THE PURITAN
.-^.■■--■"'^■.■^■"^-■'^■.•:.^^--:^-. ■^'' ■■■■■■"
HOLLAkD, ENGLAND, AND AMEBICA
■•■■■*■ ^ - ., '' ■ ■
:^ ' A^ IMTRODUCT/ON
y AMSRICAU HISTORY
DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, A.M., LLB.
mmu Of m xwokujl mtnmmi. AHOcunoi
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THim tOITION, RCVIMU) ADO COKRECTIO ,
IN TWO TOLCmS
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raw YORK
BABPIR * BBOTHKBS PCBLIBHHS
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BERKELfY lAPTIST
HVINITY SCHOOL
LIBRARY
CONTENTS '
•r
THB FIB8T VOLUME
PREFACE /
MM
ficaaoBi for wriiing uother book aboat th« ParUaot. . ., iiiii
InrettigBtioni among early New York records xxxt
New England inatitationi fbund in New York whmi a
Dntoh colony t..., \]af
Holland muit hare been a common soorce, aa they did
not oome from England iit
Search for othen. — Pnritaoiam aa a political force began
in Holland ..> xxri
. The war with Spain a Puritan war. — Great Bomber of
Englitbmen in the Netherlanda ixviii
Inflaenee on England OTerlooked by English hiAoriana. . 'xiii
Inflnenee on America more roamed, bnt equally over- ^
. looked XKt
Ineompleteness of American biatoiy, and ita eaosea
Written only from English standpoint — English aelf-
appreciation xui
Another cause. — Scientific historical iuTsstigatian of T^ry
modern growth xxkiii
All histories being rewritten xxxIt
Onagers of early writers in Bnrop* ..>.... xur
Until a rseent date, gorenment aMhivea eloaed to the
pvUie tnA
DiiB«iilli«« ia the way of their axsmination in KngUnd. xxxtU
Aj#f
It
littk atlMtio* paid to foreign Uitety vbrn AiMrieaa
history fint written mis
B«mlta of modem inraitigttion si
ttAy ABsrieaa liiatoi7 jrhete Buerofl left it fifty jrean
■go.. .". , jB
BiMory of SogUtii Poritaninn nnintelUgibI* m naoally
writt«D,aDd why sli
Neglect of the inflnanee of the NetherUnd Repnblio. . . . \iiii
When America aettled, Holland, in gcnaml eifilintioD, .
led the world by abont two centariea i4r
New England Paritans misrepraaented in hiatoty xiri
Modea of meeting chargea against them tivii
Kngiish/and not Pnrttan, defeeta of cbaiaetar exhibited
in America %..m dix
"Hm whole truth regarding EngKah oivilixation the Tiodi>
cation of the New England Puritana........ I
Beopebf thia work ..........>. . H
nmioDucrnoK
THB rsopui AHD imrmTTiona op thb urii'EU wtatwm
Aammption of moat writon that the people of the United
States are an English race with Engliah inatitntiona. ... 1
Bfleeta on American history t
How.thisidaa haa bean dereloped.......' •
Ignorance of Bngliahmen regarding America... ,.,... ,,.^ S
For Americana no anch excnae .,..........! . C
American people alwaya cosmopolitan. — Soma of Uieb
leading men in colonial days 7
Middle colonies at time of Rerolntion. — Half of popoUtion
not English 9
Laading inatatationa of United Statea not of Engliah origin. 1 1
laftHaee of inatitntiona opon national character 11
No State Chnreh aa in England.— Ita importance there. . . It
Itaaboiitioa in the United Statea IS
MdStiple of civil equality underlying American system.— Ita
'. U.
Tk* written ConatitatioB of the United Stataa and TSag-
Und's anwritten Constitution , IV
The Preiident, Senate, Uonte of KtfimmMhm, ud 8d> :
pieme Court. — Not Bagliab .•>.,..»<•.....<.. It
Bow legwded by Englieh ftataaaen M
The itate contUtutions more important a* lowing the
growth of American inatitutiona . .. . ...^ SS
.Their derelopment and proviaiona. it
Diatribution of land in England, and ite efleeta. — Prino-
genitore y tS
Obatadea to ite alienation. — No recording ayatom. w.-^u . . 16
Eneloaaro of Engliah common lands ^ . . IT
England entering on an era of change ^\,. n
Diatribation of land in the United States.— Ite importawpa. S9
Popular education in America. — Ite early date ^ . W ''
Popnhr edacation in England. — Ite recent date. ...... .V M
Oppoaition of the goreming classes i^ ..... i. 19
Pnblic libraries in England and America. . .| M
Tt^ high schools and collcgea ' M
Defecte tb Engliah unirersity edneation,— Why Aroerieai^
studenta go to the Continent 18
Bapid progreaa of American college* \ 41
liooal aelf-goTemmant— The Engliah system iaoomprshen-
aible •m"j **
The Aniieriean m^em, township, county, and atate 44
Impottence of ty townships. — ^The system not English. , . 4S
Beligious liberty in En^bmd and America. — Date of ite
introduction; '. 4T
needom of the preaa.— Date of ite introduction.... .',..,» 49
The written ballot — ^Date of ite introduction. . . .- 41
Engliah and American charitable inatitutiona contrasted. . . ' 44
Prison reforms. — Debt of BngUnd^to America 4S
America's reformatory institutions copied in Europe 47
America's legal system and ite cirigin 48
Opposition of the coloniste to Englisli inrispradenoe 41
liodam jnrispmdenee derived from the Soman law 41
.. » fi0g
Hm chMBcter of thia law 64
Inflnence«of ancient Rome on modern society M
Rome when the civil law took its present form 08
Amerieaa lesal reforms copied by Kngland 70
America's debt to England — langi age, literatore, cbaraeter,
Yankeeisms, etc ,..\ -. 7S
The theory ^t ^e institotiona of America were ioTentadi
by the early settlers {....... "7*
America the old world , 76
The institotiona of America rery old'; partly Roman, partly
Germanic 77
The NetherUnda preserved Roman institutions and Oer-
manip ideas of frsedora , 78
The home of the English race and the inatrnctors of England 79
Cansaa and eSeeta of Engtend'a prejodice against the Dutch 7S
Americana should not share it 89
Importance of Netherhmd hiatory to tl)e modem atodent. . 88
The Netherland Republic as contrasted with mdnarohical and
( aristocratic England in leamiag, art,apd pnblic morale. . 84
The English hare never nnderatood republicans in Holland
or America ' 87
Puritanism and American inatitutioaa.'.i...^.... >,...,. 88
CHAPTER I
THS METHKBLANDfl BKFORI THK WAS WITH SrAIM
ram cammn am its rmoriM, tatacwnma, UAMuwjkmvtMt, oaM>
ianKn,axD am
The Puritan of Holhnid ,....».... 90
The country of the Netheriandera a conqneat of man 93
The geographical factor in hiatory. — England an illustration 98
Ita importance in the NetherUnda ,. 96
Influence on the national character 98
The importance >of the human factor 100
The earty inhabitanta of the Netherlaada , . 101
Oemaas in the North, Celta in the South, the foremost of
IkateiMsa , 101
ooirnBin tU
Their duuraetcrirtiet !.>.>.. 101
The Hollanders prewnred their Germanic spirit 104
Connection with Rome and Italy. — Ita influepce itfS'
Contrast between Enghmd and the Continent. . . . . r 104
Italy oerer beeiune barbarian.^The cmsades and their
remits. .• 108
Italians in the Xetherlanda: 110
Development of agricultare. — ^Hw Netherlands become the
instructors of Earope Ill
England's backwardness HS
Derelopaient of maonfactares and commerce. — ^They be-
come the manufacturing centre of Earope lit
Originate woollen manofactnrea. i . . . , 114
Advance in the fourteenth century.— Wealth and luxury
*' as comptred with France and Engknd 115'
Outstrip Italy in the commenial race. . . . , 117
Their architecture, ecclesiastical and secular ; . . . . 118
Their town-halls the delight of the artist 190
Private dwellings, their furniture, etc. — Comparison with
EngUnd .- 180
Pabting. — Founders of taodtm art — Discover oil-painting 138
Originate portrait and landscape pdnting. 184
Character of Xetherhtnd art—" The beautiful the splendor
of the true" 185
Foremost in the mechanical arts, jtfwelry, tapestry, ete. . . . 180
Wood-engraving their discovery ; . .t. . . 187
Printing fropi blocks. , 188
Printing from type its natural sequence \t9
Music — Fnmislied music and mnaieiana to Europe for two
•CBtuieii, ISO
OIIAPTKR n
TBK MITHkRLAMDa BETORB THE WAH WITH 8FAIN
<nnial)IUie,TBB*OWn,TBBSTA'ni,ll>DOA'nOII,BBLMK»,AllDIM«aM
CoattMt bettfoea' Puritanism in the Netherianda and in
Englaad, and causes of dUerance Ml
Condition of tke NetberUndt «t Um nbdieation of CharlM
v., I486 184
SeventMn aepantc Rtates, each wHI| ila indiTidoal gorera-
mcnt— Their popalation. . . > . ,,,',...,,,,',, ISS
Holland and the Iwiring flaherjr '.........* 180
Tha towna of tha Matberiaada, a aonrival of Bomaa inatita-
tiona. — Citadela of freedom 187
Bmgea and ita origin. — A modem town Ui
The guilds, partly Roman and partly German 140
Their organiution and govemmeuL — M|nor repnbliea. . . . 149
Spirit of equality in guilda .' 144
Albert Dftrer and the Faintera' Ooild of Antwerp 14S
The I^therland towna, their charter* and form of goTemmebt 147
Antwerp a typ«of the huger town*.. 148
Town goremment in Holland 160
Tha raral diatricta. — Serfdom abolished. — Condition of tha
peaaanik 161
The organiution of the State, and State government — No
taxation withont consent ; 16S
First meeting of the SUteg-General, 1477 164
The Magna Charta of IlolUnd. — Its provisiona 166
Freedom of trade and commerce 164
Education. — Organiiation of the "Brrthmn of tha Life in'
Common," 1400. ,,.. 168
Their numerous schools, and their influence on edncatioa. 160
SeboUra in the NetherUnds. — Erasmus, Vesalius, St AU»-
gonde, etc 100
Phenomenal education of the masses 101
The Reformation in the Netherlandfi. — Heresy an old story 108
^tfly sditiona of the Bible in the' common tongue. — Mors
geneially read than in any other eoontry 108
The Reformation begina at tha bottom among tb« conmoB
people. — Ita eiccptional character 104
Vietima of the Inqaialtioa greatar in ntunbar than ia aB
the reat of Europe. Itf
Protcatant aeeto in tha Neth«riaDda.~Latharaaa, CalvinitH
aadAaabaptiala.... lOf
Is
< Hm
BeligioD and monlity not necMMrily allied in Enrope in
the flfteeoth, siitcentb, and MTenteenth centoriei 168
Thia aeTeranee not confined to tb« C«tholic« 100
Holland a moial connti^, and no the bulwark of Protea-
tantiam , 170
Private and pablie ^itcgritjr. 171
High poaition o^ her women. 179
"^ CHAPTER in
KSTOLUTION^N TBI I4ETHERLA!ID8 (lSB5-in4)
Why reTolotioD did not come earlier. — Philip II. contrast-
ed with hia fatherr Charlea V 178
Eleven yeara of miarnle and InqniaiUon 174
Origin orthe''Beggara,"lM6 17*
The Icono«hrta , 176
Philip II. and his chie^ adviser, the Dake of Alva ^ 177
Bright prospects for Spain a oentory before 178
How her liberty waa destro]«d 179
Disaatroos effects of discovery of Americi on Spaniah
character. 180
Bain of national prosperity. — Military gmatnesa 181
Alva a typical Spaniah soldier of the time.— His arrival in
th4; NetherUnds,16a7..^ ; 188
TheConncil of Blood '. 188
Exodas of Netherlaliders to England... 184
William of Orange IBS
His undisciplined armies defeated by Alva 188
The " Beggars of the Sea."— Elisabeth's seiiare of Philip's
money.. 188
Alva'a financial difllealtiea. — His proposed tax and its effects 1 88
Soqwnsion of bosineaa, and Alva'a plan for its renewal. . . 193
Oaptai« of Brill by the " Beggars," IS7S 193
Gsneral nprisiag in the northern provinces 198
Beoiganisation of the government by a popular vote 197
Bright prospects for the fntare, 1578. . . .*. 198
Fwnee friendly daHwrance at hand. ...'».♦ MO
• ".*>
'•W
S OMTCMn
: MaMMre of St. Butholomew, iu eaaiet and diiutroni re- ,
salts in tbe Netherlands. — Elisabeth's connection with it 801
Cots off all hopes of French assistance SOS
Holland left to li^ht alone 803
Reliance of William ot Orange on Providence. — Basis of
Puritanism f! 804
Position of HolUnd, and character of the war 906
The siege of Harlem, 1673 806
Its surrender. — Cold-blooded bntehery of garrison and in-
habitants.— Great loss of Spaniards. ...,.^. 809
Spaniiuds repulsed from Alkmaar. — Befnse to assault the
works. — ^The country flooded SII
Alva recalled to Spain. — His work a failure. — Succeeded
* by Requesens. 819
Siege of Leyden bcgni), 1674. — SuccesMS of the patriots. . 818
Rejection of proposed amnesty on condition of giring up
, the religions question. ; SIS
l«yden saved by catting its dikes. — Heroisn of the in-
habitants. ; 91«
University of Leyden founded, 1676. — Marka an epoeb in
the history of education 917
Becomes the centre of the learning of Europe 918
Ita famous scholan. — Honors accorded to them 919
Contributions of Holland to science 989
Invents the telescope, microscope, pendulum ck>ck, etc ... . 999
Tolerance of Leyden. — English Dissenters among its pupib 999
University of FWeker.— Instruction free as in Leyden. .. 984
Application of confiscated church property in the Nether-
lands.— Contrast with EngUnd...'. ,.,...,.,, tW
Hospitals and soldiers' homes..., tA- ...',....,.. >M
;■:■;•■•■ cHAPTiB IV ■■■.■■'•■' '^■. .;*■■•.;, .
KITOLUnON IN THK NETHIBLANDB
nDBmoBRCB umcLuata—utAmakruai or wiixiam or oauaas
— nauaioca Touounoa nrAausHsit, uu-isn
Tkt perilons condition of HolUnd '.. 9M
MM
Death of BeqOMetif, lS7e ...,........'.... 1fi9
If atiny of^Sptniali toldien.— " Tbe Spanith Fary."— They
wck Antwerp and other townt 829
All tbe pronnces nnite to drire out the inraden T. . 380
Arrival of Don John of Austria 830
Hi* romantio scheme for tbe conqncat of Enghmd 831
Aatiatance for the'Netherianden from EngUnd and FVance 831
Death of Don John .". 838
AtriTal of the Prince of Parma, 1678, a loldier and a diplo-
matiat 838
He win* back the •ontbcm provinces. — Tho North atanda
Arm 883
"The Union of Utrecht" the written constitution of the
Netberland RepnbliCt 1670. 333
Declaration of Independence, 1681. — Its importance. — Cop-
ied by England and America, i S84
The Duke of Anjou, brother of the French king, proclaimed
sovereign , ni-r 886,
Wooing of ^tiiabeth by Anjoo.— Ita oomieal and serious
featorea. 836
AnjoQ accepts the sovereignty of the NetherfauU*. — Uis
inglorious career and death, 1584 838
Attempts of Philip to bribe William of Orange 940
His assaaaination, 1684. — ^Tbe foremost Puritan of the ige. 840
Besults of bis work. — Seven provinces redeemed 841
DiSouHies of his taak. — Comparison with Cromwell 848
Beligions toleration established. — Its novelty in fiirope. . . 843
William denonnoed at home, but he carries the day 844
He protecta the Anabaptists, who first proebum religions
. liberty and separation of Church from State 845
Their doctrines and their treatment in other countries. . . . 846
Origin of religion* liberty in the United Statea. — Ita debt
to Holland 840
Virginia's Declaration of Rights, 1 776 860
New York first eatablithcs religioua liberty by conatitn-
tional coaotoMnt Ml
'."M
rua
Inflaciioe of UoDaad in religions mattcn on the geneial
goTenunent of the United States. . . . .t. 2S8
Results of ttie asBsssination of William of Orange. — The
people hare no tbonght of surreoder tH ' i^,'
A rapablio fq^ed upon the NetherUnders ......,'.. 9M i\%
They offer the sorereigaty to France. — The " Holy League," "-^
formed agmnat Henry of Navarre, prerents ita acceptance 8^7
Spain marching on to nnivcrsal dominion 3fi0
Protestant England and Ker qne«n DM
Tbos far Eliiabeth had kept out of the religious war npon
the Continent — Her methods no longer practicable. , . , S61
• . CHAPTER V
KNOLAND BErORK lUZABBTH
Obstacles to a correct view of the Eliia)>ethan age in Eng-
Und , 969
False glamour of the poet and novsliat over an age very
backward in many directions. 9(9 ,.'
Poetry not a fruit, but the flower, of i!iviliiation. — llomer'
and Dante. ., .' •»««
Shakespeare and Bacon produced by the same calises,.,. 2M .
Bacon not a learned roan ; ignorant of science, Latin, etc. . 907 |.
Little appreciation of Shakespeare in England until a re- ^S«^^
cent date .' 888
The aame true of Bacon as a scientist; .' 9W
History of England a pocniiar one, marked by waves of ^
progress, all due to foreign influences 871
Iloderw tMlsnoies to eiaggerate the Anglo-Saxon influence S7S
High oivilisalioB under the Romans -- 975
Its importaaea to the student of Continental biatory 976
Entirely obUterated by the AngloSuoas 977
The country becomes sgain a pagan barbaric Und 978
The Anglo-Saxon barbarians. — •• Battles of Kites and
Crows" 976
The Ang)»8Mona deteriorate, lose their ideas of personal
fr*adou.—JTb« king, ths serf , slavery ,,. 980 -
Conrenioii of BagUad. — Ito ehantcter and rMolta W%
The Dbiim and Kiog Alfred 88S
Bcanlta of aU MDtoHM of Aaglo-Suoa nie. — Bngliah ''
viitoea ■....'.... 884
The Norman eonqneat the great event in EngNah hiatory. . 887
How the Norrnans obtained their eiviliution. — Connection
with Rome and the Eaat^. 387
Conqucnt of England. — Companion of the Normana with
the Saxona. ^ j|jf. 289
Thejr introdnce (Ve French language rKngliah diaappean
for nearly three hundred yean 890
Boild the cathedraJa, found the uaiTertitiea i . . . . 891
Study of the Roman civil hw begun 808
Debt of Eaghind to the Jewat— They introdnce ^a atudy
of the physical iciencea. — Roger Bacon 893 "■
The Normana give England her institutions, good and bad,
the feudal system, judicisnr, trial by jury, etc 895
Magna Charta. — Ita origin and character 896
Organization of the English Parliament 894
Bxpukion of tha Jewa. — Introduction of the Xetherland
wearere 89B
Final abaorption of the Normana by the Angh>'4axona. —
Return of the English .Ungua|;*^England rapidly goea ■^SfW''
down SOO
Chancer atanda on the border line Ilia aong awakana no
^ho 300
The Hundred Yean' War with France. — Diaaatrona reaulta
toEnglaad Mf^' '
Pestilence. — Abandonment of agriculture. — The atnrdy
beggars.— Restriction of the suffrage SOS
Decline of learning. — Wyclif and tl^e Lollarda 804
The Wara of the Rosea still more disastroua in their retnlta 808 •
Deapotiam of the Tudors. — Civil liberty trodden underfoot
— Literature and learning almost dead 307
The printing-preaa in England. — Ita paltry reaolta. . ..... 808
The Oiford reformen and their amall elaasical aeqnirsmenta 80t
Adranced lehohn on th« Continent ^0
The Reformation and its eril eflecU noM Henry yill. . . SIS
The movement almost entirely a leonlar one S18
Still worae onder Edward Vk 814
Propoaition to demoiiah Weatminater Abbey 81S
Demoraliaation of all claaaea. — t>ublic corruption. — Rand
in mannfactnrea, 816
Religious reaction onder Bloody Uary. — ^Tala of the martyra SIT
When Elisabeth ascended the throne, the atate of aociety
the worat that had ever been known in the land. S19
CHAPTER VI. ■-/ ' ■'.■-"-''■
■LIZABKTRAN KNOLAIID "
nUTATB UTB, aDDCATIOII, BBUSIOH, *HD MOKAU
Changea in England during the hut three centories SSO -'■^'
At accession of Elisabeth little commerce, mannfaotnrea, or
agricnltnre. — Largely a pastoral land 391
Revoluti^ of indnstries produces great demoralisation of
society SSI
Dwellings of the English SSS
The Shakespeare hqnse at Stratford SSS .
The first English tbeatrea. SS4
Manaion-honsea of the gentry SSS
Chimneya very rare, alao window-glaaa, beda, carpeta, Jid
chairs SSS
Great improvementa with increase of wealth under Eliia-
betb 387
The castles of the Earl of Northumberland. — Their accom*
modations. SSS
London and ita honsca SSO
Rushes for carpeting. — ^Tha queen'a pahwie SSI
Forks unknown until ISll. — Table knives introdnead, ISflS SSS
The Englishman'a food SSS
Pricea of the time , SSS
Fondneaa for aweeta SSS
na dress of the Engliahman.— lu peenliaritita SSS
. ,. •UMIEim /■' 'W
FMiiala •Uire.— lalwdietioB from Um NatlMriiMd* of (tareh-
iii( sad liacn ODdaKloUung S36
BeftiCDce for the crown. — lu manifaiUtiou SS7
PopoUr iporta, bear and bull baiting S40
Kdocation. — Eiaggerated idea* from a few iaolated eaaea. 841
Biiabeth and ber acqninmenta, 84S
Bagland far behind the Continent in the elanic8.-^Matbe-
matica and aeience leprobated.— Experience of Giordano
Bmno 848
Beform of the calendar, 1589 84S
Not adopted* in England till 178S. — Oppoaition of the
people...^ 846
Peen of the realm conM not read. ., 348
Ifaoranca of the middle and lo*er claaaea. — Shak^pcare's
family ; *. ... 848
Betrogreaaion aince normaa timaa : 850
Condition of religion 861
The clergyman 858
Thabiab*^ ..- .1 888
Decline of morality. — Ita caosea. . . , 858
Foreign opinfoni of Engliilunen ^ .' 854
Elinbetb'a antrothfulneia, bad faith, djahooeaty, and' pro-
faaity.— An example for her people. ,\ 888 '
Immorality of her conrt — Increaaaa daring her reign.. . . . 867
Iforala of the people at huge 868
llay-day and other feativab. — Their exeeawM 850
Eril inflnencea of Italy and ita literature. , , 880
Eaneat men in time will work a revolntion., »...,...;.. fUtl
CHAPTER vn
lUZABBTHAll XNOUMD >t
nauo uni— unmnanuTioa or rvwncm—rmum—jfmumwn at
lULAMi— raucT ;'5^ \'
Cbaiaeter of men abont the eoart ,....<...,... Mf
Corroption in State and Chnreh....,..,. <.....,, ^,,.. 866
AdminiitratioD of jnitiee. ..,,,,,..,,..,.., ,,,^.1',,.. 866
(
*
t'
Ereiy tight tnunpled underfoot. ...•••••••.•••> MT
Protest from the jndgee, ISM ......... ^ '8M
Fudoniog of eriminiUa a ragaUr bniiiieM uDong the eour-
tien and maids of honor 309
Prevalence of erime. — I^nds of robben S?0
Adulteration and frand in manafactorea i^. . . . ttl
Oambling.'^Ita carious forma , •?•
Usury. — Lotteries. — ^Drinking SM
The English in Ireland. — Their objects. . . a. S7t
Opinion of Lord Burghley as to Irish rebellions. ........ STC
Attempt of Earl of Sussex to assassinate Shan O'Neil, 1861. S7<
Second attempt with poison 877
^ISoheme of English worthies for plundering Ireland, IM9. 879/
Massacres by Sir Ilarophrey Gilbert, etc 880
. Earl of Essex's breach of hospitality and murder of two
hundred Irish, 1878 880^
His maasaere of 'six hundred women and children at Bathlin 881
Sussex, Gilbert, and Essex in history MS
English pyacy.— Its importance «■< . . 884
Cabot's voyage. — No effects vn English commerce, which
wss almost wholly in the hands of foreigners 881
Spanish and Portuguese commerce. — Ita expansion 8N
English shipping. — Its low condition 887
Lord Buighley's scheme for encouraging marineia. — "Pi-
racy detestable and cannot last" 8M
It does Ust, and builds up Bngfauul's Mval grritnsM 8N
Its origin and character 889
Attempts of Spain to keep the peace 880
Englishmen plunder Catholics and Protestants alike. S90
Piracy leads to the slaTe-trade of England 899
African alarery in America 898
Attempts of Spanish government to mitigate its evils 894
Voyages of John Hawkins. — The queen his partner 898
Disastrous termination of third voyaga.— Ffaea English
heart 897
Elixabeth seises Philip's money.— ItsNlta o( her aetioh. . . 899
wtm
Fnweii Drake leads a piratical expedition 401
Drake Mill aroand tbe world, 1580 .'.' .... 4M
Diatrfbation o{ hit plunder. — Knighted for hi* piracy .... 403
Bargbley, Sniaez, and Walaingham rcfuie to share his
qwils. — ^Thejr desire open war with Spain, which Eliia-
• betb opposes 40S
Drake a national hcra....r. .....,''......,. i. '404
Growth of the spirit of patriotism.— Ilatred of Spain 408
English Protestantism.^ — Influences at work 40,7
CHAPTEB Vni
"** BNOUBli PURITANISM
«n JHOns A>D THB FOarrAKS, iu»-uat
Character of English Rofomation 408
Compromise disliked by tho ednest men of either party. . 400
Religious torpor in England 400
Apathy of English Catholics 410."*
A sudden awakening. .....'.'....... 411
Catholic reformers on the Continent produced by the Ref-
ormation.. .r 411
The Jesuits, their origin and growth. .; ; . . . 41S
Their miasioBarT work. >....,.. 41S
Reform the Catholic Church. . . .'. 414
Establish free schools ; . .,.<tr. *»»
Become the educators and confessors of Catholic Europe.. 410
Kot consistent with historic truth to conceal their virtuea, 417
Check Protestantism. — Become the bulwark of papacy . . . 417
England s missionary field 418
Englrtb missionaries educated at I>Quay and Rome. .,.,., 410
Their success in England .'^y...: .... 4M
Jesuit mis^n, IfiSO.— Campiaa and Parsons. .......... ^ 490
ReTiral of Catholicism, and its causes 4S1
The people open to ooDTictioa. — Proportion of Protestants
to Catholics 4M
Crushing out the Catholic revival. — Why it waa possible. . 4S4
English Paritana,— Their place in history 486
■Si
,z
rtm
OpinioM 01 Hamr, Rallain, and MmmIsjt 426
Novelty of Pqriun principles in EngUnd 491
Growth of PariUDiam unexplained by hiatoriana. ....... 410
Aeceaaion of Elixabeth 4S0
Uncertainty aa to tlie religioua fntore of the nation 431
Why Eliiabeth proclainibd Protestantiim. -439
'Action of her flrat I'arliament. — It reconatracts the Eng-
liahChnrch..; 433
Vaat power* conferred on the qaeen 434
Return o1 t^^ggliah Befonnen from the Continent. —
Their eiperiencea abroad 435
vbelined to Calviniam, and opposed to forms and cere-
• monies, and why 493
Their expectations for the future ..,.,.,, i.,,i,,,,^,i, 437
EXOLISH PURITANISM
. nxmtti BUXABwm ahd thb roMTAas, UW4W
BUiabeth's jeligious inllinationa. 438
^ntroTerfy in the Church over (he qnestion of eerefnonials 4SB
Name of Puritan comes into existence, 1564 440
Pcrsecdtion of the Puritans begun, 1965 , 441
John Foxe and his " Book of Martyrs." — Its great influence 4Ja
Its author a Puritan. — His treatment 444
Persecution of Miles Corerdsle, the translator of the Bible
into finglish 445
Suppression of independent congregations, 1667 446
English statesmen opposed to persecuting the Puritans. , , 446
Motires of Elisabeth 447
Her soheme of reconciliation with Rome. — ^The Puritans
its greatest obstacle 446
Her communications to the Spanish ministers 450
She shields the Catholics 451
Corruption in the Charch fostered by EUiabetb, and why. 453
Diahoneaty of her biahop* i .. .^ ......,,.. / 454
' o<KiT«irw sU
nail
Oow the biahopi obtained th«ir offices . . . . , .,,..*. 4f A
Elinbeth tba great plonderer of tba ChareJi 4M
IgnoniDce o( the cleigy :.': 4S7
The Poritaoi favor education. — Ptocouraged by Eliiabeth. 4A8
The Spaniah adviscra of Eliiaboth warn her against the
ParitaD«.<>, .....' 400
Thomaa Cartwright advocatea Church reforma on It«ab}'te-
rian line*, 1870 463
Denonneea the ayatam of appointing biahop*. — The ayitem
atill in use , 46S
Eipelled from Oiford and fliea'to the Notfaerboda 46>
Contianed persecution of the Puritans .' < . 4M
Attempt of the biahops to educate the clergy, 1 97 1 467
Suppressed by Eliubcth \ ., . . . 468
Anabaptiats burned for her«sy, 1675. 460
Archbishop Orindal siispeAded for favoring preaching and
the education of the clergy 470
Whitgift appointed archbinhop, 1688. — His 'ignonioee and
narrownnlndedneas , . , . 470
Elizabeth determinea '* to root ont Puritanism ". 471
Whitgift introducea a aystem which Burghley says is mod- ;'
elled after the Inquisition in Spain. 471
Wholesale expulsion of Pnritana. , 478
High Commission Court organized. — Its raat powers. .... 474"
The English Inquiaition and ita results „ . 47e
Protesta from Privy Council, Gatbolio and Protestant, una-
vailing .,..'.... 476
Low ^tate of eleigy.— Morality of no account in compari-
son with conformity ^
The Diabop of London will not remove a conforming cler- .
gyma|i'"for the mere fact of adultery" 478
Early Pnritanisiu dying ont nnd^r continued persecution. . 480
'MM :' ... ■ OOHTtm
:-i\. . "y ' jr| ■■■■ ■,•.,.;. . -■- :. ■.
';,■,;.■ OHAPTER Z '•.,;;■'■■'.'■
KNOUBH PURITANISIC '
tnunatct fbom ram nctbbblaicm, um-uh
/ nn
The ioflneoce of the MarUn c»ile» does not eiplaia the re-
ligiooa hiitory of Eogbnd 481
Decline of Paritanigm nmong the upper eiaHea. 4U
Resalts of Etiubetb'f pcrMcntioo i- 484
' How Pnritanwm csm^ to dwell among the middle cfause*
and the poor unexjtbuned by historians. . 489
Earljr emigration from the Netherlands into EogUnd 487
The Lollards fonnd where the Nctherlanden had set-
tled .„ 488
Under the persecutions of PbiMp II. the stream becomes a
mighty rirer. , ^. 488
Number of Netherland refugees in England, and' places
of^their settiemtnt ^ \ ...... 48»
Beginning 6f the industrial history of modem England. . . 490
' The refugees, instruct the English in agricnltnre, manufact-
nres,and commerce .-. . v • • • ^'1
Aid in making -Engbind Protestant and free 4B3
^ Greatest missionary work known To history. — Its peculiar
adrantages 48is
The Netherland settlements the strongholds of English
Puritanism '. 40B'
Influence in devekping a love of cItU liberty 406
The places of their settlement the recruiting ground of
Cromwell's army, and the homes of the settlers of New
England 407
Mure immediate influence on England 500
Contest with Catliolicism as a political power MI
The war in \he Netherlands an object-lesson to England. . 501
Fifty thousand Netherbwd families procUiming the atroci-
ties of Catholic Spain i 808
Effect »n Englatid SOt
ImpreMioDstfle natnie of the English people ............ .(KM
Engliih Toluntecra for the war in the NetberUodi 804
Exhibition of mceatral coange ftOS '
Catholic uprising in Ireland, ISM ,...,...,....,... M7
Ferocity developed by the Irish van MM
■:/
';■*•
i»REPACE
I RATK attempted ih the following pag«s to trace
the origin and development of Puritanism, tlie greatcck
moral and political foroe of modem times, with special
reference ,to its influence on the people and institutions
of the United States, my lines of investigation differing
widely from those which have heretofore be0ta followed
by historians. How the worlc came to be nndertakeh
is, of coarse, in itself a matter of no importance. And -
yet a public, welf-nigh surfeited with hooka aboat the
Puritans and the early settlers' of America, may ra%>n-
ably call upon an author to give, at the outset, some
good reason for asking a further share of its attention
to an old and apparently threadbare subject. To such
a very proper question this preface is intended as an
answer. "
When a law student, more than twenty-flve years ago,
I began collecting material for a h'istory of the jarispm-
dence of Colonial New York. The fleld was compar-
atively unexplored, for, as 1 discovered, most persons
supposed that little was left of the Aid records. Much to
my surprise, I found in various quarters a great wealth
of matter, and after some years began to arrange the
results of my investigations. Then, finding how closely
political and legal questions were intertwined in this
early history, I concluded to enlarge the scope of my
woric, so as to show the growth not only Of the legal
but of the constitutional system of the state. And here
I met a series of surprises, for I encountered at every
turn graces of institutions and ideas, generally supposed
to have been derived from England, or at least to be of
New England origin, but which clearly, so far as con-
cerned New York, were derived from a different quar-
ter. Hera were free schools, the system of redbrding
deeds and mortgages, lands 'held in common by the
towns— all under the otd,Dutch rule; here Che doctrine
was first laid down by a legislative assembly that the
people are the source of political authority ; here were
first established permanent religious freedom, the right
of petition, and the freedom of the press. On the other
hand, here were no executions of witches or Quakers,
and no kidnapping and enslavement of the Indians.
In comparing this record with thafc of New England,
the points of contrast were no less remarkable than thoee
of resemblance, while all the deductions from such a
comparison were opposed to the idea^ inculcated by our
current histories. From their earilest school-days Amer-
icans have been told that this nation is a transplanted
England, and that we must look to the mother-land as
the home of our institutions. But the men who found-
ed New Yoric were not Englishmen ; they were Holland-
ers, Walloons, and Huguenots. The colony was under
Dutch law for half a century ; its population ;wa8 prob-
ably not half EngUsh even at the time of the Revdu-
tion ; and yet here one finds some of the institutions
which gire America ita distincUre ohantoter, while, what
is ^ore remarkable, no trace of many of these same
institutions S&n be ^ond in England. What was their
origin became to nie an interesting question. New
York, which was flrst settled, certainly did liot derive
them from New England, and New England probably
did not derive them (torn New York. Could there have
been a common fountain which fed both these streams,
the debt to which has never been acknowledge<l I Of
coui^ the Notherland Kepublic m'ust have been this
fountain, if one existed ; but to prove its ezistcnoci^^and
the mode in which its influence was exerted on New
England, required an examination far outside the'rec-
ords of New York.
Hence a new set of questions arose before me, relating
to the character and environment of the men who set-
tled America, especially the nigrims who lived spmaiiy
years in Holland, and the Puritans w;ho''fl«c|(ed there in
thousands during the reigns of Elizabeth and the flrst
two Stuarts; what civilization they hod as Englishmen,
what they saw and l^rned among the Dutch, and what
they carried back to England and across the Atlantic.
The importance of the latter questions can be seen at
once. If I was correct in my hypothesis as to the debt
which America owes to Holland— a debt incurred not
only through New York, but also through the Pilgrims
and Puritans of New England, and, as I afterwards dis-
covered, throngb the Quakers of Pennsylvania— then
, our American history would occupy a different position
from that usually accorded to it. Instead of standing
alone as a phenomenon, to be studied by itself, or as a
nvi nurAci
ooDtinution of the record of Englishmen, to be ttodied
on narrow inniUr lin^ it would flU a moch broader
field, reaching book to Continental Europe, linking itaelf
to the old civilization of the Itomans, and'fonning more
distinctly a part of that nabdem hii^>r7 which haa been
aaid to begin with the call of Abraham.
The pressure of professional labors prevented me for
many years from devoting much time directly to tbii
branch of study, but it was largely the occupation ol
my leisure. I was able to make two visits to Uolland,
and moon while a great mass of literature appeared throw-
ing new light upon som6 of these questions. Finally,
about six years ago, a permanent illness gave me an
enforced rest, aiid I concluded to finish my history of
Kew York. After reading over my old manuscript, I
set out to write an extended introduction to the work,
treating of the various settlors of America before they
crossed the Atlantic, their civililsation at home, the
character of the institutions among which they were
developed, and the connection of those institutions
with the historic past. That introduction, as I ex-
tended my investigations, has slowly grown into the-
present book. Its conclusions may seem novel to
some readers; but if true, they will stand despite their
novelty. *
I have chosen as a title " T^ l*uritan in Holland,
Engknd, and America," because the Puritan, who has '
done so much for the modem world, was not the prod-
uct of any one race or country. He was bom out of the
uprising against the abuses of the Church of Rome. He
came to maturity in upholding liberty against the at-
nuABM ziril
HuilU of kingly power. In him wu reprnnnUrt the
principle of relFgioua and civil freedom.* ' V- ' S
* I b»* DMd tba woid "Puritan " ia this book, wbcn applitd to
BngUibiMn (ezcept when olherwjia qualilled), a* it baa Ijcen gtatr-
ally BJcd in liiator;. It cania into tbo language alioat iM4, ihortly
alUr Eliiatwth aaoeoded tlio throne. Fallci'a " Cbnreh Hiatoi;,''
ix. M. Ita atrict meaning changed flrom time to time, being (ome-
llmea leligiooa, with Tarring application*, an4 then again political,
thu* creating a conlbtlon that haa hxl to inanjr hiitorical blunden,
' but ita popular rignlBcatlon haa always been the lauie. See, Tor ei-
ample, ita employment by Shakespeare. Among the people ofEng-
hind at huge the name come flnally.to be applied taiAll those who
were religiooa and moral, and who, either by word or life, proleeted
against the Imligion and immorality of the time. In Baxter's
" Autobiography " we see illustrated the use of tlie word in the leign
of Cbaiies L BaxteVs fkmily were called Pnritaan, although they
were strict Coofurmlsts, or Episcopalian*, because they «cTcr got
drunk and went to chareli reguUrly. The people Judged them
rightly, for Baxter Jbeeame a eliaplairf in Cromwell's army. Religion
an? morality revolted against authority, aa it waa then repreaenltd
by tba Stoarts. Strictly speaking, u will be shown in it* proper
place, the name was oonflned to thoMnCalTtaistie memlierB of the
English Church who sought its reformation ftom within. These
men formed the laige mi^Jority of the settlers of New England.
Those who left the chuieh were called Brownlsts, Separatist*, or
Independents, and fWnn them came the Pilgrim Fathers who settled
Plymouth. The name Puritan, howerer, was not confined to Eng>
land, nor IwTe I given it any such narrow limitation. In 1887, Lord
Bnekhnrsttisited Bollandas the repccaeBUtiTe of Queen Elteabetb.
He reported of the people of the Prorinces that they consisted " of
dlTcrs parte and profsasiona, *a, namely, Protestants, Pnritana, Ana-
bapUata, and Spanlih henrt&" Buckhnrst tS the Queen, May arth,
1S87; Motley's "United. Netherlands," U. IM. Bee alao MotUy's
•* Bamereld,t ii. 1 1», 184, 988.
tiV-- ^
J^.
Si.
gf
rP
The anned contest began in Holland, and lasted then
for eighty yean before it waa transferred to Enj^nd.
In ita early days, nearly a hondred tbotuand Netbe^
landen, driven fibm their homes by penecntion, found
an asylum on British soil. Throughout it was a Puri-
tan warfare. The Earl of Leicester, sent by Elizabeth to
aid the rebellions NetberUnds, was politically in sym-
pathy with th0 English Puritans. The grandfathers
and fathers of the men who fongbt with Cromwell at
Naaeby and Danbar received their military training
under William of Orange and his son, F^noe Maurioe.
Thousands upon thousands of them, during a period of
■orao seventy years, served in the armies of the Dutch
Republic. Many others, driven out of England by Elis-
abeth and her succeHors, settled in Holland, and a still
larger number went there for business purposes, engag-
ing in trade and manufactures, while keeping in close
relationa with their native land. Some of the refugees,
after a residence of years among the Puritans dt the
Netherlands, emigrated to America; others returned to
England, and took up arms under the Long Parliament.*
* Ftiriiu, Eaez, Monk, Warwick, B«dfunl, Bkippon, and mutj
oUieis— in fiict, th« men who orgtnlMd Um FsriUmentaiy aimy— re-
orired^ their miliUiy trsining in the I/ow Coantrie*. "The Fight-
lag Veies," by Clement* Robert Hark ham, p. 4M. The famoua Iron-
■idee of Cromwell were tmiiiod by Colonel Dalbier, a Holhuider, and
the Hune officer did a much more important work by giving Crom-
well hie fint inatnictlon in the military art, teaching him, m Carlyle
■aye, "the mechanical part of eoldicring," Carlyle'e "Cromwell," I.
198 (c<l. Wiley t Pntnam, 184S). The flnt Judge adTooate of the
PwUameat'a arm; wa* sIm « Hollnndor, Dr. Dorialitaa Idem. |>. sai.
ruMWAcn ■ ^ , sitai
Tlie Englisbmen, veiy many thoDsands in nnmber,
who found a temporary home in Holland were the
mott active and entorpriaing of their race. They went
from a monarchy, where the power of the crown over
many questions of Church and State was unlimited, to a
repqblic, where the people for centuries had been accut-
iomed to lelf-cnle. They ^ent from^ land whcre,'from
natural causes, material and intellectual progress had
been much retarded to one which, in almost every d«-
psrtment of human endeavor, was then the instructor
of the world. That they must have learned much, apart
from the art of war, and that they must have communi-
cated much to England, seems apparent at a glance to
any one ^conversant with the situation. And yet we
shall search through English histories in vain for any.
but the slightest allusions to the effects of this foreign
influence.
Important as this subject is to Englishmen who care
for the truth of history, to Americans it is still more
important. In England, after the restoration of the
Stuarts, the influence of the Netherland Bepublio, great
as it was for a time. Seemed to be almost lost. It was
not lost, in fact, any more than are those streoms'^hich
suddenly disappear beneath the surface of the earth,
only to break out in what appear new fountains farther
^ on their course. In America, however, there was noth-
ing to cause even such a temporary disappearance. The
Pilgrims who settled Plymouth had lived twelve yean
in Holland. The Puritans who settled Massachusetts
had all their lives been exposed to a Ketherland inflo-
enoe, and tome of their leaders had also lived in Hoi-
xn nuaACM ^
land. Thomai looker, coming from HoUaM, gave life
to Conneoticut, which hu been well called the typical
American ooramonTrealtb. Roger Williama, who found-
ed Khodo Island, was so much of a Dutch icbolar that
he read Dutch books to the poet Hilton. Peon, who
founded Penniylrania, was half a Dutchman. .New-
York and New Jersey were settled by the Dutch West
India Company. Here^ then, we ndght expect to And
traces of the influence of the great Netberland Repub-
lic even more marked than in the case of Enghknd.
And how have the historians of America dealt with
. this Abject I Here is a country which was s^tled by
men of diverse nationalities. It Jiaa always been coa-
mopolitan. Its institutions differ radically from those
of England. The modes of thought of its people are
not English. The two countries are, in' some respects,
drawing together to-day, but this is simply because Engp-
land is adopting ideas like our own, and coming tow-
ards onr republican institutions. Despite nil these facts,
known to every American, we are continually told that
we are an English people, with English institutions ; arid
all American history has been written upon that theory.
Scarcely an attempt is made to trace out the cause of
the manifest differences between the two countries, by
looking at the institutions and modes of thought of the
other nations which influenced our early settlers, and
contributed so largely to onr population. Our descend-
ants will probably view the result somewhat as we i»-
gard most of the classicA histories of a century ago.
Such is the mode in which American history baa
been written. Why it has been so written is an inte^
nmrtoi ^ uii
Mtiiig qoflition, the aiuver to -which ii, however, rery
■imple.
In tne first place, its nathon have been almoat exda-
, tively EngliBbmen, or descendants of Englishmen, Hviiig
- in New EngUnd. Now the En^ish have never been
wanting in that appreciation of themselves which has'
oharaoterisod all the master races of- the world.** Thia .
trait of eharacter has pkyed no small part in the devel-
opment of their world-wide empire, the education which
has taught them to believe in their natural superiority .
over men of other nations having largely aided to fit ■ .
them for great actions. ^In addition, it has led to their r
recording every achie^vement o^^an Englishman, and
' thus to the completeness of their chronicles, ^nd the
unexampled mass of their lit%ratai$rehiting4o£ngIish« "
men and English actions. ^ * .
But with its advantages there are some corresponding
dis^vantages. One of their briUiapt writers, who has
lived tar yeara npon the Continent, has well said, " The
difficulty with whyeh the EngliA can be brought to
respect the French can bo partly explicable by their
difficulty in rnpeoting foreigners in gieneral, unless they
.* The Tenetian tisvdicr wbo wrote the "RehUon of EDgUnd,"
in 1500, nearly four centariet igo,^njt: "The Englidi ere grest
U»»en of tliemeelTee and of eTerytliihg belonging to Ihem. They
think that tliere an no other men than thenuelref, and no other
wortd but England ; and whenever they aee a handaome foreigner
Ithey wy he loolif like an Englifbman, and it ii a great pity be ihoold
Mt be an EngUibman ; and vheoeTer they partake of any dellcaoy
. Witt a foreigner they aak him whether inch a thing ia made io hii
eoOBtry." Printed by the Camden Sodaty. • . ,
faave.beea dead for a long time, like Homer and Virgil,
or are inveated with a sacred character, like Moms and
Isaiah." * No reader needs to be told that this attitude
ton-aras foreigners is not peculiar to Englishmen, even
among modem nations, although, as exhibited by them,
it may seem at times a triflb emphasized. Still, how-
efVer oondnoiTO to the greatness of a people, and whether
found in Oreece, Rome, France, England, or America, it
does not conduce to the writing of full and accurate his-
tories, which must, of necessity, deal with the affairs of
other nations-t
*Pbilip Qilbert Qamerton, "French and EogUih," Atlmtie
Monthly, July, 1880, p. tSL Lecky apeak* of "tiiat hatred offiw-
•tgnen lo deeply rooted in the Eaglbh mind, and which ho* played
• port that can hardly be exaggerated in Engliah hiatory, " England
in the Eightccnth.Century," Amer. ed., pp. 1-10. See alao opinion of
the One do Bully, in 1803, Hotley'a " United Netherlands iv. IM.
t How foreign hiatory i* generally regarded in England, ercn at
tb« prcaent day, i* well illustrated by the interesting diacuision
which was carried on there during the winter of 1885 and 1888,
OTor the qnestion, ■' What books shall we read t" Sir John Lub-
bock, the eminent natuaUst, opened with a list of one hundred
Ixwks ; otbeia followed, Mil most of the distinguished acholars of
the kingdom had been heard from. The Intention was to select one
hundred works, the knowledge of which would make the best edu-
cation for an Englishman. The range was wide ; the rarious lists
eoTared the poetry, science, philosophy, and general literature of alt '
nations. rHo ftnit could be found with thom on that scoi-e ; Uht it is
Tcry curious to see the way in which history was treated. Classical
liiftoiy— that is, the life and growtti of dead nations— wa* Itally rep-
reaented. The history of Bnglaid also occnpird a large space. But
in all tho lists only three allusions were made to the modem history
of say people except the English. One authority recommended
Here, then, in the fact that American history hai
been written mainly by Englishmen, or by men of Eng- "
lish descent, and entirely from an English standpoint,
we find one natural explanation of its incompleteness —
an incompleteness found in the history of every nation,
when the author is moved more by a patriotic desire to
cast a halo around his ancestors than to arrive at the
exact truth.* Bat, apart from all this, there is som»- -.
thing more important and far-reaching which has affect- '-'■ ' : |;|
ed all the early writers about America who have shaped 'JtS
popular opinion. ,
Comparatively few persons, perhaps, appreciate how
recent a science is that of historical investigation. Less
than a century and a half ago. Sir Robert Walpole, lying
-npon his death-bed, and requesting a friend to read to
him, was asked to select the book. " Anything but his-
tor}'," he answered : " that must be false." The dying
statesman, who for more than twenty years, as Prime
Minister of England, had been making history, knew
Oarljle'i works, which wonld inclnds hit "Frederick th« Great "
and "French BcTolution ;" and the,.head maiter at Eton recom-
mended Thien'i ** Coniulate and Empire." See the Ibis, Wataifo-
iltr Snttu, Jotr, 1880, p. W, " What and How to Read."
* EngUth writen are keen enongh in the appreciation of this (ail-
ing in their American eooiini. Sir Henry Maine, in hia lait woric,
•peaka of " the naniaoDi grandiloquence of the American panegyr-
ical hiitorian," "Popular Oorenimcnt," p. 8S3. .Dojle, in comment-
ing on the writing* of the early New England aettlen, nja: " We
an reading not a hietory, but a bagiology."— " The Engliah in Amei^
"iea. The Puritans," by J. A. Doyle (the Longmans, Green, ft Co.,
1887), i. 4.
0
Iftf
, full well wheraof he spoke. Hii crHiciim waa toine-
what novel then, bat the period since its utterance hat
, made the sneer a ntaxim. In his time, to the common
ifaind all history waa alike: the legends of Livy and the
personal observations of Tacitus, the gossip of Suetonius
and Caesar's story of his own campaigns, all were equally
true and equally sacred. To question them was well-nigh
heresy. But to-day is the age of the iconoclasts. Under
their blows oar old idols are crnmbling to powder. They
dig up the musty records from which history has been
made; thej search into the lives of the historians to find
oat what were their sooroes of iaformation, and they sedc
farther to find out why they wrote. True science is ex-
act, for it is founded on biws which are immutable ; true
poetry is immortal, for its breath is inspiration ; but his-
tory is like the work of the photographer, i# depends for
its accuracy npon the material, the workman, the focas,
and the atmosphere. No wonder if the schokr riaea
from his task to say with Walpole, as to much of it, that
"it must be false."
It was Voltaire, as Buckle haa pointed out, who fiM
brought secular history to the bar of human reason.
By attacking the <early fables of Qreece and Rome he
laid open the broad domains of the post to the fenrless
seekers after truth. What they have done as to the
olaasics is known to every schoolboy. We hare seen a
boat of great scholars, led by the aadaoioas Niebohr,
reconstructing Roman history; we have seen another
army sifting the grains of troth from the fairy tales of the
Oreek historians; while, almost to.day, an indefatigable
explorer exhumes the walls of ancient Troy, and shows
to the worid thtt Homer was no writer of mere ro-
mance.
But it IS not ancient history abne that our acholam '
are rearranging. Everywhere, in almost ererjr land,
they are delring among the records, getting at the truth
of modem history. It is not easy to realize how diffi-
cult this task has been until a recent date. Every one
has heard of the French chronicler who was charged
with treason by Richelieu for having in his works told
some distasteful truths about a king who, for two
centuries, had slumbered in his grave. That, we say,
was long ago. So were the actions of Louis %IY., who
withdrew a pension from one historian for some imper-
tinent remarks about taxation, kept F6nQlon inv banish-
ment for a supposed criticism of his reign in the romance
of " Telemachus," and threw another author into the
Bastile for innocently revealing a state secret in a pan-
egyric of himself. This was the custom of the age.
Histories written under such auspices would hardly be
entitled to much credit.*
But when this danger passed away, and in the last
century historians could, in some lands, venture to tell
the truth, the question arose, how the truth could be
obtained. History, says Carlyle, is "ever more or less
the written epitomised synopsis of rumor." It will, of
* RilUm Tuy wliely remarka that tha InTontion of printing waa
•t fltat detrimental to hiatorical accntaey. When men wrote booiu
ooly for the uae of themielTM, their frienda, or a limited circle of
fMder«, thej ooold tell what thej onderatood to be the tnitb. When
booka cam* to be printed for general circulation, they ooald in mo«l
eontrica tdl onl; wbat was agiMsble to tbs •atlMwittM.
jcy
m<,:
^.
ooune, ai to many public events, be limply rumor run
mad, unless corrected by official records, diplomatic
oorresponaence, and other state papers which, until
jvery recently, were regarded in all countries aa the
property of the monarch, and for reasons of state de-
nied to the historian.* One can imagine the position of
a writer who sat down to oompoao a work upon his own
or any other country when such material was erery-
whefe kept a secret.
The French Revolution, and the ideas which followed
in its train, fijst developed the modem theory that offi-
cial documents are for the public good, and that aa to
past events the public will be best served by being told
^e truth. How much has been brought to light since
the archives of some of the old monarchies have been
unlocked is a familiar story even to those acquainted
only with the works of our own Prescott and Motley,
who led the van in this department of investigation.
But while France, Spain, Holland, and other countries
hare been aiding the historian, conservative England
has been one of the last powers in Enrope to open its
records to the public, and even now has not done so
fully. How this has affected American history can be
readily understood.
In 1841, John Romeyn Brodhead was •mt to So*
* Th(* tbwrjr rad pnctioe tUn prsrail iX Room. Tha popa has
klwsja been the depraiUrr of rilaabia itate Morata. It I* well knowa
thtt in the archive* of the Vattcan repoae docooMttta which woald
aotre many biitorioa] problem* of gnat Intereit. If the; an arer
thrown open to axamiution, Boolcioai potota in tdMory wUl doabt-
Icaa iMTa to Iw laviiad.
rope by the State of New York to procnre oopiea of
doomnenta relating to its colonial hiatory, from the
pablio offices of England, Fnnoe, and Holland. He
wont as an accredited agent from a friendly power, sup-
ported by all the inflnenco of the general government.
It was known that the State Paper Office of England
contained a mass of correspondence of the royal gov-
ernors, minutes of the Board of Trade, and other doca- ,-
ments which would throw much light on early Ameri-
can affairs. In Holland were supposed to be valuable
papers relating to the Dutch period, and in France
others connected with Canadian relations. Such proved
to be the case, and in each of the latter ooantries the
New York agent was treated with the greatest courtesy.
He was allowed to examine all the colonial records, was
aided in every manner, and furnished with copies of
snoh documents as he selected. \
In England he met with a very different reception.
Lord Palmerston replied to his application to look over
the colonial records by saying^ that if he would desig-
nate the particular ^per which he wished to see, it .
would be officially examined, and then, if there were
no objection, he could obtain a copy at the customary
rates. As Mv. Brodhead knew nothing of the doca> ,
ments, and wished to look them over to find out which '
were valuable, this proposition of the noble Secretary •
was a virtual denial of his request. Thos matters stood
for about a year, when a new Liberal ministry came into
power. Under its reguUtions he was at length pe^
mitted to examine the original records, and was tar-
niahed with copies of such as he selected, althongfa
uxtU! ravAci
unoyed by petty haraasing rartrictiona, and chaiged
exorbitant fees. There the theory still existed that
inch papers formed part of the inonaroh'a private li-
brary, aooeaa to which could be obtained only throogh
royal favor.*
Lest tome nncharitable reader might anppose that
this vaa exceptional treatment, extended to an Ameri-
can by hia English cousins on account of their near re-
lationship, let me cite another example. In 1844, C. M.
Davies, an Englishwoman, published the last volume of
a valuable history of IlolUnd. In preparing her work
she desired to consult the correspondence of the Eng-
lish ambassador at The Hague, from 17S0 to 1780.
Tbia correspondence waa kept in the aauie office with
the papera relating to American affaira. The Engliab-
w'oroan, leas fortunate than the American, was not al-
lowed to see the papera at all, and was compelled to
send her book to ptesa without their aid.t
The miaaion of Mr. Brodhead to Europe aooom-
pliahed a great reanlt. He brought back with him a
large collection of documents relating to American hia-
tory, many of which never before bad aeen the light.
Thoae is French and Dutch were tranalated, and in
18S6 the whole were publiahed by the State in ten large
volumea, entitled " Documents Belating to the Colonial
Hiatory of New York." So far as public events are
concerned, these are not nimora, but true material for
• Bm nport of Mr. Brodhcad, oDocoiMaU Itolatiag to ths.
Colonial mtmj of New York," voL L ''
t OoTlti'i " UolbuHl," Hi. a07.
raoAOB xxxis
history. Their importance can be appreciated when we
think of the material used by moet historians before
they were given to the world. In ISSS.JaanesQrahame,
a Scotchman, published his "History of the United
States," a pioneer work in Great Britain, and one which
has been looked npon with considerable favor in New
EngUuid. The author tells in the Preface how his vol-
nmes were compiled. lie evidently never visited Amer-
ica, and never consulted an original document of any
kind. He borrowed entirely from other books, mostly
those published in Now'England ; and even for them he
had to go to Gottingen, in Germany, on account of the
deficiencies of the British libraries.*
When Grahame wrote bis book, very few persons in
England or America knew or cared anything about
foreign nations or their history. Daries's volumes on
Holland hod not appeared, and those of Motley were
not yet thought of by their author. In France the
documents were just coming to light which, within the
past few years, have caused French early history |o be
rewritten, showing the character of the Huguenots who '
formed so large an element of our American popula-
tion.t It was at this same period that Bancroft wrote
his first three vcdumes, which deal with our colonial
history down to 1748.^ Composed under such condi-
• Bee PretKe, « Gnhame'i Hbtor; of tbe Caited BUtet," vol. i.
t See Beinl'i " Riie of the Hagaenoto ia rruce," toL i. Int p. S.
t Onhame'i work wee pablUb«1 in IBM; ButenKt,yol 1 18M;
vol. ii. ISST ; vol. tii. 1840. Theee eloeed the eeri; period. Dsviee'e
" BolUnd," Tol. L, eppeared in 1841, tin •• Kew York Colonial I>oc»
tioaa, and from mioh material, one need not wonder at
the character of onr early American hittoriet. Written
only from an English standpoint, that of neglect of
everything not Anglo-Saxon in its origin, they would
natarally be incomplete ; bat when we add the farther
tact that eren the English material was largely ina(s
oeasible to the liiitorian, nothing in the rmoH will cause
surprise.
In the half-oentary which has elapsed since the pub-
lication of Bancroft's third volume, bringing American
history dowa to 1748, great advances have been made
in the science of historical investigation. In addition,
numberless documents have been discovered, apart from
those relating to New York, which illuminate the whole
period of the settlement of America and the making of
the repablic. Motley, Fronde, Ranke, Uaason, Gardi-
ner, and a host of others have not only thrown much
new light on the condition of England in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, bat they have shown in
various ways the close relations which existed betweei^
the English Puritans and their republican brethren in
the Netherlands — relations which were little thought
of fifty years ago. It would seem to be impossible for
an unprejudiced reader even to glance over this mod-
em historical literature without at leut surmising that
mentt" aad Hotler'i "Dutch Repablie" in 1886. Bucroft nwd
■uiy docnnwali which h« obtsined for hiaiilf in Kanpc, bat it
Mver n«n«l to lutve oocumd to him that lh« Nctharlaiid K«pab-
lie migk'. havt eitrdMd wi InSncBc* on th* iiif ««tll«ri of New
Koglend. '. -r-"
Americ% which diffen so widely from the mother conn*
iry, might show ratiomil and historical reasons for being
different. And yet, with floods of light pouring in from
every qaarter, and while scholars are rewriting the hi» -
tory of almost every country on the globe, so powerful ■ -<(^^.
has been the current of popular opinioii that the story
of early Colonial America, in this particular, stands to- '
day substantially where Bancroft left it fifty years ago. v.
The attempt is still made by the greet majority of . '.'C
writers to trace everything American to an English ' ?I
source; and when that search proves fruitless, resort is ' --'^
had to the inventive geniim of the inspired first settlers, ;4
wd to that alone. . / V^^j
But, as I have already suggested, it is not American
history alone which has Buffered from ignoring the ex-
istence of the Netherland Republic, and its influence >;^
npon the modem world. : '/'f
Carlyle, in his Introduction to the " Letters and Speech- , £i|
W of Cromwell," says : " One wishes there were a History '^%
of English Puritanism, the last of all our Heroisms; but %
•eea small prospect of such a thing at present. Few , :|l'
nobler Horoitrihs, at bottom perhaps no nobler Heroism
ever transacted itsdf on this Earth ; and it lies as good . '
•a lost to us; overwhelmed ntider such an avalanche of
Human Stupidities as no Heroism before ever did. In-
trinsically and extnnsically it may be considered inao-
oessible to these generations. Intrinsically, the spiritual
purport of it has become inconceivable, incredible to th« > •-.
modem mind. Extrinsically, the documents and records
of it, scattered waste as a shoreless chaoc, are not legi-
ble. .. . The RushwoHbs, Whitlockes, Nabons, Thu<. . :
Kmb; enormoiu folioa, then and many othen have been
printed, and aome of them again printed, bat never yet
edited — edited as yon edit wagon-loada of broken briokf
and dry mortar, simply by tumbling np the wagon."
Many peraona besidea Cariyle have probably wished
for a history of English Puritanism. But this Iletoisro,
like that of the making of the United States, will re-
main unexplained and nnintelirgible just so long as it'ia
looked upon as a mere chapter of English history, and not
as an oatoome or continuation of that great Continental
movement, intellectual and spiritual, which, in the six-
teenth century, revolutionized the .world. Neither can .
be understood, unless we recognize the true intellectaal,
moral, and religious condition of the English people, out
of which their Puritanism, with all its faults and virtue*,
waa evolved, and appreciate the influence which moit
have been exerted upon such a people by the close prox-
imity of a republic the leader of the worid by at least
a century in agriculture, commeroe, and manufactures,
and by more than two centuries in all ideas relating to -
civil and religious liberty.
To the American this appreciation shonld not be a
task of difficulty if he enters upon the subject with a
mind free of prejudice. He has seen how, in his own
time, the existence of the American Republic has affect-
ed the people of Central and South America, and how
its influence has been exerted even aoross the ocean
upon the nations of Continental Europe. ITe, therefore,
of all others, should be capable of undemanding how
the Dutch Republic must have affectelr those heroio
men in England and America who^in tbeir newly
rurAoa xliii
awakened intelleotaal life, irere trying to break the
abackles of civil and religions tyranny.
Writing the history of English l^uritanism withont
any allusion to this influence is much like writing the
early history of En^nd without referring to the idea*
brought in by the Norman conquerors, or a history of
the Renaissance in Italy without mentioning the influ-
ence of the classic authors of Greece. But in the case
of America and its Puritans even these comparisons are
inadequate. Another illustration will, perhaps, be more
apposite.
Let the reader imagine that Japan, instead of send-
ing a few score of students to the United States, had
sent over many thousand families, and had kept five
or six thousand soldiers in our army for some forty
years; and that during the same period a hundred
thousand Americans had settled in Japan itself. Im-
agine, further, that at the end of theiforty years a num-
ber of the Japanese settlers in America had started out
to found a colony in some newly discovered land, and
that there had been added to their ranks a large num-
ber of Americans and some twenty thousand other
Japanese, some of whom had lived in America, and
most of the others going from sections in which Amer-
icans had been living for many years. These colonists
found a mighty state, whose people spenk Japanese, but
have almost no Japanese institutions, having established
a republic, and copied their institutions mainly from
the United States. The writer who after two centuries
■honld sit down to compose a history of this new re-
paUio, and, omitting all reference to the United Statoii
xVf
PMTACB
credit these mttlen with the invention of their nn<
Japanese institationa, would be simply following the
example of the English, and inoat of the American,
authors who have Mrritten of America and her institu-
tions.
The foregoing suggestions as to the influence of Hol-
land upon England and America may appear strange to
persons who have been accustomed to regard the Hol-
landers as "stapid Dutchmen." Washington Irving
burlesqued those who settled New Yoric in a book
which, although written in his boyish days, and in later
years admitte<l by him to be a "coarse ciiricature," * fit-
ted in with the English prejudice, and in some quarters
has almost become accepted history. He depicted them
as besotted with beer and narcotized by tobacco, ill-
mannered, clownish, and objects only of ridicule. Many
persons know nothing of them except from this travesty.
What a contrast is presented by the facts ! f
- * ''UronfIrTing,"byb<tNe|>lM«,i.l88.
t In I8S8, Colonel FnmcU hoytUee wrots fttno Hew Tork, ia •
prirste letter to King Clurlet II.: "I find (ome of tbcM people
hiTO the breeding of courta, and I ennnot conceire how nich ia ee-
qnired." Lnmb'i •' Hittory of the City of New Tork," i. 943. ThU
letter wu written abnrtly after the proTince had pcawd ftom the
dominion of the Dnteh Weat India Company, which had been ita
ownen for half a century. The writer waa an Engliahman, the ofll-
eisl reprcaentatiTo of the Dnke of Tork, the new proprietor. He bad
aailad up the Hudaon to Kaopna and Albany, remaining there a
week ; bad explored Long lahtad ; bad been ftted in the inCant eapl-
lal; everywhere had aeen the leading bmiliea; and after tbia exami-
nation wrote bia letter to the king. Ha eridently had met diffennt
ipaople ftom thoao bred In the fertile imagination of Irving.
ntTACU ilr
Hotley, the historian of the Netherianden, hinuelf a
Nev-Englander, laya that they were "the most ener-
getic and quiolc-witted people of the world." Ouiooiar-
dini, an Italian, who lived among them for forty years,
■aid, in 1563, of their inventive faculty : " They have a
special and happy talent for the ready invention of all
sorts of machines, ingenious and suitable for facilitating,
shortening, and despatching everything they do, even in
the matter of cooking." Here is the Yanlcoe of Europe.
Taine, a Frenchman, fully acquainted with English in-
stitntions, says : " At this moment, ICUO, Holland, on the
sea and in the world, is what England was in the time
of Napoleon. * * * Internally their government is as good-
aa their external position is exalted. For the first time
in the world, conscience is free and the rights of the
oitiwns are respected. * * * In culture and instruction, as
well as in the arts of oi^nization and government, the
Dutch are two centuries ahead of the rest of Europe."*
It must now be remembered by the reader that when
America was settled the Netherland Republic was »
great power in Europe, with a population about as lai;ge
as that of England, and one incomparably wealthier.
When all this was untbonght of, and when original
documents were inaccessible, historians were hardly
blameworthy who ignored the influence of Holland
upon En^nd and America. But now no such excuse
exists. To history the words ot Joubert are particularly
applicable : " Ignorance, which in matters of morals ex-
y--
* xArt la tbt NtttMrUnd*," DuiumI'i tnaiUtioa, pp IM, IM^
tenoatea the crime, is itself in matten of literataie a
crime of the first order." Of this there can be no ques-
tion when a writer has the material for obtaining a
knowledge of the truth. Of coone, if he has the
knowledge and conceals it, he is outside the literary
pale.
So much for the Dutch Puritans, and for the mode in
which the historians of England and America have deiUt
with them. But their New England brethren have, in
some respects, been equally unfortunate ; not that they
have been overlooked, but by some persons wofully mis-
understood, if not wilfully migrepreeented.
A leading literary journal of England, not many yean
■go, contained the following estimate of their character :
" The savage brutality of the American Puritans, truth-
fully told, would afford one of the most significant and
profitable lessons that history oould teach. Champions
of liberty, but merciless and unprincipled tyrants ; fugi-
tives from persecution, but the most semieless and reck-
less of persecutors; claimants of an enlightenetd religion,
but the last upholders of the cruel and ignorant creed of
the witch doctors ; whining over the ferocity of the In-
dian, yet outdoing that ferocity a hundredfold ; com-
plaining of his treachery, yet, as their descendants .have
been to this day, treacherous, with a deliberate indilTer-
ence to plighted faith such as the Indians have seldom
shown— the ancestors of the heroes of the Revolutionary
and of the Civil War might be held up aa examples of
the power of a Calvinistic religion and a bigoted repub-
licanism to dem(»«liie fair average specimens of a raoe
which, under better infloenoea, has sfiown itself the least
orael, leut tretoheroas, least tyrennioal of the master
races of the world." •
This is a strong indictment drawn by oar British
oonsins, whose opiniofs some of us are accustomed to
hold in high respect when other people feel' their hish.
Bat whatever its source, it, without question, only
dightly exaggerates the estimate of the New Eng^md
Puritans held by a large number of persons, both in
Europe and in the United States. Whether this esti-
mate is correct or not is a qoestion forced on every one
who cares for the troth of histoiry; and from some
points of view the qoestion is t»day of practical im-
portance.
One mode of meeting such charges is to deny, con-
ceal, or gloss over the facts. How this is done can be
seen by consulting some of the histories of Heyf Eng-
land, where many of the acts of intolerance and cruelty
of the «^>ly Puritans are concealed, and others are soft-
ened dovm to a few trifling peccadillos.t Of course,
when Uie writer of sach books is confronted with the
records, he has no refnge except in silence. This will
not answer. We cannot, by dosing onr eyes, seal the
records to the world. The story which they tell is very
dark, especially as to the Qoakers and the Indians. It
ia almost pitiable to see the attempt at its emasculation
by writers who, while trying to praise, seem to fed .
* TlM gatUTdof Sttittt, Jan. SMh, 1881.
t All the liintode* m no'; bowerer, of thii chuvcter. That at
Bildreth' it s Doteble e(e(f>tion, but it ia little read. So, tko, is
"The KmsBcipatioa of lIwHid>aMttt,''lqr Brooks Adam.
IWM FMFACl
ashamed of their anoeitora. I have sometimef tried to
imagine to myself the effect prodaced among their de-
scendants if these same ancestors could for a brief time
return to earth, and be invested with their old authori-
ty. -Think of them reading our histories, or at a New
Eng^nd dinner listening to speeches which ascribe to
them the virtues which they abhorred, at a sacrifice of
those which they held in special honor. Kude and un-
civilized enough they were in many things, but they
trained up their children to tell the truth and respect
their parents.
Such a mode of deaTing with the question is not good
for the living, nor just to the dead. The truth is al-
ways best. In this case it will vindicate Puritanism if
the whole of it is told.
The essence of the charge made by the Saturday Re-
vt«to— and this pnbUbation, always unfriendly to every-
thing American, is quoted simply because it is the rep
resentative of a large class of critics — ^is that Puritanism
was responsible for the actions of some of the New £ng^
land settlers ; that is to say, they were intolerant and
sometimes cruel, because they were Calvinists in religion
and republicans in politics. But investigation will show
that in this, the vital, the enduring question of the cod-
troversy, the facts of history do not bear out the cbaige.
In support of this position, there are two entirely distinct
lines of ailment, each of itself conclusive.
The first deals with tbe Pnritans of Holland. They
were, like their New England brethren, Calvinists and
republicans. They sealed their devotion to the faith hj
oanying throogh a wsr unparalleled in the history of
>■..-
'Aca ' " ' sttg'
artoB, and foanding a repnblio irhich endured for over
two oentariea. No one who knows their history can
qneation their zeal aa Calvin iata or their love of liberty
«a men^; but neither at home nor in Ameriqa do we
find them, with their long training in ■elf-goremnient,
exhibiting the traits of oharaoter which are chai)^ to
Puritanism in New England. This alone ought to set-
tle the question forever. It shows that, whatever else
may have been the cause, the faults of oar New ling-
land ancestors are not chargeable to their theological
tenets or their lovo for republican institutions.
The second line of argument is broader in its scope.
Admitting all that can be said in truth about the New
Enj^nd Puritans, yet it can be shown from the rec-
ords of England that their actions were simply those
of the Anglo-Saxon race ; that, on the whole, its Ame^
ksan repreaontativee were far in advance of the men
who remained at home, and much earlier freed them-
•elvea from superstition an(l intolerance. In other
words, that it was not the Puritan, but the Englishman,
who perpetrated the ofTencea against humanity which
want of knowledge charges to popular government and
a Cdvinistio faith.
Panics to the progress made in historical investiga-
tkHi during the post quarter of a century, the proofs for
the establishment of this position are overwhelmingly
abnndant They will not be foand in 'the ordinary
school histories, nor collected in any English book. Still
the records are there, and they are supplemented by the
obaervationa of keen-eyed foreigners from all quait^
who^ notea and comments have been brought to li|^t
D
■1 PUTMB ■
in the laat few yean. In the general rewrHiag of Eu-
ropean history, now in progress, founded n^ only on
new material, bnt on new modes of investigation, some
ohaptan in that of England will have to be revised, at
laut for the American reader. Enough, however, has
been already 3one to dispose of the illusion of the
"good old times" when the Pnritwt came into exist-
ence. Tke brilliant fictions woven by the poet and the
novriist about the Elizabethan ago may make the next
>, period of stem reality, in which the Puritan came into
f authority, seem harsh and forbidding ; but when the
light of truth is turned npon those eariy days, and we
see thein as they appeared to men living at that time,
. Mre shall begin to understand what the modern worid
l^c owea to English Puritanism, with all ita excesses and
shortcomings.
It is in this mode of treatment, not by concealing
their faults, but by telling the whole truth, and compar-
, ing them with their countrymen at home, who had not
even the excuse of their intense convictions, that we
should seek the vindication of the New England Puri-
tans. Were they alive, they would approve of this
coune themselves. They asked for no false reputations
when on earth. They were great enough, and have
dme enough for humanity, to stand forth and, like
Cromwell* be painted without the concealment of a de-
fect or the exaggeration of a virtue. In some direc-
tions they had not travelled very far. They had but
faint ideas of civil or religious liberty, as we understand
them after two centuries and a half of substantial self-
government, or even as they were understood among
nvAca :lt
the repoblicftntof Hdland, who had long beforo started
on the journey. But we should remember that men
most first get liberty for themselves beforo they think
of it for others. The homeless man has little scope for
hospitality. Broad conceptions of liberty come very
slowly to maturity. These settlers sprang from a race
which for generAtions had lived under the despotism oi :
the Tadois and the Stuarts. Their first idea was to
bnild a home for their own shelter, and to secure th« '
rights whose value they had only begun to realise.
While this woric was going on there would naturally,
save in rare and exceptional natures, be but little
thought of others; but when self -protection was as-
sured, when his own home was finished, the Puritan
never sat down to selfish ease, regardless of the hun- :
gry and the houseless.
This work I have intended mainly as an introduction
to American history, although it may also serve in
some measure as an introduction to modem English
history, in which Puritanism has played a leading put
My principal design has been to show the nature of the
influences which shaped the character of the people of
Uollandand England when the early settlers of Amer-
, ica left their homes, to trace the origin of the ideas and
institutions which these settlers brought with them
aoRMS the ocean, and to explain the mode in which
they have worked into our. present constitutional sys-
tem.
In following out this scheme, an introductory chapter
points out the present differences Itetwcen England and
the United States— differences of the most mariced cbar>
m ■ mrAci
aoter, extending to a wide range of lubjeota of great im-
portance. Tbe Bnbieqiient chapters relate to the history
of Holland and England, their comparative civilization
when Am<irica was settled, the institutions which each
country had developed, the growth of their Poritanism,
and the inflaence exerted uiK>n England and America
by the Dutch Bepublio. In the chapters relating to
England av attempt is also made, vi^hile tracing the de-
velopment o( Puritanism in that country, to show the
origin of its peculiarities which have excited so much ad-
verse criticism. These peculiarities are shown, in the
U^t of modem research, to be due simply to the con-
ditions umler which it was developed among the Eng-
lish people. In the discussion of this subject, as I can
foresee, the inherited illusions of some of ny readers
may be unpleasantly disturbed^ although it is difficult
for me personally to understand a reluctance to know,
ing the truth about one's ancestors. This perhaps arises
from the fact that, while some of mine were among the
Pilgrim Fathers, others came from a race the recent
Mvagery of which is admitted with perfect fnuikneas by
all English writers. But New-Eni^nders, like Scotch-
men, and like their English brethren, nuy take such
pride in what their countrymen have accomplished since
the days of the Stuarts that they can afford to do away
with fiction. Knowing the truth, one can judge whether
the world has retr(^;raded or advanced with the develop-
ment of liberal institutions, and perhaps can disw Kume
useful lessons for t^ future.
It does not fall within the scope of the present work
to follow the settlers of America into their new home,
\
" ITBVACB "•
except M far u to dcecribe some of their leading insti*
tationi, and to ihoTr how the maoh-oriticiaed treatment
of the Baptists, the Quakers, and the witches by the
Puritans of New England compared with that to which
the same classes were snbjected in the mother conntry.
Hereafter, if the patience of the pnblic be not exhausted,
I may attempt to show what was accomplished directly
for America by the men from republican Holland who
settled the colony of New York.
In now closing this somewhat extended preface, a hit ,
words most be added in acknowledgment of the assist-
ance which has been rendered me by others.
In the flrst i4aoe,to my many friends of the Century
Club of New York, where a considerable part of my
investigations have been carried on, my thanks are due
for suggestions, references to books, and information on
special subjects, which have all been of the greatest
value. Apart from these general oontribntions, I am in
this country chiefly indebted to the Rev. Dr. Charles A.
Briggs,of the Union Theological Seminary, New York;
Prof. C. C. Langdell, of the Harvard Law School ; Prof.
A. M. Wheeler, of Yale College; Mr. and Mrs. William
C. Brownell, of New Y'ork — all of whom have read
parts of my manuscript — and to the Bev. Henrjr
IT. Swinnnrton, of Cherry Valley, who has read the
whole; the latter four making many valuable sugges-
tions. None of these schc^rs are responsible for the
defects of my book or for Any of my conclusions ; but
for their scholarly offices so generously extended I de-
sire to express my grateful acknowledgments.
In another quarter my obligations are of a different
ItT
PMVACS
character. Since iUneaa hat interrupted my perwnal
investigations in Holland, I have been compelled to do
this work from acrosa an ocean, relying entirety on
foreign aid. This, however, haa been so lavishly extend-
ed that probably I should have accomplished nothing
more, perhaps even lel^ in attempting to oarty on my
farther reaearekea in jteraon, nnleaa I bad settled down
in the country for a reaidenoe of yean. For this lAA
my thanka are in the first place doe to my old daaa-
mate of thirty-one years ago at Union College, the
Hon. Samnel B. Thayer, now the United States Minister
at The Hague. Not only have he and hia efficient private
secretaries famished me with copies of many valaaMe
documents from the archives of the Netherlands which
I felt confident existed there, and which never before
had been given to the American public, bat he hns en-
listed in my behalf some of the moat distingnished
■cholam of the oountiy. '-
These scholars, who have a mieroacopio acquaintance
with the history of their own land which every student
may well envy, have rendered me invaloable aasistonoe
in the solution of problems connected with their ancient
republican institutions, aome of which have disappeared
in modem days. How macb I am indebted to them
only the historical investigator' con appreciate who
knows what it is to hunt for daya or weeks through
musty records or worm-eaten volumes often for a single
fact. The kindness extended to me has not been ex-
ceptional, for the soholan of tbe Netherlands ore world-
famous for the liberality with which they impart their
knowledge— a liberality of which evoy American who
mrACB h
liaa erer apidied to tbem ha* had ample proof. Still, I
appreciate it none the leas. When I owe a debt to ao
many, it may perhaps seem invidioas to make any dis-
tinction ; yet it is bat fair to say that my chief aoknowl- . ,' ';v^
edgments are due to the late Dr. M. F. A. G. Campbell,
librarian of the Iloyal Library at The ilagne; Dr. P.
t. Blok, Proleaw>r of History at the UniTuaity of>On>n-
iagen; and Dr. F. O. Slothouwer, Profe«or of History
at the Latin School of Leeawanlen, in Friealand.
NOTE TO SECOND EDif ION.
A new edition of this work having been called for,
the anthor has made a few small changes in the original
text, which have been kindly snggested by Mr. Jnstin
Winsor, Librarian of Harrard University ; Mr.^Andrew
S. Draper, late Superintendent of Pnblio Instruction
in New York ; Mr. S. R. Van Campen, an American
scholar, resident in Loadon, engaged in Dutch researches ;
and Mr. Burton N. Harrison, of New York.
CaBBBT.VAixar, M. Y., Atfut, 18M.
•V-!-
NOTE TO TmRD EDITION.
For this edition I hnve made a few slight changes,
most of which hare been suggested by kindly critics
in this country and in Europe, to all of whom I desire
to express ray thanks. The corrections are mainly of
a slight order, not affecting the general argument of
the book.
Cbbibt VAUtT, N. T., X)lw. 7(A, IBM.
\
^
? THE PUEITAN
HOLLAND, ENGLAND, AND AMERICA
INTRODtTcnON'
THS PIOPLB AND llIBTrTUTIONS dt TUK URnSD STATU
lion AmorioMi Aothon, and «U Engliihmen who hav* '
written of America, let oat with the theorv that the-
people of the Unitad Btatea are an English raoe^ and
that their institutions, when not original, are derired . '*>
from England. These assumptions underlie all Ameri-
oan histories, and they have oome to be so generally
accepted that to qoe^ion them seems almost to savor
of temerity. Perhaps, howevei^, the temerity is only
in the seeming. Hans Christian Andersen, in one of '
his charming tales, describes a royal court all of whose ij^
members believed that the emperor was arrayed in price-
kas garments from a magic loom, until he showed him-
adf unclothed in the public street, and a little urchin
Uabbed the truth. Then every one perceived that the
magic garments had no existence except in their imag-
inatioBs. And so, when men and nations reach t^^ ; :
stage in their development where they use their own
eyes instead of echoing the thoughts <^ others, popular
delusions often vanish before a breath.
I.— 1- ■ ■'■ ■:■
/f
■ TO roBTM n weuum, wmLtMB^ MMO unnu
In hisUwy thii prooew i* npicUy going on. The dis-
eofwtj of new facto from ywr to jmt ihatton the idols
of oentiiriea, rehabilitates injured reputationa, and throws
light on disputed or obaoure queations; bat, what is of
greater importance, the people of thia generation are
getting out of leading-stringa, are seeing with their own
•yea, and thinking for themsekes. Thus sabjeoting eron
old facta to an original examination, regardless of prej-
ndice and untrammelled by convention, the history of all
countries is assuming a new form. " Brains," says Ma-
ohiavelli, " are of three generations— those that under-
stand for themselves, those that understand when another
■hows them, and thoae that understand neither of them-
sslTes nor by the showing of another." The last, of
course, are always hopeless, but the first class is rapidly
increasing. To its membets the history of America
looked at only as an offshoot from England must al>
ways seem incomplete and full of contradictions. To
noonoile these apparent ooatradiotions, fill oat the reo-
ord, and show the growth of the republic as a consistent
whole, two facts should be given their proper place— that
the population of America has always been hugely ooa-
mopotitan, and that its institutions have been gathered
from many quarters of the globe.
Of ootttse, if these jwopoaitions are correct, we mvtt
change the point of view to which we have been acow-
tomed in the study of our early history. If it is true
that our people and institutbns come largdy from other
lands than England, it is important to see how these
foreign noes developed in their homes, and of still greater
moment to learn the history, diaraoter, and workings ot
the institutions which are un-English in their origin.
This is the only philosophic mode of treating ' history,
aAd it is the only way in which it can be made of value.
i.
war uauoAn au noAiDiD »§ a» irouh mwa »
To b«gin with the lettlMnent of Junaitoirii, or the land-
ing of the Majf/lotoer, i* well enough if America it simply
England transplanted aorow the sea. But if America is
mnch more than a transpUnted England, the case is very
diiferent Then the neglect of the other nations which
haVe oontribnted to its population and institutions leads
to a remit like that of writing a biography without
referring to the subject's ancestors or describing his
youth and education.
How the idea that the Americans are purely an Eng-
lish race has been developed is apparent at a gUnoe,
Englishmen, when in good humor, or "afraid we may
do them a mischief," as Lowell says,* call us their kin
across sea, American ooosins, or children of the mother
country, although always expressing surprise that the
offspring bears so little resemblance to its fond parentf
On the other hand, Americans have done their part.
Until a recent date, many of our writers seemed to think
that England held the only stamp for literary as well
as social reputation ; and perhaps even now society has
not a monopoly of the class whose members feel flat^
tered at being mistaken for second-rate Englishmen.
The mass of the people, however, have no Ihdi feeling.
Independence has come, or at least is speedily coming,
in thought asi well as in political relations. This the
future historian will notice as one of the most important
results flowing from the great civil war, which first gave
Americans assurance of the strength of the republic.
Looking back, after the Iqise of centuries, we see the
• " AmoBg Uj Book!,'' p. «W.
t " Thfl American PhilbtiDe. howarar, U oertainly ta man dlfferast
ftoB U* Caglteh btotben than I had bafoi* ■appoMd."— XaUhew Ar-
■a)d,aftarliiilntTWttoAia«iics. IfiimtiM Ontttrg.TOt^tMt.
^
"0
Tu rvaajcK tx mauMn, wmuMa, urn aukia
•ffeota prodnoed upon Greece by the defeat of the Per
*i$n invadera, npon EngUuid by the uuiil^UtioD of the
Spaniih Amwda, and upon Holland by the victory over
Spain. The reanlta in America of a gigantic straggle
for national existence, carried to a socceasf Ol tenninatioa,
will be no leaa far-reaching. We see them already in the
marvellous development of the industrial porsaita of the
oountry, in literature, science, and art ; and they will be
■till more marked in time. Not the least important,
however— for it is connected with all the others— is the
change of feeling in America regarding our relations to
other countriea, <nd especially to Great Britain.
A few years ago, although we professed to oare noth-
ing for foreign opinion, the author of an American book
waited ^vith bated breath until he heard what the Eng-
lish critics had to say about it, and oar grandiloquent
(»atora and editors never felt happy nnless the traveller
whom they patronized praised our "glorious institu-
tions."* But to4imr our American authors, artisU, archi-
tects, scholars, and men of science 'no longer need to look
abroad to secure a reputation. As for our institutions,
they have stood the crucial tent of war. It is to be
hoped that we shall never undervalue their earnest crit-
icism from any quarter, but the American has the feel-
ing that in some respects he understands their nature
better than a foreigner. Our revolution gave us political
independence ; periiaps onr civil war was needed to give
• It wu tbt« CNling which led to the bitter retentmrat of the
erittciuM poblUbed bjr writcn like Un. Trollopa t»i Charle* Dick-
CM. Many of oar people folt like IjmcbiDg Hr. Dicken* for hi*
Mrij mBarke sboot Aiaetka ; but • leceot English tnretler, Sir
Lep«l Oriflln, hie laid thing! miMh more eevere. Yet of liim b»
AmeiicMu bare eren beard, and tbaee wbo have nad kis book
■MNI7 Matt* aad tUnk bim entitbd to his opiaioMk
"fmuu MiKnuiica or AwaaoA ^ I
OS intoUeotnal indepeodenoe at well. On« thing k ttry
dear: The time baa peaaed for conjaring with the wand
'of nritiah authority. America is no longer on her
lineei; ahe haa riien, and begins to loolc around her.
No woilder if she should now call in question aomfl of
the traditions about her prdigrse. *
For the avefitge Englishman who thinb x>f the Amer*
leans as a pure English race there is great excuse. Qf
their country, until within the past few yeara, he knew
comparatively nothing, except that the English languaga
was spoken here, and that at one time some of the statea
were Britiah coloniea.* Bat with Americana the case ia
* One notsble excrpthn tlioQld be n»<)e, hoi^rer, in tlii* conqce.
tinn. In ■ fpcech deliTctcd in I^ndon un April S8th, 1887, Mr. OImW
•tone mid : " The intUtntioM and pmgraM of the United State* hats
always been aubjecta nf great inteieat to me, aver ainee, man; yean
ago, I atudlfd the life of Waahington. I became then aware, flrat,-
of the magnitude of the deatiny reaerretl for Americana, and, aecond,
of the tiKt that the period of tlie birth of the American Statea was
of more Intercat than any other it waa poaalble to atody. Whenerer
a youth, ^asiroua of atndying political life, conaolt* me rcapecting a
coarae of atndy in the field of history, t always refer him to the early
history of America."— ilf. T. 2>t»«»<, April S7lh, 1887. In a apeech
dellrered at Ch«it<r, Oct Mth, 1880, Mr. Oladslona nrged tb«
workingmen of England to study the history of thi' American Rero*
Itttion. The system of goremment in America, be said, comliined
that lore of freedom, respect (or law, and desire for order which
formed tlie surest ehnnents of national excellence and greatness. It
waa no extraragance to say that, kitbough there were only three mill-
ion people in the thirteen atatea at the time of the Rerolution, the
group of statesmen that proceeded from them were a match for any
in the whole history of the world, and were auperior to those of any
other one epoch. — JV. T. TrMnt, Oct. 37th, 1 881>. Again, Mr. 0 lad-
atone said, a little later: •• I incline to think that the future of Amer
ica is of greater importance to Christendom at large than tiut of
any otbar e<Mntrj,"-JfiHJi Amtrk»» Jbmsis, Dec, las*.
fl TBI rrarrAN n bollano, BMauMD^ add uomka
qnito different. Many of them have viiited Upper Can-
ada and Ifora SooUa, which are lettled by a race almost
wholly Britiah in ita origin. Ko one can aee thaM) Cana-
dians withont being struck at once with the contraata
between them and the men he meets at home.* 8tiUi
more of our people have within the past few yean
travelled in England. Certainly no intelligent Ameri-
can can remain thete long, talk with peaaant, farmer,
and country squire, listen to the conversation in cart,
hotels, and shops, experiment with a humorous story on
a party of Englishmen, go beneath the mere surface of
drasa and language, and study the people as he doea
those of the Continent, and then believe that we are of
the same race, except as members of the same AVyan di-
vision of the human family, with the same human nature.
Identity of language is a great bond of union, and so
is community of Uterature. But these, and especially
the Utter, may induce very erroneous conclusions when
we come to deal with historical questions. Accustomed
to read few modem foreign bo<du except th«}se written
by English authors, it was very natural for our fathers
to think only of their English blood. They found in the
pages of the poet and the novelist of England their own
natures depicted, and thence, perhaps hastily, concluded
that they w6re one people with the writers. The fact
ia that human nature is essentially the same all the
worid over. We are no^ Hebrews because the Proverbs
of Solomon are bo applicable to us, nor French nor Ger-
man, because Montaigne and Ooethe tell us how we feel
and think. The present generation is reading a host of
boda written by foreigners, French, Qerman, and Rus-
* So the people of AutnlU ire purely EoglUh in msnner, modfi
of (bouglit, etc See Frtmde'i " Oe<tiu."
MTBMRT or turn » Tin tmrm ntrm *f
■ian, bnt eTorywhere we im a pictare of the Mune hnmaa
natora, if the books are true to life.
Let OB now glance at lume of the facta, remembering
that there were twelve states in the original Union, ex-
olosive of MaMaohnaetts, the maker of our histories and
aohool-books. In 17S9, the Rev. Mr. Bi&naby« an Eng-
^-^liahihan, visited America. Of the Northern colonies in
general, he said that they " are ocmiposed of people of
different rdigions and different langoagea.^* In Penn-
sylvania he found the most enterprising people of the
^^ eontin«it. These, he Aotioed, consisted of several na>
'^ tiona, who spoke several langoagea— " they are aliens in
some respects to Great Britain." t In New York City
he found that half of the inhabitants were Dutch ; of
the population in general he remarked : " Being of dif-
ferent nations, different languages, and different relig-
ions, it is impossible to give them any precise or defi.
nite character." A century before, a traveller reported
that eighteen languages were spoken on Ifanhattan Isl-
and. This was probably an exaggeration, bnt it had a
broad basis of tmth. How great was this original di-
versity of origin is shown in the fact Rnt pointed out
by Ooveraor Horatio Seymour: "Nine men prominent
in the early history of New York and of the Union rep-
resent the same number of nationalities. Schuyler waa
of Holland, Herkimer of German, Jay of French, Liv-
ingston of Sootoh, Clinton of Irish, Morris of Wolqh,
and Hoffman of Swedish deaoent. Hamilton was bom
in one of the English West India islands, and Baron
Steuben, who beoiune a citizen of New York after the
Revolutionary War, waa % Pmssian." J
-■ ■■■
• " Bunnby'i TraTelt," p. SOI. t Idem, p. 109.
I " Hiitorr snd Topognphy of New Tork : » Leetqn^" b; Btfatfo
BeTmoor.
• TBI FimiTAII IH BOLUMDl naUUIDh AHD AMUCA
No one acquainted with the bantt ontlines of Amer-
ican history needs to be told about these men. Hamil-
ton organized the goremment of the United States. He
wv the head of the Federalist party, and many per-
sons think the greatest statesman that America has
ever known. His influence on Americain thonght and
institutions was only equalled by that of Jefferson,
who was the representative of Democracy almost pare
and simpK These two men, more than all others,
shaped the future of the United States; and yet the
one, although a New-Yorker by adoption, was born
of a Scotch fotber and a French mother, and the other,
who was probably of Welsh and Scotch extraction, was
French in all his feelings, having no English idAs.*
Jefferson said, "Every man has two countries, his own
and France;" and it was from the writers of France
tmtt he drew the principles on which his political the-
ories were baaed.-|'
I, , Of the other New-Yoricers un-English in their exti*o-
"(• " ti(m,Jay was the fint Chief Justice of the United States,
Clinton was the great Northern founder of the Anti- .
* Like moat of the ReTolntionu; sUtemen ofTirginU, JeSenon
came frank wliit Lincoln liu called the " plain people," and little ii
known with certainty al>oat hia pedigree. There la no proof, how-
ever, tlii^ lie waa of Engliah deacent, and the IWmily traditiona are
that hia paternal anceator came fhmi Watea, In man j of hia char-
acteiiatica be waa certainly more of a Celt than an Anglo-Sazoa.
Hia mother waa a Randolph, of a funily claiming to be deaeended
from the Scotch Earia of Unrray. Partoa'a "Lib of JeStraoa;"
Baadall'a " Life of Jeffereon," i. 6, 7.
t In Tiew of theae facta, one perhapa can nndentand why it waa
that, while Kngliahmen knew nothing of i^erks, the flrrt foreigner
to attempt a ciiticim of ita inatitationa waa tb« rmiebmaa Da
TDOtoaviU*.
DIVUNTT OP KAd III TBI Ulin'U) ITATIS t
Fedenlist (now the Demoontic) party ; while the Mor-
riiee and Livingstons played leading parts in American
affairs. These were the men who framed the Constitu-
tion of New Toric, declared by John Adams to be excel-
lent over all others. It is their state which first intro-
duced the legal reforms which have revolutionized the
procedure and methods of jurisprudence of America and
England.
But it was not New York alone that was affected by this
intermixture of blood. Pennsylvania, which contributed
lai^y to American institutions, Delaware, and New
Jersey were settled by men of diverse nationalities, so
that at the outbreak of tAe Revolution probably only a
minority of their inhabitants were of English origin.*
In addition, all through the other colonies were scat-
tered lai^ge numbers of Scotch-Irish, French Huguenots,
. Germans, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Swedes, counted as
English, but essentially modifying the mass of the popu-
lation and the national type.f
English travellers constantly express surprise that the
English race in America, as they are pleased to call ni,
should be so different from the same race at home. Here
* " Ufe of OooTeraear Honb," hj Theodore Rooeerelt, p. tl.
t Only the moct cmrefiil ttod; will enable one to approximate to
•Dj eoncct flgnict on thii sabjeet In raganl to the Hugnenota, the
work hai been began in an admirable hlrtorj by Baird of tbe
"HogncBot Emigration to America," which nnfortonately death hai
interrupted. The reiultf of limilar ioTeetigations ai to other nation-
■Utica would probably snrpriie the pnblic. Etpeeialiy ii thii the
CM* aa to the Seotcb-Iriab, whoae hiitory in America baa ncTer been
•itampted. In the lait chapter of thii work I shall hare lomething
to ny about theie men, ihowing what maltitadei of them flocked
through Pennaylrania and the Southern coloniei before the Revo-
lution, and what an important influence they exerted upon the fort-
nnM of their adopted counti}!,
k^i
10 ni PDUTAN iM aoixura^ nouHo, axd mmcA
in Ameriea the people, looking at politioal and locial
qaestions, "106 straight and think clear," aocording to^
Matthew Arnold, while on the other side of the Atlantic^
as he says, they certainly do not. This surprise will i«-
main just so long as the delusion exists that the Amert'
leans are of pare English descent, and the influence of
other nations upon them continues to be overlooked.
Let any reader apply the test, and inquire among hit
acquaintances He will probably And very few who,
being able to trace their ancestry back on ita different
sides for several generations, are of nnmixed stock.
English blood most of them will have, and they ought
to priie it for its pluck and sturdy manliness ; but crosa-
ing this ^^11 be found, in almost every case, the blood
of other nations with qualities that the English have
never hail.*
* A grot modeni thinker thu* eipicMC* bit opioioa ■* to Iha
nitinute ctfeet apon Ameriea of tbi* iataTmiagiing of aaUonaHtiM,
now going on more npidi; than erer: " From biological tratlit it
may be inferred that the eventnal mif tare of the allied varietiet of
the Arjan race forming tlie popniatiott will produce a liner type of
man than hat hitherto exiited, and a type of man morejdaetic, man
adaptable, more capable of nndergning the modiflcatiji needed lor
complete aocial life. I think that whateTer difllctiHiea they may
have to ■ormennt, and whataVer tribnlatioDi they may hare to pa«
throagh, the Americana may leaMmably look forward to a tiaa
when they will hare prodooed • dTiUaition grander than any the
world baa known." — " Herbert Spencer in America," p. It. I tmal
that I may be pardoned for aaying here, once for all, that my qootn-
tioaa like thoee <Vom Ht. Gladitoae and Herbert Spencer are ant
made for the purpoae of exciting the vanity of a nation which in an
many department* baa at yet little to be prond ot, bat timply to
ihow that even intelligent Englbk obeerrert notice tba marked dit
fincnce between the people of Ameriea an^ thoee of the mother
ooontry. The lober-minded reader will draw hit coaclationt ftva
tbelheta.
UHTITUTIOM It
TnraiDg now from the qoMtion of ntoe to that of
imtitutions, a sobjeot whioti tome may think much
mora important, we reach a simpler fidd. Here it no
room for oonjectaro or mere opinion. We have the in-
■titations of the two coantries before us ; they can be
compared by any one acquainted with them both, and the
ntfAt speaks for itself. Instead of those of the United
States being derived from England, it is a carious fact
that, while we have in the main English social customs
and traits of character, we hare scarcely a legal or politi-
cal institution of importance which is of English origin,
and but few which have come to us by the way of
England.
The influence of institutions upon national character
.has been, perhaps, exaggerated by some writers; it cer-
tainly has been underestimated by others. The French
are inclined to the exaggeration, the Englifh to the under^
estimate. Of course institutions should be adapted to a
people, just as a school should be adapted to a scholar's
oqiaoity. A tribe of savages would be benefited as little
by a system of {^Temment bomwed from a civilised
nation as a little child would b^ benefited by a post-
graduate course at a college. All this is true enough,
and in this is summed up much of what is meant when
institutions are spoken of as a growth. But, on the other
hand, as a child may develop into a sdiolar in one sdiool
who would have remained a dunce in another, simjdy on
account of the difference in his teachers, so a people nuy
make progress under one set of institutions, while with
another set they would remain stationary.
There were no horses upon the American continent
■ntil they were introdooed by the Europeans. The
hone, we are UM, is an evdution, and peitaps in time
might hf ve been evolved in America, but his introdno-
It
TBI raoTAM m noLLAHDb wmLun, axv ambuc*
tkm oertainly hu aided the development of the ooantiy.
Imtitntions, likewiae, are growths and not creations ; bat
when grown they bear transphinting, and will thrive if ^
the soil is fertile and the climate genial Thus trana-
planted, they become most important facton in the evD-
lation of society.*
, Before considering the subject of American institn- >
tions, there is one English institntion of the greatest im-
portance, utterly unknown in the United States, to
which a few words may be well devoted. This is the
State Chnnsh. To Americans familiar with the history
fnd Uteratuv of England, this subject is so well known
* Matthew Arnold, wu one of the EnglUb tehoian who had be«a
acenttomed to UDderraliM the influence of intlilatiaM. A viait to
Amarica in 1884 modified bis cylniooa. Upoa Mtorning hooM h«
viote ai follows: "I suppose Ilsin not by nalBN disposed to tliink
10 aneh as nwat people do of institutions. The Americans think
aad talk rer; much of their ' institutions.' I am b; nature inclined
to call all this sort of thing machinary, and to regard rather aea >
and their charaetera. But the mora I saw of America the mora I
fcond m jaelf led to treat ' jnstitntioBS ' with ioereaaed respect. Va-
til I went to the United States, I bad aerer seen a people with hi-
stitntlons which seemed eipressly and thoroughly suited to it. I
had not properly afpreciated tl4 beneflta proceeding ftnm thto
eaoae."— "Last Words ab|nt America," JViMfamf* CtafMry, Feb.,
188S. Matthew Arnold, before coming to America, did not appar-
ently aliare the viewa of his illustrious <atbcr. grTbe latter says:
"The immense rariety ot history makes it Tery nmsible for diflfc^
eat persons to study it with diflhrent objects. But the graat object,
aa I cannot but think, Is that wh|ch most nearly touches the inner
lib of ciriliasd man— namely, tba vicissitudes of inntitatlona, aodal,
political, and religious."—" Lectures on Modem History," Lecture
m. William C. Brawnall, in his " French Trsita," has an instruo-
tire chapter on Democraey, in which he shows the importanoe at-
, laebed by Frenchmen to the subject of instttutioBa.
tWta," Oharlaa BeribMt's Bmi, IMl
L.!:' ;>::,. A-.^*.
TBI WtAn OBCKn W n«lAIIO It
that nuny penoiu are inclined to overlook the impor-
tanoe of aooh an eatablithment in one country and of its
abaence from the other ; and yet there it no single in-
■titntion in England which in the last three centuries
has exerted a greater inflaence in moakliiig the national
' character and in shaping the national thought than the
Established Cfanroh, while nothing, periiaps, has been so
important to the United States aa the absence of this
institution.
In Enj^and tho Church is an adjunct of the State.
It is supported by a tax, levied on every one, whether
believing in its doctrines and attending its services or
not. Its prelates are appointed by the crown, under
the form of an election, which is, however, nothing but
a form. Its ministers are not selected by their congre-
gations, but are appointed by the State, or by private
individuals who. have inherited or purchased this priv-
ilege, and who may be atheists or pagans. Tho influ-
ence of this organisation, as shown in En^ish history,
is too familiar to need more than a bare suggestion.
During the reigns of Elisabeth and the Stuarts it was
little but the handmaid of tyranny. Ever since that
time it has been the consistent opponent of almost every
ref<»in. This it natural enough, for in England reforms
have always been forced on a reluctant State, of whoae
machinery the Church has formed an important part.
It has always been the bulwark of the aristocracy ; so
that if one goes, the other will probably go with it.
This, too, is natural enough, for its ministers depend for
their bread upon the upper classes. Its oi^nizatiOB
extends over every square mile of English soil ; its rev-
enues are enormous — some of its ministers enjoying
princely incomes — and yet no Protestant Christian body
has done to little, in comparison with its wealth and
U TO nmrAM n aoLUin^ nrouim, and ambuca
nnmben, for the canae of religion or morality.* In late
yean it aeema in lome qnarten to have developed a new
spirit, so that its f utnre is uncertain, bnt nothing can
change the record of the past.
This is not the place to discuss the question whether-
in all these matters the influence of the State Church
of England has been well or ill directed. It has been
claimed that it is an evil to educate the common people,
or give them too much religious instruction. Such waa
* Writing In 1850, one of tha best informed of EoglMl tibttmn
nid : " Here, where the uittbcrkcjr i> richer end more powerfti) than
that of tny other country in tlie world, the poor are more depreaed,
more pnnperiied, more niimerotn in compnriion to the other cleww,
more irrellgions, and very much wone educated than the poor of
any other European nation, lolely excepting Rnaaia, Turkey, Sooth
Italy, Portugal, and Spain."— " Kay'a Social Condition of the Eng^
liih People," Amer. ed. p. 828. If any reader thinka that I hare over-
eolored any itntement in Ibii chapter or elsewhere, rrganling tha
condition of the poor in England, I aak him to consult this book.
Mr. Joaepli Kay waa lent out by the Senate of Cambridge Unirenity
to examine the eomparatire Mcial condition of the poorer claisea in
tha different countries of Europe. In ISfiO lie gave to the world tha
reaalts of his inrestigations, extending orer sererai years, in a work
entitled "Tlie Social Condition and Education of tlie People of Eng-
land." The chapters on England, which liare been reprinted sepap
rately in the UnitctI States, are ma<ie up from personal obserrations
and offleisi reports, and give eridenca of an enmett desire on tha
part of the author to'tmpreaa Ida eaantrymen with the gravity of
their situation. The preflice to tba American edition of !8a> well
says of theM chapten : " They are a warning to us, and hence nseAil,
although aliounding in facts that an not agreeable, and of a deacrip-
tkia tint needs to be read only by men who hare dnlica at the poUa,
and those few women who take an active part in raising or guard-
tng our rarions inslitntiona." See also John Foster's essay on
" Popular IgDonuMW," and Booth's " la Oarkeat Eagland," puUishad
In 1890.
nn eancH n amibca It
the theory of Queen Eliabeth and her MiooeasoTa. It
may be that the political reforms opposed by the State
Charoh were mistaken measures and will ultimately
prove disastrous. It may have been wise to exolnde
Jews and Catholics from oflBoe, and to prevent any bne
from obtaining a liberal education at the great universi-
ties unless he protsssed the faith of the State. It may
be that a better class of ministers is obtained under the
English system of appointment, where the office is said
sometimes to be sold to the highest bidder, than under
a system which permits the congregations to select their
own ministers. AU these claims may be well or ill
founded ; the system may be the best or the worst ever
devised by man, but it certainly is the most important of
English institutions, except, perhaps, the aristocracy, to
which it is allied, and it is unknown in the United States.
Several of the American colonies, following the ex-
ample of England, establidied churchea. supported by
the State. But the Revolution, which severed the re-
lations between the colonies and the mother country,
soon put an end to these establishments. Here New
York took thie lead. In its first Constitution, adopt-
ed in 1777, a provision was inserted repealing and ab-
rogating all snoh parts of the oomroon Uw and all
such statutes as could "be construed to establish or
maintain any particular denomination of Christians
or their ministers."* Virginia followed in 1786, and
at later dates all the other old states in which the
Churdi had been estaUished did the same, except New
Hampshire, oon'clnding with Connecticut in 1818 and
Hassaohusetta in 1833.t The new states whioh have
• Coaititatkm of ITTT, ne. W.
t Sthart •• Cbareb mad Btsta is tb* ITnited BtstM," p. 4*. Boas
S^r-i.':
M m tvmnAM a ■ou.uio, waQtum, ard AiimoA
joined the Union linoe the. adoption of the Fedenl Con*
■titution haTe, without cuioeption, followed the example
of New Yorlc, and have by constitutional proTition plaoed
a complete separation between Church and State.*
Here thep, in the most important domain, that of re-
ligion, we find the greatest possible difference between the
two countries, a difference which may. famish much food
for thought to those who belieTe that America has Eng-
lish institutions. But when we pass to political matters,
the differences are no less important and fa^reaching.
Beginning at the bottom, we find that our whdfe politi-
cal system is founded on a basis entirely different from
that of the " mother country." The theory of all our insti-
tutions is summed up in the words of the Declaration of
Independence, " All men are created equal." This has
been called a "glittering generality." So it is, and so
is the refulgent atmosphere in which we live, and the
crystal ocean which girds the globe. Yet what ai? and
water are to man, hunum equality is to the life of the
republic. We need not the authority of Sir Henry
Maine t for the statement that this doctrine comes from
Soman juribprudence, that it is not English, and that it
is and ever lias been unknown to English Uw, where
the members of tbd noble order hare always enjoyed
peculiar privilnges, extending even to the courts of jus-
tice. No one conkl persuade the Queen of Oreat Brit-
ain and Empress of India that any of her subjects is by
of th« colonin had no nUblUhed Church, ud to wcmad to raqnii*
no eonatitutloBal iiroTidon npoa the Mibjcet.
• 8m Poora'i " Chuton rad Coaititatioiu of the Vaited Stetok'
tlUlM'i "Aacient Law," p. »1. "All men are eqiuU," the matt
dltttnotlTC expreMion of the doetriM of Itoman law. "Th* Early
HUtory of InitUutioni," Sir Unuj Haiiw (Bwuy QaSI, Maw Toik,
laM),^no.
ymnm ouwwTtJTioiig o> ambuc* ff
Inrth her eqnaL Coming down the list to the pettiest
baronet, the same feeling exists, and it is not confined
to the cUiM which chiims saperiority. The lower orden,
M they call them — and this is, perhapa, the most demor-
alising feature of the system— share the sentiment, and
look np to an eaii and duke as a good Catholic looks ap
to a patron saint. So strange does all this casto spirit
teem to an American that it is almost incomprehensible.
It is one of the last things which travellers appreciate,
bat until they do so they will understand little of the
English people, their institntions, or their history.*
Ascending now from foundation to superstructure, we
find as radical a contrast. The Uniteii States and all
the separate states have written constitutions. The im-
portance of theae formal written instruments all Amer-
icans appreciate, and even Englishmen are beginning to
■ee their, value. By them the powers of government
are distributed among the executive and legislative de-
partments, while above all sits the judiciary, not only
to keep each department to its propel functions, but alao
to guard the rights of each individual oitisen or stran-
ger. These oonstitn^ns re]>reaent the will of the peo-
^e, are superior to all congresses or legislatures, and can
only be altered by the people, in such modes, as to time
and majorities, as guarantee deliberation and a wide-
qiread.aettled feeling of a necessity for ohangcf
^ n ^^ — . —
*Bm "Ariitoenej in Englud," by'Adun BuImb, 1886, for •
ftall itDdj of thii HiliiKt; Tslne'i " NotM on England ;" Emcnon'*
"KnCiiih Tmita," pp. IM, SOS, cd. 188T. 8«7t MsUIkw Arnold,
" InaqualU; U oar ban*. * * * AriMoeney now Ml* up in our rounti;
• fclM ideal, which matsrUliiea oar npper elan, Tolgarim onr mid-
dla elaw, brataliset oar lower cltm." — IfauUenIk Tmdiry, Fctx,
ItM, p. US.
t Ko ebsnge can ba ma& in tUe CoottiUiUao of the United
IS
TB* rCUTAN ni HOLLAND, aiiaLAND, AMD AMBRIOA
Of all this England knows nothing. Its so-called Con-
•titntion is a thing of tradition, sentiment, theory, ab-
straction, anything except organic, supreme, settled law.
What is constitutional to-day, to-morrow may become
unconstitutional by the mere fiat of the British Parlia-
ment, which, it has been said, can do anything except
make a man a woman, or a woman a man. The courts
construe the Uws, but can neither protect one depart-
ment of the government against another, nor the indi-
vidual against the tyranny of the majority.*
Butn nntll propoted by two tliinlt of both honict of Congress, and
ratilled by the trgltlntDrei of three fourths of the states. In New
York a constitutional amendment has to pass through two legisla-
tures, and then be ratified by a popular rote.
'/'Parliament is, trom a merely legal point of riew, the aliaoluta
aoTcreign of the Uritisli Empire."— "The LaWof tlie Conalitution,"
Dicey, p. 8M. " In spite of appearances," said Mr. Frederic Hairi-
aon, on the 1st of January, I8M, " and conrentional formulas, habits,
and flctioni to the contrary, the House of Commons represents the
most absolute autocracy ever set up by a great gOTemment since
the French RcTolntion. /loreHhi^nt here is now simply a commit-
tee (tftliat huge dcmoctdtic club, the House of Commons, without
«ny of the reaerres of power in tlie other parts of the Constitution
which are fiiund in thi constitutions of France and America."
Quoteil in " French and English," by Hamerton, Allintk MmlMy,
Sept., 18M, p. 821. "The Constitution, being unwritten, praride* no
special safeguard against revolntionary refiirms like those in Amer-
ica and France."— Idem, p. 834. Says another recent English writer:
"Our glorious Constitution, rednce<1 to its simplest elements, con-
sists merely of one unwritten article. If it were written, it would
. run : ' Tin mi^o^ty of the English electoral body, having proved
thtoMelvea to be a majority after k Hem electoral fight, in which
every personal ambition, every selfish 4ntet«st, and every malignant
passion haa been let looae, nwy do exactly what they like, without
let or hindrance, with tlie organisation of English society and with tba
leionrcea of the British Empire.' "—Notimal Bnittt, Sept., 1886, p.W.
TBB BzccirriTK n biolard um amiuca 19
Hero is a fqndamental difference at the oatiiet. Now
let UB look at partioalan. The United States lias a real
executive, who is comnaander-in-chief of the armies, ap-
points judges and subordinate executive officers with the
approval of the Senate, has a substantial veto power, and
holds olBoe by election for a fixed term. England has
two executives: one an hereditary flgure-head, who holds
levees, lays cornerstones, and leads, or is supixised to
lead, society, being the supreme arbiter in questions of
oilloial etiquette ; the other is a Committee of the House
of Commons, called a Cabinet, which exercises all real
executive power, although unauthorized by statute, with-
out any check on its authority, but also without any
settled term of office, being subject to be swept away at
any moment by a gust of popular passion.
Each country has two legislative bouses, but the re-
semblance goes no further. The upper house in Eng-
land, in which members keep their seats for life, simply
represents the aristocracy, which means land, and the
Church, which means religious caste in politics. In the
United States the Senate represents the separate states,
each one, large or snutll, having an equal voice, while
one third of its members changes each two years. In
England the upper house has no substantive power, ex-
cept that of obstruction, fitfully and feebly exercised
under the terror of annihilation. In the United States
the Senate is a real body with authority, helping to
make laws and serving as a check on the executive. Its
confirmation is necessary to the appointment of judges
and all execntive officer*, except those of the lowest
chiss, while no treaty is valid without its approbation.
Again, it must unite with the House of Representatives,
before the President can make war or peace. None of
thaw powen belong to the House of Xords, They are
W TBI PDUTAM m aOLLiMD, BiaLAin\ AMD AMUCA
all exercjied by the Cabinet, a committee which it ra-
■poDsible only to the poMions and prejudices of the
- Uoiue of Commons. Xo wonder that Ixird Salisbury
■aid, in a recent speech : " The Americans, as you know,
have a Senate. 1 wish we oould institute it in thii
country. Marvellous in efficiency and strength."*
Our Hoose of Representatives is composed of members
elected for two years, all of whom are paid. In Engktnd
the members of the House of Commons receive no sal-
aries, so that, unless 8upporte<l, as in the case of some
Irish members, by voluntary contributions, only the rich
are really eligible to office; and they may sen'e for a week
or seven years, as the Cabinet shall determine, since it
may order a new election at any time.
Above all, in America, as I have said, above Preai-
dent. Senate, and Ilouse of Representatives sits the Su-
preme Court to see that the Constitution, the ultimate
oilganio will of the people, is preserved intact. Its judges
are appointed by the President and confirmed by ths
Senate, but they hold office for life or good behavior.f
Ik
* Of it Matthew Arnold rnnariM: "Tb« United Btsie* aciuta li
perliap* of «il tlie inttitutloni of that cnuntrjr the moat happily de-
Tiaed, the moat aDCceaaftil in iti worltinga." Ctoldwin Smith deacribea
it IS " >nt in arerage intelligence among all the political aaaembliea
in the world." KituUmlk CeHturj/, Juno, 1888, p. MW.
t LonI Baliaborr, in a apceeh at EdinbaiKh on Nor. SSd, 188«,
thua deieribea it : " I eonlbaa I do not often envy the United Statea,
but then ia one ibature in their inatitntion* which appears to ma
the iuhjeet of the gieataat enrjr, their miKDillcent inatitution of a
SnprPDie Court. In the United 9tatea, if Parliament pawea any
meaaure inconaiitent with the ConMitntion of the conntry, there ex-
ista a court which will negatire it at once, and that girea a atabiUty
to the inatitntloBa of tba country which, under the ayatem^ Tagaa
and myateriona proniiaea here, we look for in rain." Quoted " Cai^
a«gl«'i TriomplMBt OtoMcney," p. IW. Lord SiiUbttTj tTidtat^
tamuKmpi wnvr AMmcui norrrnmom ai
Theie featares make op the pecnliaritiea of the Amer-
ican Federal syitem and differentiate it from other forma
of goTemment. AU nations have an executive of some
kind, moat of them have judgw and l^^hitive bodies,
so that in these general oatlines there is nothing on
which to base a theory of English origin. The qaestion
is whether our peculiar institutions, those distinctive of
America, are derived from the "mother country." Of
opurse. Englishmen knew nothing about the peculiari-
ties of our Constitution, until, within the past few yearn,
when they saw America looming up as an agricultural
and manufacturing rival. Tlion a few of them began to
look across the am. Still later, greater attention has
been given to the subject by Ireland's demand for Home
Rule, based on something like the relations of our states
to the general government.
Assuming that our Federal institutions arc English,
it is quite remarkable to see li<*\v unfamiliar they ni>|)ear
to the statesmen and writers of their home, now that at
length they have attracted notice. How a Tory Prime
Minister regards the more import&nt ones we have al-
ready seen. Mr. GladsUme goes even further and says :
"The American Constitution is, as far as I can see, the
most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time bjr
the twain and pniiKMe of man." *
did not know Imiw eoMtltatioMi qnntioiM an btooght bcfora oar
Snpicma Court ; bnt h«d lie known, hit adminlion probably would
Ihits been incieewd.
* DhMy, s writer on the English Conititntfam, ajn: "Tlie plain
truth ia, tlwt educated Englithmen are ilowly learning that the Amer-
ican Republic aflbnis the best eiample of a comerratiTe demncrae; ;
and, now that England is becoming democratic, respectable English-
men are lieginning to consider whether the Constitution of the Unit-
ed States najr sot tSoiA means bj which, under new demooratle
M Tn rauTM 01 aauMOt, nrauin^ axd ajoduca
English vrriten who have looked into the inttitatiou
of America have naturally had their attention drawn to
the Congtitution of the United States, which deals only
with national affairs. Seeing this instrument in all it«
completeness, and knowing little of the prior history of
the separate states, they seem to conclude, aa Mr. Glad-
stone did, that it was struck off in 1787 by the brains of
the few men who fornfed the convention at which it was
put in shape. TheiMvork was a great one, but the
America* knows that the United States had been living
under state constitutions for over ten years prior to the
Union, and that many of the salient features of the
Federal Constitution were not noveL For their history
and origin we must go far back of the immortal conven-
tion of 1787. '
The Constitution of the United States was adopted in
1787, but eleven yean before that date the Federal Con>
gress recommended to the thirteen colonies that they
should proceed to form separate state constitutions. This
was done by all of the thirteen, except Rhode IsUnd and
Connecticut, which preferred, for many years, to live
under the form of government established by their co-
lonial chadevs. To any one who desires to st,\^y the
character and the development of American institutions
these state constitutions, with their subsequent amend-
ments, are, in some respects, much more ini|)ortant tlian
the Federal Constitution. All of them have been mate-
powen, inn; be ptewrrecl the political oonwrratiim dear and habh-
nal to th« goTcraing claw of Kagland." Thcie are the opinioaa of
leading Englishmen, and they might be multiplied indellnitcljr. Bee
Caniegie'e "Triumphant Democrac;," p. SOI, etc. I with here to
laake a general acknowledgment of the liberal uee made of tha
Talnable fitcto relatlnf to tUi inl^ieet, and to sdim otbars, eollectod
fajrlfr.Camcgi*.
•TATB (JUMM'll'Ul'lUM I IS
rimlly modified linoe their firit adoption; in gome tho
changes have been revoluitonary, in all the tendency of
the changes has been towards a common form approach-
ing a democratic model.
At the outset, however, the contrast between their
different provisions was very marked. The original in-
struments were framed by bodies of men of different
nationalities, living at great distances apart from each
other, and with varying views, the results of study, ex-
perience, or inherited traits of ohanu)ter,as to the form
of government and as to the institutions which were best
fitted to their respective wants. Some provided for a , ;.
State Church as in England, others prohibited its estab- 'I
liahment; some gave religious liberty to all, others re-
stricted it to Protestant believers in the Bible ; some pro-
vided for voting by ballot, others for the English system 1
of voting vivd voce ; some provided for two legislative
houses, others- for only one; some gave the govenoTB
great power, others hampered them with councils; i»me "
carried provisions for the freedom of the press beyond :
anything ever known in Enghind, others were satisfied -^
with English guarantees ; some abolisherl priraogoniture,
others retained it undisturbed ; some provided for free
schools, others left that subject to the Legislatura ; some
gafe to prisoners accused of crime the privilege of ap- -^V
pearing by connsM, others remitted them to the tender
mercies of the common law; some denounced the san-
guinary criminal code of England, others made no allu-
sion to the subject.
These are but specimens of provisions in the original
state constitutions, whidi show how divergent were the .'.'$,
views of the men who framed these instruments upon
many subjects of the first importance. Some of these
provisions, as we shall see hereafter, were incorporated
^r'
M nu tvmtx a wouamb, MMQhktm, im AMmoA
into the Federal OoMtitntion, bat othen, haring no n-
ktion to national aSain, have been left to bear fmit in
different cirdea. Bat even these conatitntions form bnt
a amaU part of the eTidenoe to be examined by <»e
who wishes to diioover the origin of American initita-
tionl Baol( of them will bo found a body of laws and
customs, many of them entirely un-English in their char-
acter, which, for more than a century before the Dec-
laration of Independence, moulded the character of the
people who then became a nation.
If historians had devoted to the investigation of thtae
subjects one tithe of the labor which has been given to
tracing the influence of tlw Celts, the liomans, the
Anglo-ttezons, or the Normans on Great Britain, «•:
should hear little of the surprise now expressed at the
fact that America differs so much from the mother
country.
Returning now to our general subject, and passing
from those matters of organization 'Vrhidh relate par-
ticulu-ly to the structure and machinery of the general
government, let us glance at a broader field and con-
sider some mon. important institutions, which may be
likened to the material of which the building is con-
structed. It will hardly be disputed that the laws and
customs which, after those establishing .religious and
political equality, are most distinctive in the American
system relate to the ownership of land, popular edu-
cation, and local self-government. The rcUtive impor-
tance of these three subjects may be questioned by dif.
ferent thinkers, but probably all will agree as to their
combined infloence. Taking them up in the order
named, the question at present to be considered is how
hx America haa, in tbeae mattera, patterned after Eng^ -
land.
imruBtiwii or um ix moLAire M
Fint, then, m to land.* In England about half of thfl
land it owned by one hundred and fifty persons. In'
Scotland half is owned by some sevunty-flve persons,
while thirty-flvo own half of Ireland. Taking all Great
Britain together, about fonr fifths of the profitable soil
is owned by seven thousand individuals, and the other
fifth by about one hundred thoosand.f All the land of
the United Kingdom amounts to about 77,000,000 acres ;
of these some 46,000,000 are under cultivation, and the
remainder is unproductive. Yet Oreat Britain imports
half of her grain, while about one twentieth of her popu-
Ution are paupers.:^ Were the great parks which are now
kept for purposes of luxury or mere ostentation, and the
vast uncultivated wastes which now only preserve game
or serve as shce)) pastures, divided up among little pro-
{Mietors who would make every rood of ground available,
England would hear much less of her labor question.
As it is, however, everything for centuries has tended in
the c^posite direction.
First stands the law of primogeniture, under which, in
case of intestacy, all the real estate goes to the oldest
••"Tba Cwt Viajn • writer in «h« Drituh Quarltrlf Sttitm,
"tbtt the mods in which propntjr, and npecUlI; land, is dittribnlad
lua the chief influence in determining tlie politiol eel mcial char
seter of the people," Again lie remarlit : " Indeed, it luay almoit tie
laid tliat land and ariatoeracy ate in England conrertible terau."
BrUiA Qvarttrlf Rnine, April, 1886, p. 279.
t "riM Land," bj Arthur Arnold (1880), cited Oneiit'i "Hit-
iatj of the Gngliah Conatitution," tranil. London, 1888, U. 876;
■lao "Fnnea and Hereditary Mooarahy," by John Bigelow, 18TI,
|k8>.
{ "Out National Reaourcea, and Row they are Waited," William
Kijle, pp.40,4t; "Home Politica," Daniel Qrant, p. 8, quoted bj
Bcriow, pp. Sl^W ; « la Darlnat BDflai.d," by William Booth.
!>■-
M mi nmrtAn n 'bovlukb, tantkMO, ahd ahuioj^
male heir, thus building ap great families. Next staa^
the system relating to the transfer of land among the
living, which clogs its alienation and renders its parohaae
by the poor almost impossible.
Every American knows how simple is our system of
noording deeds and mortgages. Under it, in ordinary
oases, any man of average intelligence can search his own
title and make out his own conveyance, or can have it
done in the country for about five dolkni ; for, unless a
dtfed or mortgage is recorded in the proper oSice of the
county, it is of no avail against the later honorjide in-
strument of an innocent party duly put on reoord. In
En^nd, except in some small t^xam of the country
where this system has been lately introduced, nothing of
this kind exists. All titl&deeds are kept by the owner;
and unless a careful examination is made by a lawyer,
there is uo security for a purchaser whatever. In 'no
other civilized country of the world do sales and mort^
gages of land habitually take so long a time to transact,
and nowhere else are the charges in the case of small
properties so great.*
Time and time again, from the days of Cromwell
down, the attempt has been made to introduce the
recording system which prevaih in the United States
and in most of the countries of the Continent, but al-
ways without success. Parliamentary committees have
recommended it, upon the ground that it would give in-
creased security, and facilitate, by cheapening, the trans-
fer of land. But there lay potent reasons for its rejec-
fion. The Urge proprietors, representing the aristocratic
•lament of society, hare desired that the mode of acqnip-
* ir«MM<iu(ir JIm<m*, Jaly. 18N, PL Ml TkslMrMMkgUshaifs
bkboat thirty dollMS.
■ BHCUMDU or BMUtt OOfltMll LAHM fff
ing Und >hoald be neither easy nor cheap. Lud ia for
aristocrata, and not for the common people. The reanlt
ia that the great class of yeomen, the men who in by-
gone centuries gave England her greatness, has almost
entirely disappeared.* In its place has grown up a race
of peasants, well-nigh the most ignorant and brutalized
among the so^alled ciTiliud peoples of the globe.
Not content with refusing to sell hind to the poor, and
making its transfer diiflcult and expensive, the mling
classes have gone one step further. Formerly a lai;ge
part of the soil of England was owned in oonftnon, each
tillage or community holding its great tract open to all
the iidiabitanta for purposes of pasturage, lint since
the beginning of the last century, 9,0(»0,000 acres of
these common lands, more than one eighth of the whole
■oil of Oreat Britain, have been taken {lossession of by
private individuals and enclosed under acts of Parlia-
nient.t It was in reference to this wholesale robbery
of the poor that the well-known lines were written :
" Th« law loekt np the nun or wonun
Who Meali the gooM fi«m offlht camOKui,
But let! tin greater Tillain Itxfaa
Who iteab tba oommon off the gooia.''
Ib view of these facts, we can appreciate the words of
one of Enj^nd's keenest observers in speaking of the
kaleidoscopic constitutions of France : " It does not re-
quire any special clearness of vision to perceive that so
far from having dosed the era of great changes, Qrcat
Britain and Ireland have only entered on it." ^
* ** JPaaperUin, It* Caiiut and Remedlei,'' Prof, faweett, p. MM.
t Prof. Thorolil Roger*, Timt, Ifarch, 18M.
t PUUp ailbnt Hamerton, AtUatk MmMg, Sapt, ItM, p. M.
n Va ruBTAM IN BOUAim, BfOLAini, AMD AMimCA
On« of tbeie d»ya England uui^ awake to reap the
whirlwind. She ii now the only Tentonio nation, and
perfaapa the only oiviliied aooiety in existence, in which
the balk of the Und under oolti ration is not owned by
•mall proprietors.* To her lalwring classes she is giv-
ing not Und, but the spelling-book and the ballot.
Speaking of the arms of a sUve state, which represented
a negro asleep upon a cotton bale, Wendell Phillips
once asked, " Bu' 'vhat will the people do when the negro
wakes up T' Our cousins across the sea can take a simi-
lar question to heart. From time to time the English
' public am aroused to an appreciation of the filth and
misery which perrsde the dwellings of their poor. Then
men rush into print with their variioos nostrums, e|ni-
gration, vast schemes of private benerolenoe, new models
for cottages, and the like; but it seldom occurs to any of
them to suggest a change in their land laws by which
the poor man might own his dwelling. Nothing, how-
ever, is so conducive to the self-respect, without which
all sanitary regulations are powerless, as the possession
of one's habitation.f
Turn now from England to America, and what a dif-
M-'.,-
:, 8m alM Oncirt, " Hit. of EnglUh Cuutltntion,'' il. 40*. lUtthew
Arnold tjt of tin nobility and tlie propertj qncstinn : " Ona wonld
' wiih, if one wto about wiihing, for the extinction of titlei after
the death uf tlie holder*, and for the diapenion of property by •
. ' V striogent law of heqaeet "—XuttUtrnti Ctntttrp, Feb., 1 HSS, p. SH.
* BrtiM Qvarterl^ Bttirw, April, 18W.
t "The large domaina are growing Urger; the great eatatea an
V; absofbing the imall freeholda In 178«, the wU of England waa
- owned by tSO.OOO corporationa and pmprieton."— Emeraon'i" Kng-
H*hTraita,''p.lg4. A eentnrj earlier the number of thoaew ho brmed
their own land waa greater than the number of thoae who fknutd
UMlandofotbera, Maeanlaj, ToL i. chap. Hk
BnmBtrnoH or lamb i» aumuoi^ m
ferant piotim if prMentodl The oenans of 1880 ihowg
that the famu in the United States number over four
million!, of which only about twenty-flve thonsand con-
tain mure than a tlionaand acre*. Of the whole number
nearly tliree fourthi are worked by the owners, and of
the remainder, the hu-ger part- are worked on tharei.
In 1850, before slavery was abolidied, the farms .num-
bered only about a million and a half, and they averaged
two hundred and three acres each. In 1880, the average
had sunk to one hundred and thirty-four acres, so that
while the amount of cultivated land is largely on the
inoreaae, the process of subdivision is still more rapid.
Pnustical experience here, as well aa ebewhbre, shows
that small tracts of land are worked more economically
than large onee, and are most productive when cultivated '
by the owner. The above figures take no account of
mere city or village lots for building purposes. The
number of these is very large, for, as tlie American
knows, the laborer, except in the large cities, usually
owns his own dwelling, and thus is a proprietor of the
■oil. The ownership of hind always makes a man con-
■ervative. When it is generally divided, as in the Unit-
ed States, and where, under a liberal Homestead Law,
any one can obtain a farm by actually putting it under
onltivation, there will be found little room for theories
<rf sptdiation.*
• Tb* cciwui of 1890 show* obI; (bont 78,000 pkupen in the poor-
boom of the United State*, oat of ■ population of orer 6S,OpO,000,
■ relative decieaia aince 1880. Almut 8000 of thoae are colored, and
of the white* three lifthi are foreign-bom or of foreign parentage.
Of the poor pcnnanenti; lopported in their own home* or in pri-
vmta bmiliei, only •on«e 94,000 are given, bnt in thii caie tb* return*
do not pretend to even approximat* oortectnen. Cenni* Balletia
Xo-WiJalrSitWl.
W na nmiTAM n ikhxaito, iiraLAim amd aiuuoa
Such ia the differenoo between England and America
■• to the distribution of land. Speaking of thii wibjeot,
Daniel Wobeter sonuned np the oaae in hit great ipeeoh
at Plymoath, when he said of the New England settler*
that "the character of their political institutions was
determined by the fundamental laws respecting prop- '
erty." These laws, he said, provided for the equal
division of the estate of an intestate among his children,
while the establishment of public registration and the
aim]dicity of our forms of conveyance have facilitated
the change of real estate among the living.
Next cornea the subject of popular education. This
is, perhaps, more important than any question of the dis-
tribution of property. " Give light, and the darkneH
will dispel itself." Give education, and everything else
will right itself in time. Still, some of the nations of
the Old World may discover to their cost that unless
other reforms go with the education of the masses, the
righting process will seem like the first breaking of light
over chaos.
The history of popular education in America is a
familiar story. All the early settlers of New England
paid great attention to instructing their children ; first
at home, or in the ministers' houses, and then in public
iohools. In 1647, the Massachusetts Colony jMssed a
Uw providing that every township of fifty household-
ers should appoint a schoolmaster to teach the chil-
dren to read and write; and that his wages should bo
paid by the parents, or the public at largo, according
to the decision of the majority of the inhabitants. By
1665, every town in Massachusetts had a common school,
and, if it contained over one hundred inhabitants, a gram-
mar school. The other New Enghtnd colonies followed
in the wake of Massachusetts. In Connecticut every
rorouB isDOATioii m ambuca , m
(own that did not keep a Mhool for three month* in the
year was liable to a fine. Ueantime the Datch had ea-
Ublished free aoboola in New York. This wu the b^
ginning of the edaoational syitem of the United Stateal
When the Puritan spirit began to decline tliere was a
fidling-off in the schoob and an increase of illiteracy ; but
the love of learning never died out, and the free schools
never were abandoned. At the dose of the Revolution
there was donated to the Union the vast domain north
of the Ohio and west of the Alleghany Mountains, >'ow
York leading off in this generous cession.* In 1785, Con-
gress passed an act reserving fur educational purposes
the sixteenth section of each township in this public ter-
ritory. The policy then established has been followed
in regard to all subsequent acquisitions, and in 1858 an
additional section was granted by the govemnient.t Up
to the present time tbwe grants aggregate over seventy-
eight niiUiun acres, a territory larger than the whole of
Great Britain and Ireland combined. In 1880, the United
States spent eighty-two and a half million dollai;s on her
common public schools, which were estimated to nnmber
one hundred and seventy-seven thousand, and in 1889
the expenditure had risen to over a bun<lrml and thirty
millions, while the schools had increased to two hundred
and sixteen thousand. The census of 1880 showed that
in the Northern States only five per cent, of the native
population were unable to read and write.
Now, does any one imagine that America is indebted
to England for its froe-school system or general scheme
• JTaymiiM ^ Amtrimtt BitUirp, Ibreh, 18S8, p. WMk
t Kaeh towiwbip contain! thiitj-tix McttniM, ooa mile tqau*.
The allotiiieiit for eduotinnal pnrpoM* it therefors, since 1858, one
•ightaanth of tbe nuioul domiin. Censut Bulletin No- SS, ISSl-
for Um «daaktion of the maaeat Let w lee. While
Kew York wu lettled by HoUMiden, and New Engbuid,
■■ we thall see heiWter, largely by Puritani from En^
land tinctured with Datch ideaa, Virginia had a differ-
ent ciaas of colonigta. It is abaurd to apeak of them aa
of a better blood than the aettlen in the North, for.tba
latter oame of the boat old Angk>3axoa atook, and they
were made up of the moat intelligent aa well aa the moat
atnrdy and virtuous of their race. But Viigioi* ^bs set-
tled froni a different class of the cmnmonity. Her od-
onists, when not conTicts or indented servants, were
mostly average Englishmen of the Established Churoh,
and, like the average Englishmen, oppoaed to all innora-
tions in Churoh or State. So it came aboot that, in 1671,
Sir William Berkeley, the Governor of Viiginia, could
write to England: "I thank God there are no free
schoob or printing, and I hope we ahall not have them
theae hundred years. For learning haa brought hercay,
and disobedience, and sects into the world, and printing
has divulged them, and libela against the best govern-
ment. God keep us from both I" There spoke simply the
typical English Tory, and the type was to remain un-
changed in EngUnd for two hundred years to come.
Now turn to the mother country itself, and look at
bar record. Daring the reign of Edward VI., aoma
grammar schools — we should now, perhaps, call them
Latin or high schools— eighteen for the whole kingdom,
were established by the reformers of bis government.
At various times a few more were added by private in-
dividuals. One of th«M ran aehoola, founded at Strat-
ford^oD-Avon by a native of that town who had gone
np to London and become Lord Mayor, bore the name
of William Shakeapeare on its rolls. But for the good
fortune of his townsman ba mi^t have diad mot* an)
NfOUB BmCATKM n nQLAXD •*
iaglorioai. TbaM wera ponly ohariuble iutitntion
where learning, luoh m it was, wu doled out m an almi.
The government did nothing farther in the cauM of edo-
' eation for neariy three centoriee, until the year 18S9,
when Parliament made fbr thit object the munificent
appropriation of twenty thouiand pounds. This was the
first recognition in Enghind of the principle that the
State owes any duty to ita children. In 188U, the annual
gimnt waa raised to thirty thoasand, and then was in*
creaswl from time to time until 1800, when it amounted
to half a million pounds, about one fifth as much as the
sum spent annually by the State of New York alone.
This money was used not to found or support free
•choola, bat to aid those of a voinutary character. At
these stat»«ided sohoob aboat one million three hun-
dred thousand children were instructed, two millions
more were receiving no education at all, and another
million were being taught at private adventure achods,
where the education was of the moat defective character.*
The English governing claisos seem until a very re-
oent date to have felt the same rrinotanoe to educating
the working people that they still feel to giving them
land. Keep a man Undleas, and you make him depend-
ent ; keep him in ignorance, and you make him subservi-
ent. It was urged in En^and, and the atgument has
been beard in America, that if all olsssss are educated
the rich cannot seonre good servants, and that hired la-
borers will be discontented with their lot This is all
Tery well for tJie masters, but how about the gervanta I
America does not believe that the English lackey, much
M he oootribates to one's comfort, it the .type of man-
"'*'.
• "flftMB Tcsn tt Katia«a Idoostioa is SagUad," Witmiiiit»
Oet,18M.
\
M TM nnuTAii n muahik wMuam, avp unuot.
hood that dTilixation is int«Dded to develop, and it hu
found from practical experinnoe tliat a farm -laborer
work* no woiw beoauae he looks forward to being a
proprietor himaelf.
In 1870, England, for the flnt time, entered npon »
•yitem of national education by eataUiabing ooqimon
aohoola for the maaaea. Since that time great progreaa
haa been made, although the education is yet defectire,
ii of only an elementary character, and not wholly free.'
In Tiew of the itate of education in Enghtnd at that
time, we can appreciate the aurpriae felt by Charlea
IMokens when, in 1843, he viaited the manufacturing
town of Lowell, in Masiachuaetta. Upon hi« return
* la IMS, Matthew Arnold m^ a Rfiort lo tht EtlncailoMl
DepuinwDt of Kogland on the elemeotar; tcbouU of the OoBtioeat,
which he had eianiaed io ao official capacitj. StianKcly enoggli,
he dlKOTcred, what erei; foreigarr linew btton, that the Bagliih
ijitaiii wa* moch behind that of other countriea. He fiwad Ibe
•ehool-ehtldren of Piance, Oermaaf, and Bwitmrland looking "hu-
■ao." Thqae who hare aaen the look on the &caa of the Kagliih
ptaaaotr; will appredata hie aeaniog. Bat what can lie expected
when we ooaaider how recent haa been the e0brt to raiae them apt
Matthew Arnold, ITuutMntk Ctntmrt, 0<!t., ISMi Still. hMliwanI as
it ia, the *r*tera la iptaoded only Cir the rtrj poor and Terjr 7<Ninf ■
Ite the middle chuaea no proriiion ia made at all. On thia auhfael
Mr. Arnold wrote, in 188B: " I liave often aaid that we aeem to ma
to need at preaent in Kagland titree thinga in capeciai— more eqnal-
Hj, edoeation for the middle elaiaea, and a thorough mnnicipal aya.
tem : a ajatem of local aiaerol'liea is Imt the natnral complement ef a
thoroagh monlcipal ajatem."— iVia«<MnM Cntury, Feb., IgflK. p. ttt.
In IMI the Engliah bndget ahowcd a anrplna, dtoaed by tbe ia-
ereaaed eonaamplioo of intoxicating Ikioora in the kingdom. Of
thia nrplua, fit,000,000 wen, after a long parliaineatar; dcbala,
deroted to the caoae of elenwatarj edneatioo, in addition to tlia ap-
pmprialioBi made before. Thia wilt maka edoeation ftir the tm7-
poor anbataatiaUr flaa.
vksyfcS
''^^^m/M
muo i.i—«w n BNULun AID
hooM he wrote, ragwding the operatirM that he mw
there : " I am now going to state three facta which will
startle a large claaa of raiMieri on this side of the Atlan-
tic very much. Firstly, there is a joint^tock piano in
a great many of the boarding-houses. Secondly, nearly
all thew yoang ladies subaoribe to oiroolating libraries.
Thirdly, they hare got up among themselves a period-
ioal called the Z/neell Oftring, 'a repository of orig*
inal articles written exclusively by females actively em-
ployed in the mills,' which is duly printed, published, :
and sold, and whereof I brought away from Lowell four
hundred good, solid pages, which I have read from be:
ginning to end. It will compare advantageously with,
a great many English annuals."*
Connected with the subject of popular education an
some other important and interesting facts. In Sep-
tember, 1886, the Library Association of the United
Kingdom met in London. The report then presented
showed that in all of EngUnd, Scotland, and Ireland
then were bnt one hundred and fourteen free libraries.
The liondon Standard, in an article on the subject, held
up America as an example for England to imitate.
"Americans," it said, "are our masters in many de-
partmenta of literary administration," and then referred
to our town libraries, which in EngUnd are almost nn-
known.f Well may Englishmen express surprise at the
public libraries in Uie United States. According to the
last report upon this subject, made by the Commissioner
of Education in 1884, those oontaiaing vaatt than ttuM
• •• Amcrie«a Note*," p. M.
t New York rrthiM, SqiC aoth, Oct 4th, ISW. ThU •}*(«
bagM in New Tork in IMS, bat tM itata bat been •inoe br oat-
■tripped by tflOM of her Mm
m TU nwntM n aouAiiOh nMLAn^ Am AWonoA
kondred ToluniM MU)h numbered ovor lire thooMOd,
with an aggregate of over twenty million volume*, and
moet ot thorn are free. We have no luch linglo coloMal
ooUection a« that of the British Muwum, but the books
there are uaed only by ■cholan aa worka of reference.
TbflM, too^ which are moch needed, will ooaiie in time."
The books scattered over Aroerioa are intended for an-
other purpuae, and are read by the people for whom
tbejr are supplied. The result is that the Americans,
whose tastes are thus fostered, are the greatest reading
people of the world Of all the standard Kpglish books,
many more copies, in proportion to the popnktion, are
sold in the United States than in Great Britain. Eren
the " Enoyclopndia Britannica," supposed to be partic-
ularly a work for scholars, had fifty thousand American
■abscribers for its ninth edition, against ten thousand in
Great Britain, with more than half the population of
ibe United States. Of Herbert Spencer's works, more
than one hundred thousand were sold before he visited
thia country, in 1883. When we come to American
books, the figures are fabulous. The " American Cyclo-
pedia" had one hundred and twenty thousand sufascrib-
ecs, and the " Memoirs of General Grant" orer three
hnndred thousand.
Turning now from the common schools and the libra-
riea for the education of the masses, when we glance at
institutions for higher education, the contrast between
America and England is even more marked. The latter
ooantry affords no free edocatioa to the middle classes.
* Of oar pnblic librarin, more than three hundred contain ortr
tea tbooMod Tolnnca, fortj-MTcn over lift j tbouMnd, twelre over a
kgndrcd tbonwad, and two orer fbnr hundred tholMnd eaeh.—
pwte|^i*'TiiaiaphaBtDeaMeisc7,''p.WI, .
ffin moB acBooiji ni AMmoA tl
tod BO free higher edacation to uy, while in thia field
Americk reigni rapreme. In tboroagbncM of inatmo*
tion her average primary KhooU, thoagh snperior to
thoM of Eng^nd, are perhaps inferior to tho«e of Oer-
many and even France, with their old civilization and
denaer popolationa. Bat her ayitem of free pnblio bi^
nboola it a growth of democracy, which haa been aa yet
achieved in none of the older conntriea.* France and
Oermany have some high achools aaiited by the State,
bat America ii the only coantry in the world where the
principle is fully recogniaed that every person is enti-
tled to receive a thoroogh and complete education at
the public charge.
To secnrA this, not only am free gramm^ or high
achools generally to be found in all the larger towns—
and those of Western cities like Denver and Omaha
are not inferior to those in Eastern places of the same
aisof — but twenty-eight statea have establiahed state
universities, which in most cases offer a free classical
and scientific college education. In addition, all the
states but six have founded free normal schools and.
training colleges, some one hundred and thirty-four in
number, for the education of male and female teaohera.^
In the United States arp three thousand six hundred
and fifty schools higher than those for primary instruc-
tion. Of these, three hundred and eighty -four, exclu-
kive of those for women alone, are universities or col-
leges. To be sure, many of these institutions are bo^
» WatmiiuUr Bni*w, Jtn., im, p. It.
t In t888-W th« VnlteA Bute* (X|)eiHled on bar high lohooli kboot
«M,000,000.— '• Report of Com. of E<lacation." ThU wu In addi-
lioa to the 9180,000,000 for common Khaoh.
( B«e *• Beport of Um U. & ConaiMioner of Idoeatioo," lMT-88.
n Tn raoTAii n bollamo, biouiid^ amb amuioa
high KhooU uithoriied to confer degraes, but they place
the key of knowledge 'within the reach of every one
who cares for a stmlent't life, and increaae. enormonaly
the chances of bringing to the front any latent genius.
In England such development is, in the main, only for
the rich.
At one time it «m rery natnral for the AmericM
scholar to look down on our American colleges, and to
look up with awe to the classic halls of Oxford and
_ Cambridge as model seats of learning. But the latter
feeling has practically passed away. The deareighted
American long since discovered that, to the student,
Engbind, with her somewhat antiquated system of in-
struction, has little to offer. The fact is, that the Eng-
lish are to-day nearly as far behind the world in higher
as in primary education. During the great intellectui^l
awakening which followed the Middle Ages, the classics
were eagerly studied by European scholars because they
opened up a new worid of thought, and fumisGed mod-
els of literary excellence elsewhere unknown. In tak-
ing up these branches, England lagged a century bjhind
the Continent, and now that other fields are developed
she is almost as much in the rear as ever. Although
the world has made great advances since the Revival of
Learning, it is still very difficult to persuade an English-
man that the sole aim of a university education is not
to pass some civil-service examination, or to obtain a
knowledge of Greek and Latin, the c^ief test of a wehtA-
ar three centuries ago, to which may now be added a
knowledge of the mathematics. Everywhere the value
of these studies is conceded; bat Continental nations rec-
ognise the fact that others are of equal, if not of para-
mount, importance. The result is, that the Englishman
of the premit generation who detures to pursue with
naUU BMHU XOUOATION
k
thorooghneM >ny branch of modern itodj, inolading
even his own literature, is compelled, in most caMs, to
seek bis instruction in the Continental universities.*
If England has anything of which she may be justly
pixMid, it is her literature, and especially her p»etry. "-1^
From Shakespeare to Tennyson she shotrs a roll of "
authors unsurpassed in modem times. Whatever else
may pass atvay, however time may work changes in her
form of government — whether she lose Ireland, India,
her commercial supremacy, or her wealth— her literature
at least will be immortal. Yet when we see a Frenchman
writing the only history of that^ literature worthy of the
name, and when we are told by her own scholars that
* or tin Kngliih univenity edooitioa of to-dsj, Prot Hiulej
mif : " That ■ young EDglUbnitn nuiy li« tomcd out ofoor oniteisl-
ti« epopt ind perfect, ao far m their lyitein takei him, and yet ig-
norant of the noble lileratnra which hai ^nmn np in thee* lilandi
during the Uit tlirae canturiea, no I<m than of the development of
the phllonphie and political idea* which have moet profoundly inflq-
esced modern ciTiliiation, it a bet In the hiMory of llib nineteenth ^ '
century which the twentieth will And hard to believe; tliougli, per
hape, it ia not mnrer incredible than oar current lopentition that
whoeo wiihca to writs and fpeak EngUah well ihould monld bif
atyle after tiM nradeli furaiahed by claaaical antiquity."-^ r*< Ail
Mall Budftt, Oct. W, 1886. Cambridge hai never done anything
worth (peaking of for the itady of Engliib literature, and it wai
not until 188< that a chair for that rabjeet waa founded at Oxford.
Prof Vaz Mailer laid at the tioM : " I have had to eonfeaa, pnrtiea- ■
larly in convenation with Araericani, who often come to Oxford for
the aole purpoee of atndying English literature, that our not having
a profnaor of that aubjcct at Oxford teemed to me a teriout blem-
iih."— Idea. Prof, Bkeat, of Cambridge, wrote to the new young
profeitor who had been educated at Berlin and OAttingen: "Too
know — what few Kngliihmen have any idea of— what training
in our langoage and literature ia and involvet. For it, Ameiicaa
ttodentt always go to Oermany. Tliey oaat get it bww."— Idem.
40 TBI PUBITAN )!l UmltSO, ESOUIHK ASP AXIRIOA
for ita proper atndy one most go to GermaDy, nothing
die 08 to English higher education need cause surprise.
As to every other department of knowledge the story
is now the same. Take medicine, surgery, chemistry,
or any other branch of science ; law, philosophy, history,
or art in any of its forms, and although Englishmen
have achieved exceptional greatness in almost every
department, no one ever thinks of going to England,
- ,,^M in times past, to pursue his studies. Americans go
there to visit the homes of their ancestors, to look at
stately castles and superb cathedrals, to travel through
a land full of historic interest ; hVt when thoy wish to
study they go to France, Qermany, Italy, or Austria.*
Sovlong as America simply followed English preca-
* That the English tbenuelTek ue waking op to an appreciatioo of
the Cut that loniething ia wrong atwut their collegea appean ftom
the ptotcat againat their educational aystem, aigncd by aereral ban-
dred leading Bcbolara, which waa pabliahed in the iViiiM(«ni(A Cnt-
tuiy for Nor., 1888. See alio article on " Oiford and ita Profeaaora,"
Bdinburfh An>(<w, Oct, 1889. No inatmction in Engliih literature,
rhetoric, modem European languagca or literature, while the attend-
aace at lecturea on science, philoaopby, law, etc, is little more than
nominal. Max MQIIer says: "To enable young men to paaa their
ezaminatioDS seems now to have become the chief, if not the only,,
object of the nnivenutiea."— "India, What Can It Teach (Jar Amer.
ed. p. 10. The examinations are for admission to the civil senrice.
Erery reader, of coarse, will underatand that my renutrica apply only
to the general syatem of English education, which is of the last cen-
tory, and out of touch with modem thought. Indiridual Englishmen
•re, through home-training, foreign study, the influence of national
societies, and a general intellectual atmosphere in the unireisitiet
and elsewhere, among the moat cultured and acholarly of men. This
baa come about despite the defects in their system. How nueh
more would be accomplislied under a Icit nanow and insular system
is a difbrent qosstioa.
AIUBICAK Hioam BDOCATIOit . '<*
denU, her colleges nrera defeotiTe and ber scientific schools S'#
hardly worthy of the nanne. Now, under Continental
influences which every scholar appreciates, that reproach
is passing away. The American system is in process of
speedy development. It begins at the bottom with the
widest base of general education. Deep scholarship,
high intellectual culture, broad scientific knowledge,
finished artistic skill, are fruits of slow growth. Why
this new country has, in the past, been so deficient in . .'"
these respects needs no explanation. But now, even in
the upper departments, although she has no cause to be . . >
boastful, she is making gratifying progress. Already, in ' ■■/
wood-engraving for book-illustration, and in artistic sil-
'verware,>fihe has no superior, and in stained glass she
has no equal. In astronomy and in some branches of
mathematics she takes a fair place. In surgery and in ' ^
all surgical appliances she probably leads the world.
Her medical, chemical, and engineering schools are so
excellent that for mere purposes of instruction one scarce-
ly needs to go abroad. Her universities are establish* . . -'
ing post-graduate coBrses, which bid fair in time to . v^;
supersede the necessity of foreign study, in literature ; ;f.
and hist<Hical science. Harvard, it must be remembered,
received and welcomed the new learning from Germany,
at the hands of Everett, Bancroft, and Tioknor, before
it was accepted at the English universities P^verett's ,.>
translation of Buttmann's Qreek Grammar was reprinted . ' ^
in England, with the " Massachusetts" omitted after the
word "Cambridge" at the end of the preface. Mr. Ban-
croft's translation of Heeren was the first of its kind, . -'('^.
and the earliest Version from Henry Heine into English
was made by a graduate of Harvard.*
* JaoMt RiunU Lowell, " IMth AnniTciMrj of Hsnraid."
41 TBI rramK n motULMD, MxauMo, un uubwa
America is Uydmy the rioheet and the fint mannfact-
nring, as she is the flnt agrioaltnral, oonntiy of the
world. If, With her wealth, free iDstitntions, and nni-
venal education, she also in the future becomes the first
in learning and in act, she will evidently not be follow-
ing the example of England, where hi^er education is
restricted to the few.
The third peculiar institution of America is that of
local sdf-goTemment.
The contrast in this particular between America and
England is as marked as anything that can be well
imagined ; but it: was little noticed in the latter country
until the agitation of the question of home rule for
Ireland brought it to the front Even now, after aU
that has been written upon the subject, unless one has
examineil the subject with care, it is difficult for a person
on this side of the Athintic to appreciate the condition
of local government in Great Britain. The difflcnlty
arises from the fact that there is nothing which can be
called a system, and the consequent helter-skelter con-
fusion is something the very existence of which seems
to an American almost incredible. Ask the average
Englishman to explain how local affairs are managed in
England, and he will look at you with wonder. lie can
perhaps tell you something about his own pariah, or
something very vague about his own county, but beyond
that he knows nothing. Some matters are regulated
by the clergyman and his vestry, others by the poor
wardens ; the sheriffs and county officials are appointed
by the Crown, which means the Cabinet ; but of local
self-government by the people themselves almost nothing
exists except in the cities and laiger towns.*
•Th« issdnwIwirMM* IB (i«ayth««iMwsclw«rSiglith local
uwAL uovramuDrr in noujiD M
Vben tfce Englishmui tnnu to America, he leee »
qrttem, antl it is one that flUs him with lurprise, at least,
tf with no other feeling. Qenerally be looks only at its
inoTe saliont features, the relations between the states
and the federal government. In England Parliament
legislates for the whole kingdom. That body takes
npon itself the management of the domestic, the local,
the parochial, the manicipal affairs of all the communities
ioMitiitiom on conwlt " Local OoTcraracBt," b; H. D. Cbshmn, la
the " English Citiun Berie*," Maemillan A Co., tSM. Thit book
tollf ■ Ula alroott incndible of conftuion, inrfllcieucjr, and waste.
" Local goTernmcnt in tbii eountrj," it mji, " may be fltl; ileacribed
M oonaitting of a chaos of areas, a chaos of anthoritica, and a chaoa
of rates," p. 17. " Confiiaioa and eitraTaganca are tlie chancier^
istic feattires of the whole sjstrm," p. tl. " Local boards are innamei^
able, many of tlwm are nselesa, bat ani kept up mereljr to snpply
places and salaries for the oAeials."— Idem. " The total piupert j ia
Engknd lial>le to taxation is estimated to produce a gross rental of
«1S7,000,000. Local expenditHK* for ISW amounted to £SO,000,(Ma^
nearly one third of the tenUI," f '>.**, S8. " English local aflaira art
regulated by some CSOactsofParliament of general application, and
sercral thousand of a special character for particular towns or dla-
trkts. The latter accumulate at the rate of about sixty a year. In
England and Waka are 59 counties, 28t municipnl borongba, 70
Improvement Act districts, lOOS urban sanitary distticts, 41 port
sanitary authorities. ST7 rural sanitary districts, 30S1 school - tmard
districts, 424 highway districts, MS burial-board districts, 940 unions,
IM lighting and watching districts, 14,B1S poor-law parishes, 80S4
highway parishi>s, and about 13,000 ecc>esiastlcal parishes. These
•II OTcrlap and intersect each other, so as to make a perfect tangle
of jurisdictioDS. One farm of MO acres was, some few years ago,
ia twelve diSsrent parisliea, and subject to about fifty diflervnt ratea,"
pp. 18, II. Some districts are governed by twelve, fifteen, or twenty
dUhrent local authorities, selected at diflbrent times, and with dif-
fH«Bt qualifications for the voters. No wonder that every KagMsb-
■ma gives tba lotiiact np ia despair, at laeapibk of eoaapnbeariMa
ff"
4t «n matiM m wtujum, mntum, tm jmwkka
of Engtaad, Inland, SooUand, and '^alea. It arrangM
for every local gaa bill, water bill, nwarage bill, and
railway bill for the two islands. In America, the Federal
Ckmgreas legislates only on matten of national eonoem,
everything else is left to the separate states.
Bat the difference between the two countries goes
macb deeper than this. The American system is a com-
plete one, reaching down to the fonndations, and the
fonndations are its most important portions. At the
bottom lies the township, which divides the whole North
and West into an inflnityof little republics, each manag-
ing its own local affairs. In the old states they differ in
area and in their nuu^nery. In the new states of the
West they are more regular ii\ size, being generally six
miles square. But in all the system is sulmtantially
alike. Each township elects its own local ofHcors and
manages its own local affairs. Annually, a town meet-
ing is held of all the voters, and suffrage is limited only
by citizenship. At these meetings, not only are the
local ofllcers elected, such as supervisors, town-clerks,
justices of the peace, road-masters, and the like, but
money is appropriated for bridges, schools, libraries, and
other purposes of a local nature.
Next above the township stands the county, an aggre-
gate of a dozen or so of towns. Its official, sheriffs,
judges, clerks, registers, and other officers to manage
county affairs are chosen at the general Rtato election.
It also has a local assembly, formed of the town snpe^
visors. They audit accounts, supervise the county in-
•kitntiona, and legialate as t« variooa county mattera.
Above the counties again stands the state government,
with its legislature, which passes laws relating to state
affairs ; and finally the federal government, which deals
only with national oonoana. The whole forms a oca-
^
ISti •
lAOAL aommanT HI AMDnoA 4i
ntUnt and humonioas lyitem, whidi nminded 11^.
tbew Arnold of a well-fitting suit of clothe*, looM when
it ihould be loose, and tight where tigbtneat ia an ad-
Tantage.
Am we have already noticed, the feature of it all
which ttrtkea the Engliahman moat forcibly ii the aepa-
ration of local from national affairs in the administra-
tion of the state and the general government. But the
township system, with its mora direct local self-govern-
ment, is of greater im]>ortanco. Given that, and the rest
of the system follows almost as matter of course. Every
American is a politician, and feels a keen interest in his
presidential and state elections. But, after all, these are
generally of much less practical im|M>rtanco to him than
the, home elections, which determine whether his local
affairs shall be wisely, economically, and justly admin-
istered. General taxation is a trifle compared with that
tar hia schooli, roads, bridges, and other local expenses.
It is in the town meeting that the incipient statesman is
formed. It is in managing his local affairs that the
American acquires the discipline, the self-respect, and
idf-relianoe which enable him, when occasion calls, to
oommand a company, a regiment, or an arm^, control a
railroad or govern a state. When our late war closed,
the United States had one of the most efficient armies
that ever stood in line of battle. The secret lay in the
fact that each man was a drilled and disciplined, but
at the same time a thinking, machine. The drill and
discipline came from years of service, but the man
beneath them came from the sohool-hooae and the town
meeting.
Now, does any one imagine that the American intti-
tntions of local self-goveriwient are of English origin t
What England ia to-di^ we have faintly outlined. Aa
41 m tvtaxun a knuaxo, noiAxn, and aioboa
to the pMt, we out panne the mom line of inquiry M
WM followed in relation to the origin of the f ree-achocd
system. It was only where the Pnrittuis settled that the
township and the town meeting were folly developed.
Yiiginia attempted to copy directly the parishes and
Testries, boroughs and gnilds, of Engtond, Jeffenon
said: "These wards, called townships in New England,
are the vital principle of their government ; and have
proved themselves the wisest invention ever devised by
the wit of man for the perfect exercise of self-govern*
ment, and for its preservation." De Tocqoeville wro^
over fifty years ago : *' The more we descend towards
the South, the less active does the business of the tow>>
ship or pariah l)ecome ; the popnlatiun exercises a leas
immediate influence on afTaira; the power of the elected
magistrate is augmentetl and that of the elections di-
minished, while the public spirit of the local communities
is less awakened and leas inflaential." The syst«an doea
not appear to be English in its origin. How it came to
America is an interesting question.
We have now passed in review some of the most im-
portant of the institutions which today are found in
the United 8tates and are not found in England. Even
if we went no further, he would be a bold man who,
after stwiying their infloenoe upon the national life and
character, sliould still continue to claim that America
was only a transplantetl England. Bat, in addition to
these peculiar institutions, there are othera, now com-
mon to both oountriea, which have exerted a powerfal
influence in the United States for more than a oentniy,
while they have been only recently introduced into Eng-
land, and in that country are just beginning to bear
tnut.
liitw <4 ibtm •!« of an impoctuiM whiolt no OM
'M
■S,
nuoKMn uanmr m maLuni ako ammhca 4T '
will qneition. Thej an freedom (rf religion, freedom
of the preai, and the secret ballot. The lint proteeta
the oonadenoe, the aeoond proteota the mind, tlie third
proteeta the raffrage. Without theae guarantees the
United States of the nineteenth centary seems imposai-
bfe, and yet for none of them are we indebted td tha ^
legislation or to the example of the mother country. In
adopting each of them, England has not lieen the leader,
bat has followed in the footstept of America.
First, as to the introdnotion of religious liberty into
the two coontnes, a few dates tell the whole story. Of
the EstaUiabed Church in England 1 have already
spoken — the Churob which exacts a tax from every
one, and which is the chief bulwark of the aristocracy.
Still, with the exception of this tax, all religious de-
nominations stand UMlay in England on a basis of
equality before the htw, save (hat a Catholic cannot " «:
lit on the throne, nor can be MA the office of Lord
Chancellor of EngUnd or that of Lord IJeutenant of .
Ireland. But the cstAblishment of this equality is of ^ '•'
rery recent date. In 1A80 a partial Act of Toleration
was enacted, but it waa not extended to Unitarians un-
til ISIS, to Roman Catholics until ISiW, and to Jews na- * f
til 1808. Until soch respective datea the memben of
these proaoribed religious bodies were excluded from
pablic office, while it was not until 1871 that all relig- ,
ious U*U wore abolished in the universities of Oxford |:
and Cambridge, so aa to qien those institutions oquallj .
to students of all nligioaa denominations.
The removal of this last restriction, as we shall aea
hereafter, was nearly a hundred yeaia after religiooa
liberty had been proclaimed in the United States. »' ;, . ''^f
Next let us oonsitler the question of the freedom of r .
Of the importanoe of this subject nothing
■.^
48 Tu naiTAii m aoLum nouim urn AMntOA
need be Mid ; but here agmin attention it for the prcMot
requested simply to a few facts and dates. About m
century after the printing-press was introduced into
Engbuid, and as soon as it came to be reoogniied as a
power in religious and political discussions, it was placed
under a rigid censorship. Printing was permitted only
in certAJn speciHed places, and the approval of certain
oiBcials was re«|uired before a book could be given to
the public. This system oontinue<l until 1698, when the
licensing htw was permitted to expire.*
But with the aboUtimi of the oenaondiip the English
judges took the subject up, and the system which was
developed under their manipulation of the law was
nearly as oppressive as the one just aboliahed. They
held that in criminal prosecutions for libel—and such
prosecutions w»ro the ordinary means of silencing polit-
ical opponents — the truth could not be given in eviilence,
and that the jury before whom the offender was tried
had nothing to do eioept to pass u|Min the fact of puUi-
cation. " The greater the truth, tlie greater the Uiiel,"
became the maxim of the kw. In other words, if a
citizen published a statement reganling an oflloial or a
candidate for ofRce, charging him with corruption or
with any other offence againstthe state, the publisher
or author could be arrested for libel, ami would lie tried
before a judge, who excluded all evidence of the truth
of the charges, left to the jury only the question of the
publication or authorship, and then, if tiie prisoner was
found guilty, sentenced him to fine <v imprisonment,
and frequently to Imth.
No one at all aoiiuainted with the political history of
finghuid needs to be toM bow persiatentljr tUs mmh
* ■libM'* *OaBMitirtioMl BiMoi;," Ui. IW
^kSikiStJ-A^i^M^jAX'^. ^.}^\,.^.s^%. i. .&',v.sijtr«dla;^yai«sL^^^i. .i*r ^
lUBMM or m ruH B mauro 49
of the praH WM ntUiied by the government doring the
laat century. There were, from time to time, juries to be ^i
foand who, under the spell of consummate orators, were ' A-
willing to go to priaon for contempt uf court rather than d^
to find a verdict againit the tribunes of the ptople. But
tm saek revolts against the law English liberty would
have been dead indeed. Yet although under these occa-
sional breaths of free air the spark was kept alive, the
flame burned very low.*
' P .
• Chief Jnstice Holt it rapranntad la hiitory u one of thefH«id«'
•ad opholdera of libartj. In 1704, Tnlcbtn, the printer of the (M-
mnattr, wm tried be<bre him for an article ciittcising Qoeen Anne'*
Minlatera in language which we ibould now conaider Tery innocent.
The defendant'! cooniel having attempted to Justify it, Holt obeerrod
to the Jury :" I am rarpriead to be told that a writing I* not a libel
irhieb rellecta npoa tlia gOTemment, and endeavors to poewaa tha
lleople with the nntion that the government it adminittend by eor-
lapt penont. If writen should not be called to acconnt lur potaexa-
big tbe people with an III opinion of the government, no government
oan tnbtist Tou are to contider whether llie wordt which I have
read to you do not tend to beget an ill opiqioa of the admiuitteation
of the government. Their pnrport la that thote who are employed
know nothing of the matter, and thoae who do know are not en-
ployed ; tliat men are not adapted to oOoea, but office* to men, oat
of particular regard to their intereat, and not to their fltnett," Tba
deihadant wat accordingly fouml guilty. Campbell's " Uvea ol
the Chief Jnitioea"(Bhwchard * Urn, IMt), iilW. Thit was
the Ihw for many yean, that any reflection upon tb* admlnistratloB
wat punishable at a criminal libel. See Hallam'a " Cons. Hist,"
UL 1S4-1M. In ITSI, on the trial of Ftanklin, Loid Raymond
poaltively icAtUd to admit any avidenca to prove the publitbed
■ntter to ba true. In the Ihmout trial of the Dean of St. Asaph, torn*
flfty yean later. Lord Mansfield tostalaed this doctrine, and he waa
alltrwardi sappntad in hit view of the Uw by ail the Juiign In tht
Hooaa of Loida. CampbtU't "Uvaa at tba Chief Jutticet," tt.
41«-4ia.
