fhew,  was  Eurynome.     She  from  Paufanias  appeals 
to  be  Derceto,  fhewn  by  Strabo  to  be  Athera,  Aflarte,  or  the  eld^ 
Ceres ;  and  thus  this  amour  of  Jove  Uranus  is  Jupiter's  incefl  wth 
his  daughter;  and  fome  taking  him  to  be  Jove  Lapis,  deem  it  his  inceft 
with  his  mother  Rhea  the  eldefl  Ccres,or  Athera;  Uranus  is  deemed 
in  Homer's  hymns  to  have  cohabited  with  the  Magna  Mater.  "After 

Cronus 


Chap,  t.)  E  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    n  IS  TORY,  443 

Cronus  had  given  her  to  Dagon  (who  is  Ammon)  flie  was  delivered 
of  her  fon  Zeus  Demaraon  :"  whom  I  take  to  be  Tully's  fifth  Her- 
cules or  Indian  Belus,  and  fire  of  Melcart  or  Agenor  the  Tyriaii 
Hercules  (whom  Tully  regardlefs  of  order  names  fourth)  and  of  the 
Egyptian  Bclus,  Amenophis  or  the  Hercules,  called  by  Hephaeftion 
NHus.  Hefiod  fays  this  lady  had  the  Graces  by  Jove,  that  is,  by 
Ammon. — ^  Cronus  afterwards  furrounded  his  manfion  with  a  wall; 
and  is  faid  to  be  the  founder  of  Biblos  the  firft  city  of  Pheniciaf' 
tho*  juft  before  it  is  deemed  Elion's  refidence ;    and  Agrotes  was 

the  fupreme  God  at  Biblos  long  before. ''  About  this  time  the 

offspring  of  the  Cabiri  having  built  fome  ftout  (hips,  were  fhipwreckt 
near  Mount  Cafius  (40  miles  eaftward  of  Pelufium)  and  there  built 
a  temple. — Cronus  being  fufpicious  of  his  fon  Sadid,  flew  him  with 
his  own  fword."  Shadid  in  Arabic  is  a  ftrong  man,  and  leeras  akin 
to  the  Shaddai;  but  Cumberland  renders  Sadid,  a  ruftic.  «*  Cronus 
alfo  fufpefted  his  brother  Atlas,  and  by  Thoth's  advice  threw  and 
buried  him  in  a  deep  hole.  He  aUo  beheaded  his  own  daughter;  fa 
that  bis  condu£i  amazed  the  Gods,  hi;s  allies*  His  opponeats  were 
named  Titans/*  Agreable  to  this  account^  Plutarch  fays  from  Manes 
(or  Meon  Cybele's  hufband  who  is  this  Saturn)  extraordinary  adioi^s 
.%[ere  called  Manic— ^-*'  Uranus  being  in  exile  (ends  his  virgii» 
duighter  Aftarte  with  her  fifters  Rhea  and  Dione  to  cut  Cronus  aflf 
by  Itratagem  -,  thefe  Cronus  debauched."  So  Epimenedes  deem^ 
Satwn  the  father  of  Venus^  Dione's  daughter:  this  (hews  that  Dionc 
wa$  Rhea  Ammon's  wife,  as  Venus  was  reputed  Jove's  daughter*. 
So  flaie  was  Aftarte,  whom  Tully  confounds  with  bcr  daughter  the 
wife  of  Adonis  or  Ofiris  :  as  Dione  often  was,  with  her  daughter. 
Another  proof  of  Aftarte's  being  Rhea  is,  that  Tully  and  Mufaeus 
deem  Hecate  to  be  Afteria's  daughter^  which  is  but  a  grecifing  way 
of  naming  Aftarte  :  Orpheus  deemed  Hecate  the  daughter  of  Jove 
«id  Ceres,  that  is  of  the  eldeft  who  was  Cybele  or  Rhea.  Apollo- 
4(irus  fays,  Hecate  was  Proferpine,  whofe  mother  was  the  elder 
Cerf:s  or  Rhea,  tho*  commonly  reputed  the  younger.  Another 
argument  to  prove  Dione  to  be  Rhea,  and  her  daughter  Venus  Se- 
miramis  to  be  Ifi$,  is  from  Poiidonius :  ^'  Fame  fays  that  Venus 
laved  Dionylius^  but  during  his  Indian  expedition  was  converfant 

L  ii  Ji  i^ith 


^ 


444 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

with  Adonis:"  but  this  Adonis*  was  Dionyfms  himfelf;  and  his 
penfile  gardens  were  thofe  of  Semiramis,  pleafant  but  thro'  (ituation 
barren  to  a  proverb.  Semiramis  or  His  fled  to  Babylon  with  Ame- 
nophis,  Menon  or  Belus;  whom  fhe  wedded  after  Typhon  (Tew  Dio- 
nyfius.  She  was  confounded  with  Dione,  and  by  Tully,  with  Aftarte; 
two  names  of  her  mother,  who  was  Athera,  Derceto,  Dione,  Baalti^^ 
Allartc,  Rhea,  Gps,  Cybele,  the  elder  Ceres,  tlie  elder  Proferpine 
and  Hecate,  the  younger  Terra  confounded  w4th  her  mother  the 
elder  Vefta  the  grandmother  of  the  younger. 

Sanchoniatho  proceeds  thus,  "  Then  Uranus  fent  Eimantieneand 
Hora  with  feme  auxiliaries  to  make  war   on  Cronus.     But  thefe 
ladies  he  alfo  made  fubfervient  to  his  love.     Cronus  had  by  Aftarte 
feven  daughters  called  Titanides  or  Artemides:"  this,  fhews  that 
Aftarte  was  Diana  Celeftis,  or  Venus  Urania,  that  is  Luna;  whom 
Apollonius  Rhodius  and  Virgil  fay  Pan  enjoyed  in  the  form  of  a 
ram.     He  was  Lunus,  alfo  Ammon  -,  hence  his  ram's  head.     They 
were  the  Aftitaroth,  whofe  golden  idols  occafioned'the  fable  of  the 
golden  fleece.     "  Cronus  alfo  had  by  her  Pothos  and  Eros  ;**  alle- 
gorical beings.     "  By  Dione  he  had  alfo  daughters,    and  by  Rhea 
feven  fons  ;  the  youngeft  of  them  was  deified  at  his  nativity/'    Thii 
was  Jove  Lapis ;  *'  their  fon  Muth  was  not  deified  till   his   death.*' 
Muth  was  a  primitive  God  and  defcended  from   the  Cronus  who 
was    Ham.     •*  Cronus  had  alfo  in  Peraea   or   Bafhan  three  fons, 
Cronus,  Zeus  Belus  and  Apollo  ;**  this  laft  feems  to  be  Plutarch's 
Arueris :  the  Bifhop  takes  him  to  be  Carneus,  or  fon  of  Cronus, 
from  Keren ;    whence  alfo  the  town  of  Camion  or  Carnaim;  thefe 
being  the  Rephaims,  or  fons  of  Rephas  or  Remphas  or  Saturn,  as 
appears  from  the  Coptic  name  of  that  planet ;  and  the  Septuagint 
render  Chiun,  a  known  name  of  Chronus,  fays  the  Bifhop  (tho*  per-^ 
haps  erroneoufly)  by  Raephas.     Bannier  fays,  ''  Kaivan  among  the 
Perfians  is  Saturn:"  yet  Kyon  is  the  dog  ftar,  Sirius.     Natalis  Coioes 
fays  that  Carneus  was  the  fon  of  Jove  and   Europa.      The  Apollo 
here  feems  alfo  to  be  Tully's  Cretan.     The  younger  Cronus  was  the 
Cretan  Afteritis.      Belus  here  is  ftill  Jove  Lapis  Rhea's  fort.       He 

and 


Chap.  2.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  445 

and  Afterius  were  reputed  fons  of  Tcuft-amus ;  but  Lapis  was  Sa- 
turn's, and  fo  probably  was  his  brother:  thb'  Rhea  being  Amnion's 
wife,  he  in  fome  fenfe  is  deemed  their  father.      This  is  one  reafon 
for  taking  Ammon  to  be  Teuftamus  :  Plutarch    fays   Ammon   was 
Amus :  Tauft  is  a  title  of  honour  in  the  eaft,  as  Delia  Valle  informs 
us,  who  mentions  a  prince  of  that  name.     Milton,  after  Saint  Paul 
gives  it's  fenfe,  when  he  terms  fome  of  the  angels,  Thrones. — ^'Con-  Cq|.  i. 
temporary  with  thefe  fons  of  Cronus.were  Typlion  (whofe  dcfcent  he 
names  not)  and  Pontus  and  his  father  Nereus.      Sidon  the  daughter  , 
of  Pontus  (unlefs  an  error  for  Siren)  was  a  famous  finger,  and  Lyric 
poctcfs.       Neptune  was  her  brother.      The  Hercules  called   Mel- 
carthus  was  Demaroon's  fon  :*'    Tully  deems  the  Tyrian  Hercules 
the  fon  of  Jove  and  Afteria;    whom  he  takes  to  be  Latona's  filler  : 
but  this  Afteria  is  Aftarte;  for  Ampelius  fays  the  Hercules  adored 
at  Carthage   (which   was  the  Tyrian)  was   the  fon  of  Cronius  and 
Athera.      Diodorus  fays  there  was  "  one  begotten  by  a  Jove  on  an 
unknown  mother,  long  before  Alcides;  and  monuments  of  his  feats 
ftill  remained  in  Egypt/*     I  take  this  Melcart  to  be  the  fame  perfon 
as  Melcander,  Tar-chon,  and.Agenor;    and  his  father  Demaroon 
Zeus  to  be  Hercules  the  Da6lyl,  and  the  Indian  or  Titan:  Belus  of 
Babylon  called  by  the  poet  Dorotheu^,  the  Tyrian:  alfo  to  be  Jove 
Th^laffiiis  or  Neptune  Agcnor's   fire.      With  the  Tyrian  Melcart 
Jno's  fon  was  confounded  in  the  Ifthmian  games,—"  Uranus  made 
war  againft  Pontus,  whom  he  deferted  and  joined  Demaroon  ;  who 
invaded  Pontus:  but  being  routed  by  him,  vows  an  oblation  for  his 
efcape.        Ilus  or   Cron.us,  in  the  32,d.  year  of  his  reign,  having 
laid  an  ambufcade   for  his  father  in  an  inland  place,  made  him  an     , 
Eunuch  ;    but  Uramis  giving  up  the  ghoft,  was  there  deified.     His 
blood  tinged  the  neighbouring  fprings  and  rivulets  ;    and  the  place 
is  ttill  vifible."       Le  Clerk   fays  the  expreflion  is  ambiguous,  and 
may  fignify  that  his    council  was  taken  off,  his  defigns  intercepted.  Q^Hcfiod 
"Aftarte  the  fupreme,  Demaroon  Zeus,  and  Adod  king  of  the  Gods 
(probably  the  Adad  mentioned  by  Jofephus  with  Azael,  ancient  Sy- 
.rian  Gods,  the  laft  of  whom  is  the  Azelus  of  Trogus  Pompeius 
prior  to  Abraham)  held  the  foveireignty  under  Cronus.*'     Macrobius 
joins  Adad  with  Atergatis,  which  fbews  (he  is  Aftarte.     I  take  Adad 

to 


\ 


446  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Books 

to   be, the   Hadal  of  Moi'es,  and  to  be  Ammon's    fon   Dionyfiut. 
Gen.  36.        ,,  Aftarte's  creft  was  a  buffaloe's  head.      Traverfing  the  earth  (he 
obferved  a  ftar,  which  fhe  appropiatcd  to   herfelf,  and  conrecrated 
in  the  facrcd  i/land  of  Tyre."  Thus  Aftarte,  the  Grecian  Aphrodite, 
difcovered  the  motion  of  the  planet  Venus.     ^'Cronus  alfo  travelled; 
and  granted  Attica  to  his  daughter  Athcra.     A  peftilencc  enruing, 
Cronus  made  his  only  fon  a  Holocauft  to  his  father.*'     Here  Sancho- 
niatho  deferts  the  Titan  Cronus,  who  had  many  fons.     Elfewhere  wc 
are  told  ^  that  it  being  an  ancient  cuftom,  in  alt  great  public  cala- 
mities,   for  the  ruler  of  the  ftate    to  facrifice  his  moft  favourite 
child,  to  appeafe  the  Demons,  thefc  viftims  were  ftain  with  my  fterious 
rites.      Therefore  Cronus,  called   by  the  Phcnicians  Ifrael,    who 
reigned  there,  and  after  his  death  was  deified  into  the  planet  Saturn, 
having  an  only  fon,  therefore  named  Jehud  (which  refembles  Ifaac's 
epithet  Jchid)  by  a  nymph  named  Anobret  (derived  by  Cumberland 
from  Annobcret,  conceiving  by  grace)  and  the  country  being  engaged 
in  a  defperate  war,  he  arrayed  his  fon  in  his  fineft  attire>  and  made 
him  a  facrifice.      Cronus  underwent  circumcijwny  arid  obliged  hii 
friends  to  fubmit  to  it  alfo."   This  is  an  imperfeft  account  refpediiy 
Abraham  ;  which  the  Pagan  priefts  adopted  for  their  own  profit;  d« 
oblation  probably  being  to  be  exchanged,  thro'  the  medium  of  1 
fine.     *'  After  this,  Cronus  gave  Bibk>s  to  Dione,  who  is  the  God- 
defs  Baaltis;"  Nebuchadnezzar's  Beltis:  (he  is  the  mother  of  Venus 
Semiramis.     Thus  Dione  and  Aftarte  were  one  perfon  ;  for  Aftattc 
was  pofTeft  of  Biblos,  whence  Ifis  fled  to  her.     «*  Cronus  beftowed 
Berytus  on  Neptune  and  the  Cabiri  and  huibandmen  and  fifhermen; 
who  there  confecrated  the  remains  of  Pontus.'*     I  think  this  Cronus 
is  Ham,  and  Neptune  is  Meon  or  Mifor.  Bryant  thinks  thefe  rcliques 
relate  to  the  Ark.     **  Before  this,  the  God  Taaut  having  formerly 
made  an  idol  of  Uranus,  made  piSures  of  the  faces  of  the  Gods 
Cronus  and  Dagon  ;    and  formed  the  facred  chara6lers  of  the  other 
elements  (or  letters).    As  an  emblem  of  fovereignty  he  gave  Cronus 
two  eyes  before,  and  two  behind;   two  were  fliut:  on  his  fhoulders 
two  wings  were  i»  motion,  two  at  reft:  Ihewing  that  he  is  vigilant  with 
compofure^  and  adive  in  tranquillity.      He  had  two  wings  on  his 
head  denoting  the  vapidity  of  hh  thought^  and  the  adivity  of  his 

fenfe." 


Chap.2.)  PRIMITIVE    HI^TOitV.  447 

fenfe.*'  Here  Sanchoniathd  confounds  the  Titan  Saturn  with  Ham; 
Uranus  with  Noah:  for  Thoth  was  long  prior  to  that  Saturn  and  to 
his  father  Uranus* 

The  Atlantean  genealogy  in  Diodorus  refemblcs  Sanchoniatho'5 
Titanian.  Who  inftead  of  confulting  authentic  records  and  archives 
of  any  importance  has  collcfted  vague  reports  ;  and  made  an  imagi- 
nary connexion  between  Tuch  as  bear  no  relation  to  one  another : 
an  ill  grounded  account  of  Ham*s  indecent  behaviour  towards  his 
father,  he  has  applied  to  the  Titan  Saturn  ;  and  thus  errs  in  chro- 
nology, as  much  as  thofe  who  take  Ham  to  be  Ammon,  the  Titan 
Saturn's  rival.  By  this  miftake  about  the  two  Saturnsj  Ham  and 
Cybele's  fpoufe,  Thofh  Ham's  grandfon  and  Ifmunus  Thoth's  coufin 
german,  are  fet  as  late  as  Chiron's  fire  :  tho'  Plato,  who  yet  places 
Thoth  in  that  Ammon'stime  who  was  Ham,  efteems  him  a  primitive 
God  of  Egypt ;  which  Rhea's  hufband  was  not.  Abraham  being  a 
perfonage  of  note,  was  deiemed  of  regal  rank,  and  of  courfe  was  a 
Gronus  :  therefore  Sanchoniatho  applies  fome  imperfe£l  fcraps  of  his 
kiftory  to  his  favourite  Groniig;  whofe  iffue  ruled  the  cities  of  Tyre, 
'Byblus  and  Berytus,  whofe  feme  he  had  a  defne  to  celebrate,  and 
whofe  antiquity  to  enhance.  He  like  other  Pagans  had  obtained 
fame  flight  account  of  our  primitive  parents  and  their  fon  Cain,  and 
of  Thubal-cain:  alfo  of  the  occupations  of  Nodi,  Nimrod  and 
Sidbn  ;  but  treats  of  them  in  an  irregular,  obfcure,  erroneous  and 
trivial  manner.  He  feems  beft  acquainted  with  the  Titans,  as  ap- 
pear from  Diodorus  Siculus;  whofe  Atlantean  hiftory  here  follows; 
only  premifing  that  the  Lybian  Sol  and  Luna  are  the  Titanian  Ofiris 
and  Ifis;  and  their  parents,  Hyperion  and  his  confort;  thus  Ammom 
is  this  Hyperion,  and  Saturn's  brother.  For  tho'  Ammon  is  faid  to 
be  Triton's  fon;  yet  Triton  (in  Lycophron  and  Apollonius  Rhodius) 
is  the  Nile  :  thus  the  Egyptian  Minerva  Ammon's  daughter  was 
named  Tritonia  rather  than  from*  the  Lybian  river. 

*♦  Uranus,  the  firfr'king  of  th^  Atlantides,  reigned  over  the  major 

part  of  the  world,  efpdcialiy  towards  the  weft  arid  north..  He  formed  ^m 

men  into  corporations  ;  intfuccd  them  to  build  towns,  alfo  to  fow  ^F^i 

corn  ^    1 


^ 


448  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY-    '  (Book  3. 

^  corn  and  other  feeds;  obferved  the  ftars  ;  predifted  futute  events : 
determined  the  folar  year,  and  the  lunar  period  :  and  diftinguiflied 
the  year  by  feafons.  For  thefc  qualifications  he  wasidcified  at  hii 
death;  and  for  his  aftronomical  (kill  was  denominated  Uranus."  Ly- 
cophron  and  Apollonius  Rhodiuscall  himOpiiion.  La6tantius  fays, 
"  Uranus  was  deified, at  Carthage  and  buried  in  Aulatia."  '*  By 
his  feveral  wives,  fays  Diodorus,  he  had  45  children  ;   17  fons  by 

<•  Titaea  only. :  who  for  her  merit  was  at  herdeath  deified  by  the  name 
of  Terra.  Her  iffue  were  from  her  naml^  Titans.    Of  her  numerous 
daughters  (he  two  eldeft,  Bafilea  and  Pandora,  called  alfo   Rhea 
(which  in  Celtic  fignifies  lady,  and  by  tranfpofition   is  Hera,  Latin 
for  lady,  and  Juno's  name  in  Greek)  were  the  moft  eminent,  efpe- 
cially  the  firft.';     Here  obferve  that  the  Druids  called  the  fun  and 
moon,  Lord  and  Lady.      '*  Bafilea,    ftudious  to  pleafe  her  mother 
educated  all  her  brothers ;    and  fuccecided  her  father  in  the  empire 
by  the  public  voice."  This  is  a  moft  early  inftance  of  regal  eleftion, 
and  of  female  government.     "  She  was  ftill  a  virgin,  but  afterwards 
in  hopes  of  iffue  married  her  brother  Hyperion,    by  whom  fhe  bad 
So)  and  Luna.     Thefe  being  defervedly  admired,  were,  as  well  as 
their  father,  envied  by  his  brothers;  who  flew  Hyperion  and  drowned 
young  Sol  in  the  Eridanus;  grief  on  this  account  prompted  Luw\D 
precipitate  hcrfelf  from  the  top  of  the  palace.'*     This  is  an  erroneous 
account,  blended  with  Phaeton's  ftory.  This  Luna  the  wife  of /I  rforns 
faid  by  Plutarch  to   be  Ofiris,  was  not  Aftarte,  as  l^ully  fays,  but 
her  daughter.       Ovid  mentions  her  flight  (for  flie  is  the  youtigcr 
Dione)  from  Typhon  to  Paleftine.       Plutarch  fays  that  Ifis  (who  i» 
this  Venus  or  Luna)  fled  to  Aftdrte  at  Biblos.  **Her  mother  fearchcd 
the  river  for  Sol's  corpfe."     This  proves  him  to  be  Ofiri;.     *'  She 
alfo  dreamt  that  he  came  to  copfoleher;  and  told  her  that  he  ftiould 
be  deified  as  the  fun  ;  and  his  fitter  as  the  moon.     This  dream  their 
mother  made  public,  and  paid  them  divine  honours.     She  continued 
ever  a  widow  •,    but  grew  diftrafted,  playing  round  the  country  on 
tabors  and  cymbals,  with  her  hair  diftieveled.       At  length  flie  fud- 
denly  difappeared,  amidft  heavy  rain;  tho'  furroi.nJed  by  her  fub- 
jeQs ;  who  adored  her  children  as  the  fun  and  moon  :  and,  erefting 
an  altar  to  her  as  a  Deity,  introduced  tabors  and  cymbals   at  his 

rites,*' 


Faft  2. 


Chap.  2.>  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  $  T  O  R  Y-  419 

rites/'     Thus  Bafilea  proves  to  be  an  honourary  name  of  Rhea  or 

Cybele  5  who  is  here  as  ufual  blended  wiih  her  daughter  Ceres  or 

IfiS5  who  went  in  queft  of  the  loft  Ofiris,  or,  that  Dionylius,  faid  by 

Diodorus  to  be  the  fon  of  Jove  and   Ceres  or  Proferpine  the  elder, 

who  was  Cybele  or  Rhea:  this  is  the  Ceres  called  by  Tully  Terra.    i.Nat.  Dcor 

She  is  the  chief  of  the  maternal  GoddeflTes,  who  were  Demetcr,  her 

daughter  Deo,  and   Core..     Plutarch   acquaints  us  4hat  tJie  Cretans  in  Marcello. 

founded  their  temple  at  Enguina  in  Sicily;  and  Tully  fays  the  temple   j^  Vcrrcm. 

of  the  Magna  Mater  was  at  Enguina.    Their  Cornucopia  announces 

who  thefe  Deae  Campeftres  were.    Diodorus,  who  elfewhere  fays  that 

the  younger  Cybele   introduced  timbrels  and  drums  into  concerts, 

proceeds  thus ;    '*  Hyperion's  brothers  fhared  the  empire  between 

them.       Thofe  of  chief  note  among  them  were   Saturn  and  Atlas. 

Tliis  laft  had  the  realms  contiguous  to  the  Great  Ocean  :  the  people  . 

and  high  mountains  there    bearing  his  name.     He  was  verfed   in 

aftronomy.      The    feven   Pleiads  were    his  daughters,"  called  by. 

Diodorus   elfewhere   Hefperides,  their  mother  being  Hefperis   the 

daughter  of  Hefperus;  who  muft  have  been  the  elder  pf  that  namq. 

Hefperus,  one  of  the  many  fons  (tho'  elfewhere  deemed  the  brother) 

of  Atlas  being  addifted  likewife  to  aftronomy,  was  rapt  from  mount 

Atlas  into  the  air,  and  was  deified  as  the  morning  ftar.     The  wicked 

avaricious  Saturn  (in   Celtic  Moloch,  a  molefter)  had  by  his  lifter 

RheaOlympian Jove  more  renov/ned  than  the  brother  of  Uranus,who 

reigned  only  in  Crete,  named  from  his  wife.  Idea.     The  Un  Curetes 

were  his  fons."     Tully  has  a  Jove  the  brother  of  Uranus.     "Saturn 

ruled  Lybia,  Sicily,  Italy  and  Hefperia:  and  built  ftrong  caftles 

for  the  fecurity  of  his  empire."     According  to  party  and  prejudice 

oppofite  characters  are  drawn  both  of  Saturn  and  his  fon  Jupiten 


Mm  m  HESIOD'S 


n 


"Brontes 
-Steropes 
-Ai^cs 
-Cottos 

-Briareus 
-Japct 


HESIOD'i  2/ieogony,  exclufive  of  the  Phyjical  Perjonu 

'  Calypfo— -NaufithoQs 
I  Maufiiious 
-Circe 
-Perfeis 
-Idya 
-Europa 
-Dione 
-Styx  ^ 
-Urania 
-Eurynome  had  by  J 

iove  Uranus 
lirhoe 
-Metis  r  Atlas 

-Afia  I  -Prometheus 

-Clymcnehad  7  —  (  -Epimetheus 


-Tethys 
had  by 
•Ocean 
who  had 

by 

Earth 


1- 


I  The  3  Graces. 


by  Japet 
-Eledb-a 
•Doris^ 

II 
II 
'Nereus 


f; 


-Ph#rcys  > 

II 
-Ceto 


I 


-Crius 

-Ceus 

-Phsebe 

.Rhea 

Saturn 


LEnrybial     l— 
had  by  i— H 


3       L-Men»titts 

-Amphicrite 
Thetis     »  ■  ■  Achillea 
Lyfianafla 

Piamathe— -Phocns  fott  of  CEacuc* 
L  Galatea 
rTheGraije 
I  ^Pephredo 
-Ceto 
-Medufa- 
-Enyo 
-Steno 
Euryale 
PaUat 


-Chryfaor 

had  by 

Callirhoe 


V 


Geryoft 


had  by  JH— Perie»h«<il>yJ_Hccate 


HAflcria 


}- 


Latona 
fVcfta 

-Pluto 

-Neptune 
had.  by 

Amphitrite 


j-JTritom 


M 


Cymopolia  wife  of  T 
firiareits.  > 

-Cercladl^J      pj„j^ 
J anon        J 

By  Jdvc       i  — Profcrpiiw 

-Jore  had  by  5 |-Dianit 

Latona—  |     I- Apollo 

alone         v  —-Minerva 

By  Semelc—— Bacchus 
By  Maya— Mercury 
By  Alcmena— Hercules 
—Juno— —Vulcan 
and  by  Jove — Mars — 
'  -Lucina 


j^yperijr 
LThia 


I 


Iftrmoma  had  by 
Cadmus 


-Hebe 


\-. 


f  Agave 
•Semcle—  ^Bacchus 
Ariadne's 
Gallant 
-Ino 

Polydore 
Autonoe  wife  of  Ariiteos 


Sol  had  by  )  — CEetes  had  by  1  -Medea  had  by  I  ..j^^^^j 

Perfeis      j    I      Idya  J         Jafon  J 

'  —  ^'  "  Agnus 


-Luna 


I- 


Circe- 


tllenmon  |  -Latinus 
Hemathion 
i  By  Cephalu8-«^Phaeton. 


TULLY's    GENEALOGIES. 


The  fecotld  Sol  was  Hyperion 
Sol  was  of  Rhodes,   the   father   of  Jalyfus, 
Camirus  and  Lyndus. 
The  fifth  Sol  was  1     I— CEaetes 

of  Cholchis  and  i-  — — Pafiphae 

had  by  Perfeis     j      I — Circe 
H.  B,  ApoIIon.  Rhod.  3.  245,  deems  MeJca's 
brother  Abfyrtus  one  of  the  Phaetons. 

Dies  and  Ether,  by  ^      — Cxlum,    partly 


The  fourth  fift   Vulcan    had 


ibme,  fays  Tully, 
deemed  Saturn 


'A- 


Phyfical,  partly  the 
real  Ophion. 


I  ft  Apollo  of  Athens;  the  idisaCreui 
fon  of  Corybas;  the  4th  an  Arcadian 
brother  of  the  firil  Eiculapius.  Am- 
pelius  fays,  fon  of  Silcnus,  meaning 
Bacchus  of  Egypt, 
—  1  ft  Venn 5  by  Dies;  the  Planet,  the  2d  f  2d  Diofcuri, 


by  1  ft  Minerva, 
both  Phyfical 


ad}      I 

a,  J— i; 

.    3     t 


the  firft 
Arcady 


Jove 


■•I 


Caftor  &•  Pollux. 
-6th  Hercules 

by   Alcmena 
-4th  Bacchus,— 
*  by  Latona. 
-5th  Bacchus,— 

by  Semele. 
-3d  Vulcan 
-3d  Apollo; 
Ampeiius  deems 
Amnion's   fon 
•   Orus  the  elder 
the  jlh  Apollo 
2d  Diana 

by  Latona* 
-4th    Minerva 
by  Ocean's  dr. 
Coryphe. 
-3d  Mercury, 
by  Mala. 
-2d   Mufes,  9;  • 
by  Mnemofync 
-3d  Mufes,    9; 
by  Antiope. 
—4th  Hercules,  by 
Afteria,  Hecate's 
mother:  theTy- 
rian,  and   fire  of 
Carthage;  fee  Stat. 
Sylv.   1.  2.  Athe- 
nxus  fays  Typhcn 
flew  him. 
—4th  Mtrcury,^  anonymous:  He  counts  Thoth,  5th:  con- 
I      founding  him  with  the  Argidde,  Cyllene's  fon* 
*  — 2d  Vulcan,  or  Phtha,  Opas.  ■  3d  Sol 

He  is  Ham. 
Nilus     — 2d  Dionyfius;  the  3d  is  Ammon's  foni  a  Cabir.  But  his 
firft  four  are  all  one  perfbn. 
— 2d   Minerva;  the  fame  as  the  3d;  Ammon  and   Meon 

Cybele's  hufband  fathered  her. 
—'2d  Hercules,  the  fcribe:  He  feems  the  Gallic  Ogmeon. 
the  3d  Is  the  Da^yl,  the  lame  as  the  firft:  the  5th  is  the 
Indian  Belus;  He  is  Demarooh  Zeus. 

Kik  here  is  in  feveral  chara^rs.  As  Vulcan's  fire  he  is  Noah.   As  Mercury's  fire  he  is  Mifor.  As  the 
father  of  Dionyfius  he  is  Meon  Rhea's  fpoufe* 


is  Aphrodite  mother  of  the  2d  Cupid 
the  3d  is  DioneVulcan's  wife  (tho'  others 
fay  ftie  was  Eledlra)  and  mother  of 
Anteros.  the  4th  was  Attarte  wife  of 
Adonis. 

— 'ift  Mercury  (the  Planet)  by  Dies:  the 
2d  was  brother  of  Efculapius  (that  is  the 
Egyptian,  Thoth's  brother)  Ampeiius 
fays,  fon  of  the  2d  Jove  (Ammon)  and 
f  of  Proferpine-  (the  elder)  LaAantius  the 
j  Grammarian  fays  of  Liber  &  Proferpine 

I  — Saturn The  3d  or  Cretan   love — 

l^  2d  Jove  an  1     [-3d  Minerva,  Bellatrix;  7 
Arcadian;  >  -     Nitocris  of  Egypt 
(Ammon)  J,  1-ift  Mufes;  4.  Thelx- 
iope,  Aoede,   Arche^ 
Melete, 
— ill   Jove   of  Arcady,  7— J — ift  Sol,  fon  of  Hefiod's 
alfo  the  Planet :         J      I  Hyperion,' 

J— ift  Hercules,  by  Lifyto,  he 
wreftled   with   the    2d 
Apollo  for  a  tripod. 
—Proferpine  had  by  1     I— i  ft  Diana 1  ft  Cupid 


-«-Libers  thus  fup- 
pofing  Ether  to 
be  Saturn;  who 
was  fpoufe  of 
Rhea  his  mother 


Lor  the  noted  Ceres. 
The  Anaaes,  or  firft  Diofcuri, 
Tritopatreus  (or  Orion)  Eubuleus, 
Dionyfiws:  Diodorusfays  that  Jove 
L^pis  wa^  called  Eubuleus 


^1 


M  m  m  a 


Tully 


452 


PHIMITIVIE    HISTORY.  (Books. 

Tully  was  no  adept  in  mythology,  which  he  evidently  held  in  con- 
tempt.    He  deems  Thoth  Ham's  grandfon  to  be  the  Argicide  who 
was  Cyllene's  Ton  :    and  Liber  to  be  the  elder  Proferpine's  brother 
inftead  of  fon.      Indeed  Ammon  and  his  foA  Dionyfius  were  often 
confounded.     He  counts  Saturn  the  elder  Proferpine's  nephew  in- 
ftead of  brother.     His  Nilus  is  a  medley  of  all  who  bore  that  name, 
that  is  of  every  Oceanus,  Meon,  Amenophis,  or  Ofiris :  thus  Nilus 
his  fecond  Vulcan's  fire  is  Noah,    the   primitive  Ofiris,  fire  of  San- 
choniatho's  Zeus  Michius.The  fire  of  the  fecond  Minerva  and  fecond 
Dionyfius  (who  arc  each  the  fame  as  the  third)  is  Meon,  Cybele's 
huft^and,  who  often  fathered  Ammon's  children.     The  fourth  Mer- 
cury feems  to  be  Armais,  councellor  of  Sefoftris  in  Elian :  and  his 
fire  to  be  Amenophis.      He  is  the  Nilus  who  enjoyed  the  daughter 
of  Uchoreus,  that  iai  Saturn's  daughter  Ceres,  in  the  form  of  a  bull; 
fee  Diodorus  and  Arnobius. 

Yet  Tully's  genealogy,  which  is  partly  phyfical  like  Hefiod's, 
contains  fome  ufeful  information.      It  confirms  Diodorus  as  to  the 
Jove,  brother  of  Uranys  :  tho*  by  counting  them  Ether's  fons,  they 
became  phyfical  beings.  Diodorus  has  a  Dionyfius  Proferpine's  fon: 
but  contradi£ls  himfelf  in  counting  him  his  fecond,  whom  el fe where 
he  deems  his  firft;  and  counts  the  fecond,  lo's  fon;  that  is  according 
to  the  Greeks,  fonof  Ifis,  or  Ceres  the  elder,  and  Ammon's  fon: 
thus  both  became  one.     Ampelius  fays  truly  that  Liber  Pater  the 
brother  of  the  younger  Ceres  or  Ifis  is  (the  elder)  Proferpine's  fon/ 
and  the  fecond  Jove's,  whom  he  erroneoufly  ftiles  Saturnius  ;  this 
is  the  third  Jove.     Thus  Tully*s  Liber  or  firft  Dionyfius  is  alfo  his 
fecond.     The  third  in  Tully  and  Ampelius  was  a  Cabir's  fon  :  but 
the  Scholiaft  of  Apollonius  fays  that  Ammon  was  a  Cabir :    thus 
Tully's  three  prior  Dionyfii  are  the  fame  perfon.     Tully's  firft  VuU 
can  is  celeftial  fire :    his  firft  Minerva  is  celeftial  wifdom  adored  at 
Athens :    and  from  them  came  human   forefight,  the  firft  Apollo. 
Tully  confounds  Ammon  (who  was  the  firft  Arcadian  Jove)  with 
the  firft  Cretan  in  Diodorus ;  who  was  the  brother  of  Uranus.     The 
Daftyf,  Tully'^s  third  Hercules,  was  the  wreftler,  and  the  fame  af 
his  firft.     The  Scribe  was  Mifor,  Menes  or  Menon,  who  was  Malica 


Chap.  2.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  k  Y.  4^3 

or  Malyc  and  the  firfl:  Melec-ertes.     Tully  calls  Afteria  (bcgottert 
according  to  the  Latins  by  Jove  in  an  eagle's  form)  the  mother  0/ 
the  fourth  Hercules;  he  alfo  was  Melcart;  in  the  Maccabees,  Mel- 
carthus.     Suidas,  miftaking  him  for   Ino*s  fon  Melecerta  (as  Ly- 
cophron  does,  in  counting  him  Palemon)  places  him  in  the  time^  of 
Minos ;  which  indeed  may  be  partly  true  ;  for  Ino  who  is  generally 
deemed  acoufin-german  of  Minos  met  the  real  Tyrian  Hercules  at 
Tybur,    as  Ovid  relates:    but  he  was  older  than  Ino,  for  Europa's 
purfuers  built  a  temple  to  this  Hercules  at  Thafus.     Suidas  fays, 
•*  This  Hercules  difcovered  the  Tyrian  dye,  firft  ufed  by  a  Pheni- 
cian  king:"    he  was  Saturn.      Some  fay  that  Agenor's  fon  Phenix 
made  this  difcovery.     Eufebius  calls  this  Hercules  Defanaus;  Hefy- 
chius,  Dorfanes;    from  Ador  San,  refembling  fire.     He  fefims  the 
Adores  in  Juftin,  prior  to  Abraham.     He  was  not  fo  ancient  as  the 
Gallic  Ogmeon,  which  fignifies  mighty  Ocean,  or  Neptune ;  like 
Og-mor,  in  Glamorganfliire,  a  coaft  open  to  the  great  ocean.     Og- 
meon  was  [the  German  Almannus,      the  moft    anci«nt    Hercules. 
Tully's  4th  Venus  is  older  than  his  3d.  (who  was  alfo  Aphrodite  his 
fecond)  being  her  aunt,  or  more  truly  her  mother.     His  firft  is  a 
phyfical  being.      Am'pelius  deems  the  fecond  the  daughter  of  Air 
and  Ocean  ;    but  he  was  Meonor  Saturn  Cybele*s  fpoufe.     Tully's 
firft  Mercury  is  the  planet.      His  fecond  is  really  Thotb,  brother 
of  the  Egyptian  Efculapius;    but  Tully  counts  Thoth   the  fifth 
Mercury. 

Intending  now  to  mention  the  Cretan  Theogony,  I  will  here  give 
a  fltort  account  of  that  ifland.  Crete,  once  Idaea,  now  Candia,  100 
miles  S.  W.  from  Afia  Minor,  is  about  180  miles  long,  and  where 
wideft  about  55  broad  :  it  is  fertile  and  well  watered.  Its  fruits  are 
excellent ;  its  wines  good  but  ftrong ;  its  air  pure.  Anciently  it 
contained  100  towns:  Ptolemy  enumerates  40.  Cnoffus  its  capital, 
once  Ceratus,  was  39  ftadia  in  circuit :  it  ftood  25  from  the  Egean 
fea;  50  from  the  African  ;  3125  paces  from  Gortyna,  towards  the 
N.  E.  Gortyna  on  the  fkirts  of  the  fertile  plain  of  MefTaria,  and 
fix  miles  from  Ida,  rofe  fuperiour  to  all  the  other  cities  •,  by  it  ran 

the 


\ 


454'  P  R  I  M  r  T  I  V  E      H  1  S  T  O  K  Y.  (Book    3 

the  river  Lethe.     In  a  little  hill  to  the  fouth  of  Ida,  and  3  miles  from 
Gortyna  is  the  labyrinth:  in  which  the  principal  alley  is  1 160  paces 
long,  and  about  .8   feet  high,  terminated  by   tv/o  large  apartments. 
Savary.   The  chief  Sinuofitics  are  about  30  paces  from  the  entrance,   on  the 
left  hand  :    others  are  on  the  right.      The  middle  of  the  pafTage  is 
fo  low  that  it  mull  be  crept  through,     Dcdalus  conftrufled  this  cave; 
for  Cedrenus  fays  the  Minotaur  occupied  a  cavern  of  the  labyrinth; 
but  the  Minotaur  was  in  the  time  of  Dedalus.      Thefe  caves  were 
DJo.  Cafs>      frequent.     The  Titans  retired  to  a  cave  of  the  Getae.     Nottingham 
is  named  from  artificial  caverns  under  that  town.     They  often  were 
facred  and  oracular  cells.     So  the  Sibyl's   cave,  and  that  of  Trop- 
,  honius  were  famous  for  oracles.      Porphyry  writes  that  Zoroafter 
confecrated  a  cave  to  Mithras.      The  cave  under  Pembroke  caftle 
was  probably  an  augurial  cell  of  the  Druids:  for  its  name  is  derived 
from  Ogan,  Augurium  ;  fee  Rowland  on  Mona:  hence  the  Oggan 
charafter  belonged  to  the  Vates.     Minos  reforted  to  the  Cretan  cave 
every  ninth  year,  to  confult  Jove  on  politics;  Epimenides  frequented 
it  during  50  years  to  ftudy  philofophy :    and  there  Pythagoras  (as 
lamblichus  writes)  ftaid  with  him  thrice  nine  days ;    and  afterward/ 
affeded  a  cave  at  Samos. — Cidonia  the  oldeft  and  ftron^eft  town  in 
Crete  faced  Peloponnefus.     Apteron,  10  miles  from  Cidonia,    had 
its  name  from  the  vidory  of  the  Mufes  over  the  Syrens,  whofe  wings 
they  thus  proverbially  clipped.      Rithymna,    now  Retimo,  was  a 
maritime  town  on  the  north  coaft.     Heraclea  is  now  the  port-town 
ofCandia;    being  oppofite  to  Dia  and  Thera.     Difte  is  a    noted 
mountain  next  in  height  to  the  famous  but  infertile  Ida,  where  iron 
ore  was  firft  difcovered,  in  the  centre  of  the  ifland ;    Difte  is  1000 
ftadia  to  the  eaft  of  Ida.     Near  Dide,  and  on  the  fouth,  Praefos  was 
the  capital  of  the  Eteo-cretes. 

The  Cretan  Theogony  of  Diodorus  differs  in  fome  meafure  from 
his  Atlantean  ;     and  is  to  this  effeft. 

Cretans  report  that  the  Titans  were  contemporary  with  the  nin€ 

Curetes,    fuppofed  by  fome  to  be  fons  of  the  Daftyls  ;  whom  fome 

count  five  ;  others,  ten;  others,  100.     Ephorus  faid,  they  came  into 

£urop# 


Chap.  f.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  415 

Europe  from  Ida  in  Phrygia,  and  were  verfed  in  incantations.     I A 
Crete  they  difcovered  fire,  copper,  and  iron.     The  Daftyl  Hercules 
founded  the  Olympic  games.     The  Curetes  were  at  fix^Jhcphcrds^ 
and  difcovered  honeyi  praftifed  hunting  ^nAJhooting^  invented  fwords, 
helmets  and  military  dances.      They  formed  fociety,    and  rules  for 
good  order.     The  Titans  lived  in  Gnoffia  ;  where  even  now,    fays 
Diodorus,  Rhea*s  native  houfe  is  vifible.     They  were  fix  males  and 
five  females,  born  of  C«lum  who  was  one  of  the  Curetes,  and  Terra  or 
Titaea.  From  her,  fays  Diodorus  they  were  called  Titans;  being  Saturn, 
Hyperion,  Coeus,  Japet,  Creius,  Ocean,  Rhea,  Themis,  Mnemo- 
fyne,  Phoebe,  Thetis.      Saturn  the  eldejl^  civilized  mankind,*'   and 
is  here  faid  to  be  ^'  a  (tickler  for  juftice  and  virtue:    and  reigned 
principally  in  the  weft.      Some  write  that  Jove  did  not  depofe  Sa- 
turn, but  peaceably  fucceeded  him.     From  Coeus  and  Phaebe  came* 
Latona.  From  Saturn  and  Rhea,  came  Vefta;  Ceres,  Juno,  Neptune, 
Pluto  and  Jove.     Neptune  built  a  navy  and  invented  horfemanfhip. 
Pluto  prefided  over  funerals ;  arid  ftole  Proferpine  from  her  com- 
panions Minerva  and  Diana  in  the  flowery  lawns   of  £nna:   her 
mother  Ceres,  deemed  Ifis  in  Egypt,  invented  corn,  and  had  Plutus  . 
by  Jafion.      Jove's  daughters  were    Venus,    the  Graces,  Lucina, 
Diana,  Horae,  Eunomia,  Pax,  Jufticia,  Pallas  and  the  Mufes.  His 
fons,  Vulcan,    Mars,  Apollo,  and  Mercury-,    alfo  (in  which  he  if 
confounded  with  Ammon)  Dionyfius  by  a  Proferpine,  bom  in  Crete^ 
and  torn  by  the  Titans,  as  Orpheus  related  :  he  invented  wine  and- 
the prefervation  of  fruit.  Jtruehtgoi  a  Hercules,  prior  to  Alcmena*s 
fon.'*  He  is  Tully's  fourth;  the  ton  6f  Afteria  and  Demaroon  Zeus; 
^o  was  Jove  ThalaffitiS  and  the  Neptune  who  begot  Agenor :  alfo 
the  Bdus  Prifcus,  who  werit'frotn  Tyre  to  Babylon,  was  vifited  by 
Jove,    took  part  with    SsttlirW  in  the  Titanian  war;   and  is  Tully's 
fifth  Hercules  or  Indian  Bclus;  tho'  the  fire  of  his  fourth:  ^'  EfFeas     . 
of  Whofe  labours  are  in  Egypt,    and  a  city  founded  by  him.      Jov« 
had  Biritomalrtis  or  Di6tynrii  (aCompanioh  of  and  confounded  with 
Diina)  by  Acharttiis  daUgHtirtr  oPEubulus  fon  of  Ceres;  Paufanias 
(ays,  of  Catmanaor.     Some  rep6rt  that  Diana  was  named  Dyftinn^^ 
ftom  nets;  by  mearis'df  WhitfH^flie  eluded  Minos,'  brother  of  Rada- 
Hrtimhu^  and  SatpfedfeW  JoV«f  i^6tft  by  Europa:  (this  Diaiiawa^  fitter 

•f 


455  fRIMITiVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3 

of  Orus ;  their  father  was  tlie  youngeft  Jove  of  Nyfa,  Amnion's  fon; 
not  the  Tin  of  Saturn.)  Saturn's  brother  Japct  was  father  of  Prome- 
ihcus.     His  brother  Hyperion   was  an  Aftronomer.     Mnemofyne 
inveated  technical  terms,    and  method  in  argument,    and  artificial 
'  memory.         Themis   invented    law»,  facred    fites   and    divination: 
(Suidas  fays,  that  in  Deucalion's  flood  flie  rode  an  ox.)    Jove  mar- 
ried Juno  in  the  vicinage  of  Gnofia/'  But  this  proves  the  Jove  here 
meant  to  be  Ammon,  and  Rhea  to  be  the  elder  Juno:  for  Saturn's 
fon  Jove  married  his  Juno  at  Samothracc.       He  erefted  courts  o£ 
judicature:  fubdued  Milinus  in  Crete,  Typhon  in  Phrygia  ;  alfo  the 
♦   Giants  in  Crete,  whom  Mufaeus  firft  deferted.     Before  the  engage- 
ment Jove  facrificed  to  Sol  Caelum  and  Terra:  yet,  tho'  he  won  the 
victory,    he  had  other  contefts  with  them  at  Pallene  in  Macedonia, 
and  the  Phlegracan  or  Gumean  plains  of  Italy. — Venus  prcfided  over 
mature  virgins;  Lucina  over  pregnant  women:  Diana  over  infants. 
Pallas  invented  olive  oil,  the  flute,   tools,  clothes  and  architeQure. 
The  Mufes,  letters.      Vulcan  prefided  over  metallic  works:.    Mars 
over  taftics.      Apollo  invented  the  bow,    the  liarp  and  medicine; 
which  laft  his  fon  Efculapius  by  Coronis  improved.  Apollo  fo  much 
repented  of  his  feverity  towards   Marfyas  after  his  viftory,  that  be 
broke  his  harp.     Mercury  invented  one  in  the  form  of  a  tortoifc  ; 
dnd  the  exercife  of  wreftlihg;.and  prefided  over  leagues,  expreffes, 
weights,  meafures   and   tr^de.       Minos    built  Gnofliis    facing  A/ia> 
Phaitos  on  the  fouth  coaft  of  Crete,  and  Cydonia  facing  Pe/opon- 
nefus;  enafted  laws,  and  became  fovereign  of  the  feas.      Purfviing 
Dedal  (whom   Paufanias  deems  coeval  with  CEdipus)  to  Sicily,,  he 
was  there  fuflbcated  in  a  bath  by  the  daughters  of  Cocalus.       Rad- 
amanthus  fubdued  feveral  Iflands,  as  well  as  Minos;  was  a  ftrift  ex- 
ecutor of  juftice:   he  gave  his  fon  Erythrus  the  dominions   of  tht 
Erythraeans;  Chios,  to  Oenopion  Ariadne's  fon  by  Bacchus;  Lemnos,    , 
to  Thoas;  Cyrnos,  to  Egyus;  Peparethos,  to  Pamphilus;  Maronea^ 
to  Euami^v  Paros,  to  Alcaeus;  Delos,  to  Anio;  Andros,  to  Andreus. 
Minos,  being  jealous  of  the  Fame  of  Radamanth'us,  fent  him    into 
exile:  who  therefore,  refiding  in  the  Iflands  facing  Ionia,  induced 
Erythrus  to^build  a  city  of  his  own  name  in  Afia.— Radamanihus  is 
remarked  by  Theognis  forliis  temperance.     He  wedded  Alcmena's 

*widow. 


Ghap.  2.)  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  457 

widow.     Euftathius  on  Homer* sf  Odyfley,  afTerts  that  Radamanthus 

cnafted  the  oath  (ufed  by  Socrates)  K«t«%;ivo;,  huvoc,  ymi  -a^iov;  this  really 

was  by  Canaan,  Chon  and  Ammon:  hence  the  firft  Chon  was  that       Bmnt- 

primitive  Hercules  who  was  Mifor:  and  the^firft  Ammon  was  Ham. 

Sarpedon  acquired  Lycia.      His  fon  Evander   had    Sarpedon  by 

Deidamia  Bellerophon's  daughter.  Deucalion  the  fon  of  Minos  was 

the  father  of  Idomeneus:  his  other  fon  Molus  was  Merion's  father. 

As  to  the  inhabitants  of  Crete  in  general  j  next  to  the  Eteocretes,  the 

Pelafgi  vifited  the  ifle  ;  then  Dorians  under  Teu£lamus,,who  feemsf 

to  be  Ammon,  fon-in-law  of  Cres,  king  of  the  iflani 

To  what  Diodorus  fays  of  the  Curetes  and  Daflyls,  who  at  firft 
^ere  the    fame   perfons,    Rhea's   attendants ;    but   afterwards   the 
Curetes  (whofe   name  is  derived  from  Couris,  a  fpear;    and  Gwr 
Rhaidd  in  Celtic  is  fpearfman ;    yet  as  Plutarch  in  Artaxerxes  and 
Ctefias  in  Perficis  affert  that  Kuro<?   15?   Sol,  the   Curetes  originally^ 
may  have  been  priefts  of  the  fun)  were  priefta  who  rplehrated  this 
Demeter's  rites,  and  in  Samos  were  named  Corybantes:  let  me  add 
that  Paufanias  names  five  Daftyls,  Hercules,  Paeonius  (who  feems 
to  be  Tully's  fecond  Apollo)  Jafius  Cybele's  lover,  Epimenides  and 
Idas.      He  alfo  names   Pyrrhicus,  a  divine  Curetes,    from  whom 
tht  town  of  Pyrrhicus  had  its  name  ;    whither  Silenus  reforted  from 
Malea  -,  and  difcovered  to  him  an  excellent  well  there,  dry  only  in 
long  droughts.    From  him  their  military  dances  were  termed  Pyrrhic, 
From  thcfe  Curetes  Paufanias  fays  the  nymphs  Ithome  and  Neda 
received  young  Jove,  and  bathed  him  in  a  fountain  of  Meffcne. 
Apollonius  Rhodius  names  for  leaders  of  the  Daftyls,  Titias  and' 
Cyllenus  Anchiale's  fons,  and  Demeter's,  Rhea's,  or  Antaea's  af- 
feffors.     His  Scholiaft  fays  that  Sophocles  deemed  them  Phrygians; 
and  that  they  were  fix  males  and  five  females ;  but  that  Pherecydes 
feys  the  firft  were  20  ;  the  laft,  32:  and  they  undcrftood*hufl)andry, 
•  medicine,    and   metallic  operations-,    that  their' name  arofe  from 
fainting  Rhea's  fingers.      Apollonius   Rhodius  calls  them  Cretans* 
Callimachus  deemed  Tityas*  a  Cimmerian.     Hellanicus  in  his  Pho- 
ronis  names  Kdmis,  Damna-  meneus,  and  Acmon,    This  laft  feems- 


4^8  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books. 

to  be  the  father  of  Uranus  ;  for  his  brother  founded  Chalybia  near 
the  Thermodon,  inhabited  by  Forgemen  :    he  firft  led  the  Cyclops 
into  Greece,  Crete  and  Sicily  ;    they  were  Pelafgi  and  Titans^  but 
intermixed  with  Celta? ;  thus  Homer  deduces  them  from' the  north; 
for  they  were  the  Leftrigons;  or  at  lead  their  companions.  Nonnus 
(aj)  adds  Oeythous:  and  deems  (37)  Ereftheusand  Hymeneus  (the 
'  father  of  Afcalon  and  Tantalus,  as  Stephanus  writes)  contemporary 
with  them.      Strabo  from  Pherecydes  fays  they  were  nine  fons  of 
Apollo  and  Rhytia:  and  fometimes  refided  in  Samothrace,  anciently 
named,  as  Varro  wrote,  Parthenia  :    thefe  were  later  Curetcs  than 
the  firft  Cretan.     The  Curetes  had  the  name  of  Corybantes,  fays 
Diodorus,  from  Corybas  Jafion's  fon,  who  with  Cybele  and  Dar^ 
danus  brought  Demeter's  rites  to  Phrygia.      He  adds,  ^  Her  rites 
were  firft  inftituted  in  Sarnothracc  in  the  reign  of  Orlis:"  by  Myrina . 
,andthei{Ie  was^on  this  account  called  Samos,  facred.      Thus  the 
Dadyls  and  their  fucceiTors  made  a  circuit  from  Phrygia  to  Greece 
13.  k  14.       ^^^  ieveral  iflands,  and  then  returned  to  Phrygia,  Nonnus  mentions 
Curetes,  fons  of  Combe  and  Socus,  flain  by  Cecrops. 

The  Cabiri,,  Diofcuri  and  Anaftes  were  Deities.  Their  pridh 
were  the  latterCuretes,  Corybantes;  whofe  founders  were  the  DaQyh 
and  Telchincs  Rhea's  attendants.  Paufanias  terms  Corybantus, 
Satrapes.  The  Telchincs,  whofe  name  is  derived  from  Ta/chin,  a 
wizzard,  were  extremely  ancient:  Strabo  counts  them  nine:  Agrippa, 
fix  Alaftores,  namely  Afteus,  Megalefius,  Ormenus,  Lycus,  Nicon, 
and  Mimon.  Syncellus  informs  us  that  they  with  the  Caryatse  made 
war  on  Phoroneus  and  the  Parrhafii,  deemed  by  Paufanias  a  people 
•  of  Arcady*  ApoUodorus  writes  that  Apis  fon  of  Phoroneus  loft  his 
life  by  Telchin:  but  Syncellus  adds  th^t  the  Telchincs  were  expelled 
from  Greece  to  Rhodes;  which  iflaftd  then  received  the  name  of 
Telchinis,  as  Strabo  affirms.  Dionyfius  Hal.  fhews  that  thefe  Tel- 
chines  were  Curetes,  who  with  the  Leleges,  under  Deucalion  ex- 
pelled the  Pelafgi  from  Thefialy.  ApoUodorus  (hews  that  thefe 
Telchihes  were  Curetes ;  faying,  that  the  fons  of  Endymion,  Deu- 
calion's  great   grandfon,   flew  Apis  and, took  refuge  among  the 

Curetes.; 


Chap.  1^0  PRI  MITIVE    HISTORY^  459 

Curetes :  whom  Homer  joins  with  the  Etolians  ;  the  Scholiaft  of 
Thucidydes  fays  that  Acarnania  was  anciently  named  Curetis.  That 
Endymion-s  fon  was  the  perfon  who  fought  their  proteftion  is  pro- 
bable :  in  tliofe  ages,  when  peribns  were  longeval  and  propagated 
early,  fix  or  feven  generations  were  fometimes  alive  at  once  :  and 
as  thty  continued  propagation  to  old  age,  the  youngeft  children  of 
the  firft  generation  were  often  no  older  than  thofe  of  the  fifth  or  fixtli. 
Thus  Arcfabifliop  Uflier  relates  that  *'  Thomas  Parr  married  .firft  at  C'**'^"-  *»<^^ 
80  years  of  age;  did  pennance  for  Adultery  at  105;  and  married 
again  at  122/'^  Deucalion's  great  grandfon  Sifyphus  wedded  Merope 
Deucalion's  coufiii-german,  and  was  contemporary  with  CEnone  or 
Egina  daughter  of  Afopus,  and  mother  of  CEnomaus  and  Eacus,  and 
fifter  of  Ifmene  Niobe's  daughter-in-law,  Amphiftyon  was  coeval 
with  Cephalus;  his  widow  wedded  Radamanthus  the  friend  of  Tityus 
Latona's  gallant :  Xenophon  fays  that  Chiron  was  tutor  of  Cephalus; 
Apollodorus,  that  he  was  tutor  of  Afteon  grandfon  of  Cadmus  : 
ApoUonius  Rbodius  (hews  that  he  was  alive  during  the  infancy  of 
Achilles,  and  muft  have  feen  five  or  fix  generations. 

It  appears  that  the  Curetes  or  Telchines  were  in  Greece  before 
they  went  to  Rhodes;  and  in  Rhodes  before  they  accompanied.  Rhea 
IQ  Crete.  They  certainly  came  with  AcYnon  to  Phrygia ;  thence  to 
Greece  with  the  Pelafgi,  and  alfo  to  Italy ;  hence  Val.  Maximus 
(2.  2)  derives  the  Tufcans  fro^i  the  Curetes.  Their  fucceffors  came 
with  Dardaniis  to  Samothrace  and  had  the  name  of  Corybantes  from 
hrs  nephew.  Some  of  them  accompanied  Dardanus  to  Phrygia.  It 
appears  from  Herodotus  that  the  Pelafgi  had  knowledge  of  fome  of  ^'  50.  &52. 
their  rites,  which  they  had  inftituted  in  Samos  ;  but  did  not  know 
the  names  of  the  Gods  they  belonged  to  ;  which  were  brought  from 
Crete,  after  they  had  been  there  probably  transfered,  with  additional 
ceremonies,, to  the  Titans,  from  the  primitive  Cabiri,  Ham's  imme- 
di^ate  defcendents  in  Egypt;  whofe  honours  Tuitho  taught  to  the  Pca,  Syr; 
Celtse,  his  fon  Mannus  continued,  and  Acmon  introduced  in  Phrygian 
for*  Lucian  fays  the  names  of  the  Gods  were  firft  known  in  EgyjJt. 
Paufanias  mentions  Curetes  contemporary  with  Jove,  Saturn,Cecrops 
and  Lycaon :   indeed  the  myfteries  they  celebrated  had  a  higher 

K  n  n  a  origin 


46o  PRIMITIVE    H  I  S  TO  R  Y*  {Book  j, 

origin  than  the  Titansj  and  refpefted  the  great  events  and  operations 
of  nature ;  to  the  difcharge  of  whofe  offices  profane  adulation  ap- 
pointed deified  patrons;  as  Mifor  and  his  confort  at  firft;  fuperceded 
afterwards  by  the  Titan  Dionjrfius  and  Ceres* 

Paufanias  telh  us,  ''  Hercules  the  eldeft  of  the  five  brother-Dac* 
tyls  called  alfo  Curetes,  to  whom  Rhea  configned  her  infant  Jove, 
came  from  Ida  in  Crete  to  Elis,  and  propofed  a  foot  race   for   an 
olive  crown.  Some  fay  that  Jove  here  contended  with  Satiirn  for  the 
empire  of  the  univerfe  :  others,  that  he  inllituted,  tjiofe  games  uppn 
his  viflory  over  the  Titans;  in  which  Apollo  won  a  race  from  Mer- 
cury, and  a  boxing-match  from  Mars. — Clyinenus  fon  of  Cardis  a 
dcfcendent  of  this  Hercules,  fifty  years  after  Deucalion's  flood,  came 
from  Crete  and  celebrated  thofe  games.     Endymion  fon  of  Aethlius 
dethroned  Clymenus,  and  made  his  realm  the  prize  of  a  foot-racQ 
-betWQen  his  fons." 


Clem.  Alex. 


Thrafyllus  counted  73  years  from  the  invention  of  iron  by  (he 
Strom.  '  Daftyls  up  to  Deucalion's  flood  in  the  time  of  Phaeton  and  Crotopus, 
four  generations  after  Inachus.  And  from  that  difcovery  downia 
Ganymede's  rape  fixty  five  years;  this  was  15  years  before  the  ex- 
pcdition  of  Perfeus;  which  was  34  years  before  Troy's  foundation. 
^trabo.  n.  '^'^^  Da£lyls  were  Cyclops  and  Chalybes;  as  the  Cyclops  wcreaiup 
to  tho  Arimafpi. 

As  to  Jove's  education  in*  Crete  various  are  the  reports.  VirgiPs 
fable  of  the  bees  alludes  to  Arifteus  the  fofler  father  of  Dionyfius^j 
-who  was  the  Jove  that  Amalthea,  faid  to  be  his  mother5  fed  with 
goat's  milk  j  hence  his  name  Attis,  and  Attagos.  The:nurfe  Me- 
lifTa,  deemed  by  Laftantius  the  daughter  of  the  Cretan  •king  Me* 
liffeus^  alludes  alfo  to  the  hon^y  of  Ariftcus,  and  of  his  daughter 
Maoris.  ApoUonius  Rhodius  and  App'Jodorus  fay  AdraJleaYms  hi< 
nurfc.  The  nymph  Ida  alludes  to.thc  Crx?tan  mqunt^in.  Paufanias 
gives  Ncda  his  Arcadian  nurfe  the  aJEIiance  of  Thifoa  and  Hagiip.r 


PRIMITH 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY, 


BOOK    III.     '      C  H  A  P.  III. 


CONTENTS. 