L-4- -■" -' ^ •■ •
so TU PmrAM IN HOIXAND, mOLAllA AMD AMCHOA
In 1799, Mr. Fox's Libel bill wu psMed, decUuring that
on a trial for libel the jury, in giving its veitlict, had a
right to take into coniideration the character and ten-
denoy of the paper alleged to be libellooa. Btill, the truth
of the facts stated in the publication complained of could
not be inquired into; for half a century longer the maxim
prevailed, " the greater the truth the greater the libel;"
and it was only in the year 1845, under Ixird Camp-
bell's Libel bill, that the truth was finally admitted in
evidence, and the jury was allowed to decide whether
the defendant was actuated by malioe or by a desire for
the good of the community.*
Such was the law of libel in England until 1845. Now
let us turn to the United Stotes. The first amcndmenta
to the Federal Constitution, adopted in ITIU, provided
that Congress should make no law "abridging the free-
dom of speech or of the press," and most of the eariy
constitutions of the states already contained similar or
more stringent guarantees. But in 1790 a further step
had been taken by one of the Middle States. In that
year IVfln^tvaiiia adopted her second Constitution,
whiol/contained the following provision f " In proseon-
tionsuor the pablications of papers investigating the
offlciar<x>ndnct of officers or men in a public capacity, or
where tlib matter published is proper for public infor-
mation, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and
in all indictments for libels ttie jury shall have a right to
determine the law and the facta, under the direction of
the court, as in other cases." This was two years before
the half-way mtesure of Mr. Fox, and fifty-five years be-
fore the bill of Lord Campbell. Imitating the example
• OuBplxU'* « Utm or tha ChM Jnitioes," •' MuiflcM," il
4UL
-. *■■ WKRTKI BAIXor n
of PennsylTmnia, the other itatet followed with limilar
proTiiioiia, to that long before the press was free in Eng-
land, America had adopted the principle that in prowou-
tiona for libd the truth oould be given in evidence if
published for proper motives and for justifiable ends,
and that the jury was to judge of the law as well as of
the facts.*
As we search in vain to find in England the origin of
the religious freedom and the freedom of the press which
prevail in the United States, so we shall meet with the
same results in searching for the origin of the system
under which our elections are carried on by means of a
written or printed ballot. A secret election is the safe-
guard of republican institutions. Where votes for pub-
lic officers are given vied voce, or in any other manner
which petmita one person to learn how another baa
voted, there can be no real freedom of elections. This
principle is now so well undemtood that it seems an
axiom in politics, and yet it wai not until the year 1879
tiiat voting by ballot was intiroduoed into the mother
* New York did not cmbodf thU principle in b«r ConttitaUaHl
util 1811 ; but tba Lrgitlatara had declaicd bj ■ (Utnte, puwd in
1808, thtt thii WH tba law of the tiate. In 1TS5, when a coloay,
her lawyen ineiitad that the Eogliah law of libel waa not applicaU*
bare, and the coart beld with them lo &r ai to permit the Jor; to
paia npon the law aa well aa the beta, and the priioner waa acquitted.
"Zanger'a Trial," printed in New York and London. Tbencefbrth
the New Torfc preaa waa free ; bat in New England a cenaonbip «x-
ialad ontil about 17S8. Tjrier'a " Hiat. of American LlUratnre," i. US.
In ITtt, for example, Berjamin Franklin waa fotccd to leave Boetoo,
mnch to the advantage of PennajWanla, for baring publiih«l a libel
oa ita hiefarehy ; hla brother, for the aame ofbnce, waa impriaonetl fur
s Baathtand forbidden to paUiah bia paper except under oflUal
n m ntaiTAii m nouAini, nauunN ahd amoioa
oooDtrjr. Until that time all mnnioipal election*, and all
eleotions for memben of Parliament, were oondaoted by
■how of hands or oral declarations, after the primitive
faahion of rude nations, the feudal chieftain, the land-
lord, or employer being enabled to see whether hig hench-
men, tenant, or employe was voting for the candidate *of
his selection.
For many years protests had been made against this
system. O'Connell introdaced a bill on the subject in
1830, and the original' draft of the reform bill of Lord
John Russell provided for voting by ballot. But writ-
ers like Sydney Smith denounced the "Mouse -trap"
sohemej and the influence of the men who profited by
intimidation or corruption was powerful enough to pre-
vent its' adoption until 1879, when Hr. Forster passed
his famous act, which, deriving its main features from
Australia, combines the elements of secrecy, simplicity,
and efficiency.*
Here again wo see America as an instructor, and not
as a copyist, of England. When the thirteen colonies
adopted their first state constitutions, from 177« to
1790, four of the thirteen — Delaware, Pennsylvania,
North Carolina, and Georgia— provided that all voting
at elections should be by ballotf The Constitution of
New York permitted the LegisUture to try it as an ex-
periment; this was done in the election of governor and
lieutenant-governor in 1778, and ten years later the new
system was fully introduced. Following these exam-
ples all the states, old and new, huve by their oonstitu-
■"EncTclopadUBritai) <ca," utiele " Ballot."
t ConnecticDt and Rhoou bkuid, which continued to lira
thalr old obaitan for man; ;«sn, alrasdy had tha ijiteiB.
n* wnrm bauat iir utwnoA n
tioni provided for the same mode of Toting, Kentocky
bringing ap the rear in 1801*
This is not the place for considering the question of
the origin of religious liberty, the freedom of the press,
or the secret ballot. Hereafter these subjects will be
discussed. But one fact in r^;ard to theic ^istenoe in
America is very apparent. As religious liberty and the
secret ballot were establighed here nearly a century, and
the freedom of the press more than half a century, before
their establishment in England, ^ve need not look for
their origin to amy English precedent. English writers,
like Sir Henry Maine, who have looked into the Ftderal-
tit, express surprise at the sources from which the ex*
ponnden of the Federal Constitution drew their hiktori-
oal illustrations. Their writings display, Maine says, an
entire familiarity with the Republic of the United Neth-
erianda, and the Romano-Oerman Empire, but " there is
one fund of political experience upon which the Federal-
ist seldoin draws, and that is the political experience of
Great Britain."! But the men who founded the American
* Krataek;, which wu carTtd oat of Viigiol*, adopted the ballot
in its flnt Oonitltution, 17M, bat went back to the Engliih tiM-Mw
■jttem ia 1199, and retained it nntil 1801, except in election* for
eoagreaeawD, which are regulated b; a itatate of the United Btalea.
Virginia itielf reti^ned the old sjritera until 1M4. Daring the agi-
tation for a ballot in England, extending over more than half a cen-
tui7, the example of the United fltatet wa* conatantl; referred to by
ite adiDcatet. See OlMiirtk Sni»», 18S8. p. 611; 1881, p. 481.
For other articles on the subject, see ISIS, p. ISS ; 18W, p. 548 ; 18ST,
p.*ll;1857,p.M8.
t " Popular QoTemnent," bj Sir Ueary Maine, p. SO*. This same
writer, in an earlier work, referring to the American Rerolntion,
makes a significant remark: "The American Uwyers of the time,
and partienlarlf those of Virginia, appear to hare possiisseil a stock
•f knowledge which dtfliared cbielljr ftom tbat'of their EngUsb eo».
B
|M TM raUTAM m WMUIID, MKttUm, AMD AOBIOA
nptiblics, iUt« and federal, were not seeking to imitate
Great Hritain. They let out to eitabliah institationa »uoh
aa tbey thought England ought to have, and not those
which they found existing. The difference between these
two objects, the actual and the ideal English institntions of
a century ago, although often overlooked, is very nurked*
Leaving now these great institutions which lie at. the
base of the republic, let us see how America deals with
her dependent, abnormal, and criminal population, who
in England form such a lacge section of the people. In
1842, Charies Dickens said of Boston : " Above aU, I sin-
cerely believe that the public institutions and charities
of this capital of Massachusetts are as nearly perfect as
the most considerate wisdom, benevolence, and human-
ity can make them. I never in my life was more af-
fected by the contemplation of happiness under cironm-
stances of privatifm and bereavement than in my visit*
to these establishments." * In commenting on the dif-
ference betweeh the charities of America and England,
Dickens laid great and deserved stress upon the fact
that those of this country were in the main managed by
the state, while in England they are left to the benevo-
lence of private individuals. He argued that where the
unfortunate classes are regarded as wards of the people
at large, a better feeling must exist towards the govern-
ment than where they are considered outcasts and mere,
objects of private charity. This is the key-note of the
difference between the nations, and we find the same
contrast here as in the matter of education.
lemponriM in iBdnding much wbkh Mold on); have bem derivsd
ftma tb* legs! litantara orooatiaoitsl laropt.''— "AsdMit Uw,"
AMr.sd.p.91.
•"AwerioM Kotos."- ''"■■■..:■
OUSRABU AMD HBIAI. IMI'IIVIIUM U
- Ill Um United States, the bUnd, deaf and dumb, and
imbecile are looked apon ai oitinna having a claim upon
the State, and it it one alwaya oheerfally acknowledged.
In England they are regarded aa panpen, who must be
kept from starving by the poor-rate*, bqt beyond that
having no claim upon the government. In fact, Great
Britain, t»day, is the only country in the civilized worid
where the State does not aid in the education of the
blind, the deaf and dumb, and those without ordinary
mental powers.* The proportion of the abnormal claaa-
es in America is much smaller than in Great Britain, so
that fewer institutions are needed as oompare<l with
the population. Great Britain and IreUnd, for example,
have forty-six deaf-and-dumb asylums, all private, while
the United States has sixty-nine. The latter are most>
ly public, however, and in them the whole cost of board,
dothing, and education is in almost every case under-
takea by the State.t
When we now turn to prison reforms, we shall aa*
America again aa an instructor. No one at all acquaint-
ed with history needs to be told of the criminal code of
England and of the prison system, which continued there
until a very recent date. Up to the reign of George I.
there were sizty-aaven offences that were ponishable by
* •"The BrttUi iu>|MT«', aloae uboiik all ririliwd Chrhtinii ncg,
M^oy* immonity firom Uittion for the imtnicUon of thoM whn nn-
d<r the name of th« ■ tbaormal cluKt,' tbow who without tight
•ad whtaont ordinw; mmtal power, are the (pecial care of even toeb
a poor nation aa Norwa;."— Dr. Buxton't " Note* oo Pfogien." . v
t 7IUiVia<(«n<A Cmdny.Oct, 18M, p.597; RvportofU.B. Coo. 'I
oridaeation,lS87-88. Beside* theae, the United Stete* hare Ihirtj- I
two pttbltc ujlnna fat the bUod aad twaatjr-two (or b*l>l«-iBiBd«d
drildiea. Men.
death. Between his acoeMion and the termination of the
reign of Oeoige III.,aboat onehnndred and thirty-eix were
added to the nnmber. Of the criminal statutes of Great
Britain, Sir Samnel Romilly said : " I have examined the
codes of all nations, and oars is the worst, and worthy
of the anthro|H>pIiagi." As for the prisons, they were
what Macaaky called them, simply " hells on earth."
The first reform in the criminal code of English-speak-
ing peu]>le began in Pennsylvania, having been ordered
in the State Constitution of 1770, and this was followed
by a ])enitentiary built at PhiUdolphia in 1780, through
the influence of the Friends. The method of confine-
ment in this institution is known as the Pennsylvania
system. It consists of absolute solitary imprisonment,
in which the convict is shut off from all human compan-
ionship. New York followed, in 1707, with a new penal
code and a new penal system. At first, the solitary
Pennsylvania plan was tried, but this was found to en-
tail serious physical and mental evils upon the subjects.
Finally, at Anbum prison there was introduced, in 183S,
the system of solitary confinement at night, with congre-
gated silent work by day. This is known as the Auburn
system, and has been more generally adopted through-
oat the civilized world.*
In Great Britain, despite the labors of the noble How-
ard, Elisabeth Fry, and others, there was no real prison
reform until after 1831. In that year a committee of
the House of Commons was appointed to investigata
the whole subject, and shortly afterwards it sent a rep-
resentative, Mr. Crawford, across the Atlantic to exam-
ine the prisons of America, whteh just at that time had
~* « A Hdf Cntarjr with JbtmOI* IMiaqaMta," b; a K. PdMS^
D.D. (K«« York, ISW), IK *1.
■Dim w iinnM * *r
been higUy pniied by diatinguuhed travellen from
FnuHM.* Upon his ratara, in 1834, Mr. Crawford nuda . C|
an able and exhauitive report, which attracted wide at- ^'^U
tention. The result waa the introduction into England
of the American priion system, upon both the Pennsyl>
Tania and the New York model.
But America has done more than to give model peni- '
tentiary systems to tiie Old' World. One of the great-
est evils of the former prisons consisted in the huddling " \
together of all ages and classes — the young with the old, ^
the child guilty of his first offence with the habitual :l
criminal, grown gray in crime. In the removal of this '- '.,»
moral leprosy New York led the way by establishing, |
in 1824, a House of Refuge for juvenile delinquentaf 4
By the laws of the state magistrates were, and ever
since have been, authorized to send to this reformatory
institution all minors convicted of trivial offences, and
even those guilty of felony if under sixteen yeaia of
■g«. There they are taoght trades, are educated to hab>
its of industry and thrift, learn that they have friends i;"f
who cara for their welfare, physical and spiritual, and |
the result has been that a large proportion of the in- j > v:
mates have been permanently reformed. In 1828, Penn- / - :'K
■ylvania fdlowed the examine of New York, and in the
• » Tbtn eu Im liUl* doobt,* Mjrf • wriier in the " EncjclopadU
Mtaaniea " (trticle " Priion DiKipliM "),•• thtt this committee, Uk«
eveiy one Ju*t then, wi* greatly ttmelc hy tlie miperiar method of ...-.v;
priaon cliicipliDe panned in the United State*. The beet Americsn '":
priion* had recent); been vhiited by two eminent Frenchmen, MM. ■'<';.
Beaumont and De Toeqaeville, who ipoke of them in term* of iIm X
highert praia*. It wu with the ol>}ect of appropriating what waa .ri:
bart in tin American *T*tem that Mr. Crawford waa despatched acroM
lbs Atlaatio on a (pccial miaaion of iaquiiy." ; .,^; :
tMM«fy«Jt(*im,1886,p. S««. ' . ''v#
■ ■ . ' ■ '■■-■■ -'W
as raa rtlmui a aouuira, bisuhd, amd awuka
next forty yean over twenty limiUtr inititutiona were
eatftbliahed in the United States, which, in that time,
gathered within their walla from forty to fifty thoa- .
■and criminal or imperilled children. From America
the ay stem baa spread to Europe, and is now almost
nniversaL* As the result of this kind of work, the com-
mitments of female vagrants in the city of Now York
fell off tram S8S0 in I860 to 9535 in 1886, although in
that time the population nearly doubled. The commit-
ments of young girls for petit htroeny were diminished
from 044 to 243, and those of males from 2030 to 1950.
Since 1853 one association in New York, the Children's
Aid Sodety, has found homes in the West for some 80,000
IMnoDS, most of them ontoaat, neglected, and orphan
children, of whom over ninety-five per cent, have turned
out well.f England established her first public institu-
tion for juvenile offenders under the act of 18544
We have now reviewed most of the important institu-
tions which may be oonsklered peculiarly American —
that is, such as are found in this country, and not in all
other countries claiming to be civilised. In our freedom
from a State Church, the principle of equality underly-
ing onr whole system, in our written constitutions, the
organization of our Senate, the power of our Supreme
Court, onr wide-spread local self-government, and oar
m^hods of transmitting and alienating land, we find,
even to-day, the moat radical differences between Amer-
ica and the mother country ; while we also find that we
•"A Hsir Centary with Jarailla D«Uik|U«bU." Tbe euMO* of
18W (hows timt then an bow Id the United SUtet aboat lUtjr of
tlMnJuTcnileicfomiatorlei. Osium BollctiD No. 78.
t Sec Report of Society for ISM, p. IT.
(Bm yiiuUtittk CmtMry, Jul, 1887; "Prina OiMipliae,'' bf
Lnrd Morton.
ftmoa <» uauoiM urn N
b«T« been leaden, and not foUowera, in thoae inatita-
tiona where a resemblance now eziata, auch aa oar »yt-^
tern of popular education, freiwlom of religion, freedom
of the press, the secret ballot, and the vast machinery of
public cbariuble and reformatory worii.
There still remaina one subject to be considered in thia
ooonection, oar American system of law, which is aaa-
ally regarded aa of English origin. To some persona,
especially tboae of the legal profeaaion, this topic seems
of great iiuportanoe ; they call crimea by English namea,
use English phrases in their legal docnmenta, read Engi
liab law-books, and are inclined to argue, from the atand-
point of their studiea, that we must be an English race,
beeauae we inherit the inestimable legacy of the Com-
mon Law.
The question aa to our legal system haa been already
discuBsed, so far aa relatea to the most important sab-:
jeota with which goTemments ever attempt to deal;
that is, feligion through the Church, education throngfa
the printing-press, means of subsistence through the land,
and the development of manhood through Kjcal self-gor-
emment. Compared with the law upon these subjects,
which Englatad certainly did not transmit to us, the ralea
by which stat«s or individuals transact their ordinary
business are bat minor matters.
Aa for the machinery of justice in America, some feat-
urea of it are important, for they have served to shape
the national character ; sueh are trial by jury, the ri^t
of accused persons to be defended by counsel, and the
employment by the State of special officers for the pros-
ecution of criminals. These may bo regarded aa insti-
totiona ; and, as they are not common to all countries,
their origin is on that account noteworthy, and will
newTe oonaideration in another place. Bat Um botlj
■ki:-
;^ ■'■-
W Tin miTAii n muur^ hnlmio, ahd ambka
of mnnicipal lair, trbioh layi doivn hiIm of action for
the common aflFain of life, standi on a different baaia.
Among all civilized nations, althuogh different names
may be employed, the name crimes are punished, and in
much the same manner; the same principles of law pre-
vail in business matters, and there is but little rarianoe
in their modes of application. The question of the ori-
gin of these rules as they exist to-day in the United
Htatcs is, however, an interesting one, and, if not of in-
trinsic importance, its discussion will threw a si^light
on some other material subjects.
Apart from the great differences already noticed, and
some others which will be specifically pointed out here-
after, the legal systems of England and America are
much alike. But this alone does not prove that Ameri-
can law is of English origin, any more than it would
prove it in regard to the Decalogue, which we alao have
in common with our kin across the aea. The latter, al-
though read by most Americans only in King James's
verrion of the Bible, far antedates the birth of England,
and so does much of what we somewhat loosely speak
of as En^isb law. Most of this law is a transplanted
growth, very little, except the decayed or stunted shoots,
having tpnmg from British soil. Bone of it has come to
us by the way of England— that is, through the decisions
of her judges and the writings of her commentators —
but even the amount of this is often overestimated. We
■peak of English law as of English agriculture and Eng-
Ikh manufactures, little realising at the time how all of
the three have changed sinoe America was settled. As
to the law, the change, though gradual, has been almost
A rwolntioB.*
* "Aa leeimat of th* giowtb and dnclopoMat of oar Ugml (Tdssi
m ooLonm onouD to nsun uv tl
Snoli of the eariy wttlen of America aa came from
England were so opposed to the whole legal machinery
which they left behind them, that in lome of the colo-
niea hwyen were not permitted to ptaotiae their pro-
feiaion. Any one who reads the State Trials of the
time of Elizabeth and the Btaarta will nnderstand their
abhorrence of the English mode of administering crimi-
nal law. Bj^t, apart from this, they disliked the whole
civil jarispmdenoe of their native land, regarding it aa
onmbroos, intricate, unjust, a snare for the unwary and
a weapon for the knave. Well might they entertain
luoh opinions, for probably they were founded on their
own bitter experience. Few things in the history of
England, during the last half of the sixteenth and the
first part of the seventeenth century* are more remaric-
aUe than the prevalence of litigation, the growth and
wealth of the lawyers, their chicanery, and the abuses
of the courts.* The system was sbch that justice, even
when there was honesty among the judges, was almost
utterly lost sight of in a jungle of technicalities, worthy
of the eariy schoolmen. The American colonists gener-
ally supplanted this system with codes, many of the ]»o-
vWons of which were not borrowed from Enghind, all
having the merit of simplioity and being based on plain
prinoi{de8 of ju8tioe.t
is psfhap* the matt uitgratiy dwiImI oiT-all sddHiOBi to EngUili
kBowMge." — Sir Hmxy tUinc, "The EmtI; HUtory of IiMtita-
tlont" (Hcnrj Holt, 1888^^ p. Sti. BccODeMt," IlUtof theKogliih
CoMtUotloa,'' il. S81,ii to tbs wutof s work on the bUtor; ofKng-
lUi law in the eighteenth oenMuy.wbea the UMit rapid ehangee took
plaee in some deputment*.
• Bee Hell'e " Boeietf in the BIlMlMthu Age."
t The early codes of Menerhniette and Connecticut sie oo i
iaipertaBt points nan thsa s eaatoty ia sdTaoee of the law ia 1
■<k
M m rvmAM m ■ouuro, wnLum, and aiobica
' As the ooloniM grew, their jariiprndenoenataralljde-
relented with them, and after tUey became independeat
•tatea this deTelopment waa mnoh mora rapid. Ne«r law
was reqai/ed to meet new conditions of society. Somis-
times the want was supplied by enactments of the Lcgis-
llktare, at others by what Bentham aptly called judge-
made law, the creation -of the coarts. The result is that
the legal system of America has changed abaut as much
in the last two oentories as the face of the ooantry itself.
In England, too, the same change has been going on, in
much the same directions, and from the same causes.
Some of the admirers of the old Common Law, who re-
gard it as the perfection of human reasoning— perhaps
upon the tbeoiy that knowing it to be ngly they think
it must be great — tell iu that all this seeming transforma-
tion ir unreal, that there has been only a development
of original principles, and that the seeds of all our mod-
em system were contained in the earliest jurisprudence
of the English race. Such a view of the facts ignores
all the Continentid inflaences which have affected the
institntionB of England, and to a much greater exteat
those of the United States. To show how this effect hu
been produced is the main object of the present work,
and to its general discnssion the subject of the law mi^^t
make a fitting prelude.
' En^iid and America hare, t»day, much the
Isad. Cromwall, wlui had studMi law, sad tb« otlMr leadlaf awa
oftb* ComnwDirMUh wera sloKM u maoh oppoaad to the Iaw7«i
at tha ooloDitt* themMWn. They wished to •ImpUty tba law, bat
the lawyen, a* a clan, oppoeed thU aail erer; other rrlbna. Thay
flouriahed on atinwe Cromwell reganled them not aolj aa compt,
bat as among the wont enemiee of libert j. Ilaamei'a " Sir Reniy
VaDe," p. its. I shall show hereafter what atttmpts were made
r tba Oouranwaalth to leCscm tha law.
■MUM uw n otmoA m
hgal principle!, bat they are the nuna beoame deriTecl
in largo meuore from a oommon foreign loaroe, the Ro-
man Ciril Law. It ia to Rome that we are indebted for
almoat all of our aystem of equity and admiralty ; oar
lawa relating to the administration of estates and the
<iure of minors, the rights of married womeu, bailment!,
and, to a huge extent, oar whole system of oommeroial
law. Of the old Common Law of eariy times, the syt-
tern of a race of barbarians, very little now remaina.
How this has been brought aboat is a very sim)ile story.
It must be borne in mind that the men who conquered
the Britons and founded England were pagan savages,
the rudest of their race, and least tinctured with the oir-
ilication of Rome. Cut off from the Continent, when
much of the old civilization still survived, the descend-
ants of these men lingered on in barlnrism, long after
some of their brethren across the Channel. As for the
law of the conquerors, it was such as might be expected
from such a souroe. They knew and oared little aboni'
legal principles. Quite early they established the do&.'
trine, oommon to all rude nations,* that what some chief
or judge had decided years before, however monstroot
or unjust, must be followed by his successors. This
made memory take the ptaoe of reason, a substitution
never entirely reversed among their descendants, either
in legal or political discussions. But if there was Uttle
reason, there was enough reasoning to take its place.
This, however, was of the same character as that which
prevailed in the early universities, where words were
everything and principles of small account. Under this
system there grew up a jurisprudence cumbrous, compli-
cated, and annatural, which in many of its features will
• Bw lUias'i « AadMit Law."
¥\''t'
M m nmrrAx » mavuKO, amuim, ttm aiouca
only excite amaxement and deriiicm aniong our dMoand-
aaU a few generatioiu henoe.
Still, there waa one link between En^and and tba
Gontiaent; that waa the Romiah Choroh, which waa ioua ,
re««tabIiaho(l. Thia brought in foreign ecoleaiaatica, and
fortunately aome of tbem had a knowledge of the law of
Rome. They not only fostered its study in the ooU^gea,
bat, obtaining judicial power as chancellors, where it
was possible, and against the bitter oppoaition of the
other judges, they adopted its nu>re enlightened prinoi-
plea in the courta, building up what is known as the sys-
tem of equity, to correct the cmditiea, injustice, and ab-
surdities of the Common Law. When EUigland in time
baoame a commercial and manufacturing country, and
was brought into contact with her more advanced ndgb-
bort, the process wait on further. The nations of the
Continent hod formed their jurisprudence on the Civil
Law : it was taught in their universities, and became the
basis of all commercial dealings. Hence it was that with
the development of her commerce and manufacturea
England absorbed more and more of the law of aneiettt
Boma
As to the character <^Jf(t» l*^t let us call a few mod-
em witnesses. Cbonceildi^&ent says of the Pandects of
Justinian that, with all their errors and imperfections,
they " are the greatest repository of sound legal prinoi-
plea applied to the private righta and business of man-
kind that has ever appeared in any age or nation."* Sir
George Bowyer says : " The corpus of civil law is a jo-
ridioal oompiUtion which contains the wh<de science of
JnTispradence."t Roby adds that the Civil Law of Bona
, /^: : > •• iDtrodnedOB to tb* Btady of the avfl Uw.* f. Ik
■vU'*'i;.;Si"'-^i^^'i'i>'
nmuaicB ov m cira uw m
is U>4my the prinoipal Moroe of priTate law ia all Um
eiviUMd oountriM of tbe world.*
"Samitnr uMqae jot Ronutnum non tmtioM imperii
Md imperio nitioiiii."t
It wu upon thia foandation tlut Orotitu, of Holland,
boUt np the modim ■yft«m of international law. No
one needs to be told that it wai froiv the law of Rome
that Lord Mamfleld, in the laat oentnry, borroired the
prinoiplM which, though they excited the indignation
oi Junius, have given to his name an imperishable
mown as the father of Eng^ commercial jurispm-
Within the present century the assimilation baa
k going on more rapidly then ever. Much of the re-
nk, in America, is doe to the elTorta of Judge Story,
whose text-books are fliled with illustrations and ptin-
dples borrowed from the Civil Law. But the Work has
been progressing in all directions. Looking at our legal
system today, it can be said that most things in it con-
sistent with natural justice come from Rome, and that
its inoongroous, absurd, and unjust features are a sur-
Tival of old English customs and English legislation.
Such statements as to the influence of tbe Civil Law
npon the jnrisprudenoe of England and America may
seem novel to some readers ; but the whole subject of tbii
inflaenoe of Rome upon modem society is comparatively
new. From th«r early training, in school and college,
naay persons are inclined to regard tbe literature and
• Bob}*! " Introdnetion to Jnttiaiw'a DigMt."
t Swslw PhilUiBort't " lolrmluctioo to the Btuil; ofRomMi Uw,^
•■d "PriTata L*w aniong tha RomMu." Bir Henrjr Shina Myi of.
it : •• Tha Roosa Uw, which, naxt to tba Clirlititui icIiKion, U tha moat
piaotlftil aourca of tha nilat govarning tetml eoadiict througboat
Waatcn Earopa."— "Tlia Earlj Hiatot; of InatituUoiu " (Haaiy
Holt,lamx^•l il«>lUias't''AaeiaatUw,"
L-«
nmtnui ni mouAn,
um
Wt:,
tlM hiitorjr of Oreeoe and Rome m lUiMling on the i
bMb in thflir relktkMit to modern life : Uist <rf .impor-
tanon to the whobuTiand of inaigniflonnoe to the •o-cnUed
nun of practical affairs. Thia is a great miatake. ~ We
■peak of the author* of Oreeoe and Rome as equally the
olaatica, and are inclined to regard the language, inati-
tationa, and hiftoiy of each country aa equally dead.
In fact, they are all living, but in a very different apbera
of action. It baa been well nid that no Ungnage sbonld
be oalMd dnul which innbalms liTing tliongtfts. From
thia point of view the Greek will never die, for it is the
language of poetry, philosophy, and eloquence. In these
dapaitments it reigna snprem^, and here the Komaa
. tongoe can bear no oompariaoa with it. Haaee it was
that in the revival of leaning the Greek olaiaka pinyed
so great a part as r»oivilisera of the world. 8ome per-
sons think tliat their mission is now aocompliahed, and
that for the future they may be relegated to the special-
iiti, with the aothon of India or Egypt. Whether this
iasoornotweneednotherediscasa; I deaire now simply
to call attention to the fact that the Uteratare and hi*-'
tory of Rome occupy a very different position. The
Greeks were poets, artists, philoaophers ; the Romans
were essentially practical men, men of action, arohiteola
of empirea, law-given, moulders of institutions.
From the historic life of Greece the modem worM it
cat off as by a broad deep sea, although one underiaid
with electric cables snob aa now bind the continents
together. From Rome, however, there is no such sever-
ance. When the bariwrio hordes swept over the Conti-
nent of Earope, in one sense Rome went down, bat i»
another she snnrived, for she absorbed the oonqnerors,
gave them her language and lawa, and hugely shaped
(htir imtitotiona. " AU roads lead to Rome," says the
■HOI Am woamm nvnauTioii ir
old motto, Mid htotoriMW are beginninf to fnlly »ppra-
data, M Praenuui baa pointad oat, that in modern hiatory
aO roada alao dtrerge from the Eternal Oity.
So long as the oentnriM irhich loooeeded the domtfall
at Rome were regarded oa period* of almoat sbfimal
dariineaa, aharpij dividing ancient from modem civilixa-
tioB and thns unworthy of the attention of the acholar,
thia connection waa of ooarae nnreoogniied. In fact, in
onr achool lyitenu the study o' Roman history formerly
MMled with the foundation of the Empire. As for Oib-
bon, whoae magnificent work, althoagfa incomplete and
oorreoted in many plaoea by later inveatigations, still
staada as a Tast monument of erudition, it was the
fitfhion to regard the anthor as an enemy of religion,
and hia hiatory as a book to be kept from the hands of
the immature. The result has been that the past gen-
eration bad, in general, but vague notions of the Tioman
Empire, regarding it as the home of tjrranny and universal
Qormption, and ita barbarian raooeaaon as something
like a devastating flood which swept away all that the
world had ever known of law, order, and civilisation.
One of the chief instruments in removing this erro-
naons impression has been the study of the Roman htw,
•■ oarriad oa in the Gontinental universities. For many
yean it was beUered that the Pandects of Justinian had
been loat for oenturiea, and were only discovered at
Amalfl in 1187. This theory has been thoroughly ex-
pktded, and the fact eatabliahed that they were never
kMt, bat were always studied and became the chief fac-
tor in moulding the jariqmtdenoe of the new kingdoms
of the Continent.* The other theory, that Rome, under
•«HMai7sr ths BooMuiLaw dariaf the XUdls AfH^" Ifc^i
•wlgar . . .-;....-■■■•■■.-
it*
m m nmni» a muum, aNUuin, and jMoaoA
the Empire, wu the (Mipool of oomiptk» depicted hy
WNiie of iier historiani and MtiiiiU hu alao been ihown
to be anfonoded.*
The Roman Uw took iu form nuUnly in the firat three
OMitariee of the Empire. A portion of thi* period ia
deeoribed by Gibbon, in Ungnage of great kignifloance,
M the worid'a true golden age.f
~^hoee were what we call heathen timea, bnt it must
Iw remembered that, before thie kw was codified for
future generations, Rome hsd aooepted Christianity, and
under its iniluenoe great and beneiioial changes had
> been introduced, chief among which were those reUt-
ing to the rights and position of women and mincws.
Ia the sixth century, from 5il9 to Mi, Justinian gatb-
•red up all that was considered Yalnable in the old and
Mw systems, and gave to the world the compilations
* "HUorr of Bona and the Ronaa fi'iit,'' Vtetor I>usr,TL
»W, etc.
t " If * man were called upon to Ak tbe period in tb* history of
Iba world dnriag which tlia ooadition of tha human race wai moat
li^py and proapcroos, be woaUl witboat healtation name that which
•lapaed ftom the death of Domitlan to tlie aeccaaion of Commodua.
The Taat eilent of the Roman Empire was goremed bj abaofnta
power under the gdidance of rirtoe and wiadooi. Tbe anaiai were
reatiained b; the Arm bat gentle hand of Bra aacceaalre cmpcrora,
Whoie character and autboritjt commanded inrolanlarj reapeet.
The forms of the ciril administration were oareftiUy pmerred by
Kerra, Tnjan, Hadrian, and tbe Antonioes, «bo delighted in 11^
image of libertj and were pleased with coasideilng tbeuaelrei aa
tba accountable minlateia of the lawa."— Gibbon, rol. L chap. ill.
Baa as to Trajan's time, the Letlen of th4 jonnger Pliny. One of
theae emperors, Harcua Aurelius Antoninna, has left ibr paatcrity Ilia
ideas as to lib and Ita conduct. Nowhere ttn a nobler philosophy
ba found, Inculcating, aa it doea, sslf.ooatral, self-abnegation, beMT-
olence, charity, and tolcraiioa.
na oiTiL LAW Am m ooimoii uw M
whktb, «Ter Mnoeitndied apon the Continent, have been
the delight and wonder not alone of the jnriit, bat of
the philoeopher ud moratlit aa welL What oompari-
■on oonld be expected, when men put aiide their petty '
prejodiow, between inch a Byitem and that of the nn-
oultnred pagan wnigea who laid the foundation of the
English Common Law I From thetw inggeetiona the
reader who ia not a lawyer can periiapa nnderatand why
i| ii that Amerioan ■tndenti who deaire to obtain a pro-
found knowledge of jarisprudenoe go to Germany to
■tndy the CivU Law.*
•Tlia naproAaioiul reader esn Mareely apprceUt* tb« rapid ^
changca in our legal qrttem bow in prograa, maintj attribatable
to the fitct that we hare cat loon ttom Knji^nd, ih>m Englhh mode* -<
of thobght and eoanea of atndy. At the MOth annivenar; of Har-
vard College, Judge Ollrer Wendell Iloroea, Jr., of Maaaachuaetti,
made a notaMe addreaa before the Law School Aaaociation. Speak-
ing of Judge 8tor]r, win waa a great student of the Ciril I«w, and
wlio, be laid, haa done more than any other Engliih-qieaking ms^
in tbia century to make tlM law Inminooa and easy to nnderttand,
lie remarked : " But Story'a almple phitoaophising haa eeaaed to lat-
iafy men'a mlnda. I think it might be mid with aafety that no man
of bia or of the laecflediDg generation could bare ataled the law in a
form that deterred to al>ide, becaun neither bia nor the tucceeding
generation poaaeaaed or could bare poaaeased the historical knowl-
edge, bad made or could bare made the analyses of principlea, which
are neceaaary before the ordinal doetrinea of the law can be known
•nd undentood in tbdr precise contours and in tlieir innermoat
meanings.
" Tbia new work i^ mw lieiBg done, Under tlw infloenee of Oer-
many, science is gradually drawing legal history into its aphete. The
lacts are being scrutinized liy eyes microscopic in intensity and pan-
oramic in acope. At the same time,' under the influence of our re-
rired interest in pbiloaopbical specuUtion, a thousand heads are an-
alydng and generaliaing the rules of law and the ground on which
tltay iMad. The taw baa got to be stated orer again, and I Ttataie
TO TBI rvuriJi ni aoiuinii Mmajma, mb AtamtBA
Hotr America hao led En^juid in wnne of tb« i
■alient l^gal reform* c»n be Men from » few eumplea.
When the Amerioan State* adopted their Bnrt ooMtito-
tiona, fire of them oonUimd a prorieion that every
penon aooaied of crime was to be allowed coudmI for
bit defence. The same right wai, in 1791, granted for
all America in the lint amendments to the Conrtitution
of the United States. This woold seem to be an ele-
montaiy principle of justice, but it was not ad<^>ted in
England until nearlj half a oentory later, and then only
after a bitter struggle, to which I shall refer hereafter.
Somewhat akin to this is the reverse principle prevail-
ing in the United States that in criminal triab the gov-
ernment shall in every ooonty be represented by a special
pnblio prosecutor, generally oalled a district attorney.
Nothing of this kind is known in England, even at the
present day, although the introdootion of the system has
been frequently advocated by the highest authorities.
The last American reform in criminal law is that of
aUowing prisonan to testify in their own behalf. Thia
is also now advocated in England.*
In civil matters, the greatest reform of modem times
has been the sim|dification of ]mK3edure in the courts,
and the virtual amalgamation of law and equity. Ilere
again America took the lead, through the adoption by
New Toik, in )M8, of a Code of Practice, which has
been fdlowed by most of the other states of the Union,
and in its main features has lately been taken up by Eng^■
land. In the same manner havu come about the reforms
in the laws relating to married women, by which a whole
to ay tb(t in ttlj jettn «• thill hive it in i fona of which do msn
eonld hire dreimed Shy ;ein igo."
* 8m irtiols \tj Joftici J. F. Stephia, Sintltnlk CtMtwf, Oet.,
m uuL nuxoiPAnoii or mnuoi 71
MX hM bMn emuioipftt«d. According to the old Eng^
Uih theory, a womkn wm k chattel, all o( whose property
bdonged to her husband. He oonld beat her u he might
a beaat of harden, and, provided that he was not guilty
of what would be cnudty to animals, the law gave no ;.j ; ;l
redrsM. In the emancipation of women Mississippi led
off, in 1889, New York following with its Married Wom-
en's Act of 1849, which has been since so enlarged and
extended, and so generally adopted by the other states,
tbkt, for all porposes of business, ownership of propniy,
and claim to her individual earnings, a married woman . .-/^
is to<)ay, in America, as independent as a man. In some ( i.:\|
respects we are still behind the Continental nations of -; ..'t;
Europe, which recognize the oneness of man and wife by '
providing that a husband shall not will away his prop-
erty from the woman who has aided in its acquisition.
That law, and the further one that a man shall not dis-
inherit his children without just cause, both derived from
the jurisprudence of Rome, will come in time ; but for
no such reforms, either past or preaenit, need we look to
English precedents.
With the law we may oloae for the preaent our com-
parison of English and American institutions. The
contrast between them is so striking that the deriva-
tion of one from the other seems almost incredibla
Nor is this contrast the result of any recent change in
Mther coantry. . As we have seen, it reaches back to
the first settlement of New England, and has devek>ped
■fani^y on its original lines. Here the spirit of the insti-
tutions has always pointed to equality and the elevation
of all classes through the nuushinery of the government
In England, on the other hand, wiUi rare exceptions un-
til very modem times, the government has been conduct-
ed in the interest of the so«aUed upper classes—that is,
•, .■«;;.
Ik
1% rai FUalTAII IN B0U.A8D, BHOUHD. AKB AXOIOA
the few penong whose anccston took poaseuion of the
land, the church, the machinery of the oourta, the legis-
latnre, a^tid the executive, and thane who, in kter days,
, have acquired wealth by trade.* The people have never
been recognized, except for the few yean when the Pn-
ritang held away. The sinking fact to^ay is, that the
masse* are rising up, and are bound to make their long^
buried grievances acknowledged. The new England to
be evolved from the comiilg change may not be so p»t-
nresque; for vast estates and lordly oastles, set off by
moes-oovered noisome hovels and troops of beggars, do
certainly form picturesque objects in a landscape ; but
the general happiness, the object gf modem civiliza-
tion, may bo the gainer.f
Much we owe to England, and the debt will never be
ignored or outlawed. We have her vigorous language,
are sharers of her noble literature, have many of her
customs and. modes of thought, and claim to inherit
some of her indomitable energy, practical sagacity, hab-
its of organization, and general love of fair play and'
open speech. In little things, too, often regarddtNu
peculiar to America, we are only preserving old Eng-
lish forms and customs. For example, when a i'igi-
lance committee in the South or West decorate an ob-
noxious stranger with a coat of tar and feathers, they
* One of thew ran exceptioni ocetuicd in the reign of Henry Tin.,
irlio, trawerer he may luTe trampled on the rich and powcrfh], en-
dcaied himtelf to the people at large, to an extent which tlie pres-
ent generation (Idd it difficult to underttand, hy hit protection of the
poor. Goeiit'i " Hiit. of the Engliah Constitotion," ii. 187.
f The coming change in England will prohably be a peaceAil one,
for the practical Knglishmen, nnlilce lome of their neighbon, haTS
a happy faculty of tolTing political proMemi when their aolutioo
becomei imperatiTe,
ouon or uoduoam uhiiiuhoiw 11 .
are only exercising a fonn of English hospitality prao-
tiled in the seventeenth centmy.* When the Yankes
Mji "I gness," he ii bnt ^ing the English of Chaa-
oer and Shakeapeare.t So when he speaks of "fall" in-
stead of autumn, he is following Dryden4 In calling ' ^>'.
a person "homely" instead of plain, he has the war- :.
rant of Milton.g 80 " whittle " is found to be old ; I
" slick "also,1^"frB«het,"»« and many other so^salled 3;
Americanisms. ■'■'$',
There is no danger of the reader's nndereatimating tb«
inflaenoe of England upon America, or the great virtues
of the English people. Bat these subjects, important as
they are in themselves, have no bearing upon the quea-
tion which I have undertaken to discuss — the origin
of our republican institutions. These institutions have ?§'
moulded, and will serve hereafter to mould, the na-
tion's life. The questions how and whence they came
to America should interest not alone the scholar, but
every one who cares for the future of his country. The
past holds for us something beyond the mere pleasure '
of a romance. It lays before us as a lesion the experi- '
• Int to LoweU'i " Biglow Pkpen," toI. U.
t "Oftwenty jcnoftge li« wu,IgeHc"— CliMosr.
" Better fiir, I gnns,
n«t w« do make o«r entrance aerenil waji,"
" lit Part Henrr VI.," act il. K. 1.
X •* What orowda of patienU the town doctor kilb;
Or how la«t fUI he railed the weekly billa."
I ** It b for homeij featarei to keep home.
The; had their name hence."— Milton, " Comna."
I In " Hakewlth on ProTidenor," 16t7, giren by Johneon.
T Died by CtuqfMuan, IMS, Sir Tbomaa Browne, and Fnller.
*• "AllflihfWMn leaorihore,
Fnihet or purling brook."— Hilton.
74 tmi nnuTAtt ra uauum, mtuum, um ammbka
enoe of other nations ; of those alone who hare tb« h^ "
gaoity to profit by that ezperienpe can it be laid that
" hktoriM make men wise."
The method in which thia nibject haa been heretofore
generally treated is familiar to every reader, and it ia a
method which has at least the merit of simplicity, obri-
ating the neoeasity of all original investigation. Lodc-
ing bade at Amerioui literature, we find that, to all qnaa-
lions regarding the orig:m of oar on-Engliah institatioiia,
theatock-answer has been returned, that they were in-
vented by those mysterioos and inspired prophetic aoala
who founded Msssachnsetta. Of all the fabled heroes
of antiquity, architecta of empires, or benefactors of the
human race, none, in popular opinion, hare ever equalled
ia depth of thought and fecundity of invention the plain
artisans and farmers who crossed the ocean in the Jioff-
Jhtetr, or those who followed them in the next few yeara.
What a marvellous maginian's bath the Atlantic must
have been two centuries aud a half ago, when even a
Mil MTOiS ita waters could work such miracles 1 If any
other nation soooeeds in originating a sin^e great in-
stitution in an ordinary lifetime, it gaina historic fame.
In this case, the van voyage from England sufficed, we
are expected to believe, fgrUMivv«ition<rf at least threa
ioff the first magnitude.
At the head of the list stands the fNMdbool tyitem Ol
the United States. For th is claim we have the authority
of James Bnisell Lowell, who calls it the invention of our
Puritan ancestors in Massachusetts.* The second is the
township system. This also originated in the same qua^
tw, aooording to Pklfrey, Uie historian of New £n^
• Bnsy oa « New KofUuid Two Boadnd Twis Ago,"
llrBooka.
kwd.* The thbd it Um qnteai of raoordiag «leeds mad \
mortgagM. Thb alw tt ckhned to twre bean deriaed ^
in America, presamably in Massachawttawf Aa the Mtn^
tlen of New EngUuid oerUinly did poaaen theae imiMm :
tMit inatitationa, while the Engliahmen at home u oer>
tainly did not, the inference that they were inrmtod in
Anraioa ia a natnral one, if we aet out with the aaaamp-
tioa that EngUnd ia the onlj other ooantrj in the world.
HoweTsr, a little light ia thrown npon the aabjeot when
we learn that free achoola exiated, not only among the
Bomans, bat among the Moora nine centuries ago; that
the townihip ayatem prevailed in Central Asia probably
bdora the diaposioD of the human raoe, aad.nowexiaU
in upper India; and that deeda were recorded in£g3rpt
long before the Chriatian era.
Theae are bat apecimena of American inatitationa,
and aimple illoatntiona of the ordinary mode of dealing
with their hiatoiy by modem writera, for we may notice
that oar anoeatora never made aach daima. Some per-
aona mig^t think that it waa charactariatic Yankee tall-
talk, indalged in only among nnedncated people, to credit
their origin to Maaaaohnaetta and to tranaplanted Eng-
liahmen; bat thia, aa we have already aeen, ia incor-
rect Moat Engliah and all American hiatoriea hava
beea written after the aame modaL^
t " New Amerieu Cyclopml^'' uticia ■ Kecording*
) Anolbcr example will illiHtrate thle eren more fu|lj. In IMS,
Idwaid ETcrett delinred mi ■ddce« in commemoration of the two
bandRdth (nnirerMrj of the founding of Harrard College. Refer-
riag to the eppropriation bj the Oeneral Court of MaHacbuMlta of
th* mm of four hundred pound* tor the eetablithment of that inatt-
tatioo, be Mid: " I muat appeal to gentlemen uoand me, wlwtbir
bdbn tiM j«tf 1«M Um7 know of MMli • tU^ ■■ • gnat of BHatgr
;f-
In all this there ia nothing remarkable ; for to penona
Mcwtomed from earlj education never to look beyond
Great Britain lor anything American, our inatitations,
when not reoogniaed aa Engliah, may well aeem to be
originaL In addition ia the fact that auch a mode of
dealing with one'a anoeatora baa, until a recent date,
aeemed patriotic among all nationa. It ia to be hoped,
howerer, that to the preaent generation, extending ita
reaearohea in all directiona, theee inatitutiona will not be
leaa dear or leaa important because found to hare about
them aome of the halo of repoUioan antiquity, reaching
back further than the voyage of the immortal UayfimMr.
We apeak of thia aa t^ " new woiid," bat geologically
it ia the old. Modem abientiata, in atodying the reoorda
faniiahed by the rocka, bare diaoorered that it waa in
being when Europe waa aabmeiged beneath the wavea.
■m
bjrtheXaglbliHoanof CommoM to foand oreadow ■ plan of ada-
cation. I think there is no mcb grtnt before tliet period, nor till
loBg after; and tbenfore I bclieTc it ie ttrictl; within the boonda of
troth to aaj that the General Cuurt of Mauachutetta, which met in
Beptember, IMS, ia the flnt bodj in which the people b; their repre-
antatiTcaeTergaTe their own mone; tn found a place of edacattoa."
~ The aame kind of langnage waa nied at the SSOth annlTenar; in IDM.
Ho auch thing being known in Engtend, therefore it never eiiited.
We ihall aee hereafter how, half a centni; befuie the tioM of which
Mr. Ererett apoke, th« people of Holland, through their repraaent-
■tiTea, bad giren all the boildingi and a magnitcent endowamt
tat the eatabliahment of two Ave univeraitiea, one of which (that of
Lejtden) ia among the moet diatinguiabed in the world. Many •<
the men who aettled in Maaaachoaetta came ftom Lryden, and Har-
vard College itieir waa eatobliahad on land aeltled b; colooiati led
by Thomaa Honker, a rafligea Eagiiah preacher who had lirad ia
Holland for three yeara. Strange enongh aoch language aa that of
. thaOoreraor of Maanchuietts would han aoanded to t^ MMwka
■at* Um grant af iiur buadrad pouada.
Mnqonr or AMBBOAH iMmTunom W ,„
So of oar ijBtem of gorerament The political moTtf^
menu of the bit oentary hare worked such ohangea - ':^|;
aeroH the ooetn that to^lay the Conatitation of the
United States is almost the oldest in existence outside
of Asia, fiat our leading institutions go back much ,-'1
farther. When historians come to study them, as they
have studied dynasties, they will find that here also
Amerioa is the old and much of Earope the new bar-
baric worid. In the constraotion of the repoblio, our
fathers had the same advantages which a man of fortune
possesses who sets out to build a new house. Although
not rich in goM, they were the heirs of all the wisdom
of the ages. They were hampered by no old strocture
t» be modernised, and by no old materials to be pat to
use. A continent lay before them on which to build;
the whole world was their quarry, and all the past their
architects. They showed marvellous skill, wisdom, and
foresight in the selection of their plans, in the choice of
their materials^ and in their methods of constrnotion.
All this is honor enoo^, without endowing them with
the lamp of an Aladdin or the wand'<rf a magician.
Taking tbeword in its broad sense, the institutions of >,;.
America are laij^ly Puritan, so that we mast look to the
growth of Puritanism to understand their introduction. v p
Bat when we seek for their origin, we shoakl send our JQ_
tboo^ts far beyond the little island of England or the ' j
narrow confines of Maasaohnsetts. National institntions ; vi;!^
art like grsat trees standing in a field, which, though -^
sowing only a trunk and branches above the surface,
li^e another frame as laige spreading through the soil
Mow. Those of America slielter to<iay over sixty
niU'.dn people. Their roots are too large to be contained
in any one small quarter of the globe.
Two great elements have oontribated to make AmflV>
T8 m niRAv nf Mi^uint
AiiBinaiu
kft what it ii: one, the civilization of ancient Rome^
with it* genius for goTernment and ita instinct for
justice and equal rights; the other, the strong wild
blood of the Germanic race, with its passion for indi-
vidual freedom, which has given nerve, energy, and
strength to modem Earopci The first of these elements
was utterly extinguished in England by the Anglo43axon
conquest, while the feudal system afterwards came in
to rob the Qermanic conquerors of many of their earl j
ideas regarding civil liberty.
One country alone in Northern Europe was largely
free from both this devastation and this blight. There
the civilization of Home was never extinguished, and
the feudal system took but feeUe root. The foopla
were of Germanic blood, and preserved more purely
than any others their Germanic ideas and ingtitutions;
but engrafted on them were the arts, the learning, and
the laws derived from communication with civilized
uid civilizing Italy. To the patriot, to the lover of civil
and religious liberty, as well as to the student of art and
science in any land, the history of this republican country
must always hare a peculiar charm. But, apart from its
general features, this history is so interwoven with that
of England and America that any one concerned with
the past of either of these countries will find it a sabjwl
of unfailing interest.
When modem Englishmen set out to write the history
of their country, they cross the Channel and describe
the Angles and the Saxons in their early home upon the
Continent.* That home was so near to the Netherlands
that the people of Holland and the conquerors of Britaia
• aMOiMst '•lUkii««rii«lsad,*' BMM^-OaasUtattswa Bis-
or mnjun to tmi
•poke mlwUntiaUy the nine langnsfie, and were dmiMl
ci one blood. To the Eng^mMi, thinking only ot th*
grentne* of his own Innd, tbit original relationship nwjr
■eem luffldent honor for a tiny fragment of the earth's
tmrface not aa hurge u Switieriand, but it is only the
fint chapter of Uie itory. For hundreds of years in
later times, and until long after the settlement of Amef'
ioa, the Netherlands stood as the guide and inatmotor
of England in almost ererything which hasjnade her
materially great. When the Reformation came in which '
Northwestern Europe was new-bom, it was the Nether-
lands wbicb led the van, and for eighty yean waged the
war which disenthralled the souls of men. f >ut of that
flonfliot, shared by thousands of heroic Englishmen, but
in whidh England as a nation hardly had a place, Puri>
tanism was evolved— the Puritanism which gave ita
triumph to the Netherland Republic, and has shaped tlw
character of the English-tpeaking race.
In time, EngUnd came to hate the benefactor to whom
■he owed so much, and some of her people have repaid
their debt in a manner not uncommon in such cases.
Thus, after the Restoration of the Htoarts, and still
more after the Tory reaction which followed ths
Berolution of 1088, the political writera about the ooort
habitually ridiculed the Dutchmen for virtues which
they could not understand. The republican HoUantier
thought it a^disgface to have his wife or daughter de-
bauched by a king or noble. The courtiers aimnt
Charles 11. viewed this subject differently, and regarded
the Dutchman as ill-mannered for his want of taste.*
""Wj
* Is Holland, when lis puMml part at hhi dayi of atila, Charlw
Mid hia coartiara vera conitantly and npaoljr nbukgd Sir tbair Ii4aa>
llout sad pnltgata liaUta. Thatt ntmkca wata aa Uula nUahaA
N na matAM m tmuLum, wmttm», tarn Mmmaok
Add«d to thu were the HoUander't raepect for the pri-
vate rigfata of all cImwm; hia derotum to ait and learn-
ing; hit love of fair dealing in penonal and in pnblio
matten ; hi* indmtrjr, frugality ; and, finally, hi* univer-
■al toleration. A man vrith theae trait* of character, al-
though *ympathetic with the Engiiah Puritan <>n many
point*, wa* hardly oomprehenaible to the ruling chwtea
in England two centnriea and a half aga No one oould
deny tJie Dutehmen'a oooragei, for they were among the
boldeat aoldier* and milon that the world ha* ever aoen ;
but they were not gentlemen from the ariatocratio point
of view.
A* for the Engliahmen of the Beitoration, one littla
incident will illuatrate what they thought high breed-
ing. Sir William Temple, aa ia well known, waa one
at the moat elegant and aooompliabed gentlemen at the
Court of Charlea II.— a wit among the oourtiera, and a
courtier among the wita." Being aant a* ambaaaador
to The Hague, he fortunately jotted down aome of hia
ezperiencea, and among iHhera the following. Dining
one day with the Chief Burgomaater of Amaterdam,
and having a aevera cold, he noticed that every time
he apit on the Hoor, while at table, a tight, liandaome
wench, who atood in a corner holding a cloth, got down
on her kneea and wiped it up. Seeing thia, he turned
to hia boat and apologised for the trouble which he gan^
receiving the jocular reaponae, ** It ia well for you that
■ad ■• little forgiTm by tin " mcrr; moiMrch " h wu the iten dU-
dpilM to whicli ha wm •talijeeted in Scotland during lih ett\j llh.
RafOT't "BInrjr of Holland," p. »7; DbtIm, Ui. tS. No rMdif
BMda to be raminded how many of tha noble Cimlliea of Bagfawd
aM deeoendad Amn illegitimata Kioaa of rojtalty, aad bow tha; priai
tkair aaceatry.
• lUcaalaj's Baaya, " Sir William Tnaplt.*
nauM umrATBT to tu dotoi n
ny wife ii not borne, for the would have turned yoo
\Mit of the house for toiling her floor, although yoo
are tlie Engliah amhawador." Thia incident, he laya,
" illnatratee the anthority of women in Holland." tiaX
it conveyed no otbw leMon to hia mind give* ua a bet-
tar idea of the manners of the En^iah upper olaaaea
two centuries ago than pagea of description.* Ilalbun,
writing of England in the time of Eliiabeth, lays:
" Hypocritical adnbktion was so much among the vices
of that age, that the want of it passed for rudeness." f
It was this form of mdeness in the HoUander, and not
what would be called bad manners t<Hlay, that was found
objectionable by the English.
When wc now remember that England and Holland
became commercial rivals, and that England has never ''
■ompled at anything to crush out a competitor, we need
not wonder at the national prejudioe towards the Dntch-
man, whose virtues, developed under a republic, were a
standing protest against a government for the upper
olaaaes alone. In 1A78, Chancellor Shafteabury, in an
addreaa to Pariiament, aummed up the whole caae against
Holland. It was an enemy of all monarchiea, especially
the English; their only competitor in oommeroe and
naval power, and the chief obstacle to the universal do-
minion which England should aim at : IXrlendu etto Car-
' tkago. Such a government must be destroyed.^
Snob, in brief outline, ia the origin of the Engliahman's
antipathy to the Duteh ; aa antipathy which in great
• « Menoira at wImI PMnd is Chriitcndom fttim 1*7* to UT*,"
■r WIIUw Tnaplc'i Work*, iL 4M. Be* ■■«> FMHIuun'* •' Ito-
solvw;" "ObwrratfaHW on tha Low Contrias" lath wL (Uadoa,
vnt), p. Wt.
♦ -Ooait. Hht" I. «7T. ^!?
t "Psrit. HW." veL It. coL 604, dted by DstIm.
L-6 '. "-'-^'f
•'i-'-.>
j,i,
,:;ai
II tn rnuTAM m bolland, noLAini, axd AwnicA
meanire had led to a g«nend diipwsgvment of thii peo-
ple, and thns to obscuring the truth of history ; although
to such an exhibition of national prejudice there hare
always been iUuatriout exoeptiona.*
That the American of English descent should, in for
mer times, have shown some of this prejudice is in no
ways remarkable, since he knew little of the fucts. Bat
his indulgence in the di«iiaragement at the present day,
when all the records are accessible, is a very different
matter, for it i* to the ooantry of this republican people,
* WiMt MUM of tlir«bl« EngUihmen of tlw wTentoenth century
tboQght of them will be *hown in ■ late chapter. A< to tboee of
modem timei, the lint wliom we tamj notice ii Samuel Itogen, the
poet He, in the note* tn hit " Italj," ]»;• a high tribute to the
Dutch Republic, «• luperior to Venice, Mjing tliat it prraluoed
" not onl; the grcntctt Mamen, but tlie greateat lawjert, the greatett
pbjniciana, the mnet accompliahed acholari, the mott •Icilftil paint-
en, and (rtatcsitien aa wi*e ai tlicj were juil." Uallam, an able and
ecftainly not a pr^udioed Judg«, aaya that Holland, "at the end of
tlie lixteenth century and for nuuiy yean afterward*, wa* pre-emi-
nently the litetaiy country of Europe," and all through the aevea-
teenth century wat the peculiarly learned country alto. The Dutch
were "a groat peoph), a people fertile of men of rariout ability and
erudition, a people of tcholara, of theolngiant and philotopher*, of
roatheniaticiant,of hiatori*ni,and we may add of poet*."-'Hallam*a
" Literature of Europe," ill. 178, ir. St. Macaulay, writing of the
period Jutt belbre the Eoglith ivTolution of ISM, rnyt that the atpeet
of Holland " produced on Englith trtTellert nf that age an Meet
timilar to the eflect which the firat tight of England now produce* on
a Norwegian or a Canadian." ** Hiatory of England," chap. ii. Btill
Aiiler it the tribute of the latt Englith writer upon Holland, a mem-
ber of Parliament and a ptofcttnr of political economy at Oxford.
He elaimi tlwt the revolt of the Nethertandt and the tuccei* of Hot-
land it the beginning of mmlem clTiliialiun, the Dutch, having
taught Europe nearly ereiything wliicli it know*. "Tlte Story of
Bolfauid," by Jame* K. Thorokl Rogen, pp. 10, 11.
':.H.
-4.
tmremtuKm or mnutuom ntron M
in many re^wcU w like hif own, bat ao different from '
Englaml, that he moat turn if he wonid undentand the
making of the United State*.
Nor ii it only to the republioans of America or the ';>-
■tttdenta of the peat that thia country ia of interett.
The atory of the rise and deTelopment of the Nether- . ^;;
landa ahould be known to every one who carea about ' f'
the poIitioU, aooial, and economic qneationa which now
agitate the world. Does one wiah to aee what local
aelt-govemment can do for a people, nowhere can he
find a bett«r example of its strength than in the citiea
which made up the great NetherlanU liepublio. Does >'
he, on the other hand, wish to see the weakness uf a
federation in which tjie general government does not
deal directly with the citiien, but only with organic ' ;
bodies of the State ; nowhere, not even in the confed-
eration which preceded our American Union, will he
find a better illustration than that afforded by the
same republic in its early daya. When we turn to
other queationa, social and economic, a still broader .;t
field is opened up. The history of this country, when
rightly understood, probably diaposos of more popular ' ~
deluaiona and throws mora light upon the future of
demooraoy than that of any other country in the wojrid.
However, aa it has been the interest of the ao-called . \. '"
upper olaasea to foster these delosions, perhaps we ahould v^:
not wonder at the little attention bestowed upon this
history. . •',^
What, for example, becomes of the standing argu- I -
ments for an aristocracy and for men of leisure when
we turn on them the light from Hcdland? Engliah
writen are accuatomed to tell na that art and acienoe .^
owe their encouragement to the exiatence of the noble '\^'
orders, and that but for their example fine mannera and
H Tu nmtTAM n bollaxr BxaLMA add AvnioA
lofty thought would vanuh from the euth. Nowhara
can be found a lietter illiutration of the defective rea-
■oning which draws generul concluaions from insufficient
data. In England, this hat appeared to be the fact,
becauie in that country the aristooraoy have largely
abaorbed the wealth and education which enable men
to foater art and acienoe. Yet Epgland, until a wry
recent day at leaat, has done almoat nothing for art,
and in science and deep scholarship could never be com-
pared with Ilolland in her palmy daya But II<dland
owed her preeminence in these departments, not to an
aristocracy, nor even to a moneyed chias whose inher-
ited wealth led them to abstain from business. The men
who sustained her painters and m^usicians, who fostered
science and broad learning, were the pkin burghers in
the cities, merchants, and mannfaoturers, men whom
Queen Elizabeth called "base mechanicals," who all ^
worked themselves, and by example or by precept taught
that labor alone is honorable. In this connection a sin-
gle incident will show bow mathematics were cultivated
in the Xetberianda,
In 1017, a young fWnch soldier, senring in the Datoti
army, was passing through the streets of Ureda. A
crowd was gathered on a comer, and he pusheil forward
to learn the cause of the excitement. Its members were
all studying a paper poat«d on a wall, and talking about
its contents. As he did not understand the language,
he asked a by-stander to translate it for him into French
or Latin. Th$) paper contained an abstruse mathemat-
ical problem, which in this way had been suinnitted to
the public for solution. The soldier obtained his trans-
lation, went to his quarters, and a few days afterwards
sent in the correct answer, signed " Desoartea." This
was the introdnction to the wmid of the greatest pbiks-
■ROUSB AHD DDTOR omaAL BOlfHTr W
ofhm and matheniAticUn of the age, whoae tramcen-
dent ability was at onoe recognized in Holland.* Can
the reader imagine such an occurrence aa thia in the
England of the Stoarts t A crowd might have gathered
there to aee a biiU-baiting or a dog-ilght, but never to
■tqdy a problem in mathematics.
As for the nobility of character and loftinem of
thought iuppcaed to be encouraged by an hereditary
aristocracy, the contrast is no less striking. When Elis-
abeth sent a little army to the Netherlands to assist in
the war with Spain, there was hardly one of her cap-
tains, no matter how high his rank, who did not swin-
dle in his puy-rolls, until Prince Maurice detected and
stopped the fraud.f As for the nobles at homcy under
Elisabeth and her successor, many of them who bore the
most illustrious names, and occupied the highest social
position, were theu, like their descendants for genera-
tions afterwords, always up for sale. They took bribes
from every quarter, even from the enemy, and never
seemed to'suffer in the public estimation when detected.^
How, during the war in the Xetherlamia, some of her of-
ficers sold out the fortresses camroitte<t to their charge,
and how Elizabeth herself was always attempting to
betray her Protestant allies, we shall see hereafter.
Turning now to Holland, republican Holhind, the
country of the " base mechankals," the opposing record
is a very brief one. Never in war or peace, though
Spain was lavish of promises and a master of corrup-
tion, waa a native Hollander bought with g(dd.g The
* "John d« Witt," by Jubm Oaddet, p. UL
t Hotky'i " Vsitad NatliertUH]< HL 98, M.
t IbM.,iv.4M,«te.
I VnW* •* HollMid," U. M&
'UK m woLum, nouxn, amb taamek
Dutch offloiali were of a obua very diiferent from that
encountered at the English Court. When, in 1608, the
Spaniih ambaMadon were on their way to negotiate a
treaty at The Hague, they law eight or ten penooa Und
from a little IxNtt, and, sitting down on the graas, make
a meal u( bread and cheese and beer. " Who are them
travellers f said the Spaniards to a peasant. " They ara
the deputies from the States," he answered, " our sor-
ereign lords and masters." " Then we must make peace,"
they cried ; " these are not men to be conquered !"*
It was not alone upon the land, nor araung the upper
classes, that we mark tho contrast between the English
and Dutch ideas of otttcial honesty. In 1656, two Span-
ish treasure -ships were captured by Cromwell's nafy.
They were said to have contained about a million ster-
ling, but when brought into port two thirds of the booty
was missing, having been stolen by tho offioem and men.
One captain, it was reported, secured altout sixty thou-
sand pounds-t In 10S7, the Dutch navy had abo capt-
ured a Spanish treasure-fleet, containing silver and gold
valued at over twelve million florins.^ Bringing his
price into port and having turned over all the treasure
to the government, I'eterson Ueyn, the a«lmiral, who
had begun life as a common sailor, was asked t«> name
his own reward. He answered thai he wished for no re-
ward in money, having only done his duty to the State ;
but that he wouM like permission to rrtire to private
HM
• VolUira, qnottd ia " NotM to Rogwi'i Italj."
t Gntoot'i "Croawell," p. am
t About s Billion tterUnf.
I DsTin'txHoHud," it. STX Rs was aol ptnaittid la Ntirs,
bat WM intdc licutnunt •dmiiml, uid two jnn Uter di«| glori-
•asty ia bstUt. Ha wwbniMI st I>(Ut,MwWIIUunorOnuig«.
\>1
Snob men m thMe,Trho were not exceptional, bat onl^r •
typei, tbe En^ish ruling claawa underwood m little aa
aome of tbeir deaoendanti underatood Waahington and i-^
Unooln when alive. Admiral De Rayter, one of tbe
greatest Aaval heroea of ail time, wbo began life aa a
rope-maker, was found by the French Count de Ouiche, ^
on the morning after bia four daya' battle with the
En^iab fleet, feeding hia chiokena and aweeping out bia
oftbin. William of Orange, when at the height of his
authority, mingled with the common people, wearing tlie
woollen waistcoat of a bargeman, and an old mantle .. ':
which a student would have pronounced threadbare.*
Tbe naval oommandeni of England, who, in the main,
were nothing mora than pirates, looked down on the
simple-minded Dutchmen, who wanted no reward but
the consciougnesH of liaving clone their duty. The court- '° -'
iers around Elizabeth and her successors, who wore their
fortunes on their backs, and thought any mode of get-
ting money honorable except to liUior for ^aneered at ;%
the republicans who hong the walls of tbeir houses with . ;
tbe choicest paintings, cultivated music, studied science
and the classics, and were the greatest soldifrs and sail-
ors of the age, but went about in plain clothing, dis-
pensed exact juatice to poor and rich alike, cared for vf
the unfortunate, and frowned on idleness and vice. The
world, however, baa moved in the but three centuries, jt
althongh this feeling has, in some quarters, not entirely
disappeared.
In the preceding pages I have attempted to show how
radically the leading institutions of America differ from
(hoae of Engbiad. To trace the origin of tbeae inati-
>■:
* IWas, « Breoki'i Wdaaf," f-UHtf,
M m rarrui n aouAira^ mnum, tout tumnoA
tqtiona ia to tell the ttory of Pnrituusm in the Netb-
eriands, where the Puritan, with hit oenturiet of cirili-
zation and Mlf-gorernment behiod him, wai of a very
different type from hit brother acroH the Channel To
•how how they came to America is to tell the atory of
the English l^uritan, much of which relating to hia men-
tis and moral environments, and the influences whidi
shaped his character, giving it some unlovely featuci^
never has been attempted.
These lines of investigation constantly cross eaioh oih-
er; for the period of the great struggle for civil and
religious liberty in the Netherlands, out of which the
Puritan in Holland was evolved, also gave birth to the
English Puritan, and to the settlement of what is now
the United States. It is only by looking at the whole
stbry together, and keeping in mind the connection of
its different ports, that we can understand how the
American Republic, the foundations of which were laid
by the Klgrim FatI jrs, was influenced by its prototype
on the other side of the Atlantic! I hope, therefore,
that the reader will pardon me if in some phices I lead
him over familiar flolds, although my path, (<8|)ecially
in England, will present views somewhat different from
those generally given by historians.*
* To •noM raadm it majr appasr that in ny cariy ehaptna toe
moeh ipace bu bna givon to tba aflkin of th« Netherlanda, which
Motlejr i» tappoaad to ban niade fiuniliar to tba public. Tbit ertli-
eiia Diigbt liave toon Ibrca if I could aauroa that all m; niatlaia
would b« ft«ab from tba atody of Hotlej'i worka. Bat etcn nmnig
biatorical leboiara I an laclinad to think that many hara bad aa
aipariaaoa Kke mioa. When I rrad "Tba Riaa of tha Dnich Rapob-
lis," at ita Bnt appaaranee, I thnoght many portiooa of it too highly
ecdorad. Tba author did not, to my latiafbctton, axpfadn why this
VHITItU DUTCH nUTORT N
peopi* thonld eihibit Mieh hcrolo trmiU of ehaneter, »nd dcrclop
■o blgb • form of dTtlinUon u compuctt with that of their ooa-
lamporaric* in other landt. Time quettiona, perhapc, Mcmcd at
Httlfl materiality to the hiatorian who, ftom th« original recorda,wa«
writing Iho atoiy nf a aingle epoch. For mj parpoaea, hoverer, it
haa been ntrtaiary to go back of the inception of the atruggle with
Spain, and to accic oat th« origin and uatnre of tbe national iaatita-
tlooa and characteriatiea which gne atrength to the insurgeuta, de-
veloped tbeir ciTilintinn, and led to tlieir influence on England and
America. In doing thia, I hare beeodli ftillj aatitfled of tlie aob-
atantial fldelitj of Motlcj'a narntire, while I hare alao liecome con*
vinced that the comparatirely little ellect produred bj bia worka on
modem biatoricai tliought, aa ahown in tbe hiatoriea of other conn-
triea, eapecUlly tboae of England and America, ia largely due to the
aliaence of what be haa omitted. Some of thrac oiniaaiona I bare
attempted to eupply, and, to make the reaalt at all intelligible, tha
rapatitioB of a portion of tbe namtiTe ^ aeemed to me caantial.
■'■Af^'
ii:,':i!ikif?fS.&i40p:]-:*&
y ■
CHAFTBR I
TBI NRBULAlrSe BVOU TBI WAB WITH 8PAIir
TBI OOimTKT AMB^m PKorUC, AOBICCLTDKI, MAHWAOTciuH,
OOmiUWI, AHD ABT
It has been cugtomarj among modem writen, when
treating of th« Puritans, to confine their use of the name
to Englishmen or their desoemlanta in America. But th«
word, when first originated, had no such restricted mean-
ing. It came into the En^^h language during the early
days of Elizabeth, and was constantly employed throu^-
out the reigns of the first two Stuarts. Its meaning in
the country of its origin was changed from time to time,
but it was always applied to a type of man which was
not pepaliar to England.* Hence it was that, while Elii-
abeth and James I. were on the throne, men in Holland
were called Puritans, both by Hollanders and English-
men, equally with men of the same class in England ;
and in modem timM Motley lias used the name in the
same m*nner.t Supported by these precedents, I haT«
in this work given to. the Words Puritan and Puritan-
ism a broader significance than that usually aooonled to
them.
*6ee Picfico, p. iz. When I cona to coMlder the doTflopmeat of
EogtMi PuritnDMin, I •h*ll tliuw bow tb« bum origiutsd, uui what
■Maingi wen ettaclied to it et Tariou* periode.
tlIatle]r'i''Vait«d MctberUnd%" U. lU; - lifc of BHMTtld,*' tt,
lia,«84,*8S.
vn ravrAM or ■ouum M
In many of hit cbusoterittioi the Puritan wu m old
ai history itadf. In almost eveiy clime and age men
have stood up to advocate reforms, and by their lires to
protest against the immorality and oorruption of the
society about them. liut the peculiar characteristic of
the Puritan, distinguishing him from prior reformem in
Church or State, was his religious belief, lie was the
cbiM of the Reformation, and it is therefore to the teach-,
ings of the Reformation that we must look for his origin.
But although the Reformation produced the Puritan,
it wrought no miracle in the nature of the men whom it
affected. If it found them ignorant and narrow-minded,
it did not at once make them learned and liberal in their
ideas. On the contrary, its first effect*, were rather in
the opposite direction, intensifying some of their natural
failings. Like all other grt^t spiritual revolutions, it
took men as it found them, and developed them on theur
original lines. In the end it broadened their ideas, and,
by teaching them the equality of man in the eyes of his
Creator, led up to the lesson of human equality on earth.
But such lessons bear their fmit very slowly ; and had
the world waited uatil their development in England, its
modem harvest might have been long deferred.
The Puritan of England followed, but after a consid-
eraUe interval, bis prototype in Holland. He borrowed
from Holland many of the ideas and institutions which
be attempted to introduce into England, and with which
he succeeded in the United States. Although in each
country he was the product of the Reformation, it was
the Reformation engrafted on the post. It is therefore
to their respective pasts that we mast look if we would
ondentand why the Puritans of Holland differed so
widely from those of England, and how the one came to
affect the other. To the American of English descent
noh an eumination riiould be of peonliar intereat, for
in tracing the (levelopment of the HoIUnden, he it not
following the nwords of an alien rtoe. They were of gab-
■tantially the ume blood aa hi> Engliah anoeaton ; to that,
in comparing the past of the two, he ia simply aeeing how
hii own liith and kin developed under the influenra of
different natural environments and different institutions.
Banning now with the country of the elder anS
DMMre niktared oiTiliaUion, let us flnt oonaider the in-
tlnences which shaped the character of the Puritan of
the Netherlands. Following this we shall, in these eariy
chapters, see something of the struggle with Spain, m
which that character was developed, down to the time
when the Puritans of England came ander the direct in-
fluence of their brethren across the CbanneL
In the middle of the sixteenth oentur}', the Netbef^.
lands, or Low Countries, aa they were often called, con-
sisted of seventeen separate provinces, which together
covered a territory about half the aice of England. Aa
the result of their great revolt from Spain, this little
tract of land was divided into two neariy equal portions.
The ten southern Catholic provincea, now composing
Belgium, continued under their foreign ruler. The
northern seven, which were Protestant, by the most re-
markable war in history— a war waged by sen and land
tor eighty years-'Were welded into the great Dutch Be-
paUio, odled the United Netherhtnds, and sometimes
HolUnd, after the name of the Urgest state of the con-
federacy. This republic, with its thirteen thousand
square miles of surface, formed hot a patch upon the
map of Europe; England alone ia four times as laige.
Great Britain and Ireland ten times, France nearly
twenty, Europe three hundred; Switierland is hurger;
historic Greece was half as large agaia. ,
m uwM'iBT of nn
Th« improTemenU of modern Kienoe, MpeowUy in the
machinery of war, together with the general {nogreM
of aociety, hare a tendency to eqpaliw men, and give
oonntriet raali according to their size and population.^^^
It therefore Mem* strange to us that within three oeK' -^
toriea the world should have been led by a people who ' '
occupied so roinnte a subdivision of its surface. The I.
first glance at the character of their coantry would have
a tendency to add to this surprise/ for, picturing it as it
appeared in early days, one would ask how man ever re-
duced it to subjection. Then, however, woultl follow the
thought that a race which could conquer this cross be-
tween the earth and the sea might, with one element in
dther hand, easily control the woiM.
The Netherlands are hu^ly composed of the allavial
deposit of the Meuse, the Scheldt, and the Rhine. For
countless age* these rivers poured into the (ierman
Ocean the soil of France and Germany, building up the
mainland, as the Nile haa d<me in the Mediterranean,
and the Mivissippi in the Oolf of Mexica The sea in
retom cast up its dunes and sand-hanks. Back of these,
and behind the hardening slime which the rivers heaped
np from side to side as they straggled on their course,
most of the coantry was a broad morass. Here and
there were islaadi which seemed to float on the surfaotf
of the ooae, traota of brushwood, foreata <rf pine, oak,
and alder, while tempestuous lakes filled in the picture.
Along the coast appeared a succession of deep bays and
gulfs, through which the Northern Ocean swept in re-
sistless fury. At length, the wearied riven appear to
have given np the contest, and lost themselves, wander-
ing helplessly amid the marshes. Then man took np
the struggle. Little by Uttle the land was resooed;
dikes chained the ooeaa and oortwd the riven in thair
■if- ,
<■'■.
M m pinuTAii » noLuiiD, noum um lame*
ofauoeU ; Uk« wen emptied, oaoak farrowed, ud eveB
the aoU itMlf CTMted.
. In tfaii warfare with the elements, the hrmt of the
oontett fell on the hoUow-Und, or Holland. It had no
iron — in fact, no metal of any kind— for tools, and no
stone for houses or for dikes. Even wood was wanting,
for the early forests bad been destroyed by tempests. To
this country natare seemed to have denied nearly all her
gifts ; so that, almost disinherited at birth, it stands a rast
monument to the courage, industry, and energy of an
indomitable people. From end to end it is Unlay a
frowning fortress, keeping watch and ward ogainst its
ancient enemy, the sea.* In great part it lies below the
water level. Eren now inundations ever threaten ruin.^
One who has seen the North Sea in a fury can imagine
what snch perils were in the earlier days when science
was in its infancj'. Time after time whole districts have
been submetged, cities nwallowed up — twenty, t^ighty, a
hundred thousand persons disappearing in a night. So
marked have been the transformations from this cause
that a map of UoUand as it existed eight hundred years
ago would not be recognised to^y.f
• Tha eamt of Huicm it protected hj a dike of Nonrajr graaits,
Its mllf* in Imgtli bihI fnrty feet In heiglit, wblch i* buried two
liundred fret beneath tbe wave*. Ameterdim i« built entirely on
pllee, ftwioentlj thirtj feet long. Tha fonndationi of erer; town
and Tilbige in Frieeland are artlAclal conelnictioni. It i* eatiinated
that aeren and a half billione of fVanca bare been expended on pro-
t«!tire work between the Bcbeldt and tb« Doilart. Taine't " Art in
the Netherlanda," p|v S», 40.
t JSUmtxiy* »em,Oct.,l«47,p.4S«; "Holland and ita Peoph,'*
Da Amlcii ; Taina'i •• Art in the Netheriandt," Dnrand'a tranal.. p. m,
and autboritice cited. Tlila change hat been going on in the wlioh
of tha Netherlandt. For example, Obant waa a mtfan is tha sialk
•Mtvi;, and Bngat ia the twalMh.
Tu awMiAmcAi. FACTpB n awran W
Still, RiAn renuumd th« oonqoeror. On this patch of
mranfactnnd auth waa rHtliied the bout of ArchiiM*
daa. The little republic, jiwt come to nutnrity when
America waa aettled, vanquished and well-nigh de-
atroyed the mightieat military power of Europe. Short-
ly afterwarda, it met the combined force* of Charles II.
and Loaia XIV. of France. As a coloniser it ranka sec-
ond to Engfaud alone, reaching out to Java, Huniatra,
Hindoatan, Ceylon, Mew IloUand, Japan, Brazil, Oniana,
the Cipe of Good Hope, the West Indiea, and New York.
To-day the waste which the ancients looked on as unin-
habitable is among the most fertile, the wealthiest, and
must populous regions of the world ; its people stand the
foremost in Europe for general intelligence and purity
ni morala.*
It ia very evident that theae Netherianders must have
had a remlwkable history. That history can only bo un-
derstood by always bearing in mind the natural surround-
ings and conditiona of existence in this peculiar knd.
The deatinies of every people are determined, to a great
extent, by the soil, climate, and geographical configura-
tion of their country ; but theae influences differ in in-
tenaity, and hence in the manner and rapidity, with
which they accomplish great results. Thus it is that the
qneatioB of geographical situation beoomea of more im-
portaaoe in the history of some nations than in that of
others, although thia truth is not always given its due
prominence.
For example, the whole story of the Englisli people
oeatna araiUKl the fact that they have lived in an ialand
• PropoitioM eamidcred, tkcn ire ft««r pcnoM ia Hollaad
laat of the alphabet than in Pnuaii. " UoUand and iti
Ds Amiota, p. UT, AoMT. ad.
fe-;
M m nmntM^K wmxaia nmuam, ako uamKA
fcKtreM, when, tinoe the Nomuui Cooqaast, they bftre
been aecnre from CantineBtid invaaioo and left to work
oat their own proUenM subaUntially undieturbed. Snoh
» poettion of aeparation from the elder nation* of the
Continent hu had it* marked advantage*, developing
the love of country and liberty, the Belf-ooiifldenoe, and
the practical aagaoity for which the Engliahman ha*
always been diatingnished. To it i* al*o largely doe the
raat aocomnUted wealth which ha* made thi* little i*land
the treasury of the world. Bat, on the other hand, the
very isolation which has bad such beneficent result*,
with the aecurity from reprisals which has made her
widespread spoliation* po**ible, lie* at the bottom of
many of her great defeota. The gigantki moat which
aeparate* her from the rest of Europe has kept oat much
of good a* well as of evil influence. Had it been cloaed
three or four centuries a^ by one of nature's mighty
convulsions, England would fill a very different pUwt on
the historic page. 'r^
The hktciry of the Ketheriandi famiahe* perfaapterm
a better illustration of the influence of environment in
shaping a ]ieople'B life. Certainly the |ioints at which
their conditions of existence differed from thoee of the
English, and the effecU produced by these natural dif-
ferences, form very suggestive sabjecta for a student.
We have afafcady seen something a* to the character of
the aoil, and the mode in which it ha* been created and
preaerved. Now take a map of the country, and w*
ahall see that on two side* it i* bounded by the Oermaa
Ocean, and on the other two by France and Germany.
"Man than thi*, the bttar boandarie* are not made np
of natural barrien ; they are cimply line* upon the map,
passing through level district* and intersected by great
livers. Here, then, we moat paoae for a oioment and
tm QwoBAHiau roMnoK or tbs XRaBuaH IT
■M Imir the gBogr»{dii<ml fmdor hm inflaeiMed this
people.
Although the Maooeat atretched along but two ridei
of the ooaatrjr, it.wM one perhaps even more f«Tor»Ue
to primitiTe oomineroe than that of England, for ita
indentations and the limitlMe extenaiona famUhed by
its river channela afforded innumemble refuges agaiost
the piratea, who were in former ages the chief enemiea
o< tnde. This rektion to the aea made the peofde,
like the Engliah, from the earliest time a race of aailora.
Bat the inland oonneotion with the other European
peoples waa at first even mem) important. Most (rf
the early oommeroe was carried on by the rivers, and
by the old Itoman roads which led from Italy. Through
these arteries flowed the oivilixing streanu^ which, though
at times qnite faint in their pulsations, never ceased
tb^r vivifying work. Here was an element almost en>
tirely wanting in England ; of its importance wo shall
■ee more hereafter. Suffice it now to say that every,
where in the oommerce, manufactures, arts, institution^
and laws of the Netheriaads, we find (rams of this ooi^
neotion with ancient ami modem Italy.
Still, this situation, with three great rivers flowinf
thtoogh the country to the ocean, and with roads lead-
hig 9at in all directions, favorable as it was for trade ia
(Imea ot peaoe, was one calcnUted to invite attack ia
times ot war. Having no ocean barriers like those of
England, no moootain ranges like the Alps or Apea-
nines, no nx-ky fastnesses like those of Switierland, th«
Low (Countries have in all ages been subject to the in-
onnmrns of their lawless neighbors. The " Cockpit of
EuH^ " is the name given to this region in modem
days, from the number of battles which have beea
fkM(||fat upon ita soiL To Um enormous war expenaea
I.-T
<^^.
M fn matta m aoixAifD, noum un amhio*
tlniMt npon them from their sxpoMd podtioa is UrgAy
doe the oomparmtive decline of these once all-poirerfiil
•nd wealthy pruvinoef.
At flnt gbuioe it Menia itnuigs that nnder nwh oa»>
ditiona the Netherlanda ever lecnred a foothold among
the power* of the earth, liut before the invention of
gunpowder revolutionized the art of war, the lubject of
national defence waa a quite different one from that pre-
sented in later days. The feet is, that the ahtenoe of
nataral barrier* and mountain retreats became one main
came of the power and (iroaperity of the people of thia
country during and at the close of the Middle Ages.
Men for whom nature or fortune has done much, even
in^the way of protection sgainst their enemies, are too
often inclined to rely on these adrantages rather than
CD tbemselres. Here, however, where nature had done
nothing, the men became self-reliant. They built their
own fortreasea, covering the land with walled towns
which developed into great cities, where each man,
whether an artisan or gentle-bom, waa trained to the
nae of arms. To the existence of these towns, and to
the formation of the country, the Netherlands owed
their peculiar exemption from the blighting influence of
the feudal Rvntem, which chucked civilization in «o great
a part of Europe. The cities with their narrow, tortuous
streets, and a ooontry the soil of which was hugely a
morass, and all intersected by canah, arms of the sea,
and rivers, afforded little scope for the movements of
monated knights and their retainers.
Still greater haa been the influence of another festw*
tit their geographical position. Manufactures and com-
meroe brought wealth, and with it luxury, love of art,
and learning, bat, cspedally if* HoUaod, little of tbtt
enervation which osoally follows in their train. In moat
-X
?«,'ll
uwvuwmm cm tn lunoiiAL ouaMm It
teadt. •ooumnlated wealtii has bred » dWaalinatian to
kbor, fbaterinf ■ leiavrad olMi,.th« gmt onna of •
oommnnity. Bat here the time ha* mtct oonw when
nan oookl tit down and aay tbeir work waa flnnhed,
and that they would enjoy life in eaae. Before them
baa ever stood the tea, daily and hourly threatening
tbeir eziatenoe. Their tatben made the land, but tbey
have preaerred it only by iBoeawnt labor. A little
ereTioe in tbeir dikea, annotioed for a few boari, might
deraatate a distriot. Even with the moHt watchful care,
no man can go to bed at night aaaured that in the
morning he will find hi* poasewionii »afe.
Theae conditions of life in the Nethertands must al-
ways be remembered if w« would understand their
history. The constant straggle for existence, as in all
oaaea when the rewards are great enough to miae men
aboTe biting, sordid penury, strengthens the whole race,
mentally, morally, and physically. Again, Ubor here
has neTW been aelflsh and individual To be effectivw
it reqnirea organisation and direction. Men learn to
work in a body and under leaders. A single man labor-
ing on a dike would accomplish nothing; the whole
population must turn oat and act together. The habits
thus engendered extend in all directions. Everything
k done in corporations. Each trade baa its guild, electa
ita own oBoen, and manages ita own aflkiii. The peo-
ple are a vast civic army, subdivided into brigadea, reg-
imenta, and oompaniea, all accustomed to discipline,
learning Uw first great lesson of life, obedieooe.
On the other band, thia daily oonteat with nature, the
regnUrity oS life thna enformd, and the attention to
minute details essential to existence, crush oat the ro-
mantic spirit which makea some nations so picturesque.
We find among them none of the wild chants of other
Mt m nm»M n wouua, mmunt, tm uamoA
NortlMrn people. No poet ungs to tbem of gobUna
•ad (airy ipritea. Their world i* intisbited by aotiuUi-
tiea, and not by witches or the spirita of dead heroea.
Hence they were never highly poetical, aa the Engliih
were nntil after the time of Shakeapeare, whan they too
beoame a race of nuuiufaotnrera and merohanta. They
are not contemplative philoaopheni, like the Oermana;
they dwell in no abstroctiona and indulge in little aen-
timent. Life here below haa been their atody : how to
improve the condition of man on thia i^anet; how to
Hdce the home attractive by art, mnaio, flowera, and
Bocial reoreatk»a; how to diapenie joatice to rich and
poor alike, relieve the unfortunate, and give every one
an equal chance in life; how to protect the opprwaed
from other landa, keeping the conscience aa well aa the
body free ; how to tench the worid that men can be rich
tritbont inaolenoe, poor without diaoontent, learned with-
out pride, artiatio without corruption, earnest in relig-
ion without bigotry. Thia is hmior enough. Had these
people also produced a Homer, a Dante, or a Shake-
qieare, they would have been a miracle and not a growth.
But there ia aomething more than soil, climate, and
■atnral surroondiiiga which determines a nation'a his-
tmy. AU men under the same conditions will not reach
the same result. Great is the influence of environment,
bat great also is the mysterious inflnenoe of race. Place
it peo{de of one blood on the American continent, an$l
they remain wandering tribea of painted hnnten. B»-
|dace them with men of another breed, and the Lmd ia
less than three centuries is covered with cities, fretted
with railroada, and grt«ning under the wealth of agri-
culture, mannfaotorea, and oommeroe. The natural ocm-
ditiona are the aame ; it ia <mljr the human factor vrUeli
has been changed.
m tuMLt DnuKTAHn or nn imuBUunM loi
In the lintoi7 of the NetherUndi this haman factor
forrot an intoresting itndy. It it evident that upon nioh . . r :V:
a ipil none of the weak and puny noes of the earth -4!
oonld ever have gained a foothold. Onoe thece, and > . ff)
wttled in their habitation*, they would be greatly nionkl- * . "^
ed by the natural mirroumiing* ; but the ftnt struggle , ' -*<:
required the foremoet blood which the world haa ever .■ '•■.'•*
known. Even beyond this, the influence of race is so - ^'
persistent that we shall find it all throogfa their history,
shaping the character and institutions of this people ; so
that when at htst, after fifteen centaries, the seventeen
provinces, living nnder much the same conditions, are ^ ; ;;
divided into two equal parts, differing in religion and
form of government, the line of cleavage follows nearly
that of the earliest race divisions noticed by the Bomans.
Who, then, were the people that wrested this land from
the ocean and gave it fertility and wealth t What am- --"^ ■
phibioofl race, half beaver, half man, flnt occupied the
primeval morasMs which now compose the NetherUnds
we do not know. Our eariiest account of the country
is derived from Ocsar, and it is supplemented by that . . '](
of Tacitus, who seems to have been particularly interest- ,',^
ed in its people. According to tradition, the aborigines '■' ■
had been swept away about a century before our era. v ' I5
However this may be, the historic scene opens with the
advent of the Rranans, and at that time the face of the '
country was almost unchanged by the hand of man. To
us, therefore, the races which the Romans found in ocoa- ^^ '
pation may stand as the first occupants; and when we — -
oome to see their character, we shall comprehend the :'^
second great factor m the history of their descendants.
When Julius Cosar swept over Western Europe on
his meteoric career of oonqoest, he found this land oo>
capied by tribes whose peculiar valor historians and
BERKELEY BAPTISl
DIVINITY SCHUOl
LIBRARY
.■■■ wi 'i if L^ft^ ■'.-/...."Via > i±--^
''jt'l^^^'.''
in ni ptnuTAii w nouMKo, BMOLAim un AimnoA
poeU bkve made immorUl. The Rhine formed neariy
the diviMon boundary between thooe of Qallio and thoae
of Gennanio blood. On ita louthem bank dwelt the
Belgaa, whom he named the bravest of the Gaala. There
he " overcame the Nervii," who died, bat woold not sur-
render. He annihilated them in a battle memorable
in hig marvellous campaigns— a battle where he himself
fought like a common soldier in the ranks.
North of the Rhine, or rather on an island formed by
two of its branches, be found a tribe of Teutonic origin,
even more illustrious. These were the BaUviana, whom
Tacitus called the bravest of the Germans. The other
barbarians were conquered and paid tribute to Rome ;
they simply became her allies, the tax-gatherer never
setting foot upon their island, which now forms the
heart of HoUand.* As allies they earned an historio
name. Cieaar cheririied their oavaLry as his favorite
troops, and with them turned the tide of battle at Phar-
salia. For over a oeutury after bis murder, the Ratavian
legion formed the imperial body-guard, making and un-
making emperras, and the Batavian ishuid the base of
operations against Britain, Gaul, and Germany .f
The Gallic and Germanic tribes who occupied re-
spectively the southern and the northern portions of
the Ketherbinds, now Belgium and Holland, differed
widely in their obaraoteristics. The men df either race
were of gigantic stature, muscular, and inured to war;
but theft the reaemblanoe largely ceased. The Ganl
loved ornaments, decked himself in gay oolonh and wore
his yellow hair floating in the breeze. He liked society,
^. •Tteitw,<'a«niiaBU,"HM.W.
f OnttMi'i " Hitt. or tb* Netberiudt," p. 16; Kotle;'! •• Dntoh
Bvdilis,''t,M.
Jp
; t ■■■■:■' ■■'.■• ^ .' - ■ :'—'
ra OAVU ■an ni anaum tM
and 10 dwelt in towns and viUagM, onltivating tb« loU.
He WM swift to anger, but easily i^ipeased. Supenti-
tioas, he was priest-ridden, being governed mainly by tlie
Druids. Unchaste, to him the marriage state was almost
unknown. ~ The German, on the other hand, wns very
simple in his costome. His flery-red hair he bound up
in a warknot, heightening its color if nature had been
too chary. Beyond this he wore no ornaments. He
looked down on agriculture, and thought no pursuit - i
honorable but that of arms. Leas irascible than the
Oaul, he held his anger longer and was capable of more
continued conflict Disliking aooiety, he preferred to 'i'''i^
live alone under the broad sky, with one wife who was ,J^-
his companion in peace and war. No priest controlled V^^
his actions, but in the sacred groves he paid a simple
homage to one almighty, unseen God.
In thetr civil organization also these races differed
widely. Among the Gauls were three classes —the
priests, nobility, and people ; but the people, according
to Cffisar, were all slaves. Clanship prevailed. The
chief rulers were elected, but only the nobles partici-
pated in the choice. Among the Germans there was -
a simple and almost pure republia Their kings and '
chiefs were elected by univernl suffrage. The general V^
assembly of the people chose the vilkge magistrates^ «
and decided all important questions. Minor affairs wera ,
regulated by what Americans would call town meet-
ing, gatherings of all the men of a community. There
was no private ownership of land, but annually certain
farms were allotted by the magistrates for the onltiva- -
tion of a single crop.*
• Motle^-t " Datch BepubUo," 1. 4-11. OiMn't " XakiDg of Ea^
iaad," chap, iv.
IM
TU PCUTAM IH HOLLAMA MHOLUnt, AND AXmcA
Thus, in their earliest historic period these two races
«tand out in marked contrast. Time has softened some
of their primitive traits, while others have entirely dis-
appeared; and yet to-day the Irishman, the Scotch
Highlander, the Belgian, and the Frenchman show their
Gallic blood, while the Germanic origin of the English-
man and the Hollander is no less apparent.*
In the Netherlands there was naturally a considera-
tde intermingling of race. The Germans made their
way into the southern provinces, giving to the people
there something of a tonghness of fibre nnknown among
the other Celts.t On the other hand, many thousands
of the Flemings and Walloons, especially during the
itar with Spain, flocked into Holland, carrying with
them a skill in the manofacturea and the arts superior
to that of their northern neighbors. Still, in the main,
the southern provinces, which at last remained Attached
to Spain and the papacy, were peopled by Celts, and
the northern ones which became Protestant and re-
publican, by men of Germanic origin.
Of all the nations of Germanic descent, the Holland-
en preserved most faithfully their ancestral spirit. The
* The Qanh wefe C^lti of the mom nee u the iDhabiUnte of Ire-
Und ud Britain. ' In Irelind, the Celtic blood hsa rannined pre-
dominiint ; lo ifalio hiu in Wale* and in the Uighlnnds of Scotland.
In England, it gare way largely, tome hittorians claim almoat en-
tirely, before the AngU-Saxons. It is probable that eren the Celts
were not the original inhabitants of any of these oonntrict. Tliey
bad driren out the former occupants, and in tlie time of Cesar were
in turn being pushed 'on by the Oermsnic tribes wIm> bad naehed
the Rhine.
t Thns, for example, Charlemagne planted sereral thousand Saxon
colonists on the west coast of Flanden. Hntton'a "James and
PbUip Van Art«T«ld," j^ 1.
AMomr BOIIB AMD NODlim cmUUTIOH IW
Murly Batavians pass from history, bat tbey melt into
the Frisians, whose name is synonymous with liberty,
nearest blood-relations of the Anglo-Saxon race. When
Charlemagne established his dominion they came into
the empire and accepted chiefs of his apiwintment, but
they were still governed according to their own laws.
The feudal system, which stifled liberty in so many re-
gions, never was imposed on them. "The Frisians,"
said their statnte-books, "shall be free as long as the
wind blows out of the clouds, and the world stands."*
With the political history of the Netherlands down to
the time of their' jgpreat war with Spain, we .need con-
cern ourselves but littla It is sufiicient for our purpose
to briefly trace the general outline, and sketch some of
the more salient features, the chief interest centring
about the development of their material prosi)erity and
the growth of their institutions. But before entering
upon these subjects, one fact must be noticed which,
often overlooked or not given its due prominence, fD^
nishes the key to much of Continental as well as of
English history during and just subsequent to the pe-
riod which we call the Middle Ages.
" When discussing the subject of the Romaii civil law
in the Introduction, a brief allusion was made to the
high civilization attained by the Bomans, and its in-
fluence on modem Europe. Hereafter, when we come
to consider the history of England, we shall see how
mnch of this civilization was introduced into Britain,
and how it was utterly blotted out by the Anglo-Saxon
oonqnerors. On the Continent, however, the overthrow
* Mode;, L n. Th« Awga book, conUining their lUtntet, ii Mill
extant
IN TBC raUTAH IN BOLLAMOh MOUUIIS AND AXmC*
of the old gpTernments wu followed by a very different
oondition of affain. In Britain, the oonqnerors cleared
r-' the (oil before them, uppluntiDg the former oooapanta,
and introducing their own langoage. The movement,
thoDgh slow, taking a century and a half for its com-
pletion, was that of the avalanche canning destruction
' in its path. In other parts of Europe, the conquerors
settled down peaceably among the conquered, to a laign
extent adopted their life, and finally were themaelvea
absorbed. Applying the test of speech, we see which
race became predominant from the simple fact that the
French, the Spanish, and the Italian tongues are the
languages, not of the new-comers, the Franks, the Ootha,
and the Lombards, but of the people whom they fomd
upon the soil. The effect in these countries was mora
like that of a river overflowing its banks ; the waste
msy for a time seem universal, but when the flood sub-
sides, the face of nature remainssubstantially unchanged.
It is this fact, the difference between the conquest of
Britain and that of the Continent, which must be kept
in view when we think of the Dark Ages which suc-
ceeded the barbarian irruption. They were very dark
in England, which then received its modem name, and
, the gloom lasted there almost undisturbed for many cen-
turies; but the hue was quite different upon the Conti-
nent, where the ancient civilixation still survived. Look-
ing through colored glasses, it is but natural to confuse
' the siiading of the landscape. Hence the Englishman
or American, if he would view the Middle Ages on the
Continent aright, must disabuse his mind of raaaj no-
tions derived from reading English history alone.*
• " FWclinwDt and iwper, printing mm) cngnTing, bopfoTMl gtaw
■nd itwl, gonpowder, clocki, Ukwopci, tli* narincr't oompsa, Um
<uimH or mrBnuutD cnrouATioK tOT
Let us noir ae« if we oan aoooant in any mearara for
the high driliation which nndonbtedlj prevailed in
the NetheHands at the time of their revolt from S|iain.
This is a qneation wliicfa has probably excited the in-
terest of every one who has paid any attention to their
history, for writers like Davies and Motley have left it
sabstantially undiscussed, leading some critics to con-
sider their descriptions overdrawn.
The first Qermanio and Gallic inhabitants of this
ooontry must have learned much from Some. As we
have seen, the liatavian Island was for many years an
important base of Roman military operations. Many
of its natives held high poets in the imperial an^, and
brought home some of the culture of the capital. The
Menapians, M'ho occupied the prevent provinces of Flan-
ders and Antwerp, also shared in the benefits of this
connection. The remains of their ancient towns, dis- -
covered in places at present covered by the sea, often
Inring to light traces of Soman oonstraotions and Latin
inscriptions in honor of the Henapian divinities. Even
at this period the Netherianders were a maritime people,
exporting salt to England, and salted meat (which was
in high repute) to Italy. The men were handsome and
richly clothed ; and the land was well onltivated, and
abounding in fruits, milk, and honey.* Later on, when
the Soman empire went down, they had as near neigh-
bors on the south the quick-witted Franks, and on tlie
feforroed calendw, th« liecinul notatioo, slgvins, trigonomctrj,
ehcmMrj, cimntarpoint— which wu cquiTalmt to • new erMtinn
of BOile— th«*e an all poucoiont which w« inherit ftom that which
has hen •» diaparaglnglj tannxl tha ttalionarf period."— Whewell'a
"History of the InductiTe Hciencea,'' L SSl. None orthem,u ereij
rtsdar knowi, cams from Bagiaod. * Onttaa, pp. tt-tt.
tn m fnarjur nr mkum>, imuim tm ittaioA
«Mt wu Germany, the hcMd of the renewed empire^
■till preMrring tome portion of the Mioient oiviliutioo,
and very toon to gain much mure. There were to grow
up the cities of the Ilanaeatio League, the pioneeri of
modem progreM, of which famous confederation, formed
in the 'hirteenth century, wyeral of the towns of Hol-
land were among the earliest membera.*
Bat more important than all were the close relations
i^hich the Netherlands maintained with Italy. To ap-
preciate the influence of this connection, it must be re-
membered that Italy never became barbarian. The
rao was not Tentoniied ; that is to say, not crushed and
transformed to anything like the same degree as the
people of the other European countrias by the inraaiob
of the northern tribes.!
In the end, the Italians might hare shared the fate
of their oontemporaries, and have lost their civilization
under the bIow, brutalizing influence of the conquerors ;
but this disaster waa laigdy averted by the resnlta
which followed in the train of the Crusades. In lOfM,
* " The Hums Tdwb*," ZiiaiiMni, p. SI4.
t ■* The barbwlaiw ntabliihwl tltrninlTM oa th* Wil tcmporwUy
or imperfretlf. The Viiigotlia, tlie Fmnks, the Henili, the Oilio-
gothi, all abandoned it or were wmhi driren awaj. If tlie Lamiwrda
ramainetl there, the; rapidljr pmlltetl lij the Latin caltnre. In the
twelfth oentur; tlw Oennana, im<ler Fretieric BarhaiOMa, expecting
to And men of their own race, were rarpriied to Hod them to t.atln-
bed, IwTing diicarded the Herceneta i>f liarbariana and lalirn fVom
the influencea of the air and aoll •ometliing of Reman flnewe and
gmtleMaa ; baring preaerved the eiegance of tbe I«ngua({e and the
nrfawil; of primitive manoen, erea imitating the ikill of tb* aa-
ctent Romana in the conetitntina of their citlea and in tbe gortn-
Bent of ttieir pablic aflUra, Latin ia apakca in llaljr np to ths
tUitaeath tmilai;.''— lUas'a •' Art in Italy," 9.M.
ITALT AHD TBI mTBIUAIIM . Ml
Peter the Hermit led oat the flnt of the vait horde
of viaioiuuy enthnsiMta who for oenturiea poured into
Asia Minor, whitening two continents with their Ixme*
in the ohivslrio attempt to redeem the holy lepulchre.
Thete gigimtic expedition* biuaght to the greater put
of Europe only « fearful Iom of life and property, com-
penaated fur mainly by the impoverishment of' the no-
blee, which aided in breaking up the feudal Hvstem.
Upon Italy, however, the effect was very different.
There dwelt the head of the Church, who acted as guar-
dian for all the pilgrims, reguUted their movements, and
levied a general tax on the faithful laity of Europe to
sustain the wars Against the intidels. This tax, knofvn
as Baladin's Tenth, poured an unfailing stream of treas-
un into liome ; while the people of all Italy were also
wiqairing wealth by furnishing the crusaders with sup>
plies and transportatiott to the Holy Land.
Still more important, however, was the impetus gives
to obmmeroe by this o|iening-up of the unknown regions
of the East.* In lUif't, Marco I'glo, with his father and
ancle, after an absence of nearly a quarter of a century,
ratomed to Venice, bringing bock their fairy tales of the
wonders of fiur Cathay, and the whole of the Old Worid
was spread out before these enteqmsing merchants. It
was the commerce thus devclu|)«>«l that built u]i the Ital-
ian republics, and bred the race of merchant princes who
made the Italy of the Renaissance the mother of lit«r>
■tare, art, ami science.
It is probable that the connection between the Netb-
• Tb* cTOMMkn* ialraducad ailk uil Mgar into lamp*. TWy
sks iBtrodncxI tb* windmill, which, inTnited Id A»ia Minor sad
tnaii|iorted to tlie NcUwrlnndt, wm to prore of untold TaiiM in th*
dnnlopaMat of Hint eoontry. 8m Olbboa, tL IN.
IM TU nnoTAii n ■oixamd, moLAxn, ahb amhuca
erianda and Italy waa never broken ; if it waa, the !»
eatabiighment occurred at a Tory early day. We And
that the ^ilds to manufacture lalt and for the purpoie
of bringing under cultivation marahy grounds aacond to
the Roman epoch.* From the aerenth and ninth oenta-
riea Bnigea, Antwerp, and Ghent are "porta" or priri-
leged marketa. They fit oat oruiaera for the whale flab-
ery ; they aerve aa the entrepAta for the North and the
Soath.f The firat cruaaile owed ita ancceaa in n great
degree to the valor and prudence of (}odfrey dc liuuillon,
a Flemlah knight, who, it ia aaid, tuc^ the field with tea
thooaand horaemen and eighty thooaand infantry. In
1273 there were lo many Uenoeae in Flandera that
Charlea of Anjou aaka to have them banished ; but pub-
lic opinion ia too atrong, and their expulsion ia found to
be impracticable. Some twenty yeara later Philip the
Fair of France compels Guy de Dampierre to restore
the property which he had taken from the Lombard
merchants settled in Flanders.^ In the next century
we And a large number of Italians from Ix>mbnnly liv>
ing in MitUlelbUVg, where they establish a banking-house,
■oon adding commerce in gold hnd jewels. Their goods
Were diaplayed in a special building called the " Honae
of the liombnrda." Similar houses exiated in other oit>
iea.§ Indovico Guiociardini, writing in 1663, aaya that
even in Zeeland, though few ])ersons spoke French or
Spanish, there were many who spoke Italian.| In Uw
• Hah*'! ■* Moan «t VngM dct BelgM," qootad by TsiM.
t TuiM't " Art in tiM N«bCTlMi<K" p. 84.
I Hottno'i " Vu ArtenM," chap. il.
I HkTsnl'* " HMrt of Holtoail," ehsp. xUi. Londoa alto kad Ms
LonbaM Street
I TU< writw, who la tks hading sathoritj upon tiM oooditioa of
Difau>niBiiT or MucciTtrki til
sixteenth century, m the remit of geogmphical explora-
tion, attention was ciille<l to botany, anil public botan-
ical gardens were eatablished. Their order is Hignillcant
-M''
■howing the influence of Italy: Piia, 1543; Padua, '$'
1645 ; Florence, 15,'>6 ; Rome and Bologna, 15(18 ; Ley- >;|;
den, 1B77 ; LeipMc, 1580; If ontpellier, 1597; Parii, 1696; ^
and Oxford, 1680* Thus IlolUnd standi but thirty- . . #.
four yean behind the first of the Italian cities. ]?a^-
These illustrations are only suggestive of the relations - ' ;.j|
between the countries, uf which we shall see much more 'W
hereafter. To trace the full connection would involve a ;f
ki^ge chapter of the history of the Middle Ages. I
Keeping now in mind the character of the country, 'aB
its early occupants, and their connection with the civil-
iution of Italy, the course of their devehipmont can be
readily understood. ,
Be^ginning with the eariieat form of industry, what A
Vould be the natural feeling of such a race towards the
■oil, when we remember that it was their own produc-
tion t One of the comm<mest lessons of experience is
that men hold in light esteem the gifts of nature which
come to them without an effort. The mother's favorite '•
is not the stalwart, healthy child who needs no care, but • <^
the weakUng or the cripple. The Germans, and to some .'^
extent the Uanls, wandering through their Northern \
wilds, where html was to be had by talcing, looked down t
on agriculture as unworthy of a freeman. The only no- , i
ble prises of life were those won by skill or courage, /i
th* MatbcriamU in llie tixlaenth eentnry, wm » Plorenline, k nrph- "'
•w of thafsBHMU Italian liMorUn. lie lired in llie NFtbcrlanila for
•boat forty yetn, aa<l in 156S palili«li«l, at Antwerp, an extenaiTa ,'r
worli dcacripttva of the maanert, ciuloma, iaaiittttloDa, and i
of tlw coaalrjr.
• VhswsU'i " HIatorjr of Um btdsctin Scitacaa,*' lii. Wl.
V
ms:-
lU TU ruHTAH m ■OLLura^ naLAini, and amomu
■uoh ■■ tho tpoila of the ohaae or bkktla But, lettled
ftmid the everlasting mornwca of the Xetheriamla, where
life WW a ooniitunt struggle with the elements, these men
found tho conquests of peace no leu difficult, and there-
fore no less honorable, than thoae of war. Thui with
labor ennobled, the natural reault followed. Cnrbiag
the ocean and overflowing riven with their dikea, they
came to love the toil, their own creation, and to till it
with patient, almost tender care.
Hence, as farmers and gardeners, breeders of fine cat-
tie and horses, they early took the place which they
have ever since maintained. Even in the fourteenth
century wo find agriculture taoght in th^ schools of
Flanders, spade husbandry greatly affected, and Flem-
ish gardeners and cultivators in much demand in all
parts of Europe.* Flax and hemp were grown to a
lai;ge extent ; hops were cultivated for the brewers ; the
gardens supplied p«ue, beans, vetches, onions, garlic, and
orache — a vegetable now superseded by spinach — and
the orohsnls apples, pears, and cherries in abundance.!
England, until a c«jmparatively recent time, knew
nothing of these punuits. When Catherine of Ara-
gon wished for a salad, she was compelled to send for it
acroas the Channel by a special messenger.^ Furnish-
ing the court with salads, the Low Countries, in time,
gave to the English people ho]M for their beer, oab-
Ibages, carrots, beets, and other vegetables for their
table, flower -seeds, for their gardens, lai^ge cattle for
* RoMmi*! " Vaa Artereid." Maajr FlamMi farDNfi wnit ont to
EngltDi], to the hIIiitUI pl«iM of Eart Norlblk. A* to tb« execl-
Icnoc of FIcmUli hutlModrjr tar over «ix oeatoriei, na M'Callaoh'i
Oeognpbinl Dict(ooar]r, trtieta " Bslgioa."
tBottott. (HsM.
* Hame, chip. i»ili., flic* tha data of the intmduction iif Tcge-
tablM into EnKUnil m daring tb« Utter part of the reign of Ilcnrj
TnL Etcd then they lude pmgicM *ery tlowljr, bring inml ouinly
itar OMdieiaal purpoeet. Cnbbaget were flrtt grown in Kngland
dwlactlie reign of Eltnbeth. Sootherclen Bun, p. SST. Bee lito
Wade'i " Hiitury of England Chronologically Arruigetl," i. IM.
Be aiji that aapangoa, eaalillower, attichokea, etc., were iatrodooed
aboattWt.
" Hopa, rrfimaaltoB, bay*, and lieer
Came into England all in one year."
—Old Engliih rhyme, quoted Boatbenien Bum, p. M5. See Rngen't
"Story of Holland " a* to iaitmctian in agricalture.
. f "IJie Haoaa Towoa," p. IM.
t Motley, i. ST. Seebohm'a "PretaataatReTolatimi," IT. Thelat-
Mr work, American edition, containi an interating map, •howing
bow all the routaa of eommeroa by aea and huid oentrid in the Netb-
»>
■*fA-;^^m^:.
iMTnonmr or oowran Aim lUMinrAonmn ill
their flelda, great Flemith marM for the oarriage* of th«
ariatocracy, artificial grawes fur the support of their
•tock through winter, aptl I088OM in the cultiration of
their aoil, which quadrupled its product*.*
Still, though pre-epiif ont in agriculture, thia waa but ; %
• minor industry among the Nethcrlanders. Fighting ; ^.
the water for a home, they early learncMl their power, ' ■ "i
and the humhled ocean became a servant as faithful and '.'/•
almost as potent as the fabled genius df the lamp. In
little barks they explored the Northern seas, sailed up 0,
into the Baltic, crept around the coast of France and ".ii
Spain into the Mediterranetm, became the best sailors, >■.-■■■ -f;
bnilt up the largest contraMce, and early took rank at i
the foremost merchants of the world. In the tenth oen- < t
■ ■ • ' ■ 'i
tnry, Bruges is a great oomoiercial centre ;t in the thi^ ' !v
teenth, it is the first commercial city of Europe.^ ;;|:
Why their commerce developed so rapidly is obvious .^ f^
when we consider the growth of their manufactures.
Ut TCI rmuTAH m wmxako, itcuuid, amd AMmoA
Chief among these nuuiufaotarai wu that of wooUen
cloth, an imtustry ao important to Northern nations
that its introduction marks an epoch in their history,
for before this periotl they tuul nothing bat skins as ma-
terial for warm clothing. This had its dHgin in Flan-
ders, but at a period so early that historians cannot fix
the date.*
With the cloth industry', or following in itf train, '
grew up the manufacture of silk, linen, tapestry, and
lace, which made Flandei's the manufacturing as well as
the commercial centre of the world. Exporting her
fabrics in turn increased her commerce, ami there were
gathered in her busy marts the products of all dimes :
drugs and spices from the East ; velvets and glass from
Italy ; wines from France ; furs, metals, an<l wax from
Russia, Norway, and Sweden. Nor was it only by the
ocean that this early trade was carried on. Following
the old Roman roads, the enterprising Netherhinders
* Hillani, writing of Uw commfre* of Koropa, Mjrt : " Tb* aorth-
•tn portion wu firit animated Uj llio wnnllen maniifiirtnm of Ftaa-
den. It in not n»y to dlMorer the ekri; lieginninga nf tliii, or to
account for iu rapid adrancenwnt. The feitililj of tliat iHtnriae*
and ita Stcilitiea of internal navigatioa were donbtleaa neoraaaiy
caoaet; but there muat hare bren aoaw (eni|mrar]r cmiHinigemeat
fttHn the peiaonal character of ita aorereigns or other accidental dr-
ramatancce. Bereml teatimoniea to the flouriahing condition of
FlemUh mannlkctnrea occur la the twelfth ccntnry, and aouio might
Iw found perhapa earlier. A wriirr of the thirteenth oenturjr aiaerta
that all the world waa clothed fWira Engliali wool wmught in Flait-
den. Thia, Indeed, la an eiaggeraled Taunt : bat the Plemiah atoft
were probably aoM whererer the aea or a narigable rirer penaittMi
Ibem to be carried."— Ilallam'a " Middle Agea," chap, ix., put I.
Robertaon aaja that the nuinubcture of wool and flax leenia lo hST*
been coniklerable in the Netlierlanda in the time of Cliarlemagaa,
BobMtMa'i "Cbartea Y," (Aswr. ad. ITT9). i. W.
nn mmutm tit m womnra cmmnr lit
■umIo ^eir way throogh France, and down into Spain,
meeting there the highly civilized and cultivated Moon,
to whom they probably owed many of their improve-
ments in agriculture and the arts. Sailing up the Rhine,
they kept up close relations with the (.Normans, who,
under the influence of Italy, were npidly stepping to
the front rank among dvilixed peoples. * With Italy
Haelf, which divided with them the oommeroe of the
worid, their relations grew more aftd more intimate, for
they were far enough apart to assist rather than to in*
jure each otlier's trade, ami hence their rivalry was de-
prived of bittemeas.
What a scene as compared with the rest of Northern
Europe, and especially with England, in which we have
the greatait interest, must have been presented by the
Low Countries during the fourteenth centurj' I In 1870,
there are thirty -two hundred woollen-factories at Malines
and on' its territory.f One of its merchants carries on
■a immense trade with Damascus uid Alexandria. An-
other, of Valenciennes, being at Paris during a fair, buys
up all the provisions ex))ose(l for sale in onler to display
his wealth. Ghent, in 1340, contains forty thousand
weavers. In 1389, it has one hundred and eighty-nine
thousand men bearing arms ; the drapers alone furnish
eighteen thoosand in a revolt. In 1380, the goldsmiths
of Bruges are numerous enough to form in war time an
entire division of the army.^ At a repast given by one
• • tm Jsama'i " HMoir of OergMii;," (br aa aeooaat of iti omuii-
tioa bafon th« Reforrnktion. Alto Lttbka'i " Hiat of Art," Am. ad.
ii. 1, and Olordano Bruno at to iU condition aboot 19(0, befon ths
lliirt; Taan' War wnt It back to ■emi-harfaariim.
t Littla domcatic conecrai nnlika our modam fiMtotiaa
t TWas's « Art ia tbs NaUiatUada," p. ai
'■if.'
M
Wii-:
ii« m mna n imujan.'nmjao, urn
of the Ckmnte of Flanden to the Flemish ma
the leata provided for the guetta being unfaniithed with
cushions, they quietly fcdded np their samptuoua cloalo,
richly embroidereil and trimmed with fur, and pkoed
them on the wooden benched When leaving tbo table
at the conclusion of the feast, a courtier called their at-
tention to the fact that they were going without their
cloaks. The burgomaster of Bruges replied: "We
Flemings are not in the habit of carrying away the
cushions after dinner." The (]ueen of Philip the Fair,
of France, on a visit to Bruges, excUimed with astonish-
roent, not unmixed with envy : " I thought myself the
only queen here ; bat I see six hundred others, who
appear more so than I."* CkMnminea, the French
chronicler, writing in the fifteenth century, says that
the traveller, leaving France and crossing the frontiers
of Flanders, compared himself to the Liraelitea when
they had quitted the desert and entered the borders
of the Promiaed Land.
Philip the Oood kept np a court which surpassed
every other in Europe for luxury and magnificence.f In
1444, he gave at Lille a grand pageant, the " Feast of
the Pheasant," such as the modem world had never seen
before. His son, Charles the Bold, married the sister of
the King of EngUnd, and gave in her honor a pageant
* Ontua's X tDtUtrj of tb« Nctberlmd*,'' p. 75, Cuvjr * Vm,
Phil., IMI.
r ' I1U library cooiMcd of the nmt manaicrlpu and Iho earilMt
(pcdwat of printed booki, tplendldlj bound nod illuminated, tb*
Ducleut of • colleetion which, enricbail liy •ucoeMir* additiou, h
now om of th« nioat important of the wortd." Hi* collcotioa of
genu an<1 plate waataid to bathe flncat in •xiaUae*. Kirb'a''Cbailis
the Bold,"!. 88. *
* 8m M to tmlU ud pageuU, oo« «itn««e<l bjr Albert DOnr ia
ISM, deMribwl la TaiiM't " Art ia the NelbcriMMb."
t Ult, 1M«, aad ItM.
arumcm or ixmamta lit
extending orer many dayi, even more magnifioent. The
Engliah TisHon wrote home that it mliied the faiiy
tale* of King Arthur and bii Round Table.* As Kirk
well nys, in hia" Life of Charles the Bold," "the luxuries ;%
of life oome before the oomforts," a truth to be remem- ?,i
bered when we oome to view the Elizabethan age in '$
England. Reading of her two or three thousand gowns, ' i-
the revels which attended her royal progresses, the costly . -i^l.
garments of the oourtien, the tapestry, the gold and .^
silver plate to be found in some few nuuisiona, we should ' v v'
make a great mistake if we regarded these exiilbitions '^f
as proofs of an advanced civilization or of national com- . '^
fort In all such matters of luxury and display, Eng- -\|
land of the sixteenth or seventeenth century had notb< Vt
ing to compare with the NetherUnda a hundred or
even two hundred years before. After luxury, come
comfort, intelligence, morality, and learning, which de-
velop under very different conditions.
In the course of time even Italy was outstripped in #
tiie oommercial t«oe. The conquest of Egypt by the %
Tnrks,t and the disooveiy of a water passage to the In- v I
dies, broke up the overland trade with the East, and de-
stroyed the Italian and German cities which had flour-
ished on it. Of the profits derived from the substituted
ocean traffic with the Indies, and the new commerce
with America— the commerce which helped so largely '^
to give Spain her transitory wealth and greatness — the
Low Countries, acting as distributors, obtained more
than their full share. Passrog from the dominion of
the House of Bntgundy to that of the House of Austria,
X
tit m mmur n astum^ mnLum, tm AHanoA
whkh abo numbered Spain among iU yui poHeeeioni,
prored to thmn in the end an event fraagfat with mo-
mentona evil. Still for a time, and from a mere mate-
rial point of view, it waa an evil not nnmixed with good.
The Netherlander! were better tailors and keener mer-
chants than the SpaniartU, and, being under the Mine
rulers, gained subetantial advantages from the close con-
nection. The new commeroe of Portugal also filled
their coffers ; so that while Italy and Oenqanjr wera im-
poverished, they became wealthier and more prosperous
than ever, having; by the middle of the sixteenth cen-
tury, absorbed most of the carrying trade of thei world.
As I have already pointed out, the English, down to
the time of Elisabeth and until educated by their neigh-
bors, knew very little evei^ of agriculture except in its
mdest forms. They were mainly engaged in raising
sheep, and their wool, with that from Spain and Soot-
land, went to the great market of the Netherlands.*
The wool-sack of the Lord Chancelknr of England, says
a modem writer, symbolises the period in which sheep-
raising was the only industry of the people. When
Philip the Qood founded at Bruges his new order of
chivslry, he chose as an emblem a golden fleece. The
artisans of the Netherlands had woven the wool into
gold.t
With wealth pouring in from all quarters, art natn-
rally followed in the wake of conimeroe. Architecture
was first developed, and nowhere was its cultivation
* Orrta** « Bktonr of the Eaglbh Pwple," toI. i. Itook til. eUp. iv.
t Coowaj'i " Evijr Flemith ArtitU," p. 57. About tSSO, theEag-
litli, tangbt bjr NctberUnd nuignuiti, flnt began to ro»ka owna
woollen clotb. BoutberdeD Born'i "ProlMlMtt RtAigMt In Enf-
mu:
nore general than in the Netherianda. Our knowledgv
of th« Middle AgM k itill w imperfect that little can
be laid with certainty about the men who detigned and'
the workmen who oonitruoted the luporb cathedrali,
which, scattered over Northwestern Europe, protest
■gainst our supercilious estimate of modem prograss,
■taading, like the mins on the Nile, muto but unim-
peachable witnesses to a former cirilixation. It is be.
liemd that these structures owe their origin to a great
■ecret masonic brotherhood, league, or guild, bound
probably by religious vows, with hea<lqnarters in France
•nd Germany, and branches in other parts of Europe.
To a branch of this league are attributed the splen-
did and daborately flnishied buildings with which the
Netherlands were adorned between the twelfth and fif-
teenth centuries.* Chief among these buildings were
the cathedrals of FUnders and Brabant, some of which
•were brilliant maaterpieoes.
Bat the Church did not here, aa in most other lands,
absorb all the skill and genius of the buiMers, and in
this feet we see at once boW this people st^nd apart
fhnn their contemporaries in Northern Europe. Else-
where, in the North at least, architectural art was only
a handmaid of religioa, all decoration, under the guid-.
■noe of the priesthood, being lavished on ecclesiastical
strootores, because the Church held almost all the knowl-
edge and controlled a large share of the wealth. Hwe,
however, another power was coming to the front. The
BMndiants and manufacturers were generous enough
• Motle;'* " Dntch ttopabUe," i. M, Wl ; "Th* Arti la tha Middia
Agn," La Croix, p. 877, etc. Tlie flnt ■rcbttcctnre ftmn Oerauuiy
tm pfobaUjr Rmaaati^iM. TIm tnia Ootbic oaa* tnm ili* Nw-
SMHM in n«MS.
fe:;.-M?-
IM TM rcuTAii » aoLuuim tmauan, urn amcmm
toward* theOhnroh, but they ioob paiaed beyond the
■tage where they thought it entitled to all their treas-
nrea. Uenoe, even in theae early days, aecular areht-
teotniv, one of the best meaaarea of the wealth and
refinement of a nation, had attained to great importance,
corering the land with town -halls and other public
buildings, which are still the delight and wcMider of the
artist.*
England, at an early period, bad her okthednla boUt
mainly under foreign influences ; but we lortk there in
vain for any sign of devotion to art in any other public
structures, until we come to comparatively modem daya.
When now wo deeoend to the dwellings of the people,
the contrast is no less mariced. At a time when the pri-
vate houses in England were of the most primitive char-
acter, differing, as to the middle classes, but little from
those described by Tacitus in his "Qermania" fifteen
centuries before, the cities of the Netherlands were
studded over with private palaces of marUe.f Even
in the thirteenth century the principal Flemish towna
contained Tnrkiah hatha, their streets were paved and
kept in good oider, while the hooaes of the wealthy
* " Bargfaer opalcnce uul meigj are gnsdl; mkI Tigonxal; as-
prmed in the Hcntor building* of Ibcn townt. For cx»iii|il«, mm
hSTe the ' Hall of the Clothnuken,' pow the Town Hull of Tpica,
lMft-tS64; Town Hmll tt Bnigee, begun 1M4; Conncil lIouM at
Brugn, 1S77; CbeDcil Hoan at Brataels, IMl-AS; tlw Mill moi*
magnillcent Town Hall at Louvain. belonging to the lecond half of
the fifteenth eentai? ; and that at Oudenanie, Imilt in ISn-M."—
LttUte'e " Uiitory of Art," ii. t4-IT.
t In what U known in IliMoty ■■ tlia •• Spaalali Turj," in IST*, Um
Bpaniardi ilettro;ed in Antwenf alone "at least Are hundred pal>
aoaa, mottl; of maible and hammered atoiM." — Motlej'a "Ontdl
Bepublio," ia US.
Mi^Aimnro m nu ■■nnuAXM itl ■
bm^g^n w«re built of ttona and rapplied with ohii» *
nejM.*
Nor wu the oontnut with the Engliah dwelling!
oonfliMd to their external appearanon alone. Entering
thoae of the Ketheriandera, one would have seen them
flUed with paintings, ta|)08try, linen, bnus, and costly
furniture, luch aa oould lie found in no other quarter of
the globe. Albert Diirer visited the country in 1620.
It saema by hia "Journal" that although he had lived
in Italy, he was lost in wonder and delight at the mag^
nificent buildings, the costly furniture, the artistic orna-
ments, the rich clothing, and the general dlnplay of
wealth and splendor wliich he found in the Low (.'oun-
trieat
If arohiteotore was at first the result of a German "
and then of a Norman or French impulse, its junior,
painting, was probably due to the influence of Italy,
although exerted through the medium of the Uermaa
dtiea CD the Rhine. Here, however, the pupil more thaa .f4
• HailMi'i « Tut Art«*el(l."
t The pietnra of John Amolflnl tnd hi* wife, on* of tbc taMam
ia tha NitioMl Oaller; »t London, pnintad by Jan Vui Ejck, wlio
was bora about 188Q, ahowi a Flemiah interior whicli ta very •ogg«8>
tivs. TIm wlijecta are a well-to-do merchant and hia wife slaadinf
ill their bedroom holding luinda. TIte ftanitnre cnnaiata of a hand- '
(OOM bedatead, with an upright carrcd chair by the aide, and •
carred bench aldag the wall. Right pppoaite the ipectator ia a con-
vex mirror let in a frame adorned with little medallion paiatinga.
In the centre of tite (oom hanga a line bronie chandelier, and in-
yond ia a glazed window with an oraage nn tlie fill. The painting
b aigned "Jan Van Syck waa hare," and no eeitiilcate could ha
ationger aa to the veracity at ita dataila. See Conway '• "Early
Fleroiah Artitta," p. US. In a later chap^r wa ahall ae* how Eng-
llth houMt were ooaatractad and ftmiabed, aren in tjia daya of
Itt m mrrjkw m ■ouaiid, noumK aud Aiinioi
repud the muter. The euiiett dawn of the art in
modem Europe, aa shown in (reMo and distemper, ia
foand on the aouthem side of the Alpa; but modem
painting in oil, th^ art which glowa on the oanTaa of a
Raphael, a Titian, or a Rembrundt, had it« origin in the
Netherianda. Most authoritiea, from the days of Vaiari,
have credited the disoovery of oil-painting to the broth-
eiB'Van Eyck, who painted at The Hague, Ohent, and
Bmgea, during the latter part of the fourteenth and the
early part of the fifteenth century. This, perbapa, ia
not exactly correct, for oil was imed in this country long
before their era. Nor were they the first artists of the
Netherlands in point pf time. For centuries the ohnrohea
had been filled with paintings which teem to have poa-
aessed considerable merit.* The moist climate, however,
has worked destruction to most ot the wall productions,
on whkh the repntatwn of the early artists was based,
so that we can jadgs of them onljr bom oontemporane-
cos reporta.t V
But there was somathlng bealdea the oUmate. The
dliarches of Italy, with their wide widls and broad roof
spaces, afforded scope for fresco decoration which waa
wanting in the structures of a Gothk) type, with their
arobes, pillars, and groined roofa Ilenoe the Nether-
land paintings were of a different class, being smaller
and mostly executed on wooden panels. The ground-
work of the panel was prepared with a thin coating of
fine faster, and upon this coating the colors wers laid,
* la 1141, ■ fln conniiBcd the prinolpal cburehM in Utraoht sad
dntfoysd "• number of magaillcaDt psintings." — Ds*im'i "Hol-
isad,'*i41.
t W* bsT« • ftiw exealtaat Fbmbli will |i«latlsy, sad nna aMri>
torioiw psaal pietarM oftlit faaitowth iwtsij.- Ooaw^, p. IIL
m <HM ROK Mwnim akd nan ««■» itf
Mug mixad with tin white at ma egg or Um jnioa at
nnripe figa. Oil wu employed, bat it« um wu attended
with great ditadTUtagea. It was diScolt to lay the
eokm flnely with it, and they took a kmg time to dry.
For this reason it waa never used in the finiabed part of.
the work, but only for laige mamca of drapery and the
like. The great objection to thia proceaa lay in the tact,
not then diaoovered to ita full extent, however, that in
time the wbolo maw flaked off, leaving nothing bat the
bare surface of the panel. To the Van £yck brother*
is due the credit of remedying this defect. They mixed
some sufaatanoe, probably reein, with boiled oil, and
found that the/ now had a medium which dried with-
out exposure to the sun, and with which the finest and
most delicate work could be accomplished. Using this
substance, the pUster on the panel was interpenetrated
with the varnish, and the whole wrought fio finely Uv
gether that at last the surface became like enamd, and
it k generally next to impossible to detect the traoea of
the brush.* The discovery of the Van Eyoks not only
gave paintings a finer character, but made them sub-
stuitlally indestructible by time. It was carried to Itatf
by the artists from that country, who in great numben
were then studying in the Netherlands, and a century
later was brought to completion in the studios of Veniw
under the hands of Titian and bis fellows.
The Van Eyck brothers are, however, entitled to much
greater honor than that of discovering a nen* ]>rooes8 in
art. They were the crowning figures in a school which
had been in existence for two or three centuries at least,
and they were the greatest painter* of the age.t Together
t ''TMrMB,''n|iLObka,'*i«io|iofiaM.ionBtr«BiBritod»a4
■•<"<"
m iva mtTAM m maum, MoiAink amb
tiiej painted the worid-renoimed pkstnre of the " Ado-
ration of the Lamb," at St Baron's Chnrob, in Ghent.
The finest, part of this grand work is attributed to the
elder brother, Hubert, who was bom in 1366 ; but toe
remainder, oonoeded to the younger, is abo of extraor-
dinfiry merit Loolcing at this picture, and at the later
paintings of the younger brother, we feel that we hare
oome into a new world of art. Here are no longer mere
personified qnalitiea or abstractions, as among the Ital-
ians, but real human beings, men painted as they looked
on earth. Henoe we have in Jan Van Eyck the origi-
nator of the modem school of portrait-painters, in which
Flanders and Holland were to lead the world. But there
is something more aboat these pictures. Viewing the
paintings which t»«oede this era, we find as a back-
ground for the figures nothing but a plain surface or a
mass of gilt. In the " Adoration of the Lamb," we see
for the first time a fine landscape as a background.*
This innoration also mariu an epoch. Thenceforth the
painters of the Low Countries abjured their gilt; the
background becomes from year to year more important,
until Joachim Patinier, bom in 1490, makes it the prom-
inent feature of his pictures, and becomes the founder
of the modern Xortbem school of landscape painting.f
Thus we find that painting follows, among this peo-
ple, the same coarse as its elder sister, architecture. la
FrsBoe it was said that only what was executed for the
Chnroh or king was art.$ This was true of most coun-
M^nUeait, that Uw aormyuadtag period is Italf acstcely Iwais
«om|»ri«w with it" — "BWoiT of Art," U. 4SO-4M. Conwsj's
•• hrty Fteotuh Artitt* ;" BMthkt'i •• Biitiii; of Oil - PKlatiag ;■
Tsiatli "Alt la ttw Mctherlaadt," tte,.
• CMiw«y, p. ST!. t Labk% ii. iM.
) CMmm'i " Lib oriOeliMl Aagclo," U. H.
ouakoni or inmauiis Air tm
tries. It, bowwrar, eeawd to be tnw in th« KetheriaiMU
at aa «u4y date. We have aeen bow it waa with arobi-
teotare. Eren in the cborchea, it haa been objected that
the pare Gothic deaign was aomewhat Mcrifloed to the
oonrenienoe of the worahippera. Theae people believed
that cburchea were designed for man, and thoy there-
fore made them comfortable for the maaaes; they be-
liered that art was for every -day uae, and so applied it
to their town>halla and dweUinga, and made it the com-
panion of the ftreaide. It is this hontelike quality which
distinguishes the great pictures of the Dutch and Flem-
ish schools. In other lands the artists revelled in vis-
ions of imaginary loveliness, choosing as subjects scenes
in which youth and beauty usually play the leading
parta. The NetherUnders loved above all things verity,
and transferred to the canvu what they saw aroond
them. They valued character and intellect above mere
beauty of form, and so preferred aa subjects for their
portraits faces which tell a story. As a rule, these faoea
are not handsome, but they belong to men who look as
if they had lived and had acoompUabed something in >/~
the world.*
For a time, after the death of the Van Eycka and
their immediate snooeasors, Italian art took the lead,
and unfortunately many of the Netherlaml painters -'
wasted their Uvea in the vain attempt' to work against
th«r nature by an imitation of this foreign school. Still,
there flourished in the Low Countries, during the whole
of the fifteenth and sixteenth oentnriee, a great number
• •• PMo WM qsito ri«1it ia miUac tb* BMHrtiiU tk* iplnidar af
O* True, «ad tbi* would Im bow tha bat defloltioD of FIcmUh lad
Patch paiDting."— a«iab«tu, in u unpubUihwl letter IVom
IM
rvBTAV n mauun,
AID AUnOA
of aiikfU whoM works wotald Ulu high ruk bat for the
marrelloiM prodnotiom of luly during the lame period.
At laat came the mighty itmggle with Hpftin, which gSTe
independence to the MTen northern proTinoe*. Qient
u were the pt^tical'and religious oonsequonces of this
straggle, no less nuurkcd were its resalts on art. The
peofde learned their strengtht became entirely anlf-reli-
ant,gBine<l intelleetnal aa well as political independence,
deretoped, perfected, and enlarged the sohoob founded
by the Van Eycks two oentaries hefmv, put away for-
ever saints and Madonnas, and astoanded as they de-
lighted the world with portraits, landscapes, marine
views, pictures of flowers, fruit, cattle, sheep, hones, in-
teriors of all deseriptioBs— In fact, representations of er-
erytbing in nature or in life that oovtd instruct, elevate,
arouse, or cheer mankind. Bodi a period of exaltation
comes but rarely to a nation. It came to Engtend after
the destruction of the Spanish Armada, and gave to the
worid the literature which has made the Elixabethaa
age so famous. There it culminated in po«try, for the
Englishmen of that day were poetical and imagiiwtive.
In the Netheriands it culminated in painting, beoaoae
the people were artistic.
How the artistic element permeated all classes of so-
ciety is shown by the beauty of their products in every
department of the mechanical arts. Uttle has cone
down to us of the old Finnish jewelry, but it is spokoi
of as perhaps the finest goldsmith's work of yrhich We
have a record.* In the manufacture of fine fumitare
they were unexcelled, and their laces, silks, brooadea,
oaipeta, and rugs had a world-wide reputation. First
uaaag all tbaae mannfaototed prodoots stood Uw tafm
• Coawaj, p. I
WMMBraaATim un raimira mvnmB uf
Ufm wonn on the ioonu of Flaiid«n. TbeM haw niBTer
boon squlled for besnty or for finMhed workouUMhip.
Namben of them ■till mnrive, mnim with tinu almoat
H trmk aa when they were woven foar or five ceBtoriet ^i
ago. Xothing oould bear higher witnew not only to ';?
the teehnioal perfection, but to the artittio spirit aa well, ' '|:
which in this oaae ennobled manufactorea.* _^ .
The atory of the development of art in the Nethei^
koda ia an intereating one, aa bearing on the prog^ -^
TCM of lociety and the expaiuion of the i<lea that " •!.
there wai a oommonity outaide the prierthood and a
nobility. Architectore flnrt boeomes secularized; next
painting steps down from the cloods and sits by the
hflwth^ne of the baiter ; then the artist displays his
skill on the fumitare, the ornaments, and the dreas of
these merohanta and manahtcturers. Finally comes the
■tep which leads off into an andisoovered and untried ' i'
ooean. ■, . s/J^.
The common people, those who cannot afford to pay
for oil-paintings, want pictnrea for their hoosea. The
demand oreatea the aapply. The ingenious Netheriand-
en discover that from blocks they can reproduce on pa-
per pictures in black and white, and wood - engraving
ia inveDted.t From the Low Countries the inventitm
* Ubke, ii. 451 lUphMl'i eekbntod eutooM for lb* MMIm
Obapel wen Knt So Am* to lia «0T«a.
t AoeordiBg to U Croix, •"Tlie Art* in tba llhldl* Ann," p. 4ai^
wood-«agn>iDg origiiutted in Holland, daring the latter part of th*
foartaentli centurj. On« of tho earlint ipccinKn* now extant exiit*
at BraeaeU. and U daimed to bare been exectited at Maline* in 1411^
Booa aotltoritte*, bowcrer, aanrt tbat thi* i* antedated, and tbnl
an angraTing don* in Boabia la 14tt i« tb* flnl welUutlienticatad
■paeinen now In exiatenoe. Untoa'a " Haitan of Woocl-Kngnvb
■^ T/
^;«'
1
n|>idly tpnadi tbroogh Earope, ineetiBg with tevor «••
peoi«Uy in (^muui j, whrne tb« population bad inioiiM
Motions niMiy of the mom ohumcteristio*.* ^
FollowiBg wood-engmring, »d4 m its B*tnnd soppl*-
ment, came the printing of books from blocks. This
<mgin*ted from the desire of poiraUrixing knowledge
as engraving was populariiing art. 8ome of the earijr
specimens are rude enough, but in others the work ia
exquisite of finish. The letters were cat on a single
block of wood, and then this blodc was used to print
from, in Uie same manner as the stereotyi>e plate of
modem times. The next step was to substitute mova-
ble type for the solid piem. of wood, and we have the
printing-press, which has rerotntioaiaed the world. Oar-
nwnj, on the present evidence, will never concede the
honor of this invention to a Hollander, but ita germ lay
in the block books to which Holland kys unquestioned
claim. It was, in truth, but following to its legitimate
ooaolnsions the lessons of the architects «[ ho built the
exquisite town-hallt, the artists who painted poitraita
and landscapes, and the engravers who rrproduoed pict-
ures from their blocks — that beauty and truth are for
the mosses, and not alone for a chosen few.
In addition to painting, there was another department
* How widMpMKl WM tha hrs of art ia tiM RdlMtaaik Is
ilMWB by tha bet that whaa Albert DQivr Tisiu tha ooaatrj Ib
tba riiteentb ceotary ba paji bis cipauM ia part b; wHiag bia
engniTiDgt, tba Maall lUMa baiaf retailed at prtcea which broagbt
ttMm within the aiaao* of the haatUaet warfcawa. Bee hie "JnurBaL*
It ia aleo tatoreatlag to notioa, in tbic conaecthm, that while Haoi-
bnadt at a later day ireeired large prieca fcr bia paiatiaga, be ale*
Msda SMoay flroai Ua etebioga, wbiob ba eaniad to great paifca
;„!*•;
mvmc a Hut nwaamuana Mi
of art ia which the NeUwrlandan itood ■apreme. At
■iMieiaii* they, for iiMirly two Imndred yean. )uul no
rivaL Other people cultivate music ; to them it leeipa
an inttinct.* Sv\tat is known m the Netherhuul Hohool
ia divided into foar epoch*. It begin* with WilUam
Dnfay, of Hainaolt, who wa* a tenor singer in the Sis-
tine Chapel from 1380 to 1483, and whose masses are
■till preserved at Rome. The next great master was
John Okeghem, of East Flanders. He began to be cele-
brated aboat 1470, and has been called the " patriarch
of mniio," being the inventor of the canon, and in gen-
•ml of artificial connterpoint. The school reached its
•sniUi in the fourth e|)och with Adrian Willaert, who
was bom at Bruges in 1400 and died in IMi. I>uring
this period, covering nearly two centuries, the Nether-
landa famished all the courts of Europe not only with
■iagers, but with compoaen and performers of instm-
■MBtal mnsio. They founded in Naples the first musi-
oal conservatory of the world, and another in Venice at
about the same time. It waa also to their influence and
example that the renowned school of Rome owed its ex-
JMenoe.t WiththeReformatlon,allthisoametoaspeied7
end. The liigher class of music was, until the days of
the modem open, reserved almost entirely for religious
purposes. It was not easy to secularize it, and when, af-
ter many years, the time came for doing so, the people
of the Low Countries had lost their fwmer supremacy.
Still, they have never lost their love for mnsio. T<Miaj,
tbe great musical endowment of an ability to sing in
parts is encountered even among the populace : the coal-
• «M lUss'i " Art ia tin Katlwriaadii''
t BItter't " Hhtory of Mule,'' pp. TS, 87, 106; " KM:jclo|wdls
Britamkis,'' utiela » Marie."
IN m TVMtttM m mouuMO, mtouMa, utn AmnoA
minen oiiganixe oboni MoietiM ; Um bboten in Aat-
w«rp and ^mteli, and the Bhip-calken and laUon at
Am^rdam, ling in chonui and iti true time while at
work, and in the ttoeet on returning home at night.*
Uere we may okiw thia chapter, and with it our gen-
«nl view ei the material and artiatio aide ctxhe Netbe^
land proaperitj and pragreaa. The naolt ia a atriking
one, in view of the little attention which, until a recent
date, bos been paid to this people by the historiana of
other nations. They took no great part in wan ; ainoe
the diwdution oi the Batavian Legioo they had attOutt
made nor unmade eroperora ; but before the middle of
the aixteenth oentnry they had conqnered almost all
the field* of indnstry and art. When the people of
England were just beginning their wonderful carenr of
modem progreas, theae men acroa the Channel stood
foromoit of the world in agriculture, manufacturea, coon-
meroe, engraving, and muaio, while they had only parted
temporarily with the crown of painting, which, adding
that of learning, they were to resume after UoUaad bad
won her independence.
• 1Wat'k<'Ait ia tkt HttiMrlMKli,"p. M.
CHAPTER II ,
TBI NrnmLiNM wtron the wab with spaim
nn onuN, mm towns, thk iTATa, bodoahov, auioioK,
AID MOKAU
III tlw pnoflding chapter I Iwve *tt«niiit«d a brief
■ketch of the rapid advance made by the Netherlandera
in the indastrial pureuitR and in the arta, down to the
middle of the aizteenth century. The important qiiea-
tkMi now ariaea, What was the effect of this material
{Mtxperity and deTotion to art on the love of liberty and
the religioaa apiri^. which we should look for in this peo-
ple, as an inheritance from their Ci«srmanio anccato^i t
This qoeation is of interest from many points of view.
Thoughtful men in all agea have been more or leas !■•
dined to accept their civilisation nnder proteat. 80
nnoh is said of ita enervating influence, and such stress
to laid upon the virtues of the early heroea who lodged
in huts and devoured raw flesh for food, that men have
■ometimea asked, is it not better that we sboold retnm
to a state of nature if we wiah to keep bright the flam*
oi liberty t In ita rriigioiia aspect the sabject u stilt
more important Many of the English Puritans were at
intolerant as any of their opponents, looked down oa
art, suspected, if they did not despise, refinement of
manners, and seemed bent on weeding joy and beauty
oat of life, as if their seeds had been implaBted by the
«d«n«nyof««. The-. »», la ««y rasp**. «»1»
4
m m raoTAM m aoujuni^ BratABA Am AiiniaA
nnwortli/ profaMon of a goipel of lore, are MOMtimw
held up M ezunplM of e«rne«tne« in religion, the theory
that they were luperior in thii reapoct to other people
of their time, and that their descendanta have degener-
ated from their early virtuos, underlying much of Eng-
liih and American history aa written in Kroe quarten.
The effect of this teaching must be pemiciou in its
tendency, anle« the proper corrective be applied. The
men and women of the present generation are coming
to nse the world in which they live, and to enjoy its
beanty and its gladness. The young, often more ear
Dcstly thooghtfttl than their elders, accept the pleasures
of life, bat, with the grim visages of their vaunted an.
cestors before tbem, are inclined at times to fed that Joy
is somehow linful, and must bo paid for in the end.
Looking only at the history of England, seeing the ex'
cesses against which I>uritanism was there, a protest,../
dwelling on the virtues of oar ancestors and not sharply
enough distinguishing their faults, all this is natural
enough. It seems, indeed, as if the typical English Puri-
tan, as described by some writers, with bis long, sad face,
suspicion of joy and beauty, narrowness of mind, and in-
toleranoe of the beliefs of others, was the embodiment of
eameBtoess itself, and that his descendants, so far as they
differ from biro, are moving down to a lower plane.* A
broader view of history, however, will dispel this delu-
sion, and nowhere can a better corrective be found than
in the story of the Netherlands.
Here wets a people with Urgely the same Uood aa the
* 8n C*Aj\t't " Cromwt;!),'' and other writiag* of I he mum •cbool.
Osrijie, it may be notioeil, liabitully tpeakt of the Hollaaden m
■* low-minded Dutchmen," hecanie they did not lyapathin with all
tkl airin of the Koglith Purilsiw,
nmn Aim taouH pctdtaiiiiii Hi -'
Englith, u)d wHh th« Mme inherited trtiU of ohuMV
ter, bat educated under verj different conditions. Wlicn
now we ooniider their eameetneM for civil and religious
liberty, the record of the two nations can scarcely Im
compared. Some of the English Puritans fled across the
AUantio from a slight religious penecntion, and foandetl
a New Enghuid. Others remained at home, fought their
king in a few pitched battles, and established a common'
Wealth, which in eleven years went to pieces, simply
because the people were unfitted for self-government.
The Puritans of Holland battled for their liberties du^
ing four fifths of ttoentnry, facing not alone the bravest
and best-trained soMien of the age> but fUunee, the gib-
bet, flood, siege, pestilence, and famine. Ever)' atrocity
that religious fanaticism could invent, every horror that
ever followed in the train of war, swept over and deso-
lated their land. To '•peak in the same breath of the .
hardshipa or sufferings of the English Puritan, as if they %
served to explain his unlovely traiU of character, seems TJi,;,
almost puerile. "?^
Out from this war of eighty years' duration emerged
a repnUic, for two centuries the greatest in the worhl—
a republic which was the instntotor of the worid in art,
and whose cornerstone was religious toleration for all
mankimL Ite people had endured everything for civil
liberty and for the Protestant religion ; but they wore no .:
long, sad faoee, nor did they, either at home or in Amer-
ica, put men to death for differing from them in relig* '
ion. In view of their story, the pernicious theory that
earnestnetM in reUgion or devotion to the principles of .
self-government makes men joyless, haters of art, or pe^
secutors of their fellows should be consigned to the
abysmal daricneas whence it came. Such a doctrine is one :':
of the most striking illmkntioai of the cant of histoqr.
114 Tn nmnuf at aoLLAiin, nrauNiK axd AiimoA
^The English PuritanB, both at home uid in America,
•xbibited great qnalities, for which they ihould reoeire
. iJl honor; but they alio exhibited defects, k> ghuing as,
in the minda of many persona, almost to obscure their
virtues. The defects, however, as we shall see hereafter,
sprang from the condition of English society under which
its Puritanism was developed. To charge them to the
age, as if all the world were in the same condition, is an
offence against historic troth ; but that offence is light
compared with the crime of cbai^ng them to religioB
or to the love of republican institutions.
Let us now glance at the form of government estab-
lished in the Metherlandg prior to the great revolt from
Spain, then at the condition of the people in reUtion to
education, religion, and morals. This is necessary to an
understanding of the nature and results of that wonder-
ful struggle, and a comprehension of the mode in which
the Dutch Puritans became the instroctorsof their Eng-
lish brethren.
In 1655, the Emperor Charies Y., broken j^y the goat
and wearied of the cares of state, retired to private life.
Before entering the monastery in which he was to paaa
the remainder of his days, be turned over to his son and
heir almost all the vast ]>o88e8sions which, wielded by
his sturdy arm and directed by hia genius, had made hint
the foremost monarch of the age. His successor, Philip
IL of Spain, became by this cession king of all the Spanish
kingdoms and of both the Sicilies — " Absolute Domina-
tor," according to the high-flown language of the day, in
Asia, Africa, and America — Duke of Milan and of both
the Burgundies, and hereditary sovereign of the seven-
teen provinces of the Ketherlanda. The hist was the
richest and fairest jewel in his crown. Of the five mill-
ions poured annually into the royal trearaiy, two came
Tu nTHnuaB raoTiiioii tH
from then provinoei, while only half a million ouna
from Spain, and a like ram from Mexico and Pern.*
The seventeen provinces at this time composing the
Netherlands were so many separate states. Each bad
an hereditary ruler, called a duke, marquis, count, or
baron — titles which centuries before had been held by
different persons. Now one person held them all, but
•till each state maintained its individuality and had its
own government, as the American colonies had theirs
before the Revolution. As the King of £ngland ap-
pointed governors for the American colonies, so in the
Netherlands the superior lord, now Philip of Spain, ap-
pointed governors, or stadtholders, to represent his sover-
eignty in the various provinces, and a regent to control
the whole. Within the provinces, again, wera the cities
and towns, each of which had its separate charter, some
of them so liberal as to make them virtual repnblic8.t
The population of all the provinces was estimated at
three millions.^ Three millions of people, according to
Motley, the most industrious, the most prosperous, pe^
haps the most intelligent', under the sun. §
The southern states, which in the end remaiued at>
tached to Spain, were at this time the more populous
and wealthy. Those in the north, however, were np-
•lIoti«7,Lut.
t In tha MTenteen province* wen 908 wslM dtiti, ISO chartand
lowiM, snd taOO Tillige*. Kotlcj.LSt.
X Abbot one foorth ■■ Urg* u at pretnit All MtimatM of popo-
Intkn in tlie dap bafore * regalar cenaua wa^Uken are, howerar,
ngae and onlj approximata. That of England at thia tima ia Bzad
by Orean at from lira to aiz milliona, whila Macaatay placaa it no
higher a cantarjr later. Ffof, Tborold Rogera, probabi; tho beat
aothoiitf, eatimataa tha popoUtion of England In tha laign of EUa-
abatb tt only two milliona and a halt Timt, Uanh, 18M.
{Jlotla7,i.M.
IM TBI FVBITAN IN BOIXANn, BKOUUn), AND AMBRICA
/idly stepping to the front, and the long war which they
were about to wi|ge with Spain established their pre-
eminence in all departments. Ilolland, in particular,
had founded an industry of surpassing value. In 1414,
a humble fisherman, Jacob Beukelszoon, of Biervliet, in
Zeeland, by one of the practical inventions of which hia
people were to give so many to the world, had opened up
in the sea a mine of wealth richer than all the mines of
Mexico or Pern. It was simply a novel and easy method,
still in use, of drying and packing fish. Two years later
the first large herring seine was manufactured.* Thence-
forth the fisheries of Holland, at a time when almost all
the world abstained from meat in Lent and on ev-
ery Wednesday and Friday, became of vast importance.
Not only did they bring into the country an endless
stream of gold, bnt they nurtured the brave and skilful
seamen who aided so much in building up the great re-
public, f Half a century after this invention, Philip of
Burgundy, writing to the pope, said that "Ilolland and
Zeeland were inhabited by a brave and warlike people,
who have never been conquered by their neighbors, and
who prosecuted their commerce on eveiy sea." X
•DtiMitt't " HolUad," i. 105. Autborithw iliffer u to thii claim of
Bankclnoon, there being no proof in the recordi that he wiu the in-
ventor of the proceei, which, howerer, originated in Bierrliet aboat
his time.* Rogen't " Story of Holland," p. 27. Of more importance ia
the itatement that the great impnlse to the fltheriea of Holland was
due to the fact that about 142S the herring flnt began to spawn in
the German Ocean. " The Hanaa Towns," by Helen Zimmem, p. 4B.
t It shonid be mentioned to the honor of Charles V. that, being in
IBM at Bierrliet, where Beakelaiooa was buried, he Tisite<l the grave
and ordered a magnificent monument to be erected to the memory
of the man who had rendered so signal a service to hisoouotr;. Mi-
iniurgk Rnim, July, 1880, p. 419.
t " U Riohease da U Holland," i. as.
' m WALUD Towira m ths miodli aoh m
Such waB the genend condition of the Netheriandi
vben by the abdication of Chartes V. they paiBed
to his sacceasor. Tliat gucoessor never undentood the^
peojde committed to his rule, knew nothing of their
spirit, and could not comprehend why they so insisted
on their civil and religious rights. Throughout the rest
of Europe, the feudal tyranny having passed away, the
monarcbs were absorbing all the power. Such was the
case in neighboring France, in Spain, where Philip was
bom and lived, and in Englapd, where he found a wife.
Why should he not govern these provinces in the same
manner as the other parts of his dominions ? That he
oonld not, he discovered before his death. To unde^
stand why he conld not, we must look at the institution*
of the country with some care.
There was a time in the early history of the Nether-
lands when liberty was in danger. The ancient Ger-
manic freedom was protected chiefly by poverty and
isolation ; but when men began to cultivate the land,
: trade with one another, and lay up wealth, these warders
went off guard. Hdd this people then been devoted to
agriculture alone, the results would probably have been
as disastrous as in other parts of Europe. But here
commerce and manufactures came to the rescue, and
. bnilt up the walled towns which were for ages the cita-
> dels of freedom. The growth of these towns, and the
municipal institutions there developed, form the principal
feature of Netherland history. In most other countries
the towns were mere aggregations of individuals, with
privileges, customs, and chartered rights more or less
defined, but subject to the general government, and
oomparativelyearlyfallingundernationalcontrol. Here,
on the other hand, when once established, they grew
■teadily in power and independence, until in the end they
m
m-^
IM TBI nmiTAM m boixahd^ naijum tm ajuuoa
became almoat little rapablica, levying tboir own iasm,
electing their own magistratea, and making their own
laws.
It is not necessary for- our purpose, nor would it .be
an easy task, to trace the origin of these towns and show
the methods of their growth. Within the present cen-
tury considerable attention haa been paid to these sob-
jects, but much yet remains to be aooompliahed. All
that has been discovered, however, tends more and more
to prove the influence of Rome, in this as in other mat-
ters, upon the institutions of the Netheriands.*
The city of Bruges is perhaps typical of the later
towns of the Netheriands, and its origin suggestive of
• BaTigajr, in tab '* Hiatory of Roouin Law In the Middle Agci,'* mmI
RajiKHiard, in bis " Histoire de Droit MuDicip*!," tisra trued the
eoBtinnuice of manicipal institntiont in wme ten French cities ftom
the ige of the Roman Empire to the twelfth centuiy, when the for-
mal charters of cnmmunitiet fint appear. Hallam, tpeaklag of the
French citiei of the elerenth conturj, aayi : " We unnt here dietinguiali
the cities of Flanders and Holland, which obtained their independesoa
mach earlier ; in CM^t, their self-goremment goes back bejond any as-
signable date. They appear to hare sprung ftvm a distinct aoorce,
bat still fVom the great leaerroir of Roman inslitutiona. The citiea
on the Rhine retained more of their ancient organisation than we
find in Northern France. The Roman language, says Thierry, had
hen perished, the institutions sonrired. At Cologne we Und, ftom
age to age, a corporation of oitiaena eiactly resembling the curia,
and whose members set op here«litary preteasiona to a Roman da-
aoent; we find there a particular tribunal for the emit hotumrn, a
part of Roman law unknown to the old Jurisprudence of Oermany,
as to that of the feudal systtun. In the twelfth century the ftee con-
stitution of Cologne passed for ancient From Cologne and Trem
municipal righta spread to the Rhenish cities of leas remote origia,
and reached the great communities of Flanders and Bnbaat"— Hit-
Im'a ■• lUadla Ages." vol L eha|i. U. note 18. ad. 1«7&
Aim m onm~t naoBn towm im
Um moda in which moh oommnnitiM mroM. ChurlemagM
pbuited Mvend thouMnd Saxon ooloniBts on the weat
oout of Fluid«n, purtly to repel the incunions of the ■
Northmen, and partly to lerve as hostaget for the orderiy
oondoct of their kinsmen beyond the eaatem borden of
hia empire. lie alio appointed m/onitier, whoM doty
it waa to enfcHPoe obedience to the laws, collect impaat%
and preaerve the royal forests. This arrangement was
of brief duration. In the reign of Charles the Bald,
about 860, a mde Flemish chieftain, Baldwin of the Iron
Ann, ran away with tha king's dangfater, Judith, but
after many vicissitudes waa taken into favor. Flanden
waa erected into a county to be held aa a flef of Franca,
and conferred on the bold Baldwin, with the title of
Haricgraf, or Warden of the Marches. lie then built a
oaatle, commanding a bridge over_^the little river Reye,
with a ohapel to receive certain relica of St. Donatna,
aant to him by the Archbishop of Rheims. Outside the
walls he erected houaea for the reception of merchanta
and itinerant traders, and laid out a place of meeting for
freemen. Thna a small town aroae under the castle
walla, which took the name of Brugge, from the bridgs
to which it primarily owed ita exiatenoe. Tbia toll-houaa
on the river, for soch it really was, developed into the
city of Bruges, which in the tenth century had a huge
oommeroe, and in the thirteenth waa the oommeroial
capital of Europe.*
Bmgca was, however, a modem town. It grew up ob
a trade already eatablished, for the country had mer-
chanta, and omnmeroe from which toll oouki be ooi-
lected. Ita advantages were thoae of situation ; these,
and not ita antiquity, gave it prominence. Other oitiw
' fBBMaa't''VMAitmlil,''ik|f.L
i^
14* TBI rVaiTAII a lOiXAlID; lliaUNDl, AMD AMniCA
in the interior an older, and it ia through them that
the ideaa of Rome were handed down, which, mingled
'with the tradition* of the Oerman race, built up the
little repablica that studded the whole aarfaoe of th*
hud.
The dittingniahing feature of all theae mnnici|ialitiea,
that which more than any other gave them strength,
was the lyitem by which the cititens were divided into
guild*. The birthplace of thia inatitntion ia diaputed ;
one party cUiming that it ia of (iermanio origin, the
other that it waa derived from Rome. Perhapa both are
right in pMl. The early Uermana were accoatomed to
form aaaooiationa for mutual protection against acci-
dents by Are or water and similar misadventures. Theae
unions were called Minne, or Fricndshi]i*. Hence the
word Minnesingers of later days. After a time the name
of Minne paaaed into that of Ohilde, meaning a feast
at the common expense. Each ghilde waa placed under
the patronage of some departed hero or demi-god, and
waa managed by officers elected by the members, social
equality lying at its foundation.* With the introduc-
tion of Christianity the demi-god waa replaced by a
saint, but the deigy frowned on the aaaociations, which
led to much intemperance. Such was the origin of the
guilds of the Mitldle Agoa, according to some authori-
tiea, and for those of a social and charitable nature we
need look no further. Rut tite guilds which were of
chief importance, thoae which charaoteriaed, the cities of
the Netheriands, were aaaociations among member* of
the same trade for industrial purpoaoa, and theae seem
rather to have omne from Rome.
The Romans exercised the right of asaodation from ft
* BsMMi'* •• Vsa Artavrid," ckq^ L
^* Tr^u WM much npinwd to tbaro. Bm " Lattn* of tk« ToongMT
Flhiy," I. M.
t For • short kceonnt nf th« Romui ipilliU. ••• " KaeydoiMWli*
MtMalM,** wtiel* "OalM," ud ratlMtitlw eitail.
■::"?"
c*
im •tnuik-min ouon Ml
verj aftriy time, and it is aHerted that Nam* enoonrafed
the fonnation of craft-guilds, of wliicli Plutarcli enumer-
ates nine. Exercined volunturily under the republic, the
right became somewhat curtailed under tlie empire, and
the collegia, as they were called, wore limited by im-
perial decree.* Tet they became very numerous, not
only in Rome, bat throoghout the reot of the empire,
especially in the East, in Italy, and in GaoL Many of
these associations were organiied for good-fellowship,
some for religious purposes, others to provide fur burial,
bat the most important were those formed for trade and ' , j
inannfactures. Thus we find at Naples in the sixth cen-
tarjr a soapmakers' gnikl, and in the Netherlands at the
same period one for making salt. In Rome, the collegia
were mostly confined to the poorer cbksses, but in tlie
prorincos they numbered among their members not'
only wealthy tradesmen, but also nobles. All chose their . ,
own offlcera, made their own Uiws, and paid contiibu-
tkms to a common fand.f
The Germanic guilds and the Roman collegia were
thus much alike ; and in one or the other, or in both com-
bined, we see the original of many of the instii.utions of
the Middle Agea and of kter times. Out of the Germanic
gailda, formed for mataal protection, insurance, and
social parposea, grew the Anglo-Saxon hundreds, where
each member was responsible for the actions of sU the
others. From the same source came tlie social guilds
whkih before the Reformation were lo namerons in Eng-
inad, there b^ng over nine bundrsd in the ooanty of
si^./^':.- . ■...,'.',,. .v.'.>:-ii.,i-^i.i'^',^^' -v-//,..^. ..■Vii^^MitV.isiik'.
MS TBI nnoTAii n mouLum, tmium, ado amouc*
Vorfolk alone. In tb« Ketheriands Umm oM G«niuinio
MMwiatuMu Mem gradoally to have aMumetl the govenh
ment of the towna. However, when this came aliout,
they had lott their ancient name, and were no hinger
ealleil gniida, bat commune*, embracing all who were
entitled to gather together in the paUio place when
the town bell rang oat the lummont. Thenceforth, the
name gaild was limited to the trade or manufacturing
aaaociationa, which seem to have had more of a Romas
origin.
On being admitted a member of hit eraftf^aild, each
workman took an oath to uphold divine wonhip, and to
nerve hi* count loyally and with all his might. For
miaoonduct he wax liable to punishment, while he was
entitled to a pension after a certain term of honorable
serrioe. Within tbegnild, there reigned the most perfeot
equality, each membwr being part of a machine. Wages
and prices were regulated by the deacon or head man.
Hoars of lalmr were precitiely deflne<l, so that no em-
ployer could Btenl a march on a competitor. Among
the weavers, all the wool was bought by the guild and
distributed on terms of strict impartiality. In eadi
woriabop the nhmber of kianiB was limited, and no em>
ployer was allowed to lure away the workmen of another.
A master workman, as a rule, could not employ more than
three journeymen at a time. A citizen of another town
had great difficulty in getting into a craft-guild, unless
if oookt be shown that extra bands were really needed.
The competition aimed at was that of trade against
trade, town against town, province against province, the
Low Countries against the world, and not that of indi-
vidaal against his fellow. With all these restrictions
upon liberty of aotioB, the moat extreme care was used
to aeoare elBoienay among the members of each guild.
Tni sDiUM, ts»i mnon AMD mnoBiai im
A long tai BidooDt kpprentioMhip wu required befoie
ft man oould become a workman. Every miatake was
poniibed with a fine, and any glaring violation of mo- '
nlity or infringement of the law by expolaion from the
order.
Each of theM tnidea«om)iaaiM had it* own chapd, 'I
•ad generally ita own hoapital, aa well as its Aerft^iy, or
houM of call, in which were preeerred ita chartera and
other public docamenta. The memlmn made thpir own v,
Internal Uws, and diiouaaed collectively all matter* re- . fi
lating to their common intereata. Each aMociation was ■ ;|
presided over by a dea4]on, or ileken, elected by the mem-
ben, but rarely from among their ranks. Each liad its g*
own trilHinal, from whose decision tlipre was no appeal. - ,,.
Thus the guilds forrae<i little republics within the com- ■ v
mnnes or towns, greatly curtailingJndividual freedom of J^|'
aotion,batgiTinga8trength of co-operation much needed >!
in the rttd« age of feudal tyranny. By the fourteenth '--f
eentury they had become so numerous that we find fifty-
two at Bruges and flfty-nine at Ohent.*
In the nineteenth century, with its hurry and bustle,
the anxiety of every man to make more money than \^^
his neighbor, and the blind admiration of aooamuUted
wealth, the guild system of the fourteenth and fifteenth
oentoriee seems like a peaceful dream. The com|)etition ' -^
of modern times, the outgrowth of the ideas of imlivid- '. |
nal freedom inherited from our Germanic ancestors, haa, - ^^
perhaps, made life easier to live, but has taken awav i f.
aoch of the charm of living. These craftsmen of t»
Middle Ages were trained to do good work, for |ove o|
*HnttnB'i''ymArto*eld,''elHip.T. TiMyoibMdfaialltlwtowBtL
la IM7 th«« mn erar Ibrty la DordnahL GaddM'i "Jobs Os
*
M-^
ifek *;,.»'".■
IM Tu nmiTAii m mauAMB, mmumo, akd ammuoa
H, from pride in their bandieraft, and not from a detire
for great wages that in time would enable them to riie
in the social scale. It vraa honor enough to be a good
workman, and that reputation locurecl all tbe comforts of
existence. The same spirit extended through all classes,
and has always characteriied the Netherlander*. They
are shrewd enough at a bargain, are industrious and fru-
gal, but they have never displayed the feverish anxiety
to get riches which is the curse of England and America.
Their merchants and manufacturers have always taken
time to cultivate literature, science, tbe arts, and, above
all, the domestic virtues. In the days when the guilds
were in their glory there was much less distinction be-
tween the rich and the ]HM>r than exists at present. The
guild -houses were something like our modem clubs,
where all the members stand on terms of equality.
There the younger workmen, accompanied by their
wivM, met their seniors and employers ; there they en-
tertained strangers of their own craft, exchangwl ideas,
and developetl n sentiment of comradeship which, while
it gave strength to their order, also gave a fueling of
contentment which is unfortunately rare in modem life.*
AlbeK Dttrer has left a charming account of the re-
ceptioo given him in 15S0 by the Painters* (luild at
Antwerp. " On Sunday," says be, " the painters invited
* Probabl J no reader ncccU to be ramlnded how Um nHxIem world,
iMCtisg fttMB the doctrioM of the •' HeDchetter Bchnol," with its
motto, " The race to the ewift, end the deril take the hiDdmoet," la
tuming back toward* the ipilld tyitem of the Middh) Agea. Oar
' traden-uoioM, which, with all their iinperfectloBt, hare b«ea of lata-
tlmabla value to the working clanea, mark a itrp in Ihia direction.
la addition ii the modern Irgithitluo la Oermany fbr the peoahmlag
of old lailbAil workmen, and that propoacd in KagUad far tkair la-
nOi
; PAarmir auiLD o» unwauf IM
me to their guildJuU with my wife and maid-Mrruit.
They had a quantity of silver plate, and coetly famitare,
and most expensive food. All their wires were with
them, and arl was led in to the table, every one stood
up in a row on either side, as if th>y bad been bringing
in some great lord. Among them were men of very
high standing, all of whom behaved with great respect
and Jcindness towards me." While at table, the syn-
dic of the magistrates came in and gave four cans of .
wine, saying that they sent it to do him honor. Next
oaroe Master Peter, the town carpenter, with a present
of two cans of wine. " When we had been making mer
ry together np to a late hour of the night, they accom-
panied us home in honor with lanterns, and prayed me
to rely confidently on their good -will. So I thanked
them, and lay down to sleep."*
For the most part each guild inhabited a se|>arate
quarter of the town, and over every quarter two otHcers
were appointed by the burgomasters, whose duty it was
to keep a list of all men in their districts capable of
bearing arms, to see that their arms were in readiness,
and to assemble them at the order of the magistrates, or
upon the ringing of the great town bell. Over all these
offloen were placed two, three, or four captains of the
burgher guards. When the town bell rang, every citi-
sen was bound to obey the summons, at any hour of the
day or night. When called out to service within the
walls, the several guilds acted under their own iMnner;
bat in defence of the state they were accustomed to
march under the standard of the town, and dressed in
the city livery. As they were under constant drill, hAl
their arms always tead]r,and were thoroughly organised,
* Albot DOm'i " JoansL"
l~W
■ '-T<
IM tn rtmnAM m wauMn, maun, um trnmuBi
it wu the woric of an incredibly ihort tpmee of time to
man the walla and pat a city in a portare of defence.*
The towns were mirrouDded by walla, rani(iart«, and
moata, and entered through m«Mive gatca with purtcul-
lit and drawbri<tge. Within, the itreets were narrow
and tortuoui, to lessen the advantage of cavalry, archers,
and orosibow-m«n. Manyof tbebouaesboMtedofacir
onlar tower, the upper floor of which, reached only by
a ladder, affonled a temporary retreat to the hoosehold
when pamuetl by a victorious enemy, foreign or domes-
ticf Thus protected, and with a population every mem-
ber of which waa trained to the nse of anna, liberty found
a refuge daring the oenturiea in which most civil rights
were elsewhere crushed under the iron heel ot force.
Without the walls, however, the city militia could, at
a rtile, make little otand against tlie cavalry and heavy
men at arms of the feudal barons. Yet, early in the
fourteenth century, when FUndera was a flef of France,
the Low Countriea taught the worid a le«on which was
never entirely forgotten. Philip the Fair, having im-
prisoned the Count of FUnders, determined to deprive
the Flemish cities of their chartered rights, and to rule
there as be ruled at home. The result was an npris-
ing of the bui^gfaors, who, in ISOi, under the walla of
Coortrai, met the French army in a pitched battle. On
the one side were the picked knights, the flower of tbo
French nobility ; on the other a collection of tnulom and
artisans, merchants, weave^^ and batchors. Kut in the
marshy ground about the city the heavy men at arms
became a mob, and fell like cattle before the long pikes
of their antagonists. 80 great was the slaughter of belted
• Daviw't " HalkMri," i. Ml
t Rsttoa'i •• Vu Aitncid," ekap^ v.
ry
nn ORAi
Towm
UT
knightt that Flemiih chroniolea call this the " Day of
th« Golden Spun." ^ For the flnt time the feudal >yt-
tem had broken down on the field of battle. The gla-
inou^ was gone. In the manhea of the Netherlands a
new force had been developed, which, thoogh often tem-
porarily overpowered, waa to grow in strength until the
final straggle with the whole might df Spain.*
Next above the guilds stood the organization which
they looked up to as the author of their being and the
protector of their privilege* — the chartered city at town.
Many of these town* were old, with prewriptive rights
of long continuance; but it waa not until ihe twelfth
oentury that they began to receive the written char-
ter! which formally deflned and guaranteed their lib-
erties. These charters were granletl by the counts) or
lords of the various provinces, were sometimes gained
by force, oftener bought with hard-earned gold, but al-
ways guarded with the most jealous care. Although
difTering in details, these instruments were in their main
features much alike through all the seventeen provinces.
They conferred the power to moke municipal ordinances
aad regulations for the conduct of trade, to levy taxes,
administer justice in all civil cases, and to punish the
lower grades of crime. Even the right to inflict capi-
tal puniahmeiit waa given to some of the more favored i
towns. In few, if any of them, however, was tliere an
iqipcoaoh to a democracy in later times. That bad
fumii away with the iwlvance of wealth, (he rich mer-
diaata and roMrafaoturen who aecared the charters hav-
ing generally absorbed the power originally lodged in
the whole body of freemen.f Still, offices were hold for
• RaMoa'i « Vta Artmld," einp. UL
t Usff*, bowtrar, •■ IsU u the flft«rath eaatnrf elected iu om^I^
lit m mna m ■ouum, tmuxa, um uaaaok.
•hort terms, ap4 in UolUnd tpeowl regnMionB were in
force by which no two memben of the gommment coold
be within a certain degree of conianguinity ; tbos pre-
venting the whole authority fh>m being lodged in the
hands of a few families, as liap()ened in the cities of
Italy, especially those of Genoa and Florence.*
Antwerp may be taken as a type of the large towns
, of the lower provinces, and its form of government il-
lustrates the amount of freedom secured there in the
middle of the sixteenth century. At that time it had
outstripiNxl Bruges, and had become the commercial cap-
ital of the world. Next to Paris it was the krgest city
in Europe. In its su|terb exchange five thousand mer-
chants were daily congregated. At its wharves twenty.
Ave hundred vessels often lay at once, and five hundred
went and came in a single day. Ouicciardini says tliat
the city contained ten thousand carts conHtantly em-
ployed in carrying merchandise to and from the neigh-
boring country, besides hundreds of wagons for pas-
sengers, and five hundred coaches used by people of
distinction.! Among its inhabitants were one hundred
and twenty-four goldsmiths who acted as bankers.^
tratM udimII; bjr nnirerMi niflVaf^r, «ll mile cititeiu tboTe the ngt
of liiteeii bsTing the right to vote, end being eligible to oAoe.
Kirk'i''Charlee the Bold," i. S*«.
* Deriee'e " HolUad," i. 8».
tlnlSM, sbouttlietiB* of the eppMraiicearOalceiudiiirabook,
the lint coach wu introduced into England, bring imported from
Holland for the uae of Queen Eliiabctb. Nathan Drake'* " Shake-
apeare and hi* Tlmea," p. 419. It canted great aatonithment among
the Ulandera. 8onie aaid it «a* "a great aea-ahell brought from
China ;" othcra, " that It waa a temple In which cannibah wurtbipped
■the deTll."
} Manjr of the raercbanta were powMnil of eoormooa wealth. Tha
Fnggen, a OcmaB bmily with headqaaiten at Augaborg, bat with
Ainwup Am m ocwMuumw IM
The lOTereign vaa limply " Marqui* of Antwerp," and
Waa sworn to govern according to the ancient charters
■nd laws. lie was represented by a stadtholder as an
•xecntive officer. T|)ore were four bodies or estates of
the city which managed ita affairs. First, the senate,
half of whose members were renewed annually, being
appointed by the stadtholder from a quadruple number
nominated by the senate itself and by the deacons of the
guilds ; second, the boartl of ancients or ex-senators ;
third, twenty -six ward-masters, selected by the senate
from a trijile number on nomination by the wards;
fourth, fifty-four deans of the guilds, also selectetl by
sA>i<
a bnuKh bouse >t Antwerp, fwphh the moit notable exsmpte of tlie
TStt fortunoi MVumaUlcil on tlie Continent by MaBuftotum uiil
eommerce during the Middle Age*. Autonjr.oae of the two broth-
en, Tho died jut before this time, left six million gold crowns, be
iridee Jewels and other raluable pn>pert.T, and Unded pnasessioas in
•11 puts of Earope aad in both the Indies. It was of him tlint the
lapcror Charles V., wbea viewing the mjral treasures at Paris, ci-
claimed: "There is at Angsborg a lincn-wcaTer who could ps; as
Bach as this with hts own gold." Of him also the stoi; is told
that, receiTing on one oocaatoo a TUt ftnra the emperor, he Iwated
the hall* of his princely dwelling with cinnamon-wood, and kindled
the fln with bonds fcr aa immense soro, representing money bor-
rowed turn htm by his myal guest. In wealth the Fnggets were
the Rothschilds of their tiase, while in political inflaence (bey 6r
aarpaased this atodem fiunily. Both brothers were ennobled by
Charies, and in 161 • forty-seren counts and countesses were num-
bered among their descendants. Later on tome of them became
princes of the empire, and In the beginning of this century their
hinded estates covered about Ibnr hundred and forty square miles.
Uke the other Continental merchants of their time, Antony and his
htother Raimood were liberal patrons of- literature and the arts.
Thdr houses were fliled with rare paintings and costly books ; they
supported artists and musicians, and founded hospitalt, aebaols, aod
charitable institutions almost without number.
180 m nnuTAK m voiuint, wmuxb, axd auooa
the Knate from a triple number of oandid»t« prHwnted
by their oonititoeiita. Tbeie four branche* divided be-
tween them moat of the functions of the government.
The semito sat oa an ap|)ellate coart, and alio ap|>ointed
two hurgonuMteni, two ])en8ionariea or legal oounaellora,
and all lesser magistrates and officials of the city. The
chief duty of the ward-masters was to enroll, muster, and
train the militia. The deans of the gnilds examined can-
didates for admission to the guilds, and sMtlod disputes
among the members. The four bodies, when assembled
together, constituted the general court, legislature, or
common council of the city ; but no tax could be imposed
except with the consent at all four branches, voting sep-
arately.* As the guilds had long before this time p— cd
under the control of the wealthy members, and as the
suffrage was confined to a limited class, the government
was essentially aristocratic, but it was free from most
of the evils of an hereditary aristocracy. All the mem-
bers, except the ex-senators, went back after « short
term of service to their constituents— like themselves
engaged in industrial punuits— and thus felt the sense
"of direct accountability. They would also naturally
feel unwilling, while in office, to pass htws injurious to
the common good, of which they were so soon to expe-
rience the ill effects.
In Holland, and in the northern provinces generally,
the form of town government was somewhat simpler.
The senate was composed of two, three, or four burgo-
masters, and a certain number of tcAepen*, or sheriffs,
generally seven. Together these offioen administered
the affain of the town, but the sohepens sitting al<me
formed a civil and criminal court. The sovereig:n was
•MotUy.LSt.
4*
, V : .-V
MLumi AXB TMi mut Bvmon tn
reprawnted by an offlcial called a m^oui, whom he ap-
pointed, but ■oraetimea from three candidates named by
the senate. A Oreat Oonncil of the citixens, poeaewing
certain property qoalifloations, met annnally, and choae
eight or nine " Good Men ;" these in tarn elected the bnr-
gomaaten and the candidates, from trhom the schoat,
as reprewntatire of his master, selected the sohepens.*
The manicipa) government and the privileges of the
towns extended over a certain space outside the walls,
which was constantly extended by favor or purchase
from the sovereign. Beyond these limits lay the open
ooantry with its mral population, forming the domains
of the nobles and abbeys, and governed by bailiffs,
whose office was analogons to that of the city scfaont.
Here, especially in the soathem provinces, there was
mneh leas liberty than within the towns. And yet serf-
dom was abolished in Flanders in the thirteenth oen-
toiy, and the oonditioo of the peasant would, in one r»-
aptctt at least, compare favorably with that of a penon
c^ the same class t»day. He was an hereditary tenant, r ^
and could not be evicted from his little plot of land, nor
sabjeoted to an annual or capricious increase of rent; ,, ».r^
neither could he be compelled to pay for the results of
improvements which he had made himself.f Some of
the Village oommnnitiea obtained charters from their
lords, bat they had not the strength to oppose force
with forae when their charters were vicdateH, and they
^ - -;,
* Davics, " HollHid." i. M, etc. |
t HuttM't " Vm AitCTold," cbap. 4 TliU (jtitem, worth; of at- $
tMtion ftonpenoHiBlemtcdintfaehittory of IraluidiiUUpnTsib _> \
in Onmingeii, and to it the gnat protperitjr of the fumera of thmt -j
I U RcncralW uttributed. " Holland and iti Penple," De Amicia, X
p-SM. In England Mtfdom liogerad on until tiM niga of EUiUMth,
sad, pailiapii, a little latar. Ooeiat, ii. IM. ^
; 'isi
s-
IM nu matui a- mauam. mmuim, aks ambdra
were ooDtinoally Mibject to the tyranny of their power-
fnl neighbon in the towns.
A* the cities grew in wealth, strength, ami impor-
tance, they acquired rights beyond thuse of mem local
self-government, for we gee them sending deputies to
the states or legislatures of the separate provinces ; tbns
forming with the nobles, and the detgy in some oases,
the parliamentary power of the nation. When this right
was first acquired by the municipalities does not seem
to be established, but we find it fully fettled in Flanders
as early as 1286.* It probably aro»j from the custom
of consulting with them upon matters relating to war
or foreign alliances, questions in which they were par-
ticularly interested, and as to which their support wookl
be essential to the sovereign. Thus the treaty which
the Count of Holland made with Edward I. of Eng-
land in 1381 was guaranteed by the towns. Shortly
afterwards, the towns of Holland, laige and small, are
seen sending their deputies to the assembly of the
states, to consider questions of taxation ; but by the fif-
teenth centnry this privilege was substantially, and by
the next century wholly, confined to the six principal
cities of Dordrecht, Ilarlom, Delft, Leyden, Amsterdam,
and Gooda.!
As it would be useless to discuss the organization of
all the provincial states, we may confine our view to
that of Holland, which is the most important for our
purposes. Here the clergy had no repretentation. The
six towns sent deputies elected by their senates, each
town, however, whatever its population, having but one
* UMij, t. ST. KliM ytmn befora » Engliib Parliament,
t DST let'i " BolUnd," i. 88 ; Hotlay, i. 37. la tb* ■avaBlcntk t
tary It wt« utaided to tweWe othsr towaa.
m oamAmM w WATii or mouun M
vote. The nobles aiao wnt deputies, but they had only
one Tote conjointly. Thos the towns Btood againat the
nobles as six to one, forming a great contrast to the
early English parliaments. No measure could be adopt-
ed, nor any tax imposed, without the consent of each of
.the seven bodies represented; and if any new question
arose as to which they were uninstructed, the deputies . ,
were obliged to postpone decision until after consulta-
tion with their principals. In times of peace no partio- . .
nlar evil resulted from this extreme states-rights doc- [-^-f-
trine, but in times of war it became a fertile source of '. '^
weakness, irresolution, and delay. The powers exer- j^
oised by the states were of course a shifting quantity,
expanding under weak rulers, and shrinking under, pow-
erful and arbitrary ones. The most essential, however, •;,,
that of levying taxes, no sovereign of Holland ever vent- /f^^
ured to dispute before the time of Philip II. of Spain.* ^^
It appears to have l^n competent for any town to call
an assembly, but the more common practice was to peti-
tion the count or his council to do so, and he usually '>|
convoked them at The Hague, or at some other place in *'^^
which he was residing.
Although the nobles had but one vote in the assem-
bly, there was another body in which they had great
power. This was the council of state, or supreme court, .,'
formed of the chief members of the nobility, selected by
the counts. The council of state assisted the count in
the administration of public affairs, guaranteed all trea-
Ues with foreign powers, and in its judicial capacity took
cognizance of capital oSencut, both ^n the towns, unless
otherwise provided by their charters, and in the open ^^
oonntry. To this court, usually presided over by the
• DsTiw'i •■ Holland," I. 86.
IM nu rvwrtui a tauAn, tamuMt, urn imauen
count in peraon, hy an appeal in oiril OHNM ftam 411
the inferior ooarti of the province.*
Snob, in outline, wm the general form of government
in the countthip of Holland, and that of the other utatee
waa much the aaroe in character, althoagis at I ahall
ahow in another phu», the ayatem in lome of the ttates
■till farther north waa much more deniqoratia How
easentially it differed from that in England, and how it
affected the coloniata of America, we ahall aee hereafter.
The aeventeen provinoea were, as already itated, origi-
nally leparate and distinct nalionalitiea, lordshipa, and
fiefs ; but in the ooune of time, banning in 1384, by
marriage, purchase, or conqoeat, all except three gravi-
tated to the House of Burgundy .f Still, each state al-
ways retained its separate existence, with ita indiridnal
rights and privileges, its own assembly and council of
state, and its own stadtholder, who, appointed by the
sovereign, acted as bis representative.
In 1477, Cbarlea the* Bold, whose fiery paaaiona, ohiv-
alric daring, and wild ambition had for ten years be-
wildered Europe, fell in battle by an unknown hand,
leaving but one child, a daughter, Mary, twenty yeara
of age. Lopis XI. was on the throne of France, and at
once seized the opportunity to take poaaession of the
Dnchy of Burgundy, aa a Upsed flef, and to lay claim to
all the NetherUnds. The Duchess Mary waa at Ohent,
and, under the advice of her guardians, called a grand
cong[resa of all the fourteen provinces then belonging to
the House of Burgundy, to consider waya and meana to
reaist the French aggressions. This waa an important
event, for it waa the first meeting of the Statea-Oeneral,
• Davin's " UolUiia," i. M.
t Kiik'i « ClMrin tb* Bold,'' L ML
nu WAiinaimi tan m auanm op bouard iw
or 0«neml CongraM of the KetherUnds, which pUyed
•0 gnwt a p**^ >" ^'^ ^^* '"^"^"^''^ ''''^*^ °' ^' ^*^
ConntriM.
It wu ako important in another aipect Under tb*
rale of Obariea the Bold, aa well aa under that of hit :>.;
father, Philip the Good, many inroadi had been mad* : 'f
on the ancient prewriptiTe rights of the Tarioua atatea. "!|;
The time had now come to retrieve the post and secure
the future, and the keen-witted deputies summoned to
' the gener^ aaMmblj were not slow to improve their - ^: v|<
opportunity. The States -Oeneral were called together
to grant subridiea for the war with France. The depo-
tiea expressed a willingness to render every service in
their |K)wer, but demanded that their grievances should
be first redressed. The duchess reluctantly gave way,
and the result was a formal charter for the separate
prorinoes, written, sealed, and sanctioned by the oath of ' '>^
the sovereign and her guardians.* The charter granted j
^ to HolUnd, called the "Groot Privilegie," or "Great ,4
Privilege," is worthy of particular attention. ^ji,
Its chief provisions were the following : The duobesi ' ,..|'
should not marry without the consent of the nobles and : %;?
the states; she should bestow the offices of the country --M'-
on natives only, no person being allowed to hoM two aft . . - ti
tjie same time, and none to be let out to farm. The
Council of Holland was thenceforth to consist of eight
members besides the stadthoUer— six Hollanders and
two Zeelanders— and no cause of which the municipat .
courts bad jurisdiction was to be brought before it ex-* . .'[
* Motley, la various place*, ipaakt of tba old eli«rten<l rigliU at
tb* proviaoe*. A* matter of bet, few, if any of them, bad eharteis
befora this tisM. TMr ticbu, aalilu tboss oftb* dtks, lesUd ia
M
^
1M nn ranriM m moujam, tamuM», aud AunaaA
oept by way of appeal. The right </« non evocando, m
exemption from proMcntion oat of their prorince, wai
to be preeenred to all the inhabitants inviolate. The
towns might hold aMerabliee with each other or with
the itatea, where and aa often aa they judged necciry.
No new tolls or other burdens should be enforced with-
oDt the consent of the states, and the freedom of trade
and commerce should be maintained.* Neither the
duchess nor her successors should ileolara war, offensive
or defensive, without the consent of the states; and in
case they did so, no one should be bound to serve. No
commands of the soTereign should prevail against the
privileges of the towns. The Dutch language should be
used in all i|ecree8 and letters-patent. No coin should
be struck, nor any alteration made in the standard of
* Rnw esicfblly and wtteljr lh« NrthcrUixin* mainUtoed the A«t-
dom of trade can be aaeo ftom an inctdent which aeamed to far back
at the reign of Edward I. of England. Tliat monarch, In a letttr
addreaaed to Robert, Earl of FUnden, lUtn that he haa learned of an
actire interconne carried on between the Scotch and the Plendngi;
and aa the Scotch had ttlien put with Roliert Brace, who waa in
reljellion agalnat him and eicommnnicated bj the pope, be begged
that the earl would pnt a atop to thit intercoane, and eiclude tke
Scotch trom bis domlniona. The earl'a antwer waa (bll of expr«>
iioni of reapeet tot the Engliah king, whom be deaired to plenast
bnt he aaid frankly, aa to the main qoeation : " We mutt not conoesi
it from jruor mi^)eaty that oar coantry of Flanden h open to all
tlw world, whore ererf pcnoa flmla a (hee admiwiun. Nor can w«
take awajr thlJ privilege from penont concerned in commerce witb-
ont bringing aiin and tleatmction upon our eonatrr. If the Scotch
gn to onr ffoa, and our anttjecta go to tbein, it la neither the inten-
tion of ourMlTea nor our aal>)ect8 to coeoange them in tlwir enor,
ttot only tiJaary oa onr traiBe, without taking any part with them."
-KTmar/- rM«%" UL HI, v^M Ms»Mft Mmim, Jal^HM^
£*i..
iu HMBiA auMtk or Muuun MB na onoi trnnuo tn
money, without the approbation of the atatet. The towns
■hoold not be forced to contribute to any petition for
money, nnlen thoy bad tint ooniented to it, and the
petition should bu presented to the itates by the loTer-
eign in person.*
This was a pretty broad instrument for the fifteenth
oentnry, when freedom was bein^ throttled all over the
rest of Europe. The duchess, to be sure, afterwards de-
*olared it invalid, as obtained from her when a minoir,
and her successon repudiated it and disregarded many
of its obligations, treating it as the kings of England
had treated Magna Chart*. But to the peofde it stood
as a memento of the past and a prophecy of the future.
They claimed that its provisions were not novel, but
that it only summed up the privileges which they pea-
sessed before the dukes of Bnignndy attempted to in-
troduce the despotic system which prevailed in FrBnoe.t
The Lady Mary marries the son of the EmperOr of
Germany, and thus the Netherknda paas to the Bouse
of Austria, and so down to Charles V., who acquires the
three remaining provinces, including democratic Friea-
land.t ^^ li^' "^VBO years before the abdication of
his father, Philip II. visited the ooontry to receive the
homage of his future snbjeota, and to exchange oaths oi
mutual fidelity. As he passed from state to state the
people swore fealty to their coming su\ereig^, and he in
return swore to respect their \ariou8 rights and pnvi-
legei. In iloUand hct took an oath " well and tmljr to
*I>sTic*,i.M4,ele.
t OrotJtM, " De Antiq Reip. Bst" osp. r.
I Orsttan. FrniMUt, who wrote about 1 S80, lalil that th« Fnalaoi
wtM s rtrj naraaiooabls rso* fcr aot r«oogiusi«g th« satlMritjr of
tlMgrsst lords.
in TBI rvHTAii n moLUtm, aimujm, um uamoA
auintAin all the pririlegM and freedom of the noblM^
citiee, oomrounitiea, mbjectt — lay and clerical— of the
provicoe of Holland and Wmt Friealand, to them grant-
ed by my anoeetori, ooanta and (x>untewe« of Holland ;
and,moreoTer,tbeir custonw, traditions, iMiigee, and rights
which they now have and ue." * Uia father and grand-
father had ■worn to maintain only the limited privi-
lege* admitted by the luurping Houae of Daignndy, but
he bound himaelf to maintain all ever granted by any
of his prodeoewors. They, however, had been rather
better than their ptomisea— for, in the main, they had
reapeoted all the priTileige* of the states and eities— bnt
he proved mooh worse than his. The right of self-tax-
ation ho, for the first time, attempted to set aside. The
result was revolution : thr people demanded all their
privileges, and the Magna Charta of Holland became the
foandation of the Dutch Repablio.
Passing now from the question of the civil govern-
ment, and reserving for another place a discussion of
some features in the legal system of the country, let us
next look at the subject of education in the Netherlands.
Here we shall see why the Reformation made such rapid
advances among this people ; and when we add a view
of the state of public and private morals, we shall be
able to understand the chaneter of the Dutch Puritan,
and why it was that little Holland became for so many
yean the bulwark of Protestantism as well as the ref>
uge of religious and civil liberty in Europe.
When learning began to revive after the long sleep
of the Middle Ages, Italy experienced the fint impulse.
Next came (Germany and the contiguous provinoea of
the Low Countries. The force of the movement in
»
•Motlsy,! 1»
KMwu III m mnrntAvn IN
thcM legiont is ihown by an event of grrat import^Mt^
not alvayi noticed by hiitorian*. In 140(*, there WM
Mt*bliahed at Deventer, in the northeastern province of
the Netherianda, an awociation or brotherhood, naually
called Brethren of the Life in Common. In their strict
lives, partial community of goods, industrj' in mannal
labor, fervent devotion, and tendency to mysticiim, they
bore some resemblance to the modem Moravians. But
they were strikingly distinguished from the members of
this sect by their earnest onltivation of knowledge, which
was enoooraged among themselves and promoted among
others by schools, both for primary and advanced edu-
cation. In 143(> the Brethren had eatablighml fortr-flve
branches, and by 1460 more than thrice that number.
They were scattered through different parts of (iermany
and the Low Ooantries, each with its school subordinate
to the head college at Deventer*
It was in these schools, in the miildle of the fifteenth
oentory, that a few Oermans and NetberUndeni were,
as Hallam says, roused to acquire that extensive knowl-
edge of the ancient languages which Italy as yet exclo-
sivdy possessed. Their names'shoiikl never be omitted
in any remembrance of the revival of letters ; for great '
was their influence upon subsequent times. Chief among
these men were Wesseis, of Groningen, "one of those
who contributed most steadily to the puriiication of
* "Tbdr whooh wefc," wft Bkkhera, " the 6rtt KcasiM uurswtis
of lUantan in Oenaany, w hr M it d«|)eiHl«d on thr knowledge of
laagmgw; uid in tlwm wu tint taught the Latin, ami, in proccM
of tisM, tlM Greek ami Eaateni tonguca." Groningen liafi alao •
lohool (St. Edward'a) of oonaiderable merit, while at Zwoll, not tu
diatsnt, wa* another, orer which Thomaa i Kenpia ia muiI to har*
preiided. Hallam'a " Intmdiictian to tlia Litcmtnie of Barape," 1. 8S;
BaadiT^ » Bsropaso Ubrarjr," Paria, ISM
Mt m rauTAM n maixum, mmuMo, amd akmuoa
raligioB;" H^gina, of Dermter, nnder whom Eraimiii
' obtained hia early edacatiun, and who ptobablj waa the
flrat man to print (^^roek north of the Alpa ; DringebeiK,
who founded a good ichool in Alaaoe ; and Longina, who
preaided over one at llfinater.* ^
Thanka to the inHuenoe of theae pioneen ia h»riihig,
education had inade great progroaa among the Nether-
Undem by the middle of the »ixt«enth century. They
could not, to be aure, aa yet rival the aciebce and cnltnra
of Italy, but even in aome of the upper branches they
were taking high rank. Already Eraamua, of Itotterdam,
the greateat aoholar of the age^ had filled all Europe with
hia fame. Veaaliua, of Bmawla, physician to Charlea V.
and Phiup II., was diaaecting the human body and pro-
ducing the first comprehensive and systematic view of
anatomy .f Sainte Aldegonde waa one of the moat
aooom|diahed men of the age. II« qioke and wrote
Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, German, and Flemish.
He composed poignant Greek epigrams, translated the
Paalms from Hebrew into Flemish verse for the use of
the Reformed Church, was a profound lawyer and theo-
logian, an eloquent orator, a akilful diplomatist, and a
writer of European celebrity .$ William of Orange him-
uit was no mean aohoUr. lie also spoke and wrote
with facility Ijttin, French, German, Flemish, and Rpan-
iab. Apart from these, there was a host of other men
t " VmsUm, a nsttre of BnMwIt, ha* btm tatOMd tb* tantOu af
haaMB aaatomy, ami hb fnat work, ' Da Hniaaoi Corporl* Fabrics,*
Is S««a ytt a ipleiKtlcl nioanBMat of art aa well aa icieBoe. It ia MUd,
•hheagii probably iacometly, tbat the tguiw wara dMigaad by
Titian." — Wbawatra '•Hiat.oT Iba lodacdTa Bdaaeaa," UL IM;
Hallaa,!. tM.
t Kotlcjr'i •• Uaitrd Xatharisada," L IM-
BDUnoM OV TU lUMM Ut
•f varM MworaplkhsMata, buuit of tham of daap ud
Wtauive leM-aing.
8tiU, the ooantry wm not, >t thia time, dittiDgawbed
lor the gra«t lobcdMrtbip which, half a oentviy later, was
to make the uew lepaUio the home of philoaophy and
soieBoe, aa well aa of the arta. The foandations of this
adifloe, however, were already laid in the almoat anire^
sal edooation of the people. Abont a oentaiy before
this period printing from movable type had been inrentr
•d. That the UoUanden were the inventors may well
be doabted ; hot, however this may be, no other nation
ever pat the invention to better nae. They began at the
bottom, and, placing the spelling-book and reader in the
hands of every child, at a time when the maas of the Eng-
lish nation was wholly illiterate,* gave to all classei an
elementary ednoatkm. The extent to which the inhab-
itants of the cities had profited by these advantages,
before the outbreak of the war with Spain, may well
asem phenomenal even at the present day. Motley,
writing of Antwerp in the middle of the sixteenth oen-
tmfjr, aajra - it was diflfcmlt to find a chiU of suflMeat ag»
who coald not write and speak at least two languages." f
Bat this phenomenal edocation was not confined to tha
dtiea. Gniooiardinj, in describing the people oi Holland
at this time, tells as that many of the nobles living a
retired lifk devoted themselves wholly to literature, and
•fan the peasants were able to read and write well.^
In all the principal cities of the Netherlands w««i to
ba foond the BCMaUed Guilds of Rhetoric. These were
aasodations of mechanics and artisans, who amused them-
nlvea with oonoaita, dnunatic exhibitiona, and the rep-
« Vttkf DnJM, " Btakwf MIS sad Ms Haws," f. tH, ste.
t Hotter, i-ti. tI)a*kt'i''BoUsad,"i.48>.
I.-U
i*-.'
raMBtatkm of aU«i;oriM, whan aoroe moml trath wm
Mt forth decked oat in all the splendor of ooetwae Uwt
ut ooaM deriie umI wealth rapply . Tbeee perfomMMea
ooiutituted the chief amuiement of the people, and thl|r
were alwayi more or leM inatmotive. Certikinly their
ezittenoe throws mooh light apda the gesenl intelU-
geoce.
It woold h»v« been itnuiie indeed if, in meh n loU,
the ReforroatioB had not taken deep ud auij root. In
fact, hereey wm n very oki itory in the Netherbnda.
From the mkldle of the twnlfth century all the Met*
which bad ariaen to combat or correct the aboM* vt
Bome had flooriahed there. Nowhere waa their per-
aecution more relentleaa, and nowhere waa it leaa suo-
cearfnl. With the invention of printing, the old foraaa
woricing againat the Chnrdi took on a new life. The
cheapening of books led to the rapid moltipUcation of
the Scriptures, and, what was of more importance, their
paUioation in the common tongue. Prior to this time
the idea bad prevailed that the Bible waa only for the
learned, and so waa to be kept in a language which none
others ooald underatand. Throwing it open to the peo-
ple meant a religioos rerotntion.
In this, the greatest of all steps leading to the Refor-
mation, Holland took a leading part by printing at Delft,
in 1477, a Dutch version translated from the Vulgate.
Before the appearance of Luther's translation into Ger-
man, several editions of this work were issued from the
presses of Antwerp and Amsterdam. In 1616, Erasmus
made an original translation of the Kew Testament into
LaUa, and thus paved the Way for the Beformatkm by
the novd light which he threw upon the Scriptures. In
a prafaoe to this great work, Eramus exptessed the hup«
Ikiirt ths tnmilrtinii w»>flH bit wiiMbw^ Jin nH *^w**g**i
iBAMunom or m MHji - , - IN
M that the Oo&ptk and Epittlca might b« rawl in erwj
hmd and by erery penon. 8iz yeu« after reading thete .
worda, Latlier gare to the world hia (ihmnaa veraion of (
tba New Teatament Well waa it aaid that Enumua -■,*
laid the egg which Lntber hatched. Again, foor yetn
latM*, Tyndale, abo incited by the woric of Eraamut, nuide
Ida tnwiUtion of the New TeaUment into English.* n
Thia waa pabliahed at Antwerp in 15M.
la IMS there appeared the flrat complete En^iah Bible
tepriat. Thia waa the work of MileaCoverdale, who waa \
•Mployed to make the tranalation by Jacob ran Ifete*
van, ci Antwerp, the fkther of Emanuel, tbu historian of -
tke NethwkuMla. The tnuiaktion, which was fmm the
" Douche and Latin," wai made, and the printing waa
dooe, at Antwerp, the aheeta being tent acroaa the Chan-
Mi by Ifeteren, " for the advaaoemeat of the kingdom ;
of Chriat in England." t It waa not nntil l.%38 that any
tranalation of the Bible waa printed in England. I*rior
to that date mom than fifteen editicMia of the entire woric,
aad thirty-four editiona of the New Teatament alone, had '
baea priated la the Netherianda in Dutch aad Flemyi.
la no other eoantry were ao many oopiea of the Script-
area pnbliahed at that eariy day; and not even in Qw-
■uuiy, the hoflte of the Kef ormatioa, were they lo gen-
eraUyraad-t ..;,■'■/;:;'
• BMbobm't "PMMtaat Ilrralmim,^ PP- M-tM
t Tb« CoTwdalaBibl* WM, nnttl raceatly, niiipaiwii to have beta
InuiaUtad la Eq[Uiid. Its bittor; (nd the ooniwctioa of lUtcm
with it m giren in tba "EMjclopiKli* BrltMinica." Wh •d.,arii-
•(•"bfUih Bible." Tlw •< Doacbc " wu probably OerMa
) "TImn eta ba no Mirt of cotupariwm bctwera Um naailwri of
thiM adKtoM, •■<] ooaaqtmitlr tbe eagtnem of tiM peopi* of tb«
Low Coantita fbr BlbUeal knowMge, and aajthiag that could Iw
Ibaad in the Prataitaat itatM of Uia ampin."— UaUam'a " Uttnrton
«rXaravih>'Lm
IM Tu mn»M n mcntAMa, VMLAXiik Am aumo*
This exoeptiookl diMeminatioB oi Um ScriptniM «(•
pUiiu the raligioiH history of the XetherUndi. With
the Bible in a Icnown tongue, and through universal ed-
ucation the property of the maasea, the Reformation
here \rtm ineritable. The lame oauaes which brought it
about alao gave it • peooliar ohataotar— a character com-
mon to moat morementa among thia people of repoblioa.
It began at the bottom, and woriied its way vn rery
■lowly. In ofher oountriee converts to the new belief
Were made among the royal cksMa. In such caaea, of
oourte, their subjecta became Protestants, In fact, the
doctrine was early laid down, and waa finally settled at
the Diet of Aug^i^, whieh, in 16SA, gave a temporary
rriigioua peace to Germany, that the people were always
to follow the faith of their ruler ; in other worda, the
ininoe waa to choose a religion for hia subjects.* This
was the theory of the age. " Cu jus regio, ejus religio "
was the motta The eaforoement of this political doc-
trine explaina the extirpation of heresy in Italy and
Spain, and finally in France. Save in one instance,
F^testantism continued as a power only in the oooo-
tries where the sovereigns or great noUea bedame its
early coDTarts. The Netberianda form the one excep-
tion to the rule, and because they do ao their religioos
history is of absorbing interest It may almost be said,
in truth, that in everjt other country of Europe the Bef-
ormation was a political movement, while here it waa
a religioaa onaf
' In 1S17, Lather began hk contest with Home by the
exhibitioB of his ninety-fire theses against indalgen
• rblMr, •• OatUon at Hillary," p. 410.
t It WM BOt aatil 187S, mora thiin flftj jcan ■ftir the opcuiBg tt
tl» Bsftrwrtiiwi, tut WlUhaa of Owm Iiimsii a ftotwwa.
Four yean later, Cbarlw Y., claiming the right to regu-
late the religion of hi* sobjeota in the Netherlanda, iasoed
an edict trhioh ihowa that heresy was gaining ground.
" Aa it appears," says he, " that the aforesaid Martin is
not a man, bat a devil under the form of a man, and
clothed in the dress of a priest, the better to bring the
human race to hell and damnation, therefore all hts dis-
dples and converts are to be punished with death and
/(urfeiture of all their goods." The next year the pope,
at the request of the emperor, sent him an inquisitor^
general, and the Inquisition was formally established in
the Netherlands.
Woric began at once. In 1 628, two monks were burned
at Brussels for heresy, and it was noticed that the city
BOW began strenuously to favor Lutheranism.* Later
OB, another edict forbade all reading of the Scriptures,
■11 private assemblies for devotion, and all religious dis-
oassions under penalty of death. The flames and the
■oailold were called on to enforce these edicts, and yet,
■trangely enough as it then appeared, the schism spread.
In 1588, Mary, the regent, wrote to her brother that " in
her o{nnion all heretics, whether repentant or not, should
be prosecuted with such severity as that error might be
at once extinguished, care being only taken that the
provinces wore not entirely depopulated." In 1535, an
imperial edict issued at Bnusels condemned all heretics
to death; repentant males to be executed with the
sword, repentant females to be buried alive ; the obsti>
nate of both sexes to be burned. Finally, in 1650, a
new edict r^enacted all former provisions, and, adding
novel offences, made even the entertaining of heretical
opinions or the concealment of heretics poaishable with
•llotk7,L7r.
IN TU rohiTAH w ■oUAin, BMOUink. un uauoi.
death, while directing all jadicial offloen to render a»
sistanoe to tiie Inqaintion, any privileges or cbarten to
the contrary notwithstanding *
How rigoroualy these laws were enforced is shown by
the appalling records of the exooutioners. History calls
Mary of England " Bloody Mary," because in her reign
two hundred and seventy-seven persons suffered death for
their religion.f These, with a few victims pot to death
by her father, and some isolated oases in preceding
reigns, nuike up the sura of all the religious martyrs of
England until Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1SS8.
Now let us look across the Channel. Grotius, who was
well informed upon such subjects, says that a hundred
thonsand heretics were put to d^ath in the Netherlands
under the edicts of Charles V4 According to Motley,
the number has never been placed at a lower martt than
fifty thousand.^ If even this latter computation is cor-
rect, the victims of the Inquisition in the NetherUnda,
before the days of Philip II., probably exceeded in num-
ber all those who have suffered death under its judg-
ments in all the other countries of Europe combined,
from the days of the Reformation until the present
time.| ^
*Xotley,L77,80,Ml,»81.
t Nori'i " Hittor; of the Puritam," J. «4.
} " Anul*," lib. L 17 (Anuterdsm, 1658).
{ Uottey, i. 114 ; Dmrie*'* " Hollud," L 4«e. PreMOtt, homrer,
qaatioM then flgorei, "Philip IL" i. 880. It hm; b< notad that
other inodeni writers agree with PrcscotL
I Prior to the ■ppoiotoient of Tarquenwdii, in 148S, u loqnUtor.
general of Spain, the Tictima tbero bad been very few. From 148S
to 1808, the whole number who luflered death in Spain ia placed at
aboat 3t,000 b; Lloiente, who waa Seoretuy of the Madrid Inqai-
dtioD from 178S to 1791, Mid claimed to hare aeceas to the rcoonla.
Bee bla" Critical Hiatory of the BpanUhlniaiaitioB.'* Catholic «ri«.
TBI urrBnAH% taa oAi-Tim(n> axd thb MABAman in
Boch WBM the religions reoonl of thii people when, in
15&9, the dominion over the aerenteen provinoea p«Hed
to Philip IL of Spain. Already some fifty thouttod
men and women had laid down their Uvea for the doo>
trines of the Reformation, and yet converta were on the
'inoreaae. In the early days, under the influence of
Germany, the tbeologioal system of Luther was in the
asoendant; bat later on the Huguenots from France
brought in the dootrinea of Calvin, who went to Genera
in 1636, and Calrinism became the faith of the major-
ity of the reformera. This it was that bound them iO
closely to the Puritans of England, who all accepted
substantially the same system of Calviniatio theology.
Still, the Lutherans were not insignificant in numben,
and, being found moetly among the upper classes, their
influence w&a considerable. A third aeot, laiger than
the Lttthening, bat without political or social influence,
was the Anabaptists, or Mennonites, who were found
mainly an^ong Uie poor of Holland.* These people, of
whom we shall see much more hereafter, were in some
respeota the inost interesting and picturesque of all, ex-
erting the greatest influence on the independent sects of
England and America.
Before closing this chapter, and with it our general
view of the progress and condition of the NetberJanda
m saeit tbit he bu plaood tha flgnret too high. TboM who w<n
pot to death in other ooantries outiide of Bpsis wen too fikw to
mn the eggregate np to SO.OOO. It omj not be withoot inteieet to
notice here thit the total nomber of the Tictiiu of the 6t Berthol-
omew Haamcre in Frmnoe, thoee in Pari* and elaewlieie, it eatimated
atfh>niSO,OOOtoao,000. Baird<i'<Bi*eartbeHiifpieDotsianaiio«k"
iisaa. • •
* PrcMwtt'i "Philip n.," iL M.
i.i.^i^' V
168 TBI PDKtTjLN n WOUJXO, nOUKA AID AMOUOA
at the time of the outbreak with Spain, we may well
glance at the state of their private and public mbraU.
We bare seen the intellectual advance, the general edu-
cation, and the wide dis^raination of the Bible, which
prepared this people to receive religious teacliinga. All
this, however, would have beeii of little avail as a prep-
aration for the permanent reception of the doctrines of
the Reformation, had there not been something beyond
a mere intellectual cultivation, or even a religious fervor.
We must remember— and no one can understand the
hiat<H7 of Europe in the fifteenth, sixteenth, or even the
seventeenth century who loses sight of the fact— that in
many countries, and with many persons, there was little
connection between morality and religion, and still less
between either of these subjects and theological dogmas.
To a large class religion was a mere affair of the mind, a
question of intellectual belief, having no beneficial influ-
ence upon the outer life. Men like Benvennto Cellini lie,
steal, and murder, but are devout Catholics ; not hyp- .
ocritical, but honestly believing that they are watched
over by the angelic hosts and visited by spirits from
heaven.* Philip II. commits almost every form of sin,
Tudatea every rule of morals, and yet dies in the odor of
sanctity, suffering the most ezorooiating agonies with all
the fortitude of the eariy martyrs. He seems never to
have doubted the fact of his direct translation to the
abodes of bliss, since they were reserved for those who
trusted in Mother Church. Peihaps the md&t remarka-
ble illustration of all is found in the life and writings of
1^-
* See hii Antobiography, irhicb is h fiuciDaUog x «nj ronunce
ud ■• inttructiTe aa iin; ticatiie on pKjcbolog;. It girts the por-
tnit of s ml nuui, u Italian of th« early part of the sixteenth cen-
toiT. '
BBJOKHI AMD MOaAUTT MOT AIWAIB 0U1UI«WI> M
Uugaret of Angool^me, tister of Fmnois I., and Qneca
of Navarre. Here was a woman of a deeply religioos
natnre, mystioal — even inclined, it was thooght, to Pro(>
estantism — herself of a pure life, who writes a series of
stories, not only g^rossly impure, but showing an entire ' .
absence of the moral sense. Honor, chivalry, and relig-
ion all bloom in the " Heptameron," bot morality of
any kind has no place.* ' '
Nor was this severance of morality from religion con>
fined to those who belonged to the Church of Rome. '
Among many of the Protestant sects there was to be '
found wild religions enthusiasm mingled with a disr»- .
gard of all the obIi<mtion8 of a moral code. Cromwell^
when in power, leads an unchaste life, keeps his mis-
tresses, and is said to have had several illegitimate chil-
dren ; but he is always devont, and dies in the faith, as-
sured of his salvation ; not because he repents, but from
an intelleotnal belief that, having once been one of the
elebt, he must be saved.f The men who built up the
English Church, and those who afterwards founded the
Commonwealth, were earnest in their theological oonvio- .- -i^'^'S
. tions, and it shows little knowedge of human nature to v . ' ';'
think of them as hypocrites. Muiy of them were au-
Mere of life and pnre of morals, but many others, becanae
they bdieved in certain thedogical dogmas, thought ':'■ '^^
themselves absolved from ordinary moral obligations.
In all this they were but exhibiting a phase of hunuut '
nature common to all men «t a peculiar stage of their
development
* See "Ibrgartt of AD«p>ul(me, Queen ofNaraire," b; RuhinioB,
"runom Women Serin;" kiM> Bsbd's "Bin of tbf Uuguenoti,"
i.il»,ete.
t Oainfi "likcf CrpmwsU."
i-
'I-
;*'>■■
170 THI FDUTAll IM BOLUlXD^ naLAIII^ ATO UUODOA
When now we tarn UK the Proteetaat states of the
,'^ Netherlands, we And mach less of tbia aeparation. There
monditj and religion commonly went hand in band. It
was because the people were intelligent and moral, be-
fore they felt the influenoe of the roligious revival, that
the Reformatioii made snoh permanent progress in their
midst. Proteatantism is not the religion for a nation of
free lirers. Individuals may be affected, whole oommn-
'ii . nities may be swept over with a wave of etithosiasm,
bat a people cannot permanently stand face to face with
their Creator— and that was the idea of the Reformation
until theology devised its iron bands to crainp the soak
of men— unless beneath a religious zeal there is a foun-
dation of sound public and private morals. This was
shown in the experience of the Netherlands. At the
outset the southern provinoea, more vivacious and with
more active intellects, famished the most sealous con-
verts to the doctrines of the Reformation, but they
never formed a majority of the (wpulation, and much
of the early fervor was soon exhausted. The northern
provinces stood faithful to the end, making up in con-
stancy what they seemed to lack in fire. It has been
already stated that the ultimate line of cleavage toi-
. , lowed that of race ; it is an interesting fact that it abo
' i^j, fdlowed that of morals.
.,V; ; '• In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the lower
■tatet of the Netherlands were rather distinguished fw
high drinking, fast living, and general immorality. By
the middle of the sixteenth century this reputation was
much modified, Italy and France having thrown all oth-
er seats of vice into the shade. Still, there was then, as
there always had been, a great contrast in matters of
monlity between the soathera and the northern prov-
inoea. Both, it may be obwrved, had the German vioa
T
■nuun n aouurD m
of drankenneM Urg«Iy developed. There wm MNBe-
thing in the blood, and more in the climate, which predi»-
poeed th«w people to an indulgence which the Latin races
looked down on with diignat and horror. Yet, as the
■ame writen who mention the drunkennen also inform ;.|
lu that there were no beggan and no wortbleM poor in
Holland, we mnat either believe that exoeasive drinking
WM not followed by its legitimate reralta, or that the
drankenneM waa largely oooflned to the upper riaf i.
The latter ia the more reasonable explanation, for no ! *,
nation of lots-coald have done the woric which these
men accomplished.* 'C,
With the exoeptioB of this one vice, the people of
Holland were distingnished above all the nations of Eu-
rope for indostry, integrity, and general purity of mor- ' <{
als, and these traits of character they never lost. For-
eigners sometimes charged them with too great desire
for gain, despite their devotion to science and the arts,
but no one ever questioned their integrity. Public hon- .:f
cMy is of later growth than that of individuals, men in
a body often performing acts which singly they would
condemn ; but even here Holhind has no superior in his-
tory. Throu|^iout her long war with Spain the national
credit stood unimpaired. The towns, when besieged, is-
sued bonds whidi often were sold at a lai^ discount ;
and men were foond who, as in later times among our-
selves, mgad that the purchasers should only receive the
money they, had paid. No such counsels, however, pre-
vailed in a single instance. The debts of the towns, like
those ci the state, were invariably paid in fuILf
* Camden lajt that the BngUah Mqnired tMr taito fcr
driak in the Netberhad wan. " Hirtoty of Ilhshath."
tDsT)(i>i«HoUawl,'
in Tu nnoTAii or moujmk MHOium, and AMntcA
Terliftpi Um mott oonclaure proof, not only of the
high lUte of mormlity, hat alio of th« general adranoe- .
ment of the people, is foand in the poaition of their
women. Sayi Oniooiardini : "They hold adultery in
horror. Their women are extremely circnmnpect, and
are conaequently allowed mach freedom. They go oat
alone to make visiu, and even joumeya, withoat evil re-
port ; they are able to take care of tbemeelvea. More-
oTer, they are hoaatkeepen, and lore their hooaehokia.**
Nor was that all ; the women were educated, and, M
among lome Continental nations of modem times, mis-
gled in all the business of life, baying and selling, and in
many csjes taking entire charge of the family property.
The virtue of such wivea was not that of the harem,
whether guarded by eunuchs or duennas ; it was the fruit
of a high oiriliation developed on the moral as well as
the intellectual side. What part these women took in
the gra«t struggle for liberty is a familiar story.
CRAFTKR in
UTOLmON nr TBI NXTBtRLANOB-ItW-im
At the first gUnce it nwy wem Btmnge that moh a
people M the Netherianden mibmitted to to maoh relig-
ioiu peneontion befwe riaing in rebellion againat their
iovereign. A little reflection, however, aaggeula the
anawer. In the flnt place, they were preeminently a
peaoefnl race, engaged in commerce and mannfactnres,
and for many yaars nniiaed to war; while their ruler
commanded the largest and best-diMi{dined armiea of
the world. Next, those who suifered from the loqaisi-
tion under Charles V. were all from the poorer daises,
and the death of a few tbouaand scattered peasants or
artisans made bat little impression on any oommanity
three oentariea ago. There was no oonoert of actioa
MBoog tha Tiotims or their friends, and they were in a
small and weak minority. In addition, the exoeaaes of
some of the c*riy reformers excited the fears of the timid,
and in the religioos excitement of the times many of the
supporters of the established church became as xealoas
is its nfomation and defence as wa« the Protestant*
ik their opposition to it.
Among the people at large, Chariea was a great fever-
ite. He waa bom in the Netherianda, lived much in his
aative land, spoke the langnsge, was free and jovial in
his manners, was a htumm s(Mier, and his countrymen
fhU proud of him and bia aoUevsnanta. lie probab^
174 nu nnutAX m boixaiid, noLAiin, «mo uumka
" had detigiu npnii their Ubartiaa, mmI porpoted, wh«i he
had the opportunity, to make them into one nation. Bat
the time never came ; ami ao, in the main, he reapected
their ancient rightii, even to the point of keeping tiw
Inquisition out of aome of the proyinoea which refuaed
it entraaoe.
With hia aon and niooeaaor all thia waa cba^iged.
Philip waa a atranger, bom in Spain. lie ipoke no ian-
gnage except Spunish ; he had no frienda except Span-
iards ; he cared for no country except the one of hia
nativity. Itegardleaa of their rigfata, he forced the In-
quiaitioo on all the provinoea ; in violation of hia oath, ha
filled the offlcea with foreignera ; and, unlike hia father,
he trampled on rich and poor alike. Tharlea had not
ruled in the intereat of any jMrticular section of his vaat
dominionB. He had established no capital, but moved
about with his court from place to phuse. The new
monarch settled in Madrid. He porpoaed to build up a
gigantic Spanish monarchy, of which hia other poaaea-
aions were to be mere provinces. When these designs
finally became apparent, all cisstes in the Netherlaoda
were arouaed, and rebellion waa inevitable.
Eleven years elapsed after the abdication of Charka
before there was any cmnbined reaiatanoe among the
, people. They were years at misrule, violation of cha^
tered righta, and extenaion of the Imiuiaition. At first,
Philip had attempted to quarter Spanish tnwpa upon the
couotry, bat the abandonment of thia acherae had been
forced upon him by the indignant protests of the whole
community. He himself waa in Spain, but he waa rep-
resented in the Netherlands by Margaret of Pamia — a
natural daughter of his father — and a council mostly
oompoaed of Spaniarda. At length, a large number
of the wealthy merohaata and the leaser noUea wan
■tm
•rooaad to demaad a oeiMtion of the oraeltiM pnotked
upon their poorer brethren. They ligned a bond of
aUiance, by which they engage«l themaelvea under oath
to milt to the ntmoat of their power the continauce <rf
the Inqoiaition, aa contrary to aU htwa hmnaii and divine,
Mid to devote their lives and fortnnea to the protection
of each other. In April, 1666, leTeral hundred of the
confe<lerates, pUinly clad, appeared before the regent
and preaented a petition, setting forth that the Inqoiai-
tion was likely to breed rebellion, and asking her to
nspend its operations, llaigaiet was much distnrhed,
but made no answer. Seeing her agitation, one of the
council cried out : " What, madam t is it possible your
highness can fear these beggars!" The words spread
like wildfire. The ^nembers of the alliance adopted the
name horled at them as a tannt, dressed themselves and
their families in plain gray clothes, fastened in their
flaps a little wooden porringer, aqd hung about their
necks a medal on which a wallet was engraved. Many
pf them were subsequently to prove recreant to th«
eaoM; bat the name survived, and the "Beggan" at
the sea and land have become historic.
Th$„aetion of the nobles at once emboldened the com-
mon people. Among them, despite the torture and tha
flames, the Reformation had taken a gigantic stride.
At first, they had stndied the BiUe and heU their
meetings in pivate ; now, they came out into the jdains
'and public fields around the cities, gathering by thou-
sands, " to show," they said, " how many the Inqnisi-
tion would have to bom, slay, and banish." Attempts
were made by the anthorities to disperse these aa-
semblies; and then the reformen went out aa if to battle,
stationed guards about their encampments, with gnn,
pike, and swofd in hand listened to the fervent elo-
vn mi nmiTAii ui uoujjm, nauuia^ ahd uuuoa
quenoe of their impMtioned prMohan, nng on« of the
old int tongi of EteTid, and ratnniad home in militaiy
Under looh a ■timnlos soon came the inevitable oat-
break. In Angnat, 1664, four moatha after the " Beg-
gan" had presented their petition to the regent, the
caatomary prpceiion of a miraonloos image of the Virgin,
pawed throogfa the atreeta of Antwerp. A* the prieata
awept along they were greeted by th« jeen of the pop-
nlaoe: "llaykenl Haykent" (little Mary) "yoar boar
ia oome." A riot enaued, the crowd hurried to the
oathedral, began to tear down the images, overthrow
the altara, cut out the pictures, bum the maaa-booka,
and ahatter the gorgeous painted windows. For two
daya this work of konoolaam went on; then it passed
to the other ohnrohea, and thenoe to the neighboring
towna and provincea, antil, within a fortnight, five or six
hundred sacred edifloes had been deapoiled of their i^
valuable art treasures. Strangely enough, all this waa
the work of but a few peraons from the lower olasass,
who cominitted no violenoe to man or woman, and kept
BMie of the plunder for themselvea.*
The immediate result of this outbreak waa tavoraUa
to the reformers. Margaret, in terror, first thought of
flight, and then published an " Aooord " which abolished
the Inquisition and permitted the preaching of the new
doctrine. With joy the people began to assemble un-
armed, and even to orect buildinga for their meetings
The reaction, however, was very apeedy. The upper
olaaaaa in the Netherlands were artistic in all their
tastes. Their lesthetio as well aa their religioua feelinga
were shocked at the deatruction of the tntMtam, whioh
> MoUqrV "DoUih BqMbUe," L 5M, (Ml
nnup AMD TU Dcu or alta
m
oentcriM of devotion had heaped np in their aplendid
ohurchca. Beaidea thia, all the moderate men feared the
effeota on buaineaa of these |K>)>ular tumulta which would
draw down the wrath of Philip. The regent aoon dia-
ooTercd the drift of pablic lentiment and straightway
changed her policy. Calling in rach troops as she could
command, and with the aid of the Catholic nobles, she
began a system of repression much more stringent than
any ever known before. Uprisings followed in various
quarters. A few skirmishes ensued in which the insur-
gents wore easily routed ; hundreds were put to death,
and some sections almost de|x)pulated by the exile of
thoae who left their homes rather than abandon their
religion.
Meanwhile, all eyea wore turned to Spain watching
for the effect prodooed on Philip by this hut develop-
ment of Xetherland fanatioil'm. For a time he con-
cealed his purposes, promising to viait the provincea
himself, and writing fair words to some of the leading
oitiaens. This waa but the lull before the hurricane.
Among the chief adviaeta of the king waa a soldier, the
Duke of Alva, alwaya prompting him to meaaurea of
severity. Some of hia other adviaars, bemg civilians,
now counselled moderation and concession ; Alva ui^ged
that these *' men of butter" could be ruled only by force.
Supply him with troopa, he said, and the war should
pay for itself, while in addition he would pour a stream
of treasure a yard deep into the coffera of the king. Un-
fortunately for Sps^, Philip listened to this advice, and
committed to thir'adviser the command of the expedi-
tion which was to cruah out civil and religioua liberty
in the provinces of the Netherlands.
Alva waa a typical Spaniard of the day. He waa
the greateat captain of a state which wu now the lead-
I. 13
:m
\,
ww'wwm
178 TM ri'MTAX m nOUARD, EIOLAKD, ARD AMtMCA r
ing military potrer of Europe. To understand him and
bis measures, we must glance at the history of Spain for
the preceding century. Kuch a gkinco will show how
much evil may be wrought, even in a few short yean,
by the abuse of untrammelled power.
In 1400, just about one hundred years before, Fer-
dinand of Aragon was married to l8al)ella of Castile.
At that time Spain gave almost the fairest promise for
' the future of any country in the world. In the south
lay Granada, inhabited by the Moors, who had reached
a degree of excellence in agriculture and in several of
the mechanical arttf unequalle<l in any other |mrt of
Europe. Proximity to them had educateil the Spaniards
of Castile, whose cities were unsurpassed by any, except
by those of Italy and the NetherUnds. All through
the provinces were scattered the Jew^. who had emnbited
the Arabs in keeping alive the flame of learning dur-
ing the Middle Ages. In agriculture, manafactures, and
commerce, the three great sources of national wealth,
the people were making rapid progress.] In popukr
education they for some time led all tlysir contempo-
raries.* Their libraries were nnrivalled/and their uni-
▼ersitios and academics had for oeniuries attracted
scholars from all the Euro|)ean states/ Spain ])osge8sed
also a fair measura of liberty. Thtfgovernuiont of Cas-
tile was as free aa that of Englajra, and that of Aragon
beyond all qoeition far more i
* Tb'e Haon M«m to have been tbe flnt in mntlero UmM to es-
tabtiih ft«e ichool*, of «hkh there were eight; in ConloTS sIoim.
Pretcott'e " Ferdinand and Iwbella," i. 185.
I Macauhy'a "Emty on Ilallam't ConMitnlional nittorr." SonM
«f their Important inetitntlon*, a* I •hall ihow hereafter, havr been
copied bjr other nations, and aa tiaual witbont acknowledgment.
/
■*''i
* Fiihcr'i "Outlinct nf Unirenat HUtory," p. 370.
/
;;*
^
^?i^WW
UBCKTT DOnoVID IM trADI ' 17V
TIm free institutions o( Spain, like those which crop
oat in the history of England before the (lays of the
Todors, arose from the power of the nobles and the ^!)|,
weakness of the central government. The country was :M
.dirided into separate provinces. The old Gothic love \i^
of liberty still survived among the nobles ; it made them ;:>i
chivalrio, but turbulent and unruly. Ferdinand and Isa- fl
bellA,by oohsnmmate address and masterly statesman- ' ,
shipi, bnilt up a powerful consolidated monarchy, as the
Tudors did in England, and as Louis XI. did in France,
but they crushed out the spirit of freedom. The pe-
culiar condition of the country, and the greut religious
awakening for which that age is distinguished, made ''
this a oomparatiMy easy task.
First, a fanatical zeal was arouse<l against the Jews, ,'
and for their extirpation extraordinary powers wore ''
confided to the sovertigns, which, once acquired, were '
used against all clnsiw. Then, a crusade was organized 'i
to expel the Moors. The ten years' hdy war which < 'I
followed completed the royal work. The monarcbs
wrested from the Cortes all their judicial functions, and
conferred them on tribunals of their own creation. They ,^
obtained from the pope the privilege of flUing the bish- '^
oprics and grand-masterships of the militot^' orders. ' ■ <^
They reorganized the militia of the cities, and created %
a standing army to overawe and subdue the nobles. ^
Finally, they established the Inquisition, ostenslltly for
use against the Jews and Moora, but in its development
it became a terror to all Spain. The sovereigns had the
power to name the Grand Inquisitor and all the judges,
and thus secured an engine of political tyranny une-
qualled in the world.* " i .
Mm
160 TB* Pt'BlTAII III HOLLAin^ MHOUam, AlRt
Meantime, the people were intoxicated with military
ambition and the triumphs of religioun fanaticism. In
1403, the history of Spain was marked by three eyents
which form the turning-point in her career. They were
the expulsion of the Jews, the capture of Granada, fol-
lowed by the exiralsion of the larger iwrt of the Moors,
and the discovery of America. The disastrous effect of
the flrst two acts has been noticed by many writers.
The Jews and the Moon were the moat enlightened, the
most industrious, the most progressive |ieople of the
whole peninsula. Driving out one hundred and sixty
thousand of one race and a million of the other dealt
a severe blow to the national prosperity. Still, it is
questionable whether the country suffered as mnch in
the end from this cause as from the voyage of the im-
mortal Columbus.
The opening-up of the New World has been called the
greatest event in history. So perhaps it was, but to
Spain it was the greatest curse. Before 'that time her
people were tilling the soil, building up manufacture*,
and spreading their commerce, laying the foundations
of a substantial and enduring pro8i)erity. The wealth
of Mexico and Peru changed them into A race of advent-
urers and robbers. Who would cultivate the land, or
toil at the loom or by the furnace, when bold men across
the seas were winning with the sword treasures of gok),
silver, and precious stones, which they ooold not count,
but measured by the yard!* In 1518, Qonsalvo, the
Great Captain, had raised an army fvr service in Italy.
Before marching, an order came for its disbandment.
At the time a squadron, bound for the New World, was
lying in the Guadalquivir. Its complement was fixed
* PrMOOit's " Conquctt of Fwv."
■"f-WmWi^.
KUIM or NATHWAL PBOSPBRITT.-MIUTART OMtATimS 181
at twelve bandred men, but at once tbree tbousand
of the recent volunteers, many of them representing
noble familiea, clad in iplendid arraor on which their
■11 had been expended, hastened to Seville and pressed
to be admitted into the Indian armada. Seville itself
was said, about this period, to have been almoHt de-
populated by the general fever of adventure, so that
it seemed to bo tenanted only by females.*
The demoralization extended to all chtsses of the com-
munity. Honest kbor came to be despised in the race
-for ill-gotten wealth, (told and silver poured in, fort-
unes were amassed ; but the prosperity was all illusive,
for, with agriculture and manufactures neglected, the
land was impoverished and the sun of Spain was going
down. It set, however, in a blaze of military glory.
The men trained in the wars of Ferdinand and Isa-
bella became under Charles V. the bravest, bestKlisci-
-plined, and most skilful soldiers since the days of the
Boman legions. Among no race has ever been shown
greater constancy in hardships, or greater prowess in
the field. In the Old World, as in the New. they fought
not alone for glory, but for the spoils of victory. When
eaptured cities were given up to plunder, private prop-
erty distributed among the conquerors, and prisoners
were for heavy sums ransomed from their captors, bold
and adventurous spirits looked to no other means than
war for making or adding to their fortanea.t
• Pmcott'i " FcnIioMd Md tebclU,*' lit. STO, 4TI.
t The pnJDdice igdnM honnt Ubor which hkd grown ap In Sptin
mart be kept In mind, ir wo would undentand the conduct of tlie
SpnnUrdi In the Netheriiivli, Not only were the inmirgent* rebel*
and hcretiet, but, lielng engaged iu induitricl puiiuitt, the; wer«
^aoktd down upon ii men entitled to none of the righti sccorded
^'^'^e^^sn^^^^'^^^S^T'W^!^'
M TBB PTOTAX Dl HOLUUID, BMLimi, A3IB tMOm
A ccntqry of inch training had bred the man who now
turned hii hungry eyes upon the rich and fertile Netb-
eriands. The Duke of Alva had been a loldier tinoe
his boyhood, having fought in Italy, in Oermany, and
against the Turks, winning his way to the highest hon-
ors. AVhilo he was an infant his father was killed in
an engagement with the Moors ; the son grew up sworn
to wreak vengeance on all unbeliievers. In his youth
he was the favorite cavalier of romance and song. Mar-
ried at twenty-two, he had in seventeen days ridden
from Hungary to Spain and back, in order to see his
bride for a few hours. All this, however, had long since
passed away. Under forty, years of Spanish warfare
his youthful chivalry hud ripened into fanaticism, cruel-
ty, and avarice. At sixty years of age, tall, thin, erect,
with a long face and yellow cheeks, piercing black eyes,
and a sable silvoreil beard, he looked the iro|)urtarbablo
man of fate. The army now intrusted to his command
numbered only ten thousand men. The force seenU
■mall for the subjugation of even seventeen little prov-
inces, but it was made up of the picked Veterans of Eu-
rope. With a thousand less efficient troo|«, Cortez had
taken Mexico, and with a hundre<l and eighty Pizarro
bad reduced Peru. Besides this, behind the commander
stood the wealth of Spain, and the ability to hire all
the mercenaries of the world.
In August, 1567, Alva and his army reached the
Ketherhinds. There they found an outward calm. The
public preaching of the reformers had been su]>pressed,
and most of the nobles showed contrition for their pre-
Tious disloyalty. The regent was satisfied that all dio-
to memben of the nobis or mtlh 117 ordan. Tbb CMliiif, M w* ibaU
•M hereafter, wu not confloed to the Spuisrdft,
ALTA «]» Rn OOUMCIL OF BUWD
181
tarbanoea were at an end, and implored ber brother and
bia repreaentative to pardon the paat and pame a foi-'
icy of peace. Of tbia the Spaniard* )iad no idea. What 1
pardon men wboae bodiea they purpo^ to bam, and
their estates to confiacate I What would become of the
gold-tnino which they bad inarched ao far to open !
Alva began big work with celerity and decision. The
month after his arrival be or^ganized, without aemblanoe
ot law, the tribunal for the punishment of those engaged
in the late disordera, which has made his name so in-
&moas. lie called it the Conncil of Troubles, but it
soon ac({uire<l the title of the Council of Blood. It waa
com|K)eed of twelve members, but only two of the num-
ber (both Spaniards) bad a vote. Even these two could
only recommend, the final decision resting with Alva,
who soon became governor-general, as the regent threw
up ber office in despair.
In this council, Alva worked seven hours a day. Be-
fore three months had passed, eighteen hundred persona
had suffered death by its summary proceedings, some of
them the higfaest in the land.* It had no rules and no
reguhir system of practice; an accusation was roudei
depositions were obtained in secret and submitted to
the board, and then the sentence of death almost imme-
diately followed. The one great crime seemed to be
that of having wealth. Men guilty of this offence had
little assurance of safety except in flight.
The effect of tbeae proceedings upon the peaceful
Netherianders may be imagined, it certainly cannot be
described. A terror seized u|)un them, such as is felt by
the peasants living on Vesuvius when the crater begina'
to bekh forth liquid flame. Still, the latter can flee
'%
• Motkgr, U. U6.
■' VS
184 TUB nmiTAM m bolumd, BiaLAiiOh aro AMmoA
before their enemy ; but very loon no such refuge was
left to the miserable men who withered before this fiery
bUwt. They were leaving the country in such nuniben
that Alva placed a substantial eml«igo on all Teiwl%
and established a system for the examination of trav-
ellers by land, which mwle escape almost impossible.
However, the exodus to England had already taken
place, which, as we shall see hereafter, was largely to
affect her future.
From the character of his reception in the Nether^
lands, Alva may have considered the subjugation of the
country an easy task. If so, he was s])eedily undeceived.
To be sure, the common people seemetl cowed by terror,
and most of the nobles and the wealthy citizens at-
tempted to make their peace. Still, there remained two
enemies unsubdued, and while they were free the strug- ,
^e was not ended. The one v^oa a man, William, Prince
of Orange ; the other was the sea, the friend of liberty,
the vassal of the Netherlands.
The man did not at that time appear to Alva a formi-
dable adversary. For us he stands out on the page of
history as one of its most heroic characters. Unlike our
Washington, whom in many traits of character be much
resembled, he was lx>m to high rank, wealth, and Inx-
nry. From his earliest youth he had been the associate
of emperon and kings. A soldier, an orator, a diplo-
matist, he loved society and pleasure. All these acces-
sories of life he cheerfully abandoned. For his country
he sacrificed his private fortune, sought exile, poverty,
almost disgrace. He live«l to see his well-loved Holland
substantially redeemed, and died the " Father William"
of his people.*
* Ba was tbo sutbor of tba mjlag, Impntcd to «d ombj oilwn^
wnxuM or obaikui
IM
Born in 1588, at fifteen he became the page and favor-
ite of Charles V., at eighteen one of hia trusted counsel-
lors, at twenty-one commander of an army. When the
emperor went through the mi^ificent ceremony of his
abilication, it was upon the arm of William of Orange that
ho leaned. Under Philip he was sent as a hostagie to
' the Court of Franco. While there the incident occurred
from which he has been called the " Silent." The French
monarch supposed that hia princely guest was fully in
the confidence of the King of Spain. Hence, one day
while hunting, he unfolded to him all the details of a
scheme by which the two monarclu, reconciled with
each other, were to crush out heresy in their resjiective
Idngdoms. The prince listened in silence to the fateful
secret, neither then nor thereafter, by word or action,
betraying his feelings at the revelation. Forewarned,
however, he devoted his life to counteract the plot, and
to rid his country of the hated S|)aniards. He was a
Catholic, but he believed in religious toleration ; he was
» Netheriander, and therefore believed in civil liberty.
When Philip returned to Spain he appointed William
of Orange stadtholderof Holland, Zeeland, and Utrecht.
He was also made a member of the grand council of
Margaret, the regent. Knowing the gravity of the situ-
ation, he went cautiously about his life-task. He took
little part in demonstrations, but set out to fortify him-
, idf impi'egnably in the hearts of the people. Always
oounaelling moderation, he softened the rigors of the
government, while so acting as to force its hand. He
aided in putting down the iconoclastic riots, but then
"A Mend b cheaply bought bjr t bow." It wu hit amwrr whtn
raproKbe<) with too much condMcentioa to tha poor. Da M>uri«i;
p,m. DsTict't'<Bollaod,"(t.l4».
'I
'I
Ml m rvtaTM ta bouuid, nouin^ axo ambuca
iaterpoMd <Ai the ikle of mercy. No other nuin in the
country Memed w fully to reaUze what Philip intended
by Mnding Alva with an army to the Netherlanda.
When'their coming wai definitely aettled, William re-
' solved on flight.
The exile, ai Prince of Orange, had eatatee in Oer
noany, and thither he retired. Ue had strong friends
among the Protestants of the empire, and with them,
with the Huguenots of France, and the Puritans of Eng-
land, began to build up a party against Spain. Amunn;
his firmest allies were his own four brothers, who through
gooti and evil report clung to his fortunes, three of them
hiying down their lives in the contest for liberty. With
their aid, by subscriptions from the Netberland cities
and from the refugees in England, through the sale of
his own jeweh^ {date, and tapestry, and, when theae
were gone, by loans on his individual credit, several ar-
mies were raised with which* in the summer and fall
of 1668 he levied war on Alva. His commissions ran
in the name of Philip, just as those of the Long Pa^
liament of England subsequently ran in the name of
Charles I.
Events proved that raw levies could not make stand
against the disciplined troops of Spain, and that the
mass of the people were not yet ripe for revolution.
In an early engagenwat, to be sure, the insurgents
achieved a success by entrapping the enemy into a mo-
rass, as their ancestors had done at the battle of Coor-
trai ; but they u^ere ultimately routed in the o])en coun-
try, with a loss of seven thousand against a Spanish lo«
of seven. Upon this venture the Prince of Orange had
risked his aSL Now, broken in fortune, with his Xeth-
eriand estates under confiscation, harassed by crediton,
and with military prestige gone, he joined the Hugos-
1
Atv* oomuiioBAni hb nnmra wr
noti io France, to flgfatvtlMro the oonfliot which at home
■eemed temporarily bopelew.*
One enemy appeared to be subdoed. In the aatnma
of 1568 Alva erected a monameqt at Antnrer|> to com-
memorate his triumph. It oonsiated of a coloswl itatoe
of himaolf, with a man having two heads lying at hia
feet. What he intended the proatnUe figure to repre-
lent was explained to no one. Some thought that it
rapreaented the Prinoe of Orange and his brother Louis ;
some, Egmont and Horn, who had recently been exe-
cuted ; others, the nobles and commons of the Nether-
lands. As the duke was one day busied in its oon-
tem|ihition, a companion, accustomed to take liberties,
remarked " that the beads grinned so horribly, it was to
be feared they would wreak a signal vengeance if ever
they should rise again." f The people tivaanred up the
prophecy. To Alva it must havejieemod absurd. Conr
strue the riddle as one might, at least he bad the two
heads under foot. But he left out of calculation hia
other enemy, the sea.
While in France, the Prinoe of Onmge was advised
bj Coligny to abandon for the present all thought of
operations by land, which were expensive and therefore
now impracticable, hnd to confine his warfare to the
ooeon. The wise suggestion was speedily adopted.
There was no money for the equipment of a navy, bat
there were scores o^ brave and hardy sailors, owning
* Borne idea of Ilia itato in which b« had formerly lived eu be
getbered ftom the fact that on one oocuion, deeirini; to rednoe hie
etteblitbroent, lie diaraiieed twenty - eight heed cooka. To bare
■erred In hia bouaebold waa a anfflcient ncommendalioii far a aer-
vut to any prince in Germany. Preacott'a " Philip U.," L 487.
t DsTiet'e « Hollwd," L OU.
w
\m Ttoi twtuK ta MiXAxn ■mLAMD^ Am AiinuoA
their own veMola, who were only too happy to carry
on a private war. With coromiwions to cmiie againat
the Duke of Alva and his adhereeta, theae " Beggan
of the Sea," aa they called themaelvea, soon made their
power felt. '
From the ocean was atmck the fint blow which
strengthened the handa of the Prince of Orange. Ita
effects were not then appreciated ; in fact, it leemed like,
a misfortune; but it contributed Homewhat to force
EngUnd into the controversy, and also to bring about
the consolidation of the Catholics and Protestants at
home which was essential to a sucoessfal revolution.
Early in 1560, some privateers, holding commissions
from the Prince of Cond£, chased into the ports of Eng-
land several merchantmen belonging to Spain, with
eight hundred thousand dollars in specie, borrowed from
Italian bankers for the payment of Alva's troops. Ra-
maining outside, they blockaded the harbor so that the
trading shiiw did not dare to )Mit to sea. The Spanish
ambassador complained to Queen Elizabeth, who prom-
iaed speedy redress. She granted it by seizing on the
money and appropriating it to herself as a loan from ita
Italian owners. This hi|^-handed act, committed while
the two nations were at peace, infuriated Alva. He is-
soed a proclamation commanding the arrest of every
Englishman in the Netherlands, and the seizure of all
English property. Elizabeth retaliated by measures of
the same character, to which Alva replied by forbidding
all intercourse with England. Appeals were made to
Philip in Spain, but it was four yean before the con-
troversy was finally arranged.*
Heaotime, the Flemish manufacturers and ir?*ohants,
• nwids, ia.>n.
.>'
Mtm wTimiM m wou AOAnvr amain IM
deprired of English irool and excluded from an English
market, Buffered grcatlj. Ilottilitiea were now brought
to their very doon. It waa no longer a question of
mnrdering a few thousand heretics, but one which af-
fected directly their national prosperity. r|X)n Eng-
land the effect was more marked, not only upon trade,
but in other qoarten. Elisabeth had no sympathy with
the insurgents in the Netheriands, and had committed
this act of spoliation simply in the spirit of a corsair
queen, assuming that Spain was too much alieorbetl to
make reprisals. She waa right in thinking that Philip
did not wish to add another enemy to his list, but nei-
ther ho nor Alva ever quite forgave the outrage. With
this event begin the plots for her dethronement and the
substitution of her cousin, Mary Stuart. Shortly thei»-
after occurred the Catholic uprising in tine northern
counties, and the pope's bull of excommunication against
Elizabeth.
While these results were working out across the
Channel, Alra was not idle, lie went on with his
woric as if possessed by the evil genius of Spain. Al-
thoagh the country was now at peace, no halt was called
in the process of exterminating heresy. For some
nKmthSjto be sure, a general pardon was promised; bnt
when promulgated with a great parade, in the summer
of 1670, the exceptions were found to be so numerous
as to work its virtual cancellation. The fires still biased
around the stake, the sosJfolds ran with blood, ami the
pits in wbi«^ the victims were buried while alive mul-
tiplied on every side. And yet the rich mines to be
opened by the Spaniards did not yield the |Ht>miaed
treasure. Alva had been obliged hiirgely to increase his
army, which now numbered over sixty thousand ; hu had
manned all the old fortresses and built new citadek^
im ita mna t» ■otum^ nouA no uokkk
■ntil the coantry looked like s camp of Spain. All thia
waa necwMry to keep tlie iDaai|[ent ehunenta under
foot, bat it took large ranu of money, and, altboogfa the
confiecationa were numcroai enongb, the ezpenaea left
no |>rotit8. The |>n)miieil stn«m of gold flowed in the
wrong direction for the royal coffers, and the duke had
enemiea at court whoee tongue* were never idle. <
Of Alva's military ability there can be no queatioa;
he waa now to abow himaelf the moat incapable of utatea-
men and flnancien. In Spain, and in hii own dukedom,
there existed a very simple method of taxation. All
the land paid one per cent, annually on its value, and
when sold it paid Ave per cent. This hitter tax was
heavy, but that on the sales of personal property waa
twice as large, being ^one tenth of the selling price.
Among an agricultural people, where land waa rarely
sold, and where the only sales of personal property were
those of the produce of the soil, this system had worked
without resistanoei The brilliant idea now occurred to
the Spaniah general that, applied to the Netherlands, it
would solve his financial problem and enable him to
realise his promise<l stream of gold.
When this proposition was submitted to the assem-
bliea of the states, in V!M, it was greeted with an in-
dignant protest. Such a tax waa not only violative of
all tbe ancient charteia, bat it woald be niinoaa to
trade. Among a manufacturing community an article
is sold many times before it reaches the band of the con-
nmer A tax of ten per cent, on every sale wouM
amount to a substantial confiscation. These and kin-
dred argnm«Bta were niged upon tbe dnke, bat he re-
mained inflexible. His only answer was that it worked
well among his people. At length all the representa-
Uvea gave way except those from Utrecht. That prov-
\l.fVKk4^
tXtA't TAX A«D in irrMH ttl
iaoe WM adjadfed to have forfeited all ita priTitagw
and waa rabjected to an enomioua fine. The peq>K
however, were so arouiod, and so great a prvMuro waa
brought t4^> bear upon the governor, tliat in considemtioa
of a krge aum of ready money he consented, for two
yeara, from 1570, to niapend the operation of the Uw.
The two ye«ra rolled aroand, long enough for the peN
ncDtedf Proteatants, bnt far top ahort for the men of
baaineas, who foreaaw impending ruin. When the time
WBR up, Alva announced that there ahoold be no more
poatponementa.
Here, at last, the crisis of the straggle had arrived.
Religious peneoation most of necessity affect cmapar-
atively few, nnjost taxation touches every member of
society. Men may differ about articles of faith and
theorioa of government, but all alike feel tlie burden
when the tax-gatherer appears. Hence, sagacious 8tates>
men glove the hand which fills the pubUo purse. Of
this wise policy, Alva, whose hands were cased in mail,
knew nothing. The great difficulty in bringing about
an uprising in the Netherlandg hod arisen from the
fact that the Frotefitants for a long time were in m B^>
nority, and were mostly made up of the poorer claMSS,
It was an ag«, too, when military discipline was all-im-
portant for conflicts in the field. The fortresses and
walled towns with which the land was studded worn
mostly garrisoned by S|ianish troops, and could be taken
only by a general concert of action among the citiiena.
This concert of action, which had hitherto been impo»'
sible, the last acft of Alva wm now to bring about.
In 1S70, the Huguenot war in France had come to an
end by the ill-fated peace which led to the Massacre of
St. Bartholomew. William of Otpnge had again retired
to Germany. Ever watchful and untiring, he kept up a
IM m rtnuTAii n aoutn^ mtmjun, amd AxmooA
ooniUnt oommnnicotion with the Nethoiftiidt. There
the work wu going bnveljr on. The sir wm fnll of
the electricity which precedes a etorni. The diaoontent
WM univennl, for the people foresaw the total destruc-
,,tion of their civil •■ well aM their religioiu liberty.
When the moment for action came, it developed a poll
ej which America, two oentnriee later, followed in it*
reaiatance to the Stamp act Rather than pay the tax
of Alva, the people, by unanimout oonient, Mupended
IxuineM. Every form of indiutry came to a ludden
stand. Even the brewers refused to sell their beer, the
bakers to make bread, or the hotel-keepers to famish ac-
commodatkms for their gnesta. lilttltitades of workmen
oat of empk>yment filled the streetf ; the Spanish soldiers
went hungry because they could no longer purchase pro-
visions. Alva, of course, w»« in a fur^'. Armed resist-
tance he could meet, but bow make sn entire people re-
name their occupations t At length he hit upon a pUn
in oonsonanoe with his whole course of conduct. Of
yielding he had no thought, but he would make a terri-
ble example of some of these rofntctory sliopkeepers.
Early in April. 1573, he sent one night for the (niblio
executioner. To him he gave an order to arrest at once
ei^teen of the leading tradesmen of Bmnnls, and early
in the morning hang them each in his own doorway.
The ropes and extempore scaffolds were prepared, but
liefore the morning dawned Alva was a\vakcne<i to hear
of something more important than the sale of bread aiul
meat. It was the outbreak on the ae*«oast which laid
the foundations of the Di^toh Repnblio.
In the Utter days of Maioh, a fleet ot twenty-four
vessels, belonging to the Beiggars of the Sea, was lying
olS the southern coast of England. It was commanded
1^ Admiral William d« la Mald^ a desoendant of the
otmmB or bmu IM
Wild Boar of Ardennes, whom Soott hu immorUliied
Ib one of hia great novels. He wu related by bluod to
Bgmont, and, according to the old Batavian costotu, bad
■worn to let his hair and board grow until his country
was free or his kinsman's death liad been avenfifcd. A
Mvage, lawless, and licentious ruiflan, he bad inflicted
great damage on the oommeroe of Spain, and in his
warfare had not always spared the property of neutrals.
At this time the omitroTerBy between Elizabeth tod
Philip, arising out of the seizure of the Italian money,
was hastening to an amicable adjustment. Alva eom-
l^ned bitterly of the countenance given by the people
of England to the Netherhmd cruisers, who matle that
country a base of operations. The queen r;aa willing
to avoid a cause of offence which brought no benefit to
iier. She therefore issued a |)eremptory order, forbid-
ding any of her subjects longer to supply them with
piDvisions. Thus, driven out of their hut port of refuge.
Da lalfardi and hia companions took to sea and surted
for the coast of Holland. Entering the Heuae, they sud-
denly appeared before the town of Drill.
Brill, though well walled and fortified, chanced at that
moment to be without a 8|i«nish garrison, its troops
haviBg been joat before transferred to Utreoht. The
Beggars, learning this fact, boldly demanded the sur-
render of the town. They numbered only throe or foar
hondred, at the moat, but the fame of their exploits and
the feiir of the inhabitants magnified them into as many
tbonsands. Assured of protection for private property,
the magistrates sarrendere«i without resistance, but,
having no confidence in the promisee of the corsairs, at
<aoe fled the |>hu;e, with all tho leading citizens. Had
Da la Karok been alone, the outcome would have justi-
led their apprehensions. He had determined to plunder
I.-18
M^
IM m MnvrAx m mollamo, mtaumo, aku ammmt*
the town and then oontign it to th* taxom. Forta-
mitcly wiser oouiueb prevailed. One of tbe iihi|s waa
commanded by William de Blok, Seigneur of Trailuiig,
wMoee father had onoe been gomnor ot Bnll. Hiii
brother had been executed by AWa, and he himaelf al-
most out to piece* in the diaastrou caniinign of 15fl8.
He had iiince taken to the aea and become one of the
moat distinguii^hod of the Ileggara. Hon far-«ghted
than the admiral, be insisted that tbe town should fa*
held for tbe Prince of Orange, llie ferocious De la
Marck finally oonsenteil, but paid off part of his debt to
the Council of lUuod by sucking tiie churches and hang-
ing thirteen monks and priests.*
The news of this exploit reached Alra just as he was
preparing* to try his scheme for opening tbe shops of
Bmnebk The joy shown on every face revealed tbe
gravity of the ftituation. Tbe executions could wait, but
here wa* soinething tliat re(|uired immediate action. Ten
companies of veterans were at onoe sent from I'traoht
to retake the town. They arrived before its walls, bat
the quwk-witted defenders out tbe dikes and, rawing
through tbe water, set Are to some of tbe tninii|iort-shipi.
Hemmed in between the flood and flame, the S|ianiank
retired and Brill was free. Its inhabitants returned to
their homes and took an oath of allc^ancc to William,
Prince of Orange, as atadthoMer for bis majesty. Not
yet had the people any idea of renouncing tlieir aU«gt-
anoe ; but^ although tliey knew it not, tbe comerstope ot
the republic was laid, and they had discov(>red the i
ot warfare which waa to make their liberties sspore.
H. tM-aW. Shortly sftcr tbb avcnt lb« Mnmly sad
(atfsetabic Da Is Mstek wm rcmoTad fra« oKiai, lirprivMi of his
■ion, sod fonwd to Imt* ths eoastrjr. Motlcjr, U. 4M, 4T>.
nn MM* ni urouiTiM IN
WUIkm of Onnge wu »t flnt diaoonoerted when h»
hmid of the bokl enterpriw of De I» lluck and Tn*-
king. He wm preparing agwh to invade the ^'etilc^
Unda, bnt his airmngemenU were incomplete, and he did ,
not believe that the ))eo|)le were ready for a ffeneral
apriaing. Vwktr tacb circnmatancea, a piratical foray
<M a peaoafal town might well work niaobief. The
prodenoe of Trealong prevented the danger in the latter
direction, while the inarch of events was tu show how
easily the wiaest man may be mistaken as to puldks
aentiment.
For about foor years William bad been absent from
the Netherlands. Although in con«tant correspondence
with his friends at borne, he could not realise the rhannces
which bad been worked since his lost unfortunate cHm-
paign. lint the men who, since the tirst arrival of the
Spaniards, had been hoping against hope, finally bad
learned that Alva was not acting on his own respon-
Ability. Aa for the Spanish commander himself, be
never understood the people over whom be tyraimixed.
In the southern provinces, where his residence waa -
fixed, he waa surrounded by a mercurial race of Ciallio
descent, turbulent, ^ediUoos, loud of speech, and quick
to anger. These men be oonaUered daagerona, and to
hold them in subjection he had built vast fortmaea and
filled them with liia veterana. In the north, the people
of Germanic IiUxkI were of a very different type. They
were more quiet of speech and leaa demonstrativf , actora
rather than talkera; men who, undfer a calm demeanor,
oonoealed a devotion to principle, a dogged determina-
tk>n, and an heroic courage which have never been
sorpaased. They were to prove themselras the Puriuna
of the Netheriands, and they deceived the Spanisli soldier
Jwt aa their kinsmen in England and America witlTcor-
IN m rouTAii n mofLumit, nauim aho uamnA^
ratponding qaalitiw h»Te deoeiv«d fooluh men of tiie
world from tb»t d*y to thia. Like »U who have over met
the Puritan* in battle, he changed hit mind about their
character. lie began by calling them " men of butter,"
but foond that they were men of iron. Before leaT-
ing the ooantry he admitted their unexampled bravery,
and declared that they were the lame men whoee por-
traits Cicsar and Tacitua had drawn. Well be might,
for Spain waa to ditcover to her sorrow that, like their
Batavian anoeatora, when other nationa went to battle,
they went to war.*
It waa fortunate for the canae of the patriota that in
the eariy daya of the contest Alva had not understood
these men. Regarding tbcm as peaceful and ]4t)egmatic,
easily governed and not likely to be dangerous, be had
placed few troops among them, and had left their for-
tresses with nther insaiSoient goartfa. He wa^ finally
to be* nndeoeived. The capture of Brill was bat the
spark applied to a train of gunpowder. The important
city of Flushing was the first to rise and overpower its
•mall Spanish garrison. Soon following in its footsteps
came nearly all the important citiea of Holland, ZeeUnd,
and the northern provinces. Naturally, Uiere were
bkxtdsbed and disorder, acts of wild vengeance on the
part of men with human passions who had suffered so
terribly for many years ; but in the main the revolution
was a peaceful one.f
Unlike the outbreak of the ioonoohMta, six yefen be-
fore, the uprising now was general, and it was marked
by a feature of piMsnliar interest. Before this time, as
we have seen in the last chapter, the suffrage had in
• Twitof, " OcnMBk." M M. •••
t Bm Froodt, I. Ma, etc., fiw MtM of Ms duk ftstans.
mtwt parU of the ooantry been taken from the people
at huige, and lodged in the hand* of * few penons,
mainly among the wealthy claatee. Now, in all the
redeemed cities, new boarda of magistrates were eaJEitlv
lished, and they were elected by a popular tote. The
repoblio wai thus founded on the will of the people,
although in time the old system was re-established.
What kind of a people they were who founded the re-,
public is shown by the oaths which they exacted from
the magistrates. The new officials swore fidelity to the
King of Spain, and to the Prince of Orange as his stadt-
hokier ; resistance to Alva, his tenth-paying tax, and the
Inquisition ; and " to sunport every man's freedom and
the welfare of the country, to protect widows, orphans,
and miserable persons, and to maintain justice and
truth."* Thus the fiction of an allegiance to Philip was
still maintained, but the Prince of Orange was every-
where regarded as the actual ruler of the country. From
his military post in Germany he directed all movement*
with the seal of a patriot and the skill of a statesman.
One measure he always insisted on, and it forms the
key-note of all his policy. Although the feeling against
the Catholics was bitter, and it had been intensified by
a partisan strugglo in which the reformers had now be-
come the Tictors, he proclaimed and enforced fuU re-
ligious toleration, requiring an oath from all officers and
magistrates that they would " offer no let or hindrance
to the Roman chorohes."
The year 1578 gave great promise for the cause of
liberty. The lai;ger part of the northern provinces had
been freed from the yoke of Spain ; recruits poured in
for the army, and even volunteers be^ui to come from
• Mstkj, U. NT. '.-,■'
m.
)M TU rOUTAX ra HOLLAXDh BiaLAHDh AHO AJOOUOA
England.* From the South, too, came joyful tidings.
Looii of Na«an, a younger brother of William of Or-
ange, was, next to Coligny, the idol of the French Hn-
guenota. Among them he numbered his friend* by
thouMnda. An earnest Christian i.nd a Protestant, he
was also a gallant, dashing soldier, of charming man-
ners and address, beaming with aunahine, the mirror of
knightly courtesy. Well was he called the Bayard of
the Netherlands. He bad also influence at court France
and Spain were ancient enemies. Henry II., who thir-
teen years before was plotting with Philip to crush out
heresy in their respective kingdoms, had shortly there-
after met a sudden death. Ilia son, Charles IX., was
now upon the throne. He was a young man, just come
of age, and was moved to lend secret aid to the insure
gents. In May, liouis of Nassau, with a small force of
Huguenots, captured, by a brilliant feat of arms, the
city of Mons. Mons waa the capital and pnnci|)al town
of Hainault, the southern province of the Netherlands.
It waa surrounded by lofty walls, contained a citadel
of atrength, and, lying near the frontier, could with
French aid be made of great importance to the patriota.
Swiftly following this success came the news that a
Spanish fle«t bad been taken as it attempted to tail by
Flushing.
A soldier laii bnte and less experieneed tlm Alva
might well have been crushed under the storm which
thus pelted him from every quarter. For a time even
he knew not where to turn, but the news from Mons
* Two hmidRd EBgliih rnliinlFen went to Ptnthing nndcr ttr
Bnmphrey Gilbert tnd Sir Tlionuu TtoTgut. Metcren, book It.;
DstIm'i <• Hollud," I. S84. Froada uyi Htc bondrtd nt Ont, sad
nora ia • «*coad dftacbaMBt. Fioode, s. ITS.
>f-
BnoHT rmotncn foa tub nrtvn-imf . IN
decided {>■■ ooane of aetion. That city muat be retaken,
and for the parpoae he despatched his Bon, Don Freder-
ick, with a force of veterans. Meantime, the fact that
he had made a mistake in his flnancial policy was forced
upon him. Reluctantly moved to the admission, on the
S4th of June he rammoned the Estates of Holland to
meet at The Hague on the 15th of the ensuing month,
promising tiien to abolish the obnoxious tax.
The concession came too late. The contest had now S
changed its character. The assembly met, not at The ':''
Hague and not on hia call, but at Dort and on the ctkU
of the Prince of Orange, who was still in Germany en-
gaged in raising an army. He needed trained aoldien
to meet the veterans of Spain, and such soldiers could
be hired in plenty, but they demanded a guarantee of
pay. This the assembled congress of HoUund agreed to
furnish, giving the obligations of some of the cities to
pay the army for three fnonths. The arrangement was
satisfactory, and on the S7th of August William of Or
ange b^n his march at the head of twenty-four thou-
sand men. He directed his course towards Mons for
the relief of his otother Louis. That adventurous sol- ^
dier waa now in dire peril The little force with which
he had surprised the city waa inadequate to hold it
against Don Frederick and his besieging army. Some
Huguenot troops, who had been sent to his relief, were
foolishly entrapped and utterly destroyed. Still, the
approaching army gave promise of speedy succor.
As the Prince of Orange marched along, city aftffr
L'ty of the South opened its gatea and luuled him as •
sadrr. Some refused admission, but on the whole the
patriotic feeling appeared almost as widespread as in
the northern provinces. The dawn of liberty seemed
breaking into a nocvday hiaie. Nothing exoqjtt » «»•
i k^.'ii'^'^'^-. -■
tM TBa poBiTAM a aoixAHD, wsaum, amd amibica
Tnision of natore oonld now long postpone the hoar of
'- deliveranoe from the tyranny of Spain. Suddenly, as
if from a cloadless sky, came the bolt which wag to
shatter all these hopes. Through the terror-stricken
atr llew the tidings that the Huguenots had been mas-
sacred in France. To appreciate what this meant to
the patriots of the Netherlands, we must recall their sit-
uation.
They were fighting the mistress of a third of the
known globe. They themselves were almost unused to
arms. Germany had at one time seemed friendly, but
its emperor was now allied by marriage to Philip, and
denounced the revolution. Elizabeth of England had
made her peace with Spnin, cared nothing for the cause,
and, as we shall soon see, could not be counted on for
aid. To ''France alone the reformeis looked for assist-
ance. There they could count as friends a large body
of influential Protectants, headed by Coligny, himself a
tower of strength. He had acquired a great influence
over the feeble-minded youthful Charles, who was at
length persuaded that it was to his interest to curb the
growing power of Spain. The religious war which had
been waged for years was at an end. A marriage had
ik'.. . been arranged between Henry of Navarre and the sis-
# ter of the king. Most of the leading Huguenots assem-
y;,'. bled at Paris to witness the ceremony which was to
||;' consolidate a lasting peace between the factions, and
give France her true position as the arbiter of Europe.
Her open support, it was well known, would then be
given to the rebellious Netherlanders. Well might they
feel assurance of success. .
The Massacre of St. Barthotomew, which wrought de-
struction to their hopes, was not a premeditated crime.
It was the result of a sudden impulse on the part of
■0y
.1%!%-'
TBI ar. BAMrBOLOIUW MAIMCBB Ml
Catherine de' Medici, the mother of the king. She was
Jealong of the ucendenoy-inrhioh Colignj hod acquired
over the mind of her ion, and plotted bis deatruction.
But hor jealousy had a basis mnch deeper, and one much '
more creditable to her character than any feeling of
mere personal pique.
With all her moral defects, Catherine wai a woman
of ability. She cared nothing for religious questions,
but did care for what she regarded as the interest of
France. To her the extreme Catholics and the extreme
Protestants were equally objectionable, for each threat-
ened the peace and greatnesH of the kingdom. The
time had now come, however, when she thought it wis»
to side with the latter against Philip and the papacy.
But such action was impracticable without the aid of
some foreign power. She hod therefore prDpo8c<l that '
Enghind should joib the Huguenots of France, and sus-
tain the struggling Protestants of the NetherUnds. To
this coalition Elizabeth was urged by her minist^ and '
Catherine was led to believe that the scheme would be
carried oat. It was in this belief that, setting the pope '
at defiance, she had consented to the marriage of her
daughter to a Protestant, and to the raising of the armji;,
which was to march under Coligny to the assistance of
the Prince of Orange.
At the last moment came the intelligence that hot
only was Elizabeth playing with the question of n French .
alliance, but that she was secretly plotting with Philip
and Alva to gain for herself some personal advantage
from the situation. Thus bereft of her only Protestant
ally, Catherine naturally sided with the stronger party.
The Huguenots still denuinded the war with Spain and
the papacy ; but such a war, in a country where the
OatboUos fomied the lugt majority of the population,^
M TBI PinuTAH » aouMm, noLAHn, akd AmuoA
could' bring only rain to France. Under these cironm-
stances, the oondact of CatheiHne, although worthy of
all the oxccration which it has received, is not one of
the mysteries of history. Coligny guided the coansela
of the king, and was urging him on a course which she
thought disastrous to the nation. lie therefore must be
removed.*
First, an assassin shot at the aged admiral, but only
inflicted a severe wound. At once, his outraged friends
demanded the detection and punishment of those who
stood behind the would-be murderer. Catherine and
her adherents were alarmed at the cry for vengeance,
and instantly resolved to secure their safety by exter-
minating the whole brood of heretics. The scheme was
after a brief delay put in execution, the delay being
caused by the reluctance of the king to Idll his old
friend, and the best man among his subjects. Uis moth-
er, however, a.-\swered such soraplee by portraying the
danger to herseif . the peril tb the throne from a general
uprising of the Huguenots, r.nJ Zi dUy by taunting him
with want of courage. When committed to the plot,
Charles hurried on with feverish haste. As ferocioua
as he was imbecile and cowardly, he demanded that the
deed should be done at once, and that none of the pro-
scribed religion should be left in France to reproach him
for the crime. How rapidly and how thoroughly the
work was done, the world knows by heart.
The Catholic powers of Europe hailed the news with
joy. The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung in
honor of the victory over the enemies of Rome. In
Spain, the saturnine Philip laughed as he had never
langhetl before. England, on the other hand, felt a
•Frpad«.i.WMM. .
puAmom vMKim m tu mRHnuiiiM aw
thrill ot horror. The queen, bat for whoae dnplioity
there would prob*bly have been no maaaacre, went into
mooming with her whole conrt, refiued for a time to
tee the envoy of France, and, when an audience waa^
granted, listened to his explanationi in total silenco.
Still, 9ach expreisions of cheap sympathy were followed - f
by no action. The Netherlanders now stood without
a friend. This stupendous, insensate crime had driven
their only aUy into the arms of 8|)ain. Indeed, it seemed
that the French ambassador, when congratulating Philip, '
had told the trath in saying that to his royal master's
woric on St. Bartholomew's Day he owed the preserva-
tion of the Netherlands.
The Prince of Orange was met by the overwhelming
tidings while on his march to Mons. lie knew at onc«
that all was over in the South. The Dnke of Alra had
joinedDonFrederickwith the flower of hia army. They i '
were strongly intrenched about the beleaguered city,
holding a position which could not be taken by assault.
All attempts to draw them into an engagement were
unsuccessful, for Alva was too prudent a general to risk ^i
a victory which a little time would give him without « y'^
battia The delay was brief, for the hired meroenariea, . '■■ %
knowing that Frsinoe would send no further reinforoa- i y ;)
raents, and doubtful of their future pay, refused to -'ii!.
inarch. Sadly enough the few remaining patriots ra- j^'
traced their steps across the Rhine. The army was dia- |
banded; Mons surrendered; the Belgio cities returned ,:-:/$
to their allegiance, MechUn being sacked with indesorib- - V i|'
able atrocity as an example to future rebels ; and all save %
hope seemed lost.
The miracle had been wrought which alone appeared,
capable of defeating the cause of the ref<»merB. When
William of Orange was on his qiaich with an army laig*
.-t:i.t.i^^&^-^^^
tM TM rxmitAM a wouMiit, ■noLAsn ahd amukia
and well equipped, with Fntaoe and England aa proqwo-
tire allies, with cities opening their gates, apd the people
about him tumultuous with joy, it looked as if the last
chapter in the history of the contest luul been opened,
and that we might prepare to close the liook. In bet,
the stmggle had just begun which was to last for near-
ly eighty years, to be illuminated with deeds of valor
such as hare never been surpassed, making up a tale of
Puritan constancy and virtue which will forever serve
as a beacon light to the oppressed of every age and
clime.
Upon the disbandmeat of hb army the Prinoe o(f
Orange betook his way, almost alone, to HolUnd. It
was about the only remaining faithful province, and was
to prove more faithful than even he had dreamed of.
Man, he thought, had deserted him; but while in exile he
had learned to place his trust in another Pow«r whose
steadfastness he never snbseqaently doubted. Writing
four years before, in a private letter to his wife, he said :
"I hare resolved to place myself in the hands of the
Almighty, that he may guide mo whither it is lli^good
Sleasura tliat I should go. I see well enough that I am
estined to pass this life in misery and labor, with which
I am well content sinc« it thus pleases the Omnipotent,
for I know that I have merited still greater chastisement.
I only implore him graciously to send me strength to
endure with patience." * This was the key-note of the
Puritanism which was to rejuvenate the world. It waa
the confidence in aa all-wiae overruling Providence that
led to the triumph of tba batch Republic, nerved the
arms of the Ironsides who fought with Cromwell, kept
op the hopes of Washington, and inspired the heart of a
:'■■ ■■; ■■-■■' •IMIty.U.tM. .
■Mi
fm fOtltKIK 9 ■OtUUlD MS
linooln »nd » Grmnt. To him who don not appreoute
thia element histoiy » of little Talne.
It ia not my intention to deioribe with mnj detail the
lung ensuing war with Spain, in which Holland wa« to
take the leading part. The important subjects for the
parposM of this work relate to the institutions of the
people, their progress in civilization, the national charac-
ter developetl by the struggle, and the mode in which
their Puritanism came to affect their neighbors acroM
the Channel, and, later on, the settlors in America. The
comprehension of these questions required something of
an extended review of the canses of the conflict, and this
nnat now be supplemented by at least a sketch of ita
nbaequent progress, showing how it devel<^>ed into a
religious struggle, and then into a war for independence.
In tl>i8 skctcli the reader will find, as he has found in the
preceding pages, a re-stutenient of some incidents which
other writers hare made familiar. But however familiar
Bocfa incident! may be, they take on an interest entirely
new when we come to realise that here was the influence
which shaped the character of the English Puritans ; this
oonflKt serving for them as a perpetual object-lesson,
showing what they might expect from the aawrtion of
absolute power in the State and the re-establishment of
the Romish Church. Certain it is that unless one keeps
this story in mind the snbaeqnent history of Enghuod
and America is inexplicable.
After the surrender of Mons, Holbnd was almost de-
serted by her associate provinces. But although stand-
ing substantially alone, her people were firmly resolved
that the Inquisition and the ilk^l taxatkm with which
they had at length done away sliould never be reinstated.
Fortunately, her geographical situation gave her some
important advantages in the coming oonteat. Within
:.^'
M6 rai tvwttf m BoiXMni, nauiti^ Alio ambuca
her borden were nnmeroos walled towna, each a minim-
tore repablio, with ita civic gnard and train-banda, which
Americang woold call militia. Moat of these towns were
located on aome arm of the aea or navigable river, no that
their cummerce could with difficulty be impelled. Hyre
the people lived, carrj'ing on their ordinary vocations as
fishermen, manufacturers, and merchants ; such places as
were not captured growing rapidly in wealth and popu-
lation. As a rule, they were below the level of the water
and protected from its ravages by eJttensive dikes, be-
hind which spread cultivateil fields and fertile {tastures.
It was evident that in the open country tlie insurgents
could malce no stand against the disciplineti troops of
Spain. Even that triumph, however, was to come at a
later day when thoy met and defeated them, man to
man. Now, in the early stages of the contest, the sole
object of either party was to gain possession pf the
walled towns which the other held.
To illustrate the character of this warfare, and the
heroism displayed by the patriots, a few incidents, show-
ing some of ita different phases, will serve a better pur-
pose than pages of description.
In Holland, at the close of 1673, Amsterdam was the
only city held by Alva. From this point as a base, he
set out to conquer the remainder of the province. The
Prince of Orange was in the southern portion, and bis
lieutenant in the northern district. Between them on a
narrow strip of land, Irat five miles wide, lay the city of
Harlem, large and beautiful, but with a small garrison
and works of little strength. It was only ten miles from
Amsterdam, and Alva regarded it as the key to the situ-
ation. Its capture, he thought, would be an easy matter.
About its walls Don Frederick encamped, in December,
with an army of thirty thousand veterans. Preceding
>-,4^
■m or lABUM Mt ,
the siege ooourred one of the eventi which Mid a tooob
of piotaresqueneM to this extraordinary war.
The weather being oold, a few armed Tewels belonging ^
to HoUand became fnnen in the ioe. Don Frederick, tak-
ing advantage of this accident, despatched a sniall picked
force to ca{>ture them. Suddenly, m the i^imniunU went
•iipping-and gliding on their way, there appeared before ■■>;
them a slcating-party fully armed. A lively skirmish ~? >:
ensued, in wliioh the men from the South were as help- ;' -^i
k« as were the clumsy galleons of the Invincible Armada ' ;|f-:
' before the nimble privateers of .Drake and Frobisher. . ^|
At its conclusion the Ilollanders/skated off, leaving sev- i|;
eral hundred of the enemy dead u|)on tlie ice. t^uch a ''- j
form of warfare was novel t<yAlva, but he was not to ::'f
be outdone. At once he ordered seven thousand pain ;¥
of skatea, and his ioldiers soon became pruticient in their
nse.
This little incident gave a gleam of encouragement to
the burghers of Ilariem, but their situation was hopeless
from the first Without, was an army of thirty thou- .1^
■ud men, and within, a garriaon of only four thousand. . ■.§:
But although Alva ei^pected to take the place in a week,
its siege lasted for seven long months. On lioth sides
^ pnxligiea of valor were performed. Three hundre<l wom-
en, led by a widow of a distinguished family, organized
a oorpa of Amaiona, and fought like trained soldiers in ,
the ranks. When assaults were attempted, the besieged ;«
poured boiling oil and blazing pitch on the heads of the
assaiUnts. Men, women, and children worked to repair
the breaches in the wall. In one attack upon the city
three or four hundred Spaniards were slain, and otdy
three or four of the defenders. Finding that assaults .
were useless, the enemy began to mine the walls, and
were met by countermines. In the darkness, under the
i
V
MS TBB rOUTAN IH SOIUIIA noUHlK AKD AimirA
earUi, fierce and bloody conflictB ensued. " These oiti-
lens," wrote Don Frederick, " do u much u the bravest
soldiers in the world could do." At one time he de-
' spaired of taking the place, and sent a messenger to his
father, asking permission to \rithdr)>'.\-. " Toil Don Fred-
erick," said Alva, " that if be be «iot decided to continue
the siege till the town be takon, I shall no longer con-
sider him my son, whatever my opinion may formerly
have been. Should he fall in the siege, I will myself
take the field to maintain it ; and when we have both
perished, the ducliess, ray wife, shall come from Spain
to do the same."
Meantime the Prince of Orange was using every effort
to relieve the city, but all was useless against the number
and discipline of the I)e8ieger8. In one of these attempts,
a single llolliimler, John Ilaring, of Horn, pUnted on a
narrow dike, with sword and shield kept a thousand
Spaniards at bay until his comrades had effected a re-
treat. Then, like Horatius of old, he plunged into the
water and made his own escape.
Thus the winter and spring rolled on. In March, a
thousand of the garrison made a sally from the walls,'
and, with a loss of but four of their party, killed eight
hundred of the enemy, burned three hundred tents, and
captured seven cannons, nine standards, and many wagon-
loads of provisions. Such feats as this led Alva to
write to Philip that " it was a war such as never before
was seen or beard of in any land on earth," and that
" never was a pUoe defended with such skill and bravery
as Harlem, either by rebels or by men fighting for their
lawful prince."* Still there was one enemy against
whom skill and bravery are poweriess. By June, gaunt
♦llo»ky,lL444.
■■.»i^<fe-\-.'v'«;*'
IIARLIll ■DMUDtDIW-BOTCIIBIIT IN CO(^ BLUOD
ao»
famine appeaml within the gates. Even he was baffletl
long. When the onlinary f<xKl had been consumed, the
people lived on linseed and ra|)eseed from which they had
been making oil ; then on dugs, cats, rats, and mice ; next
they boiled the hides of oxen and horses, then devoured
their boots and shoes, and finally tore up the nettles from
the graveyards and the grass from between the stones.
By the middle of July famine had conquered. Every
vestige of food was gone, and the heroic defenders of
the doomed city resolved to die together. Forming all
the women, children, sick, and aged, into a square, dnd
Jl^ftttsg theni With the able bodied men, they were
^flDfipMRU to fight their way out, and dearly sell their
PV^^^ Learning of^,this resolve, and knowing that- it
woal|^ be {Nit in execution, Don Frederick offered hand-
some terms for an immediate surrender. A letter was
sent^'by his order, promising ample forgiveness to the
town, and that no one should bo punished except such
as the citizens themselves thought worthy of it. Ko in-
tention existed of obMr^■ing th<«e conditions, but the
people, for the last time, put their trust in Spanish hon-
or. They were to learn that it was a cardinal principle
of Philip and hiii adherents to keep no faith with here-
tics. The garrison hadJieen reduced during the siege
to eighteen hundred men, of whom six hundred were
Germans. These were spared, and sent home on pa-
role. The rest, some of whom were English volunteers,
with eleven hundred of the citizens, were butchered in
cold blood on the day after the surrender. Five execu-
tioners were detailed for the' bloody work ; when they
gave out, the victims were bound back to hock and hurled
into the lake.* Thia leatricted aUoghter was regarded
-.f
•r >
M
I.-U
•lfolky,U.464.
110 ^'rkSvmtTA!! IX HOLu:n^ naLAMO, akd ambmca
by Alva as proving the natural humanity of hiit gentle
diapoBition. It was, in fact, mildness itself lu coui|iare<i
with, the fell work wrought by his commands in other
places. When Zutphon was taken by assault and Noar-
. den. by capitulation, every woman was violated, and then
almost every human being' murdered, the towns being
left a waste.
8ach was the nature of the life-and-dcath struggle
upon which the Hollanders had entered. With the sur-
render of Harlem, their fortunes seemed to have reached
a very low ebb, but they never for an instant thought
of wavering. Alva long before had offered to abandon
his odious tax. He now proclaimed a general pardon
for the past if the insurgents would return to their alle>
giance. All his overtures were met with silence. In fact,
the outlook, if dark for Holland, was not promising for
Spain. Twelve thousand of her bravest soldiers lay buried
before the walls of Harlem. Seven months had been con-
sumed in taking a single city, and that one of the weak-
est in the province. Such a people could not be con-
quered, and to exterminate them at this rate would mako
Spain a desolation. The only question was whether, in
such a mode of warfare, the besieged or the besiegers
would first lose heart. This was speedily determined.
In August, 1573, Don Frederick, with sixteen thousand
men, set out to take the town of Alkmaar, in the north
of Holland. The place was a small one, containing only
eight hundred soldiers and thirteen hundred able-bodied
burghers. This, again, was to be an easy capture, and
Alva proclaimed that as clemency in the case of Har-
lem had proved a failure, he now would not leave a hu-
man being alive. An investment was begun, so perfect
that it was declared not even a sparrow could enter or
lwT« the city. In tjeptmnber, all preparations being
\' ■ >
/ .
It. 4
' J*",*
'>)^m
m tPMUKM HitPCuiB mm auouau
til
completed and the worki having been rafficiently bom-
biwded, a general aMault was ordered. Certainly these
■izteen thousand trained veteran* coald overwhelm this
puny garrison. Again, as in Ilarlctn, the men, women,
and children fought with stones, boiling oil, bumipg
pitch, and raolten lead. Hoops dipped in tar and set
on fire were thrown around the necks of the assaihints,
while those who mounted the breaches were met with
•word and dagger. A Spanish officer, who was hnrled
from tlie battlements, reported that' he had seen " nei-
ther helmet nor cairass" as he looked down into the city,
"only some plain-looking people, generally dressed like
fishermen." Whoi the recall was sounded, a thousand
veterans Uy dead in the trenches, while the " fishermen "
had loet but thirty-seven.*
The next day Don Frederick ordered the assault to be
renewed, but the end had come. His invincible legions
refused to move; men they would, fight, but not these
devils. Entreaties were tried, and several of the sol-
diera were run through the bodies by their officers; but
all in vain. They would not brave again the old Ikta-
vian spirit before which Rome itself had quailed. The
siege dragged on for another month, during vrj^cli time
the 'peq>le of the surrounding country had resolved to
out the dikes and overflow the district The sacrifice
was enormous, for it involved the destrootion of a vast
amount of property; but the point had been reached
where a drowned land was regutled as a lesser evil than
the Spanish mle. The work was accordingly begun,
bnt aa the water rose Don Frederick, too, abandoned
heart and hastily retreated. Alkmaar, like Brill, had
been saved by fire and flood.
* Xoiltjr, a MS.
"VJ
tl* TUB rVBITAM Dl BOUJUlO, BHaUMD. ABD ABBUCA
Alva had now been six years in the country paraaing
his policy of repression, lie had boasted that ho would
crush out heresy and rel)ellion, and make the war pay
its own exiiensea with a handsome profit. At the close
of the six years the Prince of Orange had bi-come a Cal-
rinist, and almost all the iieoplp of Holland and Zoeland
professing Protestants ; the rebellion had grown into a
war, and Alva's treasury was bankrupt. For months
the baf&ed and disappointed governor-general had peti-
tione<l for his recall. Even he could not stand the uni-
versal execrations of a nation. Finally, in December,
1073, bis prayer was granted and he left for home,
boasting, as it was said, that, exclusive of those who fell
in battle, siege, and massacre, he bad executed eighteen %
thousand six hundred heretics and traitors. Ilis part-
ing advice to Philip was, that every city in the Nether
lands should bo bume<l to the ground, except a few which
could be occupied permanently by the royal troops.* .
Alva was succeeded by Don Louis de Requesens, Grand
Commander of Castile, and late Oovembr of Mikn. As
he had a reputation for sagacity and moderation, his ad- .
vent was looked upon as an omen of bettor things. All
parties wished for peace, {larticularly the inhabitants of
the Catholic subject provinces, who saw their prosperity
rapidly passing away. Requesens professed a desire for
a pacific policy, but he was only a puppet in the hands
of his royal master, who demande<l absolute subjection
to the Church of Rome. As this was now the only ]x>int
in controversy, all ovMtures wore useless. Fortunately
* That AIts had not Int hi* martial ■kill wti thown' mtcb jmii
after hii retnm to Spain. He then commanded an nmijr which con-
qnereU the whole of Portugal in Sftjr-four dajt, Imi than oae tbiid
of the time coMonMd in taking Harlem.
•noB or unrmr Bit
for the potrioUi'the finances of the Spaniards were in a
bad condition. Taxation was at an end, fqr even the
states not in insurrection made but small contributions
to the cx))cn8e8 of the war. The army oonsisteii of over
sixty thousand men, all to be supported from Bpoin, and
Fhilip lutd large enterprises in other quarters which al-
wsjrs kept him poor. With a bankmpt treasury, and
his soldiers in fretjuent mutiny for their \yay, now three
years overdue, Kequesens found his position a bed of
tiioms.
Still the war continued. On the sea the patriots were
almost uniformly victorious. There they we^re at home,
tn February, 157i(, they showed that they had turned
the tables <m land, by taking Middelburg after a brill-
iant siege. This gave them the key to the commerce
of the Scheldt and the command of Zeeland. In the
summer of the same year occurred one of the most im-
portant events of the war. It was only the attempt to
take a city, but that attempt led to the foundation of
the famous University of I^yden, which was tn serve
so largely during the next few years in roaking.IIolland
the learned oonntry of the world.
The city of Leyden was situated in Middle Holland,
a short distance south of Harlem. It was fifteen miles
firom the river Heuse, on a broad and beautiful plain
which was interMoted by a number of the branches
into which the Rhino was divided, us in its weakness it
crawled towards the sea. Within the town were broad
streets, spacious squares, imposing churches and public
edifices, with some one hundre<l and forty-five bridges,
mostly of hammered stone, spanning the canals which
intorlace<l the city. In the centre, on an artificial emi-
nence, rose an antique tower, probably of Roman origin,
bat popularly ascribed to the Anglo-Saxon Uengist,
•• • •■
au tn nivTAii m muum, wntum, akd AamcA
who was lakl to hare built it to oommemonte his oon-
qoott of Britain.
When, in October, 1573, tbo Spanish force* retired
from Alkmaar, they sat down before I^eyden and began
it« siege. In March, they were called away to reaiat
Louis of Nassau, who had finally raised another army,
and again invaded the Netherlands from the East. An
engagement ensued in April, which was followed by the
usual result; the patriots being utterly cut to pieces.
Among the dead were Louis and his younger brother.
William of Orange had now lost three of his four
brothers, and though John remained, a galhint, faithful
soldier and a sealons Calvinist, no one could take the
pbce in diplomacy and war of the Bayard of the Neth-
erlands. William stood thenceforth almost alone among
the noblles.
In May, 1574, the Spaniards returned to Leyden, and
opened the siege anew. They numbered some eight
thousand at first, and received daily reinforcements.
Within the city were no soldiers at all, except a small
corps of freebooters and five coro))anioB of the bui^her
guard. Yet the besiegers made no attem]>t to curry
the place by storm. Allcmaur had taught them a les-
son which they did not soon foi^t. They now relied
solely on famine, which had gained them Harlem, and
here the chances seemed greatly in their favor. The
town was known to be insufficiently provisioned, while
the besieging force was so great that there was no
chance of relieving it from without by any ordinary
moans. As for flooding the country, though it was all
below the water-level, that seemed impossible. The
main dikes were fifteen miles away, and between them
and the city were a number of subordinate ones, each
sufBcient to keep out the watery foe. The latter were
■ cnrmo THE Dicn ■♦Hf ''
guarded from attack by no less than sixty-two forts and
redoubt* which, held by the Spaniards, seemed to make
them safe. Despite all this, the Prinoe of Orangie sent
word to the inttabitants that if they would bold out for
three months he would find means for their delireranoe,
and they believe<l him.
In June^ Itequesens, by order of the king, issued a
prockmation of general amnesty, over which he had
been pondering long. It promised full forgiveness for
the past to ^ery one, except a few individuals specified
by name, on the sole condition that they would return
to the bosom of Mother Church. But two fiersuns in
the whole country took advantage of this act of grace
— one a brewer in Utrecht, the oiher a son of a ref-
ugee peddler from Leyden. This should answer the
question as to the character of the war. The taxation
(^ Alva was but the spark by which the flame was kin-
dled. It was devotion to religious liberty that supplied
the fuel.
In July, the Prinoe of Orange began to out the outer I
dikes, believing that the flood of water then admitted
would prove sufficient to drive out the Spaniards. Here,
however, his calculations were at fault. The water en-
tered, but the inner barriers stood firm. Then he organ-
iaod a flotilla, which, manned bv the wild Deggars of
the Sea, followed the advancing waVes and attacked
the remaining dikes one by one. This was a work of
time ond difficulty, for f he Spaniards were in overwhelm-
ing numbers and made a stout resistance. Still, little ^
by little an advance was made.*
* It b • enriooi (bet that in thU flntilh there was ■ Teoel d*.
signed bj the invenlWe Ilolluden which wu the foreninner of onr
aoden imn-dsdi. It wee a Hunting itructure of grent iiae, osUecl
tl« va tvmui m aotLunt, BNuurn, ard ambhoa
Meantime, m the slowr work went nn, the unhappy
inhabitant* of the city wvro reduced to dreadful straita.
The three months which were to bring relief had
■tretched to four. For tnro, they said, they had lived
on foo«l, but during the other two without it. Every
green thing within the walU waa contumod ; infanta
starved to death on the iKMonu of their famialied moth-
en ; the watchmen, as they went about the ttreeta, found
many a houBo untenante<l, except by withered coqwes.
Finally came the pUgue to add ita horrors to star-
vation, and six or eight thousand victims fell before ita
breath. Day by day the heroic survivors clambered up
the Tower of Ileng^st to watch and pray. For weeks
the wind had b^n blowing from the onst, and unless
it changed relief was hopeless. Nothing but a strong
gale from the ocean, even after all the dikes were cut,
would heap up the waters so as to flood the country.
StiU, although a full panlon was freely offered them,
there was little thought of surrender. To the taunts o(
the foe without, this response was nuide : " Ye call us
rat-eaters and dog-eaters, and it is true. 80 long, then
as ye hear dog bark or cat mew within the walls, ye
may know that the city holds out. And when all has
perished but ounet^ea, be sure that we will devour our
left arms, retaining our right to defend our women, our
liberty, and our religion, against the foreign tyrant.
Should God in his wrath doom us to <lestruction, and
deny us all relief, even then will we maintain ourselves
forever against your entrance. When the kst hour has
come, with our own luinds we will set fire to the city,
and perish, men, women, and children, together in the
tha ■* Arte at Delft," eorerxl with ibot-pfaof bslwark*, sod pi»
psllsd b; paddla-whesU mored bjr ■ oraak. Mothj, U. tv.
1
fn uiii Muim tiT
flnnet n^her than Baffer our homes to be pollated and
our liberties to be crushed."* What could Spain du
against such n people i '' .
At length ('<>liveranoe cama On the Ut of October
: the wind shifted to the west ; on the Sd, the Bpanianls
had fled before the flood, the fleet was at the walls, and '-'!' - '
Leyden was relieved. -
The first act of this half-starved people t4>lls much of
the Btorjr of their lives. Forming at once in solemn '^
procession, they marched to the ohnrch, and on l>ende<l
knee gave thanks to the Almighty God, whose wisdom
they had never doubted. When, however, they at* ' ^<
. tempted to close the serrioe with a hymn, the strain
upon them was too great ; as the grand chorus swelled,
the multitude wept like children. These were the men j^
who, thirty five years later, gave a home to the Pilgrim /j^
Fathers. What lessons of fortitude and devotion the «/-
Engliiih exiles must have learned as they walked about .f
a city sacred to the cause of religion, liberty, and learn- , tk-
ing! ' ' ^^
The next act of this Qod-fearing community tells the '"^
^p0t of their story. To commemorate the siege, and as ' >f
^a reward for the heroism of the oitiiens, the Prince of
Orange, with the consent of the Estates of the province,
founded the University of Leyden. Still, the figment
of allegiance remained; the people were only fighting
for their constitational rights, and so were doing their i
duty to the sovereign. Hence the charter of the nni>
vertity ran in the name of Philip, who was oralited
with its foundation, as a rewanl to his subjects for their
rebellion against his evil counsellors and servants, "es-
pecially in consideration of the differences in religion.
•lfoti«7,».«n.'*
*18 TM rmoTAii m aoujuii^ wMLun, Am ambuca
and the grntt bardeiM and liardahipa borne by the oiti-
xens of our city of Leyden during the war with lach
faithfulness." Motley calls this " itnnderous irony," but
the Hollanders were able lawyers and intended to build
on a legal basis.
This event marks an epoch in the inteUeotoal history
of IlolUnd and of the world. We have already seen
something of hor chtssioal schools, which contributed so
much to the growth of the Keformation, and of the
general education which reached down even to the peas-
antry. 8tilJ, she had no prominent institutioas for a
higher culture. Before itbe war they were not neoea-
aary, for the University of Lonvain, in Brabant, was
very near, while the sons of the wealthy who desired
better advantagt-s could find them in Paris or Italy.
Now all that was changed. When Alva arrived in the
Netherlands, tho oldest son of the Prince of Orange
was a student at liouvain. No one thought that the
Spaniards would make war upon children, any more
than upon women, but this was a mistake. The boy
was carried to S|)ain and kept a prisoner for twenty
years. The Hollanders now reaolved that such a mia-
fortuno should not occur again, but that their yonng
men should have the opportunity for the highest edu-
cation within the guarded preoinota of their own walled
towns.
The new university was opened in 1575, and from the
outset took the highest rank. Speaking, a few yearn ago,
of its famous senate chamber, Niebuhr called it "the
most memorable room of Europe in the history of learn-
ing." The first curator was John Van -der Does, who
bad been military commandant of the city during the
siege. Ue was of a distinguished family, but was still
more distinguished for his learning, his poetical genius,
umoi xnanaarr kchdid til
and hit valor.* Endowed with ample funds, the nni-
veraity largely owed it« marked preeminence to the in-
telligent foresight and wiae munificence of its cnratora.-
They sought out and obtained the most distinguished
■ohiAars of all nations, and to this end spared neither
pains nor expense. Diplomat!., negotiation and even
princely mediation were often called in for the acquisi-
tion of a professor. Ilenco it was said that it surpassed
ail the universities of Europe in the number of its schol-
ars of renown.
These scholars were treated with princely honor*.
When Scaliger came from France, in 15V.% he was con-
veyed in a ship-of-war sent for the B))ecial purjMise. Ilis
successor, Salmasius, also a Frenchman, upon visiting hia
native land, went in a frigate, escorted by the whole
Dutch fleet to Dieppe. When lie visited Sweden and
Denmark, royal escorts accompanied him from the bor-
ders of one country to another.f The " mechanicals" of
* DsTict'a '■ HolUuid," iL 1ft ; Motley, It. 55S.
t Sn iirtlcl* on " Leiden VnWenitjr," bjr Prof. W. T. Hewett, of
Cornell UifWenit;. in Bnrftr't Jtagaiitu for Ihrcb, 1881, to wkich I
am much Indebted. Prof. Hewett, blmtelf « etudent at tbtt timoae
nnlTenit;, In common with every intelligent obeetrer wbo hu lired
In Holland, waa much struck with the •Imllarlty between the Dutch
and tlw American modea &f thought He lay • : " The Datch mind
ia more like the American In it* method of thought than la that of
any other nation of the Continent. There U the aauia intensity of
feeling on all religious qnettions, the same keen, practical geuiuik
An inrisiliie line scparalcs Holland tnm Ocrmany. The puipoee of
I the Hollander hi direct. The Holbuider understands America and
republican institutions, and their tme foundationa in the inlclligenee
and self-control of the people. I always felt sure of being undeiw
stood when speaking with an educated IlolUnder, whether discuss-
ing Church and State or our current political questions. He could
rightly estimate the real and unreal dangers which attend demo-
%il.-:J: .
*M m rcnTAX m hollakd. nauim, uat Amn*
Holbuul, M Elizabeth callml them, may not have paid the
accustomed wonbip to ranic, but to genius and learning
they were always willing to do homage.
Space would fail for even a brief account of the great
men, foreign and natire, who illuminated Leyden with
their presence. I have spoken of the younger 8caliger,
the profefoor of bdles-lettres, whom Uallam call* " the
most extraordinary master of general erudition that ever
lived," and of whom Niebuhr says: " Scaliger stood on
the topmost point of linguistic learning, and so high in
science of all kinds that he was able of himself to ac-
quire, use, and judge all therein." Of his successor Sal-
masins it was said "that what he did not {know was
beyond the bounds of human knowledge."* ' Hugo
- Orotius, when a boy of eleven, came to study at Leyden.
At seventeen, Henry IV. of France presented him to his
sister at Versailles, with the words, " BeboM the miracle
of Ilolhind." Later on, Grotins became famous as a
jurist, diplomatist, theologian, philologist, and historian,
while in international law he stands not only as the
founder, but as still the acknowledged head.f
In a shaded retreat near the city, later on, dwelt Dee-
cnlio goTenmeot*, ■• oor Engibb coiuiru us not olwiijrs ia the
haWt of doing."
* ThcM exprearioDt Mcm cxtrsT^gant, bat the acquidtioni oi tha
leholtn uf that t*a; wen m phenomeosi m th^ iclilevemenu of men
like Michael Angalo. Leonardo da VIncI, and othcn, who wrra aeolp-
ton, painter*, architect!, engineeta, pocta, and mudciana, all at the
aiinie time, and |ne-eraineat in each department. The range of
knowledge waa, of roune, maeb narrower than at picaant, and fn^
hapa bodlea and hnina were more roiiott
t " It it acknowledged bj every one that tha publication of this
traatlie on the Law of War and Peace— made an epoch in the phil-
oaofihical, and nlmoet we might aar in th«i political, ibtatj «f Sv-
rape."— Hallam'a " Llteratnra of Eorope," lii MS.
fc I
wtMom wcmoujtt 09 untmm Ml
eutM, tlie ** founder of the modern mechanical pliikMO-
phy," who woa difoovered by the Ilollandcra ;* and hd1>-
■equently Spinou, a Jew of Anuterdam, the muct per-
fect character and the greatest philoaopher, aa many
think, of modem time*. The famoot Jintnt Lipaiua fllled
the chair of history in the nnivenity. John prusiut, for
whom Oxford and Cambridge contended aa nn Oriental-
ist, was for years in its faculty ; Uomar and Arminius,
names fdmiliar to every theologian, taught theology ;
the celebrated geographer Cluverius, who spoke ten lan-
guages, and whoite geography went through twenty-aix
editions, was one of the professors ; among others was
Peter Paaw, who founde<l the botanical garden of I^y-
den, and wlujse treatises on physics, anatomy, and liotany
■till maintain their place in the best librarios.t When it
was finally determined that France was to become Cath-
qtk), the seat of learning waa tnuufemd from Puis to
Leyden. Then began the first scientific study uf Greek,
under Ilemsterhuys. Under Boerhaave, Albinus, and
Sjivios, its medical school became the most famous in
Europe.^
Time were among the men whose influenoS made Uol-
land through the seventeenth century the peculiarly
learned, u it was pre-eminently the literary, country of
*WImw<)I. DMcartn wm bIm "the gtaaln* anthor of tira la*- .-:'A
ehaakal theory of tbe ninbow."— Idem. - .'
t "Three CenturietnfCoiigragmtioiuiliMn,'' Dntar, p. SM. . C
X BoerliaaT* wa* periup* the raoet ce)ebnite<t physician that erer 'W'
Ihred, if we esoept Hlppocnitee. Thfluipeoo'e " Ilietory of Cbemie- - 4«:'|'
ttT,''i.aiW. HewaegreatiuabotaBiitaodehemiitaawellaaBphyil- ^ ' .1|<
eiao. Tbe Cwu Peter once waited two boari for an IntArriew with
btak A CbineM mandarin addreaMd a latter "To the llliutTioua
BoarhasTe, pb^pkiaa io Xuropa," whkli doly reached lie dcatiaa-
■"!;■
«• nn rvftTAn a noixAiro, mtAiiiK akd Aimia*
Enrope at the beginning of the century and for many
years afterwanls.* In 1586, a century before the ap-
pearance of Newton** " Principia," Stevinu«, engineer to
Prince Maurice, and inapector of the dikes of Holland,
publiabed hia " Principles of Equilibriam," which foandad
the science of statics, f He also introtluccd the use of
decimal fractions, and predicted the adoption of a deci-
mal coiiuge, weights, and measures. X In 1«K)9, Holhuid
gave to the world the telescope, which made a new
science of astronomy .|
By th^nvention.of the microicope, which was also
made in Holland prior to IHSO, | the science of the infi-
nitely large was supplemented by tb|g| of the inflnitely
smaU. In 1630, Cornelius Drebbel, a Hollander, who
exhibited the flmt microscope in England, invented. the
thermometer, by which for the first time Tariations of
temperature were accurately measured. Leeuwenhoeck,
to whom modem authorities give the honor of inventing
* 8m Hallam'i " Utcntora of Earopc," Ui. tTt; It. St.
t " Tbs fonmUioa of |h« wicnca of itaUc* wa* flnlthed ; lh« aurth-
ematiosl d«T«lop«Mat sod expodtioo of It were •lout open to extca-
(lon mhI cbugr." " By tli« diwoTeria of Bteriniu ill probknm of
equiUbfiam wen ralNUotlallr nlTed."— Whcwcll, " HhtoiT of tlw
ladoctire Science^" i. 851 ; ii. IS, IS, 40, ««.
t " EncyclopiBdU Britanntca," srtiele " BtaWnm."
I " TlM real inrentor of tbe teleeoope It nut oeHiialy kaown.
licliat of Alknur long eqjoyed tbe booor, Iwt the beet claim etcme
to Im that of Zaehtry Jen* or Janeent, a dealer in ipectaclee at Mkl-
delbarg. The date of tbe inveatioa, or at leaat of itt publicity, It
referred beyond diepate to IWW, Tbe newi qiretd rapidly tbrongh
Europe, reaching (lalileo, who, in tbe lame year, ooaitracted by his
own iagaelly the Inetrumaat which be exbibitad at V'ealee."— Hal-
laa. It. VT. Motley layi that Janeene inrented both the t«l«aeo|w
rinltW. •*l]i«itsdNetberlaiid«,"J>.tni
,W.tT.
•ctBHTinc rocoTniM amd txrniTion *w
the microscope, which Drebbel exhibited,* was the first
of biologiate to diwover the capillary cironlation of the
blood. SneUiua, raathematioat profenwr at Leyden, in-
trodaced the true method of measuring the degree* of
latitude and longitude.f In 1A&<;, C'liristian Iluygfaena,
abo of Holland, invented the pondnlum clock. " Thia,"
■ays Whewell, " was the beginning of anything which
we can odl aoouraoy in time." He also first af^lied the
miorometer to the telescope, and was the author of the
undulatory theory of light, which Newton opposed.^
With these instruments, invented by the Hollanders,
almost the whole field of science was opened up to the
inquirer.^
Bat it was not alone in scholarship and in scientiflo
research that the University of Leyden gave an impetus
to modem thought. Theological disputes were devel-
oped there at times, little tempests which threatened
destruction to the institution, but they were of short
• 8m " EiicTcloiNtdls Briuaaiia," wticla " XicnMops."
t Motiej<« " United Nctberlaads," iv. (Tt
( Whewell, ii. MT, *W, N8.
t In lUO, Varraiu, * phjriieUiii (^AuMterdam, wbo had itadM
•I ljejd»n, gare to Iba Worid hU great work on ph jtlcal geography.
Sir Itaae Newton ixed it at a teit-bodi, eauaed it to lie traailatsd
into Eogliib, and it retained its place aa the leading aathoritj for a
oeatnr; and a half. It i» ioterceting to notice that Vareniut advo-
cated the eoDitmction of a canal acroaa the iMbmua of Suez, hold-
ing, two cenlurie* before De Leaaepa, that there was no inequality of
lerel between the Mediterranean and the IndUn Ocean which would
render it impracticable. See " Annoal Addreaa before the Ameticaa
Oeographical Society," by Chariea P. Daly, Jm 14th, 1890, pp. U-t*.
Layden waa almoat the only place upon the Continent where New-
ton'a great diacorery waa accepted and taught, until it was popafau^
i»d by Voltalra la ITW- Ucky't •* England In the Ufhlccoth Cta-
taiy," i. W.
.■'ft,
■■*'.' !fe
' 'V "'■■■"*'«
•U Tu nwTA« IM aoUAiiA hhilaiid, akd amouoa
dnntion. The right of oonacienoe waa always reapected,
and in the nuin the right of full and public diaoiuaion.
Aooording to Hallam,* it vaa from Leydea, perfaapa a
little from Racow, that the " immortal ChiUingworth "
and the "ever -memorable John llalea" borrowed "a
tone of thinking ujMin tome diwtrinal pointa aa yet
nearly unknown,an(l therefore highly obnoxious in Eng-
land." The tolerance of Leyden, however, like ita learn-
ing and icienoe, took root in England very slowly, for
these two remarkable lights of the Chnroh, " who dwelt
apart like stars," did not appear upon the horizon until
the reign of Charlea I. ; Uit the liberality and tolerance
which they proclaimed have in the end borne abundant
fmit-t When it waa settled that disienters coold not
be ednoatad in the English nnivenitiea, they flocked to
Leyden in great numbers, making tliat city, next to
Edinburgh, their chief resort4
Eleven years after the opening of the University of
Leyden, the Estates of democratic Friesland, amid the
din of war, founded the University of Frandcar, an in-
stitution which was to become famous as the home of
Anuinius, whose theological teachings exercised so great
«" Const. Htat,"U.Tt.
f ChUIingwnnh tdrooawt '* th« iiHlepeodciKjr of prlral* opialo*.''
" Tlili emJravnr to m)li(ptt« tin draul of funning niitlakeo Judg-
mnili in reliKhm run* tlirougit Uie whole work of ChiUingworth,
Mil nMiiii hia m the founder, in thii coantrjr, of what Imu bctn
callnl th« lalitndinarian tchool nf theology."— Hnllun, ii. T». iUtu
was "even more hsrdj tlisn his fHend," p. Tt.
} In the eighteentli orator; nearly two tboowml British stodeMi
were educated at Leydra. Steven, " Iliat. of the Beoltish Church at
Rottenhun." p. SM. Amoox these students wss the fsmout Joha
Wilkes, who, with all bis exrcases, contributed so mnch to tlw onuaa
oflngUsbmMrty. Uoky^ "Kt^tend in the Kgbtsenth Caataiy,"
11178.
mwuMriwi or omvacATn cararn nwmrr
«B influence on his oont«mporMi«a «nil on poaterity.
As at Lejden, the instruction wu rabstantisily frae, for
tiM profesMin were paitl hamtsnnie salaries from an en-
dowment l>y the 8tat«. In addition, )>roviMon was made
for boartling the {loorer Hcholam, so tiiat tliey cuul<i ob-
tain a full coUeginte education at an annual ex|ionse of
from fifteen to twenty-flre doHara. The pupils wore
instracUxl in theology, jurisprudence, medicine, philoao-
pby, rfaetorio, Hebrew, (ireek, and Latin.*
Both of these nniversitiea wore ]ierpetually endowed
with the |>rooeeds of the ecclesiastical projierty which
had been a)ntiscated during the progress of the war.
In the Netherlands, as in other jwrts of Europe, the
Church fd Rome hekl vast estate*, amounting, aa it has
been estimated, to one fifth of the entire propeKy of
the country. What was done with this property in
England is known to ewrr reader. When Ilenr)' VIII.
carried out his reformation, the monasteries and con-
vents beijig suppressed, their oonflaoated estates became
part of the royal demesnes, or were handed <iver to
greedy courtiers. The Hollanders believed in no such
system of R|)oli«tion as this. M'hen they established
their reformation, they, too, stripped the Church of its
BUfierabundant and ill-used wealth. Itut the eoclesias-
tkal property went neither into private coffers nor even
into the general treasury for secular purposes. How.
ever misappropriated by Itome, it had been originally
intended for pious uses, and to such it was returned. A
portion was set aside for puqinses of education ; the rest
went t0 th« sui^rt of the clergy, and to endow the
oharitaMe institutions for which Holland always had
been, and waa to become still mora, fanKMN,
•DsvIm,H.M;
I.— IB
Mntlejr'i " trailed MellisrlwKii,'' il. 8, H ^«
•M TU nruTMi m muu^m, kmumd, and Avnw*
Oniooiardini, writing in the mitlillo of the lixteenth
oentnry, tella bow, even at that time, thoae penple led
the worid in (mring for the decrepit and nnfortnnate.
Hoapitalt pruvided with everj^ oonTenienoe were alwaya
open to the uok and »geA. Deaidca thnie were eital>-
liihmonts, like our modem retroata, in whioh dd per-
aona, by the payment of a certain aum, aocumd homei
for tbemaelrea daring the remainder of their livea. In
each town peraona of wealth and raapectabilitjr were bi-
ennially appointed to receive alma in the charchea and
princi|ial plaooa of rdaort, and to ailmini*t«r such funda
in their dnoretion, to which were ail(tt><I the proceed* of
a amall tax and the bequeats of the charitable. I'nder
their direction the poor were ao w'dl oareil for that they
were under no neoe«ity to beg. which, in fact, they wen
not allowed to do except during stated boun on tainta'
dayi or holidaya. The children of such aa were unable
to tupiiort them were brought up until a certain age at
the expenae of the State, and then bouml out aa appren-
ticea to lome trade or mannfactore. In timea of acaroity,
the authoritica of the town di8tribut«vl food among the
neeily, whether natire or foreign bom. The |)coplo were
BO honest, induct riooB, and frugal that, except on auch
oocaaiona, there were few requiring aJnw aave Ute tick,
maimed, and aged.* -
Aa the long and bloody war with 8pain went on, it
left behind it a vast number of widowa and orfJiana,
beaidea the diaabled aoklien and lailora, who form the
laddeat mementoa of anch a struggle. Theae the re-
publk] never forgot or neglectc«l. With the pruoeeda
of the oonflaoated property of the Chnnih, that Chaich
•Oaiceitrdiai, "Brif. Dm.," i. ITt; Davtas** *• BoUaad," L Mil
Sir Wlllkm Tempit, t. ltl-t«0, Ul.
CBAMTABU tmfTOflQIII 19|-
which had now b«c»me the public enemy, were foanded,
fai vnry town, aaylnms and hoapitsla which oared for
■ooh nnfortnnatM. In thoM inntitntions, admirably or>
gnniied, equipped with every comfort, and adminiatered
with wiwloni and economy, the orphana were educatc<l,.
and the widowi and l«ttered veteran* of the war >pent
thair declining yean in eaae.* When Loais XIV. and
Chariaa II. formed their unholy league for the conqueat
oi the Dnteh Republic, one monarch writea to the other,
" Have no fear for Anuterdam ; I have the Arm hope
that Providence will nve her, if it were only in coniid-
eration of her charity towanlii the poor." Wo now can
nnderatand what the people of the citiea which revolted
from Bpain had in view when they took an oath from
their new magiatratet "to protect widowa, orphana, and
miaerable penona." f
When we conaidcr that at thia time England waa over-
run with hordea of aturdy beggara, and that her aoldieri
aad mUon ware allowed to die neglected in the atreet^
ana need hardly aak from which country America and
the worid at largo have derived their ideaa upon theae
nbfeeta. We view with juHt i>ri<]fl our aoldiera' homea,
our orphan aayluma, and hoapitaia for tlie aicli and
wounded, but ahonld not forget that in all this nobia
woric repubUoaa Holland aet ua an example three oentu-
fieaaga
• >•• tka npocti of Ui« IMiwu, Coauiiai tad Doaato, cited ia
MoUqrl " Vaitod HaUMriaada," Iv. IM.
i
.*
. ".. ~V fr'H^:
ii.
CHAPTER IV
atroLunoif uc the KcrHnuNM
nrpcncsDUCR paui^Bicn — amaminatiom or wiluam o»
OBAMUS— KIUOIUC8 TULKKATIOR KaTABLUHBD — IIT4-I*M
Fos KMii^ two jrean after the amucceMful wege of
Leyden, bat little of importance occurred in the field,
where the war waa dragging its alow length along.
Nogotiationg wore constantly going on for peace; but ai
one party demanded full religious liberty, and the other
the abaolnte domination of the Church of Rome, no
basis of agreement oould be touched.
Still, though the insurgent ftrovincea would not yield,
their poaition waa very perilous. Holknd was cut in
two by the capture of Harlem, and Amsterdam atill
held oat for Spain. Franoe, tiermany, and England re-
fMed all aid, and the patriots saw nothing before them
bat the prospect of alow extermination. If need be,
they said, they could "die in the last ditch;" but no
men long for such a hAe. At length, the I'rince of
Orange, aeeing no other reoonroe, and being threatened
with war by Eliabeth and Protestant EngUnd, had
made np his mind to an heroic step for the salration of
his people, altliough it involved the loss uf their native
land. The country, which their fathers had rescued
from tiie wavea, was to be given up; the aocumuhtted
waaUhqf owtariMabwidoMdi imd the nation, with ita
TU "irAjnM nmr," ard m nmwn m
rriigioii and iU liberty, was to teek a new home beyond
the sea.
At this jnnctnre Re(]ueten* met with a soddsn death,
leaving the army without a leader and the government
without a head.
The death of Requeeen* was followed by results which
changed the fate of Holland. For years the Spanish
troops had been unpaid. They now roee in mutiny and
wreaked their kmg-pent fury upon the peaceful cities of
the lower Netherlands. In November, 1576, Antwerp,
the commercial capital of the world, was sacked, as if it
had been taken liy nssnult. Eight thousand of its inhab-
itants were murdered, five hundred pahtoes were left in
mint, and twdve millions of property destroyed or car-
ried off. In this massacre — called the " Spanish Fury "
— no distinction was made on the score of religion;
Catholic and Protestant, layman and prelate, being alike
murdered aqd plundered by the Spanish soldiery who
had oome into the land to put down heresy. The de-
stmotion of Antwerp, and the sLwghter of tome twelve
thousand peaceful citizens in other towns, brought about
what was called the Pacification of Ohent, a consolida-
tion of all the provinces to effect the expulsion of the
foreign troops, and the r .voratton of the ancient privi-
leges of the people. The onion was only tompomry, for
the inhabitants of the southern states, most of whom
were Catholics, soon returned to their old allegiance;
bot the interval gave the patriots of the North a much-
needed breathing-spell. How they improved it we shall
shortly see.
Lato in 1576, Don John of Austria, half-brother of
the King of Spain, the hero of Lepanto, a man whose
life had been one romance, and who now at the age of
thirty-one was aocoanted the foremost soldier of the
iPv-'
tV"^
MO TM rxmttkn m bolukd, nouiiOb axo ^mnrifi*
world, oame to the XetberUnda aa tuooeMor to Raqoe-
■en*. He found a people inflexibly bent on the ramorml
of the Spaniih troopt. lieforo this denuuid he »t ^ft
relnotanlly gun yny, and to the number of ten th«^
•and they took up their inarch for Italy. The joy expe-
rienced by the people at thia triumph was, however,
destined to a short life. It soon became apparent that
the ideas of the new governor-general were no more lib-
eral than were thooe of his hated predecessors. At the
end of the flrst year of his rule the whole country again
rose in revolt, the Estates-General decUred Don John
a public enemy, and a new act of union was signed
between the provinces, by which, providing for the
common defence, they also guaranteed mutual religious
toleration. This was the last attempt to bind all the
states together. It failed in the end, largely through
the jealousy of the Cutholio nobles, who disliked and
feared " Father William," the idol of the people. An
army of some twenty thousand men, among whom wera
thirteen companies of Scotch and English volunteers,
met in the field an equal force tinder Don John, and
was almost utterly annihilated, as usual, with a Spanish
loss of only ten or eleven.
Meeting such a crushing defeat at the outset, the
future would have looked very dark for the new Con-
federacy but that soine other events gave nigat of ptom-
ise. In the first place, the Prince of Orange had taken
advantage of the confusion which followed the death of
Reqnesens to gain the cities in Zeeland which had stood
out for Spain. Then Harlem and Amsterdam were re-
covered by an uprising of the people, so that two state*
were entirely fi^ from the foreign yoke. With these
successes the other northern provinces fell into line^
never thereafter to be separated.
DON JOBH OF AnfTiOA-ais DMiam OH nauom ni
Nor waa thii all. The hero of Leiianto had come to
the Netheriunds with a Bcbemo which waa to be the
crowning achievement of his rumantio life, lie expect-
ed by making generous conooasions to secure ft speedy
peace, and then to cross over to England with his army
of veterans, plac& himself at the head of the Catholics,
release and marry Mary of Scotland— now nine years a.
prisoner — drive out Elizabeth, and take possession of
the English throne. The project had the approval of
the pope, and might have been successfully carried out
bat for the action of the Netherlanders whk)h forced
the immediate dismissal of the Spanish troops.* Still,
its effect waa not lost upon Elizabeth. Slowly she was
reaching the conviction that for her own security she
must aid the rebels across the Channel. Her counsel-
Ion, one and all, were of opinion that she should gener-
ously espouse their cause ; but this was impossible for
a woman of her nature. Finally, however, in 1S78,
she loaned them, on good security, a hundred thousand
pounds, and furnished them witii tire thousand soldiers,
to be supported at their cost. With this they bad to be
content.f •
In France the outlook was much brighter. Aa 1000
as the court recovered from its first excitement, the
Massacre of St. Bartholomew v.-as seen to have been a
blunder. Spain wag the leading Catholic power of Eu-
rope, and OS her ally France would havd' to take a sulv
ordinate position, while as a neutral or a secret enemy
she could be first in influence. This consideration had
led to a religious peace, in 1573, by which the Ilugue-
* Treighton'i X Age of EHnlwtN," p. in.
t Kotle;-* "Dutch Republic," iii. 800, S88, 848. Bee as to iMT
tottDOUi mdhodi, Fmude, x). ti7, etc.
'$f:- ::
r V.
in TU PCBITAN IM HOLLAHD, aMOLAMD, AHD AMIBKA
note were given pooaossion of Ia Rochello and three
other important towns. In 1574, Charles IX., haunted
ever by the spectre of his moidered subjects, and with
their shrieks and groans ringing in his ears, sank into
the ^vo and waft succeeded by bis Jtrother. The new
monarch, Henry III., was a believer in the policy of
oppoeition to the growing power of Spain. Alter long
negotiations, his -younger brother, the Duke of Anjou,
offered the states his services, with those of ten thou-
sand troops. In Angost, 1578, they were accepted, and
he was declared " Defender of the liberty of the Neth-
erlands against the tyranny of the Spaniards and their
odherente."
The French troops were valuable allies, and if the
patriote had not been impoverished something might
have been done against Don John. That unfortunate
commander was, however, almost as badly off as they.
Philip had at first supplied him with mone}', but for
months past hod exhibited his usual parsimony and pro-
crastination. In fact, the king seemeil jealous of his
soldier brother, and was desirous not only that he should
not succeed in any of his ambitious plans, but that he
should not live to vex him with his martial glor}'. He
had both his wishes. The invasion of England became
impossible through the rmistanoe of the Netherlattd-
ers; without money for his troops, all other operations
wore suspended, and in October, 1678, death (which
was, as usual, attributed to poison) closed the career
of the warrior whose sun had risen in snch a blozo of
splendor.
The air of the Netherlands had proved unwholesome
to the last two governors. They were now to be rao-
oeeded by a man whose rule was longer, and whose
influence was to be more powerful for evil. Alexander
wmi'iTM ooRn-iTCTioH or tm rbpvbuc em
of Parma was an Ttalian, a son of the trusted lieutenant
of Charles V. by Margaret, his natural daughter. Philip'g
tirat regent of the Netherlands. He was a soldier only
s«x>nd in reputation to Don JOtnVT'and was to make
for himself a reputation even more brilliant. In ad-
dition, he had qualities possessed by none of his pretl-
eoesiors, for he had all of the Itaban's subtlety, skill
in intrigue, and diplomatic cunning, with an absolutely
nnaelfish devotion to his master. In the flcid he never
lost his head ; in negotiations he never lost his patience.
He pushed the war with vigor, but brlieved that it was
cheaper to buy men than to conquer them with forcer
Unfortunately for the patriots, he had to deal in the
southern provinces with a class of nobles who had no
religious convictions and were eaten up with jealousy of
the man whose lofty patriotism they could never com- .
prehend. Working upon these feelings and by the lav-
ish nse of money, Panna, befoi^p he hod been six months
in the country, won back the Ave lower Walloon states
and attached them again to Spain.
At about the same time, in 1679, the Prince of Orange
^ected u formal union of the seven northern Protestant
provinces, binding them together by what is known as
the Treaty, or Union, of Utrecht. This famous docu-
ment, although at first not so intended, was the written
Constitution of the Nethorhind Bepublic.
By its provisions the contracting parties agreed to
remain forever united as if they were one province.
Each state was, however, to manage its own internal
affairs, and prcKwrve all its ancient liberties. Questions
of waf and peace, and those rebting to the imposition
of duties, were to be decided by a unanimous vote of all
the states ; in other matters the majority were to decide.
A common currency was to be established. And, finally,
SM TU railTAN Dl HOLUMD, BCOLAKIK AMD AMMUOA
no city or province wu to interfere with another in the
matter of religion.*
Up to this time the fiction had been retained that the
rebellious provinoos were subject to Philip, and were .
carrying on a war against him strictly within the lines
of tfaoir respective charters or constitutions. But, in
1581, two yean after the Union of Utrecht, all this came
to an end. Of the seventeen provinces five had returned
to their allegiance. The other twelve, seven of which
bad united together to act As one, were still in open
arms. For years they had tried by negotiations to se-
cure the ancient rights which Philip had sworn to main-
tain when be assumed the throna At last, even the
most hopeful had come to the conclusion that all efforts
for peace were useless, and that but one resource re-
mained— to throw off the yoke of their Spanish ruler
by declaring their independence, aiid, if need be, seek-
ing a new sovereign in other quarters. To accomplish
the first of these objects, representatives from all the
twelve states met at The Ilagne, and, on the 26th of
July, 1581, Solemnly declared their independence of
Philip, and renounced their allegiance forever.
The Declaration of Independence then put forth is
one of the most important documents in history. A
translation of it was found among the papers of Lord
Somers and is published in his "Tracts." That great
statesman used it as a model for the famous DecUration
of Rights by which England, a century later, proclaimed
the abdication of James II., ami the selection of the
Prince and Princess of Orange to fill the vacant throne.
Again, after another century, it furnished the model for
the still more, celebrated Declaration by which the thir-
•llQill7,IU.41l.
WKUUUXtaK or mtmrEHmaou IN
tMo American odoniet announced their independence
of Oreat Britain.
It began, " All mankind know that a prince ia ap-
pointed by God to cherish his rabjectSt'eTen as a shep-
herd to guard bis sheep. When, therefore, tho prince
does not fulfil his duty as protector; when he op-
presses his subjects, destroys their ancient liberties, and
treats them us slaves, he is to be considered not a ]>nnce,
but a tyrant. As such, the estates of the land may law-
fully and reasonably depose him, and elect another in
bis room." Then fcjlowed a long recital of the grievous
wrongs which the people of the Netherlands had suffered
at tho hands of Philip ; the establishment of the Inqui-
sition, the trampling on their guuranteod rights and privi-
leges, the murders and massacres of the lust ({uurter of
a century, which they said justified them in forsaking
a sovereign who had forsaken them. Obeying the kw
of nature, desirous of maintaining the rights, charters,
and liberties of their fatherland, determined to escape
from slavery to the Spaniards, and making known
their decision to the world, they declared the King of
Spain deposed from bis sovereignty, and proclaimed that
they should reoogniie thenceforth neither hi* title nor
jurisdiction.*
Thus' the dominion of Philip was abjured, but this did
not mean the establishment of a republic. Such a scheme
was not considered practicable, for the provinces thought
themselves too weikk to cope single-handed with the
pow^r of Spain. The renunciation of their allegiance
was but the preliminary step to a new connection on
which groat hopes wore founded. The Duke of Anjoo
* Lord 8ora«n'i " Tncti." 8m u to ilia nuTclty ■nd great Im-
poitaiica of tbia Dcelantioii, Rogan^ " Btoi; of Holland," p. W.
■^-
:*•
■J*
'Mi:
i^ii^f : '.
tM 1U PTOTAX m BOIXAMn, BROLAHD, AMD AlUBICA
wu »t tliiii time engagwl in the last Mene of hii ineni-
orable courtship of Quoen Elizabeth. She had promiaed
to marry hiro, and as her conaort he could bring to the
aid of the imitti]gentf all tlie reaoarcea of Proteatant
Enf^and, while be would alao have the moral support of
Franoe. With aocb proapecta before him, altlioogh he
bad accomplished little aa defender of their libertiea,
ten of the rebellious provinces now chose him us their
sovereign. The other two, however, Ilolhind and Zee-
land, refusetl to unite in this action. They insisted
that no one should rule over them except their beloved
Prince of Orange. Being without personal ambition in
the matter, and believing that under the circumstancea
the election of Anjou would be advantageous to the
country, the Prince of Orange tried to reject the prof-
fered honor, but his people would take no refusal, and
he finally gave way.
The wooing of Elizabeth by Anjou forms, in some of
its features, one of the most comical incidents in English
history. The " Virgin Queen," as she loved to be called,
was now in her forty-ninth year, and far from a {laragon
of beauty. Her face was long, and ornamented with a
high hooked nose, little, dark, beady, short-aighted eyes,
thin lips, and a set of black ttoth.* She beat herinaidf
of honor, boxed the ears of her courtiers, and swore like
a flsh-woman.f The Duke of Anjou was twenty years
her junior, but apart from his youth had no advantage
in penonal appearance. He was below the middle height,
puny, and ill-shaped. His face was scarred br the small-
pox, covered with red blotches, and his nose ao swollen
* MoUej-t " VnHtA Nrthprlmxla," I. SIS, HL 171, SB* ; "Tiw Pari-
tMu (Dd QuMD Klinbctb," Buaoel Hnpkiiw, i. Itt.
t Harringloa, " Kuga Astisiw," i. SM ; Drskr, p. 41&
lUIABRH AMD THB DDKB OF AlUOC
XT
and diatortod that it looked u if doable ; a proper feat-
ure, his enemieg said, for a man who had two faces.*
Added to these uttroctions was a voice which led Eliza-
beth to call him her little " Frog." Still, he was the heir
to the throne of France, and at this juncture an alliance
with that power may have seemed to Elitabeth essential
to her security. "
In the latter part of 1681, Anjou went to Enj^land for
the third time to put an end to his lung courtship. The
arrangements for the marriage had l>ecn all curapleted,
but perhaps a long look at such a lover was too much
for a woman who even at sixty believed herself a Venns.
For three months he dangled about the court, while she
pUye<l the coy maiden in her teens. The English people
were alarmed at the prospect of another papistical mar-
riage, the marriage denounced by Stubbs three yean
before in the famous pamphlet wliich cost him his right
band. Outwardly the queen seemed determined to ad-
here to the engagement, but one pretext after another
afforded excumss for delay. Possibly she may have felt
doubtful of the promised aid from France in defending
her kingdom against its enemies, or she may have wished
to see bow her future husband would conduct himself aa
' aovereign of the Netherlands. But, whatever may have
been her motives, the ceremony was postponed ; and in
February, 1689, her noUe, or ignoble, suitor, leaving his
* The following epigram wu ciiculstcil In England apon Ai^ou'a
departure for the Netherlaod* :
"Oood people of Flanden, praj dn not tuppoae
That 'l\» monatroui tliU Frenchman ihonld double biinsit;
Dame Nature her fliTon lint rarely mitplacea,
She haa giran two noica to matob hia two faoea."
— Taylor'a "Roanntie Biography of lh« Age of UlMbatb," L M.
,1841)
Ssir*';.
MB TB> PVRITAM » BOLLAHD, BKOUIIIN AXB AlUHCA
miatreM bathed in tean, recrosted the Cluuinel, aooom-
panied by a splendid retinue of English nobles, to aaanme
the duties of bis new position.*
When Anjou arrived in the Netherlands, he assumed
in the ten provinces, where he had been elected sover-
eign, the (Nisition of a constitutional monarch, with
' such powers only as the people claimed hod rightfully
belonged to Philip. lie was installed as duke, count, or
marquis of the various states, and took a solemn oath to
preserve inviolate the ancient liberties and to maintain
the right of conscience. lie was also to prooura the
assistance of his brother, the King of France, and main-
tain a perpetual league, offensive and defensive, between
tluit kingdom and the provinces. As for Holland and
Zeeland, they were to remain as they were, subject to
the Prince of Orange.
But the new ruler, who had no more idea of oonttito-
tional Uberty than Philip himself, and who had come
into the country from the lowest motives of personal
ambition, soon began to chafe under the restraints im-
posed upon him by the ancient charters. He complained
that he was a monarch only in foim, the real power
being held by the States-General A brilliant victory
in the field might have done something for him, by
winning him the hand of Elizabeth or by procuring sub
stantial assistance f roQi his brother; but he was no match
for Panna, and could see nothing before him but a long
contest, from which be would gain little. In this position,
and incited by his French coansellon, who taunted him
* Dnpil* liU pri'ion*! appearance, Aqjoa miut hare had mnm
attnothm*. llallam agrcea with Mngard in thiaUag that Klisabetb
bad a raai paaaion for him. '•Coiut.IIUt.,''i.M(. The Bwrriafa, b«
' M|t, was elasri; npagaaat to good policy.
AMon ATmim to MnvBar tbb oovomum M»
with hia insigniflc«tioe, he attempted a movement which ;
showed how little he andontood his Rubjects. The plan
waa, with the aid of his own troops, to take puMession
of the mcMt important cities and make himself supromo
by force. The lint attack was made on Antweqi, in
June, 1588, bat the burghers rose in force, drove out the
French with great slaughter, and Anjou, who was wait-
ing without the walls, retired in deep disgust. Such an
act of treachery naturally gave rise to intense indigna-
tion, and the Estates wished to confer the sqvurcignty
on the Prince of Orange. lie peremptorily refused, do- .%
claring that under no circumstances would he place it in '^^sl^.
the power of Philip to say that he had been actuated by ' fH .
selfish motives. Finally, ho Buccecde<l in persuading the ;'<|
Estates to overlot^ the past upon the ground that it '"' ''>
would be dangerous to bK»ik with France. The year
was si>ent in negotiations looking to a renewal of the
old relations. They proved fruitless, however, and were ''I
finally terminated by the death of Anjou, whoso worth-
less career canio to an cod in the summer of l.'>$4. ,
Brief and inglqrious as was the rale of Anjou, and /^^|
despicable as waa his character, their connection with ''
him was not without advantage to the Ketherianden.
In qich a contest every year, or even every month, is
a dieoided gain. The northern provinces were daily
growing- in strength and in the feeling of self-confi-
dence. The war was ^transferred lai^y to the iSontb,
and even the limited moral support of Franco and Eng-
land had been of inestimable benefit.
During the whole movement the Prince of Orange '
had shown incomparable sagacity as a statesman, and
Philip regarded him as almost his only enemy. Remove
this enemy, he thought, and all disaffection would soon
The first attempt was made by bribery. When
m-
.liihS,.
StO TBB Pt'UTAN m IKHJUIID, »OUkKI\ AMD AXniCA
Parma aaiumed the government he foand many of the
Ketberland noble* in the lower provinoeB parchawble aa
cattle itt a fair. rerha|i« ho thought thut all men had
their price; ho certainly had no conception of the char^
acter of this roan, or of his Proteatant aaaociatca in Hol-
land, no one of whom waa ever bought with gokl.* The
Prince of Orange was offered any terms that he might
name — the rcleiue of his son, the restoration of his confis-
cated property, the )mymcnt of his <lpbts, and a million
in addition. All such offers he met with silent contempt.
Hi* debts incurred during the progress of the war were
enormous, almost sufficient to sweep away his vast es-
tates; he loved his stm, and no man had been fonder
of luxury and alt that wealth can buy. Those things
Philip and Parma knew, but they did not know the man.
Bribery proving of no avail, Philip now tamed to
murder. In June, 1580, he issued a procUmation, de-
cktring the prinoe an outhiw, and offering a reward of
twenty-five thousand crowns to any |)erson who would
rid him of " the pest." In ad<lition, the assassin was to
be forgiven any past crimes, however heinous, and, if
not noble already, was to be ennobled " for bis valor." f
Following this ban, Ave successive attempts were made
upon the greot patriot's life. One, in 1582, proved nearly
fatal, a bullet entering his neck and {ioBsing through the
jaw. Ho thought hinisi'lf mortally wounded, but, even
in what seemed his last agony, did not forget the exam-,
pie of his divine Master. " Do not kill him. I forgive
him my death," he said to the bystandera who msbed
upon the would-be murderer. Then two mora years
rolled around and the bullet of the usssssin proved ef-
fectual. On Julv 10th. 15H4, Baltltaxar (ieraid tired the
• UsTics, it. Wt.
t Motby, ilL i
tauamit.mil or wbiuk er <numi in
■hot which broagfat inch joy to Philip aa he had not felt
iinoe the day of 8t Bartholomew, bnt which wrapped a
land in moarning. The pope, the Jeauita who aided in
the plot, the aaiaaain hiinielf, and the monarch who en-
nobled and enriched his heini, all declared that the mu^
derer had done God's work. The victim died breath-
ing the prayer, " Ood have mercy on my poor people P
Three centuriea have judged lietween them.
Thua fell the foremost Puritan of the age, perfaapa of
all the ages. For sixteen yearn he hail beaded the con-
test against the power of Simin. In that time, although
much remained to be done, a mighty work had been
accompliahed. At the outset there had been seventeen
separate provinoaa— full of vitality and love of liberty, to
be sure, but disorganized, undisciplined, unconscious of
their power. Through them swarmed a host of Prot-
estants, ready enough to die for their religion, but not
knowing how otherwise to muke their lives useful to the tfi
oause. Untrained to warfare, they fell in the fleld be-
tore Alva aa before a cyclone. This, aa we hare seen, was
not from lack of oonrage. Like the Spanish moun-
taineers, two centuries later, if their armies fouglit like
roubii, their mobs fought like armies. '\i^hat they did
with discipline will appear hereafter, but at the open-
ing of the struggle their future seemed indeed a hope-
less one. To this people William of Orange came aa -
a savior. Ilis triumphs were not like those of Crom-
well, for the latter's adversaries knew little more of prac-
tical warfare than his soldiers or himself. Desidea this,
Cromwell vat a leader among a martial nation.* All
* A nccnt writer liu well nld tbit when an EiiRlUliman i« in
waat of aiaiMement Im goet oat tnd kill* toaMthing. Froads's
" OcMSi." Thia ImtliMt bu alwajri ehuacterlMd the rso*.
L--16
>0i
J5&A
M-4?4w
mnuan. amu AimioA '
. their j|>|i^(|itufei; ahif |>onpits made them at the time of
Um ^jj^MU, rebeiliodl^the hSit material out of which to
formed Irnffi fiie Parliamentary recruits had the
Mun^i^^oppcvtuiilty U> acquire discipline, as their op|x>-
< nenta^ tlLiid^h«!pciAi Avith more inteni^ty of purpoae, be-
came burinoibie iii the field.
With the NetheHandcrs it was Tery different. For
. oentnries they had Iteen pursuing the arts of |ieiioe, while
^'' their adversaries bad been cultivating war. Their supe-
'''\ i^icivilization lit the beginning of the struggle worked
f '^' attinst them, buk in the end, engrafted as it was on a
< ' ^«t'°4^^" '^ sturdy nature, this high civilization told. That
'' ' ;'> it did BO, and that not in its despite, but by reason of
^ /^' it, they finally achieved and maintained their indepen-
f- \ denoe, while just the reverse occurred in EngLind, ia one
;-v A, of the most im|)ortant lessons taught by history.
> "^^ -'"i It was, therefore, in the beginning of the contest that
V ?M?i' tiie meet difficult work had to be accomplished ; and when
^'•^ • the hour struck, William of Ormnge appeared. His task
"i&t' was to encourage the peo)>lo, keep up their hopes, teach
. ■■ them their strength, heal their dissensions, reconcile their
'' ' differences, and mould them together as one nation. At
; his death seven of the provinces had entiriy thrown off
. the foreign yoke, and were bound together in-* perma-
\ Dent union. Five more were in open revolt, although
attached to the others by a lighter chain. Had he lived
a few years longer, the republic might have embraced
them all ; but such speculations, of course, are i<lle. He
: had laid a great foundation, and with that history must
bo content.
In one quarter, however, his work was subatantially
finished, and if he had done nothing else, this alone would
entitle him to imperishable honor. As the founder of
religious toleration, which, hu^ly through the infinenoe
i.;«;5ae;
wiLUAM or ouiia* and Kiucaors tououtio!) tu
of Holland, hai developed into religious liberty, the pe- '- "M,
ouliar glory of the United States, every American at
least should revere his memory.