A  Defcription  of  ancUnt  Egypt:  A  Jhort  Account  of  their  old  Police^ 
Ciijldmsj,  Laxvs^  and  Religion;  with  RefleBions^         •     ' 

Tp  G  YP  T,  that  land  of  wohrfers  both  divine  and  human,  demimis 
"■^  our  particular  attention,'  fti  all  refearches  into  thfe  hiftoricat 
remains  of  retiiotetl  antiqiiity:  whether  we  confider  the  importance 
6f  a  country,  which  contains  the  grandeft  operations  performed  by' 
the  hand  of  Man j  attefting  a  furprifing  (kill  in  mechanic  arts,  wh6n 
^ncient  Greece  lay  in  as  great  ubfcurity,  as  now  under  the  illiterate 
Turks;  arid  when  the  firice-illuftrious  Italy  Was  inhabited  by  rob- 
\ith  and  favages^  \\^rth  a  few  exceptions  of  adventurers  frbm  the  al- 
lied countries  cf  Egypt  and  Phaenicia:  or,  whether  \ve  VefpeCl:  thef 
veiierable  hiftorical  reliques  of  the  moft.  ancient  ages,  refcued  from 
devouring  time  by  Eratbfthenes,  Manethb,  Herodotus  and  Diodorus; 
or,  whether  ^^^e  lament  the  intricacy,  as  weH  as  irflj)erfe£lions  of 
thofe  fragments;  mangled,  interpolated  arid  corrupted  as  they  are  by 
iubfequent  '^rbjd£l6rs^  -       '  '' 

The  Table  of  Eratofth'enes  is  highly  valuiabJe:  it  fhews  tis-the 
niitnber  and  length  of  reigns  not  only 'to  Nitocri^  (Rhea's  daughter, 
ahd  the  mother  of  Orus  Apollo  3ie  contemporary  of  Crotopus,  and 
of  Deiicalion,  Cranaus,  Nyflimils,  'Phaeton*  and 'Dardanus)  buteven 
down  to  the  Trojan  war;  frdm  Mencs  the  firft  Egyptian  kingj  ^ho,^* 
being  Thoth*s  fire,  is  fhewn  by  Sanchoni'ltho  to  be  Mifor.  Mattfetho's' 
Mcmphite  D/nafties  fhew  the  number  of  reigns  from  the  firft  regent ' 
there^  who  was  foon  after  Menes  the  founder  6i  Memphis,  down 

alfa 


•Savary. 


ji6i  PRIMITIVE     HI  STORY.  ,^Book:  y 

wArds  becomes  more  dilated.  .The  diftance  between  Heliopolis  and 
'Thebes  (continues   Herodotus)    is  4860   ftadia;    from    Thebes  to 
Elephantis,  82a" — Helipolis,  the  capital  of  a  Nomej  faced   Cerca* 
fura  on  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  Nile,  at  its  divifion:  a^nd   was  two 
leagues  below  the  prefent  Cairo,  which  is  built  in  the  form  of  a  cre- 
fcent,  and  is  five  miles  in  length-^     It  rofc  upon  the  deftruflion  of 
Mafr  Foftat  or  Tent  Fort;   Mafr  being  fynonymous  to  Carr,   a  fort, 
it  therefore  is  called  Old  Cairo,  and  Hood  at  the  Nile  a  little  above 
AUcairo;  having  now  the  name  of  Mafr  Elatic,  Old  Caftle.  On  the 
eaftern  fide  of  it  is  an  ancient  caftle,  which  was  the  Babylon    buik 
by  a  colony  brought  thither,  either  by  Semiramis,  Sefoftris,  or  Cam^ 
byfes.     Strabo  faw  the  Pyramids  from  hence.     It  is  the   Latopolis 
of  Jofephus,  the  capital  of  a  No7ne.      Heliopolis  flood  near  the  old 
caftle  of  Hellai,  three  leagues  above  tlie  Apex  of  the  Delta:  which 
is  the  triangular  region  bounded  on  the  North  by  the  Mediterranean; 
on  the  Eaft  by  the  Pelufiac  or  Bubaftic  branch  of  the  Nile;  on  the 
Weft  by  the  Heracleot  or  Canobic  deemed  by  Ariftotle  the  only 
natural  channel;  *'  having  its  mouth  ffays  Pliny)  146   miles    from 
the  head  of  the  Delta,  and  170  from  the  Pelufiac;'*  fo  named  from. 
Felufium  or  Sin,  an  ancient  town  on  its  eaftern  bank,  20  ftadia  fnm 
the  fea,  feated  amongft  lakes,  and  once  walled  20  ftadia  in  circmt^ 
jand  counted  by  Diodorus  1500  ftadia  from  Heliopolis^  which  altho* 
its  fite  is    now  a  plain,  yet  as  Strabo   relates,  ftood   upon  a  lofty 
mound,  near  lakes,  with  which  the  neighbouring  canals  commum- 
catedi  having  a  moft  antique  temple,  built  in   the  Egyptian  ftile, 
dedicated  to  Sol:  and  here  the  Ox  Mnevis  was  adored.     Wood  fays 
that  one  ftone  of  this  edifice  is  fixty  four  feet  in  length.     The  ruins 
of  this  city  have  one  obelifl^  ftill.ftanding  68  French  feet  high  above 
the  bafe,  and  6^-  feet  fquare:  Shaw   found  its  height   54   feet;  he 
gives  us  a  reprefentation  of  it  and  its  hieroglyphics,  explained  by 
Kircher:  here  likewife  is  a  Sphinx  of  yellow  marble  proftrate  in  the 
duft.     The  Hcliopolite  Nome  was  to  the  South  of  Bubaftis  and  its 
A'^cve.     This  city  ftood  near  the  canal  on  which  Sefoftpis,  Pfamme- 
ticus,  Darius,  Ptolemy  and  Trajan  beftowcd  labour.     Ariftotle  fays 
Scfoftris  and  Darius^    fearing  the  fea-water  would  fpoil  thai  of  the 
Kile,  left  it  imperfeft.    It  bcgan^  fays  Strabo^  at  Phaccufa  in  the 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  465 

Nome  of  the  city  Phagroriopolis,  and  contiguous  to  Philon  near  the 
head  of  the  Delta;  was  100  cubits  wide;  and  (as  Herodotus  fays) 
jull  above  Bubaftis  ;  paffing  clofe  to  Patumos  or  Pithom  (which  gave 
a  name  to  the  Nile's  Pathmetic  mouth)  and  to  the  foot  of  a  hill 
bounding  the  plain  facing  Memphis.  It  goes  on  to  a  pafs  thro*  this 
mountaiA  opening  towards  the  fouth.  Strabo  fays  this  canal  ended 
at  Arfinoe,  near  Heroopolis,  and  at  th«  weftern  extremity  of  the 
Arabian  gulf ;  and  famous  for  bitter  lakes,  corrcfted  by  the  canal^ 
at  the  port  Daneon,  as  Pliny  writes;  being  62  miles  long.  Magdola 
hereabouts  feems  to  be  the  Migdol  offacred  writ.  Jofephus  fays 
that  Jofeph  met  his  brothers  at  Heroopolis,  and  fettled  them  near 
Heliopolis.  Some  take  Heroopolis  to  be  Bubaftis ;  which  Bifhop 
Cumberland  derives  from  Befeth  a  garden,  interpreting  it  Hortulana, 
and  as  Herodotus  writes,  was  built  on  a  high  mound.  In  it  ftood 
Diana's  temple,  fublime  and  confpicuous  as  the  minfter  at  Ely;  tho* 
the  Nile  brought  fuch  an  acceflion  of  foil,  that  the  town  by  degrees 
became  fituated  on  higher  ground  than  the  temple.  760,000  perfons 
reforted  to  it  in  proceflion. — Baal-zephon  was  a  town  near  the  head 
of  the   Red  Sea  (and  mentioned    by  a  poet  named  Ezekiel,  in  Eu- 

febius)  fouih  of  Suez  and  near  Migdol. Pliny  fets  the  Bubaftic 

and  Sethroite  Ncmes  near  Pelufium.  Strabo  fets  the  Sethroite  at 
the  Serbon  lake ;  and  fays,  that  "  tho*  eaftward  of  the  river,  it  was 
one  of  the  ten  Nomes  of  the  Ddta  •'*  tho*  authors  name  many  more 
within  it.  Stephanus  mentions  the  town  Sethros  ;  a  name  lignifying 
Seth's  wafte  :  but  it  feems  to  be  the  fame  as  Pelufium,  called  an- 
ciently Abaris,  interpreted  a  pafs;  but  in  Celtic  Alar  is  filth;  which 
is  confonant  to  Sin  and  Pelufium.  Authors  name  here  likewife 
Agger  Chabrae,  Gerra,  Pentafchaerios,  and  Oftracine:  between  the 
two  laft  was  mount  Caffius,  having  a  temple  of  Jove  CalEus,  and 
Pompey's  fepulchre.  King  Chabrias  feems  to  have  raifed  three 
famous  ftruftyres  beyond  each  angle  of  the  Delta;  namely  the  fecond 
Pyramid,  the  town  Chabrias  beyond  Alexandria,  and  the  mound 
near  Pelufium.  The  Tanite  ftream  was  next,  and  proceeded  from 
the  Sebennytic  (which  divided  the  Delta)  at,  and  now  as  Savary 
writes  juft  below,  Athribis  ;  where  the  Athribic  branch  of  the  Nile, 
from  the  upper  end  of  the  Pelufiac,  joins  the  Sebennytic,  hence 

O  o  o  lending 


^ 


46§  PRIMITIVE    HIST  OR  ¥•  (Book  j, 

leediog  its  name  fometimes  to  the  Sebennytic ;  as  the  Bufirite  river^ 
which  ran  lower  down  %om  the  Bubaftic  into  the  Tanke^  leat  iu 
name  to  the  Tanitc,  fometimes  alfo  called  the  Sethroite;  Pliny  fct« 
the  Pharbetbite  and  Tanitc  Noma  near  Pelufiura.      Strabo  fets  a 
^ity  c!^Veou$»andtbe  Pharbethitc  Nome  between  Tanis  and  Mendes. 
Phar^th  fignifies  either  Pharao's  hou£e>  or  Phar^  the  bullock's. 
Strabo  fays,  "  Between  the  Tanite  mouth  and  the  Pelufiac  are  lakes^ 
and  many  diftrifti  in  vaft  fens,    and  Tanis  a  very  large  city:"  this 
was  Tzjoan,,  bwilt^  according  to  the  Pentateuch,  feven  years   after 
Hebron.  In  this  region  alfo  wajs  Panephufis;^  and  the  Nome  of  N^eout^ 
or  Anutios  of  Herodotus  ;  who  mentions  the  Muekphorite^  in  an  iflc 
facing  BubaftLs.      Parellel  to  the  Tanite  or  Bufirite  river  the  Men^ 
defian  flowed  from  the  Sebennytic   or   Athribic.      Between    the 
Athribic  and  Bufirite,  near  the  fea,  were  the  Nome  and  town   of 
Thucid  Scol  "^"^"^  ^^  Mendes,  deemed  by  Ptolemy  and  Ammian  a  large  city. 
I.  no.      Near  Mendes  was  a  Diofpolis^  furrounded  by  lakes;  alio  Ltontom 
polis  with  its  Nome:  to  thefe  Strabo  adds  Hermopolis  and  Lycopolis. 
The  Nome  and  city  of  Bufiris  in  the  centre  of  the  Delta  was  famous 
for  a  noble  temple  of  Ifis ;  befide  which   were  Cynopolis^  Onupbis 
and  its  Nome;  and  the  upper  Sebenytus  and  its  Nome.     Next  taibe 
Bufirite  Nome  Strabo  fets  the  Athribic  ;    then  the  Aprofopite  with  t 
city  of  Venus,  named  by  Herodotus  Athar-bechis ;  that  is,  the  city 
of  Athqra,  or  Venus  Urania ;    as  Balbec,  Balbechis,  is  Heliopo/is. 
He  fays,  this  Nome  was  in  an  ifle  z^jo  ftadia  in  circuit.     The  Thcr* 
iputhiac   river  (named  from  Athera,  Athyr-muth  or  Ther-muthis) 
ran  from  the  upper  end  of  the  Canobic  into  the  Athribic,  juft  below 
the  lower  Scbennytus,  which  was  below  Bufiris.     «'  Between  thcfc 
two  ftreams  were  Puchna^munis  (built  probably  by  A-pachuasJ  Xois 
5^nd  its  Nome-*  (tho*  Strabo  fays  ^*  the  ifle  and  city  of  Xois  were  in 
:  the  Sebennytic  Nome  ;**  probably  as  the  county  of  Haverfordweft  is 
within  Pembrokefliire)  «*  Taoufa;  the  JVbme'of  Phembouthi  (Pliny'i 
Phthembu),and  the  lower  Sebennytus  and  its  Nome:  juft  below  which 
the  PhatniCj  Pathmetic  or  BuLcflic  river  (now  the  great  etf/Zem  branch 
of  the  Nile^  bounding  the  Delu^   tho*  deemed  artificial,  byr  Hero* 
dptus)  ran  from  the  caftera  fide  of  the  Sebennytic,  to  the  fea  s  and, 

parelk] 


Chap.  3-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  46^ 

parellel  to  it  on  the  weft^  the  temporary  rivulet  of  Pineptimi :  there 
were  feveral  of  thefe  occafional  ftreams.  At  the  Sebennytic  mouth 
was  the  great  city  of  Butis,  famous  for  Latona's  Oracle^  andneartt 
Chemmis  iffe  faid  by  Mela  to  float  with  grove*  and  a  fine  temple  of  ' 

Apollo  on  it.  Herodotus  fays  that  in  his  time  it  was  immoveable,  in 
the  great  lake  fiutis.     In  an  ifle  near  Butis  was  Thermopolis:;  Pliny 
names  a  Nome  after  this  city.     A  branch  of  the  Nile,  from  the  Ther* 
muthiac,  parallel  to  the  fea,  croft  the  Sebennytic  (between  Athribis 
and  Bufir)  and  the  Tanite,  quite  to  the  Pelufiac.     Siuph  wai(  in  the 
Saitic  Nome.'*     The  city  Sais,  the  Metropolis  of  the  Delta,  Stfdib*  HerWotus; 
fets  60  ftadia  From  the  Canobic  river :    A  pries  had  a  noble  palace 
there.    In  the  Saitic  Nome  was  Naucratis,  at  the  river,  and  a  \\\\\t 
above    Schaedia ;    near   Faoua   and   Alexander's   canal :    between 
Naucratis  and  Canobus  was  Anthylla  a  place  of  note-,  and  Af- 
cander's  city.  Between  the  Thermuthiacai>d  Canobic  rivers  Ptoleiiiy 
kts  Sais  and  its  Nome ;  Cabafa  and  its  NoffUi  Urbs  NitHort  5    the 
Profopite  Nome;  Butus ;  and  (Pliny's  Ptemthu)  the  Phthenofe  Of 
Aphthite  Nome.     Herodotus  fays,  the  tombs  of  the  Sake  kirtgs  aftt 
in  Minerva's  temple  near  the  palace  at  Sais.     Above  Sais  wae  the 
afylum  of  Ofiris.  Herodotus  mentrons  the  Nome  and  city  of  Pap^ewiis, 
where  Mars  and  the  Hippopotamus  were  held  in  hoaoar :  it  is  un* 
certain  whether  this  animal  or  the  crocodile  be  David's  '*  Beafl!  of  Ff.  68/50, 
the  Fens,*'     Papremis  feems  from  Straba  to  have  been  fomewfiew 
near  Naucratis,  the  fcene  of  war  between  the  Perffans  ind  ritatcis. 
He  fets  the  Milefian  wall,    built  as  wett  as  Naucratis  in  the  time  of 
Cyaxares,  alfo  the  watch  tower  of  Perfeui,  eaftward  of  the  Bolbitie 
river,  (named  from  Bolbitinum,  npw  Rofetta,  and)  novr  the  gre^rt 
'weftern  branch  of  the  Nile,  tho'  deemed  by  Herodotus  arttficK^^ 
from  the  Canobic  to  the  fea.      Near  its  motrth  the  Taly  joins  it 
again  to  the  Canobic.      On  the  weft  of  this  laft  Heracfium  flood, 
near  Canopus ;  which  had 'a  famous  temple  of  Serapis,  and  w«s  (its 
Pliny  writes)  once  an  ifland.     Bryant  derives  Canopus  orCadobtH 
from  Chan  Ob  or  Ophis :    but  Ariftides  fays  it  fignifies  a  golden 
foundation  ;   and  that  the  town  was  built  long  before  the  time  of 
Menelaus  :  yet  the  fupreme  God  of  Egypt  was  repteieiited  by  d  ferJ- 
pent,  Ophis  j  he  was  Cneph,  or  Can-opas.     It  was  120  ftadia  eaft. 

O  o  o  2  ward 


^ 


468  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  fBooks. 

ward  of  Alexandria.     Parties  of  pleafure  copftantty  crouded   the 
intermediate  canal.     This  was  the  Elaite  or  Menelaite  Nome,  nained 
from  the  firft  Ptolemy's  brothe:r.      Here  alfo  was  Thonis  at  a  pro- 
montory, Tapofiris  parva,  Zephyrium;  then  on  a  fofs  running  fouth- 
ward  was  Schedia ;    near  it  Eleufine  and  Nicopolis  by  the  fea,   and 
30  ftadia  from  Rhacotis,  fince  Alexandria  :  famous  for  its  founder 
and  his  corpfe  at  firft  in  a  golden  coffin;  for  which  Ptolemy  Coccus 
fubftituted  one  of  glafs.      This  beautiful  city  ftood  on  a  harbour 
formed  by  the  ide  of  Pharos  :    on  a  rock  eaftward  of  which,  and 
joined  to  it  by  a   mole,  was  the  celebrated  light-houfe  built    by 
Softrates  of  Cnidos,  450  feet  high.     A  mole  feven  ftadia  long,  from 
the  cityto  the  ifland^divided  the  harbour.The  town  walls  were  80  ftadia 
in  circuit.    The  ftreets  interfered  ohe  another  at  right  angles.     The 
grand  ftrect  from  the  gate  of  Canopus  was  30  ftadia  long,    2000  feet 
wide,interfe£led  by  another  aswide.  On  the  fouthfide  of  the  fouthweft 
harbour  was  the  artificial  dockKibotos,near  Necropolis,havingacanal 
,     from  the  lake  Mareotis,  faid  by  Belon  to  be  half  a  league  diftant  ^ 
now  full  of  fand,     ThePtolemean  library  of  400,000  manufcripts,  in 
that  part  of  the  city  called  Bruchion,  was  deftroyed  in  Cefar's  war; 
as  that  at  the  Serapium  temple  was  burnt  in  the  feventh  century,  for 
the  ufe  of  the  public  baths,  by  the  illiterate  and  bigotted  Saracens, 
An 'aft  fo  abominably  hoftile  to  erudition  (an  accompliftiment  higWy 
ornamental  to  the  human  mind)  as  muft  ftimulate  all  lovers  of  fcicncc 
fervently  to  defire  the  expulfion  of  fuch  avowed  enemies  to  kttets, 
far  from  the  informed  nations  of  Chriftendom  ;  to  propagate  Maho- 
met's fables  by  fire  and,  fword,  amongft  the  Tygers  of  Numidia,  or 
the  Crocodiles  of  the  Niger.      For  the  faft  is  probable,  notwith- 
ftanding  the  filence  of  Chriftian  writers  who  were  as  averfe  to  Pagan 
literature,  as  the  Turks  remain  at  this  day.    The  colunin  of  Severus 
is  without  the  fouth  gate :  its  Corinthian  capital  is  three  yards  high, 
equalling  the  diameter  of  the  (haft;  whofe  height  eqiltals  10  diameters: 
the  bafe  is  a  cube,  whofe  root  is  five  yards, 

Weftward  of  Alexandria  is  Plinthyne,  Tapofiris,  Cynoflema,  port 
Leucafpis,  a  Zephyrium,  port  Deris,  Antiphrae,  Pnigeus,  the  town 

of 


2.  5* 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  ifi^ 

of  Apis,  the  Promontory  of  Drepaniim,  and  Paraetoniura  a  port  loo 
ftadia  from  Apis,  and  1300  ftadia  north  from  Ammon's  temple. 
Strabo  fays  the  lake  Marea  in  this  neighbourhood  (whence  the  town 
of  Marea)  was  300  ftadia  long,  100  broad,  containing  eight  iflands: 
the  Mareotic  wine  was  excellent  and  durabje.  On  this  Lybian  fide 
of  the  Canobic  river  were  alfo  Hierax,  Monocomium,  Cobii,  AU 
myrae,  Chabrias  and  its  diftrift :  and  near  the  river  (probably  the 
Alexandrian  canal)  was  Hermopolis:  then  Gynecopolis  and  its  Nonu^ 
where  many  canals  ran  into  the  Mareotic  lake ;  Momemphis  and  its 
Nome ;  Andropolis  ;  and.the  Nitriotic  Nome,  fo  named  from  its  pro- 
duce: near  this  was  the  city  of  Menelaus. 

Strabo  fets  Cercafura  which  Bryant  defines  the  city  of  Chus,  at 
the  feparation  of  the  Nile,  and  facing  the  Speculum  of  Eudoxus,  in 
the  Litopolite  Nome,juft  above  Heliopolisj  (now  Hellai)  as  Jofephus 
proves. 

Above  Cercafura  is  a  village  natned  Bufiris,  now  Bou^fir  :  it  fig-^ 
nifies  the  houfe  ofSirius.  It  ftands  near  the  three  great  pyramids 
of  Memphis  ;  which  are  40  ftadia  (as  Strabo  writes)  from  that  city  j 
Pliny  fays,  fix  miles,  and  between  it  and  the  Delta,  and  four  miles 
from  the  Nile,  on  a  barren  and  rocky  hill ;  whofe  elevation  exceeds 
lodfeet ;  having  (and  and  barren  htUs  on  the  north  ;  the  river  on 
the  fouth.  In  the  fide  of  this  hill  are  two  confpicuous  rows  of  grottoes 
forming  a  right  angle  ;  they  are  half  a  n)ile  in  length ;  and  30  feet 
deep :  on  the  north  fide  is  a  line  in  facred  charafters  :  but  faifious 
grottoes  are  at  Ofyut,  haviag  Catacombs  within  ;  one  grotto,  fup- 
ported  by  vaft  fquare  pillars^  can  contain  6qo  cavalry. 

Pliny  tells  us  the  three  Pyramids  were  78  years  .in  building.  He 
agrees  with  Diodorus  that  *•  the  largeft  employed  360  thoufand  men 
during  20  years;"  it  is  probable  that  thefe  were  the  Uradites,  who 
as  Cheeremon  wrote,  joined  their  brethren  at  PeluQum.  Pliny  fays 
the  bafe  of  the  largeft  Pyramid  was  from  angle  to  angle  738  Roman 
feet :   Diodorus  fays,  700  Grecian ;  and  that  the  fummit  is  the  fquare 

of 


^if6  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  C»e<*  8- 

of  fix  cubits  I  Plio)f  fays,  of  to  feet ;  and  di^  lengih  of  the  angles, 
8S3  feci.     Strabo  fays  the  height  was  a  fta<tiui%  and  exceeded  the 
fide  of  the  bafe:  and  this  feems  to  he  the  truth.     But  Greaves  dcenw 
e^ch  fide  of  the  fummit  13I.  Engltih  feet;  each  fide  of  the  bafe,  and 
the  length  of  each  hip  or  angle,  931  yards:    thus»  if  we  deem  the 
Apex  of  the  Pyramid  to  be  a  point,  as  it  appears  from  belowj^   tfao* 
formed  of  1 3  huge  ftones,  each  fide  of  the  Pyramid  would  be  an  in* 
cHning  equilateral  imnglej  wkoTe  perpendicular  would   be  Co  the 
bafe,  as  the  fine  of  io  degrees  to  the  Radius ;    and  the  Pyraoiid's 
axis  would  be  as  the  fine  of  45  degrees;  that  is  490  feet«     The  area 
of  its  bafe  is  eftimated  1764  fquare  poles  :    it  certainly  is  the  (quare 
of  100  Orgyae,  amounting  to  16  Arurae.     Vanfleb  deems  it  the  /quare 
of  682  feet ;    and  520  feet  high  ;    which  was  the  height  t>f  the  old 
fteeple  of  Saint  Paul's  Cathedral,  as  Camden  aflTerts*     Herodotus 
fays,  *«a  caufcy  was  brought  to  it  from  the  Nile,  five  ftadia  long,  ten 
paces  broad,  eight  high  i    faced  with  polifhed  ftones  adorned  with 
'  fculptures  *,    and  under  the  Pyramid  are  fubterranean  apartments  ; 
and  every  ftratum  of  ftone  formed  a  ftep  quite  round  the  Pyramid." 
Some  of  the  lowermoft  are  near  4  feet  high;    the  uppermoft,  nqt>^ 
Their  number  Maillet,  Thevenot  and  Savary  counted  ao8.    5na 
of  them  are  difcontinued^  as  Shaw  writes,  at  the  entrance.      Pfitff 
f&ys  the  well  within  it  was  86  cubits  deep  and  faid  to  communicate 
with  the  riven      Savary  fays,  **  at  60  feet  deep  a  fquare  pa/Eige 
leads  to  a  grotto.**     Strabo  fays,  «*at  half  the  height  of  the  Pyrasmd, 
a  moveable'  ftone  covered  its  entrance^   into  a  declining  pafiagie 
leading  to  the  repofitory/*      This  flonc  was  on  the  north  fide;,  and 
on  the  16th  ftep,  12  feet  long;  8  wide.      The  entry  declines  at  an 
angle  of  26  degrees,-  W^^  feet  fquare;  914.  long,  of  the  fineft  white 
marble.     Sounds  are  reecchoed  in  it  feveral  times.     About  10  feet 
ffora  the  end,  on  the  right,  is  an  afcending  paffag^.      Being  fliut 
with  ftones,  perfons  have  broken  a  way  near  it  40  feet  long  or  more^ 
and  fome  eight  or  ten  high  and  wide,  then  turning  to  the  left,  broke 
into  this  afcending  paflage ;  which  is  entered  by  climbing  up  a  ftone 
^me  eight  feet  high.    This  avenue  of  white  marble  is  1 10  feet  longi 
about  four  feet  high  at  the  lower  end,  not  a  yard  high  ai  the  uppen 
which  then  becomes  wider  by  a  yard,that  is  fixifeetand.a  half  wide:  here 

are 


Chip,  a.)  PRI  MITI  VE    HIST.ORY^  471, 

are  benches  on  each  fide  half  a  yard  wide,  30  inches  higb«  and  long^ 
with  intervals  between  them  eight  inches  deep,  fix  inches  wide  ;  the 
gallery  here  rifes  above  the  benches  25  feet  high  ]    of  which  twelve 
perpendicularly,  when  a  courfe  of  ftones  projefts  on  each  fide,  three 
inches  ;  and  at  every  three  feet  higher,,    a  %d,  3d,  and  4th  courfe  1 
four  feet  above  which  laft  is  a  flat  roof.      This  elevated  gallery,  a 
continuance  of  the  low  one,    run»  up  154  Englifli  feet^  at  an  angle 
of  g6  degrees  i  where  it  begins,  a  fmall  door-way  on  the  right,  (hree 
feeihigh,30  inches  wide,  opens  on  theiveil  about  a  yard  in  diameter| 
lined  with  white  marble,  having  holes  in  the  fides  for  defcent.       »• 
Here  is  a  triangular  pUtform  of  fome  15  feet  <m  each  fide#     On  a 
level  with  this^  and  to  the  iefi  of  the  gallery  and  low  paflage,  a  low 
horizontal  paifage,  fome  three  feet  and  a  half  high  and  wide,  and  iso 
feet  long,  ends  at  a  vault,  near  18  feet  long,  eight  high,  three  wide; 
on  the  eaftern  fide  is  a  xucb  three  feet  wide  and  deep,  eight  feet 
high.     Savary  perceived  a  long  crack,  fix  lines  wide,  at  the  end  of 
this  paflage,  towards  the  Nile.     Returning  to  the  triangular  platform 
at  the  well,  and  afcendiiig  the  elevated  gallery  of  white  marble,  at 
tb^  upper  end  of  it  is  a  platform  near  nine  feet  lortg,  and  as  wide 
as  the  gallery  above  the  benches;    beyond  which  is  a  low. narrow 
paiage  near  eight  feet  long:  it  was  once  blockt  up  with  a  huge  ftone 
wider  and  higher  than  the  paflage;  which  here,  fays  Maillet,  rifer  to 
iftcen  feet  high ;    and  at  eight  feet  high  expands  four  feet :    citbers 
defcribe  this  fpace  as  two  fmall  cabinets  feven  feet  long,  ten  high. 
On  the  right  hand  is  the  entrance  into  the  fepulchral  chamber  of 
Tbebaic  marble ;  its  length  19  34.-  38  Englifh  feet;  its  breadth,  half 
fo  much)    its  height,  19I:.     Six  courfes  of  ftone  reach  to  the  noof^ 
whrch  confifts  of  nine  tranfvetfe  fli|fas^:  feven  of  them  are  fourfee€ 
vrda.     Two  holes  in  the  fides  of  the  room,  almoft^  a  foot  fquaie, 
are  fuppofed  to  communicate  with  the  QUtfide  of  the  Pyramid.    Thtf 
eoffin  of  the  fame  marble,  having  black,  whitis  and  red  fpots,  is  5^ 
feet  in>  length^i  a44  1^  br^dih  1   in  depih^  %iy  EngHib;   open  and 
irsomt.     Shaw  writes  that  the  natural  rock  aqppears^m  the  well,  thd 
tower  chamber,  and  twice  in  the  nwrrow  paf&ge. 

Some  deem  the  ibcond;Pyrastiid  fomewhatlefBihan^iiie  fir&  many 

of 


47*  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

ofthefteps  are  filled  up  with  prifmatical  (tones;    the  fide    of  thb 
Pyramid  being  intended  to  be  a  perfeft  inclining  plane.     The  third 
(lands  on  an  area  three  fourths  lefs :    but  is  of  beautiful   Kthiopic 
marble,      Egypt   contains   about  18  of  thefe  monuments.      Lucas 
mentions  12  near  the  Catara£ls  ;    and  two  elfewhere.     Diodorus 
mentions  three  other  Pyramids,   whofe  bafes  were  about   200  feet 
fquare.     Savary  mentions  large  Pyramids  to  the  wed  of  Saccara, 
and  one  at  Maidum.      Pliny  mentions  two  more  in  the   Memphite 
Nome,   and  one  in  the  Arfinoite ;   and  fome  near  the  Labyrinth. 
Two  Pyramids  were  built  by  Maeris,  in  his  lake.     Twenty  five  miles 
S.  W.  of  the  great  Pyramid  there  is  one  unfini(hed  :   the  fide  of  its 
bafe  is  643  feet :  the  entry  is  at  a  quarter  part  of  its  height;  and  is 
42  inches  wide  ;  48,  high  ;  defcending  thro*  a  length  of  267  feet  to 
a  room  1 1  feet  broad  and  above  25  long,  with  a  (harp  arch.  In  one 
corner  is  a  horizontal  pa(rage,  3  feet  high  and  wide  within,  and  above 
nine  feet  long,  leading  to  a  room  21  feet  long,  11  broad,  with  a 
high  arched  roof,  and  having  at  the  weft  end  a  (tjuare  hole  near  25 
feet  from  the  floor  ;  this  is  the  entrance  into  a  pa(rage  pretty,  broad, 
and  of  a  main's  height,  and  horizontal,  in  length  above  13  feet   At 
the  end  of  it  is   a  room  26^  feet  long ;  24  feet  1  inch  broa^;  its 
floor  is  the  natural  rock,  having  a  little,  low  place  in  the  midffit, 
fmooth  and  even,  and   furrounded  with  the   rock.       The   edifice 
confifts  of  148   fteps  of  large  (lone,  which  are  crumbling  to  duA 
with  age. 

Venephes  the  fourth  Thinite  king  is  faid  to  have  built  Pyramids 
at  a  place  called  Cochome.  The  eleventh  Memphite  king  named 
Suphis,  a  title  fignifying  governor,  is  faid  to  have  built  the  great 
Pyramid  ;  which  Herodotus  attributes  to  his  Cheops  (hewn  by 
Bryant  to  be  the  building  itfelf ;  the  builder  is  called  by  Diodorus, 
Chemmis ;  who  fays  that  fome  attributed  the  great  Pyramid  to  Ar- 
mais;  the  fecond,  to  Amafis ;  th^  third,  to  Inaron.  Syncellus 
fays  that  Nrtocris  built  the  third:  hence  Suidas  xounts  Semiramis 
one  of  thofe  builders.  Herodotus  fays  the  2d  was  built  by  Chephrcn; 
the  Chabrias  of  Diodorus  :  the  third,  by  My-cerinus,or  Cherinus. 
A-fychis,   who  feems  to  be  Strabo's  Sucbos,  built  one  of  brick. 

Diodorus 


Chap.  3-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  47s 

Diodorus  fays  the  great  Pyrapaid  was  crefted  1000  years  before  hU 
age*  \This  extreme  care  about  unconfcious  carcafles  arofe  from  the 
Egyptian  notion  of  the  foul's  return  to  its  ancient  corpfe  in  3000 
years  1  inftead  of  obtaining  one  of  a  more  exalted  nature. 

The  fphinx,  half  lion,  half  woman,  alluding  to  the  figns  under 
which  the  Nile  overflows,  is  eaftward  of  the  fecond  Pyramid,  buried 
in  fand  to  the  back,  which  is  above  100  feet  long,  and  of  a  fingle 
ftone  projeQ-ing  out  of  the  rock  :  except  that  an  adventitious  ftone 
forms  the  upper  part  of  the  head,  which  towers  27  feet  above  the 
fand;  in  Pliny's  time  it  was  62.  This  argues  that  the  Pyramids  are 
much  hidden  by  the  fand  iikewife.  A  round  hole  is  made  down 
into  the  head;  another,  down  into  the  rump.  Memphis,  or  Meneph, 
90  ftadia  from  the  Delta  as  Strabo  counts,  and  long  the  capital  of 
the  Heptanmne^  and  once  the  ancient  and  famous  city  Mefer,  was 
built  by  that  primitive  Menes  who  was  Mifor,  and  his  fons,  in  the 
bed  of  the  Nile,  after  they  haddiverted  the  courfe  of  the  river,  from 
mount  Pfammius  towards  the  eaft,  by  a  mound  100  ftadia  fouth  of  Herod  ^t. 
Memphis ;  which  was  in  the  time  of  Diodorus  150  ftadia  in  circuit* 
It  is  now  dwindled  to  the  paltry  village  of  Memf ;  but  is  named, 
Noph  in  facred  writ :  both  names  are  abbreviations  of  Amenophis. 
In  this  city  ivas  the  famous  temple  of  Vulcan,  their  primitive  God  5 
that  is  Ham,  from  w!iom  they  derived  Antediluvian  arts.  Maeris, 
as  Herodotus  calls  Amenophis  the  grandfon  of  Sefoftri«,  the  Maro 
and  Mendes  of  Diodorus,  Strabo's  Mairtdes  and  Memnon,  built  the 
northern  portico:  this  Diodorus  fays  was  the  moft  celebrated.  Dedal 
being  the  architeS.  Rhamfinitus,  that  on  the  weft,  and  Proteus  ai) 
antkhapel :  Afychis,  Strabo's  Suchus,  a  name  (he  fays)  fignifying  a 
crocodile,    built  the  eaftern    portico,    attributed    by    Diodorus   to 

Pfammeticus;  bin  he  built  the  fouthern. Another  famous  temple 

here  was  dedicated  to  Serapis.  To  this  an  avenue  led  thro*  rows  of 
ColofTal  Sphinxes,  half  buried  in  fand  in  Strabo's  days,  now  totally 
overwhelmed.  A  calamity  likely  not  only  to  ruin  the  noble  vale  of 
Egypt,  and  force  the  Nile^  to  exonerate  itfelf  in  the  Arabian  Gulf, 
but  tooverfpread  all  the  Maritime  regions  on  the  fouth  of  the  Medi- 
terranean ;  when  providence  fhall  comraiflion  tempeftuous  Typbons 

P  p.  p  tQ 


A 


474  PRIMITIVE    KISTORY.  (Book  g. 

to  fcourge  thofe  abominable  fons  of  Apoftates^  with  its  magazines  of 
burning  fands^  as  Sodom  and  Gomorra  were  with  fcorching*fulphur; 
whilft  every  Ton  of  frailty  even  ^mongft  Chriftians  muft  tremble  at 
the  inftant  vengance  of  Omnipotence  i  confcious  that  the  to#cr  of 
Siloam  is  impending  alfo  over  their  own  heads ;  that  Sicily  has  an 
Etna,  and  Italy  a  Vefuvius,  not  prepared  by  Heaven  in  vain,  and 
a:8  tremendous  as  the  volatile  fandhiils  of  Numidia :  we  muft  with 
awe  confider  that  winds  and  flames  are  eq'ially  God*s  angeU. 

At  Memphis  alfo  was  a  grand  temple  of  Ifis ;  that  is»  as  Strabo 
calls  it,  the  temple  of  Venus;  or  as  fome  alfo  rightly  fay,  of  the  moon; 
for  the  elder  Ifis  was  Venus  Urania.      It  was  built  by  Amafis^    a 
,    king  famous  on  many  accounts;  particularly,  as  Herodotus  obferves^ 
for  a  law  (adopted  by  Solon)  demanding  an  account  of  each  perfon's 
livelihood,  on  pain  of  death  (  a  fupplement  to  this  law  would  be  to 
ihew  that  fuch  livelihood  contributed  fatisfaflorily   to   the  public 
good  :  for  all  members  of  a  community  ought  perfonally  to  promote 
the  intereft  of  fuch  fociety :  men  of  falhion  and  pleafures  may,  to 
the  benefits  arifing  from  unneceiTary  expenfes,  add  fuch  as  are  ufcw 
fill  and  laudable,   and  perfonal  fervices  likewife :    the  public  rapi 
benefit  from  the  fuperfluous  and  extravagant  expences  of  individvii^ 
but  not  equal  to  what  arife$  from  difburfements  towards  ufefuJ  works, 
as  agriculture,  Bflieries,  plantations,  canals,  conftru£iion  ofvaluabh 
engines,  and  all   articles  tending  to  render  the  necefTaries  of  Ufc 
plentiful,  and  manufactures  fo  ^eafonable,  as  that  a  conftant  demand 
for  exports  may  create  employment  for  all  the  fubjeftsj  ethenrife 
than  by  lome  of  them  getting  a  maintenance  by  the  extravagancies  of 
others  :   and  if  the  public  income  fufFer  a  diminution  from  a  left 
confumption  of  fuperfiuities,  it  will  on  the  other  hand  be  augmented 
by  a  greater  confumption  of  better  articles. 

At  Memphis  aifo  was  a  famous  temple  confecrated  to  Api«,«— The 

roykl  palace  and  citadel  on  a  hill  were  towards  the  weft  :  northward 

were  lakes.      Four  hours  journey  fouthward  of  the  Pyramids  was 

the  plain  of  Mummies  ^  a  caufey  from  Bufiris  extends  to  the  Pyra- 

•■^*n^-*  mids.    The  cavea  of  the  Mummies  jonuin  hieroglyphics  in  great 

prefervatiop 


Chap.  3.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  475 

prefervation:  they  arc  about  a  perch  in  width,  and  exceedingly  long, 
:and  confift  of  feveral  fubterranean  alleys  abounding  with  earthern 
urns  holding  a  variety  of  birds  embalmed :  in  fome  are  marble 
coffins  •,  they  are  entered  downwards  thro*  deep  pits  :  and  are  in- 
fcribed  with  hieroglyphics.  In  this  fandy  plain  ftrewed  with  human 
bones,  broken  coffins,  idols  marked  with  hieroglyphics,  are  fifteen 
Pyramids,  in  each  a  long  gallery  leads  to  a  chamber :  three  of  thefc 
Pyramids[are  large. 

Beyond  Memphis  is  Acanthus  a  Lybian  city  :  in  it  is  a  temple  of 

Ofiris. On  the  Arabian  fide  of  the  Nile,  and  dofe  to  the  river, 

was  the  Nome  and  city  of  Aphrodite;  where  the  village  of  Aifih  now 
{lands,  andVhere  a  facred  white  ox  was  treated  with  great  reverence. 
In  thisNome  was  the  city  Ancyra.  On  the  confines  of  this  Nome, 

and  of  the  Arabian,  Ptolemy  fets  Babylon  of  Egypt,  Heliopolis, 
and  Heroopolis.  In  the  Arabian  Nome  PHny  includes  that  of  Hero- 
opolis,  and  of  Ph'agroriopolis.  All  the  eaRern  fide  of  the  Nile  was 
Egyptian  Arabian  :  fo  Herodotus  deems  Patumos  in  Arabia;  and 
Butis,  near  Arabia:  Strabo  deems  the  Heliopolite  Nome,  in  Arabia* 
As  was  the  Litopoliie,  called  Latopolis  by  P4iny,  and  by.Jofephujj, 
who  places  there  the  Egyptian  Babylon  :  Ptolemy  calls  it  Letopdl is.  ' 
Strabo  plainly  (hews  \is  eafiern  fituation.  He  fays  the  obfervatory 
ofEudoxus,  was  opppfite  Memphis  and  was  before  Heliopolis,  ia 
the  Litopolite  Nome,  and  farther  up  was  Babylon.  Pliny  names 
the  Latopolite,  with  the  Heliopolite  j  and  includes  all  between  that 
and  Bubaflis  in  the  Arabic. — Eaflward  of  Atjihy  at  the  Red  Sea  arc 
ahe  ruins  of  Colzoum.  From  mount  Colzoum  (fouthfrom  the  town)  "^^^^^ 
trre  feen  the  mounts  Horeb  and  Sinai  in  Arabia,  and  the  pafTage  of 
Moles.  The  ffiores  afford  beautiful  fhells  and  corals  of  various 
-  hues.  On  the  eaflern  fid«  of  mount  Colzoum  (a  high  rock  of  three 
Tniles  diameter,  hence  probably  the  ancient  Caph-tor)  ftands  Saint 
Paul's  monaflry  ;  on  the  weftern.  Saint  Antony's. — Oppofite  to  this  0^1-. 
Nome  was  the  Heracleoty  in  a  large  ifland.  Pliny  fays^  its  extent 
was  50  miles,  containing  the  city  of  Hercules,  according  toMarfhani, 
on  its  weftern  fide  :    Ptolemy  adds  Nilopolis,  inland^.aiid  towards 

PPP  2  ;4he         ^   ^ 

\ 


476  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

the  north  end.  At  the  city  of  Hercules  adoration  was  paid  to  the 
Ichneumon,  the  Crocodile's  foe  1  whofe  throat  It  enters  and  gnaws 
the  entrails.—— Near  this  ifland  on  the  Lybian  fide  a  canal^  divides 
into  two  branches,  including  a  fmall  ifle,  and  runs  into  the  Nome  of 
the  city  of  Crocodiles ;  animals  there  ^adored  formerly  by  the  name 
of  Suchos :  Banks  mentions  the  veneration  that  the  people  of  Celebes 
have  for  crocodiles :  there  are  many  reafons  to  conclude  that  the 
Egyptians  propagated  their  religion  in  diftant  countries.  This  Nome, 
the  flower  of  Egypt,  producing  fine  olives,  fruits,  plenty  of  wine 
and  corn,  was  afterwards  named  the  Arfinoite ;  and  divided  into 
p..  two.      Between  this  Arfinoe  (which  was  near  the  prefent  Fayoum) 

and  the  Memphite  Nome  Pliny  fcts  the  town  Crialon,  the  labyrinth^ 
and  the  lake  Myris. 

The  lake  Myris  was,  as  Mutian  in  Pliny  reports,  450  miles  in 
circuit;  72  miles  diftant  from  Memphis.  Herodotus  fays  it  was  in 
circuit  3600  ftadia  *,  in  depth  50  orgyae,  that  is  200  cubits,  fays 
•  Diodorus.  Near  the  centre  were  two  Pyramids,  50  fathoms  above' 
the  furface;  as  many,  under-,  their  whole  height  being  a  ftadium; 
and  on  each  a  fedentary  Coloffus  of  done.  This  refervoir  received 
the  fuperfluous  water  of  the  Nile,  when  redundant;  and  returned 
it,  when  deficient.  The  daily  profit  of  the  fifli  at  its  rccefs  was  a 
talent ;  at  its  ingrefs,  20  pounds.  When  the  redundancy  of  wstter 
was  exceflive,  an  outlet  dilmift  the  furplus  into  the  weftern  fands. 
The  earth  fcoopt  out  of  this  Tank  is  erroneoufly  faid  to  have  been 
wafted  away  by  the  Nile.  Strabo  fays  ♦*  this  lake  refenibled  the  fea 
in  magnitude,  colour  and  its  fhores  ;  as  did  the  borders  round  Am«* 
nu>n's  temple  ;  many  arguments  proving  that  both  places  were  once 
maritime.**  Therefore  I  take  this  refervoir  to  have  been  once  an 
immenfe  pool  of  fait  v/ater  intercepted  from  the  fea,  by  the  volatile 
fands  of  Lybia;  as  the  Cafpian  lake  has  been  from  the  Euxine.  The 
canal  from  the  Nile  by  degrees  wafted  away  the  falt-water  into  the 
Lybian  defert.  The  immenfe  quantity  of  earth  out  of  this  huge  bafon 
could  never  have  been  flooded  away  thro'  the  level  vale  of  Egypt, 
As  to  the  Pyramids,  Diodorus  fays  they  ftood  on  a  bank  in  the 

middle. 


i.  Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y*  477 

middle,  as  well  as  the  fepulchre  of  My  ris  their  founder,  whofeftatue 
and  his  confort's  were  on  thefe  Pyramids.  This  Myris  w^s  thtf 
grandfon,  not  the  father,  of  Sefoftris :  for  Diodorus  names  Egyptus 
before  him,  yet  places  Sefoftris  fubfequent;  who  really  was  Egyptus 
himfelf  the  brother  of  Danaus:  after  whomSeloftris(if  not  his  brother) 
could  not  poffibly  be  ;  for  Sefoftris  was  either  the  laft,  or  fucceflbr, 
of  the  Demi-gods ;  and  Ariftotle  fays  that  Sefoftris  was  prior  to 
Minos  ;  and  his  learned  fcholar  Dicaearchus  fets  him  next  to  Orus 
the  laft  Egyptian  God.  The  Myris,  whom  Diodorus  took  to'  be 
feven  reigns  before  Sefoftris,  was  Amenophis  apredeceflbr  of  Orus. 
He  is  the  Belris  of  Apollodorus  and  the  father  of  Sefoftris;  tho* 
Manetho  names  feven  Egyptian  regents,  or  provincial  -viceroys 
from  him  to*  Sefoftris;  this  Belus,  being  the  father  of  Egyptus, 
could  not  be  fubfequent  to  him  :  he  is  the  Macris  of  Herodotus  be- 
fore Sefoftris :  but  the  author  of  the  canal  is  his  Myris,  who  lived 
fcarce  90&  years  before  Herodotus  ;  is  the  grandfon  of  Sefoftris, 
and  Strabo's  Memnon  or  Imandes,  the  Mendes  and  Maro  of  Dio- 
dorus-, that  is  the  laft  king  of  the  18th  Dynafty.  But  Sy-mandes  or  . 
Ofy-mandes,  fignifying  fon  of  Mandes,  was  Sefoftris  fon  of  that 
Amenophis  who  was  Belus,  Agenor's  brother:  fo  Tzetzes  deems 
Sy-mandius,  king  of  Syria  or  Aflyria  ;  as  Sefoftris  alfo  was.  The 
Labyrinth  was  not  built  prior  tQ  his  reign  :  for  it  contained  a  court 
appropiated  to  each  Nome:  but  Sefoftris  divided  Egypt  into  Nomes. 
When  Diodorus  fays  that  Maro  the  founder  of  the  labyrinth  was 
prior  to  Minos,  he  miftakes  the  Maeris  prior  to  Sefoftris  for  the 
Myris  after  him.  In  was  an  improvement  of  the  Cretan  Labyrinth, 
probably  by  the  fame  architefl ;  as  he  built  the  portico  of  Vulcan's 
temple  for  this  king  :  tho'  the  Cretan  is  faid  to  be  an  imitation  of 
the  Egyptian.— I  diffent  from  Strabo,  where  he  fays  both  the  lower 
Fofs  (whofe  two  branches  form  the  Heracleot  ifle)  and  the  grand 
upper  Fofs,  from  the  Nile  to  the  lake,  were  natural :  for  Savary 
fays,  this  laft  is  in  many  places  hewn  thro*  rocks.  This  is  attri- 
buted with  probability  to  the  Patriarch  Jofeph  ;  who  was  in  Egypt 
J  3  years  of  the  reign  of  Sefoftris;  under  whofe  fon  and  grandfon  his 
abilities  raifed  him  to  the  firft  ofitces  of  the  ftate.  Diodorus  fays, 
"  The  great  canal  was  Softadia  long;  three  plethra,  each  100  feet, 

wide. 


i 


i 


478  1»RIMITIVE    HISTORY.  f Book  3* 

wide.  The  lake    contained    twenty-two    forts    of    fifli.**— ~ 

Savary    fays    the   lake  is    now   fifty    leagues    in    circumference. 
It  may  be  determined  by  the  length  of  the  ancient  Aquedaf):,  how 
xnoch  the  Lake  has  receded  from  its  old  boundary  on  the  fide  next 
towards  the  Nilt;.     Lucas  fays  the  inhabiunts  have  a  tradition  that 
the  lake  was  anciently  more  extenfive  than  now;  and   a  dangerous 
quickfand  diftant  from  the  prefent  water  confirms  it.     He    tcHs    ui 
that    ^  two  confiderable  fprings  prevent  the  lak^e.  from    becoming 
totally  dry;"  thefe  probably  are  fed  by  the  quickfand    aforelafd: 
He  adds  that  in  feafons  when  the  Nile  does  not  fupply  the  lake^  fine 
ruins  are  perceivabW*  •    Ptolemy  fays  the  city  Bacchis  was  near  the 
lake..     Savary  remarkt  on  the  north  fide   of  the  lake  a  headland, 
formerly  an  ifle,  covered  with  ruins,  probably  the  itifolated  Pyi^a- 
xalds.     Lucas  mentions  an  ifland  in  the  middle  of  the  lake  about  a 
league  in  circumference.     Corpfes  being  ferried  over  to  fome  fe- 
pnlchres  beyond  the  lake  by  a  man  named  Charon^  who  ^ot  money 
by  this  employment,  occafioned  the  fable  of  th^  Stygian  ferryman. 

Much  has  been  faid  of  Egyptian  attainments  in  AJlronomy  md 
Ge&metry\  which  laft  fcience  was  as  Laertius  writes  improred  6f 
Maeris:  but  certainly  their  mafter-fkill  was  in  Mechanics.  TVioi 
Aftronqmy  has  been  hinted  at  already:  indeed  we  learn  from  Dio- 
dorus  that  the  Egyptians  were  aware  of  the  earth's  diurnai  mtation. 
A  perpendicular  wall  facing  the  North  would  fhew  (when  t\ic  Sun 
begins  to  fhine  upon  that  fide)  his  approach  towards  the  northern 
Tropic;  and  when  he  defifts,  his  return  towards  the  Southern,  firdm 
the  Equator;  and  of  courfe  how  long  he  is  in  each  hemifphere:  their 
Splftitial  well  determined  the  obliquity  of  the  Ecliptit:  every 
ploughman  knows  that  the  Stars  attaii^  the  meridian  four  minutei 
earlier  every  night:  a  fhort  chronicle  of  Eclipfes  could  deraonftratc 
a  complcat  feries  of  them,  and  the  length  df  mean  lunations.  Thk 
is  the  fubftance  of  their  aftronomy.  They  knew  little  of  the  various 
eccentricities  of  the  planetary  orbits;  and  their  inclinatiom  to  dit 
axes  of  the  refpeftive  planets;  or  of  Saturn's  and  Jupiter's  fatellites, 
or  of  the  planeury  parallaxes.    -Their  Geometry  may  have  been  no 


Chap,  a.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  479 

more  than  is  acquired  by  common  ruftiCwS,  who  make  fences  and 
ditches.  It  could  not  be  extraordinary.  For  Pythagoras  difcovered 
not  only  that  a  parabola  was  to  a  circumfcribed  redaogle,  as  2  to  3; 
but  thefe  more  fimple  propofitions;  namely,  that  the  3  angles  of  a 
triangle  equal  two  right  angles;  alfo,  tha^thc  fquarc.of  the  fubtenfc 
of  a  reftangular  triangle  equals  the  fum  of  the  fquares  of  the  other 
two  fides.  Thales  found  that  every  triangle  in  a  femicircle,  touoh- 
ing  the  arc  and  fubtended  by  the  diameter,  is  reftangular.  As  to 
higher  difcoveries  Plato  found  a  way  to  double  the  cube;  as  did  his 
friend  Archytas  by  a  femi-cylindrical  feSion,  that  determined  the 
two  mean  proportionals  requifite.  Anaxagoras  in  prifon  found  that 
a  circle  equals  a  triangle  whofe  bafe  equals  the  circle's  periphery, 
and  whofe  perpendicular  equals  the  radius.  Archimedes  found  that 
a  fphere  is  to  a  cylinder  circunjfcribed  about  it,  as  2  to  3  ;  which  is 
the  proportion  that  a  foli4  (whofe  bafe  ii  fquare,  and  whofe  fc^ur 
fides  rife  to  a  height  equal  to  half  the  fide  of  the  bafe,  in  quadrantal 
curves,  to  an  apex  normal  to  the  centre  of  the  bafe)  bears  to  a  femi 
cube  of  equal  bafe:  this  proportion  was  found  by  comparing  the 
fquares  of  equidiftant  fines  in  the  quadrant,  after  doubling  their 
number  continually,  to  an  adequate  number  of  fquares  of  the  ra- 
dius: firft  comparing  6  of  the  firft  fquares  to  7  of  the  laft;  then  12 
to  13;  next,  24  to  35;  fo  on;  an  infinite  number  of  fquares  of  lines 
in  the  quadrant  will  be  to  an  infinite  number  of  fquares  of  the  radius, 
as  two  to  three:  the  gradation  in  every  ftage  of  this  procefs  is  regu- 
lar and  curious;  each  increafe  of  proportion  being  double  that  which 
next  enfues  continually.  Archimedes  alfo  found  the  way  to  bifleft 
chords  of  arcs,  to  determine  a  circle's  periphery;  which  yet  is  thus 
better  done:  The  chord  of  an  arc  of  .60  degrees  equals  the  radius; 
and  the  fquare  of  the  fine  of  60  degrees  is  to  the  fquare  of  the  ra- 
dius as  three  to  four.  By  extra£ling  the  ro6t  of  the  fquare  the  fine 
is  had.  Then,  as  half  the  fum  of  this  fine  and  chord,  is  to  the 
chord;  fois  the  fquare  of  the  fine  of  30  degrees  (which  is  half  that 
chord)  to  the  fquare  of  the  chord  of  30  degrees.  Having  found 
this  chord  or  the  root  of  its  fquare,  then  as  half  the  fum  of  the  fine 
and  chord  of  30  degrees  is  to  this  chords  fo  is  the  fquare  of  the  fine 
of  15  degrees  (which  fquare  is  a  fourth  of  that  of  the  chord  of  30 

degrees) 


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earlier  e  — iJwv ' 


ap.3.)  PRI  MI  TI  VE    HI  STORY*  481 

5  6th  quotient;  foon,  as  to  every  other  quotient  divided  by  every 
cr  odd  numbef,  in  alternate  fucceflion.     From  the  fum  thus  ob- 
led,.  deduft  the  3d  part  of  the  firft  quotient;  the   7th  part  of  the 
•d  quotient;  the  nth  part  of  the  fifth  quotient;  fo  on  as  to  every 
^rmediate  quotient  divided  by  the  inUnncdiate  odd  numbers  in 
mate  progreffion;  the  farther  we  proceed,  the  nicer  we  fhall  de- 
nine  the  quadrant*s  arc  in  proportion  to  the  diameter;  and,  as 
above  chord,  after  this  procefs,  proves  to  the  diameter;  fo  will 
fine  of  60  degrees,  to  its  refpeftive  chord.       But    in    purfuing 
ley,    I    have  almoft  loR  fight  of  Thoth ;    the  fltill   of  whofe 
ntrymen  in  Mechanics  is  abundantly  evinced  by  their  ereftion  of 
y  obelifks  and  ftupendous  pyramids;  alfo  by  the  conftruflion  of  j^\q^^  si^. 
.  igious  flood  gates  to  their  canals:  to  open  and  fiiut  thofe  of  lake 
is,  coft  fifty  talents.     I  may  add  the  large  edifice  hewn  out  of  a 
s  ftone,  and  conveyed  down  the  Nile  to   Sais,  21  cubits  long, 
road,  8  high,  on  the  outfide;  within,  18  cubits  long,  12  -broad, 
;h;  another  was  at  Butis.     Wood  meafured  a  fton'e  hewn  for 
n  an  Egyptian  quarry,  70  feet  long,  14  feet  broad,  and  14  feet    ,t-  &\^.^- 
ches  thick. 

'  the  Labyrinth,  Pliny  fays,  either  Petefucus,  or  Tithoes^  was 
'•  :>under.  Tithocs  was  a  Demigod;  and  feems  to  be  Othoes  in 
hird  Memphite  Dynafty.  Damoteles  held  the  Labyrinth  to  be 
alace  of  Motherndes;  but  we  are  not  informed  when  he  reigned, 
-as  deemed  it  the  fcpulchre  of  Maeris.  Others  reputed  it  the 
7I  ie  of  SoL  Diodorus  fays  that  "  fome  reputed  iVf^ndes  (Strabo's 
ws,  Imandes  or  Meinnon,  that  is  the  laft  king  of  the  18th 
aftyj  to  be  the  founder:  Othcr%  "  Maro  who  lived  long  before 
^/*  meaning  the  Amenophis  prior  to  Orus,  and  fathers^ 
iSw  Elfcwhere  he  fays  it  was  Maro*s  fepnlchre:  this  is  the 
but  this  Maro  is  Sirabo*s  Maindcs,  Diodorus  well  obferves 
ic  called  him  Mendc*,  and  that  he  liVcd  fix  generations  befoie 
wt^Uii^gfgg^it^Jcrodotus  who  calls  him  Myris, 

'ire^iiimfelE     Diodorus  writes 
%t  was  imitated  by  Dedal  in 


"?., 


482  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

Crete,    there  were  no  remains  of  the  Cretan  in  his  time  :"    which 
proves  iti  great  antiquity.  Herodotus  fays,  the  Egyptian  was  the  work 
of  12  Kings;  fituated  the  Arfinoite  fide  of  the  lake  Maeris,  and  in- 
tended for  their  fepulchre.  It  was  a  fquare  furlong;  and  furroundcd 
a  piazza  having  400  columns  on  each  fide,  and  roofed  with  fingle 
ftoneSy  and  adorned  with  piftures  of  their  kings,  temples,  and  other 
facred  fubjefts.     It  had  12  halls-  6  of  their  gates  facing  the  north; 
6,  th^  fouth:  all  within  the  fame  mural  inclofure.    It  contained  1500 
fubterranean  apartments,   and  as  many  over  them.      Of  the  upper 
ftory  he  fays,  the  variety  of  paffages  'from  the  feveral  apartments, 
fill'd  him  with  admiration.     From   halls  he  went  into  chambers; 
thence  into  other  halls,  and  into  cabinets;  from  cabinets  into  faloons. 
Thq  Halls  were  furroundcd  with  columns  of  highly  polifh'd  white 
marble.     Underneath,  the  fepulchres  of  the  royal  founders  and  of 
the  facred  crocodiles  were  reported  to  be.  All  was  of  ftone  abound- 
ing with  fculptures  every  where.     Strabo  feems  to  fay,  there  were 
fronting  thefe  halls,  (which   Diodorus  likewife  feems  to  diftinguifb 
from  the  labyrinth,  ftyling  it  the  work  of  the  Duodccimvirate)  27 
other  halls  (Pliny  fays,    16;    as  if  he  thought  they  belonged  to  the 
Nomes  of  middle  Egypt,    which  latterly   were  fo   many)    fortbe 
feveral  provinces  of  the  realm,    who  affembled  there  about  matlcn 
of  juftice  and  devotion.      Thefe  authors  and  others  fignify,    that  k 
was  furroundcd  with  intricate  buildings:  that  within,  were  temples^ 
alfo  galleries  having  an  afcent  of  90  fteps,  adorned  with  cglumns  and 
coloffal  ftatues.     The  roof  appeared  a  field  of  ftone.     The  paffages 
were  furprizingly  intricate.     The  doors   refounded    like   thunder. 
Some  of  the  many  apartments  were  fquare,  fome  oblong,  fome  tri» 
angular.      Pliny  fays  *'    The  Terpentine  turns,  returns,  and  inter- 
f^ftionsof  the  paffages  are  inexplicable:  frequent  doors  intervene  to 
conceal  the  avenues,  and  to  decoy  us  into  former  paffages.  An  Eunuch 
of  king  Neflabis,  500  years  before  4'exander  repair' d  a  part  of  this 
Labyrinth.*'  Strabo  fays,  Imandes  was  buried  at  the  end  of  the  La^ 
byrinth,  in  a  Pyramid  400  feet  high;  its  bafe  being  the  fquare  of  fo 
many.  Herodotus  fays,  at  an  angle  of  the  Labyrinth  was  a  Pyramid, 
the  fide  of  whofe  bafe  was  400  fathoms.     It  had  a  fubterranean  en- 
trance, and  large  fculptures. 

The 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  483. 

The  fite  of  the  Labyrinth  is  now  named  Caroun;  here  Savary  fay« 
mountains  of  ruins  appear.  Of  a  I^Fge  ruin  at  Cafr  Caroun  feveral 
apartments  remain:  it  is  Call  of  (hafts  of  columns :  round  it  is  a  pi- 
azza half  in  ruins.  Some  ftairs  lead  to  the  upper  ftories;  others  to 
the  lower.  Several  narrow  low  and  very  long  cells  feem  to  have 
been  thofc  of  the  facred  Crocodiles— Other  travellers  report  that 
a  large  portico  of  marble  ftill  faces  the  eaft,  on  four  huge  columns, 
one  of  which  inclines  greatly.  The  fides  and  entablature  of  the  door 
in  the  centre  are  mafly.  *  A  veiled  head,  with  wings  expanded  along 
a  frieze,  is  reprefented  on  it.  Above  tlie  firft  entablature  run^  a  friez^^ 
on  which  ferpents  bulky  below  the  head  are  figured.  Above  this 
are  feveral  doors  in  different  ftories.  On  each  fide  of  the  middle 
door  is  an  Anubis  covered  with  hieroglyphicks.  Behind  this  portico 
is  a  hall  of  marble  ;  the  roof  confifts  of  12  (labs  of  marble  nicely 
joined,  25  feet  long,  3  broad,  -acrofs  the  room  40  feet  high  at  leaft. 
At  the  end  of  it,  a  Portico  facing  the  firft,  with  fimilar  ornaments 
but  lefs,  led  into  a  lefs  hall  rooft  with  13  ftones,  and  having  a  por- 
tico at  the  end  only  for  fymmetry.  The  halls  have  pafl^ages  on  the 
fides  leading  into  rooms,  whence  ftaircafcs  lead  to  rooms  above '^nd 
below.  Lucas  ufing  a  clue,  and  ftrewing  chopt  ftra\^,  vifited  150 
different  rooms,  yet  made  little  progrefs  comparatively,  and  was 
much  obftrufted  by  rubbifh. 

Diodorus  diftinguifhes  the  Labyrinth  from  the  fubfequent  work 
of  the  Duodecimvirs:  which,  he  fays,  was  arfionument  at  the  lake 
Myris,  a  furlong  fquare,  of  beautiful  ftone.  Within  the  inclofure 
was  a  piazza  fupported  by  400  columns  on  each  fide.  Its  roof  con- 
fifted  of  Sngle  (labs.  It  was  furnifhed  with  cells  and  other  offices 
adorn'd  with  fculpture,  and  diverfified  with  paintings.  It  contained 
the  monuments  ofahc  kings,  chapels  and  fanes,  decorated  with 
beautiful  pifturcs  of  admirable  execution. 