It was an age when religious toleration, except as a ^
political necessity, was a thing unknown. Sir ^omas
More, in England, had playfully speculated upon the
subject, but when placed in power had developed into a
bitter persecutor.* William of Orange not only advo-
cated, but practised, principles of full religious tolera-
tion. Nor were bis theories, as is the case with many '
men, the result of indifferences or coldness of belief. lie
had been bom a Catholic, and in youth was not free
frofn the looseness of morals which the age pennitted
and excuaed-t But when in voluntary exile he turned . f.,
his thoughts to religion and became a devout Obristian. -
In October, 1573, he joined the Calvinists, and thereaf- ' #
ter, in life and thought, was one of the straitest of tlie ,'^;
sect. Such converts usually swell the host of the intol- . ''^'
erant. It was not so with him. He could bear with the ^i. I|^
errors of others, because he believed in the goodness of
the Almighty, and felt himself unworthy of foigiveness.
Daring his rule in Holland and Zeeland, where for years ,
he was almost a military dictator, these principles were
put to the severest test. Fortunately for the world, they .
were strong enough to stand the strain.
1'ho people about him had been the viotinu of a pe^
aecution which had furrowed the soil with graves and
filled the land with widows and orphans. When they
came into power, by driving oat the Spaniards, it was ' °
p'i«'
• See Hkllam'i " Liteiatan of Korope " for a Jndkloos eritidim
of the fatiKMM " Utopia ;" alio Foie'i "Book of Mutyn" for sa so-
ooant of Mora in pmctice.
t Hi* utaral WD afterwirdi became Admhml of HoHsod.
<•
; : ;.'li''%tv;*KiiW>S' fc.'^ . . :.'^M:
U4 TRB FtmrrAM in bolumd, maLAXA aitd amihoa
bat baman to think of retaliation. More than this, they
had every other motive that ever bred intolerance in
other lands, and all intensified in degree. The Catholics
among them not only professed a creed which they be-
lieved bom of hell, but, in addition, were largely public
enemies or lukewarm friends. They were men whom
they had fought in street broils, who had advised the
surrender of their towns, and whom they suspected -of
plotting against their liberties. Under snch conditions,
loud were the cries for the extirpation or banishment of
the hated papists ; still louder were those for the sup-
pression of their form of worship. Against all this Will-
iam of Orange stood like a wall of adamant. Open or
known civil enemies oould be banished or suppressed, he
said, but no man must b^ molested on account of bis re-
ligious faith. Of course he was denounced. Ministers
from the pulpit declared that he cared nothing either for
God or for refigion- Even his brother, John of Naaaau,
protested against toleration of the Catholics. But he
carried the day ; and when the union was formed be-
' tween Holhtnd and Zeeland, it was provided that no
inquisition should be made into any man's belief or
conscience, nor should any man by cause thereof suf-
^fer injury or hindrance.* The Reformed Evangelical
Church was established for the state, but no other form
of religion was to be suppressed unless contrary to the
Gospel. Toleration thus became the corner-stone of
the republic, and under this lilieral doctrine all sects
throve and were protected, even the Jews, who denied
the Gospel, never being disturbed on that aoooantt
. • KotlTT, iU. s».
f In 1586, Catholic* held olBoe ud taught icbool la th* dty at
Ujdta. Uottoy't "United M«tbwUadt,"ii. sat
'4'}ife*.tf;Kf':'.«''
■.y.
TBI AKABAmm AND TRna DOCnuMM S45
Ai lome of the rebellious province! contained a major
ity of Catholics, a system of toleration towards them
would be dictated by wise poliey. If, therefore, they '
alone had been protected, histoiy mig^t be content with
giving William of Orange credit for statesmansliip only, •
although that kind of statesmanship vras then almost as
rare as toleration from principle. lint his conduct tow-
ards other religious boilies disposes of the theory that
he stood on any except the highest plane of thought
and action. In proof of this, we may look at the ex-
perience of one of these bodies, the most interesting of
them all, especially to Americans, as the reader will
aee when we come to trace the growth of dissent in "'> V}|:
England. ji^rf
Among the many sects brought forth in the eariy .
ferment of the Refonnation, the Anabaptists have per^
haps loft the most unsavory reputation. First appear-
ing about 1522, some o! them had, twelve years later, ,
been guilty in Holland of gross and immoral extrava- ,
gances, whibh historians havo fully pictured, and the re-
membrance of which has always dung around their • -l
name.* Such events it is characteristic of human nature
to dwell upon, but corrcs|)onding stress has not always
been laid on the subsequent history of this interrating
people. In fact, their excesses were the work of bnt a
mJnorityofthesect, and were also of very brief duration. -^ , :';
After a rule of a few months, their prophets were i>ut
to de&th, leaving behind them a numerous Ixxly of ear-
nest disciples who had acquiesced in polygamous prao-
tioea only from a conviction that they were divinely or-
•dained. With their leaden gone, the offensive doctrines
of the old dispensation were univemlly abandoned.
•OsTfei'i"UolUiid,"i.l
\
SM TBK nmiTAlf IN HOIXAIID, nOLAJIB, AXD AXmCA
Most of the sect changed their name to Mennonitat,*
and tbejr all confined tbemaelTes to tenets derived from
the New Testament, \rhich made them the most peace-
ful and inoffensive Christians of the world.
Their most striliing article of faith, the one which
gave thorn a name, was that baptism should be confined
to adults, including those who bad been baptised in in-
fancy by other denominations. But this, if the must
striking, was not the most important of their doctrines.
In early daj-s they were comixised almost entirely of
the unlearned, who could understand the simple teach-
ings of the Founder of Christianity more easily than
those of his philosophic successors. Hence it was, per-
haps, that, antedating the English Quakers by more than
a century, they took the words of the Great Master seri-
ously ,t and believed it wrong to resist evil, go to law,
bear arms, take onths, or assume any office of magis-
tracy which miglit cause them to judge others. These
tenets, of course, included the broad doctrine of entire
separation of Church and State, and perfect liberty of
conscience.^ Private ownership of property they at
first altio abandoned as unchristian, holding that all
things shoukl be in oommon.§
* Tiwy ealM themMlrn MrnnooilM, after Mcnno Simoiw, of Was
Und, * now Icuier, but by others were •till called Anabaptiitt.
t A pbrua oicd by W. D. IIowclU when rtTiewing *- My Relif-
Urn," by Coast Leo TolatoT, in ttTpm-'t Magatimt for 18M.
t ■'The AnabaptiaU In Bwitisriaad," by Dr. Pliilip ■eball, Ai/(M
QuarUrlf Hnute, July, 1889.
I Dariea's " Hollanil," i. SBS. The RuMlan antbor, Count Toistol,
in " My Religion," without alluding to the AnalmptiaU or Qaaken,
adrocatc* tbcte doctrine* with great ability, aa enibo<1ying the priD-
ciple* ofChriitianity beiota tba admixtHre of Qraak philosophy or
Ronun psganiim. .; . ,.,,
^,>:i)fc^f<;'>i*<-U..
wnxua nuTMun m Axuurrtm
WhiU they profened they prkctised. An incident
which oocarred in 1909, daring the rule of Alra, ilia*-
trate« their ideu of returning good for evil. A poor
Anabaptist was pursued by an officer of justice, who,
under the order of the Inquisition, wialied to bring him
to the stake. The fugitive iNissed over a frozen Uko, ths
brittle ioe of which otacked beneath his feet The offi-
cer, following hard after, was less fortunate. He sank
into the deep water, uttering cries for help. No one else
was near to save him, and so the hunted fugitive, at the
peril of his own life, recrossed the treacherous ioe and
rescued his enemy from certain death. Then, giving
life for life, he went back and met a martyr's doom.*
Such a people hod no political influence, and some of
the Calvinists of the time thought their heresies worthy
of the severest punishment. Zwingli, in Switzerland,
had denounced their doctrine of adult baptism as deserv-
ing of death, and under his influence a number were
executed there, while in Germany they suffered by the
thousand.f In Holland an attempt was made simply
to exclude them from citizenship, and even Sointe Aide-
gonde, the accomplished scholar and friend of the Prince
of Orange, was in favor of the project. How bo was
met is told in one of his own letters. " The affair of
the Anabaptists has been renewed. The prince objects
to exclu4,e them from citizenship. Ho answered me
sharply that their yea was equal to eur oath, and that
we should not press this matter unless we were wiUing
to confess that it was just for tho papists to compel us to
a divine service which was against our conscience. In
* Motler'a" Duteh RepgbUc" ii. tSO.oiliBg Bnuidt't " UUtor; of
the Refurmatioo," we. 1, b. x. p. 800.
t "Th« AnsUpUtti in SwitierUod."
V
m.
t48 Tiu rvmin a aotXAnoh noLAiiD^ ako AiinioA
■hort, I don't lee hoir we can aooompliih onr tvith in
thii matter. The ^noe has uttered reproaches to me
that our clei^gy are strimig to obtain a mastery over
oonaoienoe." *
This was in 1S77. In the next year the aathoritim of
Itiddelburg, in Zeeland, attompteii a persecution of the
Anabaptists in their midst. This the prince at once
arrested. He wrote to the magistrates reminding them
that these peaoefol burghers were always perfectly will-
ing to bear their share of the common burdens, that
their word was as good as an oath, and that as to the
matter of military service, although their principles for-
bade them to bokT arms, they had ever been ready to
provide and pay for substitutea. " We declare to yon,
therefore," said be, " that yon have no right to trouble
yoomlves with any man's conscience so long as nothing
is done to cailsc private barm or public scandal. We
therefore expressly ordain that you desist from molest-
ing these Baptists, from offering hindrance to their
handicraft and daily trade by which they can earn bread
for their wives and children, and that yon permit them
henceforth to open their shops and to do their work ac-
cording to the custom of former days. Beware, there-
fore, of disobedience and of resistance to the ordinance
which we now establi8h."t
Thus did William of Orange protect even ,the mem-
bers of this poor and despised sect His mfluence was
effectual, for we hear little more of any attempts at
their persecution in the Dutch Kepublic.^
* Hotlej, Hi. soft, Bfwidt'* ** HMorjt of the Rcformalion," ko. 1,
b. xL pp. 888, S8». t Motlejr, ii(. S34. BnnUt, i. 800, RIO.
I In HolUnil, the MtODOoltct, or AnsbaptWi, ware exempted ftom
adUtary Mfrice in 1678, from taklog aa osth to 1888, ud ftxNa le-
MJMK>:,.
DUTCH TM.aUTIOM IN AlOBnOi Mt
Some eigfaty-flTO yean after this lut event, a govern-
or of the colony which the Dutch West India Company
had planted on the Hudson River, in America, began on.
his own account a persecution of some harmless Quakers
who had been driven from Massachusetts. An appeal
was made to the home authorities at Amsterdam, who
extinguished it at once by a letter containing these
memorable words : " At least the consciences of men
ought to remain free. Let every one remain free aa
long as he is modest, moderate, his political conduct irro-
proacfaable, and as long as ho does not offend others or
oppose the government. This maxim of moderation has
always been the guide of our magistrates in this city ;
■fid the consequence has been that people have flocked
fh>m every land to this asylum. Tread thus in their
steps, and we doubt not you will be blessed."* In this
manner did the principles of toleration established by
William in Holland bear their fruits in America, twenty
'^years before the great Englis'i Quaker carried them to
Pennsylvania.t
ocpting sn; poblle office in MIT. In Znbmd, ftcedom ftom mllltei;
lerrice and oatlia wu granted tliem In 1977, bat there, at a later
day, and alao in Friaia, tliey paid a heavy poll-tax for the military
exemption. Barclay') " Inner Life of the Roligioui Hocictiea of the
Commonwealth," p. (08. How they were Iniraed at the itake in
Protmtant England we ahall are in duo time.
• BnKlhe«l'a " Hiatory of New Tork," i. 707.
t Penn himaelf fully appreciated the Rllgiooa liberty which ex-
iated in the Dutch Republic. In IMS, a century after the death of
William of Orange, he pnbliahed a treatite entitled " A Pemiaiive
to Mmleratioo," an argnment for liberty of conacience to all church
diiientera. In tliia work he givee an illuatratlon of what real liber-
ty ean sccomptiab. " Holhuid, that bog of the world, neither aea nor
dry land, now the rival of the talletit monarcba, not by conqneata,
DMltiage, or aeeeMion of .royal blood, the naoal way to empire, but
tM Tai rcnrur a BoiXAim,
jnKS«Bi
LASm, ANO AionuoA
Puung over itill another century, we come to the
time when, having thrown off the authority of Ureat
Britain, the thirteen American colonies adopted itate
oonatitutions. Of all the thirteen, two, and two only —
Virginia and New York — embiHlied in their great cliar.
ters of freedom guarantee! for religioug liberty.
But even the action of Virginia, much aa it is deterr-
ing of praiie, falls somewhat behind the action of New
York. The other states retained religious tests for their
officials, or in some form made religious discrimina-
tions. Virginia, in 1776, isauod a Declaration of Rights,
which, it is claimed, formed part of her Constitution,
laying down the principle, " That religion, or the duty
which we owe to our Creator, and the-manner of dis-
charging it, can be directed only by reason and convic-
tion, not by force or violence ; and, therefore, all men
are equally entitle<l to the free exercise of religion ao-
oording to the dictates of conscience ; and that it is the
mutual duty- of all to practise Christian forbearance,
love, and charity towards each other." These' were
novel sentiments in that region, and bore fruit in time ;
still, the state retained its established church until 1786,
and in various other ways fell short of practising full
religious liberty.* ~
hj ber own superUtiTa cIcmeBcy sad induMrj, for th« one WM Ibe
oftct nf tlie utiier. She cheri«bc<l lier people, wbaUoorer wers tbdr
npinloat, u the rCMoiuble ttook of the country, the hrsdi uiil
liMda of her tmte nnd wealth ; ind nuking them eae; on the mnla
point, their coiuciencc, the bectnie grent by them. Tliii mode her
All np with people, nnd tlicjr tiled ber with ricbe* ind ttrength."
* See » Proceedlngi of American Hietorical Society," iil Na 1,
p. tOS. Even in Rhode UUnd, founded by Roger WillitinK, Rdmwi
Cntholici were dep^Ted of the lofflvg*, nnder ■ Matuta which wn
yaMwl in 1T1», and not repwUwl noUl ITM. Bm BcptaUsg set.
mw ymat «in taumom uaaarr Ml
New York, hoveT«r, in its flnt Constitation, adopted
in 1777, proceeded at the oataet to do away with the ;;i
MtaUiahed church, repealing all mch parta of the com- :f |.
roon law and all moh statutes of the province " as ma/ ' - iS -
be construed to establish or maintain any particular d»- \,; v
nomination of Christians or their nunisters."* Then toj
followed a section much broader and more explicit than
that in the Virginia Declaration of Rights — a section
which, it is believed, entitles New York to the honor i ^
of being the first organized government of tlie world ^..>
to assert by constitutional provision the principle of
perfect religious freedom. It reads as follows: "And ':;'
whereas, we are required by the benevolent principles
of rational liberty, not only to expel civil tyranny, but ." '■.
also to guard against that spiritual oppression and in- - j|
tolerance wherewith the bigotry and* ambition of weak - . .><:■;
and wicked priests and princes have scourged mankind, '',^>
this convention doth further, in the name and by tlie ;
authority of the good people of this state, ordain, de-
termine, and declare that the free exercise and enjoy-
ment of religious profession and worship, without dis-
crimination or pseference, shall forever hereafter be al-
lowed within this state to all mankind." f
Thomas Jefferson, to whom Virginia is chiefly in-
debted for her religious liberty, derived his religious a* .",.■,.
well as ^is political ideas from the philosophers of « r
Fmnoe. But the men who fnuned this constitutional
* Haw. Ilbt. Coll.," M mHm, t. MS. IIoweTar, m there were M
Catholic* in Rliode I«Und, thii law tlM not interfere with the pnc-
tical religious liberty that alwaja cxiated in that calony. U the
state had adopted a Coiutitution when the otiien did, it doobtlew
wooid hare been aa liberal aa wa* that of New York.
•■•ctloaM. taectlonaa
V
^■
m TBI nmrAM » bolland, WKiucm, axd AmnucA
proTision for Netr York, which hu since spread orer
moat of the United States, and lies at the base of Amer-
ican religious liberty, were not freethinfcers,'altbough
they believed in freedom of thought. Their Dutch an-
cestors had practised religious toleration, they eximnded
toleration into lilierty, and in this form transmitted to
posterity the heritage which Ilolbind had sent acroM
the sea a century and n half before.*
Uow far the example of IloUaml influenced the statea-
men who, at a kter date, placed in the Federal ('onsti-
tution its guarantees of religious liberty can be shown
by very high authority. This instrument, as originally
adopted in 1787, contains % provision f that " no relig-
ions test shall ever be requ|a?ed as a qualification to any
office or public trust under the United States." By an
amendment, added in nfl^l, Congress is prohibited from
making any law " respecting an establishment of relig-
ion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.''
James Madison, of Vii^nia, was the chief advocate
of this amendment in Congress. Writing about it, some
• Tb« flnt CoDitiiutiim of liu7laiid, 1774, prorided for * belief
is the Chrhtian religion m • qaaUfleaUoD for offire. In 1M8 tliit
WM clwpged to » " belief in the ciUtence of God.'' Tlie tnX Coa-
■tltution of IfumcbMetU, ITM, ^^a^scd the Hme prorUion ■■
tb«t of Harjbnd. It ^tm ftmok.^Jhy «n ainchdnwnt In 18M,
but the state church wai relainodaiftil 1H83. Tlic flrat conMitu-
tioaa of New Jemy aad North CaraHna-mtricted office-bohling to
Prateetaat lielirven in the Bible. Thit wa* modlfleil In Mc» J•^
ler in ^844, and la. Notth Carolina in 18M, to aa to limit the tesi
to a belief in Ood. The onlj religioui dienbilitiea now exiiting in
anj of the United Slatea are the excluiion of atbchiti (W>m office in
New JcrM7, Maryland, Pennijlraola, North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, and Tenneeeee, and the axcloaloa of clergymen in Dclawart,
MarjiUnd, and TenncMt*. t Article tL
TM nona or ■otuim An> buuiooi rotjauim'^tu
^ I. • .
thirtjr yean later, he uid: •■ It wu the beliet ^ all
Mota at one time that the eatablishment of reiitf^Ml by
law waa right and neoeaaary; that thev-ttve ' re||[ion
ought to be establiihed in exclusion of every^ other ; .
and that the only question to be decided waaj)«rl^
waa the true religion. The example of IIollandlMred
that a toleration of teota diiaenting from the eetaHt«n^
aeot waa lafe and even naeful. The e^ a.iiple of tlie-
culonioa, now states, which rejected re'igious eSM^^^i-
menta altogether, proved that all sects might b^ikit
and advantageously put on a footing of equal i
tire freedom. It is impossible to deny that in ^»^
religion prevails with more zeal and a more exem]|)
prieatbood than it ever did when established i^M
ronized by public authority. We are teaphing the., — ..,
the great truth that governments do better wAliiftot- ■>' '''' . ,
kings and nobles than with them. The merit wilt nr^^i: ' j
doQibled by the other lesson, that religion flourisJnN In '
greater parity without than with the aid of j^y^i^^'^K^' , f
Ve hare thoa tntt^ some few of the rw>lt« .lAAi^^S -' ^ /*
followed in the train of the religious toleiWtion ^^f^^^^-'ilS^j^Ui^i^^-
lished in HoUand before the death of the Prft|l?e^ ':%»'?
Orange, a subject which will be more fully discusa(|d; in;^ ^ ^r •■■\\ "TiJlJ
some later chapters when considering the indepiM»de0^S^I^^\;i: ^ '■
sects which grew up in England. Tluit ho was the ' ^i
leader in settling this great principle admits of no quea- : < -^'
tion, but still he siiould not have all the honor. It is ' ' '''
onjnst, as many writers have done, to charge the Puri- .,^'
tans of England or New EngUnd with the intolerance \
of a portion of their number, and it is equally unjust to
\f,
* Mitdina to Kdwurd Urlngrton, Jul; lOtb, im, '• Lttttis sad
otbw Writlngt of JauM* MulUon," iU. ITS, !?•.
m
Ml Ml mmai xa nauunt, Mnaum, amb utnact.
take from the people of noIUnd their meed of praiw.
Mooh u they loT»d their ohown mier, he conld have
uooraplished little had they not stood behind him and
given liim support. As we have seen, narrow- minded
fanatics, there as elsewhere, pronounced toleration a
covenant with hell, but they must have been in a de-
cided minority. Certainly they bad no power, after
the death of the Prince of Orange, to overthrow his
work. This fact tells its own story. IloUand never
knew any persecution for religious difTerences, except
for a few years in the next century, after the fiimous
Synod of DoK,a subject which will bo considered when
we reach that period.
Nothing so well illostrates the difference between
Engknd and the Netherlands, during the «ixtei>nth and
seventeenth oenturica, as the contrusUxl effects produced
by the death of Cromwell and by that of William the
Silent. Cromwdl was the military and civil leader of
the Eni^isfa Commonwealth. The revdution which
raised him to power was not a sadden outburst of pop-
ular excitement. Had it been of that character, one
might have looke<l for its speeily termination, for such
violent ebullitions are U8\ially short-lived. This oat-
break, on the contrary, bad been gathering force for
many yean, an^ then was very slow in taking form;
but it was baaed on the assertion of rights which, if they
ever existed, had rested in comparative desuotuile for
many generations. It was this fact which caujctl the
weakness of the Commonwealth, for men will always
bear an old burden with greater patience than a now
one, even although the latter may be lighter. Its
rapid downfall waa due to the further fact that the
movement went too far. The soldiers who conquered
the royalists and decapitated their king thought that
rm wmnmuc Arm wiuuwa aimmmatioii tH
thejr oouM MUUiih a repablio rach u they saw ax-
iitjng in the United Netherlitnda. Unfortunately, the
people behind them, even thone who pr<eforre<l liberty
to fwrvitude, knew little of lelf-government. It was, -
in troth, patting new wine into old bottles. Cromwell <.
died, and the Commonwealth died with him. '$
Such a remit aa thig waa anticipated bj' Philip, whea >:'
he offered a reward for the remoral of liii iliustrioui _.}i^
arch-enemy. Hearing that he had «ucoec<i<!d, bii exul- - '' f
tation was natural enough. But he little coroprobended
the people, of whom his victiin was only a represcnta- .
tive. He had no conception of what their cnnturiea of , ^
ciTilization and practice in self-government had acoom-
pliahed for them, and never imagined how independent
thoy were of any leaden. He was soon, however, to be
fully undeceived.
When the news of the asMMsination of William the
Silent spread through the Netherlands like the shock of
•n earthquake, all was naturally in oonfusion. He had
been indee<l the father of his country, and the people ' 4--
felt that they were ori^ians. In his own family there ' '~f|
was no one then qnaliiied to take his place, although he - ff
left eleven children and a widow, the daughter of the ;
great Ctdigny. The eldeat son was still in Spain, where,
■adly enough, he had been made a SpanianI in every- '
thing except reverence for his father's memory. The
next son, I'rince Maurice of Nassau, was u bravo but ^
quiet, self-contained lad of eighteen, giving as yet little
promise of being the foremost general of his age. He,
however, was shortly thereafter chosen stadtholdor of -
Ht^land and ZeeUnd, in recognition of his father's sei^
Tioes. The salart' now attached to the oflioe, with an .
additional provision for the widow, came in time of r
need for the unhappy family. The prince had died so '
■ '■''-•.
it?,
IM nu PDurAii Of mauum, bmlawa awb uukka.
deeply in debt that even hit farniture, silver, and ward-
robe had tr> be lold to Mtiafjr his ctediton.
Still, although without a head, the people had no
thought of making peace with Hpain. On the very day
of the assassination, the Estates of HolUnd passed a rea-
olntion "to inaintain% the good cause, with Qod's help,
to the uttermost, without sparing guM or blood." In a
few days the States^eneral met. Their flrst work vru
to appoint an executive council of eighteen, selected
from the different provinces, with Prince Maurice at its
head, to conduct militaiy opnations. Then the ques-
tion arose as to permanent arrangements for the future.
As we shall see hereafter, the republic had already
come, but its presence was unrecognized. No idea
prevailed as yet in the mind of any one that the con;
test could be carried on alone. During the lifetime of
William ten of the states had experimented with. the
worthless Anjou as a sovereign, because be was the
brother of a king, and affianced to a queen. They all
' now concluded that they must place theraselrre directly
under some foreign power, who would help tliem ngiiinst
Spain, preserving their ancient liberties, but otherwise
taking tlie place which ha^ been forfeited by Philip.
Among the European state% but two were so situated
as to be available. These were England and France.
England was nominally Protestant, but was governed
by a queen who baled and persecuted the Calvinista
more bitterly than she did the papists. It was not to
be expected that she would have much friendship for
the strict Calvinists of the Netherlands. On the other
hand, France was nominally Catholic, but religious tol-
eration had been practised there for years. The moa-
aroh was childless, and it was known that he could have
no ohildran. The next heir to the tbrone, Anjon being
m
■■ootunom wrra nuxcB-Tn mat tiAoca
M7
dHuI, WM the chivalrous Henry of Navarre, tho leader
of the Huguenuta. Under such ciroumatances, the proa-
peota in Franco seemed to bo inuro favorable.
With tlie French king, therefore, negotiationa wera
opened directly after the death of tho Prinee of Orange.
We need not go into tho details ; suffice it to say that
they extended over oifht precious months, and were
then terminated l>y tho final declination of the pntifered
■overeignty. The people of the NetherUnds did nut at
flnt know, what brought abovt thia auddcn decision.
From the earnest aasuinna* of the Huguenots and tho
ambaasador of the king himself, they bad been led to
expect a difTerent result. The course of events told tho
story. The Catholics <>f Europe wore unwilling that
Henry of Navarre shookl accede to the throne, and were
pkitting for his exclusion. The pope, who was working
for the interest of the Church, and Philip of Spain, who
saw that civil war in France would cut off all hope of
aid to the Netherlands from that quarter, fmmd tools
to do their work. Tbey were the same instruments wha
thirteen yean before, had carried out the Massacre of
6t Bartholomew — tlie king's mother, Catherine de'
Medici, and the Duke of Quiae.*
To execute their plans, all the Ouiae family, supported
bgr the prominent Catholic nobles of the kingilom, en-
: * la JiMtice to th« ncoionr of CstberiM ■■ • woman of sbiUtT,
IwytTW bad at heart, it abooli] b« uM that aha comeDlcd to tin
Laagoa with gnat rcloatance, and onl; aa a hut mort. BIm wa*
now, a* aha had been thirteen Jteara earlier, very dcairout of an alli-
saee between England and Praaoa to aid tho PiDlaManta in the
KetherliHida. Kow again KUtabeth refnied agch an tlllanoe, and
•xhibited the Mun« chicaner; aa before. Thia conduct again drorc
Oatberina into the arau of tba altra-Cathotica, and the Iting, having
ao oilier eoone open, went with hit mother. Prmule, ill. 68, etc.
I.-IT
MM TU raBTAK III WkLtJUID^ WMLUtB, tm
tared with Philip into the memorable " Leaguo.'' Philip
waa to nipply money from Spain, and the other partiea
wore to extirpate bcrety in France and in the Netlier-
land*. Henry of Navarre woa to bo declared incapable
of lucceeding to the throne, and his place waa to be taken
by his father's younger brother, wholii, however, the
Dake of Ouiae had aecretly decided to luppiaot, while
Philip ai'Mcretly had decided that his own daughter
waa to take the place. Tbua civil war waa again to
raise its head in the land, for the miserable monarch,
a* wmk and helpless as his brother Charles, waa forced
to ally himself, at least openly, with th^ enemiea of
Fnuioe.
All these arrangements were completed, bat kept
concealed, when, in March, 154A, the deputies from the
States-Oenoral received tlieir final answer. Within two
weeks the Duke of Ouise unfurled the banners of the
Holy League. Four months later the French king, at its
dictation, issued the edict which was to drencli France
with blooil. By its provisions, all former edicts guaran-
teeing religious toleration were revoked. Death and
conflscatbn of projierty were now ]>rochiimed as the
penalty of heresy. Six months were allowed to the non-
conformists to make their peace with Mother Church ;
after that period they were to leave the country, or ex-
piate their crimes upon the gallows. The towns held
by the Ilnguenots were to be given up, while the (iuise
party was tS receive certain cities as security that the
bloody edict should be carried oat. The next month
the pope thundered his decree from the Vatican, ex-
communicating Henry of Navarre, stripping him of all
dignities, titles, and property, and declaring him incapa-
ble of ever ascending the throne of France.
Surely Philip of Spain had here done a satisfactory
piflM of work in hiii cam|iaigii aKHiniit the Neth«rUiuli.
II« bad lighted a flame whicli for many a long day would
dMtroy all hope of aitVfrom Franco. The white-plumed
knight waa not the man tamely to lurrendor hia inherit-
MMe, nor did hia fdlowera pnrpoae either to go into exile
or quietly to aaoend the acaffold. They flew at once to
arnu, fought heroically, and ultimately Mved tbemselrea
by the reconciliation of their leader with the Church of
Rome; but needing aid themselves, oonkl render little
to their oo-religioniata in Holland.
Meantime the Prince of Parma waa making md havoo
in the lower Catholic portion of the United Prorincea.
There it waa that the death of the founder of the repalh
lio waa moot lerioualy felt. He had held the general
union together lololy by his matchless skill in diplomacy.
Now that he waa gone, it seemed in danger of utter niin.
City after city waa captured or made peace with Spain.
Bmgea, Ghent, BruHela, and Mechlin, all fell in turn,
and finally, in August, 1585, Antwerp was taken, after
• siege of seven months, one of the most memorable in
the history of war.
With the fall of Antwerp the praapeota for religious
or civil liberty in Europe seemed very dark. In Germany,
the emperor waa the nephew and brotherin-law of Philip,
and also a strict Catholic. The Protestant princes were
apathetic, and, being Lutherans, to them the ('alvinista
were almoat aa obnoxious as the papists. On the south-
eaat lay the Ottoman empire, where the Turk, still for^
miilable, made the nation tremble at each breath. Ko
aasistanoe could be looked for from that quarter. Ho«f
little could be expected from the Protestants of France
has been already shown. Spain seemed marching on to
universal dominion. In 1580, she had conquered Portu-
gal, in a campaign which Alva closed in l«|i than two
/
•I ■. v..
MO Tu nnoTMi n moujom, imaum, and aouoa
montba. Tbif oonqaert nearly doubled her power. While
■he had been winning poaaeMioDf in the New World, her
neighbor had been ac<|uiring eren more valnable ones in
Africa, Imlia, and the iolunds of tho I'aciHf. Though lets
in extent, the Portugueae aettlementa brought in more
wealth than the colonies of 8|Min. All theeo posaeoaiona
Alra'a aword had traaaferred to Philip, and with them
the only navy that aa yet rindled bia own. lie now
claimed the nuutery of the Paoifio aa well aa that of the
Atlantic and tho Mediterranean.
And where waa England, Proteatant EngUnd, all thia
timet Where waa the great queen who ahoukl hare
been,aa ahe baa been atyled, the defender of Proteatant-
iam in Eoroipe t The queation aa to the poaition of Eng-
land will be diicuMed in aome subaequent chapters. That
relating to Elizabeth can be briefly answered. Through-
oat the whole struggle ahe had been trying simply to
lave herself. Hen have often died ttsf a cauae ; she waa
willing that any caoae abould die for her. At the dark-
est hour of the contest, when Alva had aubdued all the
NetherUnd provinces, exc«|it part of Ilollaml and Zee-
land, and William of Orange was almost in desimir, ahe
bad bent all her enei^ea to prevent him from obtaining
aid from France, lest that power ahonld gain too great
strength. Again, vhen Refiueaena came on the scene
with his policy of reconciliation, baaed on a restoration
of civil liberty provi<]ed the rebels would give np the
religious queation, she had used all her influence to have
hia terms accepted. Such a peace would have benefited
her commerce, and she could not understand why theae
obstinate Dntchmen should stand out for what aeemed
to her the merest trifle, aimply the right to worship Ood
aa they saw fit. She had no sympathy and no patience
with such aantiments. To her the condoot of William
nnunmi una rtmmtun bhilaro Ml
of Onnge and his compatriota was as inoomprehenuble
aa the bigotry of Philip.
.< For twenty-Mven years Elizabeth had now iccpt the
throne. Enemies surrounded her on «Tery side, but she
had secured peace for the kingdom and safety for her-
self. * No war, no war," she cried to her ministers, and
generally evaded it through the comjdications between
France and Spain by some piece of feminine duplicity.
The religious question gave her the most trouble. Here
her motto was, " No zeal." On the one side stooti the
great majority of her subjects, not sentimentally zealoua
to be mre, bat still imbaed with Catholic traditions. On
the other side was arrayed a rapidly growing class of
Beformers, believing in the doctrines of Calvin, and re-
garding the practices of the Romish Church as no better
than idolatry. Her sympathies were with the former,
bot her main object had been to keep control of the situ-
ation and prevent the committal of England to either '
aide. Thus far she had succeeded in maintaining a pol-
icy of indifference ; but in spite of all her efforts, and
notwithstanding her own want of religions convictions,
events were marching on which compelled a more de- .
cided stand. As these events were to force England into
the contest with Spain, and to bring about the relations
with the Netherlands which were to prove so potent in
their influence both upon England and America, we may
wdl pause here to consider with some care what kind of
a land EngUnd was, and by what kind of a people it
was inhabited, three centuries ago. Thos only shall wo
comprehend the history and the character of the Eng-
lish and Amwican Puritans to whom this period gave
birth. ;,,.'.,,^,.
I- {■ '/•.. .-sfi..i;-;i:;&i.v,. .. ..■ i ^-A'^'i^i
CHAPTER V .:„'"■
KNOLAND BEFORE EUZABITB
The preooding pages have been devoted nutinly to the
affairs of the Netherkindera. I have attempted to sketch
the progress of their civilization, and to show the nature
of the confliot which they were waging against the
mightiest power on the globe. It is now time to direct
oar eyes across the Cbanne], and to inquire into the oop-
dition of England and her people when these Puritans
of Holland, %htiDg for civil and religious liberty, were
to broaden the field of conflict by taking in their neigh-
bors. To this subject, therefore, the attention of the
reader is invited. Following the method adopted with
relation to the Netherlands, I shall first discuss the in-
fluences which made the England of this age, and shall
then, in subsequent chapters, tre^t somewhat in detail of
domestic life and manners, industrial pursuits, private
and public morals, education, religion, the organization
of society, the administration of justice, and such other
matters as historians, until recently, have usually ignored.
VTars and political intrigues, although important in their
way, will here find no more space than is necessary to
elucidate their effects on the civilization of the people.
The materials for this description are ample enough,
and yet every writer who attenipts to tell the tmth
about the Elizabethan age must approach the subject
with some dilBdenoe. In the first place, it is no easy
task to reprodnoe, althiwgh imperfectly, the features of
i)imcm.Tin m rocnuTnio uuABcraAii iiiauuH^ an
a country or of a people as they appeared three cento-
riea ago, and this difficulty is very much increased when
thff country is one whose modern aspect is so familiar to
the reader. It is somewhat like describing the youthful
beauty of an old, wrinkled grandmother. Persons who
have never seen her may imagine how she looked when
in her teens, but you cannot persuade her little grand-
children that she ever danced, romped, or went around
without glasses and false hair.
In the case of England there is a further difficulty.
Scarcely any old country of modern times has been al-
tered so much in its outward appearance in the last
three centuries, and probably no people of any ago have
changed so greatly, in some respects, as the English have
done in the same space of time. The change has been
brought about by the influences of commerce, mannfact-
ures, and scientific agricniture, all three of which pur-
suits were almost unknown to the subjects of Elizabeth.
The modern Englishman is familiar to us, and, because
we know him so well, we find it almost impossible to
picture his ancestors befort their devotion to roodmi
occupations.
The final and main difficulty, in the present cose, lies
in the false glamour thrown around this particular age
by the poet, novelist, and Bo«alled historian (made up of .
the other two in varying proportions), allof whom are
carried away by a very natural enthusiasm over th«
many-sided disfday of energy and the marvellous power
of assimilation which characterized this period. These
writers, to describe the magniflcence of Elizabeth's court,
tell of her three thousand gowns and numberless jewels ;
they say little of her council chamber, with its carpet of
bay or rushes, of her eating with her fingers, and of the
practices by whieh her jewels were obtained. They tell
tU TBB PURlTAlf IN'BOLLAMO, BHOLAITO, AND AMBMCA
how, on one occasion, she made an addreaa in Greek, bot
refer lightly toi the fact that among her nobles were men
who could not read a line of English. They never tire
of describing the virtnes of Sir Philip Sidney, but do not
always note the depth of the gulf which divided him
from most of the other men about the court. They
glory in the piracy of Drake, Hawkins, Frobisher, and
their associates — piracy which all the rest of the world
then denounced, and which, if repeated now, England
would be the first to extirpate. They cite the names of
a few scholars to show how learning flourished in this
age, forgetful of the multitude of scholars much more
advanced upon the Continent ; and then point to Spenser,
Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and a host of others, and ask
what more could be desired of an age which produced
such poets.
In answer to all this, the historian can only give the
facts; but they are gathered from /many quarters, all
confirming each other, and established by unquestion-
able witnesses. These facts show that, in the age of
Elizabeth, England, as to most features of general civili-
zation, bore about the same relation to the Netherlands
that Kussia bears t»day to Western Europe, or that the
states of Central America bear to Massachusetts. This
is a great pivotal truth in American and English history,
although one Vrhkh is often overlookied. Keeping it in
mind, it is an easy matter to understand how the Eng-
lish Puritans who subsequently emigrated to America
developed when brought into contact with the Holland-
ers, while we can also see why their progrcHS waa so
much arrested. As for those who remained at home, the
question will perhaps appear of no less importance when
we come to see how they were affected by Uieir neigh-
bors across the Channel
sr.<
rORRT AHD CITILUUTIOil MS
The chief obstacle to viewing the Elixabethan age in
its true light unquestionably eonsigts of its literature,
the most brilliant of modem times. It isvery difflcnlt
for one to realize, at first, that an age could be in many
rsBpects but semi-civilized which prodikied such poets •
as Shakespeare, Spenser, and Ben Jonson, and such a '
thinker as Francis Baoon. Still, this difficulty arises
■imply from overlooking the character of the contribu-
tions which these men of genius furnished to the treas-
ures of the world. A little reflection will serve to clear
the vision.
' Civilization is a fruit of very slow growth. Poetry
does not make it, nor are great poets even a sign of its
existence. Looking at the two masterpieces of the world
which preceded the works of Shakespeare, we find one
produced in Greece, in an age so early, and among a
people so rude, that the very personality of Homer has
been seriously questioned; while the other was pro-
duced in Italy long before the revival of learning.* In
foot, the disseminatipn of knowledge, the settled condi-
tion of society, the respect for the rights of others, and
the general unpicturesqueness, which distinguish a oiv-
ilized from a barbaric age, are not favorable to the pro-
duction of great poets.
The true poet is a seer ; one who sees, and not one
who reasons. Untrammelled by theory, unembarrassed
by the thoughts of otliers, he notes down what be ob-
serves in nature, in his fellows, in himself. The period
which produces such men in numbers is not a long one
among nations making progress. Knowledge checks the
* Dsnto «u born IMS ; tbc optora of CnnstantiDOpIs bj tha
TatkM, which gmre tha gnst impetot to tlio atudy of Greek Uttn-
tme, tnd it-dviliied tb« world, occamd In t4M.
•M TBB rraiTAii ni koixaiii^ mauinK ahd AiuncA
poetic faculty, by developing other faculties mora prac-
tical in their character. Ifen begin to atudy what they
see, coni|>are facta, test their observationa by those of
their fellows, and poetry passes into science. Rude na-
tions always speak in figures. The North American In-
dian describes an aged man os "an old tree dead at the
top." Ilia trMty with the whiten is, he says, "a cove-
nant chain, first of wampuiii, then of hemp, and Anally
of silver, thrown around a great rock.'" Ijttle children
prattle in the same fashion; the shadows play with them ;
for them the stars bloom oat at night ; and many a fond
parent can trace the loas of a poet or a painter to. the
time when the spelling-book and arithmetic began to do
their work.* The |>oetry of the Elizabethan age gre«v
out of the fact ^^"^^ i' people who had slumbered for
ages were awakening into intellectual life.
The same causes which produced a Shakespeare alio
produced a Bacon. Each was « seer ; the one looked at
men and nature with the eye of a poet, the other with
the eye of a philosopher; the one law the passions, pa-
thos, sentiment, and humor of life, the other its practi-
cal, unromantio features. Men in Enghtnd, before their
time, saw but little ; these great seers used their eyes
and set down what they saw. Bacon's whole philoso-
phy turns on the principle, that people shall see for
* MaeauItT, in hit naaj on Miltnn, nj» : " Poetry produce* an
illation on the eye of the mind, ■• • magic luntcm produce* tn illu-
•lon on the eye of the botty ; ud, *i n magic lantern act* beat in a
darit room, poetry effaeta lla purpoae moat completely in a dark age.
. . . We think that aa ciTiliiation advance*, poetry almoat neocawrily
dcclinea." Ha thenrfbre concludea that Milton wa* greater at a
poet, riot beeana* of hia learning, but in tieapile of it For a Mlw
and much abler di*oa**ion of tire aal^ect, at* TklM'a " Kagtiab Ut-
emtnra," ■* Bhskeiptare."
MOnra WIKMAHGB OV 'MmiOB JMT
theniMlTM, and reason from what they lee and not from
\That they imagine or have been told by others. He p.:
marks an epoch in English thought, if England can be , '|^,
laid to have had any thought before his time, but he /^
simply told his countrymen to do what scientific men . - . ■'$
upon the Continent had done for generations. Still, . v!
irith his transcendent genius he did this better than any
one before his time, and hence his worfd-wide fame.* . ' ;v
Bacon was not a learned man, knowing nothing of the - .' , V
discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, Ilan-ey, or Gilbert. He had
•xroely any knowledge of geometry ; in fact, was igno- ' . ,j;
Rtnt of, and looked down on, all mathematicB.t Harvey
siiid of him that he wrote about science like a lord chan- ;i^' .
odlor. In credulity he resembled his predecessor, Roger
Eaoon.^ He even rejected the theory of Co|)emicus,
a!id died believing that the sun revolves arpund the X ^
Mffth.g As Hallam has pointed out, he was more emi- • ^ *;>-
nintly the philosopher of human than of general nat- ''^
B)<e.| This is the province of the poet and the seer.
* Btcwut'i "Life of Rakl," tec. 1; tUllam'i " Litmtura of £■•
rain,'' Hi. 18*.
t Hallam, IB. ItT-in. "In nutbcawtlcal, astronomical, mil pbjr*- I'
kill knowledge b<wa«&r behind lilicoatemporarin."—IIumboldl'« .;'ti
"roMDoD," ill. IM (Loodon. 1881). > >t
X Hallam, i. St. " HU natural biitor; i» Aill of chimerical expbi- . ¥
Bitiona. Like tlie poet, he peoples natare with inetincta and de- ' ;?c
iiiti; attribotea to bodies an actual roracitjr; to the atrooapbere a .>.i
thint fnr the ligiit, sounds, o<iors, Tspois, which it drinks in ; to met- ''*,j:
sIh, a sort of baile to be incorporated with acida"— Taine. - ' Jj:-
I For an account of Bacon's ignorance of science, see also " Prsn- ■'*%
eb. Bacon," by Edwin A. Abbott (London, 1885), pp. SS8, 4M ; Oar- ^> v.-
diiMi's « Hiator; of England," iiL SM. As to his Latin, Abbott, p.
4S1
I Halbm, tii. m. Hb"l8nj*,''tlMnfoi«,gBT(himbiagi«st«sl
IHstsrjr fiMoe in England. *
M0 TBI PVMTAM IN aorXAinK BKaUNOb AND AHmC*
Tet as a nun of icienoe he wm far ahead of hia time in
EngUnd.* He tranilated the works on which he thou^t
his fame waa to rest into Tjitin, which he called the uni-
veraal langaage, although he knew it but imperfectly,
affirniiDg titat" English would bankrapt all our book*."
" lie had sown the great seed in a sluggish soil and an
angenial season. He had not expected an early cropi,
and in his last testament had solemnly bequeathed his
fame to the next age."t
As to the mode in i^hich Shakespeare, as an author,
was appreciated by his contemporaries in England, the
following facts should be borne in mind. In 1683, Ilem-
minge and Condell published the first complete collection
of his plays, only thirteen or fourteen of which had been
printed in his lifetime. But for their efforts it is more
than likely that his unpublished dramas, mime seventeen
in number— among which were "Julius CaMar,""Tlie
Tempest," and " Jlacbeth "—would hare been lost to the
world.^ Only one other edition appeared prior to 1064,
so that in forty-eight j'oars after his death but two edi-
tions of bis works, probably not making together a thou-
sand copies, were given to a public which absorbed sev-
enteea editions of Sidney's dreary " Arcadia." § There
is no evidence that he was known to Raleigh, Sidney,
Spenser, Bacon, Cecil, Walsingham, Coke, Hooker, Cam-
den, Ilobbes, Donne, Cotton, or any others, except a few
~* We iboaia except OHImH, IIsriott,-«iid thmj, with Niptcr is
ScotUnd, til of whom, howerer, bmd proweated their (tudic* abroad.
Abbott, p. 3<8.
t Maeauliir't " Ilittor; of Englud," i. 377.
I Shkketpnre doe* not mentiaa hi* manuacript* in hla will, and
atemt to hare cared nothing for literary raputatioo. Hi* aole amU-
tioa wa* to take rank aa a oountrjr gentleman.
I Johnion'a » Life of Milton ;" Srmond*'* " aHaej," p^ 74.
• K O/White't " Shakeupcuv," p. t».
t Sir Willbia DaTcnaot, poet-bnmte to Chtriet II., rrpmdncetl
tome of Slmknpcora'i pUjt, but onl; sfter a rewriting wliicli worked
• tnntfoimation. " Macbetli," for cxunple, wu put on tli« Mage,
" with alteralioDii, adtlitiont, amendmenta, new aonga, macliinei; Ibr
tlie witcliea, with dancing and tinging." Ai rewritten, it waa pab-
Ikhcd in 1S73. "Tbe Interregnum," bjr F. A. Inderwick, |k MS.
tO>>i«>t'*"8>>akeq>eare,"p.in. In IIm " VicarorWakeaeld,"Clold-
mtUh ahowa how little he thought of the Shakespearian revirat.
A
■BAUOPUNi AXtt UCOR IM ntOUHD Mt
of hk fellow.crafUmen.* With the decay of English
energy, after the restoration of the Stuarts, he was al-
most entirely for^tten.f In 1707, a poet nanie<i Tate ^^
produced a work called ** King Lear," the subject of
which, he said, he had borrowed from an obscure piece '^'
of the same name, recommended to his notice by a friend. 4
This "obaonre piece" was Sbakespeard's " King Lear." ^
At the beginning of the eighteenth century I»rd Shaftes- ^
bury conipiaineil of his " natural rudeness, his unpolished
style, and his anti(|uute(l phrase and wit." In conse-
quence, he was excluded from several collections of the
modem poets. In 1765, Johnson gave him some praise, i
and finally Garrtck, the grandson of a Huguenot rofu- %
gee, restored him to the stage and to the patriotic admi-
ration of tbe English people.^ Since that time (terman i'
criticism has done much to give him his present high ' <
position. "
Bacon, as a scientist, did not fare mnch better in Eng-
land than did Shakespeare as a poet. Upon the Conti-
nent, where there were men of learning, his works met ^<
with a cordial reception. The I.«tin treatise " Do Aug-
mentis " waa republished in Franco in 1034, the year <,
after its appearance in England, and was transUted into , ^
French aa early as 1A33. Editions came out in Holland V
iK 1646, 16S9, and 1663, and one in Strasburg even ear-
„ »;
vi':
170 Tm rOUTAH IN DOfXAMD; KlaLAMa AMD AIUUOA
lier, in 1635. In England, only one edition in Latin ap-
peared after the first — namely, in 1089 — followed by an
indifferent translation in 1640. The "Novum Orga-
nam" was thrice printed in Holland, in 1645, 1650, and
1660. In England it never came separately from the
press. King James said of it, "that it was like the
peace of God, which passeth all understanding." No edi-
tion of hit works as a whole was published in Enghtnd
before 1780, but one appeared at Frankfort in 1666.*
In studying the great lit(>rary lights of the Elizabethan
age, one may recall his experience in witnessing n sun-
rise in the Alps. He rises hastily, throws on his clothes,
and takes his stand. Looking far away, the clouds and
distant peaks are first tinged with pink, then bathed in
glory. Down creeps the golden flame, the lofty trees
are all on fire, and oven the shrubs are priceless coraL
So the transformation scene goes on, until the lowest
valleys arc resurrected from their darkness. I{a|>t in the
contemphition of a miracle, one forgets how early is the
morning. But when the day has fairly broken, when
the pink and gold have disappeared, and all the land-
scape lies in common sunlight, the traveller feels the
chill, and, retiring to his blankets, waits for warmth and
comfort nntil the sun has travelled farther on its coane.
What the sunrise is to noon, what the first crop upon
the prairie is to the fruit of scientific agriculture, that it
poetry to civilization.f
• Hsilun'i " Utcmtura of Europe," iU. 181, in.
t Perliipi no one hM diaciuMd tbti Hiblcrt mors Mj ud Ind-
•ireljr tiuin Matthew Arnold. " Oeniiu U mainly an aSair of cnetu," *
he np, " and poetry ii mainly an affair of geniua ; therefore, a nation
whow apirit ia characteriied by energy may well be eminent la
poetry, . . . anil we bare Shakeapesrs." Again : " We hare cfl»-
:»-JUi-i-
raocuAm nurmt or BMauaa nmroBT tl\
To underatand th« English people of the time of Eliz-
abeth, we mult know something of their antecedents:
for, like all other nations, they were an evolution from ' '^j^,
the ]Mut, shaped by race Hnd natural environment. Hera, ji'';
therefore, I shall ask the reader's patience while I call
attention to some facts in their prior history which seem
(o me to bear a construction rather different from that
nsually placed upon them. This history has very pecul- 'it
iar features, in the disregard of which wo can And the '. '''W.
explanation of many popular misconceptions as to the -^-^
Eli/jilic'tlian age, and as to the origin and character of ' 'f
the new life which that age developed. ;|
Taking any point in oiviliiation, one is B|)t to think of tf
, the approach to it as if it were a gradual ancent. This ,.'e
has Iwcn the case in the history of the Netbcrlunds, in /:'|
the brief story of America— with but a slight exception , J
in New Englaml after the death of the Hrst Puritan 'f;
settlers— and it was true of chtssio Greece an<l Rome, >$
until the period of their decline. Our school histories of ;-'
England sometimes leave the impression that such was :.§
the course of progress there; certain im|)ortant events 41
and certain leading characten stand out up«>n the record, . 'M
^— -■- ■ — • ' ■:%
fMMdl; a Tcrjr great lilrrntnra. It 11111 remtiiu to Iw uked : " < Wk«t "^
■ort of % gmt literatnra I A litentura great in tlia apdcUl qnal- '. ^:
Hia* of gmiiu, or grrat in the apecial ijnaliUta of intelligence )'" , ;5f
Ha anewcre the question bjr •hoaring tliat tlw literalunt of geniua, ^''l'
I itretclilng fV«m Harlow to Milton," led up to " our proTincial anil -y
aaennd-hanil iiteratura of tlie eighteentb oenturf ." The energy lia<l -,'tl-.
diad out When it appeared again in the days of the Napoleonir >' f*
mia, tlia literature of genius also reappeared. On the otlicr hand. ' ~
Pmnoe had a literalure of intelllgenoa dereioped in proae, which led
up to "the French litemture of the eighteenth century— one of tin
moat iMWcrftil and prmiasire intellectual agencies that hate everex-
latad, tlw greatest Eump^n force of the eighteenth century."— "The
Litnwy Influence of Acadamiea," " BsHya In Critidso," pp. 47-SO.
•n TM nnTAN ur Houjun^ naLAim and AMmc*
and ire are left to think of thei;;! aa landmarks on a
highway, instead of mere beacon lights flashing from
isolated inountain-|>eaks. For example, we have glow-
ing descriptions of civilization in Britain under the Ro-
man rule. As to Anglo-Saxon times, we are told of the
" VeneraUe Bede," and his famous school at Jarrow ;
of Alcuin, John Scotus, the learned King Alfred, and his
establishment of Oxfonl University— the last, however,
a myth. Under the Normi"\B, wo hear of the superb
cathedrals, Oxford with its thirty thousand students-^
another myth; Magna Charta, and the learning of
Roger Bacon. Still later on, we read of the poetry of
Chaucer, hear of Wydif and his Bible, Sir Thomas More
and the Oxfonl Reformers, and finally of the glorious
age of Elizabeth, with its world^renowned poets, states,
men, and men of action.
Glancing simply from one of these events or individ-
uals to another, or even following the panegyrists of
the English Constitution, one might imagine a people
steadily rising in civilization until they had reached their
present stage of development. But in this re8|)ect the
experience of England is almost unique in the history of
nations. To follow her career is not to ascend the side
of a single mountain, but to cryis a series of mountain
chains sojttaratod by valleys nearly as .deep and dark as
that from which one makes the first ascent. Comparing
it to a stream, it resembles a river flowing tlirougfa a
prairie country, which twists and curves, returning on
its track, so tliat after following it for scores of miks
the traveller flnds himself no nearer to the sea.
The truth of this statement will lie seen by any one
who runs over the course of Englisli history prior to the
Reformation. Why it should be so is the important
question. Why should a people, living on an island by y
'S»?vrr^>
naouK BitroiiAin ahd nu Aiicu>«AXoin
tTt
thenuelves, be Rubject to great tidal waves of progren i
And why did the receding wave bring tbem back iknd
leave them stranded on the shore I
Thqre is a tendency among gome English historians
to iieprcsent the Englishman as of almost pure Anglo-
Saxon blood, and to trace his progress to an Anglo-
Saxon influence.* If this were so, we might expect
that steady and gradual advance in civilization the ab-
sence of which is so marked a feature of English history.
Just the reverse appears to be the truth, and hero is the
key to many perplexing problems.
The people, to be sure, are mostly of Anglo-Saxon
origin, and this has given them their sturdy 'character;
but they have received foreign accessions from time to
* Tbe gimt impctui in this direction hu been given by OemiRn
wtiton, who hare deTotcd more attcnlinn to the ttudy of earl j Eng-
lish history than the English thcmselTes. Bee Qneist's " Hist, of the
English Constitution," pauim, for an account of Oennan boolis ou
English Institutions. These writers, in addition to the fact that
they sometimet use the raicroecope too much, are nalurelly incllDe<l
to magnify the Oennaaic influence, and have perhaps unduly sfl^ted
their English disciples. In regard to Qneist's history, In particular,
to which I shall refer IVequently hereafter, another fact must lie liept
in mind. As he states In his preCtce, lie is deeply interested in po-
litical matters, and for years has lieen writing history for political
parposes. Opposed to republics, lie sees his ideal of a state In the
former strong monarchy of England, holding it up to his country-
men as a mMlel of a goTemment developed on Oenusnic lines.
With such objects in view, the conclusions of a writer msy well be
qootioned, however valuable his fyet*. Binee these partes were
written, an able Frenchman bns published a little Ixmk on the
" Englisli Constitution," the preface to which contains some very Ju-
dicious remarks on the modem tendency to exaggerate the Anglo-
Bazon element in the development of English Institutions. " TIra
English Constitution," by Smile Bontmy (translation, Macmilbo
A Co., 18*1).
I.— 18 V
'"4
tli THB mnTAR IN ROLLAMO, BROUHD^ AMD AMKBICA
time, and to these acoeuionB we can trace their wavM
of progress. Following back the institutions which are
England's boast, such as her parliament, trial by jury,
and her judicial system, we find them derived, not from
the Anglo-Saxons, but from the Normans, who were
' French by domicile, and cosmopolitan by education.
Looking carefully at the lives of the great men who
stand out like beacon lights on her early historic page,
wo And them to luive been moulded by a foreign in-
fluence and taught by foreign masters. Tlie most brill-
iant epoch in her early history, that which witnessed
the erection of her oathe<lrals and the founding of her
universities, was the one in which she was under a for-
eign domination. When, finally, the Normans had been
absorbed And the intimate connection with the Continent
broken off, the foreign influence died out. Then, as
the old rude Anglo-Saxon element regaine<l the mastery
the people very rapidly went down. About the time
of Elizabeth they had reached their lowest depth, from
which they emerged only when brought again into touch
with the elder civilization of the Continent, e8)iecially
that devolo])ed in the Netherland Republic. I^et us now
for our proof take a hasty review of this earl}- history —
a review which will perhaps prepare the way for a clearer
appreciation of the mode in which these foreign influ-
ences were exerted at a later day.*
When we first hear of Rritain, it was occupied by a
people who had probably crossed the Channel from Gaul.
They belonged t^ the great Celtic race, which, pouring
out from Scytbia in Asia, had swept over the whole of
* la the following laminnr; I thall refer nuilnl/ to modeni lCiig>
lUh or Oerman writera, who will btnllj be iiupectcd of wut of pat-
ttality for their incotoni or OemMoic kindrad.
* " The Pcdigne of the EoglUh People," Thonui Nicholu (i^
oad edition, 1M8), p. 4%.
t "The Komtn dviliutioD had been completely introducml, mil-
itary rmdi had been con*tnicte(1 from one end of the counlr; to the
other, and Taat worin of public utilitj and ornament hail bven com-
pleted. The bridget, gardena, hatha, ami villaa of Rome hml been
raprodnced in Britain, and all the pomp and Uunr; of the imperial
court made familiar to our forefiithen."— Micholaa, " Pedigree of the
Engliali People," p. 104. Saja Palgrave : "The country waa replete
with the rooDumenta of Roman magniflceoce ; Halmeabury appeali
tp thoae Btateljr mina which itill remained in hia time, the twelfth
centnrj, aa taatimoniea of the faror which Britain had enjoyed ; the
towni, the templet, tlie theatrea, and the hatha , . , excited tlie won-
der uid the admiration of the chronicler and Um tiaraller."— Pal-
|iwr«,L8M.
■muN omutAiMm m BnTAm tra >
Korthern and VMtem Europe. Thoae who croMed to
Britain were cloaely connected with the Belgte, whom
Cnsar found in the lower Netherlands. The enrly set-
tlen were probably presaed north by new-comers, and no ' ^
paaaed into Wales and Scotland, and thence across the
Barrow sea to Irehind.*
First attacked by CsBsar and his legions, the Britons -.;^-4
were a century later conquere<l by the liomans, and the ,'§
whole lower portion of the island was held by the bon- < >'''
querors for about three centnries and a half. Macaulay,
in his history, states that Britain " received only u faint
tincture of Roman arts and letters," but the results of ^
inyestigations carried on since his time tell a very dif- ,., f^,
fcrent story.t The island was studded with peopled " /|
cities, and the open country dotted over with the luxu- ;i
nous mansions of the great landKiwnecs, bailt of stone, ^'
and heated with furnaces. The ruins of some of these . '>
mansions have been discovered, which show what prog-
ress had been made in art " Every colonnade and pa»-
nge had its tessellated pavement ; marUestatues stood
¥
tre raa rmutMK a aouum. ■nolaxik um AwnnoA
out from their gayly iwinted walls; while picturet of
Orpheus and Pan gleamed from amid the fanciful scroll-
work and fretwork of its mosaic floors." * Commerce, ,
too, had arisen. The harvests became lo abundant that
Britain at times supplied the necessities of Uaul. Pot-
teries were established, which turned out work of great
artistic beauty .f Tin-mines were worked in Cornwall,
lead-mines in Somerset and Northumberland, and iron-
mines in the Forest of Dean.^ In addition to all this,
Rome became Christianized, and conferred upon Britain
her religion, as well as her arts, her military system, and
her laws. British churches arose over all the hind to
take the place of the pagan temples ; or, as in other
parts of Europe, the buildings erected to the divinities
of ancient Rome were dedicated to the rites of the new
national religion.
Such, in faint outline, was the condition of Britain
before the irruption of the barbarians whom we call
Anglo-Saxons, and who transformed it into England.
To the uttiquarian, it must bo a fascinating work to
explore the old ruins, and unearth the unquestionable
evidence of this former glory. But to the historian of
England who seeks to trace the progress of her people,
the growth of her institutions, and the development of
the national character, all this story is unimportant; for
every vestige of the former civilization was wiped out
by the pagan conquerors. To the student of Continental
• Graea's » Making of England," chap. Ul. rte.
f The Homkn potter; rnund in the New FomI, when Iti !
ficture was eiteneivel; carried on, lurpanee, artiatlcaliy, anjlhiag
aince produced in EngUwd. "The Hew Foreat," p. MS (LoodoD,
1880, John ItWiae).
I Oteen, Introduction and chap. r.
*,.
■MAR cmutATioH stmamniiD >t tbi AmuMAsmn tn
- history, Mid for onr parposes, however, it is of great im>
portanoe. Britain was a very distant province. There
waa nothing in ita situation, resources, or inhabitants
which would entitle it to the special favor of Kome. If,
therefore, it profited for a time so laigely from the "Ro-
man domination, one can conceive what must have lieen
the effect of tliis same influence upon the provinces near-
er home, where, as we have seen in a former chapter,
the Roman civilixation was not extinguished.*
Having climbed a mountain-top, we are now to de-
Mend into a valley as deep and dark as can be well im-
agined. In 411 the Roman legions are recalled from
firitain, in consequence of the irruption of the Outlis un-
der Alaric. Returning temporarily, they finally almn-
don the country in 497, and the people are left to fight
alone against their own enemies^ the Picts and Scots.
Powerless against tnch foes, they call to their aid the
corsairs who hatl threatened their coast for generatbns.
Hengist and Ilorsa, with their allies— Saxons, Angles,
Jutes, and Frisians, all I»w-Datch tribes — repel the en-
emy from the North, but conquer the island for them-
' lelves, and give it the modem name of England. The
procesrof conquest was a slow ofie, and this explains its
character, for the Britons made a stout resistance, re-
treating only step by step. Thus, a century and a half
were needed for the work, but it waa dona with Anglo-
* 8|mkiDg of Italy, Freemiin njri : "No Tiilgu error ii more ut-
' tori; groundlm than that which lookf on the Oothiaiul other Teuton-
le Mtllen M wilflil deatroyen of Roman buihlingi or orothrrworki
•f Roman ikill. Far flt>m to doing, tbey admired, they praiemd,
Wd, ao flv aa the decaying art nf tlie time allowed, tbey imitated
them."— "Origin of the Engllih Nation," lecture of Jan. Sth, 18T0,
■t Kingrton-on-Hnll, publlahed la Mtumiltan'i Mufatint.
\.,
trS TBI rCUTAX a lOIXAlID, raaLAHO, ARD AimiOA
Saxon thorougfaneu. In the end, every vettige of tiM
ancient civilization was extinguished; the towns were
depopulated and Uid waste ; the mines w:ere closed for
ages; the villas re<laoed to ruins; Christianity was blot-
ted out, and the whole country made a desolation. Th^"'
island was again a barlNiric pagan land.*
English historians naturally dwell on the bright aspect
of this conquest—the introduction of liberal institutions,
the free barbaric blood, and the general love of freedom
which animated the new-comers. Bat we roust remem-
ber that, in the growth of nations, we find at the bottom,
as at the to{), the idea of personal independence. When
we compare the history of this people with that of the
KetherUindens, who, although of the same blood, assimi-
lated the civilisation of ancient Rome, we can judge how
much institationa can accomplish for society while it is
passing through the intermediate stages.
What manner of people these new^jomers were can bfi
gathered from various sources. To the Komans, all the
men who conquered Britain and founded England were
known under the common name of Saxons, and the Ro-
man provincials distinguished them from the other tribes
who were attacking the empire by their thirst for blood
and disregard for human suffering. While men noted
in the Frank his want of faith, in the Alan his greed, in
the Hun his ahamelessneas, what they noted in the Saxon
was his savage cruelty. Dwelling upon the Continent,
the main aim olf their pirate raids was man-hunting, and
it had with them a feature of peculiar horror. Before
setting sail from the hostile country which they had at-
tacked, their custom was to devote one man out of eaeh
* Bw » Ltetons of FreMiuui," eitsd sbota, ud Orten'* " Making
of England."
TBI AMOUMUXOM BAaBABUIlt MV
ten of tbeir captives to a death by slow and painful
torture.* " Foes are they," sang a Roman poet of the
time, " fierce beyond otber foes, and cunning as they
■re fierce; the sea is their tohool of war, and the storm
their friend ; they are sea-woWes that live on the pillage
of the world." t A century after their landing in Eng-
land, the Britons knew them only as ".barbarians,"
** wolved," "dogs," " whelpa from the kennels of harba-
Iten," <* hateful to Ood and man." t
Transplanted into England, they did not change their
nature. Having passed over the land like a tempest of
fire, burned the churches, murdered the priests at the
altar, and blotted out all civilization, they settled down
to enjoyment. Divided into a large number of petty
tribal kingdoms, domestic wars became innumerable.^
For very many years their history is, as described by
Milton, little more than the battle* of kites and crows.!
In time there come intervals of peace. The smaller
tribek are swallowed by the larger ; little kingdoms ap-
pear; a rude form of law and order is established ; and,
finally, early in the ninth century, Aegberht, who had
been brought up at the court of Charlemagne, subdues
the whole island south of the Ilumber, and the king-
dom of the Anglo-Saxons first takes its place among the
states of Europe.^
Meanwhile great social changes have affected the in-
• Orecn'f " Hiator; of th* Englith Pmple," vol L
t Men. X Idem, p. 48:
I Ooetit, •■ Hietory of the Englith Conititatkm " (tno*. London,
IMM), i. 40.
I The aim of life, wji Ttine, " wu not to be ilaln, nnionied, mu-
. tUntad, pillaged, hang, and, of coone, if it were s woman, riolatad."
— >• BoglUh Litoraton."
T0naiat,L4«.
?^
:**
teo Tin pimiTAii ni 110U.411B; Baouunn am> ambmu
heritecl freedom of the people. When the barbarians
landed in Britain they were lubstantially free, for their
rulers were elected by all the freemen. War and a set-
tled residence beget the king.* By the time of Alfred,
he had become the " Lord's Anointed," invested with a
mystoriooi dignity .f Treason against him was pnnidied.
with death, and he was the fountain of honor. The
king, from among his oommdes, created a new onler of
nobility, whose members gradually supplanted the okl
chiefs. Much of the land was in early ihtys held in
common; it was now carved out into estates for the
king's dependants. Thus the freedom of the peasant
passed away. Ilis freehold was surrendered to be re-
ceived back as a fief, hidon with services to its lord, for
: in Alfi^'s day it was assumed that no man could ekist
without a lord.
> Oradually, as the kingdoms increased in size, the sharo
of the freemen in all public affairs was greatly dimin-
ished. There was no election of delegates to national
or local asaemblies, as in later times ; each man had to
appear and vote in person. Theoretically, there was a
great assembly of the peopte, in which resided all ulti-
mate authority— the higher justice, imposition of taxes,
framing of laws, the conclusion of treaties, the division
of the public lands, and the appointment of the chief of>
flees of state. " Practically, the national council shrank
into a gathering of the great officers of Church and State
with tl)e royal the^s, and the old English democracy
* Kingthip tppnn Mnong the EnglUh at a tim* t hea it wa« im-
kqown among tb« ContiiMiitai racM^to whoa th«j w«ra moat cloadjr
niatod. OncUt, 1 14.
t Alftctl, when a boy, went to Rome, ami wa« anototed by the
pope. IUnke'a"Hbtor]rorEngbuid,''LW. Other kingi bad b««a
aaoUted, bowerer, befon bii tine.
jtATBnr-MwwTiMiow or ikolaiid Mi
pMMd into an oligarchy of the closeit kind."* These
people are simplj' entering upon the flnt stage of civili-
lation.
The wara and a settled recidence also gave a great im-
petus to slavery. No rank saved the prisoner taken in
battle from this doom ; and the markets of the world, as
far as Rome, were filled with slaves from England. Debt
and crime also swelled the ranks of the nnfree. Fathers
•old their children, husbands their wives. The master
oofald sUy his chattel ; it was only the loss of a thing.
Fleeing from bondage, he might be chased as a strayed
beast, and flogged to death if a man, or burned if a wom-
an.! The progress of Christianity produced a little ame-
lioration of his state. One bishop denie<l Christian bur-
ial to kidnappers, and prohibited the sole of children by
their parents after the age of seven. Another punished
with exoomronnication the sale of child or kinsfolk.
Many owners manumitted their sUves, and the slave-
trade from English ports was finally, in the tenth centu-
ry, prohibited by law. This prohibition, however, for a
long time remained ineffective. Until the Oinqnest the
wealth of English nobles was said sometimes to spring
from breeding slaves for market. It was not until the
reign of the flnt Norman king that the traffic was finally
suppressed.^
Across this dark and dreary waste wo can here and
there catch f^mpses of sunshine, although fitful and
evanescent. A young deacon named Gregory seea in
Rome some English slaves exposed for sale. He be-
oomea interested in the fardistant island, whose people
* GrMD'i " Short Hbtonr," pp. 8», 90, 91. OneUt, i. lOl-tOSl
t Oreen, p. SO.
t Idem, p. 89. " Ufe of Bishop WoliUii,'' dtsd by TsIb*.
*«•
an tarn pdutam ra holuho, BMauuiOk and akbuca
oqoe were lenranta of the Church, and when elected
pope aendi Augustine with forty oomnulea to effect ita
reoon?erBion. One of the petty kinga baa married »
Christian from France, and this helps on the worit.
Augustine arrives in 697, but in the end actually aO'
oomplished little. The real conversion of England came
from Ireland, where Christiaoity liad not been blotted
out by the Saxons, and where piety and learning had
fixed their home." Naturally the conversion of the
mwsseii did not at first go very deep. They became
Christians after the type of Cloris across the Channel,
who, having witnessed the Passion Play, cries out,
"Why wag I not there^with my Franks f" As we see
through all their literature, the gospel of love, the teach-
ings of the New Testament, made no more impression
on their minds than on those of their descendants of the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, to whom the Bible
came again as a revelation. They were all equally at-
tracted more by the Old Testament, with ita wars, mair
sacres, and tales of blood and vengeance.
Still, the very fact of belonging to the Ctmroh of the
world had its effect ; it brought the ishind into contact
with the old civilization of the Continent, and the con-
nection bore some fruit.f In 668, a Ureek mon^;, Theo-
dore of Tarsus, arrives from Rome, is made Archbishop
of Canterbury, and the English Church of t»day, so far
* araen'i "Short HUtory," p. 8S. In th« tlnxt of Tkclto* the ports
and biurbon of Intaod were bettor known to the Romiini th*D thoee
of Britain, fh>ni the ooncoone of merohnnte then for porpaen of
trade. " Life of Agrlcola," mc. 14.
t Oneist paji a high tribute to the Anglo-Saxon Church for iti early
work, while thowing buw, in later dayi, it fell into nidenea and een-
nality, i. 85-87, note. Before the Norman Conqneit it liad acquired
about on* third of tlie property of the kingdom, p. 119.
TU minUBLI ■■DB-tU DAMm-KIHO AUUO *8(
H iU onter form is concerned, beoomet the work of hia
huidi.* A (obool is esUblished, which the VenenUe
Bede attends, where he learns Greeic, for the first time
taogbt in England, and with it imbibes a taste for sci-
«noe and letters. Bede passes his life at the monasteiy
of Jarrow, gathers six handred pupils aboat hiin, be-
comes, as fiurke calls him, " the father of English liter-
atnre," and dies in 755, translating the Gospel of St.
John into the vemacuUr. Bnt apon his death the king-
dom of Northumbria, in which he lived, is desolated by
incessant wars, the land is laid waste, his scholara are
dispersed, and nothing is left of his work but the forty-
live volumes which attest his industry, and a name which
glorifles his age.f
Later on, in 800, just as the English are becoming one
nation4 the Danes come in, as utterly heathen and as
savage and ferocious as the followers of Ilengist and
Horsa. They at once wipe out almost all of civilization
above the Thames.^ In about seventy years they be-
come masters of the land.| Then King Alfred appears
on the scene, a man who, seen through the dim mist of
tradition, is one of the world's hftroes. He roused the
people against the Danes, founded a kingdom in the
lower part of the island, established peace in his realm,
reduced the laws to system, and became the teacher of
his people.^ Alfred did all that he could to correct and
•Oreea'c'ShortHUtor;,'' p.«S. t Idem, p. 74.
I OaeiH, i. 41.
I lUnke, i. IT ; Graen't " Sboit HUtory," pp. 78, 19, 8*.
I QBcUt, i. 108.
1 Rsuke, the great Oanmii hUtoriu, psji thb tiibate to Beds
tnd Alftn). "Tlie lint (Jennan who mads the nniranal learning
daiiTtd from aotiqaitf bi< own wai an Aoglo-Bazon, tba Vananbl*
•M nu nwTAM ui noixMD. nausm, um amiuca
inform the ignonnoe of hii coantrymen, to which thej
had been redaoed by the I>aniih conquest When be
began to reign, be could find icahiely a prieit in the
kingdom able to render the Latin service into Engliah.
For the benefit of the common people he translated sev-
eral Latin works, with annotations which sound of the
primer. lie established schools at court, whcro the sons
of the nobility were instructed in the mdiments of learn-
ing ; and, taking an idea from Roman jurisprudence, he
oodilled the laws, prefacing them, after the ruritan fash-
ion, with the Ten Commandments and a portion of the
Uw of Moees.
Alfred dies, and under one of his successors the
Danish portions of the country are brought into com-
plete subjection.* Then follow a few years of peace
and national pnwperity. But again civil war breaks
out, and the heathen Danes reappear in now and greater
hordes. They march through the land amid the light
of blazing towns and homesteads, and in the end put
their own ruler on the throne.f Cnnt proves a wise
and beneficent monarch, and for twenty yean gives the
oonntry peace. But he dies in 1035, and under his ty-
rannical and incapable successors there ensues a reign
of blood, which prepares the way for the coming of a
greater conqueror than the Dane.
And now what was the condition of the An^o^axons
after a residence of six centuries in England f
In some imiwrtant particulars, as we have seen, they
certainly had retrograded. The old idea of personal
freedom had largely disappeared. The land now, in-
B«de ; tba lint Qtrmm dtelrct In which nwn wrote hUtoc7 ud dnw
ap laws wu likewUe the ADglo-8*zoa."— Rsake, i. It.
• AatheUtm, »a4-Ml. t Orata, ^ tl.
f^ >-
nm AmuMuxom a* Mwt— mw-w
JtMd of being the donuin of freemen, had become the
boma of nobles and their retainers, beneath whom was
s raoa of serfs.* Still, many of the early ideas pre-
vailfld among the body of the people, to come to ma-
turity at a later day. Aside from their passion for wa^
fan, and their drunkenness— to which Utter vice they,
like the Netherlanders, have always been addicted— the
English were a moral race. If they had no rP8|)oct for
beauty, they loved truth. This, with courage an<l fidel-
ity, they held in supreme honor. Dwelling apart, not
■ansnous, inclined to melancholy, taking his pleasure
wdly, as Froissart afterwards said of him, the English-
tttan built up the modem idea of home and family, in
which the wife is the presiding deity.f In the early days
upon the Continent, she was her husband's companion
in his wanderings; now that he had settled <lown to
onltivate the soil, and had embraced Christianiij-, she
became the manager of his household. The wife lived
for her husband and children — a narrow, confined exist-
ence perhaps, but one which will breed heroes.^
* "The itrength of the freedom of the common people, tb« iclf-
mpect, mul the mwtial excelleBce of the Aogle-Setoa eeorl ditnin-
UwdfhHncenturjrtocentDrj.inspileof the gnardian power which ' \
t)ia king wielded."— Ooeiit, i. 108. As tbii writer bu pointed oat,
Um chief outward rarrirtl of the put wu the preeenration of the 7^
old Oemuinic judicial tjitem which atill rarrounded perMnial free- ) '
dom with protecting burien (p. IIS). At Uw ww then adminia- /
tared tfaia wai not mocb, but it waa aomething. J^'
t Oneiat, p. 114. 'i
) Alfted thua deacribea her ftn hia eountrfmen : "The wife now
Urea for thee— for thee alone. She haa enough of all kind of wealth .
Ibr the preacnt life, bat ahe icoma them all for thy take alone. Bhe
haa foraaken them all, becauae ahe haa not thee with them. Tbjr al>- »
■•kM her think that all ahe poaseaaea ia naoght. TbaB,lbr
Mi ma nmn»M a nouAm, kmlamd; anp AUtnoA
Coange, fidelity, roipect for truth, arid Iwe of home
an great virto^ and in time will make the Engliah the
ii)aater race of the world; but they are virtues, after all,
which are found among barbaric tribea. We can traoa
their originals in the picture which Tacitua drawa of the
ancient Oermans in tlieir native wilds. Of civilixation
the people bad but a tinge, and that was derived from
Rome and Roman Christianity. For the six centuries
after the Iftnding of Ilengiat and Ilorsa on the Hhores of
Britain the hiitory of England ia almoat a dead level,
broken here and there by little hillocks, which seem to
promise progress.* The progresa, however, did not fol-
low, for in the middle of the eleventh century only
about a third of the soil is under cultivation, and that of
the rudest kind ; the old Roman iiifluence in gone for-
ever ; the new Romish churches and abbeys have been
largely demolished ; the great scholars are de«d, the
schools dispersed, and learning well-nigh extinguished.
The one great result which has been aocomplighed for
the future in all these years, apart from the introduc-
tion of a rude form of Christianity, is the substantial
consolidation into one people of the heterogeneous i
of the early conquerorat
loTt of thee ilie U wuKd swsjr, and live* nnr dcstta from tern sad
grief."— Quoted by Taine. " EnfflMi Literature."
* The chief eminence apiteue in the eighth cenluiy, wlien tha
kingdom of Nortbnnit>ri» had iU fwnoai wboob at Tork and Jar-
row, and was tlie intellectual centre of Wcatem Cbrittian Eaiop«L
Qreen, p. 7t. But thit period waa brief
1 The English lyatem waa atrong in the cobeaion of ita lower or>
ganiam — the aaiociation of individuals in tlie township, in tlie hun-
dred, and in tlie ahire. On this lietter-consolidsted sulMtracture
waa auperimpoaad the battarcooaoUdated Norman aupantrootan.
atabba, i. «78. *
:>>M-
TU Monuin Ain> Tun cmuuTKm MV
We are atill in a very dark valley, bnt before n* at
length riaea a lofty, brilliant mountain ; it is the Norman
Conqoeat, which, bringing with it for a time the civ-
iliiation of the Continent, beoomea the moat important
nent in EngUah hiatory.*
The Normana proper were descended from the North-
men, or Scandinavians, who founded the kingdoroa of
Norway, S we<len, and Denmark. They have been called
{riratea, and auch they were ; but they were of a very '
different type from the ewly Saxona or the vulgar pi-
ntfls of a bkter day. Their coraain were, in fact, the
nerchanta of the North, combining, according to the
custom of the times, commeroo with piracy. That they
(Aoold have made such rapid development after they
settled in France, formerly seemed something like a
miracle, but the mimculons element is rapidly |taasing
oat of history. In this caae, recent investigations show
that long before the Normans left their Northern home
they, too, bad been brought into contact with the great
reservoin of civilization to which modern Europe owes
■o much. Sailing up the Dwina and the Oder, and then
down the Volga and the Dnieper, they had for ages
been in communication with Constantinople and the re-
gions about the Black Sea 'and the Caspian. Thence
they had brought back spiceo, pearls, silks, and linen
garments. All this may seem strange enough to those
<lrho have been accustomed to regard the country about
the Baltk) aii an unexplored Avildemess of barbarism
until a recent date. But it must be remembered that
.nntil about the tenth century the only communication
*"TIm will of dcftiaj cannot be Rilanid. Juit m OcrmMi*, with-
out its coDDTCtioo with Iliiljr, to EogluH], without it* conixctioa
■'■• whh TnuMO, would nenr hsre been what it k"— Rank*, i. 88.
MS m nmiTAii n woumio, mm.txa, »mb aiibiku
between the Uediterranean and Northern Enrope wm
by inland routes. It is po««ble that even the frozen
North beneflted more from this communioation than
England under ita Anglo-Saxon rulera.*
Learing their Northern bbmea, thete merchant conaira
had ravaged the ooaat of Enrope dk far aa Spain, had
plundered many cities, including Paris, and had made
their name terrible even in Italy itself. In 911, Charies
the Simple of France locates a band of them on French
soil, in a district afterwards known as Normandy, think-
ing thereby to purchase their allegiance. The scheme
proved a marked snpoess. Rolf, or Rollo, the pirate
chief, receives baptism, takes the title of duke, and be-
comes a loyal servant of his king. It was by Norman
* Upon tfae bland of Oothlaad, In tha Baltic, have beca foond
great nambera of Roman and Bjiantine coin*, sod it* surface ia
dotted OTcr with the rains of ancient buildings, nuuij of tbem.of
gnat sise and architectural beauty. Canon Adam, of Bremen, a
chronicler of Iho elercntli century, tells of a trailing oitjr at tba
mouth of the Oder, " a town rich in the ware* of all Eastern people,
and which contains mnch that is charming and precious." — " The
Hanaa Towns," by Zimmern, p. 38. Tlie towns of the Ilanaeslio
League derired their wealth ftom trade with the Baltic It is a cu-
rious fact that so early aa tha tenth century Oerman traders deal-
ing with England paid part of their tribute in pepper, a product
pecnIUr to^he East Idem, p. 18. Some writers have tiaeed a oon-
necttoB between the Venetiana of the Adriatic and the Veada or
Tenedes of the Baltic. Idem, p. M. See also, as to till* whola
anl^eet, "The Viking Age," by Paul Dn Chailln, cqiecially vol i.
chap. XT. pp. M* and ITS; alao vol. ii. p. 118. When the Eng-
lish opened a traite with Raasia, in the daya of Blinbetb, they at-
tempted one trip to Persia by the old routs of the Northmen, up the
Dwtna, down the Volga, and acroas the Caspian Bea. Camden, p.
, 418. This voyage, which, I bcltsre, has never been noticed by later
hiatorUaa, shows that the rant* waa known area 8v« haadiad yaait
after the Norman Cooqucat
-Jjf
help, later on, that France waa nuaed to the nnk of an
independent kingdom ; and Hugh Capet, instead of being
.a raiial of kings of German lineage, became the father
of French sovereigns.*
For over a century and a half theae Northmen had
been settled on the aoil of Franco, intermarrying with
the natives, imbibing the ancient civilisation, and, nrith ■ '^
the aptness for culture which marks a mixed race, mak-
ing even more rapid prugress than ttie French them- ' , ' '
selves. Aa a Teutonic people, they tvere perhaps re-
motely related to the Anglo-Saxons, bat they bore little
reaemblanoe to their diatant kinsmen whom they found ' '
in England. William of XCalmesbnry, the old chroni-
cler, aayar"The Saxona vied with each other in their . J>
drinking feasts, and wasted their goods by day and night
in feasting, while they lived in wretched looVels; the
French and Normans, on the other hand, lived inex- ' .
pensively in their fine large houses, were besides studi-
ously refined in their food, and careful in their habita"
These, then, are the men who, in 10A6, to the number
oi sixty thouaand, about one third Normana and the rest
made up of other nationalities, land at Hastings, conquer ..., ;v
England with its two millions of inhabitants, and make
it for oentories a French country. The conquest was an
tuy one. The Frenchmen, for so we may call them all, ' j\
were traine«l warriors, fighting on horseback, with long
ateel- pointed laneea, and clad in oomidete armor. The
English fought on foot ; some in armor wielded heavy
battlaaxea, but the mass of the army waa composed of
rode peasants carrying scythes, dubs, and sharpened
poles. The heavy but swift-moving cavalry gave the
Tietoty to the foreigners.
t
* FMiw's " OtttUaM of UbImimI HI*to>7," p M*-
I.— W
MO mw nmniM ai noLUXft bMuba m akuma
It took bat a few yean under the rule of the oon-
qoerora to change the face of England. The land vru
registered in Domesday - book, and, to a Urge extent,
parcelled out among the retainers of the Norman king.
Each ne«r proprietor set out at once to buikl a cattle
for his own protection, and to overawe his neighbor*.
Even the stone of «f hk)b these castles were constmoted
was bronght from Caen, in France.* At the death of
King Stephen, a century later, eleven hundred and fif-
teen of thew fortresses dot the surface of the island.
Within the castle, at court, in the halls of justice, and
even in the church, the inmates are foreigners and the
speech is French.! In the schools, pupils were in time
forbidden to speak English. Later on, in the universi-
ties, the students were nxjuired by statute to converM
in Latin or French.^ In the thirteenth century htws
are written and judicial proceedings are all carried on
in French. For nearly three hundred years the English
language almost disappears among the n|>per classes,
and, looking only at the surface, it seems forgotten. It
continued mainly, if not solely, among the small proprie-
tors, the tradesmen of the towns, the peasants, and the
serfag
Bnt the Normans did much more than to build castlea
and introduce a foreign speech and literature. The con-
quest was made in one of the great ages of history— an
age which was not to bo paralleled until the days of the
Benaisssnoe. It had been predicted, for so the clei^ read
• Ruke, i. 8S.
' t William th« Coaqaeror, it li Mid, stiMaptcd to Isam XogUali,
but gSTC op th« talk in dnpair.
t Ragnlatioo of Oriel College, 1*M.
V I BsUaa; OrNo; Fiiianu la Tht CUntonfam, Xareh, IMl.
OAinaBAU AHP DmTMHHM Ml
th« Book of Revelation, that the year 1000 waa to witneM
the (ieetroction of all thing* terreatiial, and during the
preceding century the \rorid came to a standstill, await-
ing the tiread event. Within three years after the cloae
of the oentary, when it was discovered that the predic-
tion was nnfounded, men awoke to a new Ufa Archi-
tecture felt the flrst impulse, and churches were renewed
in every part of Europe, osiiecially in Italy and France.
Then were formed the flrst associations of builders, ea-
■mtially composed of men bound by a religious yovr, who
cultivated the art in convents and monasteries.* The
Frenchmen loved art. Already in the seventh century
they had sent to England some of their "masters in
■tone."t Now, under the Xormans and their succeatiors,
they prooeieded to cover the island with superb cathe-
dnJs, which, inferior only to those in France itself, bear
witneM, not alone to the architectaral skill, bat to the
qiirit of devotion which animated the builders. Later
on came the Crusadea, in which the N'ormans played so
great a part, and which brought Europe into contact
with the civilization of the Saracens and Jews, develop-
ing a love of learning little known before in Weatem
Europe.
From the time of the subversion of the Roman Empire
by the barbarians, the cultivation of letters had lieen car-
ried on exclusively in the monasteries, and in the chapels
of cathedral churches. Now a new spirit woa abroad.
The oommunes achieved their independence in France '
and Italy ; and, at the same time, the new life given to
iho stody of Roman lavr, and the development of scho-
• •"The Art* la tba MUldls Ago," bj PmiI Uetolx (tnuuUud,
Loadoa, 18T0), pp. (77, tTIt
tN TIB TtmtkK n MUUm Bnum ARD AMniOA
laaticitm in th« North of Prance, onited at Bologu and
Paiia a nomerou bodjr of teachen and ioholan, who
were oi^ganixed in the tfr^lfth century into the corpora-
tiona known as anirenitiea,upon the model of thoie long
before ostablislied by the Moon in Hpoin.* Kint in
Northern Europe arose the University of Parii, which
grew ont of the teaching* of Abelard from 1103 to aboat
1 136.t Here, as elaewhore, the ll^orinaoa were apt pupils.
Between the Conquest and the deain of King John, they
established Ave hundred and fifty-seven schools in Eng-
land.l Among those institutions were the two renowned
nniversities which have contributed so much to the glory
of English learning.
The early historians of England carried back the foun-
dation of Oxford to the days of King Alfred, but that
myth is now abandoned. It appears from the records
that nothing is known of any school or 8»called uni-
versity at Oxford until the year 1133, when a teacher
from Paris, Robert Ihillus, began to lecture there on the
Bible. lie taught for five years, and then went to Rome.
A few years after his departure, Vacarius, an Italian, ap-
peared in England and began a series of lectures at Ox-
ford on the Civil Iaw, which he had studied at Ikdogna.
In 1149, he made a careful abstract for English students
• Abelard, it it claimed, «ai educated at tiie Hooriah ooiTcnity
in CordoTa.
t Bee for an inleretting biatot; ofthia unirenity and ilt iaflataee
on Franoei'De I'Organintion de I'Enaeigneawnt dana rUniTcnitf
de Paria," par Ckarlea Thurot, Paris.
; Taioe'a " Engli'h Literature," p. <1 . Befure tbe Conqaeat, tbejr
had foanded at Bee, In Normandy, " the mott fameot kIiooI ot
Chtiatendam."— Qrten. From thla aohool came the fliat two Nor-
man Arehbiahopa of Canterbury, tb« (raat tclMiisn lAnftano aa^
Anaalm; both,bow«Tcr, Italiana. <• <
DOT or naukHD to nn jmw» IM '
of the Code and Digeit of Justinian. King Stephen, be-
coming alarmed at the threatened innovation, ordered
the lectures to be diioontinue<i, and forbade Englishmen
to own any treatise on foreign law. But all repressive
nieuares proved ineffective. Vacarias remained in Eng-
knd, and before long the Civil Law became one of the
recognized studies at the nntversity.* Here, then, we see
another link binding England to the civilization of the
Continent.!
In the history of learning in England, much as it
owed to Kome, we should not forget its d^bt to the
Jews, the men who, with the Saracens, did so much in
carrying the torch of science and letters thn>ugh the
darkness of the Middle Ages.^ Here again the Nw-
• L7to'«'*Ri(tflr7ortti«Uair«iityorOxrnid," t8M,|>. 11.
t Oeneral ttatementt kavo •omctimM bc«D inada in relation to the
(Isto oradncation in England daring t||p tioM oftba Nonnana.wbicli
tha Modern reader ia aceuttomed to recsira with a smile nf incretliH
Itty. But as the aoliject ia inreatigated the imila will pmbal>1j die
away, and the inrestigitior will liegin to realite bow rapidly England
went down after the diaappearance of tlie men who boilt her catbe-
drala and founded her oniTcrtitka and selumli. See " Village Ufa
Bix Centnriea Ago," In "The Coming of the Friata and oilier Hia-
tnridil Eaaaya," by tba Rer. Angaatna Jewopp (O. P. Pntnam'a
Bona, 188B). A Aillcr reference will be made lo thia naay in the
aext chapter, when I deaeribe tlie state of education under Elii».
bath. It ia intereaUng, in thia connection, to compare the English
descriptions of Ricliard I. with those given of him by modem French
inTcatigatnn. The picture of the " Uon-lieai1e<l " king drawn by
moat English writers learea the impreesinn of a coaiae, ignorant sol-
dier, wiiose distinguishing tnits were physical strength and brute
eoorage. Viollet-Leduc, in his " Dictionnsire Raisonnt de I'Archi-
tactnre Franfaiae du XI' an XVI' Bikcle " (Paris, 18M), dcacribea him
■a a man of genius and " an engineer ftill of reaources, experienced,
•acaeeijig, capable of leading bis age " (iii. St).
t Be* Draper's " loteliactual DeTelopment of Kuropc"
IM TBI nmrrAR m loluiio, ixouxa ahd avouoa
nutni, in their protection of this people, are entitled to
great honor for their worldly wiMJom, if for nothing
more. When William the Conqueror eatabliahed biro-
■elf in EngUnd, a nnmbor of wealthy Jews followed
him from Normandy. He settled them in the principal
towns, giving them a section, called the "Jewry," to
themaelves ; and althoagfa they could not own land, and
were in the eyea of the law bat chattels of the king, yet
tliey Were allowed to biiild synagogues, and their pe^
sons and property were fairly well protected for nea^y
two centuries — the centuries of England's greatness. It
was with the money borrowed from them that the caa-
ties and cathedrals were constructed', which sprang up
over the island as if by magic*
Connected as they were with the Jewish scbools in
Spain and the East, they opened up the way to the
study of the physical sciences in EngUnd. They ap-
pear to have founded a medical school at Oxford ; and
it should never be foi^tten that Roger Bacon, the first
man of science that England ever produced, although
he studied at Fariu, was also a pupil of the Jewisli rab-
* How far th%y wen raperior to the |M!ople nniong whom thqr
cune to dwell it ihown in the ohanu^r of their ilomettlc architects
ore. "The buildiogi at LincolD and 8t. EdmundtlHir; which itill
ntain their title of 'Jewt' Iloiuet' were almoat the lint bouae* of
atone which anpencdeil the mere boreli of the Eogliah burghera."
— Oraen, "Short Iliatorr," p. US. At Oifonl their atohe ttnictares
were ao nameroua and tubatantial, and their adrauoe in tclentiflc
knowledge ao marked, that it !a probably to their preaenca, in anma
meaiure, that the onirernjjr owed ita exiitence. Each of the later
town-Jialla of the borough of Oxford had been houaee of Jewi be-
fore tneir expulaion b; Edward I. *' Nearly all the large dwelling-
hooaea, in fact, which were aubaequentljr ronrerted into academie
balla, Iwra traeea of the aamo origin in namea, each aa Moytejr'a Hall,
Lombard'a Hall, or JaooVa Hall."— Oran.
Wi
nw NoniAxi ARD KiouiiB iiMTrrcnora m
bis. This scholar, who died in 1309, was unfortanatelj
born too late. Had be lived earlier, he would have been
appreciated by the keen-witted, knowled^loving Xor-
s mans. Now their influenoe was on the wane, and after
forty years of incessant stady he could say, like his great
namesake, who came too early, that he found himself
"unheard, forgotten, baried." Ruined and baffled in
his hopes, he became a mendicant friar, and i» said
to have been, imprisoned by his fraternity for writing
his soientiHc works. On the other hand, Itobert of Lor-
raine, two centuries before, was made Bishop of Here-
ford by William the Conqueror in consranence of bis
astronomical knowledge.*
Itotuming now to the Normans, we find that Eng-
land's permanent debt to these foreigner is not con-
fined to the building of cathedrals and the estaljlishment
of schools and nniveraities. The cathedrals and univer-
sities still stand as their monuments, but others remain
not less striking. Ranke has well said that "nowhere
have more of the institntions of the Middle Ages been
retained than in England.**! This is due to the firm
imprint which the conquerors made upon the country.
They brought in, or at least firmly established, the feu-
dal system, which took such deep root that its princi-
ples have never been eradicated from English law.
, Thence is derived the doctrine of primogeniture, by
some regarded as a blessing, by others as the blight
of modem EngUnd. It was also under their rule
that Ireland was first conquered, and as an English prov-
ince became the pingue spot of future generations.
These are questionable legacies, but, on the otiier hand,
« WlMwell'i "Hi(V>r; of the lodnctiTe Sctenceh"
' t » Hiitoijr ofBagiand." Pre&ccL p. vL^
SM TUB POBITAM IX UOLLAMD, KiaLAMD, AND AMCUCA
Henry II., the oonqaeror of Ireland, e8tabli«hed the jndi-
cial lyatem of England, much as it exigtii to-day.* The
same roign witnessed the reg:ular establishment of the
system of " recognition by sworn inqaest," from which
institation, probaUy a Nomun importation, our mud-
em trial by jury is lineally desoended.f It was also
under the foreign kings that the towns received their
charters, which, borrowed from the Continent, gave
them, in theory, almost an independent existence.^
Finally came Magna Charta, wrung from tlie last of
the foreign kings by the united efforts of the English
and the Normans, which, however, did little more than
to embody in written form an enumeration of rights
and privileges claimed by Nonnan retainers under Nor-
man dukes.
Taking it all together, this fomu a very brilliant
chapter in the annals of the world ; but it is not strictly
English history — c^^inly the Anglo-Saxons have but
a slight connection with it, except in helping to wrest
Magna Charta from a king whose successors regularly
vidated its provisions. § As Macaulay has well pointed
out, I the Normans who accomplished such wonderful
results were Frenchmen transplanted into England, and
Englishmen have little lot or share in the glory of their
achievements. For four generations their kings were
*Itenk«,i. 88.
t Tutwell-LAngmcad'i "Enf(l. Cnnat. HUt," pp. 160, 101.
I The town* like London, Norwich, etc., were tWeH with French
and Flemiih tnden who followed in the wike of the Conqueror.
Oreen.
{ Before the eloee of the Middle Ages the conflrmttlon of Magna
Chut* WH denundad end conceded no lev than thirt j-eight timet.
Oneiit,i. Sll.
i " Ilitt of England," i. IS, 14, 15.
\
BunrH or tus khquu rAHUAiuatr MT
mostly bom in France, and passed the larger portion of
their time npon the Continent. It was only when King
John was driven out of Normandy that English history
can be said to begin again.
Still, it should be borne in mind that even in this
latter period the Norman influence continued long after
the death- of John and the separation of England from
the Continent. John died in 1216, but it was not until
a century and a half later that the French language
gave way to the returning English, showing that the
Normans had been substantially absorbed. About 1350,
boys at school began to translate Latin into English.
In 1350, the earliest English book of mark was written,
the Travels of Sir John Mandeville. In 1302, the
statute was passed which required law proceeilings to
be conducted in English instead of French ; and about
1383, Wyclif made his translation of the Bible.* Dur-
ing the continuance of the Norman or Continental in-
fluence, after the separation from France, we are trav-
ersing a lofty table- land stretching out beyond the
mountain-top which we ascended under Norman rule.
One or two landmarks on this table-land are ck^serving
of attention before we descend into the valley of real
English history, when the races had become amalga-
mat«d.
The thirteenth century saw the first oiganization of
the English Parliament. There had been previously
* Hnllmn, " Litentora of Europe," I. S7. Morley calU MnndcTille
"our lint proM writer in fomu-il Engliah."—" English Writen from
the ConijUMt to Chaucer," by Henry Morley, i. 7M. The Psrii*.
Blent <if 13AS opened nith « speech in English, and was probably
•lao dismiased by Edward III. in EnglUb. Stubba, 111.478; Oneiat,
'*'
'.%..
MS Till rCBITAN I!) nOLLAHO, KlaLAinik AMB AimiCA
a Great Council, composed of the leading nobles and
ecclesiastics, but nothing was known of any assemblage
of representatives from the commons until 1265.* In
that vear. Earl Simon Je Montfort, a Freochman, sum-
moned two citizens from every borough to attend the
Parliament which he called while tighting Ilenr/ Ill.f
This assembly amounted to nothing except as a sugges-
tion for the future. But Edward I. called a Parliament
in 1205, where, for the first time in English history,
burgesses from every city, borough, and leading town
within the kingdom came to sit with the bishops, knights,
nobles, and buons of the Great C!onnciL ^ <
* About lt<4 we learn of the first aaeinbhige of tlie important
Uolile* and prelate* to condclcr public queationa, but tbeae Were of
an eeclcaiattical nature. Oneiit, i. 287. They met, boweTer, only to
adrlia tlie sOTereign, anil not aa a Icgialatire body. Idem, p. IM.
"In aearcely any otber European country did the parliamentary
eonatitution hare iuch a slow and difficult birth as in England,"
p. 813. 8co a* to the ancient and now exploded fletiuns alxiut the
Bason WItenagemAte aa the parent of the English Parliament, p. tOt.
' t Qneist, i. 8S0. . Quiziit calls him " the founder of reprcaenUtive
gnremment in England."
} The aystem of borough representation was no inrention of the
English. E<l»ard had rcry intimate relations with the Netherlanda
In 1281, as I hare shown in"* former chapter, p. 152, he made a treaty
of peace with the Count of Holland, which was guaranteed by the
towua. Daviea'a "Holland," i. 88; Motley'a "Dutch Republic," I.
87. In Holland, deputies ttom the towna met with the nobica and
clergy tn vote aupplies. This waa all that Edward desired from his
Parliament, and for a long time the representatives from the Eng-
lish boroughs came very reluctantly when summoned. Green's
" Short History,"'|>. IM. The date of the division of Parliament into
two hooac* is unoertain ; it took place some time liefore the middia
(if tlie fourtcentli century. Taawell-Langmoad'a "Const. Hist, of
England," p. 288; Onoiat, il. 27. The syatem of borough represen-
tatton dhl not originate, however, in the Nellierlands. We find it
■«•
aAnguuKL
AkuTAt or nanni fnurUn Ml
In 1283, Ed ward I. conquera Walm, and makes it a .
pei-manent part of the British Empire. In 1296, fa« '
thought that he had done the same with Scotland, but
there England met a different foe. The battle of Ban-
naikbum, twenty yeara later, gare Scotland her inde-
pendence forever. The same reign witnessed the death
ol Roger Bacon (who passed away forgotten and un-
known), the culmination of Christian architeetare,* and
thii expulsion of the Jews from England, f ' ^
It England suffered from the expulsion of her Jews, '^'
thoir place was, in part at least, taken by another race, ^"^
who had also been encouraged by the Norman rulers. y.^
William the Conqueror brought over a number of weav-
•m from Fhraders, who founded the prosperity of Nor-,
wich. Nearly three hundre<l years later EdwanI lit ,
enibraoed the scheme of colonization with greater vigor, ' <
and invited over a number of skilled Flemish artisans, . '4
who settled principally in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex ' r
ooantiea. Theur direct influence was not great, for Eng- .^0
- — — ' ■ »
hi Bp*in, when ftom the ciriitft dsj tha town* of Angon and Cm- '^
tU« Hnt deputin to tha tortc*. Robertion'i "Charic* V." (Am. .
•d. 1770X i. 1W-12S. This vriu nt » data- long beTon tb« Knr-
m.10 ConqneiL The nrj name " l>arUamenlQin *" had bwn uaed in
Fiance Ibr over a century iKfore ilailppeanuic* in England. Onelat,
• Green's " Short Histonr," p. m.
t The Norman kings bad earnestly and ancce«nillf jIMected the
Jiiws; but by the time of Edward, tlie hatred of tlioni by tiie people
hid gained the upper-hand. Tear after year their priTileges as )iu-
Burn beings had been curtailed, till, nothing remaining but life, at
length, in 1190, the whole race was banislied from the kingdom,
and no member of it iwrmitted to ivlum until the time of Crom-
well. Sixteen thousand, despoiled of their property; left England;
Imt only a fen reached the shores of France, almost all of the refo-
||Ma being wrecked or murdered by tlir English sailors. Oreen.
?rr-v>
too TBS PcmrrAK m bolumd, iiiauinik txa UOKoa
land waa to do little at manufacturing for many a long
year; but when we come to trace the rise of Poritaniam,
we 8^11 find that wherever the Flemish or Dutch arti-
sans had settled there waa a stronghold of the Refor-
mation.
It took about three centuries, if we can judge from
the test of language, for the absorption of the keen-
witted Normans, with their love of art, devotion to
l^l^ing, and talent for founding institutions, into the
body of the Ang^o-Saxons, who were in the proportion
of about forty to one.* The result was the English-
men, whose history carries us down into a dark and
dreary valley, which stretches out with little change
nntil we reach the middle of the Elizabethan age.-
On the dividing lino between the England of the Nor-
mans and the England of the English stands Chaucer,
almost the lost beacon light of foreign influence, and the
first poet of English speech. Bom somewhere about
1335, the son of a vintner, we find him from an early
day in close relations with the court. Marrying one of
the maids of honor, he becomes brotheMn-law to John
' * " Early in tb* fonrteenth century the amslgunation of the two
ncM WH ill but complete." — Mucnuliiy, " Ilitt. nf England," L W.
Oerman hittoriana, with a very natural inclination to magnify the
Saxon iDllacnce, awign an earlier dale. See Oneiat, i. 387; butw*
alio il. SO, rvgarciing the growing oae of the EngUah language aa
proof of the growing influence of the Commona. Tliia does not ap-
pear until about three centuriea after the Conquett. In tliii con-
nection, it may be noticed that Englith writen, in order to them bow
tliornughly tbe Celta of Britain had been exterminated or driren
out by the Anglo-Saxona, inrariably point to the intrmluction of the
language of the conquerora aa »no of their atrongeat argumentii
The argument ia a good one, and it applie* with equal force to the
abaorption of tba Nomuuia, altowiag when tba prooeaa waa oca-
plated. ;,,^ ■* V ,;\,: ■.•'-•,:\.^,;',,.
*S*1
TBI BDNDBID TEklV WAB-IT8 DUASTHOin BTFICTB Ml
of Gaunt, the fomous Duke of Lancaster. Exception-
aUj familiar with Italian and French, he goes on goT-
emment misBions to Florence, Grenoa, Milan, Flanden,
and France. <In Italy he learns to revere the memory
of Dante, {XMsibly mr^ts Petrarch and Boccaccio, and
ikbsorbe the whole spirit of Italian life. Returning to
England, in hia latter days he writes poems, founded
on the plan of his Italian masters, some copied almost
directly from their works, but all instinct with English
thought and feeling. His was the first outburst of the
English poetic spirit incited by the singers of tho Conti-
nent. But his song made no impression on his times :
he lived in the debatable age, and was followed by no
■uooessor for near^ two centuries.
To the historian of England the century which fol-
lowed the absorption of the Normans may be of interest,
but for our purpose its story can bo summed up in a few
words : and, to do no injustice to the record, I quote from
one of the latest and ablest of "Snglish popular writer* :
" The hundred years which follow the brief sunshine of
Greasy and the ' Canterbury Tales ' are years of the deep-
est gloom ; no age of our history is so sad and sombre as
the age which we traverse from the third E<iward to Joan
of Arc. The throb of hope and glory which pulsed at its
outset through every class of English society died into in-
action or despair. Material life lingered on indeed, oom-
meroe still widened, but its progress waLdissociated from
all the nobler elements of national wearing. Tho towns
sank again into close oligarchies ; the bondmen, strug-
gling forward to freedom, fell back into a serfagtfvhich
still leaves its trace on the soil Literature reached its
lowest ebb. The religious revival of the Lollards was
trodden out in blood, while the Church shrivelled into
a self-seeking secular priesthood. In the dash of civil
80) TBI pcaiTAii n roluhd, kiouiid, amd Anuoi
strife political froedom was all but extingnished, and
the age which began with the Qood Parliament ended
with the despotism of the Tudors." *
This is the {leriod which covers the long war with
France. To those who look merely at the surface of
events, it may seem strange to speak thus of an epoch
of English history which witnessed the glorious victo-
ries of Poitiers and Agincoort— an epoch in which France
was time and again ovcmin by English soldiers; in which
a French king was led captive to London, and an Eng-
lish king was recognized at Paris as successor to the
throne of France. But these were merely triumphs of
English energy, courage, and generalship in the field;
at last French sagacity prevailed, and the English were
driven bock to their island retreat. Meantime the effect
of these victories upon the conquerors wds much like
that produced on the Spaniards, at a later day, by their
conquests in the New World. No longer restrained by
the firm hands of such kings as they bad known under
Norman rule, the English soldiers on French soil turned
into mere bands of marauders. Men fought for the pil-
lage of houses, the sack of cities, the ransom of captives.
Collecting their booty, they would refuse to fight again
until it was safely stored. France was desolated, but
the moral injury to the English was greater than the
material one to the French, for nothing is so rapidly
repaired as the ravages of war. The nobles came home
glutted with spoils, but unfitted for the arts of peace.
In England they proved themselves as lawless and dis-
solute as they had been greedy and omel alnvad.t
Trampling upon the rights of the common people, re-
bellion broke ont, and the intervab between the cam-
j^^>,'.
* Qnm't •• Short Hlitorj," p. »40.
t Idwii, p. M7.
■■•:-> ■
':'■':''*'■'.
;«•
jrni SVffBAOl URBIontD— DtCun OP UUUIRO 108
. paigns agoinit France were intenpened with domestic
iiisurrectioiit.
Pestilence came also to add its horron. ' In i:U8 the
Black Death first appeared in England. During its rav-
ages in tlie next few y^ars it is claimed that more than i
one half of the population was carried off.* As a result,
labor became so scarce and wages so high that tillage
of the soil was almost abandoned. The great land-own-
ers gave up agriculture, evicted their small tenants, 1- ,i
and turned their fields into sheep pastures, raising wool :V|i
which they sent to Flanders to be manufactured. Turned . ':S
adrift, moneyless and without employment, the agricult- "^.<.
oral laborer developed into the "sturdy beggar," who .'I
for two centuries was to prove the pest of England. : f|
The last step was to take away the right of suffrage ' ^i
. from the poorer classes. Until 1430, the knights of the .'if
shire — that is, the county members of Parliament — had ■■''•k
been elected by all the freeholders, leaseholders, and '1
copyholders of the county, who appeared on the day
of election at the sheriff's court. Now a statute wb|^ ;
passed providing that no one should be allowed to vote - -,,---^
unices he was the owner of land worth forty shillings .
a year— a sum equal to at least twenty pounds to^lay
~«nd representing % far higher proportional income at
the present timet Thus it was that early under English
' rule the government became, as it has since continued,
one by the rich, and for the rich alone. '
We need hardly ask bow learning fared in such an
age. In the last century of Norman influence, Oxford . ■
had numbered her students by thousands.^ Now all
* Pcrbii|M one third. Prof. Tliorold Rogen^ Timi, Much, 18W>.
t Green's "Short Hhtorr," p. IM.
X The ttstement of old writen that in the fourteenth century Ox-
Wt THB PDRITAN IR HOLLAND, tNOLAND, AMD AUBBIOA
this was cbfnged. According to Wood, where before
there wereUl|ouMndi there was now not one. Tbia ia
of conrao afMxaggcration, bat the decline in nambera
waa very gr^l, probably amounting to four flftha.* Aa
' a result, learning came to an almost stagnant condition.
In 1443, there was not a single dtwtor of civil law resi-
dent at Oxford, and the degrees of the university were
sold for money.t Latin was then the language of the
learned, but that spoken and written in England waa
simply a barbarous jargon, its mastcra being ignorant of
even the ordinary rules of grammar. As for the col-
leges, " Oxford Latin " became a by-word among schol-
ars.^
One gleam of light shines athwart the darkneaa of
this period, but it serves only to make the darkness more
intense. About 1361, Wyclif appears u|K>n the scene :
for twenty years he struggles for religious freedom ; be
translates the Bible into English, builds up the sect of
the Lollards (mainly among the Flemish weavera of
Norfolk), and dies in 1384, just in time to escape martyr-
dom. English writers Uy much stress upon his teach-
ings, and point to him with pardonable pride as one of
the early religious reformers; so he was, but he was
only a beacon light, like Bode, Roger Bacon, and Chau-
oer, individual examples o^omething great in the na-
tional character which time was to develop. The people
|f;;;v'
ford had thirty thouund atadcnts it now believed bj no one. L;te,
in hii recent work on that UBirenity, aajt that there wci« neret
more than ibur thouiand, and Brodericic puta the number at ftom
two to three thouaand. Ljte, p. M; Broderick, p. 14. |
* HalhuD'a " Literature of Europe," L 147; Orcao.
t Ljte, pp. 814, Si5.
I Halbm'a " Literature of Europe," L 84.
WAN or TM Wms-TUUB CIURACTU AHD WBOLIt SOS
were not prepared for his coming, u were the Germans
and Netherlandera for the advent of Lather, a centaiy
and a half later. lie died, and his sect substantially died
with him, for they were soon cnuhed oat by the per-
secutors of the Bishops' Court. At the conclasion of
the war with France, almost every vestige of his influ-
ence hod disappeared. Religious enthosiasm was dead.
The one belief of the time was in sorcery and magic*
We ore now descei>dtng into a deep valley Avith great
rapidity.
In 1415, the English won their famous victory at Agin-
oourt. In 1431, they burned Joan of Arc at the stake
for sorcery, in turning the tide of conquest which had
been so long setting against the French. In 1451, the
long war came to an end : the En^ish were driven from
the Continent, holding nothing but tho city of Calais as
a memento of their trium])hs.t France became a might-
ier power than ever before, and the English nobles were
left to fight among themselves.
The story of the last hundred years had been daric
enough for English civilization, but that which is to fol-
low is darker stilL No (tage in history is more dreary
than that which chronicles the Wars of the Roses, ex-
tending from 1450 to 148.5. The contest was not one of
principle, nothing being involved but the supremacy of
faction ; and it was characterized simply by treachery,
selfishness, and ruthless cruelty. The old, untamed,
Anglo-Saxon nature seemed to be let loose, and we have
again the battles of the kites and crows. In the period
which extends from the accession of Henry VI. to that
of Henry VII., thirteen pitched battles were fought be-
tween Englishmen and on English soil ; the crown was
* Ortcn, p. M8. t Thit wu lo«t In the nlgn of Kvy.
I.-80
MM TUB PUmTAM IH HOLLAND, BiaLAHn, AHD AMERICA
twioe won antf twice lost by each of the contending
houses; three out of four kings died by violence; eighty
persons connected with the blood royal were reckoned
as having perished on the field or scaffolii or by the
hand of the assassin ; and the great majority of the noble
families became extinguished, or sank into oljscnrity.**
The wholesale confiscations which followed the final
establishment of the Tudors transferretl, it is said, near-
ly one fifth of the land of the kingdom into the hands
of the suodessful reigning house. As the ultimate issue
of the contact, the progress of English freedom was ar-
rested for over a hundred years.t Up to this time, even
during the long war with France, although civilization
was falling so rapidly behind, the forms of liberty had
been preserved, and the security of the^ citizens so well
guarded as to excite the admiration of observers like
Commines, who pronounced England the best-governed
country in the world4
But all this was ]Nkssing away. Liberty in England,
like that in Spain, hod rested on the strength of the*
great barons, who, as a condition of securing their own
rights, had been compelled to protect those of their
humbler allies and retainers. The Wars of the Rosea,
in which gun|x)wder was first used on British soil, dealt
the death-blow to everything which was beneficial in
the feudal system, leaving only its withered branchea
still to cumber the earth. With this power gone, the
greater nobles being removed by death and the lesser
ones cowed and scattered ; with a middle class just bom,
ftnd the people at yet undreamq^^of ; with a Church,
• Kirk'i "Oharle* tha Bold," U. *9.
t Oiwn'i " Short ItMoir," p. Wt.
X Comminet wrot* kbout UTS.
-Wfy^^^^^^^W^
* 8m Qi^m Ibr an adninble wcoont of tbcM feotoiM of tka
.ptriod from tk« Wtn of tb* Romi to tli« uoMiion of EIIibImUi.
as;
UBnrTT AKD UAKNMQ CNDBR THC TUOOK KtROe 807
which through the- Middle Ages had been the friend of
freedom, now sank into debauchery or falling into pitia-
ble decrepitude; with manufactures almost unknown,
and commerce in its infanc}^ nothing could be expected
but the absolutism of the crown, and this camo to stay,
until hacked down by the rude blows of the Puritans in
the days of Charles I.
It was at this time that torture was introduced as
part of the regular machinery of state, not to bo finally
put away until after the Revolution of lfl88. The prir- >S^:
ilege of self -taxation now became a delusion; for the
Tudor kings, when in want of money, did not lay a
formal tax, to be sure, but by forceii loons simply helped
themselves from the coffers of their wealthy subjects.
Jury trials were turned into a farce, when the juries
were always packed, and, in addition, punished if they
gave a verdict against the crown. As for Parliament, it
was rarely summuned, and then met only to record the
decrees which riveted the fetters of tyranny.*
If liberty seemed dead under the Tudor kings, litera-
ture and learning were hardly less lifeless. This was not
the fault of the age, for in the fifteenth century, and
especially towards its close, the whole of the Continent
of Europe was in an intellectual ferment. England alone,
peaotful England, cut off from the older civilization by
the Channel, scarcely felt the movement, and was not to
feel it for nearly a hundred years to come. In this con-
nection, however, two events shoukl lie notioed, not from
the importance of their immediate results, but because
they form little landmarks in English history, and give
promise of something better in the fatare. *i
f
I
M.
plfpi
MM nil rcBiTAN iw noiXAXO, ■nouxo, amd ammiioa
The first is the introductinn of printing into England.
In 1476, William Cazton, after an absence of thirty-five
years, returned home with a priceless treasure: a ]irint-
ing-press, which he had learned to use while living in the
Ketlierlunds. This brought England again into some
reUtions with the Continent, but u single fact will show
how slight was its effect upon the general public. In the
thirty years which succeeded the setting-up of Caxton's
press at VTestminstor, from ten to fifteen thousand edi-
tions of books and pamphlets were printed in Europe ;
but of all this number only one humlred and forty-one
a]>peared in England.* The quality, too, was o# a par
with the quantity. The first book which issuetl from
the German press was the Bible. Carton's fl.rst produc-
tion was a little work on the (lame of Chess, or perhaps
one on the Siege of Troy. Weil may llallam say, re-
viewing them all, that his publicatitms " indicate, on the
whole, Imt a low state of knowliHlgv in Englttnd."t These
simple facta should be borne in mind when we road the
glowing sentences in which historians have descrilied the
revival of learning. There was a glorious revival about
this time, but until the latter days of Elizabeth Enghuid
* Hallun'i <' LiUimttm of Europe," i. I M.
t IlslUm, i. lU. Btijpa, in hit " Gcclniaitiral Hemoriib," la
girlng tlic important crmtt of llio jrenr lUl, thnm* rooddcnMs
)ight on the Mnall mItmicv mads b; English |irinten cren at that
liue. Ha My* : " Let me add liara , now we are upon the meatioo
of Iwoka printed, tliat in April till* jnr, two foreign printers— the
one an Itatian, the other a Dutchman— lia>l privileges granted them
to print certain hooka, which it Mema our English prinlcra had not
ikill or learning enough to do." The Italian printed the Digeata
sad Pandects of the Roman Ciril Law ; the Dutchman printed a
Herbal oompiled bj WiUiam Toraar, Doctor to Pbjsic Strjrpa, U.
IIT. '
mi oxmo lunrDRMiM aho nnaa won W*
had very little iharo in it ; tho mnH of her people could
not rend, and henoe had no need of booki. What the
apper ciaaaes read, I shall d(!flcribe hereafter. >
The second event was tho gathering at Oxford, in the
latter part uf the fifteenth and tlie early pert of the six-
tieenth oentar}*, of a little band of ■cholars, called tho
Oxford Reformers. The band was made np of Grocyn,
Linacre, and Colet — all of whom had been students in
Italy — with Thomas More and a few others, who, in-
cited by the scholars of the Continent, began the study
of cUssical literature. To them came Erasmus for the
■tody of Oreek under Orocyn, being too poor to go to
Italy. A mere boy, full of enthusiasm and ignorant of
Italian culture, the new-comer, shortly after his arrival,
wrote a letter praising in high terms the learning which
he found ai Oxford. This letter has been the delight of
■Imoat every English author who has written of this
period;* but Hallam, the cold, sober -minde<l historian,
prieks the bubble. He points out that Erasmus was
writing to an English friend, tliat ho was always given
to flattery, and concludes that the English cannot in
conscience take his praises to themselves.!
, * See eitracU In aiecn'i " Bhort IHttorj," p, 817.
' t " The achoUn were fuw, aud iint mnro thnn tlirac or four couM
be found, or at leut now mentioDwl, who had an; tincture of Omk
— Orocjn, Linacrr. William Latimer, who, though an etcelleat ichol-
ar, never publlabcd anything, and More, who had leame<l at Oiford
under Orocyn."— Hallaa»'a " Literature of Euro|ie," i. 180. Grocjn,
after returning from Italy, communicated hii aci|Hi>itiont " chiefly to
deaf eara." Idem, p. IM; ice alto p. SIS ai to the "panegyrical
humar" of Eraamua. In 1510, Uore anocceded in again bringing
Kraamua orer to England to teach Oraek at Cambridge. "Tho
•tadenla," aaya Hallam, " were too poor to pay him anything, and hia
inatractloB waa conflued to the grammar. In the aame year Cokt,
'>i
810 TUB raOTAM m notXAMD, KCOLAKDt AHO AltnUOA
The fact i> that the group of English scliolara was vtry
small, and the a«|uirementB of its members were reiy
limited. Green claims More alone ns entitled to rank
among the great classical scholars of the age, and oven
of him Uallam remarks that he had a very ingenious
but not a profound mind.*
It must be remembered that at this time the universi-
ties on the Continent contained a large number of men
learned not only in Greek, but in Hebrew, Chaldeo, and
Arabic as welL Peter Albinns, historiographer of Sax-
ony, who died in 1508, wrote a pamphlet on " Foreign
Languages and Unknown Ishinds," in which he enumer
Btes the names and acquisitions of a number of these
early schokrs, some of whom were skilled in fifteen lan-
guages, a knowledge of six or seven being quite common.
He says that, although our ancestors were satisfied with
the Latin, a man is not now regarded, even by the vul-
gar, as plausibly learned who is not master of Greek or
Hebrew at least, in addition, of course, to Latin,' the uni-
versal language. Never at any period since the Christian
era had there been so many in Europe skilled in Hebrew,
Chaldce, and Greek literature as there were in that day
within the universities of Germany, France, Italy, and
Dnn of Bt. Ptnl'*, founded tberp n whoni, and publlthed a Latin
gnminar. Fire or six little worlct of tliis kind had alreadj ap-
peared in England. Time trifling tlilngi are nentioned to let the
reader take notice that tliera it nothing more worthy to be natned.
. , . The diflerenre in point of learning between Italy and England
wna at least that of a centory; that it, the former waa moreadranosd
in knowledge of ancient literature in 1400 than tlie latter waa in
tSOO."— Hallam, i. SOS. Very mildly he conclude*: "In the apirit
of truth, we cannot quite take to ounalret the oompUiaent of En»
mu*."— Idem, p. lit.
• Hallam, 1. Ml.
voMiaN sonoLABS-Tna aMuusH BnroniiATioM 8tl
Spain.* In 1517, Cardinal Ximenes published in Spain
his famous polyglot Bible, in Hebrew, Oreck, Cbaldee,
and Latin. In 1616, Justinian, Bishop of Nebbio, in
Corsica, published a psalter in Hebrew, Greek, Arabic,
Chaldee, and Latin, f These illustrations only suggest
the work going on in the foreign universities when the
English were beginning to study the Greek grammar
and publish little elementary books on Latin.
Such as they were, \iowever, these disciples of the
New Learning form almost the lost beacon lights in
English literary history, until we come to Spenser,
S,hakespeare, Hooker, and Bacon. They brought cks-
ucal literature to the universities, and it lived there
for a time a sickly life; but the soil was unfruitful,
the climate ungenial, and in a few years it withered away
and died. Their religious teachings were equally un-
JBtted for the age and country. Luther came preach-
ing to men and not to scholars, thundering against the
abuses of the Church ; but he awakened no echo among
these students.^ They founded a grammar school or
two, and probably exerted some influence on the middle
stratum of society, but on the surface they hardly
lused a ripple. §
Upon England the Reformation, for many yean, pro-
* Sue tramUUon of tliU rare pamphlet by Edmund Ooldunid, Ed-
inburgh, IBM. Priralaly printed.
t Idem. I Oreen, p. SI.
f In thli eonnectioo wo may alio profitably notice a little Pmtea-
tant moremcnt at Oxford which occurred in 1527. It waa led by
Thomaa Oarret, a follow of Magdalen College. Tlie itudenta alTect-
td by it read the New Testament, Luther't tract*, and like heretical
Irork*. Finally they were detected, placed in confinement, ami all
■icept one, who died in priaon, retracted. Oiford waa purged of
kantf. . Froudo, it M^ TS.
ait TBI rUBITAH IH nOLLAMD, ■SOLAltD^ AMD AMIBICA
daced bat a faint imprewioiL Tbe people, to be sure,
bad tbeir religion changed for them,ir9ni time to time,
but •uch tnuuformations signified riothidg. The tint
one wag imposed by Uonty VIII. in 1031. Finding
that be ooold obtain his divoroe in no other way, he
deposed the pope from the headship of the English
Church and assamed the place himself. The common
people acquiesced, for they knew and cared little about
such questions, except in their political bearings. The
nobles were won over by an arrangement which made
the restoration of the old relations with Rome almost
impossible. The monastic orders in England, as u|>on
the Continent, had absorbed a large portion of the
land.* Henry abolished the monasteries, confiscated^
their property, and divided it largely among his cour-
tiers. The men thus enriched had no love for Prot-
estantism, but never would accede to any legislation
which looked towards a surrender of their plunder.
In the end, the separation, from Itome was to provo
a great blessing; but at the outset only evil results
seemed to follow. The ecclesiastics, with all their
faults, had been at least liberal and indulgent landlords.
It haq been estimated that they demanded from their
tenants not mora than a tenth of the rental value of
their lands. Under such a system the farmer was al-
most a freeholder. The suppression of the monasteries
brought this to an end. Their estates passed into the
hands of men who exacted the last penny of rent. It
was as yet more profitable to raise wool than grain, and
so farms were now given up in greater numbers, the
buildings were torn down, and the tenants turned adrift
to prey upon the public. We can trace the effects of
•KMimstsdstoMflAli. OMi*t,U.lSI.
■V^-x^ ...... ' ' '^
■HL BncLn or buobmatiom cxokb hkirt rm tia
this change in auccessive acts of Parliament paned for
the repression of pauperism, under which the beggar
for the first offence was to be whipped, for the second
to hare his ears slit or bored with a red-hot iron, and
for the third to be put to death as a felon. A later act
providml tbi^ ail vigrants should be apprphended and
treated us slaves. Formed into bands, the " sturdy beg-
gars" roamed over the country, always ready for a
civil commotion, of which they incited sevend, and
everywhere making life and property insecure.*
. But this was not the wont immediate result of the
•qxiration from Rome. The movement, it must be
borne in mind, was not a religious nor a theological,
but almost entirely a secular one. Daring the reign of
Henry the Reformer the same hnrdle bore to the stake
three men who denied the king's spiritual supremacy—
the new English doctrine — and three others who ques-
tioned the doctrine of transubatantiatiun, the leading
tenet of the Chnrch of Rome.f No change of belief
WM propoaed, only a olmnge of pope. However, the
mo^ in which this chaitge was accomplished, and the
object for which it was brought about, were disastrous
* Htniioa Mji that dnriog IM rcigo ofRcarj VIII. Mfintj-two
tbounnil pcnon* wen exccatcdUo Englkod for crinws ■galmt tba
penon null propert;. During about tlie hum period, icconling to
tlia eatinmte of WillUm of Orange, orur 6ttj thouuod were execut-
ed in the NelbcrlantU for licrcaj. Both eitimates, bowerer, may be
axaggeraled.
t Ilallam'i " Conat Hiat," I. SO. H«e Ooeitt, ii. 157, for an acooant
of tbe diSereoce between tba Refonnation U|xm tba Cootinsnt and
tbat In England. Upon tbe Continent it waa tbe rcault of an In-
tellectual belief in the em>ra of the Romiih Cbnrch. In Engbind,
it gained itt '^wer among tbe maaaea from a |Militical draira for
national independence, bf Ibrowtng off the yoke of a foreign eocla-
riaatical ruler. Tlie intellectual and raligioua movement waa ds-
layad in England fur many yeara.
m-'i'-i
■14 TBB rOBITAM IN HULLAMD, tNOUMD, AMD AMXUCA
enough to the cause of religion. In the suppression of
the monaatories every indignity was offered to objects
which tho ])eople looked up to with reverent awa The
Bible was translated into the vulgar tongnc), but only,
to use the words of Henry himself, to be "disputed,
rhymed, sung, and jangled in every tavern ami ale-
house" in the land, so that be soon suppressed its gen-
eral reading. The priests, tertorized by the crown, lost
all independence, and thought only of saving their liv-
ings by the most abject servility.
The effect of this religious upheaval on the public at
hirge was bad enough during the reign of Henry ; still, he
tried to check the excesses of the fanatics, and preserved
some respect for outward religious forms. Upon his
deatli, however, the revolution went still further. The
nnde of the young king, who assamed the office of
Protector, had little religion, but thought it to his ad-
vantage to ally himself with the more violent of the
Beforraers. The precocious Edward was doubtless sin-
cere in his Protestantism, and his sincerity aided the
work of the Protector. The mass was abolished, the
altars were torn down, all pictures and images removed
from the churches; the doctrine of transubstantiation
was repudiated, the confessional abolished, and priesU
were permitted to nuu-ry. With these violent changes,
the old religion was gone, but unfortunately nothing
was substituted in its place. We have seen that in the
Netherlands the new religion naturally replaced the
old, th« process being a slow and silent one, brought
about by placing the Bible in the hands of a people all
of whom could read. Tho mass of the English jxipula-
tion were too ignorant to dispense at once with the
sensuous element in their Religion, and utterly onfltted
to accept the doctrines of the Reformation, even had
wouusiD smoEALMATion uiron iowabd ti >U . >
these (loctrineB been brought to their attention.* De-
prived of the old system, which at least inculcated some
morality, and incapable of comprehending the new
teaohings, which made faith of paramount importance,
the result followed which may be looked for whenever
all religious restrainta are thrown aside.
The English peo[de were low enough before, bat now - ' . '
a sudden lurch seemed to plunge them into still lower
depthk With every barrier oroken down, the nation
entered on a carnival of irreligion and immorality. The
patron of a bcneHce no longer made a distinction be-
tween a clergyman and a layman. He appointed as . 'Sm"
rector of a parish, himself, his steward, his huntsman, .:^
or his gamekeeper, and then pocketed the stipend.t
Learning, too, naturally declined, the attendance at the
nnivcrsities falling off to almost nothing, the librariet
being destroyed or scattered, and costly hooka bnmed
or chopped up with axes.:^ One transaction shows bet- .; ^
ter, perhaps, than anything else the iconoclastic cbarao-
ter of the age. The Duke of Somerset, the Protector,
having palled down some churches in order io erect
Somerset House with the materials, next projected tba
demolition of Westminster Abbey for the same purpoM.
*I hars thowo ia • pnTioui chapter that it wai nqt notll ISM
that any tnimUlion of the Bible was printed in Englith.
t "The cathnlnU* and cbiirche* of London became the chotea
■oanee of riot and profanation. St. Paul'* wai the itocli-eichanga
of tlie day, where the merebanU of the city met for liualneaa, and
the Innnge wliera the young gallants gambled, fought, and liilled
each other. They rode their hnrM* thrungh the alilc* and itabled'
them among the monuments."— Fronde, t. 8S6.
} Hallam's " Uterature of EnrApe," ii. »S. " The airlnity tohooli
were planted with cabbages, and the Ozfonl laundrettes dried clothes
is the schools of arts." — Froude.
•**
•It TU nmiTAR » ■OtUMO, BtOLAaO, AND AMtMOA
From this act of vandalism he was turned aside only by
a grant from the chapter of some of its estates.*
The public service also felt the evil influence. Cor-
ruption everywhere prevailed. Every official, from the
highest to the lowest, plundered the treasury. In seven-
teen years the expenses of government increased mora
than fourfold, and, ignorant of the first principles of po-
litical economy, the crown attempted to make money
by delmslng the curroncy.t Private business and moral-
ity likewise naturally suffered. The English had man-
ufactured some coarse troollen doth which had acquired
a good reputation on the Continent. Now came news
that huge bales of it wero lying on the wharu-s at
Antwerp without a purchaser " through the naughtiness
of the making," and, " yet more shameful, that woollens,
fraudulent in mak^, weight, and size, were exposed in
the.plaoe of St. Mark with the brand of the Senate npon
them, as evidence of the decay of English honesty with
the decay of English faith."^
One creditable thing was accomplished by the Re-
formers of the time of Edward, They foundetl eighteen
grammar schods and some hospitals, appropriating for
the endowment of them all land worth twelve hundred
pounds a year, equal perhaps to as many thousand
pounds to-day.g As these same men grante<l to them-
selves crown hinds to the value of a million and a half,
equal to fifteen or twenty million pounds in modem
• BaiUm's " Ooiwt. Hbt,"!. 103. ThcM mm, it nuat be rcmein-
btmi, wen not Puriuni, iHit tbo fuundnt oftlie Clinicb of Eaglond.
t Froude, v. IM, M«, etc
t Idem, T. M0. For • fiill account of the comption and dtnior-
•lisatioo ofthii time, tee Stnrpe't " Ilcdeaiaitlcal Memorial*," vol. \k
ehapa. xxiit-iilr. | Idem. T, 411.
qumt MAST AMD TM cxtweua UAcnoM tlT
money,* and u they and their ]w«deoeHora bad largely
abaorbed the property of the monasteriea and other
clerical institations, tliii contribution to the caoae of
hnmanity and learning waa hardly lavish enough to
warrant the praise of historians, who call it a "noble
measure," throwing a lustre over the name of Edward.f
But let us be thankful for even the eighteen grammar
schools, and their sixty or seventy pounds a year. Thoir
foundation was unique. The government did nothing
more of the kind for three centuries ; and even these few
schools bore fruit in time.
With the accession of Queen Mary, in 1S53, there
came a short afid terrible reaction, showing how little
the people at large cared about religions matters. The
changes during the reign of Edward had been mode by
an almost unanimous Parliament, now the House of
Ix>rds, without a disseotient Toice, and the House of
Commons, by a rote of three hundred and fifty-eight,
to two, decided to return to the Romish faith.^ The
mass was restored, the new prayer-book set aside, the
•froade; Onra; Onciit, ii. 161 t Oracn.
t Fronde, tI. S68. Bpc*kinf( of then bewildering tnintfonnalinn
MeBM, unknown, in other landi, the Vrndiiin ninlNkHador midcnt
St London reported to his g:oTcmuient in 1587 : "Tlie exitniple and
sathoritjr of the KTereign are ererything with the people of (hie
country in matten of faith. At lie belierea, thejr belieTe. Joda-
i*m or Mabottetaniam — it is all one to them. They cooform them-
aelvea eaaily to hit will, at least to br at the ootward ahow la con-
cerned; and moat eatily of all where it concnrt with their own
pleasure and proflt." Of the Englitb Parliament he adda: "They
are rarely tammoned except to tar^the king trouble, or to aflbnl n
cIo*k to hit deiignt. Mo one Tentnret to retitt the regal will, ter-
Wie the member! conie tlieie and Mrrlle tlwjreaain."— Pntcott's
»PWUpU.,"l.n,T».
■•-.*,
■18 ml nrtfTAi n boujuiik liiouiio, add ajuuoa
uuuried prietU were driven from their livings, •nd the oM,
•yitem was r»«sUblished, with one notable exception :
Parliament would not consent to giving up n single acre
of the church property which its own members hacl ac-
quired. For forms of religion they cared nothing, and
so were ready enough to humor their monarch ; but thb
was a practical question in which there was no room for
sentiment.
In 1954, Mary marries Philip of 8p*in. 8omo of her
nobles at first objected to the match, bat their consent
was obtained through bribes furnished by Philip's fa-
ther.* The future King of Sp^n was anxious to ob-
tain the allUnoe of England, with her two or three mill-
ion inhabitants, all of whose able-bodied men were sol-
diers by birthright ; but he went to England for his
bride with little apparent pleasure. The 8)Ninigh min-
ister advised him to wear a shirt of mail under his
doublet, and to bring his own cook, for fear of being
poisoned.t Arriving in the onnntry, his luggage was
plundered, and the property stolen could not be re-
covered, nor the thieves detocteiI.|
He remained in England just long enough to discover
that his marriage was a barren one. His wife tried to
cheer him by burning some heretics, against which act
his father's minister protested, but only on the ground
of policy .§ But even this could not detain him. It is
charitable to believe that his departure drove Mary into
aVi
* Fmojle, T<. isa t Idem, vi. Ml } Idcm^Ti.^2.
{ Idem, Ti. Sll, <1*. Thii aiiiw bitbftil mintoter pointed oat to
Philip, who wished to leare EngUnd after aix weeks, thit however
mach his wife might be deflcient ia " raflttement," she wts iBflnitel;
Tirtiious, which she eertsiolj was. Fraade, ri. Sit. " Politease" to
the French word used by the minister, the mcsBlog of which the
Kogilsh bistotiaa baidl; gives bj tisoslsting it " agreesbiUty ."
' ' BUMBT XAIT-COIIOmOII OT nauKs >!•
nudiMM. In the three years thereafter she earned tha
title of the " liUxxly " queen by the atrocities which she
oomraitted in the name of the Catholic religion. Arch-
bishop and bishop, priest and layman, women, children, -
and babes just bom, all perished in the flames; and y^
the people made no sign. The tale of the Martyrs is m
fit close to the roll of horror which begins with the Wan
of the Roses. Truly the valley into which we have de-
scended is very deep and dark. ,
" Never," says Green, " bad the fortunes of England - /.4'
rank to a lower ebb than at the moment when Elizabeth . ;,]'
mAinted the throne." But it was not alone the fortunes ' -.'-I
of the Slate which had gone down. Society was demor- "^;
alized, and remained m during her entire reign, in some re- . . f «
•peott becoming worse instead of better. Still, it is hard- ,wj
ly fair to charge these results, as some would do, to the li^
religious teachings of the lieformers. We see in modem |'
times that some savage nations shrivel up morally before i yi^'
ou' civilization, but do not attribute this calamity to the . . ' -'f^
teachings of Christianity. A rade people will generally . ':^-
copy the vices of their saperiors in education long before - '■S-
they imitate the virtnea. This was the case with the X|^
English when hrst brought into contact with the intel-
lectual movement upon the Continent, of which the
Reformation was only the religpous feature, and among .
tbem, too, the Reforraatipn in time did good work.
But, however all this may be, and whatever the causes
which brought about its moral and social condition, we
have ample material for a study in its every aspect of ■
the England of Elizabeth, whidi gave birth to English - .
and AmenoM Porifauusm.
CHAPTER VI, „
■LIZABBTHAN BNOLAND
nsTATi un, rocoATioN, bbuoiok, ahd mobau
Ip » person ocqaainted with the appearance of the
ooontry to-day could be carried back to the England of
ihree ccnturie* ago, he would And himself well-nigh a
stranger in a strange land. Almost nothing before him
would appear familiar. We see now highly cultivated
fields, trim hedges, fat cattle, smooth hard reads, neat
cottages, and lordly mansions ; not to mention the vast
mannfaotories which have revolutionized the North.
When Elizabeth ascended the throne, only about one
fourth of the arable land was under cultivation, and
that of the rudest character; the remainder was still
covered with fen and forest, or was devoted to the past-
uring of sheep. Through the forest the red deer wan-
dered in thousands, while the wolf, the wild cat, the wild
bull, and the "wild boar were not uncommon.* None of
the hedges which now form so charming a feature of
the landscape then lined the roads. The cattle in the
fields and the horses on the highway were small and of
little value.
* The Ocnnan trtTcllcr nentner, who Tititcd Eogtanl in ISM,
«w a wild wolf which had been captnred there. Macaulay aajs
that the lait one on the iaiand wiu alaia in the reign of Charlea IL
Be alao tolla ua that the wild bull and the wild oat wen Amid ia Uw
fiiNitialtW. "Hiatoi7orS*gUad,'*olia|i.lU.
V'W jli.'" W.«s.£y Htjt
■MOLAMD LAaonr a rxnoukL land^
SSI
V ' In fact, EngUnd, which U now an agrtcultural, oom-
meroial, and manafacturing, waa then largely a paatorai
land. Almost the lole industry of the |>coplo in the
ranil diatricta waa the raiaing of aheep and cattle. Time
and again Parliament had paaaed Uwa to check the de-
votion to thia one poraoit, which waa coniidered injuri-
ooa to the general welfare ; but all in vain. The advanQc
of the world in wealth created more and more of a de-
mand for woven fabrica. Tlfe Engliah wool waa of ii
superior quality, and for mainy yeara had commanded
hjgh prices in the Netherlanda. Under snch oonditiona
legislation could do nothing, v Individual flacks bad
numbered as higli as twenty thousand sheep; a law
passed in the reign of Henry VIII. limited them to two
thousand, bat this meant only a aubdiviaion and ficti-
tious transfera/ So long oa it was profitable wool-rais-
ing was continued.
During the reign of Elisabeth them wag a vast in-
crease in the^mmeroe and nianufacturea of the Nether
lands. This raised still further the price of English wool,
pouring a constant stream of wealth into the country.
In addition, the Engliah increased their own manufact-
nras of coarse woollen cloth, and this added to the gener-
al disturbance of industrial conditions which had begun
many yeara before. More land waa turned into paatur-
age, more small farms were given up; men with newly-
acquired wealth developed a mania for acquiring land
and becoming country gentlemen; rents were raised
enormoualy ; the dispossessed tenants and unemployed
farm laborers flocked into the towns ; while the new
landlords cultivate<l grain only for their own consump-
tion, selling their wool to the manufacturers, and export-
ing wool and cheese to the Continent
la time, under a Netberiaad influence which will b^
L— 91
:. ft
tN nU rCklTAR IX nOLLAKP, BNOLANO, AMD AXimCA
dMoribed b«rMfter, all kinds of nunofactnrM were in-
trodnocd, EngUnd's oommerDe wm developed, and, with
markeU at homo and abrdttd for the general prodnoe of
the farm, acientitic agriculture finally came in, and the
laborer again found ompluyment on the land, liut theae
reanlta came about long after Elizabeth had paawd away.
Her reign waa a period of social disturbance, caused
lai^ly by industrial transition, in which the rich be-
came richer and the poor poorer. This is one of the
central facts, unnoticed by many writers, which should
always be kept in mind by any one who would under
stand the history of this bn.*
The first thing which struck the Spaniards who ac-
companied Philip II. on his nuptial tour, in 1554, was
the appearance of the English dwellings. These, they
said, were built of " sticks and dirt." This description
might seem inspired by ill-humor, or one might think
it applicable only to the hovels of the very poor, bat
for the survival of some of the residences of the time.
They are constructed of a timber frame filled in with a
Hi i
• Bee Proade, pamim, ind more psfticnlarly " Hocirlr in the Elis-
itbetbin Age," b; Hubert Hall, of f I. M. Public ReconI Office (Lonilon,
l886),twork tlie materUl furwhicli «h gathered from official docu-
umenta, man; of which are printed in the appendix, rapplcinrnling
thoae given I7 Froude and ^Irrpe, I ahall refer to it ftvt|Deatl]r
hereafter, and take this opportunity to make my acknowlcdgmenla
to the author for hi* Talunble cootribation to the •orial hialory of
thit period. Ptof. Thorold Rogers expreaaet the opinion that the
condition of the Engliih working claate* waa more niiaerablo during
the larger part of the Mrenteenth centnry than at any other period
In their liiatory, except that of the Na|>oleonlc ware. See Tim*,
March, 18M. Thia la probably tme of the agricultuml laborer, whoae
condition ha<1 been getting wono and worae from the begioniog of
the dxttenth oaotofy.
ir^pp'^«w'"»'i^«w"
noun vwuuMB-in ■unmtn aoon
* *• Eogltnd WiUMHit ud Witliin," Richard Grant White, |i. 5Ml
Tb« home of Anna Htlluway la liltcwiae standing. Her family was
(uperior locially to that of her hoaband'a. Tliia dwelling our an-
thor also viailad, and of it nmarfcs : •■ Thar* is littla to b* said aboal
*«
oowM mortar which loolu like mud. Aa prolikUy only
the best ones have omne down to na, oommoa day may
have been uied in the majority. One of tlieae hodltoa,
now (tanding in Stratford, ihowa that such •tructuroi
were not the residences of the poor alone. It was ooco-
pied by John Hhakespeare when he was wealthy and Ail-
ing the highest municipal offloe in his town. In 187<H
an American scholar, an enthosiastio student of Shake-
speare, and one of the prominent editors of his works,
went to EngUod for the Arst time. Stratford was of
ooarse his Mecca. The house in which the \met was
probably bom, and in which he certainly passed his boy-
hood, he found had been externally rejuvenated and its • ' ..>
identity destroyed. Within, however, it remained an-
oh&nged. Let me quote the words which summed up' ;./>'
his impressions of the mansion which housed the High- -:^
bailiff, or Mayor, of Stratford : ' .
" My heart sank within me ns I looked around upon - ;'?
the rude, mean dwelling-plaoe of him who had filled the ' ^
world with the splendor of his imaginings. It is called a
house,' and any bnilding intended for a dwelling-place is . ''I
a house; but the interior of this one is hardly that of a . a!i
mstio cottage: it is almost that of a hovel— poverty- ( , ' ;'«
stricken, squalid, kennel-like — a house so cheerless and
comfortless I had not seen in mral England. The poor- /
est, meanest farm-honse that I had ever entered in New
England or on Ix>ng Island was a more cheerful habi-
tation. And amid those sordid surroumlings AVilliam '
Shakespeare grew to early manhood." * With illnsion
•M ni rnnuM la moLUMa, taauso, amd ahbuca
diapelled, tbia pilgrim regretted tluit be had gone to
Stratfoni/
But why •houkl the itudent feel lucb regret M tbist ,
Ceit«nly the worlu of tlie world's dnuufttuit can only
be appreciated when wo understand the character of hi*
•urroundings. Heeing the age in which he liv^l in it*
true light, bis dramas put on a now significance, holding,
in very truth, " the mirror up to naturo." It was a rude
world which be depicted, full of passionate hot blood,
boiling over in all forms of violence, but lighted up with
the glory which comas but once, when a great people are
awakening into life. It is absurd to think of the author
of thrao plays as a rude, unlettered peasant boy going
up to Ixmdon to seek his fortune. His father, although
he lived in what seems to some visitors a hovel-like
stmctnre, because so devoid of applianoea for comfort,
occupied this house wbiin chief magistrate of the town
^ of Stratford.* His residence seems very mean When
compared with the stone dwellingx of the same date in
the cities of the Netlierlands, and'to modem eyes may
appear a poverty-stricken habitation ; bat compan it
with the theatre in which the plays of his son were
given to the world, and we find the two in keeping.
In 157)1, the first theatre was ojwned in London. It
was situated in Blackfriars, and was erected bv the aer-
thU houK, which b mere); a thatched cnttag* of the Mac gnda m
the houM in Benlejr Street; in it* origio*! comiitioa a pictumqnc
pl>|<«t ill the laodacape, but the lowliest tort orhainan liabilatlon."
— UleiD, p. SM. Bee White's ■' Bhakeapeare " fiir hii prtconceifeii idea
of tlie poet's home obtained (h>m booica alone.
* The house in Heolc; Stieet iaat present aixty->T« feet long and
twenty-one feet deep, with an exteoaiiMll^or addition on the icar,
■liont twenty feet aqosie. (Mcmoramlum of surrey kindly sent me
hf tiM canuar>
ns OLOBI THBATU H
ruiU of the Earl of Leicett«r. In IBM, the company at
this play houae, in which William Shakespeare was a part-
ner as well as an actor, built their new theatre, the fa-
moos Globe. Constructed of wood, hexagonal in shape,
it was surrounded by a muddy ditoh, and surmounCed
by a re<l flag, which was elovate<l into place at three
o'clock in the afternoon, when the performance began.
Within, the whole space was open to the elements, ex-
cept that the stage was covered with a thatched roof.
Here the gallants sat on stools among the actors, or lay
on the rnsh-strewn floor, eatirg, drinking, pUying cards,
and smoking the tobacco which Raleigh had just ma«lo
fashionable. Below, in the pit — and the woni meant
something then — were gathered the common people,
standing up, taking the rain when it fell, drinking beer,
and, as it operated, using a great upturned barrel Which
was set in the ground to receive their contributions.
When the smell became too strong, a cry arose, " Dam
the juniper," and the air was filled with its heavy smoke.
On the atage, "a huge scroll attached to a post told in
huge letters the location of the scene ; a bunch of flowers
indicated a garden ; three or four supernumeraries with
swords and bucklers represented an army, and the roll-
ing of a drum a pitched battle.*
Certainly there is as great a contrast between such a
theatre as this and the modem palace of the drama as
appears between the house of Shakeqieare's father in
* Sir Pbilip moefi " Deilnra of Pony ;" Tkine's " Engliili Ut>
erature;" Qroen; Drake's "Shakopesre;" Cbamben'i " C]rclo|M»>
dif of EnglUli Utentiire," etc. Morable Kenerjr wm flnt inlro-
dnecd after tbe RcitnratioD, and at the nnie time women began tn
take the Temalo part*, which before that d»t« bad been repreaented
b| boja. V ,
M TBI rDMTAH IR UOLLAKO, BNOLAUD, ARB AMmCA
Stntford and the retidenoe of the poet-Uareate of Eng-
land, or that of a French dramatist like Hugo, Dumoa,
or Sardou. The aadienoe at the Qlobe had the im-
aginations of children, who from a few chain will oon-
struct you a steamship or a railroad train, and transport
you in a moment to any quarter of the universe. The
poorer the children, the more they will delight in the so-
ciety of imaginary princes, and revel in scenes of ficti-
tious splendor. The poet who ministered to this audi-
ence was himaelf ^' the very age and body of the time."
But we have much more than the house in Stratford
to reveal the characters of the dwellings of tliis period.
Harrison, writing in 1&80, tells os that in the early days
of Elizabeth the mansion-houses of the country gentle-
men were little better than cottages, except in size, be-
ing thatched buildings, covered on the outside with the
coarsest clay, and lighted only by hitticea. Outside of
London, chimneys were very rare ; the smoke of the
open fire being allowed to escape as it might, either
through the nnglazed windows or by an aperture in the
roof.*
The interior of these dwellings was equally unpreten-
* Hirriian'i leeount of England, prellied to Holinthfd'i
"Chroniclet." Cliimncjrt were not uaed in the fnnn-houm of
Cbnbira nntil alwot 1816. Wliitakcr'i "CnTen," qooted by Hal-
Um, "Middle Age*," chip. \x. |mrt ii. "It is u error," nji Hal-
lam, " to rappoee that the Engliali genti; were lodged in itatcly or
oTen well-aized homes. Oenerall; sitenking, their dwellings were
^almost a* inferior to those of their descendants in capacity aa thcf
were in conrenience. The osual arrangement con*iste<l of ui en-
trance passage nuining throngh tlie house, with a hall on one side,
a parlor beyond, and one or two chambers above, and on the oppo-
site side a kitchen, pantrjr, and tthet office*. Bneh was the onti-
narjr manor-hoose of the flfkoenth and sixteenth centuries."— Idem-
• n»IUm't"MidilleAgw."; ; ; > • ,
f T«citiu deacrilxa the Otmiaiu m IMug in hoatta comt^bcted
of rmigh timlwr, Ailed io witb •bining claj, '' Oenuiuii«r { !<•
I H«rriioD. ,
: ;i^"
lUMnoN-Boutts or thi omnnr Mr
tioua. A gentleman'g hooso containing three or four
beda waa extraordinarily well provided ; few probably
had more ttei two. The walls wero^ bare, not oven
being plastflid. Qlaaa wiodows, when they ezistMl,
were looked open as movable furniture. Carpets were ^ ^i.
almost unknown, and chairs seem to have been a rarity. c;*
An inventory of the fnniiture in Skipton Castle, which
belonged to the Earl of ComberUnd and was one of the
moat splendid mansions of the North, was made, in 1578.
It shows that there were not more than aeven or eig^ht
bods in the castle, and that none of the chambers had
chairs, window glass, or carpets.* Among the better
class of farmers, tlie men slept on straw, with a good j/;
round log for a bolster, pillows being thought meet 5
only for women in childbirth. The pUttera from which . - tr
they ato were ^made of wood, and their spoons of the ' y^K
same material. '.?':
As wealth increased, during the reign of Elizabeth, v /
many improvements became apparent. The ancient 'A-
timber mansions of the gentry were now covered with i*'
plaster, "which," says Harrison, "beside the delectable . ~ ^ f
whitencsse of the stuffe itselfe, is laied on so even and
smoothlie, as nothfng in my judgment can bo done with
more e'xaotnesse." t The new mansions were commonly
of brick or stone, larger and more convenient. The walls
were hung with tapestry or sealed with oak, and here
and there stoves were introduced. The more general,
use of glass for windows came also to give a comfort
before unknown.^ The farmers, too, in tb« regions near
\
■;>*
-■"■'■ nS THE POalTAM IK BOLUna IKOHMD, AIID AHKUOA
the capital, felt the improvement. Their wooden dighea
were replaced with pewter, added to which wa« an occ«-
f/ ' gional piece of silrer ; feather beds became common, and
the multitude of chimneys newly erected excited the ad-
miratioHvOf the old inhabitants.
' Above the mansions of the gentry stood the castles of
the great nobles, which, though few in number, were in
some cases of imposing dimensions. It is fmm the ro-
. mantle description of some of these exceptional struct-
ures that many (Mirsons have formed their impressions
of the general magnificence of the age. Fortunately we
have some unquestionable evidence relating to the fumi-
' tare, conveniences, and modes of life in several of these
dwellings of the great, which- may serve to modify such
impressions. . Henry Percy, fifth Earl of Xortbumber-
land, who died in 1527, was one of England's most mag-
nificent noblee. When the I'rincess Margaret, in 1503,
married James IV. of Scotland, he was commissioned to
. escort the bride to the border, and did so with a train
which, according to the chroniclers of the time, was royal
in its splendor. lie had two lordly castles in Yorkshire,
where he entertained on an average fifty-seven guests a
day. His regular household numbered one hundred and
fifty -six, which included eleven priests, heade<l by a
candn. For the regulation of this enormous establish-
ment a most elaborate system was adopted and embod-
ied in a " Household Itook," which provided in advance
for every detail of the daily life, the duties of each sen-
vant, the supplies for each department, and even the bill
of fare for the whole year. '*
This book, ns kept for 1512, is still in existence, and
throws a world of light on the condition of the highest
classes in England, in at least the first quarter of the
sixteenth century, and in the rural districts it did not
TBM HOKTHUMBMLAHO CABTUB 328
change much for very many yean. In the first place,
when the family moved from one castle to another they
took all their furniture with them — a matter, however, of
no great difflculty, for it was not bulky. There seem to
have been no glass windows in either castle. The dishes
in common use were made of wood, but for extraordi-
nary occasions pewter ones were hired. The household's
supply of linen consisted of nine table-cloths, " eight for
my lord's table, and one for that of the knights." The
whole allowance for the year's washing amounted to
forty shillings, and* that was mainly expendinl on the
linen in the chapel. This was not extravagant, but Was
large enough, in view of the fact that no sheets or pillow-
cases were Qsed, and probably none of the family wore
underclothes, at least not any that ever went to the laun-
dry.* This, to be sure, was in 1612; but I have already
shown what Skipton Castle, the superb seat of the Earl
of Cumberland, was in 1573. Viewing the accommo-
dations in such mansions as these, iEneas Sylvius, the
Italian traveller, remarked long before that the kings
of Scotland would rejoice to be as well lodged as the
second class of citizens at Nuremberg.t
Snoh, in the main, when Elizabeth ascended the throne,
were the dwellings and their accommodations in the ru-
ral part of England, which then contained a much larger
* "The NortliumberUnd IIouaehoM Book," Prcnicc.clc.
t The Dew caitlei and InronUI bslls, which were ervclcil in con-
liderable numbers during the reign of Eliubeth, were of a difftrent
choiacter fVom their predccenore, beliig much more fitted for com-
fort. The improTcroent here, hnwerer, u in erer; other direction,
vu due to a foreign influence, whicli in tbi* can came largely from
Italy, although, ai I ahall thow liereafter, much wai owing to the
Netlierlandi. Aa to the Italian influence, aee "Architecture of the
I in En^ud," by J. AUivd Ootcli, 188t
fei;y!' feu J 0k.\i^3Sfil^
SM TBB FUKITAX Itl HOLUMD, BlaLAND, AHD AMCKICA
proportion of the inhabitants than at present. The whole
population of the country probably nunibcre<i less than
three millions, of whom, ]M!rhape, a hundred thousand
lived in London, and there was no other town of any
great size.** London itself, about the middle of the reign
of Elizabeth, consist^ of a ooil of narrow, tortuous, un-
seemly streets, each with a bUck, noisome rivulet run-
'ning through its centre, and with rows of three-storied,
leaden-roof6d houses, built of timber-work, f!lle<I in with
lime, with many gables, and with the upper stories over-
hanging and darkening the basements.f These houses
were stately, compared with those in the country, but
they were not roagniiicent.
But outside the city proper, especially along the single
street which led by the river's strand to Westminster,
were some newer mansions of a different character.
These belongied to the nobles, who, greatly to the 8o^
row of their staid and conservative brethren, now flocked
to court to enjoy the pleasures of the town,' and pick
up some of the fat contracts and lucrative monopolies
which were showered on the royal favorites. Some few
of these men lived in great splendor ; they had costly
plate, superb tapestries, and magnificent pieces of furni-
ture, gathered from every quarter of the globe, largely
by the pirates with whom they were often associated in
partnership. But this was, in the main, a barbitric splen-
* Id 1031, in llie reign of Cliariea I., Lonilnn had by nclnal count a
little over 180,000 inhabitant!. 8e« article by Prnf. Tliorold Roger*
in Time for Maroh, 1840.
t Motley'a " United Netherlandi," i. 811. lo the reign of Jamet I.
l>rick flnt came into general aae. IIuDie,A|>pendli,"JanieaI." The
paTing of London began onder Henry VIII. At the coronation of
Eltiabcth, the atrceta through which aho pHacd were newly atnwn
wttb grSTai. Stiypa'a " AnaBlt."
simnB FOH cARnrnra ijpt'
dor, giving little evidence of civilization. Entering thew
mansions, one would appreciate the truth of Kirk's re-
maric, that " the luxuries of life come before the com-
forts." * For an illustration, let us look at the residence of
the queen herself, which was the most magnificent of all.
From the fourteenth century carpets had been in com-
mon use among the upper chisses, both in France and in
the Netherlands, being laid on floors of enamclletl tiles
or thick squares of polished oak.f In 1598, Hentzner,
the German traveller, went with the nobleman whom
he accompanied as tutor to see Queen Elizabeth in her
palace at Oreenwioh. This, the place of her birth, was
her favorite residence, especiallj in summer. The queen
appeared richly attired and iMtded down with jewels,
but the floors of the palace were covered with what he
calls bay, being probably rushes. A century before,
Erasmus, writing of the habits of the people, to which
he ascribed the frequency of the plague in England,
•aid -of the houses: "The floors are commonly of clay,
■trewed with rushes, under which lie unmolested an an-
cient <x>llection of beer, grease, fragments, bones, spittle,
and everything that is nasty." A hundred years, it
aeems, had made little change either in ihe covering of
the floors or in its effects upon the public health, if we
may judge from the oontinuano6 of the plague. Carpet-
ing was used at this time in Engbind, but was spread ob
the tables and not often on the floors. In the latter daw
of Elizabeth, according to Drake, linen was introduced to
take its place.^ This, however, is evidently a mistake, un-
less reference is made to a general introduction, for *' The
* See p. 117.
t La Croix, >■ The ArU in llie Middle Aget," p. «7.
t NstbMi Onke, " Slukeapewe Md hi* Tinei," p. 407.
'•(:,>:■■
SSS Tnl PDBITAN IN BOLUMD, BHOLAHni AUD AMBBWA X
Northumberland Household Book" shows that a. few
table-cloths were used early in the century.*
If table linen was usctt among the wealthy classes bfr''
fore the end of the century, there was one piece of table
furniture unknown till the reign of James I., and that
was the fork. In France it had been known sinoo 1379 ;t
it was in common use among the Italians,^ and presnm-
ably among the other Continental nations. In 1611,
Thomas Coryat first introduced it into England, where
even table-knives had not been in general use until 1563.§
Chaucer draws a very pretty picture of the Prioress at
table:
"At mete wu abe wel jrtkoglite withille;
Blic Ictle DO inoncl from hire lippct fille,
Ne vetto liire fingres in hire sauco de|)«.
Wei coude she cane a raond, and wcl kepe
Tliutte no dropo no fdl upon hire brctt."
This is all very charming in a poem of the fourteenth
century ; but probably we should change some of our
ideas regarding the England of the sixteenth if we could
look in upon the people, even of the upper classes, and
see them dining perhajM off silver, but eating with their
fingers and throwing the bones among the rushes on the
floor. I
Much has beqn said by imaginative writers about the
great variety and abundance of food under which the
* Wild Will Darrell'i waaliing bill in London, tot tbree montim in
ISW, ha* an item of one table-cloth and fourteen napkini ; but ho
wore a clean thirt every day, although no undcrolothea appear.
Hall'a ••Eliabetban Society," p. SOS.
t U Croix, " The Art! in the Middle Agaa."
I Nathan Drake, p. 407.
{ Ibid.
.^^fla* Itnka aato the dinlng-rooma of the coantiy gentlemeo.
TBI ■HaLUHllAII'B POOO M
tablei of the English people groaned in the Elizabethan
age. And hero again, as in the case of the dwellings,
the rare exceptions have been taken for the rule. Some
iev of the nobles, according to Harrison— and the nobles
themselves were few in namber* — had French cooks,
and they were supplied with a variety of fresh meats, a
succession of game, fish, and fruits, with sweets of all
descriptions. Among the wealthy merchants of the city,
and especially in the days when piracy as a business
was at its height, there was also, doubtless, a variety of
food. But it would be a great mistake to suppose that
any considerable body of the people indulged in any-
thing but the plainest and most primitive of fare, al-
though this in most cases was found in great abun-
dance.t .
* There wen only flfly-wren pecn when Elizabeth came to the
throne, and tixtf-iix >t the time of her death.
t " Tillage wai changed for pasture-grazing, Orain wu denr and
coane meat was cheap. Bacon and <Uh went out of uac. Oatne
and poultry became luxuriea, and Tegetablee were practically on-
koown. The people fed on aalt beef, or roast and inferior mutton,
with bad meal ; and this monotonoui cheer they waalicd down with
potent liquor."— Hall'a "Elizabethan Society," p. 78. V^tablea
were not introduced ftt>m the Netlicrland* until the next century.
Borne of the prices of the time, as found in the household accounta,
for 1580, of Will Danell, a wealthy commoner, may interest tlie
leadei'. It should be remembered that the purchasing value of
mmij was very much greater than at present.
. ' -■ w nm coDwniT, LirTUBOOTS.
I. a.
Sells wheat, per bushel f • -
- bariey, » " 1 H
Bays beef, per lb. „ _ - 1)
•* t bushels of pe«ieM.„.„.,,,,.,.„,„ .„..,.,....„ 4 ft
" 1 lb. of sugar. 1 6
- (lbs. of hops.. ., 3 -
i* v^vo- '•■''': ■■■'
'8M TnB PDRITAM IN HOUAND, nOLAND, AND AMIRICAs
Even among the middle classes and the gentry the
cheer was very different from that generally pictured
in the popular imagination. With them salt fish, salt
IN MMDOH.
* 4
' Bu;a i lb. of tobtcco 1)0 -
" 2 nz, of date*. - S
" quiro of pspvr , - 4
" obook - •
" a pound of candlet. ...._ - 4
" It Icinoii - I
" ornngCB -. -. 9
" • quart of cUret - •
" * pound of butter. - 4
" (Inwberrie*, 8 pf nte«, May 28 -IS
" " 1 quart, June 1 1 - •
" poundoftugar -17
" a liarrel nf beer ,..; ., 4 -
" a quart of cream • <
" "apcco of beef -14
" "aloyneof veale" -IS
" " a Icgg of mutton ". -16
Wubing-bill, 3 months, lelf anil aenranta, aliirta, collam, bandkei^
chiefa, niglitkerchiefa, aocka, 1 waittcoat, S iheeta, 1 t«ble.cloth, 14
napkins, 11: M. Hall. Turning thesg prioet into our American
currency at eren four for one, and they would be almut as fgllows i
Wlieat, per bushel, $2.00; beef, per pound, 12 cents; hop*, 48 cents ^ ,
sugar, $1.00; tobacco, |S0; date*, (1.72; candle*, 82 cents; butter.
82 cents; a quire nf |)aper, 82 cents; a lemon, 8 cents; quart of
clarot, 48 "bents; stmwberries in Hay, per quart, 04 cents; in June,
48 certs; a barrel of beer, 94.00 ; washing, 8 months, 918.71 It ia
very difflcnit to determine the relatire purchasing value of money
at dUforent periods, hot four to on* i* very low for this time. Tlie
best authorities give four to one for th* daya of the Commanwcallh.
"The Interregnum," by F. A. laderwick, p. 24S. In Kliaabeth'a
reign the dllTerencc was probably much greater. For later prices,
coupar* Hume, " Hist, of EngUnd," Appendix to ebapttn on James L
lORDMISg FOR swim 0*
meat,breac1,andale made up,gubHtantially,the bill of faro
for at least nine months in the year. " The Northum-
berland Household Book," for example, shotvs that in
the family of that great earl they had fresh meat for
only about three months— from midsumraor to Michael-
mas, the 20th of September. To enable them to swal-
low the salt meat, on which they lived for the remainder
of the year, one hundred and sixty gallons of mustard
vere provided.*
-One thing in regani to the tastca of the time is very
suggestive, and that 13 the fondness for Bisects, which
was common to all classes. Sugar was a novelty to
these islanders, and, having money for its purchase, they
ran to the extravagance of children. The teeth of the
women, including the queen, were black from over-
indulgence in this luxury.t The men began to import
sweet and other wines from Spain and Portugal, and, to
the amazement of foreigners, they always mixed them
with sugar.^
As we study this people from various quarters, and
apply to them every kind of test, we shall see how con-
sistent is the picture in all its details : the picture of a
people with great energy and poetic instincts, brought
into contact with an elder civiliiation, and awakening
* "The NorthiiinberUnd IIouKhold Book " ((ives tlii' liill «f f«rc for
cTor; mcmlKr of tlio family, ami aome of iti detaila are very oarioua.
My lord and lady haT« for breakfast on faat-daya a quart of liecr, aa
much nine, a loaf of bread, two pieces of salt flsh, six ml herrings,
four white ones, or a dish of sprats. On flesh days, half n chine of
mutton, or a chine of Iwef boiled. The young lord has half a loaf ^
of bread, A quart of beer, and two mutton bones. Will Darrell,
"While in' London, in 1580, fured nions sumptuously, but lircd almost
entirely on meats. Seo his daily bill of fare in Uall, p. 31*i, etc.
it llcatxoer's " TraTcls." ) Drake, p. Vn.
830 TUB PliHITAN IN IIOIXAHD, BNQLAHD, AND AMERICA
to a now life. Look at the appearance of a gallant about
the court. His beard will be cut lo as to rcwniible a
fan, a spade, or the letter T. lie hag great gold rings
in his ears, get perha|)8 with pearls or diamondg. About
his neck will possibly be a ribbon, on which he will
siring his other jewels for exhibition.* His dress ex-
cites astonishment everywhere. He has no costume of
his own, and so borrows from all his neighbors. Portia
describes him, in speaking of Faulconbridgc, the young
baron of England : " How oddly ho is suited ! I think
he bought his doublet in Italy, bis round hose in France,
his bonnet in Germany, and his behavior everywhere." t
Nor was the female attire'- any less remarkable. Its
fashions," too, were borrowed from every quarter, and
changetl every year ; while the unmarried wopien, copy-
ing the example of the queen, who took great pride in
her fine figure, decked themselves out in gowns with
waists which, from their scantiness, would put to the
blush the most hardened attendant of a modern court
reception.J
* Uarriion'a " Dcicriptioii «r England C Dnkc, pp. StW^DT.
t " Merchant of Vi-nlpi'," net i. sc. 2. Saya a w ritiT of ilio time : '• I
read *>( a painter tlint would paint every coiinlryuuui in bia ar-
cu8toui«d apiuircl— tliv Dntcli, lliv Spaniard, tlie Italian, the Freocli-
nmn ; l>ut when he came to the Engllahnian, he painted him nuked,
and gave him cloth and bade him make it himaelf, for ha changetl
' U'v failiion ao often that he knew not how to nitike it"— Beeon'a
" Jewell of Joye." See alio Froude, tr. 131. Ilarriaon, in deacrib-
ing the fanlaaiic attiro of tbo day, aaya "that except it were a do^
in a doublet, you ahnll not eeo any one to <liii{(aiae<t aa ate ray
countrymen in England. I hnre met witli aome of ihcae tnillea
in Loolnn, ao dinguiaed that It hiith |>aiacd my akill to diacorcr
wliether they were men or women.'
I Goadby'a " Englnnil of Shakeapeare," p. AH. 8ee alto Henti-
ner'a deactiptlon of lira drew of Queen Klitabclb.
lUIVBBBHCI rOK TUC CBUWM
Bat although foreign influences led at this time to
much that was fantastic in feminine ap])arel,* they
served one useful purpose, since they introduced the
general wearing of linen fabrics to suppUnt the old un-
dei>g;arment8 made of wool. This came about through
the teachings of the Netherland refugees, who were dis-
tinguished, among other things, for their personal neat-
ness, and who first tauglit the Englishwomen how to
■tarch their clothes.t
If foreigners were aatonisheil nt the garb of the Eng-
lishman, his fondness for sweets, and the appearance of
bis dwellings, they were no less affected by his rever-
ence for the crown. So abject was Parliament in the
time of Henry VIII. that when the king's name was
mentioned the whole house stood up and bowed to the
vacant throne. X But oven this exhibition was suqiossed
.,■-•■§;
"4?;
* Hetercn, qiioled by Motley, " United Netherhnda," i. 809.
t " It waa in the jttt IBM that Mra. Dinghcn Tan den Plaaac, who
■mu born at Teenen, in Fbindera, and wa* the daughter of a knight
of that prorince, came to London with her liutband for wfiitit aho
waa the flnt who taught ttarekiiig in tlioae da;t of Impuriwp Our
hiatoriana go (brtlier, and condticcnd to inform ua that bar price
vaa almut irv ponnda to tcacli how to atarch, and twenty poonda
how to aecthe atarch ; and that in a iiltle time aho got on eatate,
being greatly encouraged by gentlemen and btdiet." Dum'a " For-
eign Proteatant Refugeea," p. 189, quoting "an old writer."
Stow, in hta " Annala," odda : " Sotne very few of the beat and moot
curloua wirea of tliat time, oboerving tlio ncatnea and delicacy of
the Dutch for whiteneaa and fine wearing of linen, made tliem cam-
bric ntb and acnt them to Mra. Dinghcn to atatcb, and after a while
they made them nifb of lawn, which waa at that time a itulT moat
■tionge and n onderftil, and tliereupon roae a general acoff or by-
«oid tbat.aliortly they would make mflii of a apider'a web, and tbea
Ibey began to aend their danghten and neateit kinawomeo to Ma
DInghen to learn how to atarch."
t Oreen'a " Short Hiatory," p. 3S5.
1.-2^
\
r-'i
SaS TUS PUHITAN W BOUAHD, BHILAIID, AND AMIKIOA
during the reign of Elizabeth. When Ilentzner ."is at
Greenwich Pahtce, be noticed that whoever spoke to
the queen fell upon his^jf ees, and that when she walked
through the presence clramber, all the lonis and ladies,
as she looked in their direction, did the same. This was
surprising enough, but inuch more was to come after-
wards. He witnessed the setting of her dinner-table,
and there saw this sight: "A gentleman entered the
room bearing a rod, and along with him another who
had a tablecloth, which, after they had both kneeled
three times with the utmost veneration, he spread upon
the table, and after kneeling again they both retired.
Then came two others, one with the rod again, the other
with a solt-ccUar, a plate, and bread; when they had
kneeled aa the others had done, and pkoed what was
brought uiton the table, they too retired with the same
ceremonies performed by the first. At last came an
^unmarried lady — we were told she was a countess— and
along with her a married one, bearing a tasting-knife ;-
the former was dresMxl in white silk, who, when she
hod prostrated herself three times in the most graoefal
manner, approached the table and rubbed the platee
with brcatl and salt, with as much awe as if the queen
had been present." After this ceremony the dishes
were brought in, tasted, and then carried to the private
dining-room of her majesty.*
Sach genuflections before a tablecloth and salt-cellar
betoken a remark.ible condition of society. If these
acts of reverence, wiiich men usually reserve for their
Creator, were thus performed before a scrap of linen
and a piece of silver, because the queen was about to
* HfnUBM*! "Tmvtla." Ttis iMting wm to dttsct poiioii, ud
wu sot uncomiBOB io other countrici.
■-iiA^iite'' ■
' . HilABITa AB A OODDIH SM
Qie them, what must have been the awe with which
the people looketl upon the (|ueen herself! Giordano
Bruno, the famoiu Italian phtio8ophcr, throws some
light upon this question. lie visited England in 1583,
and remained two years. Subsequently, returning to
Rome, he was accused of heresy and burned at the
stake. One of the charges brouf^bt against him by the
Inquisition was that he had described the heretical
Elizabeth as a goddess. In reply, ho said that in his
book he praised the Queen of England, ualling her a
goddess, not in religion, but as an epithet given by the
ancients to princes; and in England, where ho wrote
the book, it is their habit to give the title of goddess
to the queen.* This goddess, as she ap|)ears to us in
history, seems a strange divinit}- to worship; but, after
all, she was only a typo of her people, and in her we
can read their character.f ^
The servility which characterized the time ot Eliza-
beth was not confined to the royul court. Erasmus,
when in England, wrote to a friend saying that he would
* " Lite of Bnino," l>y Frith, p. 1 10. Tlio eourticn uroimil EliiB-
beth liid not itudied the cUnic* for nothing. When aho b lixtj,
Raleigh thai *peak> of her in • letter intended for her pcniul : " I,
that wai wont to leo her riding tike Alexander, hunting liico Oiaun,
walking like Venua, the gentle wind blowing her fair hair about Iiit
pure cheeks like s nymph, aometinies aitting in the ahado like a
goddeas, lometimea ainging like an angel, aometimca playing like
Orplieua; behold the aorrow of thla world: once amiai hath be-
reaved me of all."
t Jamea L diaponaed with the genuflcctioni of hia courtien ; but,
(till, he compared htmiclf with the Sariour. " Chriit had his John,
Snd I baie my Oeorge," referring to Buckingham. AblMt'a " Bacon,"
p. 280. In a public pixiclamatiun iaaued in 1610, he speaka of kings
and princes ss "gods on earth." Taawell - Langmcad's "Const.
Hilt of England," p. SOa.
%!•
SM THI nnUTAIf IM ROLLANII^ tNOLAilU AHD AMOUCA
tind the great people most agreeable and graciouA, 'but
naming him not to presume upon their intimacy, since
they regarded themselves as gods.* A century later,
the noble lord who serves his queen kneeling demands
the same condescension from his inferiors when they
wait on him. It is only when we appreciate the depth
of this feeling that we can comprehend the force of the-
recoil in the next century, which, for a time, levelled all
distinctions of rank and sent a monarch to the scaffold.
With the Restoration the servility returns. Charles II.,
while at his meals, ostentatiously called Orammont's
attention to the fact that his oiUoers served him on
their kneos. Grammont, as unaccustomed to English
cooking as to English manners, replie<l : " I thank your
majesty for the explanation ; I thought they were beg-
ging pardon for giving you so bad a dinner."t
Ilentzner, while in London, had an opportunity also
of seeing some of the amusements of the city people.
The favorite sports" were bull-baiting, bear-baiting, and
bear-whipping, for which a theatre was especially pro-
vided. For baiting, the bull or bear was securely chained,
and then set upon by dogs, who worried hira to death.
To witness this was a charming recreation, but it was
thrown into the shade by the bejirbeating, in which the
unhappy, brute, being chained to a post and blindfolded,
was flogged to death with whips.:]: In this diversion
there was little of the excitement which attends a bull-
fight,'where skill and nerve are required by the suooeHh
* " The noble lordt ire god* in tbdr own ejrea."— "Timef Of Eru-
mut and Luttaer;" Froude's " Short Studie*," p. 90.
t " Onmmoat'* lIenloi^^" Bolin'* ed. p. M. TfaU custom wm
not flnillf giTcn up nntil tlio reign of Qcorge I. Lecky'e " EngUnd
In the Eighteenth Centarj," i. aw.'
}HenUner'i"TnTeli.'' ^
f!rS"vv-
rOPULAS StORTB-SDlTATIOM 841
ful matadore ; but if the bear made noi«e enough and was
laag enough in dying, the amusement must have been in-
tense; Hot was it the masses alone that enjoyed these
sports ; they were the particular delight of the nobles
and of Queen Elizabeth herself. In fact, the Privy
Council, in 1501, issued an onler that no plays should bo
exhibited on Thursday, because on that day bear-biiiting
and such like pastime had been usually practised, " which
are maintained for her majesty's pleasure." With them
she entertained foreign ambassadors, and when she made
her famous visit to Kenilworth, thirteen bears were pro-
vided for her diversion, being baite<l with a large 8|>eoios
of ban-dog.* It may be that the Puritan, when he abol-
ished these exhibitions, cared nothitjg for the bear ; he
certainly conferred a service on humanity by doing away
with such brutalizing sights-f
Having seen something of the Englishman's dwelling,
his food, costume, manners, and sports, let us now con-
sider his education, religion, and morals.
And first we must notice that in regard to the learn-
ing of this time a most exaggerated notion prevails in
some quarters, the result of judging of a whole people
from a few isolatcfl individuals. Elizabeth had been
brought up in comparative seclusion until she ascended
the throne, at the age of twenty-flve. Her father, despite
his faults, was a friend of letters, and gave his daughters,
who were in the line of succession to the throne, such an
feduoation as was fitted for an English monarch of the
• Dnk«, p. 480.
t In 1608, Junet I. by • proclaiiiMlon prohibilml betr-baiUng nA
bull-lMitiDg on th* Siibbnlli. 8trype'« " Annuls," It. 879. Tho bull- ,
baiting wu re-eiUblUlied after tho Rntomtion, ami continaed in b«
• farorite amuiement all through the eightMnth ceDturj. I.ecky, ;-^.
U98. "
'%•.
, >*■;
. vj^^-4''^'''-?'^^-'^'^' ■ 4K^'*S''-^^-^^^^^^^^
•4* TBI FD1UTAH IN HOLUMD, KiaUNni AMD AMBMOA
day. That Elizabeth ihould have upoken four or Ave
languages is of itmlf little proof of intellectual cultiva-
tion. All the better class of Russians do the same to-
day, while couriers and boys brought up in such polyglot
centres as Constantinople often speak ten or twelve.
But, apart from this, the queen carried to the throne a
love of the classics, which she retained all- through her
life. She read and translated the Latin authors, and,
what was more rare in England, she also read Greek.
In addition, she made these studies fashionable at court,
so that several other ladies pursued them with success.
Judging in a loose, general way from these well-known
facts, many persons reason that if the women of that
day had such accomplishments, the acquisitions of the
meif must have been phenomenal. But here is the mis-
take. -Elizabeth, In her education, as in many of her
traits of character, was more of a man than a woman.*
Roger Asoham, her Greek teacher, said, though perhaps
panegyrically, that she devote<l more time to reading
and study than any six gentlemen of her court, and that
she read more (irook with him at Av indsor Castle every
day thaa some prebendaries of the Church read Latin in
a week.t :
* Sir Robert Cecil uid of her that ihe " wm more than ■ man, and
(in trolb) lointjmc lea than a nronian." — IlarriDgton's " Nngs An-
tique," i. S45, Lettcti of 1603.
t Roger Ascliam'a " Bdiolemaiter," p. SS, Majror'a ed., IMS. A
■pecimcn of the Engliih written by Eliiahelb ii given in the follow-
ing prayer, which ahe compnaod in 1S07 :
" Oh Ood, Almaker, keeper, and guider, inarement of thy rare
teen, unuied, and aecl'd heard of goo<lncai poured In ao plenllAil a
aott upon ua full oft, bnicda now thia boldncaa to crave with bowed
kneea and licnrta of humility thy large baud of helping power, tu
aaaitt with wonder our Juat cauae, not founded on pride'a motion, or
begun on malice atock, but, aa thou beat knoweat, to whom nought
KTMWntTlD Konoica or emgluh tcHOLABsaiP 84S
It is from her reputation for learning, with that ci a
few ladies of her court, and acme of the men distin-
guiahed in civil life, anch aa Smith, Sadler, and Baleigh,
that, as the iconochiatio Halhim saya, " the general char-
acter of her reign haa been, in thia point of view, con-
siderably overrated."* Buck learning aa existed in the
island was confined almofit excluaively to the daasics,
which Uio people of the Continent, and especially the
Italians^ had been cultivating for two centuries.f Of
U bkl, groundeit on just defence fVom wrongs, Imte, and bloody de-
sire of conquest, for since means tlioa liast imparted to save tbat
tliou has giren by enjoying such ■ prapit as scorns Uicir bloodshed,
where surety our* Is one. Fortify, dcar'Ood, such hearts in such sort
as thoir best p»rt may be worst, that to the truest port meant worse,
with least loss to such a nation as depise their lives for tbvir country's
good ; that all foreign lands may laud and admire the ooinipotency
of thy, works, a fact alone for thM only to (lerform. So shsll thy
name be spread for wonders wrought, nnd the faithful encouraged to
repose in thy unfetlowcd grace ; nnd we tlint minded nought but
right, enchained in thy bonds for perpetual •larcry,and live and die
tlie sacriSsers of our souls for such obtained farors. Warrant, dear
Lord, all this with thy command."— Strype, " AnnaK" ir. 440.
Those pennns who, from the flatterers of Eliiabeth, hare formeil a
high opinion of her literary attainments, may, with considersblo
pruAt, study this production, which is given just as she wrote it for
public use lu the churches, freeiWim the emendations of mndcm e<li^
tors. If she wrote and spoke other languages in the same manner,
■he might, without great cfTort, hare mastered a liirgc number.
* Hallam's " Literature of Europe," ii. 80. ^gain, speaking of the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the Primate of the English CImrch, the
same author remarks : " Whitgift was not of much learning, if it be
true that, as the editors of the ' niographia Dritannica ' intimate, he
bad no acqualntanco with the Greek language. This must seem
strange to those who have an exaggerated notion of the scholarship
of that age."— Hallam's " Const. Hist," i. 202, note.
t The Continental scholars at this time, in addition to Oreck and
Latin, were cultiraling Hebrew, Chalde<v{rabic,etc. See last ctaaptar.
';«|||^jM?;..
SM nu roBiTAH n moluiia wmuam, tm twaacA
■oienoe the English knew almost nothing, and even the
study of the simpler branches of mathematics was repro-
bated by men like Ascham.*
Drano, when ho visited Enghindiin 1588, met most of
the men who were accounted scholars. He expounded
to them the theory that the earth revolves around the
sun, but he made few co'nverts. Going to Oxford, he
describes the Dona, who Avere couH nominees, as " men
arrayed in long robes of velvet, with hands most precious
for the multitude of precious stones on their fingers,
golden chains about their necks, and with manners as
void of courtesy as cowherds." The students were igno-
rant, boorish, and indevout, occupied in horse-play, drink-
ing, and duelling, toasting in ale-houses, and graduating
in the noble science of self-defence.t The learned Italian
lectured at the university on the immortality of the soul
and other kindred subjefts, and was near coming to,
blows with the pedagogues, who were slenderly endowed
with alignments. He found them armed, not with pru-
dence and power, but with "hearts that died of cold, and
learning that died of hunger." Returning to London, he
met a little circle of congenial spirits, and formed with
them a society, in imitation of the Italian academies,
which numbered among its members Sidney, Greville,
Dyer, and Temple.^
. • " The ScholewMter," pp. U, atO. '
t The eiamlnation fur n i)e)pt>e woi merely nominal. A m«n
roiglit graduate from ■ uniTcrtiiy, anil yet be almoat illiterate. Hal-
lam'i " Uleialure in Europe," ii. 808.
t Fritli's "Lift of Bmno," pp. ISl, taS, 13& Blill, after Bruno'*
Tint, England produced three KientlAc men, of whom any country
might be proud— Hanroy, Gilbert, and Ilariott. All, bowerer, had
pumied their,itadlei on the Continent.
xaroBM OF Tax calbuui
After loaving England, Brnno went to Oermany, when
he resMed for several years. For the learning which he
found there, the readiness to entertain new ideas, the de-
votion to art; and the general kindliness of the people, be
was filled with unbounded admiration. Kiwaking of the
■even branches of university education, be called them
the seven pillars of wisdom. On these pillars, he said,
wisdom built her home, first in Egypt, then in Persia
under Zoroaster, next in India, then in Thi^aoe, Greece,
and Italy, and finally in Germany.* 1
Before leaving the subject of scientific eliucation in
England, we may well pause for a moment to consider
an event which occurred in the year preceding Kruno's
arrival— an event which forms a landmark in history,
and t^e reception of which among the. English is of
great significance.
When Julius Caesar made his famous reform of the
calendar, the acientifie men of Rome calculatea that tlvs
year consisted of three hundred and sixty-five <lays ami
a quarter, and they therefore provided for the addition
of a day in every fourth year. After some sixteen cen-
turies this cklculation was found to be slightly erroneous,
and for some time the scholars of Italy had been woric-
*" Binco th« <mpira hu Imicd in this fain(),''h« wyi, " mora grain
and ut ii to be met with tlMD unong otlwr natiqnt.'' Again, be re- ' '• '
aiuhi tlikt there ie something "tniiy clirlne in the tpirit of that >
aation." These and other remarks of a lilic character in Bruno's
writings, allowing the contrast between England and German; ia '<
the simeenth eentUTj, before tlie deraatalion of the Thirty Team' —- — —
War wipol nut Oerman ciTilliation, sesra to have eaeapctl the notiM
of tlie Englitli biographer of the great ItalUn. Some of tliem will .. ^^'
bo found ({uoted in an article on Bmno, by Karl Blind, in the XIm- '
$entk Ceaturg fpr July, 1888. Bee also as to England, Whewell's
•• HittQiy oMIif ladnctiT* SdsDsss," article " Brano."
:\£
SM rn rmma a noutsm, wnitant, tam AUMuoA
iag over the problem of iU correction. Finally, in 1581,
they wired the problem, arrived at the. exact length
of the lolar year — within some thirty leoonds— and
dJMovered that the world was ten days behind this
true time. Accordingly, Pope Gregory XIII. issued
a proclamation, which provided for dropping these ten
days in October, 1583, and also pointed out to future
generations that by the omission of three days in each
fonr hundred years thereafter all substantial errors would
be obviated. In the Netherlands, full as they were of
scholars, this reform was at once adopted. Already
they had changed the day for beginning the new year
from the 25th of March to the Ist of January.* And
now, however they might differ from Italy in questions
of religion, they purposed to keep touch in mere soien*
tide matters.
The English, however, who knew and cared nothing
about astronomy, saw no necessity for an alteration of
the calendar. For nearly two centuries thereafter their
country occupied towards the greater part of Europe
the position in this matter which semi-barbarous Russia
holils to day. It was not until 1752 that, by an act of
Parliament, her calendar was corrected by the omission
of the 8U|)erfluon8 days, and that the beginning of the
legal year was ftxed at the 1st of January instead of at
the 25th of March. Hence, during this whole period we
have tOfCalculate the dates in English, as coni[>arcd with
those in Continental history, by changing thum from
Old to New Style. The preamble to the aet of Por-
tent by„which the change was finally brought about
# in England reads as if a great discovery had just been
• DavlM'i " Hollud," ii. 80; BrodhMd's " Birt. of Naw Tock,"
1.4M.
OBAKOI or TB* CAUDflMUl m raouRD Ul
made. It begina : " Whereaa, the Julian calendar hath
been discovered to be erroneoug, by means whereof the
ipring equinox, which at the Council of Nice, a. d. 325, '■
happenetl on the 91st of March, now happens on the
tenth day of the same month ; and the snid error is still -
increasing.'' Then follows the enactment providing for
dropping eleven days in September and for beginping
the next legal year with the 1st of January. It took
nearly two centuries for the Parliament of Ensland to
discover that the Julian calendar was erroneous, but
even then it displayed great courage in correcting the
mistake. The people could not understand the matter,
and complained bitterly that their rulers were robbing
them of a portion of their lives. In fact, as is shown
by Hogarth's picture of the "Election Entertainment"
— engraved in 1765 — "Give us our eleven days," b©-^
came a regular party cry of the opposition.*
Such was the condition of learning at the English
universities, and among the highest classes at the court
while Elizabeth was on the throne. A few scholars, very
few in number, studied Latin and Qreek imperfectly and
* It b IdUmtiDg to notice the mtj \a which tiM HMtlc^ ofrtfohn-
ing the calendar in Gnglsnd 1« tre«t«l by modern Englith writera,
who, in thit at in moat other maltcn, overioolc the comparaliTo
backwatdncM of their ibrefiuhen, and lo, by intinnation if not
directly, attribute the dcUy to the intenae Proteatantiam of tlw
country which objected to a nraaaore originating wftli the pope. But
8«otlaml, much more intenaely Proteatant, which waa- under the in-
floence of Continedtal icholara, n>fomie<l her calendar in 1800, and
Denmark and Sweden, the laat of the I>ra(eatant atatoa ip 1700, more
than half a century Wfore England took her action. It ia greatly
to the credit of Lord Bnrghley that lie urged the adoption of the
change in England when it waa flrat introduced upon the Continent
aiiype*a''Annali,"il. 8U. ^
&jinSv-* >i j1 is^v;';^ '^ij-j^v ■ivti.i t^iictesiyfefir-fc
848 TU rUUTAM IN BOLtAND, nOLARD^ AKB AMBMCA
little else. Of the poets I ghall speak hereafter, when
I ooroe to discosa the ontborst of national eDerg)^ which
followed the destruction of the Spanish Armada; bat it
may be noticed here that in prose literature nothing of
any importance appeared until the publication, in 1504,
of the first four lxx>k8 of Hooker's " Ecclesiastical Pol-
ity." Up to that date England was about as barren of
prose authors as of scholars.*
Taking it alt in all, this is not a lofty nor an extensive
elevation, but it springs from a valley very dark and
deep. Looking at the intellectual condition of the people
at large, we shall find that it corresponds with every- .
thing else which we have noticSed in their life. In 1547,
only eleven years before Elizabeth ascended the throne,
Parliament.paased a law, giving the benefit of clergy to
* peers of the realm who should be convicted of certain
, crimes, even though they could not reati.t If some of
the peers of the realm, only about sixty in number, did
not know their letters, what should we expect of the
men next below themf The fact i8, that in the rural
districts to read and write were esteemed rare acoom-
* . plishments all through the reign of Elizabeth, and, even
among the gentry below the first degree, there was
little difference in literary accomplishments between the
master and his boorish attendants.^
• BslUm'a "Conit HkL," i. Si7. "It mutt be owned b> erei?
' one, A'ot ab«olatjel; Uiuded by ■ Ian of icarce bonki, ttut the pron '
lltcmtura of the queen'* reign, taken genenlly, it but very mean."—
Htllun't "Literatnra of Europe," ii. SSS.
1 1 Edward YI., cap. 18.
) Drake, p. 810. In the time of Jamef L, at Burton telb na,
though there wai a tprinkling of the gentiy, here and tliere one, ex-
oeDantl; well learned, yet the nu^or part were bent wholly on bawkt
nnoRANCB OP TBI MIDDU AKD U>Wnt OLASM* M0
When now we descend one step lower, wo roach a
olaM almost wholly illiterate. Skakespeare'B father be-
longed to this order. He was High-bailiff of Btratfrnd,
but ooald not even write his name ; neither could the
poet's daughter Judith, nor even the eldest daughter of
the immortal Milton.* Out of nineteen aldermen in
Stratford, when Shakespeare was bom, 1504, only six
could write their names.t Nor was this ignorance con-
fined to the laymen. In 1678, according to Neal, out of
one hundred and forty clergymen in Cornwall belong-
ing to the Established Clmrch, not one was capable of
preaching, and throughout the kingdom those who
could preach were in the proportion of about one to
toar4 ^ : _
and bound*, " and carried awajr man; time* with intempents liut^
gaming, and drinking." If they read a book at an; time, " 'ti« on
Englith Chronicle, Sir Huon of Bnrdeaax, Amadia de Qaole, etc., a
play book, or eome pamphlet of nnwa^and that at KaMns onljr when
the; cannot itir abroad." — Barton'i "Aootom; of Melaocbol;,''
M. «d; p. 84. Eren in the reign of James II., the arenge eonn-
tr; iqnire had not made much improTement. " Mao; lordi of
manors," eayi Hscaala;, " hod receired an cdocotion differing liltia
ftovi that of their menial ierrants. The heir of an eotate often
poaoed his boyhood and yonth at the oeat of his famil;, with no
better tufors than grooms and gamekeepers, and tcarco attalued
learning enough to sign bis name to a mittimns."— Hacaulay's
"Hift. of Englsnd," chap. iii. Thoio were the men who, elected
to Pariiament, formed the House of Commons. But if the; knew
little of books, the; bad some fixed ideas regarding eiril ftwdom.
* Drake, p. 8M. Maison's » Milton," tI. 447. Miitoo's ;oanger
daughters, after his blindneis, read to him books In rarioos foreign
languages, but tlie; did not understand a iSord of what the; md.
« Memoir of Milton," b; his nephew, Edward Pliilllps, 1M4.
t Knight.
{ Neai's " Histoi; of the Puritans." Oaliam says that " this ma;
be dcsmsd b; some on inotiutce of Meal's pr^udios. Bat that hi»
850 TO! PTIUTAX IN HOLLAND, RiaLMIDk AND AMUIOA
It is very interesting, while on the subject of edaoa-
tion,to compare the Eaglish people in the time of Elim-
beth with their ancestors three hundred years earlier, be-
fore the Norman influence had di8ap|>earod. The Rer.
Dr. Jessopp, an eminent English antiquarian, has re-
cently discovered a great mass of documents relating
to Itougham, a small parish in Norfolk, from which its
continuous histor}' can be traced for the past six oen-
tnriea. In an essay entitled " Village Life Six Hundred
Years Ago," to which brief allusion has been made in
the last chapter, he gives an account of this parish in
the days of Edward I. 80 far as the general- mode of
life, the dwellings of the people, their occupations, and
their morality are concerned, this account might be
taken for a description of a rural pariah in the time of
Elizabeth, as portrayed by the writers of the latter pe-
riod. In scarcely one ])articular is an improvement visi-
ble, w.hile in some direction^ there was a great deteriorar
tion. Six hundred yean ago the ^farms were all very
small, in^this parish never exceeding two hundred acres,
and were cultivated by a class of yeomen who, although
nominally tenants, as every one was under the fewhil
system, were in fact the substantial owners of the smil.
But the most remarkable falling-off was in the matter
of education, and the results of the researches of the an-
tiquarian in relation to this subject may astonish those
persons who have been accustomed to regard the prog-
ress of the English people as continuous. The parish
which Ur. Jessopp investigated contained less than
three thousand acres, and was purely agriculturaL It
terian it not m lll-informiMl u tb«j rappow; and the fiict it highlj
probable." "Tbe mi^rit; of the clergy were nearlj iUltertte." —
•'Ooait.HUt..''l. MS.
/
> :i - -^^ .•■: OOHDITHM or KIUOIOS , IW .
had a village charoh, bat no monastery, abbey, or other
religious house to attract ecclesiastics. And yet be
found, by the records, that during the reign of Edward I.
there were at the same time eight, aAd probably ten or
twelre, persons in this little parish who knew how to
write well. lie ventures the opinion, from his investi-
gations in various quarters, that, in proportion to the
inhabitants, the number of persons who could write had
pot increased in England during the last six centuries,
until about forty years ago.*
8uch being the state of education among the subjects
of " Good Queen Bess," what shall we say of religion
and morality ? If there is no more connection between
moral and intellectual development than some persons
imagine, we might expect this people to be at least de-
vout and moraL Let us -ee what were the facts. In
the first place, as to religion, looking only at the sui>- •■
face, it seemed to many persons as if there were none in
the land. The revival of learning at court was, as Taine
• "The Coming of the Prian, iind other Historical Ewtyt," by
the Rer. Auguttna Jeaaopp, D.D. ( 0. P. Putnaia'a Bona, 188S ).
Prof. TboTold Rogera atatca that there waa no improTtiment in ,
Bngliah agrienlture ftom the reign of Edward I. to that of Elis-/^'^'
•beth, and that probably leaa land waa under caltiTation at the
latter date. Tiwu, March, IMO. John Foater, in hia woric on
" Popular Ignorance," makea aoma very Jnat remarka on the deg-
radation and illiteracy of the Kngltah people at laige, among ^
whom flonriahed thi intellectual chle& who hare gireu a ioeti-
tiooa character to tlie Eliaabethan age. Be alao uaea rery tieneh-
•ot language in relatiou to the gOTeming claaaea of that oonntiy,
who, uatil a rery recent date, allowed " an incalculable and erer-
inereasing tribe of human creatnrea to grow up in a condition to
abow what a wrgtebett and oHvudre thing ia human natura l«ft to
itaclf." Sea Bohn'a ed., 18M, Prcikce, and p. tS, etc.
an Tiu PDBiTAM m novutm, mahum, and AMmo*
haa well saifl, a pure Pagan Renaissance. The anthon
read were the Ureek and Latin classics, or the poets and
story-tellers of Italy, trho in the main were as irrelig-
ious as {hey were immoral. Here and there might be
found a noble who had some notions of religion, bat, al-
though from the queen down they all talked about it,
the earnest believers were rarely foiind in the upper
circles. One of them was the Earl of Essex, whose
widow married Leicester, tie died, in 1570, like s
patriot and a Christian, his last thoughts Iwing turned
towards his country and liis God. " lie prayed much
for the noble realm of England," said a bystander, t' for
which he feared many calamities." Of his countrymen
he said: "The Gospel had been preached to them, but
they were neither Papists nor Protestants ; of no religion,
/but full of pride and iniquity. There was nothing but
'iofldelity, infidelity, infidelity; atheism, atheism; no
religion, no religion." *
Well might the dying earl take a gloomy view of the
religious situation. In many of the dioceses at least a
third of the parishes had no clergymen at all.f AVhere
the livings were filled, the incumbents, in a majority of
oases, were nearly illiterate, and often addicted to drunk-
enness and other low vioes.^ As the {Nttrons, under the
remarkable system which still prevails in England, se-
lected the clergymen, and often chose their bakers,
butlers, cooks, or stablemen to fill the sacred office,
• rroad«, »i. 820. t Id«m, »H. 477.
. * Htllut'i " Conit Hiit,,* L SOS ; Ball, p. 105. Aa I ahalt aliow In
• nbtequent chapter, thia condition of tb« Church waa largely the
naalt of excluding ftom the pulpita the nHMt ieamed'and diligent
of the diergy becaoM of tbdr Fnritsato. Tbcjr ware doing work
In other qaaitcfS.
ruTAn Mouu tss
while they took the income, we need not wonder at
anything which is related of them.*
Above the clergymen stood the bishop*, and many of
them were mere time-Herving politicians, anxious only to
lay up a fortune for themselves und their families. This
is not remarkable in view of their relations to the new
eatablishment. When Aylmer, for example, preached
before Elizabeth and dared to llenonnce the extrava-
gance of the court in the matter of apparel, his mistress
threateneil, if he repeated the offence, to send hjm at
once to heaven, but without his liead.t After such a
lesson it is not probable that many persons were offend-
ed by hearing criticism of their vices from priest or
bishop. Of course all of the Established clergy were
not corrupt or sensual. There were always among them
men distinguished for their piety and virtue. liut these,
like the 'scholars, were so few in number as hardly to
produce an impression on the mass of the community,
without the aid of some outside influence such as that
which J^ad developed England in the past.
Considoring now the question of morality, we find
the picture neurly, if not quite, as dark — becoming darker,
too, in some of its features, as time went on— and for the
■causes we have not far to seek. The spoils of the mon-
asteries amounted, perhaiw, to one fifth of the kingdom's
wealth. All this colossal plunder had been suddenly
thrown over to a horde of courtiers, unrestrained by any
* Drake ipf »kt of the talcs of tlivir gnma ileUanclicrjr, to lay notli-
iog of tlio clinrgct brought agiUntt thcin of perjury Mid man-
•laughtcr. " Shakespeare and his Times," p. 44, citing Uairiaon and
the TallxA Papers.
t See OS to the liishops, Ilallam's "Const. Mist.," L S20; Hall, p.
lOS ; Froude, xiL 21. Dee also Chapter UL fut a fuller diKUMioo of
this subject
1.-83
;«;.■;.;■
SM TU nrUTAM IM ■OLLAKD, UOLAXA MD mnUCA
religiooa princifrie. The demoralization aoon worked
down to the maaMe, all fonna of indiiatry being diaorgan-
ixed, and society being disturbed to its very foundations.
At the same time, the commerce of the world hud made
great strides, so that the ocean carried on its boaoin
incalculable treasures. Like their 8axon and Danish
ancestors, the English, in the main, despised the men
whose labors created this new wealth, but they took
their share of it by becoming, what those ancestors had
been, a race of corsairs. 8eonre in their rock-lmund
island fortreM,and protected by the wars which engrossed
the whole attention of their neighbors, they plundered
friend and foe alike, and heaped up cargoes of costly
fabrics, gold, «lver, and precious stones, as in a pirates'
oave.* Rioting in such plunder by land and sea, we
need not marvel at the modes in which they displayed
their gains, nor at the immorality which seemed for a
time to taint almost every chus in the community.
Before looking at the evidence of this immorality, let
us see what intelligent foreign observers of three centu-
ries ago thought about this and other kiwlred subject*. ^
Says Ilentzner, writing in 1508 : " The English arc serif
ous, like the Germans, lovers of show, liking to be foi-
loweil wherever they go by troopa of servants, who wea^
their master's arms in silver, fastened to their left sleeves,
and are justly ridiculed for wearing tails hanging down
their back. They are good sailors, and better pirates,
conning, treacherous, thievish." f
Ueteren, the learned Antwerp historian, who lived
many years in London, thus describes some of their traits
at about the same period ; " As a people, they are stont-
' * In til* Mx( oh^ptsr I thsU Imt« Bneh more to wj about tbcw
eonsiis. t HtntsMi'i "lysTcli. "
■■^^™55pp5^'
tisutunn nr ■Lnunmi tn
hearted, Tehement, eager;' cruel in war, zealous in attack,
little fearing death; not revengeful, bat fickle; preiamp-
tuous, nub, boastful, deceitful ; very suspicions, especially
of strangers, wliom they despise. They are full of court-
eons and hypocritical gestures and words, which they
ooniider to imply good manners, civility, and wisdom.
The people are not so laborious as the French and Hol-
landers, preferring to live an indolent life, like the Span-
iards. The most difficult and ingenious of the handicrafts
are in the hands of foreigners, as is the case with the
lazy inhabitants of Spain. They feed many sheep, with
fine wool, from which, two hundred years ago, they
learned to make cloth. They keep many idle servants,
and many wild animals for their pleasure, insteail of cul-
tivating the soil. They have many ships but do not
even catch fish enough for their own consumption,' but
purchase of their neighbors. When they go away from
home, riding or travelling, they always wear their best
clothea, contrary to the habit of other nations."* <^
In these accounts we see the descendants of Benve-
nuto Cellini's " English savages" of the century before,
picturesque, full of interest, but as yet little touched by
civilization.
Judging JFrora what they saw in London and about
the court, the foreigners were right who thought the
English very deficient ini moral sense. . Consider, first,
the character of the woman on the throne. She could
not tell the truth ; in fact, her lies were so transparent
that, although sometimes piirplexing, they deceived no
onp.t Of good faith she had no conception, for sh^ be-
* Emunel Vu Meteicn, " Illttory of tba NethtrUmdi," qnotsd
by Motlej, "United XetherUndi," L SOT, etc
f Fronde, OrecD, CnightoD, etc
tM TU POUTAM M BOLUHOk naUHIK AMD AMWC*
tnyed, or attempted to betny, every one that trotted
her. If her people were diehoneet, they but followed
her example. She was a partner of the pirates who,
■ailing from the porta of England, infested every wa;
and even bor partners she defrauded when it came
to a division of the plander.* Wo are told that profan-
ity was then so common among the masses of England
jthat if they spoke but three or four words, yet an oath
or two would be mingled with them.t In this, too, the
monarch, and that monarch a woman, set them the ex-
ample. Nor were her expletives ^cre fanciful and pict-
uresque ornaments of speech. 8he used good moutb-
flUing oaths, such as she had learned from her father,
Bluff King HaL$ She put them into her letters, too,
even when addressioj a high dignit^uy of the Church.
To Cox she wrote: "Proud preUtet you know what
you were before I made you what you are ; if you do
not immediately comply with my request, by Qod I will
unfrock you I Elizabeth." §
The question of the queen's rektions with her lovers
is a controverted dne, into which we need not enter.|
But there is no room for doubt as to the character of
, (he men and women by whom she was surrounded.
*IVoade,x).4l6. t Drake, p. 4m!
— t Bm &Torite oath wai, " Bjr God'* Son," whioli she und M "ilr*' -
qnently u a flah-wonun."— " Nug» Antiqiui," i. 8M.
I HsIlMB'a "CoMt HUt.," i. 226.
I " It U true tbst lome, not pnjudiccd igaiut Elizabeth, have
doobted whether *Cii(>id,'t ttrj dart' wa* a* effectually 'quenched
in the chaste beami of the watery moon ' a< her poet intimatea. Tliis
I matt leare to the reader^ Judgment She certainly went ttrange
lengths of indelicacy."— Hallam's " Const. Hist.," 1. 1S9. Frauds, who
has made a most careful examination of the subject, aibqoila her, how-
aver, of what the world calls dithooor. Fronde, xii. St).
DHLMB or, MOBIU DNDBI nUABSTH 897
Fannt, aeoreUry of 8ir Francii Walainghsm, in ajetter
dated August 1st, 1688, lays of Elizabeth's court: "The
only discontent I have is to lire where there is so little
godliness and exercise of religion, so dissolute manners
and corrupt conversation generally, which I find to be
worse than when I knew the place tint." The next
year he writes that it is a place where all enormities are
practised, where sin reigns in the highest degree.* Sir
John Harrington, in his private diary for 1604, describes
it as the abode not of love, but of " the lustiegod of gal-
lantry, A8modeus."t The remarks of Faunt have some-
times been attributed to his extreme Puritanism ; but
Harrington, a courtier and Elizabeth's godson, was no
Puritan, and all the authorities agree as to the decline
of private morals during the reign of the " Virgin Queen."
Maryi sumamed the Bloody, with all her religious in-
tolerance, was austere in her morals, and her court was,
in that respect, a model for the world.^ Elizabeth, for
a few years, followed her example, the early Reformers
by whom she was surrounded being, for the most part,
men of exemplary private lives. But, as time went on,
'a marked change for the worse came over the morals of
the (jourt and nation. It is not neocssarjc to agree with
Hallam in attributing this moral decadence to Puritan-
ism, since this seems to have been an effect, and not a
cause, «f the change ; but in regard to the fact of the de-
cadence ending in the grossest immorality, which in the
next reign surpassed anything ever before known in
English history, there can be no question.g
* Bireli, " Memoin of Iha Rdgn of Klissbetli," i. 9S, 9».
t " NugB Antique," i. IM. i Linginl, tI. IW.
{ " We iD«; «uilj p«rcciTe, itt tiM litentare of tbe Uter period of
the queen, what our blognpbical knowledge oonllmu, that much of
iV-
IM nia FvaiTAii n Holland, naLAiro^ and ambmoa
Soch WM the state of morals among the courtiers
around the queen. Possibly the reader looks for some-
thing better among the gentry and the common people.
. But here the story is little different. Every one knows
the tale of Wild Will Darrell — porlmps a|X)cryphal, how-
ever—how he murdered his nfew-bom babe by holding it
on the burning coals until it was reduced to ashes, and
then bought immunity from punishment by an enor-
mous bribe. Speaking of him, Hall says: "It was, in-
deed, as common for men of his.class to debauch their
neighbors' wives as for two yeo^ien to draw on each
other at a country fair, or for a craftsman to be butch-
ered by his fellow at Smithfield. The atonement for
blood or dishonor ddne was trivial if it were not ex-
acted on the spot. The .offender could be reached
best through his putse; ho bribed the law and es-
caped, or, at the worst, he was disfranchised for a year
or two."* . '
dUllke
the aiuterity cbamcteriatlo of her earlier jreart had Tanitbed i^y.
The courte of lime, the profnvn of vanity, the prvTalent dlAke,
almve all, of the Puritana, avowed cneiuien of gayety, concurred to
tliia change. . . . The moat diftiuguiihed court!cr^ Raleigh, Esaex,
Blount, and we moat add Sidney, were men of brilliant virtues, but
not without licenao of morals: while many of the wit* and poets,
suci'. as Nash, Greene, Peele, Marlowe, were no*orinnsly of very dia-
aolute Uvea." Hallam'a "Literature of Europe," ii. 193. See as to
Leicester's matrimonial experiences " Bingrapliia Britannica," artkle
" Robert Dudley;" " Diet of National Biography," article " Christo-
pher Blount ;" " The PuriUns and Quedn Elizabeth," by Samuel
Hopkins, i. 378, ill. 324. As to his step-daughter, Sir Philip Sidney's
" SI ella," and her irelationa with Sidney and her later lover, " Diet, of
National Biography," article "Charles Blount," and Hall's " Society
in the Eliiabethan Age," p. 03. As to Raleigh, Aiken's "Court of
Queen Elixabeth;" Btrype's "Annals," iv. 139. For a summary of
the general condition of morals, see Hall, p. KM, etc ^
* " Society in the Elizabethan Age," p. 11,
■ATJUT AND ITS *ZOI
It has been the fashion among people who dislike the
Puritans to make light of tbp excesses of this age, and
to revile the men who did away with the lively sports
of Merry England. One of these was the May Festival,
which seems so charming in the mellowed distance
The night before the 1st of May, the whole rural popu-
lation went into the woods together, men, women, and
children, old and young, and passed the time in games
and sport. On the morrow they returned with the May*
pole,bome by oxen ornamented with ribbons and flowers,
and on the ground strewn with green boughs they feast-
ed and danced till evening. But, beauhful as is this pict-
ure when elaborated by the poets, the Puritans made no
more of a mistake about l^ay-day than about the bear
baiting, which they also abolished. This and other festi-
vals were, in fat-t, like the Saturnalia of pagan Rome,
sanctioning by custom the practice of the grossest de-
bauchery.* Ilentzner, the sober German,iooked on all
of them with amazement. " On Shrove Tuesday," said
he, " at the sound of a bell the folk become insane, thou-
sands at a time, 'and forget all decency and common
sense. It is to Satan and the devil that they yiai^
homage, and do sacrifloe in these abominable pleas-
ures." Does one wonder that earnest men, when they
began to look at life seriously, put down such abomi;:
nations! ■ •
It is possible that the people of the rural distrfota
were not more dissolute than their fathers and grandfa-
thers had been. Still, the breaking-down of all religious
restraints, including the confessional, must have weak-
ened the average morality. But in the cities and among
* See u to tbdr immonlltf, Stubbe'* "AMtomia of Abiuei"
' (1888), p. 1«8, etc., qaoted in Taine's " EAglUh Litenture."
SM TUI'PVRITAII IN BOLLAMO, ■HOLAIfD, AMD AMUUCA
thQ wealthy olaaaes, evon outside the court, "fbo change -
for the worse was very nwriced. Aacbam attributed it
Ultgely to the influence of Italy, and he was doubtless
correct to soma extent. The English youth w^nt there
now, not, as the scholars in the century- before hid gone,
to study Qrcek, but to graduate in the vices which &n ad-
vancing civilization was carrying to perfection. Around
them were works of art such as the world had not seen
since the days of Phidias, but for art they cared as little
. as for learning. Their natures could, with a few illus-
trious exceptions, like Sidney and Milton at u much later
da}', take in only the grossest forms of sensual enjoy- .
ment ; and for these, with their newly acquired wealth,
they manifested the keenest avidity. The Italian prov->
erb pithily sunimed up the situation, '* Aii Italianated
Englishman is an incarfiate devil." * '^
But the men who went to Italy were few in numbers,
and their influence was limited. A greater corrupter
was the Italian books, now for the first tinte translated
into English and sold in every London shop. These, we
must remember, were not of the class represented by the
"Divine Comedy" of Dante, but were tales of which
those in tho^" Decameron " were ]>erhaps the least ob-
jectionable. ' Poor Ascham, in writing of this literature,
seems almost to lose heart. In our forefathers' time, he
says, few books were^ read in English but certain works
of chivalry, in which the chief pleasure lay in man-
• " The Bcholemuter," p. 78. Lord Bnighlry, in it letter to hh
■on, nUI : " And luffcr not thy ions to pan the Alps ; for they shall
kmni nothing there but pride, blisphcmy, tn<{ stlieism. And if bj
IniTcl they get A. few broken luguiges, they will profit tlwin not
more thso to bare meat serrcd in dirers dishea."ir-Btryp«'s ** A»
nals," ir. Ml.
f ,-v
OOBRDFTIMO »n,rKNCB OF ITAUAM UTSRATtTBK Ml *
Blangfater and the violation of the seventh command-
ment. They were bad enough, and yet ten sucli works -
did not one tenth of Uie mischief wrought hy one of
these poems or tales made in Italy and translated in <,-
England. Neither the lay nor the clerical authorities ^ '- :!
wonld do anything to arrest this corse, but ho, the
simple schoolmaster, could not sit still and hold his - ,'1'
peace.* '%'
Fortunately, there were some earnest men in Englnml • •
viMf sympathized with Ascham. They were as yet few
in number, and never mode up anything like a majority
of the population ; but in the next centur\', through dis- <
cipline and courage, they will capture th^govcrnmcnt,
and for a time corrupting sports and books will go.
Then will come the Uestoration and (lie consequent re-
action; the English upper classes- will be brought into
contact with the Frenicii, and will aloorb from them, a8 |
from the Italians a centDiy before,'little but their vices. •
These vices, engrafted on uncultivated natures, will nutke
the court of Charles II. such a' scene of open immoral-
ity as the modem world has rarely known. Then, slow- • ,.
ly, the see<l8 sown by the Puritans will begin to bear
fruit, until we have the England of the nineteenth cen-
tury, with all its- virtues, real and imputed. . ' , ^
Fortunately for America, republican Ilolhind was a :, r;,
country of good morals, where, according to Guicciar-
dini, thAjnarriage vow was held in honor. Her people
gave a'^Ka to the middle colonies of America. The '<!$i;
others w^ settled by Englishmen from tift middle • - %|
classes, who left their homes when Puritanism was in \i^
the ascendant, and happily they brought with them
it{riot notions alxtut the relation of the sexes. Some of
* " The Bcliolemuter," pp. 70, 80, etc
14^
\
m TBI PUItlTAN IH BOIXANP, BlaLAllDb AND AJOOUCA
thew men have been ridiculed for their austerity, but
they and their brothers whom they left behind them
cannot be understood unless we realize the condition of
scwiety against which they protested, not only by their
words but by their lives. r^
^:;.
^ ,■» .
^acf "S
,fT»l", X< 1
CHAPTER Vn
KLIZABETUAN EKGLAKD
PtraUO UTK— ADMINUTRATION OF JUOTICB— TRADE— TBKAT-
KENT or IRELAND— PIRACY ■
The last chapter dealt with Elizabethan England
mainly from its domestio and social side. Let us noW'
see honr the men of this time look from another point
of view. And first nre will consider those in public life.
A few figures stand out in the Elizabethan era which
would do honor to any age; chief among these are
Burghley and Walsingham. It is fortunate for Eng-
land and for the world that these men lived ; it is
largely to them that Epgland owes her greatness. They
were patriot^, pure of life, incorruptible, working for
their country, and not for self. Burghley was wealthy,
bat in his own ri^t ; from the queen ho did not receive
enough, he said, to cover his expenses.* Walsingham
qwnt his fortune in the pnbiio service and died, in pov-
erty, These are the men wlio, with a very few others^,
such as Sir Francis Knollys, $ir Nicholas Bacon, and Sir
Philip Sidney, are often heldj up to illustrate the public
morality of the age; butthe^ neither represent the ofll-
cials nor the courtiers. Moaji of the men about them
were mere parasites fattening! on the nation — gamblers,
spendthrifts, pardon-brokei-s, monopolists, and pirates.
• Btiypa'i » AnakU," Hi. f ppendtx, p. 188.
'■ v'lfrityriN.v
M4 TUI PVaiTAN M HOLLAND^ CNOLAMD, AND AMEinC*
For public servicea, however splendid or long oontin-
oed, Elizabeth had scarcely a word of thanks. It mast
' have been that, believing herself more than mortal, there
was no room in he^ composition for such an earthly trait
ns gratitude. She allowed her ministers to gtt mthout
rowanl, and her soldiers in the field to starve for wai^
of food, apparently becanse she thought it their duty
not only to serve her with their lives, but at their own
expense. It speaks well for human nature and for the
English character that siie 'found so many Willing to
serve her, as the representative of their oountiiy, on these
terms. Such men, however, were in a small minority,
and with a few notable exceptions were not found about
the court. vThose who daily saw the queen discovered
two mjiiiles of gaining the rewards denied to ^patriotic
servitor devotion to her interests. One was to satisfy
horlgreed by presents of g6ld or jewels, no matter how
acqiured; the other was to feed her hunger for adula-
tion,Vhich was insatiable as the grave. >
Ilislprians, to excuse her conduct towards her minis-
ters, amdiers, and all the true friends w ith wjiom she had
financial dealings, say that her avarice amounted to a
mcmomania. But her life was not controlled by avarice.
Tub miser who heaps up treasures from mere love of
acquisition denies himself as well as others ; the selfish'
Spendthrift it is who defrauds his creditors and robs his
friends in oMet* to have means for self-indulgence or
display. To the parasites about her court, Elizabeth
could be lavishness its!^ Leicester, who began life
with nothing, became the wealthiest nobleman in Eng-
land. Burghley estimated that Elizabeth gave Essex, her
hut favorite, three hundred thousand -pounds,* Md tbi*
* Hniiw,itl.t5&
' -V
*n5i>^«
COBBDPnON IN STATI AMD COCBOB
865
was at a time when the country jras at war with Spain,
and the drains upon the public purse the most screre.
Hatton, her "sheep," who danced himself into favor,
was rewarded with broad acres of land and prottta-
ble sinecures, and waA finally made Lord Chancellor.
Others received grants of monopolies, which extendecl
to so many articles and forms of industry as to be-
come a grievous burden to the State, without benefit to
the royal treasury.*
' But the monopolies were not the worst of the abuses
caused by the conduct of the queen. Men who coukl not
get pay for honest service took pensions from France
and Spain, both natural enemies of England. Oflicials,
when out of the queen's sight, robbed the government,
08 they alwaj-s will where the government shows no
honesty in its own dealings.t Even the Church be-
came infected. Many of the bishops plundered their
dioceses, sold the lead and brick from the buildings,
cut down the timber, and made grants of church prop-
erty to the crown, either for a bribe in money or for a
portion of the spoils. In addition, they almost openly
■old the livings in their gift, the Bishop of Lichfield
making seventy "lewd and unlearned ministers for
money " in one day.^
• HilUm'i "Coiiit. Hirt." i. MO.
t Bee Ihll, p. 68, etc., for ■■■ account of tlio mode io which Sir
Tlromu Ofctliam, the queeu'a flnanciiil agent, until recent time* re- ,
gardeil, M ■ model of offlcial integrity, acquired hit large fortune ;
and p. US, etc., for the exploita of Sir Oeoige Carey, tlio Trcaaurar
at War in Ireland. Thcao inen were tliimng light) in tlieir age, fltr
mnored fVom the horde of petty plund^n.
I Froudc, ill. 82; xi. tl ; rii. 476. further authoritiei for tbet*
atalementa regarding the conditioa of (be Church will Iw given ia
Chapter IX.
.Jvaij:
^lM^<^^iSB
-TP^»:
SM TM PtmiTAM ni HOLLAMD^ BHaLAMD, AMD AMBUCA
The law courts were little better. In 1593, Elizabeth
Bppoint»(] to the office of Chief Jontioe of England a
lawyer, John I'opham, who is said to have occasionally
been a highwayman until the ago of thirty.* At first
blush this seems incredible, but only because such false
notions generally prevail regartling the character of the
time. The fact is that neither ]>irHcy nor robbery was
considered particularly discreditable at the court of Eliz-
abeth. The queen kniglite<l Francis Drake for his ex-
ploits as a pirate, and a law on the statute-liooks, passed
' in the middle of the century, gave the.lienefit of clei^gy
to yieen of the realm when convicted of highway rob-
bery. Hen may doubt, if they choose, the stories about
Popham,bnt the testimony of this statute cannot be dis-
puted.f
The elevation of a reputed highwayman to preside
over the highest criminal court in the kingdom did not,
however, mean that the laws were not to be enforced
with rigor. In fact, Popham received the name of the
"hanging judge," and well deserved the title. All the
* See " Life of Poithnm," Cimpbell'i " Lircii of tlie Chief Jw-
ticM." lUII, it (liouli) be mid, diicrrdilt this ilaiy «• romwitie
gouip, p. MS,
t 1 E(I. VI. cap. IS, MC. 14 (1547)..« Bbtkctpcare'i contempora-
. rlM mw nqthing nsmsrlMltno In the fact that Sir John Fabttff, •
Itnight, wu rcprcaented u • bighwa; rolilier, aad that a prince waa
Ilia RMociate. Popham ia Miij to bave left the largest fortune erer
itccuniulate<l by a lawyer. Among bia otlier poMnslons waa Littl«-S
cote IIouM, nliich ho acquired In aanie atrange way from Wild Will
DarrclL Vpon bia death, he waa auccecded by a aon who kept one
of the grandcat ettablishnienia ia England. When at home hia houN
was Alii of guests, and when abroad, hia wife gathered ia the women
of tiie surrounding country, and thuy all got drunk together. Camp-
beira "Mlb of Popham." Both died Awn the efleota of tlieir d«-.
bauchery, after ii|oand«ring the illgottcB wealth of the Chief JaathM.
-.'\' vtViSltiV
''ii^mfSKM^Vi^^yyi-^'^'"'''-: ' ■ -'.^;'' ' - :''t ■■.,?■:,- ■ '' ^'fi-Vv^-^ ■
ADMINISTRATION OP JUmcB . ' • ~ M7
judicial proceedings of the time are marked by the raixt- '',;x
ure of ferocity and corruption which clianicterizcs a >,;'r!
8omi-barbarou8 condition of society. In prosecutions by vl
the State, every barrier which the law has erer attempt- ,€
ed to erect for the protection of innocence was ruthless- ' V
ly cast down. Uen were arrested without the order of v
a magistrate, on the mere warrant of a secretary of state
or privy councillor, and thrown into prison during the
pleasure of the minister. In confinement they were sub-
jected to torture, for the rack rarely stood idle while
EliWbeth was on the throne. If brought to trial, they
f were deflied the aid of counsel and the evidence of wit-
nesses in their behalf. Nor were they confronted with
the witnesses against them, but written depositions, taken
out of court and in the absence of the prisoner, were read
to the jury, or rather such portions of them as the prose-
cution considered advantageous to its side. On the bench
' ' iat a judge holding office at the pleasure of the crown, -.
and in the jury-box twelve men, picked out by the sher-
iff, who themselves were punished if they gave a venlict
of acquittal.*
Well does Ilallam compaira the English ooiirts of jus-
tice, in oases of treason, to the " caverns of murderers."
.Hentzner counted on London Bridge the heads of over
thirty persons who had been executed for high treason, '] '
- • and be was tliere in a very quiet time. Concerning the f...;.„^,
Tower he has this significant remark: "N.U. It is to >, ""
be noted that when any of the nobility are sent hither ' ^^
on the chai^ of high crihiee punishable with death, such .">■
as treason, etc., they seldom or never recover their lib- , ' '<'
* '^The Trhl of th« Evl of Boawnet," by Amo*; Jardimfi
"Ufa of Coka;" Hilbm'i "00011. Hid.,'' 1. MS, U4, etc.; Wsd«,
L 141.
Ji
NiiMk'. ' 7
808 TUI PUBITAN IH nOLLAND, EKOLAND, A^D AMHUCA
erty." * It was like the cave of the lion in the fable :
all the footsteps pointe<l in one direction.
But it was not alone in prosecutions, by the State thai
liberty was trampled under foot. Private individuals,
for suing a wealthy nobleman or court favorite, were
arre8te<l by a secret warrant and cast into some un-
known dungeon beyond the reach of legal process.
Even lawyers and officers of the courts were thus im-
prisoned for the simple discharge of their duty to the
public. These outrages, ecjualling an3'thing iwpularly
supiMised to have been perpetrated in France during the
worst days of the liastilo, finally aroused even the men
upon the bench to an exhibition of some spirit. In
1502, eleven of the highest judges unit^ in a petition
to Ix>rd Burgbley and the chancellor, setting forth
these facts, and asking thai this particular grievance
might be rc<lressed, although they admitted ■ that the
queen or privy council might imprison any one at
pleasure, and that the courts could not interfere. Ac-
cording to IIallam,t it tieems probable that this |)etition
was presented twice, first in 1301 and again in 150Si.
It is certainly one of the most suggestive documents of
the time, being the certificate of all the judges of the
higher courts to the mode in which personal liberty
was utterly crushed out by the powerful and corrupt
men about the throne, more than thirty years after the
accession of Elisabeth. Had some foreigner made the
statements contained in this paper, their truth might
well be questioned ; but, like the act of Parliament re-
lating to the peers of the realm to which I have just al-
luded, its authority is too high to be called in question.^
• IlenttDcr'ii " Tr-treli," ISDS. t "Const UUt.," I. SM. -
t 8ee tliU petition u it appean iuAndcnon't "Report!," LMt,
"■.:/.'■'■;■,.;•>;•,>,■ 'U
FABOOn-BROKIM . *N
Somewhat akin to the impriaonment of men withoat <?
a cause was the pardoning of criminals, which grew
into a regular buBinetn around the court. Will Darrell,
when in jail for murder, obtained his release by n bribe :^
of a sum e(}ual to at least three thousand {xtUnds of * v^
moderh money, paid to Pembroke, the immortal Sid-
ney's brother-in-law.* An address to the queen upon
the dangers of th« country, presented by the council in
1579, refers to this practice in language which is deeply ' }'ji>
significant, as showing that the evils complained of did ' . %^-
not lie at their doors. " Further, the loose, disordered ■'^;
administration retjuired to be amended, and godly and
learned men appointed as magistrates to do justice
without partiality. The present practice of pardoning >
notable crimes, of pardoning piracy especially, ought to ,
cease, and (lenal lav^s not to be dispensed with for pri- ' 4
vate men's profit, a matter greatly misllked of good , !;,
people." t The pardon-brokers and the men who np- "fe,
pointed corrupt judges were evidently outside the I
council and directly around the queen, ^n 1585, the I
irder of London wrote to Burghley : "*' My Lord, '\
s^is a saying, when the court is fortl^est from Lon-
don, then there is the best justice done in England. I once
beard a gVeat personage in office, yet living, say the
same words. It is grown for a trade now in the court
to make means for reprieves. Twenty pounds for a *
reprieve is nothing, though it be but for ten days."^
A single illustration will show how this business waa . .
■od •lao in toother fonn in Hallun, i. SSS. Andenoa ttein tbat
•fter ita preientation tliera wu ■ m*rke<l improTcment.
* H»ll, p. IS. t Froade, xi. 177.
} Froude, zii, SO. Se« »Uo Abbott'i "Baoon," p. 4, for an aecouBt
of bow tiM ladica about tha conit dealt in paidont, malciDg of It •
L-a*
m Tm RndTAir ni rolukd, nouan, and awcbioa
oondnoted, and who were the parties that benefited by
it In 1595, a certain Robert Boothe, having been sen>
tenoed by the Court of Chancery for Rome criminal prao-
tioe, his friend Anthony Bacon, brother of Sir Francis,
employed Sir Anthony Stahden to negotiate his release.
Standen applied to Lady Edmundes, one of the queen's
attendants, the Lord. Keeper Puckering having expressed
a desire that the matter should be brought " to her mill,"
and having said to her, " Do your endeavor and yon
shall find me ready." In writing to Bacon concerning
his negotiations, Standen reported that he had^offered
the noble dame a hundred pounds for her interest with
the queen, which she treated as too small a sum. He
adds, "This rufllanry of causes I am daily more and
more acquainted with, and see the manner of dealing ;
which groweth by the queen's straitncss to give theM
women, whereby they presume thus to grange and buck
causes." •
The men who dealt in pardons and reprieverhad a
broad field of operations. The widespread domohilixa-
tion of society is shown, if further proof were needed,
by the prevalence of the crimes against person and
property, which every government must punish if it
would Uve at all. In London, highwaymen plied their
vocation in open streets by dayligbt.f In the country
were regular bands of robbers, who either settled down
in some locality, whence they carried on their raids, or
wandered about fi^m place to place, levying oontriba-
ngolar botineM, ud thoi obtainiDg the iacomt which the qoMO
withheld.
* Birch, "Hemoln of the Reign of Qumd EliMbetb," i. 894, dt-
ing origiiul letter in LMBbetb libntj,
t Froude, va «!. . . •
PBiTALBNoi or cBnu tri'
tiona on the farmers.* In SomerseUhire alono, forty
pHsonen were executed in one j'ear (15Ufl) for robbery
and other feloniefi, and this record was not the highest.
It was estimated that in' every county of the kingdom
there were at least three or four hundred vagabonds
who lived by theft a^d'rapine. They often intimidated
the magistrates, and substantially ruled in some seo-
tion8.t -
A commission issued by Elizabeth in 1696 is sugges-
tive of the dimensions of this evil in London, while it
illustrates th^ utter disregard of personal liberty shown
by her government shortly before the end of tne cen-
tury. Under this commission, 8ir Thomas Wilford was
directed, on notice by the magistrates, to arrest "such
notable rebellious and incorrigible offenders" as he
should find in the streets of London or in' the suburbs,
and forthwith execute them openly on the gallows.:^
No trial, no examination, simply a short rope and a
shorter shrift. It may be a^ded that this despotic
measure, under which Ave men were hanged, had no po-
litical tumults for an excuse, but was provoked merely
by a few disoiders committed by some riotous appren-
tices and vagrants. |
^ * BUckmore, in lib exquUtte historical roinancc, " Lorna Doone,"
'''%iTei u adminble dtacription ot one of thew robber retrmti of tlia
next oentnry. Hacaula; deacribea th« high poaitiun held by high-
- «aymen in England aa late aa the cloae of the aefenteentli century.
" Ilistory of England," vol. i. chap. iii.
t Btrype's " AnnaU," It. 390. { Hallam'a " Coiut Tliit," i. 343.
I In 1507, • Bumber of peaaanta ini Oxfo^tlshiit) aaaembled to
break down recent enckxures and rettore the land to its former
tillage. As this action opposed the cxecntion of the laws, it waa
pmnouBood high treason by the coart, and the rioters salfcred tin
bartMnxn death of traitors. Howell's "State Trials," tUl; Un-
gaid,TUi.«M.
*
f'
gn TRB PDIUTAK IN HOLLAND, INOLAND, AXD AMHUOA
There is nothing strange about the prevalence of
orimes against property on land, when we consider the
extent to which piracy existed upon the ocean, and the
mode in which it was fostered and encouraged by the
queen. But before discussing this; extensive subject,
let us finish with the landsmen by showing how the
general demoralization of society - affected some por-
tions of the manufacturing and trading dosses, and '
how the Englishmen' of that day dealt with their Irish
neighbors. _ >• ■?
For many years a" coarse kind of woollen goods had
been made in England, which found^a wide market on
the Continent. Her people could not yet dye their
clotliB, nor finish the finer varieties. These pursuits ,
they began to follow only in tKe next centuVy, when
taught by the Netherland refugees.* For the rude un-
dressed fabric, however, they had a good reputation un-
til the time of the Reformation. Then, as the business
increaseti, adulteration and fraud apiwarod to run rani-
pant, culminating in the y^rs just prece«ling the S{ian-
ish Armada, when " more false cloth and woollen was
made in England than in all Europe besides." t< It was
a time when all classes, infected bj^rfhe ejcample of the
men about the court, who openly paraded thei* ill-
gotten gains, were crazed with the desire for speedy
wealth.
With adulterations in their manufactured prodocti
4nd frauds in their commercial dealings, there was also
devdoped a mania for gambling, such as usually accom-
^ panies a feverish condition of society. Both sexes gam-
• Hotlcy't " United Matlicrlkadi," ir. 48«.
tProttda, T. 25»; MBS. DomMtic, Dtc, 158B, cited rrodh,
sU. 516. 1
GAMBUIia-ITS CURIOUS F0KII8 878
bled, and they did it in curiuus ways which show the
wide dissemination of the practice, ^hus, in the accounts
■ of sboy-keepers of the time, we find frequent records
of anicles sold to be ])aid for at an enormous advance,
when the purchaser returned from a distant voyage, was
married, had a child, or the like.* This, of course, was
only a cover for a bet. With other tradesmen toe trans-
actions ivere more open, the customer paying down di-
rectly a sum of money, which ho was to receive back
several-fold on the happening of some contingency.!
This was but one form of a vice which became almost
• universal. As in the present day, dice and cants were
the instruments most commonly used by the habitual
gamesters, and there were in London more gambling
houses " to honor the devil than churches to serve the
hving/God."J
The most extensive form of gambling waa that car-
ried on in connection with the operations of the pirates
and privateers. The ships of these' worthies were usual-
ly fitted out by gentlemen "adventurers," as they were
called, who sometimes lost their all, but at Oliver times
* Ball'* ** Society in thitbliabetliin Ag«," p. M, etc.
t Ben Jonaon, in "Every Man out of lii» Hnniour," rrfcn to Ihii
mode of speculation, wliicli originated amnnK the nobility, but aoon
eitended to the lower ranlia. Bays Puntarvoln, " I do intend this
year of jnbilee coming on to travel; and bccmiae I will tiot alto-
gether go upon eipense, I am detemiine<l to pot forth aonie firo
thousand pounds, to lie paid me five for one upon the return of my-
self, my wife, and my dog flrom the Turk's court in Constantinople.
If all.or either of us miscarry in the Journey, 'tis gone ; if we be sue-
oessAil, why, there will lie five and twenty thousand pounds to enter-
Uin time withnl."— Act il. sc. 8.
} George Whetstone, 1588, quoted in Xatban Drake's "Shake-
•peani and bis Times,'^ p. 421.
I
874 TUI PDBITAM IM HOLLAMO^ 1D<0I.AIID, AND AMIBIOA
received enormous returUB on their investmentq.* Men
for these pur^.-'^ses borrowed money, and a class of usu-
rers sprang up, who formed one of the great curses of the
age. Taking interest beyond ten per cent, was forbid-
den by statute, but means were found to evade the law.
Twenty-five per cent, was a common rate,t and frequent-
ly even this was much exceeded. The Dean of York, one
of the high dignitaries of the. Church, was a noted usu-
rer. We find him and his associates, in 1585, takingfifty,
QZty, and sometimes a hundred per cent, interest on
loans.^ In connection with the subject of gambling and
usury, and as a further symptom of the state of society
in its changing conditions, it may bo added that, in 15U9,
lotteries, long known upon thelJontinent, were first in-
troduced into England, the drawings taking place at the
west door of St. Paul's.
When now we add to this picture the love of Strong
drink, in which no one, except ]ierhap8 the Netherlanders,
oonld rival the Ehglisbnian,^ we can form a pretty cor-
rect idea of the dark side of society'in England during
the Elizabethan age. Of its brighter ^ide we shall see
something when in subsequent chapters we come to con-
* In one (xpeditioD, planned by- Raleigh, in 1591, the adventutan
received ten for one, a thouiaod per cent. Strype'a " Annab," Ir.
ISO. t Hall, pp. 47, M.
t 8ti7pa, ill. 8tB. Until 1871, all intareat was forbidden both b;
Chorcb and Bute; then Sliiabeth, throagh Parliamert, fixed the
legal rate at ten per cent. She alio introduced Judicioiu regolationt
concerning veiglita and meanirea, and gave the eour.trj an lioni-tt
metallic currenoj,' which had been unknown under her prcdeoea-
■ori, who debated it by mixing other met«b with the gold and
rihrer.
I Drake, p. 406. See abo Ball, p. 7S, etc., as to thu change ftwi
the light drlnki of earlier time* to loaded wine and hiS'lv xle.
-y
THx mausa is ibk.a>)d STS
aicler the marTellAus literature of this period, its energy
displayed in every quarter, and the reforms, civil and re-
ligious, advocated by the Puritans.
Let us now, after looking at the Englishman at home,
see something of his character as it was Exhibited in Ire-
land three centuries ago; and here, for our pnqwse,
the recital of a few historical incidents will be sufficient
They will supplement what we have already seen of his
moral condition, and throw some light on the opinion
formed of him by foreigners.
English historians throw up their bands in natural
horror at the atrocious plots of the fanatical Catholics
for the assassination of Queen Elizabeth. Crimes of vio-
lence, they sa}', are opmmon enough among our people ;
but for secret murder, especially by poison, our nation
has always Jiad a peculiar detestation. All this is true
enough in general, but, in the light of some notable
events in IreUnd, tb say nothing of what went on in
England itself, onfi may well ask whether such state-
ments are not a little overdrawn when applied to Vao
Elixabethan age. As for the comparison between the
Catholics in England and the Protestant English in
Ireland, we must remember that the former had a re-
ligions motive. When, in 1584, the attempts were be-
gun against the queen, she bad beell excommunicated
by the pope, she had already put a number of Catho-
lics to death, and the men who plotted her destruc-
tion believed that they were doing the work of Ood
in removing a wicked woman, who was an oatli^w per-
secuting the saints and aiding the spread of poni-
cious doctrines. In Ireland ware a people^ fighting for
^ their homes against a foreign invader. No question of
religion was involved, in the early (lays of which I am
about to speak ; but the English were simply striving to
*
m
iSi'
:-f
, - . ■ ... .: .„,• : r
/ ,' •♦*!"■■,' '■"■'•;'"■ .:' .\ ■.."■■> '^ ■■■; ,■'■•1^
•78 THI PURITAN Iir UOLLAXD, CNOUlND, AKD AMUICA
hold by tbb strong arm what they, had won by force.
Upon this point Lord Burghley, the queen's chief minifi-
ter, said, in 1582, "tliat the people of tlie Netheriunds
had not subh cause to rebel against the oppression of
the Spaniards as the Irish against the tyranny of Eng- '
land."*
Under these conditions, in 1561, nineteen yeara before
the Jesuits began even their religious teachings in Eng-
land, and nine years before the excommunication of
Elizabeth, Shan O'Neil led one of' the periodical rebel-
lions go common in the Emerald Isle. He was a brave
soldier and a skilful general. In a foir fight he defeat- v :'
ed an army led by the Earl of Sussex} the flower of Eng- -
lish chivalry, one of Elizabeth's trusted councillors, and
her deputy in Ireland. Shortly thereafter, Shan sent
two of his followers to Sussex with a message concern- -
ing some military details. What followed is best told
in the words of the noble English lord >vho ^s nv
ported to his queen : ]»
H "^ii|^iu(34tli,lMl.
"Iby itpleue yoDr Highnm:
" After conference had willi Shan O'Netl'i leneachal, I entered talk
with Neil Ofay; and perceiving by liini that he had little hope of
Blian'a confunnity in anything, and that he therefore desired that he
might be received to serve your Ilighness, ibr that he would no
longer abide with him, and thiit if I would pnimiso to receive liim
to your service he would du anything that I would command liim, I
swore him upon the Bible to keep secret that I should sny ui^lo him,
and aasuted him if it were ever known during the time I ha<1 the
government there that, besides the breach of his oath, it should coat '
him liis life, I used long circumstance in persuading hinvlo serra
you, to benefit his country, and to procure assistance of |ivjng*to him
andhisforeverbydoingof tliatwhicbhemighteasilyflo. Jle prom- -
iaod to do what I woold. In line, I brake with bim tftJiiU Shan, and
V : ' •Fronde, il.»7«,-'^5Vc|-;^'^"7'' ' .•■■"■''■
•■■.■.'■ ■4(;-i;{S'..V'Vt'
':■•^■"■
■..i
m-
ATtaMm or snacx to mdbsib iuam orsnt S77
boand mjself by mjr oath to we him hare • linndred mnrk* of land
b; tb« year to him ami tx) liis belts for liii tewan], * * * 0<id wod
jour UiglincM a good end.'
** Your Higbnen'a moat humble aod faitbftal acrTant,
" T. ScfMU."
Froude, who flrst gave this letter to the public, mild-
ly remarks that " English honor, like English coin, lost
something of its purity in the sister island."* liut this
is not a transaction to be lightly dismissed, lien; is the
representative of the queen, himself one of the brightest
ornaments of the English ])eerage, laboring with a trust-
ed servant, and finally hiring him U> assassinate his mas-
ter, because that master is too string an en^ii^' in the
open field, And then reiiorting the bargain to his royal
mistress, like any other piece of business. The letter
needs no comment, but deserves consideration.
Mo record remains, or at least has yet been found, of
the answer maile by Elizabeth to the reprt of her nob}e
deputy. Bat Sussex retained his oomnuutd, and, as was
shown by subeequent events, conld not have been dis-
^oouraged by any communication received from home.
Gray, either from fear or from some other reason, failed
to murder his chief, who at length became so powerful
that Elizabeth consented to make terms with him and
to recognize his authority asi virtual sovereign of Ulster.
As' a first evidence of cordiality, a present of a cask ol
' wine was sent to Shan from Dublin — where Sussex heid
his headquarters — which, consumed at table, brought
the Irish leader and half his household to the point of
death. To such a mode of conducting a friendly ipttr-
coarse Shan naturally^objeoted. He made a great cit- ,C^
ory, *wfaich probably would have been loader had oe
^ * Fronde, riil {«.
■■V"'
%
m^-.r
ffTB TBB miTAH IN BOLLAire, nOLAMD, AMD AMllICA
known of the previous dealings with Gray, and demand-
ed ail investigation. This was begun, the wine was
traced back to an English resident in Dublin, by the
namb of Smith, who admitted that he had poisoned it.
Sussex denied all coiAplicity in the attempted crime, the
guilt of which Smith took upon himself; but the subor-
dinate was never punished, and Shan as a reward for
dropping the inquiry received renewed concessions.*
Even with all the mystery surrounding this afl'air, the
denial of Sussex might be of value but for his letter to
Elizabeth setting forth the details of his former plot.
The man who could incite a servant to assassinate his
master ^ou|<I hardly shrink from the use of poison to
accomplish tl«D same purpose. Evidently both Elizabeth
and her deputy were borne down by the consciousness
of guilt.f
When a certain class of modem Englishmen feci too
Inuch oppressed with that sense of an inherited superi-
ority which ascribes to some moral defect in the Latin
• Froadc, Vtil. SO.
t Bee abo u to EngUibmeo't fkiniltirity with the nn of poiaoo,
' the negotUtioDi between Lord Burgliley iDil Woodthawe, an Eng-
lUh gentleman hononbljr connected, who hail been engaged in •
borglarj, and offined to nuke bU peace b; poUoniog any one in the
- Nctlicriandi whom the queen wi«hed out of the way. Buighley, aa
might be expected, declined hia atkn. Fronde, xi. 45. Some ftir-
tbet illuatrationt of the mode In which Elizabeth and eren Charlea
n. played with aaaauinHtion will be gtren hereafter when we come
to (!an«id«| the allegetl plota of the Jeenita for the aiairinatlon of
/Elinbetlvncnelf. In connection with the general anb}ect of poUon-
{ng,it ia perfikp* hardly neceaaary fnr me to refer to the atoriea toM
about lieiceater and the profeaalonal poiann'er in hia aerriM (aea
"The Pnritana and Queen Kliznbeth," by Ilopkina), and to the as-
ploita of the CountcH of Sonuad^in (he next reiga.
BZPLOm or OTHXR ■MOLIUI WOBTOI^ •?•,
' It"
now the assassinationa connived at, if not incited by,
the Jesuits, tlie poisonings at the Italian court, and the
other crimes of a like character familiar to portions of
the Ck>ntinont in former ages, they may with much
profit turn to the story of Shan O'Neil and the Earl of
Sussex. When,,on the other hand, they feel inclined to
ascribe to the malign effects of Puritanism the actions
o^X''^">well in Ireland, and those of the Puritans in
Menr England, the studyxtf such incidents as the fol-
lowing may also serve a useful purpose.
In 1669, Shan O'Keil having died, and Ireland being ,
«gain unsettled, it occurred to some of the adventurous
spirits of England that the sister island afforded a fine
field for a speculation. They therefore, to the number
of twenty-seven, mostly freebooters from Devonshire
and Somersetshire, proposed to the government that the
whole province of Munster should be granted to them,
and that they in turn would make it peaceful by, if
need be, the utter extermination of the natives. This
proposal excited some discussion, but only as to de- .
tails, and, action on it being delayed, a new scheme waa
taken up. ^
In the previous century the Irish had driven cot
some of the old Norman robber families and repoa- t
sessed themselves of their ancestral lands. The great-
grandchildren of these ejected landlords still kept the '
ancient titlfrdeeds, which were considered valuable sim-
ply as historical curiosities. Several of the original
speculators— among whom were Sir Philip Carew, Sir
Warh'aiii St Leger, Sir Richard Orenville, and Ilumphrey
Gilbert, all well-known English worthies, and prominent
among the men who made the ago of Elizabeth illustrious -^
— having acquired some of these claims, set out, with a .
laige body of retainers, to look after their properties,
4.*.t<,ri«Ml*i<'>'«>'
,' ■'l'^
^'*'t
m-
♦
880 Tm nmiTAN m' noLUitn, KcaLAito^AiiD amebica
without -waiting for the action of the government. Ar-
riving in Ireland, they heg&n to take possession of their
< estates, and naturally enough the occupants objected.
In Jul)', Sir Philip Catcw attacked . the house of Sir
Edward Butler, and massacred every man, woman, and
child within the walls, not sparing even a little boy three
years of age.* ' *
, The news of the intended extermination of the Irish
having spread througli the country, causeil what history
calls a rebellion, and Humphrey Gilbert, the American
explorer, half-brother of Sir Walter Raleigh, helped to
put it down. In reporting officially to his superior ofli-
cer as to his " manner of dealing" with the " rebels," he
says : " After my first summoning of any castle or fort,
if they would not presently yield it, I would not after-
wards take it of their gift, but won it perforce, <t}iow
many lives soever it cost, putting man, woman, and child
of them to the swonl."t For these exploits. Sir Henry
Sidney, tlfe representative of the queen, and himself
ranked as one of the worthies of the age, only inferior
to his illustrious son, l^ir Philip, conferi^ the honor of
knighthood upon Gilbert, and reported to Cecil, " For
the colonel, I cannot say enough," X
In 1573, the Earl of Essex wont to the North of Ire-
land on a mission of private plunder. The next year he
accepted the hospitality of one of the O'Neils, Sir Brian
MacPhelim, and made him a friendly visit at Belfast.
• Froude, x. 608.
^ t Huropfate; Qiltiert to Sir H. Sidaey, Dec., ISW, H8& Ireluid,
I Froude, X. 510.
r {In 1373, Sir numplin; Gilbert lenred u * volunteer in tba
NetherUndi, ud, much to the diecmm of the patriota' eaute, exhib-
ited tbere the ume ferocity which be had ihown in Ireland. Froadi,
X. 8»8.
^^^,.^. — ^.,-,
TOS USU or BMSX AMD UIS MAHACUn 881
4lfter a banquet given in honor of his guest, Sir Brian
retired to a house outside the fortress walls. As soon
OS ^6 was asleep, Essex set upon him with a comjiany of
soldiers, and murdered two hundred of his attendants,
male and female, the chief, his wife, ai))) brother being
taken alive and reserved for execution.* Hearing of
this transaction, the queen wrote to the «arl that " he
was a great ornament of her nebtifly." f
Incited by her praises, he now did an act which stands
out almost unique in history.
On the coast of Antrim, not far from the Giant's
Causeway, is the romantic island of Rathlin, famous as
the abode of Saint Columba, and aS containing the castle
in which Kobert Bmce watched the persevering spider.
With steep, precipitous sides, broken only at a single
point, filled with caves and protected by the sea, it was
always a camp'of refuge, being invested with some-
thing of a sacred character. In 1575, Essex invaded
Antrim to put down a petty insurrection. Upon his
■approach the insurgents sent their wives and children,
sick and aged, to this island retreat. The active hostili-
ties amounted to little ; peace was soon restored, and
the English commander began his mtyvh back to Dublin.
On the way he was informed of the precious colony
whidi was oocuping Rathlin. He forthwith halted, and
sent a company of soldiers, led by John Norris, second
son of Lord Norris — Francis Drake being one of his
officers^— to take paesessbu of the island, with" direc-
tions to kill whatever they should find.
They found a few able-bodied men in Brace's castle,
who had been sent with the women as a guard. This
* Froude, xi. SOO. t Idem, xi. !03.
t Sm " Dictioiuu; of Kttiookl Biognpbf ," Mticlt " Devcraux." '
#
MS TBI rCBlTAII IN BOLUMD^ noUIlD, AHO AMUICA
little babd ooald make no defence against the cannon'
which NorriB had brought with him. The phice waa
soon taken by assault, and every liuman being within
the walls slaughtered, except the chief and hia family,
who were probably reserved for ransom. The victims
here liumbered two hundred, all non^ombatants, save
the score or so of the garrison. It was then discovered
that the caves along the shore contained several hundred
others, mostly women and little children. These cow-
ering and helpless objects of pity the English warriora
~ proceeded to ferret oat, putting them every one io death.
When the work was finished, not a woman or babe was
left alive. Essex reported to the queenTthat the rebel
chiefs had sent their women and children to the island,
" which he had taken, and executed to the number of six
hundred." The leading rebel, "yellow-haired Charley
Macconnell," he said, "stood upon the mainland and
saw the taking of the island, and was likely to have ran
mad for sorrow, tearing and tormenting himself, and
saying that he there lost all that ever he had." For
this act, Essex took great credit to himself, and Elizabeth
directed him to say to Norris, "the executioner of his
well-designed enterprise, that she would not be unmind-
ful of his services." *
These are but illustrations of what the English did ia
Ireland long before there was any pretext of a religions
ynr or Spanish intrigues, and when they were bent
■imply on plandering the natives, as Cortex had done in
Mexico and Pizarro in Pern half a century before. Well
may Lecky say that the Englishmen in Ireland surpassed
the ferocity of Alva in tlw Netherlands.f
' . Lodge says that Sussex, who plotted the aanssinatkni
•rraad^sLMM. t"Xiigkwdiath«JDgfaiMBtbO«atW7,"iL10ti
MMBX. OIUIBrr, AMD BMDC Ul BI8TOBT Ml
of O'Neil, was as " brave bb lUleigh, with the piety of a
primitive Christian."* A modem New England writer
calls him "one of the children of God."t Sir Humphrey
Gilbertj who was lost in the Atlantic on his retnm from
America in 1683, left to the world the memorable say-
ing, " Wo are as near to heaven by sea as by Jand."
Froude says of Essex, who died shortly after his exploit
at Bathlin, and \^hose widow married Leicester, that he
" was one of the noblest of living Englisl^ipen." ^ So he
doubtless was ^ he was also a religious man, and, as we
have seen, was deeply grieved over the universal wick-
edness in England. liut these being the best, what
diall we thinlb of their countrymen at hii^ge } It is the
very goodness of these men, and their manifest uncon-
sciousness that th6y have done anything inconsistent
with their character as Christians or soldien, that throw
the molt light on their condition, g
But Ireland furnished only limited opportunities for
tJie exhibition of the character of Englishmen when
brought into contact with men of other nationalities. To
complete the fall outline of the picture, we must now
turn to a broader field. ^
In the preceding pages, frequent mention has been
• " nioitntloiu of Britlih HIMofr " (London, 1701), i. 387.
t "The PoriUnt snd Queen EUabetb,'' Hoiridni, 1878, ii. >M.
} Fioade, xi. lie.
I In wlecting the material for thii and the preceding chapter, I
bare gone, not to the writings of the Puritans or sstirists, but to
official docnments and the worlts of standard English scholars. For
m; illustrations I hare chosen incidents, not in the lives of disrepo-
t^le characters, snch as can lie found in all ages of the worid, bat,
with few ezeeptions, in those of men who come down to us as repre-
senting among their contemporaries the Terjr flower of Knglish Chris-
Unit^f sad ciTiUutMn.
11
•84 TUB FDBITAN IM UOLLAHn SMQLAND, AND AMBBJOA
made of the pirates who form bo important an element
of society in the Elizabethan age; but the subject is^ne
which deserves mucli more than a ]ia88ing notice. In
fact, no sketch of the period would be complete which
omitted an account of the growth of the industry which
these herpes developed, for they were the men who laid
the foundation of England'ij naval greatness. In addi-
tion, their spoliations upon the sea had as marked an in-
fluence upon the mannera and morals of the time as the
plundering of the monfliBteries on the land, and it waa
largely through connivance at their practices that Eliza-
beth was Hqptlly forced, against her will, into the contest
between the Netherlands and Spain.
The close of the fifteenth and the opening of thd
sixteenth century witnessed upon the Continent' of
Europe an outburst of commercial activity as remark-
able as the revival of art and letters which has made
that age so famous. England, however, took as little
part in the one as in the other. Her commerce was
almost wholly in the hands of French, Italian, Ger-
man, and Netherland merchants, while her people upon
the land devoted themselves mainly to raising wool,
and those upon -the sea to catching fish. About her
only contribution to the early explorations, which the
mariner's compass now rendered possible, were the dis-
coveries of John and Sebastian Cabot, who sailed under
English colors.
John Cabot was a Venetian merchant, doing busineat
at Bristol. In 1497, with five vessels fitted out at hit
own expense, he set sail across the Athintio, under a paU
ent from Henry VII., to search for countries " which
were before that time unknown to all Christian people,"
the exclusive privilege of trading with such countries
being reserved nnoonditionally, »nd without limit of
.j.-f'-;V^ ^
TBI OUCOVUun 0» TBI CABOXi S85
time, to his. family and their aaaigML* On this first voy-
age the mainktnd in the vicinity of T^brador was sight-
ed, and'in the next year Sebastian, the son, coasted along
the American continent to about the southern boundary
of Maryland, or perhaps a little farther to the south.
Nothing, however, came from either of these voyages. .
England at that time was in communion with the >
Church of ttome, ahd, in 1403, Pope Alexander VI. had
issued a bull which, as then construed, granted the whole
American continent to Spain and PortugoL Upon the
return of the Cabots, it was evident that their alleged
discoveries lay witjiin the boundaries of the papal grant,
and the EOglish monarch appears from that time to have
abandoned afl thougl^t of oicquiring the sovereignty of
nnknown countric8.t ,
♦ Hizvd'i " Hlrt. Coll.," pp. l-». . ^
t The theory of an BnglUh title to America, by virtue of Cabot'i
cliacoTeriet, wai first adraoced about 1580 by Dr. Dee, who wai fnl-
lowed by Haklnyt; but it waa never ncu'pted by the goTcrnmcnt. '
Befor* the Reformation, EnglaadneTcr queationcd the excluairc rights
ofSpain; Imtvibcn the authority of the impewaaictaiidoihebegaa
to picic flawt In the papal grant Still, the Met waa admitte<I that Spain
had diMorered America aereial years before the voyage uf Cabot
Little, therefore, was inid about hia voyage, but Englnnd advanced the
doctrine that actual occupation must follow discovery, or no title
could lM,acquire«l. Tliis was Elitalietirs maxim in 1S80, when »ptnk-
ing to the Spanish ambassador. *' Prcacriplio sine poaaessiono baud
valeat" (Camden). The letters-patent under which Sir Humphrey
Oilben sailed and took possession of Newfoundland, in 1388, went
based upon this legal rrinciple. They Inade no refercqce to Cabot„
bat BUtliorixed Gilbert to discover, occupy, and possess "such remote/
beatlien lands, not actually possessed of nny Christian prince or peo-
ple, aa should seem good to hl\n." The |>atont to Sir Wnltrr Ra>
leigh. in 1584-89; was of the same character, ilasard, i. 84-88. Tlw
Vi^nia Charter of 1000 rcstiicted coluoiaatioa to laads " which MS
I.-88
aM Tin roBtAM a dollmd, initaLAMn, aro AiinuoA
Tho diacorerim of the Venetian Cabots are of intereat
to the historians of earij American explorations; bat
they awakened little cnthuaiaim in England, and pro-
daced no effect apon her conimeroe. That went on ••
before, being inoitly in the hands of foreigners, and lim-
ited to a very narrow field, which no one thought of
broadening.*
Very different were the results which followed the
explorations undertaken by the sailors of Portugal and
Spain. In 1495, Vasco da Gama rounded tho CH|>e of
- Gbaod Hope, and about the same time another Portuguese
discovered a way to India by the Isthmus of Suez. Short-
ly afterwards, their countrymen established at Goa the
first European factory in India, and began a commerce
which soon grew to large proportions.f Spain in the
same way improved her discoveries in the New World.
She worked the gold and silver mines of Mexico and
Peru, tho pearl fisheries of the coast, and the sugar plan^
tations on the islands in the tropics. The colonists
shipped to the mother country, which monopolized the
whole carrying trade, their surplus products of the fields
not BOW actnalljr poamwd by any Chri*tUn prince or people," iM
the Plymouth petent of 1830 contained the nme retlriction. In
1881, the Hook of Commoni declareil the principle thnt '.' necapancy
coofcn a good title by the law of nationa apd nature." Cbalmert'*
" Political Annifls," i. 10. Thia waa alwnya the doctrine of Jamca I.
Gurdiner'a "History of Kngland," iii,.40.
* Fronde, viii. 485. Bereral patenti wrre inned to Engliah expIo^
era after tfie return of the Cabota, but they came to nothing. '■ Bng-
llah Coloniea in America " (Virginia, Haryknd, etc.), by J. A. Doyle,
p. 96, etc.
t It wu in 1800. more than a century later, that the Engliah Eaat
India Company waa organiied, on a very amall aeale ; and then no
ftetofjr wsf eatabllahed for ten or eleran jeait.
trumm and nauaa aupraia Ml
and woodt, and in return took the manafactured prod-
not! of the European looms and workabopa. So rap-
klljr did the ooinmeroe of Npain develop that at the
time of her greatest prosperity she had a thousand mer-
chantmen upon the ocean.*
In one direction Enghuid felt the effects of the new
markets opened up in America and the East Indies.
They increased the demand for her wool and cheap
wooJlen goods, and so raised their prices.. In return, she
impbrted so much from the Continent, especially in the ■
way of luxuries— the consumption of wine, for example,
having incivased fourfold in a few years— that old and
conservative statesmen became alarmed. Still, this new
trade was mostly (tarried on by foreigners, and little
benefited English shipping. When Ilonry VIII. broke
with the pope, be concluded to strengthen himself upon
the ocean, and made some attempts to establish a navy.
How little was accomplished is shown by the fact that,
upon the accession of Elizabeth, the whole naval force
in commission amounted to seven coast-guard vessels,
the largest of which was only one hundred and twenty
tons, with eight small merchant brigs and schooners al-
tered for fighting. Of ships in harbor fit ha service
there were twenty-one.f
* In lUi, Zngbnd bad no more than two hnndrcS and Krenteen
vewelf aboTS eight; ions buideD. Wade, i. 14^ The Bpaniardi
studied nartgation a* a acicnee. The " Contractiou House" at Se-
ville was Tlrtually i%cnllege of Darlgation, glvliig iostrdction and
conferring degrees. Henry VHI. attempted something of the kind
In England, but the results were paltry. Doyle, p. 88. In the latter
days of Blinbcth, Englishmen needed no colleges of aavigallon ;
their school was the ocean.
tFroode,TaM.
8M TBI VmUTAli m nOLUXD; XROUMn, AMD AMBKICA
Upon the fishing industry of England tlie Reforma-
tion prodnoed the most disastrous effects. Under the old
religion, no meat was allowed to any one on faat^lays,
and these made np nearly a tbini of the year. Now the .
eating of fish was looke<l on with some suspicion as a
token of papistical inclinations, and meat was ostenta-
tiously displavMl, even on Fridays and in l^ent. Thus it
came about that, while Franco sent annually fire hun-
dred vessels to the Newfoundland fishing-banks, even .
the home fisheries around the English coast fell into the
hands of foreigners.* Hence with an increasing trade
and growing wealth, the |)ort tdwns were strangely
enough faUing into deoay.f ,
Taking all the facts of the situation into account, the
outlook for Englisli shipping did pot seem very brill-
iant. In fact, it was so gloomy that the wise and far-
sighted Cecil thought of it with serious apprehensftn.
Something must l)o done, he^d, to 'build np u fleet
* When Sir Humphrey Oilliert vent to Newfnqn()l*n<] in 158S, and
took poaMmloft of tha country in tlie nsmo of Kliinlietli, nt an nnr
known land, be found there thirty-aix veaiela »f otiicr natioui en-
gaged in catching fiali. Doyle, p. SO.
^Jivtrj interesting accnuut of the condition of Engllah commerea
in 1552 ia given in a letter addrewed to Cecil liy Tliomaa Bomaby, a
merchant, and one of the foreign agents of EdwanI VI. It is among
the Cecil mannicripts; » copy will be found in the appendix to
Sirype's "Ecclesiastical Mcnrorials," ii. 151. He aUtea tliat tba
French had more sailors in a single tonn than the English bad in
all tbeir southern sea-porta ; that even English coal was exported
wholly in French vessels ; and that all the maritime towns of Eng-
land ware going to decay. He stated tliat if the coaUndo could be
restricted to English shipa, employment would lie fotmd for six or.
scTcn thousand sailors. Cecil, whei) he became minister under EUoi-
beth, triad in vain to cany out some of Bamsby't auggtttioDa.
■MOLISn PIRACT, m ORIOnC AND CHARACTER DNS
■" . ■ ^
»nd to (Mliicabe a race of snilora. After his ciidtbm lie
set tlown in writing his views npon this subject, lind the
paper, prejNired in the first years of Elizabeth's reign, ;
still exists. Three means occiirrMl to him for the en-
couragement of mariners: first, " merchandisi' ;'* sec-
ond, "fishing;" thirti, "the exorcise of piracy, which
was detestable and could not last." • To oirry out ills
ideas, Im pro|K)sc<l a " Navigation act " placing'foreign
ships under dlsainlities; but this was not t(> tioinc for
nearly a contur\s when it proved a grt'at success. Then
he tried to nia](e the |)eople cat fish by means of an act
of Pi^rliament ; but ffiis scheme was uniiopuiar. and it
bad to be abandoned. Nothing now was left but the
piracy, so detestable to the statesman, but so? congenial
to the Englishmen at large. Dcspite.Cecil's propliN^y it
did la8t,and on it was bui^t up liritain's naval givatnuss.
,The ])ractice begun at the time of the lAfariun jierse-
cutions, when n number of men 'from the best families
took to the sea'as roving chiefs. ll])cn the accession of
Elizabeth, most of the leaders returned home and ob-
tained places under government. Hut their crews re-
mainetl behind, an<l to them were adde<l the largo num-
ber of fishermen thrown out of em]>loymcnt by the ruin
of their business. The incrfaso of trade made piracy
profitable, and it gnulually attracted to itself most of
the wild and adventurous spirits of the country. The
result was that within a few years England occupied
towanls the North of Europe mud) the same position
that Algiers occupied towards the South, her people
levying contributions on all the world.t
* Trade notei. Domestic HS8. Eliz. toI. zli. Rollt IIouk, cited b;
Fronde, viii, 445.
t " A> the modern gentlemsn keeps bis yaclit, so ElizabctbVloyal
^::■-^■ - ■ ■. ■■■ ''■ ::■■■■ •'^
800 rnk Pi-BITAN IN noLUND, Knaixim, and amirica
' It boH been much tho fiisliion to sponk of the oor-
sairH who giivo England her supFcniacy upon the sea as
. if tlioy were men infiameii by a zeal fqr I'rotefituntigin,
who, to revenge tlio atrocities of the Inciuisition, levied
private war on Spain, liut such a view of tho facts has
only d tinge of truth, for it reverses the onler of events.
The Englisli piracies came first then followc<l the retri-
butions of Spain, and lastly the fiery inillgnntion of the
Englislinian which had such a niarke<l effect on Euro-
pean history.
Long and eanilstly did Spain, whose king wus fricitd-
ly to England, lalwr to kei'p the iHMce. The English
minister at ]^Iadcid cx|io6tulat^ with his government,
describcil the outrages committc<l on Spanish commeVce,
nnd foretold the certiiinj^' of retaliation; but it was all
in vain. Tho old wild blood was up, the blocxl which
coursed through the veins of Saxon, Dane, and Norse-
man. After tho lapse of centuries, ^le Englishman had
again found his natural clement jvaA calling. Friend
and foe, Protestant and Uomunist, Dutchman, French-
man, Portuguese, and Spaniard, all were ])lundcred
alike. ., It was not war, but simple pillage and murder.
In 1503, long liefoi-e hostilities with Spain were thought
6f, a S{)anish vessel saile<l from Flanders with a pargo'
valued at eighty thousand ducats. Thomas Cobham, son
of Lord Cobhara of Cowling Castle, chanced to Ix) cl'uising
in the Channel. Catching sight of the vessel, he chased
her down into tho Bay of Biscay, fired into her, killetl a
number of the crow, and boarding, after all resistance
bad ceased, sewed up tho survivors in their own sails
burghen, squires, or knights, wlioao inclinktion led that viij,^ept
their ambiguous cruisers, and levied war on their own account wbm
tbe goTemmcnt lagged behind its dutj;"— Froude, tUI. MA.
- OMTKLOPHKIT AND KXTINT OF Til* INDVHTRY S91
and throw them ovcrljonnl. Then, scuttling the ship,
he^mode oK with tlio lx)<>ty to liis pirate den in the
South of Ireland.* Even the inoffensive Dutch flsher-
men, aUhough Protestants, did not e8c»|>o, and |)erhui>s
they, were the worst sutTerers of all. The English con- '
stantly boarded their fiHliing smacks, took out every-
thing, tlown even to the clothing of the men, and left
them naked to drift at the ntercy of the waves.
Of course, the ^^vernment hod, nt times, to make a
pretonce of prosecuting the offenders; Jiut, rcmcmlwring
the way in which justice was then administennl, the fur-
cical results CMi be readily imaginc<l. Col>hum,,the
year after the exploit above narratctl' was tried for
pii-acy in London, at, the urgent demand of the t^jiunish
minister. The evidence against him was complete, but
ha cscape<l conviction in the usual manner, aiid was.
soon back at his old occupation. In 1.50C. the English
authorities, while trying to excuse their conduct tow- •
arris Spain, were forced to admit tliat they hud never
executed u single pirate.f *
Thus the industry grew and flourished. The English,
allowed other people to catch their fish ; they helpeil
themselves after the Tiauls were mad^. -. They porniittc<l
the Nethcrlanders to maiAifocture all the finer pro<lucts
of the loom, content to toko their share, in the good
old way, ajfter the work was done. Nearly every gen-
tleman along the western coast, niiether Protestant or
Catholic, was engaged in the business. Their numor .
bouses were filled with the spoihi of their cruisers, and
the sur{>lus went to London, where the pirat^ sunned -
themselves in the rays of royal favor. Tbe^oocupation
* Fronde, viii. 460. t Idem, riii. 478.
SOT TBI TUHITAM IN UOLUNP, CNOLAND, AND AHfRICA '
had come to stay. The men who Ixsat off Ijie Spanish'
Antiada did a noblo work for Enghind and the world,
but th\v were 1)irat<>B none 'the less. Throughout the
■ entire reign of EUzabeth they were preying on the com-
merce of their Dutch aUies; nndllenry IV. of France, .
in 1003, declined an invitation to'viiiit England, from
fear that they would capture him while cn>ssing tli^
Channel.*
If noxy it seems strange that the Continental powers
' permitted this piracy to flourish so long in England,
we must remember that it continuetl in Algiers, her
rival in the business, «lotvn to the year 1830, despfto the
combineil efforts of all Christendoni. The one was pro-
tected by the Me<literranean and the sands of Africo,
the other by the broad " deep ditch " which diviilwl her
from the Continent.
Out of her pinicies in the Channel and along the
coast grew up England's slave-trade^ and this led to
|)iratical exiwditions'on the wider scale, to bo followed
by results of great mon^ent. From quite an early day
the Portuguese explorers of Africa had Harriett on a
Blavcftradc with the natives. Jt Itegan alx>ut 144*2,
when ten black men, who had beoa exchanged for some
Moorish captives, were brought M Portugal and aston-
ished the Europeans by their ^olor. Tlicnceforward
negroes, both Iwnd and fn'e. were <|uite common in the
cities of the Peninsula, although the traffic in human
flesh was not extensive, since, at the close of the cen-
tury, the number of blacks exported from Africa did
not exceed a few hundnxl annually .f They were most-
ly used as house-servants, nothing ifiHhe soil or cliniato.
■ »
♦ Motley'i " United NethtriMdi," It. 148-151.
t Hcl|M'a " Spnnisli CodiimwIi in America," i. 48-80, Har|)cr'« nL
NMRO SLAVERY IN AMBIUCA 8M
tempting the ogriculturifit tu employ tlicm on' the land.
Unfortunately, the (liscovvry of the Now Worhl o|)cne(l
up a field of a diifercnt clmracter, one in which slave
bbor was very profittiblo, while even misguided philan-
thropy lent its aid to aggravate the evil.' .
It is an error, long ago cxpl(Mle<l, to siipimse ti*nt ne-
gro slavery was firat intro(luce<l into Amerii-a through
the efforU of I^as Casas. It existctl then; U^fore his
time, but he, unhappily, gave to its gwnvth a grfiit and
sudden im])ctU8. Deeply impressed with the sufferings
of the Indians, who, r^luccd to Hubstantial slavory by
the SpanianU, were forcc<l to a labor in the mine and
field to which they were unaccustomed, the large-iieart-
od but too enthusiastic churchman thought that he sitw
a solution of the diflloulty. liring in tlii> negro, and the
probleln would bq solved. He was dcx'ile, accustometl
to lal)or, ignorant, brutal, and in every resjiect of a very
different character from the gentle, half-civilized inhab-
itants of Mexico or Peru, llo was also a lieuthen, and
his resideniib among Christians would lie of advantage
to his soul. It was largely u|Hm this recommendation,
made in 1517, that the trade was expanded, and that
negro slaves were s<?nt into^ie colonies by tllousiyids.*
Las Cqsos lived long enbugh to rejx^nt of the advice
which he' had given, and it is greatly to the cwnlit of the
government of S|)ain that heroHicials U8e<l every effort to
repair the wrong which had been innocently done. Even
from the'outset the S]Nini8h law had. tlin>wn around the
negro safeguards unknown among other nations. The
slave had secured to him a {Nirt of every week, when hie
time was his own. He could insist u|)on his freedom
when able to purbhase it ; he could own property in his
^ ' * Hoipc, ti. SI, «9. ■> • .: ;
SM TUI n-RITAN IM UOLLAND, »OLA1IO, AMD AMCRIC*
onrn' right ; and the rooonls of the Spanish oolonieH of
the sixteentii century prove that many a negro, who
went there aa a slave, rose to'the position of a free and
successful planter* Still, the law was iHoffectuol to pro-
tect the negro, however stringent were its regtilations
fSf his welfare. The slaves were abundant and cheap,
and their l^vca of little value to an owner working an
unhealthy mine or plantation where the'profits of labor
' were enormous.
In this condition of affairs, the home government
"adopted a {xilicy apparently well calculated to check
the growing evil. It determined to enhance ,tho value
of the slaves and thus- make it to the interest of the
master to preserve their health. Hence the governors
of the colonies were instructed to prevent the ini|)orta-
tion of ^negroes, unless under a license from S|)ain, which
•was expen^ve and -charily given, while a diity of thirty
ducats on each .slave still further incroasod his price.f
; _
* Helps, A very erroneous impression wcnis to prevail in rrj^rd
to the co:kJiict of tlie Spanish gurvmment, not on); townnls tlio ne-
gro, but townrdx the native population in Ampricn. In relation to
the Utter it has heen justly remarkc<l that '■ none of the Euro|>esn
powers manifested so sincciv n purpose to promote the welfare of a
conquereii ]>eoplc. The rulers of Spain wrre continually cnncting
laws, which AnnX only in being more just nnil wise than the country
iu its (lisorilciT>(l condition was able to receive. Tti<?y continually
sought to protect the Indians by regulations extending to the mi-
nutest detail, and Vcmceived in a spirit of thoughtful and even tender
kindness."— Mackenzie's " America," title '■ South America," chap,
iii. In alt tWs work the Church of Rome did noblo service. The
difficulty was that the colonists, wild, reckless, and roaming over a
boundless continent in search of gold, could not be restrained. It
is to the individuals, and not to the government, that we should im-
pute the crimes which disgrace our banuui Datura. .
t Froude, viii. p. 483.
' ' ^- CXOLAMD IXTMIS (W TUB RLAVI-TKADI SW
Aboat tho same time the (.'burch of {iomo, awakonc«l to
the horrurg of tho traflic, tliundereJ its imprecutiong on
the K)iro|)Rans who should vnskve their follow - man,
whetlicr African or Indian^} It even l)ccanie usual for
a Simnish vessel sailing on a voyage of discovery to
carry, a priest, in order to prevent tiie kidnapping of the
aborigines.*
It WHS at this juncture that England, with her long
practice iij piracy, ntepped in to take up the trade which
tho ]Nipttl Vorld beg.in to loathe. Her mariners and
statesmen made no pretence of doing missionary work ;
they ])rofessetl no motives of philanthropy. To bo sure
they besought the aid of Heaven; but it was for them-
selves, and not for their victims. They had but one ob-
ject : to exchange human flesh for gold. They made
England tho great slave-trader of tho world, forcing the
curse u|K>n her American colonies, despite their contiU'
ued protests and entreaties, down to tho very year that
gave to tharUnited States a separate e^gstence.i-
The first English sbive expedition of importance was
undertaken by John Hawkins in 1502. lie sailed for
the coast of Africa with throe vessels and a hundred
.nen, collected three hundred negroes, "juirtly by the
sword and jwrtly by other means," and then crossed the
Atlantic to St. Domingo. There, through false repre-
sentations to the governor, he sold two. thirds of l^is
• Bancroft, i. ,173.
t It is c«tiinatc<t that in the ainf^lc century bcfiire the Dcclamlinn
of In(Ic|ien(lence, England l(i(lnnp))eil tmm Africa over tlirce million
human beinga, of wliom mora than a (|unrtcr of a million were thrown
iatn the Atlantic. Bancroft, iii. 411. See thia author as to the nu- '
mcrous laws paaaed in the American coloniea against the ftirthcr in-
troduction of negro slaves, all of which wore vetoed in England as
detrimental to English prosperity-
890 Till PnRITAM IN ilOLL'ANO, INOLAND, AND AMIRIOA
cargo at a large profit, and invested the pmcotMlfi in
hides, half of which ho ship|)ed to Spain, returning with
the other half to England.* The Simniah inonarcli was '
greatly incensed when he heard of these tninsactipns.
Not only did they viuluto the law common to all coun-
.tries, and always particularly insisted on by England,
under which trade with the colonies was reservwl t.> the
mother country, but they threatened a serious interfer-
ence with his scheme for ameliorating the condition of
the negro. The r'esse\ which Hawkins sent to Spain was
seized, its cargt> confiscate*!— the captain Iwrely < scajv
ing the Inquisition— and an onler was despatche<l to the
AVcst Indies that no English v(>ssel should Ite allowinl to
trade there, under any pretence whatsoever. 80 earnest
was the government, and no (k'ci<led the expressions of
the king, that the English anilxissudor wrote to Eliza-
beth urging her most strongly to prevent tl<p recurrence
of such violations of law.
The answer was a seconti ex|)edition, in which Lord
Pembreko and other mcniliers of the council were share-
holders, white the queen supplied a ship, tiie ./einii of
Ltihteh. This time. Hawkins kidnappc<l four humlred
Africans. It was a dangerous business, Inr the ignorant
. negroes did not appreciate the l)enetits which these ( 'hris-
tians intendeil for them, and at times maiie a stout resist-
ance. However, Oo<l, tlie Englishmen said, was on their
8ide,t and the voyage prove«l a great success. Tl.o S|Min-
ish governors objected to the landing of any blacks in
' their colonies, but English cannon overcame such scru-
' pies ; the cArgo was dispo8e<l of, and Hawkins returned
• Hakluj't'n " Voy«ge»," vnl. iii.
t See the report of tlie vojufft; in lUklnyt, where tfvidmce i« given
uftbe (irotecting csra of the Alinightjr, " who norer luffcr* hU elect
to periali."
BAWEIRB'S DISASTROUI VOTAOI
S»7
home, to divide sixty per cent, profits among his ghare-
holdcrs, with a handsome allownnoe to the (|Ueon.*
The thinl of Hawkins's voynges had a very different
ending— one tlmt f "wl the Engiiitii heart. Tlie King of
SjMin. nftor the second ex|KN]ition, liad raised such an
outcry tliut Elizaheth was obliged to promise that noth-
ing of the kind should occur again. Acconling to her.
mode, of keeping such engagements, she, in ir><l7, again
placed tlio Jegm at the disposal of Hawkins, wlio sailed
for A-frica with four more ships, all powerfully armc<l,
taking with him a young kinsman, Francis Dnike. Kun-
ning down as far as Sierra I.*one, the vessels wore spce<l-
ily loiuled with all the negroes they woul(l,hold. In car-
rying out this laudable enterprise, Hawkins, according to
his own statement, set fire to a city, the huts of which
were covere<l with <lry jwlm. leaves, and out of eight'
thousand inhabitants succeeded in Seizing two hundred
andlifty.t
Crossing the Athtntic, he now added the oecu|>ation
of a pirate to that of a slave-merchantt The result won,
that from the sale of his cargoes, and the plunder of such
unarme<l vessels as he met along the coast, ho accumu' '
lnte<l nn enormous treasure.^ As his vessels needed re-
pairs, and he had still four hundred negroes undisposed
of, he put into the harlior of St. Jean do Lhj'- Unfort-
unately, the Sjianish atliniral, who for some time ha((
been on the lookout for those pirates, entered the har-
bor with a fleet of nineteen vessels, opened lire ujKin
them, and compelled Hawkins and his sailors to abun-
• Fniuilo, Tiii. 401. t IlaklOyt, ill. 619, ei».
{ 11" mimalcU it nt nuirljr two million )ioiin<)ii, niiHitly in Kolil,
■ilTcr, nni.l precioiu ■tonca ; pKobably » great cxaggi'ration. Uak-
liiyt, iii 620.
808 TBI PCIUTAM in HOLLAND, INaLAND, AMD AllBlICi
don their plunder md take to sea in tTra sronll tcnden.
The next day, a liundred of the crew left tlieir comrades,
who were sliort of water and provisions, and,.l>einj|; put
on shore, were captured by the tSpaniards and carried to
Mexico. The nimainder; witli Ilawkintf and Drake, took
their sad way across the Atlantic, bearing with them
their tale of woo. »nd ihe incflhceablo remembrance of i
their bitter wrongs.
They roachc«l homo just in the nick of time. Some
French privateers, as wo have seen in a fomicr clmptefi ■
had driven into the English harbors a number of vessok
carrying money borrowc<l by Philip from Italian bank-
ers, for tKe payment of the Kpanish'troops in the Xeth-
erlands. Elizabeth had been a little undecide<l as to her
duty towards a friendly power whose property* was thus
providentially placed within her reach. On hearing,
'however, of the enormous loss* which she had sustained
at thi) hands of the 8pania^ls across the ocean, all her
hesitation vanished. !::;he helped hcrs^^lf to the S|)ani8h
silver, with a consciousness of well-doing that would
"have reflocte<l honor on any of the pirates of her realm.* '
How this high-handc<l act of robbery afTeote<l the
Netherlands we' have already seen. It led to Alva's
proclamation of non-intercourse with England, which for-
a time consolidated the manufacturing and commercial
classes of the country in their opposition to Spain. lint
' '^ts efifects upon England wci-o no less marked. Non-
jntercourse with the Netherhinds threw all business into
confusion, ahd at first seemed to threaten wide-spread
and permanent disaster. In the end. however, it. was
productive of great good. The English maritime and
trading spirit was aronsed, never to sleep again. Sbnt
♦ Froude, Jx. 371.
ona WAB wrni ip*» iuhs mnTjkDUi am
ont temporarily from the markets of tlio Ncthcrlundg,
the Englialyproducera began to Heck markets for them-
selves, and they found that there wns a proHt in legiti-
mate commerce, as well as in preying on their ncighlxirs.
From tljis time forwartl they sought to coin|N'te with
8{tain and the Netherhinds for the carrying trade of the
world.*
In the first excitement attending these wholesale acts
of reprisal, an open war appeare<l inevitable. Ilurghlcy,
Elizabeth's prime minister, was in favor of it, believing
that the time had come for a IVotestant coalition against
Spain. But Elizabeth, with her habitual dislike of ex-
treme meusares, and having her own schoino of self-
preservation, held back, and began to a|X)l()gize for her
recent conduct. On the other hand, I'hilip, as 8(K>n as
his first irritation had subsided, also felt pacilic. Alniut
the lust advice which he had reccivc<l from his astute
father was to keep on friendly terms with England.
With France he was in a chronic state of war, and the
revolt in the Netherlands was daily bccbining more
• The Rnynl Exchange in LnniloH was opened to the pulilic in
1568, but it was Home year* iKforc it waa inucli useil. It wni fimnd-
ed b; 8ir Thonins Greabani, wlio'was for a loog ixriml the financial
agent of Blizabcth in tlie Netherlands. Deriving tlio idea of n mer-
chants' exchange from that country, lie cVtiied to a liirge extent tha
exchange at Antwerp in his building, and imported an architect,
carpenters, and most of his material from Flandei^ Wo And from
Oresliam'a correspondence that ho also importeil fur I^rd Burgliley,
who was then Imilding a new country-house, pavingstouca, wain-
acot-galleries, chairs, and wagons. Commenting on these facts, his
biographer somewhat naTvely says : " It is quite surprising to per-
ceive to what an extent, at this |ieriod, an English c<liflco was in-
(Jebte<l to Continental artificers, not merely for its decorations, liut
for its moat material feature*."— Burgon'a" Life of Oresjiam," 11. 119,
116, 178. Bucb writers fail to recognize tli« condition of England.
.*' /
-I
:.!Wj',yfi-
400 Tni VDIUTAM IM UULLAND, INQUNU, AND AMUUCA
thrtotcning. He tbereforo smothered liis anger, and
nuido a prutonce of liclioving the excusoa of Elizabeth,
which never deceive*! any one, except |h.tIiu|)8 herself.
Although KliailMitli, when uoflfroritutl with the |)eril
of an (i|M'n wur, was ready enough to niitke excuses and
promises to I'hilip, she could never bring herself, even
if she had tiic |x>wer, to suppress the privut>> wur which
her subjects were carr^-ing on by scu. It is a great mis-
take, however, oa I have already suggested, to Uiok upon
this contcHt, at least in its early stages, as oHrrotestant
warfare. Elizabeth herself fully symiKitbizcd with Alva,
and rejoice<l over his succc8.se8 in the Netherlands.*.
Ilcr 8ubj(H;ts, too^ hhd at first as little religious feeling -
as she luul herself. Tlie Catholics wefe in a majority
on the western coast <if England, where the pirates had
their headquarters. In 15^19 they sent thirty thousand
pounds to Coligny to support tiio Huguenot cause in
France, because their privatei'rs were sailinir under bis
colors, and preying on the commerce of their fellow-
Catliolics of France and S|>ain. Still, the Protestant
leaven was at work, and the worhl was to advance even
through English greed.
Wo have seen how Hawkins, in his last unfortunate
exiKHlition, left behind him in Mexico about a hundred.
of his crew who fell into the hands of the Spaniards.
Most of them were sent to Spain, arid there torned over
to the Inquisition, gentle means having failed to sup-
press their practices. Subjected to the rack, their nom-
inal Protestantism gave way, and almost all of them
recante<l. Still, recantation did not save them from pun-
ishment for fkiracy, and the story was brouglit to Eng-
land of the cruelties to which they were subjecteti. It
. . • Fmudc, ix. 8jH. "• , ■ >
Z' nuNcn oBiKi Atro bm ixploits 401
ia greaily to tho crwiit of llnwkins ami the othei^lewL
ing corsairs of th<< tiiijo that they ncv'cr.(lf!H'rte<l their
comnulus when in troiibli-. Tlieir wild hfe, a'nd wihi
enough it was, never ilullwl iho iloep affection for men
of their own blooil wlueh has always charactcrize<l the
Anglo-Saxon race. In the fro*n s«>«8 of tho North, in
the jungles, of India, or in tho tleserts of Africa, the
Englishnian has always face<l <leatb with unflinching
bouragt) when tho rescue of a countryman has Ix-i-n in-
volveil. Hawkins, to release his coninuies, vcntunHlinto
the very jaws of the Inquisition. Pretending to Iw a
traitor to Elizabeth, and armed with a letter from Mary
of Scotland, who was then a prisoner of her myal cous-
in, ho went to Spain, deceived Philip himself, and ro-
turned with such of his crew' as were still alive. Tho
King of Spain ex|)ccted them to l>e his allies, but they:
were soon at sea again under the old Hug, each one with-
his talo of S|)ani8h cruelty to lire the hearts of his
comrades, and to nervo himself to new schcnies of ven-
geance.
''For about three yoaiji after tho affair of the Italian
money, Elizabeth seemtnl to feci some alarni for fear
that she had gone too far; but in 1573 she took ]>ait in
an expedition which sailed under the command of a he o
who was destined to a fame much wider than that of the
great Hawkins himself.
Francis Drake had acconipanie<I ITawkihs on his lost
ill-starred yoyoge, and could never forget tho sufferings
of his companions who had been taken by the ^|)an- ..
iards, nor cease to dream of tho treasures which had once
l>een within his grasp. Sailing from Plymouth, with
the queen as one of his partners, ho spent the summer
in the West Indies, murdering Spanianis and plundering
their houses. Then crossing to the mainland, he inter-
I.— 2«
4M TUI PDRITAN IN BOLLAND, BMOLAMD, AND AMCRICA
ceptml the trcnsiirc-tmin on the Igthtnus of I'anamn, und
after securing nn enormous amount of gokl ami Hilvi-r set
sail for England, which ho -rcochcd in wifet}', capturing '
anotlicr gnhl-ship on tlio return voyage.*
Thi8 exiKHlition prove<I hdw vulnerable was S|)ain in
her tninMttlantic imsseiisions. The lleltl of oiierntions
for t)ie uilvetiturerH of Kngland wu8 expanding. Drake
was soon to open to tlicm all the oceans of the world.
In 1577, he set out from Plymouth for a voyage to the
Pacific, whose waters hchad looked uixin when he vis-
ited the Isthmus of Panama. He now sailed with a fleet
of Ave snuiU vessels, the queen being again his partner,
and the Earl of Lcicpster one of his largo stockholders.
His commission was e<]uivocal ; Elizabeth, as usual, in-
tending to repudiate him if it seeme«l to her advantage.
On his part, however, there was no uncertainty of pur-
pose. *
This famous voyage jastecl for three years, und its
story reads like a romance. Creeping ilown tho coast
of South America, Drake passed through the Strait of
Magellan. Theft; the last of his com|)anions dcsertoil
him, (ind ho found himself on the waters of the bnmd
Pacific with only eighty men and a single little vessel
of one hundred and twenty tons' burden, about half the
size ofone of our .fishing schponcre which sail to New-
foundland .from tho„por(s of Maine. Making his way
north\fanl, he plundered tho Spanish villages on the
coast; seized great heaps of silveb which had l)ccn
brought down from the mines of Peru; capturwl a treas-
ure-ship with its cargo of gold, silver, jiearlH, emeralds,
and diamonds ; and, almost without firing a shot or strik-
ing a blow, loaded down his vessel with u cargo such as
* Ftoude, zi. 31.
•v.-'
DISTRIBUTION OF DRAKrS PLVNDKR-TIIK I'lnATi KNKIIITID 403
the world had never lecn Ixifore, and never Iihb tuton.
since his day. Then, turning westward, he continued liiM
, furrow around the globe, cromod the I'ocitlc, rounded
the Cape of Good IIo|)o, nnd, in V>H(\ dro|>pp«l anchor
in Plymouth with his precious freight.*
What WHS its value no one ever know. The S|innish
ambassador thrcutone<l immediate war unlesit it was
returned, and Kli/jiboth made a show of having it in-
ventoried and safely guanknl. Ihit the officers who
took the inventory were «lirccte<| not to bo too partic-
ular, and not to interfere with Drake if he wished to
tako any (lortion for himself. In tlio queen's council,
opinion was divided as to the disposition of the plunder.
Home were in favor of giving it up to Sjwinx others Ihv
lieved in sending it to the I'rinco of Orange or to the
Hugul^nsts in France. Klizalieth settled the controversy
by making a liberal allowance to Drake, giving the
shareholders who fitted out the c.xpetlition 6ne hundred
])er cent, on their investment, and keeping the romaindor
for horself.t
The vessel which had sailed around the world was
taken to London and placed on exhibition.^ In its
cabin, Elizabeth, dine<l with Drake, and took the occa-
sion to knight him for his exploit;;. lie, in return, gavO
her a diamond cross, and a crown set with enormous
emeralds. Most of her courtiers also became the recip-
ients of his bounty. Three, however— Sussq^c, Wulsing-
ham, and Burghley— who believed in war and not in
* Htgellsn'a vc«ael, vitb fiftecD of its crew, bad made the umc trip
h«If • century before. , ■'
t Fronde, xi. 428.
t Ilcntzner miw it there in ISW. Oe ipealci of it M tlie ship of
"Out noble pirate, Francia Dnke."
4M THE n'RITAN IN HOLLAND. ■NQLAHP. AND AMBUOA
private pilliiji^, doclintHl hii) giftR, tho latt<>r myin^'lhat
lie did not wh< how in conscionco lie could ivciiivo pres-
ents from a man who had notliing kiit what he'hiul
made by piracy.*
Hut the conncientiouii scrnplos of Uurghloy were not
Rhnnnl BV tho |x>oplo at largo. To them Drake was a
hero, and woll might they lulniire his character. He was
far fn)m l)cing a vulgar pimto, Ike some of hiit prcde-
ces-sotg, cruising merely for plunWer, and robbing friend
nnd foe alike. lie was a cru8)uler of tho modem ty|)C,
I'Awsessing tho qualities which have always excited the
just admiration of his countrymen- Ho ba*l a love of
adventure, was of unflinching courage, had unbounded
confldcnce in himself, and an unalterable U^liuf that no
ono in the world was a match for an Englishman, lie
was also a reli^ioua man, as religion then went^among
the majority of men in Kurojic. On his famous voyage
aroiftid tho world, ho took a chaplain with him, as the
SiHtnianIs tuo^ a priest, who regularly adminiHtcrc<| tho
communion to tho crew. IIo was an earnest Protestant,
ut least from a civil standpoint, and probably thought
that by plundering the piipi^s he was doing good ser-
' vice, not only to tho State but to tho Lord.
The voyages of Drtiko gave a great impetus to Eng-
lish Protestantism. More than ever before, tho ocean.-
swarmed with tho corsairs, who were willing to face even
tho Inquisition in their search for Catholic gold. But it .
was not merely a mercenary spirit which in the end ani-
mated these rovers of the sea. It is, of course, absurd to
invest them with a religious character, but it would be
• Fraude, xl. 420. Jt must be rcmoinbcnxl by tlio reader tbat til
through tliii period England was at pence witb Spain, and Elizabeth
wai rewlutpl; oppoted to o|)en nar,
OIMWTH or Till HPIRIT OF PATiuamM 408
equally absunl to ignoro tlio spirit of patriotigm whi^ib
was growing more intcnHC among tbom with every ]ta«H-
ing year.
Spain, to be gur<*, was nt |)(>aro witb England, hut sbn
waa gnulually coming to 1k» recugiiizc<l as tbo great fo»>
of human liberty. On the otlt6r hand, although Eliza- >^'<
bcth cnretl nothing for principles and was anxious only
to save hemclf, the people nt large knew little, of the
racilhitions, the inclinations to tiiu |mpacy, the br<>arhe8
of faith, and treoohory to her friends which the state- -
pn])er8 now reveal, and which were the chief causes of
her periT.'Slie imposc<l few taxes, she was |K)pul«r in
her manners, and she gave her (Country |)euce. To hoj'
[->,.« peo|.'lu, wlioumlernoath the surfsce had noble character-
^jf ■ istjoH, she represente<l a, principle, that of nntionulity;
^'l "* and, us tt l^rotestant sovereign, an iilea— tliat of hatred of
the jMipists, and of Spain, their leading champion. Ky-
.^^ ery corsair who set out in search of Spanish plunder
^H^^tumed more of an Englislnnan than ever; his island
T home wos dearer to him, for it protected him iToni all
,his enemies; hjs Kovcrcign ho wor8hip{ic<l, for she was
the-good genius of his fortunes; Each one, also, l>n)ught
back his tale of the crjnies against humanity per|N)trated
by the Inquisition. These actions, so far as English-
men were concerned, might be justified legally as fair
reprisals, but such a consideration would have no effect
upon this people. Their rulers might stretch Jesuits
;]pon the rack, or consign heretic Dutchmen to the
flames, but it tVas an inexpiable offence for a foreign
power thus to treat an Englishman.*
* A nnUlilp, but by no meant an exceptional, illnitration orthii
national trait i* found in StrTpv'a "Annnia of tlio Kcformation,"
Tbla induatrioui writer, who nxde Ida eompilstiona Id the esriy part
iOt TM rVRITAM » ■OLLAHO, BMOUND, AND AUniOA
Step by itcp thn irrepremible conflict ia' coming on.
Little by little England in foclinf^ lier Htrcngth, and pit>-
parinj^ for tiio gninil imthurMt of national energy which
fullowuil the annihiUtipn uf the Kpuniah Armuda and
oniieciKlitrriitlirfiitiirr.wiu ■ IliKli-rhurclinian, ami kn iinwarrring
adinirrr of EliMU'lli iinil her ecrlfiiiutical iMiliry. He tlncriliM, witli
apparrnt tuitiaruclion, tlio burning at the ttake, in 1.573, nf two Ana-
liaplUU fnini llnllaiiil ; men nrlin inaile no iliaturrwnrr. Iiut, incrting
<|uiell; forpriratc woniliip, wcro arreitnl, anil, on l><;in)( (piotiooi'tl,
arnwpil oplniotii which llic Church called hen'lical. Ho ulwi trila
wlUi approval of the execution, in LtM) ami ISHI, nfn nunilMT of
Jetuit prlealu, «;hn, lieforu trini, were •ul>ject«<l to torture, tjicir
naiU lorn mil, nuil their arnnn rackeil irA» lielpleMncu, nil for preiicli-
in)! in aecret the iloctrinca of Iheir failh. Neither these trtn«ac-
tiona, nor the aulMeiinent execulionn of acores of other Cnthnlica ami
BeparatUlu, elicit fn>m our Teiicrahlo author one woni of human
pity ; .lint in ISHl an Knf;M>h I'rolcntnnt wan liumeil at the ntako in
lioini-, nnil concerning liia fate we flmi the followirtft lanj;un)(e:
" Hut there lin|ipcneil tliia year an einnipin of |Hipal |)cr«eciilion. In
Koine, upon an Kiif{liiihmnD, which excccileil inucJi any penecntinn
complainetl of in Knglanil." The viciiin of thin |X'rwcution \vii« one
Dicliaril Alkiim, of wIiom! iIoIiirh 8ir,\pc hiiHHelf |{ive<i thin account.
Burning with nliKiou* <cul,.he left hin own country, anil went In
Rome, to e»|iow< llie wickeilnew of the |>np<> ami the lilolulry of the
|icopte. In carrying out hia cnlerprite, lie flr>t viaitril the Enfilinh
College lli'ere, rchukeil the attiilrnta for the great minorileni of their
liTct, called the nmu n " Allliy Micramcnt," and denounced the pope
as llio Antichriit who wa> " poJMining the whole worhl with hit
abominable lilaapheiuics." For tlieiHi K|ieechi'« he wai nrrvslinl, but
aAer a &» diiya' cnnflncmeitt waa aet at liUrty. Next, he allocked a
prieat who was carrying the Iloat through the street*, and attemptnl
to take away the ancreil emblem. This offence, loo, was overlooked.
At Inst, he went tn St. Peter's during maaa, piislieil his way to the '
altar, seized the chalice, throwing the wine upon the ground, and
struggled with the priest to take away the consecrated wafer. Thia
last exploit led to his mnrtyrdom, and In Sirypc's denunciation of '
" papal persecution." Strype's " Annals," iii. iMt
■NUI.MII PUUTnTANTI«II^INrLl°KICU AT WORK 40T
gave the counlrv » now life. Tim oxcluHJon^of tlwir
wool ami olutli fmiii tliu inhrkutH of tlio Notlit'rlands
aeein^l U> her mvrcliAntg at tlrat u dreadful ciilamity.
It loci, howovcp, as wo liavu soon, to their wMiking new
markets for theniselvps, iind thuii, with un ex|NkTiding
commerce, they learm'Hl tlio lesaun /if ovlf-coiitidence,
the chief re<|uigitc of success in any railing. Acc<)ni|ia-
nying thin feeling was the Intcnso national anil I'mtes*
tunt spirit whicii was every day becoming more arouse«l
under the running private war with K|Niin. Ii^ the fact
that these hiomentous changes were brought almut
largely through the o|K'rations of the conutirg, who reji-
resented one marked phase of the new national energy,
may lie found my excuse for giving so nuu'li »|>iic'e to»i
an account of these national heroes.
Still, the I'ljitcstantism which the nati<m was ucijuir-
ing in this .nfunnor liad little of a religious character.
It did well enough" for Klizalicth ; it wouhl have suited
all her requirements t|jat a subject sliouhl love her, huto
the l>o|>e, and plunder the S{>anianlg. Ilut them was
another Hpirit abroad in the land~a spirit which tvos to
make E!l)glan(l, for a tim9,a I'uritan country ; a country
of correct morals, and imbued ^^^ith a love of justice and
oc)ual rights before the law. To lie sure, this condition
was not to amtinuo long, but, considering what we have A
seen in the preceding pages, the wonder is that it evcr^
came about at all. It is evident that the influence whicli
conld work such i^ revolution must have been a very
{Mtent one. In fact, it was comi>lex in its nature, but,
like the influences which priKlucwl the former waves of
progress, mainly tnu^ablo to a foriMgn origin. < )f its
nature and tjie methwis of its o|>eratiun we shall see
■umething in the next chapters.
CHAPTER Vm
ENOLIHII PLRITANISH
TinC jmt'lTH ANI> THK ■•rUITANft— lASR-ISM ,
^; - Wk Imvo seen in the prcce<lin^ IWRtii Roinrtlitn); of
j» the rpHKinuH con<lition nf Kngliinil thirin^ tliu iirst ]Hirt
of the Klixulmthun age. Thero in nothing; 8ur|iri8iiif; in
the pirturc, when wo Ix'ar in mini) tho )>rior liistorv of
.' tho country, nnd tho'form which tho Keformation took
on among its people. L'|)on the Continent tlu) Kufor-
1 - niation wiw n rc-ligioas niovcrnent ;, here it wm largol.v
secular and iN)liticnl. TIiq result, at first, was a great
' breaking-down nf religion and monility. while tho con'
>. eentratton in one hand of the civil and religioUH ]i<)\rur
- built up a tyranny which, in 8f)me of its featun.'s, scoina
at tho present day well-nigh Asiatic in its «]>>iregar<i of
human rights.* lleforo the century closed, however,
tho country saw a change, which was to IxM-onie oven
more marke<l after Rlizal>cth had imsgcd away. . This,
change consisted in the elevation of tho tone of nionilii'
among certain classes, and the appearance in the samo
' ' quarter of a deep religious' feeling, accom^mnivd by a
wide-spread demand for somo meanurorof civil liberty.
' Such A rovohition wos caused little by anything within
the nation, much less by anything within the EslalilirfP^
; Church. _^ _ . *^-j
* Hume liknnt it to the gnfernmentii of Rauis and Turkey in liii
time, tntl lie wu not M pnjudiced 0* uitn; pcnpni think.
MBUOIODI TORKR IN BNOLAND-Tnl CATIIOLKa 409
^
Tho reli^iuuii «ystom' which tho Knghsh IWormcrH
coMtnicUHt on tho rtiinn of tlio imimcy wiis a foinpro-
mise, and, likb all coinproiniscg, wn« iliKUktMl hy the
eaiTiost mun of either |Nirty. It retaint^l ii ritual, with
moRt of tho pmycni and niuny of tho forinx and r<>nv
monieii of tho old rfligion, whilo \t» d<Krtrin<>:* wi>r<t takon*
larp»ly from tho tlnx»lo>fy of Calvin. Huch an oittaliliHh-
mcnt, pre<iidc<l over l»y n t<*rn|H)nil nionai-cli who jis-
8umo<l almoiit the authority of a |Mi|Nt, would havo been
impoMiblo ainon^ a pcopRi who had much diH*|> rclij;-
iouii feelinf^. lint tho Knfrli^h, in the main, had none:
and hence this iiyhrid, inixtngruouH HyNtoui might have
. worketl well enough hud tho ^nation Invu left to itaelf,
undisturbed by any foreign intliienc«<. ^ucii an iitolation-
was, however, now im|H>g8ible. Upon the Continent the
old and tho new Ryxtem of i)elief wen> fighting out a
lifc-and.<ieath struggle. Klizul)etli tried to k(H>p it from
Ijer d(K)r8; but every day an ex|)nnding conunerce nnr- .
rowed the channel which 8e|)anite<l Kngli^nd from tho
field of conflict, and thicker and faiitor fe^l. the siKirkn
from the flapies lighted. by the warring factions. That
gome of them shouhl take eiToct on ilritish soil was, in
tho natuco of things, inevitable. ^ .
The change which came alM)ut in Knghind, lifting it
to a higher plane, was due mainly to-the conflict lie-
tween two forces in the nation : one, a newly uwukoiied
Catholicism, the other the new-bom I'uritjinism. Nei-
ther was native to the soil ; each derived its power from
a Continental influence.
IIow true this was as to the Catholics can l)0 sei-n
from a gknee at their history during the first years of
the reign of Elizabeth. As socm as she was fairly seatcil
on the throne, she re<iuired all the priests and dignita-
ries of the old CbuKh to conform to tho Protestant
410 Till PCaiTAH IN HOLLAND, INaUNI^ AMD AMnWA
Tormularios, niul a vory ginnll numhei' cif them rofniioil
oomplianco.' Tlii» outwuni c-unformity, however, wua
not HulHciont. Ah tiiiio wont on, more uml nuiro 8trin-
gent liiwa wcro iiiuwMi iigiiin»t uvea the privato practico
of the ancient rit«8. Tlw Ib)nianit|tii wcm found mostly
in the rural districts of the North and Went, the k'list
advanced wx-tions of the kingtlom, 'and then; the oht
pri<>8tH, disguiMtiil sometiines so as to rcsemhie I'nitestant
preachers, Hitto<l about front houi|) to house, or fnund
concealment in the mansions of the woiilthy S4|uirp«< and
nobles. Perse'iutioFi, of Course, only incroase<l the fer-
vor of those who entertained sincero conViutions, but
theso were few in number. Homo tmssetl over to the
Continent and took up anus iii France or Hpnin. Among
those who ri'inained at home, religious feeling seemed
almost dying out.
In 1508, Mary Stuart fled to England, seeking a refuge
from hcl' insurgent subjects. She found a prison-house,
in whitli li^r restless spirit was to chafe for nincte<>n
yean, until relcasfxl by the headsman's axe. As a Cath-
olic and the next heir to the throne, she became the
centre, consciously or unconsciously, of endless .plots .
against the government. The year after her iirrivul,
some of the great (,'atholic earls of tlie North ixmt In
open rebellion ; but the ]>eople, on whoso support they
counted, refuxo<l atwistanoe, and the leaden; took the
well-worn ]iath to the Tower, and thence ta the place
of execution. The next year, the po|ie issued his bull
of excommunication against Elizabeth, but even this fell
harmless. In Scotland a religious War was waging; in
Italy, Kpain, Franco, and the Netlierlan<ls, the Catholics
were all aflame with religious zeal,1>ut in £)nglaud tliey
r * HnlUm't "Conit ilUt," 1. I20i
•■"'1 .
' , . CATBOLIO HirOIIMRM-TUE JBU'ITS 411
■eemed Kunk in a liRtlcHH tor|M>r. At liutt, however, tt
change came over them ; the tuqior waa ibakon ufT, a
•piritui^ fervor t<i(>k itM place, ^ nil th)! h»tlcf«i, inofTnniivo
papistB MH'incil uInjuI to lN>r<iii)e ii jxiwer in tlic iuntl.
To umtentund the influences which brought alxiut this
trannformation, wo must leave England and cast our
, byeit BcruRH the Channel. r
In the Protestant view of ilie {icriod covere«l hy the
Reformation, \«e are sometimes disiMxteil, wliilo copsid-
ering the great intellectual awakening which brought
the Protestants into Iteing, to overlook its efTe<'tH,u|Nm
those who remainetl true to Mother Chnn-li. It should
bo rcmemlMred, however, that the teachings of Luther
and Calvin would have pro4luce<l slight rvsnlts kit for
the general sprcati ttf knowl(><lgo hy which they were
preceded, an<l that the same cause efTi'cted a revival of
spiritual zeal among the Itomunists. The world was
shaking off the intellectual sleep Jf ages. As men awoke,
many of them turned to religion, wid such men, through
the influence of nature or environment, were divided
into Protestants and Catholics. It would be a great
mistake to suppose tliat all tlie reformers wea' on one'
aide, or that honesty of puqioso was conilnc<l to one re-
ligious ]>arty. All over Euni|)e were scattered earnest
Catholics, burning with enthusiasm and devoted to their
Church, but fully conscious of the corruptions which
were eating out its heart.
Shortly after Luther o|iencd his crusade against the
papacy, a society avbs forme«l which gave to these spir-
its a rallying-point within their Church, and an organ-
ization through which to work. It was the Order of the
Jesuits ; its founder was Ignatius Ix>yola. lioVola was
a Spanish knight, brought up at the court of Fenlinand,
•ml distinguished for his galkiitry among a race of sol-
lit TBI rCRITAM IK HOLLAND, KNOLARb, AHD AMMICA
tlteni. In 15UI, when thirty jmra of nf^% h«< «rii«
veri'ly woumhtl at tbo xifgu i>f riiinpcluna. A long
neu foUo\re(l,Vhic-h loft hifit IniiUMi for lif<>. hiiriii);^
hii toUioiM cfinllneiiient hu t(M>k' up, to whiln away tUo
time, a lifo of thn Saviour, and ii vulumo rontaining thi'
lives of the utintM. The hiltor inflnnuMi nn imlent imag-
ination, JtMl Uiforu on talcit of chivulry alone. What
others had done, as wan there recunlol, ho thought (bat
lya couUl do hinwelf, and wi dotennincd to liye ,a life of
alMtinenee, penitence, and holinettii. In a visi<m the Vir-
gin ap|K>aretl lM>foro him, with the holy infant in he^
anuK, ami blegwHl his renolutitm. (']M>n emerging from
the ltfck-r>>6m, be Mold bin littlo pro|M>rty, gave the pro-
ceotlH to the Church, and set out on a pilgrimage to Jeru-
salem, licturnihg in safely, having U'gged his way and
8u(Tere<l nntoUl bur«l8hi|)s, bo centered u^Min a course uf
study. Pnmtising tbo moHt rigpnius austerities, and vis-
ited in drenni!! at times by angels and then by demons,
he ihissmI several years, in various 'tmivcrsitics, finally
drifting to I'aris. Tliero bo found two men <>f great ii>-
tolluctual ))owor.who shared his mystic l)elief and Ix}-
came bis lifo associates — Peter Fabcr, a Savoyanl. and a
Spaniard, Francisco Xavier. They formed a little lihnd,
sworn to i:ba8tity and jMverty, and dovnte<l to the con-
version of sinners At home and the heathen abroad. ,Toin-
ing other comjianions with them, in i.'i.^T they went to
Itome, cidling themselves the Company of Jesus. In
1540, they wore formolly organized, adding to their |)reT
vious vows one of unquestioning obc<licnce to their gen-
eral, whom they electc<l for life.
Thus cstablishcti, upon principles which attrocte<l the
fervent rf)'mpathy of a newly awakened Catholic worli),
this order placed itst^lf at the absolute disposal of the
pope. In the contest with the reformers outside the
;'"'.. lllinoMA«T WORK «r TUI JHCITI '411
Church, it became tho chief Hupport of tlio |m|mr,v, ami
to itM I'fTorta, nioro than to any otiior vuUMt, wim <Iiio tho
oh^k which wua pkcttl u|)un tlio' |)rogruiM uf tlio Itef-
omiulion. liuw well tho J(!SMit«, m they went wxin
called liy otlien, met tho wnntit uml tho Hpirit of the nife
in Cntholio countrioR i» shown liy tho nipiilily with
which they iiprcad through Kur<)|N>, and thu viut [M>wer
which they g^n ac<|uirod. Whut carnmt soul, lM-li(!tlng
in the doctripti of ("utholieiHni, eouhl full to he moved
by thu.Helf-abnegation and tlio heroism which tlicMt men
di8])luye«U At tho oiitHel they ap])oaled simply to thu
principle of duty, tho grt>ut word of |)ower in every lan-
guagv. Lpyolu, tho flrst gunend of tho order, jierf )nnod
the most menial iH'rvices in his church at lionie, taught
classes of little children, and collectcxl alms for the Juwh
and for abun<lonod women, in tho work of whoso refor
mation bo laboriMl with unflagging zeal uptil his death
from pure exhaustion.
Their nriMionarios sought oat the heathen in every
land.- The history of the world shows nothing compa-
rablo with their hemic lalmrs in this direction. At tho
first organization of tho society tho work began. In
1541, Xavier went to tho Portuguem East Indies. At
the time of his <leath, ten years luier, ho and his ns-soci-
atea could number the converts to their faith by tho tens
of thousands. They carried the crucifix through India,
China, the isles of tho Pacific, and even Africa, two
centuries beforo tho Protestants iiegun their work, ex-
cept by sending out a straggling preacher hero and
there. In the Now Worhl, their efforts were e«]iially
extensive. Everywhere they followed in tho wako of
the ferocious Spaniards,' largely mitigating the horrors
of their conquests. In Paraguay, they established al-
most a paradise on earth. Even among the savage
**>
414 TUi rcmTAM m Holland, ■noumd, and ahuica
tribe* of l'anu<U thoir work of civiliattinn wm not un- ,
iin|iortant.*
V'ory iliffercnt fnrni the lifo of many u incxJiTn roii-
■i6nary wun that of theito piunfcrs in tliu hcathim Hi>ld.
Nothing linco the curly ilnyi of ('hriatianity ec|uiiU the
hanlahi|w which thoy tufferiHl, thu |)crilii which thoy
fucctl. Men of high hirth unci ilolicatu nurturo plunKnl
into tho wililemcM, and |wimoiI yuuni without <<ven the-
sight of any friendly fuccit, except tlioite of the duiky
niVBge8_ul>out them, and with no future exct>|it the cer-
tainty of iiuirtynloni. Tho |<ogtg of greatest danger,
whoni they could have a choice, wero thu ones to which
they floc)ce<l. Thus, when thu news reache<l Kunt])e
that A memlicr Of their order had, in Japan, denied the
faith — and this was almost tho only instance in their
history — volunteers sprang up from every quarter pray-
ing for iicrmission to go there and vindicate tim trutli.
Tho pniyers of many wero grantee), and all of these
Volunteers lai<l down their lives amid horrihle tortures;
with them tho recusant himself, who, n>|>enting of his
weakness, went,lieforo tj><> ningistrates and acknowl-
edged tlmt he also was a Christiun.f
In Europe tho .Tesuits did a work much greater than
that accomplished in foreign lands. To their efforts
wos largely duo tho purilicution of the Uomish (.'liurch
from tho gross abuses which had arousud tho indigna-
• See Park inan'( " Jrniiiti in North Americo."
t Bjr vny nf rontrut, it may lipro be noted that two hundrk]
' yean after the foiindation of the Jesuit miadiuDt in Aaia, tho Engllah
Eaat India Company refuted, " for weiglity and itilMtantial reaaona,"
to iwrmtt the Oixpel to be preached in its proTincoa, eren by Prot-
eatant miaaionariea. Haekenzle'a " Kincteenth Century," book ii.
chap ii
TO! IDVCATOM AMD CONMMOU Of OATIIOUC CI'HOri 411
tion of mankind. Thoy took ao money for u mMw;
limy rcifuMHl to confeiw a woman unloM in tlio )>n>tM>ne»
o( » brotliur iiriest ; tlicy proctiwMl and enfomtl ii|ion
th<*ir |)u|iiU itrict chastity of lifo; and tlicy m>vi>r nucri-
flcptl tlu) intcrcat* of tlioir onlor to iiny omsidorution of
•cHIhIi ciwo. I'niiko tli(< memlNMit of tlio old inomuitic
orgnnl7jttionii, the}' wuru no |H>culiur tfarU, Itut dn'Mitud
liko tho ordinary clergy, -or, when deemed adviMil>l»,
even a<k>ptcd the c«)«tumo of tlio coimtry in which tiliey
lived. .No time was Hjivnt hy them in itllo ren^monica,
but thoy dovotoil ihoiiiselvcft to uh active lifij us |m-ach-
ors, teai'lieru, and confessorH. Recognizing tho »|>irit of-
the ngo, inHtoad of dig[wmging science they took u lead- .
iAg part in its development. They cultivate<l lileniturt*.
and won high renown as scholars— oratory, and UH-'amc
tho first pn'achers in tho Church.
Hut tlieir greatest pro-cmirionce was attainc<l in the
{trovinco of oducntion. Knowing that us tho twig is
bent tho tre« will 1)C inclined, they devote*! their chief
' energies to tho training of the young. J\\\ over Catho-
lic Europe thoy ostablishetl schools, in which tho instruc:-
tion was entirely free. Iteversing tho ol(^,traditions un-
der which teoohers ond scholars wore natural enemies,
they Won the love and confidence of their pupils, bind-
ing :^hem by chains of affection which no time could
weaken. Prcimratory k-hools tcmk up children in their
infancy, ond thence they wf re transferred to colleges
which turned them out as finished scholars^in everything
except tho i>owcr of thinking for themselvj's in matters
of religion. The system which they established was a
vast machine for onrolliiig and disciplining an army of
civilians, sworn to otey the orders of their lender, and
that leader they looked up to as Qod'a representative
on earth.
'■■.■■.''.■- .*''■■■_#■■■' ■''•■,■ :''^'*' ■
411 Till rviirr*!! m uoixamo^ kiulamd, ako AVimcA
Whilo thui training tim riling f^^ni>ration, thoy did
not, liowori'r, m>Kl<'ct tlmiMt who liud alri'iul^' ffMicliitl ma-
turity, llvro tlii'ir i-lilrf inHucnnt wiiit <>:.ort<Hl tl>n)U((h
the CMnfvMionai. Uigid in their owii liri<ii, they ftuinvd
■the n>«|iec-t nnd conlhUmco of tlin lincwro. Theau formed
their curly fnllotvem. Dut im timo rolled on, ufter tho
(tenth of lioyola, it wait rliiir^Nl, and ]M.>rliu|M not iin-
juiitly, that for others they made religion coinfortahle.
> III II 8cniio very ditTeront from that intende<i hy the great
a|)oiitle, they iNi-ume all thingn to iril men; nut to wvo
. the iiieh, hut to huihl u|i the |iower of their'order. To
their own memlM-rii, however, no relaxation of diiici|)linQ
wiiH shown, and mt, Ixxly of soldient, working together
ur as single scouts, ever showed inoro Clearly what dis-
cipline nnd intensity of {luqwsu can accoin|ilish. When
they wcro first organiuKl Luyolu had nine coni|iuniunk;
ill sixteen yetkrs the nine bad grown to u thousand ; by
the end of the century they nuiiilN-red over ten timiViu
many. Tliey then had obtained the chief direction of
the education of youth in every ("atholio country of Eu-
ruiie. They ha<l lN>com« the confessors of almost all its
nionarcbs, and of nlii.ost every (icrson eminent for i^nk
or |>ower, thus IxiKling in their keeping tho secrets of
governments and of individuals without numl>er.*
Such was the Hll]K)werful organization which sprang
up to fight tho Imttlcs of Catholicism iigainst the liefor-
niation. In after-vears it became one of the curses of
. • Ilolietmin'i ** C'liaric* V." Ilacon, who knew of whnt he (poke,
|)ii}9 Ihu JnuiU tho high tribute uf linviiiK " rnterprisod to rvfonn
llicdiKipliDC itnd mannrra of tlie Obtirch of Koinr," and, with Luther
iiiid tlie dirinct of the ProteMsnt Church, " awaked to tlirir Rreat
honor and auccour all human Icamioj;."— Oacon'i " Filuro Labj-
hniliii"
1 im tmem trarAiN tat pafal AOTBoahrr • 4n
the world, ami among PnitesUnts the imino Jesuit is
oft«Q ■ynonymouH with the tttrocioiis doctrine that the
end juRtiilw the moanii. XJiere ia no danger that the
crimcM or the pernicious influence exertml by some of
the MicinlK'ni of this onler will ever be ovcrlookinl.
Htill, it is not consistent with historic truth, while imint-
ing their ilark sidfc to conceal tlieir virtues, or to ileny
the great services which they have renderp<l t() human-
ity. Too inujjh of this hiis \>qen done in the heat of
controversy, while the opiHwite rule lius lN>en applied
to the I'rotestant reformers; uml es|iecially to our own
anoi^tors, Knglisk and American. This niodo of <leal-
ing with the charactoni of the dead is sometimes, a|v
parently, considered to be in the interest of patriotism or
religion. It is very ditlicult, however, to n>concdo it with
morality, exct'pt by ado|(ting the principle imputetl to
«the Jimuits, which mankind .unite in holding up to ex-
ecration. 4)1)0 thing Is very certain, no imo can under-
stand the religious history of the sixteenth century, in
which the Company of Jesus came into existence, who
' fails to recognize the honesty and devotion to principle
which actuateil the great majority of its members.
When the order arose, the l>a|)acy was confronted by
enemies from within as well aa- from without. Protes-
tantism wiw sweeping overEtirope and corrying every-
thing liefore it. The Jesuits, "by proclaiming the prin-
ciple of reform within tlm Church, stayed its title and
contlned it withih its present narrow limits. liut they
did much more than this for the pope himself. Many
of the Catholic rulers and a mimber of the bishops wore
disposetl to dispute the authority of the head of the
Church. Every one knows how readily the people of
England iiccepted their king in place of the pope of
Rome, and the feeling which led to this action was n6t
L-a7
;;\> ■ -4 .-
4IS Tlia rt'RITAN m BUI.I.AND, BmiUMO, and AMIIIIfA
unknown in other lamU. A numlxtr tif the Frenoli Hod
H|iuniiih |>r(*hitoii iMM<rt(tl that un cirunumiciil council
couhl cuiy.riil the holy ii>e, ami clniiniNl that thpy hold
a coniinliwiun fn>m iioaven, in(le|Hmilent of tho pop«>.
At tho ('ouncil irf Trent, which MttliMl wmu* of thtte
i|UMtiona, thcrrcpnxicntntivi' of tlw J<>iiuitii, HiM^akin^ in
the nauio of th« wholu fraternity, proclaimed that the
((ovomnient of thu faithful bad 'been cnuimiitul by
Cliriat to the pope alone; that in him all aaoerriotal au-
* tliority was concentratetl ; and that >lirouKh him only
-prioats ami bighoiM derjveil their divine autliority.* It
was lari^ly owin^ (o^he ctforta of the Jesuit* that a
formal decree of this famoua (.'ouncil establishMl the
juriwiiotion of the pojN) as an artiol* of ^tholic faith,
Jeavinf; the queatitm of his infallibility in matters of
doctriho to be ipttUnl by future generatictna. ^
Thug the Catholic (.'liurch stootl fully cominitted to
the theory of tho impal jurisdiction, an<l, i|l>nndoning
t4io defensire, entcretl u|Hm an aggressive {lolicy. IIow
it cnulic<l out heresy in Italy and Spurn, how it curbed
the liefornuttion in (jermany,and thr6ttlc<l it in France,
are familiar stories. IIow the Jesilils carriinl their mis-
sionary work to Asia, Africa, .and tlie New WorUr, we
have already noticed. We have also seen something -of
the death-struggle going on in the Netherbinds. - In the
crusade which tho Church was 9^rrying on', to win bock
the recusants and to gain iiew converts. England oame
last. It hod been purely l^atholic until the days of
Henry the Reformer; it had been again nominally Cath-
olic for a brief |)eriod under Queen Mory; it was now
nominally Protestant under Queen Elizabeth ; in fact,
it was in some respects almost a pure missionary field.
. * UsctuU}'t "Englud," ii. M, tod lutboritin cltoi
TUUMtltO CATDOLIC IIIMI0NARIK8 FOR (MOUND 4lt
This thS papol anthorition recognizcnl after a few yours'
ex|i»rience, an<l they Mt about its cultivatiun with sys-
tem and deliberation.
The great obstacle in England to a religions u waken-
ing of any kind luy in tho gencnd ignorance of the
pe<iplo, including the clergy. Tho priests of tho old
Church who roniaine^l at home had little u<lucation, and
those of the new establishment were'mo«>ly in tho same
condition. The first thing, therefore, to be done by the
Catholics, if they wished to gain tho advantage of their
adversaries, was to educate prtoichers who would ox- '
pound anew to these islanders the doctrines which their
fathers had accepted without question. This work was
begun in 1508 by the establishment at t)ouay, in what ,
is now liolgiuni, of a college for the e«Iucation of Eng-
lish Catholics. It was founde<l und<f^ tho auspices of
Philip II., and was conducte<l by a number of profess-
ors from Oxford, who had taught in that university
during the reign of Mary, but who had fle<l to tho Con-
tinent to avoid tho persecution of Elizabeth. Daring
the rnle of Requesens in the I»w Countries it wn.s- re-
moved tfl Rheims, and in 1570 it was supplemented .
by another college, founded at Romd by Pope Greg- ,
cry XIII. The pupils instructed at these institutionsjn
which were wholly free lioth as to boanl and e<luca-
tion, stood pledged to return to England and preach
tho doctrines of the old religion.
The enterprise flourished from tho outset. Three
years after its o|iening, the college at I)ouay contained
one hundi?ed and fifty pupils. Three years later, in
1674, these missionaries began crossing the Channel to
revive the drooping faith of their cunijnitriots. In four ' "'
years more, the Spanish minister at Ix>ndon was able
to write to Philip that there were a hundred of these
4W TUC rCRITAN IN UOLLAND, KIOUND, AMI> AMEBICA
young priests disguised an laymen, 'duing missionary
work in England. Tlieir success was marked and ini-
meiliato. The Catholic gvntry, inspiml by tlieir fer-
vor, Iwgan to pluck up courugu ; they refused to attend*
the Anglican service, as re<|uire<l by law, anil some o|)en-
1}' avowed their iincient faith. Tlie g«)vornment soon
l)ocame alamiu<l. In 1,'iTS Parliament was conveneil,
and iKtKseil a law making the landing of these semi-
nary priests, or the hurlioring o(^tlH-m, treason, and in
November of the same year one of their numbtT, Cutli-
bert Mayne, was trie<l and executed.
Still, thosQ young, men, although full of zeal and burn-
ing with enthusiasm, formed but a skirmish line; lie-
hind them stood a Unly of,traibed warriors, anxious to
battle, and, if need lie, <lie,-for their religion. The lat-
ter belongiHl to the (.'om|)any of J<»ius, which had taken'
into its ranks the ablest and most pmmising of the Eng-
lish refugees. Chief among them were Eilmund (.'am-
pian anti Ilolwrt Pursonx, both of whom had been fel-
lows of Oxford', Campian, who was born in ITAV, was
the more brilliant of the two. At the age of twenty
he had delivered an oration at Amy liobsart's funeral,
at twenty-six he had gaine<l great favor in the eyes of
Elizalieth by the skin with which ho had ilisputed be-
fore her when she visited the university. Theliext year,
although a Catholic at heart, he was onlainetl a «leacon
in the English Church, but this step was followed by deep
spiritual anguish. lie left Oxford, lived for a time in
Ireland, writing an interesting sketch of the conilition of
that country, and Anally passed over to theContinent and
settled in the university at Rheiins. There ho was rec-
ognized as an eloquent preacher and learned theologian.
Parsons, somelivo years younger, was K>8s of a preacher,
but cool, doar-headed, and sagacious as a leader.
y^
THI JKSVVT mwioN TO^SaUMD 411
When, in 1580, the pope decided to Rond a band of
Jesuits to England to complbto the work of rc-establinh-
ing tlie Komish ('[lurcli, Puntons and (.'anipian were se-
lected to head the mimioii. * I'n)ceoding to R(>mc, they
receive<l the {mpa} blessing, and thence set out with
seven coni|>anions, Oxford graduates and Jesuits like
themselves, to encounter their ex|iected ninrtyrdora.
Singly and in disguise they crossed the Channel, meet-
ing with a welcome which must have raised their wild-
est hopes. Campian had been instructed to abstain en-
tirely from politics, iind devote himself solely to the
work of conversion. lie went at once to London, thcn^
the very stronghohl of English I'nttestantism, and di-
rectly after his arrival preacho<l to a vast audience in a
hall hired for him in the middle of the city. Warned
of his intended arrest, ho then fleil into the country,
and his com]Hinions disi)cr8(>d to ctirry their teachings
into every county of the kingdom. To them the Held
seemed white for the harvest. Young men flocked to
them with all the fervor of youth, the old came for-
ward offering to lay down the remnant of their lives
for the holy cause. The ignorance and looseness of
living among the ministers of the Establisl>e<r Church
excited their just indignation, while they were cheered
and encouraged by hearing that thip honesty of a Catho-
lic had passe*! into a proverb.* Within a few months
^ * Ciunpian's letter to the general of the Jcoiiits. Froude, xi. 346.
The Cliurch of Rome, tliankv to the elforta of the Jcauils, had at thia
time been largely purged of the tcandala which had brought about
the Reformation. The tablea were now turned, in England at Icaat,
and the Catholics could retort on the Proteatania much of what had
been denounced in them half a century liefure. Ilallam, writing of
thia perioil, saya : " After the Council of Trent Imd effected auch
ooDaiderable reforms in the Catholic discipline, it aeemed a aort of
4St Till PURITAN IN HOLLAND, INULANO, AND AMKRICA
after their arrivnl, F'&lher AU«a, thn lieiul of the oolloge
at KhoiniB, triumphuntly announccHl tlint there were
twenty thouwintl mare CathoUca in Kngland than a
year l)efore. -
This exultation was, however, of ghort life. The
Jesuits landetl on the English shores in June, 1580.
Hy December, WalsinghHinv Elizabeth's great secretary,
whoso spies were everywhere, had most of the original
party under lock and key. Then followed the rack and
the hoadsinan's axe. Parsons escape*! to the Continent,
and Cainpian eluded arrest for six months more ; but he,
too, was taken the next July, and, in Deceinlier, after
(waring the extremity of torture, met the death of a
martyr with the copstancy which became a member of
hisonler.
Hut this did not end the movement. The pope had
shown sagacity in ending to Kngland iw missionaries
only native-born Englishmen, aiid those mostly in the
flush of manhood. Their fervor was infwtious, for ho,
one could doubt the sincerity of convictions which they
were at all times ready to seal with their blood, and
here, as elsewhere, extreme persecution only bnnl new.
converts. After the death of Campian, Jesuits and
seminary priests flocked in b}' tens and twenties, so
that in three yearn, as it was n>|K)rtcd, there were five
hun<lre<l in the kingdom.* Unquestionably a consider-
able number of the ])eople love<l the old Church, with
its gorgeous ceremonial ap]iealing <lirectly to thejscnses,
and its articles of faith hallowed by the traditions of
tepnmcli to tlio Pmtcttant Cliurcli nf En){Unil that the retained (II
the dispenMtioni, the 'exemptioni, the pluralitie*, which had been
deemed tlie peculinr comiptioni o( the wurst timea of popcrj."
— "Con«t.Hi»t.,"i. tm. • Fioude, xi. 648.
,_jx,3.^-w ■;','■■-' -'•,*/*«■:.*■ 'i
m SAIILT IDCCHS-Tlil FIOPU OPIN TO CONrrCliOM 4n
centurioti; while the great majority were imlifforent,-
and 8o o|K>n to conviction.* Men in dwelling u|)on the
past art) inclined to retain only their pleasurable recol-
lections. When these young priests, themselves pure
of life and devotetl wholly to (lie Church, o|)ene<l their
crusade, the alnixcs of the former system were largely
forgotten, while its beauties and benefactions were well
rememliored.
Taking all the conditions together, there is noth-
ing strange al)out the early successes of the Jesuits in
their effort to bring England Uick to the ancient faith,
or in the fact that .they fully l)elicved in the.ullimate
<'Tlic Ifantinn of the proportion nfCntholict to Pmtnitantt In
Engliinil during the rc-ign uf Eliziilx-th U one n» to whii^h author-
i(iu clifTrr wiiU'ly, and which, fnini ila nature, nvvtT rnn Iw ilo-
temiinrd. Fruiiile Ihlnka that the Cnthnlicii were in n irrr large
ninjorit;; on the otiicr band, Ilallani mlimatci llio Pnitciilania to
have made up tno tliinia of the nation, wliile Lingnrd i» of opinion
that in the middle of the reign tlie two partica were alMiiit ciiuolly
divided. Sucli catimatca, founded ntcrrly on tlie opinion* of mod-
em vritcrs aa to tlie general pn.'dis|KMiiioiu of the iieoplr, are of
Ter; little aigniflcance. Aa Macaul.iy has well aaid, the ini|><ir1ant
queation la, how many of the nation had made up thqir uiinda on
either aide and were willing to run any risks for their opinions I The
hiatory of the tinica ahowa conclusively that thcae were very few.
Cartlinal Dentivoglio, who waa pa|>nl nuncio at nruiaels from IS07
to tOlO, eatiniatvd the number of earnest C'atliolics in Kngland
during that period at about one thirtieth of the nation. The people
who would without acruple Income ^itliolic if tlie Catholic religion
were eatabliahol, ho estimated at four Sniis of the nation. With
this estimate Macaulay concura. and he 'exprcsara the opinion that
at the accession of Elizabeth not one-twentieth of the |ieflple bad
any earnest convictions in either tlirvction. Essay on Nares's " Me-
moira of nurlcigh." The great problem of the lime, therefore, waa th<
determination of the queation whieli |mrty should develop and ill-
crease so oi to control the State.
■ ". •_ ■ \ \ \
^M-y-:,-^
424 Till rmilTAN IN nOLLAND, INULAMO, AMD AMIBICA
triumph of their cause. Rut there wore obstacles in
their path wh|ch proved insnperahlo.
In tiM first place, tlio religious question , could not be
eeiNinited fmin tliQ {mlitic-nl one. Cnmpian and his as-
sociates might ])reacli only tlio <loctrine8 of a (''liurch,
which, freed from its abuses, ap|iea]ed to some of the
noblest elements in human nature. ISut Itack of them
stood u power to which they had sworn- unquestioning
obedience— a power that claimed the right of do|H>sing
monnrchs, and was now coming to bo recognized as
the foe of the national existenbc. )Iost of her troubles
Elizalieth had brought u|ion herself, but thry were no
less real on that accounti Already she bad been exoom-,
mnnicateil by tiie )x>|i«. Across the Channel, the Guises
were plotting for the release of Mary 8tuart, and Philip
of )S|)ain was Ixiing goaile<l into action by the aggres-
sions of the llritish pirates. What was going on in Ire-
land and Scotland, where the ]x>))0 was also at work,
will 1)0 shown in ii later chapter. When the peaceful
missionaries ha<l prciwred the wa}', vt foreign invasion
would make short work of English nationality.
All this is a])|>arent enough to the mixlem historian,
as it was to the English statesmen of the time, who set
out with ruthless ferocity to crush the Catholic revival,
liut the love of nationality, on which they relied, would
have availe<l little against religious zeal had there not
been another party in the State, made up of men as car-
nest, as devoted, and as zealous as the Catholics them-
selves. These were the Puritans. To Elizabeth they were
much more obnoxious than the papists ever were, and yet
but for them she never would have died peacefully upon
the throne. It was largely through their lalwrs that her
ministers were enabled to stay the tide of the returning
Catholicism which threatened to ingulf the htnd. It was
Till INOLWII rURITANS^TIIIIR PLACK IM niBTORT 4SS
witli their devclopmont that England was ngain brought
into close rclntiona with the civilization of the Old World,
imbibing new ideas of civil liberty, and receiving jin im-
pulw which has carried her to the forefront among na-
tions. "Ijiter oil, they founded New England, giving an
impress to the chamctrr of uiitold millions across the
ocean. Thus affecting two continents, the Puritans of
England have playe<l a {wrt in the world's history which
makes the subject of their origin and growth one of un-
failing interest.
From the ilcatli of (^romwell until within a compara-
tively recent time, it was the fashion among Hritish
writers to ridicule the English Puritans, just as it bos
been the fashion to ridicule the Hollanders. The Cuya-.,
liers, who went down before them in. battle, and who
saw the Commonwealth raise England to a leading place
in European politics, hated, but hud an intense resjwct
for, Cromwell and his Ironsides. It was not until after
the Ilestoration, when the Stuarts had liemired the fame
and honor of England, that the great virtues of the Puri-
tans seemed to be forgotten, and men tliought only of
their faults and of those external peculiarities which are
so easily caricatured and satirizeil.* The prejudice
against them after the Restoration was not universal,
however, for, as in the case of the Hollanders, men were
always fouivl to do them honor. Notable among these
* TlicEnfcliHh Pprilana andHlatetl Shakcopcarp, imd tliirinK )■■« Hfa
pUjed an importiint part in fwlitica; yet Hie grvat ilniinnliBt, unlike
■ome of liin pt'lly followere; never reganled tliem as olijcclB of riili-
ciile. We fini] in his (uigcs almost every type of knave and liuifoon,
but no aniveliing, canting, Purilanical hypocrite or rngiip, sucli oa
more modem writers have depicted. In fact, although in cnniinon
ose, the word Puritan occurs but a very few times in Bliakespears'i
plays, and then scarcely in on offensive sense. (,
ff'tii^:^^:' [: '•:';"''w.'i^-'MJ.>!%^('?s'- ■'■';:''^vt
496 TBI PinUTAN IN nolXAMD, RIOLAND, AMD AI^BICA
men was Ilumo, tlio npologist of tlio Stuarts and the
champion of t hi- Tory p«rty.