Strabo  places  the  Labyrinth  100  ftadia  from  Arfinoe:  next  to 
which  Nome  was  the  city  (napied  from  the  fifh)  Oxyrynchus. 
Savary  judges  it  to  be  the  prefent  Behnefa.  Thro*  this  Nome  the 
canal  Bahr  YofcpK  ran  to  the  lake  Myris.     Next   to   this   and  near 

Qqq2  the 


484  P  k  I  M  I  T  I  V  E      HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

the  river  was  the  Nome  of  Cynopolis,  where  Anubis  was  adored,  and 
facred  food  beftowed  on  dogs.     In  this  Nome  were  the  towns  Ala- 
baftros  and  Acoris. — The  Nome  and  city  of  Hermopolis  Major,  and 
the  caftle  are  on  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  Nile,  where  the  duty  on 
imports  from  Thebais  was  collefted.  Therefore  Ammian  and  Ptolemy 
wrongly  deem  it  in  Thebais.      Savary  fays/ Hermopolis  is  th^  pre- 
fent   Achmounain,  abounding  with  grand  ruins.     Among  hills    of 
furrounding  rubbifh  is  a  (lately  portico,    100  feet  long,  25  wide  5 
having  12  columns,  60  feet  high,  24  in  circumference,  with  hiero- 
glyphics near  the  bafe.     The  two  in  the  contre  are  15  feet  afunder ; 
the  reft,  lO,     Ten  large  ftones  cover  the  whole  portico.     Two  rows 
furmount  thefe.      Two  ftones,  forming  a  pediment  in  the  centre, 
furpafs  the  reft  in  fize.     The  frieze  abounds  with  fine  hieroglyphics. 
A  bright  golden  colour  adorns  the  architrave  round  the  tolonade. 
The  ceiling  has  golden   ftars  on   an  azure  (ky.      Ammian  counts 
this  a  famous  city.     In  this  Nome  are  hermitages  in  ancient  quarries, 
containing  hieroglyphics.     Oppofite,  on  Jofeph's  canal  is  Aboufir : 
and  a  league  fouthward,  Babain,  on  ancient  ruins.     Beyond,  is  a 
grotto  cut  in  a  rock,  50  feet  wide,  fix'deep ;  a  fcujpture  reprefenii 
an   oblation  to  the  fun.     Near  Babain  is  Touna,  Strabo's    upper 
Tanis.     He  fets  the  middle  Auafis,  or  Oafis,  on  a  parellel  with  lAc 
Myris)  to  the  weftward  :  it 'therefore  was  an  appendage  of  the  Hcp^ 
tanome.       The  northern  he  deems  the  region  adjacent  to  ^mmon^s 
temple.     His  fouthern  Oafis  he  fets  parellel  to  Abydus;  it  ihctcfote 
was  an  appendage  of  Thebais.     Herodotus  fays   it  was  feven  days 
march  from  Hecatompylos :    the  ill-fated  army  of  Cambyfes  made 
their  rout  that  way,  thro*   fands,  to  Ammon's  temple  :    yet  it  was 
ftiled  the  ifle  of  the  happy,  and  inhabited  by  Samians:  but  this  term 
means  a  holy  feft.      Strabo  fays,  they  were  all  excellent  places  of 
refidence ;  particularly  this,  as  abounding  in  wine,  water  and  other 
ufeful  articles.      He  defines  Oafes,  fmall  habitable  fpots  amidfl  de- 
ferts.      Abulfeda  deemed  the  three  to  be  parellel  to  the  Nile,  and 
three  days  journey  diftant  from  it.      In  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
fouthernmoft  Oafis  he  fays  are  cities  buried  in  their  own  ruins:  this^ 
being  a  fourth,  lies  under  the  Tropic,  and  is  feven  days  journey 

remote 


Chap.  3.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY^  485 

remote   from  the  next  town  of  Ethiopia,  thro*  dreary  fands  coi^* 
tinually  fhifiing. 

Ptolemy,  Ammian  and  Antonine  fet  the  Nome  of  thecity  Antinous 
(which  was  on  the  eaftern  fide  of  the  Nile)  in  Thebais.  It  contains  Ammian  19. 
fine  ruins,  is  called  Eufina,  alfo  the  city  of  the  Magi  near  AbydUs, 
famous  for  the  Oracle  of  the  ancient  God  Bcfa.  Photius  fays  this 
city  was  called  Bef-antinopolis,  South  of  it  wasAncyropolis.  Ly- 
copolis  with  its  No7ney  on  the  Lybian  fide,  Strabo  fets  in  Thebais. 
Wolves  were  in  honour  here,^becaufe  (fays  Diodorus)  they  repelled 
the  Ethiopians.  We  muft  obferve  that  warriors  wore  fkins  of  wolves 
lions  and  other  animals.  Ptolemy  mentions  the  Nome  and  city  of 
Upfelis,  which  Stephanus  deems  a  village,  and  Strabo  omits :  who 
next  names  another  city  of  Venus  deemed  by  Ptolemy  the  head  of 
a  Nome ;  the  prefent  Tatha,  furrounded  by  the  Nile.  But  not  fo 
far  fouthward  was  the  Aboutis  of  Stephanus,  where  the  poppy  for 
opium  is  cultivated.  South  of  this  town  was  little  ApoUinopolis,  at 
Sattefa.  On  the  Arabian  fide  is  Selin,  now  Selinon.  South  of 
which,  at  El-Kcbira,  was  Anteopolis  an  inland  town,  the  capital  of 
a  Nome.  Here  remains  a  portico  of  vaft  ftones,  one  being  10  yards 
long,  fupported  by  huge  columns.  In  this  neighbourhood  Ptolemy 
and  Antonine  fet  Mythu,  Ifia  and  Pefla.  Higher  up  is  Achmin, 
the  Chemmis  of  Herodotus  near  Neapolis,  and  a  grand  city,  Strabo's 
Panopolis,  the  head  of  a  Nome^  and  famous  for  Unnens  and  ftone 
works  ;  now,  for  couons  and  pottery.  Of  the  ancient  temple  men- 
tioned by  Abulfeda  for  its  enormous  ftones,  and  numerous  fculptures, 
Savary  fays  the  only  remains  are  fome  of  thofe  mafly  ftones,  con- 
taining hieroglyphics.  Danaus  was  of  Chemmis.  It  feems  to  have 
been  named  in  honour  of  Ham.  Near  it  was  Chenobofcia.  Pha- 
nubuth  in  this  Nome  was  the  native  place  of  Horapollo,  as  Suidas 
informs  us.  Strabo  deemed  Ptolemais  in  his  lime  the  greateft  city 
of  Thebais,  as  large  as  Memphis:  Ptolemy  calls  it  Ptolemais  of 
Hermes,  who  was  here  adored.  It  ftood  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the 
Nile.  Savary  fets  its  ruins  fouth  of  Menchia,  on  an  eminence,  and 
extending  to  the  river.      Weftward  was  Ptolemy's  Crocodilopolis^ 

where 


io6. 


486  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Books 

where  two   monaftries   now    (land.      Near   Ptolemais    Strabo   fets 
**  Abydus,  once  the  fecond  city  of  Thcbais,  having  a  well  of  curious 
architeflure.     Here  adoration  was  paid  to  Ofiris,  but  without  mufic 
vocal  or  inftrumental.     And  here  was  Mcmnon's  palace  :   but,,  fays 
he,  ^'ifMemnon  waslfmandes^  the  Labyrinth  was  alfoMemnon's,  aod 
fonoe  capital  works  at   Hecatompylos."     But   Herodotus    tells   us 
**  (latues  of  Sefoftris  were  miftaken  for  Memnon's."     The  rcafon  is 
this;    Memnon  was  Maindes^  Imandes,  Ifmandes;    Is,    or   As^  10 
Gothic  fignifies  divine  :  but  Sefoftris  was  Sy-^mandius,  that  is  fon  of 
that  Mendes^  who  was  Amenophis  the  predeceflbr  of  Orus.      The 
reprefentations  in  the  Maufoleum  of  Symandius  allude  to  Sefoftris  ; 
the  king  of  AflTyria  (that  is  Syria)  whom  Tzetzes  ca1U  Symandius : 
yet  the  edifice  may  have  been  ere6led  to  his  memory  by  his  grand- 
fon.     But  as  Sefoftris  built  a  temple  in  every  city  to  its  patron  God^ 
it  is  probable  that  he  crefted  the  temple  of  Ofiris  at  Abydus  :  and 
this  Ofiris  feems  not  to  be*  Dionyfius  the  father  of  Orus  ;    but  the 
firft  Egyptian  Ofiris,  Mifor,  Ham's  fbn  ;  tho*  Noah  was  the  original 

Ofiris,  and  to  him  a  fliip  was  dedicated  by  Sefoftris. However, 

the  firft  Mendes,  Imandes  or  Ifmandes  was  Canaan's  brother  Mifor 
or  Menes;  who  was  often  confounded  with  later  perfons  of  theiafflc 
of  Meon,  Menes  or  Amenophis,  as  Acmon's  fire;  Cybele's  hufbaniv 
the  predecefTor  of  Orus;  Memnon  the  grandfon  of  Sefoftris,  and  in- 
ventor of  delicacies ;  and  with  the  kift  Amenophis  or  Nilu5,  who 
fucceeded  Rhamfinitus,  and  was  drowned  in  the  HeroopoVuan  gulf. 
Memnon,  as  Strabo  writes,  founded  the  Labyrinth :  Sefoftris,  and 
his  fon,  and  grandfon,  by  fuccefsful  wars  brought  vaft  riches  into 
Egypt,^  and  laid  the  foundation  of  its  ftupendous  architefturej  as  the 
Crufades  did,  of  Gothic  architefture  in  Britain,  and  of  the  military 
fraternity  of  mafons  ;  who,  under  a  regular  difcipline,  built  temples, 

guilds  and  other  edifices. The  monumental  palace  near  Thebes, 

attributed  to  Memnon,  contained,  as  the  images  of  diimembered 
captives  teftify,  exploits  of  Sefoftris ;  ^whorn  I  efteem  Symandius. 
His  mother,  the  noted  Ceres,  was  Saturn's  daughter;  and,  after 
the  death  of  Dionyfius,  wtdded  Menon,  Amenophis  or  Belus  ;  and 

Ninus,  after  him. 

Savar/s 


Chap.  sO  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  487 

Savary's  account. of  Abydus  is  entertaining.  "  After  an  hour's 
walic  eaftward  from  Girga,  we  came  to  the  ruins  of  Abydus  :  to  tho 
weft  of  which  is  the  temple,  of  Ofiris,  buiU  by  Imandes.  The 
entrance  is  under  a  portico  60  feet  high :  fupported  by  two  rows  o( 
arge  columns.  In  this  mafly  edifice  of  marble,  and  the  hieroglyphics 
with  which  it  abounds,  we  difcover  the  work  of  the  ancient  Egyptians. 
Beyond  i^  a  temple  300  feet  long,  145  wide.  At  its  entrance  is  an 
immenfe  hall  containing  28  columns,  60  feet  high,  19  in  circum- 
ference at  the  bafe,  12  feet  afunder.  The  enormous  ftoneS  of  the 
ceiling  are  fo  nicely  joined  as  to  appear  a  fingle  flab  of  marble  126 
feet  long  ;  66,  broad.  The  walls  are  loaded  with  hieroglyphics ; 
as  beafts,  birds,  human  figures  wearing  pointed  caps  like  thofe  ftill 
worn  by  Egyptian  priefts  on  feftivals,  with  a  piece  of  pendant  ftufF 
behind,  and  clad  in  open  robes  no  lower  than  the  waift.  The  rude- 
nefs  of  the  fculpture  befpeaks  antiquity,  and  the  art  in  its  infancy. 
'  The  forms,  attitudes  and  proportions  are  all  bad.  We  perceive 
women  fuckling  children,  and  men  making  them  prefenLs.  Travellers 
recognize  Indian  diviniiics  here.  M.  Chevalier  remarkt  the  Gods 
laggrenat,  Gonez,  and  Vichnou,  as  reprefented  in  Indoftan.  At 
the  farther  end  of  the  firft  hall,  a  great  door  leads  to  an  apartment 
46  feet  long,  22  wide.  Six  fquare  pillars  fupport  the  ceiling.  Four 
doors  at  the  angles  lead  to  four  chambers.  The  laft  hall,  64  feet 
long,  24  wide,  contains  ftair  cafes  leading  to  fubtefrranean  apart- 
ments, containing  fculptures  and  hieroglyphics.  The  natives  fay, 
the  rooms  and  columns  are  fimilar  to  thofe  above  them.  Six  lion- 
heads  ferve  as  waterfpouts  on  two  fides  of  the  temple.  A  geome- 
trical ftaircafe  (the  ftones  of  which  inferted  in  the  wall,  projeft  fix 
feet  from  it)  leads  to  the  fummit  of  the  edifice.  Heads  of  Coloflal 
figures  in  Bafib  Relievo  ferve  as  ornaments  to  the  capitals  of  the 
columns.  On  the  left  of  this  edtficeis  a  fmaller  one,  at  the  farther 
end  of  which  ftands  a  kind  of  altar.  It  appears  to  be  the  fanftuary. 
Near  Abydus  Steplhanus  fcts  This  and  its  Nome.  This  was  one  of 
the  five  great  provinces,  whofe   kings  are  named  in  Manctho*s  Dy- 

nafties The  town  of  Hau  on  an  eminence  k  on  the  fite  of  Diof- 

polis  Parva,    the  capital  of  a  Nome ;    as  great  Diofpolis  was  of  the 

Tbcban. 

A 


^^  ?^  &  I  M  !  r  I  V  E     H  IS  TORY.-  (Book  3. 

^- V »  .^^  u<r:l\vard  of  Dendera  (fay*  Savary)  is  the  ancient  Ten-» 

.J    ^x;:^^  tho  capital  of  a  Nome,  and  coniifting  of  extenfive  ruins; 

ji:wo?^,;  which  are  two  temples.     One,  200  feet  long,  140  broad,  is 

Uu  rxHindcd  with  a  double  frieze.  It  is  divided  into  lofty  apartments, 

fupportcd  by  large  columns,  having  a  fquare  ftone  for  a  capital,  on 

which  is  fculptured  the  head  of  Ifis.     Hieroglyphics  in  compartments 

cover  the  walls.     Coloflal  figures  (land  at  the  external  angles  ;  and 

ten  flights  of  fteps  lead  to  the  temple's  fummit.  The  fecond,  {landing 

on  the  right,  is  fmaller.     The  cornice  round  it,  and  the  gate,  are 

decorated  with  falcons  having   expanded  wings.    A  double  fquare 

ftone  forms  the  capital  of  the  columns  that  fupport  the   roof.       The 

w^alls  contain  hieroglyphics  of  men,  birds  and  animals.     Lucas  fays, 

the  back  part  of  the  ftrufture  is  a  vaft  wall,  without  windows,  of  large 

ftones,    covered  with  BafTo  Relievos,  bigger  than  life,  of  ancient 

Egyptian    deities  in  different  attitudes,  and  winh  all  their  attributes. 

Two  lions  of  white  marble,  as  big  as  horfcs,  projefl  above  half  out 

of  the  wall.      The  fide  wall  is   above  300  paces  knjg  loaded  with 

fculpture,  and  has  three  lions  projecting  out,  as  the  others.     The 

front  has  a  portico  in  its  centre  fuftained  by  fquare  pillars  ofvaft  fizc 

A  large  piazza,  fupported  by  three  rows  of  columns,  each  o{  which 

eight  men  can  fcarcely  encompafs  with  their  arms,  extends  itfc\?(m 

each  fide  of  the  portico  ;    having  a  flat  roof  of  ftenes  fix  or  feven 

feet  broad,  and  of  an  extraordinary  length.     Each  column,  full  of 

hieroglyphics,  has  on  its  cornice  a  capital  compofed  of  four  women's 

heads,  and  above  them  an  abacus  or  fquare  ftone,  longer  than  broad, 

and  fix  feet  high,  fupporting  the  roof.  A  cornice  runs  round,  having 

over  the  porch  two  huge  ferpents  interwoven,  their  heads  reftingon 

two  large  wings  extended.     The  porch  leads  into  a  large  hall,  where 

three   doors  open  into  different  apartments,  "which  lead  ftill  into 

others,  fupported  by'many  fine  columns,but  dark  and  full  of  rubbifh. 

Diftant  from  the  front  is  a  large  arch  of  a  beautiful  order  of  archi- 

teflure,  about  40  feet  high:  it  was  probably  the  firft  gate.  Tradition 

fays  this  was  a  temple  of  Serapis;  which  feems  confirmed  by  a  Greek 

infcription  on  the  frieze  containing  the  name  of  that  Deity.      The 

number  of  windows  in  this  temple  are  faid  to  have  equalled  the  days 

in  a  year  5   and  to  have  been  fo  difpofed,  that  the  fun  faluted  the 

Deity 


Chap.  3-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  489 

Deity  of  the  temple,  every  day  thro'  a  different  window. Strabo   * 

fay-s  *^  The  Tentyrites  adored  Venus;  but  behind  her  temple  was 
a  fane  of  Ifis/'  .  But  the  Egyptian  Venus  was  Ifis;  hance  her 
head  was  on  the  capitals  of  the  temjJle.  Both  edifices  belonged  to 
the  fame  Deity  :  for  he  tells  us,  as  to  the  plan  of  Egyptian  temples, 
^^  In  front  was  a  paved  avenue  a  hundred  feet  wide;  three  hundred 
or  more  in  length,  having  on  each  fide  a  row  of  Sphinxes  twenty 
cubits  or  more  afunder.  At  the  end  porticoes  Ifed  to  a  magnificent 
area  fronting  the  temple,Turrounded  with  walls  as  high  as  the  temple, 
and  diverging  from  it,  fo  as  to  enlarge  the  width  of  the  area  fifty 
or  fixty  cubits.  They  abound  in  fculpture  in  the  ancient,  Grecian 
manner,  and  the  Etrufcan.  Beyond  the  temple  is  the  fanflury:  and 
befide  thefe  temples  is  ufually  a  fpacious  edifice  fupported  by  nu- 
merous columns. 


He  tells  us,  "  The  Tentyrites  waged  continual  war  againft  Cro- 
codiles ;  and  with  as  much  addrefsas  the  PfylliofCyrenaica  againft 
Serpents,"  The  prefeut  mode  of  attack  is  to  pufh  a  deal  board  into 
his  expanded  jaws  :  the  teeth  (lick  faft  in  the  plank,  which  is  drawn 
alhore  b}  a  rope.  Luckily  the  crocodile,  like  the  fhark,  is  awkward 
in  turning  ;  hence  Creols  attack  the  lauer  with  a  knife. 

Giena,  Ptolemy*s  Caene,  is  vifible  on  an  eminence,  acrofs  the 

Nile  from  Dend'era. Above  it  is  Cophtos,    to  which  a  Fofs  was  * 

made  From  the  river ;  it  being  fomewhat  inland,  and  the  head  of  a 
Nome.  Thence  over  an  Iflhmus  reaching  to  the  Red  Sea  near  Be- 
renice, Philadelphus  made  a  road  of  feven  days  journey  thro*  the 
defert,  deftitute  as  it  was  of  water.  Not  far  from  Berenice  was  Myos 
Hormos,  now  Coffeir.  Near  Cophtos  was, Apollo's  city  :  thus,  fays 
Strabo,  two  towns  were  at  each  end  of  the  Ifthmus;  which  contains 
emeraMs  and  other  precious  minerals.  Yet  Arrian  deems  Myos 
Hormos  1800  ftadia  from  Berenice;  by  which  he  means  the  city 
under  the  Tropic  ;  as  Pliny  does,  fetting  it  at  12  days  journey  from  ^'  *^ 
Cophtos  ;  but  probably  Ptolemy's  Albus  Portus  was  called  Berenice. 

R  r  r  Maf  blcs 


49«  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  g. 

Marbles  and  noble  fragment's  of  edifices  cbver  the  fite  of  Cophtos, 
from  which  Cobt  is  a  mile  diftaut.      Plutarch  fays,  at  this  city  Ifis 
received  news  of  the  death  of  Ofiris,  and  defperately  cut  off  her  hair; 
hence  the  name  of  the  place,  Cophtos  figmfyihg  privation.      Pliny 
counts  it  above  306  miles  hence  to  luliopolisnear  Alexandria.    The 
Ofiris,  whofe  death  occafioned  this  name,  was  Ham's  fon  Mifor  or 
Menes,  flain  by  a  Hippopotamus.     When  Typhon  long  afterwards 
flew  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfius,  a  Hippopotamus  became  his  emblem. 
Thefe  incidents  were  afterwards  allegorized  (as  Sanchoniatho  writes, 
and  Plutarch  proves)  into  phyfical  occurrenceis:  foTyphon*8  dividing 
Ofiris  into  26  pieces,  means  fo  many  fpring  tides  in  a  year :  others 
fay  14,  which  means  the  number  of  days  between  fpring  and  fpring; 
for  more  fee.  Plutarch  and  Macrobius.— ^— -Cous  was  Apollo's  city, 
and  in  Abulfeda*s  time,  *•  the  fecond  to  Foftat.     The  merchandize 
of  Aden(ihc  mofl  flourifhing  city  of  Y«men)landed  at  CofTeir  arrived 
thence  in  three  days  at  Cous,  thra*  the  defen  :'•    for  here  the  Nile 
winds  towards  the  Red  Sea,  which  is  33  leagues  diflant.    «*  Between 
Cophtos  and  CofTeir  (fays  Savary)  is  a  deep  vale  croifing  the  Iflhmus^ 
where  traces  of  the  Tea  appear  at  every  flep."     Thus  inundations  of 
the  Nile  finding  here  a  channel  to  the  Arabian  gulf,  and  alfo  ^booi 
Heliopolis,  formed,  between  the  two  outlets,  Caphtor  iflje,  thefum- 
mit  of  which  was  mount  Colzoum. 


At  length  we  arrive  at  the  awful  ruins  of  Egyptian  Thebes  ;  that 
magnificent  city,  whofe  numerous  porticoes,  belonging  to  its  many 
noble  palaces,  procured  it  the  name  of  Hecatompylos ;  thro'  ih^t 
10,000  cavalry  iffued  to  the  wars,  alluding  to  thofe  of  5ymanditt(« 
This  account  implies  feudal  tenures.  Indeed  Sefoilris  granted  con« 
fiderable  property  to  his  foldiery  fubjcft  to  military  tenure.  Home? 
hints  at  the  vaft  riches  of  this  city ;  learnt  alfo  from  that  king't 
M aufoleum.  Strabo  fays,  the  ruins  of  this  glorious  city  extended 
80  ftadia  in  length :  partly  in  Arabian  £gypt ;  partly  in  LybiaD» 
where  Memnonium  flands:  above  which  were  the  regal  tombs,  in 
dome  40  grottoes  of  hewn  (lone,  and  of  admirable  contrivance* 

Near 


Ohap.  3-)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  49^ 

Near  thcfe,infcripti(in3  on  obelifks  announce  the  wealth  of  the  kingsi 
and  their  domain^  <rcaching  to  Scythia^  Ba£triana,  India  %nd  Ionia  : 
alfo  the  araoum  of  tribute^atid  the  numberof  forces^whichwepe  about 
a  million^-^EnRathiils  (on  Dionyfius)  fays,  this  city  in  its  flourifhing 
ftate,  was  abovi^  52  miles  in  length.  Thebes  or  Diofpolis,  fays 
Diodorus,  was  140  ftadia  in  circuit..  He  names  its  founder,  in  one 
place,  Ofiris;  elfewherc,  Bufiris.  Herodotus  calls  him  Menes: 
H*  was  Thoth's  fire,  whom  Sanchoniatiio  Ihews  to  have  been 
Mi  for.  It  was  named  Thebes  in  honour  of  the  mother  of  the  ancient 
Egyptian  IBs,  who  was  Mifor^s  wife  Chamyna,  the  old  Ceres  in 
Faufanias.  Mifor  was  alfo  the  Ofiris  wlio  built  Chemmis  in  honour 
/of  Cham  bis  father*  Diodorus  adds  that  Thebes  abounded  in  ftu^ 
pendotis  edifices,  magnificent  temples,  manfions  five  ftories  high^ 
coloflal  ftatucs,  and  obeliOes  of  a  fingle  fl:one.  It  had  four  principal 
temples :  the  moft  ancient  of  which  was  furprizingly  grand  ;  its  cir- 
cumference being  tliirteen  ftadia,  its  walls  iweniy-four  feet  thick; 
forty-five  cubits  high.  Can^ibyfes  ranfftcki  it»  as  ht  did  all  tkelemplet 
in  Egypt 


Four  miles  esPft  of  Carnac  village  otir  Univerfat  Hiftory  MMtloM  ^ 
the  rUins  of  a  temple,  having  a  grand  gate  ftill  entire,  and  nfear  it  tL 

Sphinx  four  feet  high. Savary  and  other  travellers  faw  t*  the 

fouth  of  Carnac  a  -noble  temple.  It  has  eight  entrances  :  three  of 
vhkh  have  each  a  Sphinx  of  an  enormous  lize  ftandiftg  in  fforfi  be- 
tween two  colioflal  ftatutes,  of  a  fingle  bloclt  of  marble  in  the  antique 
fiite.  Thefe  majeftic  avenues  another  traveller  dfefcribes  oSTa  greai 
length  :  two  of  them  having  60  ftatues  on  each  fide.  To  one  of  tli* 
entrafnces  are  four  grand  porticoes,  each  30  feet  wide,  52  in  height, 
J56  in  length.  They  are  entered  thro*  Pyramidal  portals;  the  tforte« 
-of  the  ceiling  are  6f  an  aftonilhing  fize,  fupported  by  t*^o  waltV. 
lOlie  portico  is  of  red  granite  well  poliffied.  Without  are  four  rbwf 
<af  hieroglyphics  5  wlttiin^  three.      On  each  of  the  latter  are  two 

Krx«  littmaB 


492  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  ST  O  R  Y.  (Book  3. 

human  figures  larger  than  life,  of  fine  fculpture.  Coloffal  figures 
rifing  15  foet  above  the  bottoni  of  the  door  decorate  its  fides-  With- 
out, are  two  ftatues  33  feet  high,  the  one  of  red  granite,  the  other 
fpotted  with  black  and  grey.  Within,  is*  another  of  a  fingle  ftone, 
headlefs.  Each  bears  a  crofs  or  phallus,  the  fymbol  of  fertility.  The 
fecond  portico  is  half  dellroyed.  The  gate  has  a  row  of  gigantic 
hieroglyphics  towards  the  iouth,  another  towards  the  north.  £acb 
front  of  the  third  portico  is  covered  with  hieroglyphics  of  Coloflai 
figures.  At  the  entrance  of  the  gate  are  remains  of  a  ftatue  of  white 
marble:  its  trunk  is  15  feet  round,  it  wears  a  helmet  entwined  with 
a  ferpent.  Amongft  the  ruins  of  the  fourth  portico  are  parts  of  a 
Coloifus  of  red  garnite,  whofe  body  is  30  feet  round.  Our  Uni verfal 
Hiftory  add^f  that  fome  Coloflai  ftatues  ftill  remain  on  thofe  porticoes: 
whence  walls  extend  to  the  other  gates  enclofing  the  temple  and  the 
particular  courts.  Of  thefe  Savary  writes  thus  :  Beyond  thefe  por- 
ticoes begin  the  high  walls  that  form  the  court  of  the  temple.  Twelve 

.  gates  gave  admittance^     That  in  heft  prefervation  faces  the  weft. 
Before  it  is  a. long  Sphinx  avenue.      This  gate  is  60  feet  high,  40 
wide,  48  thick,  at  the  foundation.     In  the  front  arc  two  rows  of 
fmall  windows,  and  remains  of  fteps  in  its  fides  leading  to  its  futnin/i 
This  gate  is  in  the  ruftic  ftile,  and  has  no  hieroglyphics.       It  \tiAk 
V  •    H*ft      ^^  ^^^  great  court;  which  on  two  fides  has  terraces  80  feet  wide,  and 
6  high:  along  thefe  run  two  beautiful  colonades  ;  each  column  fee- 
ing above  40  feet  high,  and  -8  in  diameter.     Beyond,  is  the  fecond 
court,    leading  to  the  temple,  and  in  extent  equalling  the  majefty 
of  the  edifice.      It  is  likewife  embelifhed  with  a  double  colonade  ; 
each  cc^umn  is  above   50  feet  high ;    18  in  circumference  at  the 

'bafe.  The  capitals  are  formed  like  vafes,  with  a  (quare  ftone  over 
each ;  probably  the  pedeftal  of  a  ftatue.  Two  vaft  Coloffal  figures, 
mutilated,  terminate  thefe  colonades :"  their  pedeftals  are  four 
feet  high,  fix  long:  the  pilafters  behind  them  are  adorned  with  hiero- 
glyphics.  *'Here  the  temple  appears  in  all  its  immenfity.  Its  walls 
are  marble.  Its  rbof,^  which  rifes  in  the  centre,  is  fuftained  by 
eighteen  rows  of  columns:  the  moft  lofty  are  eighty  feet  high,  thirty 
in  circumference.      The  others  are  a  third  lefs.'*     The  Univcrfal 

Hiftory 


Ghap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y*  493 

Hiftory  mentions  eighteen  rows,  one  way,  fixteen  thq  other;  the  two 
middle  rows  being  eleven  feet  in  diameter;  the  others,  eight.     **  Its 
fides  within  and  without  are  loaded  with  hieroglyphics.     On  the  ' 
northern  wall  baules  are  reprefented  with  horfes  and  chariots  :  one 
is  drawn  by  flags.      On  the  fouthern  are  two  barks  wi.th  canopies ; 
at  the  end  of  which  the  fun  appears  ;    the  mariners  guide  them  with 
poles :  two  men  feated  at  the  ftern  feem  to  give  command  and  to  re- 
ceive homage.     Thefe  are  allegories.     The  Egyptians  reprefent  Sol    M^crobias 
in  a  (hip,    condufited  by  Ofiris,    an^   kvcn  mariners  fignifying  the  and  Mart- 
planets. — -^Towards  Luxor  there  are  two  obelifks  fixty  feet  high, 
twenty-^one  in  circumference  at  the  bafe:  a  little  farther,  two  others 
arc  feventy-two  feet  high,  thirty  in  circumference;  each  of  a  fingle 
ftone  of  red  granite:  hieroglyphics  are  on  them  in  various  divifions." 
Pocock  adds  that  proceeding,  thro*  the  centre  of  the  edifice, towards 
the  eaft,  you  4:ome  to  a  fmall  granite  room,  with  a  room  on  each 
fide  :  and  all  along  on  each  fide  are  apartments,  but  in  iruins.     Some 
160  feet  eaftward  a  large  ftrufture  contained  feverar  apartments  on 
each  fide  of  a  colonade.     Farther  eaftward  are  figns  of  a  colonade; 
and  beyond  it,  the  grand  eaftern  gate.     Savary  fays,  eaftwardof  the 
temple  is  the  fanfluary.       The  gate  is  ornamented  with  columns ; 
three  of  which  are  grouped  under  one   capital  :    within  are  various 
apartments  of  granite.     Pocock  writes  that  to  the  north,  without  the 
inclofure,    a  grand  gate  ftands  before  ruins.- — — Savary  informs  us, 
**  Near  Luxor  are  avenues  and  remains  of  another  temple ;  tho* 
ruinous,  fpacious ;  as  are  its  courts ;  entered  by  porticoes  fupported 
by  columns  forty  feet  high,  befides  the  bafe.     Pyramidal  gates  full 
of  hieroglyphics,  and  marble  rows  of  ftatues  forty  feet  high,  declare 
the  magnificence  of  the  principal  edifice,  now  a  mountain  of  ruins. 
Add  to  thefe  two  obelifks,  each  a  fingle  block  of  granite  thirty-two 
feet   in  circumference;    feventy-two  high^  above  the  ground,  into 
which  they  are  partly  funk.    One  is  in  good  prefervation;  thehieco-r 
glyphics  in  columns  projed  an  inch  and  a  half. 


Savary  fays,  the  villages  of  G^urnou  and  Medinet  Abou,  where 

the 


49i  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  3, 

the  weftcrn  part  of  Thebes  once  flood,  are  furrounded  with  grand 
ruins.  A  league  to  the  weft  of  Gournou,  in  the  grottoes  named 
Biban  el  melouk,  gates  of  the  kings,  are  feen  the  tombs  of  the  an- 
cient monarchs,  at  the  foot  of  a  hill.     Diodorus  fays  their  original 

*  number  were  forty-feven  ;  of  which  feventeen  remained  in  the  time 
of  Lagus ;  but  thefe  were  ruinous  about  the  i8oth  Olympiad.  Sa- 
vary  tells  us  '^  Nine  only  can  be  entered  at  prefexit.  The  fubter- 
ranean  galleries  leading  to  them  are  ten  feet  high  and  wide.  The 
walls  anfd  roofs  cut  in  the  white  rock  prefcfve  a  brilliant  polifli.  At 
the  end  of  four  principal  alleys  longer  and  higher  than  the  reft  19  the 
door  of  a  large  hall,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  marble  tomb.  On 
the  top  of  it  a  figure  is  fculptured  in  baflb  relievo-,  another,  on  the 
wall,  holding  a  fceptre;  a  third,  on  the  ceiling,  bearing  a  fceptre, 
and  with  wings  defcending  to  his  heels.*'  Do  n6t  thef?  leprefent  a 
man  in  life,  on  his  legs ;  anon,  proftrate  in  death ;    then  prefently 

foaring  to  celeftial  regions. "  The  fecoiid  grotto,  fays  Savary,  is 

fpacious  and  much  decorated  :  on  the  cieling  are  numerous  golden 
ftars;  birds  painted  in  everlafting  colours:  hieroglyphics  in  columns 
cover  the  walls.    Two  men  fit  l>ende  the  gate,  the  paflage  to  wfc/cA 
h  a  kmg  gentk  declivity,     A  block  of  red  granite  fhcteen  fecc  fc^ 
ten  long,  fix  wide,  forms  th6  farcophagus  of  <he  king,  who  is  fculp- 
tured in  Baffo  Relievo  on  the  top  of  the  tomb,  and  furrounded  with 
a  hieroglyphical  infcription.       Niches  are  cut  in  the  rocL      Frag- 
ments atteft  that  tombs  haVe  been  removed  from  other  apartments. 
One  fine  grotto  contains  a  marble  ltd  ten  feet  long,  fix  wide.     In  the 
farther  part  of  the  moft  diftant  cavern  is  a  human  figure  in  Baffo 
Relievo,  with  arms  croffing  the  brcaft,  and  two  others  kneeling,  on 

•  each  fide.  Thefe  fuhterranean  apartments,  fays  Savary,  go  lar  nnder 
the  hills;  afmall  part  only  being  here  dtfcribed:  they  are  decorated 
with  marble  figures  of  men,  birds  and  various  animafls,  Jome  in 
relievo,  fome  excavated,  feme  painted  in  colours  indelible.*^  P«- 
cock  mentions  a  tomb  of  one  red  granite  ftone,  feven  feetnine  inches 
high,  eleven  feet  eight  inches  long,  above  liic  broad.  The  cover 
liad  the  figure  of  a  king  in  relievo^  and  a  hieroglyphical  infcription. 

AUi 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORIR  499 

Alfo  in  the  great  room,  a  man*s  ftatue  holding  a  fceptre,and  on  the 
ceiling  a  man  painted  with  a  fceptre,  and  wings  covering  him  to  his 
feet.  At  the  entrance,  on  each  fide  are  four  men  cut  in  ftone,  with 
heads  of  hawks  and  of  other  animals :.  on  the  infide  a  tortoife,  and 
a  man  with  a  goat's  head  are  cut  within  a  circle,  on  each  of  the 
pilafters. 


Ten  ftadia  from  thefe  fepulchrcs,  fays  Diodorus,  is  the  maufo- 
leum  of  king  O-fy-mandyas.  The- hall  next  to  the  entrance  was  of 
variegated  marble,  two-hundred  feet  long,  forty-five  cubits  high. 
Next,  was  a  quadrangular  piazza  of  four-hundred  feet  on  each  fide. 
Inftead  of  columns,  animals  fixteen  cubits  high,  all  of  a  fingle  ftone, 
fculptured  in  an  antique  ftiie,  fupported  the  ceiling  eight  cubits 
broad,  of  marble  flabs  decorated  with  ftars  on  an  azure  ground. 
Dire£lly  forward,  an  entrance  led  to  another  hall,  fimilar  to  the  firft, 
but  adorned  with  various  fculptures.  At  the  entrance  were  three 
ftatues  of  a  fingle  ftone,  by  Memnon  the  Syenite.  One  was  feated^ 
^nd  the  largeft  in  E^rypt.  His  foot  exceeded  feven  cubits  in  length. 
Of  ihe  other  two,  one  was  at  each  knee,  reprefenting  his  daughter 
and  (her)  mother.  The  merit  of  this  group  confifted  not  only  in  its 
magnitude,  but  in  the  excellence  of  the  ftone  and  of  the  artift,  being 
totally  free  from  flaw  or  blemifti*  The  infcription  was  to  this  efFefl, 
'•I  am  Ofymandyas,  king  of  kings;  whoever  would  know  my  fame 
and  my  tomb,  let  him  eclipfe  fome  of  my  exploits."  Another  ftatue 
was  there  of  his  mother,  apart,  twenty  cubits  high,  and  of  one  ftone* 
Three  queens  were  on  her  head,  implying  her  to  be  the  daughter, 

wife  and  mother  of  a  king.*' "Next  was  a  more  admirable  piazza; 

the  various  fculptures  of  which  reprefent  the  war  made  by  him  on 
the  rebellious  Baftrians,  with  400,000  foot,  and  20,000  horfe  (the 
number  mentioned  by  Homer)  in  four  divifions,  commanded  by  hi$ 
fons,  under  the  king ;  who  is  reprefcnted  as  befieging  a  fort,  fur- 
rounded  by  a-  river,  and  fighting  in  front,  feconded  by  a  furious 
lion;*'  which  feems  an  emblem  cither  of  courage  or  royalty.     His 

cavalry 


'4g6  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.. 

cavalry  and  the  Baftrian  war  denote  him  to  be  Sefoftris  -,  for  either 
he,  or  Orus  his  predeceflor,  fays  Dicearchus,  invented  horfeman- 
(hip.     The  figures  on  the  fecond  wall  allude  ftill  more  plainly  to 
Sefoftris :    they  were  captives  deprived  of  their  hands  and  genitak 
Such   reprefentations  of  His  effeminate  captives  arc  mentioned  by 
Diodorus,  and  were  feen  by  Herodotus.      *'  The  third   wall   con- 
tained  in  fculptures  and  paintings,  the  kings  triumphs  and  oblations. 
In  the  centre  of  the  piazza  ftood,    fub  dio,  an  altar  of  a  beainiful 
ilone,  admirable  for  its  fize  and  workmanfhip.     At  the  farther  wall 
were  two  ftatues  of  a  fingle  ftonc,  27  cubits  high,  tho*  feated.   Near 
thefe  were  three  entrances;  and  beyond,  an  edifice  200  feet  long  on 
each  fide,    and  elevated  on  columns,  like  a  theatre    of  niufic.      It 
was  a  court  of  juftice.  The  pleaders  and  clients  were  charaSeriJlically 
of  wood.     The  chief  judge  amidft  30  of  his  fraternity  was  fculptured 
on  a  wall,  with  feveral  books  at  hand,  and  the  picture  of  truth  pen- 
dent at  bis  neck,  having  its  eyes  (hut  as  blind  to  corruption,  and  re- 
fpeftingonly  (its  own  internal)  veracity.     Farther  on  was  a  parade,* 
furrounded  with  various  edifices,  in  which  all  kindsof  delicate  viands 
were  reprefented.       Next  appears  the  king  in  excellent   fculpture, 
painted  in  glowing  colours,  making  an  oblation  to  God  of  goW  W 
filver,  out  of  the  annual  produce  of  the  Egyptian  mines  :     wh'\t\\aa 
infcription  announced  to  be  on  an  average  32,ooo,oooMinas  of  filver. 
After  this  was  the  facred  Library  infcribed.  The  difpenfatory  of  the 
mind.     Contiguous  were  the  idols  of  all  the  Egyptian  Gods,  the  king 
paying  to  each  fuitablc  oblations,  in  teftimony,  to  O^m  and  to  his 
affenTors,  of  his  piety  and  juftice.     Adjoining  alfo  to  the  library  ftood 
a  handfome  edifice,     containing  twenty  banqueting  couches;  alfo 
the  ftatues  of  Jove,   Juno  and  the  king:  his  corpfe  in  all  probability 
beinghere  repofited.  Many  edifices  around  contained  elegant  piftures 
of  the  confccrated  animals.     Hence  was  the  afcent  to  the  fepulchrc 
His  monument  was  environed  with  a  circle  of  gold,  a  cubit  thick,  and 
365  in  circumference;    one  for  each  day  in  a  year,  having  the  re- 
fpeftive  rifings  and   fettings  of  the  ftars  noted  upon  it."     This  was 

tl^eiryear,  before  the  introduaion  of  the  Sothiac  period;  which,  as 

CenforinuS 


^ 


Chap.  8.)  P  R  I^M  I  T  I V  E     HISTORY.  496,* 

Cenforinus  fhews,  was  1322  years  before  the  Chriftian  era,  about 
the  reign  of  Amenophis  grandfon  of  Sefoftris,  and  (as  I  think)  the 
Egyptian  Memnon  :  who  as  Strabo  fays  was  entombed  in  a  pyramid 
near  the  labyrinth.  The  worfhip  paid  by  the  founder  of  Memno- 
nium  to  all  the  Egyptian  Gods  fhews  him  to  be  Sefoftris,  who  built 
temples  in  each  city  to  the  Gods  that  patronized  it.  This  was 
done  before  Jofeph's  miniftry;  as  he  would  have  inculcated  a  truer 
theology. 


Savary  informs  us,  ihefe  remains  at e  heapt  togethef  near  Medinct 
Abou,  the  city  of  the  father-,  agreeable  to  which  the  Itinerary  fays 
*^  Memnoniura  was  called  Papa/*  Ptolemy's  Pampane.  Their  cir- 
cumference is  about  half  a  league.  Amidft  the  ruins,  forae  pyra- 
midal gates  ftill  rear  their  heads ;  and  numerous  Coloflal  figures, 
tho'  mutilated,  ftill  (ubfift.  The  neareft  to  the  ruins  is  of  yellow 
marble,  and  funk,  a  third  of  its  height,  in  the  earth.  On  a  line 
■with  this  is  another  of  fpotted  marble,  black  and  white,  thirty  feet 
Jong  with  hieroglyphics  on  its  back.  The  intermediate  ground  is 
ftrewed  with  broken  columns  and  ftatues  denoting  the  arrangement 
of  the  veftibules  or  halls.  Beyond  are  two  Coloffal  ftatues  quite  dif- 
figured.  One  hundred  fathom  farther  are  two,  gigantic,  feated  be- 
fidc  each  other.  Their  pedeftals  of  granite  are  thirty  feet  long, 
eighteen  wide.  The  leaft,  or  fingle,  ftatue  is  of  one  ftone.  The 
largeft  is  formed  of  five  pieces  of  granite,  and  broken  thro*  the  middle. 
This  is  OSYMANDYAS :  for  two  adjacent  figures  reach  the  length 
of  his  legs;  and  are  of  one  ftone  with  the  lower  part  of  the  great 
figure,    wbofe  foot  is  eleven  feet  in  lengtd.     This   is  the  ftatue, 

Rr  r  ♦  whofc 


496,b  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

\i^hofe  upper  part  was  thrown  down,  as  Strabo  was  told,  by  an  earth* 
quake  :  the  lower,  at  funrife^  uttered  a  found;  which  Strabo  heard^ 
tho*  ignorant  whence  it  proceeded.  A  croud  of  Greek  and  Latin 
infcriptions  ftill  legible  on  the  ftatue's  legs  and  bafe  atteft,that  princes, 
generals,  governors  and  other  men  of  note  have  heard  this  extraor- 
dinary found.  Clement  of  Alexandria  fays  this  ftatue,  which  was 
that  of  Ofiris  who  was  Apis,  that  is  Mifor  or  M^nes  was  of  faSiitious 
oiateriaU  and  of  an  azure  colour. 


Bochart  fays,  Ptolen^y's  inland  town  of  Tathyris  is  Pathyris;  and 

its  Nome,  the  Phaturite,  as  we  (houid  read  Pliny.— —Armant    is  a 

village  fouth  of  Memnonium,  at  the  foot  of  an  eminence,  on  which 

arie  the  ruin<;  of  Hermunthis,  the  capital  of  a  Nome.     Strs^  fays, 

here  Apollo  and  Jove  had  particular  wor(hip„  and  an  ox  was  religi* 

0iHIy  entertained^     S^tvary  fays,  Apollo's  temple  isfmati  and  in  good 

f>refervatiofi,  its  wall^  a^  c  of  granite.     A  frize,  with  hawks,  furroundt 

It.     The  platibiTiiiQ  has  (lairs  cut  in  one  fide:  hieroglypbics  adora it 

'  ievery  where::  four  rows  of  hunw  figures  are  fculpturcd  withouis 

4iree,  witbicu    The  edifice  is  divided  into  (everal  aparunenu.  Fin 

tfalcons  with  expanded  wings  dec^aie  ^beiceiling  of  the  firft:  golden 

Aars  %\mtr  on  jthe  riO^  of  the  fecond.     In  this  are  two  rams  frontmg 

each  other,  wiUi  tJer<>glypbKcs  Hrcfully  fcvllHWtrod  ;    hence  it  feemft 

to  be  AmmoD*s  te«iple  j    alfo  from  two  mwble  oxen,  at  At  ^sttre- 

opnity  of  this  apartronent :    round  it  are  wnnen  fuckling  infaots.    A 

lugt  i^difice,  the  ifoundftuon  of  whii^b  :onl.y  j'einaiiia^and  .vhidbjpn^ 

ll>ably  was  itbe  temple  itfelf)  fronts  ibis  fuppofed  tepplej  w^'oti  iM«M 

to  be  the  jfan:ftu»ry.     iBeyond  k  a  refcrvoir  .for  waters  .•of  ibe  Niif. 

jRariher  on  the  fiver  •hanlt  is  an  edifiee,  probably  AjkiW^s  ^Mn^k, 

^ow  a  Cbriftian  church.     Plaifter^  on  w^ich  are  painted  croflfes,  hide 

hieroglyphics 


Chap.  3')  FRiMlTlVE    HISTORY.  496,0 

bteroglyphics  and  ihfcHptions.— Proceeding  fouthward,  fays  vSavary, 
we  pafs  two  hilh,  near  Gebelein,  andfoon  difcovered  Asfoun,  ncaif 
the  ruins  of  Aphroditopolis. 


Next,  Abulfeda  fays,  Efna  is  built  on  the  weftern  bank  of  the 
Nile,  between  Affouan  and  Cous^  neareft  this  lafL  Efna  is  the  an* 
cient  Latopolis  of  Thebais,  where  Minerva  and  the  fifh  Latus  were 
adored,  as  Strabo  writes.  Savary  tells  us,  it  has  an  ancient  temple 
with  thick  walls  on  three  fides.  Six  large  fluted  columns,  having 
capitals  ornamenled  with  palm-leaves,  (land  in  front:  eighteen  others 
fupportthe.  roof  compofed  of  huge  marble  flabs.  A  frieze  goes  round 
thcedificei  and  innumerable  hieroglyphics  adorn  the  outfide.  Thofc 
within  are  executed  with  moll  nicety. — On  the  walls  of  a  temple,  a 
league  weft  of  Efna,  a  woman  feated  is  fculptured  in  maay  places. 
This  probably  was  Minerva's  temple.  The  capitals  of  the  columns 
are  adorned  with  foliage  refembling  the  Acanthus  of  the  Corinthian 
order;  but  without  projeding  fo  much,  being fometines  only  (ketched.. 
Various  animals  painted  on  the  ceiling  retain  the  brightnefs  of 
t|ie  colours  {  which  tho'  brilliant,  are  uniform,  as  if  the  art  of 
Shading  was  unknown.  Strabo  next  mentions  Ilethya,  Lucina's 
t\iy  and  its  temple;  this  is  Pliny's  Leucothea.  This  town  is  named 
f^lfo  .ipy  Ptolemy  and  Plutarch,  who  (after  Manetho)  fays  red  haired 
men  were  facrificed  there  alive,  and  called  Typhonians.  Theo- 
critus and  Diodorus  call  this  Goddefs  Ilethya*  In  this  vicinage 
i^ere  Xuphium,  Cnubis,  Ombroi,  and  Toum  an*  inland  town.  On 
ibe  eaft  fide  of  the  Nile  was  the  city  of  Hawks,  where  that  bird  was 
revered.  The  inhabitants  of  great  ApoUinopolis  (the  head  of  a 
Nome,  in  Pliny )on  the  bppofite  bank  were  foes  to  Crocodiles.  Here 
now  is  the  village  of  Edfoo.     An  antique  temple  here  is  full  of 

R  r  r  2  *  hieroglyphics. 


-  k 


496,  d  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

hieroglyphics,  efpecially  of  men  with  heads  of  falcons.      Ptolemy 
here  names  an  inland  town  Phthpnthis  ;    and  Pliny,  the   Phatnite 
Nome,  a  name  of  one  mouth  of  the  Nile.     Savary  fays  the  bed  of 
the  river,  inclofed  here  between  prominent  rocks,  is  only  50  toifei 
wide.  The  weftern  rocks  are  heWn  into  grottoes.     Columns,  pilafters 
and  hieroglyphics  are  frequent  here;  and  a  chapei  cut  into  the  ftone. 
Eaftward  from  the  Nile  is  Coum  Ombo,  at  the  foot  of  which  moun« 
tain  are  the  ruins  of  a  temple  that  afcertain  the  fite  ^f  Ombos,  the 
capital  of  a  Nome,  where  the  crocodile  was  in  high  honour. — An- 
cient Syene  fronts  the  ifland  of  Elephantina  (half  a  league  long,  fayj 
Savary-,  a  quarter,  broad);  a  fmall  town  there  had  a  temple  of  Cneph 
or  Cnuphis,  and  a  cylindrical  nilometer  of  ftone,  in  which  the  NiJe 
rofe,  and  lines  denoted  its  height.     Savary  fays,  near  a  village  in 
Elephantina  is  a  ftately  gate  of  granite,  belonging  to  Cneph's  temple^ 
pf  which  a  building,furrounded  with  thick  walls^m^de  a  part,    fhny 
fcts  Elephantis  16  miles  above  Syene,   deeming  it  the  end  of  Egyp- 
tian navigation.     Syene  was  under  the  Tropic  :  a  well  funk  there 
markt  the  fummcr  folftice,  the  vertical  fun  being  at  noon  normal  to 
its  profound  bottom.     The  remains  of  Syene  are  on  an  eminence 
fouth  of  Aflbuan.     Columns  of  granite  fcattered  here  and  there  dc^    • 
note  its  (ite.     Here  is  an  ancient  edifice  with  apertures  at  the  top,  and 
windows  facing  the  eaft.     Weftward  from  Aflbuan  a  road  is  cur  tbro* 
the  mountain,  in  the  fides  of  which  are  immenfe  quarries  of  granite. 
Pocock.  obfervcd  unfinifhed  columns  and  obelilks.      This  road  led 
towards   Philse,  an  ifland  half  a  league  in  circumference.     Below   • 
Elephantina  a  rock  forms  a  fmall  cataraQ;  which  however  boats  pa(i 
on  each  fide.     Above  is  the  ifle  of  Philap,  having  a  fmalJ  town,  like 
Elephantina.     It  contains  temples  (fays  StraboJ  in  which  the  Ethi- 
opian 


Chap.  3.)  PRIMITIVE    HlSTOHY;  4&M 

opian  fpecies  of  hawks  arefaCred^  Ptolemy  names  Hicra  Sycaminos 
hereabouts,  probably  the  town  in  Phila; ;  which  ifle  tontains  two 
magnificent  templeU  ;  the  largeft  of  which  has  courts  adorned  with 
colonades.  The  entrance  of  the  firft  is  thro'  a  pyramidal  gate,  with 
an  obelifk  on  each  fide.  The  temple  has  feveral  apartments.  Its 
marble  walls  prefent  rows  of  hieroglyphics^  among  which  is  the  facred 
hawk.  Eaft  of  this  edifice  is  another  in  form  of  a  parellelloijram 
open  on  all  fides:  the  capitals  of  the  columns  fupporting  its  roof  are 
well  fculpturcd. 


Thus  have  I  finiOied  ray  account  of  the  ancient  towns,  temples^ 
palaces  and  mauloleums  of  Egypt,  as  recorded  in  ancient  hiftorians; 
and  of  their  prefent  ruins  and  remains,  never  to  be  feen  or  heard  of 
but  with  the  higheft  admiration. 


The  Egyptian  Nomes  wefe  at  firft  twerity-feven  :  hence  middle 
Egypt  was  Called  Heptanomis;  Strabo  fays  the  Delta  contained  ten; 
tho*  he  Yiames  more,  yet  includes  the  Scthroite  Nome  in  the  ten; 
and  authors  fay  the  nUmbct  wis  augmented  to'thirly-fixl '  Indecrf 
writers  name  above  forty  •  and  MaHham  well  obferves  that  the  lC<a-' 
cedoniahs  alteired  the  name^  and  limitis  of  the  Nomes,  ind  fahdU 
vided  them  into  new  Prefeftures.  I  think  thofe  in  Hi^rodotus  are 
ancient  Nomes  :  yet  he  mentions  more  than  ten  in  the  Delta,  as  he 
wrote  after  the  whole  number  was  augmented  to  thirty.fix.^— — The 
chief  reafon  of  fubdividing  and  otherwife  altering  the  Nomes  arofc 

Ifom 


i^f  /PRIMITIVE.    HISTORTf.  (Bookg. 

from  n€W  eanah  producing  new  boundarres  ;  Und,  in  times  of  in« 
ttndation  obftro£ling  perfons  in  their  attesdahce  at  their  old  provin- 
cial courts,  and  rendering  other$:more  convinient,or  new  guilds  re« 

quifite. To  this  natural  reafon  a  political  one  gave    additioni^ 

weight:  by  making  two  Nom^s  of  one,  their  confequence  was  du 
miniihed;  their  «liflent  to  a  national  meafure  became  of  lefs  iiii- 
portance. 


Diodorot  The  kings  of  Egypt  Tuled  the  people,  and  condufted  themrdveis 

wid         according  to  eftablifhed  laws.     At  their  deatl\s,  like  their  ftibjeQs, 

thcit  vices  as  well  as  virtues,  were' publicly  difcuOed  before  judges; 

hencemany  of  them  were  debarred  from  a  honourable  hmeral :  thi^ 

had  a  due  efftGi  on  the  fucceding  prince.     In  Ireland  the  Craobh 

charader  was  employed  to  record  fuch  matters. Of  the  landsp 

one  portion  was  for  the  priefts,  who  were  next  in  dignity  to  the 
king.  The  fovereign  had  a  portion  towards  the  civil  lift.  The 
third  belonged  to  the  military,  who  confifted  of  two  bodies  rai/W 
in  diflferent  diftrids;  the  Hermotybians  amounted  to  i6o,oooincai 
the  Calafirians  (fo  called  from  a  linnen  garb)  were  250^000.  £ac\i 
had  twelve  Aroursc  of  land.  An  Aroura  is  the  fquare  of  one  hundred 
€ubit3»  The  Plebeians  confifted  of  hufbandmen,  paftors,  and  arti- 
ficers, who  like  the  Scotch  Highlanders  invariabiy  educated  their 
progeny  in  their  refpeftive  profeffionsi  tho' all  denizens  were  equally 
Aoble.    Youth  were  taught  lo, revere  age,  as  at  Sparta  •,  alfo  to  live 

abftemioufly^ 


Chap.  3^  PJtJIyllTIVE     HISTORY.  49(^1 

tbftemioufly  s  indeed  abftinence  was  ^iccounted  the  bed  pb^q^  the 
cfFeSs  of  which  ^leyloiRptifne*  forwarded  by  emetics.  They  ufe4 
circumcifion  at  the  age  of  fourteen.  At  entertainments  a  corpT^ 
fometimes  produced  in  reality^  fometimes  in  effigy,  hinted  thip 
leQure,  Live  to-^day^  to-morrow  die.  As  they  held  a  tranfmigratioq 
of  the  foul  during  three  thoufand  years^  till  its  return  .to  the  firft  body^ 
they  jcarefully  embalmed  thi$  s^ccording  to  their  ability.  Some  em* 
ployed  an  anatomlft  to  diflPed:  the  belly  with  an  Ethiopian  (lone:  thij 
office  was  So  execrable  that  the  operator  always  fled  inftantaneoufly. 
Yet  embalraers  were  in  high  repute.  Thefe  extraded  the  brain  with 
a  crooked  inftrument  introduced  thro'  the  nofe.  Next^  4;hey  took 
out  the  inteftines  except  the  heart  and  kidneys  ;  and«  aa  Plutarch 
writes,  committed  them  to  the  Nile :  but  Herodotus  and  Diodprui 
inform  us^  they  were  \va(bed  with  Palm  wine,  and  embalmed.  Tht 
body  was  anointed  with  oil  of  Cedar,  and  other  unguents  daily  Cor  A 
month;  then  it  was  rubbed  with  Myrrh,  Cinnamon,  ami  odber  9Xf>!f 
matics,  that  perfeBly  preferred  the  features  and  hair.  Hcrodottti 
fays,  they  filled  the  confe  with  pounded  Myrrb^  Caffia^  and  ocber 
Perfumes,  except  Frankincenfe.;  and  covered  it  with  NaIdc  IbiDe* 
times  feveniy  days,  but  never  longer :  then  they  4aved  it,  bound 
k.  Tound  with  rfiljoen  £)lets,  and  oveofpread  it  with  ^um.  Inordi^t 
iM|iy  they.  inje£)e^  oil  of  Cedar,.  aAd  laid  tbe,<:Q£p{e  in  Nitre4uiJog 
k^tMy  days  :  !  ihe  Ovt  and  Niti^  ieaiifum\ng  die!  entraiU  and  iflefii^ 
left  oiily  the  (kin  on  the  (keleton.  Jacob's  embalment  continued 
forty  days  j  the  mourning  feventy  ;  befides  a  week  afterwards  in 
Canaan.       Shaw  remarks  that  the  Mummies  ftand  in  an  upright 

portion. 

-<n\      -  ■    .-•'-..    ,    .^'  'Thirty 


IgS^i  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y. 

Platarch.       Thirty  of  the  moft  fage  perfons  in  the  realm  were   felefted  for 
judges;  one  of  whom  was  conflituted  prefident.     At  his  neck  hung 
by  a  chain  of  gold  a  jewel  called  Verity.     They  were  fworn   to  pre- 
fer juftice  even  to  the  king's  command.     The  eight  books  of  Laws 
were  produced..     Both  parties  were  allowed  to  plead  twice  in  writ- 
ing:   then  the  prcfident  prefented  the  reprefentaiion  of  Verily  to- 
ward^  the  party  adjudged  to  be  in  the  right.      Perjury,     murder* 
military   cowardice  or   difobediencey  and  wilful  negleft  to  defend 
another's  life^  were  punifhed  with;  death  \  alfo  thofe  who   followed 
an  illegal,  or  did  not   avow  their  true>  vocation.     Parricides  were 
cut  in  pieces  and  afterwards  burnt :  but  fathers  who  murdered  their 
children  were  only  bound  to  embrace  the  corpfe  during  three  days. 
Pregnant  culprits  were  refpited  till  delivery.     Falfe  accufers  fuf- 
fercd  the    evil  they  intended  for  the  innocent.     Miliury    trajtors 
forfeited  their  tongue.      Coiners  and  clippers,  both  hand&.       Rape 
incurred  caftration.  Adulteryentitled  the  man  to  one  thoufandftripcs; 
the  wom^n  to  lofe  her  nofe.     Priefts  could  marry  but  once  :  but  no 
child  was'held  illegitimate.     Thieves,  on  difcovery  to  the  Hierarcb, 
•    had  a:  quarter  in  value  of  the  booty.     For  want  of  other  evidence  a 
creditor's  oath  afcertained  debts  ;    but  the  body  was  exempt  fhm 
arreft;  tho'  aperfon  could  pawn  his  father's  corpfe,  and  be  by  At\A 
debarred  from  burial ;    a  law  that  in  Wales  is  by  the  vulgar  fup- 
poled  in  force  at  this  day.      Ufury  could  not  exceed  thepWiicipai 
fum.  .  «        . 


Bulls,   goata,  cats,    dogs,  wolvei,  river-horfe9t    lions,   eagles, 

hawksi 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  497 

hawks,  the  ibis,  crocodiles-,  fome  forts  of  fifh,  ichneumons,  afps, 
beetles,  were  all  held  facred,  partly  for  their  ufe,  partly  as  fymbols: 
thus  a  cat  was  Luna's  fymbol,  owing  to  its  nofturnal  perfpicuity. 
Beans,  leeks,  onions,  lentils  were  thro*  religious  injunSions  never 
taded.  Saint  Jerom  on  Ifaiah  13.  46.  mentions  the  Crepitus  Ventris 
as  facred  at  Pelufium.  The  bull  Apis  required  a  white  fquare  in 
his  forehead,  the  fimilitude  of  a  white  eagle  on  his  back,  and  of  a 
beetle  under  his  tongue:  blifters  and  cauftics  could  efFeO:  this.  To 
this  divine  BulLthey  facrificed  others  perfeftly  white:  his  funeral 
was  performed  with  great  cetemony.  Herodotus  calls  this  Apis  a  3,  28. 
calf.  A  heifer,  1  K.  12.  28.  reprefenied  the  Goddefs  Baal;  fo 
Apuleius  calls  Bos,  Deae  Matris  Simulachrurtfi:  and  her  name  being 
N^cith,  hence  the  Neton  of  Macrobius  and  the  Englifh  Neat;  her 
Pricfts  in  Proclas  are,  according  to  Bryant,  UctTu^veir. 

Pcucer  afTerts  that  there  were   666  different  forts  of  oblations  in 
Egypt.  To  Ifis  a  bullock  at  Biifiris  was  facrificed  with  great  folem- 
nity.     To  Jupiter  at  Thebes,  a  ram,  the*  .flieep  were  venerated  by  Elian  * 
his  votaries,  who  facrificed  goat5,  held  facred  by  theMendefian  vo-  Animal, 
taries  of  Pan.     Swine  were  facrificed  to  the  full  moon;  to  Bacchus,       * 
a  hog;  women  bearing  in  proceffion  a  moft  mafculine  P^fiapus,  and 
finging  to  a  flute.     At  Momemphis,  Apbroditopolis   and   Chufa,  a 
cow  was  held  facred.  Sol  was  adored  at  Heliopolis:  Latona,at  Butis: 
Diana,  mugnificiently  at  Bubaftis:  Minerva,  thro*  all  Egypt,  particu- 
larly at  Sais,  with  burning  lamps.  Mars,  at  Papramis,  was  honoured 
in  charafter  with  an  obftinate  combat  between  his  priefts  and  vota-  Porphry 
'fies.     Red-haired  men  were  facrificed  to  Typhon  at  Bufiris,    Aba-  >^epiu4s. 
ris,  Heliopolis  and  Idithya.       Yet  there  are  thofe  who  decry  the 
Meffiah's  advent  to  effeft  a  reformation  of  manners  civil  and  religi- 
ous: as  if  brutal  bloodOied  was  more  ornamental  to    mankind  than 
god-like  peace  and  heaven-born  amity:*  but  fuch  martial  fpirits  had 
better  adventure  their  fcalps  in  the  internal  regions  of  North  Ame- 
rica: than  endeavour  to  inflame  any  chrifl:ian  powers,  whofe  felf- 
intereft  is  apt  enough  to  ftimula.e  them    to  the  horrid  deeds  of  war, 
without  the  inftigation  of  writ*?rs,  who  to  pretences  of  valour  deli- 

S  f  5  berately 


p^RjM'iTiyi;-  Hi3T<>Ryt 


(Book  9 


beratcly  facnlico  their  humanity  ^  But  when  thpy  voulcl  hav?  this  to 
tc  belieyedA  fpirit,  Acy  fhould  fcripufly.reflfft  that  it  is  a  fpirit 
abfolutely  inhuman  and  .diabolical.  Nothing  can  juftify  thq  horrors 
of  war  but  nwclfity;  and  .this  commpniy  arifes  from  anill  reguUtcd 
conftitutipn,  which  knavs  not  how,  to  employ,  the  increafing  people, 
in  peawble  and  raeritpripus  vocations,  Whilft  there  is  jpom  for 
iWJlage,  and  fifherie*,  demand  filhers;  whilft  high  roads,  ^nd  canals 
require  labourers  CO, expedite  commerceand  open  new  prorpeClsj 
t&ewjis  nopc^alipn.itpjmiijdcr  mapkind  on  account  of  a  .fiippofed 
r#4ii»dwcyv. 