S|iuaking of tlio iirbitrary nnturo of Elizabeth's govern-
ment, and of the fact that her ino8t violniit aswtults on
the freiHtuni of the ])coplo nttraeteil nol the least atten-
tion from contcn)|)oroneous writcn, Ilunie remarks: "80
absolute, in(l(H?<l, n-as the authority of the crown that
the precious R|iark of libAty had bcvn kindUnl und was
presrrveil by the Puritans alone ; and it was tu this sect,
whotie principles ap|)car so frivolous and hiibits so ridic-
ulous, that the English owe tiio whole freedom of their
Constitution.'' * Again, discussing the same (juestion
in another place, he says: "It was only during tho
next generation that the noble principles of liliorty took
root, and, spreading themselves under the shelter of Pu-
ritanical absurdities, became fashionable among the jieo-
ple."t
Such itleas were not fashionable in England when
Hume's history was written. As he relates in his uuto-
biography, ho " was assaileil by one cry of reprtiach, dis-
approlmtion, and even detestation," from every side and
from every porty. The Tories were indignant that any
credit should be given to the Puritans, and tho AVliigs
were no less indignant at the suggestion that English
liberty began with tho growth of Puritanism; for they
had always claimed that the Stuarts hud attem)ited
to deprive the ))eoplo of long- settled, well-established
rights.^
Ilallam, in his "Constitutional History," questions
* "Iliatnry of Englniiil," chnp. x\. ) Iilfin, Appendix, vnl. iii.
t.Ilow the Iligli-cliiirchnicn lintcil the Puritnns !• Bhonn in si-
moat ever; piigu of Slr}'|ie'a "AuuaU," written in the eurly part of
' the eighteenth century.
nnPOTtC NATURK Or ILIZAIimi'S MIL* 4>T
aome of the conclusiong of Iluino, and taktw thnt author
■everely to task for comparing tlio Kovcrnoiont of Eng-
land during tho reign of Klizalieth with the govcrnmoittg
of Rni«ia and Turkey, liut llanuin liiinself \» ono of
tho \ieit witnessoB to th« nlniost <k>a]i|otic cliuractvr of
£liailM>th'ti rule. Even inoro fully than Ilumu liiniself,
he 8how8 how the liiwa were constantly set aside by
royal proclamations ; how- the courts of justice were iner6
instniments of tyranny; how trade was shackled by
monopolies in every quorter ; how iin])orts and exjiorts
were taxwl by tho crown alone; hoxv Parliament was
prcventc<l from discussing rjucstions of Church or State,
and how its members who attempted to raise furbidden
questions were silenced by imprisonment. Hut,, ho sayi,
liberty was not dead, In-causo the I louse of Commons ex-
ercised some rights: it insisted on being tho judge of the
election of its own nieml)ers; its members were exempt
from arrest on civil process ; and it claimeil tho right of
punishment for cimtenipt. Thegi* privileges, all novel,
were to become im]x>rtunt in the future, but they were
of little vafue at tho time. Eli7Al)ctli packed the House
by the cre(ttion of sixty-two new iKirouglis, and was will-
ing to let its members |ilay at Parliameiit, so long as
they dill nothing to interfere with her prerogative. Hut
Uailam says further that Parliament was not wholly sub-
servient, for, from time to time, voices were raised there
against the tyranny of tho crown, and that these voices
became more numerous as the yeara rolletl on. This is
true. They were the voices of the men wlu», according
to Hume, kindled, the precious s|)ark of liberty in des-
potic times.
After all, so far os relates to the influence of the Puri-
tans, these authors differ but slightly. Hume says that
they kindleti and preserved the siiark ; Hallam says that
■lis.
ill '
,;/
^Ty"""' "^v;^:'
4M THI PUHITAN IN HOLLAND, KNOLAND, AND AMKNICA
they hecarao "tlio (IppositarioH. of the 8aciv<l lire" and
" rcvivwl the smuuldorinf^ embers."*
Hut whatever may have been tlie rektion of the Puri-
tans to the sacred lire of lilierty, certain it is that, with-
in the |)prio<l of u few years^ they worke«l a revolution
in English thought and action which is one of the re-
markable phenomena of modern times, and, standing by
itself, incaputile of comproiiension.f .' New ideas were in-
♦ -iConit. llUt.," i. 881.
t Mocaullt):, the champion nf tho Whig*, writing nrarly ii century
,fifter lluuic, U]is, in rfffiiril tu tlic arbitrary nilu of EliialK'lli: ''It
boa often been allegeil, ua nn ixcuw fur liio iningovrrnniciit of her
aucces«>r», tliat tliey only followed her cxaniplc ; tliut prrceilenta
■night be founil in tho tninsacliona nf her reign fur |>erKcuting th«
Puritan*, for levying money witliout tho aanrlion of the llunir of
Commono, for confining men without bringing tlieni to trial, for in-
terfering with tlic lilierty of pnrliunientary debate. All thia may lie
true. Ilut it ia no gcwil plen tor her a'ucceaaora, and for thia plain
icaaon, that they neru her tucceawira. She governed one generation,
they governed nnotiier; and between tho two gcnentinna there waa
almost na little in romnion aa betnren tlio people of two different
coiiiitriea." Upon tlic Cnuaea of thia tranafnrmation, however, Mo-
rnnlay, like other Engliali wriler«,'thmwa but little liglit. Eaaay
nn Nares'a " Memoira of Burleigh." In thia easiny, Mncnuiay alao calla
in queilion Btmip nf tlic concluaiona of Hume regarding tiin dnpotic
character nf Eiiialietli'a government. IIo doea nnt-diapute the facta,
but argues that li'er rule cnuld not have been despotic, for liad it been
ao t|er subjccta would havo risen againat her in succcwfiil revolution.
This argument, however, proves too much ; for, tried by sucli a test,
nn roonnreli cniiM Iw called a dea|>nt, except nnc who bad been de-
pnacil l>y his subjects. A» for the affection entertainecl for Elizalieth
by tlie English, it is sufficient to remark that nn inonarc,|i, in lifo and
after deatli, was ever more loved by his people llinn was Philip II.
by tlfo Ppniriards. This docs not prove that Philip respected any
principles of constitutional lilierty, liut that hia Spanish subjects
caicd nothing for such principles. Ho waa lovwl by liis people be- '
cause ho upheld the papacy, and tried to extend the power of
, . ' MOVRLTT or rCBITAN rlllllLIPUB 4M
troduccMl, an<l now prinei'plos wpro developed l>y them,
which for u time (.-ontrolleir the nution nnd left their im-
print on the national character, although at ho time
were they accepted by the l)ody of the jieople. It was
the very novelty of their principles that made the J'wi-
tans, when they came into ])ower, so obnoxious to the
majority of Knglislunen, and that for many after-geneni-
tions made their name a by-woni and ivproach. At the
restoration of the Stuarts, England scemcil to have done
with them forever. liut, although the prejudice; against
the name continued, many of their reforms survived,
and n few years of the old tyranny were suHlciont to
breed a new revolution and effect the reinstatement of
still more of the Puritan jirinciples in civil matters.
These principles have never iieen adopted in England as
fully 08 in the I'niteil States, where they underlie all the
institutions; but as the English form of government has
become more democratic, the tide has turned, and to-day
the name of Puritan is a title of honor.
Yet, with this change of sentiment, there has l)cen little
change in the mode of writing English history in one im-
jmrtant point. Whether the Puritan is looked u|M>n as
kindling the flame, or as reviving the smouldering em-
bers of lilMsrty, England is still represented ns the fountain
from which have poured forth all the fertilizing streams
which have enriched the m(Hlcm world. One class of
writers gives tlio Puritan the credit of originality^ the
other endows him with a knowledge of early English in-
Bpkin; in the aamo way, Elinbetli wa> loTed bj licr people IwrsUHt
•lienu licliet'c<l tn nppone the papacy, anc) illil extend tli" power of
Kngland. In ttiiii connection it may be noticed tbat Rood Qiiecn
Beta was no more tlio idol of lier people than waa her father. Bluff
^Klog Hal, under whom, cerUunly, ilicte waa little liberty.
:■'.' •■■.■i-^,.V.',M.;
4m TUa rCRITAM in HOMJWD, RtOLAND, AMD AMIBICA . .
Rtitutiong, only unfolded to us by the patient research of
modern inventigaton. Each ignore* till the foreign in-
fluences which at this crucial |ipriod shaped the future
of the English people. liut, in fact, the ii.ieas and prin-
ciples of the Puritans in civil as well as religious mat-
ters were not indigenous to English soil. They were in
■ ■ the main not only novel in England, hut also of loreign
' growth, and, being transplanUnl, they t(x>k root but slow-
ly, and nft«r a brief ellloresconco liveil, for a .time, but a
sickly life. Where they came from and how they were
brought to England are interesting questions, involving
an examination of the development of English Puritan-
ism on lines quite different from those usually followed.
The accession of Elizabeth to the throne of England, on
' November 17th, l.'i.'iS, was hailed with joy by all classes
in the nation, except the few fanatical bigots who hiul
8ympathizc<l with the bloody ])cr8Ccutions of licr ni^ter
• Mary. The Protestants saw in the young queen a daugh-
ter of the marriage which had brought about a sc]iara-
tion from the Church of Home, and upon that fact, am)
u]x>n her Protestant education, based their hopes of the
future. The Catholics knew that she ha<l professtN] their
' ' creed during the reign just ended, and felt as8ure<l that
she had none of the bigotry which would endanger their
personal safety, even if she Went back to her earlier
" faith. All had heard of her as a young princess of
studious habits, who had borne imprisonment with ex-
emplary |>atience, looking every inch a queen, and yet
( with manners modest and affable.*
* Signor Bonnin, the Vi'nctiHn ambasutlor, writing home in 1.U4.
four ycnn oarlinr, wlicn Ellzabctli wan Iwcnty-onr, uty»: " 8ncb an air
of (ligniHrd ninjcaty pervades all her aetiona that no one can fail to
Judge her a quceo. She ia a good Greek and Latin acbolar, aad, .
■uzABiTii's AocnaioR^TBB uuoiocii nrnjm 411
The flrst act of the queen was the Rclection of Sir
William Cecil, the famous I»rd Uurj^hley, as her chief
■ecretiiry ami conlidential adviser. Cecil had lieon thO
secretary of her brother E<lwanl, but after his death
had conf(>rme<i to the ('atholic religion, aH Ktizabcth had
done; althouf^h Mary had looked upon hiH conversion
with distruHt, and refused to give him any public otUoo.
He had always l)cen friendly to ElizalN;th,and she never
ihoweil greater wisdom than in chooxing him for her
leatling councillor. What was to be the religion of the
State no one knew at fiffii, and the conduct of tho(|ueen
left the question doubtful. She attendoti masa, she bur-
ied her sister with all the solemnities of the Catholic
ritual, and ordered prayers to bn said for the soul of
Charles v., who had just died. On the other bund, she
released all the ])risonera confined for their religion by
her sister, allowed the Protestant exilej to return from
the Continent, and when the Bishop of Carlisle \\a» about
to say mass in the royal chapel, she gave orders that the
Host should not lie elevated in her presence.* At about
the same time a proclamation was isfiue<l forbid<ling all
preaching in the kingdom. Evidently some intellig(>nce
was awaited before a final decision couUl be reached. It
came, and it determined the religious history of England.
Immediately upon the death of Mary, messengers had
been despatched to the different courts of Euro|>e t(» an-
betide* her natite tongue, nhe tpeaki IjiJlri, Prencli, Spnnlah, i>ntl
Italian heniuimo; anil her manners arc very modest and atruble."
Rawdnn lirown's " Calendar State Paiwrs," 15M. from "Venetian
ATcbives;" qaoted in a charming little hook.-Gniiliih iMmU, U't-
tera, and Kings, from Celt to Tudor," by Donald O. Milchcll (Near
York), p. 209. Scores of witnesses testify as to what her manners
b^mo when she had been a few yean upon the throne.
• Lingard's"HistoryofEngland''(PhlladcIpliia,1887i,vii.«OS.
.483 Till PmlTAM IN nOLLAND, INUUND; AXD AMIRICA
nounce the succcMion of ElizalM-th. It was known that
the French king wouhl not recognizo her title, for the
Dauphin hiul niiirriotl Mury 8tuart, who eluimiHl the Kng-
liHh vroWn. ]lut I'hilip of S|mia Wiw the nnturul <>m>iny
of Fninct' ; ho liiul iihvays profoiwod a fricnil8liip for his
■i8t<■^in-law, and now that ho wom a witlowor ho otT«r(>*l
her hiii hanil. Such a marriagv, however, re<|uiretl a «liii-
ponMition from the |>op«. Unfortunately for tho Cathoiio
cauM', tho |ta|ml tlirano was occupimi by a ]iontilT (I'aul
IV.), who was over eighty years ohi, narrow-niiniliHl, and
under tho influence of France. When, therefore, tiie Kng-
lish ambassador announcetl the accession of Kliuil)efh,.
the |)o|ie replied that ho was unable to conipn>liend tho
hereditary right of one who was n4>t Ixirn in luwrul wetl-
louk ; that the Qut!en of Scots claime<l tho crown as tho
nearest legitimate dcisccndant of Henry ¥11. ; but that if
Elizalioth was willing'to submit tho controversy to his.
arbitration, slj^ shonid receive from him every indulgence
which justice could allow.*
Witli such a n-buff from Home, which cut off nil hopes
of a S|)unisli marriage, and with an adverse claimant to
tho crown, who whs a (Catholic anti supjiorttHl by the
power of France, nothing remained to Elizabeth, what-
ever her inclinations, except to Announce herself as a
Prot<'8tant ((ueen. Still, secrecy *us maintaine<l until
arrangements could bo completed for assembling a new .
Parliament. A commission wi^ privately set at woric
* tiagtrd, tU. 204; Creigiit<>n'i''ABe of Eliislwtli " (New York,
1889). p. 46. Paul dinl in the auccecilinR Aiiguil, 15A9. Iliri auo
crmor, Piua IV., was a man nf very diffprcnt iiJcat. lie aent n nuncio
to Englanil, nflering, it in aaiil, to approve of the Book of Common
Prayer, provided only that tlie Englitli Church would aukmit to the
papal aupremacy. Hut the olfcr came too late. The nuncio wu sot
•Tea allowed to enter Kngland. Creigliton, p. 50.
PAIILIAMKNT RECONtrniUCT* TUB (NaUSU cni'ttCn 48S
to revise tlio Praycr-l)ook of K<l\vnnl VI. Some of the
old bishopg worv im|>ri«onc<l,nn(l four or flvu new I'rot-
Mtunt pe«T8 creutwl no hh to control the u\>\xiT House.
.Tlio lower House wiw lilitNl in tiiu usuitl manner. During
the reign of Mary, the sherifTg hnd been instructed to
seo timt only good Catholics wer« rctume<l as memliera.
Now they were instructoil to have a choice made from a
list of candidates furnished by the courf.* On January
15th, 15?>Q, Klizalioth -was formally crowne<l, one of the
old bisho|Hi consenting to officiate, using the rites of
the Catholic Church. On January 2')th the new Par-
liament began its session. Of the biNliops, only ten were
in attendjinco and voting; Of the sixty -one neers, thirty
were conspicuous by thcii* absenoe.f The lower House
was made up of court nominees, distinguished for their
ieni in the cause of Protestantism. ■
The Parliament, thus constituted, in a session of three
months, rt-constructed the English Church, which, with
little change, has c6ntlnue<l on the basis then establishetl
until the present day. The packe<l members of tlte lower
House knew nothing of the vacillation of thp <|Uecn. They
were decidetl in their opposition to the Church of Rome,
ahd luid no question of her entire 8ym|)athy, As English-
men, they luul the tnulitional reverence for the crown
which would htu\ tiiem to ptus almost any measure which
came to them with the royal recommendation. I'rococd-
■ ing ill a few days to give to the crown the flr8t-fniits(that
is, the first year's income of nil cimrch livings) and tenths
(that is, one tenth of all incomes thereafter), they In-gnn
by enacting two statutes, which are of great imi>ortunce
u affecting all the 8ubse(|ueiit history of the Puritans. .
• Btijpe'i "AnnaU,'' i. 8S; Lingnnl, vii. 306, citing '■ Clurrmlou
Funen." ; ." * Froudc, vli.4l.
''yU'i'-fV-
4M Till PCBITAM III UOIXJIND, noLAHD, AXO AMIRtCA
■f "the tint of tlieie Rtntutos is commonly caUc«l "The
Act of Supremacy." Hy its proviHions tlio sovereign WM
cleelarotl to l» tlio siipn'ino p)vi>mor of tlio ChQrcb.
She wus uuthorizoil to nominHto all l>iHho|M, to control
the ecch>8iBstical state and persons by jariiliciil visitation,
to correct all manner of hcRiiicx, schirfiiiH, olTencPit, con-
■^ tempts, ami enormities in the Church ; anil these |io\rcni
of visitation and correction she was authorize*! to (lele-
gato to ccmimiHsionerx of her (Mvn H«>liiction. All per-
sons in the State holding lienelices c^r (>Hic«>8 were re-
quiral to take the oath of supremacy, avowing " the
queen to Iw the only supreme governor within the
realm, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical causes and
things OS temporal." Any one affirming the authority,
within the realm, of any foreign |)ower, spiritual or ec-
clesiastical, was, for the first offence, to forfeit all his
goods; for the second, to incurthu penalties of a ]>ra>m-
unire; and for the thini, to bo punishcil as a traitor.*
The secoml act revived the llook of Common Prayer
of the time of Edwanl VI., with some alterations and
atlditions. It provided that any minist<-r who should
refuse to use it, who should use any other rites and
forms than those therein set down, or who shoultl speak
in its derogation, should, for the first offence, forfeit the
profits of his benefice for u year, and Ik) imprisoned for
six months without bail ; for the second, lose his bene-
fice and lie imprisoned for a year; and for the third, be
imprisoned for life. Any jwrsons not in order who
should thus offend, or use public prayers in any other
than the prescribed form, were for the first and second
offence to be severely fined, and for the third to forfeit
all their property and suffer imprisonment for life. Per
• 1 Ells. cap. 1.
''!.?*s*'Vf/';i W' ■ ,"■■'/.,;* \, • . '.;',^?^-,;"J;>j!s.;." «^'^; ' ' yry.'^JTi
Moi'liTANT Kzan vttDJitii Qirtim iiAnr 4U
loni abwntinii^ thoimtelvM fnmi church on Sandays or
holyday<*< without excuse, were to forfeit twelvti |ienco
for (wch offence. The ccremitnicH of the Church and the
drraa of the clergy were to be ai in tlie time of Edward ;
but the <|noi!n, with tlio advice of her coinmigsionerH or
of the archbighop, and without the concurrence of Par-
liament or even the body of the clergy, Ara* authorized
to ordain further ritcti and c«rcnionie8 without limit.*
Such wore the fumouH ecclesiastical acta by which, ■
in the tiret year of Eliuibeth's reign, the EstaltliHhcd
Church was reor|ipinizc>«l. They were ainic<i nt the
(7atholic8, and passed the up|icr House only by small
majorities nnd after bitter opposition. Under their
I>rovi8ionR, all the bisbo|>8 except one lost their ])laces ;
but of the clergy at large, numlwring scrend thou-
sands, loss than two hundred refused to take the oath,
and forfeited their livings.f Of the Puritans, whose
name had not yet come into existence, little thought
was taken. No one dreamed nf what a sconrgo Parlia-
ment was placing in the hands of a queen who seeme<i
so modest nnd affable in her demeanor. IIow she used
it against those who were, at flrst, most exultant, we
shall shortly see.
Daring the persecutions under Qiieen Mary, the meet
eminent of the Protestants, lay and clerical, had taken
refuge in various cities of (lerraany and 8\vitzerknd.|
In each counti'y they found Protestantism in the ascend-
ant, but under very different forms. The Lutherans
of Germany hul abjure<l the pope, but had practically
* 1 Ellx. cap. 2.
t Hallaoi, Fmudc, Camden, etc. Linganl iaji tint tlio Catbolic
writera mako tho number much greater, but ho <loe« not gtre an;
flgnrea.
{ According to Neal, the; were aliout eight hundred in number.
r '
•'■Vt';--S',-ai^^-,,»-'_ .: ■ .;. y--'._) . /, V
4M TtiM rvunui in uoixahd,' BtuUHO, kW amhuva
tranafeiTMl his Hutliqrity to the toiii|H)ral princcfi. The
■ecular ruloni ^initl l>y the chunji^ei for their lubjects
no longer nvMi^nizetl n'divitlcd alicgianco. Thu tcin-
porol and Rpiritual {wwur of thp |>o|iu woa gone, but it
triw 8uceco(l*Ml by the divine right of kingH.* Calvin-
ism, on tliO otiior hand, wua re|>ublicun in its character.
The Hiinistor selected by the |M>o|>le was alwvu king or
noble. Ho might bo a do8|H>t hiinseir, but ho had been
chosen by the Congregation, and acknowledge*! no luixv
rior except the King of Kings. The hereditary inon-
arclit of the woHd wero not mistaken in regattling tho
('alvinists as their natural foes.
In their forms of worship tho difTerence between these
two great sects was equally marked. Luther had re-
tained much of thu ceremonial of tho liomish Church.
CrucilUes and images, ta|)0Ki and priestly vestments,
oven for a time the elevation of tho Host ami the Ijitin
mass-book, continued in tho Lutheran churchcs.'f' On
the other liand, tho followers of ('itlvin had adoptiwt the
simplest form of worship. They attomptcd to put away
everything which, in their eyes, 8eeme<l to stand between
man and his Creator. Their ministers appealc<l not to tho
senses, but to the reason, and hence tho sermon, formed
the chief feature of thoir service. Tho morq liberal
among them regar<lo<l tho question of 8tatc<l forms of
prayers, and |)<<culiar vestments for the clergy, as mat-
ters of indifference; but, in the main, they were by a
natural reaction opposed to e^-crything wliich savored
of the papacy. In England, during the reign of £d-
* The Lotbcrsn cbaichc* were go.vernetl b; roniistoric* appnint-
eU by the princet or other ciTil power*. " Amcrion PretbyUrUo-
iim," Briggt, p. S.
t HsIUm't "Const Hbt.," i. I7«.
^■^;/. .^;>;y%.:q:^>;.-v .^.^; .^i.l..',\r ■^. .-^T^:
TUa niLM RITIUM TO BNOUND iVt
wwpd VI., thfl tcmlcncy tif the iCpfonnntJnn, under un
inlltienoe from (ionovii, had be«n to«vanl8 Calviniiini^
The prpuchcri who ttal to Iho ('ontincnt, un(h>r hin huc-
oesHur, hiul, ther(>forn, n |ir(MhMp(i«itiim in thut diat-tion.
The rpception aoeordctl them in their variouH iiHyhinifi
made it mora deci(U>d. In (temiany. iimong the^l.utlier-
ani, tboy wera nr((li>cteil and fn«i(uently insulted, while
by the CalvinigUi of Switzerland they worn received witli
open arms.*
rp<m the acoomion of Kli7Jibeth the exiles returne*!
to England with high ho|M-H for the future. They tv\>-
resented the learning and the ehN|uence of the (.'liurch.
They bod sulTere<l ftir their religion, and naturally ex-
pected recognition ; hut, what was of higher moment,
they looked to see the Itcftinnation take grivit stridt>8
under the young queen, who had always l)oen regiirded
as H Protestant at heart. The permmal recognition came
at onco to many of them, for, though the exiles were
Calvinists almost to a man, they generally Teceive<l pre-
ferment, since there were at the time no others to fill
the higher places in the Church. The jx«tjj)le, too, so
far as they care«l alniut such questions, seemed to bo in
acconl with their opinions. So intense an untngtmism
had been aroused by the (lorBecutions carried on in the
reign of Mary that most of the earnest men of the king,
dom inclined strongly in the op|M)8ite direction. In
truth, but for one olMtocle it is prolmble that the Refor-
mation in England would have assumed a form that
might have postponed for many years the ap])earanoe
of the Puritans as a distinct {mrty in the Church of
State. That obstacle was the queen herself.
* Hallsro, 1. 17«.
CHAPTER TX
KNflLIHII ri-RrTAM8M
OCnif aMZAUKTII AM> TIIK |-|n'lTAN»-ISft»-ISU
TuKKK uro fow liixtoricul iiemonogcii who Iihvo rp<;eivo(l
M) iiiucli uttnntion fnmi writcra, friendly uml unfriemlly,
as (jnvcn KlizulN-tli, umi ftnvcr Mill wIkmh) iu;ti<>nH uml
' chamctur, until a recent day, havu lutm mt little under-
■tood. About this there in nothing rcniarkultio, in view
^T<>f her iMwitionaii un unnmrried queen, her |>luce in the
royal sueceMion, the inaocuwihility oPniafly document*
relating to the tmniuirtionH of her reign, and the ronmn-
tio conceptionH gimerally prevailing oh to the wndition .
of EngliNli MH-icty whcnkHho n'u« on the throne. These
'cauM>fi have led to numerous f let ions ^garding her i-on>
duet in civil mattoni, hut such Actions can hanlly Im}
com|)ared with tlioHo which have l)een woven al>out her
conduct in religious mutters. Some writers have gone
■o fur as to style her " The J[)efender of £uro|)ean I'nit-
estaniism.*' Whether' she desorvoB this or any otn-
cr title of honor connected with the Ilcformaii<m will
appear from 'her actions towunis her own Church, and
that of the struggling Protestants uimn the Continent.
Klizubeth was what muy lie calletl a |K>litical l*rDt4>s-
tant, of the type common among the Lutheran princes
of Germany. She was resolute not to admit the papl
supremacy— so long, at least, as it meant peril to heiP ,'
. throne— but not so averse to the doctrinea abjured by
■Buoioi't iNruMATioiit or rlisaMtu 4M
the I'rDUwtantH. For pxainple, *lm boliorptl in traniub-
■tantiaCion, ropntving a divine who |>rpacht<d a^iniit the
real |in*M!ni'is iiifd.ii said to haru n-iid pniyfrs to the
Vii^gin.* She wiihed to retain iiiiu^^iii and erucillxtt in
the ciiun-h<Mi, and, nIthoUKh tliiii |K>int wum ubiindoncd,
■lie rclitintMl tliu cruriHx ami |if(htud ta|M<r8 in hcf own
i-ha|i(>l. The nmrriai^ of tlie ehrny Hho uhruvH ii]i]Kim><l.
It won forliithU-ii by a law unacted in the previoim reig^n,
to the n>|H-al of whi^h her fonnent couUI never lie ob-
tained. |lfnc<>, until afU>r her death, nothing hut ah
. illicit connection existed, in the eye* of the law, be-
tween the niinlBtvni of the KHtabliRJiMl Churdi iind their
8o-cullotl \vive)i.t As to the ceremonial of the Church,
nhe \\t\» inflexibly o[i|KMe<l to the Kimplicity udvtK-ated
by a majority of the eurncRt niforniers. In her own
chajiel, anil in gome of the cathiNlrulii, the Hervice was -
•o Rplenilid that foniignnra could only diitin^'uiHh it
from that of the Church of {{onie by the uiut of the
English language; instead of Ijitin.^
It was u]*<>n the |N>int of ceremonials that the first
controversy arose within the Church. The queen in-
siste<l that all the clergy shouhl retain the. vestments
worn by the former priests. They i*ero also to use the
sign of the cross in l>u))tisiii, the ring^^ii^Wrriage, and
to administer the communion to^^ai^ngtvgution when
kneeling.jS A large l)o<ly of the liow clergy ubjecte<l to
these fonns, as relics of su|)crstitiun, external symbols
which tended to keep alive recollections of the old fuitli,
preparing the way for its future restoration/ To theso
• Rtrype'i " AnnsU," ed. 1834. 1, a.
t HulUm, I. 178 • Nesl.
I The iiM of llio ring in msningv woi * pure pngsn rite borrowed
(hMU ancient Rome. ' .
4/
■^,y>n-^-
440 Till ruMTAN IN notxAitn, iMaLAiin, and Aiinic* "
mpn tIM (lumtion Mwit)«<| i>n<< of viul iiii|M)rtnn<'<>. They
found nothing in the HcripturvH to wamint tho enforce-
incnt of thtwi conMiionin, iihil (lm>ni(<<l their ini|MMiitl<m
by thn civil |M>\vur A viohilion of the right of coniw-ience.
Many othvnt rcgnnlod Ihi'iii uh muttcni of in<iitrt>rrnci>,
ami, in onler to havt* harmony within the ( 'hurch, wuuhi
hiive ('onHi>nte<l to give then) up. Moat of the lewling
(iivincH t<H)k thin view of tlio quMtion, and, despite all
tho inlhience of tho rntwn, u reodutiou favoring the
ultolition of tho objertiouul>ie uwigi*ii wiih hwt in the con-
vocation of the clergy, in I.Mta, liy only u Hinglu vote." '
Hut although the ipitHMi insistetl on llie old cen'moni-
al, many of tho EHtubliHhcd clergy rFfuM><l cumpliunee.
8on)e wore the habitii,,othori laid them aside; some wore
a. square cap, somo a r«>un<l cap, Home u hut ; some used
the sign of the cnisM in Uiptism, othera did not; while
communicants received tlte Hiicrnmont kneeling, sitting,
or s'tanding, as tho minister saw (It. This went on for
several years while tho nation was settling down into
.its now conditions.
During this period the word Puritan was coined.f
It was not at first a tenn of reproach, an it came to bo
in later years, but wns a|i])lied to men high in station
who sought tho puretit form of worship, what they
themselves calletl tho " religio purissima." X They still
remainc4l within tho Church ; they sought no separation.
They only asked that in matters whicii their op|)oncnU
• lUIUni, i. 1»0. Hlryp<-'i " Animlt," i. SO.I. Jmel, one u( i\tt
ixvM piuincnt uftlic binliopa HI tliU lime (11(12), in bi> prirate com.
•pondcncr, ipraki of tlie Church ceremnniet u " nccnic tp|unilu»,"
"foolerict," untl "relictof tho Amorito." Worki, yiii. 132, IM.
t About 1904. Fullcf'a "€hureh Hiatory," ii. 08.
{ Sea letter from De Silra, the Spsnitb ambanailiir, to Philip,
Jul; a, ISOH, quoted Froudc, U. 330.
TNB PVMTANI OpIII INTO tXUmRCB-THtlll PBUKl'TIOtt 44 1
raganlnl as non-<MM>ntinl tli«iroonicienci'M.iiii){ht ri'miiin
free. Nothing l>ut iM'tacrutiim, laixi-k inMtigiittMi liy
a 8|ianMh influonoo, ulicnutiHl them fnmi the Church,
drove inme ibUt ■i<'p«mt» tiitablwhinontH, hikI (Inally
made them ii |Mi)iti(-al {tarty in the Ntute. Well hwl
it l)eon for FIngh-.ntt if thews oxtroniili4>« liiul Ut-n >
aToi»l(!<L»
The |H-niecution waa hegun by I'arlier, the Art-h-
biabop of Canterbury. I'arlcor himiielf bail liet-n a
Puritan for two ypam after Kli»tliotli iiwi-nthMl the
throne.f but lie now ]in>f)>me<l new opinioiiN, nnd ex-
hibited that bitterncM agniniit \\\* old aNfUHMatra which
■o often iiocom|>anieH a change of |>itrtif«. In l.'inr>, he
lumnioned before tlie KoclcHiiuitical Coniniissihn -a
court e«tubliahe<l by the i|iicen under tlie Act of Su|irem-
ncy (A lfl5!>, and over wliich ho pre«ide«l — two of the
eminent Bcholara of tlie time. The'tinit, Saniaon, a
Marian exile, who had refuHetl a bishopric lit<cauiH! of llic
obnoxiouH ceromoniaU, was dean of Clitist (^hurtrh; the
other, Humphrey, was president of Magdalen Colli>gi>,
Oxford. X *I(r>th were prunounc(><l non-ronfonuiitts, but
one example was d*Mtme<t sufficient. Samson, still ri'fus-
ing to wear the oniaincd vestments, was s<'nt to prison
for a time and deprived of his deanery.;! This exam-
ple, however, produce<l no offet-t, and Parker decided
on a broader measure. All the clergymen of I^mdoii
were summoned before him and called u|>on for a prom-
ise to comply with the legal ceremonial. Thirty-seven
out of ninety -eight refused to give the proiniao,and were
•lUIUni. t II«IUin, t. 177.
t In 1SS8, Oxford contained only lliree ProtctUnt prtschera, Mil
llicy were nil PuriUm. Ncnl.
} llumiihra; Mibwc|Uciitlf oi>nronind. Btrjpo'i " Anoklt," U. 451.
44t THI PVHITAN IM UIHXAND, nOLANO, iNO AHUIO* .
in ouniei|u«nuu lUiiNindMi frrxn tho miniiitry uml <!•■
prived of tbeir livingi. Thi>s(<, dnfurtunutoly, uucurtliflg
to llulluin, u wai tbo eiue in all (hia reign, were the
nuMt cnntjiicuoua t>utli for tht-ir general character and
their t4ilent in prooching.*
Among the ch>rgymen wlu) aliuut thin timt^ wem cited *
befure I'arker via* a nmn that dtiiervet more than •
pawing notice, fur ho pnibably did more for the cauM of
I'rotiittantism in England than any other tingle |ionun.
TbiM Wiw John Vote, tho martyruhigist.
A grave, loarnetl, and IftburiouK divine, he ha4l ^on*
into cxiln during the Marian |K'rm)cution, and hiid |Hiiued' ■
hi« time abroad in writing a bixtory of the martyrs of .
tho Church, eapocially thorn who hati (uffered for religion
during the n>igni of llonry VIII. and hia daughter
Mary. Ilia work wag first publiabed ubroad in Ijttin,
in the year ir>r>li, for the benefit of foreigncm. In ir>U3,
he published a : English translation with a dedication to
Qaeen Klizalictb. Its value was at onco apprecinte<l, and '.
an on|or woa isMucd directing copitts of the lMN>k to be -
plocetl in tlie cburctioR for public pc>rugal. in the same ^
way that the Englinh Hible bud biwn placed there in the
early <lay.s of the Itofomiation. When we recollect that ■
until the up|N!uruncc of the " Pilgrim's Progress," in the
next' century, the common jicople hud alnuwt no reading
matter except tho Bible and Foxo's " liook of Martyrs,"
wo can understand the deep impression that this liook
produced, and how much it served to mould the national
Character. Those who could read found there full detail*
of «ll tho atr(X!ities oommittc<l on the Protestant Ito-
fonnen : the illiterate could see the rude illustrations of
the various instruments of torture, the rack, the gridiron,
• Uallsm, 1. 185. - -
■. ■■:■ ^..:.;- • ■ -^ ■ ' . ■ - • ■.«-.'
•'^•*."u^;v
roin MIM OF MAMTTMI-'nilATIIIIIT Of ITt AUTnuR 4U
the boiling oil. anil tlinn tlio holy inartynt broathing oat
their loula amid tho llam<>a.*
Takn nuvr a |nm)|iI« ju»t iiwukening to a new intellect-
nal and religious lifu ; let ativcnil gvnentiionit of tliem,
from chikllitMMl to old ngi>, |>om ovur iiu'li a Ixxtk ua
tbit, and it* »Umv» b(>como trailition*, um indcliltln.und
almoft aa |M)tvnt as lumga und custunm on u nation's
life. AH tho flendish acta thorD numitod worn tbu
work of the Ohurob of Itoino, for no bint wos given of
any other side of tho story. No wonder timt among the
maaai-M, osidu from any religious sentiment or convic-
tion, there grew up a horror und detestation of the |M>|ie
and the Itomish Church which have not entirely loat
their force even after throe centuries of I'rotestant dom-
ination. The influence of this fM'ling on the Knglisli
people can hardly bo exaggorutcd. TI>o country ai|uircs
who citmo to the imrliuments of Eli/.ulN>th, as a rule,
probulily caic<l little for religion ; but they were unitwl
in their hatred of the papal |N>wor, and this hatn><l, al-
ways coupled with a dread, became more intense as time
wont on. After the disperaiim of the Spanish Armada,
much of the fear of a direct attack fMiii abroad |iusaed
away, und there arose that exultant spirit of national in-
dependence which Hhak«ie|iearo puts into the words of
an English king:
" Thou caul not, csnliiul, <)ct1mi • naiiM
Hu (light, unwortlij, anil ridiculnui.
To charge me to an annwer, aa the po|>e.
Tell him tbii talc, SfliI from the nuHith of England
Add thui much more : that no lullan print
Hhall tithe or toll in our doniiniuni."
King Mn,»cil\l.ie.t.
* In 1S89, an enlarged edition appeared. In 1910, it wai illiA.
trstcd with copper cuts. Blrjriie'a " AnnaU," iii. 501.
;*js.f'jr5!
444 TBI rmiTAir m iioLLAiiOk nouMn. aiA amiuca
Ye^ tlifl hatriHl ami thu unilorlying drMul of tho Cath-
olic! •till n>mainMl. ' TtmiiiKliout tli« next century th«
EnKliHh Miuirn nuKlit Itnow nothing of |M>litif« or tliool-
ngy; l>ut, wlictrwr ho liiliHl with or iigaiimt the king, it
WHM n jiurt of hilt crtn'ti to hatn tlut |iofW, un<l nothing
but thia nntiigoniim ImI to the uUiiiute downfall of the
Stuarts. Other cauie* combined to |injduce thin raiult,
but certainly not the leait im|)urtnnt waa Foxo'n ■■ Itook
of Murtyn*," which could Iw found in every i'rolestant
man«ion-liouae, occupying, next tu the Bible, the place
' of honor.
Such wax the Uiok, but it« author woi a Puritan.
ElizaU'th pnifeaaed iin esteem for him, but did hm little
id his U-lmlf oit she did for Asclmm, hvr Puritan tutor,
\i) whom hoc reputation for learning owes so much.*
' Having conscientious scruples uUmt wearing the vest-
ments prcscribod by law, Foxe vainly sought a poHition '
in the Church, until ut length, mluced tp wry gnHtt
poverty, lie obtained u ]ictty place in the Kalisbury Ca-
thedral. Citol before the Kcclesioatical CoinmisNioK in
ISOn, and asked Ui sul>scril>e to the Praycr-lKM)k, he took
a Oreek Tratament from his |Mx-ket and suid ho would
■ulMicrilie to that. When they offered him the c-unons
he rpfuied, saying, " I have nothing in the Church but •
prebend, and much go<Ml it may <lo you if you tuke it
from me." It was not thought safe to dual harshly with
a man to whom the whole Ph)testant world lcM>ked up,
and he wiis jtermitted to go in, peace, hokling on to his
little offloo until his d<»tli.t
* AKlmm lived on s hikII iwntinn gr»ntv(l b; [Icnrjr VIII. Aiid
rroewed I17 Msrj, Md ■ Irue ot » Airm gniil«l by the latter.
Elinbeth K"Te blm nothing, ■ni), but tni thit Int, bit wife ind
. childrrn woiiVil hiiTe l>een left beggar* at hia death. Aarbam's
"aebolemaateCMajroraed, 1868. pp. 203,Wa. tNcnl.
Wiim ooviui*La~r(aMK:tiTioM ■iPANORn 44A
Another of tite light* uf the ItoformKlion farmi nutrv
hanhly. This woa Milci Covenhilu, trhiwo ituniilatiun
i>f the liiblo into English, printoti ut Antwerp in I5:(.1,
waitho flmtthat wiw publiiheil in the English Innguagc.
Ho vroa u luurmHl inun, u gnulunttt of <!iniil)ri(|gi>, and
M celubratcti prraulicr. During the n'ign of h^lwaril
he wttM inotlu Itiahop uf Exott-r. l'|N)n llio acceiaion
of Mary, hu waa inipriaoneil, and narrow ly <Mca|NHl thu
flame*, being lavetl only by the interceaaiun of the King
of Denmark, in whuwi country ho t(N>k n>fugi>. Itctum-
ing to England, hu umNImI at the vonworatitm of Elixa-
lieth'a Unit Archbishop of Canterbury, but, (icing a Puri-
tan and Hcnipling at the voHtniunta, could for xomo time
obtain no preferment. At la»t, in 15UU, Iwing now old
Hind |K>or, the Ilithop of Lunilon, who hiuiM-lf inclined
towani* i'urituniini, took uomiiaMion on him and gave >
him a amall church near Ix)ntlon liridge. Here ho
preached quietly for two year*, but, not coming up to
the rec|uir«d conformity, was obliged to relin(|uish hi*
pariah in the eighty-flrst year of hit ago. Thu*, as Neal
■ays, hi* gray bain were brought down with sorrow to
the grave.*
The perMwution of the Puritans up to this |ioint, tA-
though op|xwed to the principles of a wise and lilx-ral-
minded policy, might bo extenuated u|Min the legal
ground that minister* within an establiihed church
should conform to it* requirements. The next meas-
ure*, however, were of a different chiiraoter, and for
. them there is no such ]>alliati<m.
When the Puritan clergymen of I.<ondon were driven
from their charcbea, in 1505, many of their follower*
went with them and establiahed *eparate a**ociations.
•Nnil.l.t08. '
m
44a TUM rt>IIIT«l« m nOtXAIIR IMULANt), ARD AMIHICA
They createil no tliaonlor, hut <|uiotly caiiio together in
private liuuwi or publio Imllii, ung thoir liyiunii, nmi
liitenctl to the liiliUt un<l th« ■(•rniunn of tli<>ir miniiitcni.
Cortiiinly here wan no Kr»vi< olTunco OKninil tho law In
• l'nit(>i(tant community. It wouUI iM>«>m, mi Ityj^ na
thcae Kotli^'rin);* \v«>rn unlcrly, ami notliing win Mii<l or
intenildi ngninit tho f^vomment, llmt w(>li-m<>aninf(,
conwinntioui citizun* might claim a Mniplti toloration
of their particular form of wonhip. Not wt tlioiight the
queen or her arehhinhop. In 15(17, n congregation thui
wonhipping in a liontlon hull was amwti-tl \>y tho itlier-
iff, an<l it! meniliem, to the numlx^ o' alKiut ono hun-
dred, hauled up lieforo tho bivhop. The only diargo
againit theui wai that of wonliipping (lod under form*
not preMcrihtNl hy law ; of thia they weru founil guilty,
and twenty-four men and wvcn women were iient to
Bridewell for a year.*
It ia nn interesting fact, and it illuitratea what Ilume
laya, in contrniit with iiomo modem writont, aa tu the al-
moat absolute |mwer of tho crown, that in thoxe early
coorciro proc«>edinga the <|uecn and her archbiiihop hod '
nimoat no Nympatliizen among tho men pnimincnt in
(Church and State. Tho I<j«Iio|ni of Norwich and liar-
ham wore openly on tho aide of the I'uritana; the Diahop
of liondon and tho Archbiahop of York inclined towania
them ; while in the council the Earia uf I^iceator, liod-
ford, Huntingdon, and Norwich (tho chief Protestant
noble*), Itaoon, tho I»rd Keeper, WaUingham, Sadlur,
and Knollya, were either their frienda or thought that
leverity waa lieing preaaed too far.f Tniublo evidently
waa brewing for England aa Well aa for the cauiu of the
* M<*1. Uailaa Mfs tiwt oolj fbartMa or UUm mm moI Io
t B*llam'i " Cout. Hitt.," i. IM.
I.;'
'orrowTio!! or tiib coCMcit^iuxtMCTiri rotiTHHi 44Y
Reformation at Inrge. About thii tin*, u We hare al
raady wen, Alva began bit butcher}- in (h« Methcrlandt ;
Mary of BcotUnd bct^nie a pritoimr, and th* focua of
oonapiracy ; Klitabotb waa excoinmunicattd by the pope;
the Catliolio collrge wai fouD(le<l nt I>Quny; and the
Northern earla ruao in rebellion. The togiicious countir
lora of the queen thought thia an ill-ckaaan criiii for
driving to extremitiea the moat faithful and dtvotcd of
her aubjecti. They urged that her tnie policy \tj in
on open, active aup|)ort of the atrupgling I'rntcttant*
abroad, and In a reformation of th« Chiiix-li nt heme, ao
tt to make it a real and not a flclitioua Protoatant ctf-
tabliahment.
The fact that Elixabeth never would accept Uteir ad-
vice, even after Cecil joined them ; that iilic carried
out a vacilUting foreign |>olicy, while at Nome aha op-
posed all innovations, trying to ko«|) tho Cliun-ti aa
near as possible to the old model, tha [«>opia ignorant,
and the clergy aubaervient, forms an hiit«riral problem
which has excited much discussion. Tka inbject is an
important one, for much that was nnkvvly in tho later
Puritanism of England was duo simply to tho actions of
the queen. Uany writers, looking only at the final ro-
sult, give her credit for a sagacity far (urptwing that of
all the able statesmen by whom aha was surrounded.
They argue that hod ahe gonf) too fast or too far, she
would have alienated the groat mata of her Catholic
subjects and brought peril to her throne ; that slu> kept
her Anger on the nation's pulse, and understood its beat-
ings better than such men ns Walsiagliam or Cecil ; that
what the country heeded waa peace; that har policy ae-
cured it, and that this provea her wiidoro.** But this ia
* or thii tcbool, Oreen U * promtnaot
■■■ n
■^^ ■•'- ■■
U$ yita n»rnn w aouAXOk nouiiD^ ahd «iniucA
arguing after tliO errnt. Such reiuoning ignom (te
tncta that tiina nnd agnin the wna mvmI from ruin in
Iter own dcipile; tlint notliiag but a tuccewion of wliat
•nnia of her oilvifen calle<l luimclet, unil other* calle«l
happy acci(ti'i)t«, Icept hor on tho throne ; and that all her
din^n canio ftomaho men whom ihe favored, while her
taffty lay in thoao whom iba penecuted and diiooai«>
ag«l. The problem of determining what motive* actu-
ttt«4 her conduct iccma capable of a limpler aolutioa
IliM that of endowing her with tuperhuman prescience.
KGoabcth, oi is well known, wat without any religioui
coDvittions; but such lentiment or underlying supentU
tiout jnstineU as slio had inclined her to the Church of
Rome. Her lofo of ita gorgeout ceremonial thowi the
senlimcBt ; %i-t belii f in the real presence, her adoration
of the cTucini,and prayera to the Virgin when in peril
•how tjie innate superstition. These facta alone would
Dot bo sufllcicnt to explain her iiolicy, but they throw
some light upon it. Add now another factor, and th«
qiestiun htcomea much clearer.
Tlirouglwut the curl^ years of her reign, the IIugu«'
nots in Fmnce and the Reformer* in the Netherlands
were struggling for their existence. They alone, the
Protcttnntt of Garmany beipg liitleio, itood as a bul<
wtrk ag»iMt the rituming ware of Continental Cathol-
icikiii. (ncoiviblo herself of comprehending their high
religipus inotitct, disliking them n» rebels, and having
no'sympnihy with their belief, Elizabeth always under-
rtateal their power and looked forward to their ultimate
defect Entertaining this conviction, herself inclined to
C&tholici)iin,nioat of her pcnonal favorites being adher-
ents of the «)ld fakb,* and the greet majority of the na-
• Pmu<le, zi. i&
'■^i ^:
-' ■LUAtltN'a KiUMH rOR ■KOttciUATIOH WITn MOU 441
tion iMvin^ no onnvictiomi, whut ivould be inuro natural
than that ihn tliuuUI glway* i>Ave IimI in view h«r own
future rtfonciluition witli tli« Cliuruh of ItoiiuW The
final ci)llu|i«e of the H|ittniiih uttnnipta on Kn)(b»n4i in
ISKM, fullotrotl liy an exultant outliunt of national teel
ing which ihowed the woakniiw of (.'atholicisro, together
with the alnuMt lynchronuus iuc«eM of the I'roteatanti
in llotUml and of Henry of Navnrm in Franco, phanginl
the current of Kuro|iean history ; hut if we mvk for the
motivea which, in the main, i'<>ntrolle«l Klizalicth untfl
that time, looking for an explanation of her fort>i)(n )ioli-
oy, and hor treatment of the ('atholira and Puritans at
. home, wo have here what soetns a very simple clue.
Upon many ■ubjocts she showed more than a feminine
vacillation, nn<l lior attachment to devioua course* was
■omething phenomenal ; but to one object she was con-
itant : nothing should lie done, while slic could prevent
it, to place England beyond the {Mile, ao that if it wore
to her iwrsonol wivantage the restoration of the old re-
ligion would be im|)oasibk>.
Thia thoory of Eliziilieth's i«ligious policy haa much
direct evidenc^p in its support, a|tart from that of her
public actions wh[ch it alone explains. The Utter, of
oouno, were matters of common knowledge ; but many
facts relating to hor private opinions and negotiations
were unknown even to her council, ami of many others
the writers of her time wcro ignorant. Hence tliey, and
the historians who liave followed in their track, often
thought her vacillatiiig when she was really constant
to one purpose. Proude first spread before the public
many of the letters written by the Sitanish ambHSsadors
at Lomlon to Philip of Spain, which give to his history of
this peri<Ml so great a value. Those SpaniarflH were, at
times, her confidants, and their aooounta of her private
I.-89 -
4M THI PDMTAM m noLURD, IMUlilt, Ajni AMUICA
decUntioiM thoir I he general roiuistenry of linr con-
duct. I'liiiij) hiinielf, with all his iiionna of infonna>
tion, alwayi Itelievitl that ithe wouhi Imi n-conciltxl with
Ii<ime. Even after tho |io|ie'i boll, ho refuiud to recog-
nixo her exoomniunii-atiim.*
The Unit Parliament which mot after her ncceiaion
enacted lawa very hiwtile to the ('atholica ; but *ho wai
then in a |ivculiar |i<iaition, the p(i|ie having refused to
' recognize hvr title to tliu throne. The next year iihe told
the H|ianiib nnilNUuuulor that ihn was a* g<x><l a ( 'atholio
a« h« wan, and that she ha«i lieen cum|)clluil to wt ua the
had done.f Froude, on tlie authority of ('Foil and Kil-
ligrow, think* that iihe waa then wavering.t In iMi,
when iho woa deairous of marrying Dudley, matlo Earl
of l^ioeater in 1504, the 8|)nnish amlwaaador was in-
formed by 8ir Henry Sidney that if tho marriage could
be brought about through tho influence of I'hilip, the
Catholic religion should be restored. Undoubtedly, 8id-
. ney spoke with tho authority of the ijucen. Tho scheme
fell through l)ocuu8o tho ('atholic nobles would not con-
sent to a marriage with a ^uin whom they regarded as
an upstart.j In 1504, Elizabeth repeated to the Spanish
ambassador, De Hilva^ what she had said about religion
to his predecessor^ In 1506, the pope offered to raoo^
nize tho legitimacy of Elizabeth, b/reversing the former
decree reUting to the <livorce of her father, if she would
re-establish the Ibimish ('hurch. Thus one great obat»-
cle would have been removed. At this timo Parliament
• rnrade, vii. 13, il. M. t Idem, Tli. ISl. ( Idem, p. KQ.
f Froude, tII. 816. It %u the continuml oppoeition of the Ctlholle
noblee to hit union ifith the queen that ultinMtclj led Dudley to fa*^
cone k prominent friend of the Poritsai. Fmads, Is. 191.
|Idein,TUL108. ., .; ■
^' - ■ . a ■ . . :
V , ■ . '. . ., ,\'
-..■•■■ • ■ ,. ' ■. ■- r
■uiABrni BiiiCLM Till cATnuLios, pntsBcurn nil pcritan* 4S1
Tfes aniious to make farther reforms in the (^hurcli.
Under the atlvioe ^ De Silva, Elizabeth interfcreti, anj|
all action was prevented.* In 1573, and again in 1578,
she told the Spanish ambassador that she held the C'ath-
olio creed herself, and that her differences with her Cath-
olic subjects were merely political.f In 1.170, she threat-
ene<l to make war on the Prince of Urange, and this
meant ultimate reconciliation with ltome4 These il-
lustrations might be largely multiplied. It may be said
that they are only evidence of licr duplicity j^ "but tliey
show what she had in mind, and illuminate her public
acts, which, read in their light, niake all hor religious
policy c6nsistent.
Although during the early years of Elizabeth's reign,
before the appearance of the Jesuits, a persecution of
the Catholics was carried on, this persecution, it must
be remembered, was mild in its character, and due to
peculiar circumstances. The Parliaments were largely
Puritan in inclination, and passed laws to which, at first,
perhaps she did not venture to refuse assent— and possi-
bly they were her own saggestions— as, the pope having
denied her title to the crown, she would have been left
without any party in the State unless she had allied her-
self with the Reformers. ■ Later on, when morie Hrraly
seated on the,throne, she forbade Parliament to interfere
In matters of religion, and barred ita interference by fre-
quent dissolutions. It must also be remembered that all
the opprobrium of enforcing metksures of severity against
the CathoUcs she put upon the members of her council,
who believed that the Protestantism of the kingdom
should be more pronounced. These men accepted the
responsibility, for, bad the old religion been re-estab-
• Ftoude, TiU. 88». t Uem, xi. 24, 137. ; Idem, xi. «>.
48> TUa PtIBlTAN IN HUIXAND, ENOLAMD, AND AMIRIUA '
lisliml, thoy, as well-known Protestants, would h*vo been
the tint victims of the reaction. They were thus consult-
9 ing their own safety as wdl as what they consitlereil the
public welfare,*
Hut Elizabeth could always say with plausibility that
she had Ixton foi'ced to piny the rtMo of a peraccutoriand
.that her heart wos never in the work. Whenever it was
consistent with her own safety, she showed indulgence to
the Catholics. Thousands of the old priests were allowed
to remain in their livings by un outward conformity to
the ritual of the Establishoil Church. It was only the"
practice of their own form of worship which was pun-
ishable by law, and she saw to it that the l%ws were, as ,
■ to them, nev«r pressed beyond the letter.t But with the'
Puritans it was very different. They claimetl, and with
apparent justice, that the Liws were dlways strained for
their oppression, not by the civil ]>ower8, but by the
queen and her Ecclesiastical Commission. As head of the
Church, Elizabeth had authority to change the ccremo-
iiiaj[, within certain limits ; but sh(? never used her power
to relieve their tender consciences, nor would she con-
sent that they should have relief from Parliament.
Nor wa^ this all. The sagacious statesmen who sur-
rounded Elizabeth believed that the Heformation in
England should l)0 pressed to its legitimate conclusion.
. Merely abjuring the supi^mocy of the po])e, and chang-
ing the form of religion by statutory enactment, were,
-■ to their minds, insufficient. The old abuses of the Church
* When Philip organized the Armada, ho made out a liat of the
English Btatcsmcn to be hanged after the victory. Fronde, lii. H((.
t Although the aajing of mau in private honws va« forbidden
by Jaw, it was winked at for twenty yean after Ettzabeth'a acceuion.
Froudc, xi. 800.
' „' :coRRcmoN IN THK cncRcn 4M '
■honld be don6 awny with, the all-prevailing oorruptinn
should be rooted (lut, and, to accompligh thc8o vnilg, men
of high character and of unblemished life should In> so-e-
lected to control the new establishment. No such coun-
sels met the approval of the queen. She wished subsen'i-
ent tools ; and it her bishops were men whoso private
or oflicitti conduct could not l)ear examination, they
would bo the more readily controlled, and the.moro easily
tunled over to Home. A few illustrations will show
tbeir character.
Parker, her favorite Archbishop of Canterbury, left
an enormous fortune, which he had accumnlnted during
eighteen years of office by the most wholesale corrup-
tion. Among other things, ho established a tixed tariff
for the sale of benotlces in his gift, regidat^l according
to their value and the age of the applicant. The sales
were not confined to adults, for even boys under four-
teen were allowed to become purchasers, proyide<t they
would pay an increased price.* At about the time of
Parker's death, in 1576, Ilatton, the new favorite of the .
qneen, cast longing ej'es upon some property belonging to
the Bishop of Ely. That prelate refused to give it up,
even after receiving the famous letter in which Eliza-
beth, with an oath, threatened to unfrock him. lie was
brought to terms, however, by a summons before the
Privy Council, and a notification from Ix)rd North of
what would be proved against him. Ho was to be
charged, so the queen directed, with the grossest mal- .
versation in office, plundering the Church lands, selling >
the lead and brick from its houses, dealing dishonestly
in leases, and exacting illegal charges from the minister!
in his diocese. This threat was sufficient ; the bishop suo-
* Froude, xi. lOO.
4M TBI PCmtASf IN BOLLAMDl INOLAND, AitO AMOIICA
oumbed, and we hear no more of his progecntion or rs-
' moval.*
Nor were theae cases at all exceptional. A8 wo study
the records of the time, one of their- most striking feat-
ures is the wide'spnmd corruption among the bishops,
of the Established (.'hurch. Liable to removal or sus-
. pension at the pleasure of the crown, the)' took ca'^ to
, provide for themselves and their families by selling the
church timber, making long leases of the ecclesiastical
' lands, and in every possible manner despoiling their
sees of the little property left to them by the early Ke-
formers-t
* Frondt, xi. 23.
tThe following are > few illiutratiou taken from Strjpe'i "An-
nala," the writings of a Iligli-cliurcliiuan, which bear out the gen-
eral statement* of Hallam, Froiule, and others, to mime of which I
bare referral in a former chapter. - In IS83, Biahop Scambler was
transferred from Peterlmrough to Norwich, lie founil that his pre-
decessor had not only disposed of the judicial offlccs ^fthe see liy a
patent, but had Just before his departure made many unprecedented
leases of the episcopal property. But Bcamblcr's successor in Peter-
borough found that the saaie thing bad been done m that diocese,
tbe sec baring been imporcriahed by spoliations. The same year wit-
nessed the death of the Bishop of Chichester. lie died a bankrupt,
having sold off the church timber until there was hardly sufficient
left for firewood. These ease* occurred in one year, and are men-
tioned in one page of Strype's "Annals," ill. 881. See also p. 407 for
an account of the mode in which the Welsh bishoprics were " fleeced
by the respective bishop* ,■■' also p. 483, as to the see of Durham.
Tlie bishop of the latter diocese not only despoiled tlw church
property, but was controlled by a brother, his chancellor, " a bad
man addicted to coretousness and uncleanncss. He was to be brilicd
by money to pas* orer crime* presented and complained of." Ayl- .
mer. Bishop of London, cut down and sold his timber until pre-
vented by an {inunction. " When he grew old, and reflected that
a Uige Mim of money would be due from hi* Ismily for dilapida-
;;■>;,-. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ v- • » ■ . . , , -. • ■. ,
.now Tui BMUora obtaUibd tubik orncn an
In 1585, when six biihoprics were vacant, a corre-
■pondenco paaiKxl between Luni Iturgbley and AVhitgift,
Archbighop of Canterbury, wbicli show's the ^neral
character of tlie men whom Elizabeth spluctcd for
ecclesiastical preferment. Says tbo Lord Treasurer:
" There ore to be new bisho]ia placed in tlie six vacant
chairs. I wish— but I cannot ho|N) it — that the ('burch
may take that good thereby that it hath neo<l of. Vonr
Grace most iwrdon mc v for Ik see such worldlincHs in
many that were othe^jwise affected before they came
to cathedral churches, that I fear the places alter the
men." To which Whitgift repliwl: " It is not the chair
that maketh the alteration, if an}- there be, but the un-
lawful means of coming by it I doubt not but as gyod
men, even at this day, possess some of these chairs as
ever did in any age : although I will not justify all, nor
yet many of them."* BishoiM who had bought their
■eats, as is here plainly intiihiiteil, could hajtlly Iw ex-
pected to>refrain from repaying themselves by plundei''.
ing their sees. Had Elizabeth liccn actuated by a do-
sire to bring the Establisheil Church into oontem)>t, so-
that its downfall would be mourned by no one, sbb
certainly could 'hare chosen no l)ettor mode of accom-
plishing her purpose than that of selecting, such n^n to
represent its principles.t >
tions of the palace at Fulham, etc., he actually propoMt) to aell his
Uabopric (o Bancroft (gtrype'i ' Aylmcr,' p. 100). The latter, how-
erer, waited for lila death, and had over £4000 awarded to biiu ; but
the crafty old man haring laid out his money in land, this sum was
never paid."— Ilallam, i. 300. At this tini« huid in. England could
not lie taken for debt.
» 8trjpe'a"Whitglft," pp.l7t,173. No one who knowa anything of
Whitgift'a chancier would ever suspect him of libelling the Church.
t During the aeasion of Parliamentr^n 1381, when the nation wai
4M Tin PCBITAM IN nOLLANDb BNOUMO. AMD AMWUCA
But, after all, tlio bislioiw wcro limply fullowing the
lessons taught thorn by tli<> i|UL><>n. Sho wiw the great
(leipniler of the Church. All tlirough Iht reign, w«
find her not only demantling from the biHliofis the sur-
render of portions of the property of their sees for the
benefit of some neetly favorite— and she thus robtHxl
even the universitibH themselves* — but sho isswd nu-
merous commissions, under which keen hivI unscrupu-
lous adventurers sought out flaws in cecloHiusticnl titles, '
recovering the pro|)erty for the crown and receiving as
their eoni|)en8ation a portion of tim siM>ils.t liesidcs
this, although the regular revenues of the sees were very
small, averaging only about a' thousand pounds |M>r. an-
num, they were so diminished Ity the exactions of the
queen and bet courtiers, that in many cases the incum-
' bents, without dislionesty, wouhl havo found it impos-
sible to live. One illustration of the extent of these
exiictions will sufHco to show their character. In \M3,
the Bishop of Winchester, who hehl one of the richest
sees in the kingdom, was coniplaine<l of for spending
so little money as to bring his offico into disrepute. In
answer to tbo charge be sent Jx>rd Burghley a state-
ment showing his income and expenditures. His net
income wan about jCSStM). (H this ho paid to the (|ueen,
in flrst-fruits, tenths, sulmiilies, and benevolences, about
£190<); to Ixicestcr, £WK in annuities grantod by his
pre<lecc88ors, " wherein Sir Francis Walsinffham's fee
is contained," £318 ; leaving for himself, after paying
alanoed b; the Cttliolic icTirnl which tbo Jetuita had itwakciMd,
one member g%i9 voice to tlie public opinion in ujliig : " Were
there uny honeetj in Hiew pninle*, in whom lioneity •liotild nioet be
found, we ihculd not be in our present trouble." — Fronde, xi. MO.
* Strype, iii. M. t Idem, ixmim.
. * ILUntRACT or Till CLtROT 497'
ialaries and alms to the poor, jagt ono seventh of the
net income.* This system was almost as ]>n>tltable to
the queen as the ono umlor which she kept n diocese
vacant fur years, receiving all the incorae.f
But there was sometbing more than comiptitm in
the Church. The mass of the clei^y were so illiterate
that, even had they been pure of life, they could have
done little to elevate the ])eople or win resiicct fur the
now establishment. This evil, too, wns felt in its full
force by the statesmen who tried in vain to influence
the queen. They realized the fact that Protestantism
* Strype, iiL Ap|ii'n<lix, p. 88.
t 8I10 tliiM kept the diocese n( Elj Ttotnt for eighteen jnn after
the death of Cok. Halt, p. 1 17. Strjpe, in this ronnectlon, gives a
cnrioua letter written ti> the ()ueen b; 9ir John Puckering, the I,nnl
Keeper— that it, the acting Chancellor— which sliona how biahoprica
and their propertj were dlipoaed oC Sir John desired a lease uf
some land belonging to tho vacant bisluipric of Ely, and propnaetl,
about 1S06, that the offlce should be fliletl in order to carry out his
wishes. The lease, lie said, would benefit him, without eipense In
her majesty, since the pni|wrty did not belong to the crown. A*
to Ailing the see, although she would thereby lose the income, this
would be made np from first-fruits, tenths, and suMdics; which,
if an old man were selected fur the place, would soon Iw payable
again. In addition, by changing around some of (bo olJier old
bishop*, she could make a profit of several thousand iiounds.
Strypp, iv. S47. Under a statute passed in tho flnt year of her
reign, to wliich reference has been made lirforc (we p. 433), every
bishop and every clergyman paid the queen at once, or in two
or three annual payments, a sum equal to a yenr'H income on
his first appointment to a charge. These payments, called first-
fruits, became due again on every change of diocese or parish, and
to them was added a tenth of the annual income thereafter. ,Tbe
system bad, therefore, a money value to tho crown, wliich was per-
hapa no small recommenilation in the eyes of a frugal monarch Ilk*
Kliabeth.
458 TDI PUB(TAK m HOLLAMA ElOLAtlD, IKD AIIS»CA ^'' . ^
must ultimately rest on general intelligence, und that
tbo Bacalled reformation of the (/liurch would prove an
illuaive mare, unlets the peoplo were tauglit to under-
stand its meaning. But to do this teachen were needed
very different from those who occupied the English pul-
pits. It was this conviction that led men like Kurghley
and Itucon, iwrhaps having little religion themselves, to
advocate the cauae of the Puritans.
The English Puritans, like their brethren in Holland
and Scotland, Iwlievod in education, and it is their crown-
ing glory. They might iw narrow-mindeil and intoler-
ant ; had they been otherwise, t hey would have been fahw
to their age and race, liut wherever we find them, either
in England or America, we find in their (lossession the
school-book and the Bible. They«inrished, and they final-
ly insiste<l, that others should believe as they did, forihey
could not conceive that any other belief was itossible.
They did not, however, desire a blind acceptance; they
demanded a conscientious conviction of the truth, found-
ed on a knowledge of their doctrines. Education, there-
fore, WiM their watchwont. If you would get rid of
the tares and have a crop, you must plough up the
ground nnd sow your seed. The religious crop which
the present generation is reaping would surprise these
men of three centuries ago ; but even the most radical
thinker of t(Mluy must give them credit for insisting on
the cultivation of the soil.
But it was not the Puritans alone who, in the time
of Elizabeth, desired religious instruction for the people.
All the churchmen who were earnest in their Iielief
felt the -same desire. They argued that the true mode
of extirpating popery, then the vital question for the
nation, was by showing up its errors. They thoi^fore
advocated the general preaching and discussion of the
' ILBABVni OrKMM RKUOIOl-8 iManccTioii 4M '
doctrines of tbo llofunnntion.* The que«n, however,
would have no such preaching or (lisciugion. If we can
judge from her actions, she wished for no new crop, but
desired that the old tares shouhl go to seed. She en-
couraged the study of the classics, she gave some little
countenance to po<$try; but of the education of the
masses, or of the discussion of religious (|uestion8, slie
entirely disapproved.
Was this sagacity. on her part, such as some historians
have attributed to her, suqiassing that of the ablest :
statesmen and most earnest churchmen of lior tiroes t
Was it from any love of the Iteformation that she de-
sired to keep the people ignorant of religious truths I It
has U'en said that she did not wish to stir up a religious
turmoil, that she feared its effects u|)on her Catholic
subjects, and that she desired to give the people time to
foi^t the old faith and accustom themselves to tlie new
belief. Does this explain her conduct i There might
be something in such a theory had she filled the minis-
try with men of even ret)utable lives. liut nothing is
left of it wheit, we reciiU the character ot the clergy
daring the first half of her reign. Bakers, butchers,
cooks, and stablemen, wholly illiterate, drunken and
lk!entioa8,t seem hardly fitting instruments for advanc-
ing such a broad-minded religious policy. In fjiet, they
alienated the few earnest old ('atholics, instead of rec-
onciling them to the new establishment.
One thing is very clear. Elizabeth understood full
well the effects of educating a people in-the doctrines of
the Information. In 1578, Philip of i^\mn offered to
his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands the full resto-
ration of their civil rights provided they would return to
* lUIUm, L 900. t Mem, i 208. Nttbu Drake, p. 44.
460 rni pdritan ix Holland, ■nolamd, and AMBiurA
tho Church of Itome. Tho English (|Ucon useil all her
inflimnco to havo them nvortureii accepttnl. Site prom-
180(1, cajoled, and threatened, but all in vain. ' The relig-
ious qneation, which the pronounced of no itnportance, -
proved an insuperable olwtacle. Walsinghani, one of
Iter wisest advisers, writing at this time to Hurghloy, said
in regard to the PmtesUints of the Low ('ountries: "That
which-her majesty seems moat to niisliko of, which is
tho ]>rogre88 of religion being well considereil, is the
thing which shall breed their greatest strength." * But
for their intense Protestantism, it would havo l)c«<n ouiiy
enough to turn the Hollanders back to peace and Moth-
er Church. The queen disliked it, for the vri-y reason
which recommended it to AValsingham, that it stooti in
the way of reconciliation with the pope. When, in op-
position to tho oouns(!ls of all the men about her, whose
patriotism and wisdom are undisputed, she persistent-
ly sought to suppress the growth of a corre8|ionding
spirit in England, is it not reasonable to supiioso that
we have hdre the leading motive which controlled her
policy) ' ,,
Although ElizAbeth found little aympfttby from her
council in the persecutions which she and her archbishop
were carr}-ing on against the Puritans, she had always
one person to spur her on. This was the Spanish am-
bassaaor, with whom h«^ relations for moay years were
pf the moat intimate duiracter. He had no fear of the
emasculatfMl Protestantism which he saw repre^nted in
the Established Church ; what he dreotfed, for the^nse
of Rome and Spain, was the aggressive spirit of the
Puritans.
Writing to Philip in 1608, he said : " Those who call
•Proa<le,^L117.
TIIK SPANISH ADTISiaS Or KLIZABCTn Ml
themaelvea of the rrilgio jturitninta go on incrcwing.
They are the same as CalvinisU, and tliey an> 8tyle<l
Puritans U-causc tlicy allow no cerpmohie* nor any
forms save those which are authorized by tho.baro letter
of the (tospol. They will not come to the churches
which are used by the rest, nor will they allow their
minister to wear any marked or st^parate dress. Some
of them have l>ccn taken up, but they have no feAr of
prison, and offer themselves to arrest of their own ac-
eord." The Protestants of England, ho went on to say,
Were of many opinions, being unable to agree on any
point. There was their folly, if they only saw it. He
BUB|)ected that a party in the council would like to bring
the queen, over to their mind, so that all the Protestants
in the kingtlom might bo united. If agreed, it would
give them strength both at home and abroad. This ho
regarde<l as " a serious misfortune," and he therefore had
warned the queen against these "fibertines," pointing
oat the danger from them to herself and princes gener-
ally. " Liltertines I called them, for revolt against au-
thority in all forms is their true "principle." She hud
been advised, he said, to give up the Confession of Augs-
barg^Lutheranism — and take to this o^ier form, but he
mged her not to bo misled.* '
This advice was vccy sound ffbm a Spanish stand- "
point ; but, although the ()ueen accepted and acted on it,
one may well doubt wbetiicr the national enemy was
the wisest counsellor for England.
Fortunate it was for Elizabeth that these " libertines,"
H the S|)aniard called them, were cast in an heroic mould.
They might be harried from their homes and roduocd to
poverty ; they might bo consigned to prison, to the nu^,
• OtBilTS to Philip, JalySd, 1868, Fn>udc,U.M7. ,
46* mi rVRITAN IN nOLLAMD. IHOUND, AMD AHtRICA
or to the gallows ; but, whatever their individual wrongii,
nothing could ever impel tliein to give aid to their coun-
try's foo, nor, while the Refoi'incd religion was in danger,
drive thorn into rebellion against the Protestant monarch
of a I*rote8tant Btate.
The year 1570 marks the close of the first distinct pe-
riod in the history of Englisli Puritanism. Elizabeth
had now been eleven years u]K)n the throne. During
all that time tho earnest men who desireil a simpler form
of worship hod sought it within the Establishetl Church.
They had not questioned the supremacy of the (picen,
nor the authority of tho bishops in religions matters ; all -
that they asked for was liberty, in their parishes, to dis-
pense with the wearing of vestments and the practice
of ceremonies which they considered sinful. This had
been denied them. They next sought to worship in a
mode whifih they considered Scriptural, peaceably in sep-
arate cbi^Tegations, and these hod been broken up by
force, the worshippers being visited by the punishment
reserved for felons. It would have been strange, indee<l,
if at length some bold minds had not begun to question
the system which, calling itself Protestant, bore such
fruits. ^ .
Others there probably were before his time, but the
man whose figure stands out most boldly on the historio
page, as marking this new departure, was Thomas ( 'art-
wright, Margaret Professor of Divinity at Cambridge.
He had entered that university in 1560 ; during the
Marian persecution he left it to study law in I^ndon,
and returning on the accession of Elizabeth, had been
made a fellow. Sickened for a time with English the-
olo^, he went over to Geneva in 1504, and drank in the
air of pure Calvinism. Returning to Cambridge, which
inclined to Puritanism, he hod been made professor of
OAJrrwBioirr and un profosio RcroMMS ' MS
divinity. IIu was now, although bnt thirty-firo yean
of ago, a profound scholar, and, what was mom, a man
of genius; narrow-minded in some directions, but with
the ability , within his limitations, to see st raight and think
clear, and with the courage to express his convictions.
1*0 his mind, the time had come to throw off shams,
and denounce the intrinsic falsity as well as the inci-
dental corruption of the ^^ligious machinery which he
saw around him. The farce shoiild be done away with
of selecting bishops through the inspiration of the Holy
Spirit, but always at the dictation of the cjuceir.* The
title bishop might be retained, Cartwright thought,
bat he should be reduced to his apostolic function of
preaching the Goe])e], while the deacon took care of ,
the poor ; both, however, to be selected by the Church,
and not by the civil authorities. Ministers or bishops
* The tyitem wbich Cartwright di-nooDCett and ridiculed three'
centorin ago itill prerHils in England. When a bltliop it to be
choacn, the dcani and prebend* of the cathedral meet to i^l the
raouicjr, under an authorization front the^ queen, which, liiwcTer,
nameatlie pcnon to be Miectcd. They enter upon their work^ith
glare religiout ceremoniea, lolemnlx lieacechiog the IIoI.t Ghoet to
•Id them in their choice. Prajen being concluded, it i> inrariablj
found that under a ipiritiut) guidance they bare aclected the penon
Bame<1 in their eonffi HUre. Emenon'a "English Tmila," chap.
"ReligionJ' One can understand, the theory of tl|o papacy, where
tbe.pope, a* successor of (it. Peter, claims a dirine antliority to name
bishops ; but tlia practice ofthe English Church would be ludicrous
but for its element of blasphemy. Under the papal system the Al-
mighty is supposed to make selections through his represt^tatira
the pope ; under the English system, the queen makes tlie selection
through the Almighty, who is, in theory, her .agent and subortUnate.
Among a people (lossetstng strong religions conrictinns, or erun en- ,
dowed with a keen senseof humor, tuch a mummery would be im-
poiilble. Sm alio rroude, xil. S78.
4M TBI rCIUTAN Ul BOLLANDb BMULAKO, AHD AIUKICA '
■hould not Ih! Uoeiuod to preach anywhere, but each
ahoiilil liave i'liarf|;o of a (larticular oonf^regation. Fi-
nally, every church should lie govemeil hy ita own min-
ister and |)rc8l)ytor8, but subject to the opinions of the
other churches with which it communicated.*
Ilvro were some of the doctrines of the Presbytoriaa
(/hurch, an orgunizatiim much at variance with tlto Eng-
lish establishment. Ktill, Oartwright at first taught them
with caution and moderation, lecturing only to his class-
es in divinity, and counselling no o|>on schism. Whca
compliiimHl of to the court, Cecil wrote Itack that ho
saw notiiing improper in bis conduct, the professor
appearing simply to have been gMpg to his pupils the
results of his own studies of the '^w Tcstament.t
liut ( 'artwright's offence went far beyond an attack
upon the theoretical organization of the Church, lie
openly nsaailc<l its glaring abuses, and that was unpar-
donable. Pluralities and non-residences he denounced
as im)iious, and the Spiritual Courts " as damnable, dev-
ilish, nnd dutestablo." ." Poor men," he said, " did toil
and travel, and princes and doctors licked up all." , He
'maintained that " those who held oiHces should do the
duties of those offlces; that high plac& in the common-
wealth belonged to merjt, and that those who without
.merit were introduced into- authority were thieves and
robbers." The heads of the Houses at Cambridge oonld
not stand his lectures, and he was suspended from his
professorship. Still, the pulpit was open to him, and
there his inttuence became greater than before. The
students flocked to hear his sermons, and wore carried
away by bis eloquence. One day he preached against
* Brigg«'s " Ainericsn Pnri>7t<rUniiiii," p. 41, Snd Appendix, p. 1.
t FroiKle, I. IW. .,.
CAKTWBIQim Diricm, TIBTCIS, AMD LfnCCNCI 4W
tbo v^tments, the nest day all but throo of tlio Trinity
itudentH u[>|)oure<i without the gurplicc. TImb wus too
much. Ho wiui now, l)cing depriveil of his felliiwsliip,
ibxpellod from the univentity, and in 1574 flcul to the
.• Continent, to rscapb imprisonniunt, remaining there
until l.'.s:>.
In later years, when mellowed by time ami affectwl
'by a long residence in the Ncthvriamls, C^artwright put
off much of his early acerbity of gjinecli. Hut it is prob-
'. kbly true tliat nt this period ho <lovelo|Nxl an iDt^>lerance
equal to that which he encountered. lie resented what
ho thought was pcrgecntion, and waged with his \wr--
socutors a 'ivar of pamphlets, in which the language,
according to the custom of the time, was far from a|K>8-
tolio. Heresy ho would have punishetl with death, for
the Kiblo, as he read it, so commnnde<l. Had his sys-
' tein been carried out to its logical conclusions, the cpun- -
try would have groanc<l under an ecclesiastical instead
of a civil tyranny, for ho claimetl that the Church slxmhl
' rule the State. But his defects were those of his ago
and race; his earnestness, his purity of life, hatred of
wrong-doing, contempt of wealth, and counige of con-
Tiction were all his own, and those of the stern men of
' thought and action who were in time to giro a new life
^to England.
The teachings of the eloquent Cambridge professor
mark an e|Mch in the history of English Puritanism ; but
they were not generally accepted, and, in fact, bore fruit
quite slowly.* The Refonners still clung to thq, Estab-
liihed Church, and trie<l to <Io their work under its shad-
owi-t Exi^Ued from their livings for nonconformity,
* Ontn laji too much itreH upon tlivm in exctuing tlio iicta of
Ellulwth.
t Cirtwriglit liiuuelf wu alwa^i oppoied to aof uparation rrom
" Ii— 80
4M THB POUTAN IN HOLLAND. BNaLAMD. AND AMIBICA
4hey obtainiHl oinplnyincnt an prouchi-ra from, tlio reg-
ular inciimbentH, tu<> lazy or Un) JKnorunt to |in>iich
tlioinsvlve*, or tlioy tiM>k refug«i in tlix finiiiliux of tlie
country fM|Uirc8, where, us tetu^hers, they oxerciwHl n ]n>v!-
erful and lasting influence. The u|)|N;r L-IiiKseN nniong
the hiity who caretl anything aliout ivhgion were, in
the main. ilividtHl hutwcvn the ailherenlH of the oM faith
itnil tiiose who, sitting With (lie Puritans, winhetl the
Reformation to bo carried further.* Catholicx being
forbitlden by hiw to Hit in the House of Coinmons, the
Puritans hud a majority in tliat ImmIv during the whole
reign of Eli/Jtlwth, an<l but for the overwhelming influ-
ence of the crown would have intrutlucixl great reforms
, in the Established Church.
In 1571, they pn-spntwl an address to the queen, |M>int-
ing out some of the glaring abuses which ought to Iw
corrected. They said: "(Jroat numlwni are admitted
ministers that are infamous in their lives, and among
those tiiat are of ability their gifU in many places am
useless by reoidtn of plundities and non-n>Hidcncy, where-
by infinite numbers of your majesty's Hubj(>ct8 are like
to |M>rish for lack of knowledge. Ky means of this, t<>
gether with the common bhisphcmy of the lord's name,
the most wickc<l licentiousness of life, the abuse of ex-
communication, the commutation of |>enance, the great
numlR>r of atheists, schismatics daily springing up, and
the increase of |>apists, the Pn>tcslant h'ligion is in im-
minent ]ioril." t Hut Eli/jilieth was unmoved. Hhe did
not lielieve in free<lom of speech n\n>n any subject. She
lectured her Parliaments for discussing n^ligious i|ues-
llio eitablithiucnt. lie liclieTcil In controlling, and not leaving it
M tlie Brnwnittii tlid. Briggt, p. 48.
*U*lli>in. i. 103. ^RmI.
/
rUTiLa ATTHirrs to iDucATa tub clirot 447
tions, which she, os hond of the ('hurch, iihonhl nlono
decide, and u«uAlly manual to gtiflu debute in thn l»trer
Iloiue, by iinpriiioning the rttculcitrant incinbt-ni, or Ui
(hruttlo legislation thn>ii)i(h tho U>n\» ami biihojM.
We have Main in tho pn^cndinK pageii Hoinnlhing of
the ignorance which provailcMl among tlio rogulnr clergy.
It is cre<litablo to oevernl of tho bishofw of tho Chiirrh
that, aUm't 1571, u moveniont watt started to correct
this evil. This was a religions exercise calloti " propli-
"••ying." The clergy of a diocteao were divided into
classes or atisociations, under a moderator apiniintol by
the bishop, and met once a fortnight to diNciiiu |>nrficu-
Ur tt'kts of Scripture. A sermon was lirst proachwl, to
which tho public were mlinitted, und after their dis|le^
sion the ineinbors of the association «Iebated the subject,
the mcNlecator finally summing up their arguments and
pronouncing his dotennination. Such an exercise, at a
time when b(M>ks were few iind costlv and learning was
at a very low ebb, might have lieim pn>ductivo of jnueh
good. It began in Norwich, next to Ixmdon the fore-
mMt stronghold of I'uritanism, and rapidly extcndoil
through the kingdoui. Itut Parker, tho archbishop, told
the queen that these associations, where the chief to|v
ics discussed were the errors of |>a|)acy and the doc-
trines of the Ilefonniition, were no better than semina-
riea of Puritanism. He argued that the more opposcti
the people were to the pajmcy the more they would
incline to the' non-conformists, and that these exercises
tended to make them so in(|uiHitlve that they would not
submit to the orders of their superiors as they should.*
These arguments met the cordial approval of tho ijui'en.
who gave stringent orders that tho prophesying sliouhl
■•Wetl; lUllnni, 1. «00.
4M Till rllRITAN IN UOU.AMO, BMaLANn, AND AMEBICA
be lappreaaml. It Uxik wveral voara to put it ilown
cuinpli'tvly, for w>mo of tiui bistiopa imulu a Rtout resi«t-
once ; but the quwm triuropheil in the end, her clergy
being left as ignorant oa she coulii well (teHiro.*
Meantime, the work of weeiling out the I'uritans went
on more vigorously than ever. Their books were sup-
pn>iHe<l, their prcnehera silenced, their private meetings
broken up, and even plain eitizens for listening to their
s(!rmons were dragged before the High Commission upon
any refusal to confocQi.t These werq the severities prao-
tisetl u]N>n those who, agreeing with theC%irch authori-
ties in matters of dtwtrine, differed from them only upon
questions of form. For out-and-out heretics, those who
denied the doctrines of the Church, a different fate was
reser>-ed.
Wo have seen how William of Orango protected the
AnalMjttists of Holland when some of tlio men about
him would have refused them civil rights. About 1575,
twenty-seven of this sect, refugees from the l.'ontinent,
', * IlnlUm, i. SOI, SOS; Nral. Evrn fUrjrpr, whnmtvmptt to Jut-
lif; rvcrjihiug <l(>na lijr Kliznlwlli, ailniila the licnt'tlta ticrived from
pm|ibc«;in);. Ho uyt: "Tliia WM |>ncli«-(l,'lii tlie gmt benclU
■ml ini|irovement of the cler;;;, man; of nliom in thiwo timci Den
ignorant, iMith in Bcriptura anil flivinit/."— 8ti7|>c'ii " Annalt of the
Rrfiinnalioq," il. 318. Tlie onlj rxcuw siiich the ijurrn aOrml for
iu|i|>nn>iu){ titii «luc«tional nyateiu was tliat it kail liceti abuwil in
Ihe ilioceae of Norwich, liy tliu diacuMion of ceremonial queationa.
But tiie Rialiop of Norwich allowed that tliia charge waa unrounde<l.
. Idem. It i» a fiict not witliont intereat that Cornwall, tlio count; in
wliirli, accordinir to Neal, not a ininUtcr could preach a lennon,
Aimiilird to Parliament the two brothera Paul and Peter Wvnt-
worth, who throughuiit the reign of Elitabetli itood n|«, alnioat alune,
for frreilom of >)ieecli in religioua luattera. The; appreciated fully
the reaulta of the rojral policy,
t llaltam, i. 1»7.
MAumsn Bi-iiNin at tiii wtAMu-mt 4(t
I apprchen<le<l in a |>nvato huuxo in l^ondon, whore
tliey hull aH8cml>lc<l for worship. Triml bcfurt> tho Kiiih-
-op«' Court forherpxy, in holding bhiiphomoua opinions »•
to tho niUuro of ChriHt's iHNly— U'liuving that he hmiight
it with him from hi-aven— four recanted, but olovi-n of»
tho number were convictwl and ichtcnced t<i Ik- biinipd.
One of tlioae, a woman, gavo way ami was imnloniHl,
and ninp of the otiiuni hwl thi>ir wnlcncca commutiid to
perpetual Iwniifhniont. The elovonth, with ono of the
tir«t foul- who had rcln|wc«l, wuh rexorvcHl for tho itake.
({reat efforts wcn» nuido to huvo their jivca, cviTy one
admitting their inoffcn«ivcn(>tui. TI>o Dutch congrega-
tion interceded for them, ami Foxe, tlie martyrojogigt,
potitiomnl tlie queen in their lielinlf. Kut Elizalx-th had
for tho time nindx frientla witl> Sjmin, and was lN>nt on
showing that she had no symjinthy with heresy. An ex-
ample was neodMl to gho\v her sincerity, and she proved
inexorable. On tho 2'2d of July, l&TS, the two unhappy
foreigners, .who had sought England as un asylum from
]x>r8ecution, and whoso only impute«l crime was an error
of theological belief, were publicly burned alive, min-
gling their ashes with those of tho many other- martyri
who have made the soil of Smithtield sacred ground.*
In the year which witnessed this trage<ly, Park^ip, the
persocuting Archbishop of Canterbury, diet], and was
succecdc<l by (Srindal, i^ man of a very different ty|)e.
He was not unfriendly to the Puritans, and was an ear-
nest believer in the mlucation of the clergy, and in sup-
plying tho pulpits with men capable of preaching. Rut °
his actual rule was very brief. The qucch strenuously
objected to his encoU'rogoment of prophesying, as well aa
to the number of preaching ministers whom he licensed,
. . • N«»l, p. IM ; Fronde, il. 4S.
-I-'. '■'■:■ : , • ■ ■
"?^V:
4T0 Till pi'RiTAii iH nouAHD, mnUim, AXii AMiiurA
and, u|N)n liis rrfuiing to givo way, NuipendHl him frum
office, tlu! lUiiwMion iMlin^ until ghortly twfom fiii
(li-iitli, in IMH* Owin^ |i»rtly to liia influence. |)nrtly
to the fuct that moat of tlu* ohl non-conforming clergy
hnti l)cen lilencoti, and |M>rluit>iiitill uiorx to'feiira incite*!
I>y the •IcsuitH, who HlM>ut tliia tinu; U'gan their active
ciini|Hiigii in KngUnd, tlio I'uritunH seem to have l>een
Imt littl«;'diaturlicd for acvcnil ycani, although, in \M\,
aonie itcta were |ium<<<I by i'urliuinent which, ainicd pri-
marily ut the (^atliolica, lH>re heavily upon the non-eon-
fonniata iii later daya-f
Hut u|K>n the death of (irintlal a prelate took hia place
who waa well <|ualitiod to carry unt all the wialics of the
ijueen. Thia waa John Whitgift, a inan who did more
to develop theaggrexaive I'uritaniani of later yearn, with
'ita outgrowth of indc|)endent w-cta, than any other per-
Mon except Elizalietli heraelf. Whitgift had l)ecn Maater
of Trinity College when C'artwright waa ita I'mfcaaor of
Divinity. lie waa ignorant, probably not even know-
ing Greek 4 ^vaa oa nnrrow-minded aa ho waa ignorant,
but full of zoal for the eatabliahmont. lie had been
chiefly instrumental in driving C'artwright from Cam-
bridge, and hiul l)een Huliae<|ucntly diatinguiahcil for
aome violent {Mmphleta againat the Puritana. At a re-
.ward for thcae aervicea ho waa made Biaho)) of AVoroea-
ter. Now, Elizabeth had dctormine<t that, while "ahe
woujd anpprcaa the jiapiatical religion ao that it ahould
• HalUm'i " Conit. IlUt," i. Ml. In the npinuin of Elitalictli, two
or three preachcra in a count; were enough.
t On; of these act* impatcU a line of twenty poundii per month fur
not attendinit the Katablithed Church. Another made it felon},
puniihable with death, to lilwl the queen.
: Ualtem'i "CoDiL UUt," I. 803.
■' :^'iS y^'^-^^'^^iS'v^'? '
AMrnBtsnop wiiiruirr m hoot ovt prmTAiiiiiM 471
not i^row, ihi> noiilil itiot out I'uritunimn nn<l tliu favor-
en thereof."* For the latter pur)x>*in nho'coiilil liave
choHon no l)Ptt4-r iniitnimcnt thun her '■|itth> hhick par-
■on," iw Hhe uneil to cull hinLf Ah for the ('iitholic*,
they were «o plenNetl with hia work thiit Throf^iiiorton.
who wan exwuted for coniipirHcy in the followinf; yenr,
c»Ue«l him " the meetcst hixliop in the retiltii ;" nnil.
•bout the name time, Mary Htuart exiiltinKly exclitinie^l :
"Nothing it Inrkinj^, hut, only the netting up of the
man Again." t
Whitgift began hia offl* '^\ duties with great vigor. He
waa appoiote<l archbighop in September, l5H:t; in Octo-
ber ho ig!iuc4l onlers for tlio enforcement of rcligioug dis-
cipline throughout the realm. Otie of .these orders ]iro-
hibite<l all preaching, rending, or catiH'hising in private
houses, whcnito any not of the same family hIiuII n^trt,
"seeing the same was never |iermitte(l as lawful under
any Christian magistrate." As all public gatherings had
been aupprosaetl before, it was now intende<l to prevent
the assembling of neighliqrs to read the Bible or for any
religious services. This order, however, was aimcti only
at private individuals; the others which accompanieil it
were directed at the clergy. They were all to sulNtf-ril)e
■ declaration, in writing, tlin' the liook of (\mimon
* Strrpe't "Wliitgift, Annsli," ir. tii. We uliill ice in latrr
cliA|iteri ■omrtliin)! n( tliv <lnn(;rra whicli at this l^rticnlar tiin«
tlln>«tei)C(l EnKloixl front abroud. Tlic; •cnrpi) to an»iic the cour-
ngo of the natinti nt \n'gv, hut ■ceiii lo have liimcil thu Ihoiighta of
Ehutbeth mnro than ever to the idea (if recuiicilittioii with Ronic.
Ttie auppreuion of the Puritana w'M a nviewUTj step iq tliia direr-
lion.
t Fronde, X. 110. 117; Ilallam, i. aoa.
{ Roliert Beat, Clerk of tlie Council, to Whitgift, Uny 7th, 1S84;
Sirjpe'a " Whltgil^," App. book ill. No. 6.
in tna f<bidt«M in uotUNn, niKiUNA amd AMmioA
Prayer oontninetl notliinf; contrary to tho Wi*nl of Odd,
iknd a proiniie that tlioy would uio Um Fonu of I'rayer
and no other; alio an approval of tho Thirty-ninu Arti-
cles, net out by the (|u<^-n'ii authority in lfi«l2, and a
dcclanttiou that all suvli articles were Rf^rceublu to the
Word of (iod. In addition, it was providnl that no one
ihoald exorcise ocrlesiastical functions unless lie had.
Iieen admittc<l to holy orders according to the manner
of the ("hurch of England.*
It would have l)o«n difllctdt even for Whitgift, in his
ignorance of law, to have framed a document mon< full
of illegal exactions than was this. The statutcM of the
«ealm re(|uired the use of the llook of Common Prayer,
hut did not require any such declaration i>r promiiie os it
demando«l. Neither did they rcc|uire such an aorejitance
of the Thirty-nine Articles. When a hill for the latter
pur]M)ao was brought into Parliament, it wuk nnien(lo«l so
as to pi^vidd simply for a subscription to "all the Ar
tides of Iteligion which only concern the confession of
the tme Christian faith and the <loctrine of the Sacra-
ments." t As for ordination according to the "manner
of the Church of England," the verj' statute which re-
(juired A qualifled subscription tg the Articles admittct},
by implication, the validity of other onlination. Ilan-
dreds of okl priests were still in their livings who had
never been roonlnine<l, and many Protestants were
preaching who had been ordained only in Scotland or
upon the Continent4
• Strype'i " Wlillgift," pp. 114, 117.
tlSEIii. cip. lii. KC. 1.
t Tho wonli of th« atittoto are: "Tliat ererf pennn, undrr Ibe de-
gree of biihop, who (loth or nhsll pretend to be » print or ininiiter
of Ood'i bol; Word and Sacmnenli, by reaaoq of any other funn of
HAMTino ma pvmTAm 4Tt
The primatn did not inti'iid by thmo onleT* t" tronble
tlio <;nt hill ion: tlioy could Iw roucliMl wlion necJ'winry by
special ntulule*. Ho waH lirnt on rcMitin^ out tli« l'uri>
tanii, i>ii|)cciHlly tluMO who hml Ixvn onliiimil ahrood.
Ifinistcni lUNiiected of non-conforiAiiif; tvndcncicii werp
bmuffht U'foiv liiin and the other hiHliopti by the iic)>n>.
They qfTeriHl to suliMcritie tr> the Articlitt and to the
I*rnyer - Iwok, lu far an thu law m|uin-<l Hulji>cn|iliun.
They iIiowimI that the I'rayerbook then in uho coiitrinoti
additions not ratifled by Parliament ; that its novel Htate-
ment that "children lieing Iwptizod have all tliinKS nee.
ewary to their salvation, ami U* undoubtoilly savrd," wan,
in their opinion, contrary to the >^onl of (i(Nl, and them,
fore they refuse«l to suy the contrary. Itut Whitgift
cared as little for the law as his royal iniNtr*>itM. In most
cases ho wouhl take nothing but an unconditional suit,
mission. This was refused by many, and hundreds of
parishes wens left without a preacher.*
But oven this was not suHtcient for the queen and
her archbishop. The Act of Hupremacy, |iaHe<l in 1550,
initilation, ronirerallon, or nnlrring than t)ic form »rl rnrth li;
Purllkmcnl," rtc, "•hall . . . rabKribe to all the Artlclraor KeliKioa
which only cnncrm th« true Cbriilian faith anil llir iliictriiir of the
Bacranient*, . . . upon pain of being ifm/atio depriv nl, anil hit mle-
aiaatical pmmotiona Tuid an if he were natumlly <leail." — IS Elii.
cap. lii. ICC. 1. Hee the whole uibjrct uf.the illegality of these o^
tier* ably (]i>ruMi'<l in "The Puritani and Qiie<'n Eliiaticth,'' by Ham-
ad IIopliinii,orMaiiaachoielli,Tol. ii. chapa.xiii. and xir. The form
of Ihia Imok liiu, |icrhapa, oliacnred ita real value aa the work of ■
painatakinK, contcientiqua icbolar.
• Acconliog to Neal, rliap. tII., in aix eountira alone -Norfolk,
Baffolk, Suiaex, G«ex, Kent, and Lincolnahite— two hiindml and
thirty-three minltten were tua|>endrd, ofwhoih ttmn mm allowed
time for racooMeiatioii, but fiirty-Dlus wen absolutely deprifed at
.... ' '. * " * '' ■ • ■
474 THK PrWTAM IN HOLUHKl MnLAHgl AND AHMMA
which vmUmI all cccloaiiutieal Juriwilclion in thn crown,
,ein|M>w(!nMl tho quceii to cxtx-uU' it \>y coniiiiiaitioni'ni,
in Huoh inunncr und for ituoh tiimi iih hHu ihoiild diivct.
t'ntier thin lu't MU'oral comniiiHiionii hud Ikhjii i^reattnl,
iiittinK for hniit4Mi iMiriuihi, but with conKUintly iiU)(-
muntixl niithority. Now, howuvor, at the itU);K*'ition
of Whilgifl, a iwmwnent cummiiwion waa intuliliahiHl
which^ndur tho naine of the' High Coinmiwioii Court,
(■ontiinPl it* obnoxiouH jifn until liacked down by tho
b>ng I'arhHnit'nt. Thia court waM cn-tit<>d on tho IKh
uf DoccHibcr, 1581). It consisted of forty-four i-oniniiit-
Hionenii twelve of whom were bialio|M, fume privy-«ouh>
ciHorB, and the rmt iwrtly clorf^ynivn and |)artly civil-
ian*. To any three, one Iteing ii biahop, power was
tfiwn to puniah all persona ultai-ntin^ thfinarlvea from
chun^li in violation of tho alututea; to visit and rttfonn
heroaios and achianu according to latv ; to iloprive all
l)on(<Hce<l |n-niona holding any doctrines contrary to the
Thirty-nine Article)* ; to puniah irtceat, adulterioa, and
all olTeneea of tho kind ; fo examine all au8|KH'te<l |M>r-
auna on their oaths; and to puniah all who should re-
^ fuse to ap|N-ar linforo them, or to obey thnr onlent, by
apiritual censure, or by diacrotionary fine or imprison-
ment.• '
In nothing did this Commission fall iH'hind Alva's
famous Council of Klood, created fifteen years lieforc,
e.<cept in the |Hiwer of punishing by death ; and in the
condition of the English prisons of that day even this
jHiwor was indirectly granted, for the jail-fever was as
fatal as the axe of the executioner.' (If its origin, the
unimposaioned Uallam says, "the primary model ww
the Inquisition itself." t
• HalUm, I. *04.
TBI BMOLNiR ingtrmmoN *hd rr« nmuvn ^ 4TV
Furnbhcil with lucli nn cnKino, Whitgift WM not
■low in putting it t<i um>. In vii'w of tlm pntvinion
which allowed tho uxamintttion of Huii|MK-to«l |)orwin«
under their own oatha, he j>riMHH<(li><l to frame » act of
twenty-four interronpttorira, to Im miininisterotl to all
pergoni Ruppoaod tu lie inclinml to non-cunfonnity. In
May, lfts4,ttll wa* ready, ami the trilnmal befjan iti Kit-
lioni. Tlie RUHpected clerffym<'n, iiioatly younfi; men, ua
Whitgift Mii<l, were auinnioned before the court. They
trere not aiiown the int<>rrogatoriea, nor adviaeil uf wluit
charge waa made againat them. Firat, they were »worn
to tell the truth; then the queationing b^n, the at-
tempt being made to diacover whether they ha<l over
omitted tho ring in marriage, tho croaa in Iwptiam, tho
wearing of tho auqilice, or any of the prayeni of the
Church; whether they doubted any of ita artirhf ; ami,
ttnally, the victim waa interrogatetl aa to hia future
Intentiona.*
Reporta of what waa going on came to the ear* of
lionl Hurghley in July. lie then aent for the inter-
rogatoriea, and read them for tho firat lime. IIo waa
far from Iwing a Puritan himaelf-^in fact, he had liecn
very friendly to tho archbiahop— but now ho could not
reatrain hia indignation. Throwing aside hia cuato-
mary diplomatic caution^ ho aat down niid in nn ear-
neat letter told Whitgift very plainly what ho thought
of hia proceedinga-t But little did Whitgift care for
^ 8trj|ie't"Whif({lft,- Appendix.
t " Your twenty-four article*," he h!i1, " I flnil k corioiitly |>enneil,
•o full of bnnclin and clrcnmttanre*, a* I think the In(|uiiiilor« of
Spain IIM not ao many quettiona to comprchrni) and to tnip their
prrya. ... I deaire the peace of the Chnrcli. I dcaire cuncuni and
unity in the exerciac of our religion. I faror no aeniual and wilful
reeuaanta. Bui I conclude thai, according to my tinipio Judgment,
4
4H TH« HmtTAN iH aoLLAHD, nauNn add *Hnir«
I)urgh|py, «>r oven for tho whole council, which nroon-
•tratnii a^intt hin action. He h«il hia comnii«iion and
bcliinil him siooil tho quM<n. IMiinil l>er iittMMt thn acta
of I'nrlianient which without Inir conaont could not be
repeat^i.
Huw the work multcsi is ihown in a petition which
came up to the council from tho oounty of EMex. ()nr
niinUtf ra having Ix^n takon away, It iiaiil, " w« have
none left hut Hurh n* wit can prove unlit for thn office.
Tlicy uni uUof{i-lhi>r ifpKirant, having been cither iMipiiih
prieiti, or NhiftlciM men thrust in upon tlie minixtry
when they knew not how eloe to liTe-^oerving-men anil
the boiett of all lorta ; ami, what it most lamentable,
oa they arc men of no gift*, lo they are of no oomiiion
honcaty, but riotcrt, dicera, drunkania, and auch like,
of oflfenaivo Uvea."* Incited by this |>etition, the coun-
cil made an examination for itself, and, on tho 2()th of
September, 15H4, sent to his Oraco of Canterbury and
' to the liord Bishop of I/tndon a lott«r signiMl by Hurgb.
ley, Howard, ShnnvHlmry, Cnifta, Warwick, llatton,
I/eicoster, ami Walsinghuui. Tliii was no Puritan doo-
umcnt, but an official statement, made by Protestants
«nd Catholics conjointly, of the condition in which tlu>y
found the Church, not in Essex alone, but throughout
the kingilom. As to this |iarticutar county, there was
enclosed a list of reamoti and zealous ministers deprived
and Hus|)cnde<l, and another list "of persons having
cares, being far anmeot for any oAon in tlie Church."
thit kinil of procnrding \* too mucfi uTnring of tlic Itnmhli. Inqiii-
lilion; mil it nther % device to task for eSrnilera ttaan In reform
any. TliU ii not the cimriuble imtniction that I thought «w in-
tmded."— Jul; |tt, ISM, 8tr;|M'i - Whit||ift/ App, bosk iU. No. t.
•Neal. • . ■
ATUin, MMMIP or UmDOM. AMD MM W0«« 41T
" AgaTiMt all tb«ie MirU of Icwtl, evil, unpruliUlilc, aiui
corrupt moinlwra, wn lirar of no in<|uiiiti«ni, nor any
kiml of pronmlinif to tha mfonualion <)f iIk-mu horrililu
ofTonm in lli« Cliiircli; but Vft of ^rvtl (iiliKvnirt', jroa,
•n«l oxtn*niily, unul against thoau that are known dili-
gent prttachcn. . . . We do li(«r daily uf the like in
gennrality in inany other plactt." *
In Ayliner, Hiahop of bmdon, within nhomj dioceie
was the county of Kmcx, the an-liliiithop hud n worthy
coadjutor. He wai one of the pr(>latM whoae offlfiul dia-
lioneaty retlerted thogreatntdiM:n>dit upon thot^hurt-li.t
But, whatever hia (aulta aa a man, no one could quea-
tion hia zool against the non conformistii. In ISHi, he
•us|iondud thirty -right clergy nicii in Eshux nionc- men
earnost in Christian work and of unblemiHh««| life— for
Refusing to wear the surplice. As he was iilment from
tbe city -when the council's communication was re-
oeivMl, the urchbishop replied that be could mjt make
full answer to it; that he hoped the information to be
in most parts unjust; that if the ministers were as re-
ported, they were worthy of grievous punishnient, and
that he would not be alack therein ; but he added— in-
taoocntly revealing the character of his Commission— that
none, or few, had been prosentcnl for any such misde-
meanors. X
Nuttiing upon the record shows that anything waa
• Btr^pe'i " WliUgin," pp. IM, 187.
t " The Tiolenca of Ajrlmer'i temper wh not iriloenwd by ronnj
virtue* ; It ii iropowlbis to exonerate If ie cbamrter (W>in the impu-
tstioni of coTetounrM, wtd of pluiulering the nsTvniiee of hia eee—
fluilts Tcry preTslent smoog the bbliop* of that period."— tUllua,
{ 8(r]rp«> " WWtglft," pp. 1«7, lM.y
4n TBI rvwnkn n uotiJiiin, Btauao^ «i)d aiimiio*
«loni> nft«r thn return of Aylnn«r;* but the iirtion nf tliU
prvluto in tint Rurc4>nlin)( v<*Hr tolU what li« Ihou^ht
of wu'h r<mi|>lnint« h« (tioso which oanie up from tlip
factiuua I'unun* of lii« <li<M!«iii>.
TlionuM ('an*w, » miniatvr of llatflclil. in Iho county
nf Kaxpx, Imil «nf((>rf<4l thn hixliup by informing liiiu that
in hi* omiity, " within tho c<mi|)«Ha of lixtH'M iiiil<*i,
wero twrnty.two nun-rraithmt ininiiitt>r«, ami thirty who
wuro in«iilHci<>nt fur their olfli-e anil of «can<liiloui livra,
while nt tho luinin tinin thi>r(9 worn ninotoon who wen*
iiijoncfitl for refusing auliwription." In lAHA, hn waa
liaulml up Utforo tho High C'onimiMion. A cliTj^ynmn
who Would tbua criticiiw tho M'tion <if hia au|><-rioni inunt
nutunilly iN'lung to tho ■iiiiiwtfMt pnrty, an<l for auch
men tho fumoua intornigiit4irira hail Immmi prfiNiretl by
Whitgift. lieing offvml tho oath prcliminnry to hia
esamination.lie, as many ollifira <IhI lieforo and after
hint, rt'fuiuNi to tako it, un tho grr>unil that under tho
law of Knglund from tho time' of Magna Clmrta no
man could Iw com|>ellcd to criminate hintM>lf. For thia
contempt ho waa cotn^nitteil to (triaon witlxnit liail,
and the biiihop arnt down another miniater to tako his
place.
The patron of the living obJ4>ctc<l Ui thia intorferenca :
with hJM Icgid rights, aiul d(*<-lino<l to recognixe the new
incumbent, lie, too, won wnt to priaon, and the biiihop
remained mantcr of tho field. Very arMin, however, Mr.
C'arow'a aucceiwir was detectetl in wlultery, nnd the
liariahioncra presented a re4|UeMt for hi* removal nnd .
the reinstatement of their fonner clergyman. Aylmer
replied that " for all the livings lie ha<l lie would nut
• Hnpkini, ii. 4a*.
MUdimv mMM» Mona mrowMHT rH«N iioii«t.rnr 4Tt
(iKftrlre a ixmr man of liia living for the fact of adul-
tery."'
Tliii incident, occurring in the contra of Rnglinh civili-
lation, fiirniNliMi a luggentivc illiiatration of tli<* conflict
wliich wiia going on within tho Kngliiih Church. On
the uno lido iit<i<Ml u |mmi|i|o anking for rcligiou* t4>m'h-
ing; on ttio other, a hionrchy diacouniging nil hucIi
t4>aching, anil telling tho nation that even nionility tvua
.of no ini|iortum'(t when coniiwrisl with fonuH iiml i-cre-
monicH. The I'uritanii, an )lfV<<lo|)<<<l in later claVK, have
been often reviloti ami ridicukil for attempting to timl a
rule of life in ^vhat they reganled aa tho law of (UmI laid
down in the Old Tcotament. Few penwmii t(>-<luy will
hold them blameworthy for I)i'l1(<ving that olMHlienee to
the i>«H;ah>gue una of more vital im|N)rtunce than the
wearing of a aurplicu or tho uao of the chmh in haptiHUt.
Here, for the pruaent, we may leave thl» cIumi of non-
oonformiata. Wo have iieen a little of the mode in which
Elizabeth and her prelate* dealt with these men, who
titen alone Went liy the name of I'uritanH — men who
had no thought of leaving the Katabli«h<tl Church, but
who for nearly thirty ycnra had lieen xtruggling for
tome liliorty of worship under the protection of the law.
Time and again they had appealed to Parliament for
redrew, and time and again bold membcm lia<l utood up
in tho House of ('ommona to plead their cauM*, only to
be lent to tho Tower for calling in (pu>8tion the apirit-
ual aupramacy of tho crown. Still, the repressive meaa-
urea of the government were comiMratively niihl until
Wbitgift came upon tho scene. IIii toltl liurghley, in
1584, that " not severity, but lenity, hath bred thia
• Brooli't "LivM of tin Pnrhuu," U. IM, citing M88. li(gi«l*r,
pp. WS, 6M : Ilopliia*, m. M.
4W TUB nmrtkn iw wMJukHii, imouiio, and jimi«io*
•ohjim in thr Church,"* ami ho oridonth- exp(^cti«i th*t
A difPerent |M)licy Wi>ulil html thn brMtch. I'i>rha|M lie
WM right; prhap*, lou, if h« IumI iMM'n <lculinf< only
with Kngllthnicn, iimliiturbfNl by any funjign inl1ut>noe,
hi* |H>lli'y of n'pn-wion by lino ami iiiipriionniorit, which-
wu cnrrimi on HVitiMnatically throuf(hout tli« kingdom,
might have {inivitl (•fTortual, and KnglumI might have
been purgitl of Purilaniiini.
Uut for M)mo yi-um Kngland luul not lioen Inft to her-
■elf to work out lu>r probluma nionc, aa in |>nN.-<Hling
oonturira. W« hnvo masn lii>\v tho Culholit'a rntin tho
('ontlnent wcro alTtvting one ^tart of ili<> community,
inculcating a ii|iirit of rcaintanct) to authority little
known bi'furu among tho middle claaaca. On the I'nit-
uatant title thcrw waa aliio a direct fon-ign inttuonco at
work, tvhich waa oven mora |)oworful, ultli^iUgh little
noticoti by hiatorian*. In tho next cha])tur wo bhall ice
aomctliing of iti« chahictcr ; and, later on. aomothing of
ita reaulta in tliu <lfvolopment of u nuw claas of reform-
on very <liffercDt from the early I'uritant.
•B»ryp«'« '• Wbltgm," p. 171
,(' - 1
V
V
CIlArTKB X
-KNOLIHII PrRITAXmil
iMrLrnNOK rRoM thk nktiikklamiw, laat-tMi
Tiii'H fur, in considering tlio fnrt- ign influcnro* which
sffoctiMl thu Puritaninhi of KhkIhikI during tlio <*urly
dayn «f Kllmliuth, wo have contimil our viow niuinly to
tho thcoloKJeul Btreaui which flowtni dirrctly from tliu
groat fountain -hea«l of ('alviniRiii at (Joncra. Thi*
•troitm colored all tho tlioology of tho island, and to.
every writer who hai treated of thin |)erio<l has lNH>n
coni|)ell<<d to rocognizo its presence. Hut cn>i>«U nro
only lifeleu words. The inotaphysical doctrines which
tho Marian cxilc>s brougli.t Uick from Switzerland, un-
like discoveries in science or tho arts, wcro in thenisclvi's
of little value. Posterity owes to these men a great
debt of .gratitude for their devotion to what they eon-
■idered truth. Many of them, in addition to thuir theo-
logical teachings, did a nohio work in trying to reform
tho inonilg of their native land. Jlut, unless outxide in-
fluences hud reinforced thotr efforts, tho laiK>r8 of theso
eariy reformers woukl have passe<l away, and h>ft Imt a
faint impression. Certain it is, that tho wave of I'mtes-
tantisin which came into Knglafld with tho aceeHsion of
Elizabeth affords no adoijuate ex]>lunation of tin; courKu
of sutMO(|uent ovonts, which were even more reuiurkuble
in tho State than in the (.''hurch.
Nothing in the development of English Puritanism is
in Till rCIUTAM IN noLLAND, nOLAND, AND AMIUCA
mora *uj^<«tive timn tlio change whirli cniiiu ovur iti
chunu:ter in tho ipiut' of a ronijiurutivcly few yunnt. In
iiit cnrly diiy* it tMvell iiinonf; tlu' loarntsl, an<l to u con-
nitlonil)!)* extent among tlio |M>werful ami wculthy ; in
tlu) next cuntury, it had KhirtiNi it* iiImmIu uiiiiOHt «.>ntin>ly
to tlio cltvollingH of thu niiddlu cIomivh und tli(< |HKir. In
tliiM |Nirticular, tlio movement wiui vomunlmt |Ni'uliar.
Kiirly Cliriitianity bt'giin at tlio bottom nndworkirtl tip.
wimU, HO liuvo mmit religion* ntvivulH ainco tliut iinie.*^
Sucli liUH liccn tlui growth of tho (jiiakoi-H, tlio liaiiliiits,
and tlio more modern MiHluMliHts. Hut ruritanimu in
Knji^and hogiin at thu top and worked duwnwarili*. For
years nftur Eli/ulN;th luicejided tho throne, houio of ||iu
most proluinent Rtutcmnen, many of the uiott leumed
bi8ho|>K, and almost nil of tho most <liiitii|gui8hv<l divines,
were lloformcrs or I'liritans, who, even if tlioy outwanl-
ly conformnd, yrt ndvot-atiHl changes in the discipline
and ceremonial of the t'Htublishmcnt, Tliexe im'n, and
others liku them, laid down the doctrines of the Angli-
can Chnrch on lines so strictly ('alviniHlic thiit John
Knox, or oven Calvin himself, couhl have found little in t
theni of which to disapprove.
liut in a few years a]| this was changinl. During the
reign of EIizalK>th's immediato successor tho ohl Calvin-
istic theology fell into disfavor; under (.'linrlM I. it was
entirely repudiatc<l hy tho ambitious divines of the
Church who sought high preferniont.'l' Meantime, the
men who wished to reform tho discipline or scrvico of
tho Church were no longer found among the magnates
* I do not now >pr«k of lli« M>.e*Ue'l rellgioiii murrmrnt*, which
won Killjr politivnl, u was much of tho Protntautiuo in Fnuiea
«nil the Ltithcraniani of acmmnjr.
t MaciuU;, I. 74 ; Buckle, Amer. ei., 1804, i. 811.
DKCUKI OP rCRITAMIHM AHO!«a nU f PPKR CLASIES 481
of tluj land. I'rclnto vietl with courtier in proclaiming
tlio tloctrino thiit K|)isco|)ncy was nnlninod of (»(k1. nml'
that thownly fault in itsservirn was toogreatasimplicit}'. .
The theology of Ciilvin hud worke<l downwards, and so
had tiiu demand for a simpler fonn of worship. To lio
sure, there were still non-conforming ministers of ctlnoa-
tion, scholars, hred nt the universities, with all the learn-
ing and culture of the time, hut the nuijorit}' of the Puri-
tans were taken from a different class. The men who
dethrone«l their king, and who, imder tiie ("oinmon-'
Wealth, made the name of England res|x>cte<l wherever ,
a European tongue was spoken, sprang from the loins
of the common people. I,ook over the list of the famous
soldiers,. sjiilorg, ami civilians of that time, and ^vc find
not men of lofty lineage, hut, for the grtriiter part, small
landed proj)riet'ors," brewers, hakers, tailors, merchants,
even cobblers, tinkers, draymen, and ImxIv ,Rorvants. *
The Koundhciul, whose ap|)earanco and language are
familiar to every reader, wijs a very different character,
externally reganle<l, from the courtly and scholarly Ke-
formers of the early days of Elizabeth. The latter «■[>-
resent Engljsh Puritanism of the thhxl quarter of the
, sixteenth century; the fonner show what it hail become
in the second quarter of the seventeenth. The causes <if
this change seem worthy of more considclration than
they have generally received.
How Puritanism almost died out among the wealthy
and the loame<l of Enghwd can be rewlily understood.
As wo have seen, the exiles wl|o returne<l from the Ciln-^
tinent upon the accession of Elizabeth represented most
of the learning of the realm. They were numerous
* See Dackir, i. 474, for an extended arcnunt of the origin and
punniU of the men prominent in tlic Comnionncaltli.
484 TUB PCTUTA!! IN II0LLAMD, KMOUUID, AMD AMIOICA '
enough— some eight liundrcil having fled from the per-
secutions of JIary — to have pnxluceil, under fuvurablo
conditions, a marked cfTcct. Almost to a man they de-
siretl a refonuation of the Churcli, fur lieyond the |i»int
to wliich it hud been carried under Henry or his son Kd-
ward. t'urhunicnt favonnl them, fur the nation hud still
ringing in its ears the agoni/.ing cries of the martyrs us
the flames blazed up at Smithlield. Ilud the i|ueen l)ecn
nlso their ally, and had she fliled the pulpits with men
of the same stam|), England would have been made Prot-
estant In fact as well as in name, the abuses of the crown
woidd have been gnuluully corrected, and with general
education, as in Scotland and Holland, the |)eople would
have l)een elevated to a higher plane. -There mjght in
the process have IxMin dj^rder, as men then and ever
since have affected to Iwlievc, but ]io8ti)onemcnt only
trtmght on the tempest, which, in the next century,
swept the land, because a reformation, culminating in -
the divine right of kings nnd the celestial origin of tlie-
Established Church, wiis in truth little more than a mon.
slrous sham.
But Elizabeth, advised by Spain a^ hacked by her
Catholic favorites, was strong enough to prevent any
oj)cn change. Still, there was u silent rt^volution to be
dreaded, one which might come alMiut if the i)eople were
instructed in religious questions. To prevent this nlso
her measures seemed well directetl. The men who were
intellectually inclined to schemes of Church reforms, but
who hati no intensity of conviction, were eitsily di8]>osed
of. Some of them were placet in bishoprics, others in
lucrative livings. Thoy soon discovered that if they
were to hold on to the good things of this life they must
obey the wishes of the queen. The lesson was learned,
' and the zeal of many was abateil forever. liather than
'.;iJ..;;r
ncmn;n or KLMAMTirs pnuecmox 48S
surrcndci* their comfortnlilo guiT(>tin(Jin>^, tlioy wore con-
tent to swim with tlie current, imd h-t tlie Ketonnntion
tnko euro of itself. The new men coming into the niin-
iBtry saw timt tlie pntli to preferment hiv, not through
scholarship, eloquence, or piety, but through the pmelico
of the courtier's arts. , They, too. lenrne<l their les<w>n,
and the second generation was little vex«l hy reftiniieni
in the high places of the f'hurch.* •
' But there was another class, much more difficult to
deal with— men who couhl neither be brilied nor Uut-
terwl into silence. It is ea-ny enough tcwlay, when forms
and ceremonies have hmt much of their power, to siM-uk
of them as narrow-minde«l, l)ecause they would not wear
the old priestly robes, nor Use rites which kept alive the
recollections of the ancient Church. They were wiser
than their mwiem critics and understood their age.
They sought a separation from the impacy as complete
as that which the Israelites effecte*!, when they plactnl a
sea and a wilderness Iwtween themselves and the Kgvjv
tians. Elizabeth also took in the situation as well. Sho
was determined that there should bo no such ge]iaration.
The ships of her reforms were t<H> valuable to lie burned;
they might bo useful for a return voyage to Home. The
zealots who ficrsisted in thwarting her ]ilans cpuld be
dealt with in only one manner. They must lie sup-
pressed at any cost.
Mary hud atteniptc<l to crush out heresy by force, but
Bach a general persecution as sho hail carried on, even if
possible, would have dcfeate<l its object. Elizabeth com-
mitted no such blunder. The stake and the axe make
* The rcforaiB propovd st the accewioii of Jtnies I., hy about one
ninth of the clerf^, wue oppoied b; the whole bench uf biihopt ud
Iwtb this onlTeraitica, " ' i
:;^fA7:^-^j7,»f«A'«Hf
' 4M TBI rCRITAll in BOLUkjtO, INOUHD, AMD AMIRIC*
picturcg(]Uo 8uff(>rcr8. It i» the bluoil of tliu nmrty rs that
in all agi>!i hua boon the HOfU of n Church. A cunonizttt
saint u|ii)eiilH tu thi; |M)|HiLtr imagination. His ashes re-
quire neither fowl nor niimont ; they nsk for notliing
but a littlo earth, synipithy, i)ity, tears, rcniemlimncv.
])ut a living nuirtyr, inado to suffer for his opinions, oc;
cupies a very (litTercnt iHwition. He requires a continual,
substantial 8up|H>rt, and, however fervent may l)e tbo first
feelings in his behalf, to carry on a work of charity for
years calls for something more than symimthy or pity;
it presupiHises in u |>cople a dej)th of rtligious conviction
littlo known among tho English mosses of the sixteenth
century.
AVhen, therefore, Elizalwth drove the reforming di-
vines from their livings, forbade tlieir fonnation of se]>a-
■ lato oongrcgations, and left them to wander about the
country as itinerant preachers and schoolmasters, while
she also, in tho main, frowned ui)on the men in civil life
who upheld their doctrin(>s, she adoptetl the most effect-
ive form of (wrsecutlon which coold l)e practisetl on her
people. It WHS pursued systematically and ])cn>i8tently
1 for many years. In time its results became very marked
in one direction. AVhen tho ^Marian exiles died off they
left few successors among the scholars of tho land. Wo
hear littlo more of deep learning among tho Puritans, or
of Puritanism among the upper classes. Kefonn was no
longer fashionable.
Itut although the |H>licy of Elizalicth expLiins how,
Puritanism died out among tho prelates of the Church,
and how it came Ut leave tlm habitations of the wise and
great, it does not explain how it Chmo to dwell among
tho lowly, and why it spreatl in spite of |)ersecution.
These are different and more important questions. The
teaching of a Calvinistic theology by the Genevan ex-
■. p'sv:,, v:'.T'- 7*»>;>^.
■AKLY ntviaRATioii raoM tiii iirrnnaAXiM 487 ,
ilea is not an oilcquato explanation, for the teachers were
too few in nunil)ef to liavo pr<Hliice<l tho acknowlwlgctl
retialt, an<l the ])(H)plo were in nn condition to bo affccied
by n^iigious dogmas. In tnitli, when wo consider the
funeral condition of tho |HX)j)ln, the wonder is that I'uri-
tanism, as a rohgious and |)<>litical force, was not entirely
criuhe<l out in England while Elizabeth was on the
throne. It hotl little lodgment among the masses.
They had, to lie sure, tho remcmbninco of the jjorsccution
under Mary, but that remonibninc(.' liccamo fainter ycai
by year. Very few of them could roml, and over}' at-
tempt was made to keep tlicin ignorant. I>.'ft to them-
solves, unaffr.<ctc<l by any influence from abroatl, exce|)t
that which wo have already noticed, it is probable that, j
even if they had not retume*! to Catholicism, wo Hhould
hear nothing of the movement which in tho next Century
gave birth to tho Commonwealth.
If now wo leave England and cross the Channel to the
Netherlands, we shall {wrhaps discover tho origin of the
leading foreign influence which kept alive the spirit of
English Puritanism, and which ultimately. 8hupe<l its
character.
As wo have seen in a former chapter, the Reformation
in the liow Countries began- at tlie Ijottom, among tho
artisans in the cities, and tho tillers of the soil in the
rural districts. Quito early there began to pour into
England a little stream of these enlightened and relig-
ious workmen. The regions to which they were always
-attracted were the low, swampy hinds on the eastern
coast, which reminded them of home. There they built
their dikes, dug out canals, and gave to a district in Ijn-
colnshiro tho name of Ilollaml. They swarmed into
Norfolk, and laid the foundations of tho weaving indus-
try, which made Norwicli the second city in the king-
488 Tn> POniTAN IN BOIXAMD, noLAIln, AND AMWUOA
' doiti. When Wyclif aroso, in tho fourtoonth poiitury, to
preach thp doptrinm of ii rcformml fuith, iio foiinil most
. of ilia adherents nnionfr tiu-se weavers. In fact, during
tho persecution of the Ix>lliinls moro persons sulTerod
death at the stake in Norfoll< tliun in all tho other coun-
ties of England put together.* In a few years after
WychTs death tho I^ollaixl preachers were suppri'sscd,
and their Sect di8ap|>eurtHl from pubUc view. liut in the
low districts on tho eastern coast, where tho ^'ethcriand-
crs had settled, the reforming spirit still sur\-ive<l. 80
late as 1531), lx)ngland, bishop of Lincoln, re[M)rtcd that
Lollardism was C8|)cciicny vigorous and .olistinate in his
diocese, where more than two hundred heretics were
once hronght before him in tho course of a single viS'
itation.f ^
" : When, a century and u half after tho death of Wy-
clif, Charles V. began his ])er8ccution of thu Protestants
in tho Netherlands, Avhich was intensified under his suc-
cessor, tho little stream of emigration from across the
Channel swelled into a mighty river. In 1500, it waa
estimated that England contained 10,000 refugccH from
Flanders, with ttieir ministers and preachers, and in 1503
' tho number hod increased to over 30,000.$ How many^
came over in the next few years cannot Ix) accurately
dotcrmine<1, hut Davies, uptm the best foreign authorities,
estimates that l>eforo the termination of Alva's rule over
one hundred thousand heads of families hud loft the
• RoKcr't " Story of Ilollund,'' p. 81.
t " The Beginnings of New England," John Fiiko, p. 63. Ho«t
of the Tictimi of Btoodjr Mary csnio alao from the manufacturing
diitricU of the South and Enst. Green, "Iliitory of tlie EogUah
People," Tol. ii. book tI. cliap. ii. ^
} Report* of the Spaniah Ambauador, Froadc, Tii. 2?Q, 413.
HirniRLAiiD Biroaus ra iNauiiD vmdir Avrnt tviM 4M
Netherlands, a majority of whom fonnd a homo in Eng-
land.* A ccnsuH taki-n by the lonl-niayor of London in
15US, the year after Alva's arrival in the Netherlands,
shows tliat of <'i704 foreigners then in the city and its vi-
cinity, 5225 wore from the Low Countries.f Eli/alieth
did not encourage their remaining in I/>ndon, when>, at a
later day, they tlocke<l in such numl>er!i as to attract the
notice of the S|mnigh amlNissadur, and do dig|)en(ed the
now-comet* through the country.^ In the first (juartcr
of the next century, Ix>ndon, in a population coin|mra-
tivoly small, numbering probably not l.')O.(NK) inhabitants,
contained not fewer than Kt.OOO foreigners.^ In 1571,
there wctoin Norwich alone, by actual count, 302."> Dutch
and AValloons.] In 1587, the number had risen to 4t>71*,
making a majority of the jHipulation.^ They located
by thousands in the Cinque Ports— that is, Dover, Sand-
wich, Hastings, Romncy, and Ilythe.** , In Samlwich
* DikTin't " IIoIIuk]," I. SO*. Oreen pula the number in England
•toTiT 50,000. " HUt. of the Eaglisli Pcoplo," vol. li. book Tl.cb«p. t.
t Btijpe'i " AoDali," vol. iv. Supplement, p. 1.
t Idem, il. 887.
{ Nicholai's " Pedigree of the English People," p. S38. Till* author
taya that the; were mortlj ilugucnoti, but at that time the great
French emigration had not taken place. The Wallnona IVum the
Metherlnnda vera oKen called Huguendta in England, aa in Canter- ^
burjr, for example, and this probabl; Cauaea the ennfuaion. W< nr«
told bjr tho Due dc Sully, the great Ji^nch miniater, that when he
riaited Canterbury, in 1608, he found that twi> thirda of the inhabit-
anta were Netherland refugeet. To thia circumatanee be altributo)
the anperior civilization and reSnement of manncra which lie no-
ticed In that city. " Worka," tomo iv. lib. xiv p. 817.
I BlomeBeld'a "Iliat. of County Norfolk," ia 283, Ml, quoted ia
Dcxter'a " Congregationsliam," p. 7».
T Bontherden Bum, p. S9.
•* Oreeu'i " Hiat. of the Engliah People," vol. ii. book vl. chsp. T.
i s'wf ,
■■'■«^!it.^?5^>pj?;^:w%.i;''3f>
490 TBI PI'UITA;* I.N HOLLAND, l!IOL.:<D, ^MD AMUUCA
there were 351 Ncthcrland families in 1582.* 86
late ns l(i45, nftojr Laud hud driven great numlten
awuy. there wore 700 communicants in the Dutch
Church at (.'olchester, DUO in Sandwich, and Dim) in tho
Walloon ( 'hurcii at C'antcrbury.t These are hut fcatter-
"ing statistics, guthrhid at a time when tho census was
unknown in Kn;L,'iand, but they arc su>;]^'e8tivo. The
exilt>s Were settlc<l nit thruugh tho suuthvni and eust-
crn counties, not only in tho towns, but in the rural dis-
triota^
These men were not theologians, like tho English
divines who alnnit tho sumo time returned fnHU their ex-
ile u|K)n tho Continent. Probably few, if ahy of them,
except their ministers, had been educated at a univer-
sity. They took no ixirt in public nfTairs,and their ad-
vent raise«l not tho slightest ripple u{x>n tho sea uf |M>li-
itics. In fact, but for its clTect upon tho material pros-
perity of the nation, it may lie doubtcil whethcT this in-
flux of foreign artisans would have l)<>on deemoil worthy
of the notice of historians. Tho efTect in this din-ction,
however, was very marked, for with tho arrival of these
Xotherhinders there o|)cns tho first chapter in tho in-
dustrial history of modern England.
In contrast" with tlip I'ilgrim Fathers, who in the
next century found the Struggle for existence so severe
in Leydcn, each uf these refugees was the nuistor of
■orae handicraft. Tho [woplo among whom tliey set-
• " Even in its pm«nt t\enj Siindwich irqutint and Flvmiab."
— Ooailb}'* " Englnnii of Rliakopearv," p. 3S.
t Southcrden Burn, p. 41.
( " Tlio prerniling nams of Walker i* diitinct evidence oft Urge
Flcmisli Kttlcincnt iii Lanculilre ud Yotkihire."— Qoidlijr'e " En|^
hnd,"p. 87.
immCCTORa OP KtOLAItO M MAM rALTlHR), BTC. 491
tle<l knew ulnuwl nutliin;; of iniinufiu'turc8, rxeopt the
weaving uf aoino nxiriie gnulvs or cloth, ami in iigricul-
lure thty wort? little iiiori' «(lvunc«l. These forfignere
fint rcveirlvil to them the |)<KMi hi lilies of the modmiiicul
arta. In London, they nmdo window gluss, pins nnd
needles, l>eaver hats, gloveti, and line furniture; in Col-
chester, Ixtize, nee<ll<>H, and iwrc'hment; in Iloniton, and
olsewliere in Ik'Vonshire, Fleminh luee; in Morlluke,
arras; in Fulhaui, tu|)P8try ; in Maidstone, linen thn-ad;
in Sheffield, steel and iron ; and in Sandwich, Leed.s, and
Norwich; liaixe, serges, flanni'ls, silks, and lH)mlKk/ines.*
Others again showetl the P^nglish fishermen the art of
curing herring, the English fanner how to cultivate his
land, how to niise vegetables for the talile, gnusHes and
roots fur the subsisteneo of his cuttle during winter.
Even their wives taught women how to starch their
clothing. -
Later on came another doss of emigrants, made up
of the merniants of the Netherlands, hy whom com-
meroe had for centuries lieen cultivated as a science.
After the fall of Antwerp and the banishment tjf hor
Protestant |iopulation, it was estimatetl that a third
of her traders were to bo seen on the London Ex-
•Oo«(ll>j*»"ED(jlainlof81i«kc»p<'iiiT,"|). 88. 8«utlicr<len niirn.pp.
«, l»a, 107, 202, 20.-S. 208, 233, etc. When Eli»l)ctli vUilcl Santl-
wicli, in 1.573, a liiimlrctl or more uf cliililrcn, Uulrli itiiil EnglUli,
■landing on a wsITdUI eivctci] on tbo wall of the kIiouIIioum) yani, ,
•hewed the manner of spinning fine jar'n, much to the (Ivlight of
her miviest; and the noliility and ladict. Bum, p. 207. Wlit-n ulie
Tinted Norvich, in 1578, there were among other showi and pag-
euta, the "artiun >lranKcrB' pageant," rvptvwnting acren limnu
weaving worated, rutaela, daruix (diaper linen), mackado, lace,
caSii, and fringes, witli rarioui other dcTices. Ulomcfield, cited
Bon, p. 6t. r
■ hSi-^J'i^'^r. P/^:.J(.:,?X'i '*'':'{f.;.":i'''f:' M"' vT' J^JTr'^
in Tni pmrTAn in uollaiid, kmound, and amirica ' ' , .
chnnKc.* Under tlip«i tcncliern th<: Knglish filowly loftrned
that u^rriculture, iiianufactiirei*, anil commerce am a Murer
nntl more enduring Houn-o-Mf wealth than wiM>l-raiMing
nmt piracy. It timk many yeara to learn this le«M)n,
• btit in the end the pu|)il proved worthy of the niaRter.
Those results of a Nf therlund influence ii|Mm Knglnml
are universally conce«le<l. They cannot U) (lcnit>(l, f<ir
the proof is too dinx;t ; they cannot !« overlooke<l, for •
the teachings of these foreigners lie at the foundation
of that material prr>sperjty in which her |tcople take
such pride. I)u#this influence extended far lieyond a
first lesson in tho industrial arts. The mere introduc-
tion of manufactures, commerce, and a system of scien-'
tifio agriculture would have avai)e«l little to tho na-
tion but for the awakening of the religious and moral
princiiJcs which accom|mnied their introduction.. It
was Protestant England that ultimately controlled the
ocean and the markets of the Worhl,colonize4l America, '
and ginlod tho earth wit4i an empire. These Nether-
landers helped to make her Protcstartt, and thus laid a .
lasting iHisis for her wealth; but at the same time they
did even a greater work than this, for in helping to
make her Protestant they also lielpc<l to make her froo.
How tho religious influence was exerted can bo. reail-
ily understotxl if wo only keep in mind the conditions
of the problem.
No people on earth have a higher order of virtues
than tho English middle classes. They have a courage
which never falters, an earnestness of puqwise which
brooks no obstacles, a love of justice and fair play, a
deTotion to homo and country, and an instinctive moral-
I — ■ ■■
* Green'* "Hiit. of the EngUth People," toI. iL book vi. chip. t.
TnilR RBUaiOl'S WORE IN BNQUND 403
ity and rcnl belief in a Iliglier Power which lire not »6
ooininon among tho Latin racon. Tlicsu are national .
traits of character ; they existed throe centurion ago—
pome of them, to be luno, in n rudimentary form — but
all onvelope<l in an intellectual and religious darkneas,
thn density of which, in view of the progn>8s niiule by
tho nation since that time, it is very difilcult for one
now to rcaliztv The massfs, however much they might
Wish for light, had almost no schools to which they
could sen<l their chiUlrcn, almost no preachers for their
own instruction in morality and religion. Among such
a peojJe, these Nothcrlundors settled down and nmilo
their homes. They came from a liiwl where etlucation
Was universal. Each man brought his Itible, which ho
oouhl read for himself and neiglilMirs. Knrnestness they
had, for they came not to l)etti'r their comlition, but
simply to find religious frewlom. They were not pau-
pers seeking alms, they were indo|)emlont ami K<>lf-8up-
porting, coming from a country where Ix-ggurs were un-
known. Their daily life was a, sermon on the Christian
virtues of industry, temperance, ond chastity.*
Never has tho world Iwheld another niissioniiry work
on such a scale as this, nor one whore tho condi-
tions were all so favonible. Mo<lern churches senil
out teachers to convert tho heathen, but such tcuch-
era labor under almost insu|)erablo disadvantages. If
they seek out savage tril)e8, an abysmal gulf of igno-
rance and barbarism stands between them, which it
aeem8.ira|)os8ible to bridge. If they go to India or
* When ArchliUhnp Parker visited 8iidi(w!c1i in 136)1, he wrote
to a frjem] that tlie Dutch and Wnlliionii tlierc were very g'xUy on
the 8ai<lxitli dav, and biuf in their wurli on tlie week duj. Strjrpe't
"PwWr.-fol.tM.
-<
;t04 THE ri'RITAN IN HOLLAND, ENOL'AND, A:<D AMIKIOA
. China, tho Ro-callml hciitlien, from their tliniisnnilH of
ycun of rivilizntioo, l<H>k down with Homcthing like,
contempt on thoir Hcmi-c\vilinHl inHtructont. In icnch
<|iiartfr tlic dilTcrenco iH too grout l)ctwpcn tho tonrlior-
iinrl tlio scholar. Hut no such gulf 8c|)amtC(l tlio N'i<th«
I'riumlcrs from tho Knglish. Tho distuntf^ in rivilimtion
between tiiem was very markc<l, to tie sure, hut it was
a ilifTercnco in <legn>« and not in kind. Tho people wcro
of mnob tlio Bainu nvco, and hy nature fitted for the
samo pnrsnita. Their langnages, too, were go much-
nliko that it was almost an eauy for an Knglixhinan to
iirfderRtnnd n Dutchman as to understaml a native o(,.
some distant county of his own iitland.* •
In view of these facts, ono can readily appreciate ths
influence which was exerte<l upon tho [H^iple of their
adopted land by thesm reftj|i»eea, who nunil>ere<l prolift-
bly from fifty to seventy-live thousand headd of families.
t ElizalN'th disliked their religious opinions, and had no
sympathy with them as rebels against their sovereign.
Dut slio had tite sagiicity to foresee the material a<lvan-
tages of their preBonco, and on this account iiiwie to -
them concessions which wero denied to tho native-lwm
Puritans. They were |M'rmitttHl freinlom'of worship in
their own congregations, ministered to by their own
preachers. Each artisan was by law recjuired to take
at least ono English ap]irentice. These apprentices be-
* Mptrren, the historian, wlin livrd ninny Tcim in Lnndiin, railed
tlie English langirago " lirokcn Dutch." Mntliy's "l.'iiihsl Nether-
Unils," i. SOS. I)urin)( tlio reign nf Klizalieth, the militia luinniKned
fmm difTercnt pnrta of the islunil found it ditltrult to umlcntand
even the wonl nf command given by nfflcen fWim diitricti other
than their own. Goadliy'i " Kngland nf Shakoipcare," p. S3. The
rctcmlilance of the Dutch to tlie EnglUh nu even more marked three
oenturie* ago than it ii to-day.
)
iNrLrcxrB in rna civil ncLO-iniAii or Liiirrty 4M
camo mrmlM-rs of tho family, nrconling to tho gomi
cuHtoiii of tlio time, iiml wcro Buhji-cttMl to a liomo rt-lig-
ioiis tniininj;. DiMtribiitotI in littlo folnnii-x, tliruu|,'ii tho
anuthorn nnd I'liKtcrn Brctions of thp ishmil. i>4U'li coii^ru-
gntion anil eucli family tiiiw l)Ocnmo » i-ontn-, fitnu which
gprcud out cvfr-uiilening waves «»f iiiurni, intolloctual,
and religious liirlit.
I/indoii and Norwich, in which tho Xctliprliiiidcrs
madi" tlicir mc«t im|>ortant fM-ttlemontx, wcn> tlio chief
■tronj^holdi) of Knglisli ruritanisin. Kitmi thi> latter
city went out tho flr«t Drownist «)r Keparjitiiit ctilony to
Holland. It was in tho adjoininjj county of Lincoln
that tho Pilgrim Fathers orpini/.i'd thi-ir early coii>,Te-
gntion, and tho same section fumishetl the ^rcut Unly
of tho I'uritanB who 8ettle<l Xew Kn^land and jfave it its
distinclivo character. Tho low di^trictti aliout tho num-
ber and tho Wash, rcclaimeil from the ocean hy tho Ifol-
landerx, were always hot-l)edg of non-conformity; here
was, tho, original I'oston; near hy was ("ninhridge, tho
homo of Puritanism, commemoriteil ncrosM the sea in a
new ('amliriilgo, tho seat of Harvard College, while Ox-
ford, far removcil, was High ('hureh. if not |)api)itical.
Nor was tho influence of these exiles conlIne<l to the
religious field. They camo from a land fille<l with cit-
ies which, until the days of Alva, had l>i>en the home
of civil lilx'rty ; where tnido wiis unghackle<l by monop-
olies or arbitrary iini)osition8 ; where justice w.ns im-
partially administerwl, imprisonment by.royal warrunt
unknown, tho pardon of criminals for money unheard
of; where liberty of delMito in their legislatures was un-
questioned, and where taxes had been im|x>iuHl only with
the consent of tiro governe<l. They camo to a btnd
where almost every right was trampled under foot;
where civil liberty, if it over existed, was littlo more
4S6 TUI PURITAN IN UOU.ANO. BNULAND, ANU AHERIOA
than a <liin trtulition. IIoTr tliuir influcnoo must ha?e
biM;n cxcrttMl can Iw readily im!i);inc<l.
So early as l.*i51), Cecil n'limrkitd that "tliiiRO <rho
depend on the making of clothe are of worw condition
to Im) (piiotl y governed than the hiisliiindinen." * Thi«
\\a» in the infancy of Knj^ilsh iii:inuractiir>>ii. As tiino
went on, the tusk of f{«jvernment liecumo less easy. The
opjKwition to the arbitrary (Miwer of the crown grew
• Frmiilp, viii. 443. Canliniil WiiU'jt Icnrncil lliii lounn rarlier.
In 1S2.1, Ili'iiry VHI. aimeil hit niiMt ilcnilly Mow itt KiicIIhIi lilx'rtjr.
In ili'fl.'iiK'R iif law iinil witliout llii! inlcrrcnllon i>r Pnrliiiinrnt, lia
ii|i|)<iiut<'(l coinmiMiiincn with instnicdims In colliTt the aixth |urt
nf nil Iho |>r«|HTty in tho kingiloHi, pajiililo in inuiicj', pluto, nr
Jewels according to tho la»t VBliiAtiiin. Tlw wealthy < hiMea wera
miHitly cowed intii mihiniiwion, hut the artiNiiM iir Bufliilk, men lir-
in)( by the ninnuriieture of cnnrw eloth, nno in open rulK'Hlnn.
Their arnivil (irbtent proved cfleeliiiil, nnil the nhnuxioUK nieaHum
wns ahundoiieil. Of thii event lliillnm aiiy^ " IT Wiiliwy, therefore,
could havi' proeiirvd tho acquieacennuiif Iho nation und)-r llii* yoke,
tlicre would prolnihly have iM'en an end of l>iiriiuinenta for all ordinary
purposen. But tlic rouroge and love of freeilom natural to the Eng-
liili CimimiiiKi, aiK'akinK in the hoarac voice of Inmull, thoii)»lr very '
ill tupported liy their »u|ierioni, preaervetl ua in ao Rn'al it iM'rll."
— "Conntitiilionnl llial.," i. M. Knight add«, "The ile>pot now
leariicil that his al)i>olute Tule waa to have aonie limit. ]hit for ths
artimniD of Suffolk, Enjtland at Ihia |H'riiHl would prolmlily havs
paaaed into thu condition orVranCe, where tho ahuHu of the royal
power had lon^ deprived the |H'ople of their ri|;ht«."— " I'opular
Hilt, of F:»f;land,'' ii. MH. John Winthrop, the Urat );ovenior of
MaaMChuaetK, went from Buffolk County. It ia an iiiterealin;; fact
that hotli of hia (('■'■■"■'"■'"^i paternal and maternal, were cloth-
icra, a name then applied tn'eapitalixta who employed men to weave
cinth for them in their own little workaliopa. " Life and I^ttera of
John Winthrop," hy Itoliert C. Winthrop, i. 17, 47. Hi^olk, lik*
Norfolk, waa n favorite homo of the Ncthvrlaud rtfugeca, who fol-
lowed their trudea in it» anwll villagea.
RUOWH IK UPMIlUNU AUAIN8T Till irrUAR'ril 4V7
with the development of the industrial clames. The
tiller of ttio soil, aa Irish history has shown, can exist
even when denied almost every humah right, liut man-
ufactures and commerce rc(|uim the air of freedom.
When Klizabeth intro<luced tlio Netherlanil artisans into
EnglamI, she was hjoved only by material considera-
tions. 81ie sought a share of the wealth tliat hatl made
the Low Countries the treasury of the world. The
wealth oamo, but with it the ideas and spirit that in
the next century bred a revolution.
But we are not left to mere conjecture as to the
effects of ^ the Netherland influence upon the ilcvelo|>-
ment of civil liberty in EngUind. AVo shall see more in
the succeeding pages of the close connection Itetwcen
the two countries, and of the mode in which ideas famil-
iar to the one poured into the other, whore they wehj
unknown or foi^tten ; it in sufficient now to ptiint out
some suggestive facts in connection with tite settlements
of the early Netherland refugees. When the civil war
broke out in Elngbind, a war in which the insurgents
demande<l the civil rights long established in the Nether-
lands, and in the Netherlands alone, the army of the
king was recruited mainly fruin the northern and west-
em counties, while that of the 1 uHiament was recruited
from the eastern and southern counties, in which the
Ketherlanders had settled. The facts ore no less signiti-
oant in relation to the nativity of the great men of tiio
Commonwealth, and of those who succeeded them aa
apostles of liberty. Oliver Cromwell came from fenny
Huntingdonshire, and raised his famous Ironsides in the
eastern counties. Iretop, his son-in-law, who stood next
to him in military and civil ability, was bom in the coun-
ty of Nottingham. John IIan)pden was of a Kucking-
hamshire family, but his mother was a Cromwell. Fair-
I.-33
4M TtIK rOMTAN IN HOLLAiin, ■NOLAMO, AND AMIBICA
fu WM born in Yorkshire. Rir Harry Vane and Alger^
non Sidney were horn in Kent, Lord Willium JCumell and
Johnllunyan in liodfunl.npothurfendistrictof the Ka«t.*
^oh wore some of the resulta of the preiienoe in Eng-
land of'ftiiii peaceful nnny from the Netherlandn, which
criMWHl tlio Channel U-fore the dayH of the Spanish
Annodu. That historians should, in the main, have di»-
cussed only the industrial siile of this story, is no wise
remarkable. The influence exortc<l by these foreigners
upon the reli^fion and iwlities of their otloptiMl land was
noiseless in its action nnd slow in iM-arin^ fruit. It
npiNSHrs in no act of Parliament, and cjin bo measured
* MaMon, in lii* " Lifo anil Timet of Milton," ii. 49H, g\m. i
tiblc* ahowing tlic ((ciiKrapliiL-al ili»tril)Htii>n of tlie rnyaliiti and
iwrliainvntariana, aa almvo alat^l, wliicli make an inalructire alwl;
in connection with tlio •rillcmenis nf the Nctlirrlandcrii the crntnry
before. Tlic nutlior remark* liuit liia tal>lca aliow Mmie curioua etii-
oological fiictii, bnt wliat tliry arv lie doc* not even inlimnt«.
Since time |Mige« were nrillcn John Fiake liaa pulilinhed a rer;
Intemting Imok on llie " DfiDiinninga of New Enf;|anil," in wliicli be
calli attention to tlic fiicta Mated by Maaaon, but neillier author lUg-
gcalt any explanation of llir geogntpltical dialribulion of the Car-
aliera and I'liritnna. Mr. Ki«ke ealiniatra that two tiiinla of the
Puritan actllcm of New KiiKl'inil came from the Eaatcm counlica of
England, nnd anotlier third from the coaat couniii't of the Hoiith-
wcat, IX'Tonahire, Dotict, and Soim-nct ( pp. 02, All). John Oouthcr-
dvn Bum, in Ilia "Iliatorr of the I'rotcalant Refiigeea in England"
(London, \HM), givea an account of Dutch and Walloon churchea,
Dearly twenty in nunilwr, eatnli|ialicd in England during the aix-
teenlh century; in Ix>ndon, Canterbury, Sandwich, Norwich, South-
ampton, Qloatonbury, Rye, Wincheliea, Colchetter, Ynnnoutb, Maid-
atone, Dorcr, Stamford, and Tlietfonl. Thia liat evidently doca not
make up the lUII numlicr, aa the record of many may liau diaap-
peared, but the reader will And here the namea of aix towna repro-
duced by the early coloniata of America, while nil i-f Ibem are ii\
diatrteta which faraiabed New England with ita tuttlan, ^
- ' aaoAD i)iri.VKNCa or tur NiriiBitLAiio incrcauw 4M
by no statistic)* showing it* money valnc. Why shouhl
the chronicler of courts antl factions, wars and |M)liticNl
intrigues, or even the student of litnmtunt, take not« of
its existence i *
8till, this influence was no less real, and it throws light
•on much of tiio sub«e(|uont history of Kngland :'the ex-
tent to which the liible came to he rcail among the
working ])eo|ile in some sections of the country ; the de-
velopment in the same (juarter of an intense moral and
religious fervor ; and the demand for oi|uality licfore the
Uw, which came to the surface when Parliament or-
ganixo<l' its^riny. In time, these Netherbtndeni, like
the foreigners who hud preceded them, were nli84irlHHi
, into the maw of the {xtpulation, or went liack to their
old homes. The romoreeltwa and demoralizing factory
system was dovelo|MMl, taking the. place of the little
workshops in the private dwellings; an aristocracy of
wealth arose to 8up|ilement and reinforce that of liirth ;
the small freeholds were swallowetl up by the vast cs-
tutes ; the English yeoman ami the Netherland artixun
disappeared together. These changes have lieen momen-
tous in their effects u|)on the national character, but they
were brought aliuut after the settlement of America,'
and come only indirectly within the scope of the present
work. It is important, however, to liear in mind that a
• In the Intmcliwtion to lilt " EtjnioInKiesi DicliniMrjr," Prof.
W*ll« W. Bkeat, of ('ambriilge, ivfcn verjr brirAy tn llio gnht but
anscknnwIolgMl influence of llie Dutcli upon Eiiglitli hiitnry, tint-
ing from the time of Eilvnrd III., iiihI partiruUrly noticeable in tlic
tUyi of Eliialieth. Ili« reuiorka, liowevcr, nre only •ugfrettivo of an
nnetplorvil flclil of rpaearcli to wliicli li&rlalm* tn haTc firat ralleil
attention, having prolmbly l)een attractnl lo it by tlie numlier of
Dotob wonU in the English ttaguage, while there are very few of
modem German origin.
BOO Till miTAII IN HOIXAKn ■itaLAMDv A!«D AMBBICA
great change haa taken place in the laxt two centuries
and a half; and that the KngliHli i'liritani, the counw o(
w.h<iM< dovelupnient wo are attempting U> trace, the men
who founded New England and mart' hed to victory
under Cromwell, Iwre little resemblance to the machine-
like beings who have succeeded thtim in the factory and •
field.
If the presence in EngUtitd of these Nctherland ref-
ugees had prtNluced no other eiTcets than those already
.noticed, their immigration would be one of the meimir-
able events of history. Certairtly no l>ody of men, seek-
ing an osylum in distress, ever brought Huch gifts to
Repay their l)onefactor!i. Hut there was another result
nf their presence, more immediate and therefore more
«triking.
The great struggle for civil liberty in England, to
which Puritanism gave birth, did not fairly o|ien until
after Elizalwth had passed away, friendless and un- '
lamented. It ultimately settletl the question between a
despc)tic and a constitutional form of government for the
English nation. Meantime, however, another question
:had to be determined — whether, when foes on all sides
Were plotting its destruction, there would remain such a
• thing as an English nation at all. It is customary to
point to the destruction of the Spanish Armada as the . .
event which decided that issue. But the cause of Eng-
lish Catholicism, the foe of the national existence, was
' dead before Philip's fleet ever 'set sail from home.
Nothing was needed except to give it a fitting burial.
That it certainly received when the doomed Spanish
■hips wont down before thq elements. Xo monarch,
not even the greatest conqueror falling on the field of»
battle, could ask for a nobler resting-place than the
ocean, or a funeral train more majestic than that which
TBI WAR IH THI NrrnnLANM Al AN OMKT-UHON Ml
followo<I, even into it* grave, the I^wt Cauie uf the six-
teenth century.
The contest, in which Kngliih ('atiiolicism as a ]N)lit-
ical {xtwer disupiieared forevvr, was carried on |iartly
by hind and {lartly by aea during the first twenty-ftvo
years of Eliuibeth'ii reign. It was to some extent, as
we have soon, a theological warfaH*, but, after all, «log-
mas played but a Hinall part in itH settlement, I'rot-
cstantism won the victory because the English people
came to believe that the Hpaniards, who to them repre-
. sented <the papacy, were tyrannical, treacherous, cruel,
and, what )K!rha|M inttucnceil them not the least, the
natural enemies of their material prosperity. To cHtali-
lish such a belief, something Wks nettled besides the lofty
teachings of the Puritan divines, or the exeiii{)lary live*
of the Xetherland refugees.
That want was mainly supplie«l by the drama acted
in the Netherlands, where Spain, although unconscious-
of the fact, was flgliting for her life. It required some
education to read the Uiblo and to comprehend the dif-
ference between the conflicting creeds, but hero was a
■eri«s of object-lessons which the most illiterate could
understand. The exhibition during the reignVaf Mary
hod taught the people much ; but that lesKjjfHinU on a
petty scale, and was brief in its duralio)r^This was a
tragedy that went on year aft^r yoarvond was to con-
tinue for more than the lifetime of a man as allot-
ted by the Psalmist. Its victims, instead of being
counted by the score, were numbered by the tei^s of
thousands.
Time softened the recollections of the Marian perse-
cution. The ignorance, corruption, and immorality in
the Established Church turned many men from a Kefor-
nution which conld bear such fruits. In the northern
809 THE PURITAN IN HOI,LAM0, tMOLANUh AND ANUUCA
and wpHtern countiw, the rwiction in fuvor »f tlie old
faith wuH very inurkml whgn tho Jesuit* oni) wniinary
prii>8t8 Ix'gan their niitMionury lulx>nt. But nothing ever
tliUB aiTocttMl tho |H>|tuhUi(>n uf theHouthernaml eastern
countioK. They knc^v too well what wns meant l)y a
Catholiu restomtion. Their towns wore tilled with in-
telligent, truthful men, every one of whom wim a living
witness to tales of liornir, coinimnMl with which the
worst atrocities dcscrilic*! in Foxe's '• Ijook of Martyi-s"
almost dwindled into insigniUcanue. A few years ago
an Anicrienn scholar eXliUme<l the old roi-onls and laid
this story lieforo tho wprhl. Its narration, even on the
cold printed page, stirs a fever in tho veins of tho prac-
. tical, unimpassionetl man of tho nineteenth century, I^et
the reader now try to imagine what was tho effect u|)on
tho English ]x>ople, when, by the tlresido and in the
market-place, this talo was told by thousands of men,
women, and children, who themselves l>ad seen the scaf-
folds running with blooch the flames blazing up around
the stake, the sacking ot towns, tne violation of mothers,
and the indiscriminate mosRacre of - the white-haired
grandfather and the helpless l>al)c.
It was not necessary that the auditors should posseaa
any deep religious convictions to lie atfected by such re-
citals. They belongetl to a nice who were then among
the most romantic and poetical that tho world has ever
known. Everything in their lives hod tended to develop
these characteristics. In sumnier, the landsmen watched
their sheep, surrounded by goblins And fairii>8, attendant
spirits always bred in the imaginations of men engago<l
in such pursuits. In the long winter days, they had
little to do except to indulge in the rudest of sports,
tierapered in the evening by the songs of their minstrels,
who were pre-eminently a national institution, forerun-
■, N
iiinawioKAaLi NATrnt or »■ inourh pbopm ooa
nenof tho IiohI of Hinging binU that gave ut the |Mietry
of the Elizabethan age.*
The men who HvlmI on the Rca-coost wore even more
governed by tlieir feeling anil iiimginutlon. Navigution
ia to^uy a matter of icienco. VessoU are |>ro|H>lloil and
•toered by machinery. Every courso i« laid dowii on a
chart, every hurl)<>r hui been Hounded, every market Iiuh
l)Con studied. Three hundriMl yeum ago, to tho KritiHli
sailor tho world, outside a vrr\' narrow range, was an
unexph>rud domain. It watt u fairy region in which
nothing was im|K>8«ible, little imprulmble. For such a
people Shake8|)earo wroto his plays. To them the
wit(!hea of " Macbeth," tho ghost in " Ilamlet," tho '* men
whoHo hoa<Is do grow beneatli their shouhlers," were us
real as any of the [lersons who livt><l alN>ut them. These.
Elizabethan Englishmen, with their (Kieticul and riiival-
rio instincts, were as impressionable as children, and us
easily alTectcd by anything which outraged their seuso
of justice, provided they themselves were not tho ag-
gressors. In addition to this, they had tho h>ve of a<l-
venture which has always inarkcd tho ruco. It was
impossible tluit such men should bo unaffected by such
ft' war aa was going on before their very eyes.
The first class in the community, moved to take an ac-
tive part in the stiuggle, was, as might be ex|>e<'ted, not
oompoaed of the religious or even the sober-minded ele-
• Ottiiot'a " BIwketpean," pp. St), 40. lu 1915, tha Bojal rono-
eil, being deairoua to tuppm* TagnlxmiUgr, forlmile *ll pvrnoni ci-
eept minitreli tn atop (t the houxm of prttUte*, curl*, tnil iMnm* to
c«t or drink ; ni>r might thrre enter on each iliijr, into aucii hnuKf,
"^niore timn tlirce or four minitrelt nf honor," unleM tlie proprietor
hinueir invited a lari^r numlier. la tlie ()a;> of Eliiabeth the niia-
•treU lia>l fallen into aoroe diarepute, but thej had left their iinptvaa
on the national character. Drake, p. 270.
JMM TM rCRITiM ID HOLUND, BMOLAIID; AtlV AMgHIV^
ment. It wm nuulo up of the mlin whom civil oimrul-
■ion* usually bring to tint gurfaco, the icuui uf tociety,
brokon-down wlventun'm, who, having ganiblinl away all
elao, liave nothing l(>ft but their livv* for Rtakea. How
they took to tho leu, and by thvir pimeivH n>HertcKi dis-
credit on the Engliih namo, wo have wton in a former
chapter. Tlipao who, at the oiitaet, cmmmnI over to the
Nethnrlandii and offered tlioir tcrvicca to the inaurgcjita
for tho war by land, were of much the mnio character.
Home did good Mrvice in the siege of Harlem, forming
part of the heroic garrison which wus ma«iittcre<l at ita
capture. Hut the majority wcru of a different^ stamp,
being willing to tight on tho side which gnve the larger
pay. So dangerous was the treachery among them
that, in 1S73, the Prince of Orange, unable t<i distinguish
/'friend from foe, determine*! to send them all home, and
thoy were accordingly dismissed.*
Five years elaimtHi Iwforo it was deemed safe to rer
enlist any moro English troops. In the interrul, a de.
cidcd change had taken place in public feeling. Elia-
beth was pursuing her accustomed system of vaoilktion.
If the patriots gained a victory she inclined to give them
aid ; but in their misfortunes, when assistance was most
needed, she always profes8e<l herself tho friend of S|)ain.
It was not so, however, with her councillors, liurghley
and Walsinghnm. They saw that in tltc success of tho
Netherland revolt lay the safety of England, and they
oncoaragod in its behalf the Puritaa sentiment which
was slowly developing into fanaticism. Tho ctirsairs on
the sea were extending their Held of operations. Frdn)
• Frirad«r xU 83. Soma of tb«w Tolanlcera exbibitc^I i|i« feroeitj
in the Netberludi which tbeir oountr^iiMD hstl ibown io IreUod.
Fronde, x. Stt.
■MouHi lOLDini u ma NBrninLAMM m
plandering dcfpnceloai inprrhiint-ninn, tlipy vrmo raitch-
ing out tu itrike the guanitnl treoauro Hliifw, ami evrn
to invadu the sacitnl c»>lonica of Hpain. When uniiuc-
c«wfnl, tfaoy learniHl, at the bands of thn Inquiaitioi),
what the peaceful, unhappy Netherlan<lei;i had endured
for years. Their tales of sulToring conflnnni th<Me of
the refugee*, who, with tifty tliousand tongues, were pro-
claiming the atrocities of t^iwin.
In 1578, just after the provinces of Holland and Zee-
land had driren out the foreign invaders, Elizalieth, on
ample security, looned the insurgent states n liundnMl
thousand pounds, and furnisiio<l them with live thousaml
troops to In) supporte<l at their own chargv- ^ir John
Norris was in command, a man who ha4l already Hhown
in Ireland the ferocity of the English nature, hut who
was an able soldier, incorruptible, and devoted solely to
the cause which ho es|K>use(L Tbcncefc^h, and until
the termination of the war, there pounsl into the Ix>w
Countries a constant stream of English soldiers. Not
only did they do heroic service in the Held, but they knit
more closely than before tbfi ties by which the two coun-
tries were united. In the end, the army of Prince Mait-
rioe was to become the military training-school of Eu-
rope, but tliat Was after the death of William of Orange,
when his son had developed into the greatest general of
the age. Now, however, the EngliHh and the ])eaceful
Hollanders were just learning the art of war, and the-
former, bred to out-<loor martial sports, naturally proved
the readiest schokirs. Again, as in timosi long )Mut, they
were fighting on Continental soil ; and at Kymenant in
1578,* at Hteenwyk in ISSl.f and under the walls of
* Pronde, xi. 1M.
t Motlty't " Dut«b Republic," iii. 800.
CM TUI rtMTAH IM UULLAMO, fKOLAMi, AMD AlUMCA
Ghent, in I5m^>,« ilm Kn^liali wihlion, lett l>y the (gal-
lant Norri*, prorotl that thi<y luui not hist thu anoi*-
tnl c<Hiruf{i< which won the virtorioa of Vrvmy ami
Agincourt.
It WHS iimler theao cumbine^l influence, working from
within umt frvin without, that un intvnwt »|iirit of na-
tionuhty wiin (plowing up in Knghtml, which, a«hle<l to
a (levoloping i'uritaniim, left but a ho|M!leia future to
thoae who looked for a Catholic revival. Ktill, for many,
yeara, Elizabeth waa little ntoveti, and nothing cttuhl in-
duce her to nn o|icn alliance with the Uofonncni. Khe
went on iptri|i{uing now with France, and then again
with l^pain ; lending a little money to the Netherlander*,
and tihortly afterwards demanding it* immediate nt|)ay-
ment; lending troopa, and then recalling them in anger;
ever seeking t«> lavo hemelf, no matter what lMx:ame
either of her alliea or of the I'rotciitant religion. Hut
from the time that the Jetuita and leniinary prieati en-
tered u|iun their invasion of the kingdom,even her eyes
began to open, although, a« will be seen hereafter, the
effect which external danger produced ri|M>n her waa
very different from that which it |)ro<lnced upon the na-
tion itielf.
The fimt outside light came from Ireland. That ill-
fatod satrapy had been' conquered by Henry II., in the
twelfth century, under a bull from the pope, who claimed
jurisdiction over it aa an' isle of the sea. It was de-
scribed AS almost a heathen land, and the prof(>sse<l ob-
jects of the Knglish were to (.'hristianizo and civilize its
people. How these objects have been carried out, dur-
ing the past six centuries, the world knows by heart.
Ireland is a small field, but it is one in which the worst
• Fmiid*, xi. «••.
CATMOUC I'rHWDO IN miLAMP MT
tide of the English nature Iim lioen thoroughly dui-
plkynt. Kvorvthing bM liwn Htt<'in|>t«l for the con-
(|uerc)m, nothing for the coni|uen!«l. The n>tuU ha* lie«*n
a ooiMtant alow fover of iliwontont, broken only by inter
mittont rovolutions. During tho rpign of KlizHlM>tli the
rerolutioni icHMnttl rhrunic, for, addtti tii all former
grievaneci, wna tinally tho attempt to tako away the
old religion, the lole remaining link which bound the
island tu it* fuinuua iNut, when it ro-Christianized ita
neighbor. We have already seen something of the fe-
rocity dcvelo|MHl in the earlier Irish wars. It was now
to be exhibited on u broader scale, since a religious ele-
ment was added.
For years, Philip had been urged to attack England
from tho side of Ireland, but ho had |iersistently rpfnsiHl.
He bo|)ed that Eliuil>cth would be reconcilml with U<mie,
and, even though she died a nominal TriHestant, her
next heir was still alive, and tlmt heir was a professed
Catholic. Under tliese circumstances, he felt loath to
provoke an open warfare. I)nt, in 1540, Francis Drake
was returning home from his piratical circuit of the
globe, English suldiiera were pouring into the Nether-
lands by thousands, and it liegan to dawn on the slow-
witted Philip that the war which he was trying to avoid
had already o|)ened. He therefore consented to the flt-
ting-out in his port of several vessels, which carrie<l
eight hundred troofw, mostly Italians furnished by the
pope, to aid some Irish insurgent*. They landed in Ire-
land, in Septendier, ISHo, just after the Jesuits Pareona
and Campian had entered on their miisionaiy work in '
England. All England was aroused, and volunteers
flocked forward— among them being Walter Raleigh and
Edmund S|>cniier the i>oet— to defend the cause of Eng-
lish nationality and the l^rotestant religion.
WW tm rOWTAM W aOIXANP, BtOLAIID, Alio AMnUCA
Tlie (i|ion hoNtilitie* were nut of long duration, fur
th«y oontinuwl unly about a year. Then the rebel*
broki) up into little iMUiita of wanderinK oullawi, tu b«
huntod down and tUughterMl liico wild bmuti. Tli«
wurk of extermination laiito<l fur twu years niorr. When
it endod, tlio province of Muniter waa lulMtantially de-
populale<l, and tbe remainder of the iiland ntducod to al-
moat utter iMtrtMriiio.* On neitheriidewaa merry itlinwn
or (juartor given on aoooant of ago or aex. Among the
Iri»ii tbia waa to be ex|)ect«d, for tliey wore aenii fwv-
agea flgbting for their htimea. llut tu underttand the
cimduct of the Kngliali, wo itiuat remember that to them
the Iriah were more than aavagea— they were l'n|Hata,
children of a (Church which, to the average Kngliab-
man, waa beginning to repreaent the emimdiment of all
iniquity. Tho men who consigned to indiM-riniinate
slaughter tho half-naked kem, with his dofenceleiH wifo
and nursing babe, thought they were doing the work
of Ood. In the Uld Testament they fuumi such lea- -
sons, and for the Uospul uf Peace they were as yet un*
prepared.
The stories uf the Irish massacres which followed the
Reformation make a sad talc to read, but, a|)art from
their Iwaring on other questions, they form an inqtortant
chapter in the history of English Puritanism. Each re-
turning soldier came back with a new hatred of the Cath-
olics, aroused, perhaps, more by the injuries which he had
inflicted than by those which he had sufferctl, but no'
leas bitter on that account. In addition, there was many
Ml English soldier lying in an nnknown Irish grave,
• mwl*, si. m-Wn. Bm sIm Lack;'! •' EMland is tbt Klgb- '
teenth Centnrj," ii. IM, etc., for u Account ofthT RnRlUli tlrocitiM^
HUrpsMiag Anjtbing perpetrated b; Alra in tbe Nctlic^antU.
whose kiramen criuU out for ven|y(«Mnc« on ail I'apiaU.
Thu» from two (jiMrten, the N<*tlit>rlantl« and In<lan<l,
tbo cammt of I'rotMtantiim in Knglaml wu gaininff
force. At for EiUaMli, alio waa iitowly learning that,
aven in her unavowml warfare, there were blowi to be
rweivt^l aa woll aa to Im given, llow tbia leaiun waa
to lie ini|ireM)><l u|)<m her from other direction! will be
ihown in the neat vlia|ilent.
WD OV TQL. L
THE PURITAN
IN ' . .
HOLLAND. ENGLAND, AND AMERICA
. Ay ISTRODVCTlOlt
■ AMKRICAN HISTORY
DOUGLAS CAMrilEU^ A.M., LLB.
iiuau or m micM'Aa ■innicii imoviitim
Thwd (OiriON. mviho «no codmctio
IX two TOLl'MES
Vol. II.
NKW YOBK
BABFKR k BttOTIiBBS FCBLISUERS
18»4
.-/-''m
c
^
»fp
LfPRARV .