BRJMITIVE 


^PRIMITIVE    HISTORY 

IB  O  0  K    III.  C  H  A  P.  IV. 

C    O    i^    T    E    N    T  ^S. 


^An  Account  of  the  old  Egyptiait  Chronicle.  Obfervations-on  this  CknCm 
nick.  Maneth'o^s  Dynajlies  ^nd  Panodorus.-  \ThtjirJi  Kings  tf  The^ 
hah  from  'I>ratoJlhenes.^TMi(metho^s^  Two'firfi^omts  of  DynaJUcsfror^ 
A/ricanus  and  Eufebius;  wilh  Remarks:  The.ifthand  iZth  Dynajiies 
are  alfo  from^ofephus.  ^A  new^Arrangement  of  the  ,  i%th  Dynajiy^ 
ccmfonant  to  the  Number  of  reigns  in  the  old  Chronicle^  andrto  a  Hint 
in  Syncelliis.  A  corredled  Table  of  tht  old  Chronicle.  ^Manetho*s 
Fifteen  fucce£ive  Dynajiies  iield.1%%  I  Years;  the  Years  of  the  Colla^ 
icral  are  1674  ;  total^  3555*  ^'AJhort  chronologicaV^Table from 
the  fir  ft  Settlement  of  Egypt  to  the  Trojan  War.  An  Arrangement 
of  the  Dynaftirs'  down  to  that  War^  and  tothe'Exod^  in  five  coll^fterat 
Columns. 


'ffT^  G  Y  P  T  is  called  in  facred  writ  the  land  of  Mifraim.>  artd  the 

'-■^    land  of  Ham  :  and  in  Plutarch,  Chemia:  in  Stephanus,  Her- 

-  Tno-chemia:  and  Bryant  interprets  its  name   Aetia^from  Ait,  hea^t, 

•'  which  is  Cham :  Stephalnus  kitefprets  Ait,  Sol:  Riohardfon-fays  that 

Ait  is  a  wonder  ;  "^this  fuits  Egypt,  that  land  of  wonders  :  -  which^s 

Jerom  fays  was  called  Ham  in   his  days.     Yet  the  old  Egyptian 

chronicle  in  Syncellus  mentions  the  Auritae  (derived  by  fomc  from 

•  the  Hebrew  .4wr,  light)  prior  to  the  Meftreans.     Thefe  Auritae,   or 

rather  Avritse,  inhabitants  of  Avaris,  were  the  IJycfi/iwho  invaded 

Egypt  before  the  Meftreans  o/'M^wj^A^s  reigned  in  the  lower  Egypt; 

what  time  fome  few  Egyptians  began  to  occupy  the  emerging  regions 

in  and  about  the  Delta  :    that  is  (as  appears  from  Manetho's  i6(h 

Dynafty  in  Eufebius,  and  the  period  of  the  fame-Dynafty  in  the  old 

S  ffji  .chronicle) 


500 


ii 


PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3 

chronicle)  when  the  Theban  kings, had  enjoyed  the  fovereigrity  of 
what  was  then  Egypt  190  years.     Thus  Herodotus  2.  15.  and  ArU 
ftotle  fay  that  "Egypt  was  anciently  called  Thebes;* *  as  that  fouthern 
divifion  of  Egypt,  which  was  at  firft  the  whole  of  that  country  free 
from  water,  was   long   called  Thebajs  :  Herodotus   and   Hecateus 
ftile  the  lower  Egypt  an  acquifition  from  the  fea,  and  a  gift  of  the 
Nile.     Thebais  was  deemed  part  of  Ethiopia,  "  whence  Ofiris  (fays 
Diodorus)  is  faid  to  have  led  a  colony  to  Egypt  ;•*  which   about 
Memphis  was  at  firft  under  water.— Conftantine  Manafles  fays  **  the- 
Egyptian  empire  lafted  1663  years,  till  its  fubverfion  by  Carabyfes," 
525  years  before  the  Chriftian  era.     It  therefore  commenced  about 
160  years  after  the  flood:  and  the  incurfion  of  the  Hycfi  was  about 
350  years  after  the  flood.     They  kept  pofleflion  of  Egypt,  as  high 
as  the  Heptanomis,  till  the  Titans  (above  five  centuries  afterwards) 
finally  expelled  them  ;  after  having  abridged  their  power  about  180 
years  during  the  firft  part  of  the  18th  Dynafty  :    which,  a5  Jofephus 
writes,  lafted  393  years,    a  period  alferted  by  Syncellus  to  be  too 
long  by  two  years.  Tmofis,the  8th  as  well  as  sd  king  of  that  Dynafty 
efFcfted  their  expulfion. 

The  old  chronicle  expreft  not  the  length  of  Vulcan's  reign  ;  fox 
Vulcan  hioifelf,  who  was  Ham,  was  no  king  there,  tho'  a  God. 
But  it  affigned  to  Sol  30,000  years  ;  which  if  days,  equal  82  years. 
Not  greatly  difToaant  from  which  Syncellus  fays  that  Sol  reigned  86 
years  of  365  days ;  but  that  the  period  of  9000  years,  affigned  to 
Vulcan,was  reputed  lunar.  Saturn  and  the  reft  of  the  i2Gods  (which 
number  proves  the  chronicle  to  be  modern,  as  the  moft  ancient  Gods 
of  Egypt  were  eight;  and  the  Titan  Saturn  was  a  late  Egyptian  God; 
their  firft  Saturn  mentioned  byEupolemus  being  Ham,  who  was  their 

Vulcan)  reigned  3984  years  :  which,  if  lunar,  equal  32a  folar. 

Eight  Demi*gods  reigned  217  years, The  15  generations  of  the 

Cynic  circle  (that  is  the  15  firft  Dynafties  of  this  chronicle)  reigned 
443  y^^r$.  I  take  thefe  Gods  to  be  the  firft  and  fecond  clafs  in 
Herodotus,  felefled  for  their  merit  out  of  the  general  table  of  kings, 
partly  before  the  Hycfi,  partly  after  therii;    the  Demi.gods  to  be 

princes 


Chap.4-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  501 

princes  of  fecondary  merit  feleded  out  of  the  18th  DyAafty :  and 
the  Cynic  circle  to  be  the  period  of  the  Hycfi  according  to  this 
chronologer;  who  counts  it  from  the  commencement  of  the  17th 
Dynafty  till  their  expulfion  ;  and  that  the  whole  is  allegorically  ap- 
plied to  compleat  their  great  aftronomical  period.  But  the  Cynic 
circle  may  be  the  Macedonian,  Perfian  and  4  Ethiopian  kings  ;  fee 
Diodorus.     The  Cynic  circle  is  poftp5ned  to  the  Demi-gods,  as  of 

infe/-iour  dignity. Eufebius  fays,  Manetho  explained  at  large  the  prcp.*.  2. 

phyfical  charafters  of  the  12  Gods;  as  that  Jupiter  was  Ether,  Pallas, 
air.     But  as  deified  mortals  Herodotus  names  fome  of  the  primitive 
Gods  of  Egypt;  who  from  8  were  augmented  to  12.     Befides  which, 
the  Ofiris  who  was  Dionyfius  was  of  a  third  clafs,  and  his  fon  Orus 
was,  as  Diodorus  Siculus  relates,  the  laft  of  thefe.     Among  the  8 
primitive  Herodotus  counts  Vulcan,  Pan  and  Sol ;  alfo  Latona :  but 
if  fo,  the  Titan  Latona  known  to  Tityus,  was  only  a  copy  of  an  an- 
cient one  the  mother  of  Mifor  and  his  confort,  the  primitive  Ofiris 
and  Ifis  of  Egypt.     Plato  names   Theuth.     Varro  mentions  Muth. 
Sanchoniatho  and  Damafcius  mention  Ifmumts.  Therefore  if  Oceanus 
and  Tethys  (who  are  Noah  and  his  confort)  are  not  Gods  peculiar 
to  Egypt,  their  8  Gods  were  thefe.     Vulcan  or  Ham  and  his  wife  the 
eldeft  Thebe  or  Latona-,  Mifor,  Mendes  or  Pan,  and  his  wife  Thebe, 
Ifis  or  Chamyna  ;  Soh,  TheiUh;  Muth;  Ifmunus.     After  the  expulfion 
of  the  Hycfi,  the  Egyptian  Hercules  was  added  to  the  Gods,  and 
doubtlefs  Ammon  and  Rhea,  and  probably  Saturn.     The  third  clafs 
were   Nitocris  or  Ceres,    Dionyfius,  Diana,  Orus;    thefe  were  the 
principal  Demi-gods :    to  them  add  Amenophis  or  Bel  us,    Achen- 
cheres  and  Rathofis  children  of  Orus,  and  Sefoflris.  After  him  were 
the  Pir-omi  or  noble  men  :  from  Ow  comes  Homo,  and  Delia  Valle  Hcrodot. 
fays  Pir  in  the   Eafl  is  venerable;   in  Welfh  it  fignifies  probus. 
The  facred  beds  at  Memnonium  prove  that  the  Egyptian  Deities 
were  twenty  •,    alfo  that  this  palace  was  built  fubfequent  to  the  laft 
of  them. 


The  16th  Dynafty  in  the  chronicle  (that  is,  the  firft  of  the  fuc- 

cefllve  Dynafties)  were  eight  Thinites;  that  is,  princes  of  theTheban 

line. 


b 


got  >  R  I  M  IT  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y-  (Book  3. 

lihe,  counted  by  Eufebius  5 ;  who  reigned  190  years;  as  the  firft 
five  kings  did  at  Thebes.  Yet  the  Hyt&  did  not  reign  till  the  end 
of  the  firft  Dynafty  of  This.  The  17th  Dynafty  of  the  chronicle,  4 
Memphites,  reigned  103  years  ;  Eufebius  feys  4  reigned  106  years: 
Jofephus  affighs  a  much  lortger  period.  Inftead  of  Apachnas  and 
and  Staan,  the  3d  and  5th  in  Jofephus,  and  the  3d  and  4th  in  Afri- 
canus,  Eufebius  names  for  his  3d  and  4th  Aphophis  and  Archies, 
who  feem  to  be  Saturn  and  the  Egyptian  fitercules;  thcfe  are  the 
6th  and  5th  of  Africahus,  arid  the  4th  and'6th  of  Jofephus.  It  ap- 
pears by  the  length  of  reigns  in  Jofephus  that  Africanus  tranfpofed 
the  names  of  his  two  Idil :  and  it  appears  that  Jofephus' tranipofed 
his  4th  and  5th.  But  more  than  all  it  appears  that  only  the  two  firft 
Paftor  kings  had  quiet  pofleffion  of  the  regal  dignity:  the  other  four 
feem  not  to  have  enjoyed  power  uninterruptedly ;  fomqtimes  one 
being  fiipreme,  fonietimes  another ;  hence  Eufebius  and  the  chro- 
nicle have  only  two  kings  inftead  of  the  four  laft  of  Africanus  and 
Jofephus.  I  compute  this  to  be  the  time  that  Abraham  vifited 
Egypt ;  when  the  fons  of  Uranus  obtained  a  footing  in  that  country: 
and  believe  that  Saturn  made  an  alliance  with>  and  in  a  good  meafurc 
commanded  the  Hycfi,  during  part  of  tlie  long  reign  of  Ammon  his 
rival  in  love  and  empire,  who  feems  to  be  Apappus  and  Phi-o^ 
the  hufband  of  Ops. 

The  chronicle  fays,  the  i8th  Dynafty  were  14  Memphites,*  who 
reigned,  as  Eufebius  (counting  them  i6Diofpolites,  like  Africanus) 
confirms,  348  years:  both  counting  fliort  of  Jofephus. — The  chro- 
nicle and  Eufebius  fay  the  19th  Dynafty  were  five  Diofp^litesMuring 
194  years.— The  20th  were  8  Diof^olites,  during  228  years;  Afri- 
canus fays  12,  during  135  years-  Eufebius  fays  12,  during  1 78.— 
The  21ft,  fix  Tahites  during  121  years;    Eufebius  and  Africanus 

^  fay  feven,  during  13D  years. The  22d,  three  Tanites, -'48  years; 

Eufebius  fays  three  Bubaftites  reigned  49  years,  as  he  fpecifies  them; 
Africanus  nine,  during  106  or  120  years.  The  23d  Dynafty,  two 
Diofpolites,  19  years  ;  Eufebius  counts  three  Tanites  during  44 
years;  Africanus  four,  during  89 years.     In  the«4th  Dynafty,  Afiri- 

^  canus 


Chap.  3.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  R    HI  ST  OR  Y.  503 

canus  allows  Bocchoris  only  6  years;  Eufebias  grants  him  44;  which 
the  chronicle  attributes  to  three  Saites,  who  indeed  all  reigned 
within  that  period  ;  tho'  during  moft  part  of.it  Sabbaco  had  feized 
their  dominions.  When  Bocchoris  Jiad  reigned  fix  years,  Sabbaco 
made  his  inroad  ;  and,  as  Herodotus  writes,  his  fway  continued  50 
years  ;  the  6  fornier  added  to  thefe  make  56.  But  the  chronicle 
like  Eufebius  allows  him  only  12  ;  attributing  the  4^  firft  years  of 
thefe  56  to  the  three  Saite  kings  ;  namely  Bocchoris,  Afychis  and 
Anyfis.  Sabbaco  burnt  Bocchods  J  Afychis  probably  maintained 
for  fome  yeai[s  regal  power  in  fome  remote  territory  of  Lybia:  Anyfis 
furvived  Sabbaco's  50  years*  Some  4eem  Afychis  to  be  Bocchoris; 
and  Nechus  the  father  of  Pfammeticus  to  be  the  3d  king  fupplanted 
by  Sabbaico.  The  25th  Dynafty,  confifting  of  three  Ethiops,  reigned 
44  years  :  fo  fays.Eufebius :  Africanus, counts  the  length  of  reigns 
40  years.  The  86th  Dynafty,  feven  Memphites,  i/y^years:  Eufe- 
bius  and  Africanus  fey,  nine  Saitcs;  during  168  years  fays  one;  150^ 
fays  the  laft.  The  27th  Dynafty,  five  Perfians,  124^  years;  this 
period  Africanus  confirms:  He  and  Eufebius  name  eight  kings;  this 
laft  counting  only  120J  years*  Diodorus  Siculu3,  fays  they  reigned 
135  years,  except  there  be  an  error  of  a  Decad.^- -The  28th  Dy- 
nafty of  the  chronicle  is  obliterated:  but  Eufebius  and  Africanus  fay 

Amyrta^us  reigned  then  fix  years. The  29th  Dynafty  were  four 

Mendefians,  39  years  ;  Africanus  fays  20^  years;  Eufebius^  five 
kings  during  21  ^  years;  here  the  chronicle  appears  erroneous^,  Dio- 
dorus fays  the  firft  king  of  the  29th  Dynafty  reigned.in  the  ift  year 
of  the  96th  Olympiad. 

The  30th  Dynafty  was  one  Tanite  during  18  years.  Theehro- 
nologer  here  united  the  eldcft  aod  youngeft  Neftanebus,  and  ex- 
cluded the  intermediate  king^  wha  reigned  2  years,  as  Eufebius  and 
Africanus  fliew;  but  this  laft  united  the  period  of  the  two  namefa|ces 
under  the  firft  •  and,  to  fcrve  his  tur^,  united  both  under  the  laft 
Neftanebus  again  :  I  therefore  think  Eufebius  corr^ft  here  :  the  in- 
termediate king  is  named  Tachos  in  Diodorus,  and  Plutarch,  who 
deems  him  a  coufin^german    af  the    &f^   king.      Diodorus   fays 

he    revolted  from  Arta:!cerxes  in:  the  3d  jear  of  the  104th  Olym- 

piad: 


594  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  •  (Book  3. 

piad:  therefore  the  29th  Dynafty  and  the  firft  reign  ef  the  next  lalted 
30  rears.     Strange  are  the  errors  of  Africanus  and  Eufebius  in  the 
Dynafties.     The  differ  from  each  other  and  from  the  chronicle  even 
after  the  time  of  Pfammeticus  ;  when  as  Herodotus  fays,  hiftory  has 
fome  certainty.     Africanus  aware  of  this  alTigns  that  king,  Pfammis, 
and  Amafis,  the  fame  lengths  of  reign,  as  Herodotus  doth.       Eufe- 
bius abridges  him  of  9  years.     Africanus  abridges  his  fon  of  lO;  and 
Aphries,  of  6.     Eufebius  tranfpofed  the  years  of  Necho  and  his  fon: 
but  the  firft  Necho  has  no  pretenfions  to  ftand  in  this  Dynafty  at  all; 
for  Sabbaco  flew  him,  as   Herodotus  aflures  us.       Necepfo  was  the 
firft  king  of  this  Dynafty,  which  contained  feven:  he  is  the  only  one 
unmentioned  by  Herodotus;  but  Aufonius  and  Galen  mention  him. 
Ariftophanes  mentions  his  fellow-ftudent  in  aftrology  Petofiris,  who 
dedicated  a  book  to  this  king,  ftill  extant  as  Reineccius  writes;  there- 
fore Manetho,   in  ftiling   Petofiris  his  friend,  means  his  writings. 
Stephinates  in  this  Dynafty  feems  borrowed  from  Plutarch's  Tech- 
natis.     Ammerismay  have  been  one  of  the  twelve  colleagues.     As 
Herodotus    attributes  above  145   years  to   Pfammeticus  and  his 
fucceflbrs  ;  Necepfos,  according  to  the  period  of  the  Dynafty,  ,fts 
Eufebius  counts  it,  reigned  twenty-three  years;  but  according  to  the 
chronicle,  thirty*two. 

I  will  give  a  correfted  table  of  this  chronicle;  as  it  varies  From 
the  truth,  to  ferve  a  particular  purpofe.  It  confifts  of  113  te'igns, 
which  are  faid  tolaft  3^515  years:  but  this  is  an  aftronomical  period. 
And  the  Gods,  Demi-gods  and  Cynic  circle,  tho*  feleft  individuals 
of  the  16th,  17th,  and  i8th  Dynafties,  which  are  the  firft  of  the  true 
lucceffive  Dynafties  (thofe  fet  prior  to  them  being  really  collateral 
ones)  are  fet  apart  from  the  reft  princes  of  thofe  Dynafties  (tho'  en- 
titled to  diftinflion  only  by  dignity,  not  by  rpriority  of  time)  to  ex- 
tend chronology  for  a  fuperftitious  purpofe.  Thu^  the  Cynic  circle 
may  have  reigned  443  years,  but  not  exclufive  of  the  years  of  the 
fifteen  laft  Dynafties;  I  take  it  either  to  be  the  chronologer's  opinion 
of  tVe  whole  duration  of  the  Hycfi  from  their  acquifition  of  Mem- 
phis; or  to  be  the  period  of  the  iSthDynafty  with  that  part  of  the  17th 
during  which  the  alliance  between  the  Hycfi  and  Titans  fubfifted; 

and 


Chap.  30  PRtMITtVE    HISTORY. 

and  then  the  Cynic  circle  muft  mean  that  family,  who  inftituted  the 
Cynic  cycle.  T^e  eight  Demi.gods  feem  to  be'fclea  perfons  of  this 
family,  as  Orus,  Sefoftris«  The  reign  of  the  Gods  may  be  (accorcfing 
to  the  chronologer's  calculation)  the  period  from  the  Creation  to  the 
end  of  the  Egyptian  empire.  But  I  deem  it  lunar»  and  to  be  the 
interval  from  the  fkft  occupation  of  Egypt  to  the  feizureof  Memphis 
by  the  HycG.  Sol's  30,000  years  are  to  compleat  the  aftronomical 
period^  which  is  this.  In  the  fothiac  cycle  of  1460  Julian  years  are 
1461  of  365  days ;  in  25  of  which  laft  are  309  mean  lunations:  thus 
of  1461  multiplied  by  25,  the  produft  36525  conftitutes  the  great 
Egyptian  lunifolar  cycle,  and  equals  the  number  of  days  in  100 
Julian  years  :  Thoth  wrote  fo  many  annals  or  calenders,  called  (as 
Diodorus  writes)  parcels;  they  were  calculations  of  the  Solftices, 
Equinoxes,  rifings  of  Sirius,  new  moons  and  eclipfes  during  eveiy 
year  of  the  period.  ^ 

Of  the  113  reigns,  78  were  really  fucceffive.  But  of  Manethd'i 
3oDynafties,  during  3555  years,  the  15  laft  were  the  only  fuccefliv^ 
frpm  Mifor  or  Menes  to  the  laft  Neflanebus,  during  1881  years  ac- 
cording to  Manetho  and  the  chronicle:  this  period  has  an  excefs  of 
30  years.  Manetho*s  remaining  1674  years  belong  to  collateral 
reigns.  He  fays  the  whole  period  refpefts  reigns  in  5  provinces  : 
they  are  therefore  to  be  arranged  in  5  collateral  columns.  The 
principal  of  thefc  columns  begins  with  the  i6th  Dynaftyoffive  The- 
bans,  lords  paramount  over  Egypt  till  the  eruption  of  the  Hycfi  :• 
thefe  Thebans  the  old  chronicle  has  confounded  with  the  8  Thinite's, 
in  Manetho's  firft  Dynafty,who  were  collateral  princes  (in  the  main) 
with  the  firft  five  Thebans;  indeed  the  two  firft,  Menes  and  l*hotb, 
reigned   at  Thebes  and  This,  perfonally  :    but  This  had  particular 

princes,  after  t^em. ^There  were   15  Dynafties   collateral  with 

fcvcral  of  the  15  lail  of  the  30.  "^But  Africanus  and  Eufebius  formed 
thcfi*  15  collateral  onesinto  8,  containing  the  number  of  reigm 
and  of  years  jof  the  whole  15  ;  then  invented  feven  others,  whom 
they  found  in  Threat  abundance  (tho'  moftly  fhort  lived)  even  in 
Phenicia  and  Greece.     Among  them  Africanus  introduces  70  Ephi- 

rinerides  from  Memphis;    whilft  Eufebius  allows  them  a  fornight*^ 

T  tt  leigo 


S^S 


1^ 


5o6  PRIMITIVE     H  I  S  T  O  R  ¥•  <Bpok3 

reign  apiece  to  five  of  them  :  I  will  therefore  fay  little  of  i6  other 
kings  in  43  years ;  or  of6o»  nay  76,  10184;  or  of  32  Grecians  ia 
518  years^  or  43  Thebans  in  153  years.— — ;By  thismeans^  chey  have 
augmented  Manetho's  Dy naftiea  enormouQy^  and  even  ridiculoufly; 
as  if  in  order  to  banter  Egyptian  chronology,  arid  to  prevent  a  diC* 
cQvery  that  it  was  more  probable^  and  even  truer  than^  the  Rabbi* 
nical  calculations  in  the  Jewifh :  but  their  d^fign  feems  to  have  been 
tQ  carry  up  the  Dynafties  from  Alexander  to  the  Creation  according 
to  the  chronology  of  the  Septuagint. 

The  8  truly  collateral  Dynafties  were  the  firft  and  fecond,   eon« 
iifting  ofThinites;  the  3d,  4th,  6th»and  8th  confiding  of  Memphites; 
.     thesthj  of  Elephantines  ;  the  9th,  of  Heracleots.     Thefe  were  col- 
lateral with  the   x6th,  lyth^  i8th^  and  19th  Dynafties.     Maoethoy 
like  the  old  chronicle,  feleCled  the  great  worthies  of  Egypt,  and 
formed  them  into  a  diftinS;  clafs  from  the  general  catalogue  of  kings. 
Thus  he  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Egyptian  Hiftory,  16  Dynafties ; 
a  name  derived  from  Ae  Cekic  Dhyn;  they  confifted  of  feven  Gods, 
Vulcan,   Sol,    Agathodemon,  Saturn,  Ofiris  with  Ifis,  the   6th  i$ 
omitted,  the  7th  is  Typhon:  and  thefe  9  Demi-gods,  Orus,  Aftw, 
Anubis,  Hercules,  Apollo,  Ammon,  Tithoes  (whom  Pliny  deem*  1^ 
builder  of  the  Labyrinth,  and  I  take  to  be  Othoes  in  the  Dynafties] 
.  Sofus,  Jupiter.      This  is  an  incorrefl  and  irregular  medley.     The 
facred  Couches  in  Memnon's  palace  were  20,  and  (hew  thai  to  be 
the  true  number  of  Egyptian  Deities.       Five  reigns  are  interpofed 
between   Saturn  and  his  rival  Ammon  ;  who  is  fubfequent  to  his 
grandfon  Orus,  whofe  contemporaries  are  fet  in  fucceflion  after  him: 
and  Saturn*s  fon  Jove  is  after  Sofus,  who  feems  to  be  Sefoftris.     1 
take  Ammon  to  have  been  erroneoufly  fet  in  the  lower  lift,   inftead 
of  the  upper.     Anubis  was  fon  of  Mifor  or  Ofiris.     The  Titan  Sa- 
turn was  late  enough  to  be  Chiron's  fire.     His  daughter  Juno  was 
P  itiknias    ^^"^^^^^  ^Y  Temcnus  fon  of  Pelafgus.     His  daughter  Ceres  was  a 
gueft  of  Prometheus  the   fire  of  Deucalion  the  contemporary  of 
Statins.  Cranaus  and  of  Crotopus,  who  expiated  her  fon  Orus.  He  therefore 
was  much  later  than  the  firft  Menes  or  Mercury  of  £gypt,  father  of 

Thoth  Hermogenes. 

Manetbo 


5^7 


Chap-4.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

Manetho  hys  (he  Gods  reigned  1985  years.  There  being  lunar 
are  the  period  between  tho  flood  and  the  commencement  of  Mifor'a 
reign^  making  160  folar  years.  Vaican's  9000  years  are  diurnal, 
thai  is  tj  folar  years^  during  which  Egypt  belonged  to  Ham's  por« 
tion^  before  Mifor  became  peculiar  king  of  it.  Time  was  counted 
by  days  before  thelunar  period  was  afcertained;  bence  the  Arcadians 
deemed  tliemfelves  Profilenians.  Thus  Diodorus  mentions  473,000 
years  prior  to  Alexander :  Tully,  470000.  The  diurnal  periodt  x)ivinat 
were,  as  well  as  years,  termed  Jomin.  Afterwards  time  was  counted 
by  Moons  ;  Diodorus,  Solinus,  Pliny,  Macrobius  and  Plutarch 
mention  the  lunar  years  of  Egypt.  Herodotus  counts  1 1340,  that 
is  917^  folar  from  the  fijrft  Egyptian  king  to  Sethos  ;  who  is  the  pre- 
dece/Tor  of  Rhamfinitus;  and  this  is  near  the  truth.  Syncelliis  fays^ 
fome  hiftorians  deemed  Vulcan's  period  lunar^  and  affigned  the 
following  folar  periods  to  the  feven  Gods,  and  nine  Demi-gods. 
In  which  account  having  omitted  the  Cynic  circle,  he  reckons  one- 
Demi-god  more  than  the  old  chronicle,  who  feems  to  be  Ammooy 
borrowed  from  the  clafs  of  Gods. 


Seven  Gods. 

1.  Vulcan,  — r— 

tiSol,  Vulcan's  fon, 
'^.  Agathodemon,  - 
4.  Saturn,  -  - 
IJ.  Oliris  and  Ifis^  - 
The  6th  omitted 
The  Pafchal  chro* 
6.  nicle  has,Thulis 
f.  Typhon,         ~ 


Years.    Days.  Nine  Demi-gods  Years 

4            Orus,     .     -     ^     •  ii5 

Mars,        «        -  r$a 
10          Anubis  (Thoth  o-     1 

mitted    in    the      >  if 
Pafchal  chronicle) 

Hercules,        -    -  15 

Apollo,     -        -  fg 

Ammon,     -           .^  3a 

Tithoes,     -        -  27 

■                            Sofus,             *        -.  ^9 

995i-    U         Jupitcr>    -         -  aa 


724  i 
86 

40|r 
35 

^9 


214 


Thulls  and  Anubis  liave  exchangred  claflTes.      The  Pafchal  chro- 
nicle fets  45  years  for  Vulcan,  34  for  Sol,  3^  for  Hermes,  whom  he 

T  1 1  a  Tanks 


^ 


^8  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books. 

ranks  firR  :  he  being  Agathodcmon.  Panodorus  (like  the  old  chro- 
nicle) excludes  Vulcan  from  the  clafs  of  regal  deitiesj  as  he  counu 
only  fix  conftituting  fix  Dynafties,  amounting  to  1 1,988  years  of  30 
days  each  :  but  tho*  the  number  of  years  ftand  fo  in  Syncellus,  the 
Aibfequent  account  proves  it  to  be  11789I.  Yet  the  error  was  pro* 
bably  in  the  third  numeral  only,  and  the  original  number  was  1 1788; 
which  he  might  deem  969  folar  years.  Thefe  (fays  he)  with  1058, 
amount  to  8O87.  Panodorus  allows  a  period  of  214 1  folar  years  to 
nine  Demi-gods.  This  (fays  Syncellus)  was  to  compleat  the  Ante- 
diluvian period  of  2242  years;  the  Egregori,  exiled  in  the  year  of 
the  world  lOOOi  having  58  years  afterwards  taught  mankind  the  length 
of  the  folar  and  lunar  periods;  whence  to  Enoch's  birth,  fct  by  him 
in  the  year  1282,  was  224  years.  But  the  Septuagint  fets  it  in  the 
year  1122.  Syncellus  fays  the  tranfgrelfion  of  the  Egregori  was  in 
Enoch's  165th  year.  From  the  above  1058  years[to  the  flood,  Pan- 
odorus counts  1183; ;  being  the  969  of  the  Gods,  and  the  214I   of 

the  Demi-gods. But  he  was  miftaken  in  fuppofing  thefe  to  be 

Antediluvians;  for  Abydenus  fays  that  ^'Saturn's  war  was  fubfequent 
to  the  Babylonian  difperfion  :"  and  he  was  Chiron's  fire. 


toSynccllo       Manetho  fays  **  his  Dynafties  belong  to  five  different  provincei 
of  Egypt."      So  Ifaiah  19.  2.  fpcaks  of  feveral  kingdoms  in  Egypt. 
Yet  fome  of  the  fovereigns  as  Menes,  Thoth,  Nitocris,  Scfoftris^ 
reigned  over  more  than  one.     Thefe  provinces  arc  exclufive  of  the 
kings  of  Thebes,  except  the  firft  five;  who  were  paramount  over  all 
Egypt,  till  the  invafion  of  the  Hycfi.     Eratofthenes  drew  up  a  com- 
pleat lift  of  the  Theban  kings:  a  part  of  which,  reaching  fomewhat 
below  the  Trojan  war,  Snycellus  has   fortunately  preferved.      It 
ftiews  plainly  that Thoth's  father  Menes,  who,  as  Sanchoniatbo  writes, 
was  Ham's  fon  Mifor,  began  his  reign  at  Thebes  a  little  above  lOOO 
years  before  that  war.      It  alfo  fhews  that  Manetho's  firft  Dynafty 
was  collateral  with  the  firft  kings  of  Thebes ;  Mifor  and  his  fon 
Thoth  having  reigned  in  both  provinces,    Thoth's  fon  and  nameftke 
fucceeded  him  at  Thebes,  at  leaft  for  many  years;  Eufebius  fays  he 
was  Tat.     This  Tat,  Teutat  or  God  Tat,  went  to  Carthage,  thence 

to 


Chap.  30  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  gp^ 

to  Spain :  Livy  fays  **  he  was'there  entombed;*'  but  not  till  he  had 
diftinguifhed  himfelf  by  his  firft  name  Tenth,  orTuitho:  his  fon 
Mannus  was  Acmon's  father,  and  grandfire  of  Uranus, 

I  will  next  infert  the  table  of  Theban  kings;  then,  Manetho's  firft 
Tomes  of  Dynafties,  according  to  Africanus  and  Eufebius  :  and 
having  obferved  the  improbability  and  iextravagance  of  fome  of  them, 
will  arrange  fuch  as  are  credible  and  admiflible  in  columns  collateral 
with  the  kings  of  Thebes:  and  fhew  that  the  true  Dynafties  contain 
reigns,  partly  fucceffivc,  partly  collateral  ;  and  that  the  furo  of  all 
the  reigns  amount  to  3555  years  :  1881  of  which  w6re  deemed  fuc 
ceflive  by  Manetho,  and  the  old  chronicle  :  but  by  a  correftion  of 
this  period  from    Jofephus  and  Eufebius  it   is  no  more  than  1850 

years. That  the  numbers  in   the  old  chronicle  want  correftion 

appears  from  the  29th  Dynafty,  and  from  the  17th,  alfo  the  i8th, 
the  period  of  which  is  348  years ;  tho^  Jofephus  fays  Manetho 
deemed  it  393  ;  Syncellus  fays,  391.  It  alfo  appears,  from  the  pre- 
fent  numbers  (with  the  addition  of  the  period  of  the  28th  Dynafty) 
proving  infufficicnc  to  compleat  the  great  period  36525  ;  which  re- 
quires thatthefe  fifteen  Dynafties  fhould  comprehend  1881  years. 

The  Dynafty  of  38  kings  of  Thebes,  extrafted  from  the  facred 
records  there,  by  Eratofthenes  the  Alexandrian  Librarian,  at  the 
command  of  Philopator;  tranfcribed  by  Apollodorus  fome  20  years 
afterwards;  and  preferved  by  Syncellus.  It  contains  a  fpace  of  1076 
years,  reaching  a  few  years  below  the  Trojan  war. 

Years. 

1.  *•  Mencs  or  Mines  a  Theban  of  This,  firnamed  Dio- 
niusj"  he  was  the  firft  Egyptian  Mercury,  as  appears  from 
his  fon*s  fimame.  H?  was  alfo  king  of  This.  Marlham 
notes  this  Mercury,  fon  of  Vulcan^  or  Ham.     He  reigned        6a 

2.  '*  Athoth  fon  of  Menes  wa3  firnamed  Henno|^nes.'* 
He  alfo  was  a  king  of  This.      Sanchoniatho  fays  he  was 

•  ••  Mifor*s  fon/'  therefore  Ham*»  grandfon  and  cottnccllon 

Mifor 


1 


gl(j  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books. 

Year*. 
Mifor  is  the  Ofins  called  by  Plutarch  Agathodemom  hence 

Marftiam  rightly  fays  that  SynccUus  calls  AgachodemoQ  the 
father  of  the  fecond  Mercury,  whofe  fon  was  Tat.  So 
Eufehius  Ihews  that  Tat  was  the  fon  of  Trifmegiftus,  the 
cldeft  Thoth — this  is  material ;  for  Tat  was  Livy's  Mer- 
cury Tcutates,  entombed  in  Spain,  the  great  divinity  of 
the  Celts,  Teutho  great  grandfire  of  Uranus  ;  this  deve- 
lopes  the  Titan  line.     He  reigned  at  Thebes  -  59 

g.  '*  Athoth  the  fecond"  was  Tat  or  Tcutat,  fon  of  the 
fecond  Mercury,  and  was  himfelf  the  Celtic,  after  he  bad 
reigned  at  Thebes        -        -  ^  ^  ^  gg 

4.  "  Diabies  (fon  of  Athoth)'  firnamed  the  Amicable," 
reigned  -  -  -  -  -  19 

5.  Pemphos,  (or  as  Jablonflcy  (hews,  Semphos)  the  in^ 
terpretation  of  his  name  fignifying  Heraclides  (which  com* 
pare  with  the  26th  king)  was  another  fon  of  Ath<nh,  "and 
reigned  -  -  -  --^  ig 

From  the  16th  Dynafty  in  Eufebius,  prior  to  the  Hycfi,  and  from 
Manetho's  account  (at  the  firft  Dynafty)  that  Thoth  built  a  palace  at 
Memphis,  it  appears  that  thefe  five  reigned  over  the  Heptanome. 
The  prevalence  of  the  Hycfi  induced  the  next  prince  of  Memphis 
to  keep  his  court  at  Thebes.      He  was. 

Year*. 

6.  **Toegar,  a  Memphite  firnamed  Amachos  Momchiri'* 

(or  as  Jablonflcy  obferves.  Mono- cheir)  that  is  matchlefs 
finglehanded.  Eratofthenes  fays  **  his  name  implies  gi- 
gantic limbs.     He  reigned"  *  •  -        *  79 

7.  "  Staechus  (his  fon's  name)  fignifies  fenfelefs  Mars." 
Jablonfky  thinks  it  is  fenfelefs  Nofe  (Aris  for  Ares)  a  pro- 

"verb  for  ftupidity.     He  reigned  -  -  -  -^ 

8.  *•  Goformtes  is  interpreted  Etefipantos;"  that  is  una- 
nimoufly,  or  by  umvqrfal  defire.    He  reigned       ^        •       -30 

9.'Marci 


Chap.30  PRI  MIT  I  VE    HISTOR  Y*  5U 

Years. 
9*  Mares  (his  Ton's  name)  fignifies  Heliodorusji'    Mar 

is  Sol :  He  reigned  «        »  -  -  -        26 

10*  Anoupli^  fignifies  fon  of  the  community :  Jab« 
lonfky  correQs  Epicacnusinto.Epiclinus^  illuftrious.  He 
reigned        *,  -^  •  .  «  «  ao 

Bryant  fhcws  from  Hefychius  that  Kowog  means  a  defpot. 

11.  Sirius  (which  Scaliger  reads  Siroes)  fignifies  fon  of 
the  Cheek,  or  as  others  fay,  unenvied."  I  read  Vtog  Kofnf 
(not  Koffij^)  foh  of  Proferpine.  Sirius^  is  derived  from  the 
Celtic  Syr,  a  ftar.  Yet  I  think  this  Sirius  is  confounded 
yith  a  later  who  was  Dionyfius^  fon  of  the  elder  Proferpine 

or  Rhea ;  He  reigned  «  .        .        .        ^  18 

12.  "  Cnoubos  Gneuros  is  Chryfes,  fon  of  Gold."  Jack« 
fon  remarks  that  Ariftides  interprets  Canobus,  golden  foil. 

He  reigned        -•-  -  -.  -»i|^ 

13.  Rauofis,  or  Archicrator,  reigned        *        *        •  ig 

14.  Biyris  reigned  -         -  -  -  10 

15.  "  Saophis  is  interpreted  Comatus,  hairy;  or  Chre«> 
matiftes,  negotiator;**  as  Suphis  fignifies  a  councellor.  He 
and  his  fucceffor  feem  to  be  nth  and  12th  kings  of  Mem-^ 

phis»    He  reigned  -  -         ••  -  -  29 

16.  Sen-faophis,  the  fecond,  reigned  -^  •  27 

17.  "  Mofcheres,  or  Heliodotus;**  hence  Cheres  alfo 

h  Sol :  he  feems  the  fiicheres  of  Memphis,  and  reigned  31 

18-  Mous-this  -  -  -  .  33 

19*  Pampus  Archondes        .        «  .        r  35 

t<^.  Apappus  the-fupreme,feem»tobe  Jove  Pappeusor 

Ammon ;  alfo    Phiops,  and  Kpaphus  ftiled  by  Diodorus 

Jove  of  Nyfa,  that  is  the  elder  Dionyfius.    He  reigned  * 

fingle  hour  lefs  than  •        -        -  -        -^  .        100 

2i«  Achcfcus 


sit  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  | 

Yean. 

1 1 .  Achefcus  Ocaras  refembles  Mente-fuphis  in  reigning  % 

ft2.  "  Nitocris  (Neith  or)  Athena  Viarix/'  To  Ncitb, 
derived  from  Nyddu  (pronounced  Neithee,  in  Celtic)  to 
fpin^  whence  the  Latin,  Neo ;  was  added  the  Arabic  Cahr^ 
viSory.  Plato  mentions  her  as  the  patronefs  of  Sais.  She 
is  the  23d  fov^reign  of  Memphis  ;  and  reigned  at  Thebes  € 

'  ^3-  Myrtaus,  Ammonodotus,  was  certainly  Ammon's 
fon  Dionyfius,  brother  and  fpoufe  of  Nitocris,  and  Man-- 
etho*s  Chebron ;  his  name  was  given  to  the  city  of  Arbe  or 
Hiarbas.    He  reigned  at  Thebes  •  -        -  ^n* 

24.  Thyfioroares,  Potent  SqI,  is  Orus  Apollo  their  Ton; 

he  reigned  at  Thebes  «        -        -         •.  •  ^u 

25.  "  Thinillas,  interpreted  the  Augmcnter  of  his  pa- 
ternal empire/'  a  charafler  fuiting  Sefoftris ;  probably 
fomeof  the  ftibfequent  potentates  were  viceroys  in  his  ab- 
fence  ;  as  feems  to  be  the  cafe  of  thofe  between  him  and 
Orus,  in  the  i8th  Dynafty.     He  reigned  -  ^        | 

26.  Scm-phroukrates,  -that  is  Hercules  Harpocrates^ 
reigned  •  -  •  -  ^  j^ 

ZJ.  Chuther,  or  king  Taurus. — He  feems  to  be  Saturn's 
•fon  Jove  Lapis,  if  fo  ;  he  was  before  Orus  Apollo  -  y 

28.  Meures  Philofcorus  -  w  ~         "it 

29.  Choma-Ephtha,  or  Cofmus  Phil-Epfakftus  -  11 

30.  An-chunius,  or  king  Ochy,  a  name  derived  from 
canals,  probably  conftrufted  by  him,  about  the  time  that 
Jofeph  planned  the  greatLybian  aquedu6l  bearing  his  name 
at  this  day.  He  feems  to  be  the  Phero  or  Pharo  of  Hero- 
dotus*    Some  call  him  Scuni-0*fochor  •  ^60 

31.  Pente-Athyris  (prieft  of  Athera  .or  Venus,  feys 
Jablonfky)  reigned        *.  •  -  -         41 

32«  St'amemeiies 


Chap.4.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  5,13. 

Year*. 
3«.  St*amemenes^  called  "  the  Tecond  ;*•  becaure,  tho* 

no  other  of  this  name  appears  in  this  Table,  he  is  Ameno- 
phis  the  laft  king  of  the  i8th  Dynafty,  Strabo's  Memnon 
and  Imandes,  the  Mendes  and  Maro  of  Diodorus ;  Myris 
in  Herodotus;  and  feveral  yearsTubfequentto  Amenophis 
fire  of  Sefoftris.  He  h  alfo  the  6th  king  of  the  12th  Dy- 
nafty,  fome  of  whom  are  tautological ;  for  he  is  alfo  the 
fourth  there  named  by  Africanus ;  which  feems  the  rea- 
fon  that  Eufebius  omits  the  name.  That  Dynafty  proves 
itfelf  collateral  wkh  others ;  for  Sefoftris  there  is  the  16th 
king  of  This :  for  which  reafon  I  apprehend  an  Inter- 
regnum between  the  1  ft  and  2d  Dynafty;  otherwife  Se- 
foftris would  ftand  too  near  in  time  to  Menes. This 

reign  was         •         -         -         -  •  .  -         2^ 

33.  Sift-ofichcr-TOcs,  ftrength  of  a  Hercules,  reigned  55 

54.  Maris  reigned  -  •  -  •43 

35.   Siphoas  (or  as  Jackfon  obferves,  Si-phthas)  is  called 
Vulcan's  fon  Mercury;  Eratofthenes  confounding  him  yrith 
the  firft  Egyptian  Mercury,  fon  of  Vulcan,  who  was  Ham» 
their   primitive   God;  like  Tully,  who  confounds   Thoth 
with  the  Argicide.     As  no  Hermes  lived  within  460  years 
of  the  Olympiads,  Eratofthenes  feems  to  mean,  and  of 
courfe  to  mifplace,  Armais  or  Danaus,  Elian's  Hermes, 
councellor  of  Sefoftris;  the  rei  jus  being  of  the  fame  length. 
'Manetho,  in   Jofephus,  and  Eratofthenes  feem  to  fuppofe 
a  Tecond  Armais,  owing  to  the  fucceffors  of  his  brother 
afFefting' his  pompous  name   of  Ramefis,    Thunder,  re- 
fembling  the  Celcic  Thor  and  Taranus.     Thus  Manetho  in 
Jofephus  confounds  the  Ramefis,  whowas  Se(oftris'(by  him 
bef'^rc  mentioned/ with  the  firft  king  of  the  19th  Dynafty, 
'th'=^  Cete:>  or  Proteu^  of  Herodotrr.,  and  father  of  Pliny's 
Hainefis,  who  (denuminated  as  ufual  after  his  father)  was 
the  Proteus  of  the  Trojan  war,  and  the  Ramfinitus  of  H€» 

Vv.v  crodotuys. 


514  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY-  (acwkj. 

Years. 
rodotus,  the  Treafury  builder  in  facred  and  profane  hif- 

tory.     This  Siphoas  reigned        -        •  -  -  5 

36.  Is  an  anonymous  king,  who  reigned        -  -  14 

37.  Phuron  or  Nilus  was  contemporary  with  Ramfinitusj 
or  Ramifes,  and  juft  before  the  Trojan  war  j  for  Diccar*  . 
chus  faid  he  was  436  years  before  the  Olympiads^  which 

began  408  after  that  war.     He  reigned        •  -        -.  ^j 

Ramfinitus  was  fiicceeded  by  the  Niius^Poftrenus  of  Dio-. 
dorus.  who  .was  the  Amenophis  drowned  at  the  £xod« 
Diodorus  fuppofed  fome  kings  intermediate  between  him 
and  Ramfinitus  :  more  probably^  collateral. 

38.  A-muth-antseus  reigned        -  ...         63 
(fiilhop  Cumberland  makes  the  whole^  k)55  years.)  Totals     1076 


Syncellus  fays  he  omitted  53  fubfequent.     The  whole  number  of 
courfe  was  gt.     There  feems  to  be  only  45  fiicceffivc  princes  id 
lower  Egypt,  after  the  Trojan  wari      Tho*  the  fame  prince A^v/iy 
feveral  denominations,  appears  to  be  feveral   perfons.       Titles  ^^4 
appellations  of  Egyptian  princes  were  endlefs.     Scfoftris  was  called 
Egyptus,.a  pame  of  the  Nile;    hence  Vec-choris,  a  mme  com- 
pounded of  Chor,  a. torrent :    fo  Pliny    calls  his  fon  fucccffor  and 
namefakc,  Nun-choreus,  a  name  alio  compounded  of  Chor:  Hero- 
dotus call 3  him  Phero,  or  the  Pharo.     This  king  at  his  acccffion  to 
the  crown.had  the  dream. interpreted  by  Jofeph.    A  change  of  fovc- 
reigns  feems  the  rjcafon  that  the  cupbearer  obtained  not  Jefcph's 
enlargement.-^— Herodotus  makes   the  number  of  Egyptian   kiogi 
330,  that  is  collaterally  :,  iS/were  Ethiopians,  that  is  Thebans  :  be 
feems  here  to  mean  the  18th  Dynafty.      Having  iiamed  Menes  the 
firft  king,  he  fays  that  Nitoqris  was  no  native ;    fo  Arnobius  fays  that 
Ceres  was  born  in  Sicily.     The  brothjcr  whofe  death  fbe  a^veng^d 
was  either .Mente-fupbis,  or  Dionyfius.     He  next  nagies  Mans  the 
predeceflor  of  Sefoftris ;  which  (hews  that  Maeris  and  Amenophis  arc 

fynonymous 


Chap,  4.)  P  RI  MIT  I  VE    HIST  OR  Y.      '  514 

fynonymous  appellations.^  He  dillinguiflics  not  any  Egyptus  from  Sc- 
foftris:  which  Manetho  confirma.  Indeed  Diodorus  proves  againft 
himfelf  this  diftin£lion  to  be  erroneous  ;  for  he  fays  the  foldiers  of 
Sefoftris  founded  the  colony  at  Cholchis,  yet  tells  us  that  Danaus 
was  the  founder.  B«t  by  calling  their  father,  Nilus,  he  teaches  ui 
that  Nilus  and-  Amcnophis  are  fynonymous  names.  Herodotus 
wrongly  attributes  the  famous  northern  portico  of  Vulcan's  temple 
at  Memphis  to  this  Maeris  ;  for  Dedal  the  architefl  was  later  than 
Sefoftris.  Myris  who  built  it  was  the  predeceiibr  of  Rbemphis  or 
Ramfinitus,  Strabo's  Maindes,  the  Mendes,  Myris  and  Maro  of 
Diodorus:  who  deriving  wealth  from  his  fire,  and  his  grandfire  Se- 
foftri5,  exec'jted  all  his  noble  works  almoft  at  once,  under  Jofeph's 
conduft,  who  died  in  this  reign,  and  was  unknown  to  Ramfinitus. 
Herodotus  omits  ihis  Myris,  or  rather  confounds  him  with  the 
former. 

Tome  1.  from  Manetho's  Dynaftiesj  according  to  ^ricanui. 

The  First  Dynafiy.     Eight  Thinites. 

Years; 
1.  Menes,  a  Thinite,  flain  by  a  Hippopotamus,  reigned 

(as  at  ThebesJ  -  -  -  ^  6a 

£.  Athoth  his  Ton,  who  built  a  palace  a  Memphis^  and 
whofe  anatomical  books  are  extant,  for  he  underftood  me- 
dicine, reigned  -  -  —  -  -  gj 

3.  Cencennes,  Athoth*s  fon,  reigned  -  -  ^x 

4.  Venephes  his  fon,  built  Pyramids  near  Cochome-,  in 

his  reign  a  famine  afflifted  Egypt.     He  reigned        .  23 

5*  Ufaphaedus  his  fon 

6.  Miabidus  his  fon  .  «  .« 

Ti..  Semempfis  his  fon^  when  a  plague  viited  Egypt 

8*  BieqacheS'his  fon  .    — 

Vvyj 


6i6.  PRIMITIVE    HISrORY.  (Book  3. 

N.  B.  The  fum  in  Syncellus  is  253. Athoth  probably  reigned 

only  47  years  at  This^  as  Eufehius  allows  him  lefs  than  that;  except 
as  I  fufpeft,  Venephes  has  ftolen  in  Kufebius  20  years  from  Thoth. 
Between  this  Dynafty  and  the  fecond  there  was  an  interregnum  of 
many  years  at  This:  for  there  were  eight  centuries  between  the 
commencement  of  the  reign  of  Menes^  and  that  of  Sefoftris,  in  the 
next  Dynafty. 

Tome  1.  From  Manetbo*s  three  Tomes  of  Dynaftics;    according 

to  Eufebius. 


\ 


The  First  Dynafty^     Eight  Thinitcs. 


Years. 


I.  Menes  the  Thinite  (whom  Eufebius  confounds  with 
Memnon  grandfon  of  Sefoftris)  was  flain  by  Ifpus  Hippo- 
potamus^  and  reigned        •  -  .  -        -^         60 

s.  Athoth  his  fon  founded  a  palace  at  Memphis,  praftifed 
medicine,  wrote  of  anatomy.  He  is  Anubis,  counted  by 
Diodorus  the  fon  of  Ofiris,  who  is  Miibr  Thoth's  father  in 
Sanchoniatho.     He  reigned  •.  *  -  jj 

3.  Cencenes  his  fon ;  -  -  -  -  39 

4.  Venephes  built  Pyramids  at  Cochome,  and  reigned 
(when  a  famine  did)  -  -  -  -       4^ 

5.  Ufaphaes  -        -  -  -  -        -        iOi 

6.  Niebes  -  -  *  -        -  a6 

f,  Semempfes  *  -  -  -  18 

In  his  reign  many  prodigies  appeared,  and  a  plague  defolated 
the  land. 

8.  Ubientbes  -  -  .         ..         - 

Total 


The 


Cliap,  4.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  51^ 

The  fum  in  Syncellus  is  852.  Reconcile  thefe  two  accounts  thus. 
Mcnes  reigned  62  years,  Athoth,  47.  Cencenes,  31.  Venephes, 
22.  The  latter  four  agree  with  Africanus  :  according  to  whom  the 
fum  of  the  two  firft  Dynafties  is  555,  which,  the  true  fum  of  the  fe- 
condDynafty  in  Eufebius  and  the  particular  lengths  of  reigns  in  his 
firft  exaClly  anfwer  to  :  fo  that  the  whole  period  of  the  two  firft  Dy- 
nafties appears  to  be  555  years. 

Tht  Second  Dynajly^  according  to  Africanus.     Nine  ThSniUs. 

Years. 

1.  Bo-chu$  reigned  (when  feveral  lives  were  loft  in  a 

chafm  of  the  earth,  at  Bubaftis)  ...  *         38 

2.  Chaca-chus,  when  the  bull  Apis  at  Memphis;  Meneus 
(or  Mnevis)  in  honour  of  the  king  of  that  name,  entitled 
Sol  or  Mitres  (as  in  Pliny)  at  Heliopolis ;  and  the  Men- 
defian  goat,  had  divine  honours  ;  reigned  -        •  jp 

Strabo  fays  Apis  (rcprefented  by  this  bull)  was  Ofiris : 
he  alfo  was  Mneues  the  legiflator  in  Diodorus ;  and  the 
Mercury,  to  whom  all  inventions  of  Menes  belonged  and 
^cre  attributed 

3.  Binothris  -        -        -  *        «        •  -         47 

•*  In  his  reign  female  rule  was  admitted*'  in  favour  of 
Acheneres  daughter  of  Orus. 

4.  Tlas  •        •  .         -  .         -  17 

5.  Sethenes        -  *---..  -41 

6.  Chercs,  probably  the  firft  Acheii-cheres  of  Diofpolis        17 

7.  Ncpher-chercs,  probably  the  fecond  Achen-cheres  of 
Diofpolis^  -  -  -  -        -  -        25 

In  his  reign  the  Nile  was  mellifluous  during  eleven  days,  a  Poe- 
tical phrafe» 

••  SejTochris, 


|i«  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Bookj 

Year. 

8.  Sefochris,  who fe  height  was  five  cubits  and    th^e^ 

paltris, 'reigned  -  -  -        -  -  4g 

9.  An  anonymous  king  reigned,'  as  the  fum  of  all    the  ' 
reigns  evinces,  and  Eufebius  confirms  -         -  ^         30 

The  period  of  this  Dynafty   is  counted  302   by  Africanus :  h' 
there  are  two  diflocations  in  Syncellus.     Africanus  is    droptattk 
account  of  Nephercheres,  p.  55  ;    his  account  of  Sfelbftns  bk 
transferred  to  page,    57.    where  the  words  of  Eufebius  (thatKi 
follow)  belong  to  page  56,  next  to  the  accbuh't  there  by  ^ufe 
that  Cheneres  reigned  30  years,  inftead  ofth'e  words  there  foII(?ai 
which  are  (as  is  there  expreft)  the  conclufion  of  the  2d  Dynaftj* 
Africanus,  inftead  of  Eufebius :    as  the   fum  of  the  two    DynafeJ 
(there  alfo  expreft)  clearly  evinces.     This  is  confirmed,  pagc^i 
where  the  fum  of  the  fecond  Dynafty  according  to  Eufebius  is  fani 
to  be  297;  for  that  of  the  firft  Dynafty  was  252,  and  the  fumofbotfe, 
549.      This  cohirpotind  diflocation  of  Africanus  from  page  51^,10 
page  57,  and  to  page  56  (where  this  laft  ft'ands,  inftead  of  the  ip^ 
of  Eufebius  removed  to  page  57  in  company  with   the  ftra^j^ 
paflage  of  Africanus  concerning  Sefoftris)  it  was  necefTary  foriDfto 
reduce  properly  ;  other  writers  having  failed  in  the  attempt 

The  Second  Dynafty  0/" Eufebius  mtnlions^ 

Years: 

1.  Bochus;  and  the  fatal  cbafm  at  Bubaftis  in  his  reign. 

2.  Chous:  alfo  the  facred  honours  of  Apis,  Mneuis, 
and  the  Mendefian  goat.     Syncellus  lets  the  adoration  df 
Apis,  under  AfetVi  or  Typhon  :  Jatkfon  deems  this  a  re- 
newal of  his  ritesj  probably  fufpended  during  the  power  of 
the  Hycfi. 

3-  Biophis  ;  and  the  eftablifhment  of  female  rule  at  this 
time :  the  other  kings  are  omitted  to  the  feventh ;  when  he 
alfo  mentions  the  Nile's  being  mellifluous  during  xi  day^ : 
then  proceeds  thus. 

».Sefoftm 


Ch*p.,4.)  PR  I  MITIVE    HISTORY.  ^i^ 

Years. 

8.  Sefoftris^  five  cubits  high^  three  broad  (if  this  laft  be 

not  an  error)  reigned  -  -       '     -  -        48 

9.  Cheneres  reigned  -  -  -  -        36 

There  nine,  fays  Eufebius,  performed  nothing  memor. 
able  :  by  which  he  aims  to  difguife  Sefoftris,  who  appears 
again  at  0iofpolis  in  the  isth  Dynafty.  He  adds, that  the 
years  of  thefecond  Dynafty  were  297  ;  and  the  fum  of  the 
two,  5495  tho'  the  particular  years  of  the  firft,  and  the 
fum  of  the  fecond,  D)^nafty  in  Eufebius  make  their  fum  5555 
as  fet  down  by  Africanus. 

The  Third  Dynajly^  according  to  Africanus,  Nine  Memphiies. 

I.  Necherophes  reigned'(when  the  Lybians  revolted  from 
the  Egyptians,  but  fubmitted  at  feeing  the  moon  of  an  un- 
ufual  magnitude)  .  -  -  •  ^% 

A.  Tofothrus  (Grnamed  Efculapius  for  his  (kill  in  medi- 
cine, invented  the  art  of  hewing  ftones  in  building,  and 
ftudied  to  improve  the  art  of  writing  :)  he  reigned  •        ig 

g.  Tyris  reigned  -  -  •  -  7 

4,  Mefochris         -  •  -  •  .  17 

5.  Soiphis  ...  -  -  16 


6.  Tofertafis 


^9 


7.  Achis                  -                -            -                  .  4t 

8.  Si-phuris            -                -                    -            -  3^ 

9.  Cherphercs        -        -            .                 -            -  .a6 

Total  f}.4 


The  fum  of  the  three  Dynaftiei  were  769  years^ 


The 


jio  '  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book 

The  Fourth  Dynajly  according  to  Africanus ;  Eight  MemphitcL  j 

Yc 

1.  Soris  -  -  -  -  -        49! 

M.  Suphis  (or  as  Kircher  read  in  a  MS.  Sothis)  63 

He  ercfted  (as  faid  here)  the  largeft  Pyramid  :  and  was 
as  Eufebius  more  correftly  fhews,  a  contemner  of  theGods; 
but  afterwards  wrote  a  religious  book,  which  as  a  curiofity 
Africanus  bought  in  Egypt:  it  is  faid  to  be  the  aftrological 
book  called  L'ambre  Sacree- 

3.  Suphis  -  •  .  -  -       5c 

I  think  thefe  two  laft  kings  are  Saophis  and  Senfaophis 
of  Thebes ;  the  name  is  a  title  of  dignity,  like  the  Perfian 
Soph,  a  word  adopted  in  Greece: 

4.  Men-cheres       .          -       •         ..            -                  -  6j 

5.  RatacGs          j  15 

6.  Bi-cheres      >Thcre  refemble  3  in  the  18th  Dynafty  J  at 

7.  Seberchercs  ^                                                                   l  ; 

8.  Thamphthii  •  .  ^  -  . 

Total 

Syncellus  names  the  fum  274  ;  which  makes  the  lum  of  yeiiW 
during  the  four  Dynafties  1043.  He  counts  it  1046.  The parr/Vru/a/ 
years  amount  to  1063. 

The  Third  Dynajly,  according  to  Eufebius,  eight  Memphites. 

He  like  Africanus  had  J7  in  the  3d  and  4th  Dynafties,  tho*  Eufc- 
'bius  erroneoufly  attributes  fo  many  to  the  fourth  only.— —Eufebius 
mentions  the  Lybian  revolt,  under  the  firft  king,  whom  he  narocf 
Nacherochis;  and  their  fubnfiflion  at  fight  of  the  moon's  large  ap- 
pearance.-«-.~He  calls  thefecond  king,  Selorthus,  deemed  in  Egypt 
Efculapius  for  his  fkill  in  medicine.  He  ufed  hewn  fiohes  in  build- 
ing! 


Chap,  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  jar 

ing,  and  excelled  in  forming  letters.      The  other  fix  did  nothing 

notable.  Years. 

The  fum  of  their  reign  vras     -  -  -  198 

And  the  period  of  the  three  preceding  Dynafties,  747  ;  but  the 
particular  dates  fet  down  amount  to  753. 

Ihe  Fourth  Dynajly  Eufebius  callsMemphites;  in  number  ij^  which 
is  the  true  fum  of  the  two  Memphite  Dynajlies  aforefaid. 

To  the  third  king  he  attributes  the  great  Pyramid  -,  and  fays  that 
repenting  impiety  he  wrote  a  religious  book  held  in  great  efteem  by 
the  Egyptians.  Eufebius  fays  (very  improbably  as  the  time  of  Ni- 
tocrisin  Eratofthenes  fhews)  that  this  Dynafty  lafted  448  years;  and 
that  the  four  Dynafties  (termingthem  Poftdilcivian)lafted  1195  years. 
The  particular  dates  amount  to  1201* 

The  Fifth  Dynajly  according  to  Africanus.     Nine  Elephantines. 

Eufebius  fays,  31 ;  who  fets  in  this  Dynafty  Othoes  and  Phiops, 
belonging  to  the  fixth  Dynafty  as  Africanus  wrote :  and  Eufebius 
allows  Phiops  a  reign  of  94  years;  thus  according  to  his  fum  of  the 
five  Dynafties,  only  fix  years  are  left  for  his  other  30  kings.  The 
names  in  this  Dynafty  fhew  it  was  Collateral  with  the  fecond  Dyna- 
fties of  This  and  of  Memphis. 

Yeats. 

1.  Ufer-cheres  -  -  -  -  28 

«.  Se-phres  -  -  -  -  -     13 

3.  Ne-pher-cheres  (fee  the  7th  of  the  2d  Dynafty,  and 

the  3d  of  the  21  ft.)  -  -  -  -  20 

4.  Si-firis  -  -  -  -7 

5.  Cheres         T  '  f      20 

6.  R'athuris      I  Four  kings  borrowed  from  the  laft  Dy-  !       44 

y     nafty  ;    their  periods  are  varied,  hut  > 

7.  Mar-cheres  .      ^^^  ^^^  ^f  ^^em  is  the  fame.  \         9 

8.  Tar-cheres  J  I.      44 

9.  Ob-nus        -    '  -  '  •  -  -  33 

Total        218- 
W  w  w  Sum 


^22  PRfMITIVE    HISTORY,  (Book  j. 

Sum  of  years  in  Syncellus  is  fet  down  2489  and  added  to  the  pre*, 
ceding  four  fums  is  counted  1294s  tho*  only  1291.  But  as  the  par- 
ticular lengths  of  reigns  now  ftand^  they  only  amount  to  1281 
years.  Eufcbius  fays  1295;  tho*  his  particular  lengths  of  reigns  come 
to  I301, 

The  Sixth  Dynafiy  according  to  African  us.      Six  Memphites. 