CONTENTS
or
TUE SECOND VOLUMB
. CHAPTER XI
THI SCOmSB KIRK AND ITS INrU'eNCR ON INOLMR AWO
AMHICAN PURITANIHM^
nan or the catholic* xujMin KbiiAurrn
raw
The Rcfornution in Hcotlaoi).— lu importance % ■
Jobn Knox, hii Mrljr eanor.— A typical Scotch I'urilM.. . ' 8
The Hcottiih Rcfurmation political, not religioua, in \u
origlu , •
French deaigna on H<^ptlanil 4
Eipulaion of tho Froneh. — Catboliciam abollahcd. — The
Kirk eaUblialicd, I5S0 6
Arrival of Mary Htiiart-^'omparlaon with Eliaahatb 6
John Knox and Mary Stuart .'. ,''.... •
Tho, Kirk wina tliu victory i ^ t
The hoblea plunder the Church ,...,., t^.i.. ft
The poverty of the clergy give* themiheir great powar. . . 10
Calviniam and Democracy ,;^y', .....,, II
Koniarkable adrance of Scotland in Uat three eenturie*,— ,
Ita cauaoa II
The Scuttiali commona the aon* of their religion, that re-
ligion taught them the equality of man. 14
Influence of Scotland on Engliab and American Poritaniam 16
The Scotch-Iriah in America ', 17
/C3S0
It coirrMT* ■
• rttm
Dcnth of Knoi, 1873.— Ruccecde<l li; Andrew Melville, the
founder of Scutch university c<luciition ,...,.;.... l\
• Tlio Kirk progrogMH, aboliHiica the Tnlchan buhuini 80
Scothiod aa a field for a < 'atholic coni|unicy 91
JcKuit miitaion of 1S80. — The Earl of Lennox. 83 .
Bad faith of Kliuibetl ..,......' ■....., 94
Destruction of Morton, the I'roteiitant leader. 98
Einltation of the Catholioa. — The kingdom to be recovered 36
The Kirk to be put in order next, 37
Attempt to re-CHtablishy the biahopH 88
Upriaing of the people. — The Kirk aaves Scutlaml 39
The Catholica abandon Scotland . , 30
"Effects of the movement on the EngliHli I'uritaua. 31
Puritanism and ('atholicism in England 83
Old CatliolicH and new converta 3S
I'hilip decides to aid a Catholic uprising 37
Collapse of |he Throgmorton ConspiracVt^ 80
Plots for Elizabeth'a assaasination.— Tbeir origin and char-
acter .___.,.... 40
Spirit of the people. — The Itond of AsstK-iation, ' 1 684 . . . . 43
No danger to England, except from a foreign attack 43
CIIAPTEU xn /
THE EN0U8II IN THE NETI1EHLAND8-I5t«-I5«il ^
England again brought into relations with the C'untinent . . 44
The Holy League in France forces Elizabeth into the relig-
ioua war 48 '
Philip oonfigcates English ahipa, 1SR5 47
The people demand war. — Eliialwth's position 48
Opposed to open war and Parliamentary interference, and
*hy .' 81
She agrees to assist the Ncthe^anders 89
Security demanded by her ' 84
Dutch sea-coast towivs transferred to Elizabeth in pledge ... 88
Leicester appointed to command the English forces 88
Accepts the sovereignty of the Netherlands 87
coNTnm . ♦
r«M
Wmth of Etiuboth.— It» «aaw«. (7
llor Bcbcme (ur peace by betraying tbe Netbcrlamlcn tu
Spain 88
Her wrath againat Lrireatcr Anally appcaacd 61
lie aeca thruugh aud acquieacca in Iter propoavU treachery 6i
The English army acromplialiea nothing. — What it might
have done. 64
Battle of Zutphcn, 1888 6S
Death of Sir I'bilip Sidney , *..... 66
Ilia place in history i .' 67
Uia cor]HH) seized on by Kngliah creditors. — Walainghani,
hia father-in-law, liable for hia debta incnrrcd in the ser- .
vice of tlio i|uevii. 69
Etiubcth refuses assistance. — Walsingham ruined, aud
•Sidney finally buried. — Not a favorite of Etixabcth's, , . . 70
Leicester recalled to Enghind by the liabington Conspiracy 71
Important towns surrendered to 8|ianUrdB by liia ofticcra. . 79
Indignation in the NetherUnds and in England 74
Trial of Mary Stuart — Now a frenxied demand for her exe-
cution 74
' Elixabeth seeks her aaaaaaination 75
Her execution, 1587. — Its character and its reaulta , . 76
CHAPTER Xni
. TBE INVINCIBLE ARMADA
Etixabcth's negotiations for peace 78
Philip deceives her while preparing to invade England.. . . 81
Uia procrastination 8^
Leicester's final act of treachery in theXetherlanda. ..... 84
He retuma to England.— End of the English Protectorate. 85
Its beneficial effects on the Netherlands , 87
No more foreign rulers. — The republic is bom , 88
Why self-government was possible 88
Elixabeth throws off the maak^ and aenda conmisaioDen to
make peace with Spain 90
Philip'a duplicity ;.,' SO
Comedjr cnilrd bv nppcarance of Amuwu, 1888 •!
The destruction of the AniM<l* ■ turning-point in Engliih
hbtory Its grest influence 91
Orgsniistion of I'hilip's fleet M
No pre|ianitions on UntI to resist n Spanish inYiision. , . 94
I*repstations st sen Vsrillation snd parsimony of Klin-
bet h QS
nsapair of English oHiriala. \ 9t
The privateers turn out in force 07
The English fleet.— Its site ami charartrr 97
Vast superiority of the English in numbers, csnnon.etc. . . 0H
Early miafortunes of the Armada .« 100
It arriTes at Calais. .'. 108
England's flrat naval battle 7" lOS
En<l of the Amiads. 105
Eliiabeth's rewania for the defenders of KnglamI lOfl
Her new policy towanls.thc t 'atbolirs lOH
Their loyalty at the time uf the .\rmaila, ami itii causes. . . 100
Kollowed by a relentless persecution Ill
English historians snd the sut>j<-i't of religious toleration . . II 3
CHAHTKU XIV
BNOLAND AITFR TIIK AKMADA
Tint IHn'EU>raBKT or .t XATION.tl. LITIcnATI'RK
1488, " .\nnu« Mirabilis," the wonderful year. — Dire pre-
dictions of astrologers ;- 114
Ushered in by dread portents IIB
Effects on EngUnd 115
Kate of interest — Land unsalable 1 1>
England saved by a miracle 117
The English Cimi's Chosen I'eople 118
Effects of new life on commerce, manufactures, piracy>,'ete. 118
Develops a national literature ; Ill
Scarcely an original book l>efore this time 181
The new life greeted with a burst of foiig. . . , 188
All the singers come from the middle and lower chuwi. . . IM
conmns irtl-
rml
Mohitade of Eliubetban poeta liiS
If 4>rop«rlT itudieil, thvir work* throw li|{ht on Eoglish
life....' 184
SpenMr'* " Fiiirio Qnct'nc " « fiiliiu fpiiilc ISA
Ilia oppoHanities for atudyioK EogU«h lociety 186
8p«Mera TuriUn 1..V..Vt.... 187.
The Knffl>*h dnmstiiu. .'.'L 138
Mariowk, the father of Kngliih tranedy.— Ilia dimilute life 110
Greene, >'Hhc, I'ecic, Ji^uiRn, et>;., all wild lireni. liU)
Their productions full of licaotiea 131
Qeneral «baraeler of the Knglieh fUgii, iti coaiecnras, pro-
fanity, etc 1S8
Ita religioui accpticism. — Sliake»|icarv 139
Its want of »yni|>alhy with civil lilw rty. . . '. ,....<... 134
Why aiippntiMHHl liy tliu I'nritana. > I3S
Sir John Uarrington'a deacription of the theatre 136
CHAPTER XV
ENGLAND AVTKB THK ARMADA
Mirau>m!iT or praiTAxmM— calvihivtic thkoloht— thb jcw-
Ml aAUUTH— ClVIt, UMOTT CHDKB EUXABBTH. ISM-lan
Tlie effect* of EngUnd'a new life upon the I'uritana. 137
Ood'a Chonen People aayed for aomcthing heaidoa the pur-
auit of pleaaure •>. 13H
Influence of the Bible, a new reTchtion , ,,..., 1 39.
Attractions of the Old Testament 140
Popular miaeonception upon this subject. — .Vot peculiar to
Puritans 141
Treatment of Qnaken and Baptists by.High-Ohurrh party
in Ennhknd. . . .' 143
TVeatment of witches in EngUnd and New Kngland 144
i^oblem of life before the l*uritans I4S
Sombrenesa of life charf(ed to Calviniam 1 46
But Calvinism the theolof(y of the whole Rngliah Church. 147
Calvinistic Catechiam on predestination put forth by
. Ckmb, 1674, muMtiead by historians 146
viif UUMI'Mn
Tor forty-on« yean bounj in with Diblc— Iti charactor
and imporUnco ifU
Hombrenen cliarfted tu republican theoriea of government. 189
lint I'uritanH bwl none. — The Independents a different
Kct I5S
The Puritans' sonibrencss of life due simply to the low
state of English morals. . . . ; , ISS
Ottivial ti'itiniuny. — A church homily 184
The Sabbath question. — Its early af{itatiun, 1883 180
IVofanation of the Sabbath in England 167
Uook of Dr. liound, 1 898, worka a revolution. — Introduces
the Jewiiih SaliliAlh. — Miscnncrptions on this subject.. , 188
Makes the I'uritan Sabbath of England ami America 189
Unknown among the Calvinists on the Continent Ifll
Its gooA and evil results IM
Freedom of I'uritana from penwcution during remainder
of Eliiabeth's reign. — Its causes 104
Attempt to establish the IVesbytcrian Discipline in Eng-
Und 1«8
Hnppreased by the government Its importance 1S7
Attempts of I'sriiameut to reform the Church, unavailing. . IAD
Civil reforms undertaken in vain . ,' 171
Purveyance Its gross abuses. .;.... 171
Monopolies. — Their extent and op{Jh;ssions 1 73
Elixabeth pruniises their correction 174
8he deceives the Commona 178 '
Civil liberty under Elisabeth miBrepreaent«d in history. . . 178
CIlAITEIl XVI
TRB BROWNIBTB, OB BEPARATI8T8. THE BAPTISTS, AND TIIE
QUAKERS
Th« Separatists much vilified in history 177
Their parents the .Xnabsptisis of Holland, who first pro-
claimed the doctrine of separation of Church and 8tat«. 178
Robert Browne, tlie founder of the Separatist! lit
Ltads a congregation to Zeeland. — Desarta his prinelfilM,. 180
-^I'lv
oormm Uj
Hi* writinKR in Enj^nd ■lul thvir influrnce IBl
EnglUh martjrra to SepwatUiD.— <Cnpping and Thackcr,
1588 I8« -
R««trictiona on the preia in En|(l«nd ;, 184
The Martin Mar-I'relato pamphleta, 1688 18S
Their character little understood by hiitoriani, J86
John Uilal, hia trial and conviction 187
Henry Ifcirrowu and John Greenwood. — Their execution.. . 188.
John I'enry, his infamous conviction and death. — A prece-
dent for the caae of Algernon Sidney 18V
English priiions, — Their condition until middle nf nine-
teenth century 191
Vain attempts at their reformation by Ogkithorpc and
Howard 198
Prisons of lliilland and America 104
Scpamtista done to defth in prison 198
^ Puritans opposed to Si-pnratUls, and why .- 198
Law banishing Hepamtists from England, 1693 197
They flock to Holland 198
Have the idea of true religious liberty 199 '
^ Among them originate the English Baptists, iVll 300
Connection between the Itaptists and the Mcnnonites 800
^ The Baptists assert the inviolability of the conscience iiOS
Their great services to religion and religious liln-rty 303
Roger Williams teaches their doctrines in .\nierica. 204
Origin of the Quakers. — Connection with the Mennonitrs. . 806
William I'enn and his Dutch mother 807
CHAPTEll XVn
KINO JAMBS aNO THE PURITANS
THB numnf rATHus
^ Importance of the reign of J^es in th.4 history of English
Puritanism „ 810
Death of Eliiabcth, 1803.. ■ , 811
Rejoicing of the people ovcVtheir new monarch 818
Fvnonal appeanuiM and cbarteter of JamM >1S
S" OUR'IMTI
MM
Profligacy of hii eonrt— Tb« woni in Engliih hiatory. .. 314
UniTemI roituption SI6
Intrigue* with Hpain A-. . . S17
Alienation <if |>vople. — " King Eliubeth ami Que«n JuniPK " Stfl
Jamea and the mythical Engliah conalitution illS
Hia Parlianicnta. , ... . 7^ »iO
Wr'iBt ri){ht nf king*, and coleatial origin,of Epiacopacy . . ii\
"Outlook for thu I'nriUna SS*
The " Millenary IVtition," and the Hampton Co«irt Con-
ference SIA
'The I'uritanB lecure a new tranalation of the Kible — King
James'ii version !i97
Bancroft made archhiahop, 1604. — I'eraeciitea I'oritana and
8eparati8U alike , 999
Tbey flue to llollamL SSO
Abbot made arrhhiihop, 1610. Ml
An ardent Calvinist, favors the I'uritann, , M>
Religious growth in EngUnd. , 8S8
Low state of learning , Ii94
Morality improving ii>1S
The Habliath question again.— The Book of Kporta 3M
New applications of name l*uritan 8ST
All moral IVitestanla derided aa Paritana ^ 889
The Pilgrim Kathera 840
Original NetherUnd inflnenee.— 'Elder Drewster and John
Robinson 841
Organiiation of aociety at Scrooby. — Its persecution 948
Exodus to Amsterdam. — Its difficulties. -. 844
Removal to Leyden^ 845
Life of the Pilgrims in Leyden 849
Novel and therefore very bard. 847
Reasons for removing to America 848
Founding of Plymouth i , . 849
CIIAPTEH XVm
WAB IN TIIK NETIIERLANM, lUsllIN .
TBVCB WITB IrAlX
AdvaaU^ to the Netherlandi fnim the war in France . . . llSi
I>eTelopBient of IVinr? Maurice 85S
Tu rcTolntioniie the art of war SAS
Htiidir* cngineerin)^. . . liM
Katakliihea «n|rine«rinf; room at University of Lejdrn. . . 8S5
Create* an army wliich l>ecotnca the achuol of arma for
Europe ; 2S6
Its pay and novrl diacipline ., 'iftl
tAf the field,- 1591. — Hcivntiile but monotonoua warfare. 2S8
Eipela the 8|ianiard8 from the n-publlr, tSOM JS9
Can do no more. — Henry of Navarre reconciled with Rome,
160S.— Makea peaiw with Spain, ia9H S«0
Eliiabeth withdrawa from the Nrtherland alllanre HSO
Philip conveys the Nctherlanda to his daughter and her
husband itSl
Death of Philip.— Ilia exemplary end, I A»8. , . . , , . . 16!!
Uii son and successor, Pliilip III Hi
Opposed to peace with the heretics 203
Maurice urges a defensive policy. — The StatesCreneral and
Bameveld insist on offensive operations. S64
The army marches to Nicuport, lOMi S65
Attacked at gntA disadvantage by Spaniards in otjual fores.'
—Total rout of Spanianls SSS '
The 8|MUiiards besiege Ostcnd, I(l01-lfl04.-:>'lla total de-
struction and final surrender ., ,.....'.. I16T'
Spinola, the new (Spanish commander Dccomea bankrupt
and loses heart, IBM .., %W
The war on the sea the obstacle to peace , . 868
The Portuguese posaesaiona in the Kast Indies.— The trade
enveloped in mystery , 870
Mystery dispelled by a Dutch travcller.^-Book on ths East,
by Liaachoton, ItiM 8T1
«ll cmmm
nm'
Fint vojrifjit of the Putrh to Eut In<lica hy any of C«pe
uf UwhI Ilopr, 1695. — In ten yrara tbey drive out the
I'ortuf^eM '. 871
AVolfi-rt llvrmann with flre little vjeHMli defeaU lur^
I'urtni^cM fleet 878
Ilpcmiikerk with one little resm-l cupturea gntt anncd car-
rack, Ifloa 873
Knli^rlitened policy of the Ihiteh 874
OrfianiMtion of Duteh Eaat India Company, 1602. — Ita
work. '. .• 874
KjiaiR, which has riini|UGrcd rurtngal, will not open the
trade with the VdmI 87<
Vice-admiral Khuatoon with one aniall ahip Hghta eif(htcen
8paniah ((allrona fur t;ro day*, then bluwa up hia veaael, -"
1600. — Dutchmen never anrrender .°, 876
llremakerk^with twenty-«ix little vvmcla annihiUtea larj^c
Spaniah fleet in Uibrallar Uar, I0U7 878
France and England unfriendly to the republic, and why. . 880
Truce negotiation!. — A necesaity for 8pain '. 888
Opposed by Prince Maurice and other*, And why 884
Truce for twelve yeara, 16U9.— Conceaaiona to the republic SSt
CHAPTER XIX
WAR CX)XCLUDp IN THE NETtllRLANDS, 1«(W-1«M '
THB DOCTBIXK ur IIATtOllALITT Aa OProaED TO aTATU' Rioim
aETTLCD
The period of truce the teat of the republic's atreni^th. , . . 8^7
Ojwnin;; of rcligioua war in Germany 888
Union of France and the republic. — Aasaaaination of Hen-
ry of Navarre 880
I'oaition of Enghind. — ^Thc republic again left alone 80<).
Internal diaaenaiona in the republic. — The doctrine of
atatea' righta, and nationality 801
Tbo written uosatitution. — Its defects. 808
Organixation of government. — The 8tatc»-tieneral and the
Council of SUte 808
WWTIMTg aW
. riM'
, BarneTtId, bit ability, tnirm, and inflaeitec. i(94
, ' l*rince Maarico an.d hin poiiition 30t
barnrvi'ld lone* hin influence^ in ntatm-Ovnrral, and ailri>-
raU'D Hlatea' rightii. — ('hanjfc of fntnt ^ Ml
The idea uf a nation novel in hiMcin . . . .» -,■. . !(98
. The conflict, altlioiifth |H>litiral, ariaea over A' rcli)(iou« i|ur»-
tion ■. . .' 208
Church and Htale in thu ri'public :....,. 299
' Arminiiia and hia tcachingx ,. .•. nol
: TeachcH tliat State iihould rule Church, a|)|Hiint miniKtom, etc. :IUJ
Oppoeition of I'alviniiitH , ■. 303
Appmval of Itamevrld.— lie calla the Anti-Arminiana I'ur-
itans^ , .^ .104
Btatea^icneral decide to call National Synod, lAlf ... A04
Armed rcaiatance of Bamevcid in Ilojhind and I'trccht.. . 305
Arreat of llamovcid, l!uf{o (iroliuH. etc 306
Trial and eiccution of Ilamuvcld. — Inipriaonuientof (iroliua. 300
Synod of Dort, 1018. — 1SuKtaiii>t CalviniKm fur the reformed
churchea of Euro|>c, England incliiditl. .^. 307'
Peniecution of Arminiana. — Ita political character, 3pH
' Ita redeeming fcaturea and brief duration '309
Importance of the controveny to Knjcliah and American
I'uritana • » 310
The Thirty Yeara' War in Uermany, 1019-1048 Hll
Ita political rcsiilta. 3li
Germany made a waatc; civilization blottiHl out. — The
Netherlands left the aolc depoaitory of Koman cultnre
and inatitutiona 813
. Renewal of the war in the Netfaerianda, 1021 313-
Death of I*rince Maurice, lfl2S. — Siicccaaioo of (i'm brother,
Frederic Henry, a atill frreater aoldie^ and atateaman. . . 314
Organiiation of Dutch Went India Company, 1031. — Takea
control of New York 310
Defeat of Hpaniah fleet in English Channel by Admiral
Tromp, 1039 317
: Spain wearied of the cooteat 310
-tl»
mm
IVacf dechrad. — Indcpendenre KcogulMd.— BmI IndU
tr«de conceded, 104H 818
CnAPTER XX '
THK NETIIERLAND REPUBLIC
Poiition of tlio rc(>ulilic ainonK the tntiun* ot Europe.— '
Its nuperiority in every dc|iHrtnicnt , , ItO
lu population newly u Urge as tluU of England and mnch
wealthier , , .- 8SI
Its manufactories, fluberieii, and rarrjring trade S8S
The ronimcrcial capital of tlie world' 8S9
The Ibnk of Anwtcrdam, lttO0—t 1 80,000,000 of iipecie. . 3i4
Tbo richest community on the globe, 984
Causes of its prosperity. — Kcligious toleration, its extent. . 385
Other causes Opinion* of contemporaneous Englishmen.
— Samuel Lamb tit
Owen Felltliam. — Honesty of Dutch manafactufcr* .'898
8ir Josiab Child. — His opinion 8W
The' statefimen of the n-public all educated, and most of
them engaged in tnule. , 830
Enormous taxes during the war , 330
>Viiidom displayed in their imposition. — Encourageutent
of home industrips 331
The republic teaches political economy to England. iJ 339'
Taxation in England.^Its crude character , 888
Excise duties and the bonded warehooie ■yatem .borrowed
from Holland «84
Ctfficial integrity in the repubHc 888
Funding of debt. — Low rate of interest 888
Teaches English scientific agriculture , 88C
Education.— The four univcmities, 887
Chusical schools in every city .• .' 889
Origin of free schools. 880
Free schools in the republic. — I'niversal education 840
<f ives America her cnmmon-acbool system 849
The publishing centre of Europe , . , . 848
VtrMdoin of tha ynm 34s
Litenturo.— Debt of Milton to tlio Dutch poet Vonilel . . . . 345
Holland the literary country u( Europe 340
Ita tbeatrva and literary academy 348
Fint in art — lUi artiata and character of tlr^r work 347
The common people the patroni of art •148
Ila charitable inttitutione and priaona. — Lcaditho world,. 349
Testimony of Owen Fellthaih and 8ir William Tcuiplv .... 3S0
Pronouncca witchcraft a deluiion. — Abtenco of peraecution
in the republic. ; 3St
A refuge for witches. '. :<5S
llugoOrotius and the Indians. — DeNcendants of the North-
men who discovered Articrica 334
High position of women.— Tticir universal vducatiun, etc.. 3SA
CIIAPTEU XXI
Tni NETUESLAND REPUBLIC AND TUB ENGUSII COMMON.
WEALTH
The Nethcrland Bepnblie a country of the nineteenth cen-
. tury, and why , ^ S(7
Equality of man, the great political reault of inotlcm civil-
iiation 388
Period of the rrpublje's development the most important
in Bio<lcrn history 339
Liberty crashed out in other countries 8A9
Only a faint spark in EngUnd.— Kept alive by the I>uri-
tMia .180
Accession of i'haHe« I., 1825.— Hit Parliaments 380
HeignofTcrr<>r,I6:i9-lG40. — Restoration of monopulivn.cte. iiel
Court of 8tar<!hambcr. — Ita punishmenta, etc. soa
Ship-money. — Introduced for war upon the Netherlands . . 884
Hampden and his law-auit the only protest. — The people
aequiesient 386
Archbishop Iiaud. — The English Church enters on ita than-
matnrgical stage 384
Harries the Puritans. — Expels the Netherland refugees. . . 387
'■'wit ■'"' — : coHTBrm ■'.'
Attempt to forep ■ litarfry on 8<-otlan<i niwa • rcrolating
in Hc-otland kml KngliiDil. , 369
Overlooked inflaence of the N'etherUnd Kepublic. — How it
WM excrte<l 870
tireat number of English N'on-<-onformiHt» in Holland. . . . 371
C'onifTPga^oDi in tvery prominent town 378
Engliitli mert'liants and mannfarturehi all over the republic 373
The manufacture of Knglixh elotli almoat hut by Euglalid. 374
<ireat nnniU'r of KnjtliHhmvn in Dutch army 37ft
- (^her Kngiiahmen in the Netherlands. ................. 376
Englaixl hail outgrown her institutions, and why 377
Influence of Nctlierland Kepublic on' new insiitutionii. . . . . 87B
Lcgulation of Long rarliameot.— Conduct of war borrowed
from the Netherlands. , 679
IVopoaal of Tarliament to,a^lgamat« the two repnbliea,
1681 , 880
Obstacles to a republic in England. 381
Attempt to introduce the legal system of the Netherlands. 3H3
Uarbarous condition of EngliMi law, criminal and civil. .. , 384
The army demands legal reform 88fl
Famous committee on the reformation of the Uw, Matthew
Hale chairman 386
Outlines all modem reforms in English jurispmdencc. . . .V 387
Measures proposeil by this committee, 1693. — Their great
im|>ortanre. — Ijargcly copic<l from the Netherlands 389
Rejected by Parliament — Its membent opposed to legal
reforms , 391
Cromwell as a legal reformer 699
Religious toleration. — Influence of the Netherlands. .... . 398
Cromwell's anny, its origin and character — Mostly Inde-
pendents believing in lilierty of conscience 894
Its oflieers drilled in the wan of the republic. — Its minis-
ters refugees returned from the Netherlands 395
Represents all that is best in English political thought. . . . 396
Stands up with Cromwell for religious toleration 397
Rtwtoralion of the btuarts. — Cromwell's work dies with him 398
.t^.^
-*,.
OOMTBIT* ■' . . ' «tU
The PnritMt become the Knglinh DiMeiitera. — Their per
leeution 390 .■
Their poiitical roforme retained. — Kngland'i debt tu tbcm. 400
Exelnded from the uniremitiee and poblio office, tbcy tnm
to the pnrauit of gain, copying Ihitch agriculture and
mannfaeturoi 401
Ureat increaae ill wealth of England.>— Little advance ia
general civiliuJion, and why 409
Condition of n^r Kdueation, mannen, p^nal lawi, and
403
Reform bill, L^fH;,— Middle rlaaee* beg^n to ac<|nire po#er.
-Turn io repnblicailSVmcrica for refopsi. 404
CHAl*rER XXII
TBK NEXJIERLAND REPUBLIC AND THE IJNITKD BTATBI
or AMBRIol TO TBB IIET8IBLAKM
■ Why aelf-goverithniU wM aosaible in New KngUnd 406
Eieeptional charactcruTtlfb New Kngland wttlcn. — Their
education and morals 400-
^eir energy and aMimilatire faculty 407
Origin of their inttitutions. 410
Channels of a Nctherlsnd inllaence, New Yorki New jer
sey, and I'lymouth ^ . . .'. . 4U
The settlers of Massachusetts.— Their cbarscteriatics 4U
Their contributions to America : 414
Rhode Island. — Connecticut.— Its written constitution.,.. 410
Dutch influence in I'ennsyUania 41R
The general government. — FamiPiarity of its founders with
NetherbuHl institutions'; 480
Articles of Confederation. — Their Dutch features. . ...... ij^i
Federal constitution.— United States Senate.- I'ecaliaritiea
of its organisation copied from Netherlands 491
Its confirming power. , . . . ; 494
Restrictions un power of l>resident in making war and
peace 49*
The ooloniea, Connecticut a type 496
II.-B
Tb« townihip tyitein. — Common Unda, '»tc. — Why N««
EngUnd differed from the noatbern rolonira 417
^^ffnge and townihip* in the Netherlandi 489
,Tho written ballot— It* uiie in Kome V 4>I
Its appearanre in the Netherlands \h 439
Uaed generally in Dutch Church rioctiuni .7. 4>7
Ita introduction into America and auliaecincnt liitory..'. . 4S8
Criminal kw in Holland.— Public prosecuton of criminals. 441
Unknown in En)(land. — Attempts to introduce them 448
: How introduced into America. 444
Public examination o( witoeaaaa in Holland.— Denied in
KngUnd , 44ft
Prisoners allowed counsel in the* Nelherlands 446
Refuseil in (England until IHae. — How brought about,... 447
Allowed in the American Colonies and the I'nited States. . 448
(.'barging prisonera with the costs of their prosecution \u
England 440
Independence of judiciary. — First establiahed in the Dutch
Bepublic. — Copied by England ...,>..>..... itO
High reputation of coarta in Holland All men equal be- .
fore the law '4S1
Land laws of Holland. — Equal division of property among
children of intestates. — L«nd liable for debts, 45S
Widows renouncing their dower.— Picturesque customs... 4S.1
Sovereigns arrested for their debts. — Horror of debt and
debton 4S4
Recording deeda and mortgagea. — Origin' of systeou — At-
tributed to New England 4S>
Custom in Egypt and Babylonia 4M
Introduction into Europe. — France. — Opposed by the no-
bles 467
Ita history in the Netherlands. — Full introduction 468
Futile attempts to introduce system into EngUud. ....... 460
Introduction into I'nited Statea. — Its importance 461
Netherland reforms introduced into Pennsylvania by Will-
iam Peas 444
4. UUHTMtV In ~
Sammny of NetherlMd inMitutions foand in America. ; . . 448
Inflnence of on naliuhsl life ^ 406
llolUnd alway* a friend of th« United Hutea, and why. .. 467
CHAPTER XXIII
TUB BCOTCU-IHIBU, TIIK Ft'RITANS OF TIIB tOVTH
concLcaioR
American history uninUilliKible if iU -people are regarded
a* an Engliah race 409
New KD([land not America 470
UD-En)(liih clcmcnta in the other colooiea 470
The Bcotch-Iriah the moat powerful. — The I'nritana of the
South , .471
UtUe attention paid to their hiitorjr 479
Origin of the Hcotch-Iriiih , , 473
How thejr c4me to wttic in IreUnd 474
They revolutioniie I'Utt-r. — Ita proapcrily 47a
Help to aare Engliah liberty. — Defend Dcrry .- 477
Engliah broken faith drirea them to America.. 477
Character and extent of their peraocution. 478
Social poaition of the 8cOt{h-Iriah emigranta. — Their ex-
ceptional education '. . 479
Their introduction int<> New England. — Their influence. . . 480
Their contributiona to American history — Bunker Hill, :
' ' Oeneral Henry Knox, (iencral John Stark, (lenersl John;
Sullivan, etc. '. 481
Their intro«lnction into New Jeraey. — Princeton College.. 483
Great numl>era in Pennaylvania Attractions of that colony 484
MnlUtudea in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Kentucky, and Tenneaaee -483
Piominent Southern familiea of Scotch-Irith origin 483
Collegea and elaasical achooU founded by the Scotrh-Iriah, \
the edncatom of the Middle and liouthem coloniea 483
They flrat procUim American independence 486
Scotch and Hcotcb-Iriah KeTolntionary goremora in aeven
of the Ihirtaen state*. 487
Scotch and Hcotch-Iriah loldien in the RcTotntioa— 4hirt]r-
nino grncral ofllcera, trn luajur-giBenla 489
Their Dumber in the rank and lll« .:^..... . .. 4M .
The religioua elcnirnt in the Kcvolutionar^ atmggle, 4lM>
The 8c(itch-lri«h and atate conatitutinna, rrligioua liberty,
etc ; 491
' Mcotrh and Srotrh-lriah preaidcola. 493
Why Amcrir< diffcra frum Kngland. — I*roblema in Amvri-
oan hiatoi^ 493
Why the New Kngland ncttlera declined in education, tol-
<;ration, etc ' 494
The Revolution introduced new rdncational idraa from the
<'ontinent. — Their Influence 49lt
The Itevulntion inci|ilirable from Kngliah prercdenta 49fl
American arhoUra educated in England moatly Turiva. . . . 497
Origin of the revolutionary movement 497
The Continental army, where recruited Eiceptional ron-
tributiuna of New York to the Kevolutionary cauae. , . , , 499
Why the South waa deficient. — The movement of I'uritan
origin SOO
Political partiea after the Kcvolntion.— Their origi)lt and
peculiar fcaturea 501
Ariatvcratic Virginia the headquartcn of democracy, and
why ; .... 808
Tli'e 8cotch-Iriah and alavery SOS
Amerirs'a Civil War. — How regarded in Enghind . . .... 504
Engliah acholara falao propheta, and why 505
They begin to atudy American inatituliona 506
American hiatory, properly atndied, of abaorbing iatereat, , 507
Concluaion. — Thia work limited in acope . .1 ......... ..', 508
Great progrey of modem EngUnd Urgely duo to the I'uri-
tana. 509
The country tranaformcd aince the daya of Eliiabeth 510
A great roconl of a great people .... ■. . . 51 1
Influence of the Nethc'riand Republic 519
WJio will write th« hiatory pf Engliah ciTilisation I. ...... til
V THE PURITAN
i^ HOLLAND, ENGLAND, AND AMERICA,
CHAPTER XI
TBI BCOTTIsn KIKK, AND ITS fKFLUEN'CB OK INGUSH AND
AMRRICAN rURITANIBM
rum or the cathouor ' ARAiNiT KLUAarni
Wb have soen in tho lait chapter aomething of Uio
. .- influences exerted upon the home of their adoption by
the refugees from the Netherlands, who had sought
shelter in England to avoid the early persecutions of
the SiMniards. We have also seen how tho wa> fur
eivil and religions liberty, going on across the Channel,
was affecting the English people, and bow tho contest
with Hpain and tho papacy had been brought to their
:. : very doors by the rebellion in Ireland, which had
. broken nut just at the time when tho Jesuits Parsons
' and Campian began their missionary labors. The Irish
. Bebellion was important from its effects upon tho relig-
ions and national sentiment of England ; but it was far
less dangerous than another movement, also incited by
the pope, which about the same time threatened tho
English queen from her northern border. To under-
■tand this new peril, we most take a gbmce at tho story
t ' TU Pt'MTAM IN BOUJUID^ BIlaUlfA AMD AMBIICA
of the Reformation in HootUnil— a itory which, in addi-
tion to it! connection with this subject, ir full of inter
Mt and jnstrnotion, becaaie the tk:otch I'uritanii exer-
died a marked and hMtinj; inflnonce Inith jipon their
brethren in England and u|K>n those in America, xecond
only to that exerted by the Puritans of the Nether
binds.
Since the battle of Bannockbum, in 1314, Scotland
had been an independent kingdom. IIer.)ioo|t(», al-
though more advanced than the Irish, were still liohind
the English in general civiliuttioji. They had folt lit-
tle of the Norman influence which gave to EngUnd
her universities, her cathedrals, ami h<>r legal system.
Neither bad they shared, to luiy great extent, in that
connection with the Netherlands from which the Eng-
lish had always tjenofltcd. Their soil was sterile, and
they had not yet l>egun to develop the manufacturea
which, in Ute years, have poured in upon them such a
stream of wealth. But they had g^ne further than the
English upon one rood. Scotland hud become l*rote»
tant in fact as well as in name, for there the Iteforfna-
tion had been carried to its legitimate conclusion. The
ohi papal system had (li8ap])oare<l, r<M>t and bmnrh, and
in its place Presbyterianiam, pure and simple, had tieen
established. Much of this was the work of one man —
a man perhaps the most remarkable that ScotUnd, a
country prolific of great men, b«s ever yet produced.
This man was Jphn Knox.
Knox was a typical Scotch Puritan. He was the aon
of a plain yeoman, and never forgot his origin. He
cared neither for rank nor for wealth. His reliance waa
on the common people : he made them a power in the
knd, and with them he won bis victories. Bom in 1505,
he obtained such an education at the University of Glaa-
JOHN Kifox-Tni RiroaiiATioN n ■ootlaud s
govr H that institution, in its very loir condition, could
then afford. Taking holy orders in the Itomish (,'liurch,
he remained in the priesthood until 1546, when, fniin
conviction, he t)f«anio a Pn>t«8tant. The nexrycar he
was captured by the French, with the Protestant garri- .
son of Ht. Andrews, and, for approving of the murder
of Cardinal Uoaton, was sent to the galleys, whuro he
labored at an oar for some eighteen months. Obtaining
his release, he went to England, preached some years,
.was made one of the court chaplains to EdwanI \'I..
ami even a bishopric was suggested to him, which he
dtelined. When Mary liegan her ]iersecutions ho fled
to the Continent, taking refdge first at Frankfort, and
then at Geneva. He visited Scotland for a brief time
in 1556, and did some bold preaching, but was outlawed,
and again sought a home in Ooneva.* Finally, in 1.530,
he returned to Scotland and began the work for which
he had been preparing by thirteen years of study, not
only of books, but of men and institutions.
Knox, however, was not the founder of the Scottish
Reformation. It began before ho lieoamo a Protestant,
and made great pnigrcss during his Imnishmont. Ho
was bom to be its governor, and not its nurse. II« was
too bold, too outsjmken, too radical, to be of service in
its ewrly life. This he understood aa well as any one,
and was content to bide his time.
In Scotland, as in EnglamI, France, and in many of
the German states, the revolt against the pa|)acy had
originated in a political and not a religibus movement.
James V. attempted to curb the power of some of the
leading nobles, and was assisted by the bishops. The
nobles retaliated by leaving the Church and joining tba
*rrMide,Ti1. 106. '
4 ruM rcwTAM ra houahd, nouMD, amp AwaioA
nnlu of the Itoformen. Thm «t th« outMt ProtMUnt-
itin hml a ptiwerful luppoit, without which it wimld hare
.made ■mall progreai.* The leaden, to be imv, had lit-
tle religion ; they were hungering for the church knda,
which in Eqgland had been iliri<le(l among the inembert
of their order. liut each noble was a feudal chieftain,
and within hi* domain the rude and ignorant iioople be-
gan to hear truths of which they hatl never dreamed
before. Thus little circles were formc<l, iu which there
went on a (|uiet tpiritual education, which in time waa
to work a revolution.
Jamea V. dio*l in 1543, leaving a widow, Mary of
Quiie, and an only child, the ill-starred Mary Ktuart,
who at an early age was sent to France to be educated
among her mother's relatives. During her long minor-
ity the nobles killed ('ardinal Beaton, the head of the
Church, and kept up a continual conflict with the queen-
dowager, who bad been appointed regent. The regent
had the power of France behind her, but France at that
time did not think it wise to |)ersecuto the Protestants
of Scotland, and so a general policy of toleration pre-
vailed, broken only by an occasional burning at tb«
stake when heresy became too outspoken.
In 1558, Mary Stuart married the French dauphin,
Kid, under the ailvice of her father-in-law, claimed the
crown of England, to which Elizabeth had just suc-
ceeded. The (fuises, uncles of tho ^lau|>hiness, were
then powerful at court: They were earnest Papists, and
orged that 8o(%land should be first purged of heresy ;
that then England should be invaded, Elizabeth de-
pdseil, the old religion re-established, ami all the lirit-
iah isles annexed to France. Had the first part. of this
* 8«e Bookie, "nitt nrCUIUsBtloo,''1l. IW.
vaBMci atthiv oh ■raruNn-rort'LAi rpaniKn, mm ■
■ehemo prnvml mioowiful, and IimI Kootlaml lif«n nuule
really (Catholic, the papal p«>wer would caaily liaro dia-
poaed of Elizabeth and lier monf^^l i'nitratantiim.
The prupoaed uiovuincnt was not long dellyi>«l. While
preparing for it, in 1559, the French king met with »
ndden death ; but he was suoooe4letl by the dauphin ;
and t)u! Ouises, as uncles of tlie c|aeen, beoainu more
powerful than crer. A Freneh force was sent to Scotr
land to aiti the regent, who hod threatened to drive all
the Kefortneil ministers out of the kingdom, "though
they preached ns truly as Kt. Paul." Hhe knew little
of the storm which she was raising. . For years the
Gospel had been preached to the middle and the |>oorer
classes, and it had come to them with all the ]H)wer of
a fresh rerehition.* They hail known nothing but the
wont features of Catholicism, for nowhere in Europe
bad the prieatbood been more deprared and dissolute.
The Protestant ministers might \» narrow- minde<l, su-
perstitious, and sometimes cruel ; but they were earnest
in their work, honest in their oonriotions, and moral
according to their light. Men who for a generation
had listened to their teachings were not to be driren
to a moss administered by priests who habitually vio-
lated every commamlment of the Decalogue.f
Foreseeing the coming danger, the Protestant leaders
* By u icI of tb« 8cotd>h PuliMDeat, psMcd in IMS, i>Tri7 one
wu pannitlcd to icxl tb* lUbla in an English or gcoteli trnnila-
tioiL
t Dwn Stanley ipaaki of "the hiileont mil ilbpropoitioaale cor-
raption which took poteeMion of the Bcotliali bienrchy ilurinK tl"
Iwt two centuries of iti eiiilence." — " Lecturce on the IIiit4iry of
tb* Church of Scotluul," p. 40. See alio Blatkia's •• PrcM^hert of
SeotUad," p. 48, etc., and Froude, pomm. Tlie tela alio wai cor
nipt, and the people hardly tinged with ciriliiation.
9 m ruMTAH M uou-Aiio, wiauiiiV amo Aiuai04
■ent for Knox, lie waa not the mkn for pipin|g; timei
of toleration. lie iraa Iwm a warrior, and could blow
nothing but a bngle'i blaat. He blow hi* blaat, and tb«
whole |>a|ial edillcc, already honeycombed and under- .
mined, came tumbling down in ruina. On tlie M of
Hay, Ift&U, Knox arrived in Scotland. Nino ihtya later
the people roao, plundered the cliucchea, and )>ulled
down the monasteriea. M'ith the aid of England, fur-
niahed very reluctantly Vy Elizabeth, although her own *
crown waa indirectly aimed at, they drove out the
French, and, in July, IMIO, eatablUhctI the government
on a new baaia. No longer was there to be a regent
■upportod by trcwpi from France, but a Council, com-
poaod of twelve Scottish lords—aeven to be nominat«<l
by the queen and five by the Estates. With |)eac«
concluded, I'ariiament set out at once to reoonatruot
the Church. Every vestige of the pKpacy, except the
name of bishop, was swept away. A Calvinistic sys-
tem of doctrine waa ailopted; all laws in favor of
Mother Church were repealed ; ami the n^ani aliolished
by a statute which made tboae who offlcipteil, and
those who were present i^t its celebration, liabk>, for
the first offence, to Kxie their gootL* ; for the se(M>ml. to
be exiled; for the third, to lie put to death. The Kirfc
had come, and it had come to stay.*
Five months after the establishment of the Kirk, the
death of Francis II. left Mary Btoart a childless widow.
She had been Queen of France for leas than two yean,
but was still Queen of ScotUnd, and in August. 1501,
she returned to her native hind. Though but a girl of
nineteen, few trained diplomatists, even in that crooked
age, could rival her iq cunning. Ilor enemies ii»i«l that
■,• Aagu*t, i»a«. ■.'.:-'
AnriAi or mabt muit, mm f .
in political matton the wu m faUe and ai aiucni|)ulous
aa Eliialieth herwlf, Imt there waa thii great differenoe
between the two. The Hcottiith queen never r»iX'>t a
■enrice, and never betrayed a friend ; the Engliith queen
never remembered a aervice, and kept faith with neither
friend nor foe. The one waa wilHng to tacriitce her-
mU ftir a oanae; the other never know any oauae ex-
oept herMilf.* In ad<lition, the Hcottiah queen, bnlf a
Fronchwoinan and educated at the ixiurt of France,
poawiwixl chamm both of body and mind which had
been tienied to her Engliih oou*in. Thus it came about
that while men died for Elizabeth becauie the waa
their queen, they died for Mary Stuart beoauw the was
a woman.f In pivate morala thwre wai prubnbly
little to choose Imtweon them, but ElizalMstli nia«lo
her jNiMiona subject to her interest*. It woa this tu-
perior self-control— some may call it tbe inability to
feel deeply <m any subject— that in the end gave the
English queen the raastenr.
•Bm MarjTi wcret Irtlcr to Raltlngtoa, July t7-t7, tuin, which
tod to Iwr eucotion. H|ieaking of the projoctni rMnii •f(«ia«t
Ellabrth, alia mIiI : " If tlie diScull; be onlj with mfMlf, i( jroa
esaaot muui^c my own mriw becaoM I am in tlw Tower, or in
■MM othrt pl«c« too alFong fur jroo, do not h««lute on tliat ne-
emmt. Oo on, for lb« liunnr of Ood. I would gladljr dia st uj
time could I but know tbst tbe Cslbollc* were out of boodifs,"
— ^madc, tii. m. '1
t It dnei not appear (Wnn the reconl* that Elliabeth.with all her
ftqwrkalile trail* of character, CTer awakened a ilUinterotted af-
fection in man or woman. Leleealer married twine wltlioat lier
knowMgc ; while llalton, wtfoae only virtue waa hU iuppoaed de-
Totion to hia miatrcaa, waa in commonlcatlon with Mary Htuart,
ofliring, If tbe >|ac«n died, (o ^leli bar to Loadon with the rajsl
gaud. Froode, lU. 67.
J ma rvuTAH la aotuan inauini; akd uumtoh ^ ;. .'
Upon arriviiift in Edinburgh, Mary StuarAttxik in the
aittiation at a kIwco- Everythinft deligbtml lu<r. 81m
likeil the rwle peopio with their unoouth way*. HIm ^
had n(> «vi«h, iho laid, to ovorthmw tlw Kirk ; all that
■he aak$!d fraa toleration for henelf, the |irivilegp of
hoarinK maaa in her own |)rivato clwpel. Who could
roaict her charm of manner t who deny anything to thia
lorely girl I The grim Proteatant nolilea (locking to
court, expecting to aeo a |wpith devil, found an eit-
ohantrei*, by whom, aa they aaid, all Qien wtemeil to be
bewitched. Fortunately for Hootlund and for the world,
there waa onA man on whom her ipella wouki never
work.
The Sunday after the qneen't arrival, Knox preached
against the maaa; she aent for him, and they had a
memorable interview. He " who never feared the face
of mortal man," aa. Morton laiti of him when itanding
by hii ooffln, told her pUinly tome unpalatable tnitha.
8be ipoke of the Proteatonta, and how they were given
tu rebellk)n, and aaked whether ho thought it rigtit for
■ubjeota to reaiit their iorereign. lie replied, in words
often repeated by the Puritans, that if a father went
nuMl and offered to kill his rhililren, they might tie hit
hands and take his weapons from him. " My subject*,
then," she said, "are to obey you and not me. I am
subject to them, not they to me." "Nay," he re-
"{died, " let prince and subject both obey (lod. Kings
should be foster-fathers of the Kirk, and queena it*
nursing mothers." " You are not the Kirk tliat I will
nurse," she said. " I will defend the Kirk of Rothe,
for tliat, I think, is the Kirk of (iod." He left her in'
teart of angor. Kandolpb, in describing the interview
to Cecil, wrote : " Y'ou exhort us to stoutneas. The voice
of tiiat one man ia able to put more life in ua in one
hoar than flv« humlrwl truuip«ti bliwtering in our
Th« quration wiu, in truth, wh«ther tlxi jjettple of
SootUmI nhoukl <>bt>y a (|neen who iru leon-tly intriftu-
ing with Fnuioc iind 8|Min for tho rMtomtiun of the
papacy, or whether tli«y ihoulil obey the Kirk, •■ rpp-
reiented by John Knox. 8ii yoara Uter Mary Ktuart
lignetl nn act of uUlication in fav»r of her infant son,
ami then paMod into lier KngUnh prison. Knox and the
Kirk had won the vii'tory.
It wax not an eaay victory, for, at the very outaet, the
new eatablixhmont received a ibook which aeemed to
threaten itx exixtence. The Protoatant minixteni ex-
pected that tho pro|>erty an<l revenu<« of the ohi
Churcti would bo appmpriat<<d to their Mup|>ort. Their
religion luul buc-onio the religion of the Htate, and at
that time no one — except the memberx of the |ioor, de-
■piaed lect of Dutch Anabaptiatx— thougli^of auch a
thing as a separation of ('huroh and Htat«>. But the
hungry and thimty nobles, who had pull6<i down the
old structure, had no int(<ntion of using its costly ma-
terials in building a new odifloe for the lieneflt of some
low-bom, half-starved preachers. Their arms had won
the battle, and they believed that to the viotora belong
the sfoila Bitterly the nobles were denouoceil from
the pulpit and in Oeneml AMeml>ly. They were open-
ly aocnse«l of sacrilege; but little they raroil for OimI or
man. Five sixths of the revenues of the ('barch they
divided among themselves; the other sixth was set apart
for the payment of sakries to the now ministers, and
even this part of the compromise was not fairly carried
outt •
• rnsac, vU. 877 t Bocklf , toI. U. chap. iU., tad tulhoriti«« cilwi.
\
:^-
Th« •truffgle with porerty in iu wrly lifn explaim
much in tliH hiatury of th« Hcottitb Kirk. It Munivd,
ftt flrtt, ft bliKhtin(( mi«fortun« that tli« n«w miniat«ra
coaki not it«|i into tlio lN)tielioi>* of tho old |irii<«ti, de-
voting th«ir livM to itwly and tiie intolloctumi m well
M the ■piritiuil ediflcstion qf their flocka. Dot had
such a icbenie been carried out, Houtland would ha*«
liad a vi'ry iliffenmt history, for the K«fonnntinn ibers
would |)n>lMbly have been as barren of niulta na it was
under tho established Chun^h of England. The |ieo|ile
were |Mur, ignorant, and but scnii«ivilixed. 84>mions to
them, from ministers well clutlied and sumptutHialy fed,
would have |iniduoed about as much effort us a lecture
from tho rich utan to Laxarus on the lieauties of humili-
ty and iMivorty. U|ion the hdlsides of Hcotland, as on
the pUins of Judea in its tsarly days, Christianity came
very close to tho heart of the peasant or artisan, when
its doctrines were preached by men no richer than him-
self, dependent for their sulMistence on his vtiluntarjr
contributions. I'reaoher and congrrgution were alike
afTected. Iteligion became, not an ornunu-nt, nor a for
nud 6r««d, but the very life of tho nation, and in this
raapeot Hcotland stands almost alone in history.
The action of the nobles in retaining the Church
property prtxluce<l also other results very im|M)rtant in
the futui«. It made the common |ieople religious, but,
in addition, it heljied to make them democratic. Logi-
cally carried out, Calvinism itself is democratic in its
teachings, and this l^as given it political power. The
elect of God, foreordained from all time to everlasting
bliM, make an order of nobility very different from that
of man's creation. Compared with the ontlleas glory of
the saints, what is worldly rank or wealth for a few short
years upon this earth ! The mighty one of to-day, who
<Ml«linM AM* — OCTMCT t|
would not deiffn t4> nntioo th« tnilnr in the flnki or at
the worluii<i|t, may t<>-ni<imiw Im<k fn>m him n iln>p of
«rat«r to ooiil liia burning ttiirtt. I'mlnr iiH^h n nvatam
of heiief, artifleial <liatihvti<ina crvatod by avcUlfnta (>f
birth will lugioally |Maa anray.
Htill, f«w |>ni|ile luo loffioal, ami it ia wry ilowly that
kleaa ami bell«fa are carriod to tb«ir l«|ptimat« comriu-
•iona. Th« Mrly Kngiiali Keformt'ri intnxlm^Hl th« ('al-
viniatic thnoliigy, Imt nearly a century <• lM|»t^t JM'fore it
aff<<ot«i<l |i<>litical thought, and tbt*n it did ao only among
the aettlera of New England and a few Inde|iemlonta of
tlM Commonwealth. The Engliah are little influenoed
by theoriea : they reapect hanl facta and not ideaa. Tlieir
artMM of faith were C'alviniatic, but their chiirrh ayatcm
waa baacsl on the principle that (iod hoa crmtttMl diatino-
tiona of rank. Engliah cpiacopacy UmI naturally to the
divine right of kinga,.aml it baa alwaya formed the
•tron^pwt bulwark of the Engliah ariitobracy. It ia con-
trary'' to <Hir experienoo of human nature to expert that
bodiea of m<*n will work against their't<>mp<>ral intcroata.
The clergy of the eatablixhinent in En^^land have uni-
formly been Toriea ; they have stood up for their {mtrona,
and it haa alwaya been lafe to count on them aa oppo-
nenta of every reform in State or Charch.
From tem|>tation to auch a oonne aa thia the nqinia-
tera of the Hoottiab Kirk were aavp<l by the actitm of the
noblea. llenoe it waa timt Calviniam hail a fain^r chance
to deveipp ita political tendenciea in Hootland than in any
other country of Europe. The clergy felt little reapect
for men who, aoeording to their vicwa, had robtied the
Church, and little fear of men on whom they were not
depentlent fur support. Ho from the pul]ii(s, Sumlay
after Sunday, {toured forth denunciations of the godless
noblea. From a oonakleration of their act of sacrilege
If TM IVMTAII I* HOIXAHIN naUHn AMD AMBMC*
U WM an CMr itf-p t<> nwoh the (litcuMion of thrir g»ii-
eral |trivMt« and |iolitical iinmonlity. It dkl n<>t take
Ion); for auch t«arliiti||f to |mMlu<« it* Irf^itiinate offeota.
Thit nublet proteatetl anil thrratoned, and <<ven tried bjr
foTM to aiUinon th« obnoxioua (miarheri, but the com-
mon |iro|il«, whom they ha<l rniaetl up to fl^t the pA|i*-
cy, now itood by the Kirk, and the union waa t<x> strong
for the nobility.
For the llrtt time in liritiah biHtory, the common peo-
ple iuul become « |)ower in the land. They cared noth-
ing for their lor«U and little for their king. They wor-
ahipped a heavenly Monarch, ao far above all earthly
mlera that to them terre«trial ptHentatca M>emp<l like
pupiieta. Narrow-minded theae men were, of c<mr«e,
ignorant, and, like their preachen< luperatitioua, rude in
manner, often brutal in action. They we^e juat emerg-
ing from barlwriam, and no form of religious teaching
could do for tlicm, in a few abort yeart, what alone can
be cffect««i by centurica of civilisation.
Buckle, in hia "Iliatory of Civilization,"* detoribea
at oonaiderable length the enonnitiei committed by the
Scotch miniftem in the name of religion during the
aeventeenth oentuty. He exaggeratea, however, f and,
in addition, does not give sufficient weight to the fortner
barbarism of the people. The rule of the ministers waa
opprewive and cruel, to Iw sure, but the (|uestion of im-
portanee ia what would have been the condition of the
mttion without the Kirk. The answer will be found in
the bloody annitla of the prior centurica. The new the-
ocracy was, in some respecta, alm<Mit as tyrannical as the
•yatem which had been overthrown ; Imt, like the New
•Vol. II. chap. V.
t Dmo SUnlej'i " Lwtara oo tb* ScuttUb Chureti."
TBI Kin AND uucckTwut-noawam or icoruim li
EngUnd theocrftcy cif the iH>xt cvntury, alwi th« prixiuct
of M iinm»turB oiviliution, it conUin«Ml within itwlf tho
g«rnM «>r freedom. The ministrni uf tho Kirk withed
orcry one tu read tho ItiUo (or liimielf, an<t they insiitcd
on the riKlit uf individiutl opinion. Thenr(< followed gitn-
enU education and general thiM>lugical discuiaion. Intul-
Mmnee ariara from the aaaumptiun that all truth baa been
diaoovered. lulUcation, in time, diapela tbia delusion, u
the ann ditfjela the morning va|)or.*
* Jatt bcfim IW abort Ubw wtn writlca, two (Tcnft accanid
which *n tery illiwIrallT* nl tb« dlTtiM mulu priHluml by tk«
tMchlng* of Ilia Pipliti mill the Cal'Iniitf. In Rinat, • moauineiit
wuercclod to the memorjt nrfllnriUnn Brono, on llic ipot fUen lie
WM bttnwtl for Itertty, In ItOO, l>j tl|e lliilj lhi|aiiiitiun. The unTril-
lag of tbii monnment, In ItW, mu graeteil bjr the ultra-C'iilhollce
with • thool of Indlgmtioa. Pope U» XIII., In ■ eprerb lirfiini hie
CooeUtory, broke out ngeinet '■ the Impicl;, the rnormoiia outrage,
' tad Inaolf Rt oetcnution of thoee who honor » nuin tliet bad tbjumi
the Cethollo name." Bruno hul taught that the earth rvToInd
•roond the na, and bad adrauced irain; of the plillneophb-al Ideaa
dnce proclaimeil hj the moat rminenl tlilnkera of Hie workl. Bee
article on *' Druno," bj Karl Blind. In XiiulMHlh Cmturp for Julx,
ISM. Blind alao quote* tlie wonia written onl/ a few jeara ago bj
Loai* Veuillol, the leading French riirsmonlanlat, in rrgard to Hum
and Lulker, " that the only thing to lie rrgrelted waa that Uua* met
ht« death ao late, and that I.uther waa not Inimed at all."
About the lime that the |M>|w and hia adiierenta were dcnonncing
Bruno and drfiinding the Inquiaition, the Oeneral AHeinbljr of Hie
Free Church, the moat orthodox of the Prraliyterian organiialioiu of
Sootland, had to elect a |>rofr*aor for one of tlia Importnot rbain In
lb* college at £dinbargb. It elected Dr. Marcu* Doda, of Ulaagow.
Dr. Doda la the author of a hook in which he apeaka of the " imper-
ftettoaa," the "cruditica," the ■■ inaccuncie*,'' and eren of tlie "im-
awraHtiea" of the Scripture narrative. He baa aald that Rt. Paul
waa " orcaaionall; vtotig in a dale," that h* ahowed <■ imperfect in-
flwmation," and waa aubjrrt to " lapae* of memor;." The book waa
Withdrawn from public circulation, bat there wai nothing to ahow
14 m rmTAa m ooLUiin noLAin^ ard ahwc*
In thn iMt two centuriet, nn<lcr licr gonontl mluoA'
-4ional syntein, kUImI by her nuinnfacliirM and rimiineroe,
Hrotlanii haa miwie more c<>m|>arHtivn pruf^rMa tban any
other Kurupmn country. Iter people, in proportion to
their number*, bare plao in the aame time done more for
the general advanoement of the world than almoat any
other |M>oplo. • Hut the foundation of Hcotland'a pni»-
porily wan laid by John Knox and hia luocoaaDra. They
Imilt up the Kirk, and the Kirk ma<lo the |HMip(i<. The
8oottiiih common*, aa Fruudn well uya, are the lona of
their religion ; they are lo becauie that religion taught
them the c(|u«lity of man. In 1500, Andro«v Melville,
the great preacher, laid to the king in a public audience,
after calling him "Ood'a ailly vaiaal:" "I tell you, air,
there are two kings and two kingdoma in tlootland.
There ia Chriat Jesus Uio king, and hia kingdom the
Kirk, whose subject James VI. is, ami of whose kingilom
not a king, nor a loni, nor a head, but a member. And
tbey whom Christ hath calle<l to watch over his Kirk
and govern hia spiritual kingilom have sufficient (lower
and authority au to do, lM>th together and avveraily." '
There flrst spoke the spirit of the I'uritAnism, very dis-
respectful even to some modem ears, which in the next
century was to send a Btuart to the block and found »
rapubiio across the ocean.
that tha author had rhao|^ hU rtewi bcfnra the election. All Ihi*
was utgn\ aitainit him In the aenrral^ Aaacmbl;, ami yvt ho hnd a
miOor"T "f one hnndred and three orer all other candidatea. Lon-
don Timn, June Sth, IBW.
* Hanierton nj* of Ihem : ** In proportion to their wull numbers
thsj are the ntoet dlitlnguUhed liltle people ttnce the dajtt of tlia
ancient Allienlana, and the moat educated of tlio inmlom races. All
the Indnitrial arts are at home In OUagow, all the Una arib in Gdin-
Imrgh ; and aa for literature, It la arerywlicra."— " Krencli and Eng-
^W^," p. «7.
looTcu nMi;eaT and tri Mma imrr ov bbm ii
Btranf^ enough luch languaffc miiit haro iMroMl
when ruc«lleil by Jamea after he aaoendati the English
throne. In England, the magnate* of the Church told
him that ho wan inipirod by (}(xl when dianuiaing r»-
ligiuui MintteniL lie icon came to ouinpare himwlf with
the Haviour, and to speak of kinga, not as subjects, but
at allies of the Almighty. There waa a natural, irreprea-
iible conflict between thia view of the kingly office and
the one entertained by the ministers of the Hoottish Kirk.
It was <lev«lu|wd when James, with the power of Eng-
land lichind him, tried to force i'pisco|iacy on his Scot-
tish Rubjects. It culminated in open war under the ag-
gressions of his fatuous sucoeaaor. In the events which
followed on that war, the theory of the divine right of
kings pasMHl away from Kritish toil. Many causoa oo-
operatcil to bring about this groat result, but it never
should bo forgotten that the flrst blowt in the conflict
were struck by Hcottish arrot, and that the principle!
contended for in Enghind had boea proclaimed by the
bohl preaohert of Scotland for more than half a cen-
tury.* . J
* It ii of intemt, in tbit connection, to noliea tlitt the flrit boolt
pnbll*he<l m Qrett Britain tucrting Ilia tnia theory of the relilioni
between a liing ind bit lubjecta appearaU »t Edinburjiii in tSMO.
It WM written lijr Uforge Buchanan, a nalire-bomHcolcliman, etlu-
esteil upon the Continent, whom Joeepb Scaligcr ami other eminent
critic* liave pronounced the foremost Latin poet nf the afie. Ilal-
lam'e " Literature of Europe," ii. 113. In thii work, entitled " De
Jnra Ilrgni apud Spoloe," Buchanan laid down the doctrine that
royal goTemment aroae fh>m popular elections; that a compact ei-
itted between the king and his people, and that if the king limke
tb« compact and was guilty of oppression, all his rights were fur^
ftlted, his subjects were reliered from their obliipitions, were at
liberty to wage war against him, and, if necessary, put him to death
U • trjaot. Tills book was so inflosntial In Koglaod that tha loyal
M TBI rtuTAH ni BOLLAMo, n(aum>, and aniuca
English writers have, with rare exceptions, paid little
kttention to the influence of Scotland upon English
thought prior to the eighteenth century, wliich ushered
in the great lights of philosophy and literature, who
have contributed so much to the intellectual wealth of
mankind and to tbej glory of Great I^ritain. liut the
Scotch Covenanters o|f the seventeenth century made a
def^p im])res8 upon the character of the English Puritans.
Their influence was most potent at the time of the
colonization of New England, and during the period in
which the institutions of the colonies were taking def-
inite form. Then occurred the religious massacres in
Scotland — as well worthy of fiends as anything jwrpe-
trated by Alva in the Netherlands — which have left the '
darkest stain upon the memory of the Stuarts. These
occurrences were nearer fidme than the Spanish barbar-
ities of the prior century, and served somewhat to give
to English Puritanism that spirit of dark and unlovely
fanaticism by which it was distinguished on two conti-
nents.
ijut, on the other hand, the English Puritans learned
■tndcnti of Oxford gare it s poblie baming iii 1083, after the Ret-
toratlun of the Btuarti. The theoi; that goTcmroent retti on a
•ocial compact was, in ISM, dereloped by Hooker in hia " Eccletiaa-
tical Polity," In the neit century by Loclie, and itlir later by Hout-
■ean in the work which lo much influenced the French Revolution.
Buchanan, who flr<t advanced it in Great Britain, was not ila author,
liowever, for he liad doubtlen learned it front French writers when
studying on the Continent. The works of Francis Ilottoman, Hubert
Langnet, and Stephen de la Bottie, all treating of the rights and
' duties of kings, on these same democ{»tic lines, had been published
in France just before this period. Ilallam's " Literature of Europe,"
ii. 114. Buchanan was the tutor of Mary Stuart and v>f her son
James. The latter tried in vnin to suppress his book in Scotland.
TBB looTcn lUitBrr in amibioaii nwronr 17
largely from the Scotch the loMon of the dignity of
man, ,the hatred of oppression, and the contempt for
differences of rank foundctl only on the accident of birth,
which lie at the foundation of civil liberty.* In Eng-
land the Puritans formed but u minority of the people,
in New England they formed the p<Tpulation. In Eng-
land the lesson of the ecjuality of man has never been
fully learned; in America that 0(|uality became the
comer-stone of the republic.
In view of these facts, even if they stood alonn, the
Kirk of Scotland seems worthy of more attention from
the historians of America than it lias yet received. liut
it has a much larger claim on their attention. It was the
Church of the majority of the men who foun<lc<I the fa-
mous colony in the North of Ireland which made Ul-
ster a Protestant province. In this colony originated the
Scotch-Irishmen who in the United States have played
a part only second to that of the English Puritans.
Their history in America has never been written, and as
they settled mainly in the Middle and Southern colonies,
comparatively few persons seem aware of their great
numbers, or of the powerful influence which they have ex-
erted on the national thought and action. When wo come
to consider the subject of th« Puritan in America, some at-
tention will be given to these questions, and we shall see
how unintelligible is the history of the Unit.e<l States
' if we leave out of sight this element of our population.
As the character of the Scotch-Irishman, like that of
the English Puritan, was formed by his religion, no ex-
cuse is needed for the space which I have given to the
* Buckle piyt a ver; high tnd cleMrred' trtbuta to the ierTicM
midoTOd in tlii* dirootion b; the minlttan of the BcottUh Kiik.
Vol. iL chap, lit :■■..'•
iL-a '■ -:- .J. '■.:■' .. '
II TBI nnUTAM IN BOIXAND. ■HaLAlfD, AND AMUICA
early story of the Kirk, althougii tluit atory hu leil iw
far from the dungort which tlireatt-neil Klixabeth when
the poiie and the Jeauits aet out to oom|iaaR her de-
■truction.
In 1S72, John Knox, the groat a|MMtle of the Soottiah
Ileformation, paaMil away. How great ho wan, and what
a work he had done both for Hcothtnd and England, no ona
then appreciated, for hia work could bo mrasuretl i»nly by
its lasting inHuenoe.* For twelve years he had been hold'
ing up the (Scottish Kirk. For seven of tliotie years h«
bad been fighting Mary Ktnart on the throne ; fur the laat
four she had been in prison, but even there she was no
mean antagonist. The question now aroae whether, with
its champion gone, the Kirk could stand alone, or whether
it would go down under the iirst shoc^k, aa ('nHnwelPa
Commonwealth did whoa the great Protector passed
away. The answer came at once. Instead of retracing any
steps, it pressed on, under a new leader, to make its system
of CImrch government e\'en more deini«rutic than before.
The new leader was Andrew Melville, a man U> whom
8cotlanil owes a deep debt of gratituik>, not only for bis
sei-vices to the cause of religion, but also for the work
which he accomplished in the cause of higher education.
* Fronda pay* a magniflcent triboln to Knoi'a memory. Ha oalh
htm the ona aupraDwIy gtvMt man that Bcollaml ikmcmciI. Ii«
aays that ■' no grander figure can lie found in the i-ntlrv hUlorjr of
the Relbrraation in tbit iaiand than that uf Knot." Ilut for him
the Reformation would hare been arerthrown anions ourtclTea, (br
mlth Bcotlnnd Catholic, a revolution in England would have been
inevitable, despite the chicancrie* of Eliaabeth. " Rut for Knot
and Bnrghlej — thoae two, liut not one without the other — Elita-
iMtb would liare been flung fhiin off her throne, or have gone back
into the Egypt to which iha wa* too often caating witlAil ayaSk"
— "Uiat. of England," x. 454, 4S7, 4S*.
AMMUW MBTOLS^im ■OnCATWHAL km ormn WOKS It
Ilorn in 1543, Mnlvillo left homo at the »gn of nineteen
anil |)MwhI ten yuura in itutly upcin the < 'ontinent. In
1574, ho returnetl tu the laml of hid nativity, his minil
fllleil with the cloMical learning which he found Houmh-
ing in the foreign nnireraities, and his loul burning with
the (^alviniatic theology which he had ttadiod at Oenexit.
In 1575, he waa ap|MMnte«l |irin(ipal of the Univeraity of
Ohiiignw, th»*n alinoat broken up and abnndonnl. He
there eatabliahoii so aolid and extenaivo a i<yHt<>ni'of in-
■truction, including the study of the lM>st Otveii authora,
that Hcothind, in aomo years' time, instead of sending
her sons to foreign universitit>8, found studentM from
other parts of Euro|ie reimiring to her own.* (ioing six
years later to Kt. Andrews, he accomplished the sume
work tliero, and so may well lie regarded as the father
of the universities, which since his day have ooutributeU
■o much to Sootknd's glory .f
But Melville was more than an organizer of educa-
tional systems. Klo(|uent as a prcac-hcr, fertile in re-
•ridliu
nUa't " Lil«nture of E-unpe," ii. 40.
iA\naAj ■ fnnniUtioii luul liran Iniil in a •jrttcm of clemcn-
IsA aduc^lioD. Knox n'lurnvtl Amm OencTS ftilljr iin|irPMr(l with
tlMlontiction tliat tlio nlucatiun of lh« inimici it tlie utmngnt bnl-
wsrii of Protntnnliam, and the iumt foundation of a itatc. Under
Ui in6aence kIhioI< were entablinlwd genenll; throngliuut ths
kingdom, and titer nccompliilicd a great worti. It wai not, liowercr,
until aftf r the full of tlie Stuarta that the State took the matter up.
Then, with a Dutch monarch on tlie tlirone, the Hcotcli Parliament,
having legained ila independence, in 1890 paaeil a law for the eatah-
lialiment of common KliniiU in ever; parith, to be anjiportntl in part l>]r
the pariili and in |iart liy rate bilia. With luch a ajilem in open-
tion, Toatercd liy all tlie power of the clergy, one need not wander
at the unlTrnal education of lliia people, nor at their marrellona
progriai in the laat two centuriea. Well ba<l it been for EngUinil
snd Ireland had their goTemment* abown equal wiadom.
to TU PVBITAN 111 BOLLAMD, KfOLAHD, AMD AMUKA
lource*, and ptMaosspil of undaunted courant;, ho *oon
iMH-ome the acknowltMlginl leader uf the Kirk, and set
oat to lup off the but of ita excreaoenoea.
At the time of ita catabhshment, in 1560, the Kirk re-
taintnl the form uf an epiacopute. The bishop* hod no
real power, but they aerved a useful pnr|)oie in the ays-
tein under which the nobles opprupriuto<l to their own
use niiMit of the pro|)erty of the old Church. They were
ap|M>inted by the government— that is, nominated to their
chaptem, aa in England to-day ; they then collected the
revenues of the slhm and turned them over to their pa-
trons. "Tulchan bisho|i«," the people name<l tliem in
derision, from the stuffed calf -skins, called tutchana, ,
with which their farmers deceived refractory oowa that
refuaed to give tlown their milk. Under Melville'a lead-
. eraliip the Kirk proccotted to do away with these men
of straw. The lirst attack was mailo u]>on them in 1A75,
at a lieneral Assembly held at Edinburgh. In 1578, an-
other General Assembly resolved that for the future
bishops ahould be ealled by their own names, and not
by their titles, and timt no vacant see should be flUed
until the next Assembly. Two months afterwards, it
was announced that this arrangement was to be perpet-
ual, and that no new bishops should ever bo 9p|)ointed.
In 158U the whole system was abolishc<l. In that year,
the (General Assembly, meeting at Dundee, unanimously
resolved that the office of bishop was a mere human in-
vention, unwarrantetl by the word of (i<Ml, and that all
persons holding such offices were to resign them at once,
under pain of excommunication, not even presuming
thereafter to act as ministers without a nev f">iniwi'>n
by the (lenerAl Assembly,* •• --
• Bee eitracU fttNa the Acti of tbt Gtoaanl AaemUict of Scot-
land, in Buckle, vol. ii. cliap. Hi. . ~"': ' —
■coruxD Ai A nitD roa a cathouc comriRAcr tl
Thus the Kirk showed that, renting on the heartfl of
the people, it was strong enough to stand alone. Knox
waa gone, bat his work remaine<I behind liini. At one
blow the sole vestige of Kpisoopaoy was swept away,
and with it the hist relic of the (,'hnrch of Itoine. The
"Book of Discipline" declared that all the prmchers
being fellow-laborers, all were equal in power, and that
none but tiod had spiritual authority over them. This
was the system which many of the English Puritans
looked np to as a model. Elizabeth opposed it, for she
saw clearly enough that it presaged the rain of mon-
archies. " Xo bishop, no king," were the words of her
successor, who sometimes showe<l the Stuart power of
saying wise things, although, like his grandson, be could
neyer do them^
Such was the state of religious affair; in Scotland
when, in 1580, the pope and the Jesuits set out on their
crusade against the Jtritish isloi. In view of the eccle-
siastical system established for the kingdom, this conn-
try does not seem a promising field for their operations;
but men in Italy, France, and Spain, knowing little of
the power which stood behind the Kirk, had no conce|v
tion of its strength. To them the nobles, as in other
lands, represont«d the nation, and by this time these
plunderers of the old Church were arrayed against the
new establishment. The nobles, however, were divided
among themselves ; some of them were Catholics, look-
ing forward to the lil)cration of Mnry Stuart and her
succession to the English throne ; others were professed
Protestanta, hating the papacy as a political power, and
always ready to stand by Elizabeth whenever her sover-
eignty was assailed.
Chi6f among the latter class was the Earl of Morton.
He had been regent of the kingdom from 1573 until the
M THI rOMTAn m HOLLAHa BHaLAMD, AND AHUICA
king was declared of a^, in 1578 ; wat a man ot great
ability, and, although unierapulooa in most matters, had
always l>eon faithful tu tho English alliance. To please
Elizabeth, and to gratify his own greed, he had l)een
the most earnest supiiorter of the tulchan bishops, and
by his conduct towards tho bmiy ot tho clei^ had well
earned thf-ir bitterest enmity.* Still, ho had behind him
a powerful family and a large |)olitical following, and
was looked up to with affection by the young king, now
a precocious boy of fonrttwn years of age. As the leader
of the English ]wrty, and the representative of political
Protestantism, Morton formed the first obstacle in the
path of the men who now set .out to capture Kcotland,
in order to use it as a base of operations against Elia-
beth.
The conspiracy against Scotland was planned by the
pope, the Duke of (iuise, tho nominal Archbishop of
Glasgow (then resident in Paris), and the English Jes-
uits at Rheims. The first step in the scheme was to
supplant Morton in the affections of tho king, destroy
bis influence, break down his party. Ami bring t^e Cath-
olic nobles into power. The agent selected for this
work was Tjsm6 Stnart, Count d'Aubigny, heir of the
Earl of Lennox, Morton's pretlccessur in the regency,
and, as his heir, near in blood to the crown of Scotbind.
IIo was an intimate friend of the Duke of (iuise, was a
Catholic, ^d had been carefully trained by the Jesuits
* Two of the pmchcra who h«l olfcmletl him he put to death
ander circumitancrt of greA( cruelty. He denounced the UeOeral
Anembly, and wished to do »mmj with ila pririlege* and even its
name. He uiicd upon all the beaeflcet that became rtcant, and ic-
talned their pioflu in hia own banda. Bee authoritica cited in
Baolile,U.18&
ru BABL or Luiiioz A 4B8crr (MUMRT m
tat the part which he wai to play. Only twenty-three
yean of »fi;e, he woa youn^ enoufjh to bo a c<iin|Mnion
of the king, ami, with the graces and accompliHlimcntt
acquired at the court of France, formed a pleaaing con-
traat to the grave tutor* and rude rioblo* among whom
Jamee had panod hi* boyhood.*
To none but the few roniipiratoni were the objects of
hii minion diicloaed. Kvon Mary Stuart was licpt in
ignorance. It waa rcprvticnted to the public that he
waa going to SootUnd merely to recluini the I^ennox title
ami estate*. U|ion his arrival, in 15K0, he was received
by the king and mnst of the nobles with open arms.
Even the ministers of the Kirk were at once won over.
He admittc^r that ho had been educated a Catholic, l>nt
professed a desire to learn the truth. His nominal con-
version soon followed, ami he Rul)scribe<i to the Presbyte-
rian confNsion of faith, petitioning the (iencral Assem-
bly to select a godly preacher to reside with him and
perform the offices of the true religion. In a few weeks
he reoeivol the title of Earl of Ixnnox, and it was re-
ported that he was to be decUred next in succession to
the crown. The fortress of Dumbarton wont to him
with his earldom, and Edinburgh Castle was given in
charge to one of his adherents. He thus held the keys
to Scotland, and only awaited a Httin|; op|)ortunity ta
open the gates to the French and Spani^tnis.
The ease with which Lennox carried out the first
part of his scheme seems extraordinary, but is easy of
explanation. Morton was unpopular with all the com-
mons and with most of the nobility. The new favorite
made himself agreeable to all classes, and people natu-
rally wonbip the rising sun. But beyond all this wu
• rraude, zL SM.
M TUI PrUTAM IH nOLLAKI), ■NOLARD. A!«n AMMICA
the conduct of Klizaboth, which drove lier Kcottiah
friends to ilM|)cration. She had leizcd on the )>ro|icrty
in England which Jamea had inherited from his |tater-
nal (pnndfiithor, nml although it brought in only a few
thousand iMiunds a year, refused to give it up. 8he
|>laye<l fast and loose with the (|ue8tion of suctMission to
her crown, and seemed determined by her conduct to
drive the young king into the arms of France or H|iain.
IBho could not excuse herself on the score of ignorance,
for no one knew better than she tlie dang«!r to her
throne if Scotland should {niss into the hands of the
Catholic imwers. The North, of England was always
the headquarters of rclwllion ;' and, with such a bnse of
operations as the neighboring kingilom afforded, rebel-
lion might soon become successful revolution. All this
she knew, and she professed the greatest friendship for
Morton ; but when he begged of her a little money for
the king, and for some practical amiHtanco in maintain-
ing his jmrty, she gave him only empty wonls. This
had been g«>ing on for years, during which time the
young king and his hungry courtiers had been losing
(latience, and Morton hod been losing influ(*ncc. The
emissary of the Jesuits, in addition to his graci^ful pres-
ence, brought to the Scottish court pixikets filled with
French gold. These arguments in favor of a foreign
alliance were much more substantial than the false prom-
ises of Elizalx-th.
Although the conspirators practised such secrecy as
to the mission of I^ennox, there was one man in'EngUnd
from whom few secrets were hidtlen. Vralsingham,
through his ubiquitous spies, knew of the scheme al-
most from its inception. He laid the detaihi before
Elizabeth, and sent word to Morton of his intended
ruin. Ehubeth, at first, was in a freniy of alarm ; she
DMmccnoN or iiorto!i, rnc paoTwr*irr uamr W
i«pent«(l of the \taai, attctvil to initke amomb liy nonding
money to the nobles wlioin she hwl ho hmg neglected,
and promise*! any amistitnco necettary for maintaining
the ASTondency of the I'nitestantB. Hut, uftcr her fash-
ion, when the Urst feeling of terror liad |nuhc<I away she
begnn to seek out some devious course, some ni<i<le of so-
oQring her safety by treachety to her allies, without the'
expenditure of money. Morton, unfortunately, l>elieve(l
in her promises, and went to his destruction. How she
tempted him to treason, and then niNintbmetl him ; how
■he prove«l false to every promise anil to every obliga-
tion of honor, I need not here narrate. Kroude, who liaa
made up' the record from the original documents, tells
the whole story in his fascinating |iag««.*
To dispose of Morton uptm a charge of trenspn into
which he had been led by Elizal)eth was nn cuhv matter,
but the Guises had a much subtler scheme. To take his
life was necessary, for he was too dangeroUH an enemy
to be at large ; but if, in addition, he and bis cause could
be discre<liteil,and something lie done folp the reputation
of Mary Ktuart, a great victory would be gainecl for the
Catholic i>arty. These objects were effectwl by trying
and convicting him on a charge of complicity in Darn-
ley's murder. The only evidence against him was the
proved fact that he know of Itothwell's intentions and
kept his peace ; ho said that it was because ho dared
not for his life betray the seerot. Deforo a court )Mu:ked
. with his enemies, this, however, was sufficient. Accord-
ing to the procMlure, both in England and Scothind, no
defence was allowed. lie was trie«l on the 1st of Juno, .
1581, and on the next day his head fell before the axe.,
Mary 8tuart, the allege<l evidence of whose compUcity
•Voi.si.ehap.UTllL
M TBR FDaiTAM IN BOtXAHD, EIULAMD, AND AMUKA
in the crime hmt been <lettmye«l by ordert of Eliubetb,
oould now puint to the grvht Pniteatant Ipwlpr hs her
huabaml'B munleror. Tlie S|i«niMh ambassador at I»n-
don wrote to Fhilip : " So all is \«'i>ll over, and, bleMed be
G<kI, the event i» far liettt-r than a few days since we
fetnU. The king was then hesitating, but we see now
that it was only from a fagncioiiH desire to c,oin|)as8 hi^
end more i*ffectually, to make clear the innocem-o of his
motlfer, and throw the guilt c)f his father's munlor <m
Morton and the henries. This is u gnintl lN>ginning,
from which we may look soon for the rei-overy of that
realm, to Christ."* ,
Less than two years had ela|isc«l sino* the agent of
the Jesuits hud arrive^l in Scotland, but in that timti he
had acconi|ilitth<Mi a great work. The ]>rGstige <if Eng-
land was gone, KlizulM'th's h<mor was shijtwreckol, the
Protestant cause was discredited, its champion lay in a
felon's grave, an<l the Catholic {inrty was in |H>wer.
Thus far, I^nnox and his adherents had been working
under a musk. Not only ha<l Ix>nnos joined the Kirk,
but in March, 1.^H1, he and (iH the nolili-s of the Jesuit
faction hiul sul)scril>ed a Protestant cimfession of faith,
•o extreme in its Calvinism and sq ((ennnciutory of the
papacy that for a time it deceived even their friends who
were outside the conspiracy, including Mendoza, Philip's
representative in I/indon. The mask was now to lie
lifted a little, and the world was to leHrn whether th^
plain people of Scotland, into whose souls John Knox
and his* associates had breathed the spirit of indepen-
dcniio, Were to be conquered as easily as their unworthy
nobles.
After the death of Morton the circle of the conspini-
* Mandou to Philip, June ISth, 1581, quoUd Fronde, x\.
TOM COmPlBACT WIDKIINO-ATTnim TO rOHVUT TO! KINU tl
ton was enlarged by taking in Mary Ktuart and the
Catholic nobiei of England. To them all buccciw Hecnicd
now awurod. Tho next step in the ichema wiw to con-
\'ert tho young king; then tlie Kirk was to bv broken
down, and, with that aoconiplJHhed, Scotland would pre-
sent a fair Held from which to curry on o|)orafion«
againat the heretics of Enghiud. For the conveniion of
the king two measures were adopted. liis new advisers
provided him with loose oaiiooiutoH to undermine bis
morals, und with Jesuit priextH to undermine liiu faith.
Iloth measures prove<l ineffivtuiil. For women 'n stx-icty
, James hail n constitutional dislike, although ho enjoyed
the pleasures of the field and table after the rigid nsoet-
ioism in which he had been reared. To tho teachings of
the Jesuits ho listctVMl; but he listened to argue, and not
to ba convinced, lie was only a ooy, but ho was a very
precocious (me. Ilis ccmceit was unlN>unde«l, and he al-
ready thought himself a master of theology. Itesidei
this, lie had too much natural shrewdness to almndtm
bis prospects of succeeding to the English throne, by
joining the Catholics, until ho had something more sul>-
stantial to rely on than promises of French or S|)anish
aid.
Although the king refused to give up his religion,
such a refusal did not at all discouragu the conripirators.
Lennox was arranging with the Duke of Ouiiie for an
invasion of England by the way of ScotLtnd. If ,Iaraes
acquiesced, all woiild Im) well: otherwists he could be dis-
posed of and his mother reinstated. Uut the Kirk must
first tie set in onler, and hero there was no opposition
from the king. IIo hated its ministers as bitterly as did
any of his nobles. They had made his life miserable by
oompelling him to listen to their long-winded sermons.
They bad lectured him from infancy as if bo had lieen a
m THB rVaiTAit IN nOUAHn nOLAUD, AMD AMOIOA
pUbeian iclioolboy. They now ckimed an independent
power in the State, prcochinf^ doctrine* utterly at vari-
ance with hill theory of the kingly office. T«> curb their
iniolcnt pretenHionii, and rnli^ce the Kirk to «uch ii ]hm-
tion of dejiendence on the crown as wa* occupiol by the
EngliRh C'hurch, wore ichemes that met with hi« cordial
approbation.
As wo have seen, the office of bishop had \teen abol-
inhed by the (icneral Asxembly bi-foro the full of Mor
L ton. That noMeinan hiul owed lii« weakncm largely to
Hl{oJjt>8tility of the ministers, whom he had BHlulowily
anlagoniaeed. I^ennox and his adherents leumetl no lea-
Ron from the fate of their enem^', but «et out in the game
direction to reap the whirlwind. Epiico|iacy was to be
re-etitablighcd, and the neiv' bishops were to be somethiag
more than mim of straw.
The first and onlj' attempt was made in the arch'
bisliopric of (ilosgow. the nominal incumbent of which
was a Catholic, who for yoam had reside<l in I'aris as
the ambossuiUtr of l^fary Stuurt, iier ileposition having
never been recognize<l by the court of Franco. T<i re-
call this avoweil Papist would have tioen toi> l)old u step;
the see was therefore dcchired vacant, with the vi'.'W of
appointing a Protestant successor. The |M*r!U)n selected
for the perilous promotion was Robert Montgomery, a
minister at Stirling, who had assigned to Ixnnox the
greater part of his prospective revenue. His nume the
king sent to the Glasgow Pr^bytery with instructions
to elect him to the vacant archbishopric.
But Lennox and the king were reckoning without
their host. The Kirk had dellod Morton when in |)ower;
, it felt no fear of these lioyiiih upstarts. Instead of elect-
ing Montgomery, the Presbytei^y declanxl that his ap-
pointment " b«d the .warrant of ^he deuill i^d not of the
, 1«B Kuw uvM wxjrrLAMO m
word of Ooci." The Cienoral Aiacmblv, which met in
October, 1581, onlcreii him to remnin at Stirlinif, nnd
upon his diaol)eying.J.heir order* luspendcti him from tlic
mioistry. A few* montlis ufti-rwanli, the I'rivy < 'ouncil
declared that the king, l>y virtue of hi* prerogHtiVc, hod
the sole jKiwer of apitointing l)iHho|i8. und Montfconu'ry
Attomptvil to take jMNiaoiwion of tlio pulpit in the (lIuMj^ttw
' Cathedral ; but he wait gently lifted out and ejertol from
th»'Churrh. In Aprils 15K2, the (ienerul Awwmbly met
again, with Melville as moderator, and procei>ded to con-
sider the question of excommunicating their refraittory
brother. The government, hearing of their pro)>ot4ed
action, sent a messenger-at-arms with directionx for them
to desist under ])ain of rebellion. The answer to this
command was a sentence of excommunication against
Montgttmery, which every minister of the Assembly was
oniered to rea<) to his congregation upon the first Sun-
day after his return home.*
Meantime, despite the pn.ifcssioDS of Ix^nnox, grave
mmors were afloat regarding his true character. A mes^
ienger sent to him by {be l)uke of (iuise was recognized
as a person who had been concerned in the massacre of
St.'Ilartholomew. The Jesuit |>ric«ts who had lN>en com-
missioned to convert the king had come in disguise, but
it bad been impossible to keep their secret. When the
sentence of excommunication against Montgomery was
thundered from the pulpits, it was intimated in no viigue
terms that Lennox's turn wouUI not be long delayed.
But these wore only words. Would the people support
the Kirk, especially if the government resorted to the
oae of foroet This was the next question to be an-
• irCrfa'i •• Ufe of HolriUe ;" ^ Act* of Ocncral AMemblr," dtsd
in Buckle, U.1M, ISO.
W Tm PURITAN IK HOLLAiia naLAIID, AMD AMBaiQA
■wered, and the aniwer wu imnwHiiAte. In July, the
an-hbiahop, whom lionnox liatl k«|>t at hia caatlo, waa
aont into Kdinliui^h to aiwunin th*^ dutioa of liia office;
but tho miniiitera rallied in force, and ho wna drivon out.
Again tho att«in|)t wai made, this time uniicrthe |>ro-
teotion of an armed guard. Now the people, re we, over
powered tho guar<l, and, amidit a ahower of miiMiellano.
PUB miwilea, with howla of " Palie thief !" " Man-aworn
thief !" hniitle«l the poor archbiabop through the atreeta
and out of the ojty gate.* ,
Thia lost exhibition waa Unt much for Imth .Mont-
gomery and liCnnox. The former made hia |ieace with
the Kirk by going before the General ANaembly and
aolemnly promising that he wouKI make no further
attempt to pntweaa hiitnaelf of the arohbiahopric.f The
hitter, hearing that an aaaociution hod been formed to
take his life, concluded that JScothind waa not the pn>per
field for tho display of hia {leculiar talenta. !\t first he
retired to hia caatle of Uunibarton, but, in 1583, ho ahook
the Scottish duat from hia feet and returned to France.
The great coniipiracy was ende<l. A new power had
arisen in Scotland us in the Netberlanda. A [teoplc had
been bprn.
Encouraged by tlie action of tho Kirk, and with
' promises of Engliah aupfiort, tho Protestant nobles
again came to tho front. They took ]Ni«iession of the
king, arrested aome of the oonapiratora, deciphered their
aecrot corres|Mtndenoe with the Duke of (iuise, and un-
ravelled all the threads of the plot for a foreign inva-
■ion of the ishind. Elizabeth was, aa uaual, temporarily
• Fronde, x\. Stl.
t "Act* or tbe Ooneral AfMmUy." IL M*; Uslderwood's "HIsL
or Um Kirk," ill aoi.
»^lA^
■rraen ov tui Moviiiiirr on tu inausn rcRiT*m It
alamuMl. Her miniitori urged nn o|)en luppurt (if tlie
PrutcaUntt, and the king hiinM>l( exprcMed a doaira
for an KnglUh alliancu, if only jiiRti<-« wero dune him in
the matter of his English efltate*. liut Elizalioth, though
profuM! with pmmisfs, sot out. ano«v in her (Hiumo of
duplicity and fraud. It iieenis almost inexpliciililo that
after her treachery to Morton any one ■houKI have >>e-
lieved her word, but human onxlulity lias no limits. Her
new allies went the way of all the men who trusted
her. The king, being released by his raptors, turned
u|K)n them, when ho found that Kliznlioth would not ilo
him justice, and that she had no intention of Kup|>orting
the men who bad raistHl a relM>llion nt her instigntion.
The Karl of Oowrie, in I5K4, follow(><l Morton to th«
block, and his associates Angus and Mar fled the king*
dom, stripped of all their property.*
For a time James found himself more powerful at
home than ever liefore. He o|H?ned negotiations direct^
ly with the pope and the Duke of Guise, asking them-
. to interest the Catholic powers in his behalf against
Elizabeth, who was plotting his destruction.f Hut the
Catholics had seen enough of Scotland. The {leople
evidently were not on their side, and unless the king
could be converted he would be a useless tool. The
movement, however, had a great elTect on England by
revealing the dangers which would continue to threat-
en Elizabeth from ever}' qnarter, until she could bring
herself to a decided stand in favor of the Protestants.
Upon the Puritans in particular its effect was very
marked. They bad watched the struggle with the
keenest inter^t. James, when he drove out the Prot-
est*nt nobles, also drove out many of the leading miO:
* FnMid*, si. p. CTS, ate. tId«B,xLMt.
n m nmTAit m bouara nratiini, aro txwnck
iat«n. They. took refuge in England, to diawminat*'
there the (loctrineii of a I'reibyteriaii Church standing
above the State, and in time their teaching! developed
into action.*
Returning now to England, it is an ea«y matter to
trace tliu ofTccta <>f ita growing I'uritani«m u|ion the
fortunes of the nation at the most critical '(wriod of ita
• t am not writing the hUtArjr of the flcoitUli Kirk, «o<l onljr refer
to it M ImrinK on the ileTvlopmrnt uf EnKfiiili Knil Amrricaii Piiri-
taninm. But in IcsTing tlvo lulijcct it U ntirifactnry to nnts that tb*
tHuoiph of Jiiinn wiu Tf rjr tboit-ilTed. The Earl <>f Arrun, who, after
the lllKht of I^nnoi, became the cliief rojial atWiKr, woi a man of
vile lifi! aiul of little abilitjr. lie miule himwlf mi oluioiioua timt, in
1583, AnKiii, Mar, ami the other Protcitant noble* wlin ka<l fled the
country relumol home to meet a |ieo|>le in rcrolution. Tliey took
poaaeMion of the kin);, recorercil their eitatea, un<i Arran paaaetl out
of afght to die in u itroet brawl. Then the Kirk again came ialo
power to teacli Jame* that hatred of Pmlijricrianiini which liad au
marked an effect upon the hittory of tlrrat llriliiin.
When Jaml■^ at n later dajr, had all Kiigljtnd behinii him he waa
able to nlnatnte the biahn|ia, but their dutien were alinoat nominal.
Ilia aon, Cbarica, went further and attenipletl to force n liturgy upon
Scotland witl> all the ceremonial which maile it ao ofleniivo to the
Puritan! of England. Thli action rcaulled in the war which, aulMe-
qneutlj taken up bjr the Engliih, ended in the Comuionwealth. and
the eatabliahnient of Hcolch Preabyterianiiiit in England. It ia a
aignificant (act tliat the Hcoteli raWcd the atandani of rebrllina
Bolel; on account of a religioua peneCution. The Englinh alio bad
religioua grierancea, but thrae alone would nut have caunril tlio rev-
olulion. The national hrn>ea of the dai in England are not the men
who atoo<l up for their religioi|a righia, but men, like Hampden, who
defended the puraea of the nali<m. Wlien Charlea I. waa taken pris-
oner, the English demanded guantatces for their civil righia; the
relUaai coat the monarch his head. Charlea II. Joinetl the Kirk, con-
ceded tA the Scotch all that the; aaked for in religion* mattera, ami
thej took part with him in th« second Civil War. Tliia may bav*
been unwiic, but it waa not inconaiatauL ' . , ,.i
- ■ *
rvmhunut ako oatbououm m noLAiib ' ' M
hiitory, wi oh waa tovenil yean before the appearance
of the S|m\ hh Annada.
It must be borne in' mind, as itated in a former chap- .
ter, that when Elixabeth aioended the throne very few
of her Mibjecta wore eameat Catholics. The (n^eat ni»-
jority of the |icopio, although Catholic by tradition,
oared nothing for religion, and, aocuatomed to an earth- .
ly head of the (Church, were willing to aL<|uitiw<e in the
religious lupremaoy of the crown at readily and as fully
M they had afiquiesoed in thai, of the pope. It was into
this jMwcoful family that the Puritans entered as an ele-
ment of discord. Their great crime was the questioning
of the queen's supremacy. They sought an apiieal in
religious matters from her decisions to a heavenly
tribunal, and she recognizeil no right of appeal beyond
herself. Fur this reason she so bitterly oppo«e<l their
teaohings, and exerted every effort for their suppree-
lion.'
But in her short-sigbtedneaa Eliiabeth failed to take
in the whole of the situation. Puritanism, as it waa
then developed, might question her supremacy in relig-
ions matters, but it never questioned her civil power.
Catholicism, as it then existed, when fully taken to the
heart, would question both. This it was tliat led her
counsellors, from an early <hiy, to foster the Puritana,
as the main defence against the rising tide, which,
■weeping over Continental Europe, might soon be ex-
pected to cross the Channel. England* was very late in
feeling the awakening, intellectual and moral, which
gave birth to Protestantism and rejuvenatoti the Catb-
olio Church. Vet the awakening was sure to come. '.
There was something in the air, something telling of -
impending change, which in time would stir the most
torpid from his slomber. The awakening began in Eng-
II.-8 ,,-.■■..:
M Tm nmnu» m boiuiia nraum, ulb uomka
land with the PuriUm diauontont. This Eliitbeth aiw
and fully appreciated, liut ihe never leemed to draam
that the influence* of the age, which doTelo|ied the Pnri-
tani, might arouie her Catholic ■ubjocta.and iin|)uril not
alone her religious supremacy, but her throne ituvlf.
8uch, huwovor, was the danger that threatonoil. Eng-
Und when the Jesuits began their memorable invasion
of lfi80. To them the task of converting the isUnd
seemed ah easy one, and they wouhl have mot with few
obstacles had the wishes of Elitabeth been fully carried
out. At the court there was a total absence of relig^
ion. The prelates of the Church were mostly mere
timeservers, if nothing worse, and the men beneath
them wore in laige part almost illiterate, many of them
leading lives which disgraced Christianity. It is not
strange that under these circumstances, looking only at
the surface, the missionaries of Hume shouhl have en-
tertained high hopes. They were themselves pure of
life and earnest ih their convictions, and if the field bad
not been occupied they would have swept into the papal
ranks most of the men of the kingdom who were ear-
nestly inclined to religion. These, to be sure, formed
but a small fraction of the nation ; but when the condi-
tions are favorable, when real grievances exist, a com;
paratively few earnest men suffice to bring about a rav*
ointion. They overawe the lukewarm, unless opjiosed
by greater earnestness titan thoir own, and under their
teachings the weak-minded develop into the must vio-
lent of fanatics. 8uch was the course of events in the
next century, when a minority of Puritans seized upon
the government and overthrew the CfHistitoiion.
But the field was oocapied before the arrival of the
Jesuits. Despite all the efforts of Elizabeth, the Puri-
tans had pleached and taught, and their Ubors had not
OLD OATBOUCS AMD KIW CONTMm (9
bwn wasted. They wero u earneit and oa pun* of life
aa the Jesuits, and by their woniii and cxani|ile had won
orer thousands of the earnest houIs who were tirnl of
hypocrisy and cant.* These preachers, with ttiu multi-
tode of refuRees from the Netherlands, ami the minis-
ters qtthe Scottish Kiric, had alTcrted one clement of
society. Another element was aroused to imiignalioa
against the papacy by the private war that the English
corsairs were waging against Spain, ami by the open
conflict in the Netherlands. All of these influences —
which alone prevented the restgrntion of Kngland to
the papacy — woultl have been wanting if Klixalmth could
have suppressed the I>uritans, an<l could have |)atche<l
up a peace between IMiilipand his reliellious subjects by
inducing them to give up the religious question.
But their result* did not up])ear upon the surface,
especially in up|ier eirules, and naturally enough the
Jesuits were deceivc<l. There wero still old families in
the kingdom among whom (.'atholieism whs a tradition,
and its advocacy a point of honor. With these families
the Jesuits wero at once brought into close rektion. In
addition, there was still another class in the commu-
nity, small perhaps, but one not to be overlooked. Most
men, even those earnest in belief, take their religion from
their surroundings, adopting without question the faith
* Fisaeii Bacon wm not Riven to Tuluoleering lOKKntiani on
dbtarttlbl wbjecu, liut, in 1584, lie wmto s letter to Ktlnbeth, in
whtcb, while diarluiniinK an; cnnciirrence in tlie oplninnn of the
Pnrilnnt, he called attention to tlie good, work wbicli tlirj were do-
iag in diininiehing the nunilier of tlie Piipiita, by " their careful caia-
shiaingami diligent preacliing."—Abbott'i"Bacon,''p. 19. Butgfalejr
noted, Tery •IgniBcantljr, in ISM, that the Jeeuiu Hociicil into and
saade their sonverta in the conntiee where the Icaat preaciiing liad.
bwn done. Str;pe, iii. 4S».
M TUB rvutui m mouuM, mmlamo, ako MnauoA
in which they h»Te been bred, or th» one which tint
app^ftla to their deaire for a hett«r Ufa ; itill, there ar«
otliefli in every Chriatian nation who are by natore
PrutMtanta or Catholica. The flnit initinctively dia-
card everything whii-li Htanda between them and their
Creator. The othen love ceremonial rites, crave an
earthly Int«rooa8or with the Buprome I'ower, ami leek
relief from internal conflicta t>y referring all iipiritual
questions to the decision of a visible infaUibk) tribunaL
lien of this Utter class ha«l not been affoctwT by the
tcMchings of the Paritans, but they welopmwl with avid-
ity the ministrations of the Jesuits.* Ad(le<l to the ad-
herents of the old Catholic families, and all burning with
religions fervor, the new converts and the old believen
seemed to the missionaries of the Cross to i«present the
nation.
Nor were the Jesuits alone deceived as to the state of
religious opinion in the country. The (^atholio miasion-
aries, upon tlieir first arrival, in l&M, had been liuntMl
down by Walsingham with such ruthless energy that
Campian and all his associates, save one, were sleeping
in martyrs' graves. Vet their place had been taken by
hundre«ls of others, and the awakening sooniod so gen-
eral that it misled many of the Cutliolio noblen, and even
Mendoia, the cool-headed Spanish minister at I>nndon.
The puke of Ouiae, foiled by the Kirk in Ms designs on
Scotland, in 158.3 cliangnd his plans, and meditated a di-
rect attack on England. Encouraged by his English
* It h ■ iH>t«worthj fact Ihu mnrt of the Knnliilin«n nf aurk
who in thU generatioD lidol with tba Cutbulic* bid Imn bred
PiotadaoU, ihowing the power of tbi* iwtunl tendency. " Con-
flicts between the Jetuit* and BecuUn in the Reiga of Eliisbotb,"
Thomas O. I4SW (Loadoo, 18S0), Inlr. p. xcvii.
piuur DMiiMi TO AiB A oAtwuo cnMOni tr
frienda, he applied to Philip for aid, and that monancb
Mked Meadoca'ii opinion of the lituation. In ri'ply
Mrndoza laid : " Tho realm i* ripe fur revolution. It ia
full of lecta and faction. The |>e<>p|e will not bear con-
trol, and the doing* of the council and clergy are iran-
dalouB. There ia crery reaaon, therefore, to expect
•nooeaa." * The Hpaniih miniater, however, <iid not lie-
lieve in a French invaaion, for Fninoe waa the tnulitional
enemy of England. The Duke of (iuiie, he thought,
might head thfrexpetlition as a relative of Mnry Stunrt,
who waa to be placed upon tho throne; but hoaliould Iw
aupported by a Hpaniih army, the Kpaniania Iwing of
old the frienda of the Engliali, lo that their inraiion
for a religioua purpoae would not awaken a national
antipathy.
Influenced by thia advice, Philip at laat decided to en-
ter upon active hoatilitiea against the enemy which had
worried him lo long. Parma, in 16!<3, received initruo-
tiona to hold himaelf in readineaa with four or five thou-
aand troops to croia the Channel from the Nethcrlamlt ;
the landing waa lo be protected by a Hpanisli fleet, and
it waa ex{>ecto«l that at least twenty thousand Qatbolica
would be in roadineaa to welcome the invaders. Kut
with Philip the making of a pbin waa one thing, Itn exe-
cution waa something very different . Faitua stood ready
"with his troo|)«, the Catholic noblea were ready with their
retainers, the Vuko of (tuise was chafing with impatience,
Mary Ktuart was in a frenzy of hope, but the Spanish
fleet did not appear. Weeks wore away and dragged
into months, until finally October came, and, with it«
bad weather, all chance of a suooeaaful invasion was
niwoasarily postponed until another year. The interval
• JUodoia lo PbUip, Jul; ttb, ISeS, Froodv, xL •!«.
M Twi rawttMm at houlaiip, maLAiiiK and AvmoA
■bowed on bow alif^ht a funntlation the Catholici had
built tluMr cxpcctatiuni of a ■uuct'orul n^vtilution.
Fur oncu ii leenii that a ffrrat cimiipiracy had l)een
baU'hiNi without the knowledf^ of WulHinghum. He,
who u«ually knew overytiiinff pnijected by tbn enemy,
was utterly ignorant of the acheme uf Philip ; ami had
Parma liinded in England (luring the lummer of 1.'>S.'),
the invu^n would have been at least unoxjiected. Hut
by November the whole plot wan revealed.
Francis, the eldest son of Hir John Throginorton, be-
longed to an influential Catholic family of Cheshire,
which bad been unwavering in its attachment to th«
caute of Mary Htnart. The young man had s|ient a
year or two on the Continent, had been at Madritl and
Paris in consultation with the conspimtor*, knew all
their secrets, and, having returned to Enghtnd, opened a
house in London which became the headquarters of th^
intcndc4l rebellion. His frequent visits to the 8|ianish
ambassador having excited sus|>icion, Walsingham gave
onlcni for his arrest and the seizure of his pa|)ers. When
the officers arrived he was ci|>hering a letter to Mary
Stuart. This he destroyed, and ho also managetl to sen«l,
through -a servant, a casket of compromising letters to
Mendoza ; but there were found in his rooms a list of
the Catholic English confederates, plans of the harbors
best fitted for a foreign landing, treatises in defence of
the Queen of Scots' title, and a numlier of libels upon
Elizabeth. These documents were sufficient to seal his
fate, but there was nothing in them on which others
could be convictecl. He knew what wos in store for
him, and sent word to Mendoza to have no fear for his
constancy, that lie would die a thousand deaths rather
than betray his aasociates.
Had Throgmorton posseaed tb« oonitancy of which
. ooLuru or tbi ruHuuiioaTOM coMcnKMrr N
be boa«te<l, liii aMoriatcs would have be«n lafe enough.
Bat the guTernmrnt cM>ntnilli<d ■ machine for extract-
ing aecwU that few Engliahmen ever oonhl withatand.
PromiHctuf pardon efffcted nothing, hut under the rack
be gave up every detail of the c<ins|>iracy : the plana of
Philip ami the Ihilcn of Ouiao, the (vmpiicity of Mary
Htuart, thi> namoa uf the Catholic confctloratca, und the
part which each wa« to piuy in the projected upriaing.
At once a panic aeized u|ion the nation. Aa runiora of
tbe opnfeiaion aproad abroad, many of the implicated
parties fled to the Continent, liut eleven thouiund, ac-
cording to the dalculation* of Meniioza, were unil<<r ar-
rekt, either in priaon or in their own huuMt, lieforo tiie
middle of the winter.* The council ordered the uiuat
atringent meaaurea to be tolcen agsinit the Jcsuita, and
aeven of these miiaionaries, mostly Oxford ctmverts, were
put to death. Finally, in January, 15S4, Mendozii, tlie
Hpanish ambasia<lor, was ordered to leave the country
■a a fomenter of treason and tlte enemy of tbe pnblio
peace. Tbe bubble had burst.
At this juncture Elizabeth's ooonaellora again urged
iier t« render active assiRtance to the struggling Protes-
tants upon the (Continent. They argiieti that the total
oollapee of the intemleti rebeliiim at home showeti iiuw
weoit was the present |)apal power in England; that
nothing was tu be feared but a HpAnisb invasion, on
which Philip had evidently now decided ; and that it
would lie wise tn take the initiative and attack him in
his weakest point, tlio Netherlands. Ortuinly the p»-
triotio outburst that followed tbe [lublication of Thrug-
morton's confession proved how feeble was the spirit of
aggressive Catholicism within the kingdom. .The minia-
•rraaiis.sLHt.
^ i
try, with no lUmling army at iU Iwck, and with nothing
to n\y on bat publio opinion, ooald never have enforoed
its levere repreMive meaaurea had there been any mich
Catholic arntiinent aroon)( the jipople at iar^n a« hiato-
riani have M>metinu)« dilated upon in explaining the con-
duct (*f Klizalieth.
The event* of the next few montha ahowed oven more
dearly how aound the nation waa at heart. In July,
lfi84, William of Urange, the great bul>vark of I'rotea-
tantiim, met hii death nt the hand of an iwMMin. lie
wu murdereti became I'hilip UUieved tliat Iw iilono up-
held the roltellion in the NetherlantU. Had he liecn loy-
ally lupiiorted by Enghind, the reaatma for his taking-off
would have largely loat their force, ami he might ha va
lived to found a republic or a limited m<in«rchy embrao-
ing all the seventeen statea. The argument which led
to the asmiainatiun of the Prince of Urange waa now
for the flr8t time applied to Eliutlwth.
The ichemea of thia period for the removal of th*
qaeen are ao repugnant to the Engliih nature tivday,
that to explain their oligin three centuriea ogo the facta
of history are soraetimoa overlooked. As we have seen
in a former cha|>ter, the noble Earl of Huaaex atteni|>ted
the murder of 8han O'Neil at the hands of his iKxIy-aer-
vant : at a Utter day, aa we ahall see hereafter. Eliiabeth
deaired 8ir Amyaa I'aulet, Mary Stoart'a Jailer, to mur-
der his prisoner jn order to avoid the tnlium of a puhliq
execution,* a scheme which had been suggested months
before by Leicester, who recommended poison. In the
next century, Cliarlea II. issued a |>roclamation, drawn
op, some say, by the great Chuvndon, offering a reward
of ttve hundred pounds a year, with a colonelcy in the
i — ' '
* Frooda, xU. MS, Ml.
-41
lapd afmjr, to Miy one who would remove CromweU
"by iwoni, piatol, or |ioiaon," all of which woa prumiMd
"on the woni ami faith of a ('hriitian king;* and for
many year* tlie dt«tli of almost ««very prominont nian in
the kingilum waa popularly aaoribod to poiionera. We
need not, therefore, resort to any {loouliar teaching! of
the Jeeuita, in undermining the national morality, for
an explanation of the ploti againiit the life of Klizalieth.
The Jesuit* taught that aho was an enemy of the faith,
and that, Iwing uxoummuni«-ated by the pope, she waa m
coibmon outhiw ; the English code of morals, at least at
entertained in high circles, taught that any <^tlaw,
Irish or domestic, might Iw pat to death by any meanB.t
Elizabeth could nut understand why her Catholic sub-
jects should seek h«*r life. 8ho luul always favonti thvm ;
she did not 8ym|ifttliiz« with the Kirk in Hcotland, with
the Puritan* in England, nor with the rebels in the
NetherUnda : why could not she Ite left in peaceY Bat
to the fanatical Catholics all this now went for noth-
ing. The queen was a professed Protestant ; Itetiind
b«r, in direct succession to the throne, stoiMl a professed
Catholic, under whose rule the true Church would be
i»«itablisbed. They uoderttood how much respect the
* Ctrljic't ** Cromwell," W. t. Thia procUoMlion wu followed by
a roysliit plot for IIm sMmiDslion of the Protector, ISM. Idem. p.
as. IIiiliMn uji tlwt CUrendon ftvcKd CromweU'i MHMioslioa.
t h nay be noticed in tliie connection tliat none of tlie ploii fiir
tiM Mwaeinetion of Cliubeth cmn lie tmced beck to ibe Jnuiti. W*
can Had in th«n the hand of Philip «nd that of tite pope, while IIm,,
coDtpinlon were nuinly Kngliebnien ; Init there it no poeititre proof
to ehow that the Company of Jeeue, wlioae mcmben always pro-
poaetl a peaceful roiaaion, had any part in audi pntjecta. "Tha
Conflleta between the Jeauita and Secniara in the Reign of Uia»
batli," Tliomas O. Law (London, 18M), p. xoTlii
'W-'^-'mQ^r^ -
4t raa rvtiTAH m aoujuin, MoutiiOh aiio ahmica
English (Msople paid to Uifpkl fomu ; wnre EliMbrth l»
movMl, no m«tt«r by wlmt inranii, th<<y thought that
the (^een of Hcota wiHiltl ho rfrognittvi a« tier Miooea-
aor, ami that they w<hiI<I m>« thn n-turn of the good daya
of Mary, when horeay waa aooountetl oditiua. *
lint theae men did not appreciate the chahgea which
had been wrought in Kngland during the ijuurtrr of a
century ntnoo the death of Mary ami the acveiiRi«)n of
Elizalwth. Several plota wvre formed for tlu> uaaaaai-
nation of the queen, which failed through the coward-
ice of th« aaaaaaina, or wer« thwarted by the vigibinee
of her minister*.
At length, in November, I!S84, the council reaoWed
to romovo all inducements to the murder of the queen.
Keoognizing the fact that the succession of Mary Ktuart
waa the great object aimeil at, they drew up, for sub-
mission to the peo|ile, what is known aa the " Itond of
Asswiation," somewhat roaembling the famoua '* Hol-
emn I/?aguo ami ('ovenant" of Sc<itland. liy this bond
the associates swore, with the moiit solemn oaths, to
protect Elizabeth against all attacks, foroign or domes-
tic ; in the eyent of her death by violence not to recog-
nize any soecessor in whose interest her death had been
procured ; and to revenge her death upon such pretended
successor and all her aoooniplices ami adherents.* This
document was signed by the council and every ofR-
cial in London and its vicinity, and was then sent
out through the country at large. It was welcomed
everywhere with an outburst of loyal enthusiasm.
Catholics vied with Protestants in affixing their sig-
natures, and even Mary Stuart, in her priscm-house,
attached her name. Not a dissentient voice marred
• 'Boad of AModstiaa," MoT«gib«r, tSM, lit 8uu Triall
rumtmmrt ahb taa watmii M
the ixpraMion of devotion to the queon. The nfttion
■eeinni united.*
Dim-tly after the prepitration of the liond. a Parlia-
ment woa lumniomMl to ^ire it Ik IckuI ratiltration. Tliia
I*arliament waa a now liudy, the luat one having be«n
•lected in 1571, twelve years before, and waa even mora k
Puritan than ita predeoeaaurt. It made aume changes
in the llond of AiaiKiation, removing the illegal and ". ^iC;' ' «
unjuat pruviiiun punialiing innocent partiua fur the '.c.<^'
orimea of otliera, without iiNxrial authority from the
government, and then pMMed it into a law. It alao en- ' *
acted a more stringent statute against the Jesuits and
seminary priests, directing them to leave the kingdom ■
within forty days. If they uverHtay(>d the time or re-
turnixl after it, they were to be punished an truitors,
' and all thuae who horboriHl them were to lultcr death
as' felons, t Then, granting a liberal sulisidy, and pre-
senting a petition from the Commons against the sloven-
liness, the corruption, and the growing tyranny of the
bisho|tH, it cItMod its session in March, l^lH.^.
Such was the state of affairs in England, when, after *
the death of the Prince of Orange, the fieputics from
the States-Oeneral received their final answer from the
King of France, declining the proffered sovereignty of ,
the Netherlands. The religious crisis in Knghind had
come and had been succossfully passed. The ita])acy
had made its great attack upon the Protestantism of
the nation, but it hwl been driven back and routed by
an enemy much stronger tlian itself. English Cathol-
icism OS n political power was dead. There was no
longer danger to the nation except from some over-
whelming foreign force. Whether this was a danger
'to be dreaded was soon to be determined.
•rilMd«,sU.6a,«t. tUeni,iiL80.
'.»■-? ,
N
CHAPTKR XII
TBI nrousn n mt NETHiRLAxm-iMi-iiM
Ik the laat four chapter*, I havo attempted to point
out ■ome of the important inflnenoM which afft<ct<-tl the
character of the Engligh pM>pl« during the flrtt twenty-
Ave yean of Klizatteth'i reign. We have leen an inio-
lar nation, cut off by a deep ami tempeatuous, althtvugh
a narrow, tea from the elder civiliution of the world,
■lowly itirring into life. No great effect hat been pro-
duced, aa yet, ujion the mannen or morals of the |ieople
at large, but a beginning haa l>een maile by the awaken-
ing in certain tjuartem of a deep religious fervor. The
influenoen at work in this direction have lieen mainly tor-
eign in their origin, and have been largely exerted be-
neath the surface. We have now reached the fxiint of
time when England, after the lapse of many years, to
again brought into direct connection with the Conti-
nent, and swings into, at least, a litle current of Kuro-
pean life. The effect of this connection was iihown in
many ways; but in nothing woa it more marketl, as will
be seen hereafter, than in the development of an ag-
gressive Puritanism which pushed its demands, both
religious and civil, far beyond the modest claims of the
first reformers. The year 1685 witnoiised this new de-
parture, and is therefore important as an historic land-
mark.
. Until this time the foreign policy of Eliubetb,
■JUBMB* 1DRCWS rouoT HI TU mwnumuktnt 4l
in her ialantl retrMt, hxl been chiefly devotwl Ui one
object, that of keeping Hpain and France einbh>ile(i, ami
thiaa praTenting either frum a<!<|uiring Uio much |tower.
II waa thii policy which Urgitly ountr«>lte«l her e<>n<luot
towanb the NetherUndera. At varioiu timea, when
they luul applied to Kranoe for aid, ilie liad by under-
band practiooii dufeatetl tlieir application. Hhe wm un-
willing to aid them herat-lf, but the waa equally unwill-
ing to^aeo them abaorbed by their neighbor. Their hut
attempt in thia ijuarter waa made, a* wo have leon in
•n early chapter, juat after the death of the Prince of
Orange, in 1&H4, when, their cauae ireniing wpll-nigh
bopeleaa, they hail otTcrod the aovcreignty of their ixmn-
try to the King of France. That icheine.alie defeated,
by pertuaiiling them, under aecret promiaea <>f aiwiatanco
frmn l^raclf, to load down the offer with ciinditioni
which alie knew would be rpjecte*!.* Uut even then
the French monarch, while rejecting the aovereignty,
offered to aatiat them against Hpain if Elixabetb would
join him, but thia propoaition she declinetl. Kho desired
that France should do the fighting and expend the
money, but should gain nothing in the way of material
adrahtage.
Such was the condition of affaini wlien, on the IHth
of March, 1385, the deputies from the 8tatea-(}eneral,
baQed in all their expeotationa, left Itiris and sadly
took their way back to IlolUnd. On the :iUt of March
the Duke of Ouiae proclaimed the Holy League, which
* Rm tha wlial* dataiU of Ur tUplmnaey st lUia time ta Ffomlc,
sIL 9»-M. rrouile, it will be DoticMl by ihe miicr. trMU the
ebuacter of Elinbcth much lew tewlcrly thm dora Mullej. Ttii*
it Balont enoagli, m Ii« fnllnwnl ibe'AinericMi wbo, with «oaie
ligbtncH of togch, openecl op u unexplorad flel J in Engliah hiatoiy.
41 ni rcBiTAH IN noLuiiin naLANti; ^md ammca
WW to exclude Henry of ^avarre fmnvtlio tbnme and
estiqmte hereey in Knnoo. Huoh a movoniont wm di»-
utroua to tbti NethorUndi, but wben tbe whole plot
MOM to be revealed, it waa aeen to be of d«ngo^Hw im-
port to Kn^land alao. Philip waa a |>arty to the Ix^a^ue.
At length France and Hpiiin hotl joined liuntln to crush
tbe oonimoii enpniy. With liercny alx>li)th««l in Kmnce
and in the Netherland*, KnKlan<r* turn would follow
next. Kuch waa tbe end of all Kllzalwtirit lin«<-«|>un
diplomacy. With fair, ojicn dtwling, lucb aa tint French
court ha<l aakod 'for, a little money and » few truopa
would have auffiretl to gain the r«M>peration of France
and curb the |)owor of K|«in. Now ftoundii W(>r» re-
quired whcm ahillinga wouhl have sufficed Itoforc; thou-
landk of ,nit>n were needed where hundreda would have
been at flnit «ufl}cient.
Eliulwth ba<i promiieil the Netherlander* that if
France refused their otfers they should Hnd u friond in
her. They now cUkim««l the fultllnient of her promise.
Antwcqi, the commercial capital of the worhl, was be-
aieged by Parma, and waa in grt>at extremity. For its
relief trao{w were require«l, and these were demanded
aa an imnio<liate necessity. Ilcyond this stood the great
(|uestion of (lermanent nrrangiMiumts for the future. As
to this matter, tbe States-Oenenil desimi tlutt Eliza-
beth should accept the limited sovereignty which had
been declined by the King of France. This Hho ]ieniist-
ently Jrefnsed. , 8be had other schemes mwih lietter fitted
to her nature than any such open, avowed protection.*
* n U kQ intercttlliK fact that in the nrit centurj, <)urin(l Iho Cent-
nionwMUh, clrcuiniUncet were lomewhst reTerwd. iiimI His EnglMi
goTarnmeOt wUlie<l lo elTrct » union with the NetherliniU wliicli
would Weld the fwo countrin into one. It wu then the turn of tbe
NctberlMden to decline.
nitur connaoATM noufn rain, im 4T
A* the intentioiM of tho Loa^o wero <lay by day un-
foldotl, it appekroii to every one that for her own ufety
Eliulwth would lie c<>m|>olle(l, for once, to keep a pn>m-
iae, nnti iiho leernod incliniHl to do to. Hhe would lend
money an<l triM)|M, ili« said, for the mlief of Antwerp,
and for gunoml pur|io«e«, but only on tho nimt ample
■ecurity. That leourity waa to be given by tho surren-
der to her of aeveml imiwrtant town*, which controlled
the loa-ooaat of the Netherlandi. ThiH dumand wan fol-
lowed by long and weary negotiations. Tho reliellioua
provincoa notnlud uHgiitanoo 8udly, but they nnturally
dreaded to hand over the keyi of their country to ■
Woman whoae treachery waa proverbial. How wolU
foundetl wore their feara ■ubwNiuont event* rovealo«l.
Meantime, Philip hod determined to anticipate* hostil-
ities by striking a blow at England on his own account.
Tho Englisli merchants had built up « considerable oom-
meroe with S()ain. A partial famine in tho |ieninsuU
bad caused a great demand for foreign wheat, and the
ports of Spain were fille<l with grain vesseU, many of
them English, sailing under a 8|)ani«h promise of full
protection. On tho 'iOlh of May, l.'iS.%, I'liiltp gave
orders for the oonflscatign of every English v««8«l in his
ports, and the imprisonment of their ofHoers and crews.
The orders were followed almost to the letter. A very
few vessels 08ca|>ed, through the skill ami courage ot
their captains; but hundrc<ls, prolnbly thousands, of
merchants and sailors were plundonnl of their goods and
ships, and consigned to the galleys or the dungeons of
S^villo.* The Spanish monarch doubtless regarded tbii
oa a brilliant achievement— one that would strike terror
to the hearts of those isUnders, intent on gain. He
• rroods, xU. IM.
M not POUTAM nt HOLLAMO, ■NOLAMD^ AHD AMniOA
knew little of the English nature. The queen upon the
throne might deiil in what she called diplomacy, but lier
people believed in open courees. This breach of faith
on the part of Spain aroused the nation to renewed in-
dignation. Hostilities were now at their very doors, and
puo|)fe and ministers of State alike cried out for war.
Ij^jJhJty, When the- war fever was at its height, there
arrtvHKn London a formidable deputation from the
Stat^Kencral to hasten the lagging negotiations. At
the head of the twelve members stood John of Olden-
Bameveld, only thirty-eight years of age, but already "
distinguished as a lawyer and a statesman, well fitted
to take, in some departments, the place made vacant by
the death of the beloved Prince of Orange. He believed
in perfect religious toleration, and in this direction fully
carried out the teachings of his departed le^lder. The
English people welcomed these deputies with great en-
thusiasm. The ministry seeme<l united in their favor.
In anticipation of their arrival, notice had been given of
a meeting of Parliament to decide on peace or war, and
no question existed as to the character of its decision.
But, upon ,tho arrival of the deputies in I/>ndon, the
queen, taking advantage of the tem|)orary absence of'
Cecil, now Lord Burghley, countermanded ,the notice for
the meeting of Parliament, and carried on her negotia-
tions without its interference.*
If Elizal)cth had at all resembled the woman painted
by her panegyrists, if she had been actuated by any
real love of her people or any desire for the public good,
or even if her intellectual faculties had l>een of a high
order, her conduct at this juncture, and for many months'
afterwards, would be inexplicable. Every consideration
* Proude, xii. ISl ; Burghley to Hatle, Jnl; 88tli, 1S8S.
■ DIMARD MR WAB-IUIABITB-I FORITtON 41
of public policy demandml an earnest war with Spain.
■Scotland was safe in the liands of thu Kirk, Ireland was
harmloss, the League ha<l work unough on hand with
Henry of Kavarre, the Catholic {wrty at homo hod Bhown
its woaknuiis. A private warfare had k'un waged for
years, and now the nation demandu<l that the warfare
should be open and avowed. The only iJunger to Kng-
lond lay in the future, when S|)ain, having crushed out
the Netherhmd revolt, and France, having suppressed
the Huguenots, should unite forces against (heir c<>ni-
inon foe. Why, then, did not ElizalMith o|)enly and
loyally e8|Kiuse the cause of the Netherlands by an
.aggressive' war?
Home writein have attempted to explain her conduct
by calling her vacillating and given to duplicity, us if
labelling her characteristics revealed her motiveit. Itut
although she was devious in her courses, l)ecauso she
was a cunning woman with an active and not n profound
intellect, she was not vacillating except in tietails, nor
was she infirm of purpose. Ever since her accession to
the throne, she had kept before her mind the possibility
of a reconciliation with the pa|>acy as a condition of her
personal safety. This had affected all her domestic {lol-
Icy in religious matters. With such a contingency in
view, she hud laboretl to keep her prelates subservient,
her clergy illiterate, and her people ignorant. Here she
sboweil no vacillation or infirmity of purpose. Fortu-
nately for tht( nation, the time hud never arrivwl when
it was necessary to try her scheme. Still, she prolmbly
had it in mind, even after the exhibition of the national
Protestant spirit which followed the revelations of the
Throgmorton conspiracy, and it affected her later ^con-
duct.*
* Froucle, xti. 109. It muat be icincmljercd that at this time Arch-
il-*
■ <•. ,.
60 TBI rCUTA!) IN BOLLAXD, LNQU^n AND AMniCA
It must al«o alwuyg >ie borno in mind tliat Glizalieth
hod nu symjNtthy with tlie Nethvrlanilers in their revolt
- Uf^ainHt Spain- Sho caro«l a» httle for civil lilwrty at
Philip himiielf, and would hnv« boon very glad U> wee
the vfltablirihment uverywhcro uf thn alwulutiiim which
shu I'laimtHl in England. As fur tho rt'ligiouii (|Uciitiun
invitlvml, having nu feelings U|N>n the nubjuct hcntulf. she
couhl not undorutund their existence in othorii. Hence,
88 I Imvo already ]M>inted out, she hod nu conception of
tho strength lying back uf iho rebellion in the Xetlier-
lands, and always looked forward to its supprpssion by
SiNiin. On tho other hand, for the same reasons she
could never appreciate the liatred with which she was
regiirdtHl by the fanatic Catlidtics, because she was a
professed I'rotestunt. In addition, thero was another
trait of her character inclining to the side of virtue which
■r led to many of her ditttculties. In her dis|Nieition ther^
was no element of gtdl. life to her was like a game of
chess,' in which neither ])arty should harbor rancor after
the gamo is ended. She sent her enemies to tho block
if they stood in her wa3', but she seems to have felt no
animosity against them or their descendants. She
plundcnnl i'hilip by sea and by hind. She Ijefriendod
the pimtos who rilled his treaHure-shi|)s and looted his
colonies, just as she aided the rebels in the Netherlands
when it seemed to her advantage. All this she did with-
out any feeling of bitterness ; and if tho situation had
been reversed, she would probably have been retuly to
make up with her enemies at any time. Doing a woman.
bbhop Whitjtifl, tniiportetl l>; the <|U«en alone, and with nn jiroTO-
ration whatever on the |iart of the nunconfunniata, waa innst eanieat
in Ilia eflbrta at " rooting out " Puritaniam, which wh the great ob.
' atoclo to ■ leconciliation vith Rome. .
■UIAISTH urrOIWD TO rARUAMRITART IMTIBrnOBICI Al
•he could perhapa not fully appreciate the existence of
more diiagreeublo traitii of character in |)enumi belong-
ing to the oppoaite tex.
'Such waa the woman who sat upon the Engliith throne,
wielding almost despotic sway over the K.ngliHh jHtoplc.
Her ctjuncillom sharf<l none of her ilelusions in n>gurd
to her reconciliation with Rome or in regiird to the
friendly feelings of the King of S|Hiin. Hut she wii»
surrounded by a little knot of favorites, mostly Calho-
ha at heart, who impresse«l upon her thaf she was wiser
thansuchmcn as Iturghley and Walsingham. rndorHucli
conditions, one need not wonder at the events of the next
few years, in which we shall see no intirmity of pur]iose on
,tbo iMtrt of the queen, although her conduct was tiiarkeil
by the duplicity which characterized all her actions.
At first, under the inHnence of the |Kinic causcti by
the proclamation of the Holy League, Elizabeth may
have felt like falling Imck ui)on her ]ieople and asking
Parliament to support her in an o|)en war. Itut if she
ever had any such inclinations, they soon ])nsscd away.
She was always averse to summoning a Parliament. .
It gave her coifstant trouble by demanding a settle-
ment of the question of the succession to the throne,
something which seemed essential to the public gixMl.
but to which she refuse<l to consent until her dying
hour.* It also constantly proteste«l against the inelfi-
ciency, ignorance, and immomlity in the Church, and
was ever pro|>08ing; schemes of ecclesiastical reforms, to
* Sec Hallitm »n<l Froa<]e for ui scconnt nf the Tariou* stIcmpU
m^« by Parliament In MItle the question of ■nm'Hilon. and linw
thty wrra iMflled liy Elizabeth. I^aviii); the (|U<'<itii>ii oiirn made
her life of mora iin|>nrtance. After ber mlKliI roino tlic dpiuge. It
came in the neit century, although biitoriunii bare nut nluay» no-
ticed the connection between ber general policy and that of bcr
ancceuon.
•a THE ri-BITAN IN UOIXAMO, IMULAHO, AMD AMIBICA
which Rhe \riu n>i«olutely op|)otc4l. In timet of peace
tho I'nritnti ini>inl)en of this IxMly, wliu, oa the yean
wt!nt on, tieciuiie iiK>re outR|)oken, could be easily Uis-
poMMi of by n committal to the Tower. Itut an actire
war, with its n>no\re«l deniandii for subsidieii, might
change the Hitiiutlon.
All this Eliziibt'th fully understood when slieoountor-
nuimknl the suinnioiis for the meeting of Parliament
- which was to decide the «|UC8tion of peace or war with
Spain. AVur meant a committal of England to tho
cause of Protestantism in Euro|ie. It also meant dan-
ger to the al)solutisui of the crown. Neither of these
results was Elizabeth w-illing to accept. Khe had ma-
ture<I in her own mind a scheme for avoitling the ]ier-
(onal {teril threatened by the Holy I>.'ikguc. AVbat
this scheme Was we shall see hereafter. It is suffi-
cient now to say that its prosecution was not marked
by vacillation, but that, on the contniry, it was pursued
' with unwavering constancy until the logic of evtMits pro-
claime«l its shallowness.
Thus unwilling to have Parliament interfere wkh
her proceedings, Elizalicth received the dej>utie8 froiti
the States-tieneral, and began |)ersonal negotiations
with them as to the terms U|K>n which she wpuld fur-
ninh them assistance. On the l^lh of August, IMi,
temporary arrangements were concludeti for the relief
of Antwci'p. The queen undertook to provide four
thousand triMips and to \»y them, for three months,
upon receiving the towns of Sluys and Ostond as se-
curity for her re]>ayment in half a year. Tho spirit of
the nation was shown by the fact that within a week
iievcn thousand men, |iartly volunteers, and partly the
queen's troops, were on their way to the beleaguered
oitv. But the assistance came too Ute. It had been
•TAU. or ANTwnr-BLUARrrH's propcwau U
prpmiieil fur months, and' now, 'two <liirfi nft«r th«
. signing uf tlio treaty, uml U-fon; the n<>\VH coiiUi rntw
:. the Channel, St. Aldeguncle, the comniniiiler, regarding
' it a* fcMjlishnew to ex]ievt lielp from u "woman tb«
tnost variable and iiictmstant in the world," cnititulat-
ed to i'arina.*
I
, With its surrender to S|»aln the glory of Antwerji
pnue<l away. ItH Protestant citizens wen> oi)iii|iell<<«t -
;, to abjure their rt^ligion or go into |ieqH>tuiil IwiniKli-
■ ment. In thirty years its |Ni|Hilaiion deflmo«| nearly
•'■ one half.t Many <if its merchants fl«»cl<»'<l to bmdon, -
. to teach soientiUc commerce to the Knglifh. Its man-
ufacturers, with those from other towns in the 4>In>-
dient Provinces similarly situate«l, fl<H'ked to Holland,
[ carrying with them the skill in manufactures and love
of art for which they had lieen distinguished during
, centuries, builtling up iier cities, of which Amstenlam
doubletl its (Mipulation in twenty years, and double«l it
: again in the next decmle.^
The taking of a town which had Unm the nmimer
cial capital of the world, although, in the end, of little
; importance to the captors, seeminl n severe blow to the
insurgents. Still, the blow was not a fatal one. The in-
/ surgents hehl the forts which controlle<l the commerce
of the Scheldt, and, in a(Uliiion, they held nearly all the
Uarbors of the country. With the active, earnest cr»-
operatioif'of England the}' could sism drive out the
foreign foe. To such an active co-o|)enition Klizatietlr
•rnMde,xii. 1.t4.
tit fell flvm ISO.OOO to 80,000. Mn\ j'l '^Cnitea NrtlirrUiula,"
It. Ml.
t Amttcrdmm Incresicil it< population in tbirtjr jfan from 70,000
to 100,000. Mntlejr.W.SSI.
M TIM rraiTAM in uoiXAKOb »ol*!id, and ahbiica
n()\r profusfMHl t<v I)c inclined. 8ho woulil furnish
tritupH, aupiiurt uiiil \tay tlicni, aliv huIiI, on cumliti<in,
however, of receiving as m'curity for iNtyiiient of lier
(liiilmrHementii the town of FluMiiing. wliicli cunimamleil
the (k-lielilt, and tlie town of Itrill, which coinmunde<l
the Meuw. in addition to the two towns which she nl-
ntidy liehl. To theiie demands the Netherhind depii-
tii'M acc(Mle<l. ligning a treaty l>y wliich tlic (|Ueen a^reo«i
tu furnish five tliouiund fiMtt and a tliousand horse to
serve in the Provinces, at her ex|iense, until the cl<Me
of the war. her advances tlien to >>o reiniburaeii, and
meantime Flushing and itrill Ui Iw transferrml to Iter in
|tl«lge.* •
Thill treaty was signed in England in tho latter [Mrt
of August, i:i45, and was then sent to Holland for rati-'
fication. In giving u|i Flushing to Elizal)eth, Prince
Maurice, who hod now U-en made ]iernianent stadt-
liolder of Holland and Zeeland, w'as called ujion for a
great sacrifice. Itii revenues had lM<l(inged to his fa-
ther, and now, though heavily mortgaged for his debts,
formed the lut^'st |)urt of tho family's income. But
Maurice proved him8(>lf a worthy son of the Prince of
Orange. lie asaentml at once, and in his assent the no-
ble widow, a true daughter of Coligny, cheerfully con-
curred. They asj^ no present com|iensation, they hag-
gle<l fur no terms ; their all was at the service of the
Stute.f 8till, tho 8tate8-(>eneml delayed their action.
They were callc<l upon to band over to tho English
queen the towns wliich controlletl the seaboard, and
the sea was their strongest vantage-ground. Already
•Motley's ••Vnitol Nelhcrliuid*,-' L Ml; rioode, xU. IN; His-
»lc», ii. 175.
f Moth);'* "I't^tcd Metlicrlamk" i. !M2.
MPAvnmi or LBcnrn for the MmiEBUkNM u
rumors woro in the nir that their ally simply wiiiheil
to gain these towns in ordvr to play some truuclierous
game with Hpain. The schenu*, however, wtenietl too -
unuttcnility base, even for a woman with Klizuln'th's
iileas of honor. At length the Stuteii-Oencnil gave
way; on the Slst of October the treaty was nititltHl;
the next monVli the cautionary towns were surremlereil, . .
And Bit i'hilimtfdney was sent over as Oovernor of
Fluahingil while Sfr Thomas (^ecil, Uurghley's eldest son,
went to Rrill.
Thus far all was satisfactory. The nest step was to
•end the troojis cullo<l for by the treaty, AvitliHome one
to command tliem worthy of ^le ]>luce. Tlie choice of ^
a commander fell on the Earl of Leicester, a man wim
was in every res)iect totally unfitte<l for such a ]KMi-
tion if active hostilities were intended, but a very
proiier.tool for the Moheme which Elizabeth had in
mind. Meantime the troojis that had been sent over
for the relief of Antwerp were left in a pitiable plight.
Elizabeth would furnish them with neither money nor
supplies. So many dietl from discas*; or ex|M>8uru that °
reinforcements • were required even to gttrrison the
towns that they hehl, while those who riMiiained alive
were reiluoed to the conditi(m of a rugge<l, starving,
half-armed mob.* Finally, the (|ueen slightly unloosed
her purse-strings, and on the lOth of Deccmlier, 1585,
the royal favorite, accompanied by some of the flower
of English chivalry, and carrying a little English
money, -made his way across the riianncl.
Groat was the joy in the Netherlands when Leicester
landed at Flushing. Now, at length, the alliance with
England seemed assured and deliverano^ bad come.
• Fromlc. xU. Ur
M TUB rCniTAM IM DOLLA!«D, KIOLAND, AND ANIMCA
Parma's army numberoti only about eight thousand
men. An active, cherj^tic cam|Mi)^, con(luote<l hy tb«
joint forvtw of tho allit^n, Tt'iiuhl wmiu Hweep the invwler
from nil the I'rovineoN. I^wving FlushinK. the Eng-
listi cominuniler ma<lr a triumphal |ir(igrp«ti through
ZoolanU and Hollaiul, exciting iiniazement by the
K|tl(Miilor of his ap|Nirel, and awakening an enthusiasm,
UH the repreiientative of Elizabeth, which almiMt raiite«l
him to the skicH. (ireat, t<Mi, was his wonder at what
he saw around him ; the towns, cities, buihlings, were of
mon- state and beauty tiian any whicJi he or the mem-
bers of his train hiul ever seen before,* Nor was he
less impresseil by tho ability of the statesmen with
whom he came in (vntacl. Writing home of a Doctor
<'lerk who went with him as a legal adviser, Leicester
said : "This man hath good will, and a pretty scholar's
wit ; but he is too little for these big fellows, ari heavy
08 her majesty thinks them to be. I would she liati
but one or two, such us the worst of half a score be
here." + Too big thi'se " heavy " fellow* were to prove
for Elizabeth and all her schemes.
Kut for what had the great curl come into the Neth-
erlands i Certainly not merely to exhibit his mugniti-
cence, nor even t<) stwiy the resources of the country.
The Provinces were without an executive head. They
had oflTcretl the sovereignty to the King of France, and
it hml been decline»l. They had then offered it to tho
Queen of England, and it had Iw^n decline«l again. Hut
here was her representative ; for what had he been sent
to them< His commission gave him aliaolute command
* Sir John (^wsT. Dec. 37th, 1583; Motlej't " Called MiUicr-
Undt," i. 885. .
t Motlc}'! " United NttkfrlaniU," i. 8M. ' '.
LiicnnB ACCEPT* TiiB Doviuiairrr Vt
OTer her majeny'a forcm in the Netherlands, but it
went no further. Wan he to act under the Statea,or
waa he to net independently i All had, as if purpuaely,
been left undetermined. One final pmhilntion only had ^-
been laid <m him by the i|U(M>n, an<l that in i«ecrct ; he
waM tit take no uuth to the States, iior oeeupy any |Misi-
tion which wouUI imply that he was in any way cpn-
aecteil with them.*
But ujion arriving in the Provinces, Leicest«'r saw thiit
■omething ha«l to lie deciilnl. Not yet hud he sounded.,
all the depths of his mistresH's nature, lie believc^l
that she had at length decideil to make war on S|Niin,
and infornuHl her that a year's cam|>a<gn would end the
. struggle. Itut if anything was to lie accpui]ilishc<l the
government must have n head. The States otTere<l the
position to him, and he, imrtly |)erha|is through vanity,
partly doubtless from lietter motives, acceptc«l it, despite
the prohibition of the ciui-en.
On the 11th of January, 1586, the formal tender waa
made ; some days were spent in arranging terms ; on the
84th it was formally accepted ; and on the r>th of Feb- '
ruary, Leicester w^as inaugurate<l <Jovemor-g»'neml of
the Tnited Provinces, with siilistantially all the piwera
to which Philip of Sj)ain hud l>een legally entithnl. The
act was accomplishetl, not only without the consent, but ^
contrary to the express orderft, of Klitabeth- To say
that she was indignant when she learne<i tlH> news but
faintly suggests the situation: she was in » frenzy of
rage. She stormed, she swore, she threatene«l. She
cursed licicestcr, she cursed the States; she insisted that
the act should be undone, and that her representative .
■hould be openly diagraoeil. It haajMen suggested that
* Fionde, ill. lat ; Motle;, i 40L .
» '
M TUC Pt'RITAN IN UOLLAMD, INQUND, AND AMIMC*
■he was tliuii cnra^xl berauM I^iccator bimaelf diil not
flrat coiiiniuniciitu tliu intelliKt-nco to her; that ihv wm
angr)', uh u woman wlnwo iovor lioti trvuted her with
contempt; iin<l that n lovn-lctter flnully appoawMl her
wrath.
liut there ^vus much mon> beneath the surface than a'
wouiun's »n)fer. In the prior October, the tl^itinf; Sir
John Norriii, tire*! of inaction, hiul, with cunnpiituout
galhtiHry, Ktonirwl a K|>ani8h fort. The queen rebuked
him severely, Ktutinj* that her moaning in the action
wliich 8he had taken waM to <lcfeml and not to oiTend.*
Her tro«>|>s now c«)uld accomplish nothing. They were
as ImuIIV 4>tT as when I^icester crotised the Channel. The
little money which he Airrieil with him was not enough
io settle old arrears. For months the (|ueen did not re-
mit a shilling. ]Ialf of her soldiers were in their graves,
the rest hxjkMl like scarecrows.t AVant of money was
not her excuse,- for she hud half a million lying in her
treasury, the accumulations of her imrsimimy. Want
of will (m the \wti Af her |icuple could not Iw pleade«l as
a reason for inaction, since the nation was lient on war,
and the wisest of her councillors were most urgent for
active measures. But Elizabeth, the sagacious queen,
had a scheme of hor own, hardly suited to the cliMtu-ter
uf the Good Queen Itcss of the sentimental historians,
but one exactly suited to the character of the woman as
she really was.
Whether Elizabeth ever intended to assist the Nether
landers or not is (|ue8tionablo, but there is no doubt tliat
at a very early day she had <letermineil on their betrayal
to Spain. Some time before I^eicester left England, she
noeived a secret visit from a Monsieur de Champagny,
* Froade, x\i. ISa. . t Idem, lii. 186, tt«.
■usAsnwi PiAca iiKicm*<noiit wrra ipain s»
» prominent Catholic noble of Ant\req>. I lo waa a brot it-
er of the Cuxtinal Granvello, who had inaik- himiielf murh
hattnl in the Netlierlanils before tin; arrivnl of Alva, and
n-hn now stood high in the confidence of I'hilip, while-
he himself waa on intimate tt>nn« with I'arnia. Aftc'r
this vi8it,Champagny pluce<VEIizubeth in communication
with Parma, through the me«lium of two Italian mer-
chant*, one residing in Antwer)>, the other in Lmdon,
and in November, 1085, negt^itiations iK'gun. Into the
details of these negotiations, which continued for over
two years, until the sailing of the famous Armada, we
need not enter. They were characterized tliroughout
by a perfidy cm the ]Nirt of the English i|Ui<<m almost
nnparalleled in history, but a |ierHdy ncconi|iunie<l by
■uch n senseless credulity as to niake it almuHt ludicrous.
She was led to belim-e that she could purchase |K<ace for
herself, be guaranteed the possession of her thrrme for
life, and receive repayment of all the money which she
had expended in the Netherlands. On her part, she was
simply to turn over to Philip the towns of her allies
which she held as security, and if need lie iwsist Philip
in quelling the rebellion of his unreasonable Hiibjects.*
Few persons admit to themselves the baseness of their
' own intentions, and doubtless Elizabeth argnetl; as some
of her moilem apologists have^loue, that she was doing
a service to her allies, while benefiting EngUnd. Philip
was now willing t4> concede all their civil rights, and she
' was showing her kindness in oom|)elling them to give up
their absurd pretensions to religious liberty. She knew
what was goml for them better than they did themselves :
^nd if, like refractory children, they refused to take their
* then Dfgntiationi ue detailed nt gnsat length bjr Motley Mid
Troode, the two accouott nippleiueDting each other.
'if?^ir^f':''i^m'i^-'!'\^''-
W TtIK PfnTAM IN HOLLAMD, IMOLAHO, ADD AMmlCA ' ,
medicine, i( muit lie a(lininiitcrc<l by force. But ihc
knew aa little of the pe<i|)lo with whom nho was dealing
m Alva did when liu tinit went to the Netherlandu ex-
pecting to meet " men of butter," and flmling " men of
iron." They were not dull-witted, if th^y were •' h«»o
mocbatiicalti." Had they d«iire<l tb maico |ieace with
S|Min on the liuHiH of giving up the rcli^HouH ipiestion,
they nefHlwl no assiiitHnco from England, ai Klizuheth
would have discovered to her cost. These terms ha«l
been freely offerwl them for years. If now driven by
drapftir to their acceptance, it would have lieen natural
had they at itnee joined with S|>ain to ])uni8h their trai-
torous ally. However, they never for a moment thought .
of making ])eace on any such conditions:
Even if Elizabeth's scliemo liad been practicable, she
showed consummate folly in its conduct. Instiwl of
' tilling the cautionary towns with able-bodied and well-
disciplined English troo|i8, she left t|ie garrisons to
starve until they became a l)e(ln<s^gled mob of Iteggars.
At their Unit intimation of treachery, the stout burghers
would have made as short work of these repn>8entatives
of royalty as they had done with the creatures of Anjou,
two years before, uml so she wa > informed by Ix;icester.*
But neither Philip nor Parma had the faintest iilea of
making anything but a dclusiv« ]ieaco with England.
Philip was slow-witted ; it took him a long time to coftu
to a conclusion ; but when his mind was once made up,
it was unchangeable. For years he ha<l lH«n delRwr-
Kting over the question of invading England ; now that,
he had Anally decided' on the step, notliin): could turn
him from his purpose. lie was using all his money in
preparing liis Armada, and in keeping alive the civil
• Motler, i. Mt.
BUtAicni'j WRATH MknwT LSicnrm Amusio At
war in France, and so left Panna witli but a {wltry, ill-
fed army. Content, indeed, n'tw lie to drag on ]ieaco ne-
gotiationii which kopt Knjrland hiimilets in the ^Vthe^
land! and unsUHpicious of coming dunger to herself.
Panua waa fully in aevorti with his royal master. IIo
knew much better than Elizitbetli the spirit of the |ia-
triots whom she was attei)ipting to lietniy. In April,
1680, when the nogotiutiona were in full bloom, he wrote
to Philip, giving elubunite details of u plan for ('on(|uer-
ing England. This, he siiid, was csscntlul to the sub-
jection of the ^'etherlands, which otherwise, on account
of the situatlm, strength, and obstimuiy of the ]ieople,
would \ie a very long, |)crilou8, and doulitful business.*
Such was the sagacious |K)licy of Klizubetli. which
d^vo Ilurghley into threatening to resign his <^ict>, and
reduce<l her other loyal councillors to dosjKi^'f' The
acceptance by Leicester of the office of Oovernor-general
Of the Netherlands seonietl to D)i8et her plans, i^immit-
ting her to active hoetilitics, when she )>urpo8e<l only a
Avariiko demonstration for its effwt u|Mm Philip. No
mere love-letter ap|)oa8C<l her (]ueenly wrath. That only
abate<l when, after long consideration, it .dawned upon
her mind. that as chief magistrate of the <-ountry, her.
representative might more effectively aid her contem-
plated treachery. For months she hud seemed vacillat-
ing in her policy — one day consenting that Ixicester
should tem|)orarily hold his office, the next day storm-
iAg because ho bad not laid it dqwn. But suddenly all
• Pnnu* to Philip, April aOtli, IIVM; Motlov, i. S3a
t The Catholic favorileii whom Eliulieth kept almut hor were
DAtnrMly in furor nt her pliin. Chief among them wiu Sir J«me«
Croni, the Controller of the Ilouaehold, who wu Mcrelijr in tba pt;
of Spsin. Fioude. xii. 169. wd vii. Prehco.
M TBI PCRITAt) IN UOLLANn, mOUMD, AMD AMMICA
vacillation pamtMl ntvay. On the Sdth of June she irrbte
to tho N)<>herlnn<l Council o( Stati>, formally a|>pr<)vin^ of
' Iicic«8ter'i ai>pointnicnt,but coinplaininf^tbut iniiutHcient
]K)Ti-er liml l)cenc)mfcrrc<l u|M)n him.* Kventfisoon proved
that thigdctcnninntion vriw not the outcome of any fem-
inine capritt*. Her miijesty hiui simply maturetl a f^mnd
ftihlition to her M-henie for hringin)^ amumi ai>oare.
LeioeMter, umU>ul)t<Hlly, was at Hrst loyiil to the I'ror-
.ihe««. lie wa« ]Militioally, at least, a-furitan, ami Imv
liuved in an active wai' on S|>ain. He had mortgaged
his iiitaU'H to !iiip|M>rt the charges of his ex|N><lition ; he
did what he could to fc«><i his starving soliiierH, hut he
found himself, as he siiitl, "a forlorn man set u|Mm a
'forlorn ho|ie." At length he came to undemtanil the
designs of his royal mistress, and the inherent base-
ness of his clmrnctcr hUmkI revealed. What private let-
ter went with the otticiat notification that his appoint-
ment had licen j-onHrmed wo «lo not know, but eleven
days after he wrote to the cpieen a letter which tells its
own story. The English earl, who had taken a solerah
oath to pnitt'cf till the liliertics of the Provinces, »ay» :
" I will <lo n)y U-st, therefon>, to gi't into my hanils three
or four most principid jtlnces in North Holland, so as
you shall rule the8<! men and make war and pence as you
list. Part not with Hrill for anything. With these
places you can have what {leaco you will in an hour,
and have youralebts ami ciiarges n>adily answered. Hut
your majesty ijfmst deal graciously with them at presi-nt;
and if you mean to leave them, keep it to yourself.
Whatever you mean readily, to do, you must |>er)<uade
them now that you mean sincerely and well by thcm."t
•Motley, 1.488.
t Leicester to Eliubctli, June «7tb (July 7tli), 1389. Froude, xiLSODl
rtamx rtAxim wrrn luiABini N
V Thus the myal clowia which ha<l hun^ around the
head of the noble favorite W(<n> n( luat <iii|)(>ll<>4l forever.
' But there were other cloudH which could not l>u m> read-
ily diapoBod of. The |KKtce negotiations had nut Ixien
kept a secret. There were hlutnnt traitom nn>und the
queen, unalile to conceal their exultation ut the coining
downfall of the Protestant cause. The •' heavy fellows "
in the I*rr)vincea suspci-ti^l what was K'>ing on. The
honor and the prestige of Elizalieth ami Knglnnd pniwed
away together. A month after writing his letter to_
Elizabeth, licicester coinplaine«l of the factious n>gucs
by whom ho wos surrounde<l— low-bom mcnJumts and
ailvocates who would giw him no real ]iowcr. Tiiey
basely slan(lere«l him, he said, even going so fur us to as-
sail that he wished to gain possession of their im|K)rtant
towns, so that the English <iue«>n eould make a (waco
on her own account,* Was ever man so caluniniati><l !
No marvel that he swore to have the livM of the vile
slanderers. And so ho blustered on in the Provinces,
while the queen was blustering in Ixtndon.
It need hardly be said that, while this condition of af-
fairs continued, the English tro<>]>s did notliing for their
allies. Elizalietli, being l)ent on [leace, did not care to
waste her money, and was desirous not to provoke hostil-
ities which might complicate the situation. Itut Parma,
'"much mon* than a match for Elizalieth in cliicaiierv, was
move<l by no such considerations. He was only playing
with the queen while pursuing the war in earnest. For-
tunately his force was small, but he used it to the befit ad-
vantage. I le could do noth ing against Holland or Zceland,
the republican strongholds, but little by little he was tight-
ening his grasp on the southern and eastern Provinoedl
• MoUcy, li. 77.
M Toi mrrAH m BotLAim mouint, *nn ammica
Fortreta after fortraa inirendered to him, until before
the end of the ycur a largn |wrt of the work waa done
which ultimutely gave ton of thu Slates to S|Min,
Two or three incident! in thii campaign ihow what
miglit hnre l>een aceompliiihetl for tliu t'aum of hU'rty
had Klizidx-th been htyal to her engagcnientH. In Jan-
uary, triMtl, I'anna l>ega'n tho,,iiiegu of (inive, an imfxir-
tant city on the Meuiet one of thi< key* to the province
of Krulmnt. In April the city \va» in extmniitieii. and
a force of three thousand men, Dutch and Knglinh, wna
•ent to its relief. This little army wan omiinandtMl by
the gnlhtnt Sir John Norris and Count Ilohenio, a <ter-
man, who subMCfjucntly marriinl a daughter of the Prince
of Orange. Encountering a S|ianish force about c(|uai
in numbers, a brisk skirmish ensued, in which the Span-
iahis were defeated with considentblo lorn. Ix-icester
was ipuch elate<l at this great siiccegg. Although Ave
bundre<l of the English ha«l shamefully run away, as he
■ecretly reported, he wished that her majesty only knew
"how easy a match now she hath with the King of
'S|)ttin." " This summer, this summer, I say, would make
an end to her immortal glory." If the Englixh soldiere
ran away on this (Kcasion, it was l)ccause of the Worth-
less character of the men that Elizalieth sent over.*
Not only were these troo|Mi recruite«l from the lowest
dregs of stx-iety, but I/eicester alleged that one third of
the money sent for their sup|)ort was stolen by the dis-
bursing otHoer.t The better class never tume«I their
backs u|ion a foe. By this ex|M-dition (irave was re-
lieved, but the orders of the c)ueon put a stop to further
operations, and in June the city was surrendered to the
6]Niniards.^
• Hutley , i. SttS. t Idem, ii. 88. { Proude, xii. 106.
lATTUI or tl'TPBIN-DIATJI ur III rulUP HDMIT ft
In July, after I,ei«»8tt'r had lioen rontlnnr<l in hi* 6f-
flee of gi)V«rn<ir-f(t>m>rul, I'rinit- Maurice und Sir I'liilip
Sidney uccoinpliiilied iMiniething more |N>nnan('nt in i(a
okaravter by ca|itiirinK tlie strongliold of Axel, ii|Nm tlie .
Hcboldt The idea vvaii coneeivMl l)y Maurice, and It
waa the llmt of the acbievenientH which mailu him the
foreniuHt 8<>hlierof thvaf^. ]|e waa heartily mnjondetl hy
Sidney, who furnifthc«l live hundn^l men. Tlu-ue Knfj-
lishnien, with alMiut twenty-tlve humln^l Ihitch iw>l(licrB,
ca|>turc«l the fortreaa without the hwa of u Hin^le man.*
The only other niilitury event of the year worthy of
notice iH the Itattl'e of Zutphen, ever meinoralilc ; for
there, in the death of one man, Kn^lund met with an
irrpparahlo loaa. Kut for tliia fact, however, the whole
matter i« utterly insiKiiiHcant. I'arma lieh| the city of
Zutphen, an im|)urtant alronghohl on the Yaael. In
August, I,eioetiter determined to attiu'k thix city, and set
out with an army of kix or eight thouxand men; anumg
them wiu hia grand-nephew. Sir Philip Sidney' who hud
obtained leave of aboeace from bi.i poMt at* Flushing.
Nothing was aceompliHhed, extvpt to exhibit to the
. world what coultl be done by English valor. I'amm-
' despntclanl to the relii?f of the garriiton a proviMiontrain
which wuH protecteti by a force of some tlirt>«> or fotir
thousand veterans. I>ciceHter,<leoeivi>d by fulm* informa-
tion, attempted to capture this train by a detachment of
■bout live hundred volunteers, the very flower of his
little army. Tune and again the lilnglish kniglits broke .
through the Spanish lines, iHit the provision-train kept
on its way, and the city was relieve«l.
Itefore the engagement, Sidney met Sir William Pel-
. ham, the veteran lord-marabal. who was lightly arhied,
•Mnth-T.li.M.
II.-8
■I THI PCRITAN IN noLLANDt CNOUNII. AMD AHHUCA
ami with cliivalNHM instinct Itiunod him tho thi^hplatM
of hill iniiil.* " But for bis generous act lio prolmbly
wotilil havo Iwcn uninjarml by tho ballet which shut-
torett his leg abovo tho knev uml cuhswI his death.
Hiding fruni the Held, he met a dying suhtier, and then
(NVutTiMl th« incident, un<* «f the iNitt kniiwn and |iur-
hu|« least undenittMNi in Knglish history. Sidney imimicU
bis water-Husk to the private, wIiom; noceKsities wore
greater thun his own, and then drank the health of his
dying comrade. Certainly be was a hero uf nMiiunc«.
But what u light is thrown upttn the ilepth of the custe
feeling' in England by the ini|Hirtun(-e attitclietl to this
trivihl. incident, not only by Sidney's contemi>orttrit>s,
but by every English writer siiK« his day ! \ wounded
knight, riding Istck from Iwltle, wouhl have excited no
IMtrliculur adniiration by sharing his water-flask, which
bis attendant stotsl nvuiy to n>llll fnmi a brook near
by, with a dying comrudfof his own onler,and by conr
teously pressing that comnule, who guttered more than
ho did, to drink U-fore bo drank hiumrlf. ^VImt Sidney
di<l was merely to treat a Isue-born |>rivate soldier with
tho humanity and courtesy which a iierson ofnoltle
birth. xvould exhibit to an equal. A nmn Uirn in a re-
public might do such an act, and it wouhl excite no(N>m-
ment. Over and over again, during America'* civil war,
offlcei^ high in rank directe<l the surgeons who came to
dress their wounds to attend tirst to the common sol-
diers who were mo^e severely wounded. Such <x*cnr-
renoes in hospitals were too frequent to cause remark.
Tho glory of Sidney lies in the fact that so lung before
his ago in Enghtnd he appreciated tbe oneness of man-
kind.f .. ■
* Fmu<l«, III. SIS.
t Tiiinc, in hU " Nnlci on EogltDtl," mcntlnni the Mtnnislinwnt
.MM PNIUP mONIT l!l BMTOKT ffT
Hhrlley datwxl Sir Philip Kiilnt^y, with Krats and
Chattflrton, m among " the inberiUira of uafulfl|le<l re-
nown."* Nothing cuiihl'lictter deiKribe hit plare in
hiatory. Everywhere that he went he cxcitml the ad-
mirittion of tlie h'arnol nnd the tndy ntvut. William
of Orunge, whom he visittnl in ITnT, wpoke of hiit id>il>ty
witfi unstintetl praiite. (iionluno Kruno, in dedicatinif a
book to him, denrribed "the naturtd bioa" of hii *pirit'
aa ''truly beroical." Hut hit lifi-, wive in itn niund)<4l
beauty, was a failure.f Ho wiih M.-)iohir, had Ktiidictl
•cienc(*,philoHophy, and munic in Italy; bnt he pine<l for
action, and the KnglamI into whii'h he had Utm iHirn
had no place for hint. Had he liviil in Ilolland.he would
have Inmn another Itayard of the NetherlandH;dind he
liveil in France, he wouhl'hnve \)^>n lighting with the
Iluguenota. Dut the ■laughteri.ng of Irish iieaaantx, or
ciiwxl milling liii Enitliiili frirndt l>y Iho fiiiiiilikrities nftlin Firiirh
wiklicn « itii llicir offlrrra. <>n« Kvnllriiwn wIhi m« Iwii privnle*
looking ovrr tbo •lioultlvra or a rii|il>in In fwe ■ pirliini in • I'arii
winilow Mill to liiin, " Hilcli nmiliiil wmilil not Iw lultTiilril wilU u« ;
wa hiTo iltnlinctloim nf rank." Krcn l>r. .\mnlil, tlii- greiit iiii»tfr
fif Rugliji, in llie nittra nf liin trip almwil, in IH3t, niaili* a Kiinilnr
rrniark u|ion arriving at I'alaia: "I iilMrrTe lirrr a niiilim (ift'lanmi
which majr Jh) giMMl, hut that I cannot tell ; wrlldrrMeil nion con-
Tcfie fiimiliarly villi |irr«ina who crrtuinljf Iwlong to Ilie lownt
chua." Thackerajr tnKI Taine that the grrat people of Knf;lanU
** ar^ai babitualnl to mhj imipio on their knci'i before thvni tlint
m!t} are nbocked when the; nii^t a man of inilepenilent ilvmcanor."
" I nijielf," he aihled, " am now rrgnnleil aa a aiiapicioua character."
— Taine'a " Notea on Engtanil," p. Hi. One can ImagiM how much
atronger wan thii feeling three centuries ago.
• " Adonaii : an Elegy on Keala."
t He wnite aome imliSerent iHiclry. ami a nimance, the " Arrailia,"
which is a ivettj |>oor prmliirtion from a literary point ofview, lieing
attllfil, unnatural, and dreary, very different fhim Um Immortal work
of his contamponry, Cerrantea.
M TBI rOMTAN M ■OLLAMD, BIOlAlillh AMD AMMUVA
the |)lun<lprini; of <Icfrnooli<M mnrchantmon, wU nnmont
i-onKimiul to liii Hpirit lliun tho tluiiKlin^ aroiimi a court
urniilHt intri)^inK HtaU'snien nnil gi^^^'y HHttemr*, in ,
vrliich tuMhlfning <K-cu|Mtion IiIk lifp vrtut waato<l.
At tlii) Hgo of thirty-two, when it wx^iiutd bj) if at liiM
H «irt<er h««l o|H'nwI for him, Kjilnev met hi* <l«»th. The
cvf ntR whirh followMl on hiii death uru no hiw Hiif;r)(<-*-
tivi' than the story of hia life. He was not a favorit*
of Elizalifth'H, UH he knew full well, although iihe |>ri/ed
him ttH an ornament of her oourt, juMt uh hIhi |iri/««l a
brilliant j<!wel or u iHWtly |m>cu of furniture, lie had
nnp'red jier hy tho Puritan letter yrhich he wnrte, pro--'-
tenting tmpainn her marriage with the worthleaa puke
of Anjou. lie hail angpre«l her aKain, more rtH>ently,
hy the manly tone in whieli he had ilenounce«l her neg-
lect of the Kngliith aulilieRi in the Nt'thorlandii, whom
she h'ft to (lie like r(>tt«n Bh<*u|>.* Now tluit he wat
djMul, howewr, the worhl might imagine from her wonis
that nhe hud lost her dean'st friencl.t WonU were al-
wavH Very cheap with the KnglJHh queen. If |i>>numa
Were judge<^ by them alone, never was there a nobler
character.^ Kut her actiouH sIh>w What she thought
of true ni«n, dead or living.
• Ilotl<7, il. 8«.
t 8liv tolil lb« Diilrll i-nvnTi in tli« rnlliiwiiiK oprlD); that (Im
wnultl tie gla<l to pufcbMc tli« lilSj of BUInrjr with uuu\j milliiiM.
Motley, ii. tlO
{ llnllmii, •|>mkin|( ofthrMi timet, myi " au onftgrratFil hv|><ic-
riaji prer»ilr<l in cri-rjtIiinK."— " CuaM. Hint.," i. 141. In tlii> protrinc*,
DO OIK' coulil AppitMirl) Eliialielli. To rvwl Icr lrlti>ni or riivrrhr*)
one niiKEii lliinli from lirr mnitMnt iip|i«ali tJ tli« Alniigliljr iImi, alia
hail no objMl in life pxriipl to do liiin honor/ Of l.«lceatrr.llii- moat
diaaolule of men, I.iiiganl Mj%: "Vfrn w/ to JikIk" of liia monl
charscler tram tlie language of liia writlntfi, we ihouUl allot tn tiin
Hit uaumu uuikii ton bivr-iiriii or wAUni«aii*a m
Sidney ilinl »n tli« 17th of OcIoInt, 15hA. Hit IkmIv
WM pmbalmml ami lent U> EngUnil, rraching Umiton
on the ftth of Noveiiilior. Thorn it wa« wiiicii on by liiii
creditnni; fur undi'r thi) Kngliwh Uw.tta it then rxiHtnl,
althuugh II maii'ii litnit wni not lialilo for hii ilebtv, the
craditom might Utvy on hi* corpse.
8i<lney had lN)rn>w(>({ Mix thouMmi |)oiih<li for hi* ex-
peniteti at FluMhing, u hirgi^ fiart of which hiul gone to
feed ElizalM^th'H iturving aoldioni. Waliinghnm, hi*
' ifather-in-luw, hiul liocomo Ri*<!urily for thtiwt loan*, anil
Hiclney aup|HMt><l that ho had protiicti'il hiiii- by |in|M>rA
executticl up>n hi* death-hed, authorizitig the sale of hi*
landed pro|)erty. Th««e paper*, hrtwever, provinl to lie
defective, and while Sidney'* mr|Mie was taken by the
creditors, hi* real-OHtate w«nt tu hi* heirs, ami WaUiiig-
ham wati callnl on to |iay the ilebt*. Waliringhani wii*
Elizaltetir* truvot friend an<l the inimt faithfnl of her
minister*. In her cervice he had siient not only life, but
fortune. He was now |XM>r, and applietl to her for nid.
. 8he had half a million in her trea*ury,1)ut turne<l a doaf '
ear to hi* entn>atie*. The man who appliod to her. to
pay wliat wim really her own indebte<ln<'»i, had prolmbly
just saviHl her life by unravelling the |lal>ington i^in-
spiracy. liabington, who ha<l plotte<i her aKivi^sination,
had l>e«n convicte<l, and his cimflscutetl estates were at
the disptjsal of the crown. In nihlition, there were the
pnxseed* of enorniou* fine* which had In-en levied on the
other c«mspirator*, M'aUingliam.'through his friends,
. .. piteoualy asked that a little of thi* inoriey might bo used
tha pmiM of diftinguishnl pl«ty."-~" Wat. of EngtsBa," Tiii. *M.
Ill* k'tten, like the uprechce of Kliabcth, iiro ftill nf the ttniini nf
ileTotion. Bra Ilupkini'* " Eliubeth and the ruritniit" for Leioce-
tcr'i Letten, which bear oat all of Linganl'a itatemcnta.
TO rui pcMTAM In uolland. niauND, Ann amuica
to mvo Hitlnejr'a iwnio fmm tluigntco ami hinimtlf from
bpffKiiry. Tlio qu<<<>n, who lavinhctl tlintt liuixlnHl tlir>u-
■anii |M>unili U|H>n tli«y<>unf{ Karl of l-Jwx, liud nothing
for WttlHiuj^liain, liut ^vo thu lliibin|i(ton •'■tutiii to an-
nthi>r I'tf licr lovers, wliu, when iliu wui sixty, itiuld call
hern N'tMiun.*
Tlin><> uiontliB cia|<wMl Iwforu llio ngtsl ■tat«>«iiinn wai*
alilt* to raiM* tli» nionoy for tlip (liiM'liur^> of tli<* tlclita
wliifli «>xcIu<IimI Sidney from u Chriiitiiin burial. t WhI-
•in)(hain waa ruininl ; and two yoant later, aUcr ri'twlering -
more public iervice, di(<«l in audi |K>verty that liiit family
Imd to bury him at nif^ht, either to avoid hia cr<'<litoni
or to save the ex|ienHe of a public funoml. Such wiut
the end of thrae two men~onu Klizalietli'it '• Jewel »if the
times," the other her tniext, must unHelllsh frientl. Itotli
were earnest I'rotestant8,WuUinghaml)cingthoRtrong«it
advocate that the Puritans had nt court, lioth were
atuncli wiviicatca of the alliance with the Nutlierlanda;
both hated lies, treacherj-. and corruptitm. Neither lnj-
longetl to the cluwi that Elizabeth deliglitetl to honor. J
• "Wr WiHer RuMuh,' Fmiido, lil. iM,
t " Mr Pliilip H)i)nc.T." i>j J A. Kjmonili, p. 174. Ilo wiu \niHnl
in St. Ptnl'n. PfK lAlli, tSH7.
{ In rt'KonI tn Pranrii Ikron, wlin wiia llnritlilcy'i nrplicw, nnil
wlin never r«iil<l nl>uin mlvaiirenipnt umler Elititlarlh, Proucle niakr*
A very iii|{i>lflcAnt nuw**!!"". >n*l it >• ■■> |wrt spplii'iiblv In Biilncj,
whiMefnlbcrin Uw, >Val>lnKli*in, Imil tin; liiKlirat opinion ofliiinbil-
Uy : •• Uml Rurnlilrr )»•• l>n-n rppriMchril of Ule jrire for nrg-
IvrtinK to Ailvanoe hin nephew, Pranrii Rarnn. Many inolire* liAve
lieen ui^tgrtteil — indiflrrencr, l)lin>lnraii, even jealnnty. No one necm*
to bars miipeetetl that lie.wu entirely poweriem.''— Pnnnle, lii. 150,
cilinit A li'tter rrom Burfflilry in IHM, in wliirli liif u«tn tint lie
never Iiai Ikvu Able to nlitaln AnytliinK from tlie queen for liinMnftD,
■erriinl, or friend. Hue lliia letter in full in Stry|N>, vol. iii. App.lSH.