Years. 

1.  Othoes  reignedi  as  appears  by  the  fum  of  the  Dynafty,         36 

Eufcbius  fays  his  guards  flew  him  :  he  feems  to  be  Ti- 
thoes.  His  death  refembles  that  of  the  ad  king  of  the  12th 
Dynafty. 

g.  Pbius  .  .  -  .  »  g^ 

3.  Methu«fuphis  «.,...  j 

4*  Phiops,  who  began  to  reign  at  fix  years  old  .  94 

5.  Mente-fuphis,  probably  the  Theban  Aches-chus^  j 

6.  Nitocris^  the  23d  fovereign  of  Memphis  1    the  a  2d 

of  Thebes,  -  .  .  .        .  jf 

Africanus  fays,  Nitocris  was  the  moft  excellent  and 
beautiful  woman  of  her  time  ;  of  a  fine  bloomi  and  flaxen 
hair :  and  built  the  third  Pyramid. 

T$tal       203 


Iki 


Africanus  counted  the  general  duration  of  the  fix  Dynaftics,  ^497* 
tho*  the  feveral  fums  fet  down  in  Syncellus  make  1494.  The  par- 
ticular lengths  of  the  feveral  reigns  amount  only  to  1484.  Eufebius 
fays  the  fix  Dynafties  lafted  1498  years ;  the  lengths  of  his  feveral 
reigns  amount  to  1504. 

Africanus  deemed  the  Seventh  Dynafty,  70  Ephimerides  \  whom 
Jackfon  thinks  were  daily  flain  by  the  Hycfii  but  they  were  expelled 

before 


Chap.4-  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY^  jag 

before  the  reign  of  Nitocris  and  her  fon    Orus Eufebius  counts 

this  Memphite  Dynafty,  five,  during  75  days.  This  is  one  of  feven 
fiftitious  Dynafties  to  fupply  the  number  of  Manetho's  feven  Gods; 
the  eight  collateral  Dynafties  fupply  the  Derai-gods. 

Africanus  deemed  the  Eighth  Dynafty,  27  Memphites  during  146 
years.  He  fays,this  period  added  to  the  former  amounts  to  1639  years; 
they  really  come  to  1640.  Yet  the  particular  lengths  of  reigns  make 
only  1630  years.     As  thefe  reigned  not  fix  years  each,  his  account 

of  this  Dynafty   is  improbable. Eufebius  in  the  8th  counts  five 

Memphites,  during  100  years. 

He  fays  ^tho'  Syncellus  here  names  Africanus  for  Eufebius)  the  8 
Dynafties  lafted  1598  years.  The  particular  lengths  of  his  reigns 
make  1604  years. 

Africanus  deemed  the  JV/»/A  Dynafty,  -19  Heracleots  during  409 
years.  This  is  improbable.  Euftbius  counts  four  Heradeots,  during 
lOO  years.  A  round  {period  adopted  by  him,  when  at  a  lofs.  They 
both  name  Achthoes,  a  cruel,  odious,  infane  prince  devoured  by  a 
crocodile :  fo  probably  this  king  and  three  others  were  real. 

Africanus  and  Eufebius  deem  the  Tenth  Dynafty  19  other  Hera- 
cleots during  185  years.  Name  none;  probably  becaufe  there 
were  none. 

Africanus  and  Eufebius  count  the  Eleventh' DyniRy  16  Diofpolites 
during  43  years  only!  befides  Ammenemes  during  16  years.     He  is 

probably  borrowed  from  the  next  Dynafty. Africanus  fays  thefe 

eleven  Dynafties  confifted  of  192  kings  during  2350  years  and  70 
days.  The  Dynafties  particularly  announce  10 1  kings  during  2283 
years.  The  Turns  of  each  Dynafty  as  fet  down  by  Syncellus  amount 
only  to  1942  years  and  75  days. 

Manetho's  fecond  Tome.     By  Africanus. 

The   Twelfth  Dynajly.      Seven   Diofpolites. 

Years, 
^i  •  Geiongofes^  or  Sefon-choris,  fon  of  Ammenemes  reigned      46 

W  w  w  2  a.  Ammenemes 


5^4  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  5. 

1.  Ammenemcs  reigned  -  -  -  gt 

Was  flain  by  his  Eunuchs :  therefore  was  Tubrequent  to 
Semiramis,who  invented  caftration  of  mfen.  He  is  Othocs^ 
or  Tithoes;    alfo  the  king  whom  Nitocris  (in  Herodotus) 
avenged;    being  his  fifter :  hence  fhe  is  Anuflis  fifter  of 
the  firft  Amenophis  in  the  i8th  Dynafty. 

3.  Sefoftris,  (fee  the  8th  king  of  the  2d  Dynafty)  reigned  48 

"  He  fubdued  all  Afia  in  nine  years,  and  Europe  as  far 
as  Thrace.  In  each  country  he  erefted  monuments,  re- 
cording bravery  by  mafculinc  diftinftions;  efBeminacy,  by 
feminine.  The  Egyptians  honoured  him  next  to  Ofiris/'  ^ 
This  Dynafty  was  not  prior  to  the  1 8th  for  Sefoftris  was 
later  than  Orus. 

4*  Lachares  chofe  the  Labyrinth  for  his  Maufoleum  : 
this  fliews  that  he  is  Memnon  who  built  it,  and  the  Amen- 
ophis fubfequent  to  Sefoftris  -  -  -  t 

5.  Ammeres  the  firft  Amenophis  of  the  18th  Dynafty, 
here  mifplaced  ^  -  -        -  -  t 

6.  Ammenemes  -  -  -  -  i 

7.  Scemi-ophris  his  fifter  :  fhe  is  Nitocris,  and  her  pre- 
deceflbr  is  the  fame  pcrfon  as  the  2d  king  here,  and  is  the 
2d  Amenophis  of  the  18th  Dynafty,both  are  wrongly  placed 
fubfequent  to  Sefoftris.     She  is  faid  to  reign  -  4 


Total  160 


I  take  each  Amenophis  here  to  be  the  fire  of  Sefoftris,  and  to  be 
Menon  fpoufc  of  Semiramis,  mother  of  Orus  by  Dionyfius.  Some 
fay  Menon  deftroyed  himfelf  out  of  the.  way  of  Ninus,  who  was  Jove 
Picus.  Rhea  and  her  daughterhad  in  common  the  names  of  Cybeic, 
Ceres,  Demeter,  Ifis,  Dione  and  Venus  Urania;  alfo  of  Semiramis: 
thus   Cedrenus  fays  that  Semiramis  (meaning  the  elder)   was  the 

mother 


Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  525 

mother  of  Ninus  and  Jove  Belus;  but  Sanchoniatho  (hews  that  Zeus 
Belus  was  the  fon  of  Cronus  fpoufe  of  Rhea. 

The  TwELiTH  Dynajly  in  Eufebius^  wtrtjtvtn  Diofpolites* 

Years. 

1.  Sefynchoris,  fon  of  Ammenemes         -  -         -  ^S 

2.  Ammenemes,  flain  by  his  Enunchs         -         -  -         38 

3.  Sefoftris  (who  feems  to  be  the  fame  as  the  firft  king  here)       48 

He  is  the  8th  king  of  the  fecond  Dynafty,  as  appears 
from  the  account  of  his  ftature,  tho*  not  exaftly  the  fame  ;  " 
an  excefs  of  a  ciibit  in  the  former  account  being  probable. 
Here  it  is  4  with  3;  palms.     In  all  other  particulars  Eufe- 
bius  copies  Africanus. 

4.  Labaris  made  theArfinoiteLabyrinth  for  his  fepulchre: 
this  ftews  him  to  be  the  Amenophis  who  was  Memnon. 
Eufcbius  fays  his  pofterity  reigned  42  years;  and  the  whole 
Dynafty  lafted  245  •,  yet  he  fpecifies  only  182,  including 
the  faid  42. 

The  Labyrinth  was  built  after  Sefoftris,  who  divided  Egypt  into 
Nqmes.  Diodorus  fets  the  Proteus  who  lived  during  the  Trojan 
war  in  the  fixth  generation  from  the  founder  of  the  Labyrinth;  whom 
Herodotus  fets  900  years  before  himfelf.  There  are  tautologies  and 
diflocations  in  this  fhort  Dynafty.  Scemiophris  is  the  Ameflia  of 
the  18th  Dynafty,who  is  before  Orus,  and  of  courfe  before  Sefoftris. 
She  is  Nitocris  the  wife  of  Dionyfius  aitd  mother  of  Orus,  alfo  the 
younger  Semiramis ;  tho*  the  Babylonian  Nitrocris  was  Atoffa. 

The  Thirteenth  Dynafty  in  Africanus  were  no  lefs  than  60  Diofpo- 
lites,  during  184  years  only^    They  refemble  Triennial  fenators. 

Eufebius  allows  them  453  years  ;  fo  eafily  he  creates  centuries. 

The  Fourteenth  Dynafty  by  Africanus  is  loft.    It  may  have  com- 
prehend 


5^6  PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

prehended  350  years  :  for  he  fays  the  fecond  Tome  of  Dynafties 
contained  2121.  So  fays  Eufebius ;  who  yet  fpecificd  periods,  m\ 
tach  Dynafty,  different  from  Africanus. 

For  the  Fourteenth  Dynafty  Eufebius  has  obtained  a  race  of  76  kings 
from  the  city  of  Xois  ;  who  reigned  either  184  or  484  years! 

For  his  Fifteenth  Dynafty,  Eufebius  has  unnumbered  Diofpolites 
who  reigned  250  years. 

Africanus^  loth  to  croud  all  the  fiftitious  and  anonymous  Dynaf- 
ties together,  introduces  the  Hycfi  into  ihc  fifteenth  Dynafty :  thus 
removing  them  above  670  years  from  the  founder  of  the  i8th  Dy- 
nafty, their  conqueror. In  the  Sixteenth  Dynafty  Africanus  has  32 

Greek  Paftors.  He  fays  they  reigned  518  years.  This  is  really  the 
period  of  the  i8th  Dynafty,  and  of  the  two.  firft  kings  of  the  15th 
in  Jofephus.  . 

In  the  Seventeenth  Dynafty  Africanus  has  43  other  Paftbrs/and  4j 
Thebans,  reigning  all  in  concert  during  153  years.     The  15th  Dy- 
nafty of  Africanus  fhould  immediately  precede  the  18th  as  JokjAus 
Ihews  us,  and  Eufebius;    who  fet  this  15th  of  Africanus  after  his 
own  i6th;  which  really  is  the  firft  of  the  fucceflive  Dynafties;  bein^ 
the  five  eldeft  kings  of  Thebes,  and  monarchs  of  Egypt,  before  the 
Paftoral  invafion. — The  old  chronicle  names  here  the  eight  Thinites 
of  the  firft  Dynafty:  but  its  duration  fhews,as  well  as  their  appeWaUon 
of  Thebans,  that  the  five  eldeft  Theban  kings  conftituted  the  Dy- 
nafty preceding  the  Hycfi;  yet  it  was  collateral  with  the  firft  Thinite 
Dj^nafty  -,  the  two  firft  kings  in  each  being  the  fame:  the  firft  of  theBi 
founded  Memphis,  and  the  fecond  built  a  palace  there. 

Africanus  and  Eufebius  call  the  Hycfi  Phenician  Faftors.  Indeed 
the  Titans  from  Phenicia  feem  to  have  joined  them,  till  Ammon 
•and  his  fon  routed  them  all.  The  old  chronicle  ftiles  them  Mem- 
phites;  probably  as,  during  this  Dynafty,  Memphis  was  the  feat  of 

their  empire. Jofephus  gives  a  lift  of  the  Hycfi  and  their  fuc- 

ceflbrs  till  the  Exod  from  Manetho>  very  impartially;    tho^  he  op- 

pofes 


Chap.  40  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  527 

pofes  that  hiftorian^  and  thinks  the  Hycfi  were  the  Ifraelites  ;  and 
Syncellus  only  accufes  Jofephusof  an  error  amounting  to  two  years, 
probably  arifing  from  the  odd  months,  which  he  was  fo  particular  as 
to  infcrt,  and  thus  proves  Manetho's  original  accuracy. 

The  fecond  Tome  of  Oynafties  by  Africanus  and  Eufebius  prove 
exceedingly  erroneous  •,  for  befides  thofe  of  the  14th  Dynafty,  Afri- 
canus fpecifies  214  kings  in  this  fecond  Tome,  which  b\^gins  with 
the  1 2th  and  ends  with  the  19th.  His  general  fum  is  96  kings.— -So 
Eufebius  fpecifies  173  kings  befides  thofe  of  the  15th  Dynafty;  his 
general  fum  declares  92. — Their  accounts  are  corrupted  :  and  lifts 
of  petty  archons  of  diftrifls  or  towns  are  miftaken  for  kings. 

Syncellus  is  right  in  fuppofing  repetitions  in  the  beginning  of  the 
18th  Dynafty;  as  there  is  in  the  19th.      The  old  chronicle  rightly 
counts  only  14  kings  in  the  i8th  Dynafty,  ftilingthem  Memphites; 
by  which  they  appear  much  the  fame  as  the   fixth  Dynafty.      Afri- 
canus and  Eufebius  count  i6.     Jofephus,  18  ;    whofe  firft  and  fe- 
cond feemto  be  his  7th  and  8th  alfo;  who  with  the  9th,  fliouldftand 
firft,  fecond  and  third.     Yet  the  chronology  feems  tolerably  true; 
for  the  Titans  were  remarkably  longeval.     Thus  Apappus  (who  is 
Amos,  Amofis,  Thmofis,  Tethmofis,  was  Ammon,  as  Plutarch  fliews 
by  calling  him  Amos)  reigned  100  years  ^    a  period  fo  long,  that 
it  is  palliated  in  the  Dynafties,  by  faying  that  he  (who  is  there  named 
Phiops)  lived  100  years  and  reigned  94.      But. he  was  Cinyras  king 
of  Syria,  who  lived  160  years;  therefore  the  reign  of  Apappus  be- 
gan when  he  was  60,  not  6,  years  of  age :  and  at  any  rate  he  may 
veil  be  Tethmofis  in  Jofephus,  and  Tmofis.      But  I  think  only 
AmeniDphis  was  between  the  firft  part  of  his  reign,  and  the  fecond. 
To  accommodate  this  Dynafty  to  the  old  chronicle's   number  of 
reigns,  we  may  arrange  it  thu&  :  but  we  muft  then  conclude  that  the 
Hycfi,  who  were  expelled  by  Amofis,  entered  the  Sethroite  Nome 
in  the  reign  of  the  third  king  of  Thebes  ;   tho'  they  may  not  have 
pofieft  themfelves  of  Memphis  till  the  end  of  the  fifth   king  of 
Thebes 


t 


sit  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

A  new  arrangement  of  the  1 9th  Dynafly  ;  fuitahly  to  the  numbtr  of  its 
kings  in  the  Old  Chronicle. 

Years.      Months. 

1.  Halifphragmuthofis,  or  Mifphrag-muth-ofis,  reigned  85   :    10 

2.  Thmofis,  before  the  expulfion  of  the  Hycfi  9   :     8 

Amenophis  (the  old  Maro  afterwards  left  in  Thrace)  re- 
gent in  Amnion's  abfence  -  •.  -       30   :   1  o 

Thmofis,  the  aforefaid  fecond  king  ;  after  the  Hycfi,  as 
Theophilus  to  Autolicus  relates.  -        -  «    25    :     4 

3.  Chebron  or  Dionyfius;  his  firft  name  fignifying  focial  13   :  — 

Amenophis^  regent  in  the  Indian  expedition,  and  fecond 
hufband  of  Ceres ;  by  whom  he  had  Egyptus  and  Danaus: 
fhe  was  Semiramis  ;  and  he  Menon,  alfo  Belus  -    20  :     7 

The  Titan  war  ended  now  with  the  death  of  Dionyfius* 

4.'Ame(res,  Nitocris,  Chebron's  wife  and  fitter  Ceres, 
regent  till  her  fon  Orus  flew  Typhon.        -        -        ^        21   :  p 

5.  Mephres,  viceroy  during  the  abfence  of  Orus  in 
Greece;  -  -         -  -  -  12  :    9 

6.  Orus  fon  of  Dionyfius  and  Ceres  -         -         3^-5 

7.  Achcnchres,  long  regent  of  Memphis,  and  daughter 

of  Orus         -  -  -  -  -  -12:1 

8.  Rathofis  fon  of  Orus  :  thefe  reigned  whilft  Sefoftris 

or  Ramefis  was  abroad  ^  -  .         .         ^  : 

'g.  Achen-cheres,  I  ^  The  Cheres  and  Nephefrcheres  C     12  :     5 
f  of  Thi3,    and   regents   under< 

10.  Achen-cheres,  £  3  Sefoftris.  t     i*  ^    3 

11.  Armais  or  Danaus,  who  fettled  the  Egyptian  colony 

at  Cholchis,  in  the  reign  of  Sefoftris ;    at  his  return  he 
ufurped  the  crown  -  ^  -  -4:1 

12.  Ramefis 


Chap.  4.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  529 

Y.  M. 

12.  Ramefis  or  Sefoftris^  or  Egyptus^had  reigned  chiefly 

by  regents;    and  on  his  return,  after  his  brother's  expuU 

fion,  reigned  -        -  -  -  -.1:4 

13.  Ramefis  Miamun,  Phero,  or  Nun-coreus,  the  fe- 

cond  Sefoftris  -  -  -  '-        66  :    ^ 

14.  Amenophis,  Memnon,  Imandes,  Mendes,    Myris, 

Maro  -  -  -  -  -  19  :    6 


Syncellus,  counts  391  years.  393 


I  will  now  fet  down  Manetho's  17th  Dynafty  (the  rsth  6f  Afri- 
canus)  with  the  18th  and  19th  Dynafties  fiom  Jofcphus,  AfricanUs 
and  Eufebius:  I  fh all  then  have  defcended  lower  than  the  collateral 
Dynafties ;  none  of  which,  (Sefoftris  having  formed  Egypt  into  a 
•monarchy)  are  fo  low  as  the  19th;  which  concludes  Manetho's  fe- 
cond  Tome.  But  let  me  premife  that  Syncellus  fays,  "  Manetho 
counted  the  reign  of  Certus  44  years,  Jofephus  (whom  he  profeffes 
to  follow)  29."  Yet  no  Certus  appears  in  Jofephus,  Africanus  or 
Eufebius;  but  is  fet  by  Syncellus  before  Aflis  or  Aleth  the  laft  king 
of  the  Hycfi,  in  the  17th  Dynafty,  yet  after  Sethos,  the  firft  of  the 
19th  Dynafty.  Syncellus  meant  Melecertes  or  Arcles,ahe  Pheni- 
cian  Hercules. 

TAe  Hycfi,  in  Africanus    ThcHycfiyin  Eufebius.  The  Hycf^  in  Jofephus^ 
Six  Phenicans.  Four  Phenicians:  the      in    the  reign  of  Ti-- 

1.  Saites         -       **"       ^^^   Chrrnicle  fays  4      maus,  or  Thamus. 

'^      Memphites.    '  ^  ,    .  ^«*°- 

2.  Byon,  or  Beon  .44  Years.  ^-  ^alatis    .     ,9 

I.  Saites        -      iq    ^    « 

4.  Slaan  .     ^^   ''  ^'°''        "     «  3-  Apachnas    36:7 

^.Archl«        -     \^'-^^^'"    -     '*  4.Aphoph«    6. 

;i.AphophU     .     6.    :'-^'"""     -Jl  5.jania,    -50:. 

106  6.  Affi  49  :  2 

259  :  10 
-Xxvx  Africanus 


284 


530 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  5. 

Africanus  fays,  they  took  Memphis.  He  and  Eufebius  fay,  the 
Nome  of  Sais  had  its  name  from  Saites.  It  is  more  probable  that 
Pachnan  founded  PachnamiHMs.-.— Pluiarch  mentions  Apopis,  and 
fhews  he  was  the  Titan  SaturA  ;  and  Amos,  or  Amofis,  Amnion.—. 
Bochart  thus  explains  the  names  of  this  Dynafty,  calling  the  fecond 
king  (as  from  Africanus)  Anon  ;  and  counting  Staan's  reign  only  8 
years.  <•  Saia  flgnifies  white,  from  Parian  marble.  Anon,  in  Phc- 
nician,  fignifies  companionate.  Pa-chnan  is  a  contratlion  of  Pea- 
Chnan,  Dux  Canaaneus.  Staan,  or  Eftaan,  firm.  Archies  is  from 
Arkel,  Celcr ;  hence  the  Greek  Argaleus  (and  perhaps  Hercules; 
as  Affis  i«  from  Axiz,  ftrohg).     Aphobi^  is  from  Abob,  DileQus/' 

I  derive  Apophts  from  Ap-ophion,  fonof  Ophion. The  Tyrians 

of  Memphis,  i|i  Herodotus  (»)  were  not  a  remnant  of  the  Hy  cfi:  but 
probably  fled  thither  from  Jolhua  ;  as  Procopius  found  monuments 
of  their  companions,  farther  to  the  weft  in  Africa. 


Th  iSthDynaJly  from 

The  farm  from  Eufebius  ^ 

,          The  fame  from  yoftpkus. 

Africanus,    16   Dio- 
Jpolitcs. 

16  Diofpolitei 

Kings  o/'Thcbt 

es. 

I.  Amos                ,   6 

I.   Amofiis             25 

I.  Halifphragmuthofis  60 

. 

a.  Chebros         -    13 

2.  Chebron     -     13 

2,  Thummofis  or 

\H- 

3.  A-meno-phthis  21 

3.  Amenophis       21 

Tethraofis 

4 

4.  Amerfis         -     22 

3.  Chebron 

IS 

-» 

5,  Mifa-phris     -     13 

4.  Mi-phris     •     it 

4.  Amenophis 

«o; 

7 

6.  Mifphragmu-  1    ^ 

thofis        r^ 

5.  Mifphragmu., 
thofis             \^^ 

5.  Ameffis,  Soror 

-      2t  '■ 

9 

6.  Me-phrcs 

n  ; 

9 

7.  Tuthmofis             9 

6.  Tuthmofis          9 

7.  Mc-phra-muth 

25- 

10 

8.  Amenophis         31 

7.  Amenophis       31 

8.  Thmofis 

9' 

8 

9.  Horus         -       37 

8.  Oru8         -       36 

9.  Amenophis 

-    30  •• 

10 

10.  A-cherres         32 

9.  Achen-cherfes  12 

10.  Orus 

3«: 

5 

II.  Rathos                  6 

10.  Athoris         -  39 

II.  Achenchres,  Filia 

12  : 

;    I 

12.  Chebres         -    12 

II.  Chencheres      16 

12.  Rathotis,  Prater     - 

■      9 

>- 

13.  Acberres     -       12 

12.  A-chcrres    -     8 

13.  Achenchcres 

12  : 

5 

14.  Armefes                5 

13.  Cherres            15 

14.  Achen-cheres 

19  : 

1 

15.  Ramefes          -     i 

14.  Armes           -     5 

1 5.  Armais 

4  ' 

;    1 

1 6.  Amenophis   -     19 

^5-  Egyptus          68 

1 6,  Ramefles 

I  : 

i 

16.  Menophis         40 

17.  Rameffes  Mamun 

-  66; 

:    9 

^59 

376 

18.  Amenophis    - 

-   >9- 

;    6 

^""^ 

Sum  in  Syncellus 

393  •• 

— - 

is — 263 

Sum  in  Syncellus 

^^"^ 

is 348 

Tbc 


Chap.  4,) 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

The  igth  Dj^najly. 


DiofpoliUs. 


5* 
61 


\.  Sethos 
t.  Rapfaces 

3.  Ammenephthes   so 

4.  Raraefis  S6 

5.  Ammenemes     -    5 

6.  Thuoris  or  Po-l 

lybus  Alcand-  >  6 
ra's  fppufe       ) 


209 


1.  Sethos        -    55 

2.  Rapfes        -    66 

3.  Ammenephthis  40 

4.  Ammenemes    26 

5.  Thuoris,        ^ 

fpoufe  of     C   ^ 
Alcandra    J 


194 


1.  Sethofis,  Sethos, 

Ramefes  or 
Egyptas  (reput- 
ed)  brother   of 
Armais  or  Dan- 
aus,  reigned       59 

2.  Rapfes  or  Ram-  . 

phes  his  fon         66 

3.  Amenophis  13 

4.  Sethos^  Ram-     1 38 
^fles  or  Rampfes 

18  years  old  at 
the  Exod  — — 

The  firft  king  of  this 
Dynafty  hxht  Proteui 
of  Herodotus ;  Sethos 
being  the  firft  Egyp- 
tian king. 


St^ 


Ttlanetho's  Second  Tome  is  faid  to  laft  2 121  years:  yet  the  par- 
ticular Turns  of  each  Dynafty  amount  to  1771,  the  14th  Dynafty  be- 
ing omitted:  the  particular  periods  fet  to  each  reign. amount  to  1788; 

according  to  Africanus As  Eufcbius  fet   down  the  fums  of  each 

Dynafty,  their  total  amount  is  either  2267,  or  2270.     But  the  par- 
ticular lengths  of  each  reign  amount  to  2237, Africanus  coiw 

trived  the  period  of  his   i8th  Dynafty  to  be  the  real  period  of  the 
regal  Paftors, 


The  intermediate  reigns  between  the  ift  and  2d  parts  of  the  reigns 
of  Amos  or  Ammon,  who  was  Cinyras  and  lived  160  years,  if  truly 
arranged  in  Jofephus,  were  vicegerents  during  the  Titanian  wars; 
which  lafted  10  years,  after  their  renewal  by  Dionyfius  or  Chebron, 
and  during  Ammon's  exile  and  abfence  in  Lybia,  Crete,  Greece, 
Cyprus  and  Phrygia— -However  that  be,  the  Amenophis  next  to 

Xxxst.  Chebron 


43»  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

Chebron  is  the  Belus  father  of  Sefoftris  and  the  Bel  us  or  Menon 
who  went  to  Babylon  with  Semiramis  or  Ifis,  after  the  death  of  Dio- 
nyfius.  Ameffis  is  this  Ifis,  and  avenged  his  death.  Mephres  was 
a  viceroy,  while  Ifis  and  Orus  abdicated  Egypt  on  Typhon*s  ihurder. 
The  next  three  (hould  ftand  the  three  firft  in  the  Dynafty  ;  two  of 
them  are  the  firft  two  in  Jofephus;  the  third  is  old  Nlaro,  afterwards 
left  in  Thrace  by  Dionyfius,  and  the  true  regent  in  the  Titan  war. 
Ramefis  or  Sefoftris  had  viceroys  whilft  he  attended  the  wars,  till 
Armais  retnrned  to  Egypt  and  ufurped  the  crown;  which  within  five 
years  occafioned  his  expulfion. 


k 


The  15  fiicceffive 
Dynafties,  according 
to  the  years  in  the 
old  Chronicle  cor- 
refted  from  Jofephus 
and  Eufebius. 

l^ynafyy      Rtigns.       Tmrs, 

16— —8  Thinitcs— ^-190 
17—6  Hycfi  ■  ■  ■■  260 
18 — 14  Memphices  —  391 
19-— i  Dioipolites —  194 
20—8  Dioipol.  —  228 
21—'     "6  Tamtcs  ■  121 

22—3  Tanites — — •  48 
23. 
24- 

26- 
27- 
28- 


-2  Diofpol. 
-3  Saitc«; — 
-3  Ethiops- 


-7  Memphites— 
-5  Terliiins  — 
-I  Saite* 


29—      4  Mendefians 
|o— 3  Tanites—— 

Cynic  J 


The  15  laft  Dyna 
fties :  with  a  c  hrono 
logy  regulated    from 
fuch  accounts  as  ap- 
pear  moft  accurate. 

Djnafiy.  Tears* 

16—253     ThinitM. 
1 7—260  1  Jofephiu  corrcc- 
18 — 391  3  ted  by  Syncellufl 
19—138    Jofephus 
2c— 178  lEufebitts 
21  — i3ot 

22—  49  \ 

23—  19^ 

24—  44  !  The  Old  Chro- 

25 —  44  J      nide. 
26— 177  J 
27—120'  \ 

28—  6VEufcbi«t 

29—  21  Ir 

30—  20  J 


I  think  the  17th  and  18th 
Dynafties  were  partly  col 
lateral. 


Thefum  of  the  years 
of  Manetho's  go  Dy* 
nafties  are  3555 

The  1  c  fuccefiive  1  .. 

Dynafdes  held  J  '^" 

The  Years  of  the  7  1674 

collateral  are    3 


1851 1851 

Frtmthe  Flood  to  J     ^p_ 

Mencf  J    *>9 

From  NeAanebus  to  7        g 

the  Incarnation      3    ^^ 


3555 


The  collateral  Dynaiixsa/* 
1  •  Tkinite 
2.  Thinite 


»S3 
301 


3.  Memphite 

4.  Memphite 
6.  Memphite 
8.  Memphite 


5.  Elephantine 


9,  Heradeot 

Sum  of  the  colla-  7 
teral  periods      J 
Succeffive  period 

Total 


214 

2«4 
.2#3 

100 

-  100 


3555 


From  the  Flood  to     7 
Chrift  3  2348 

Dottbtlefs  Manetho's  113  reigns  relate  to  the  famt 
clafTes  as  in  tke  Old  Chronicle:  but  his  3555>/tfr/jr- 
gard  all  the  Dynafties^   both  collateral  andf  fucceifirr. 


Diodoruii 


Chap.  4.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y. 

Diodorus  fays,  52  of  the  line  of  Menes  reigned  above  i40oyears 
this,  with  the  reign  of  Menes,  would  coincide  with  a  Sothiac  period; 
and  would  reach  to  the  end  of  the  zzd  Dynafty.  Herodotus  fays 
they  had  330  kings  from  Menes  to  Myris;  Eufebiu^'counted  above 
360:     Africanus  above  480:  being  collateral. 


5SI 


Time,  from  the  flood  to  the  fall   of  Troy,  probabaly  elapfed  in 
Egypt  after  this  manner  :  yet  fee  B.  2.  Ch.  2. 


159  Years,  Anarchy 
253.  During  the  firft  Dynafty  of 
Thinites, coeval  with  the  firft 
Thebans  and  Memphites. 
260.  Hycfi  under  kings. 
391.  Years  duringthe  iSthDynafty 
59.  Cethos  or  Proteus  the  elder. 
42.  YearsRampfinitus  had  reign- 
ed before  the  fall  of  Troy. 

1164 


159  years.   Anarchy. 

190.  Five  Thebans,  before  the 
Hycfi  feized  Memphis. 

500.  Hycfi  before,  during,  and 
after  the  17th  Dynafty. 

214.  From  their  expulfion  by 
Amofis  (who  appears 
twice  in  the  i8th  Dy- 
nafty) to  the  end  of  that 
Dynafty. 

10 1,  Thence  to  the  fall  of  Troy. 

1 164 


The  Hycfi  made  an  impreffion  on  Egyj)t  during  the  i6th  Dynafty, 
who  were  the  firft  Theban  kings.  At  the  end  of  that  Dynafty  they 
got  pofTeffion  of  Memphis  1 1  years  after  their  advent :  at  the  end  of 
the  firft  Thinite  Dynafty  they  affumed  regal  power  and  maintained 
it  260  yearsj  but  were  fuppreft,  fome  years  before  their  expulfion  by 
Amos  before  the  2d  part  of  bis  reign. 


COLLATERAL 


4 


Ui 


PillMITIVfi     HISTORY.  (Book  |. 

COLLATERAL    KINGS    OF  EGYPT. 


Thebes. 


Yeard  i.) 


ml 


62 


Tliis. 


i.Menes         •) 

2.  ^thoth         I  59 

3.  Athoth  21  32 

4.  Diabies       ;  19 

5.  Semphos     J  18 

6.  Taegar         -  79 

7.  Stasehus  6 

8.  Go8-or-mies     -  30 

9.  Mares            -  26 

10.  Anuphes  20 

11.  Siritts         -  ig 

12.  Cnubus            •  22 

13.  Rauofifl  13 

14.  Biyris  •  10 
ic.  Saophii  -  29 
Id.  Sen-faopkif  27 
17*  MoT-chcret        •31 

18.  Ma(Uiis         ^  •  33 

19,  Pammat  "  .  35 
id.  Apapptit  -  100 

21.  Eches-chus  1 

22.  NITOCRIS  6 

23.  Myrcaeus        -  22 

24.  Thyfio^mares  12 

25.  Thinillas        -  8 

26.  Semphroacrates  18 

27.  Chuther        -  7 

28.  Meures              -  12 

29.  Choma  Ephtka  1 1 

30.  .^nchuniiw  60 

31.  Pente  AthyrU  42 

32.  Stamcmenes     .  23 

33.  Siftofichcrmes  i^^ 

34.  Maris        -  43 

35.  Siphthas  r 

36.  -  ,4 

37.  Phuron,  or  Nilas  5 
jS,  A-myth-tntcus  63 

1076 


Firft:  Dynafty, 
I.  Menes 
2t  Athoth 

3.  Cencenes 

4.  Venephes 

5.  Uiaphaedos 

6.  Miabidus 

7.  Semempds 

8.  Bienaches 


Years. 

62 
47 
3> 
•  *3 
20 

-    26 

.  18 

.    26 


An  interregnum  now, 
on  the  incroachments  of 
the  Hycfi;  when  pro- 
bably theMemphite  kings 
were  either  nominal »  or 
fuboffdinate  to  the  Hycfi: 
who  had  regal  power  260 
years. 


Second  Dyaafty, 

1.  Bo-chus 

2.  Chsa-chos 

3.  Binotkris 

4.  Tlas 

5.  Sechenet 
i.  Cheres 
7.Ncphcr-cheres 


i.  Sefochrifl 
9.  Gheaeres 


38 
39 
47 
'7 
41 
17 
^5 


-  4« 

-  30 


Total  of  the  two  1 
Dynalties  and  the  >8ic 
Hvcfi  3 

Dedua  Scfoftrisand  I 
his  fucceiTor         J  7» 

737 


Thus  Sefoftris  began 
his  reign  737  years  after 
the  commencement  of 
the  empire:  but  probably 
Tins  did  not  recover  its 
power  as  foon  as  the 
Hycfi  were  reflrained. 


2.) 


Memphis. 


Third  Dynafty. 

1.  Necherophes 

2.  Toforthrus 

3.  Tyris 

4.  Mefochris 
5>  Soiphes 

6.  Tolcrtafis 

7.  Achis 

8.  Sijpharis 

9.  Cherpheres 


Yean. 
28 

*9 
7 

17 
16 

'9 

42 


Fourth  Dynaily, 


10.  %Soris 
1  r .  Suphis 

12.  Saphis 

13.  Men -cheres 

14.  Rataefis 
Bi-cheres 
Seber-cheres 
Thamtkis 


:i: 


17 


63 

63 

22 

7 


Sixth  Dynafty. 


1.  Othoes             -  j6 

2.  Phius              -  yj 

3.  Methu-fuphis  7 

4.  Phi-ops          -  9\ 

5.  Mentefaphis  i 

6.  NitQcris            -  1^ 

Eighth  Dynifty. 

EUSEBIUS  counts 
5 lot 

I  think  the  fenrth  Dy- 
nafiv  has  the  four  kings 
of  the  iSthDynafly  next 
after  Orus;  and  that  each 
Suphis  are  Theban  kings 
alfo.  And  I  believe  the 
four  kings  aforefaid  pro- 
perly are  the  four  penul- 
timate kings  of  the  5th 
Dynafty. 

The  duration  of  the 
four  reigns  in  etch  Dy- 
nafty is  117  years. 

Manetha's 


Chap.  4.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY. 

COLLATERAL    KINGS    OF   EGYPT. 

Manetho's  fucceffive  defcents  were  to  the  end  of  all  the  D)  nallics, 
113  like  the  old  Chronicle.  Yet  only  78  were  real:  the  others  be- 
ing probably  the  fame  fiflitious  reigns  as  in  the  old  Chronicle  :  tho* 
Africanas  allowed  only  16  Gods  and  Demi-gods:  but  Herodotus 
fhews  that  the  claf^^  of  Gods  was  augmented  from  8  to  it.  and  the 
20  facred  beds  at  Mcmnonium  prove  the  Gods  and  Demi-gods  fo  ' 
many.  Theophilus  Antioch  has  only  two  reigns  making  zzl  years 
between  Orus  and  Armais. 


5J5 


3.)      The    Hycfi   are 

the 

feventeenth  Dynafty: 

the 

i6lh  beiug  the  firft  kings 

of  This  253  years. 

1.  Salatis         -          19  : 

2.  Beon  (or  Anon)  44  : 

3.  A-pachnas           36  : 

7 

4.  Apophis         -      61  : 

5.  Janias(or  Staan)5o  : 

1 

6.  Ailis           -          49  : 

• 

Eighteenth  Dynafty. 

\. 

M. 

1 .  Halifphragmuth  60  : 

2.  rethmofis           25  : 

4 

3.  ChebroB         -     13 

4.  Amenophis          20  : 

7 

5.  Ameifis  (Soror)   21  : 

9 

i.  Mephres         -    12  • 

9 

7.  Mephramuth       25  : 

!• 

8.  Thmofis         -      9  : 

8 

9.  Amenophia          30  : 

10 

10.  Orus         -          36  : 

5 

II.  Achenchres        12  : 

1 

12.  RathQtis          -     9: 

-^ 

13.  Achen-cheres     12  : 

5 

14.  Achen-chercs      12  : 

3 

15.  Armais         -        4: 

1 

16.  Rameffes        -     i  : 

4 

17.  HarmefTes          66  : 

2 

18.  ^inepophis         19  : 

6 

Nineteenth  Dynafty. 

1.  Setbos,  Ramefis      59 

2.  RampilMorRaipphit  60 

3.  AmenophJs        -      13 

When  the  Exod. 

Note«  Theophilus  Antio- 
chen:  calls  the  14th  king 
Mercheres;  fee  Ele^hantis; 
Mer  ii  Lord;  Chan  is  king. 


4.)  Elephantis. 

Fifth  Dynafty.  Years. 


I.  Upher-cherea 
2;  Sephres 

3.  Nepher-cheres 

4.  Si-firis 
f-5.  Chores 

•  6.  Rathuris 
\  7.  Mar-cheres 
i^  8.  Tar-chcres 
9.  Obnus 


28 

>3 

20 

7 
20 -| 

44  V 


9  ( 
44J 
33 


I  tkink  the  four  penulti- 
mate kinjg^s  here  are  the 
four  penuftimate  in  the  4th 
Dynafty>and  the  four  kiags 
after  Orus,  in  the  i8th  Dy- 
nafty ;  which  if  we  dedu&; 
the  reign  in  that  Dynafty 
will  be  149  the  period  34S 
agreeable  to  the  old  Chro<r 
nicle. 


5) 


Hcradeots. 


Ninth  Dynafty. 
Eufebius  couats 


Years. 
*— xoo 


Four,    during-^ 
Among  whom  Achthns  or 
Achtoes. 


In  the  Chronicle  of  Eu- 
febius the  ninth  king  of 
Thebes  is  faid  to  reign  dur- 
ing the  i6tkDynafty;  rather 
the  17th. 

The  fiditious  Dynafties 
arc  the  8th,  loth,  nth, 
12th,  13th,  14th;  and  15th 
of  Eufebius. 

The  i6thDynaftywcre  the 
fivefirft  kings  of  Thebes;all 
the  enfuing  Dynafties  were 
fucccflive.  Tne  old  chro- 
nicle counts  8  Thinites  in 
the  i6thDynafty.  It  allows 
them  as  doth  Euiebius,  a 
period  of  190  years;  the  fum 
of  the  reigns  of  the  firft  ive 
Thebans. 


PRIMITIVE 


>» 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

BOOK     III.  C  H  A  P.  V. 


CONTENTS. 

Hijloryofthejirjl  Egyptian  Kings.  Of  Mi  for  orMenes  Thoth's  Father^ 
and  of  the  primitive  Egyptian  Ifis.  Of  Thoth  and  his  Litcraturt. 
Manetho's  Account  of  the  Hycfi  ;  hinted  at  by  Polemo  and  Tacitus  : 
and  by  Herodotus^  who  fays  they  afterwards  Jlole  lo^  of  whom  an  Ac^ 
count.  Touching  on  the  iSth  Dynafly  of  Manetho^  his  Account  of  the 
frfl  King  of  the  igM,  whom  he  mijlakesfor  Sefojlrisy  next  follows. 
Manetho*s  Account  of  the  Exod;  alfo  Cheremon^s^  with  Remarks.  The 
Account  of  Exod  by  Lyjimachus  and  lacitus.  Artapanus  and  Jujlin 
-  mention  the  Divijion  of  the  Red  Sea.  A  Verfion^of  the  Ifymn pf 
Mofes. 

TT*GYPT  fo  named  from  kia  fur/wv,  land  of  Copts,  emerged,  bc- 
-*^  fore  any  other  country,  from  obfcurity  j  as  part  of  it  did  from 
the  fea.     Only  a  jejune  lift  of  kings  appears  in  the  Affyrian  hiftory:; 
except  a  folitary  remark,  that  Evochtis  altered  the  manner  of  re- 
cording time  from  Sari  of  years  containing  360  days  :    till   Mofcs 
Chorenenfis  tranfmits  a  few  occurrences  of  fome  four  reigns  pre" 
ceding  the  Titanian  war.    Many  remarkable  particulars,  that  occurred 
fevera)  centuries  before  that  event,  have  been  recorded  concerning 
the  Egyptians  :  fuch  as  the  foundation  of  Thebes;  and  of  Memphis; 
fcience  in  politics,  letters,  and  medicine,  acquired  by  their  firft  king 
Menes  or  Mifor  Thoth'^  (ire  :  Vaft  improvements  in  the  fciences  by 
Thoth  himfelf  i   by  communicating  which  in   weftern  countries   his 
fon  Tat  who  probably  removed   from  the   Hycfi,  obtained  divine 
honours:  all  thefe  three  fucceflively  acquiring  the  name  of  Mercury, 
the  God  of  intelligence.      From  this  precedence  in  improvements, 
Ariftotle  deems  the  Egyptians  the  moft  ancient  people ;  and  Apol- 

lonias 


Chap.  5.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  537 

lonius  Rhodius  calls  Egypt,  «*  The  mother  of  the  eldeft  men." 
Aftronomy  and  medicine  particularly  engaged  the  attention  of  thefc 
early  princes.  Thus  Theuth,  Anubis  or  Trifinegiftus  determined 
the  folar  year  to  a  day.  His  kinfman  Ifmunus  learnt  the  powers  of 
night-fliade  from  Phut :  long  before  the  Grecian  Efculapius  diftin- 
guifhed  himfelf  by  the  paltry  cures  of  ibre  eyes  with  a  liniment  of 
hog's  lard  and  vinegar.  Thoth  wrote  a  Treatife  on  the  Eye.  Ma- 
crobius  and  Aulus  Gellius  fays,  the  Egyptians  found  that  a  delicate 
nerve  of  the  fourth  finger  of  the  left  hand  communicated  with  the 
heart ;  hence  it  became  the  ring-finger.  Even  the  interruption 
given  to  thofis  heroes,  by  the  inroad  of  the  Hycfi,  makes  a  con- 
fiderablc  figure  in  hiftory,  more  early  than,  for  aught  that  appears 
any  fociety  was  formed  in  Europe;  before  the  Arcadians  themfelves, 
who  vied  with  the  moon  in  antiquity,  had  learnt  under  Pelafgus  to  Raleigh, 
creft  cots,  and  to  regale  themfelves  on  acorns.  Egypt  therefore 
defervedly  claims  a  preference  to  all  other  nations  in  that  hiftorian's 
page,  who  would  colleft  and  communicate  thofe  remains  ofhtgheft 
antiquity,  that  have  efcaped  the  ravages  of  remorfelefs  time. 

The  firft  Egyptian  king  faid  to  be  fubfequent  to  the  Gods,  who 
were  the  8  Cabiri  in  the  Ark,  was  Ham's  fon  Mi/or  or  Menes,  Thoth's 
father ;  and  fo  much  the  father  of  his  country,  that  (tho'  Ham  the 
firft  Camillus,  and  Cafmillus,  from  Cafam,  dius^  had  precedence 
thro'  priority  of  birth,  and  became  their  Vulcan  and  Prometheus 
and  eldeft  Cronus,  and  Zeus :  his  wife  Thebe,  who  was  Nemefis 
daughter  of  Oceanus  Noah,  or  lus,  and  of  his  wife  Nox,  being 
the  primitive  Leda,  Letous  or  Latona;  and  firft  Ifis,  a  name  aftumed 
by  her  daughter,  as  well  as,  fome  7  centuries  afterwards,  by  two  of 
her  Titanian  defcendents)  yet  Mifor  was  their  favouriteDeity,  being 
their  firft  Ofiris,  Camus,  Thamus,  Agathodemon,  Omphis,  Pan, 
Sol,  Hercules,  Bacchus  or  Mithras  Bromius,  Herm-Apollo,  and 
Mercury  ;  whence  Eratofthenes  calls  his  fon  Hermogene3:  and^  as 
this  Ofiris,  who  like  his  grandfire  ftudied  huft)andry,  cultivated  the 
vine  alfo  like  him  ;  and  is  probably  the  Mercury  who  difcovered 
the  virtues  of  the  Olive,  attributed  to  the  Minerva  who  was  his  wife, 

Y  y  y  not 


g^Z  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book| 

not  the  Titan  Athene,  who  only  imitated  her;  I  repeat  as  this  Ofiiu 
is  by  Diodorus  and  Plutarch  faid  to  be  Serapis;  it  accounu  for  the 
title  of  Ofiriferapis,  and  for  the  affertion  ofPaufanias  that  theMer. 
cury^  who  was  the  guardian  of  iheep,  had  an  Oracle  in  Achaia  fimi. 
lar  to  that  of  Serapis.  and  a  well  named  Hama.       To  him  relttcs 
the  folar  table  in  the  palace   Mattei.  having  badges  of  Apollo,  Sd, 
Omphis,  Hermes  and  Hercules.     Mifor  was  alfo  Plutarch's  Ofiiu 
who  was  Nilus  and  Agathodemon :  hence  Phornutus  fays  that  P» 
(who  MFas  Mifor,  Menes)  was  Agathodemon.     He   isr  the  Perb 
Supufli ;    and  Al  Namus,   the  fcribe,  alluded  to  in  the    infcripooi 
NamaSebefio,  and  TuUy's  Hercules  Scriba;  and  Mufagetes;alft 
Hercules  Sol^  or  Adonai  in^  Montfaucon :  and  the  Dionyfius  i^i 
die  Priapus  oTLamlacain  Atheneus:  alfo  Peor  derived  fromhoii 
denudavit^     This  Menes  hiftoriansdiftinguiih  from  others  by  epitts^ 
expreffive  of  his  antiquity*.    Thus  Herodotus  fays  '^Menes,  the/fji 
king  of  Egypt,  embankt  the  Nile^  which  ran  by  Mount  PfamffiM 
U)wards  Lybia  and  diverting  its  courfe  about   lOo  ftadia  fouthof 
Memphis,,  built  that  city  in  the  old  channel  of  the  river :    he  alfo 
built  Vulcan's  famous  temple   at  Memphis."^      Diodorus  calls  \im 
Uchoreus ;   becaufe  Meon  like  the  Arabic  Camus  (whence  hci 
Neptune».and  the  Britifh  Camu,  with  a  ear  of  corn)  fignifies  OceM0i 
a  name  (as  he  telb  us)  of  the  Niie»  and  Chor  fignifies  a  torrM\ 
jh  Herodotus  ^^^  ^^  ftiling  him  Ogdous  (the  eighth)  he  confounds  him  with  Ac 
Dionyfitt*     Choreus,  who  was  Cybele's  fpoufe  Meon  or  Saturn;  the  eighth  ftfWR 
Ham :   and  thus  he  makes  him  to  be  that  Bufiris  who  was  $th  king 
from  his  firft  Bufiris ;  who   is  this  Mifor ;  the  king  Ofiris»  who,  as 
be  elfewhere  tells  us,  founded  Memphis ;    this  proves  O&ris  to  be 
Menes;  whofe  fon  Thoth  founded  a  palace  there.     And^  as  he  fayi 
that  founder  was  deemed  Egyptus^  this  was  the  old  Egyptus  long 
before  Sefoftris.      Menes   alfo  founded  Thebes  and  This^  and  was 
king  of  both.    Varro  fays  that  Thebes  was  built  21OO  years  befixt 
his  nativity.      The  Cadmus^  by  Ifidore  deemed  the  founder  of  this 
city  :  and  by  Diodorus^  a  native  of  Egypt;  is  Lyccphron*s  Cadnioti 
who  is  this  primitive  Mercury,  or  Mifor.  father  of  Thoth  Henacv 
genes  :  the  Tufcans  named  him  Camillus,  yooDg  Cham ;  tho*  Cad- 

millus 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  539 

millus  is  from  Chadan^  Phcnecian  for  Ich  Dicn,  the  motto  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales.  The  Scholiaft  of  ApoUonius  fays  that  Thebes  was 
the  oldeft  city  of  Egypt.  Pliny  fays,  it  was  built  long  before  Sicyon.  7.  56. 
Nonnus  fays  it  had  this  name  from  the  primitive  Thebe.  Hence 
Diodorus  fays,  the  Egyptians  boafted  of  cities  founded  by  the  an- 
cient  Gods.     He  alfo  fays  that  this  "  Menes  (calling  him  the  firft  1 

king  after  the  Gods,  who  are  the  eight  perfons  of  the  Ark)  taught 
men  religion:"  but  he  confounds  him,  as  to  delicate  viands,  with 
Memnon;  as  the  reprefentations  in  Memnon's  famous  palace  evinces; 
for  that  part  feems  an  addition  to  the  edifice  of  Sefoftris:  add  to 
this  that  Diodorus  fays,  **  the  ancient  Menes  invented  Lotus  bread; 
mankind  before  ufing  herbs,  roots  and  fruits.**  If  ^^  difpiites  this 
honour,  it  makes  no  difference,  fhe  being  the  ancient  I£s  his  wife, 
named  Chamyna  by  Paufanias,  atnd  counted  J:)y  Varro  ^000  years 
before  hinifelf.  Elfewhere  Diodorus,  calling  him  Mnevis,  fays 
**  This  ancient  kin^  of  a  magnanimous  foul  and  of  an  excellent  life, 
induced  bis  people  to  conform  to  written  laws/*  He  was  indedd 
the  Mercury  to  whom  they  were  attributed.  This  tends  to  prove 
him  the  Menes  faidin  Pliny  to  have  iveented  letters  15  years  before 
the  reign  of  Pnoroiieus-,  w,ho  of  courfe  (if  that  date  be  true)  was  <|n 
elder  perfon  than  Niche's  father;  as  he  alfo  prove  to  be,  by  having 
Greece  allotted  to  hira  by  Thoth  at  the  diflribution  of  the  earth. 
Mifor  is  alfo  the  Ofiris  who  founded  Cheihmis,  accounted  by  Hero- 
dotus a  noble  city  :  and  who  fucceeded  Vulcan  or  Ham,  Zeus 
Epheftius.  Plutarch  fays  **  Ofiris  was  Nilus;'*  as  indeed  was  every 
Meon,  Menes  or  Amenophis.  Mifor  or  Menes  may  be,  altho*  I 
believe  Noah  to  be  the  Ofiris,  faid  by  Plutarch  and  Diodorus  to  be 
Serapis  or  Pluto  ;  thus  he  is  Clement  of  Alexandria's  Bacchus  who 
was  Orus.  He  is  Strabo's  Apis ;  whence  the  Memphite  bull,  the 
reprefentative  of  Ofiris  (who  was  the  martial  and  radiated  Neton  of 
Spain,  in  Macrobius)  had  that  name;  as  the  bull  of  Heliopolis  was 
named  Mnevis,  or  as  Elian  writes,  Menis,  the  name  of  this  royal 
iegidator  in  Diodorus  ;  who  fays  that  both  thefe  bulls  were  confed- 
erated to  Ofiris^  But  the  bull  Apis  was  ^cred  to  that  Ofiris  who 
was  Serapis;  for  when  he  licked  the  veft  of  Eudoxus,  his  approaching 

Y  y  y  -«  death 


540  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

death  was  predifted.  Suidas  fays.  Apis  communicated  medicine  to 
Greece,  was  rich,  and  a  king  of  Memphis.  But  Plutarch  informs 
us  that  "  fome  deemed  Apis,  the  fon  of  Ofiris:''  this  is  moft  pro* 
bable,  for  the  Arabians  deemed  him  Mifor's  fon,  but  Sanchoniatho 
fays,  he  Was  his  nephew,  and  being  the  8th  Cabir  was  Ifmunus.  As 
fons  frequently  aflumed  the  titles  of  their  fathers,  both  probably 
were  named  Apis.  Clement  of  Alexandria  tells  us  Apis  pra&ifed 
medicine  :  fo  did  Ifis,  as  Diodorus  relates :  hence  (he  is  Minerva 
Medica,  Jove's  daughter  by  Metis,  fee  Phornutus.  This  ancient 
Ifis,  when  a  widow,  led  a  life  of  chaftity.     Plato  attributes  pieces  of 

mufic  to  her.      She  is  the  fecond  Thebe  daughter  of  that  Prome- 

Seneca  " 

Paufanias*  theus,  who  was  Ham  ;  the  firft  Thebe  was  her  mother,  and  the  Ily- 
thya  or  Pepromene  older  than  Saturn.     She  is  alfo  Clement  of  AU 
exandria*s  Minerva  the  daughter  of  Vulcan,  that  is  of  Ham:  I  think 
his  fecond  Minerva  was  not  younger  than  this,  but  her  mother; 
whofe  father  Nilus  or  Oceanus  was  Noah  the  chief  the  8  Egyptian 
Cabiri  preferved  in  the  Ark.      She  is  Montfaucon*s  ancient  Cy beic 
daughter  of  Protogonus.      She  and  Mifor  feem  to  be  the  Ifis  and 
Ofiris  who  were  entombed  at  Philae  an  ifland  facred  to  Ofiris :  the 
Ofiris  faid  by  Lucian  to  be  buried  at  Biblus  being  the  Titan  ito^ 
Diodorui.  nyfius.     This  Ifis  built  Pelufium,  as  Plutarch  writes;  and  Bab^ist 
as  Diodorus  from  an  Arabian  column  relates^  who  deems  her  23000 
(lunarj  years  before  Alexander.  Bifhop  Cumberland,  from  Pluurch 
Clem.  Alex,  and  Jerom,  fhews  that  Mifor  was  Peor  and  Priapus.     Mifor  is  the 
Ofiris,  in  honour  of  whom  (Athenodorus   fays)  "  Sefoftris  erefted 
a  ftatue:"  it  may  be  the  famous  vocal  ftatue ;  for  Menes  or  Mifor 
was  Ofiris,  who  was  Serapis,  whofe  temple  Lucian  calls  this  edifice. 
Paufanias  writes  that  the  Egyptians  of  Thebes  deny  it  to  beMeranon's, 
aifirming  it  to  reprefent  Ph'amenophis.    Ph  is  a  prepofitive,  as  in  the 
Ph'anak  of  Aufonius  ;    and   Ph'arao  may  fignify  the  God  of  war. 
Mars ;  tho*   Phiruz   is'  viftory  ;    Pherruch,  felicity  in  Perfic,  and 
Amenophis  is  the  fame  as  Meon.     Strabo  fays  that  fome  deemed  it 
to  reprefent  Sefoftris  himfelf.     Philoftratus  obferved  that  it  is  made 
with  legs  contiguous,  the  ftile  antecedent  to  Dedal ;    who  certainly 
made  a  portico  at  Vulcan's  temple  in  Memphis  for  Memnon:    but 

Suidas 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  541 

Suidas  fays  thas  the  feet  were  made  in  the  Dedalian  ftile,  that  is 
paJfanU     Pliny  fays  the  marble  was  of  a  dark  colour.      Polyaenus 

writes  that  Cambyfes  broke  it,  fufpefting  magic. Menes  being 

flain  by  river-horfe,  this  difafter  occafioned  the  funeral  or  tragic 
dirge  Marurost  Peri-manis,  Gingris,  Adoniafmus,  or  Linus  from 
Liin,  to  lament,  others  derive  it  from  Zm,  Arabic,  whence  Lenis, 
tender.  After  the  fun  was  dedicated  to  Ofiris  or  Sirius,  Achilles 
Tatius  writes  it  was  annually  fung  at  that  luminary's  departure  from  * 
the  northern  tropic ;  when  they  lighted  lamps,  to  fignify  the  dimin- 
ution  of  day:  fee  Clement  of  Alexandria,  Apnleius,  and  Herodotus, 
who  fays  that  Maneros  was  fon  of  their  firft  king,  by  whom  is  meant 
Menes  or  Mifor.  Julius  Pollux  fays  that  Maneros  or  Menes  was 
the  inventor  of  agriculture  and  difciplc  of  the  Mufes:  but  that 
Gingris  was  fon  of  Cinyras  ;  who  was  the  Titan  Ammon  here  mif* 
taken  for  Ham.  Clearchus  (in  Hefychius)  deems  him  the  firft  pupil 
of  the  Magi,  in  aftronomy  and  religion  ;  but  who  were  thofe  early 
Magi?  He  rather  laid  the  foundation  of  their  inftitution.  PhornutuS,  Epig.  29. 
Suidas  and  Aufonius  make  Ofiris  and  Adonis  to  be  the  fame  perfon. 
Stephanus  fays,  the  Cyprians  named  him  Adonis-ofiris :  yet  I  think 
they  complimented  the  Egyptian  DipnyCus  with  the  titles  of  this  an- 
cient Ofiris.  Jerom  interprets  Thamuz,  Adonis;  and  fays  the  la- 
mentations for  him  were  in  June;  to  which  mpnth  the  Hebrews  gave 
his  name.  Lucian  fays  the  lamentations  for  Adonis  were  fimilar  to 
thofe  for  Ofiris.  Mifor  is  the  ancient  Radamanthus  of  Ephorus  (in  Dca.  Syr. 
Strabo)  whom  Minos  imitated.  Jofephus  fays  Menes  lived  long  be- 
fore Abraham,  and  full  1300  years  before  Solomon.  Menes  (or 
Men,  as  Herodotus  2.  99.  calls  himj  fignifies  Sol.  Diodorus  (i) 
fays  Ofiris  was  Sol.  Menes  probably  was  a  dual  divinity,  hence 
Mifraim.  And  hence  this  Ofiris  is  (in  Plutarch)  Agathodemon;  fojr 
Macrobius  fays,  the  Egyptians  by  Demon  meant  the  fun.  Jackfon 
obferves  from  Jamblichus,  that  Pythagoras  forbid  his, pupils  to  eat 
a  white  cock,  as  facred  to  Meni,  the  fun:  that  Kircher  proves  Ner^ 
gal  in  the  Samaritan  language  to  be  a  cock ;  which  Ariftophancs 
calls  the  Perfian  bird,  as  the  lymbol  of  Sol ;  and  fo  ufed  by  the  .  .  <, 
Kuthites,  2.  K.  17.  20.     Socrates  offered  a  cock  to  Efculapius,  but         834. 

the  Egyptian  Efculapius,  Epius.pr  Apis,  was  Ofiris.     Suidas  on 

Pythagoras 


[54t  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  g. 

Pythagoras  Tays,  a  white  cock  was  confecrated  to  the  fun.  Diodonis 
feu  Sol  and  Ofiris  at  the  fame  diftancefrom  Alexander,  thus  render, 
ing  it  probable  they  were  the  fame,  or  brothers.     Being  the  firft 
Hercules  who  embanked  the  Nile,  he  was  Plutarch's  Arfaphes,  or 
the  Ofiris  who  was  Mifor;  he  and  his  fire  are  the  Great  Gods^   Jove 
and  Hercules. 

Thoth  the  celebrated  fon  of  this  venerable  king  inherited  his  do- 
minions,  his  talents  and  his  virtues  :    by  thefe  accomplifliments  he 
acquired  the  glorious  name  of  Trifmegiftus.    He  was  alfo  the  Egyp- 
tian Anubis,  Plutarch's  Hermanubis,  fo  called  from  canine  fagacity, 
fidelity  and  vigilance,  and  before  the  invention  of  the  loom   man- 
kind  wearing  dog's  and  other  (kins,  he  probably  gave  rife  to  the 
fable  of  the  Cynocephali ;    yet  this  is  only  a  Grecian  pun.      Erato- 
fthenes  fays  that  Anouphis  was  Epicoinos,  and  Hefychius  interpreu 
Coinos,  a  defpot  or  dynaft.  He  reigned  over  This,  as  well  as  Thebes; 
and,  as  he  built  a  palace  at  Memphis,  his  viceroy  muft  have  exercifed 
his  regal  power  over  that  province  likewife.     Diodorus  means  Mifor 
.    and  Thoth,  when  he  fays  Ofiris  confulted  Hermes  on  all  occiBons, 
who  invented  letters,  inftituted  religious  rites  and  ftudied  aftronomy^ 
Bifhop  Cumberland  derives    Hermes  from  Yarora,  Sagax.      SrnAw 
miftakes  Maya's  fon  for  Thoth,  when  he  fays  he  vifited  Egypt  in  the 
reign  of  Mcftrcs.     The  Caelum,  Saturn  and  Mercury  (in  Laftantius) 
whom   Trifmegiftus  (or  Thoth)  ftiles  his  comtemporaries  are  Noah, 
Ham  and  Mifor;  hence  Thoth  is  by  Eratofthenes  called  Hermo- 
genes;  tho'  he  had  alfo  the  name  of  Hermes.  Charondas  the  legiflator, 
who,  as   Plato  fays,  was  celebrated  in  Italy  and  Sicily,  attributed 
the  laws  he  infti luted  for  the  Carthaginians  to  (this  eldeft)  Saturn: 
Polit    ^"^^"gft  which,fays  he,  was  that  inhuman  law  of  facrificing  their  fons 
to  Saturn.      This  Charondas  was,  as  Ariftotle  tells  us,  a  LocriaOf 
and  ftudent  under  Zaleucus,  who  was  a  fellow  (Indent  with  Lycurgus 
under  the  Cretan  Thales,  whom  he  difowns  to  be  contejnporary  with 
Onomacritus  the  Locrian  •,  coeval  with  a)l  whom  Clement  of  Alex- 
andria fays  that  fome  deemed  Acufilaus  ftf  Argos,  fome  Pherecydci 
of  Scyros:  Charondas   enaQed  atlftw  ;again(l  falfe  witnefTes.     A« 
Diodorus  names  the  fecoodiegiflatorpf  JBgyjM  Safycbes^  and  fetting 

.':*;:     V  him 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  Q  R  Y.  54$ 

him  before  Sefoftris  fays^he  augmented  their  former  Code,  re(pe3ing 
piety,  and  invented  geometry  and  aftronomical  rules,  he  mull  be 
Thoth,  and  Strabo's  Suchos,  Pliny's  Petefucos;  and  Plato's  ancient 
Egyptian  God,  to  whom  the  Ibis  was  confecrated.     In  the  Antho-  Phsdrus* 
logia  he  is  faid  to  cultivate  the  vine.     He  invented  arithmetic,  geo- 
metry, aftronomy  and  dice  (which  his  defcendents  taught  the  Ly^ 
dians  j  they,  the  Trojans  ;  who  taught  Palamedes)  alfo  letters ;  or, 
as  Plato  fays  in  Philebus;  ^<  He  diftinguifhed  vowels  from  confonants, 
liquids  from  mutes,  and  conftrufied  grammar  rules*,*'  that  is,  Thoth 
invented  an  alphabet;  the  Chinefe  chara3ers  denote  words;  the  He- 
brew, fyllables.      Thamus,  fays  he,  was  then    king  of  all   Egypt. 
Him  Plato  miftakes  for  Ammon  ;  he  was  Thamuz,  Ofiris  or  Mifor; 
who  as  Plato  adds  taught  Theuth  feveral  matters  in  the  fciences,  but 
allowed  him  to  be  the  father  of  letters.     Plutarch  and  Diodorus  fay 
he  invented  grammar,  and  letters ;    framed  new  words ;  improved 
pronounciation ;    taught  the  rhythm  and  harmony  of  founds,  and 
added  three  tones  to  the  harp  of  his  iuvention.  Apuleius  has  a  canine 
defcription  of  Thoth,  Virgil's  Lat rater  Anubis  ;    whom   Diodorus 
deems  the  fon  of  Ofiris  that  is  of  Mifor,  whom  yet  he  confounds  with 
Dionyfius.    Manetho  wrote  (as  Marfham  rightly  tranflates  Syncellus) 
that  **the  fecond  Mercury,  Agathodemon's  fon  (not  father)  and  Tat's 
fir^  compofed  books,    laid  up  in  the  Egyptian  temples,   from  the 
hierographic  fculptures  of  the  firft  Mercury"  (whom  he  calls  Thoth, 
tho*   Eratoftheffies   calls  Thoth  Hermogenes,  thus  fhewing  us   that 
Trifmcgiftus  was  the  fecond  Mercury)  "  on  fquare  pillars  erected  in 
the  Syriadic  region."      Thefe,  Eufebius  fays,  Manetho  tranflated 
into  Greek,  and  Sanchoniatho  into  Syriac.       Jofephus  mentions   a 
Jfcwifli  tradition  that   "  Seth  erefted   two  fquare   pillars,  on  which 
people  engraved  all  inventions,  and  that  remained  to  his  time  in  Sy- 
riad."     Sculptures  there  were  near  Scirath  in  Ephraim :  but  Vale- 
fius  thinks  Manetho  wrote  "  in  the  region  of  the  Syringes."     Thefe 
Paufanias  fays  were  at  Thebes,  beyond  the  Nile,  near  Memnon*s 
vocal  ftatue.     Amniian  (^t)  fays,  *^  They  were  ferpentine  receflfes, 
where  perfons  verfed.ui;ai|di(^^^^^         prefaging'the  Deluge^  engraved 
hieroglyphics  oil  the  *ail|i^  X^^if^^^^  Jofephus  feems  to  be  PluUrch's, 
who  was  Typhon;^  ai|^«i^!A^th  of  Syncellus,  Manetho*s  lad  Ps^U 
.'.>.JMJrf$^,v.  toral 


J44  P  R  I.  M  I  T  I  V  E     H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  (Book  ^ 

toral  king  Affis;  for  whom  Africanus  and  Eufebius  fet  Arcles,  orthc 
Egyptian  Hercules,  who  as  well  as  Typhon  were  Titans.  Capclla 
fays,  the  pillars  contained  the  progeny  and  reigns  of  the  Gods;  which 
fays  Syncellus,  were  in  the  genealogical  books  of  Hermes,  and  i 
,  .  the  Cyranic  (which  feems  to  mean  the  Cyriologic)  character.  Tb 
may  be  aftronomical,  as  xup  in  Plutarch's  Artaxerxes  is  Sol.  CIc 
ment  of  Alexandria  interprets  **  it  as  confiding  of  the  primary  de- 
ments;" thefe  probably  are  to  be  found  amongft  the  Chinefe  attfci 
day.  For,  if  Adam's  fon  Seth  infcribed  pillars,  letters  were  an  A?- 
tediluvian  invention,  probably  preferved  by  Noah  in  the  Ark. 

Clement  of  Alexandria,  in  his  account  of  an  Egyptian  procer- 

lets  us  know  the  fubjefts  of  fome  of  Thoth's    books:-: *'  F^.i 

Chanter  bearing  fome  fymbol  of  mufic  receives  two  of  Thoth's  boct» 
one  of  them  containing  Sacred    Hymns ;    the  other.    Rules  of  rcgi 
Life.     Next  is  an  aftrologer,  bearing. a  dial  and  a   palm,  jymbohd 
aftrology.     He  ought  to  be  a  proficient  in  Mercury's  four  books  ob 
that  fubjeft:  one  defcribing  the  fixtconftellations;  the  fecond,  eclipfo, 
the  folar  light,  and  lunar  phafes,  the  reft,  their  rifings.  Then  a  facred 
fcribe,  having  his  head  adorned   with  a  plutne,  carries   a  book  2^ 
rule,  with    a  pen  and  ink.       He  fhould  underftand    hieroglyph; 
cofmography;  geography;  the  order  of  the  fun,   moon  and  pJaBeU*. 
the  chorography  of  Egypt ;    a  defcription  of  the  Nile  ;   a   cMlogue 
of  the  Pontificals;  their  facred  repofitories;  nieafures;  facred  utcnfiU. 
Subfequent  is  a  marfhal  holding  a  cubit  of  juftice,  and  caJ/cc:    his 
fkill  lies  in  inftitution^,  and  facred  viftimi.       Ten  booki  reUtt  to 
divine  worfliip  and  the  Egyptian  religion,  as  facrifices,  fii ft  fruits, 
hymns,  prayers,  proceflions,  feftivals,  and  the  like.     Laftly  comcS 
the  Seer,  carrying  a  watervafe  in  his  bofom  publicly,  and  attended 
by  bearers  of  proceffional  bread.     He,  as  Hierarch,  ftudies  ten  Sa- 
cerdotal   books,  containing  the  canons,  theology  and  church  dis- 
cipline.    He  likewife  has  the  management  of  all  tribute.      In  ihort, 
thefe  ftudied  36  books  of  philofophy.     Six  more  refpeft  medicine; 
namely  anatomy,  difeafes,  inftruments,  remedies,  the  eye,  women. 
Galen  wrote  that  a  book,    attributed  to  Thoth,  concerning  plants 

and 


Chap.  5-)  PRIMITIVE    HI  STORY.  545 

and  36  afpe^fs  of  the  planets  afFeding  them^  was  fpurious. — So  are 
the  15  books  of  Hermaics  mentioned  by  Cyril;  alfo  the  fermon  to 
Afclepius  in  Apuleius.  Cafaubon  deems  the  Psemander  a  medley 
from  Plato  and  facVed  writ.  Diodoru:>  Siculus  fays  (i)  the  Egyptian 
laws  were  contained  in  8  books. 

Thoth  was  fucceeded  at  Thebes  by  his  fon  Thoth  the  fecond,  at 
Tuitho,  Tat,  Mercury  Teutates ;   of  whofe  appearance  among  the 
Celts,  his  divine  honours,  and  his  tomb  faid  by  Livy  to  be  in  Spain^ 
I  have  already  mentioned  whatever  has  occurred  to  me^  and  Kke- 
wife  concepning  the  Egyptifc  Efculapius. — Five  princes  of  Thebes 
reigned  over  Egypt  190  years,  till  the  Hytfi  got  pofleffion  of  Mem- 
phis.    But  thefe  Paftors  feem  not  -to  have  acquired  regal  power  tiH 
towards  the  end  of  the  firft  Thinite  Dynafty,  above  250years  after 
the  commencement  of  the  Egyptian   monarchy ;  when  fix  princes 
Teigned  over  them  26G  years ;    the  twe  laft  of  whom  at  leaft  were 
certainly  Titans.      One  of  thefe  (as  appears  by  his  name,  and  hrs 
war,  mentioned  in  Plutarch's  Ifis)  is  undoubtedly  Saturn.       Some 
call  the  other,  Afeth   or  Affis  -,    Plutarch   fays,  Seth  was  Typhon. 
Others  call  him  Arcles^  as  if  he  was  the  Egyptian  Hercules ;    pro- 
bably each  at  intervals. had  the  fupreme  command;    for  Syncellus 
divides  the  reign  of  Affis  between  his  Afeth  and  Certus,  that  is  Mele- 
tertes  a  name  in  Lycophron  for  the  Tyrian  Hercules,  or  Melcander 
king  of  Biblos  in  Plutarch:  yet  the  true  compofition  of  his  name  is 
'Melcc*artcs;  the  potent  king.  He  is  Strabo'sTearcho,  theTarachon 
of  Suidas  coeval  with  Atlas,  Cecrops  and  the  Sibyl;  alfo  the  Tarchon 
of  Solinus  coeval  with  Mariyas;  alfo  the  O-tfor-chon  of  Africanu&, 
diat  is  Chon  of  Tyre.      The  Hycfi  were  however  finally  expelled 
Egypt,  during  the  i8th  Dynady,  and  **  about  Deucalion's  flood/' 
as  Africanus  writes,  by  Amofis  or  Amos,  who  as  we  learn  from 
Plutarch,  was  Ampfion.;    Jove   Pappeus,  or  the  grand  Theban  A* 
pappus.     Jofephus  has  preferved  this  extraordinary  piece  of  biftory; 
and  ftiewn  from  Manetho  (tho*  contrary  to  his  own  calculation,  in 
which  he  has  been  erroneoujly  followed  by  a  cloud  of  Chriftian  hit- 
torians)  what  interval  of  time  elapfed  between  their  expulfion^  and 

Z  z  z  ihe 


g^6  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  J. 

the  jcwifli  Exod.  I  will  here  infcrt  the  fubftaiice  of  Manetho's 
account:  he  was  an  Egyptian  Hierarchy  who  compofed  his  hiftory 
by  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  from  the  facred  rdgiftcrs  in  his 
cuftodyp     Plutarch  and  Porphyry  held  him  in  repute. 

God  (fays  Manetho)  being  difpleafed  with  the  Egyptians^    fubfe- 

quenjL  (<Ti  TouTov)  to  the  reign  of  Timaus  (Plato's  Thamus,  or  Tha- 

muz,  who  is  Mifor)  an  ignoble  race  of  men  from  the  caft,  fome  fup- 

pofing  them  Arabs^  invaded  and  fubdued  that  country  without  a  blow. 

^    They  fcizcd  their  princes,  burnt  their  towns,  deftroyed  iheir  tcff^Ies^ 

flew  the  inhabitants,  and.cnflaved  their  Wives  and  children.  At  length 

they  appointed  a  king  of  their  own>  named  Salatis,  who  refided  at 

H^mfhis,   rendered  the  Upper  and  Lower  Egypt  tributary,    and 

fiatiohed  garrifons  in  proper  pofts.     He  chiefly  fortified  the  eaftern 

barrier;   fearing  an  invafion  from  the  potent  Aflyrians.     Finding  in 

Africtnus.     the  Sethrpite  Nome,  on  the  eaftern  bank  of  the  Bubaftic  river,  a  con- 

venient  town,  called  in  iht  ancient  Theohgicaldi^\c6tAvdiTi$^  orAbaris, 

(probably  from  Abar,  Celtic  for  filth,  as  fin  and  pelufium  fignify 

mud)  he  improved  and  fortified  it  with  a  wall,  and  fet  a  garri/bo 

,  there;  of  94,000  men.      Hither  he  ufually  came  at  harveft  to  collect 

torn,  and  to  pay  and  excrcife  his  troops.       The  length  of  hiiitt^) 

and  of  his  five  fucceflbrs,  has  been  already  fet  down  from  Jofcpbos. 

*VThefe  were  their  Jirjl  kings,  and  they  were  defirous  to  extirpate 

the  Egyptians.     Thefe  people  were  called  Royal  Paftors,-  Hyc  in  the 

Frep.  10.  facred  tongue  being  a  king,  and  Sos  in  the  vulgar  tongue  a  P^fiori 

yet  Hyc  afpirated  fignifics  a  captive."     Hyc  or  Uch,  Ucha,  in  Celtic 

isfuperior:  and  as  Eufebius  calls  them  Ucoufi,  they  feem  to  conie 

from  the  upper  Uz,  or  Damafcus:  and  were  Arabian  Shemites;  for 

the  Arabs  extended  themfelvs  fo  far  northward.      Manetho*s  word 

Afemoi,  Teems  relative  to  Shcm.      But  notwithftanding  the  above 

definitions,  the  name  is  derivable  from  hog  and  fow,  and  implies 

fwine  herds.     Their  power  was  prior  to  Jofeph's;  as  probably  on  this 

account  the  Egyptians  were  averfe  to  Pallors.      But  as  Abraham 

and  his  cattle  had  kind  entertainment,  the  Hycfi  or  at  leaft^heir  allies 

feem  to  have  been  there,  at  the  time  of  his  vifiti  which  was  dtifing 

AmmoD*s 


6hap-5*)  P<IIMITIVE    HISTORY,  547 

Ammon's  difficulties.     Memphis  was  founded  prior  to  this  invafion; 

therefore  Menes  its  founder  was  Mifor :  and,  as  there  were  temples 

and  corn  at  this  time  in  Egypt,  the  Menes  who  built  the  firft  temples 

was  Mifor ;  and  the  Ofiris  who  fowed  the  firft' corn,  was  Mifor.     It 

is  alfo  notable  that  the  AiTyrians  or  Syrians  were  thus  early  growing 

formidable ;     probably  under  Nimrod's  fons  :  and  the  Hycfi  were 

Shemites  perhaps  fufferers  thro*   Nirarod's  invafion,    and  making^ 

retaliation  on  his  kinfmen.     Ammon  was  ^'  the  Tbeban  king  Amos^ 

who  With  48o,ocx>  men  befeiged  the  Hycfi  in  Abaris  •    to  the  limit! 

of  which  place  containing  10,000  Aruras,  each  lOO  cubits  ifguare, 

his  father  had  Confined  them;  he  at  laft  indujced  themto  the  number 

of  240,000  to  retire  towards  Syria.      Being  afraid  of  the  Affyrian 

/ow^r,  they  built Jerufalem  in  Judea,"  Melchifedec's  Salem,  Homer*s 

Solyma,    the  ancient  Jebus.         As  the  Titanian  war  was  above  320 

years  before  the  fall  of  Troy,  the  longeval  Ammon  (a  name  perhaps 

from  Amwn,  fignifying  asPownal  aflerts,  to  defend)  flourifhed  above 

1500  years  before  the  incarnation.     Nitocris,  who  aflifted  Dionyfius 

in  the  latter  part  of  the  Titanian  war,  reigned  at  Thebes  about  676 

years  after  the  commencement  or  the  Theban  kingdom.     Africanus 

fets  her  at  Memphis  about  700  years  after  the  firft  Memphite  king 

began  his  reign.      Tacitus  writes  that  a  conflux  of  Aflfyrians  got 

poffcflion  of  a  part  of  Egypt,  and  afterwards  occupied  regibns  nearer 

to  Syria.     Diodorus  in  Photius  tells  us  many  of  thefe  were  followers  Hift.  5.  2. 

of  Cadmus  to  Greece  ;  alfo  of  Danaus. 

Polemo,  a  hiftorian  in  the  reign  of  Ptolemy   Epiphanes,  relates 

that,  in  the  time  of  Apis  fon  of  Phoroneus,  part  of  an  Egyptian  force     r  ,  *    ^^' 

quitted  Egypt,  and  fettled  in  Syria,  not  far  from  Arabia.  Ptolemy  of 

Mendes  in  the  reign  of  Aguftus,,  Apion,  Thcophilus   of  Antiocbj 

Tatian  and  Origen  place  this  event  in  the  time  of  Amofis,  Inachui 

and  Ogyges  ;  which  fhews  it  relates  to  the  Hycfi,  proved  by  Man-* 

ctho  to  be  long  before  Mofes.     Tacitus  (Hift.  5^)  informs  us  that  in 

the  reign  of  Ifis  a  multitude  of  Jews  (miftaken  by  him  for  the  Hycfi) 

left  Egypt>  and  were  condufted  into  a  neighbouring  country,  under 

the  command  (fays  he)  of  Hierofolymus  and  Judeus.     Yet  he  pre-     . 

Z  z  z  2  fently 


64«  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books- 

fcntly  tells  us  that"  writers  concur,  that  this  exit  was  in  the  reign 
of  Bocchoris,  and  that  the  people  obeyed  the  direftions  of  MofesJ* 
This  fliews  that  two  different  events  are  blended  together:  the  Hycfi 
left  Egypt  in  the  time  of  the  elder  Titanian  Ifis,  or  Rhea.    Diodorus 
7.  99,  in  Photius  plainly  alludes  to  two  events,    Herodotus  mentions  that 
the  Phenicians  (by  whom  be  means  people  inhabUing  Phenicia^  tho* 
not  ftriftly  the  progeny  of  Canaan)  declared  they  had  anciently  re- 
fided  near  the  Red  Sea,  and  removing  thence^  took  po(re(Bon  of 
the  coaft  of  Paleftine.    He  alfo  tells  us  from  PerHan  writora  that 
"  afUr  this  event  they  cxerclfed,  tberofelvcs  in  naval  trafEc,  and 
carried  off  to  Egypt  lo  the  daughter  of  Inach'us/'    His  daughter  in 
a  remote  fenfe  \  for  ihc  was  the  daughter  of  Jafus.     Lycophron  fay* 
(be  wai  ftolen  from  Lerna  for  the  Lord  of  Memphis,     Strabo  inm 
forms,  us  that  Triptolemus  went  in  queft  of  her,    fiufebius  fays  •«lhe 
wedded  Tclegonus  fon  of  Orui  the  Paftor/*  Apollo  Nomeus.   Ar- 
gus Panoptes  grandfon  of  Jafus  was  her  guardian.    Yet  (he  was  con. 
founded  both  with  the  elder  and  younger  Titan  Ifis^  who  are  Rbca 
and  Ceres,     Thut  Apollodorus  feigns  her  the  mother  of  Kpapbui 
the  father  of  Lybia,    Agenor's  mother :   and  Diodorus  calls  ^'  lo'i 
fon,  the  fccond  Dionyfius/»  his  father  Ammon  being  the  firO/)/i?^ 
dprus  however  (hews  here  that  Ammon*s  fon  was  Epaphus,  who,  u 
Apollodorus  writes,  wedded  '^  Memphis  daughter  of  Nilus/'  iVtt 
is  of  Meon  or  Saturn  Cy bcle's  hufband,    Diodorus  fays  this  MwpWj 
was  the  wife  of  a  Nilus  the  father  of  Egyptus ;  he  was  ArocnopWs, 
Mcnon  or  Belus  her  fccond  hu/hand?  tbu»  (be  was  the  younger  llis 
or  Venus  Semiramis.     But   when  thts  hiftorian  adda  that  he  carc/l 
her  in  the  form  of  a  bull,  ho  confounds  him  with  her  firft  hulhand 
Dionyfius,  the  Egyptian  Bacchus,  whom  Lycophron  calls  Taurus  1 
this  Jove  of  Nyfa  being  often  confounded  with  Europa's  gallant, 
Yet  this  name  of  Taurus,  and  Apii,  belonged  originally  to  the  pri- 
mitive Menes  or  Mifor,    Amcnopbis  the  father  of  Egyptus  was  the 
Belus  (being  Menon  fpoufe  of  Semiramis)  whom  Diodorus  and  others 
tell  us  went  to  Babylon,     He,  like  every  Meon,  Menon  or  Amcn- 
ScoLApoUon  ophis,  was  a  Nilus|  thus  Pherecydes  fays  that  Cadmus  was  Agcnor'a 
''^5-     fon  by  his  fecond  wife  Argiope  daughter  of  NHu^\  the  SchoHaft  on 

Euripides 


Chap.  5.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  S49 

Euripides  calls  her  Autiope  daughter  of  Belus.  Lycophron  likewife  ph«niff«. 
fets  lo  as  high  as  Ifis^  when  he  Htys,  Europa  was  ftoleafirom  Sarepta 
to  avenge  lo.  So  Mofchusfays,  Agenor's  wife  TelephafTa,  Lybia's 
daughter,  made  a  prefe'nt  to  Europa,  on  which  lo  was  figured:  this 
account  fets  lo  much  higher  than  Argus  Panoptes :  thus  have  the 
Greeks  confounded  his  aunt  with  the  elder  Titanian  Ifis,  or  Rhea^ 
whofe  ftatuc  Apollodorus  fays  lo  erefted.  Herodotus  fays.  The 
Phenicians  reported  that  lo  being  pregnant  by  a  commander  of  a 
(hip  eloped  voluntarily  with  him,*  to  avoid  parental  ariger,  and  con- 
ceal her  fault.  Apollodorus,  Aratus  and  Paufanias  deem  her  the 
daughter  of  Jafus  the  brother  (according  to  Apollodorus)  of  Criafus 
the  Arglve  king,  and  of  Piranthus,  deemed  by  Hefiod  and  by  Acu- 
fliaus  to  be  her  father;  as  Ihachus  was,  by  Efchylus,  Pherecydes, 
Ephorus  and  Caftor :  Efchylus  deems  her  four  generations  before 
Danaus  j  Lybia  the  daughter  of  lo's  fon  Epaphus  being  the  mother 
of  Belus  father  of  Danaus.  Parellel  to  thefe,  Phorbas  the  fucceflbr 
of  Criafus  was  fucceded  by  Triopas,  whofe  fucceflbr  Crotopus  was 
father  of  Sthenelus  the  contemporary  of  Danaus  ;  this  argues  her  to 
be  the  daughter  or  niece  of  Jafus.  By  comparing  Plutarch  (in  Eu- 
fcbius)  with  Hefychius,  we  find  lowas  Callithya  (or  Callithea)  firft 
prieftefs  of  Juno  of  Argos,  and  daughter  of  Piranthus  or  Piras, 
founder  of  her  temple.  Yet  Afrfcanus  deems  her  coeval  with  Atlas, 
Theon  on  Aratus  fays,  her  fon  Trochilus  firft  harneft  horfes  to  a  '  ^"^  "** 
chariot]  Eufebius  adds,  to  the  number  of  four.  Dionyfius  of  HaH- 
camaffus  fets  Alcinoe,  the  third  prieftefs,  in  the  third  age  before  the 
Iliac  war,  when  the  Siculi  left  Italy.  On  the  whole  it  is  moft  pro- 
bable that  there  were  two  lo^s,— 1 — ^But  as  to  the  Hycfi^  Diodorus 
in  Photius  fays  the  Egyptians  anciently  expelled  great  numbers  of 
alien** 

Manetho  in  Jofcphus  naming  the  kings  after  Amofis,  to  Orus  and 
his  children,  and  after  them  each  Achencheres  of  that  Dynafty,  next 
names  Harmais  and  Rameffes,  who  undoubtedly  are'  Danaus  and  ^ 
Egyptus  or  Sefoftris ;.  and  Harmefles  Mamun  his  fucceifor  is  the 
Phero  of  Herodotus*  The  iicxt  king  is  Amenophis,  Strabo's  Mem-^ 
noni  Imandes^  Maihdes,'the  Mendes  or  Maro  of  Diodorus,  the 

Myris 


2k 


||#  P^  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    HISTORY.  (Book  |. 

Myris  of  Herodotus.      After  him  Manetho  names  Sethos^  Sethofis 
or  Ramefles,  and  invents  a  fecond  Harmais  his  brother ;    aoji  gives 
us  the  following  account  of  them^  tho'  it  belongs  to  ^tbe  firft,  and 
indeed  the  only»  Harmais  and  his  brother.    ^'  Sethofis  having  great 
armaments  on  fea  and  land,  made  Har^fnais  regent  of  Egypt,  re- 
flraining  him  only  from  the  queen  and  royal  concubines.    The  king 
reduced  Cyprus,  Phenicia,  the  Aflyriansand  Medes,  partly  by  force, 
partly  by  the  terror  of  his  arms.      Elated  with  fuccefs  he  proceeds 
farther,  and  ranfackt  the  towns  and  regions  of  the  eaft.     In  the  in- 
terim Harmais  difobeyed  his  brother's  injunctions  at  Difcretion;  af- 
fuming  the  crown,  and  the  king's  ladies.     The  Egyptian  Hierarch, 
named  alfo  Ramefes,  fending  an  account  of  thefe  proceedings  by  ex- 
prcCs  to  Sethofis,  he  returned  expeditipufly  to  Pelufium,  refuaied 
the  crown,  apd  named  the  realm,  Jlgyptj  that  being  alfo  his  name;, 
as  Harmais  was  Danaus."     Jofephus,  profeffedly  copying  Manetho 
thus  far,  remarks  that  his  countrymen  (he  taking  them  for  the  Hycfi) 
prove  hence  to  have  been  fettled  in  Judea  3gt3  y^ars  before  Danaus 
arrived  in  Creece :  tbo*  Manetho  fets  the  Exod,  above  130  yean 
later  than  this  Danaus.     This  remark  of  Jotepbus  alfo  (hews  that  be 
omitted  60  years  fomewhere  in  the  reigns  of  the  18th  Dynafty.  But 
befides  this,  it  is  plain  from  Herodotus  and  Diodoru^,  who  both^tta 
to  Egypt,  to  learn  the  hiftory  of  it,  that  this  Sethos  was  Cetos  or  the 
elder  Proteus,  and  probably  Pliny'i  Sochis  or  Sothis  :  and  the  bif- 
tory  of  Harmais  is  improperly  deferred  to  this  reign.  Manetho'snext 
king  Rhamphes  or  Raples  (from  whom,  fays  he,  his  grandfon  Setho 
had  the  name  of  Ramefles  or  Rhamfes)  ended  his  reign  ,518  year« 
after  the  commencement  of  that  king's,  who  firft  reftrained  the  Hycfi. 
This  Rhamphes  began  it  about  the  nativity  of  Mofes,  and  is  the 
Rhemphis  of  Diodorus,  the  Raamfis  of  Mofes  and  Tacitus,  Pliny's 
Ramifes  during  the  Trojan  war,  and  Ramfinitus  the  Treafury  builder 
of  Herodotus,  and  his  junior  Proteus,  who  furvived  the  capture  of 

Troy. "  His  fon  Menophis  or  Amenophis  (the  laft  Nilus  of  Dio* 

^orus)  grew  defirous  of  a  divine  vifion,  in  imitation  of  Orus  (who  of 
courfe  was  long  prior  to  the  Exod):  his  kinfman,  named  alio  Ame- 
nophis, fon  of  Paapis,  afluredhim  of  its  poflibility,  if  he  would  rid 
Egypt  of  leprous  and  contaminated  j>erfon^  .  Thefe  amounting  to 

8o,ooOj 


Chap.  5.  tVL  I M  I^Tt  V  JE     k  I  S  t  6  R'V. 

dOjOOO,  he  drove  into  the  ftone-quarries  on  the  weftern  fide  of  the 
Nile,  incoi^porating  them  with /?M^r  excluded  Egyptians,  having  «- 
mong  them  fome  learned  priefts  affliEled'with  leprbfy.  The  king's 
kinfman,  having  apprehenfibns  botli  for  hitnfelf  and  the  king,  itroin 
the  Gods,  if  a  vifion  fhould  be  extorted;  at  the  fame  time  dreading 
the  vengeance  of  a  difappointed  monarch  ;  put  an  end  to  his  own 
life,  leaving  a  wriUen  declaration  "  that  the  exiles  would  obtain  f £• 

fiftance,  and  bear  fway  over  Egypt  13  years." '<  The  exiles  at 

length  petitioning  the  king,  he  granted  them  Abaris,  csA\td/orvurfy 
in  the  facred  records  Typhon's  city,  and  defolate  cverjincc  ihc  de- 
parture of  the  Hycfi,  for  a  place  of  refidence.  Providing  it  for  their 
rebellious  defigns,  they  made  a  Heliopolitanprieft  named  O-far-fyph 
their  captain.  He  inftituted  a  law  thmt  they  (hould  not  adore  the 
(Egyptian)  Gods,  nor  refpeft  their  facred  animals ;  but  kill  and  eat 
them ;  thus  depriving  the  Egyptians  of  any  communication  wich 
the  confpirators.  He  decreed  many  other  laws;^  commanded  the 
town  to  be  ftrongly  fortified ;  and  preparations  for  a  war  againft 
Amenophis.  Next,  he  fet  an  embaffy  to  the  Hycji  at  Jerufalem^  to 
join  them  in  an  ihvafion  of  Egypt,  promifing  to  entertain  them  at 
Abaris  with  good  accommodations,  and  to  fubdue  Egypt  for  their 
benefit.  200,000  Hycfi  joined  them  at  Abaris  immedia^ly."  It  is 
furprizing  that  rumour  fhould  fo  magnify  Aaron's  journey  in  quefl 
of  Mofes,  then  on  his  return  from  the  Ifhmaelites,  with  only  his  own 
family  and  attendants;  who,  as  ever  ufual  in  the  eafl  with  perfons 
of  notc^may  have  been  fcmxewhat  numerous.  Manetho  tells  us,  *'the 
king  on  their  arrival,  being  much  difconcerted,  as  he  recoUefted  his 
late  kinfman's  prediflion^  collefled  the  facred  animals,  and  conctalcd 
the  2^<?/s, leaving  his  foa  Sethos  then  five  years  old  with  a  friend:  but; 
after  colleQing  an  army  of  300,000  efl'e£live  men,  not  daring  to  en- 
gage the  foe,  left  he  fhould  contend  -with  God,  retreated  firft  to  Mem- 
phis, and  thence  with  Apis  and  the  other  divine  animals,  and  his 
barges,  and  a  multitude  of  Egyptians;  fled  to  Ethiopia  (that  is  to 
Thebais)  to  his  viceroy  Charitius;  till  the  expiration  of  the  fatal  13 
years.— —In  his  abfence  the  Solymites  and  Lepers  burnt  the  towns, 
and'  devoured  the  divine  animals,  whom  they  compelled  the  priefls 

and  deacons  to  (lay.     Their  general  afterwards  afTumed  the  name  of 

Mofes. 


5Sx^ 


j5|8,  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Bookj. 

Mofes.  At  length  Amenophis  and  his  fon  encountered^  defeated 
and  purfued  thofe  Lepers  to  the  confines  of  Syria.**  Thus  the  Exod 
was,  according  to  Manetho,  5gi  years  after  the  commencement  of 
that  king's. reign  who  firft  controuled  the  Hycfi,  but  how  long  after 
their  final  expulfion  is  not  fpecified. 

Tt6h\  this  atcount  we  find  the  ITraelites  wete  employed  in,  zd 

rcfided  near  the  Arabian  quarries,  and  that  infe^ioas  perfons  wf 

compelled  to  live  with  them  ;    hence  fo  many  laws  concerning  tr: 

leprofy  in  the  Pentateuch:  and  the  Exod  is  here  declared  tobcid 

fequent  to  the  Hycfi,  Typhon  and  Orus.      Chaeremon  (beforfti 

Chriftian   era)  wrote  that  no  lefs  than  "  250,000  leprous  Ifneie 

were  expelled  Egypt^  owing  (as  he  fays)  to  an  admonition  in  a'a    \ 

from  Ifis :  that  thefe  exiles  under  Mofes  and  Jofeph  (fo   impefi 

was  this  hiftoriari's  information)  called  by  ihe   Egyptians  Tifitlia) 

and  Pete-feph,  joined  at  Pelufmm   380,000  men,  whom  Amenfif^a^ 

would  not  introduce  into  Egypt;   which  thefe  combined  bodies « 

men  invaded.     On  this  the  king  fled  to  Ethiopia,  leaving  bchiwl 

his  confort  pregnant;    who  in  fome  recefs  was  delivered  of  1  te 

named  Meffenes.     He,  when  grown  up,  purfued  the  Jews  to  Sm 

and  -relieved  his  father."      We  find  here  two  great  bodies  (/»*» 

who  removed  from  -Egypt  in  conjunflion:  both  make  up  the  arocyw^'^ 

of  the  Ifraclites.     Each  company  feem  to  be  Hebrews;   the  one,  thok 

fettled  about  Patumos;  the  other,  pcrfonsemployed  abont  Memphis, 

This  author  miftakes  the  king's  infant  fon,  for  his  brother  who  wai 

five  years  older.     We  find  that  tho*  the  fettlement  of  the  IfraelUes 

wa^  about  Heliopolis,  Pibefet  or  Bubaftis,  and  Patumos,  yei latterly 

they  rendezvoufed  about  Pelufium,  which  was  Typhon*s  city,  but 

had  been  defolate  ever  fince  the  exit  of  the  Hycfi ;  thi$  not  only 

proves  that  the  Hycfi  removed  long  before  the  Jews;  but  it  accounts 

for  the  wonders  performed  near  Tanis  or  Tzoan;  whence a7^-wi«rf 

wafted  the  locufts -into  the  Red  Sea.     Jofephus  fays,  Mofes  marched 

by  the  delolate  town  of  Latopolis,   where  the  Egyptian  Babylon 

afterwards  flood,  and  on  the  third  day  arrived  at  Baalzcphon  by  the 

Red  Sea.     Mofes  fays  he  went  firft  from  Ramefis  to  Succotb,  which 

•anfwen 


Chap.  50  ?R1  MITI  VE    HIST  OR  Y.  558 

anfwcrs  to  the  prercnt  name  Foftat,  the  origin  of  which  in  Elmacin't 
Arabian  Hiftory  is  a  romance  j  Foftat  and  Succoth' being  fynony- 
mous  words :  here  was  Babylon,  and  here  the  lower  Latopolis. 
Thence  he  marched  to  Etham  ;  next  turned  to  Pi-hahiroth  between 
Migdol  or  Magdola  and  the  Tea,  but  near  both,  and  near  Baalzephon, 
which  is  interpreted  conceuled  idols  i  a  name  Manetho  above  afliftsus  ^TLod.  14.9. 
to  account  for,  by  mentioning  an  aft  of  the  Egyptian  king,  the  very 
performance  of  which  muft  have  been  owing  to  a  conviftion  of  the  *™  •35-7 
inefBcacy  of  fuch  deities  ;  to  confirm  which  and  the  vanity  of  con- 
tending with  God,  may  have  been  the  intention  of  providence  in 
conducing  Ifrael  this  road.  This  Angular  and  entire  piece  of  hif- 
tory from  Manetho  in  Jofephus  1  havepurfued  to  the  end,  to  diftin- 
gui/h  between  the  Hycfi  and  Jews  ;  tho'  it  reaches  lower  down  than 
the  period  I  meant  to  flop  at ;  and  (hall  now  mention  what  other  an- 
cients have  recorded  in  confirmatioji  of  that  wonderful  emigration, 
before  I  return  to  other  events  long  antecedent  to  it,  tho'  not  com- 
monly fo  reputed. Lyfimachus  and  Tacitus  .fet  the  Exod  under 

a  Bocchoris.  He  cannot  be  the  Boc-choris  of  the  •4th  Dynafty. 
We  are  to  rccolleQ:  that  Chor  an  1  Mean  are  names  of  a  fimilar  im- 
port;  thus  Cybele's  hufband  Mon  is  Choreus  in  Herodotus  and 
Dionyfius,  and  U-choreus  in  Diodorus :  Boc-choris  here  is  Ame- 
nophis.  He  (fays  Lyfimachus)  confulting  Ammon's  Oraclecon- 
cerning  a  dearth  (owing  undoubtedly  to  the  divine  plagVies)  was 
ordered  to  banifh  from  fociety  all  impious  perfons,  and  to  throw  ike 
Lepers  into  the  fea.  The  king  commanded  it  to  be  put  into  execution. 
The  perfons  affeded  by  this  fentence  held  a  confultation;  and  when 
(the)  night  came,  they  kept  watch  with  fires  and  candles  lighted;  and 
on  the  fecond  night  obferving  a  faft,  they  implored  the  Gods  for 
prefervation.  Thus  Mofos  Exod  11.  22.  fays,  a  thick  darknefs  was 
on  all  Egypt  tliree  diiys;  but  Ifrael  had  light  in  their  nianfions. 
Lyfimachus  adds  that  Mofes  adviled  them  to  remove  at  all  events,  do 
all  the  mifchief  in  their  power,  and  deftroy  the  temples  and  altars. 
With  this  refolution  they  took  their  way  into  the  Defert;  and  after 
many  dillrefles  arrived  at  a  cultivated  land ;  where  ufing  barbarities 
to  the  people,  and  deftroying  their  Fanes,  they  came  at  length  to 

Judea.     So  Holy  Writ  fays,  they  fpoiled  the  Egyptians ;  defeated 

-A  a  a  a  Amelec  j 


SS3I 


PRIMITIVE    HI  STOiRT.  (iookj. 

Amelec  ;  .  de&roy.cd  Arad  ^th^  Canaanite,  and  bis  rtowns ;  and  Og 
-and  Sihon;    and  Midian;  and  Jcncho^and  Ai,  and  Hazor.    Ta. 
ritus  confirms  the  account  of  Lyfimachus;  the'  he  knew  not  hovio 
diftinguifli.it  from  the  retreat  of  the  Hycfi,  which  he  rightly  lets  b 
the  ;time  of  .Ifis»  tl^at  Ifis  who  w.as  Demeter.     Buc  he  £aiys  that  iiuia. 
iyers  :of  writers  concur  m  the  following  account.      •*-  i  When  E^p! 
was  overrun  with  a  peftilential  difeafe  contaminating  living  bodies, 
and  prefenting  a  foul  fpefiacle,  Boe-choris  the  kfng^   applying  hn 
remedy  to  the  Oracle  Of  Ammon,  was  ondered  to  purge  his  mis, 
and  to  remove  ihence  that  generation  of  men  fo  derefted  by  theGoi 
When  they  were  eoUfiSed  together^  and  themultitude  were  cond^ 
^ntothedeiferls^and'there abandoned;  whiiftall  continned  expeos; 
under  aAonifhmcnt  and  defpair^  Mofes  one  of  thefe  exiles  cXssi 
them  to  entertain  no  hopes  of  relief  from  the  Gods  or  men(of  £g?^ 
,  fuice  both  had  relinquilhed  them ;  but  to  confide  in   him  as  a  Icadfl 
xi^ommimoned  from  Htatvtn,  and  by  whofe  aid  they  would  furraoBBi 
their  pre&nt  mifery  and  diflrefs.  They  affented,  and  totally  ignorast 
of  whatever  was  to  befall  them,  proceeded  at  random.      Yet  noihiBf 
afflifled  them  fo  forely  as  want  of  water.     But  when  they  were  lyinj 
difperfed  over  the  plains,  ready  to  perifh,  a  herd  of  wild  afles,  Icavi? 
their  pafture,  fcampered  up  a  rocky  mountain,  covered  with  zo^ 
wood.    Mofes  followed  Ihem,  and  conjefturing  from    the  fii^^ 
verdure  of  the. Herbage,  prefently  difcovered  fome  copious /prr/?^'" 
Apion  allowed  that  Mofes  afcended  mount  Sinai,  fituated  betwcexi 
Egypt  and  Arabia ;    and,,  continuing  there  40  days,  at  his  rctuiB 

promulgated  laws  to  the  Jews. Strabo  fays,  **Morc5  an  Egyptian 

prieft.  difliking  the  condition  of  his  place  of  rcfidence,  removed  to 
Judea  in  company  with  many,  who  bad  religion  at  heart.  For  he 
held  the  Egyptians  abfurd  in  applying  the  hnagesof  brutes  4e'Godi 
alfo  the  Lybians  and  Greeks,  in  giving  a  human  figure  to  i 
deity.  God  comprehending  the  earth,  <fca,«univerfe,  all  nature,  no 
intelligent  perfon  rcoiild  fuppofe  any  terreftrial  objefli  to  be  his  ^^ 
femblance." 

As  to  the  miraculous  divifion  of  the  Red  Sea  for  the  Ifraelitcs, 

Diodonts 


Chap.  50  PRIMITIVEHISTORY.  555 

Diodorus  (3)  fayr,  'Hhe  Ichthyophagi  have  a  tradition  derived  ddwii 
thro'  feveral  generations^  that  the  zuhole  fpace  of  the  jti^(of  a  virid 
colour)  was  formerly  laid  dry  by  a  mighty  ebb  ;  the  fea  necoiling 
upon  the  oppofite  fhores :  theny  after  the  ground  was  made  bare  to 
to  the  bottom  of  the  ocean^  the  fea  was,  by  a  viaUni  return  of  the 
tidbi  reftored  to  its  former  bed.  In  Photius  he  fays,  the  Jews  were 
expelled  Egypt  on  account  of  a  plague  raging  among  them.  Tacitus 
fays,  they  refrain  from  pork  in  memory  of  that  calamity,  having  been 
infefted  with  fuch  leprous  eruptions  as  Swine  are  fubje£l  to.— Ar- 
tapanus  relates,  that  tho'  the  Memphites  attributed  the  fortunate  InEufebu 
paffage  of  the  Ifraelites  to  the  (kill  of  Mofes  in  the  ebb  and  flood- 
tides,  yet  the  Heliopolites  (who  lived  near  the  fcenc)  affirmed  that 
Mofes  divinely  infpired  ftruck  the  fea  with  a  rod;  on  which,  the 
water  accumulating  on  each  fide,  he  led  bis  people  dry  acrofs  the 
channel :  but  the  Egyptians  attempting  to  purfue  them,  lightnings 
flalhed  in  their  faces,  and  the  recoiling  fea  overwhelmed  them  totally, 
Trogus  Pompeius  wrote  that  "  when  the  Egyptians  purfued  the 
Ifraelites,  tempefts  compelled  them  to  retreat."  Difagreement  in  parti- 
cular  circumftances  proves  the  general  facl  mod  unqueftionably,  as 
it  fhews  the  intelligence  concerning  the  main  point  to  have  been  ob-  . 
tained  from  various  quarters.  It  is  vifible  that  the  accounts,  related 
by  authors  of  diftant  ages  and  countries,  had  the  fame  origin  as  that 
circumftantial  one  compofed  by  the  general  of  the  enterprize-,  whofe 
narrative  of  this  wonderful  event,  with  all  the  miraculous  incidents 
that  brought  it  to  an  iffue,  as  the  metamorphofis  of  Aaron^s  rod-,  the 
ftench  of  the  fifli  and  Nile;  the  .frogs-,  the  lice;  the  flies;  mortality  of 
cattle;  boils  in  the  human  body;  hail  and  fire;  thelocufts;  theT^iduan 
night  preceding  the  death  of  all  the  firft-born  of  Egypt,  would  be 
prematurely  defcribed  here;  as  it  would  preclude  the  inira'itable 
hiftory  of  Jofeph  the  mod  famous  and  meritorious  of  Jacob's  12  fon'^ 
who,  from  the  hardihips  of  captivity  thro*  th6  envy  of  his  brothers^ 
and  from  imprifonment  for  his  virtue,  thro'  the  difappoiniment  and 
revenge  of  a  leud  miftrefs  •,  was,  for  his  divine  fkill  in  the  interpre- 
.tation  of  dreams  (mentioned  even  by  Trogus  Pompeius)  promoted  to 
the  prime  minifby  of  Egypt;  whither  the  famine  predifted  and  ob- 

A  a  a  a  2  viated 


45fi  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY,  .     (Book  3. 

viatcd  by  him  compelling  his  family  to  fcek  relief,  they  grew  fo  po. 
pulous  as  to  alarm  the  Egyptians,  particularly  their  priefts  >  there- 
fore the  male  children  of  the  fourth  generation  were  deftroyed;  and 
their  fathers  harraffed  in  building  Patumos  and  the  trcafury  of  Ram. 
finitus,  till  divine  plagues  obliged  his  fucceffor  to  confent  to  their 
Exod.  This  providential  event  occafioned  the  nobleft  hymn  of  all 
antiquity;  Exod.  X5. 

To  God  ril  fing ;  the  Lord  has  gained  renown  j 
The  horfe  and  horfeman  in  the  fea  o'erthrown. 

My  ftrength,  my  anthem,  is  the  mighty  Lord, 
Who  deigns  to  me  falvation  to  afford. 

He  is  my  God  ;  for  him  a  fane  Pll  raife  1. 
My  father's  God;  Pll  celebrate  his  praife. 

Jehova  is  the  dreadful  Lord  of  war  j 
Jehova  doth  his  facred  name  declare. 

In  ocean  Pharaoh*s  chariots,  and  his  hoft, 
God  funk  J  in  rhe  Red-fea  their  chiefs  are  loft, 

Whelm'd  in  th'  abyfs  they're  inftantly  overthrown  1 
And  on  the  bottom  lodge  as  ponderous  Hone. 

Thy  right-hand,    Lord!  thy  glorious  prowefs  (hewi^ 
Thy  right-hand,  Lord !  has  conquer'd  all  the  foes* 
:    Thou  thofe,  by  pow'r  refiftlcfs,  haftconfum'd. 
Who  to  defy  Omnipotence  prefum'd. 

Thou  didft  commiffion  thy  tremendous  ire  : 
Them  it  devoured,  as  ftubble  is  by  fire. 

Accumulated,   lo !  on  either  hand. 
Thy  potent  breath  bids  ocean  fever'd  ftand. 

Stagnant  the  floods  j  the  refluent  waters  rife 
In  chryftal  mounds,  fufpendcd  in  the  flcies. 

•*  Lo,  ril  purfue,  and  win  (the  en'my  cried) 
And  the  whole  fpoil  iriumphantly  divide. 

Mr 


Chap.  5.  P  R  I M  I  T I  V^     H  I S  T  O  k  Y.  557 

My  foul  (hall  own  fatiety  of  joy  ; 
My  fword  I'll  draw,  and  ev'ry  head  deftroy/' 

Thy  breath  prevails  ;  the  fea  o'erwhelras  the  foe ; 
As  lead,  beneath  the  raging  floods  they  go. 

Almighty  God,  who  can  thy  equal  be ! 
What  potent  Lord  can  we  compare  to  thee! 

In  fanclity  and  fame  you  peerlefs  (land  ; 
Unrival'd  in  the  wonders  of  your  hand* 

O  glorious  God!  your  right  hand  you  extend*-. 
Devoured  by  yawning  earth  their  lives  they  end. 

In  mercy,  Lord !  thou  didft  thy  people  lead  ; 
Refcu'd  from  woe  by  thee,  from  flav'ry  freed. 

You  are,  O  Lord !  their  all-fufficient  guide. 
To  the  devoted  fpot  where  you  refide. 

Pagans  the  fatal  boon  alarm'd  (hall  hear  ; 
And  Paleftine  be  feiz'^d  with  general  fear. 

The  furious  dukes  of  Edom  be  difmay'd ; 
And  Moab's  valiant  warriors  all  afraid. 

All  Canaan  defp'rate  confternation  know ; 
Struck  with  fad  omens  of  impending  woe. 

Aw*d  by  thy  hand  inaftive  they'll  remain. 
As  ftone ;  till,  till  thy  heirs  a  paflTage  gain. 

Thofe  you  obtain'd  your  bounty  to  poflefs ; 
Thofeyou,  Almighty  God!  confent  to  blefs. 

Thofe  thou  wilt  guide  and  fettle  in  thy  hill ; 
Th'  inheritance  they  owe  thy  heav'nly  will : 

Lord,  built  by  thee  thy  fefidence  rever'd  ; 
The  hallow'd  fanfluary  thy  hands  have  reared. 

Unlimited  (hall  be  Jehova's  pow*r; 
The  Lord  (hall  reign,  when  time  fhall  be  no  more. 

Lo,  impious  Pharaoh's  charioteers^  and  horfe^ 
Thro'  the  cleft  fea  attempt  their  way  to  force. 

The 


55« 


PRIMITIVE      HISTORY. 


(Book  J. 


The  Lord  overwhelms  their  army  with  the  waves;  ^ 
And  the  whole  hoft  entombs  in  wa'try  graves. 

But  Ifrael's  fons  a  wonderous  paflage  found ; 
Dry  at  the  ocean's  bottom  was  the  ground. 

Sing  ye  to  God  ;  the  Lord  has  gain'd  renown  ; 
The  horfe  and  horfeman  in  the  fea  overthrown. 


PRIMITIVE 


Nr 


PRIMITIVE    HISTORY. 

BOOK     III.  CHAP.  VL 

CONTENTS. 

0/ Phoroneus.  Of  Ogyges.  Of  the  Pclafgi,  LiJU  of  the  Sicyonian^ 
Argive^  AtheniaUj  Arcadian,  and  Btrotian  Kings.    Of  Cecrops  and 

^  his  fuccejfors.  The  Titan  War,  and  Typhon'Sf  Saturn* s  Retreat  to 
Italy.  Of  his  Son  Belus.  Of  Prometheus.  Typhon's  A3s  in  Egypt. 
The  Egyptian  Dionyjius  and  his  Confort.  Her  Son  Orus.  Her  fe^ 
cond  Hujband  Amenophis,  Menon^  or  Belus.  *  Marjyas.  Afummary 
Atcount  of  Sefojlris:  The  Continuation  of  this  Hiflory  being  to  com^ 
mence  with  Sefojlris^  DanauSj  Cadmus^  Minos;  and  with  Jacobus 
Nuptials:  This  prefent  Account  ends  witkan  Enumeration  of  theprir^ 
cipd  Heads,  reaching  down  to  the  Trojan  War  and  the  Exod. 

SOON  after  the  firft  fettlement  of  Egypt  Egialeus  Ijiing  of  Sicyoris 
and  his  brother  Phoroneus,  ufually  deemed  fons  of  Inachus, 
acquired  pofleffions  in  Greece :  .  yet  I  fufpeft  there  was,  more  an- 
cient than  Niobe*s  father;  a  Phoroneus  whofe  reign  commenced  ibon 
after  the  difcovery  of  letters  in  the  time  of  Mifor  and  of  his  fon 
Thoth,  who  is  faid  to  have  made  an  allotment  of  territory  in  Greece 
to  Phoroneus,  whofe  mother  was  that  ancient  Niobe  the  mother  of 
Apis,  and  of  Cafus  and  Belus,  founders  of  Antioch  :  that  Inachus 
or  Anachwho  was  their  father  feems  to  be  Ham.  Paufanias  deems  Bdcb^Ckrtt 
Lybia's  fon  Lelex  12  generations  after  Car,  fon  of  this  ancient  Pho- 
roneus; and  fays,  the  Pelafgi  deemed  Phoroneus  the  inventor  of  fire- 
He  and  AcuGlaus  ftile  Phoroneus  the  firft  man  of  Greece^  whom  he 
affirms  to  have  firft  taught  mankind  to  aflfociate  together.  Eufebius 
reputes  him  the  firft  legiflator.  Tho*  Scymnus  Chius  brings  them 
out  of  Thrace,     ^phor.us  in  Strabo  deems  (his ilTue)  the  Pelafgi  the 

oldcA 


Clem.  Alex. 


)»» 


560  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  g. 

oldeftpeoplcof  Greece.     Anticlides  deemed  him  the  moft  ancient 
king  of  Greece;  and  that  Menes  of  Egypt  (fee  Pliny  7.  56)  invented 
letters  15  years  before  his  reign.     But  if  the  Menes  who  difcovered 
letters  was  near  the  time  of  Niobe's  fire,  he  probably  is   Acnion's 
father:  for  Nyftimus,  fon  of  Lycaon  great  grandfon  of  Phoroneus, 
was  coeval  with  Deucalion,  grandfon  of  Japet  grandfon  of  Acmon; 
whofe  father  Manes  or  Mannus  had  letters  from  his  father  Tuitho  or 
Teutat  fon  of  Thoth.     As  to  Niobe's  fire,  who  as  Pliny  writes  was 
held^to  have  founded  Argos  before  Cecropia  was  built,   Paufanias 
Supp-  denies  Apis  to  be  his  fucceffor.     Efchylus   calls  Apis  (poeticaliy} 
Apollo's  fon-,    being  a  phyficiati  who  rid  the  country  of  noxious 
animals,  whence  it  was  named  Apia  :    tho'  Apia,  as  Hefychius   fays 
of  Graia,  fignifies  Gaia,  Aia,  Terra.     This  induces  me  to  fcirniize 
that  the  moft  ancient  Phoroneus  was  Ham,  or  fon  of  Ham,  the  Egyp- 
tian Vulcan  and  Prometheus:  for  Clement  of  Alexandria  writes  that 
this  phyfician  Apis  was  an  Egyptian  prior  to  lo;  and  that  Ariftippus 
deemed  him  the  founder  of  Memphis:  thus  he  is  either  Lycophron's 
Epius,  the  Egyptian   I fmunus  and    8th   Cabir;   or  Strabo's  Apis, 
who  was  Ofiris  or  Mifor.     Plutarch  fays  that  Ofiris  was  called  .4/)j>, 
yet  that  fome  reputed  Apis  to  be  his  fon.      Apollodorus  fays  that 
Apis  fon  of  Phoroneus  fell  into  an  ambufcade  laid  by  Thelxion  awl 

Telchin,  and  died  without  ifTue.- Niobe's  fire  was,  according  10 

Acufilaus  and  Plato,  coeval  with  Ogyges;  whofc  flood  overwheJraed 
Attica,  and  having  preceded  Deucalion's,  which  occurred  in  the  9th 
year  of  Cranaus,  248  years,  could  not  much  exceed  1760  years  be- 
Paufanias.  fore  the  Chriftian  era.  Ogyges  was  king  of  the  Eftenae  in  Bceotia« 
Bifhop  Cumberland  derives  tliem  from  leftan.  Indeed  they  fcem  to 
*  be  Aramcans,  who  followed  the  fortune  of  Ogyges,  of  whom  pro- 
bably Balaam  fays  concerning  Ifrael,  *^  His  kings  (hall  be  bighct 
than  Agag."  The  Scholiaft  of  Apollonius  3.  1176  fays,  "  Bootes 
was  his  fire."  He  wedded  Thebe  the  daughter  of  Jove  Uranus. 
Cedrenus  fays  he  reigned  32  years.  A  gate  at  Thebes  bore  his  name; 
and  Lycophron  terms  tlie  Thebans  the  feed  of  Ogyges,  alfo  the 
Spartans.  He  ruled  Attica  and  Arcadia  likewife.  Syncellas  deems 
Theflalus  fon  of  Craicus  contemporary  with  Ogyges.     Stephanus 

^Eiys  that  Graicus  was  fon  of  Theffalus :    and  that  Hemon  fon  of 

Chlonw 


Numb.  24.7 


Chtp.«0  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  561 

Chlwiis  and  grandfon  of  PeUfgui  was  father  of  Thcffalus,  who  gave 
his  name  to  the  country  called  Hemonia  after  his  fire,  and  famotfs 
for  the  mountains  Olympus,  Pelion  and  OfTa;  Tempers  vale,  the 
Pharfalian  plains,  Lariffa  the  native  town  of  Achilles,  and  Pegafa  a 
town  where  the  fhips  of  Jafon  Pcrfeus  and  Bellerophon  were  built; 
alio  Pythion  famous  for  games;  as  this  country  likewife  was  for  oxen 
and  horfes.  The  Meliac  bay  fcparates  it  from  Eubea  :  on  the  weft 
were  theDolopes.  Some  deem  Ogyges  to  be  the  father  of  Cadmus: 
.fiochart  fays  that  Tyre,  founded  as  Curtius  informs  us  by  Agenor, 
was  called  Ogygian  :  but  that  epithet  fignifies  ancient,  and  alludes 
to  Paleotyre,  named  Sarra  by  Gellius  and  Silius  Italicus :  Solinus 
deems  Tar-chon  (or  Chon  of  Tyre)  a  Tyrrhenian,  Tyr-hen  in  Celtic 
fignifying  old  Tyre:  thus  the  Tyrians  told  Alexander  that  the  temple 
of  Melcart  (or  this  Tar-chon)  was  at  old  Tyre,  Thus  Cadmus 
feems  not  to  have  come  from  Ogyges,  but  from  Ogygian  Tyre. 
Acufilaus,  Philochorus,  Polyhiftor,  Caftor  and  Thallus  counted 
1020  years  from  Ogyges  to  the  6rft  Olympiad.  Paufanias  fays,  his  Bofcb.  Pwp. 
daughter  Alalcomene  nurfed  Minerva.  Suidas  names  a  daughter  of  '^'  '°' 
liis  Thclxinia.  The  city  Eleufis  bore  his  fon^s  name.  Plato  fays  ^a  Timeo.  ^ 
that  Attica  was  potent  long  before  the  reign  of  Ogyges:  before  whom 
Eufebius  deems  Calydnus  the  contemporary  of  Bootes:  who  is  men- 
tioned by  Lycophron  and  counted  thefon  of  Uranus,  by  Stephanus, 
who  is  never  at  a  lofs  on  fuch  occafions. — Tully  fpeaks  of  a  Jove  as 
an  ancient  king  of  Athens  and  the  father  of  the  Anaces.  He  was 
Ammon,  for  his  fon  Dionyfius  was  one  of  them ;  another  was  Eu- 
buleus  a  name  of  Hermes;  the  third  called  Tritopatreus  was  Orion. 
Yet  the  Phenician  Anakim,  who  dwelt  at  Chebron,  fo  called  from 
the  Egyptian  Chebron  or  Dionyfius,  were  later  than  thefe,  being 
the  (ons  of  Arbes  or  Jarbas,  fon  of  Jove  and  Garamantis.  Between  . 
Ogyges  and  Cecrops  Paufanias  fets  Cola^nus,  from  whom  Diana 
was  called  Colaenis:  alfo  Porphyrion,  who  erefted  a  temple  to  Venus 
Urania  amongft  the  Athmonians  who  inhabited  Attica,  deeming  him 
the  predeceflbr  of  AQeus.  Bifhop  Cumberland  deems  him  to  be  the 
Hercules  who  invented  purple;  this  may  be  the  reafon  of  the  Ifth- 
mian  games  in  his  honour.      Antonine  Liberalis  mentions  Periphas 

as  a  virtuous  prince  prior  to  Cecrops,    Yet  Philocherus  quoted  by 

B  b  b  b  Africanus 


§6a  PRIMfTTlVE    HISTORY.  (Book  $. 

Africanus  wrote  that  Attica  lay  defolate  189  years  after  the  Deluge 
of  Ogyges,  till  the  reign  of  Cecropsj  which  Ifocrates  (hew^  to  have 
begun  1560  years  before  the  Incarnation.      A  peftilenqc  deftroyed 
rsafanuts.      the  Edenae.    Their  fucceflbrs  were  the  Hyantes  and  Aones^  old  in. 
habitants,  whence  the  region  was  named  Aonia.     They  are  Javan's 
defcendants,  and  were  called  Graicoi  from  the  Celtic  Grec^  old;  alio 
Tyr-heni,  Celtic  fignifying  old Jandfmen.     They  were  called  Pelafgi 
from  Lycaon's  father,  and  were  fettled  in  Argos,  Attica^  Arcady, 
Theffaly,  and  all  over  Greece,  and  were  the  fubjefts  of  Phoroneui, 
who  probably  led  aljb  a  colony  (who  were  the  genuine  Pelafgi)  thither 
from  Acmon's  people  in  Phrygian    The  Scholiaft  of  Apolloniiu 
*•  5*o*  thought  them  barbarians  or  foreigners:  fo  Strabo(7)  interpretsHomer« 
Herodotus  (i.  57.)  deems  their  language  foreign  or  barbarous  ;  yet 
fays  (2.  51.)  they  were  mixt  with  Athenians,^  but  lived  before  at  Sa* 
mothrace,  and  introduced  their  obfcene  Hermes  at  Athens ;  and 
were  called  there  Cranai*  h/ore  Cecropida.     He  fhews  (8.  44) 
that  the  Pelafgi  were  in  Attics^  prior  to  Cecrops ;  and  brought  the 
Deities  Juno,  Vefta  and  Themis,  alio  the  Cabirian  rkes  (2.  51)  into 
Greece:  and  probably  letters  ^  which  Solinus  fays  they  brought ioto 
Italy.    This  colony  certainly  gave  their  name  to  the  original  iabs* 
bitants,  Aones,  Graicoi  and  Tyrrhenians.     Herodotus  7.  94.fceiri 
that  the  old  inhabitants  of  Achaia  were  called    Pelafgi-litorales. 
Ephorus  in  Strabo,  Dionyfius  of  Halicarnaflus,  Thucidydes  and 
Sophocles  (hew,  the  Pelafgi,  or  rather  the  people  to  whom  they  gave 
their  name,  to  have  bee;i  the  oldeft  inhabitants  of  Greece  -,  for  they 
ftile  them  the  Tyr-heni,  who  anciently  inhabited  Athens:  Tyr-heni 
iignify  old-landers,  old  men  of  the  land.     Strabo  f.  and  Herodotus 
a.  56.  deem  them  the  moft  ancient  inhabitants  of  Hellas,  which  in. 
eluded  TheiTaly ;   and  there  Ariftotle  places  the  ancient  Selli  and 
Graicoi.  1    A  colony  of  Pelafgi  were  expelled  from  Theffaly  to  Crete 
by  Deucalion,  who  came  from  Scythia,  but  his  father  Prometheus 
tho*  a  Scythian  king  was  fon  of  Japet  fon  of  Uranus.     Paufanias  fays 
that  Deucalion  ere6led  the  moft  ancient  temple  of  Olympian  Jove, 
at  Athens;  near  which  ftood  Deucalion's  fepulchre,——Lycophron 

^  (hews  that  Attica  was  once  named  Mopfopia,  as  faid^  from  a  king 

^^^^^      Mopfopus. 

^  VVtjl  Oceanus 


Chap.«.^  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  5^8 

Oceanus  and  Tcthys  are  reputed  the  pareats  of  Inachus  commonly 
deemed  the  father  of  Phoroncus  by  his  fifter  MelifTa.  Some  affert 
this  to  l)e  only  a  poetical  parentage,  Phoroneus  refiding  near  the  • 
river  Inachus ;  which  rather  feems  to  have  been  named  from  his 
father,  Inak,  Anak,  Anax.  Ocellus  Lucanus  fays  Inachus  was  re- 
puted the  firft  king  of  Argos.  I  take  Inak  to  be  a  fon  of  the  famous 
Mannus  Acmon's  father;  for  Man  or  Meon  fignifies  ocean,  deemed 
the  father  of  Inach;  a  name  that  according  to  Bochart  fignifies  Phe* 
nician;  Syncellus  fays  that  Cafusand  Belus  fons  of  Inachus  founded 
Antioch.  Owing  to  this  Afiatic  colony  the  Spartans  claimed  an 
affinity  with  the  Jews.  The  non-entity  of  Egialeus  fon  of  Inachus 
is  alio  maintained  by  fome,  who  derive  Egialea,  the  ancient  name  • 
of  Sicyon,  from  its  maritime  (ituation.  Ptolemy  fays  it  was  firft 
naiped  Micone.  It  was  fituated  at  the  northern  fide  ofPeloponnefu^ 
having  the  Ifthmus  on  the  eaft ;  and  contained  the  two  inland  towns 
of  Pletius  and  Sicyon.  Apdllodorus  deemed  the  term  of  the  Sicy-  j^^^  Svnccllo: 
onian  kings  from  Egialeus  to  Zeuxippus,  967  years  ;  Jerom,  962; 
•Caftor,  959.  Paufanias  writes  that  Hippolitus  grandfon  of  Ph^tfius 
fucceeded  Zeuxippus^  and  became  tributary  to  Aga-memnon, 

Refpe&ingthe  Argive  kings,  Caftor  computed  184  years  from  I na- 
xbu  to  (the  arrival  of  Danaus  the  facceflbr  of)  Sthenelus :  yet  the 
periods  oPthe  feveral  reigns  in  Euiebius  amountto  381.  Months  pro- 
hMy  being  omkied. 


ifibbb« 


i^4 


PRIMItlVE    HISTOHY. 


(Book  g. 


A  TA  B  L  E  of  the  kn^  of  Argos  and  Sicycm,  from  Paufanias 
and  Eufebius.  But  note  that  Strabo  and  HeBod  fay  that  Sicyon  was 
firft  named  M6cdn£. 

FromPaafittkt.        Prom  EiMips.  Prom  EvfeUut.        From  Paafiaias. 


Egialeot 
Euroftf 
Tdchin 
Apii        —  - 
Tbcbdon 
iEgyrus 
Thurimachos 
Leodppas  grandfirel 
of  Pcrttut  I 

Meflapvati.       -^ 
Peratot        —        — 
Plemneot  «^    . 

Ortliopolitj  coeval  with 

Ceres.  Corbnit,  hit 

daughter's  Ton 
Corax  ton  of  Coro&as 


Egiaieiis 
Europi 
Tclchin 
ApU 
TfielMon 
.^^driis 
**  •    Tnoximackot 


Leadppvi 
Mciappiis 

Eratus 
Flemntii 
OrthopoUi 
Marathon 
Marafta 
Ediyreos 
Corax 


50.  Inadius  — -        Inachus 

6o«  Phorooetit  -^  Phoroneaa 

35.  Apis  — 

70.  Ar^Qs        —        —  Argus.  Niobe's  fim 

54.  Cnaftis.  Jo's  omde    P]TOfut  I  n^.i,^^ 

3S.Phorbas  -    Phorbas  P*^^"* 

46.  Triopasy  coeval 


Epopens  of  Thefialy     1 

nalDied  by  DiodonM  VEpopena 

and  Antiope's  Lover) 
l4unedonibnofCoronoSy  ^  Lamedoa 

took  Affociate, 
Sicyon,,  grandfoii 

Eredtheas.  j  Sicyon 

Polybushisdaugh^raion,  Fol^bai* 
Adrafbs  of  Argos.         (  Janifcus  of  Au 
Janifcus  of  Attica    ■■  '<     tica. 
Lamedon's  fon«  ( 

Phasftos        —        —      Phcfius 

Adraflas 


off 

)Sic 


Zeuxippus 


Polyphides 
Pelaigus 
— —     Zeuxippus. 


with  Atlas. 
SKCrotopus 

luStheadus 

5o.DaMHM 

41.  Lynceus 
13.  Aoaa 
17.  Pra^as 
31- 


PhorbasJ 
Triopas 

{afus,  lo's  fkhcTj  uttde  of 
"rotopusy  coeval  with  Oroa  aatf 
DeocaKon. 
Sthenelus 
(Gdanor) 
Da 


Adifius 


Lynceos 
Abas 

Acrifius 


Pfffcus  or     J   g^  Ptoiua?»  Edition-  ^  ^^W^^  ^ 

Eoryibeus,      j$  V "— ~U$       . 

Atraas,  and  i  ^^  f ^...,..^_  f^ 

Agamemnon     15  J  ■■      *   ■        .J  30 

Tadam  lets  the  capture  oTTroy  in  Agamcanoa's  ildi 

year;   and  fay  a  that  Ftolem]^  of  Mendes  deexned  tlidSgp' 
ttaii  Amofifcomcmijorary  with  Inachus,  who  was  cweaty 

generations  before  tne  Iliac  war.  Haariiagca  theArmei 
lus,  Apis,  Criafis,  Triopas,  Argius,  Phorhu,  Cio- 
topus,  Sthenelaus,  Danaus,  Lyaceus,  Pnems,  Abas, 
Acri£us,  &c. 


Danaus  fcarce  reigned  50  years*,  as  old  at  his  advent,  having  ^0 
daughtera* 


k» 


Clement  of  Alexandria  fays,  Telchin  was  coeval  with  Crca  king 
of  Crete  5  fo  named  as  Jerom  fays  from  him,  Apollodorus  fays, 
Telchin  and  Thelxion  flew  Apis  Niobe'a  brother.  iEgyrus  is  re- 
puted the  founder  of  iEgyra  the  ancient  capital  of  Achaia,  on  alofty 

hill. 


Chap.  60        PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  165 

hilL  Epopeiis  buck  a  fine  temple  for  Minerva^  and  wedded  Amiope 
fiiler-in.law  of  Polydore  fon  of  Cadmus.  From  Sicyon  the  region 
had  its  laft  name;  alfo  its  metropolis^  which  contained  noble  ftruftures^ 
and  long  remained  a  coniiderable  city,  fituated  on  a  hill^  where 
curious'  ruins  are  ftill  extant :  weft  ward  from  Corinth^  which  is  to 
the  fouth  of  the  Ifthmus. 


Argos  was  on  the  north-eaft  fide  of  Peloponnefus,  between  the  two 
bays  of  Sa,ron  and  Argos.  Its  towns  were  Argos;  Mycene;  Traezenc; 
Nemea,  famous  for  games ;  Epidaurus;  having  the  temple  of  Efcu-. 
lapius  ;  Naupliu5>  named  from  a  king  of  Ebena^  and  having  a  fine 

harbour. Phoroneus  is  deemed  the  founder  of  Argos  tiamed  at 

firft  Phoronium.  By  the  nymph  Laodice  he  had  Apis  and  Niobe 
Ammon's  intimate:  her  fon  Argus  wedded  Ifmene  daughter  of 
Afopus,  gave  his  name  to  Argos  and  the  Argives,  inculcated  huf- 
bandry  and  was  the  father  of  Jafas  and  Piranthus,  one  of  whom  was 
lo's  father  :  her  brother  Agenor  was  father  of  Argus  Panoptes:  her 
uncle  Criafas  or  Pirafud  was  king  of  Argos  ;  his  grandfon  Triopas 
was  father  of  Meffene  the  daughter-in-law  of  Lckx  Lybia's  fon,  and 
uncle  of  Danaos^  and  grandfire  of  Sparta  (he  wife  of  Lacedzmom 
grandfon  of  Atlas,  and  coufin-gerinan  of  Dardanus  and  of  Harmonia 
wife  of  Cadmus.  Argus  the  father  of  Criafus  either  had  the  name 
of  Pelafgus  or  was  the  brother  of  this  Pelafgus,  father  of  Lycaon, 
who  for  a  human  facrifice  (a  law  againft  which  Cecrops  his  contem- 
porary ewftcd  at  Athene)  was  deemed  a  wolf:  he  founded  Lycofura. 
His  btotbpr  Tenienuf  j^ducated  Juno.  His  fon  Acacus  educated 
Mercury  grai^dfon. of  Atlas.  Pliny  fa^ys,  •*  Lycaon  invented  public  7.  56. 
exercifes,"  tho*  wreftling  was  Mercury's  invention.  Lycaon's  dideft 
fon  Nyftimus  was  coeval  with  Deucalion  the  contemporary  of  Phae- 
ton, Cranaus,  the  (ixth  king  of  the  i8th  Egyptian  Dynafty^  and 
with  Crotopus,  who  lived  as  Statins  tells  us  in  the  time  of  Orur 
Apollo  ;  as  his  fon  Sihenelus  did  till  the  advent  of  Danau^  ;  whdfe 
reign  of  50  years  in  Eufebius  is  too  long  •,  he  being  the  father  of  50 
daughters  before  his  arrival  in  Greece.  CEnotrus,  Lycaon*s  youngeft 
fon  of  50,  went  to  Italy  about  the  time  of  Janus,  and  theriHbre  lived 


^66  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (BbokJ 

in  the  time  of  the  Titan  Saturn.      Lycaon's  fon    Orchetnenos  vtfl 

father  of  Elara,  by  whom  Jove  Olympiiis  had  Tityus  Latona's  gaL 
laut,  whom  Radamanthus  vilitcd,  and  to  whofe  maufoleum  nine  acre 
of  ground  were  appropriated.  Ly caon's  daughter  Califtho^  the  fiftcr 
of  Nonacris,  had  by  Jove  her  fon  Areas,  who  was  coeval  with  An- 
(leus  and  with  Triptolemus  the  acquaintance  pf  Ceres,  her  fon  Dio. 
nyfius,  lo,  Eumolpus,  Ion,  Deucalion's  great  grandfon,  and  Ertc 
theus  fixth  king  of  Athens:  tho'  Amphiftyon  the  third  king  was  viW 
by  that  Dionyfius  (Plutarch's  Arfaphes)  coeval  alfo  with  theeldet 
Strom.  I.'  Pandion,  whofe  daughter  Procris  had  an  amour  with  Minos^  asb' 

Frcp.  10.  12.  the  daughter  of  Nifus. Acufilaus  in  Plato,  cited  by  ClenDetfof 

Alexandria  and  Eufebius,  deemed  Triopas  of  Argos  contempofF 
with  Prometheus  and  Atlas. 

A    T A  B  LE  of  the  Attic  or  Athenian  Kings. 

ir.  Cecropsi  coeval  with  Lycaon,  as  ^aufanias  (8J   writes,  rclgoed 

50  years. 
s.Cranaus;    coeval  with  Deucalion,  aa  Apollodorus    and  Tana 

wrote;  with  Crotopus  as  Tatian  writes. 

3.  Amphiftyon,  Deucalion's  fon,  vifited  by  the  Egyptian  Dion/fc 

4.  Erichthon  (held  by  fome  a  Goth) 

5.  Pandion  (while  Ceres  and  Dionyfius  were  ftill  alive) 

6.  Erechtheus ;    when  Ifocrates,  Thucidydes  and  Plato  place  the 

invafion  of  Eumolpus  Orythia's  grandfon,  and  (as  Paufaniai 
ihews)  an  acquaintance  of  Ceres  and  Triptolemui;  whom  the 
Marbles  fet  200  years hefore  the  Trojan  M»r,  Ion  Deucalion'4 
great  grandfon  joined  EreOheus:  whofe  name  is  denved£ram 
the  Irifli  Arach,  might. 
.  Cecrops  ^, 


i. 


Pandion  2. 
9.  iEgeus 

10.  Thefeus 

11.  MneRheus 
13.  Demophoon 

13.  Oxyntes 

14.  Aphydas 

15.  Tbymctci. 


Calor 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  5^7  ' 

Caftor  counted  from  Cecrops  i.  to  Thymctes  429  years.  Ifocrates 
counted  from  Cecrops  i.  to  the  Ufurpation  of  Pififtratus  (561  years 
before  Chrift)  full  looo  years  :  the  Marbles  count  21  years  more. 

Arcadian  Kings  (fee  Paufanias)— -5a^o//tfn. 

t.  Pelafgus,  vifited  by  Ceres  the      Cedrenus  counts  the  firft  reign 
elder,  62   years. 

2.  Lycaon,  coeval  with  Cecrops.       i.  Cadmus^  brother«inJaw  of 

3.  Nydimus,  coeval  with   Deu-         Dardanaus. 

calion.  2.  Polydore,  brother-in-law  of 

4.  Areas,  coeval  with  Triptole-  Arifteus 

mus,  and  with  Arifteus.  3.  Labdacus,  coeval  with  Pan<« 

5.  Clitor.  dion  i. 

6.  Azan;  at  his  funeral  were  the      4.  Laius,  fometime  depofed. 

firft  horfe-raceSjfeePaufanias.  5.  Amphion  )  Brothers  and 

7.  Eyptus  6.  Zethus     Jufurpe 

8.  Aleus.  Laius  again. 

9.  Lycurgus.  7.  CEdipus. 
10.  Echemus.  8.  Eteocles  and 
IK  Agapenor^  at  Troy.  9.  Polynices 

10.  Laodamas 

1 1 .  Therfander.   ^      mans. 


^ers. 


j  Brothers 
10.  Laodamas.     1  Coufin-ger- 


Arcady  in  the  heart  of  Peloponnefus,  had  Achaia  with  Sicyon  and 
Corinth  on  the  north;  Argos  on  the  eaft;  Laconia  on  the  fouth; 
Meflenia  on  the  S.  W:  Elis  on  the  weft,Ezekiel*s  (27)  Elifha,  famous 
for  the  games  on  the  Olympian  plains.  Dionyfius  divides  the  Ar- 
cadians^  anciently  Apidanii  into  Azanii^  Parrhafii,  Trepezuntii. 
Attica  has  the  Saronian  bay  on  the  fouth,  Boeotia  on  the  north. 

Cecrops  king  of  Athens  was  a  Saite,  and  fon-in-law  of  Afleus, 
who  built  Heliopolis  in  honour  of  his  fire,  and  from  whom  Attica 
was  faid  to  be  firft  named  A£le,  tho'  fome  derive  the  name  from  its 
fituation;  which  is  on  the  north  fide  of  the  Saronian  gulf,  and  bounded 

on 


^ 


'  j68  PRIMITIVE     HIS  TORY.  "(BboiL  j. 

on  the  north. weft  by  Boeotia.      Its  famous  metropolis,    ptcvioufly 
flamed  Cecropia,  was  called  Athens  from  Minerva;  who  befides  o* 
ther  names  (for  fhc  was  the  elder  Titaniaii  Ifis  or  Rhea.   Hence  Phi- 
lochorus  in  Macrobius  fays  that  Cecrops  erefted  the  firft  altar  to  Ops 
and  Saturn)  being  for  her  encouragement  of  tillage,   called  Athyr, 
Bos,  the  Athenian  coin  bore  the  impreflion  of  an  ox  ;  hence  Bos  in 
'  Lingua  expreft  a  partial  witnefs;    like  as  the  Perfians  were  faid  to 
fubdue  the  Greeks  by  archers,  meaning  the  coin  called  Daries  im- 
/preft-with  bofwmen.     The  Egyptians,  having  a  communication  with 
India,  propagated  the  worfliip  of  the  ox  in  that  diftant  region,  as  La 
Hefychius.  Cro2e  informs  us.      The  Parthenion  temple  in  the  citadel  dedicated 
to  her  by  the  daughters  of  Erettheus,  called  Parthenoi,  is  as  beauti- 
ful a  piece  of  antiquity  as  any  in  the  world ;  the  Perfians  burnt,  bui 
Pericles  repaired  and  enlarged  it.     It  is  of  admirable  white  marble, 
and  ui  afcended  by  5  fteps  which  arc  the  balis  of  46  fluted   pillars  of 
the  Dorick  order  42  feet  high,   17;    in  circumference-,    the  inter- 
mediate fpace  being  7  feet  4  inches.     1  Ik  fc  lupport  the  portico, and 
frieze  charged  with  hiftorical  figures  refpeftingMinerva,  furrounding 
the  temple;  which  is  217  feet  9  inches  long,  g8  feet  6  inches  broid. 
Eight  of  the  pillars  Hand  under  the  pediment  in  front;  fee  Sir  George 

Wheeler. Cecrops  was  deemed  partly  a  ferpent;     either  t6T\vvs 

wifdom,  or  as  being  a  defcendant  of  Ophion  or  Uranus  founder  oi 
Ophiogenes.  He  inOituted  nuptial  rites:  interdifted  the  facrificc 
of  animals,  as  Amofis  or  Animon  did  in  Egypt:  encouraged  navi- 
gation; and  introduced  Vulcan's  laws,  inftituted  by  Mi/bn  He 
divided  Athens  into  four  wards.  His  citadel  bore  the  Egyptian  name 
of  Afty :  this  word  became  extenfive,  as  appears  from  the  names 
Aftyanax,  Aftyages.  To  his  daughter  Herfe,  Aglauros  and  Pan- 
drofus  Minerva  is  faid  to  have  entrufted  the  education  of  Erifthon 
fon  of  Vulcan  and  .Terra.  The  fucceflbr  of  Cecrops  was  Cranaus  a 
man  of  great  wealth:  his  name  was  a  Patronymic,  for  the  country 
was  called  Cranac  and  A6le  before  the  time  of  Cecrops  from  its  crag- 
ginefs,  a  word  derived  from  the  Celtic  Craig,  a  rock.  In  his  ninth 
year  happened,  about  Dodona  as  Ariftotle  writes  and  Faufanias  telb 
us  in  Attica,  the  flood  of  Deucalionj  who  built  a  temple  and  offered 

lacrifice  for  his  prefervation  to  Jove  at  Athens;  and  was  there  en- 

tombed; 


tombed:  his  fon  AmpHiayon  W6d(teil  Attis  this  king^s  daughter:  from 
het  the  countk*y  was  naAi*d  Attica.     He  dcthfoned  Cranaus ;  i^hofe 
tomb  was  in  thclregidn  Of  the  LampreiTfesi  and  infthuted  tfie  atlembly 
^  the  Or^ciaii  Hates  eatleii  Amphiayotis.     His  fucceflTor  Epi6lhon 
beinj^  lame  invented  chariiMs;  ftampt  (ilver  coins;  and  inftituted  the 
Fanathenea.     His  (on  Pandion  was  fa'^her  or  Progne,  vrhofe  hufband 
Tcreus  debauched  her  filler  Philomel,  and  then  cut  her  tongue  out, 
to  prevent  a  difcovery  ;  but  fhe  d^fcribed  his  crime  in  needle  work. 
Borca5  king  of  Thrace  fto!e  Orichya   the  daughter  of  the  r  brother     s 
Ereflhcus.     Diodorus  fays,   he  was  a  native  of  Egvnt ;    whence, 
during  afaminf  that  .iffl'^iv^d  all  countries  except  Egypt^  and  doubt-- 
lefs  was  that  in  Jopph's  tlvi,e^  he  brought  corn  to  •  Athens;  and  for 
that  beneGt   was  advar  cecl   to  the  fovercignty,  and  introduced  the 
ritei  of  Ceres  the  patronefs  of  corn  5  the  Eumolpida;  becoming  her 
priefts.      Herodotus  fays,  tuat  people  were   firft  named   Athenians     '  *^' 
in  his  reign,  inftcadof  Cecropidae;  before  which  they  were  Pelafgians  Scd.  Eufeb* 
called  Cranai,     Harpocration  wrote  that  he  flew  Phorbas  king  of  the 
Curetes.     His  fons  referred  their  difpute  about  the  royal  fucceffion 
to  Xuthus  Deucalion's  grandfon,  and  their  fitter  Creufa*s  hufband, 
who  decided  in  favour  of  her  eldelt  brother  Cecrops.     Xuthus  and     *^'*^"'* 
his  fon  Ion  founded  the  colony  of  lonians  in  Afia.     Eolusaiid  Dorus 
were  brothers  of  this  Xuthus,      The  Grecians  aflfumed  the  name  of 
bis  father  Hellen.     But  the  Dorians  feem  not  to  have  been  fo  called 
from  Dorus,  but  from  the  Celtic  Dwr,  water ;    for  the  genealogifts 
name  no  defcendents  of  Dorus.      And  indeed,  tho*  Eolus  had  iflue^ 
both  numerous  and  famous,  he  feeros  to  have  taken  his  name  from 
-  the  Eolians ;    not  they  from  him  ;  Eol  in  Celtic  fignlfying  fcience. 
The  Areopagus  at  Athens  was  a  famous  court  of  judicature;  it  was 
fo  called,  as  Efchylus  writes,  from  the  Amazonian  oblations  to^ars. 
Oreftes  was  tried  there ;    and  Cephalus  for  the  death  of  Procris. 
The  trial  of  Mars  for  killing  Neptane's  fon  feems  fabulous* 

The  great  families  of  Greece  founded  by  Deucalion,  Afopus, 

Leiex,  Cadmus  and  Danaus  fprung  from  the  Titans ;    and  thofe  of 

Phorooeus^  Ogyges  and  Cecrops^  if  not  originally  from  the  fame 

C  €cc  ftock. 


570  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Books; 

ftock,  were  intimately  connefted  with  them  by  various  intermarriages. 
Thus  Homer  calls  Jove  I^elafgic,  meaning  .Io*s  fon  Epaphus  who 
was  Jove  of  Nyfa.  Therefore  I  here  refume  the  Titanian  hiftoryy 
already  in  a  great  meafure  related,  iiv  the  account  of  the  Hycfi  ;  in 
Sanchonianho's  fragment ;  in  the  account  from  Diodorus  of  the 
Egyptian,  Atlantean,  and  Cretan  Theologies,  mutually  related  as 
they  all  are.  I  have  formerly  obferved  Ham's  dire£l  defcendants 
to  be  Mifor,  Thoth,  Tcutat,  Mannus,  Acmon,  Ophion  or  Uranus, 
who  is  TuUy's  Upis  father  of  that  Diana  who  was  Venus  Urania 
or  Ops. 

Sanchoniatho  has  reported  the  Phenician  accounts  of  the  Titanian 
war;  which  enfued  during  the  refidence  of  the  Hycfi  in  Egypt.     He 
and  Diodorus  fhew  that  Saturn  bore  a  very  indifferent  chara6ler  in 
Phenicia  and  Egypt,  where  his  rival  Ammon's  power  predominated. 
Cretan  accounts  of  him  are  of  a  dubious  fort :  but  in  Europe,  where 
he  maintained  his  ground,  his  reputation  has  beea  great:  he  became 
the  author  of  civilized  life,  and  of  fo  many  benefits  to  fociety  in 
Europe,  that  his  reign  was  denominated  the  golden  age,  as  ]ove's 
was  the  filver;  and  Deucalion's,  the  brazen:  the  real  reafon  of  which 
was  the  difcovery  of  thofe  metals  in  their  feveral  reigns;  as  ironvas^ 
fome  70 years  after  Deucalion's  flood:  tho'  poets  gave  thefe  incidents 
a  moral  and  allegorical  turn.     Gellius  fays  that  Ocean's  fon  Sol 
(that  is  Meon's  fon  Acmon  father  of  Uranus)  difcovered  gold,  phy fie 
and  honey;  this  laft  Arifteus  invented  a  praftift,  as  Pliny  writes,  of 
7,  56.  14,  4.  mixing  with  wine. 

Ennius(in  Laftantius)  fays  that  Uranus  was  the  firft  fovereign  in 

the  world.  He  inftituted  regal  power  in  conjunftion  with  his  brothers; 

Urunus  being  lord  paramount.    And,  tho*  Saturn  afterwards  acquired 

more  authority  and  a  regal  title,  Dio  writes  that  Uranus  eclipfedthe 

fame  of  his  anceftors.      PaflTingthe  Bofphorus^  fays  Laflantius,  into 

Thrace,  he  went  and  fubdued  Crete,  and  gave  the  dominion  of  it  to 

a  brother  of  his,  fire  of  the  original  Curetes;    who  thence  in  Euri- 

fab.  Bacc.      pidcs  arc  filled  fons  of  Zeus.     Homer  mentions  a  war  of  their  def* 

cendants 


Chap.  6.)        PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  5^1 

cendants  (9.  530.)  in  the  lime  of  Oeneus.  Zeus  was  that  old  Cretan 
Jove  (in  Diodorus)  the  brother  of  Uranus,  prior  to  Saturn,  and  fa- 
ther of  the  ten  Curetes,  as  he  there  numbers  them,  who  were  the 
Daftylsv  tho*  their  Sacerdotal  ruccelTors  feem  always  to  have  been 
limited  to  nine.  Zeus  called  that  ifland  Idea,  after  his  confort;  and 
was  buried  there ;  his  tomb  being  vifible  in  the  time  of  Ennius.  He 
is  therefore  the  Jove  Olympius  who,  as  Ptolemy  Hepheftion  wrote,  In  Photio, 
refcued  Jove  Picus  from  Saturn,  gave  him  education,  and  taught  ' 
him  religion.  Yet  Pit:us  thro*  fome  apprehenfions  refpeSling  the 
giants,  flew  him ;  "but  afterwards  repenting  it,  erefted  a  monument 
to  his  memory.  Suidas  fays,  the  epitaph  on  it  was.  Here  lies  the 
mortal  Zeus,  he  adds  erroneoufly  Picus,  and  Laftaniius  fays  Zan 
Cronou,  as  unwarrantably.  It  was  by  Gnoffus  a  city  founded  by 
Vella  :  Epiphanius  writes  that  it  was  in  a  hill  named  Jafius.  This 
Olympus  was  Jove*s  guardian  mentioned  by  Diodorus ;  and  older 
than  the  Olympus  (who  was  Ammon)  the  firft  hufband  of  the  elder  \ 

Ceres ;  and  older  of  courfe  than  the  Olympus  firft  king  of  Myfia 
(where  the  Ophiog'enes  dwelt)  the  hufband  of  Nipaea  the  daughter  of 
Jafion,  who  had  Plutus  and  Corybas  by  Ceres:  Apollodorus  fays  he 
was  the  father  of  Marfyas.  Plato  fays  Olympus  and  Marfyas  were 
inventors  of  mufic.  **  Uranus,  as  Laftantius  writes,  next  invaded  Leg.  %. 
Spain ;  thence  went  and  overran  Africa.  Returning  he  proceeded 
to  the  north  of  Europe,  and  fubdued  thofe  regions.  He  was  a  man 
of  fcience,.  and  ftudied  aftronomy.  Apollodorus  fays,  he  put  the 
Giants  and  the  Cyclops  his  fons  into  Tartarus:  the  Orphic  fragments 
name  Coeus,  Crius,  Phorcys,  Ocean  Hyperion,  Cronus,  and  JapeU 
But  it  is  faid  that  their  mother  Titea  inftigated  Saturn  and  her  other 
fons  to  confpire  againflhim."  Probably  fhe  was  jealous  of  the  beaute- 
ous Eurynomej  for  he  is  Ophion,  Eurynome's  gallant  inApollonius 
aud  Lycophron,  '*  Saturn  liberated  his  captive  brethren,  and  de- 
pofed  Uranus,  who  died  thro*  caftration."  Apollodorus  fays  that 
after  Saturn  obtained  the  crown  he  remanded  his  brothers  to  Tar« 
tarus :  this  was  the  time  that  Cotta,  Gyges  (who  probably  was  O- 
gyges)  and  Briareus  were  confined  as  Hefiod  relates,  till  Ammon  fet 
them  at  liberty.— —Diodorus  tells  us  that  Dionyfius  returned  from 

C  c  c  c  a  India 


g,4  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY^  (Book  j. 

India  by  forced  marches^  and  with  Minervaj^  Jove  and  other  Gods^ 
brought  Ammon  aflSftmncc;  who  was  reduced  to  great  Araits.       Thi^ 
feims  to  be  the  time  that  the  Titans  retired  to  the  cave  Keira  among 
DicCaft.  |i)e  Gets.     For  Ammon  having  efpoufed  Rhea^  and  had  Dionyfius 
by  Amalthea  (or  lo)  in  the  Ceraunian  mountains^  whom  thro*  fear 
of  the  jealous  Rhea  (or  eldeftjuno)  he  caufed  to  be  educated  atNyC^. 
and  byNyfa  daughter  ofArifteus  (tho*  I  think  this  refpecls  tbeXhebao 
Bacchus  for  Tully  fays  that  Arifteus  was  the  fon  of  the  Egyptiaa 
Dionyfius)  and  by  his  own  daughter  Minerva,  who  flew  the  nrionfter 
EgiSy   on  account  of  whofe  death  his  mother  Terra  produced  the 
Giants  afterwards  flain  by  Jove,  Minerva,  Bacchus  and  other  God^ 
Rhea  hearing  and  envious  of  this  fon,  attempted  to  get  at  him  s  but 
faiKng,  fhe  quitted  Ammon  and  cohabited  with  Saturn,  whom  {he 
inftigated  againft  Ammon,     He  by  the  aid  of  his  brethren  compeUed 
Ammon  diftreft  alfo  by  a  famine  (which  affli6led  Abraham)  to  quit 
Lybia ;  who  went  to  Crete  and  wedded  Creta ;  which  proves  him  to 
be  Teuft-amus,  father  of  Afterius.     Aoaximander  in  Pliny  fays  her 
father  was  one  of  the  Curetes  ;  from  her  Ammon  acquired  the  fovc- 
reignty  of  the  ifland,  the  name  of  which,  from  Idea,  he  changed  to 
his  confort's.      In  the  interim    Saturn  poffeft  himfelfof  Amajon's 
African  dominions^  and  ufed  his  power  tyrannically;  and  I  fuppofc 
Amenophis  was  his  viceroy.     But  marching  to  Nyfa,  Dionyfius  and 
Minerva  with  the  Lyhians,  part  of  whom  were  Amazons,  attacktthe 
Titans  :  and,  after  afharp  engagement,  in  which  many  on  both  fides 
were  flain,  and  Saturn  was  wounded,  vifclory  declarefl  in  favour  of 
the  admirable   Dioi  yfius  ;    the   Titans  retreating    to  the  countries 
ufurped  from  Ammon.     Belus  of  Babylon  according  toThallus  aided 
Saturn:  Gyge<»  fled  ^o  TarteCTus :    Apollodorus   fays  that  Oceanus 
was  neuter.     Dionyfius  brought  his  prifoners  to  Nyfa:  but  after  en- 
circling them  formidably  with  his  troops,  and  harangueing  them  oa 
the  iniquitous  conduft  of  the  Titans,  fet  them  at  liberty  ;    when  all 
to  a  manenlifted  under  him:  who  making  a  libation  of  wine  received 
their  vows  of  allegancc.  He  then  marched  on  another  expedition  a^ 
gainft  the  Titans  ;    his  tutor  Arifteus  paying  him  divine  honours. 
Silenus  his  ally  was  of  parentage  renowned  from  fycb.  hig^  smtiquity 

as 


Chap.  ^)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  OR  Y.  573 

as  was  beyond  record  i  which  feems  to  be  Saint  Paul's  fenfe  of  MeU 
chifedec.      Silenus  wore  a  baboon's  fkin,  whence  he  was  fabled  to 
be  a  fatyr  with  a  long  tall ;  and  thus  Silenus  became  a  general  apeU 
lative  fynonymous  to  Satyr ;  in  this  fenfe  Dionyfius  is  Silenus  in 
Suidas,  and  his  fon  Staphylus  was  deemed  the  fon  of  a  Silenus, 
Their  array  fuffered  much  for  want  of  water,  in  traverfing  vaft  de- 
ferts  infefted  by  wild  beafts;  but,  as  Uermippus  in  Hyginus  relates, 
a  ram  followed  by  his  foldiers  led  them  to  the  fpot  where  Ammon's 
temple  was  afterwards  founded    by  Danaus,    as  Diodorus  writes. 
They  at  length  halted  a(  the  Lybian  city  Za-birna  or  Za-kira.   Here 
he  flew  the  monfter  Campe,  whofe  Tufnulus  remained  to  the  time  of 
Diodorus.     Apollodorus  (hews  that  Jove  Lapis  had  now  joined  Di- 
onyfius;   as  he  writes  that  this  Jove  flew  Campe  the  goaler  of  the 
gigantic  fons  of  Uranus  :  but  Europa's  lover  was  often  miftaken  for 
Ammon's  fon.     Dionyfius  advancing  near  Ammon's  capital,  Saturn 
drew    up  hi?  army  without  the  walls  aod  was  routed:  then  fetting 
fire  to  the  city  in  the  night,  attempted  to  efcape  with  Rhea  and  fomc 
feleft  friends.      But  being  intercepted  by  Dionyfius,  as  they  were 
his  relations  he  fet  them  at  liberty;  inviting  them  to  be  on  a  footing 
of  friendfhip  with  him.      Rhea  fincerely  was  lo  :  but  Saturn  a6led 
with  diffimulation.  Diodorus  fays  it  was  about  this  time  his  fon  Jove 
was  born;  who  afterwards  had  a.i  univerfal  empire.     Rhea's  jealoufy 
concerning  Ammon's  fon  Dionyfias  was  not  the  only  motive  of  this 
war ;    for  Laflantius  fays  that  Saturn's  eldcft    brother  Titan  (who 
feems  to  be  Hyperion  and  ^mmon)  had  claimed  the  empire :  but, 
as  his  mother  (the  eldeft)  Vefta  favoured  Saturn,  the  had  entered  into 
a  compromife  thiit  Saturn  fhould  reign,  but  educate  no  male  ifl^ue. 
In  confequence  of  which  his  eldeft  fon  was  flain.     But  Jove  and  Juno 
being  twins,  Jove  was  fecreled  and  nurfed  by  Vefla.  Paufanias  fays, 
Rhea  delivered  a  foal  to  Saturn  inftead  of  Neptune.      Pluto  (who 
according  to  the  Sibyl  was  born  at  Dodona)  and  Glauca  were  twin:i. 
Titan  learning  the  fraud,    and  aided   by  his  fixty  fons,  as.  the  Sibyl 
affirms,  feized  Rhea  and  Sajurn;  him  he  caftrated.      This  was  the 
famous.  Decennial  war,  counted  by  Thallus  three  hundred  and  twent) 
years  before  the  Iliac.  Jove,  haA^ing obtained  manhood,  liberated  his 
parents:  yet,  according  to  Diodorus,  afterwards  joined  Ammon  and 

Dionyfius,  who  made  him  viceroy  of  Egypt.     Indeed  Laftantius  fays 

that 


11,  8.  479* 


f7«  PRIMITIVE    HIST041Y.  C^ook  j. 

that  Saturn  grew  jealous  of  Jove,  and  formed  fchemes  againft  him ; 
who  as  Apollodorus  fays  prudently  liberated  Saturn's  and   his  own 
brothers,  and  with  thefe  allies  depofed  and  banifhed  Saturn.  Efchylus 
faysthat  Saturn  was  imprifoned  by  the  advice  of  Prometheus:  Homer 
fays  that  Japet  was  confined  with  him,  at  the  confines  of  the  world: 
and  Ereb  fignifying  the  weft,  alfo  darknefs,  they  were  fabled  to  be 
in  hell.  Jove  afterwards  Ihared  the  empire  with  Neptune  and  Pluto: 
Atlas  alfo  ruled  Mauritania.     Paufanias  fays  that  Nejitune  invented 
horfemanfhip:    his  hair  is  faid  to  have  been  black;  his  eyes,   blue. 
After  this  famous  war,  in  mentioning  which  Plutarch  calls  Saturn, 
Apopis,  and  Ammon  Sol,  the  Giants  made  ah  infurreftion  againft 
Jove:  who  was  thrown  into  a  confternation  by  a  report  that  his  foes, 
produced  by  Saturn's  wife  in  oppoGtion  to  the  Titans,  were  invin- 
cible.    But  Jove  was  aided  by  Styx,  whofe  name  was  conferred  on 
an  Arcadian  river:  fhe  was  Proferpine's  mother  according  to  ApoHo- 
dorus.      Jove  fent  for  Hercules,  who  fought  with  a  club  ;   fwords 
not  being  invented  fo  early  as  this  war.     Jupiter,  difguifed  as  this 
incident  is  by  the  poets,  took  advantage  of  a  cloudy  morning,  when 
the  moon  and  fun  were  unfavourable  for  the  difcovery  of  his  deGgns, 
to  intercept  Rhea's  reinforcements.     Paufanias  (i)  fays,  the(e  Giants 
inhabited  Thrace,  and  the  Ifthmus  of  Pallene ;    but  that  the  bauW 
was  fought  in  Arcadia.     Hercules  overthrew  the  formidable  Alcyo- 
neus  (father  of  the  Halcyons,  as  Hegefander  wrote)  repeatedly:  but 
like  another  Anteus  he  recovered  immediately  ;  till  by  the  advice  of 
Pallas,  drawing  him  from  Pallene  he  expired.     Pindar  fays  he  was 
flain  at  Coos.     Porphyrionattackt  Hercules  and  Juno  at  once*,  but, 
thro'  his  defire  to  make  a  prize  of  the  beauteous  Goddefs,  gave  Jove 
and  Hercules  an  opportunity  to  deftroy  him  with  darts  and  javelins. 
Otus  and  Eph lakes  Ephimedia's  fons,-  and  pretenders  to  Juno  and 
Diana,  feized  Mars;  but  Hermes  refcued  him.     Apollo  Thot  out  the 
left  eye  of  Ephialtes;  Hercules  his  right;  Diana  flew  him  and  Otus, 
in  Naxos:    but  Paufanias  fays  their  monument  was  at  Anthedon  a 
maritime  town  of  Boeotia.     Eurytus  was  flain  by  a  branch  of  oak, 
whilft  engaging  Hercules :  Clytius,  with  a  red-hot  iron.     Minerva 
intercepted  Enceladus  in  his  flight  at  Sicily :  yet  Silenus  in  Euri- 
pides 


Chap.  6-)  PRIMITIVE    HI  STORY.  57s 

pides  fays  that^fighung  at' the  right^hatndofBacchus  heflew  Enceladus. 
Neptune  deftroyed  Poly  botes  at  the  ifle  of  Coos;  be  was  buried  in 
that  of  Nifyros.  Minerva  flayed  Pallas,  and  made  a  tunic  of  hisflcin. 
Hermes  wearing  Pluto's  helmet,  made  by  theCy  clops  fons  of  Uranus 
together  with  Jove*s  bolts  and  Neptune's  trident,  flew  Hippolytus. 
Diana  flew  Oration.     Agrius  and  Thoon,  tho*  armed  with  brazen 

clubs,  fubmit  to  deftiny." Euripides  writes  that  Jove's  thunder 

flew  Mimas.     Thefe  Giants,  among  whom  Callimachus  and  Virgil 
counts  Briareus  or  Egeofi,  inftead  of  Enceladus,  inhabited  the  moun- 
tains of  Pelion  and  Ofla ;  which  therefore,  as  the  poets  feign,  they 
ex,cited  againft  the  Gods  :  fome  of  them  exerting  a  hundred  hands, 
fignifying  numerous  forces:  among  others  were  Cceus,  Japet,  Rbaecusj 
Afius,    Echion,  Pelorus,  Athos.     Apollodorus  adds   that  Terra  in 
conjunftion  with  Tartarus  produced  Ty(>hon  (in  Sicily)  to  avenge 
i^hc   Giants.      Jove  alfo  had  with  his  own  brethren  a  war ;    which 
Tully's  fecond  Apollo  fon  of  Corybas  was  faid  to  wage  with  Lapis 
for  Crete:  when  Hercules  contended  with  Apollo  about  a  tripod.   Homer II.  i. 
Briareus,  Cotta  and  Gyges  aided  Jove  with  a  numerous  artd  well 
officered  armyj  hence  Hefiod  ftiles  them  Jove's  loyal  guards.     Jove  Dydimus  II. 
drove  his  brothers   into   Spain   and  there   over  came   them,  near        *  ^'^^* 
Tartefa. 


Hyginus  writes  thatin  Typhon's  war  Jove's  crcft  was  a  bull; 
Apollo's,  a  raven;  a  goat,  that  of  Bacchus:  Diana's,  a  cat;  Juno's, 
a  white  heifer;  a  fifli,  that  of  Venus;    Mercury's,  either  a  ftork  or  a 

fwan. From  Apollodorus,  difguifcd  as  the  facls  are  by  the  poets, 

I  learn  that  *' Typhon's  tremendous  troops  of  Achivi  advanced  with 
terrible  fliouts,  and  flames  of  fire.  But  Jupiter,  tho'  terrified  at 
firft,  routed  him.  Yet  in  the  purfuit  Typhon,  facing  fuddenly,  took 
Jupiter  prifoner;  and  fet  a  fubtle  lady,  who  feems  to  be  Ifis^fqr  his 
guardian.  But  Pan  and  Mercury  removed  his  fliackles  ;  then  he  in 
a  fleet  chariot  purfued  Typhon  into  Arabia,  and  recondufled  him  to 
Thrace."  Typhon  was  Seth,  or  Sothis,  Sirius,  in  Greek  Kyon  or 
Kiun.  Valerius  Flaccus  fliews  that  Bacchus  and  Minerva  joined 
Jove  againft  Typhon;  as  Diodorus  ftiews  they  joined  Ammon  againft 

Saturn. 


gj$  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Bo(*| 

Saturn.    Plutarch  and  Diodorui  deem  Typhoft,  Saturn's  ron;Ap 
lodorQs  thought  him  his  brother.     The  poets  for  the  fake  of  i 
marvellous  have  blended  this  event  with  that  of  Sodom,  and  mtgl 
other  fubterranean  eruptions;  confounding  Typhon  with  Encclifcl 
at  Etna:     thus  Artemon  (in  Pindar's  Scholia)  remarks  that** cro 
volcano  confumes  Typhon,'*  a  name  expreffive  of  commotions  of  ikl 
air;  but  conferred  on  the  murderer  of  the  Egyptian  Dionjrfiasan^l 
Hercules  :   on  which  account  I  will  mention  him  again  •  obfcrr^^  [ 
that  the  Jove  here  w^s  certainly  Ammon,  not  Piciis  or  Jove L^ 
who  only  afted  inferior  to  the  other  and  to  his  fbn*  Dionyfiatf 
after  their  death  ;  when  Picus  was  (irnamed  Ninus  in  the  cal,8^i 
another  Nimrod  or  Nebrod  fo  called  from  his  fawn  (kin  turn 

On  Saturn's  expulfion  by  Jove  he  went  to  Italy,   and  hadatiii 
reception  from  Janus  reputed  Creufa's  fon  by  Aurelius  ViSor:  i 
fo,  he  was  much  younger  than  Saturn,  tho'  he  had  reached  Italyke- 
fore  Saturn's  retreat  thither.     But  as  Saturn  appears   from  Plaurck 
to  be  Apophis  the  king  of  the  Hycfi,  fo  Janus  (eems   to  be  Jina*» 
another  of  their  kings;  on  whofe  expulfion,  probably  Saturn af0^ 
Julian  AurtI  the  command  at  Tanis.     Janus  is  faid  to  be  Proteus  ;    if  fo^fc^* 
ApoUodor.     ^^^  Proteus  the  hoft  of  Bacchus,  beforehewent  to  Rhea  in  Phiv?^ 
But  Saturn  had  in  his  days  of  glory  vifited  Italy  before,  as  bcb»i 
Spain,  with  Aftarte  and  the  Phenician  Hercules,  Melcart  or  Tar- 
chon.     Tired  of  war  and  advanced  in  years  he  courted  retirement-, 
and  inftead  of  a  rapacious  foldiery,  led  pacific  hufbantfiD^ii  wto  the    . 
field, having  aftually  exchanged  the  fabre  for  a  fickle;  tnd  introduced  J 
focial   manners  among  ihe  people,  inftead  of  inculcating  military 
principles;  hence  the  halcyondaysof  Saturn  will  be  commemorated 
for  ever:    when,  as  Juftin  (43)  tells  us,  all  wealth  was  inxommon. 
Saturn's  fcqueftered  life  in  the  weft  gaveoccafion  to  Pindar  to  feign 
him  prefiding  over  perfons  of  virtue  in  the  manfions  of  blifs;  having 
Radamanthus  for  his  aflcfTor:  Hefiod  countenances  this  opinion  con- 
cerning Saturn  ;    who,  as  Philochorus  wrote,  was  buried  in  Sicily. 
Pherecydes  wrote  that  he  wore  a  fcarlet  cloke:  a  colour,  according 
to  Suidas,  invented  by  the  Tyrian  Hercules.     His  copper  coin  bore 

his  effigy  i  and  on  the  reverfe  a  (hip.    Augu&ine  (18)  tells  us  that 

Saturn's 


Chap- 60  PRrMITIVE    HISTORY.  177 

Saturn's  name  was  Sterces.     LaQaatius  fays  that  Melifleus^  king  of 
Crete  in  Saturn's  time  and  an  inftitutor  of  facrifices  and  other  divine 
rites^  had  his  fon  Jove  under  his  tuition.      He  feems  to  have  been 
the  fame  Melifleus  who  is  counted  amongft  the  Curetes  hy  Noanus, 
and  who  expiated  Triopas  of  Rhodes,  and  to  be  the  Jove,,  brother 
of  Uranus.     Saturn  begot  Jov^  Picus  when  old ;  and  this  accounts 
for  his  ion  Alcides  being  born  within  a  century  of  the  Trojan  war. 
Some  held  that  Picus  was  born  in  Crete^  but  Callimachus  concludes 
that  *<  he  was  born  on  mount  Lycaeus  in  Parrhafia/*  an  Arcadian 
diftrift  anciently  occupied  by  the  Apidani.     Stephanus  faySj  the 
Curetes  and  Spartans  depofited  young  Jove  in  Crete.     Ruins  of  his 
mother's  palace  there  remained  long.      Suidas  fays  that  Picus  ex- 
tended his  empire  from  the.  Euphrates  to  Spain,  and  lived  aao  years. 
The  Alexandrian  Chronicle  fays,  he  reigned  62  years.     Varro  fays 
that  Jove  married  Juno  in  Samos,  where  fhe  waseducated.  Valerius  ^^  La<^anti* 
Flaccus  fays  that  Circe  was  the  confort  of  Picus.      Ovid  (Met.  14) 
calls  her  Caucus.     Nonnus  fays  (13)  that  Faunus  was  the  fod  of  Jove 
and  of  Circe,  Medea's  fiften     Pliny  (10)  fays  that  Jove  Picus -was 
tha  father  of  Faunus,  who  (as  Aurelius  Viftor  writews)  compofedpro- 
phetic  poems;    and  in  his  reign  (60  years  before  Eneas)  Evander 
arrived  in  Italy.      The  Alexandrian  Chronicle  fays  that  **  Faunus 
was  Hermes,  and  reigned  75  years."     He  was  named  Faunus  after 
the  Egyptian  Mercury  who  was.Ofiris,Mifor,  Mendes  or  Pan;  whence 
Ovid xalls  the  Grecian  Pan,  Faunus;  as  Aurelius  Viftor  fay6,  the  FafL 
Italian  Faunus  was  Pan,  Silvanus  and  Invius.      Suidas  writes  that 
;;  -Jove  at  his  death  gave  the  weft  to  Hermes,  who,  as  the  above  Chro- 
nicle hints,  invented  the  art  of  finelting.     Cyril  of  Alexandria  fays 
he  made  three  Vifits  to   Egypt.      Pliny  fays  Stercutius  the  fon  of 
Faunus  was  the  firft  manurer  of  land.      Other  iflue  of  Jove  Picus 
have  been  already  mentioned.  Minos  king  of  Crete,  his  fon  byEuropa, 
-and  adopted  by  Afterius,  grew  powerful  atfea,  and  was  a  famous 
legiflator ;  as  was  his  brother  Radamanthus,  Avho  wedded  the  widow 
Alcmena.     Minos  purfuing  Dedal  as  privy  to  his  queen  Pafipbae's 
amour  with  Taurus,  was  fuffocated  in  a  bath  by  the  daughters  of 
Cocalus  king  of  Sicily,  His  fon  Deucalion  was  fatherof  Idomeneus. 

Jove's  rape  of  Europa  in  his  fhip,  numbered  Alpha,  which  alfo  fig- 

D  d  d  d  nifies 


578  PRIMITIVE     HISr  OR  Y.  (Books. 

nifies  a  bull  -,  (tho*  Tor  is  Hebrew  for  a  bull,  and  alfo  fignifies  a 
Tyrian)  furniftied  Cadmus  (deemed  by  fomeAgenor's  fon;  by  others, 
matter  of  his  houfehold)  with  a  pretence  to  vifit  Europi,  where  he 
fettled.  Having  according  to  Nonnus  (L.  13)  refided  fome  time  in 
Lybia,  and  founded  feveral  towns  there,  he  built  a  temple  to  Nep- 
tune in  Rhodes  •,  and  confecrated  (among  other  prefents)  a  copper 

^.  ,  kettle  with  a  Phenician  infcription  to  Minerva,  in  her  temple  at  Lin- 

J)iodoru8.  ^j      r  r    • 

dus,  then  lately  built  by  Danaus;  who  buried  three  of  his  daughters 

there,  about  the  time  of  Lindus,  Jalyfus  and  Camirus.     A  party 

Jeft  by  Cadmus  feem  to  be  the  Serpents  (the  fignification  of  Achivi, 

the  defcendants  of  Ophion,  or  Uranus)  to  expel  whom  the  Delphic 

Oracle  advifed  the  Rhodians  to  fend  for  Pborbas  fon  of  Lapithus 

from  Theffaly  ;    an  anfwer  probably  obtained  by  his  management, 

B.  3.  Ch.  I.  ^^  jjg  wanted  a  place  of  fettlement.      The  arrival  of  Cadmus  in 

Greece  is  mentioned  already.     He  feems  to  have  flain  fome  noble 

Phenician,  and  made  a  colony  of  his  followers,  who  conducing  to 

his  fupport  were  fabled  to  be  his  teeth. 


Uranus  was  not  only  the  father  of  Saturn,  and  of  Titan,  Hyperio/7, 
Ammon  or  Amos,  but  (as  fome  hold  of  Afopus  by  Eurynom^,  and)- 
of  Japet  the  father  of  Prometheus  the  aftronomer  of  Caucafus.   \el 
Ham  was  the  Prometheus,  with  whom  the  honour  of  inventing  fire 
is  difputed  by  Phoroneus ;    which  is  one  reafon  for    fuppofingthe 
mod  ancient  Phoroneus  to  be  Ham  alfo.     Pliny  fays  that  the  Titan 
Prometheus  was  the  firft  killer  of  beef;  and  cheated  Jove,  as  Hefiod 
relates,  with  the  bones.     He  is  alfo  faid  to  wear  an  iron  ring ;  that 
ufeful  metal  having  been  lately  invented.      Jove  Picus  difmayed  at 
a  prediflion  of  this  Prometheus,    that  the  fon  of  Thetis  would  be 
fuperiour  to  his  father,  refigned  her  to  Pelcus.     The  fable  of  Pro- 
metheus forming  men  and  infpiring  them  with  divine  fire,  alludes 
proximately  to  his  forming  focieties,  and  inculcating  religious  and 
elevated  ideas:  probably  Jove  out  of  jealoufy  of  his  popularity,  fent 
him  into  an  honourable  exile  to  Caucafus:  but  the  former  of  man- 
In  Plato.  l^i"d  was  a  more  fublime  Prometheus.     Acufilaus  deemed  the  Titan 
Prometheus  contemporary  with  Triopas.     Natalis  Comes  fays  from 

Pherecydes 


Chap.  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I.V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  /  $79 

Pherecydes  that  he  made  a  (a  fhip  like  a)  cup  in  which  Hercuies 
vifited  the  Ocean;  and  inftrufted  him  in  his  courfe:  cups  made  like 
boats  were  called  fkifs,  fee  Atheneus,  11.  Syncellus  fays  that  fome 
eftimated  him  94  years  after  Ogyges.  Atlas  the  fpoufe  of  Ocean's 
daughter  Eleftra  is  ufually  efteemed  his  brother  ;  but  Sanchoniatho 
and  the  Atlantidae  counted  him  his  uncle.  Prometheus  Thebe's  fa- 
ther I  take  to  be  Ham,  called  alfo  Jove ;  whence  his  fon  Mifor  was 
•firnamcd  Dionius.  But  our  Titan  Prometheus  the  hufband  of  Cly- 
mene  as  Herodotus  writes,  of  Pandora  according  to  Hefiod,  was- 
the  father  of  Deucalion,  in  whofe  time  occurred  the  memorable 
floods  fuppofed  by  Turnefort  to  be  that  faid  by  Diodorus  to  have 
been  occaiioned  by  the  irruption  of  the  Euxine  :  but  the  Greek 
hiftorian  informs  us  otherwifc  ;  faying  "  The  Samothracians  relate 
that  their  country  had  undergone  a  deluge  /on^  ^f/^r^  thofe  which 
overflowed  other  regions  :  for  the  Euxine,  ^hich  had  been  a  lake, 
rofe  to  fo  great  a  height,  that  forcing  a  pafTage  into  the  Hellefpont, 
it  inundated  the  maritime  coafts  of  Afia,  and  all  the  low  fituations 
of  Samothrace,  and  menaced  the  higher  diftrifts  likewife.  After 
which,  Saon  deemed  Jove's  fon  by  a  nymph,  or  as  others  fay.  Mer- 
cury's by  Rhene,  formed  the  fcattercd  inhabitants  into  a  company." 
Sir  George  Wheler  furmizes  that  Deucalion's  flood  enfued  thro' 
fome  acxidental  ftoppage  of  the  iubtjerranean  pafTages  of  the  lake  of 
Livadia,  or  Copais  ;  this  Paufanias  confirms;  who  fays  that  Megarus 
took  refuge  on  mount  Gerania,  fo  named  from  Cranes  that  repaired 
thither  at  the  fame  time ;  tho'  probably  Gerania  was  really  derived 
from  Caer  Hen,  old  caftle.  Deucalion  pofTeft  The(raly,and  wedded 
Pyrrha  the  daughter  of  his  uncle  Epimetheus  and  Pandora;  who  is 
often  confounded  with  Eve.  Prometheus  apprized  his  fon  of  the 
Deluge:  who  built  an  ark,  in  which  he  floated  nine  days,  and  landed 
on  Parnaffus.  The  Greeks  adopted  the  name  of  his  fon  Hellen.  ^ 
Apollonius  Rhodius  fays  Deucalion  was  a  native  of  Locris,  Strabo  L.  9. 
fays  he  refided  there.  But,  having  already  mentioned  the  feveral 
founders  of  the  Grecian  families,  and  their  contemporaries  refpeg- 
tively  ;  I  now  return  to  Typbon  and  his  conduft  in  Egypt.  For, 
tho'  the  poets  have  aflifted  Jove  tolcill  him  over  and  over,  and  buried 

:him  under  various  mountains,  yet  hiflory  mentions  that  Jove  only 

D  d  d  d  2     .  carried 


68a  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Botkj 

carried  him  captive  into  Thrace.  Which  misfortune  he  furvivcd, 
to  a£l  a  tragical  part  afterwards  againft  the  Egyptian  Dionyfius;  whofe 
confort  he  was  intimate  with.  Plutarch  might  make  us  believe  n 
was  by  way  of  retaliation ;  reputing  Dionyfius  the  father  of  Anubii 
by  Typhon's  wife.  This  is  an  allegorical  tale.  As  hiftory,  it  a 
liable  to  fufpicion;  for  Ifis  herfelf  was  the  Egyptian  Venus,  Nitocri^ 
ind  Semiramis;  her  mother  was  the  Phenician  Venus.  AndAnuh^ 
who  was  Thoth  was  fon  of  that  Ofiris  who  was  Mifor. 

I  have  obferved  that  the  Titans^  affefted  the  names  and  tide  of 
Ham's  immediate  defcendants  ;    which  befpeaks  their  defcentlis 
that  Patriarch.     Thus  Amos  was  Ammon  and  Jove.      His  fonS^ 
nyfius  affumed  the  name  of  Ofiris  or  Mifor,  and  of  Bacchus  or  % 
rod  :   the  younger  Ceres,  that  of  Ifis^.     A  fon  of  Dionyfius  U 
Thoth's  title  Anubis,     Another  was  called  Hermes,  who  as  Plutartk 
writes,  had  one  Ihort  arm  :  A  brother  of  Dionyfius  was   Aruerisor 
the  elder  Apollo.     His  fon  Orus  was  the  younger.    An  officer  ofkis 
was  called  Pan,  who  attended  him  in  the  wars:  as  did  Triptolemw; 
and  his  fon  Macedon,  who  ghve  his  name  to  Macedonia.'    An  oH 
officer  of  his,  Maro,    feems  to  be  the  firft  Amenophis  of  the /S* 
Dynafty.     Prometheus  was  his  governor  on  the  weftcrn  ^fide  ol^ 
Delta.     The  Egyptian  Hercules,  who  was  his  lieutenant  over  Egff^ 
-.     I  tajce  to  be  the   fecond  Amenophis,  Hepheftion's   Nil  us,  vidtbe 
Belus  who  went  from  Egypt  to  Babylon,  and  Agenor's  brother.  He 
aflifted  Prometheus  to  drain  his  province  ;    the  difficult/  of  which 
had  preyed  (for  30  years,  as  Hyginus  avers)  upon  his  heart;  for  an 
inundation  of  the   Nile  had  lately  deftroyed  the  mounds  with  the 
rapidity  of  an  eagle.     Anteus  prefided  overThebais;  Bufiris,  next 
to  Arabia. 


Diodoras  Siculus  hints  that  Jove  Lapis  and  his  Juno,  children  of 
Saturn  and  Rhea  were  the  eldeft  Ofiris  and  Ifis ;  and  begot  the 
Egyptian  Bacchus  and  the  younger  Ifis  or  Ceres.  In  this  he  con- 
founds Lapis  and  his  queen  with  Ammon  and  Rhea  his  fpoufe,  who 

was  the  eldeft  Juno  and  reputed  mother  of  that  Bacchus  and  Ceres: 

flic 


r\ 


Chap.  6.  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  |8x 

Oie  is  the  Juno  who  had  gardens  at  mount  Atlas,  Atnmon  therefore, 
who  was  the  elded  Dionyfius  or  Titan  Ofiris^  and  his  confort  Rhea, 
who  was  the  eldeft  Cy bele,  Ceres  or  Titan  Ifis,  were  the  '*  parents 
of  the  Egyptian  Bacchus,  Ceres  his  confort,  Typhon,  Aruerisor  the 
eldeft  Apollo,  and  Venus;"  thus  Semiramis  appears  to  be  the  fitter 
of  the  youngeft  Ifis  :  but  I  deem  her  to  be  this  I  (is  herfelf;  as  I  deem 
her  mother  to  be  Rhea,  Cybele,  Aftarte,  Dione,  Athera,  Atergatis 
and  Derceto.  This  Bacchus  and  his  queen  wer-e  public-fpirited 
perfons,  and  therefore  were  honoured  with  moft  of  the  titles  of  his 
great  anceftor,  Mifor  and  his  confort,  except  that  of  Mercury,  Nilus 
and  Serapis.  They  reftrained  men  from  being  Cannibals:  He  culti- 
vated fruity.  She  improved  hufbandry,  and  inftituted  falutary  laws. 
They  eretled  temples  to  their  reputed  parents  Ammon  and  his  Juno: 
and  conftrufled  a  golden  altar  both  for  this  fove,  and  the  celeftial; 
who  latterly  was  Uranus,  but  originally  was  Ham  ;  on  whom  they 
profanely  beftowed  the  attributes  of  theGrcat  author  of  nature.  They 
built  offices  for  goldfmiths  and  braziers  inThcbes,  for  the  fabrication 
of  implements  of  war,  hunting  and  hufbandry.  But  as  to  the  vine 
and  letters  ihis  Dionyfius  or  JoveofNyfa,  and  his  fon  Hermes 
(probably  by  MaiaJ  are  confounded  with  Mifor  and  Thothj  tho* 
they  may  have  revived  their  ufe.  "  Hermes  invented  wreftling, 
pcrfonal  elegance,  poetical  numbers,  and  a  lyre  of  three  chords, 
confonant  to  treble,  tenor  and  bafe ;  diftinftions  correfpQndent  to 
the  annual  feafons  of  fpring,  fummer  and  winter.  He  was  the  prince 
of  eloquence,  fecretary  of  Dionyfius,  andfirft  difcoverer  of  the  olive.'* 
Yet  there  is  fome  reafon  to  attribute  all  thefe  to  Thoth. 

"  Dionyfius  weH  attended,  went  into  various  countries,  about  the 
reign  of  Amphi6tyon,  whom  he  vifited,  on  the  divine  errand  of  com- 
municating fcience  and  difpenfing  benefits.  His  queen  (who  did 
not  go  to  Greece  till  Pandion's  reign)  was  regent,  with  the  affifiance 
of  Hermes.  His  brother  Apollofi  Anubis  clad  in  dog's  fkin,  and 
Macedon  in  wolf's,  accompanied  Dionyfius.  Alfb  Pan,  and  Maro 
Ckilful  in  vineyards,  and  Triptolcmus  expert  in  agriculture."  Yet 
there  is  reafon  to  thiivk  that  this  laft  did  not  attend  Dionyfius.  but 

Ceres 


48»  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Books. 

Ceres  afterwards. "Dionyfius  went  firft  to  Ethiopia,  where  he 

got  large  baboons;  which  (being  a  man  of  feftivity)  he  brought  with 
him  for  diverfion."    He  neverthelefs  attended  to  operations  of  utility: 
here  he  confined  the  Nile  with  mounds  and  fluices,  that  its  inunda^ 
tions  might  be  regulated.     Thence  he  went  over  to  Arabia  ;     pro* 
cecding  to  India,  he  founded  a  town  and  named  it  from  the  place  of 
his  education,  Nyfa  ;  and  planted  ivy  there  ;  it  being  his  badge,  as 
the  laurel  was  Apollo's  •,  the  olive,  Minerva's  ;  and  Venus   aflunied 
Arrian.  the  myrtle.     Thus  "  Acuphis  of  NyfTa  told  Alexander  that  ivy  grew 
no  where  in  India,  but  in  the  mountain  named  by  Dionyfius  Meron, 
in  allufion  to   the  fable  of  Jupiter's  thigh;"    but  I  think  it    was  in 
lionour  of  his  officer  Marp.     He  cxerciled  himfelf  in  hunting  ele- 
phants ;  and  erefted  monumental  columns  every  where;  as  Sefoflris, 
obelifks,  one  of  which  is  now  at  Halybas  in  India.     This  excurlion 
of  his  (which  lafted  fix  years  according  to  Nonnus,  25)  was  the  en- 
terprize  interrupted  by  the  renewal  ol  liic  c;M  Titanian  war,  about 
the   latter  part  of  Ammon's   reign.       Arrian    lays,  he  built  Nyfa 
between  the  Indus  and  Cophenc,  and  other  cities  in  India;  inftituted 
laws;  taught  them  the  ufe  of  the  vine,  and  to  yoke  oxen  in  the  plough; 
inftrufted  them  in  devotion  accompanied  with  cymbals  and  ubors; 
and  taught  them  the  dance  called  by  the  Greeks,  Kordax  :   alfoto 
cherifh  their  hair  in  honour  of  god;  to  wear  turbans,  and  ufe  unftion. 
Before  his  arrival,  the  Indians  like  the  Scythians  (being  both  def- 
cendents  of  Shcmy  were  Pallors  living  in  waggons,  upon  raw  flefti, 
and  the  produce  of  trees,  and  clad  in   (kins.     Dionyfius  at  his  de- 
parture fct  over  them  his  friend  Spartembas,  an  adept  in  the  Baccha- 
nalian rites.     He  reigned  52  years  ^  his  fon  Budyas,  20  ;  and  was 
fucceeded  by  his  fon   Kradeuas  and  his  heirs  in  long  fucceffion. 
Vifiting  fcveral  regions  of  Afia,  Dionyfius  thence  canie  to  Europe, 
But  he  is  not  the  Bacchus  whom  Lycurgus  of  Thrace  is  faid  to  have 
interrupted,  and  on  that  account  to  have  been  flain;  this  was  an  ex- 
ploit of  Semele's  fon,    the  Bacchus  foiled  by  the  famous  Perfeus,* 
and  whofe  tutor  was  Arifteus.     Lycurgus  was  alive  during  the  reign 
Mjh  of  Orus  the  fon  of  Dionyfius  j  who  in  Thrace  fettled  Maro,  at  that 

fc^  'time  advanced  in  years :   whence  I  take  him  to  be  the  firft  Ameno- 

phi« 


^ 


Chap.  6.)        PRIMITIVE      HlSTORV.  fiSj 

phis  of  the  i8th  Dynafty.  He  founded  Maronea,  and  is  probably 
Elian's  Maro,  who  taught  horfemanfhip  in  Europe.  Macedon  was 
made  regent  of  Macedonia.  Some  of  his  Sileni  were  left  in  Italy  to  j^^j^  q^^^^^ 
cultivate  the  vine.  Triptolcmus  was  fent  into  Greece  to  communi- 
cate the  arts  of  tillage:  yet  Apollodorus  writes,  that  he  received 
this  commiffion  from  Ores.      Nations,  denied  the  vine,  Dionyfius 

taught  to  manufacture  malt. In  the  interim  Hercules  put  Anteus 

to  death  ;  after  he  had  forced  him  out  of  his  province,  where  he  got 
continual  recruits :  but  this  Hercules  was  foon  after  flain  by  Typhon;  A/hcucm. 
unlefs  this  (lory  allude  to  the  primitive  Hercules  who  was  Mifor, 
and  was  flain  by  an  Hippopotamus  Typhon's  emblem.  Dionyfius 
at  his  return  was  flain  (at  Tanis,  as  Plutarch  writes)  by  his  brother 
Typhon  :  who  was  defeated  and  flain  at  Anteopolis  by  Orus  and  his 
mother,  who  then  aflumed  the  government.  Plutarch  fays,  that 
owing  to  grief  flic  bore  Harpocratcs  of  a  weak  conftitution  :  that 
Typhon  cohabited  with  this  queen  beCaufe  his  wife  Venus  had  con- 
ceived Anubis  by  Dionyfius ;  and  when*Typhon  (tho'  aided  by  Afo 
queen  of  Ethiopia)  was  taken  by  Orus,  his  mother  fet  him  at  libertyj 
which  fo  incenfed  her  fon  that  he  dcmolifiied  her  regal  coif;  for 
which  Hermes  fubftitutcd  his  helmet,  rcprcfenting  a  bufFaloe's  head. 
Typhon  termed  Orus  a  baftard,but  the  Gods  atteftcd  his  legitimacy. 
Tlie  divine  vifion,  that  Orus  is  recorded  by  Manetho  to  have  been 
favoured  with,  fceins  not  to  be  this  intcrpofition  of  the  Gods  ;  but 
the  apparition  of  his  father  :  who  afking  hiin  what  animal  he  would 
prefer  the  afliitance  of  in  his  war  againlt  Typhon,  he  to  his  father's 
furprizc  faid  a  horfe,  which  he  alledgcd  to  be  befl  to  purfue  and  fe- 
curc  his  foe.  This  proved  true  in  the  event.  Diccarchus  fays  that 
Orus  was  by  lomc  reputed  to  have  introduced  horfemanfliip  into 
Egypt.  He  routed  Typhon  in  two  other  battles;  who  rode  upon  an 
afs,  ^nd  having  red  hair,  the  Copts  facrificed  men  of  that  complexion, 
and  threw  alfes  ovcrprecipices.  The  Egyptians  denominated  Mofes 
another  Typhon,  and  (as  Plutarch  flicws)  mounted  him. likewifeon  an 
afs,  during  feven  days,  when  they  tliought  his  journey  ended,  and  on 
that  account  that  he  inllitutcd  the  Sabbath.  So  Apion  (inconfiftent 
with  the  40  days  he  allows  that  Mofes  fpent  on   mount  Sinai)  fays, 

they 


r 


5l^  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

they  arrived  at  Judea  in  fix  days.     Lyfimachus  attributes  the  Sab- 
bath to   their  refting  on  that  day,  on  account  of  a  diforder.      Tx- 
citus  fays,  their  journey  was  compleat  in  fix  days;    and  mention t 
Judeus  and  Hierofolymus  among  them ;    deemed  by  Plutarch  this 
Typhon's  fons:  tho'  Jofephus  (as  it  were  involuntarily)  proves  Mofes 
to  be  fubfequent  to  Typhon  and  Orus,  by  affirming  that  Abaris  was 
then  the  quondam  city  of  Typhon  ;  and  that  Amenophis,  the  king  at 
the  Exod,    was  defirous  of  a  divine   vifion  in  imitation  of  Orus  a 
Herodot-  former  king.     Stephanas  fays,  the  Titan  Typhon  was  flain  at  Hero- 
opolis.      His  corpfe  was  thrown  into  the  Serbon  lake.     As  to  Dio- 
nyfius  it  is  uncertain  whether  he  was  the  Ofiris  who  was  entombed 
at  Philae,  Thebes,  Abydus  or  Memphis,-    or  at  Biblos,    as   JLucian 
reports.     Thefe  all  feem  to  be  Caenotaphs  to  conceal  the  true  (epul. 
chre.     Eudoxus,  in  Plutarch,  fays  he  was  buried  at  Bufiris,  (in  the 
heart  of  the  Delta)  where  he  was  born.     This  is,probablc,  for  his 
fon  Orus  was  educated  at  Butis  in  this  neighbourhood  :  and  facri- 
fices  of  red  haired  men,  called  thence  Typhonians,    were  made  at 
this  tomb:  the  name  of  which  induced  Strabo  to  fay  that  Bufirtswas 
not  a  man,  but  a  place:  yet  Ifocrates  and  others  have  treated  of  him 
particularly  •,  tho*  the  cruelties  of  the  place  ktm  to  have  bccntrant- 

ferred  to  the  man;  Mho  was  Lybia's,  or  her  fitter's,  fon. C«t\^ 

taphs,  were  frequent ;  Paufanias  mentions  that  of  Attes  at  Pefinunta; 
that  of  Egyptus  at  Patne  in  Achaia ;  Phocus  at  Epidaurus ;  Endy- 
mion's  at  Elis  ;  Qrion's  at  Tenagra  ;.  that  of  Phoroneus  at  Argolj? : 
Strabo  fets  Pyrrha's  at  Looris.  The  hiftories  of  Dionyfius  and  of 
Mifor,  under  the  common  name  of  Ofiris,  have  been  converted  to 
allegory.  Ofiris  was  the  Ocean  cut  into  26  pieces,  or  fpringltdes 
during  a  year:  Plutarch  fays,  into  14  ;  the  number  of  days  from 
fpring  to  fpring  :  and  that  "  he  reigned  28  years;**  equalling  the 
number  of  tides.  Harpocrates  was  born  wgakly,  poftumous  and  at 
mid-winter ;  the  old  folar  year  being  ended,  ^nd  the  newborn  fun 
having  as  yet  no  ftrength  ;  what  time  the  mature  fun's  abfenfe  is  la- 
mented by  Demeter,  whilft  heis  then  Serapis,  the  fun  of  the  lower 
hemi^here. Ifis  inftrufled  her  fon  Orus  in  medicine  and  divina- 
tion :  hence  he  acquired  the  name  of  Apollo.  Yet  I  fufpe^  that 
this  account,  as  well  as  many  other  incidents  applied  to  |be  Titans 

owing 


Chap.  6.)  PRIMITIVE    HISTQRT-  s«5  : 

owing  probably  to  imitation,. originally  relate  to  the  immediate- del- 
cendants^of  Ham,  whofe  fon  Phut  was  the  firft  Apollo.     Diodorus 
fays  that  Sol,  whom  he  here  takes  for  Orus,  reigned   21600  years 
before  Alexander  *    when,  fays  he,  men  were  deemed -to  live.  1200 
years,  as  they  were  lunar ;    and  afterwards  300,  when,  time  was 
counted  hy  the  three  feafons  of  the  year.     He  fays  that  Orus  was  the 
laft  of  the-Gods  :  accordingly  Dicearchus  fuppofed  .Sefoftris  his  fuc- 
cefToriobe  aDemi-god;    tho*  Manetho  placed  feveral  reigns  be-' r 
tween  Orus  and  that  Rame(is  Avho  was  Sefoftris,  and  Teems  to  have  . 
ruled  Egypt  /principally  by  his  lieutenants,  whilft  perfonally  en-  : 
gaged  abroad:  for  thefc  intermediate  reigns,  and  his  own,  amount 
to  little  more  than  the  period  affigned  to  Sefoftris  in  the  fecond  and 
twelfth  Dynafties. 

Orus  was  deemed  a  king  of  Aflyria ;  this  accounts  for  the  treaty 
between  him  andMyrina,  who  was  Semiramis  ;  for  thap  queen  was 
then  in  the  zenith  of  her  power:  and  is  faid  to  have  entered  and 
ruled  Egypt :  fome  deeming  the.Babylonians  there  to  be  a  colony  of  ^ 
hers  ;  tho*  attributed  by  fome  to  Sefoftris,  by  others  to  Carpbyfes. 
It  is  probable  that  Orus'refigned  his  prctenfions  to  Affyria-,  in  con- 
fequcnce  of  which  flie  relinquiflied  Egypt.  It  appears  that  Ninus 
or  Picus  her  third  hufband  (tho*  fhc  had  other  temporary  gallants, 
agreable  to  the  latitudinarian  manners  of  the  times)  diftinguiflied 
himfelf  after  the  death  of  Dionyfius  ;  agreable  to  Diodorus^  who 
fays  that  Saturn's  fon  Jove  became  after  the  death  of  Dionyfius, 
Lord  of  the  Univerfe.  Suidas  fays  his  empire  extended  from  Spain  '  ^' 
to  the  Euphrates.  Thus  thofe  err  who  place  Ninus  the  huft)and  of 
Semiramis  aHer  Sefoftris  :  for  Semiramis  reigned  in  Affyria,  when 
her  fon  Orus  the  predeceffor  of  Sefoftris  governed  Egypt :  tho*  re- 
ligious rites  required  him  to  be  expiated  concerning  Typhon's  death; 
which   as  Statins  mentions  was  performed  by  Crotopus  of  Argos.  $117,1,570. 

This  was  the  time  that  Orus  fervcd  Admetus. But  Sefoftris  was, 

as  Arittotle  truly  writes,  prior  to  Minos  :  for  Paufanias  fays  that 
Orus  Apollo  and  his  fifter  were  expiated,  touching  Pytho  of  Delphos, 
ty  Cia.rmanaor  of  Crete;  and  Carme  the  daughter  of  his  fon  Eubulus 
wa^  mother  of  firitomartis beloved  by  Minos:  and  Crotopus  the  friend 

Eeee  of 


^^  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  9. 

of  Orus  was  the  father  of  Sthenelus  whomDanaus  the  brother  pf  Se« 
foftris  fucceeded  :  aifo  Danaus  came  to  Rhodes  juft  after  Cadmua 
Diodoroi.  ^^^  there  in  purfuit  of  Curopa^  afterwards  the  mother  of  Minos  :  (b 
that  his  father  Jove  was  at  the  fummit  of  his  power,  his  empire  ex« 
tending  to  the  Euphrates^  and  of  courfe  coincident  with  the  domi^ 
nions  of  Ninus  •,  after  the  death  of  Oionyfius,  as  Diodorus  affirms  % 
when  Amenophis^  Menon,  Nilus  or  Bt'Ius  had  wedded  his  widow^ 
and  brought  her  to  Babylon  ;  after  be  had  laid  the  rudiments  of  hit 
fon's  excellent  education;  and  they  had  made  room  ft>r  her  eldcft 
fon  Orus  to  fucceed  to  his  father's  kingdom;  who  was  young  at 
Typhon's  death,  his  mother  being  then  regent:  and  he  was  fome-» 
time  ahfent  in  Greece^  during  which  Meptures  was  vicegerent,  till 
Orus  perfonally  aflumed  the  crown. 

The  viceroylhip  of  Amenophis  was  in  the  life  and  abfenee  of  Dio- 
nyGus  againft  the  Giants^  before  this  lieutenant  wedded  his  lovely 
widow;    who  prohahly  on  the  lofs  of  her  hufband  went  to  Sicily  ; 
and  thence  to  Greece,  and  Phrygia  ;    her  parents  having  had  much 
concerns  with  thofe  countries. 

In  Phrygia  fhe  is  reported  to  have  had  her  fon  Mida%  as  Plutarch 
writes,  by  Gcrdius,  deemed  hi  father  by  Paufanias  and  Herodotus. 
Others  fay  Jafion,  by  whom  fhe  had  Plutus:  but  I  take  Plutus  to  be 
Mictes;  and  Jafion  to  be  Gordius,  (both  being  addifled  to  hufbandry) 
and  from  his  place  of  refidcncc  to  be  firnamed  Tmolus  likewife  : 
But  Midas  was  the  fon  of  the  elder  Ceres,  as  he  was  contemporary 
with  the  Fgyptian  Dionyfius,  the  hufband  of  the  younger  Ceres. 
Honitr  fays  he  was  horn  in  Phenicia  near  the  borders  of  Egypt. 
Marfya^  fell  in  love  with  her;  who  in  her  turn  is  faid  to  have  been 
in  love  with  Attis  or  Papa;  but  he  wa*  her  former  hufband  Dionyfius; 
who  as  Aulbnius  (29)  tells  us  was  called  Attis  ;  and  even  DiodoriM 
difcovers  hin*  to  he  fo,  by  the  difficulty  of  finding  his  corpfe,  and 
tl  e  fuhfecjuent  lamentations;  all  which  correfpond  with  the  account 
of  Dionyfius  n  rrdered  by  Typhon;  but  became  an  allegory  alluding 
to  the  fun  and  earth.     Diodorus  fa^s  (the  elder)  Apollo  feU  in  love 


Chap. «.  PRIMITIVE     HIS  TOR  Y.  ^ 

iHch  her  at  Nyfa,  according  to  him  the  fcene  of  contention  bctweta 
tlii^  God  and  Martyas  %  where  Apollo  had  the  advantage  of  his  acH 
tagonift  (whofe  inftrument  was  a  h;a,uiboy)by  playing  on  a  hacp^  which 
ht  ttxjMi  accompany  with  his  f  otcci.  .  Paufanias  fays  this  inftrumeiU 
{which  Diodorus  tells  us  Apollo^  in  -a  penttcntiai  mode  forhis  fury 
againft  Marfyas^  broke  and  rejcAed)  was  wafted  hy  the  Meandef 
VAlo  the  fca,  and  thrown  afhore  ai  Sicyon.  Thus  Ny(a  does  not 
feem  to  be  the  fcene  of  this  difptite.  For»  tho'  the  fable  of  Marfyas 
ijdngfla/ed  by  his  rival  is  ispredible*  becaufe  he  certainly  went  to 
ftaiy,  where  Solinus  finds  him  with  Tarchon ;  •  yet,  as  Herodotus 
(ays  (his  (kin  hung  in  the  forum  at  Celenae  in  Phrygia^  it  {hews  that 
town  to  have  been  reputed  the  place  of  comeft  :  the  river  Marfyas 
there  was  alfo  faid  to  have  been  ttnfilured  witli  his  blood«  Lydua 
and  Tyrrherius  are  deeiped  the  fons  of  Atys  and  Callicliea,  who  is 
this  Bona  Dea^  whofe  father  Meon  Cybele*s  huiband  Saturn,  was 
alio  called  Choreus,  which  bears  an  affinity  to  Meon;  but  both 
Lydus  and  Tyrrhenus,  like  Egyptus  and  Danau«,  feem  to  be  Pa^ 
tronymics.  Tyrheni  fignify  fometimes  old  inhabitants  of  the  land» 
tometimes  old  Tyrians.  Marfyas  (the  fbn  of  Hyagnis,  according  to 
fome)  and  Tar-chon  conduced  Lydians  and  Tyriaixsto  Italy,  a  chief 
among  whom  was  Tor-ybas.  Ceres  and  bdr  Apollo  went  from 
Phrygia  towards  the  northern  countries,  where  he  probably  fettled, 
and  became  the  Hyperborean  Apollo ;  and.inftru^d  the.Celtse  in 
the  Cabirian  myileries.     He  feems  to  be  their  Bel  Hen,  or  old  So}. 

Ceres,  by  this  excnrfion  thro*  a  variety  of  tendcfr  and  cmettaining 
fcenes,  diflipatcd  her  Egyptiaii  forrows;  and  m»  "her  retiAti  to  the 
^aYm  banks  of  the  Nile  bcftowed  her  admired  perfon -on  the  meri- 
torious Amenophts.  When  they  leading  at  this  lime  a  private  life 
became  the  prtrcnts  of  Sefoftris  or  Egypta'5  and  of  Arrtai-s  or  I>ajif- 
aus.  This  charming  queers,  like  Sarah  and  like  Htlen,?wa^ailaftiB^ 
beauty  -,  for  when  Sefoftris  '\i^a^  thrown  an  aftive  youth,  probably 
-wTuIIt  Orus  was  doing-'  penriahce  rn.  Greiece,  fte  by  bei^'oaptiTariag 
appearance  in  a  fafcinating  dnef^  (which  feem^  to  -be  the  palrapheliiaHa 
tq  which  Jier  enchant! rtg  zone  itv^rtoraef  war  an  appertdage)ihftd  ftUl 

power  to  animate  Ninus  to  carcfles  produflive  of  a  fon  by  this  Dea 

£  e  e  e  i(  Mammofa, 


^ 


S»8  PRIMITIVE    HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

Mammofaj  a  title  that^  as  well  as  others^  confounds  her  with  her  noio^ 
ther.     Thus  the  Phaltus  was  with  fuificient  propriety  the  emblem  of 
the  houfe  of  Ham.    But  this  Babylonian  heir  confirms  the  opinion  I 
adopt  from  a  hint  of  Syncellus,  that  the  three  kings  preceding  Orus 
ih  the  r8th  Dynafty  (hould  Hand  at  the. head  of  it:  for  there  is  too 
long  a  time  from  the  reign  of  Ameffis,  according  to  the  arrangement 
in  JoCephus,  to  her  fon  Oru^:  but  by  my  arrangement  only  1 3  yearf 
•  intervene,  while  they  were  in  £urope  and  Afia,  af  er  the  death  of 
Chebrori  'or  Dionyfius.      Jofephus  calls  Amenophis,  her  brother; 
being  he**  coufui-gcrman  ;    whofe  death  (he  avenged  (a-  Herodotus 
writes)  by  inviting  the  confpirators  inco  a  fubterranean  cba»nber,  into 
which  fhe  conveyed  the  river,  an  1   then  did  petmarice  in  a/hes.    He 
is  certainly  the  firft  Amenophis  of  the  12th  Dynafty,  and  Othoes  or 
Tifhotes  (however  mifp'aced)  in  the  lixth  Dynafty.     The  mf»nner  in 
which  Nitocris  avenged  his  death,  (hews  flie  was  Semiramis,  as  that 
exploit  was  perfoFTned  atBahvlon,  where  ftie  Had  fub  erranean  aparu 
ments  communicatirfg  with  the  river.       Dibdorus  fays  her  hufband 
flew  himfelf  out  of  jealoufy  j   but  various  reports  of  fuch  adions  are 
common.       He  was  the  Egyptian  Hercules  laid  by  Atheneu>  to  he 
flain  by  Typhon.       Chon  or  Melcart  died  in  Spain  as  Arnd^usmid 
Salluft  relate:  Mela  fays  his  tomb  was  at  Gades. 

Let  us  now  for  a  minute  turn  our  eyes  towards  her  rifing  fon  by 
Amenophis,  the' great  Sefdftris:  who  was  honoured  with  the  name 
of  Simandius,  which  originally  belonged  to  Miibr.  He  was  alfo 
called  Ramefis,  fignifying  thunder  ;  tho'  Ramefht  is  Perfic  for  con- 
tent. Hi.^  father  educated  him  with  a  care  and  prudence,  which 
•  feems  to  have  been  Xenophon's  model  of  difcipline  for  his  accom- 
plifhed  C)rus.  This  fon,  like  a  generous  foil  flcilfully  cultivated, 
perfedly  anfwered  his  parent's  well-founded  expeftatfons,  and  faga- 
erous  tuitfijn,.  Who,  af»er  inuring  hi  youthful  ftrength  to  active 
and  hardy  exercifes,  to  initiate  him  in  regal  fcience  made  him  vice- 
roy of  Arabian  Egypt  (probably  under  Mepbres  chief  governor  dur- 
ing the  abfenfe  of  Orus)  as  Danaus  was  of  the  Lybian.  Dionyfius 
had  expanded  the  ideaa  of  bi^  lubje^s,  and  flicw^n  them  the  various 


fiiutatioiis 


Chap.  6.)  PR  I  MITIVE    HISTORY.  5^9 

lituations  of  diftant  realms ;  but  had  been  contented  to  raife  his  own 

glory  and  his  kingdoms,  by  dillrihu;ing  his  peculiar  wealth  amongft 

foreign  region  ,   and  coniiiiunicaiing   Egyptian  fcience  to   remote 

barbaria/is;  triumphing  not  only  over  their  (trength  and  arms^  but 

over  tj^reir  ignorance  and  poverty.    When,  lo!  within  the  fame  cerw 

tupfi  as  if  providence  had  intended  that  Egypt  (hould  reap  the  harveft 

fown  by  their  beneficent  king,  Sefoftri  ,  faithfully  feconded  by  thc^ 

a8ive  companions  of  hi^  juvenile  toils,  vidorioufly  purfued  bis  rout; 

.and  with  an   army  of  600,000  foot,  24000  horfe,  and  28000  armed 

chariots,  Tibjedting  thofe  countries    to  the  Egyptian   crown,  who 

owned  their  profperity  to  the  bounty  of  their  former  fovereign,  during 

an  expedition  of  nine  years,  exaded  a  tribute,  as  firft  fruits  arifiiig 

"from  Egyptian  feed,  from  each  co  itjuered  nation,  of  which  he  caufed 

maps  to  be  conftiufted;  namely  the  Lybians,  Ethiopans,  Arabians, 

Indians,  Mede  ,  Bafctrians  and   Scythians,  till  his   career  was  ftopt 

by  the  pafles  and  poverty  of  Thrace;    tho*   I  muft  own  that  Pliny 

mentions  his  defeat  at  Cholchis  by  Salauces, — But  treafon  at  home 

put  a  final  Hop  to  his  progrefs  abroad After  he  had  viftorioufly 

croffcd  the  Gange  ,  and  erefled  triumphal  columns  not  only  on  its 

banks,  but  as  the  poet  Oionyfius  affirms,  on  the  remoteft  mountains , 

of  India. The  influx  t)f  wealth  added  to  the  advantages  made  of 

the  Egyptian  mines  by  late  improvement   in  mineral  fcience,  proved 

the  vafl:  fund  of  Egyptian  grandeur  and  of  their  aftoniOiing  archi- 

teflure.     The  magnificent  temples,,  palaces,  forums  and  maufoleums, 

that  in  all  quarters  of  the  realm  imperioufly  braved  the  flcies,  and  at 

this  day  appear   fuperhuman  performances,  all  owed  their  ereftion 

partly  to  the  conquefts,  partly  to  the  politic  adminiftration  of  the 

unparallelled  Sefoitris ;  who  became  the  father  of  his  country,   as 

Oionyfius  was  a  citizen  of  the  word.      Scfoftris  was  not  only  the 

founder  of  fuch  noble  tdifice§,  as  were  of  public  utility,  fome  in  civil 

refpefts,  fome  in  religious:  hutwas  the  wife  conftruflor  of  canals  to 

promote  commerce,  and  to  condufl  the  fertilizing  waters  of  the  Nile 

thro'  all  the  diftrifts  of  the  realm  5  and  the  promoter  of  navigation 

to  augment  foreign  traffic,  aivd  acquire  as  great  renown  (abroad  as 

well  as  at  home)  for  arts  of  peace,  as  feats  of  war.       He  gave  his 

fubjeds  a  fignal  proof  of  his  great  aitachmcHt  to  naval  concerns^  by 

great 


590  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3. 

great  fleets  in  the  Mediterranean  and  Indian  feas  ;  and  by  the  fliip 
'**'*  of  Cedar  which  he  dedicated  to  the  God  of  Thebes,  who  was  Ofirb: 
it  was  280  cubits  long,  gilt  without,  and  plated  with  filvcr  within. 
Herodotus  fays  he  [Proceeded  with  a  fleet  out  of  the  Arabian  gtilf 
and  fubdued  the  regions  on  the  Erythrcan  ocean,  till  his  progrefe 
was  interrupted  by  flioals  which  feem-  to  be  on  the  cOaft  of  New 
Guinea:  this  navy  confided  of  400  fliips.  His  exploits  were  recorded 
on  two  obeliflcs  120  cubits  high.  But  in  all  thofe  works  he  gloried 
that  no  Egyptian  was  obliged  to  perform  fervice;  his  foWiers,  Who 
Ihared  in  the  toils  of  his  Novennial  expedition,  he  liberally  rewarded; 
giving  his  officers,  whofe  merits  he  had  been  perfonally  acquainted 
with  from  his  youth,  pofleffions  of  fertile  land.  Vrnniy  chefeforc 
did  the  poet  Aufonius  prediS, 

**  Sine  Noraine  mox  Sefooftris." 

The  memory  of  that  Hero  muft  be  eternal,  the  fenfe  of  whofc 
merits  could  infpire  the  conquered  Egyptians  many  ages  afterwards 
with  courage   to  tell  their  royal  conqueror  to  his  face,  that  his  ex- 
cellencies  were  far  inferiour  to  that  venerable  monarch's,  and  there- 
fore  his  ftatue  was  unworthy  to  accompany  that  of  Sefoftris;  whkh, 
of  30  cubits  high,  as  well  as  his  queen's,  and  thofe  of  his  childreft 
of  20  high,  were  in  Vulcan's  temple  at  Memphis, — Like  other  Ori- 
.     ential  tyrants,  he  hamefTed  captive  kings  to  his  chariot ;  till  one, 
making  him  obferve  that  the  revolution  of  the  wheels  refembled  for- 
tune's, moved  him  to  conipaffion. 

The  profperous  and  polite  reign  of  this  tranfcendent  fovereign 
paved  the  way  for  his  fon  Phero,  his  grandfon  Memnon,  and  Mem- 
non's  fuccefibr  the  eldeft  Proteus  of  Herodotus,  and  Ramfinitus  (the 
Proteus  at  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war-,  the  new  king  at  the  birth  of 
Mofes  and  the  famous  Treafury  builder)  all  to  follow  their  great  prc- 
deccflbr  in  Rupendous  works  of  archite£lure:  which  during  Jofeph's 
life  continijed  to  be  works  of  utility;  but  after  his  deceafe  degen- 
erated into  ftrufturcs.of  vanity  accompanied  with  tyranny  and  bar- 
barity; 


Chap.  6.)  PR'I  MIT  I  VE    HIST  OR  y.  591 

baricy ;  for,  by  perfons  intoxicated  with  wealth  and  power,  both  Se- 

ibftris  and  Jofeph  were  foon  forgotten,  and  fo  confequently  was  the 

Utile  dulci.       Inft  ad  of  forum*?  of  juftice  and  houfes  of  religion, 

huge  edifices  were  under  a  rigorous  difcipline  conflrufted  to  contain 

fcandalous  wealth  amaffed  by  extortion-,  a  praftice  dreadfully  fcourg- 

ing   that    country    even    at  this   day,  and  filling  others    with  ap- 

prehenfions  of  the  impending  evil :    enormous  and  infane  Pyramids 

werecrefted"  Ludibria  Trunci,"  to  lodge  inanimate  reliques  of  vain 

.mortals^  whofe  carcafes  never  inhabited  thofe  extravagant  repofitories, 

and  whofe   names  as   well  as  corpfes  are   buried  in  oblivion. 

That  thelfraelites  were  employed  about  thofe  monftrous  maufoleums 

(fo  ponderous  as  to  make  a  rocky  mountain  fink  beneath  their  weight, 

a  confequence  of  which  is  the  chafm  in  the  heart  of  the  great  Pyramid) 

appears  from  the  following  proofs.     Mofes  (hews  that  the  Ifraelites 

laboured  in  i\\^  fands  of  Memphis.     Manetho  fays  that  "  one  divi- 

fipn  of  the  Ifraelites  were  driven  from  the  weftern  fide  of  the  Nile 

to  their  friends  in   the  Arabian  quarries ;"  whence  the  materials  of 

the  Pyramids  were  brought.      Chaeremon  makes  the  two  bodies  of  Herodot. 

Ifraelites,  when  united,  amount  to  630,000  men.     Tacitus  mentions 

their  being  previoufly  collefled  together  before    their   departure. 

Herodotus  fays,  the  conftruclion  of  the  Pyramids  was  a  work  fo  odi- 

Oils,  to  the  Egyptians,  that  they  fcorned  to.  name  the  author,  but  at*. 

tributed   their  ereftion  to   "  Philition^  a  Paftor."       Even    Englifli 

readers  muft  at  once  perceive  how  nearly  ihis  refembles  Philijiin,  a 

Paftor. .  In   fome  imperfecl  account  the  general  appellation  of  the 

people,  who  refided  about  Abaris   and  Pacumos,  was  fuppofed  the 

name  of  a  particular  perfon  prcfiding  over  them  ;  like  Tacitus  as  to 

bis  Judeus.      Perfons  converfant  in  the  Greek  alphabet  know  how 

'fimilar  t  is  ^o  the  compound  charafter  f,-t.     The   difference  is   not 

greater  than  hetween  Mi'Vaim  and  Meftrain  :  and  is  the  fame  as  that 

of  Sctrachus  a  river  of  Cyprus  in  Lycophron,  but  named  by  Nonnus 

13,  Seftrachus:  indeed  the  compound  character  (lands  in  the  Coptic 

Alphabet  where  Sigma  does  in  the  Greek,  and  is  ufed  for  it  in  nu«. 

ipcyaisl  The  aveifion  of  cheEgyppans  to  the  mention  of  thclpLUider'fi 

name  occafioned  the  unceruinty  among  authors  on  that  head.     But 

Diiodorus  found  that  the  great  Pyramid  was  erefted above 1 000  years 

before  his  age;  which  period  reaches  up  to  the  Exod.     Therefore  the 

Ifraelites 


S9^  PRIMITIVE     HISTORY.  (Book  3, 

Ifraelites  thro'  compulfion  afted  a  laborious  part  about  tliofe  aftoniih- 
ing  ftruftures  !  ^ 

And  now  my  candid  readers  (for  fuch  I  hope  for,  in  behalf  of  this 
account  of  the  Ogygian  Ages)  having  with  the'utmoft  fidelity,  judge- 
ment, application  and  information,  that  I  have  been  mafter  of,  de- 
duced this  hiftory,  from  the  creation  to  the  time  of  that  king,  who 
reigned^  when  Jofeph  arrived,  in  Egypt;  and  who  expelled  his  bro- 
ther  Danaus  to  Greece,  about  the  fame  time  that  Cadmus  repaired 
thither;  which  was  about  the  nativity  of  Minos:  and  having  of  courfc 
reached  down  quite  to  the  time  that  all  the  great  families  of  Greece 
were  founded  :  and  the  table  of  geneiilogies  fhews  their  feveral    de- 
Icents  to  the  time  of  the  Trojan  war;  as  Manetho*s  tlblein  Jofephus 
does  from  Amofis  coeval  with  Inachus,  to  the  Exod;  and  the  tabJe 
of  Eratofthenes  (hews  the  royal  line  of  Egyptian  Thebes,   not  only 
from  Menes  Thorh's  father  ({hewn  by  Sanchoniatho  to  be  Miforj  to 
Nitocris ;  but  from  her  to  the  Trojan  war:  permit  me  .therefore  at 
length  tamake  a  conclufion  here  ;  having  paved  the  way,  thro'  the 
dark  receffes  of  remoteft  antiquity,  for  fome  abler  hiftorian  to refumr 
a  general  relation  of  events;    commencing  in  Egypt  at  the  reign  of 
the  famous  Sefoftris  ;  in  Crete,  at  that  of  Minos  ;  in  Greece,  ^K\^^^ 
of  Cadmus  and  Danaus ;    and   in   Paleftine,  at    Jacob's  important 
nuptials,  which  produced  the  twelve  celebrated  tribes  of  Ifrael. 

It  would  be  a  pleafure  to  me  to  difplay  at  large  the  feats  of  Sefof- 
tris, and  his  monumental  trophies  charafterifing  the  various  nations 
fubdued  by  his  arms,  and  his  hieroglyphical  obelilks  crefted  in  all 
places,  from  India 

Ad  Occafum,  mundiq;  extrema, 

Likewife  to  relate  the  particulars  of  his  brother's  treafon  and  expul- 
(ion  ;  and  his  fubfequent  promotion  at  Argos,  after  his  arrival  in  a 
bark  of  50  oars ;  the  Argives  taking  an  omen  from  a  wolf's  flaying 
a  bull ;  and  the  perfidious  maflacre  of  his  fons-in^lav  (Lynceus  ex- 

,  ccpted) 


Chap.  6.)        PRIMITIVE      HISTORY.  s^j 

ceptcd)  by  his  daughters.     Inftance  the  omnipotence  of  love  in  the 
immured  Danae.      Attend  Minos  in  his  naval  expeditions,  which 
gained  him  the  fovereignty  of  the  feas;  record  Pafiphae's  adventures, 
and  the  ingenious  Dedal's  flight,  who  built  the  famous  northern 
portico  of  Vulcan's  temple  at  Memphis,  for  Memnon  or  Maeris,  fet 
by  Diodorus  fubfequent  to  Egyptus,  yet  before  Sefoftris,  as  if  Se- 
foftris.wasnot  Egyptus:    alfo  famous  edifices  in  Sardinia  for  the 
cplony  and  foh  of  Hercules  ;  and  othci  ftruflures  in  Sicily  for  Co- 
•calus«     Next  expitiate  on  the  royal  line  of  £)ardanus  (according,  to 
Varro  a  native  of  Pheneum  in  Arcady)  whofe  grand fon  Tros  was 
father  of  the  beautiful  Ganimede  and  of  Ilus  Priam's  grandlire,  and 
AjTaracas  .grandfire  of  Anchifes.     Then  attend  Phrixus  to  Cholchis; 
Meleccrta*to  Italy,  Perfeiis  to  Joppa;  and  Bellerophon  (the  perilous 
letter-carrier)  to  JLycia,      Blazon  the  feats  of  Semele's  fon.     Himt 
^he  Calydonian  boar  ;  lament  Meleager's  fate  ;  and  A6leon's«     Ex- 
*{>o(e  'flic  barbarous  Tcreus.      Condole  the  tragic  end  of  CEdipus. 
Condemn  the  riots  of  the  Centaurs.      Renew  the  fiege  of  Thebes 
^ith  all  its  epifodeti*     Traverfe  the  various  feas  with  thfr  Argonauts; 
Tecite  Medea's  forceries ;  who  is  faid  by  Varro  in  Macrobius  to  be 
*the  daughter  of  Faunus,      Defcribc  the  labours  of  Alcides,  and  the 
i«xploitsof  rhefeus;    and  Ariadne's  adventures,  and  Phaedea's-ua- 
^Ittppy  amour.      Rehearfe  the  immortal  war  occafioned  by  the  per- 
ifidy  of  the  amorous  Paris,      Then  returning  to  Egypt  explode  the 
"iSatyr  on  "women  touching  Phero's  recovered  eye-fight,  a  lampoon 
rprobably  invented  to  pleafe  the  once  injured,  but  now  elevated 
Jafcph  ;  whofe  merits  procured  his  king  the  name  of  Pharaoh;  which 
feems  allied  to  the  Pcrfian  Pherruch,    felicity,  rather  than  Phiruz, 
victory ;  yet  with  the  prcpofitive  Ph  may  be  from  the  Celtic  Arach, 

n.i^iu. Recount  Memnon's  ftruttures*     Difcover  the  Architeft's 

arnfice  in  the  conflruftion  of  the  famous  treafury  of  Ramfinitus,  in 
order  to  rob  it  at  dilcretion.  At  length  after  tranfcribing  the  inimi- 
table Jofeph's  inimitable  hiftory,  with  redoubled  awe  and  admiration 
delineate  in  all  their  dreadfid  colours  the  tremendous  plagues  of 
EgApt  under  the  fucceflbr  of  Ramfinitus,  which  effefted  the  Exod, 
fo  faul  to  the  perfecuting  Egyptians,  and  fo  providential  to  the 

Ffff  confidezit 


S9i  PidMlTIVE    HISTORT.  (Book  }. 

confident  irraelites,  as  to  demand  the  noble  hymn,  already  inferted, 
in  gratitude  to  Almighty  God. 

But,— Eheu  fugaces,  Poftume,  Pofthume 
Labuntur  Anni ! 

Confiderable  has  been  the  portion  oFtime  a' ready  expended  on- this 
hiftory.     My  wintry  vigils  have  been  certain  ;  whatTruit  thefe  blot 
foms  will  bear  is  quite  precarious.     The  world  takes  moft  things  on 
truft  without  a  due  examination.  An  author,  ai  tediou3  a^  a  Burman, 
but  happy  in  fome  popular  friends,    who  out  of  perfonal  rcqard  pa- 
tronize  his  performance,  to  which  they  perhaps  have  alfo  contributed 
their  fond  affiftance,  can  publifh  a  work  abounding  in  quaint  ideal 
in  a  quainter  ftile,  that  for  half  a  century  fhall  bear  a 'much  highei 
character  than  it  really  dcferves :  whilft  even  a  Milton,  for  want  of 
examination  by  judicious  readers,  fhall  he  totally  difregarded:  un^. 
lefs  fortunately  in  a  fubfequent  century,  fome  Addifon  accidentally 
explores  his  compofition,  and  perceiving  its  merit  introduces  him  to 
notice.      None  before  A n^xagoras  could  difcern  the  excellence  of 
Homer's  Iliad;  notwithftanding  the  unities  of  time,  place  and  stQion, 
fome  deemed  it  an  incoherent  colleftion  of  heroic  ballads;  heciufeit 
was  retailed  \i\  feparate  parcels,  as  many  works  of  value  arc  at  Aitt 
time.     What  can  juttify,  O  thou  divine  Socrates,  thy   horrid  treat- 
ment from  the  polite  Atudnians  ;  to  efcape  fimilar  ufage  Ariftotle 
had  recourfe  to  flight.      A  Galileo   faved  himfelf  only  by  a  recan- 
tation of  the  truth.     Bacon  and  Locke  had  their  fhareof  perfecution 
for  fcience  and  underftanding.       Newtonian  rays  of  light  with  diffi- 
culty, even  in  their  analyfed  ftate,  penetrated  the  dim  eyes  of  his 
purblind  contemporaries. Yet  the  meer  whiftiing  of  a  name 

Vox  et  preterea  Nihil, 

can  fecure  long  renown  to  fome  excentric  and  vifionary  pretender, 
who  owes  his  credit  totally  to  partial  recommendation.  The  honours 
conferred  on  Herodotus,  Kerofus,  jofephus  and  Polybius,  are  not 
to  be  now  obtained  by  even  an  angel's  jy^^n^  but  thro'  the  claiDgor  of 
a  trumpet  founded  by  the  breath  of  prepofleflion* 

Bat 


Chap,  6.)  P  R  I  M  I  T  I  V  E    H  I  S  T  O  R  Y.  595 

But  to  apologize  to  the  Critics,  let  me  fay  concerning  fevcral  re- 
petitions in  this  hiftory,  j'^^'i^  ^^^  too  peremptorily  that  they  are 
cafualties  or  negligences  Mine  has  not  been  a  tour  thro*  an  open 
country  over  turnpike  roads.  I  have  been  gropin;}  my  way  thro'  a 
labyrinth,  morq  intricate  and  obfcure  than  the  Egyptian:  and  in  every 
path  innumerable  impediments  and  obllacles  have  been  fet  by  my 
prcdeceffors ;  which  hive  de-nandel  my  utmofl  circumfpeftion  to 
conduft  myfelf  and  my  readers  fafely  and  fatisfaClorily  clear  of. 
This  was  impoffible  without  refleftion  fro  n  time  to  time  on  certain 
paft  objefts  erefled  as  landmarks  to  refijulate  my  courfe  thro*  a  denfe 
foreft,  where,  like  a  pioneer,  I  have  been  obliged  to  hew  out  every 
ftep  of  the  road;  and  revert  to  certain  indexes,  to  prevent  deviation, 
Strabo's  expreflion  (14)  is  quite  appofite,  "  I  make  repetitions;  but 
a  multitude  of  reports  demands  a  rccolleftion,  and  fuch  additional 

allegations  as  were  at  firft  omitted*' To  gratify  four  cenfurers  ftill 

more,  I  will,  unlike  Kircher,  but  as  a  true  Cambrobriton,   plead 
honeftly,  Davus  fum,  non  Oedipus, 

Great  are  my  obligations  to  Bochart,  Montfaiicon,  Marfliam^ 
Jackfon;  Hyde,  Bryant,  Selden  and  Sherringham.  The  principal 
of  my  ancient  afliftants  are  Herodotus^  Apollodorus,  Diodorus^ 
Strabo,  Paufanias,  Pliny,  Jofephus,  Eufebius,  Clement  of  Alex<« 
andria  and  Syncellus.  But  tho'  laft  in  place,  the  firft  in  dignity^  the 
Sacred  Scripture^.     And  now  to  conclude. 

Old  time,  thouMc  foon  demolifh  me; 
I  ihefe  reprifals  make  on  thee« 

Hon  ego  fum  Vates,  fed  prifci  confcius  «vt 
Deo  Optimo  Maximo  Gloria. 
JF    I   N    I    Ss 


SUPPLEMEN'T    OF    EMENDATIONS. 


Fige^y  line  ij.  Before  TV,  infert.  Of  tliis  namber  the  corps  of  Bramins»  irifited  bj 
Apollonius  Tyanxaiy  confifled. 

—  9«  line  8.  After  period  add,  Pherecydes  c'eemed  Idmon,  Ton  of  Apollo  smd  AAcria; 

and  by  Theftia,  father  of  Thcftor  Laoihoc's  hulband  aad  fire  of  Chalchaa  ;  W- 
mon  the  Argonaut  was  Hypermn?ftra's  grandfon. 

—  14*  line  ao,  add.  Yet  the  Egyptian  Pyramids  evince  that  in  3000  years  this  vari- 

ation has  been  inconfiderable ;  probably  it  is  only  t«nporary 
•—  15,  line  I.  add,  Flamfleed  prov^  the  earth's  annual  motion,  by  the  Parallaxof 
its  Orbit  at  the  Polar  ftar. 

—  19,  line  14.  add,  Kepler  mentions  mountains  in  Mars. 
j^irj,  line  23.  Read,  collision. 

—  25,  line  12.  from  the  bottom,  before  His,  infert.  Hence  in  John  c.   25^.   *'  All 

honour  the  fen,  even  as  they  honour  the  father."  And  Heb.  1.6.  •*  Let  all 
the  Angels  of  Godipay  him  'wtrjbif,*' 

—  31.    line  2ij  Add,  The  Siamefe  have  acquired  (bme  rude  notions  of  the  Meffiah's 

twofold  nature  ;    theT  Tbe*uatbat  f*xifted  in  the  iame  animal  as,    but  was  in- 
feriour  to,  Semaunakho^om ;  and  .was  crucified  with  a  cr.>wn  of  thorns,  and  iiis 
body  was  wounded  :  eternal  fire  barning  under  him  did  not  coifunie  hiui. 
*—  33.  ac  bottom  add,  Theon  de  Mufica  quotes  an  Egyptian  inlcription  thu»« 
Tlarqi   rtav   cvruv    ymi    effofuvuv  K^uti, 

—  34,   line    20,  />5/rr/.    So  Bilhop  Patrick  interprets  the  Mofaic  Tfifrpjif^  tumult  and 

turbid  confuiion.—— Line  25,  nhtv  luho,  add,   incumbent  thereon  (being 
as  Anaxagoras  aflferts,  the  principle  of  motion) 

—  35,  line   27,    Moies  in  faying  the  mat  Luminaries  determined  Seajw,  indioites 

the  original  obliquity  of  the  Ecliptic. 

—  37#  before  the  laft  line  in^t,  Synefius  termi  the  Ph^int^fm,  the  foul's  vchide 

— >  42,  at  bottom.      Plotinus  dying  faid,   I  am  ret\]rning  my  divine /^kt/  to  that  di- 
vine whole t  which  fills  the  Univcrfc. 

—  44,  line  11.  after  influence  add,  the  revival  of  animals,  whofe  vital  powers  uoder- 

go  a  torpid  fufpcnfion,  afibrds  a  proof :  and Line  19,  vLwiJiem 

—  45.  line  28,  before  In,  infert,  Ariftides  had  a  cure  for  an  inveterate  compUint 

communicated  to  him  in  fleep :  Maignan  and  Avicenna  folved  intricate  prcpofi- 
tions  in  dreams.  Maldonat  dreamt  repeatedly  that  a  man  ordered  him  to  cany 
on  his  Comment  on  the  Gofpels  vigorouily,  or  he  would  not  live  to  finiih  it; 
pointing  to  his  belly  :  there  his  mortal  pains  fhortly  enfued.  Bayle,  tho*  often 
a  fceptic,  obfervcs  here,  that  ''fuch  fads  happen  frequently,  and  embarrafs  Free- 
thinkers more  than  they  care  to  confefs,"  -  .  ^ 
— *  46.  line  6.  after  vertigo  add,  Galen  was  often  in  fleep  prompted  to  ufe  Phleboton^r; 
which  he  did  with  iuccefs :  and  a  patient  of  his,  owing  to  a  dream  ufed  fucccf- 
fully  tor  a  fwoln  tongue  a  gargle  of  Lcttice  juice. 

—  48,  line      antepenult:  read,  depend page  54,   line  6.     Man's  Effay  at 

Celefiial  Intelligence  is  the  flolen  Illuminaiion  of  Pn  metheus;  the  confequences 
of  which  were  the  evils  of  the  firft  woman  Pandora,  who  had  hope  ftill  left.— — 
1  hii  ftory  is  blended  with  the  Creation  of  Man  by  the  divine  Prometheus  and 
eeleflial  Minerva,  both  conltituting  the  Logo.s.*^  p.  55,  line  6>  in  the  margin  fet 

Dcut, 


SIXPPLEMENT   OF    E  M  E  N  D  A  T  I  O  N  S, 

Deut.  12.  31.  Ps.  106.  37*    "  '  ■    p^^  59f  7.  add,  Nordcn  dcfcribcs  a  I'culpturc 

at  Egyptian  Thebes  applicable  tQ  the  ftory  of  Adam  and  Eve. ^>aoe  00.  1 9. 

after  defolation:  add,  the*  ^ocock  writes  that  Baccha  in  Arabic  is  rran^. 
Page  60,  line  21.  Some  animait  ate  wonderfully  fagacious,  and  *voluntartly  viciovs. 
Need  (  mention  the  fagacity  of  Dors ;   or  the  mifchievous  pranks  of  Monkf^^t : 
add  to  this,  Balaam's  AA  proves  that  i/um^  animals  can  be  fen&bledf  fpiritual 
appearances.     The  Serpent  was  endued  with  fubtlcty  to  a  piwerbj  perhaps 
with  at  much  mllicioufnefs.     It  may  have  been  confcious  that  the  fruit  was  not 
its  natoral  diet,  and  at  the  fame  time,   of  a  fecret  influence  prompting  him  to 
iiifult  and  triumph  over  Eve,    without  nnderftanding  for  what  pnrpofe ;  only 
that  it  teniied  to  evil. 
Page  69.  to  line  5,  add.  Orofius  6.  22,  declares  that  "at  the  birth  of  Chrift  Augnftus 
by  an  edid  renounced  the  title  ofDomhus.**  the  Pythian  Oracle  had  told  him,  A 
Hebrew  child  w;i9  foon  to  atuin  Univerfal  fovereignty. 

—  71,  l:ne  26,  alter  God  add,  who  is   the*  Protogonos  Pronoia^  in  the   Oracle   of 

Branch  us 

^2,  line  17,  for  confirms^  read,  affirms.  ■  page  73,  line  24,  add,  Hutchinfon*s 

comparifon  of  tlic  1  rinity  to  Spirii,  Lights  and  Fire,  excited  admiration  even  in 
Dr.  Clarke  ;  who  omitted  Joiin  ia,  18  and  23,  in  his  Colledion  of  Texts  re* 
fpe^ing   he  Faihcr,   Son,   and  Holy  Ghoft. 

—  74,  line  19,  add,  Chryf^pus  (fee  Boiffard)  afferted  that  the  Sibyl  prcdifted  the 

birth  of  a  great  Prophet,  whole  generation  would  be  miraculouily  efleded  with- 
out a  man's  concurrence.—- page  79,  at  bottom  add.  This  Bremau  is  the  In- 
dian Ram  ;  who  is  believed,  as  Thevtinot  writes,  to  have  a  more  particular  com- 
munion with  God^  than  have  other  Saints,  on  account  of  his  merits :  Hefychius 
interprets  Ramus,  fapreme;  thus  Semi-ramis  ftgnifies  holy  and  eminent. 
Page  80,  line  7.  The  Zend  contains  the  religious  and  medical  inftitutes  of  the  Archmage 
Zerdulht,  or  that  Zoroafter  who  was  contemporary  with  Darius  Hyftafpes» 
and  was  flain  at  the  fackingof  Balch.     Of  the  21  Books,  the  20th  is  on  phyfic;  * 
the  ]6th,  contains  his  life;  in  the  Zund  or  old  Perfic character  and  language. 
It  holds  an  eternal,  fclfexlftent,  independent,  fupreme  Being  ;  a  general  re- 
furred^ion  and  retribution;  good  andetil  principles  ;    teiches  philanthropy,  oft 
in  parables.     He  predicted  the  Meffiah. 
Page  83,  line  7,  from  the  bottom.      After  G^,  add,  peremptorily  charged  of  murder, 
faying,  *'  the  voice  of  his  brother's  blood  exclaimed  to  him  from  the  ground, 
which  gaped  to  receive  it  lirbm  the  Aflaflin's  hand;**  yet  of  his  unbounded 
Mercy, 
Page  84,  line  1 »,  before  t$6k  infert,  that  they.'^-^page  85,  line  22,  after  y^add.  Too 
prophetic  was  Satan's  fpeech  to  Eve  Gen.  3.    "Ye  (hall  be  Gods.**  page 
97,  line  12,  add.  So  Bacchus,  whofe  hiftory  alludes  to  Noah,  as  to  his  Ark  and 
cultivation  ofvinc»,   is  faid  in  the  Orphic  Hymns  to  have  flept  three  years  ;  that 
is  ieafons,   during  the  Flood— ——paje  104,  line  2,  add.  From  Naus,  akin 
to  houfe,    came  nnio  ;  and  ne/es,  the  A  k  beinjg  a  floating  iiland.     But  tho'  (hips 
from  the  Ark  wire  called  Bani\  yet  this  term  fignified  afacred  objeft  (fee  Strabo) 
as  a  Sandtnary,  or  Court  of  Juftice  ;   Bar  being  a  Judge  (fee  the  Celtic  Vocabu- 
lary) and  //  an  Ifte:  thus  the  Ide  of  France  was  called  Paris,  Judge's  Ifle :    for 
the  Judge  was  infulat'd  on  a  high  done,  mount  or  bank  ;    wheft  he  was  Par-a- 
mount, Judge  €m  the  Bench. 
Page  1 1 2,  line  5,  from  the  bottom.     Add,  In  Job.  38.  8.  We  read«  who  inclofed  the 

fea  with  gates,  on  its  irruption  as  from  a  womb? 
— >  1 14,  line  1 ,  read  confift. '■■■■■  ■     line  8.  Ji^flieu  found  the  immenfe  PoiEl  boiies(fre- 
quent  in  Ameri^)  dn  the  Peruvian  mountains^   always  at  one  certain  height. 
Hunter' trettts  of  the  large  bonee  near  theOhio;  and  a  C^adruped's^  at  Gibraltar. 

Page  128 


% 


SUPPLEMENT    OF    EMENDATIONS. 

Page  izS,  line  12,  Bifhop  Bailow's  Ton  a  native  of  Pembrokefiiire,  invented  the  prefent 
Mariner's  Compafs  page  129,  line  1,   read  mentiom'^ 

—  139,  In  the  Egyptian  Calendar  ;  for  Hehrrw  Ni/an,  tead,  Roman  March. 

—  141,  line  29»  after  Satan  add.  And  Ham  was  Bar- moth,  Muth's  fon. 

—  146,  line  7,  after  Vortigern,  add,  whofe  name  fignifies  Lord  of  the  Tum  or  Court; 

whence  Attorney.— —Line  10.  add,  Noah's  cultivation  of  vines  is  alluded  to, 
where  Diodorus  Siculus  3.  mentions  the  vine's  revival  aficr  Deucalion's  flood* 

—  147,  line  31,  add.  The  Egyptian  Tofothrus  or  Scforthus  improved  Letters. 

—  150,  line  21,  except  Thoth's.— -~Page  151.  line  9,  in  the  margin  n»ulCratyIus. 
•^172,  Penult.  Add  Ammian  wrote  that  Julian  burnt  the  Books  of  the  Cuman  or 

Cumean  Sibyl  at  Enna  in  Sicily. p?.ge  174,  line  i^,  forOracIei  read, 

the  Oracle. 

—  175,  line  6,  add,  BoiiTird  obferves  that  is  was  fo  named  from  Cyme,  an  Amazon. 

.Line  31,  add,  Her  fepulchre  Teems  from  Solinus  to  have  been  in  Italy. 

—  176,  line  25.     add,  Thcvenot  fays  the  Turks  have   a  Fortune-Book    named  Fal. 

The    Celtic   Vocabulary    derives  F»J,  in    Chefs,  from    Fal,  a  capital   perfon : 

Poll,    being    head  ;    hence   Pollard  Trees-  Flaccianus     fhewed 

Sibylline  Poems  in  Greek  to  Auguftin.     Feneftella  fays  that  Conftantinus  Mag- 
nus  brought  to  Rome  1000  verfes  of  the  Erytbraan  Sibyl. 

188,  line  25.     But  Tor  or  Thor  is  alfo  Taurus :  thus   Chu  Thyr,   the  Egyp- 

-tian  king's  name,  in  EratoiUienes,  figniiies  Jove  Taurus;  hence  the  pun  of 
Europa  5olcn  by  a  Bull,  inftead  of  the  Tyrian  Jove :  but  the  ilory  of  the  ori- 
ginal F^iTopa  alludes  to  the  Ark.— -*page  189,  line  21,  for /^>,  read,  the  next. 

—  193,  line  3,  after  Pezron  add.  For  Latin  lee  Rowland's  Mona  241,  262 

—  I94»  line  2.   From  Kira,  hire;  and  many  other  words. 

—  209,  line  5,  add,  The  reigns   of  the  Gods,  who  preceded  Menes  or   Mifor,  a- 

mounted  to  1985  Lunar  years,  according  to  Manetho's  refearches  :  that  is,  160 
Solar. 

—  222,  add.  See  along  lill  of  other  words  in  Rowland's  Mona. 

—  228,  line  28*  Pehs,  afar,  is  wrong;  fabflitute,  P'  EUAs,  Sol  Dias.«-^.Line2p, 

at  region  a^  a  period 

—  234,  sSd  to  line  7,  from  line  27,  Abydenus  kc.  to  Hyperion. 
— -  248,  add  to  line  27,  And  Ninyas,  for  Ninus  fenior 

««-  258,  marginal  reference  at  bottom,  but  ieepage  220 

«— >  266,  liDe  27,  after  Apollo  add.  But  the  original  Priapus  was  Mendes  fon  of  Ham 

thefirft  Zeus. page  267,line  i7,add.  Hence  flie  is  Styx,  Proferpine's  mother, 

in  Apollodorus, 

—  270,    Une  2,  add,  Ilcncc  fhe  is  Venus  Virgo,  and  yet  Juno,  in  Julius  Pirmicus. 
«—  275,  line  13,  af:cr  ynt^  add,  Faen  and  Maen  in  Celtic  is  flone. 

—  279,  line  14,  after  yZ/cZ/e,  add.   So  Nigidius,  fee  Montfaucon;  who   fays,   Ma« 

crobius  ikcius  theni  to  be  Jove  or  Ether,  Juno  or  Terra,  Pallas  or  Air:  and. 
Dcmaratub  ict  ihcm,  after  the  Samian  rites,  in  one  Temple,  Diooys.  Hal,  • 
deemed  the  Penates,  two  youths.  The  Sulpitian  medal  has  two  heads;  and  on 
the  rcverfe,  two  whole  ler.gihs  in  armour.— line  30,  iotthe<were,  read  they  were. 
— Lifle3  I .  The  Pcjiates,  LaresManes,Genii,  and  Demons  were  confounded;  thus 
Jovi  ct  Penutibus  ;  Jovi  et  Laribus  ;  Jovi  et  Geniis  ;  and  Apuleins  deems  the 
Lemi  res  or  Lares  to  be  Manes  and  Genii,  and  human  fouls  obfervant  of  Men, 
Some  of  whom  were  bonev. -lent  and  properlyLares ;  others  Larvae  or  evil  G«niL 
Yet  Coriolanus  fpeciiied  Dcos  penates.  Lares  paternos,  Genios  locales.  The 
Genii  regarded  theptrCon;  the  Penates,  the  property;  Lares,  the  Diet:  thus  tw# 
Jachies  in  Petronius  fet  the  Lai es  on  the  aining- table;  and  Perfius  describes  the 
iaies  .  s  fuccinfti,  for  adminiflration.  Dion) fits  fays  "the  Penates  were  named 
ViTViCtovCy**  from  policiiions.  He  deemed  the  Penates,  two  :  as  were  Sempro- 
nius  Fl.'b'jr  L  ie»  in  Boi/Tard,  and  thofe  of  Furius  Salvias  in  Montfaucon. 
They  fcerr?  to  be  the  Dii  Magni  in  Lamia's  dedication  there  i  namely,  .the 
Jove  and  Hercules  who  are  Ham  and  Mifor. 

Page  284. 


S  U  P  P  L  E  MENT    OP    EMEUTDATIONS 

Page  284,  line  2,  after  Dies  add,  Theon  de  Mufica  fays.  This  infcripdon,  of  Saturn 
and  Rhea,  ftiles  Ofiria;  (here  Noah)  a  moft  ancient  king;  and  names  Spirit^ Heaven, 
Sol,  Luna;  Earth,   Night;    Day,   Love;    fee  J abl on (ki's  pantheon. 

—  290,   line  16,  Scymnus  Scius  fays  the  **  Pelafgi  went  to  Scythia  from   Thrace;" 

probably  under  Acmon,   in  his  way  from  Germany,  fo  named  from  his  fire. 

—  298,  line  32,  add,  And  the  whole  Fable  originated  from  a  moreiacred  myllery:  it 

alludes  toCelclHal  inielligence  generating  human  wifdom. page  309,  line 

29,  for  Pbyficiany  read  Phenician.  page  31!,  line  7,  after  Suidas  add, 
which  may  have  been  a  title  of  her  mother  too;  as  Cincius  affirms  of  (Ham's 
the  Egyptian)  Vulcan's  confcrt,  the  original  Bona  Dea,  named  Maia  by  Ma- 
c-obius;  who  tells  us,  Pifo  drnied  that  Vulcan's  wife  Nva^  named  Maia;  after- 
wards the  name   of  the  Titan  Mercury's  mother. 

—  316,  line  20,  Remove  the  claufe.  As  Plutarch  &c.  to  Cm/ort,  line  24,  down  to  the 

laft  line,  after,  War-fong page  318,   line   9,    after  Tiu3  amos,  add. 

And  Al-Namus,  an  anciencHercu'es,  was  Oliris  and  Bacchus*  page  326 

line  6,  add,  Julius  f  irmicus  fays,  the  Theban  Bacchus  ufed  magic  page  327, 
line  31,  buruin  had  iis  name  from  thefe  Saronidae,  Druids  or  Ghaurs,  whence 

Sionehenge  is  Choir  Ghaur page  328,  line  9,  add  the  claufe  ^om  page 

329,  line  I,  Plato  hints  &c.  to  the  end  at,  ^c«/*-— — page  331,  28,  Cato 
i:itfrrretiSaga,  faored. 

—  3^3,  \i\v'  9,  The  K  ft  Vaen  was  no  Cheft,  but  a  facred  Hone  where  goods  were 

fc  ure. 

—  361,  28.   Noiden  drew  flruftures  at  E|ryptian  Thebes  rcfembling  the  Arcade  at 

blonrhcnge- - p^ge  377,  line  2,  for, /)<:.7fa/yow'j  9'/^<',   read,  afteriuards^^ 

line  9,  acd,   AnJ    lee  Rowland's  Mona— -ja^e  379,  line  8,  Strabo  fays 
tha-  6  yihian  Noinadcshad  extended  themfelves  (L.  11)  to  the  eaflern  Ocean. 
page  381,    line  30,   •A.iitx  Chaldfans\   by  Strabo,  Ci^rt/y^rj, 

—  46 }.,  li  :o  29,  fo-  54  reau  64. P^E^  4^"»  ^^^^  33»  J"cadBucolic.— — page 

477,  lire  26,  r:;r  /?/,  I:. 

—  491,   line  24.  Siitu'*'.— — page  492,  line  12.  Granite. 

—  497,   line  14,  i^apremis page  506,  tine  24,  for  Five,   read  Seven— —page 

508,  line  27,  Syncellus. 

—  509,   line  23,  omit  It page  510,  line  8,  for  He,  Trifmegiflus— — line  20; 

add.  Paramount  over.Manetho's  Mem phite regents page  512, line  i, 

add,  each  is  the  2d  king  of  the  12th  Dynally. — Line  6,  add,  (he  was 

the  Babylonian  Nitocris  or  youngeft  Semiramis,  five  ages  after  Semiramis  or 
IfisMifor's  confort— Line  39,  add, This  I  interpret, Hercule  an  Leveller,— page 
517,  line  21,  add,  or  rather  of  Nitocris. — P.521,  (or  preceding^  read  primary. 
— p.  524,  line  5,Ameffis. — p.  525,  line  24,  read,  the  lailBabylonian  Nitocris. 
page  528,  line  12,  add,  and  Mentefuphis;  who  is  alfo  the  2d  king  of  the  12th 
Dynaily,  and  was  flain  at  Babylon."        —page  531,  third  column,  for  Egyp^ 


tianK/ng,  read  King  of  a  race  from  Lower  Egypt.—— page  535,  (Column 
marked,  3.)  at  the  third  line,  for  Kings  of  This  z^^jemrs,  read  five  King*  of 
Thebes ;  but  the  feventeenth  Dynafty  did  not  begin,  till  the  firft  I'hinite  Dy- 


nafty  ended. - 


— -  539,  line  29,  for  Orus,  read  Orcus — page  541,  line  i,  for  thas,  that— Line  4,  by  a. 
•—  547,  line  28,  Augullus. page  548,  line  20,  zt/rft  fei  a  period. —'—-page 

5^9,  line  22,  omit  Tet. 
—  550,  line  8,  proceeded. page  551, for///,  feiit,line  i8.i  page  553,  for 

nnfiy  and. 

Page  S59» 


>>. ' 


SUPPl^EMENT:  O'F'  £M£NI>*Aa:i  O  N  S. 

P4Lge  5  J9,  Eighth  line  from  the  bottom^  before  tXmtf  infert,  iffir^vx  t]|e.  next  line, 
iorjiemt  to^  read,  may.  ————page  567,  the  feventh Arcadian  kinj^  liSpytos.— 
omit  the  Ull  line  but  four.  ■    ■     page  5689  line  8,  Darics.--to  line  22  afld  /i6« 

—28,  Daughters. page  573,  line  a6«   for  ibt  bmd^  they  had, 

page  577,  17,  Canens.  'pagc  582,   line  12,  i^i/.  But  Thevenot  writes 

that  **  MiTous^  ai  Agra,  fignines  Cows  :"  and  Rhea«  the  reputed  mother  of 
Dionviius,  was  Athyr  and  Thebe,  names  of  a  Cow;  hence  (he  was  16:  the 
Greeks  as  ufual  interpreted  Meros  according  to  their  own  Language,   a  Thigh. 

Page  587,  line  19,  fomciimcs.— — — page  590,  line  z6,  way— ———page  593, 
line9»  expatiate. 

B  I  ND  ER' S   D  I  REQT I  0  NS. 

Set  the  Larp  Gentaloglcnl  Tabiiy  ntxt  afttr  thi  Prtfiut.^^Stt  the  tive  Coffer  PUt9 
Alphabets^  at  fagt  it-j .-^Set  the  Tabli  of  Irijh  kingi^  to  f mo  page  37l.«-«^  tki/fmgtM 
fmt  is  to  boim/erteJ  £t:^iou  page  496,  a»/,497;  ivbicb  lafi  is  marked  S  fa* 


^