£liXAb«tli, in tli« lAit titreinity, ivil liAck upon Burglile|r niiil W*|.
■■;■ ■. f. . ■- .-"t-
IN BiaLAIID-VlirOPrLAR III TBI umiuuuiM Tl
In Novoinlier, I5SA, the diicovpry of thn Uahingt^n
coMpinM-y nwolled Tioioeiitor to England, lie Imd now .
pawMl «>l<*vt>n montliii in the I 'ruvim-tti, during which
.'peri<Ml, whdo aiding Kli/uhnth in wni'kini; her honor, he
hnd KiMintl no effort to ruin hi* own n>|mtution. In ml-
dition, a niimlMT o? concuuliMi I'Hpiiitit (itpies U|M>n hit
conduct) who funiiiMl (inrt of hiH tntin hod domt nil in-
thoir ]Miwvr to niiiko him ohnoxioua. At tinit, Un had
ex|iren*!«l a j^rpnt ndinimtion for iIm* HtutcituKMi of Hol-
land, tho provinitt which lM)n! the liimlcn of th« coiit<i*t.
Itut an thoiM^ Mien U>gHn to mv through hiH plunH, he
denounccti thcni iw Hhimlorurfi, ino(*n<d ut them im ino-
chanicM and trttdent, nn<l nttrnipte«l to plan; the inun-
•^mvnt of their linuncen in other hand*. The men by
whom thry wero 8upplante<l in hi* counm-lii were taken
larf^ly from tho n>fuK<*e!i of tho olMMlient I'rovinceti,
■ome of wlioiii were aH nurrow-niindnl and intolerant in
religion ax Any Kngliih or t^tch Cnlviniiit. The Hol-
lander*, inttrupted by William of Orange, believed and
practised full religious tolerati<m. Ix*ioe«ter, nnder the
guidance of liiit new adviion, began to harry the I'apiita
and AnaUiptistR, juHt an he would have done in Kngland.
Added to this wan tlio exhibition of a natural arrogance
iUghuBi win tlni»anil aKiiin mvnl hvr fnnii llir cnnMHinriim of
her own full;. But i( in ni>t in hun»n natun fur » iiemin lit lovt
iticli councilloni. About tlilfi lime Hnrun, who was « jouni; man,
■nil not ;el • time-wrvrr, wrote 4i paper for the i|Ui-rn, wliiiji. in
Tiew of what it now known of lier chamcter, aufllrientl; riplaina
Ilia failure, to olitain ailTnnrrnieht. It waa cntitltil " An AiUrrliae-
Mant touching the Controreniei of tlio Churrli of Knglanil." Noth-
ing coultl bewiterthan ita conclutionK, and noiliing liiajiiiliciou*
Ibr a young man leeking prrfrrment ; for it ahowa up the evil i flhett
of tbecomiptiona In the Chur^h-^lheTery corruptionatodear to tb*
heart of Eiiiabeth. Bacon'a " Worke," MonUgna't wl., ii. 411.
tl TU rUUTAN IM MlXiail, allOLlNO, AMP AMOICA
whicli, hy the Uino uf hi« dc|i«rtuns l«ft him uniroely m
frionil ill a country whore lean than a V49ar lipfon* ht> bad
been ^i^'tetl an a " Mtiwiuh."
On leaving fiir Kn^luntl, I^oioeiiterKa^-^.the nimmantl
of the Kngliith tr()0|m to Hir John Norrii, but at tii<> «ame
time ma4lu two other Bp|iointments, which wen> to bring
ibilcnMbt on the. P^ngbiii niinie. In the northi-aiitcm
part of the NctlierlundH, the {tutriutf hi-(<l two |ioiiition«
of gri'at ini|)ortanee. One wa» the city of Ih>vent«r,
the other wna u Ktrung fort which c«Hnmanded /.ut|ihen,
a city h»hl by i'anua. I)eventer wnn, next to Antwrr})
and Anmtenlttm, the cliief inerountilu centre of the
Netherlumlg. It hud a lurge Cathohc impulation, and
the loyalty of itH magintrates waa iiU|N>ct<<«l, for, lying
near Zut|>iicn, it luul Kent HupplioH to that place, which
was undvr^iege. In Uctober, it was determined to
change fu mugiittrates, and garriiMiu it with luyal
troo|)a. The change of niugiHtrut<>tt wtw effected, hut, to
the uHtoniMhrnent of cvory one, I>i>iceHter oent an itii gar-
rinm a regiment of twelve hundrt^l wihl IriHh recniiti,'
' all Catholics, and plarcetl in command an (>ngli«h Cath-
olic, Sir WilHam Stanley.
Stanley cume of a noble family, hi* ancestor haVing
gained the crown for Henry VII. on Itosworth Held
by a connpicuous art of treachery. He wua a noI-
dier of fortune, and a bravo one. Ho ha<l fouglit
nnder Alva in the Ncthi^rlandii, and, after Hghting for
Elizabeth in Ireland, liad now conio liuck to the field of
his early ex{)loitg, with the full intention of U'trnying
hi« employers.* To place such a man in command of
an important city, the loyalty of which wan doubtful,
aeemed an act of uuMlnew. The appointment made by
* Pnwdc, III M».
KKOUMI TKUION AT O'lVSNTn AMD ICmHN It
'■':. Leicettor nt tbe Zut|>lien fort woa of thf< sainv rbamrter.
To Uke clwryie uf th«t itninf{holil°lio aelMUtt Kolantl
York, another Knffliih w)l<li(>r of fartuno, (liitiii)(uiNli<>«l
' ulilcu for liw fuursKt' and Iijm NliHnii'Uimnntf. Il« Imil
Krvril un<l<!r I'nriiia the year Ijoforc, I'ut, rrtnniin)^ lu '
Lonilon, I^>ii-(«t«r hail g\\va him n cum|i«ny in the Eng-
iijh rtmtin^nt. _^
Againit thtnw a|i|ii>intini<nt* tho Htatea-Genenil pm-
tMtwl, l>ut in vain. U'icentvr wan jfovernor • ^'ii<>ml,
ami iniintptl on the cxcrciM? of liiii HUthoritv. A« for
Btanlry anil York, ho would vouch for th<>ni an for hini-
wlf, hi> saitl. Nor was tho Imru H|>|MiintiMrnt nutticicnt.
' Ifpon Ills d<*i)ttrture it wan diM-ovontl that he hud loft
' Mcrot initructiona, under which noohangn of thow i-om-
nMnding iifflcen could ho luado while ho wun iibNont.'
. Ifanlly luid ho reached Khj^land when j-Hinorx Hproad
abroad ref^unlinK their intondetl truachory. lio wiui in-
fomi<>d and wanioti of whnl wan K*'*ng on, Imt would not
interfere. In January, 1587, Stanley aurn'ndorotl ])e-
rentcr to I'anno, going over with all tiin Irinh tnNi|i«,
lUid on tho lame day York gave up tho fort at /utpjion. -
Tho desertion of the twelve hundnxl Irish koniN,
whom Elimlteth had lent over an a |Nirt of tho force
,,Mlled for by her treaty, wan no groat I<m8 to tb<' |Nitriota.
; C'Uul in a single garment reaching only from the waist,
eating raw flesh and living on pillage, theironly wi<H|Min
' a long sharp pole with which thoy skip|ted from iNig to
bog, thoy formed pictunw(|Uo featuri>M of tho landw'ii|io,
terrifying the siin])io peasantry and amazing tho S]uinish
. loldiers. Beyonil this moral effect, however, thoy had
' accomplished nothing. But tho surrondor of two rin-
, portant fortretaoa which controlled a large section of the
opuntry was a very serious matter. At last, the rumors
reganling the proposed treachery of the English seemed
T4 TM* rVUTAM IN noLUMO, muUMD, AMD AMBMOA
to be vcHHimI, anti tlin whoUt |mh>)>Iu nwnk« to imiig-
nant action. Tli« Ktattni-Ocneral iinin»litttcly «|i|iointed
i'rincc Mauriot! |m>viiiiunnl K<)vornorj{fn)>nil, lilUsI their
tijwnii with ili>llan(t tnMi|M, un<l wihhJciI out alt iilflc«rt
■uii|H>ct«<«l of Knifhith ini-lination*. Tint llnil forinal con-
nwtion of Englan4l with th« war in the Xoiherlan<U tiid
not, it woulti ii|)|i«>ar, n-flert tniu^h honor on th«< i|Ueen
or hor nohh^ n-pn-wntative.
.When the new* of tho trauon of Stanh\v nn<l York
cmu(>(l tho Channel, it is not proUthht that Kli»i)N*th
was (U-c|)ly affwte«l. IJeroffleem huil but r«rri«'<l out on
their otvn account what ahe for nionthx hail conteniplat-
eil on a larger «rale. Iluttheeffectof this perfidy on th«
peo|>lo at large, who were alwayg true of heart, wan a uifll-
cient indication of the mode in which hi^r gigantic whenM
.wouhl have iKM^n r«ri'ivt>tl. In Septeuilier. 1.'>H<I, llie Itab-
ington connpinicy had lieen unravclU><l. Walningham hail
intercepted all tho oorreHpondehce of Mary (*tnart, which
mvealc<l a plot for the lUMasHination of KliuilM'th, and the
n>itoration of Tajtacy through the intervention of foreign
troo|M. The nclieine wa« not luggeMtiMl l>y tho (jueen i)f
Hcotianil, but ilic had Mianifeiite<l a natund willingnoM
tu ac<|uiiice in any uienHure which wouUt put nn cnti to
ncrunjuat captivity. The crmiipirutoni wen* all Kngliah-
men, and being arrested, every one, un usual, (Htnfeaaeii.*
In <>ct«l>er, I.'iSrt, Mai^ Stuart wan tried and found
guilty of a |iurt in tho conHpinicy ; in Noveinlter, Parlia-
ment waa summoned to decide u|i<>n her fate. IIh mem--
bers were of opinion tbat ber death waa rcquinnl fur tbe
* Tile Kiiliinrotiil riin>|>lniton In Englitnil *lwA]r> nii4i)i> very poor
OMrtjrrii. It wM only the men, like the Jnuilii nml I'iiril«n>. mliM*
■oult wrra inllaniol with raligioui kaI, thst went lu destli^wUbout •
tnmor.
»qpi "f^.
BUctmoM or MART nvktft n
mMy of the niition ; but tlio queen wm umleriikHl, and
a |in)n>}piti<in wua unlermi until the foUowinff Kfliru»ry.
During tliia interval carne the iv(iurt of Kn){h>ih tnuuion
in the NelhtTUniU : ('kthulio olflcen had Kunvmlentl
I)nvent(>r and Xutplum to the liutitl H|mnianlii. When
the newt of the cunviirtion of Mury Stuurt waa Unit |miI»-
liahnl, it hail lievn reoeireil by the |ie<>|>le with wiUI
delight. I^ndon wua illuininatisi, the kinfjihtm waa
•blaM. Now came a frenxieil demand for her exirution,
to which even Kliulicth waa obbKitl to yit'ld. She did
not wiith to oxM'ute her uou«in; that mtuiit un o|M>n
breacli with l^>^u•, and war with Sjiuin, |K>rhii|M with
France. At a cnptive, Mary Stuart waii tliu Hlrongivt
card in the hand of her diplonmtio fpune. Shu waii »
Ciktholio, and the next heir *<> the throne. WhiUt iihe
lived there waa ho|ie of iteaiv. A* for aiMaNKination
plot*, they were only on |iu|ier ; no one hud eV)>r yet
drawn a |>wtoi or a dagg<er to attempt the life of the
En((liiih queen.
Hut over ajtainiit these pcraonal mnuderatlnnt atood
the qneHtion of the public fpMid. Klizitheth wok wlHHb,
and xliullow-witted with all hor running; but, unlike her
■ucciiMoni, Hlie hail satpwity enough to know when Mlie
muHt yield — that ia, when a conceniim to the publio'
Would be the least of two evili to hemelf. Siirli a time
-had now pome, and «he apprerinteil ita neeeaiitieii. Still,
her prMent conceiaion to the public \va» Kniiitiil in a
chnmcteriHtic manner. At flnit. Hlie endeuvonij to ea-
cape the danger to her futun' which might result from a
public execution by trying; to induce Sir Ainyiut I'uulet,
the Puritan jailer of Mary Stuart, to dii«|Mwe of hia
prisoner without a warrant. * I'uulet, who waa a|>-
i>ul«t liad tiiaad lb* fiuaoM Boad of AaocUtloD uf tSM, by
1» nil ri'aiTAii in iiolla!ii>, cHaLAiin and AMnKui
promJiotl by iett«r, repliMl that " it wm an unlw|i|iy U«y
for him when bu wn* nH|uinMl by hid wtvervign lt> ilo an
act which ({(mI ami th« law forbade llii gouti* ami hfe
.were at h<!r tiinjtity'* iligpuwil, hut h« wouhl n<it iiiakn
■hipwrw-k <if bin i-onai-ienM*, ur Imvu wt gn-ut a blut to
|H)«t«rity oil ihoil bloud without law ur warrant.**
Elizabeth waM bitter in her iltMiunriutiimH of awh IV
ritan pni-iM'nraa, but all her dununciutionH w<>n< of no
avail. Till! xtern I'uritan winlx'tl for tho death of hi*
priaonor; h« lM'li«vf<l that the puldie gmal nniuirwl it,
but be would nut ooil hia aoul with niunier,. even to
shield Ilia queen. There wa* ngw no ei(ca|ie from a pub-
lic execution; but hern again Klizalieth exb)bit4>d (he
inner crookiMlneaa of her nature. Having Higninl the
deatb-wurrunt and given it tu Daviwm, her aet-retary,
with din*c'tiona to have it executed; luiving a weok
bter atormed over the delay, awearing with a gri*at,
oAtli that " it woH ahanie to them all that it waa not id-
reotly done,"* aim turned around and deelaretl to the
world that tlio exei'Ution which follovretl waa without
her knowknlge and in diioliMlien<'o nf her coinnianda.
Daviaon, one of her truest friend*, a man who had done
Ipyal aorvice fur her in the Netherlands, waa tri<i<l, aon-
tem^l to pay » fine of t«n thtHiaand |Mtunda, which
which the (•KirUtci kgreeil lii hunt to the <lralh all |MTM>ni miciiipt.
log the lirp of Eliiahcth, ami d^o thoM prnuim in wIiiniv lirhalf
■iich attrinpU were iiiiulc. But the act uf Pnliamrnt which rnliflnl
the Bnnil prnviilml that ilrath, in nurli a r<>ntln|{<>nr]t, could only ha
infliclnl Uy private peranni uoilcr tli« |>rr><>nal unirr n( the qnren.
KiiaaU'lb it'lVitnl lo givu aitrh an iirilcf, liut nppraird to I>aul«('s
patrintlMn ami love uf liia auvrreiifn ti> nlivvi- hrr from einhamua.
luent. Thii, (ifciiuAr, niaant «lniplc murtier, for which Paulrl would
hare l>evn hanged lilie aojr other feluo. Nichulaa'a " Uk of DktUmr,"
Appendii. • » Ufc of OavUoa."
■aRTLTC OP tn BncmoR ' ff
niined liim Mid hi* family, and M-nt to the Tuw«r ilurinf
her inaji-sty'i plosnuro.
But thu (leecl wai <t(>nc. < >n the dth of Febnury, 15N7,
the axe of thu hraiUinan itnu'lt the l>low wliich, i«-
■OHnding thrDu^h KunifM', nnnouimtd to tlio world that
England liad put away < 'utholiciNni fon*vcr. Tlx-nco-
forth tho (|uwn miKlit ahulllr, and palt«r, und li«; hut
thoru wna a H>a of blood iM-tween her and n<ron('iliatioA
with Rome. It waa a aorry way U> gain a victory, but
the triumph of I'rotoatantlHm wna on that oivount no
loMi comjilcto. Nor waa tliiw ull. T.Ik' iixt> which ittruck
the hcaci of Mary Stuart fnmi her b<Mly dcidt tlio nioat
cruNhing blow to the theory of th<> <llTino rij^lit of klnK«-
Here waa un anointed (|U(>«n, the widow of an nnoint«><l
king, tried like an ordinary criminal. 8be ph>adc<l ex-
emption from the law iict^iuie of her royal blood, but
■he hud lieen convictctl and ]mt to death like a common
murdoniia. Whether she wuh riKlrt fully <ir wrongfully
otmvk-ted, whether iho wni a criminal or a martyr, may
bo disputml qUMtionii; but the coming Puritan |>rinciple
had been catabliahcd that king* are not aUtvu the law *
• Some quntinn hM been niwd b; recant writen u to wMber
Elinlwlb (lnirf<l ■ piihlio nr prirtte cxmition nf liU prioincr by
Pulct. Hm "Qtievn Kliulirtb" by Eilwiinl H|tcncvr llwoly ( l^li>
dnn, tHM), p. IM. Tba milirr it of little importancr, u. williinit •
Itarmal wamuit, <lnth in eitlirr caae «r<>nl<l, under the act nf I'arlit-
mcnt, Iwre bren munlrr. Tliat Kliabplli hail nn oliji-rllonii tti awaa-
aination ia aliown lijr the Shan O'Nvil rpiaoilc in Iivlnml, wlilch nn
iin« (liapute*. At for tlie Ihrorjr tliat KliuilM'th'a iliiinrlination l»
lakini; tha lift of Mary Hluart aniaa frnni lh« natural f>rntlrni-M ol
her diapuailinn. or ttoin lore of her couain, every rrader aludyinfi llie
hcta lauat Judge fur bimaelf. I have Riven «hat teenu tn me llie
ntiooal eiplanaliun of the cnndurt nf a queen whn eircute<l every
oa* that aluod In her way, and MTor thowed true aflectiun fur maa
or wooMD. .'
"*' -Jl
".''Wr ■■ •■»• WTt,";W-«^^t'.'-' ,^T?Vfc- ,
CIIAITKB XIII
tBI INVINCIBLE ARMADA '
ALTHfirnn tlio ilootli of Mary Stuart ha<l rovnlution-
itcil alTain in Kn^lunil, Kli'Jilioth m<cinetl unronM-iouii uf
the fuct. Sh<i thought that iihn could hixMlwink the
S|)ani*h king with lirr falM*huo<li« ulM)ut tho pxtvution,
and still huy her own |iettoo by the hetrayal of hor ullica.
For live inontiM after the ivtum of Lpiceatvr from hii
wat uf Kovcrnincnt she nont not a [irnny to the Ncthor-
landH. lH'initii'8 cuiiio to Ixmdon, protcMtin^ iigiiinHt hefy
conduct, and donwindin)^ th« futtllment of her ohlif^o-
tion«. She received them with a volley of ahuiM>; nc-'
cumhI them of starvinf^ her Holdien— the men whom ihe
had affPWNl to pay and whom •ho left to die of want—
and oven inxinuattHl that tliey were engaf^l in treaiKin-
ahle negotiutionH with Spain. Thrv returned home de-
«|>ttiring of Kn^liiih aid, liut more determined thiin ever
to fight out the contcHt alone. Th(>(ie were plain, hlunt
men, manufacturer* and merchants, hre<l under free in-
stitutions, and accustomed t6 keep their obligatiims;
tlicy could not undentand why queens and nobles who
prufesseil 8U|>eriority should not do the same.
Elizulieth ha<i no idea of throwing away her money
wiion she felt assured of ])eace. Philip profeiiae<l to ho-
liovc her excuses for the execution of Mary Stuart, and
he and I'anua fooled her to tlio top of her bent. She waa
willilig, she said, to give up the religious question, and
leave the Nctherlanders in that matter to the oonscienoe
ruMi op pBiur-cAnt'u or tLtmi Tf
of the kinf{.* All that iiho dnnianiltsl wiu Mfurity lor
herM'If. hu tho npf^otiationi (IraKK^**! on, hut thu S|iiin-
ianln worn ninkinf; im-aco with huixl ii|Nin tho Nwonl. In
8|iain, Philip \VHitor){iinizinK tho Ariimdu, with which ho
woa to inviulo anil coniiucr Knglunil, Mury Stuiirt hav-
ing lN<<|ui>athc<i to him her protcnMioiiit to tho thrum*.
As {wrt of tho K-hcinc, I'amm wui to aenil ncnim tho
phannri a lurgo arniy, which hu wiui quietly UHHciiihling.
How hu wui to get lii> tr(M>|w out of thu country wan,
howov«r, tt prohlfUi, for tho Dutch held iiumt of the itcu-
ooaHt. Still, thu S|)unianlH controlled two liarU>rH, Nieu-
port und Dunkirk ; tho |io8Betwion of one more of imimr*
tance wouUI l>o sutticient. There tho neceiuMry Iwrf^et
oould bo Kuthoi^^'f »»'' at t'lo ap|iointe<t m<iuient ilut
troo|iH eouhl Im) »niliarkc4l und fi|K<cdily tranK|)orte<l
acroHH tho nurro'V strelch of ifuter.
A ]Mirt of the iiccurity which Eliziiheth had drniandc<l
from tho State*, for tho repayment of her tint Uuxnn,
was the town of Sluyi. It wag <if little value to the
Netherlands; but, lying at the moUlh of tho S<helilt,
nearly op|>o8ito P'luHhing, its harlior was cn|Mli!o of hold-
ing live hunilrcil large vessels, and iitTorded all the favili-
tKfi which Panna desire<l for his o|H'mtion8 against Kng-
land. In June, while talking about |)eace, he set out for
ita capture. The garrison, thanks. to the conduct of ilio
queen, was an insufllcient one, and yet it made a stout
resistance. Elizabeth begge«l for an armistice, but, this
being refusetl, finally sent Ixsicester back to the Nether-
lands with throe thousand niw recruits and a little
money. But the relief came too late. The States, thor-
oughly out of patience with tho bod faith oi tho queen,
cave little assistance in defending a town which woa im-
. * Buckhunt to Walainghsm, June l»-i;8th, 1.1B7, Krouilo, xii. 8»8.
M TUK PURITAN IN UOLUNO, SNOLAND, AHP AMCRICA
portant to Kngland ulnno. In August, the garrison sur-
rendered, inarching out with all the honors of wur, and
Fttrma was pre|)arc<l to play hia part in tho great under-
taking of his master.
The anger of ElizalHsth at the surrondcr of Sluys can
1)0 readily imagined. Ail through her life she had liven
dealing with men who utixxt by and protected her, tie
matter how she betrayed or neglected them. iSlie was
now fariouH that tho "mechanicals" of the Netherlands
should show a different-spirit. AVIiat if she had refused
to pay l^r Koldierx, repair the walls of the town com-
mitted to her care, or relieve its garrison when attacked
by Panna { Was it not the duty of her allies to kee]i their
own obligations, anil those of Kngland alsoi Such in-
grat itudo she had never met with, she said, as was shown
by tlitso rcl)elliou8 Dutdimen. ilore than ever she wasi
now bent on peace. The unpaid recruits that lA'icester
hod taken With him returnetl in nigs, hanging around the
}>alucc gate by scores, and begging for bread to save
them from stiirvation. For an answer, they were threat-
entnl with the st<x;ks as vagnbontls. Some of the'tioblest
of Englishmen were sent to Jthe Netherlands to re|K>rt
un the condition of affairs, an<l to see how tho people
felt about surrendering to Spain. They told tho simple
truth, that the rebels never would surrender; but, unfor-
tunately for themselves, they pointed out tho incompe-
tence of Leicester, the dishonesty of the P^nglish oflicials,
and the neglected conditiim of the English soldiers, while
they were forced to admit that the rcl>cls had more than
kept every engagement with the qtk^u. t'or making
these iin|>ulatable disclosures they were rewarded with
imprisonment on their return.*
* Bee Motlcf '■ " United NctherUods," cliapt. it., xt). Wilkei, i
<f
...-f
PMPARATiona ruirriiK ARMlbA, len 81
But although Elizabeth showed her anxiety for peace
by deserting her allies and punishing every one who
Tavored the war, the desired jk'uco did not c<jme. While
she was plotting the nioet gigantic treason of m<xlem
tunes — plotting the betrayal nut alone of her allies, but
also of the cause of European Protestantism — I'hiiip '
was deceiving her.* lie hud no intention of making
peace on any terms, except the subjugation first of Eng-
land, and then of the rebellious Kethcriands. I'unna
bad assembled an itnny of thirty thousand men. His
transports were rea<ly, his preparations for embarkation
were complete; nothing 8to(Kl in the way of his depart-
ure except a fleet of a hundred and forty Dutch and
Zeeland cruisers which blockade<l his harltors, closing
■ them as effectually as if they were hermetically sealed.f
These obRtaclcs were to bo remove<l, however, by the
j^nd Armada which was to come from Sjiain. For.
over two years I'hiiip had been collecting ships and mu-
nitions of war for his great enterprise. Twenty-two
thousand troops- stood ready to embark, among them
sixteen thousand seasoneil Spanish infantry. In tiie
harbor of Lisbon lay the fleet which wos to trans|K)rt
this army. It is said to have been manned by twenty
eminent ciTilitn, waa llirowD into the Fleet. Lord Duclduiret, afte^
wnnlfi Enr) of Donict nnil I,o(() Tronaiircr of England, was inipriiioncd
in liis own bouu! until the death of Leicester. Even the gidlant Sir
John Norrisi, having incurred the favorito'a enmity, was disgraced and
banished from court
* Philip's duplicity on this occasion strangely excites the indigna-
tion of Motley, by «hom^ as I have said in another place, this whole
episode is treated much more tenderly than by his successor Froude.
Xotley's "United Netherhuids," ii. 800-aiO.
t Motley, il. 321.
II.-0
63 TUB FUBITAN IM UOLLAND, RtaLAKD, AMD AMICBICA
thousand seamen and galley slaves.* The eoniniahd of
the expedition was intrustetl to the Marquis of Suntn
Cruz, one of the ablest and must ex|ierienecd of the
great Spanish captains. In the summer (1587), i'hilip
sent word to I'arma that his preiwriitions were about
complete; he was only waiting for the arrival of a few
8hi|)s from the Mediterranean, when he should send or-
ders for Santa Cruz to sail; by Septemlwr his repre-
sentative in the Netherlands might ex|)ect the arrival of
thottect.t
September came, but it brought no Armada. ()rtol>er
and November foliowcil, bringing only tilings of delay,
and a suggestion that Parma should rross the < 'liunnel -
and conquer England alone. Philip often said that tiniQ
-and he were u match for any two, but the only ((uality
which he valued in his ally was its slowness. With him
time was always leaden-footed ; this was one of the oc-
casions when its feet shouhl have been winged. At no
other juncture was England less pre|>ar(!<l for iin inva-
sion. She hatl no fortresses, no Heet. no army. The
Netherlanders were resolute in their own defence, but
naturally not very ardent in the English cause. The
Scotch Were still angerc<l at the execution of their <|uccn.
Around the court was u swarm of traitors whom Eliza-
beth had encouragetl, while <loing everything in her
power to alienate and discourage the enemies of N|)ain.
Had the Spanish fleet arrived in September, 15iS7, in-
stead of in July, 1588 ; lia«^,it then swept the Channel, as
it might readily have done, an<l had Purma landed in
England with his ttfty thousaml veterans — which noth-
* Fmude, xii. 416. Probulil; • miMtaloniont, u wlicn it iaile<l in
the nett yetr there were only eight thousand Kameo.
tldcm, xU 4J7. '
■NOLAMD-S PKRII^IUUBBTn'S Dcniiin »<in PIICI 8t
ing could Imvo preventutl, fur tlw weather was then fair-
— tho histury of tho Anniula would liavo Iwen written
in very dilTcrent words from thoso wliich record it8 ile-
•traction by the elements in the storms of tim surcoecl- °
ing summer.
Tliat a bruvo {M^oplo like the English, traintnl to the
nse of arms and burning with n love of home, fould-.
have been permanently c<m<|uered is prolmbly iN-licved
by no one ; but before driving out tho invader, thern -.
would have been u war in Englan<l such as that country
has never known. Itut from all this the nation was
saved, not by t!ie sagacity of its ruler, but by the incom-
petence of 1'hilip. Taking all tho events of Eli74ilN>th*s,
reign together, it is not strange that Englishmen came
to regard thenjselvcs as favorites of Heaven. To men
taught to believe tluit every goinl to themselvt-s and
every evil tp their enemies were manifestations of a spo-
■cial providence, their continUe<l preser\-ation might, well '
appear as miraculous as was that of the Chosen People.
Yet Elizid>eth had no idea of the danger which kIio
had e8ca|)ed. Her wisest councillors had warned her,,
but all in vain. So al>solute was her p»»wer that tlie na-
tion was im|K)tent l>efore her weakness. All through
tho autumn of 1.">S7, while Parma was im])atiently ex- ;
pecting the arrival of the Armada, she could think of
nothing but her |)eace. At length her agents were told
to break tho matter to the States. I'ntil this time she
had attempted to keep her negotiations secret, denying
the charge of connection with them as an unfounded
libel. Now, however, they were too lyell known to be
denied, and slie adopted a different tone. Tho " betrayal "
of Sluys by tho States, she said, hud made peace neces-.
sary, and she accordingly wished for their consent.
They knew what kind of a ])eace was in contemplation.
M fnt muTAH m boluxD, tstahufv, amd avcbica
Hnd annweitMl that tlioy did not dmire her further aid.
Tliey could carry on the w(»r theniwlves (or ti>n yean
K>ng(>r without the EngUiih. All that they now iwkMi
was tluit hIic hIiouUI retitoro their towns.* I^eiceoter,
who in the Netlierliinds wax watching the situation, re-
porte<l that the Hollanders had Hvowtil tlieir determina-
tion to curry on the war — even if obli^Ml to %ht single-
handed— and to she<l their last drop of blood nither than
to submit to ^<panish tyranny. This,- ho said, proved
their loaders "either to be traitors or else the most
blindest asses in the world." In another letter he said,
" 'Tis a crabbe<l, sullen, proud kind of |NM>plo, and licnt
on establishing a |)opular government." 'f
This was their grand offence. These people were
" bent on establishing a (lopular government." Could
there 1^ a greater crime in the eyes of Elizabeth and
her favorite ! Ix>icester complaine<l that, though ho still
had the title of governor-general, he was intni8t4<«l with
no n>al authority. He had evidently ex|iected to rule
in the Provinces as Elizaln'th rule<i in Englanil. No
Avondcr that ho felt 8uri>rised at encountering men who
Iwlieved in liberty giiaranteeil by law. Disgusted with
his itosition, just as the Duke of Anjou had lN>en n few
years earlier, apd finding that the |)eople were resolute
against tho |>eace which was the solo oltject of the queen,
Leicester concluded to give up his government and re-
turn to the more congenial air of Englanil. IWfon* his
dejmrture, however, ho attempto<l to t-arrv out the plan,
long l>efore 8uggo8te<l,in his letters, of getting into his
|)088(>ssion some more important towns for use in future
operations. Tho city of Utrecht was already in tlie
* Knirett to Wtliingbsm, Sept. SMh, l&ti7, Froude, xii. 405.
t Motley, IL 829. 836.
■MO or THi KiiaLnn raoracToiiATi in thi NirniRU^M 88
hands uf his adhcrvntg. In October, ho incited a
movement in AmHtonluiii and Iie\'den for giibvprtinK
the gpvomroent l»y force untl re|ilacin^ the miiKistnitos
by men of his selcctiun. The plot fuiUnt. and in l^yden
throe of the con8|iinitorti were tried and exccutc<i for at-
tempted treason ajpiinsl the States.*
In Deconilier, 1587, Leicester IhuIo a second farewell
to the Continent, and made his way Ixick ucmsK the
Channel. Although his resignation was not tendi>re<l un-
til the following April.jiis di-|mrturo was final, and put an
end to the English iirotectwrate over the Netherlantlg.+
The whole I^iccster ^piso<le is, in some of its features,
as farcical as that of Anjou's courtship an<l his huInjc-
quent earct^r as a ruler of the Provinces. Hut the Kng-
lish protectorate, as a whole, forms a very im|M>rtnnt
chapter in the history of the times, not only for the
strong side-light which it throws uiMm the character of
Elizal)et'h, but for its direct results upim Huhse<|iient
^-ents. No one can untlerstand the <levelopment of
Puritanism in Kiigland without a cominvhension of tira
motives which controlle<l the life of tho'queen, and with-
out a full appreciation of the well-nigh absolute nature
* One of the mf^mentt Uied bjr Lrirtntrr with the fitnnlical Cal-
TinittV Bgnimt tlic oiDgiiitniles nf Lrydca wa> tliu (ulcnitiim prec-
tiwtl in that city. Un« or two P»|ii«la bad unta in tho magiatrary.
anil there was cren a Khool kept by a Catholic, wliirli wnii altenili'd
by tho cliililrcn of aonie of the Irailing pHtriot*; In annwcr to the
clamor ajtnihtt their iiiiquitiea, miw<l'by tlic s<1herenl* of I.Ficp«li'r,
~ one of the fur<iritc prracliera of I lie city ilcclared, from hit pulpit;
that he wonlil aa willingly see the H|>aniiili aa the Calriniatic Iui|ui«i-
tion e«t«bliibe<i ntrer hia country. Motley, ii. 833.
t Before hia departure be struck off a characteriatic meilal. It
repmente<l an English uiaatiff guarding a dock of sheep. Motley,
ii. S44.
M TBI rrRIT41l IH HOLLAND, noLAND, AHO AMKKK *
of her rule. At home, matters wrro roit<lucte<l lai^'ly
by wordrof mouth, hotliing renembhiif^our nuMlem newa-
papera licing in exigtence to record current eventx ; amf
it is cuHtomiiry witli hixtoriunH to excuse her nrltitrary
acts by teUing us that wo th> not knotr what circum-
staniva may have existetl to make them flecetuukry. Hut
in hcr'dealingti with the Netherluntlera we have the whole
story set down in hiack and white; wo have tho otticial
d<x.-ument8, the reports of the secrft ni^nts, oh c<miplet,e
as such re|)ort8 c«n \m, all concurring ami Nufficient for
any one accustomed to sifting evidence; we know all
tlie conditions of the situation, in Knghtnd. in Sfxiin, and
in tho Xetherlunds, and Kliail)eth, tiie wonmn and the
queen, stands out as in the hght of day.
Slio cared absolutely nothing for Kuro|M»n Pnttes-
tantismor for EurojK-an lil)erty. She cunnl as little
for her own people. Tliat they should die by the thou-
sand, like outcasts, tiecauso sho would not {my their
wages, never gave her' a moment's uneasiness. Sho al-
lowed herself to Ix) guide<l by a little pack of traitors,
the chief of whom was in tho pay of S|)iiin, outraging
and vilifying her true friends, and only falling iNick on
them when bafl1e«l in every other Jpmrter.* Is it sur-
]irigfng that under such a que«>h u iMxIy of men should
have grown up in England who liegan to iloubt the di-
vine right of kings, and the celestial origin of episco|i«cy,
which was to her only an instrument of tho Sutei Tho
movement was slow, as all such movements are in Eng-
* Motley rrgarilnl Burghip; ■• nna nf the connpimluni, but
Fmadu'a view in much uioro cnniilslcnt with nil the facts. The Ut-
ter (Uggetta that aa Burxblc; knew that iM'acv ncgnlialiona were
going on, he thought it belter tu kec|i ximc contrul <if thi'in than to
permit men like I'rufta to play their game alone At erery iiupor-
lint criaia vo finil Burghlef atauiling b; Wultlngham.
rra smcTs on tiik nrriiBRLAMM tt
land ; but U8 her Riircciwora mfroly followed hor oxample,
its ori^n is inoxplicttbiu if the clianicter uf her n-ign ii
. overUiukcd. It may bu true, a» hiMtorinnx huvn Miid, that
Rhi> n>|>rf8<!htc<l tlie nunerirjd majority of her |m>o|>Io ; tliat
they were as inditTenmt to religitm, to gtxxl faith, and U)
humanity as she was hentelf;. but she did not n'preoent
the earnest men wlio have made Kngland wliat it >». Tlic
statettmen alHiut her thnmo constantly compltiimHi of hor
conduct, as dangerous.'dislumest, and dixlionorable ; her
oflioera in tlie Netlierlands wore uns|iarin.i^ in ilenouncing
the |K>licy which drove their men to lieggary or deser-
tion. Iler own soldiers might Im> allowc«l to starve and
bring discredit on the English name, Iwt in the service of
the States there were now, and for many years to come,
thousands of KngUshmen well fed, well clothed, and reg-
ukrly {Ntid, who hud Ix^forethem a iRTixauaj object les-
son, demonstrating the difference betwe*>n monarchical
and republican institutions.
In the Netherlands the effects resulting from the ex-
periment of an English |irotectorate were very marked.
Even since the {Mtri^ts had, in l.''>81,declare«l their inde-
pendence of Philip, they had lieon starching for u king.
They first tried Anjou, who was, ln)wever, but u sover-
rfgn in name, the real «)vereign lieing the Prince of
Orange. Hut after the death of the princt, in 1.im4, the
peo|)le were left without a ruler and without a head.
That they could so continue was, of course, im|iossible;
to them it seemed fK|ually im|)osiiiblo to have aiiy ruler
except ime of the anointe<ljnonarchsof the earth, or the
representative of such a monarch. To (icople living in
republics and with elected presidents on every side, this
■eenis strange enough, but it was very different in the
clxtcenth century. All the traditions of nuNlem history
pointed to hereditary kings as rulers of a state. It was
-m^m^MW-
m m» Pt'MTAM IN nOLLANO^ HiaLAnn AXD AIUMCA
noccMiai^y to go far liuck, cither to the cliusio or to bar-
bariu tinyii, to flml a pn>c«<<iont for n<publicun institu-
tions. It is not reinarkttblo, therefore, that thi> Ni*tfaer-
hindora did not think of venturing on unknown aeaa.
No»', however, they hod tried their exjierinieirt to the
very end. France having declinoti the itmtfenMl honor,
they had placed theniw^lveM under the ]>n>tection of tiio
only other uvailuhle jiower. But this connection, which
gave Huchr promise, merely increaawl their ditticultic*.
For two years thoy were comjielled not only to govern
thomuelvM, but their governor as well. Like little lioys
thrown into the water and oblige<l to swim for life,
they found themselves possessing |M>wer8 of which they
were lit-fore unconscious. The two years of IxMn-ster's
rule Wert) wearisome and vexatious, but they taught a
lesson which was never forgotten. The republic had
come to maturity. We shall hear no more of foreign
kings or foreign protectorates.
Still, in any other country, ut this periiKl of history',
self-government would have bt-en im|)o8Hible. England
showed how unfit she was for it by her ex]ierienc« in
the next century. The men who made up the Knglish
Parliaments were, in the main, of very meagre educa-
tion and totally unacxjuainted with public atfaint. Tho^
came together very rarely, years often intervening Ik>-
tween their meetings, sat but for a few days or wn-ks,
discu8se<l a limited number of subjects, and then went
back to their distant country homes. If such men,jh
the time of Elizabeth, had attempted to rule the State,
they would soon have shipwrecketl its fortunes. In the
Netherlands there was a very different condition of af-
fairs. In Holland alone there were prolwbly not less
than eight hundrotl |)enions alwaytf engaged in public
life, and these persons were perpetually exchanged for
m IF^ICTi ON SPAm ' w
othen.* They sat in tlioir iniiniri|ml councils adminis-
tering justice or making laws for llieir cities, onch of
which was a miniature (Htmiuonwenltli ; tht^y itiit in the
Kstatos of the I'rovincit, making laws for the whole com-
raanity of Holland; they went an depulicH to tlu' States-
(lenerul, which rided the whole rt.'|iulilic. They were
all e<lucated men trained in tlie common 8cli<M>|g, and
many of them were graduatcH of imiversities. Their
leaden* wore constantly acknowlcdgitl by the jiuhlic
men of Franco and Englaml to 8tan<l among the fore-
most BtatcHmen of the times. Among such a peoplo
self-government was |M)ssible. IIow the government
was organize<l and carried on after the withdrawal of
I^icester we shall see hereafter.
In adilition to laarning the lesson of Rclf-conHdence,
the reU'lliouH pnivinces rea|ic<l some other mlvantuges
from the English ctmnectiim. For a time it encouraged
the jicople to whoso ho|)«'8 the loss of the IVina; of
Orang(> seemed like a death-lilow, and so, |M'rha|w, tiditl
over a |>erilous crisis. Much more im|v>rtant, lu>wcver,
and much more advantageous to the Netherlands, was
the effect |>roduce<l on I'hilip in S|Niin. Although
Elizalieth was Iwnt solelv on purchasing ]>eiice for her-
self, the ste|»s which she took to s«>curc her |R>acc> nuule
I'hilip only the more determine<l to invade England lio-
foro finishing with the Netherlands. IIenc(>, while the
Armada was in coyrse of preparation, the S])anish com-
mander was furnished with little money or supplies,
and aggn>ssiyo action (m his |Nirt was gfeatly crippled.
Thus, very unwittingly, Elizalioth hel|N.Hl op/thc good
cause, even her intended treachery being ufsoine liene-
Ut. Before the destruction of the Armada. Holland and
* MoUcy'f "Uplied Netherlsiuli," ii. 123
1^
\'^,<ii" r^'^~ H-t^ ^-y*l
90 TDK ri'RITAN IN noIXAND, INOUIIO, AND AHHUCA
^eolanil, by tlicir coromorco nnd manufucturttft, )ia4l be-
como 8o rich untt ptiwurfiil that their com|U08t wan no.
longer |KW8ible. The war in the future was to be a
Htriigglu for tlio pii8iHW8ion of tlie other |>n>vint»8.
A few more woniM about KhzaU-th an<l her ne|rotia-
tions with S|Ntin, and the Hubje<-t ran Im^ (lixmiiiMHl, or
rather it dismiiwcH itself. Ib^forp the withdrawal of
I>?iccst>'r the Kn^liHli (]iu>en openly notiHnl the Stuten-
Ueneral that she intende<l to make peace with I'hilip,
and askc<l them to ap|Kiint commisHioncrg to ai;t with'
those of her np|M)intment. The State8(ienonil declinetl,
uiM>n the ground that they would never consent to tho
only peace |M>8sible— -a jwaco base<l u|Kin their surrender
of the religious (juestion— and they l)eggc<i the (|ueen Uk
give up the hollow mockery. Still, she |)ergev«red, and
' in February, l.'iSS, her commissioners crt^tisod tho ('ban-
nd, arme<l with full jiower to conclude hoHtilities.
Elizalteth was in dead earnest. Two of her agents had
. private interviews with I'urma, informing him that the
. Ketherlund towns should bt; surrender^! to I'hilip,
providisl hor advances were ro|)tiid and that England
was not Bubjectwl to tho intended invasion. F(M)r, in-
nocent, simplc-inindod woman, the •jx.'n of Sfotley al-
' most dro|)S tears as it records how tho base, treacher-
ous, papistical Philip deceived her through five weary
months of fruitless negotiations. She was honest in
her negotiations, the historian says, while Philip and
Parnui lieil at every turn. She honestly wanted |)cace,j
and she was wickedly pre,vente<l from lietraying hcij
allies, anil with them tho cause of Protestantism and
Eun)|x.>an lilierty, because Philip bad set his heart on
the conquest of England and was not to be diverted
from his puqiose.
Some two months were exhausted in deciding u{K>n a
Till SPANIIU ARMADA-IT8 IIIIITOIUCAL IlirOKTANCll 91
place for carrying; on the nrgotiutionit, duriiifif which
time Punna and hix en^inpt-ra Ux>k curt'fiil Aurvcys of
tho tlcfonofg of Ontoml, in which city, belonging to the
IIolhinilHra, tho EngliKh cunimiiiiiionerB hutl i>titul)ii8lic<l
their heiulquartcrR. Then some two inonths inoru wore
frittennl awny in obtaining |H>wera from Sjiitin for
Purmu to make a treaty. Ttiun followetl prt'liminiiry
■kirtnisliing over a }>ro|Niw!(l arihiiitice, wlien Kiidtlcnly
' the long -expected Arina4la ap|M>ared u|Nm the Knghsh
coast, and the remaining acta' of the serio-comic ilrama
wore in<l('llnitely ])<Mt|M>ned.
I'asHing now from tho- affairs of the N'ctherliindg,
where, tlirough the conduct olf one woman, intnistwl witii
alraiwt al)8oluto power over her subjects, thousands of in-
nocent men hod li(>en done to death'nnd|lwo gn'at na^
•tions nearly ruined, it afTords a pleasing relief to consid-
er an event in which the people of p]ngland show out to
their l)est advantage, although small honor is still rct!<>vt-
ed on the character of the English i|ucen. It is an event
which in sorao of its asiH-cts seems slight enough. A
victory was gained with little fighting, aiul with almost
no loss of life to tho victorious ]Hirty, and yet this victory
forms a turning-point in the lift; o/ England, the most
important since the Norman Conquest. 'It divides the
EngluntI of tho past from the England of the ])re8ent ;
it ushered in the literature which has made tho Eli7ji-
bethan age immortal ; it develoiNsI the Puritanism which
has moulde<l tho character of -the whole Englisli'B|)eaking
race. Never has any event in history, as we sliull see
more fully hereafter, worke<l such marvellous changes in
a pe<)ple, in so short a 8|)aco of time, as tho di>st ruction
of the Invincible Armada.
For three years Philip had been cngage<I in jwrfcct-
iag his arrangements for the invasion of England.
M mB rvuTAN IN bolla:<d, iNniAif d, amd AanucA
Money lio hail in abundance, even without a million
which hail licon immiiseil by the \H}\ni. IIih Hect Hhould
' < liavo set Hail in the autumn of 15S7, when the weather
was fair, the (y'hannel unguarded, niul when I'arigA stood
ready to eo-o|)erute with thirty thouMand veternnii. Yet
'nionthii had passed away, and it ntill remainetl in |Nirt.
In January, ordem had l)een given for itH ile|<art)ire,
but the HU(hlen tieath of Santa Cruz, its veteran coin-
mander, cuumhI another delay of innnths in tinding and
drilling some one to itflicceed hiui, for no onc^)uld take
his place. The choice fell on the Duke of Metlinu Siilo-
nin, son-in-law of Philip's favorite mistress, a grandtw
df vast wealth but of little e.x|ierienc(> ; and in the lat-
ter days of May, 1588, the Annada tlnally left I.islion
to meet its <looin.
That d(M>m was incvitnblo, and, looking back now, one
sees how gigantic was Philip's f<)|ly. The only lio|>e of
success lay in secrecy; but, as Parnm told his king, the
projwt had lH.>en known l)y every one for months.
Kothing could l)e accompiisiieil without the aid of I'ar-
ma's army ; but that army had so (hvindle<l by 8ickni>88
t4iat, instead of thirty thousand, k^ss than M>ventecn
thousand men could now l)c spannl, and this force was
held in check by a fleet of a hundre«l and iifty Holland
cruisers; for the Ilollandeni, despite the comluct of
- Klizabeth, stiHHl faithfully by the cause. E.xpericncod
pilots were neeilcd for the dangerous Englixh Channel,
but none could Ik; dbtainwl except two or three Flem-
ings who deserteil at an important crisis. Besides all
this, Philip had no conception of the Rnglish fleet by
which ho was to l>e encountere<l.
Yet although failure was inevitable, the pagttant on
the ocean was the grandest that the worltl had ever
ae&a. The Spanish fleet consistetl of about one hundred
i
OnUAMIXATION OP Till ARIUDA-A RHJOlOl'M CRUSADE SS.
*r
• and thirty vcsw^k Sixtj'-flvo of thera wcro very large
for the time, the smallest being of seven liumlrcU tuns
■burden, while seven were over a thousand, nnd the
. largest waa thirteen hundrotl. Thoy were ull built high,
like castkii, ho an to present u fonniduble u|>|ieai'aneo,
while leaving them, however, at the inerey of the ele-
ments. The upper works -were bullct-pniof, and the
timbers four or five feet thick — tliick enough, it was su|>-
pOBe<l. to resist any English cannon. Tlieso were tlio
famous galleons, miracles of Siwniah naval architecture.
Next came four gigantic galleya,<«ach armed with fifty
cannon, carrying four hundrcil and tifty soUliers and
sailors, and rowetl by three hundred galley slaves. In
addition were four smaller gtilleys, fifty -six ariniHl mer-
chantmen, and twenty caravels or pinnaces. The ves-
' aels were munneil by some eight thousand sailors ; thoy
carried ninetitm thousand soldiers, a thousiind gentle-
men volunteers, six hundre<l ])riost8, servants, and minor
oSlcers, two thousand miscellaneous ])cr8ons, and pro- .
visions sufficient to Inst an army of forty thousturfd for
lix months. To Philip the expeilition was,only a scheme
of private aggrandizement, l>iit to the {)<H)|>le of S\min
it wns a religious crusade, as sacretl as any ever carrio«l
on by their ancestors against tlie infidels. The gentle-
men volunteers were culletl from the noblest fainilit^.
They believe<l that they were in the service of the Ix)Pd.
They were going to reclaim an erring land to the an-
cienl faith; and not even the Puritans, who undaunte<lly
aivaitetl their arrival, felt more confidence in the good-
ness of their cause. lieforo eniliarking, every officer,
soldier, and sailor confessed and partook of the com-
munion. Gambling, swearing, and profane language
of every kind were strictly prohibite«l, htcme women
were excluded, all unclean things or {Msrsons were put
M nil rcKiTAM lit UQLU:«D, naLANo, and /^mshica
' ■ « , ■
away, nml tho strictest diaciplino trai everywhere en-
fort!c<l.*
Ami whut WHS England doing to meet thewc gigantic
pre|NirutionH for liur overthrow t AlmoBt nothing, fo
fur us tho gdvurnment was concerned, but everything ■i
that wag witliin the ]iowi>r of the ])eo|)le. On lami an
' amiy was orgunizeil ; ut its head the que<-n |)hicc«l tlie
Eurl of lificestiir, tho hero of the Ncth(>rlun<ls. Tho
army wu« worthy of its oomm^nder, fur it exislinl only
oh pu])cr. It wus niiulo up of militia and volunteers,
who for two years should have lieen suhjertint to six
days' annual drill. In Mime sections, ut least, tlifv hail
never even come together.t The- nuiin camp was at
Tilbury on the Thames, between liondon and the Chan-
nel, the lowest jwint at which the river could bo crosseil,
and tho most available place for meeting an invader.
I'hero Ixsiwster was to have twenty-seven tliouKt|j|d in-
fantry atid two thousand horsi't On the •'>th of August,
just lUi the Armuda was entering Calais romls to meet
Parma with his army and cross to England, he was lie-
ginning his camp with four thousand raw recniits, who
had arrived^ tlie day lieforo without a loaf of bread or
a barr»>l of iK-er to keep then* from starvation.^ All
tho other preiwrations on land were of a similar char-
acter. The people were full <if zeal and courage. Catho-
lic and Protestant alike, they wore willing to do their
Utmost to ro|)el the Spaniards. Dut ttio queen, down
to tho last moment, did not believe in the reality of the
invasion, and, without discipline or ammunition, her go-
calle<l army was little better than a mob. i$ i
• Froudo, xii. 478. t Motley, it 521.
) Motivy, ii. SIS. He never had more tbui tixtreh or nevGnteco
thoumn<l men in csinp, all raw rccruiu.
I Motley'i detailed alslementa regarding tlie ennditioopf tbe land
r
TUI INaLISH NAV\- It
Fortunfitely, on tho sea, whom the octivo fl^htinf; was
to be <luno, tlio Kiiglish wcru ut liAino, nnil, in u lar^t
measure, in(lo]>cn(lunt of tlie crown. Still, ho far nB tlm
royal navy wan concerneil, tliuro was littUi ini|irovenicnt
on tho (.'omiition of the army. It wan very Kmiill, num-
bering only thirty-tiight vewiels of nil sized, of whicli
but thirteen were ulH>ve four hun<lrc«l tons bunlen.*
Thanks to the fidelity of Sir John KawkinM, the Khiver
and freebooter, who had cliargo of tliis deimrtnicnti
these vessels, though few atid small, ha<l lieen put in |H-r-
feet order. So far Iwck as I)eeeml)er of the pn'vious year,
ho ha<l l)cen in rejidincss, and with the s<-a-4logs.who sur-
roAnded him wisllod to strike a blow nt the iVrmada while
it lay in |N>rt. Itut Elizabeth was earrying on her |N>aee
negotiations, and desire<i to save iier money; so the Hlii|>8
wenr laid U|i again, ami there was a long interval during
'■whieli the e()a»t was substantially unpnitecled. TJio sud-
den death of the S|Ninish commander, Santa Cruz, alone
provcnte<l the invasi<m at this juncture.
As spring wore along, and reports came in of the
actual sailing of the S|Hiniard8, pre|>arations were re-
newe<l ; but the (|utH-n, who managed evt-rj' detail, seemeil
Krnmging only for disaster. Provisions wens dealt out
in driblets, so that the sailors were somi'times actually
without f(HMl and often' on short allowance, while the
supply of annnunition wax so scanty that most of the
vessels hod <mly enough for one day's hard lighting.
Bitter was the indignation of the loyal men who hud
fnrcei are niiich more ralualilc tliao Froudc'a grncniUtira. Araor-
icana, since tlipir civil war, know aomrlliing of the t-fficicncy nf
raw rprruita wlirn pitted affninat TPterana. Tlirre liunilreil ynn
a«[o, aa was prorcd in the Netlicrlanda, tliey wei^; ert'n at a greater
diiMlTantaga. • Frouile, xii. 440.
•Si-.-tt-'i?l"!S''';:V
M THI rURfTAN IN noLLAND, ■NOUHD. AND AMUICA
at heart tlio lionor cif EnglaiKl, itml who wishtxl for
nothing Mter than a fair fight with S|iain.
In April, l/tnl Howard of Kffinghani, admiral of. the
fleet, wnrto to WaUingliam : " I nin very sorry her
majeiily i» lu (.'areloiM of this most dangerous time. \ .
fear overmuch, and with grief think it, her mnje«ty
relii>H upon a ho|M> that will de(x;iv(> her iind greatly
endang<-r her, and then it will not l>u her money nor
her jewels that will help her; for a« they will do giMi^i
in time, so will they Mp nothing for the rt><le<Mning of
time tteing lost. I dan' say her luajeKty will li,M>k that
men Hhould tight for her, and I know they will; hut 1
pniy heartily for a |)eaee, for I Heo that wliiuh should
Inj the ground of an honorahle war will never ap|iear;
for sparing and . war have no affinity together.'' * In
June, Walsinghnm, from his sick-he*], wrote to Ilnrgh-
ley : " I am sorry to see so great a danger hanging over
this ri-alm so slightly ireganle<l and so can'leiwly ]>ro-
■vidwl for. f would to (iod the enemy were no more
careful to assail than wo to defend, and there would
l»o the less cause of fear. Seeing that we have neither
recourse to prayer, nor to such effectual pn>|>iinitiona
OS the dang<>r imjtorteth, I cannot hut ctmclude accord-
ing to man's judgment, ' salus i|wa non ]><>test servaro
hunc rcmpul>licam.' " t " For the love of Jesus Christ,
madam," wrote Howard t*' tlie queen early in July,
"awake and see the villainous treasons round about
you, against your nuijcsty and the realm." J
Kut such ap|>oaU made no impression. To them all
Elizabeth's ears were deaf. 8he went on dancing, jok-
• llowunl to WaliiiiKlwin, April 7-1 7th, 1588.
t WaltinKlinni to Burghley, June ll^a9lb.
t FrouUc, xU. 164.
TCI SMCOUH nnrr-Tai nafAttam K
ing, and hugf^nff her money - baift, aa if no danger
tbraatuned either England ur lienelf.*
Dut whatever the follv, or aomething worie, of the
queen, the nation itmOf waa aouml at heart. The city
of London being called on for Hfteon aliipa and flvu
thouaand men, oaked two days for deliU'ration, and
then furnished ten IhoUHand men and thirty iilii|it.
Other cities, as well aa private individuals, rus|K>nded
in the aumo ipirit; and the shi|iB thus tendered were
men-of-war, for every men-hantnian hwl in those ihtys
to go armc«l against the pintteti. Ilut the most valuable
of all the voli^nteers were the |>irutt>s themselves. They
tome<i out ih full force, only tocf glad to Anally strike
a blow in ojien war at their okl enemy. There was
Drake, who the year before had sailed along the coast
of H|>uin. entered the hartN>r of Ca<liz, and " singe<l King
Philip's lieard " by destroying forty or fifty vewiels,
with a gri>at store of provisions which had been accu-
mulated for the use of the Armailii. There was Haw-
kins, the grim old slave-trader, who, although himself
sailing one of the queen's Hhips, furnishtHl four or five of
his own privateers. Thorn also were Vroljisher, the hero
of the Northwest Passage; Davis, who gave his name to
Davis's Ktrait ; and a host of others, only less illustrious.
The whole English fle«!t, num(M>re(l about twi> hun-
dred vessels ; of these over fifty were mere coasters and
small craft for carrying su)>plies,but the rest were anued
and manned for actitm. They wore all small, as com-
pared with the unwieldy Spanish gulletms, only forty-
nine being above two hundred' t4>ns,t but they could
■til twioe aa fast aa^heir clumsy adversaries. In addi-
*Froad*.
t Morilin. " BUt< Pspen," pp. S1IM18, citwl b; Hopkins, ill. Ml.
II.-7
>^-'''
'<Sf^s-'j'<'f4"X.
n TBI PtIWTAN IN HOLLAND, CNaUNR AND AMIRICA
'tioDf an tlio rnuder Mlioalii l)ear Ln niin<l, tlip Knf(liiili had
(in overwhelming ^Ivnntogc in tlio nunilN<r of thi>ir
availublu men for o|K>rationi< \>y tea. Ttie Inr^i* vi>tiM>ti
of the Armtula wen> inteniUxl for tho tranH|i<irt»tion of
fiMit-itolUiorM to gwfll ]'arnin'« font'tt, tof^<thor with n »if
inonlhH' liupply of pruviaiona uml aiiiinunition for the
wh<iht nnny of invasion. It wiim (<x|Hfti><l thiit th<>y
woiiM protect the iwmiu^' of the S|NiniHh tr<Mi|M iutinm
t|)e Channel, hot it evidently whm n<it ex|Nvt(>(l that they
wouhl encounter any fonnidnhle op|ioHition. Such a
force UH \va« Availing for them in the Knglinh hurlNirii,
I'iiilip never <ln>ame«l of. Shut up in the F^'urral, ever-
liMtingly ongagiil in Hcribhiing, rarely wwing any one,
•ml never taking advioe.Jhe Sjiunith king knew almost
nothing of the clmngea in the world Hince he viHitttI Kng-
Innd aa a ItridegriHim, mor(> than thirty yeufM Ijefore.
Hence, the whole lupply of ammunition for the Hhi|M
themtH>lvea waa limittMl to fifty n>undg foreiu-h gun, an<i
the whole fleet waa mannwl l>v a ]inltry force of niNmk
eight thouaand aailorn.* Un the otln'r hand, the Kng-
lisli Teaaelx were all built for fighting, and thi>ir iu>tive
crews numliere«l nearly Hixt(>en thousand ; thua giving
them a pre|M>nderance of aUxit two to om\ for, except
at cUiat! quartcra, which the Kngliah akilfully uvoiihMl,
the unaidte<l Sjunikh aoldiem were alatUt na useful aa so
many pikes or muaketa standing in a rack.f
•Proodr.xii.Mt.
t Tlic exnct flKum ■• fprm l)jr Mo<lf jr, " I'liltrtl J(etl»rl»n<l»,'*
ii. AM, on llic niitliority of 8li>w iinil ilarmw, an> I'l.Tt).^ Kn);li>li
mmrn, n* op|io««cl In 8000 «<|mniiml». Miinlin fftvn mnw Inltlri
■liowinfi the niimlwr of the KnKlMi lu Imi I3.H7e, liiif hr rannoC Iki
nlied on. See Hopldna, iii. 801. MiHleni Kngliali liintnritni trrat
tliii Hibjcct rather atnngcljr. Tbry give full iletaili of the Armailn,
Iwt wliaq t\iej came to the oppoaing fleet, deal in mere generalitiea.
From tho time that tho Armatla left the port of IJt-
bon, on till- iit)tii of Miiy, 15.hs iI uim> tlinnigliout tlii<
New Stylo, which hud In-t-n ntluptetl liy S|>iiin, Fninc-c.
and Ilolhiml, but \\m not a4hi|itt><l liy KnKlnn<l until
ITsaVit met with nothing hut niiiifor'tunf. Tim pnHfMl-
inff autumn, during which itHiidvimt hlullM>«>nl)oHnxillUHly
awmtc<l by I'arnui, wait ^ineof um-xuniph-d fair wculhcr.
But winter brouglit a chan^>, and the foliuwinf{ itprinf;
wliirh, uniiilt'ntionnlljr of riiiirM>. nru vcrjr iiil»l<«>lin|{. Nnm- oniirni,
cxrcpt Urrrii -wlii>, w^tliuiit i'ilin){ iinj nullnirititii, mvk tlml llir
Engliali hnil 0000 M-anii'n tu WIOU of the H|>iiniiiril>-my s wi>n|
■Ixiut tlio Kngli'li force ntlirr tlinii l» niention it h.i living niiirli <iiii'
nuuilicrnl, whirli in Inici only iftlii' iiarli'M fiH>t Mihlit'ni irc roiintfd
in. Fi'w of them incnlioii the fiict timt nltlioii){li m<Mt of the Knjt-
tilth HliipB Wi'it! •nmll, tlii'y Imil two of ti tJKHiMinil toiifl or over, t>ii«.
(pnihnbly llirev) of nine huii<ire<l. two of ri^ht linnilred, ■n<l llirtt-
of fix liuniln-il. Hopkinii, iii. SOI, citing Munlin. No proiuinenre
ii giren In the fart Hint tlie Himniuli )(iiileoni were in reality nothing
but huge lrani<|><>rt<, Inailcil down witli rnrKoe* of infantry hhiI pro-
viaiona, u vnliialtle in a naviil engagement an •<> many eaiiai-boatu
uniler anil. Finally, none of tlie mithoritie* tlint t have lieen alile
to 6n(] give f ny information at nil an to the h'itj} of tlie Kngliih can-
non, (lunii that tent ahot through four or tire feet of aolhl <mI( tim-
ber were not insignitfrant wm|)on». It woiilil lie intereoling to
coni|mrc tlieni with lhoM> ummI l>y the Spaiiinnla, who evidently diil
nut imagine that aiieh n feat waa iMwailile, for they thought their
gnlleonn were ahot-pniof. It niny lie noticed here that Sir Walter
Raleigh, who appreciated the advantage of amall venM-lt, alwayo nd-
viacd against building inen-nf-war exceeding aix hundred torn bur-
den. Hume, Appendix to chapter on Jam^ii I. Aa thi'ae pagen are
going to piraa a little book nn " Queen Elitabtth," by an Kngliah
writer, F.dward Hpencer Deealy, is given to the publie, in which at-
tention ia calleil to the above Hgurra regnnling the number ot Apaniah
aailora on the Armada, and the opposing Rngliah forcA'' Thia author
alio aaya that in the Engliah fleet we hear of .thirty-lhrce-pounder*,
•nd even of aixty-p<mni)eni, whcreaa the Hpaniah'adinirol, aending to
Parma Ibr balla, aaki for nothing heavier than ten pounda. I'ago 197.
too Tira nmiTAR i<« hoixakd, nauira aho akiuoa .
•n<l Hummor werv tlio miMt tcm|H>iituuiiii over known to
the oliliHit tliiliormpn.* Cuuffht in a g^e, toon after
hntving iinclior, tlii> HtH't win <liHporHc<l, unii nt'itrly tlin>o
montliM )>lu|NM>«l lN>r<>n^ it it|;itin M't out fnmi th» lluy <>f
Fcrroi, wlii'nt it liiul taken n>fuf(p. On tli« iAl of July
it left ti\win fortlx* lust timet; but another Ntorm <loluye«l
itH nuiveuientM, hhiI not until ii «vc<>k lutnr iliit the pilots
cutcli their Unit Kliin|Me of the wtuthwratum owMt of
Kn^lund. On thu next iluy it\iiter<<<l the CliunnW, im
.if <vi a iNiruile, tiie veNiu-lit milliiy^ nhreiut under full
■" ifanrtiii, forming; n rrewent which stri'li-hiil wven inileii
■ fMMi |Niint to jioint. Meuntiino the U>ai-on-lightH Hiwh-
ing from every heHillunil hail annoaiiceil to Knghind
that the intended invuKJon Wuh n reality, and not u Hf^-
- ment of the wild iina);inution of the I'uritanH anil naval
- ooniniunders, iiii had Inimi xuf^f^ted liy KlizalH'th.
The larf^T part of the English tWt was lying in the
harlHir of I'lynioiith. Im|>aliently enough the rrews
had waite<l for this hour. Hy the prnctieo of the diwMt
eeonomy, by living on ahort rations, and through the
private contrihutions of their officers, they hnil provi-
sioHH for a week. Of ammunition they hoii only enough
for one day's shar]> lighting. Jhcy diil not know that
in the latter reH))ect the enemy woh in a worse plight
than they, nor did they imagine that, so far as numbera
were ooncemoil, they hailulso an overwhelming su|)cri-
ority. They supposeil themiclves vastly- overnuitcbed ;
but this (imHideralion did not ufTcct their conduct. They/-^
came of a race nnaccustoincd to counting adverse ixlds,
and always ready to Aght with cold steel or any other
weapon, if |)owdor and shot wcrb wanting. At once the
little shipa set out to assail their giant ,antaguni«t*. The
* Froude, xH. 4H.
■y THE AEMAD* IM THI tllAMMIL M
I >; f^pnniih offlccni, itandinK on tli<>ir iiiKh-towrnMl ^lUntnt,
I-' uml M><>in^ lliv Kri)(|jiiliiii*-n H|i|inNU.'li, inunt hnvo liu<l thn
r /- wtnie NensHtionii lui the ( ')inf<><U>ruU'M on IIid Mfrrimar
■•'■' when tho firnt little Monitor ittcniiu'<l up tho wuteni o(
r;^ Hampton lloudu, in XMt. I<ut whatever tli<> ilntt i«>nwi-
tionn, th«<y *»on xavf way to n fi>elinK of ailniirntion, fol'
• fl lon'ml l)yiKnm<lliinf{ liktMi imnie. The KnKliiili8hi|M llrml
^Z:.' (iitir Rliotit to tlio S|>Hniuniii' ono; tlii'v Nuilo*! nmml nml
^* round tho clumsy. Iiroml-ljowixl tntn8[MirtH; ilu»y cither
kept out (>franf(p. or f^ot mo cIimc thut they coiihl not be
hamiMl Ity tho elevated gunit of Ihu enemy ; and liy nu
dovi(*(t could they lie liroa^ht to eloiw i|Uttrterii where the
"'■ N|Hini!<h goldiertt'iiiight have been iiiude of MTviit'.
The running tlKht, wjiich liegun the -'idth of .tuly,
lantod for a we«>k, while tho Arniuilu with tine weather
v' ' slowly ploughiNl itR way along the Channel. Not much
damage, exr<>pt that of u moral character, hail hh yet
Unm inHict«<l on the S|ianittnls. The KnghHJi hiut capt-
ured a tcyi of their Hmall veiwelM, and ime giilleon,
which fprtunatcty containe<l mtveral toiiH of |iowder.
Thi« supply camu ut an op|M>rtune moment, for Kliza-
, lieth, fmm oq shore, dolqd out her nmmunition with a
miser's hanil.' Vet, denpite his insignificant how, the
S|ianish commander liegan to fe«'l u gn-at ulann. Day
after day he liad (l(>!i]iatcho<l messages to Parmu, but
couhl obtain no answer. On the tstof August he
;; otked for piloti, knowing how trenchemug wum the
> '• weather, and declaring thut in cose of a storm he was
at an entire lorn where to go or what to do, On Ihe 4th,
he wrote for two shiphNuls of |)owder and shot, stating
that while the English had abundance of men and ammu-
nition, his supply of the latter was nlmoxtcongumod. "I
am in urgent nce<l of it," he said. " I trust to find you
rea4]y on my arrival to oome out and Join mo. If the
UBHARY
IM ni* rtTKiTAM » uoOAiiii, KiaUHP. Am ahuic*
winti in fair, wo aliall Mj<>n Im> ifitli yiiu ; Init anyway. If
w-» niw tli'tuiniHl or not, wv cannot do without umniuni-
tion. Voii iniiit wnil nut lut much h» you ciin HiNtrr."*
Such wiw th<) |iiliahl« plight of th? S|)ani»h Heel, but
it wa» out of I'iinna'ii power to naMist bin allii<« even to
\\ie <>xti>nt of wtnilinK thi>nt Hlnrt ami |>ow<l<?r. Ilv waa
anxiouHly iiwaiting the arrivul of tlin Arnioiln, px|it>ctiflg
it to liruxh away the awnnn of cruiitcrH that kept him
font in |N>rt.* IliH tnin»|N)rta wrro more o|)t>n lHirt^>K,
untit for anytliing exivpt thonioHt trun(|uil wiit<>r, iiml
utterly inea|iiil>U> of M-lf protection, llo hutldlcti hia
roi-n on hoard, |NtckinK tlium like iiiirdinf<)t in iHtxes, and
ient woni that lio would lNrn.>ady to start on itoon an the
Armada liu<l done ita work. Hut that time never cunie.
Sulunluy, the ttth of Auguit, aaw- the end of the week**
fair weather. The Sfianiith fle«t wua then utf ('alai*. It
'liad DO pilots, except two or three FleminKii,wh<> m>tVde-
sertetl. The wind was rimng: Sidoniu, the eonimander,
was afraid to ventun* further, and m> nut anchor in the
rottdiiteati, to await newx of I'arnui, from whom nothing
hotl 08 yet lN><>n heanl. Kut of the |M<rj>lexity of the
enemy the English otticers knew nothing. To them the
next day was one of great anxiety. The S|NinianlR, de-
spite uU op|)cmition,and with no appn*cittl)le loiw, had a|>-
parently reache<l their dMtination. Wlmt was to prevent
them from ci^Msing the Channel, sailing up the Thames,
and sucking I>ondon t < >n kind they would have encoun-
teretl no resistance, for only the day l)efon', Leicester, •
the lieutenant-general, hod written to the queen that, in
his opinion, the time had come to got an army tiif^ther,
apiKiint its officers, and begin ita diacipline.f
• Froudc, xll. 4M.
t Bm letter from Leicctter to the queen of Aug. Ctli, IWt), quoted
■RaLAnmi nmrr maval ■aitu
los
Lying there in Calaii riNiils, tho liugo traniportnlil|i)i
of ttiu Aniiiula ImtkfMl forniidublo enough. Th« Kng.
lish coinniMndeni hail no tnrani of knowing their tnio
conilition, without |>ih)tm nnd ahnimt out of aniniuni-
tion. The whoKt Kn^lijth fleet hnil now iiiwenihliHl,
alN>ut II hundntl nnil forty amie«l vewM-ln, niiinn<><l l>y
dixteen thoumiml iighting Meiinu*n. Something muHt lie
done to hi'lhg miittem to u criniii liy fon-ing the enemy
from it* (dtur of Mifety. On Sunihiy h briUiant wheme
occurre<l to Home one, nnd thiit ni^ht wltn<*iwe<l it* exe.
cutiim.* ' All tlie S|Niniiir<lf had henni of the Riegi> of
Antwer]), three yearn liefor(>, nnd of liie fiiniouH lire-
Bhi|)H, IihuIinI with ex|do«iiveit, whirh on thiit oeeiiMion
did giii-h duniugo to their teinpirnry hridgi^ over the
rirvr Heholdt. At midnight, on the 7th of Aujruitt, as
tlie vesMelii of the Armadii lay liU(hlle<i together in the
Culuia riMulstead', eight hu^>, hlaek olij*^^! came drift-
ing down u|ion them with the tide. Pniwing n«>»r, earli
revealed the outline of a Hhip, whieh 8U<hlenly. through
the niuKky <larknew, Immt into a Wimi of flame. ■* The '
firo-Hhi|i8 of Ant werjN" wa« the cry, u» the |ianic-Htrickcn
Sltani.nnlx hauled u|> their unchon und ma<h> for the
o|ien lea.
The morning found them icattered and dri'ving liefore
the wind, which, coming for a day in iH|Uall8. had now
risen alma«t to a gale. Onlera were Hignalle*! for their
return U> Culaii, but thia xvas im)Ni8iiiblo with sucli un-
wiehlly veggeln in such ir<^ither. Then liegnn u naval
battle), tli« flntt of a long Heriea, which in time mad«
in Moticjr, i). SSI. TliU ttone U rafHclrnt lo diiipnw of tlie mman.
tIcMiUtemrnIa of mme liinturiam u tr) Die die 'nnd clitracUr uf Uw
■rmy by wliicli KngUnd wu to have \>vcn prulccteil.
* Camden crotllu it to Elix»li«tli in Loadoii.
*S
IM . Till roMTA!! IX noLUNix KmiUMiK Am knnaok
Enji^land tli« miitrrw of the mnw. Hat for iU malU, ,
however, and for t\w 1»ct thnt it wu tlic Hmt, tliU |wr*
tioiilar cnfrAKenutnt wntilil not In* rntitlixl to a vrrv hiffli
plmco on the roll of glory. Still, |iiirituinK tliu iNiliry o(
the wtwk before, the Kn^riiih clwlixl every attempt ot ,
the Simniarilii to force tliu lltfhtinff nt rioae i|uartera,
•ml «o n>H|)e«l ull tliK Hitvnnlii((<>H iif their ininieniM< iiti(ie-
riority in nuinltem. rninaniiK<'Hl>h' in the to^lo. the un-
wieldy tmn«|K>rtit.MtilinK;an unknown iieH.couhl Imnlly
lie ex|iecte<l to do much diiiniijfe to their o|i|>onentii.
Kwiftly the Knglish followed them, jKiurint; Hhot intu'
their hull* below the water-line an tlH>y rareenHlliefora
the wind — ahot that pien-t-*! four fi>«'t of oak timlier,
and made a ehamel-houiie of the inidille tleckii, where
the unhappy foot Noldipn were manaetl. The S|Ntnianls
fought hniveiy. a» they alwaya di<i ; none <>f them Hur-
rendered, iHit they could do little except to itand up and
be alaUKhlered. When the sun went down on Monday,
at IfARl sixteen of their veaaeU hud lieen sunk, and four
thouHiind of their men were dead, while the Knglish had
lost less than u hundre<l men an<l not a single vessel.
After siu'h an exiierience, and without a round of am-
munition left, nothing remained for the S|>uniur(U save
retreat. A return throngh the < 'luinnel was, of course,
impossible, the only available route to S|Min lay by the
North, around the Uritish Isles. This they attempted.
The English followed them for four dayH, but inflicted
no further damage, for they, to«i, wen- out c»f |H)wder, al-
though neither |Mrty even then suspected the deticiency
of the other. It was feared that the fugitives niighi put
into Scothind for repairs, but they sailed by the Forth,
and so on their way through the Northern Ocean. On
the 13th of August, the wind, which had been in<>d«>rat«
f6r aeveral days, freshened into a gale; on the 14th it
BMP or mi ARMADA IW
benm« « t^mpenl. IIi>lpl(<M liofinv th»> «>l»»nn»nt». tlw
iliHiinevI fpill)H>nH liurrini im tlieir oiurM'. J (mi inline thi>
(<R|N>ii of ScotlantI nml iri'lnml. thev utiiftftt*"**' il'iwii tliv
pitrilou* wtMUirn otMiit. Then' Hlii|i«'nrk an*l ii n°Ht<>ry
grave nw«it(><l tlicni, with tlu' ultnrnHtivc nf an umlia-
oriminatinK mnwuicn' if tlit>y n-whiHl tli<i Hri<>ri'. A nail
Kmminl cM-niNNl nml Htni^t^litl iHU-k to S|Niiti. T<-n
tbouiantl iliiuilil<><l nicn, un<l fifty -four vchm-Im mo iIiiih-
a|^l na to Ixt unfit for further iH*r\'ic<>, wen- nil thiit r«-
inaineil of t]io InvinciltIp AnnaiU.*
(iUiomy onoiifch Wum thin outitinic f<tr the nolilo fam-
ilim of H|iHin, nliniMt rvcry oin» of whioli woiilil have
IxH'n wra|i|)c4l in inourninK hut for un ttlict froui the
kirif; forhiildinK any external Hif^n of woe. Iliit turning
to Knglan<l, «\'(> eni'ounter an ineitliMit huin<>r«uii enough
to relieve alinoat the inleniM>«t ghioni. 1'he f jiglith
■hi|)s gave up their punuit of the S|)a'nianlii on the 12th
of AugUHt: un the Uth the teni|>e«t huntt; on the U)th,
while the Armada wa«.to«Ning among the Orkneya,
Klizalielh riMle down to review her tnM)|M at Tilhury.
There, mounted im a milk-white diargcr.aml currying
K manhal'i iMton in her hand, iihe deliveretl the funioun
■peech which for thnx) centuripa has htt-n the delight
of Kngliih ichuollH>yii, and haa urouncd the |iatriutic
fervor of the historian*. of EnglamLf
:• Motley, Ii. SOT ; rroudv, Ui. Ml.
V I aoi come aniongut ]t»u at tlili lime, not M for my HTieallnn nr
' i^ort, liut lielng rrMilrol, in lliv miiUt anil lirat ciFiIm' Imltlr. In lite
and ille amotifiit jrnu all : to lav <li>wn for mt tlixl, ami fur m; king-
dom, and fvr my people, my honor anil my liliKHl, even- in llie diail.
I know I have llie botly of n wi-ak ami feciile woman, IhiI I liaire (lie
heart of a king, and of a king ofKngland too! and think fold M'om
that HnCroa, or Hpain, or any prinre of Kun>|ie, niiould dare In Invade
the Uinler* of my realma ; to wbkli rather than any diahonur ahouM
IM TH* rt'MTAN M HOLLAnn. IMURA AHD A)IHdl'A
Hut tliM wiw tlio only touoli of ttimMly nlMmt the ait-
lution in Kn((lunil. WImt Klizaltptli mi((lil liuvu done
for ihc iiriiiy, if it lm<l lM>4>n liroiiKlit into urtion, can
only Im> <'onj<i^tiini| ; wliHt nIh< <liil for tli« Miilora wtiu
IukI Mtvf<l KnKliinil can In< briefly told. TIh> Hm>t had
lM-<>n HO iiiKiilHc'ifnily pntviMionitl that wiinn of the cn>H-i
ahiioKt tlic*! of itlurviilion. In mUlition, the wunty su|>-
phcH hiul liM-n of Nuch UmI i|uality that DKXrt of the nMm
*»en< down witli ily»entery or ihtii- fever. Wittlii^ a
month after the lMllh< on the conn!. then< u'liii hardly a
rotwel thiit hud enou((h well men left to weiKh iu an-
chor. They couUi not h^ |iaiil olT, for KlixulN>th vnmUl
]»y nothing until every ai-<-<>unt had l>e«*n minutely ex-
amined ; und ao they nittwl in tliu iiIi>|m or iIImI Ity hun-
driHlt on the nhore. On the 20th of Auguiit, Howard,
th«) lunlmlmiml, wruto tu HurKhley ; " 'Tit a moat |>itl-
ful ai^ht til lee Iwiv at Marxale Ih>w tlie men, having
no |)liu-o where they can In* riMvived. di« in the «tr««ta.
I am driven of fomj myN<*lf to v*muf on land to nee them
lH>Mto\vi«<l in Mime hMlginfjii; und the l>e«t 1 can ffnt it
barnii and nuch uut-lum««, and the n>lief in mnall that I
can pruvido fur the|n here. It would grieve any luaa'i
gruw tiy inc. I mjnif will lake M|i •nni; I lajwlf will In- yimr grn-
cral, JuiIkv, m»I rewuiirr of cterj nne n( jnur Tirtim in lli« 8«lil.
I know almiiljr, Uf juur forwnnlnowl (hat rou liarv <li-wrv«l iw-
wanU anil rpiwm; ami ws tin awure ;iiu, <>n tlie wnni itfa |irinc«,
tiirj tliall h« (I11I5 paid you. In IIhi mrantinK, mj liriilraaul-gca-
eral (Iwll Iw in mjr •teati, than wliiini nrrvr |irini'ir nininiandcd k
morr nulilo anil worthy uHliject; not iluuliiinK I7 ,v»ur obt'iliiiinr to
inj KcnenI, by your roaconl in the rknip, anil your ralor in the
flelil, we iImII ahortly liaire a'famoua vlrlory nrrt Iboac eneniira of
■ly llml, of my kingilow, ami of my |irnplc." -Stow, Caaiilrn, llunw,
Omn, (.'rcighton, etc. Krouilo conaiileratcly omita all mrntion nf
thit vunwily. Un|(aril charitably auggnta that tba apcwb, though
prapared for an emergeocy, waa ncrer (Irliveml.
BUtAumit uwMM nm m* utrwvmtu or ■muuno ivt
hMirt t«> Mw uM'n that have M>rvr<l ■<> valiantly die ao
ini«(*nibl,v."* Men in tbia condition mquiml frvali nM«t
luid vi>K«(ablM, and yet, althouKli they wen* within a
few hiiun of l^imlon, thu i|iMfn, who i)ontroll<><l t'xery-
UiinK. wouhl roako no rhaoKv in th<?ir rnliona. I'ntil
the |ii>iw>nou> *u|)|i|if* which liad Uvn pntvidril fur
tiieni wi>rn conMiUKMl, they could have no o|hera.t
Eliiabetli waa Mmpiy re peatJAf her ciHtduct of three
yean Iwfure twwanli the loldieni wlio had aervt-d her
in the Netherlanda. AKain »li« Heeniid tiioat unfriendly
t(> tlnae who liad rpnilen-<l the ninat ellirii-nl aervioe.
■ llowani, before the HKliting, «u|i|>Ik>«I aouie of hi» weak
men with extra fucal to keej) them lit for action ; he wua
Bow etiin|ielleil tu |wy the bill* binuelf. llawkimi waa
alninat ruined by the mode in which hi« intricate ac-
oounli wenMtverJiiHuled and i|ui>«tiom<<l. The two iiiaiea-
nen who aluul alnxMt uh>ne in lioldinf( up the hnndaof
the heruea on the nea were rew4rtle<l with nothintr but
Mbuie. "All irrMolutions and lacki," wrutv lluixhiey
to WaiaiDghain, "are thit>wn u|wn u« two in all her
■pe(H;hoa to everybody. The wrunf{ iit intoh'rable."^
Bat they were without reilreaa. All thmuKh her life
-Elualwth phiyo<l her |Mrt to |M>rf«ction. If anythinf(
. Went wrll, alio clainietl all the rntlit of it liefore lH>r
.ptople; for every minchanre, ahe found a (convenient
■ca|iegi)at. It is -nly recent invcatiKation that luu
•liown how c«>naumm. te waa her acting-
liut there waa one hero whom ihe ItuI fully det4>r-
mined to honi>r. Thia waa the illuatrioiM l^^ict-atcr. For
his distinguishetl aervices in the field, she decided to ci«-
at« a new ofHoe, that of li«ttt«n«ntg«neral of England
• Motlcjr, ii. 9«4. t riowb, alL II*.
( KovwalMr, 1M«, Frowk, lU. H*.
IM rut PvntAu im Mnijjkan^ ■iMUiiak «ao aMmma N'
•nd Irelanil. Tho lctti>ni patent wrre •ctiuUlj (Imwn
out ; but tliMv wai « tlcby in aflliing tl)« myal M|pu-
tui«, caamtl \>y the ivinoniitrano)' of wimn tif lH>r oiunril
lim.* Ilirn (*ame tho mHhli-n d«>a(h of tho favnrita,
«'h<im« wift- H-aa anxioua fur • ytmnifer huHlMn<l, and
thia monumental act <>f foHy waa avoHlcwI.t Ik'vomi
thia puntvuiplatMl promiition of Iif«ic»«t4>r otrrr all the
other nolih-a in tho n<«lm, iinil her |in>niii)ra to tin* lol-
iliftni nt Tilliurv, we Und imthinK u|N)n Iht* nn-onl to
■how that iIh* oven thought of iirknowlotlftinK ihr wr-
vicea by which England had lN><>n aiivi'*! from imjiending
ruin.
With the utter eolhpao of the lonfr-lhreatened Sp»n-
iaii invHHion, KlitalM*th'M dn>a'm of a ri'conciliation with
the papwy, by a r-tum to Mother Chun-h, imuummI away,
and ah« ent« -etl u|Mm a new |Milicy towania the Catho-
Jioa. Tho hiatory of thii |K>liey, written in lettera nf
Uikm), oompletea the proof in rehktion to the motive*
which for the |>ri<ir thirt> yoara had eontrolled her ac-
tiona in rt'ligioua m»(ton. There waa nothing now in
the eondiit-t of the adherenia of the ohi faith whirh
aliould hiive \n\ to any rhan)^ in the HVitem of h>nity
witli which they had been treat4><l. To lie aure, m*ny
of them were eamcat in their Veligion, revolting against
the c»mi|>tion«of the'Chun-h, which Klizabctli iHaiiid to
liave ke|>t in ita low condition in onler to n*concilo them
to her government. Hut nothing couhl cauae tlu> maaa
of them to waver in their loyalty to the iState. The
JwHiita, aa we liave aeen, made their famous invuaion
• r»iii<len.
t Kliuilirlli tliril thr pntprr tnn over lb* Inaly nfhrr \nxtt, and
di«n ordernl tlic public mI« of hi> |icn<>|i>l cAcoU lu Mlitfjf sa Ut-
debtMiiwH tn Iter ibr bonaweU maacj. I'auiden.
•>■'■■*■■■..
UITALTT or m KNOMW CATBUUCI IM
•ight jTMrt before. 8(i far m they preached the ■im-
, pie UtictrinM of the (>'hurch, they were welconiMl with
open annt. Kut the invnibcn of thia orilor wvre Span-
Wi in their ayni|iathica; onii when they came to take
, part in politica, ami prrach rtmlRtanc-o to fhu crown in
' the intervata of Spain, th<>y nift with tliu nuwt violrnt
oppuaitioii, both from the MM-ulnr prifota anil from the
hity .•
The aeouhtr ])ri(«ta anil the Cutholic laymen who
' < denieil thu ri^ht of thu |mi|)(* to inti>rfi>ro in ]y>liticHl
Buttera, anil ilepoae thi< KngllHh i|uiH-n, wcm pnK-luim-
iOK no ni>w doctrine. Down to the time of the Council
of Trent, there hud bw-n, <ii|iecially in Fniniv, ii largo
and ((rowing imrty in tlie Cliiirrh which ri'iM>nte<l ull
papal interference in ttMn|Hind uiTairit. Kven I'hilip hud
.for yeara refuaeil to recognize the '|M>pe'a bull excom-
nunicatinf^ KlizaMh ; when, therefore, he U'^an hia '
, .eruMiie, founikil on this very exconimunioutiun, it ia
' not gtrun^ tliat he met with little encourugement from
the Engliah Catholics.
.While Mary Htuart waa alive, the situation was very
different. She was reganlinl by them as the lepil heir
' |o the throne ; and the enfom*mont of her ri^hu, oven
by foriMf^ uid, would, in their eyes, have In-cu a simple
act of justice. Hut she was dead, and the next heir was
■ Protestant, as objectionable af Elizabeth hcnelf. In
this condition of affairs, the success of Philip's invasion
meant nothing litaa than the reduction of England to
the {Misition of a Spanish i>rovince.. With suchu result
* Bn, ■■ to* the illMciuioui mnonK the Cstliolin, Frouds, and
"Tb* Cootlict lietwwa tlio JeMilU »iul Secului in th« Deign of
XlinlMtli,'' bj TIkhii'h U. Law (L^ndun, 1880). Ttic iMIer author
sbowi |iarticulwl7 how Um iccular priest* itood up for the nation.
'■■"■' i
UO TRi rryvAK IN noLUND. ■nouni^ 4110 amuiioa
ill proapnct, patriotiiin prqvml itronKor than ntliKiotii
xcal. Ilentt* it vim tUat, ulivn tlio Armiwlii ap|irunMl
U|M>n tlio i*<NMt, not an arm whh niiiM><l in itM iu|i|Mirt,
not It Vi)i<-o wuH houni to f(iv(i it iiyin|Nitliy, i>n the
cuntntry, tliu Irutlcm of all tliu |m>iiimi<nt Culliolio fttin-
ili)>« wom fort'iiioHt in voluntoerinK for thu nutiunul ilo-
f<'nc<'. Tlii-y onliHttnl th«ir .etaincn for wrviw hy Innd,
olT(>rinK tlicuiHulvcH (o tif^ht ai* iirivutcN in tliu ninkN.Bnd
tlipy nml tli<<ir Roniiworu found an voluntit'rB in tliu H*>eti
tightinf^ liy tho HiiUt of atunly I'rottttiintM liko Hawkins,
FmliialiiT, ami Drokt-.*
And how did tho {|iioun reward hor Cathollv Hiilijccta
for their h)y«lty ? When, the (imwtion of r«>tiirninK to
Mother Churcli ha<l cuuimhI to Im) onit of tho |)08xihlo
nocuMitieH of hur future, how did Mho deal with thetio
men, now liccoiiie haniiliiM, whom die hiul Hhieldinl and
protei'twi when they were «lanpf<'rouH to tho State i The
n-coni which contain* tho aniiwor is an ample one, al-
thouf(1i it is noticed hy few hiatorinn*.
I'iMMt the appnHich of the Armada many of tho Cath-
olieg had hoen phiced in prison an a precautionary meas-
ure. Kvon this hanliihip did not turn them iif^inst
the govommont. Thosu confined in Ely for their relig-
ion iiigne<l a declaration of their "readiness to tight till
dcatli, in the causo of tho quetm, agiiinHt all her enemies,
were they kings, 01^ iiriestii, or |N>pe8, or any other [to-
tentato whatsoever." + Ilebire 1581, three Catholics had
been executed for their religion, and aftor the holding
* Itiimr, lliillMn. Frouilc, Law, etc. All the Kuthoriiim ■ipre Id
their tr^liiiionjr ■• In the nnwan-rin|; lujdtjr of ihe Cntholin on tlii*
occatioO' s
t Letter Croni tho Englith Minlttrj tu Mcndoxuv iiuutrd Lingud,
tJILWIO.
•ATAOI rBMKVnoN Of ■NOUlll CATHOLIC* til
of Cainpinn and I'nnoni, a tovr JnuiU wprv a(l<lo<l to
the numlxT. Now, tlinxilly after th« di^Mtriictiun of
the Aniuula, which |iroviDl Ih>w litth; danj^tT thi>ru waa
from Itoiiio, a mlcction uf Ticlinia wan iiiado fnun the''
Catholii-a in prison, on if to do honor to th« victor}-.
Hix jiriimts worn taken, w)iuiw only allogul critno wai
th« cxcrciw of thuir ]iri<tHtly oiHcu ; four hty nii>n who hiid
lM>«n ntconciliHi td Mother Cliurch, and four othcm who
ha«i auU*\ or hurliormi prioats. They wont all tried, eon<
victoti, ami iH.>ntencc<i to iuiiiuxliato execution. Within
three niontha, llftocti iqoro of their companiuna were
dealt with in the same manner, Hix new (ritHo^va iH'ing
erected for their execution. It waM not Ru much ua whiH-
p«>re<l that they had U-cn Kuilty of any act of dixloyalty.
Upon their trials nothing was charged a^inxt them ex-
'Mpt thepnictico of their religion. Thia was called treu-
■on, an<i they met the l>arbiirous «leath of traitors, Iwing
cut down from the giUlows while ali\-o, and diwMnbow-
elleil when in the full iNitwetwion of their senses.* Itut
this was only the beginning of the bloo<ly work. In the
fourteen yeara which elapsed lietwoen the attempted in-
vasion by (<|)ain and the death of Kli»ibeth, sixty-one
(^tholio clergymen (few of whom were JeauitsV, forty-
seven laymen, and two gentlewomen HUtTore<i capital
punishment for some one or other of the spiritual felo-
nies and treasons which hfld been lately create<l, moat of
the victims being drawn and quartered.f
.' ifany writers, when alluding to. this butchery, make
the statement that it was not a religious persecution ;
that' these victims were punished for treason and not
* Stow, pp. Ut, 750 ; ChalloDdii pp. 809, 887 ; cited Linguxl, tUL
llO;Uw, xii.
f Liagird, rill. 814.
•■•i?*,'!^^^iT;?j.'^^w?'<<*'^y*^^^^ ..; -
tit Till PUIUTAN ■!< BOIXAND, IMOLAND, AMD AMEKICA
for their religion, liut when a statute, in doflunco of
nil i>rinci|)k^ of law, makes the mere pmctice of a relig-
ious rite |iuniHliable as nn oet nf treason, it is the paltri-
est verbal quibblu to say that it is not a religious perse-
cution. I'ndcr such a tloHiiition, all of Alva's atrocities
iq the Netherlands could be justitio4l,and the Inquisition
woukl take the modest {ilacu of a legitimate engine of
the State.* ; .
Not far Itoliind this prpposition is the statement of
many other ^vritcrs, that the government of Eliztiltoth
is not to Ik! judged too harshly for any of these acts, lio-
cause it wim an ago in which religious toleration was-un-
k'nown. "That C'hurch," says Southey,"and the queen,
its re-founder, are clear of persecution, as n^gards the
Catholics. No church, sect, no individual even, had yet
professe<l the principle of toleration." t Such asscrtiuns,
made many years ago, when Continental history was a '
seale<l book to most Englishmen, can be understood, if
not excused. It is difficult, however, to understand their
' repetition by a generation that is sii'pitosed to have read
at least the works of Motley. Yet Englishmen go on
writing in the same fashion. rroft>88or Taswell-Lang-
mead, of University College, Ix>ndon, has published a
"Constitutional History of England," which has met
with great and de8er>'ed favor, Ix^ing used extensively as
a class-book in our American colleges. In this history |
will bo found iKissages like those from Southoy, quoted
Aith apparent approval, so as to leave upon the reader's
mind an impression of their truth.
But what should be said of such statements when we
* See » note on thia aulijcct in Hallani, i. 170.
t Southcjr's" Book of the Church," U.2Ji8.
X ReviMd edition of 1880, p. 487.
■si:*?'*'
. < niOUSII HISTORIANS AMD RILIOIOCB TOLtBATION lit
^look at the history of Holland < There wore a jicople
fighting out a life-anddeath struggle with tlio paixu-y,
such as the English scarcelv drcumud of. And yi-t re-
ligious toleration had been made the corner-stone of the
republic. Not only wore Catlutlics not put to death as
traitors, but, in some towns' at leiist, they wore allowed
to keep school and hold public office; the Anabaptists,
whom Elizabeth bume<l for liercsy, were protected in all
their rights; and even the despisett Jews, as we shall see
hereafter, were welcomed when driven out of Spain and
Portugal. One might as well say that Elizatwth's treat-
ment of her soldiers and sailors, the corruption among
her officials in Church and iStatc, and the demorikKtzed
condition of her courts of law were all due to the spirit
of the ago, regardless of the fact that in Holland the
veterans of the republic were cared for in hospitals
, which even tonlay would excite the admiration of the
world, official corruption was unknown, and the courts
were 8acrc<l ^ciiiples of justice.*
* Onnlincr, tlio lalMt EnglUli liintoriiin of tlio Bliiarta, writefi in
the unic strain as his prcdMesnini. In colnnicnlinf; upon thu ivlig-
ious persecutions carried on l>y the cnri; srtllrrs of .^lassnchusctts,
he says : "It is the glory of Engl.iml that she luul nppnuiclicil
more nearly than other nations lo the condition of mutual for-
bearance which renders toleration jiossililc." — "History of Eng-'
land," Til. ISO. This was at n lime when Laud was in full power,
ani) thirty years before fire thousand dissenters were done to death
in English prisons.
The day must come when this mode of dealing with the past of
England will be abtodoiMd. ...
II.— 8
CHAPTER XIV
KNOLAND AFTER THE ARMADA
-niE DKVEL^rXENT OF A NATIONAL LrTERAITSE
The year wliicli witncssctl tho destniction of the
Spanish Armada in known in history as " Annus Mini-
bilis," tho wonderful year. It bud licen lookc<l for-
Wanl to with feelings of dread, somewhat resembling
those with which the |>coplo of all Euro|)e awaited thq
advent of tho eleventh century, when business was uni-
versally suspended in antici|)ation of the world's d»-
structioti. As the thoolo^ans had by their predictions,
foundetl on tho liook of Revelation, caused the alarm
in tho early days, so now it was tho tvork of the as-
trologers. Many of these students of the stars had
foretold that marvellous events were to l»o expected in
158S. One, a Prussian seer, announce*!, with particu-
larity, more than a century before, that a terrible fear
would then pervade the nations, and l)o immotliutely
followed, either by the destmctiqn of tho world, or
by sorao great event which woald revolutionize govern-
ments and bring great distress upon the peoi>le.* These
predictions had been treasured up, and they had their
full weight among the English, who knew nothing of
* Stow, pp. 74S-749 ; Cumlcn, p. 402 ; Bireb, i. 81, S* ; FMMt to
Bacon, 1584, 1586 ; Fuller, book ix. IM.
Mir raa tbas im bad wtxa dhumd its
■atronomy, but accepted aatrology u 6ne of the ao-
knowlodgod acienoea.*
When the fateful year arrived, it wa« uaherett in with
. dread-inspiring ])ortent8. Illood rained down in Sweilen ;
mongtroua births (occurred in Franco ; and at Weimnr. as
it was reported, a drawn sword appeanxl on the disk of
the midday sun.f Nor ha<l England been without s|iecial
signs of (Ws impending wrath. In 1&80, all the lower
part of the king«lom was shaken by an earth(|uako so
violent as to cause two deaths in Ix>ndon and to set the
church belLs ringing along the coast.f This was suc'
ceeded in the next year by an extensive dearth, which
raised enorinoiisly the price of all provisions.^; In 1580,
the dearth made another visit, bringing misery to all ex-'
cept a few speculating harpies.) Finall}', when 1588
itself came in, the weather was the most tempestnoua
over known within the memory of man.^
Well might the ])eople of England, in the presence of
these natural disturbances, and remembering the pre-
dictions of the seera, look forward with some trembling
to the threatened invasion of the Spaniards. For a long
period a shadow from this quarter had hung over the
* Strjpc liu g<ren Iho bomscopo nf Eliubeth, caat by Burglilej
bimaelf at the tii ne of her prnpowd iuarringe with Aiijou. It ivHa
an age of boiinil'eaa cmlulity and Buperatition in England, aayi
Drake; tlie count fy wa« ftill of conjurer*, auppoaed to Iw luatten
of the Black Art, and the belief in witchcraft waa nhared by every
one. Tliia fact muat be kept in mind by every reader who dcairet
to understand the hiatory of England at thit period. More than
half a centnry later, C'hariea I., wlio waa full of anperatitiona, con-
niltcd aatrologcn. " The Interregnum," by F. A. Indcrwick, p. ISOl
t Motlcy'a " United Netlicrlanda," ii. U3.
t Strype'a " Annala," ii. 608. t Idem, iii. 75, Camden.
I Btrype, iU. 4S4. TItaude, xlL 4*8.
lif Tn rvmrtAK m Holland, biuland, and AkniirA
nation like a pall. !S<>me of the aoamen who hml sailed
with Drako and his compct-ra'powibly made light of it,
but tlipy were few in number. To the great manof
the jH>|>ulution, Spain representt'tl a power that waa
well-nigh irreaistible. In addition;' there waa an enemy
at home, secret in its movements, of unknown strength,
anil terrible as it was mysterious. What the queen,
whime sagacity in some matters is unquestionable,
thought of the situation is shown by her |>enii!itenc<4 in
att«Mnpting to make )>eace with I'hilip. It is to the
everlasting honor of her people that they never thought
of flying from the danger, nor of iHiything but honor-
able war. And this spirit of the nation did not arise
from insensibility, nor from the stupid ignorance un
which brute courage often rests. When the volunteera
by sea and land offere«l to lay down their lives to de-
fend the country, they were not using empty words.
The danger to them seemed very near and real, and it
was never underestimate*!. In such a crisis the purse is
the best .barometer, and it here tells the story of the
public feelitig. For some years before the sailing of
the Armada, money hud liecn loaned in England at
fifty, sixty, sometimes at one hundred, per cent, inter-
est;* in the spring of 1589, real-estat^ iMK^me unsal-
able.t
• Strype, iii. 826. ' . %
t Froudc, xii. 433. See M tu the wi<le-*prca<I cnnilcrnMion in
England, Strypv, iii. 621. After the dciitruction of the Araiiwla,
BialiapCon|>er,nf Winchnler, iuueil nn " Ailmonilion lo the Peoplo
of England," in wHIch he uid: "Oh, nijr good brpthrcn nnd loving
countrymen! tlio view of tliiit mighty nary of the Hpaniarda ia
acarco paaaed out o' our ai^ht ; the Tery terrible aound of their ahot
ring* na it were in our ear* : when the certain purpoae of inoit cruel
nnd blcHMly conqueat of lliii realm waa confeiMcd by tliimaclvea,
•nd blaied befon oar cyet ; wb^a our aigbs and groana, with our
nuLAKM H*W Url-THB CII08CH rMPLB I If -
A convalescent, who, after a lung and dangerous ill-
ncM, ]Ni!tt«H from IiIh ' sick-room into the fresh iiir of
spring, heuring, us lie has never beard before, the joy-
ous carol of the birds, and seeing, as he has never seen
before, the miracle of budding tree and shnilt and
flower, can form some faint conception of the new life
which came to England when the dark |>all wax forever
lifted in the autumn of l.'iSH. .Toy tocrfc the pliu'<^ of
gloom ; contidencp, of fear. The dread of S|inin wu8 but
a nightmare of the |)ast. The world was a new creutiun,
and motlem England was evolve<l.
The mode in which the astounding victory was won
had also the most marked effect u|M)n the future of
the nation. How' little credit was due to the (|iieun
ujion the throne was known tti every one. The states-
men almut the court, however they might flatter their
mistress, nndcrstooti her character and her dealings
with the enemy. The recruits on the land were fully
aware how unpre|>ared they were to resist the disci-
plined veterans of Spain. The siiilors on jihe fleet, half
starved and wholly out of ammunition, believed that
nothing but the storm prevented the return of th»
Armada. Evidently maii was not entitle<l to the honor.
High and low, rich and poor, sailor 2hd Undsman, all
united in ascribing the victory to Hod. A greater '
miracle never had l)een wrought on earth. Henceforth'
there was no qu^tion that the En{);li8h wore the chosen
people.* : . ^^_ _.
fiuting and pmjrcnh in show of our tcpi!ntanee, are fmli in oor'
memor;; and tlio tears not waalied frnin the oyn of iijany good '
men."'— Idem.
* Tlic letter* of the itateanicn and of the mm who fouglit tlia
Armada alwund vitli alatement* that England wa» Mvcd only l>y •
luiroclc. Eliulietb licraelf struck off a medal with the inscription
tut TBI nuntn at lOLUim iiiola51>, asd AimtcA'
The belief of the Englisii people that they were the
•pecial favorites of Heaven, now made a certainty by
their deliverance from S|iain, colors all thuir HulMiH|uent
history, and u|M>n no cluwi in the community was its
influonoo more |)otent than iip<m the I'uritun!). Kut
there were other influences, alai> arising from the new
life of the nation, which gave a jwculiar character to
the growing Puritanism.
Already before this time English mariners had entered
upon their historic career of exploration. They had
sailed into the Arctic seas, attempting to fiml u north-
western {NUisugc to the Indies. They had gone in the oth-
er direction to Uussia, making a treaty of alliance with
the czar. Drake had " ploughed his furrow " anmnd
the world on a piratical excursion, and a few years later
Cavendish, another pirate, had followed in his track. Sir
Walter Italeigh, the typical, many-si<le<l adventurer of
the age, had gone to Am^ira, gnd confcmxl the name
of the Virgin Quee^ upon the territory which still bears
the title. Commerce, too, bad been expanding. Until
' the reign of E<hvanl VI. the merchants of the Ilanseatic '
League bad managed most of the trade of England, ex-
porting, in IS.'iliover forty thousand pieces of cloth, ta
eleven hundred exported by English merchants. Their
monopoly was now ended, and the English had their
own establisliments u]K>n the Continent. Manufactures,
too, were growing under the influence of the Nether-
land refugees, passing out of the towns into the little
villages, and spreading through the southern and east-
ern counties. . ]
"Tbo Lord tent liii wind anil Kitt«red tbem." Tliis wu slwii;!
the opinion of the Puritant. See " Life of Col. Ilutcliinion," bj hit
wife(Bohn'«ed.), p. 70. It ii ouljr llie modem liiatorisD, Mciog both
ildct of the sffiilr, wlio spptccistei the litustlon.
■XFAmioN or coMMmcc ahd MAMrrAcnrRii ' 119
After the cloud liflod, in IftSH, every branch of iridun-
try took on a new life. In 15H!», the manufacture of
paper was introduced ; in 15tK), nail-cloth was a(ldc<l ; in
the next 3'enr, the weaving of stockings; and at the ^me
time the Hnit whale fishery was o|)enod at Caiie Kreton,
to be shortly followe<l by another cttablishmcnt at Spitz-
bergen. In 15Tt*, a coin|iany ha<l been organized to
trade in the Mediterranean ; the next year the lialtio «
Company came into existence; and in ItMKt, the greatX /
East India ('ompany licgan its marvellous career, which A
wati to make the sovereigns of England em|ier(>rs i)f \
India. With the ettensionof manufactures and the ex- |.
pansion of commen-o, wealth poured in, and new wants /
arose. In 15.S*i, water was mtrotluced into lx)ndon for I
the first time since the Roman occupation ; being puni|)ed /
up from the Thames, and curried through the streets an(y
into the houses in leaden pi{)es.* Table kniyes had been ,
in general use almut twenty years ; forks were as yet un-
known : but car])ets were coming JQ, and table linen was
not uncommon. In ir>K4, coaches were importe<i from
Holland, and in 15U7 watches were first brnught from
Germany. Chinmcys were going up all through the
lower counties of the island, stoves were supplementing
the old fireplaces, and new houses were ap|)earing, built
of stone, some of them imposing in (limensions.-^
liut this picture has a very <lark side, to w^ich I have
calle«l attention in a former chapter. With increasing
wealth, resulting from commerce and manufactures, came
increasing raiser}', vice, and corruption. The land was
.»
J * Tlii* wim (lone bv > IlulUnder. Stow, p. S8A.
tin 15S7, tlio nianufitctare of gliMii for window* whs flrst intro-
duced liy tlic Nctbcrtnmlcr*. In ISSO.tliey li«d fuurteon bcterics in
oprratinn. fiimtliDrtlen Buro- p. 254.
liO TBI ftllTiH I!l HOLU!IOk INOLAMD, iXO AlttMCA
for a time overrun with stunty beggars, men thrown
out of employment by the change of induHtrieii, and left
to prey u|Kin the public* Our old friends, the pimtea,
became more numerous thnn ever. A running wiir with
Spuin gnvo them iin excuse for existence as priviifeers,
but they ii|tare<l no ime on nccount of his nationality.t
Among the manufnctureraadultemtionand fraud brought
discroilit on the name of English go<HlB4 and among all
classes gambling and drunkenness were on the increase.
How justice was inaladministertHl at thisperiml we have al-
ready seen, and wu have also seen sumething of the gen-
eral immorality, and of the growing corruption which in
the next reign was to taint every official around the court.
At first blush, tliesc sqani strange results of the new
national life, and of the conviction that England was
* The incrraiing luisrr; nniong llic agririiUural wi>rkingrIsHn,s
•uhjcct wliicli, to fur as I know. Ims lictn orcrln<ike<] bv general liii-
toriiin>, \i ni great iniportiinrc in ils Uiiring upon the ilvvelnpinent
of PiirilniiiKin. AVhilc privntion drives one cliiw inin crime nn<l
vice, it Ivsils snotlier, iilt?ion|;li ninaller rlnu, to turn to it future
world for tlic joys <lrnie<l in tliis. Si'e a* to tlie jHiverty of llic agri-
cultuml clniwr*, Prof. Tliorolil Ro);en, in Timt, Miirrli, ) sgo.< ,
i Some of tliese pirate* were an full of |M>ctr]r nii any of the ilniina-
tisti. Wc can iuiaginu the ilcllght of 8hake8|iean', ntun'lin;; on I.i>n-
(Ion Briilge, in 13X9, and witnemin^', as lie may have done, the fr
rival of Mr. I'avemliih— he wan a grailuatc of C'nnihriilKc am) klna^
called Miatcr.— (Vom a aucceHful cruise. One who i)i<l tec it thus
descrilics the scene: "The (lasiiing up the river of Thames liy Mr.
Cavendish is famous, for liis mariner* and soldiers wen- all riollied
in ulk. Ilia sails of dnniaHk, liis top cloth of gold, and the richest
prize that ever was lironght at any one time into Eni-land.''- -Captain
Francis Allen to Anthony Bacon, Aug. ITlh, 15N9. Ulrch, i. .57. Tlii*
pirate evidently had artistic taste*; bat, ocTertlivlew, the buaine**
waa not conducive to morality,
{ Froudo, xil. its.
CaiATMit or A NATIONAL UmUTtTRB Ifl
the farorite of Heaven. Hut they are natural enough.
All nationii nm afTerte<l in the game manner by their
flfBt rontact with an elder civilization, and the fact that
a man regards himxelf us a child of destiny has never
made him, of necessity, either moral or religions.
More marke<l still, and of the most |iemianent interest,
were the t^ffects of the new life in the cnuition of a na-
tional literature. For nearly two liundnMl years, from
the death of Chaucer until the <le«truction of the Ar-
mada, England had priNluccd scarcely an original hrM>k
worthy to be classed as liteniture. Translations of the
Latin classics were c«immon enough. Thi> Itiblo and'
some of the Oreek chissics had also Uvn tninslatcil, not
from the original versi()ns^^^Mfttly from other trans-
lations made u|)on thcU^H^HPSuch new lNM>ks as
had been written ^u|^HPi||iPlieological trt>atiRes, de-
voted wholly to th^^Morbing controversy In'tween the
Catholics and the Protestants, T>r the Puritans and their
opponent8.t
' * Cim'Rtnle'i tniitUlion of tlic Bil>|p wsa fniin " the Donclie ami
Latin," na stalnl in llic title-page. HiiIiIm-h inmlr llic tint Cngliah
translalion of Tliucjrdidea fnim tlio Greek, in 1II2H. Ha riiliculnl
greatif a former Tcnion taken from tli« Frcnrli, wlilcli apiwaretl in
1880.
t See SIrvpe's " Annala," wlikli g\ve» liala of the UwVt publialied
from year to jear. Pmm l.MS In 1880. alioiit forty iip|ieun'<l,j»ritteii
bjr Papiata, wliicli were answrreil l>y Englialimrii. , In 1877, a work
waa printed «liicli ii uf peeuliar intercat, a« it wa< prolmbly t)iv
atyR'lionn; from which Bl'iakraprare drew the crude ninterini for hia
hiltorical plava. Tliia waa llolinahrd'a *' Clironiclra of England,
Scotland, and Ireland." But the Kngliilinian whiMc Bnnie naa giren
to the work waa not its author. It «iu compiled liy Itegiimid Wolf,
a Ocmian printer, who, after lalmring nn it for twenty-lire years,
died in 1874, liequeathing bia inanuicri|it to llolin»hrd, one of hi*
■Mlatanta. Strype, ii. 38U. Theae clironiclea can, however, hardly
■-.»-
r
' m nil PCklTAN IN noLLAMD, ■XaLARD; AITD AMIRIl'A
' The advent of English literature was announced by a
burst of song. This is uhrnys Ute^Hrst s|)eech of a
'people awakening into intoliix:tiiiil life. Finished prose
comes later as an aftor-fruit of civiliwtion. The singers,
too, were characteristic of the time and ita conditions.
There had been a few poets earlier in the century, but
they all sprang from the. upper classes. The first was
Sir Thomas AVyatt, who grafte<I the Italian sonnet on
Knglish verse. IIo was the inheritor of a great estate
■ in Kent, a courtier, and a favorite of Ilenrj' the Ite-
former. , The second was the Earl of Surrey, 8<m of the
great Duke of Norfolk. The third, who comes much
' later, however, was another earl, Thomas Backville, Earl
of Dorset.* These writers, as befittc<l their courtly state,
all lookcil to Italy for their models. Those of the new
generation,. as betUtcd the new life of the nation, were
in their work alt English to the core, and they all came
. from the middle or> lower classes. Spenser was bom
of |>arents in the humblest circumstances. Marlowe
was the son of>a shoemaker. Ken Jonson the ste|vson of
a bricklayer, and himself a bricklayer. Sbake8|)eare'8
father was a broken-<lown glover in Stratfonl ; Mossin-
ger's father held some unknown position in the family of
' a nobleman ; Welwter was the mn of u merchant tailor.
Peele, I^odge, Marlowe, Shakespeare, and Jonson were
all actors, a fact which tells its own story of their social
be cluwil aa litcrmtarv. Bli(kcii|iran! tniiclied the tir; bonra with
hi> magic wanil, anti tlivy (prang at odc« into funna of immortol
beauty.
* Sir Pliilip Sidney, wlin died in 1,186, befuro hia country had a
literature, laincpta tlM " pneiic, thua embraced in ail other placca,
sliould only Snd in our time a bad nelcouie in Eoghud." — " Derence
of Poeaie."
s.
-V-- ^- . : •^:v ,.v
Li
i/%
TM lusABVTBAN rum IM
condition. Fntil we reacli tlio rIoRO o( the century, and
icome to liacon, Deaumont, and Fletclicr, we do not And
• promtoent autlior of even ^ntlo blood.*
' "Within a {leriod of about half a century, England ]m>-
duoes two hundrc<I and thirty-three {xieUt, excluaivo of
the dramatists, of whom forty have tulentii or ^>niuR.t
Of tlie dnimatisti* the namea of ahntit fifty have come
down to us; motit of their worlis are lout, but niMirly a
hundred survive, half of which ore masterpiecea. Never
has the world seen another such exhibition of intellect-
ual activity.:} For a few years these singers, ins|)ire<r
by their amntry's energy, fhMxl tlio land with their
sung; and then it ends in n {letty twitter, and u silence
broken only by the grand organ |K>al of Milton. Does
one ask why this poetic ])erio<l was so shoit of life ) I^
him ask the fruit-trees why they dru|) their blossonu in
the spring, and he wiy liave his answer. liut, short an
w&s its life, the charm of its product is unending, not
only to the i)oet, but to-tho student of history. In fact,
without this literature, without the light which it throws
upon the manners and morals of the time, no one can
understand some phases in the development of English
Puritanism— to Americans, at least, one of the greatest
events of the sixteenth century.
* Bmamont wu the ton nf a biihop, Fletcher of > judge. Their
Int play wa* produced in 1608.
t Dralie; Tiinc.
t Drake ; Taine ; Oreen. It la rcry auggettlTe of the awakened life
in England, the development of new ideas requiring new modrt of
exprcnion, tliat between ISJW and 1850 more wordt'of I.i>tin deriva-
tion— Ijitin bring then the tongue of Kliolan— were incorporateil
into the Engllah language tlian in all the centuries Iwfore and unce.
" Among pi; Books," Lowell, p. 160.
'"■■ "-^-'S^tn*.'
''^,W''T
IM rnc pcRiTAii ly noLLAiin. liioLAim, amd amciiica
But tlio importance of thin litoratura an lipnring upon
goneral liistorical quegtiohii may l»e Ki^^'lv ovi-rratwl.
Chatham oncn wiid that he had n'tu\ \m Kn^lisli history
in the plnvH of Shakux|)cart>, and ho HeemH to hav(> had
an innumemblo followinjif. C'rrtuin it iH that thure are
many penums whose opinionx rcKiiniing the P^lizalM>than
oge have Ix-cn derivwl entirely from, tlie |KH't» of tlic
time, often from the works of one or two ahme, and
not unfri^iuently fnmi the voiiiiiies of lK>autifiil extract*
which ar<> pen-nnially culled for the Hcliool-rcKim or the
family tabh>. Thiw may setMn alwunl, except among
school-girls; and yet there is such u j^idianco alMiut this
literature, such a glory as of eternal spring, that the
driest student, sitting down to its examination, is in
danger of losingjlie historian in the sentimentalist.
The })oets s|icak with such an air of authority, their
presentation is so lifelike, and they are evi<lently so fin-
cere, that one almost forgets that there are such thing*
as acts of i'arliamcnt, royal pn)clamati<>ns, and oificial
records showing the condititm of society.
However, if, the historical student does not [ono hi*
head in the contemplatiim of its^lteauty, this literature
is of value in reflecting something i>f the manners and
morals of the time. Hut he must examine it all, and
must apply to the writers the same rules by which ho
tests the evidence of nny other witnesses. In this case,
the main (juestitm is that of knowledge. If a |>oet <le-
scril)es the life, the habits, or modes of thought of any
|Hirticulttr class of society, we. should 'look into his own
life and see what were his opi)ortuniti<>s of obtaining
"infonnation. These suggestions seem very common-
place, and would lie ncctlless but for the fact that, in
some strange wuy, the inspiration ascribed to |M>ct8 is
supposed to enable them, not only to look into the bu-
■pRfsntii "rAiRii (iciKNC" las
man heart, but also to describe external thinga wliich
they have never seen.
A familiar' illu8tnition of the mode in which a picture
drawn by a great )H)ot ig awvptetl, without any consiil- ■ ^
eration of liiM knowledge of tlu; Mubjcct, is furniHiie<l liy
the case of Spenser, the author of the " Fiiirio (iueene."
8penser is the |Kx-t of high Irfe in England. His great
poem, in verse which can hardly Tie objwtwl to by the
most austere, deals with ()ueens, knights, and (lanu>8 «if '
high degree. It is studiotl by every school-girl, road by
every poet, and readers nursed on such literature can
■oarcely credit the |>icturo of the times drawn by other . '"
witnesses. liut let us sec what were the sources of the
poet's knowledge com]Nired with those of n>cn who
lived in Ix>ndon, mingle*] with the up|>er classes, and
whose testimony apjiears in private letters and $)fficial ' T' ;•:
documents. " ' ■ . . ;
Spenser waa bom about U>->i, as is surmised from his
statement in a sonnet. Of his early life we know even
less than of that of Shake8|>eare. The myth that he
was linked in l>lood with a house of ancient fame is' . ■•
probably exploded forever. His origin was very low-. .c[-
ly, his father being either a i»oor tailor or a journeyman
clothniaker in East Ix)ndon.* From a charity-school
he went to ('ambridge as a sizar, "working his way"
through college, as Americans would call it. IxMtving
the university after obtaining his master's degree ill
1570, he |>assed a year or so as a tutor in some unknown' ,
family in the North, and ]>osslbly saw some military '
^Recent dincovrrin thnw tlint the poet received liii earl; educn-
tion at the Merchant Tailors' School of Lnndon, a charitable Initi-
tutlon, and there obtained aomc kind of acholanhip at Qaniliridgv.
Bee article in " Eocjclopodia Britannica," Btli ed.
IM TBI muTAif IN noLLAiin, nahktm, and amimca
wrvioo in Ireland un<ler Kir Henry Kidney. In 157S,
he wan taken to Ix>nilon by a follow-Rtudent nf literary
tastes, woa introduee<l at court, became intimate with
Philip Sidney, and mi^de him a long visit at hiH family
sent in Kent. ' In 1580, two years after quitting the
North, lie went to Ireland oh aecnttary to I/onl (irey,
ond then', in the next fifteen yeant, wrote the " Fairie
Quecnc," bringing three books to Ixinchm for publica-
tion in ITiM), and a second instalment in iriO.'i. With
the exception of these two breaks, he reniaintxl in Ire-
land for nineteen years, returning to his early home in
151M), to die broken-hearted and in want of brea<l.*
In tlu) incidents of 8|)on8er's career we may, |ierhaps.
And the ex]>lanati<m of the feet that he biM alwaj's l>c<>n
the " poet's |K)et," and not ^he p<K't of the {leople. Af-
ter the BU|)pre8sion of the Irish reliellion of 1580, he re-
ceive<l n grunt of three thousand ^crcs from the forfeited
lands of the ilarl of IX>8mond. His i>state, situatMl m
the county of Cork, contained a desolate oltl castle,
overl(X)king n picturesque lake; behind, u mountain, and
in front, a broad stretch of dreary landscape. Here,
where Sir Walter Italeigh found him sitting "alwaies
idle," ho wrote of courts, and knights, ami chivalry.
Exquisite is his verse, and full of all vcrlutl mehMlies,
but its full appreciation re<|uire8 the instincts of a |)oet
Wo are told that it was Che delight of the up|M>r classes,
the men ami women who a short time Iwfore had gone
mad <iver the "Euphues" of Lilly. This is prolmbic
enough. Elizabeth and her courtiers saw themselves
idealized, and naturally smiled with pleasure. Hut this
poem seems to be a strange place to look for any picture
of the life and manners of the time in England. The
* Brn Jnnion to Dniroinnnil.
'Jk'-
■ramai a rvuTAR lt7
poet, iHting in his <li«ary castle, besiilo his lonely lake,
i(H)king luck to his little glimiMO of u|i|m>V I/indon life,
, ^ where the paro-mimlc<l chivalric Sidney was his cunstunt
comrade. i>euplcd his fairy world with the spirits of his
heavenly fancy, and not with creatures of flush and
blood. It is much as if a youn;; girl brought up in a
convent, and attending her tirst ball, were to sit down
to write an essay on society.*
But although we cannot turn to the " Fairio Queene,"
, any more than to " I'anulise I.>ost," to study the life of
the time, we And in each something of its spirit. Spen-
ser and Milton were both Puritans, but' standing three-
quarto^ of a century a|mrt. Each reprcMmteil what
Puritanism migh( have Uronio under national condi^
., tions favorable for Its development. Ejich was a scholar ;
but the one had studitxl only the classics, the other had
added the Dible, theology, and (Hilitica. In one of his
earlier ]Kjem8, the " Shephenrs Calendar," published in
^ l&TO, when he was at I'enslmrst with Philip Sidney,
8|)en8er had come out on the side of the Iteformcnk
As his mcHlel for a Christian {lastor he had taken Arch-
~ bishop (irindal, then BU8|iended from ollice for his lax
enforcement of the Church's discipline, and ho had'
boldly attacked the vices of the higher clergy. In the
" Fairie tjueeno" he struck the key-note of the l)niad
I'aritanism of the future, which made duty the chief
concern of life. He intended to write a )K)etical ti«a-'
tiso on the moral virtues, and he wn>te in words which,
if un^erstoo<l, would have awakene4 an echo in every
earnest heart. Unfortunately, the courtiers care<i little
* lUIUm tmj* of Bpcoacr's dewriptioM of Eliulieth lliat hi* " m-
K){|{<ntiona Icsro tli« Krtilily of tira ItaUaiw far bctiind.**— "Xit.
of Europe," ii. 8M. '
A.-
1*8
for Ills moruU, an<l it is to In^ UnimX that few of the
I'uritung iinilerattMxl his Innguugo.
. If tho other |)oct8 of the time hiul written vorao as
|iuru 88 thut of 8|>enser°s, wo shniihl heur little of tlie
(liiiiiko of |XK'try exhi|iit««l by the i'uritiiiiji. Certainly,
no chwg of men in modem times have taken more in-
U'usc (leliglit than they in the ^nindetit of ull venM>,
that of the Hebrew \nyL'U. Hut save in tlw fact tliat
ho sprang from tho common ]>eople, S|M>nwr, lioth in
liis life and in his verse, as little reprexents iho writers
of his time as his friend Sidney represents the courtiom.
Turning now to his contcmiMiraries among tlu> drama-
tists, whuHO works are the |>eculii|r^lory of this ago,
we lihall not only sco the times dcpictetl, but shall also
see why the Puritans lixjked uiN)n tho theatm as the
sink of all iniijuity.
S|)enm>r, as wo have seen, was a Londoner by birth,
but wrote the " Fairio tiueene" far from the sound of
the Armada's cannon, and fur from tho wild tumult
nitli which England was greeting its new life. Un the
' other hand, the men who created tho English stage
live<l in Ixindon, but were mostly country-born, carry-
ing with them to their new homo something of tho early
{lerfunio of wood and field, which still lingers aliout
their work.*
Tho first theatre in London wag erected in'l.'jTO. Ita
popularity is attested by the fact that in tho next twenty-
seven years seventeen more were opened, nn average of
two in every three years. The great increase, however,
came after thoclestruction.of the Armada, tho year be-
* The only nntuble exceptioD was Ben Jnnton, who wh Imm in
London. Of liim Swinliumo mj»: " ilii flowen bare CTcrj quality
but fragrance."—" A Study of Be^ Jooion," p. 4.
/
THI BMaLIMI ORAMATm ,, IN
foro that event having witnitwiMl the apttcarenco of the
llrat of the great draniatistii of Kngluhd.
ChriHtopher Marlowe, who in many qualities iH infe-
rior to Shakesiware alone, itandiiout an a ly|>e of the
claaa that gave grvatnew to the theatre, and n'nderc*!
it hateful to the Puritans. Ilorn in I.Vi4, the iu>ii of a
Canterbury shoemaker, he g<N>M to Cambridge ax a |MHir
student, and picks up a little knovrlodgu of the ('la,s!iii-H,
which, ini|ierfec'tly as they were taught, were about the
only things to bo learned in an English university.*
Drifting to I»nd<>n,ho liecomesan actor for a time; leads
a wild, reckless, riotous life; sets (to«l and man at tle-
flance; proclaims MiiKesa juggler; d(H.-lares that liecouhl
invent a better religion than Christianity ; anil at the
age of thirty dies in a drunken brawl. Yet he was the
father of English tragedy. The ap))carancc of his " Tam-
burlaino," in l.'»H7, was as ini|K>rtant an event as the a|»-
jK-arance of the "Fairie tiueenV" three years later. It.
announced to the world 4 hat the English stage ha«I
done away with imitations, dull ]M>dantic allegories, ami
mere coarse buffoonery. Shortly afterwards folliiw<>d
the "Jew of Malta," "the herald of Shylock;"t " E<l-
want the Second," the forerunner of 81iakes|)earc's his-
>* That Ml nian; |>onr boyi, like Sprnwr, Marlowe, rniil Ik'n Jnn-
•OD, ulioulil liHTC xuclletl at the iinivcnity mh'iim rpiiitrkablr. Rut
in l.WI, out nf IMS atudcntii, fvllowii, and pnifi'MMn at I'aiiibriil^r,
86» are put iloitn ai " |)oor «tu<lfiil»." SlryiK-'ii '■AnnaU," ill. 53.
Tli« coat of IWing i^u amall: M>uir uf Ihv itclinols gave tlicni kIioI-
araliipa, am) rich men were much uioro accnttiinicil than at prvurnt
to help liright ilcacrfing ;oung whnlars. Bonic, it Krnl^ lived on
|>ublio charity. Bj act nf 14th Kliialicth, " alt ocbolan nf the I'ni-
f'^nitica of Oxford and ('aiDl>ridKr that gn about IwgKiug, not lieing
authorized under the aeal of aaid univeraitiea," ua declared " vagn-
bonda," and punialiable aa auch. t Ontn.
U.-9 . -
IW TUI rt'aiTAK IX UOLLAMP, naUND, AKO AMBIICA
torical jtlayn : and " ('nustua," foumloil on the itory that
(.luetlie hiiM inado iinniurtul.
Till) father of En^UHh i-nmetly was another |iroflig;ate,
a worthy coni|Ninion of Marlun-e. Thi» wum ICobert
(trv<>no. ISom aUiut IWA>, in Nui'wiuh, he iiluilieii at
Caiiiliridgc. travcl» on the ("onthient, iKt-onioM u clergy'
man, iilnrrieii, ilusertH hm wife ami child, goeM ii|i to lA>n-
don, writcH playii and imniplilets innumenible, w|UHnden
his money on wine and women, dcveln|M into a tavern
Imlly, anil, worn out hy \m debaucheries, dies an old man
at thirty-two. Thi>8e an^ hut types. I^x'ik at some of
the others. Thomas Nasbe, \\\u»t> KuKh^h sounds in
places like Curly le's, was iNirn in SutTolk County, in
irt((4, the same, yoal- with Shukes|N-aro and Marlowe.
Ho, too, studie* at Cambridge us a sizar, travels, go^ up
to I/)nilon, joins the hniwlers, t^ikes to his wits to |My
tavern hilht, and dies at thirty-six. There is (ie()rge
Peelo, of Devonshire, also a university man ; he Im-coiiu-s
an actor and playwright, loves wine and taverns like
the rest, and dies at forty. Of ,Shakes|H>an-''s city life Wo
know almost nothing; hut his brother authors, of whose
lives we have a rceoni, Itelong mostly to the sniiie class,
including " Itaro Den Jonson ;" they are wild livers, soak-
ing themselves in wine, and dying miserable deaths.
They can Ik* moderate in nothing ; in their actions ai in
their writings they give full vent to every jNission. The
new life of England intoxicates their senses; "the im-
agination oppressed their reason," as Drummond said of
Jonson.
The literary productions of these men reflect not alone
their own lives, but, to some extent, the life which they
saw around them. Everything is exaggerateil : their
male characters are heroes or human monsters; their
women are saints or devils. Yet beauty is found on
oaoamcu or tbi fHouui TBiATna 181
•rery lide. Marlowo writes thnso exquiaite lines be-
ginning, " Conio live wifli Mie and Iw my love," whicli
8hakes|N9are afterwards apprdjiriated. Oreene write*
verses and novelettes as sweet and pure an any over
penni><l. Take alt the literature ht this time, expurgate
it, cull out its flowers and liind them into fragrant cUm-
Uim, and the agn which iHire such sweetness wx-ms idyl-
lic. I)ut those flowent blutjnieil on a soil that gave forth
a very/lifferent perfume. We may Iw sure that the men
who fllle<l the lx)ndon theatres in the i|ays when they
burned the junijier wore not attracted by the lilies and
the violets which niotlern renders flnti so frugrnnt.* They
wanted odors more congenial, and they certiiinly found
them in plays to the grossness of which no words of de-
scription can do justice. M«it of thost; plays have, been
lost ; the majority of thost^ that survive have been rele-
gated to the locked iNNikcases of the sclfolar, and there
they properly belong. Even their titles need a disinfec-
* I lisTC ihown in ii Tuniicr clinplrr Imw little Hlinkni|mire'i piil>-
lithed play* ^tre npprerintnl in liia time, or nHor liin ilcatli, until
vilhin alHiut n cciilury. lie wna a gnml nmn nf liuiiineH Kn<1 inmlc
ninney, but, u munaKrr of u tlicatre, producril the pinyt nf oIIipm u»
well a* thote nf lii« own rrcntlon. We are to|>l that when hit " Viniia
and Ailoni* " appeanNl, it woo tn Iw fountl on the talile ofevery fair anil
frail (laroe In Uindon (Taine, >■ Hliakc>|M'aro "), anil tlicm i% n trailition
that ElizalK'th wa> much taken with llip rharacterof FaltlafT. But not
^a wonl come* down tn ii* to itlion- that hi* conlenipnrarie* had any
' special appreciation of hi* cliaate proiluci innn, or oft linic which hare a
high moral motirr.
t Taine aajt of the character* lliat the Elitalx-than drematiat* put
, upon the *tafio: "They have al'ocahulary.of foul word* a* coniplcte
M that of nabclais, and they drain it ilry. Tliry ratcli up liandl'ul*
of mod, and linrl it at their enemy, not cunceirin); themwUe* to be
•mirclied. Their action* cormpund. They go without •hanie or
pity to the limit of their panion*. They kill, poiatio. violate, bum :
ISa TO! Pl'IUTAM IM noLUMD, ■HOUHO, AHO AMniCA
Oroen, in iiteakinK *>' tliJH litemturc, nimarkR: "The
fMitiircM <>f our (Iranm thut MtarlltMl ili<> iiiunil tvinpor of
the tin«< ami won tlu> (loudly liatrcil of the I'liritanH, its
f^rmiMmiw ami |>r(>funit y. iu teruloncy to mccikii of horror
and criiiie, itif ])n>fuiM* eiiiployinviit of cruelty and Itiitt an
^iund» of dnimatic action, its daring tun uf tlin horri-
ble and the unnatural whenever tliey enultle it todiHphiy
the inoi^ t«rril)lu and revolting fii<lcn of human |)»i«Ki<in,
were derived from the Italian ittagiO'* Thin in a eliar-
acterintiu statement; and if one reu«l nothing eomvrning
the ago uf Elizabeth except the ru«(K'.9h>rr«l dew-riptionH
given by some writcn, it would apjiear that a malign
foreign influence must have b(>en rot|MnHible for thu
, NceneH uf horror and crime, the hint, the profanity, and
the general grosineM go repugnant to the Engliith char-
acter. AVhen, however, we read the record of the Kng-
liHJi butcberie« in Ireland ; when the Iliidiup of l^jndon
says officially that lu^ never would roniovo a minister
for the trifling (iffencc of adultery; and when we an'
told that if an KngliHiiman s|M>ke three w-ords, one of
them would l»e an nath— it goonM unnecestuiry to look -
tlie Mtgc i* full nf Rlmminitionii. ... In thin »f(e •ml upnn tliU •I*kb
ilPTi'iirjr wiu n thing uiikiinwn. Tliomllc of ){eiillcnii'ii »nil lailie*
m full iif conPM- alliitinna : wr thoiiM linvi' In Onil iiiil mi nlulioiiM' of
the Inwntdrwriplinn to liwir tliB likewonln nowsiluj*."— •• Knfcl>*li
Llttrature." "flliaktiipriirr." In liia clinplen on llic llii'iiirr, Tuliic
SivpK nn inconi|>nntlile akcU'li of Iho growth iin<l rlinmrlvr of Ihe
EliuU-than ilraiuii. Nn one roilM <ln ftilirr ju'liro to iU iK'niilin,
wliile npprpciulini; it> frrommpM, ns, prrlinpii, only nn riliimidl fur-
liiriHTrnn fully ilo. Ilarth-y Colrriilgi', in writinK of M«««iii)t<'r. ntyi:
"Home of hi« liumlilc coin^mnions mil waiiinfr-nonu'n wnulil ili»-
^mce a |i*nitehtiary."— " Life of Manolngpr." Hiniilar opiniona will
!■<■ rxpivaaed by every one wlin alti ilown to reai) Iheiic plays for the
tint time with aenim unilullcil liy fniuiliarity with their coaraeoeaa.
*" Ulilory of the English reople."
MOJOiotM irBmclaM of Tiii tMoutU Thcatu IM
tn Italy for an explanation of n ttago whicli. in these |>nr-
ticulnrM iit liKut, wan " the very a|^ an<l JmkIv of llie time."
Still, tlient wax one feature of the tiniina wliieli iniiy
have M>n affected hy an Italian inHueiice— tlint wok itM
religioug.Acepticiini. Marlowe antl (ircene were avowed
atheigts, beinf( prominent nienibenof u lociety which lield
itii meetings at the hoiiae of ilit president, SirAValter idi-
leigh. Tlieao men. the fathen of the Hta^>, were outni)f«'-
i>us in their hlaHpheniiex. Their aiuMiciateH, )H'rlia|>fi fri^ht-
emnlhy a proHCCUtion for heresy iN^un npiinHt MarloVve
ju«t l)eforu his death,* were lesit outH|Njken, hnl their plays
might have been the work of |Ni(^ns. Natun> inten>itte<l
them in its every form; man they stmlied in Imh every
paMion ; but they cartel nothing; fur the reli^iouH (|U)>n- .
tioHH which were agitatinff a great ImnIv of their country-
men. Shukoi*|Hiir<>, from \m country home, giN>K up to
.London and mingles with theM> men. Whether linHl a
Catholic or Protestant no one knows, but in his writings
' we can trace tho results of the general Hcepticiom with
which ho was surrounded. While still un actor he writes
"Hamlet," in which we scv him stniggling with' the
problem of n futUro life. After giving up his theatn>,
he retires to Strotforil, nfld there writes " The Temiiest,"
in which he solves tho problem. There is no future.
' " Wo ore Micli »tuff
Ai ilmnH arc mailr of, nnil our lilllv lire
Is rniimleil mitli n ulepp." t
In addition to the grossness and irreligion of the
Elizabethan drama, which made it fut hateful to the
* In 1588, Prancb Kct, tl.\., wu burnni for licrrt.v, liolding, u
Btow my«, " clivcr* <lcl«lnl>le opinloM almut C'lirUl our Saviour,"
. Wlwt lliey were iloet not apprnr. Stryjie'ii •' Ann(il«," lii. .ISa
t " Tempeat," act Itr. k. I : see aln ■' Meaaurv for Measure," act Ul.
. tcl.
114 niBraUTAll IN MOUAXa IHaLAIDb AM AMJOUCA
•
PuriUng, it preaenta another feature which, porbapt,
luiiiod to itH halefulnnit, and ii of intcrvnt to thn hi«-
toriun. During thx time of it* development theru wero
yoiit-s lieunl in vuri«>u8 ({uartum, protiiting ngainiit the
ofHciul i-orniptiun, the tyranny of the government, the
nionMtruuM iiyNtem of niuno|>oli(«, the (lorversion of legnl
prufciw, and the all-iiervading inimorahty in high pluceii
which a few yt'u'n later were to breed a revolution. Ilut
not an echo of theav |>r<>teHt8 do \vc Hnd u|)on the Ktagi*,
not a hint of that demand for civil lilierty which wait
heard auiorig the I*uritan)i. There, Elizabeth i» the
' "('haute Diana," England in "thifi other i-jlen, denii-
paradixo ;** the public are happy, the government i« the
iMHt upon tUo earth. For the ex|n|Cnation of thix wo
liavo not far to aeek. In the fintt place, any theatre
or any phiy that libelled the gnvemment would have
been inatantly tuippreiisc*!. In addition, authom in Eng-
land, as elaewhere until a very recent dale, have Ih^h
unable to live by their writihgH except through the
|Nitronage of the upper clawtea. No one needa to be
told how this de]iendcnce haa alTcctetl English liti'ra-
ture. Even the present generation hua M«n Thack-
eray regarded with suapicion wl^cn he drew aomo life
pictures of the nobility, and then capped the climax
-by lecturing on the Four (ieorgea. It nceiled u Uild
man, even in the middle of the ninetmmth century, to
Ijft the veil from audi aaoriMl objecta. Ilut in the aix-
t(!enth century no responaible author over thought of
auch temerity ; bow some of the ammymoua pamphlet-
eers wero treated for this crime wo shall see hereafter.
The theatre, while it had a i>it for the rabble, reli«l
on the upper claaa for ita support. The publisher of
|Hiema or playa could look . nowhero else for profits.
SLakeapeore, we are told, r^eivod a gift of a thousand
n» BwiuM TBiATun mDimnmoi to nrn. uaivrr lU
pounilit from the Earl of HouthainpUm, to whom .he
<le<iicate<l hit " Venu* iinil Adunii." As the greatoat
of the tlramatiita reccivinl only m-vcn or eight |M>umls
fur their playii, they eke<i out their living by writ-
ing |Mmpiilet« or by cimtrihutiona from the eourtien.
Oret-n mivh of 8hakeR|)eun3 : "Soeiully the ])oot rellectH
the ar>>*tocnitic view uf Nocial life which was ithanMl "
by all the noble Hpirita of the Klizalicthan time. The^
taunts which ho hurU in ]>luy after play nt the ml>-'-
ble only echo the general temper of the Itonaacence."
Whether some of the I'uritani. who thought, with their
brethren in Holland ami Scotlan<l, that nil men were '
e(|ual ill the sight of (i<»\, were lewt nolilo in Mpirit
than tlie men alxiut the Knglish court may iMMailily Im
doubted,, but it i« true enougl; that the great writers of
the ElizaU'than age can<d aa little for the sncrpil flame
of ciril liberty which the Purilana were fanning as they .
. dill for the moral law, or the revelations of ( 'hristianity .*
Taking this dmnmtic literature all together, looking
at it as it upiieared unexpurgatcti on the slug(>, and con-
sidering the conditions imder which it was <lev4'lo|)e(l,
one need not aak how it would lie viewed hy men who
believetl that life had a nobler object than the pursuit
of pleasure. After a lime it became woi«e instead of
* I Imre noticed in • (iimMr ehspter what HanM nyi upon thU taW
ject bea Vol. t. p. 430. Hir Waller Ksleigb, in tlwDiHlicntion of hit
" PrcrofpitiTe of Parliament " to Jainet I., saya : " The buiidi of aub-
Jeclt to llicir kinga aliouUl alwaja lie wrought out of iron; the bonda
of kinga unto aubjecta but with cobweb*. . . . All binilinjtof akingb;
law u|)on the adrantage of his necenitjr makea the breach ilielf law-
All in a king; hia chartera ami all other inatruroonta being mi other
' than the aurriving witneaaea of hIa unronatrained will,"— llallam'a
"Cunat. Hist.." i. ilt. If the gallant Italvigh uavd language like
tbla, what might ba eipcctcd from the men wlio wrote for bread I .
1M Tm rewTAn in iioixaiid, maiMio, and amkrica
bettor. Ily the middlo of the next c<<?ntury all iti early
beautitM ha«l ilp|)art«ii, the freabneM of ita nttw life waa
gun<vtbo flowcni wore clcnil ; nothing wna loft but the
untlorlyinK ooin|KMt boup. Then the I'uritans raino into
power anil thn tbtmtn^ wax Kuppniiatsl, much to tbo ^ief
of the NontimcntaliHtii, who cannot unilerHtnml why |ic<v
pie Hboultl lay hucIi «tre«a u|ton little tliinga like moral-
ity or religion.*
* Ifsnjr rvader llilnka that I lint* ilpKriltcil the innrnl (Mn nf the
EHnlH'lliiin mage in ton dark colon, 1 rrfrr him io Ihr nrillnga of
Sir John llarrin|{ton, to which I have rcfvrn-il in a roniirr rliaptrr
whrn iliKiiiuing the Kvncral ininioralit; of Ihr time. llarrinKlno,
Who wna thv giMlaon of Qw-rn Elliabeth, was Iwrn in IMI, am! <lir<l
in 1013. Il« waan courtier, UKliiilnr,an<l an anil'I'urilan. No man
had Ix'tler opimrtunitiea for olwrvation tlian hr, ami no witneaa
couhl In- Ufa prFjiKlicetl. .Mxiut 1.107, ho wrote "A Trratiw on
IMajrC,^' in which he UiaruaKil tlio anhivct of amnwmrnta. treating,
among other thing*, of the llanlre of tlH> time. Tliii lie elaaaeil un-
der " the Mcond lortu of play, provoking onfv And eheeOy to wan-
tonnesa." Eiplalning thii, he t»j»: " lint now whcnee cornea tbia
offence but from the ill penning of the playa l>y the wrytera, or hy
the wanton humor of tliia tyniv, whom no mirth can pleaae if it he
not aaweed with some Imwderyt. And the |KH>t'ii ran*, an tutyelh
Terence, ia, Popuh> ut plaeerenl ipiaa feciaaent fuliuiiia."— " Nug»
Antique" I. IS) (London, 1804). Harrington liiniM'lf waa no pn;-
claiau. On one occaaion ho Iraniilkleil an Italian itory from Arioato
and circulatetl it about the court. Eliialieth, hearing of it, aent for
him. "ami acverely reprimandnl him for endangering the nionia
of her maida uf honor by putting into their haudu Mi indeeoroua a
talc : and. aa a punhthment, onlereil him to retire to hia country neat,
and not appear again in her prraenco till he could produce a com-
plete venion of the whole |ioem."— Idem. Preface, p. x. Tlic reault
waa a ftill and very fe«'ble traniUlion, which ap|ienred in l.tOKwtth
a deiliration to the i^ueen. Harrington, having an important law-
aoit, approached the lonl chancelkir privately, and tclla, in a confl-
dentinl letter, of hia intention of giving Eliialieth aome jeweU and Ave
buiKlrcd pouDdi in, money for her good ofllcea. V>l'i»> PP' HHf M7.
^W^y ~W ^' "v-^!^' '?*'
CIIAJTER XV
■XOUKD AITKR THR ARMADA
DEVKUIPMRNT or ITRITASmi— OALVmiirTK' TIIKOI/IIJT—
THK JKWmil RABBATII — CIVIL LlaBBTY t'NUKK VAAf.AUfCtH,
IMft-IIUts'
Kifii wt-rr tilt.' effrct* procluewl upon «>nio rliixnci in
the ronimunity l>y tlii> new lifu which cumx to KnKlnml
witli Ihc <titi|ionii<in of the Invincilile Aniiuilii. Hut there
wa* nnotht-r hir>{e diiM very lUfforently iiffccttMl. One
man, |wgHinfr from hiH lick-ohamU^r into th« fnwh air of
tprin^r, iMH'R nothing;; hut th*> U-auty of tlii> world around
°hiin, f<<clg nuthing^t the M'niM) of hit own i>xiMt«^n('t>, and
with rcgtoretl liralth thinka only of rencwtnl enjoyment.
Another convaU'«cent («h"8 a niimole on every siilc, fcoli
an overwhelming sense of a nupvrior ]M)wer, and, hioking
back U|ion hi* eicape from death, tfiinkn only of how he
can l*»d a hettirr lifu. The latter typilie* the i'uritani.
To them, earth(|uuke8, famine, |>ortentH in the »kiea, the
appnmrh of the Aniiuthi, had all lie<>n tiignii of (iiMl'a
imjtending wrath. F()r huiiiu k<mnI reoKon jhut wrath
had been avertoti and Kngland had lN>en huvihI. Kut
Mved for whati Had OimI inter]MMe«l in her )M>half in
order that lu<r jieople might merely have hroiMler op-
portunities of self-indulgence, or had he some great
work to lie aceomplighod fi>r whic'h he ha<l chown them
as fitting instrumentN ( To their mimU there was but
one answer to this <|uostion. They wen; to do (lod'i
work ; to do it, they must know bis will, and that will
IM nil rvaiTAM in Holland, knolaiiii, and AHnic*
wu lakl down in th« lliblo. Duty tho tihfnei of Ufa,
mm\ tliu |<il>l« iU rule. Tliat was tli« ki*y-nii(it nf thn
I'uritiinidn wlikh wu Ut revulutioniie Kngknd ami
' founil a S>w KnKlonil neriiMi th« <iM«n.
IM n» n<iw m* If wu run iin<l«niUn<t wlint wm in-
viilvnl in lliiH ruritan vonivptiun of life, hikI Iiow it
OMni<> lo Im< il<>v<!lo|M<«l, kwpin^ itlwayi in ininil lliat tlie
ini*n nfTivtnl liy it liveil in tli« wxtiM>nlli, iinil not in tim
ninetm-ntli, ('••ntury, with its liumlrwU «>f yetin of Mien-
tiHc invi>«tiffiition MrotcliinK out lN*hin<l it.
From tlx* liniu of Kliwlietirii wc«>«iiion to tho tliron«
down to till* •IratnictiffDjiLM'*-' !^|ii>niHli Arniiuln, the ult-
MirbinK (|u«iiti<m in m> niintU of nil canifHt iriPii wm
Uiat i>f thn |MNMihle rMtomtion of thu p«|W('v. That
t|ne*tion had ntiw lieen aettliHl foruver, and, a« nioat (wr-
-•on* thouf(lii. Iiy th« «|Moi«l int«r)iuMtion of the Al-
mighty. Kut th« thirty yv»n' ittrum'" iN'forx thia
••vent, the hrunt of which had fallen on tht; i'uritana,
Imd led itM imprint on their rhuravt^r. They had to
Oiirabat, not ulone the doctrine* of the ('atholira. I>at tlta
.forma and c«remoniea of their own ('huroh, which were
primarily <ibn<>xioua to them liecauie they kept alive th«
recollfctioiiH of the old faith, anti left <i|ien an eaay path
for u return to Home. In thi« triangular c<int<>Nt noitlier
porty thought of an appeal to rea«m, the day for tlutt
fonn of argument waa yet far olf. Kuch apiwidtid aolely
to authority. The I'apiata |M>intcd to tradition t<i aup^
port their ccch-aiaatical pretcnxionH ; KlizalM-tli and her
bisho|ia |toint4H.I to thu NtittutcH of t|ie realm; the Puri-
tans Jaid their hands n|Mm thn ilihlu. An infallible
Church, an infallihlu (itatt*, and the infallible word of
(iod ; U>twuon thu three, and there wure tlion no othen,
which made the beat choice I
But although the great body of the early Puritans
nntamm or tu mu mm th iumb im
piwiiltly Tiilural tliK llibk< chiefly m ■ wiMi|Mm in tlwir
«M)cU«iHitii*Hl M>iitn>v«*rMc«, tliti ant^te of it* uattfulncw
iTM KMm «nl»r){Ml w) lh« KhkImIi vurwuii |ihimh<iI inl«i tlii*
liamU iif thd luiiy. To aitiirifiHttt itn i'tlit-t* wv iiiiMt
mneinliHr for how ihort u lime it hnal lM>«>n irunilaUHl,
ami within h«>w rtwvnt a |H>ri<Ml ila fttM> cin-ulaiion had
bwn |ienuittMl hy ihf ((orernmnnt. Ilpnry VIII., after
■ettin^ il U|> in th)< (■hun!h<>a, hail toun thornaftM' for-
liitlilon it* mailing l>y (hf uiawMii. Jhi* prohibition
IumI lN<en withdrawn l>y Kltlwanl, but waa rtMvtaltliiiliiHl
by hi« siit4<r Mary. I'ndnr KliulM>tli iu i-irt'iihition waa
aK*in prmittol, and throughout th« Intlor half of li«r
rvinni an uveraK** "' thrmi nlitionit, |ierha|M nuinlM>rin|f
Ave hundriMl iM>|H<<a fovh, wen* |>rint«<l i<vi<rv year. Th«M>
iaauea, |>rol«bly, were »ulllcii>nt It) iiu)i|>ly fvi'ry I'rot*^-
tant family in th<> kinK<hiin that cnriol ut till for rvhtrioun
mattem, and had a nuMnlier who could rcml.
To uiuat of thvni It wa« their only biN)lc. lluw they
pored over their treaaure one can well imagine, iiitried
long in an unknown tongiie.it came to thcin with all the
freahnvM of a new rvvclution, prrxlucing cffecta very dif-
ferent fmni th'wn |>nMlu<-cd u|Mm atlult rcatlcm in the
niiteteenth century. Wo tvtui the llibic in the light of
eominentatora, who have eatablinhod rule* of intcqireta-
tion well tuitwl to the ni<Nlem mind. Thii in(!«>iivonient
{NWaage ii a figure of ii|)e(>ch ; thin inonKtmua luw con-
demning witches or idolatcra to death wn* intended
only for a iiiecial time ; theae teachinga of the Saviour are
not to lie taken literally, for our aociety couhl not r«m-
tinne under auch a cionatruction ; hut the ]NUMgi'a which
conform to our idea* of right or |iropriety, which auitain
our theological oyitcint, and which enable iw to live tlie
life which ia agreeable, whether they are found in the
OU or New Teatament, in the aimple Uoapela or in the
IM ma pvMT*a i* wmxaiid. imilaiiik add ammuc*
philtiM'pliii'al totten uf 8t. Punl, have no Ajjurative i
iiiKaml were writUsn for all tiinn.
i(ut thi«e irion of tlimt huntireil yoafi 11^0 lia4^no
cnnacirHM i-onueption ut this inuili-rn ntoikt of ikmling
with the word of inapiraliun. To tli«m th« ltil>ti< wmb
wlioli% BVrry Itook, every t'lM|>tor, and every wiml wa«
ni|ually inii|iiri<«l, ovcry roniiniinilniont waNof «<<|ual bind-
ing fonw. Vh, Hinarioiiiily or iim-oniiciouiily, HH-n will
take from tlio liible timt which Ruiti t5<*ir ilis|MiMtiona.
It* nixty nix liookH n>lut«i to evcnU fxtvndin); over a
period of wiine four thouiaml yearn, liountl t<>K«*ther,
they fortn a Nin|{le volume, in fuel tli^y coiiNtitjite •
liliniry. Ovi-r twi>-»c«)re "f authora trace the n-ligiOUl
<lovelo|)uieiit of a |ie<>|ile from the firat Matt*'* of Iwrlmr
iim to a liiKh |Miint of civilixation! When thia record
waa for the Hnt time placed before the Kntrliahman of
lh<$ »ixt«<enth century, it wui inevitnble that he should
bo attraetetl by the |iortion which ■uitcat liin ata^e of
moral and intellectual develojiment. Thi» ho found in
, the ()W TeaUroent*
• Wlion Ihc Hcnieji E»f' «f Mnrtnti.nt wbnw fcte I linre tpokm
ia a forinrr clinpter, wu ■nvMvil, in ISHO, for c<>»i|illcilj' In th(
motdfr nf IMrnlr;^ he wu inipriMHinl for flre innnllii Xtthn hi*
trill), the n-uilt nf which no nn« iIouIiIihI. He wna 11 tioiiiinni Prot-
rtlant, Ih-Irk nt the hrnil ofthr piililiral part; which cippiwil tin
Cnthitlin, l>iit hail lirnl an utterly goillpM life, pmluililv iiprpr har-
ing lookcil inlii a Bilile. With the ■cnfl'uhl Iwrorr hiin. Iti< now
began tu pn-pan- tot death. The character •>' hli prrpnratiiHU, a*
told in hi> own wnrda, ia very miggeftirp of the place which the
Old Tealautent flllt^d in the rellginn pf that tiui<'. On the dat of hia
execution the attendant ininitlen told him "■>( lh» promiaea of
mercy in the Wnnl,4in whicli it IwhooTeil him tn hun, the CiKampte
of mercy tuwardu (Sutl'a acrranlt who haJ been »innera." '"Yn,"
he anawerril ; " t know all that to he true. Since I paiaetl t<i Dnm-
bartoa, I have raol all tb« flva booktomaiM, Joehua, and Judget,
ATnucnvi loRci or tmi old thtamint 141
Th;ere w an iinprcuion, noiiicwluit ivi4litly |irRTalont,
that the love of tliu < )|il Tt^tiiiiivnt which wua iluvt<lo|NNl
among the Kaglith ]H)i>|)lt>, an<l wliieh hu« n<>vi>r lout iU
fonw, giving tli«tii mi many liubntio tntita of clmntctor
u to h>ttil Mime tcholara to n'ganl thvin lu tlottcenUantt
of tho l<Mt triUt of Iiraul, woa a late gniwth, thu r«>imlt
of tho |icn«iH:ution curritxl on in tho ivign of Charlus I.
Kut tluH'initireMion ia orronroun. Tho truth \a that the
Mtractive forc« of the early iMMiki of tho Jiiltlu wim do-*
Telo|ie(l during tho latter yeiint of Elizulivth'g reign, aa
toon at tho Puritans livgun ti> turn thoir uttt'iition to
nionil nx diiitinguiiliMl from cvruntonial or tiicohtgica!
(|Uii(tioiig. This i* cluurly kIiowu by thu gvin'nil use of
the word t^ilibath iuntuml of Sunday, in olUciul «locu-
nienti, acta of I'arlianient, and iii coiiuiion iiioccb, and,
what wax more nmrkodt by tho revoltition in tho mode
of kocping the day itself. How curly this change was
nuule, and how tho Old Testament was up|M*al(<d to as an
authority in its Bup|K)rt, we shall shortly HOC.
Equally erroneous is the impressloit given by many
historians that the love of tho Old Te8t4im(>nt was folt
most stmngly by tho men who had left tho I-^tahlishcd
Church. . Just thftrevorso is tnie. Who these men were,
and how they came under a very different Intluenco from
that exertetl on their fellow-l'rotestants— an inHuenco
which taught them to care more for the New Testament
sod now I iim in Hsmurl. I nee the merry of Oott womlorful, and »l-
wsyi inclioed to hkva pitjr on Ilia people; for howlielt he punUlietl
them oft,]rct when theyturncil to him ho wiu merciful «Ki>ln." "Wlmt-
e*er he had been liefore," mji the nnrmfor, " he lUrit llie true wr-
T«Bt of Ood."— " Uluitntiona of Hcottiih History," p. -H.l, qtiotol
Fronde, xi. Its. Mott Engltthmen, u well *• Iho Bcotcbincn of this
tiiae, were, like Morton, ilow rculera, ind never got out of the Old
Tsttsment
141 tM rauTAM ni Boilarb. maUMD, aiio AimioA
than for the Old — will bo shown hereafter. They, it
miiit b« Uirne in mind, wcru nuver rolled I'uritani while
alive, but ulwiiyi Iiniwniiit«,S«|Minitiit8,or |ndt>|ii<ndenta.
From themeanie tim I'ilf^im Kuthum, whoHottlvd I'lym-
outh (,'ol(iny, the rccftnl of which in n'^anl tu witch-
craft, the Indiuna. tho QuukcrH, and tliu linptiat* diffen
■II widely f ruin that of itH liiitor colony of Ma«uu.-husetta
lUy, wliioli won found(><| by tbo I'urilani. Tho I'uri-
tanii, prop(<rly »u cullvd, thu inun of whom we ur». now
Blteakiii^— the nien who fpive iih tho ,li>\viHh Sabbath—
wera nil within tho Kiitublisli(Nl Chureh, lN>in>; what we
should now cull Iii)W-<'hurch Kpiiico|iuliHnB.* It wuM'not
until tho outbreak of tho Civil War, forty yearn after
EliutlHttli had pnswHl away, that Honut of thoin left Kpis-
copocy and wrt up as I'resbytej-iunH, adopting thu form
of chun'h ^vernnient long estubliaheil in thu Seottith
Kirk. I'ntil that event they reniaine^l memlwni of tho
English Churcti, and aa such ineinbors tiiey loft England
to' seek a now home ii\ MasxachUHetta, where, in the
main, they, however, became ('ongregationaliat8.t
* Tli« iiiiiiPi " Ili^tli-Cliiircli" nnil " I^wCliurcli " iliil not conio
Into UK until tho n-ign of Annv.althougli the puitici linil riiiled
for s century and ft liftlf. Lcckj, '' EngUm) in tlio Eif(l>t«-nlti Cen-
tnrjr," i. »5.
t There liu been n atmnKe, iknil. in tIvw of tlie well-known f:tcti
of hiatory, «n incxcuaalilo confoumlinK nf tlie niinies I*uritiin anil
Pil)(riin lir nioit vritem, EiiKlUb ant) Ainerieui, who •hnulil know
thitt the l>il|{rini.i were, not Purilftua. In the veilibule of the Houw
nf lA>riU haugt a fine painting of the aailing of tlie Man/lotttr, which
wna fomii-rjT entitled " Departure of n Puritan FnniUf for New
Englanil." Appliratinn wai inailo to Muraiilay ami Malion (l^rd'
' Stanhope), who were Cnmminioucra on Deconitinni of tlie llouM, to
correct Ihit blunder. Tlicy gave a hearing to the artinl and other
partira inleretled, and changed the wnrda "Puritan Family" to
" Piigriui Falbcn." Aa Macauluy in liia writinga ia guilty of tbi«
."■■ '■■■■■; '>r^'-'*'''5;-.^V''-'''-"'-'-V^'' ■■ ;
THB Ot.O TnTAMMT ArrMTH AU ■NOUinillN AUKI llf
It wiu M EnKliHlimon nnd E|>iifx>|inliHnR, nml not
U Hopuratiits, that tlio I't^ritans, liku Iho llalr-c■i^'ili»>(l
8cotcliiiion, wcru attracttxl by thu <)I<i TMtiiiiiriit witli
iti tttluR of bliMMl, itH npiwrent uppmval of tUi> pliimlcr
iuiil iiiiuMacro of the liuuthon, un<l it.« (t(>nunoittti(>nii of'
witclion anil iiloliitnra. Mko the maw* of tliiMr i<ountry-
mon they npplJMl thesu IcssonH to tht>inH«>|vo8, Imt in this
(lirwtion (hey wero fur outdone by tho lliKh-C'hurvh
party. Nothing, for exiimplc, in thu tntutini'nt of tho
'.IndinnA in. Now tin^land, liad as it wan in miiny caiiot,
can Iw (x>ni|)arr<| with tho n-holcaalo atrocitit-s (Mxnmit-
ted by thu Knghlsh f^vurninent U|>un the Cutholica in
Ireland, or U|N)n tho hoiithon l)lackii in Afrioii, clown to
tho cl«»it* of tho laat century. • Aa for tht> (juiikoni aiut
the liuptiRU, tho record is of tho Kuino cliiinictnr. 'Where
the victims of tho Now Kn|;lund Puritans uro incurisider-
abie in nnnilwr, those of tho IIigh-(;hurch party rn Kng-
'' land, aft<>r tho ItoNtonition, mount up into tho thousands.
It is clainifxl that flvo thousand disaontors whow! names
wore known died in the hellish English prisons after the
restoration of the Btuurta.f
unnutliuriMi) uu of ilin word PuTiUn, cnnfouniTtng it wild Bc|m-
niti>t *ii(l Indcpenilcnl, wo nunl not wonder at tho fict timt KaifKly
. an Anirririin liiitorinn l» free from the error. Bc« UcKiilwln'a " Pil-
' iplm Itrpublic," p. 10. For ono illuitmlloa of MncautHy'i diiregvrtl
of the diitiiiclioii Iwlwccn Puritan and Beparatiat, mw lilt '■ Hiitor;,"
L 74, 7S, where he attributes lo the latter the intrwiuction of the
Jewish Bobballi.
* At I hare itatrd In a tbrmer rhapter, Dancroft eatiniate* thnt.in
the century before the American Declaration of Inde|iendrncr, Eng-
land kidnapped three million blacka from Africa, a cpiartpr of a mill-
ion of whom die<l on the voyage to America, and were thrown Into
the Atlantic. "Ilitit of United Btatea," ill. 41).
t Neal'a " Hiat. of the Puritana." Twelve thousand Quaker* were
»
' : ;■
i.-:^'
144 TUK Pl'BITAN IN UOU.AND, ETfOLAND, AMD AMERICA
In rognnl to tho witches in portiieular, tho contrast ii
very striking. Their persecution began in England long
before tlie settlement of America, nnd continutxl there
for more than a quarter of u century after tiie delusion
had b«;en ox|ioged and flnully al>andono<l in Maxsnchu-
setts. The first English luw against witchcraft was
passed in the- reign of Henry VIII. It was rejwaled
under Mary, but re-enacted at tho accession of Elizal)eth.
' When James I. came to tho throne it was made more
stringent, and under its provisions a large number of
persons were put to death, under circumstances of great
atrocity.* In 1(504, after the Itestoration, occurre*! the
famous, or infamous, trial Iwforo Chief .Tustico Ilale,
where Sir Thomas Browne, tho accomplishe<l scholar
and learned physician, the author of " licligio Minlicf,"
testitied to tlio reality of witches, and Hale, the great
lawyer, confirmed hisopinion.f The jjersccution in New
England l)egiin after this trial, and ended in l('>t)2; but
it still went on in England, where two victims wen) exe-
cutetl in 1711, two others in 171ti, and five in 17*22.$ In
theSaleni outbreak, only almut twenty ]>er8ons were put
to (leath ; in England, sixty wi>ro executed in one county
in one year. These facts alone Ought to sutflco for the
detiuctors of Massachusetts, but there is something more.
In tho early days, all the great Englisli thinkers, such as
Shakespeare,' liacon, Sclden, Sir Walter lialeigh, and
Sir Thomas Hrowne, iMlievod in witches, and none of
in priaon nt ono time (Oreon's"8l)ort Iliitor;," p. 601)), of whom
nlxiut » tvntli (lied of JAil-fever.
♦ Oanlinor, vil. 823, etc. (1012).
t 8e* " Life »f Hale;" Cninplwll'a "ilvet of tho Chief Jiisticct."
Campliell chIIh lliilc"tlic munlcrcr of tho iiiiiocent women"
{ Miton's " Social Life in iinixa Annc'a Keign," L lit , Pur'i
"WoMi,"!!- 188 (1828), cited Lecl(y,i 288.
WITCDCBArr-TUI PPBITAM OOD 141
them were Puritans.* Between the liestorntion of the
Stuarts, in 1060, and the year 1718, no IctM than twcntv-
flve books were publishcil in EngLind in support of the
delusion.'!' Even the cultivated, philosophic Addison, so
late as'1711, comes out in its defence,^ while the Icurne J
Strypo, the very Iligh-Churchinan who wrote alM)iit tiie
same time, ozprcsses no doubt u|M>n the subjec't.;^
It was not in their use of the OKI Testament to jus-
tify acts of intolerance ami cruelty that the i'uritahs
differed from their countrymen at largo, but in the ap-
plication of its other li^twons. The (io<l of the Ismelitcs
was primarily a'(to«l of justice. Merciful lie couhl Ik?,
but his mercy was rc8ervo<l for the penitent; to the sin-
ner he was a no<l of wrath. In common with all their
nation, his denunciations of the heathen they applied to
their enemies, his promises of reward they appropriated
to themselves ; but it is to their lasting honor that, Uiking
the promises, they were also willing to assume the cor-
responding obligations. Their (iod was a stern judge;
every, act, every word, was to be accounted for hereafter.
As his chosen ]ieople, they were under his s|>ccial pro-
tection ; but to deserve that protection, to avoid the pun- ^
ishments which from of okl he had inflicteil on his chil-
dren, they inust do his will. 'IxMiking for this will al-
* Lecky** " Rationaliam iu Eumpe," i. IM; Gsnlioer. tH. SM.
t Lecky.i. 1S8.
t 8m No. 1 1 7 of tho Speeiator, ilao No. 1 tO ott " GhMU,"
{ " Annals of the Refnrmntinn," i. 8. At ■ Uter day Joliir VfeOej,
the founder of Methodism, ansertci) Ilia unbounded beliefin witchcraft,
saying that when he Rare it up he ahouhl abandon the Bible. L>ecky's
"England in the Eighteenth Century," iL 845. The English law
•gainst witches was not repealed until 1786. How this delusion, the
outgrowth of ignorance and superstition, was treated in the cnligbt-
med Mctlierland Republic will be shown in a later chapter.
II.-'IO .
V,
146 TBI pintrrAM ni wmllanb, iMOLAim awd ahuic*
most exclagiroly to the Old Teataracnt, theae men, being
- thoroughly in oarneMt, naturally bocnrnQ narrow-minded.
Had they proved otherwise they would have Ijeen the
greatrat miracle of their ajfi*. l'erhap^ however, for the
work b(;fore them it was boot that they ghoultl lie narrow-
minded. There are times in the ex|)orience of nationii, aa
of men, when nothing will take the place of a aharpaxe.
' Their lives became Bombre, wo are tohi. Thix alio is
true. Even 8hakea|ieiim, wIiohc mind wag hrnnd as the
. worhl itself, felt in his later tlays the oppression of the
problem of existence in the life which he saw alwut
him. Uow it inuat have weigheii on men wh(> lielicved
in the reality of a (itxl, a heaven, and a hell - heaven
on the one hand, hell on the other, and a (hnl of justice
on bis throne! What was there in the prati|)ect to give
gayety to life i The |>roblem of their own relations to
the divine law, coming to them as it did with a novel
force which one now can scarcely comfireliend, was
enough to make earnest men very serious of thought.
S(!ttling this question to their own sutisfnotion at least,
, they {iftssed on to some problems of national morality,
which they settled much to the advi^ntage of the world
at large; then came some problems arising out of the
alleged divine right of kings — problems not to lie solved
amidst joy and laughter, lait with stern faces at the push
of pike; finally a continent was to Iw taken in hand,
forests hewn down, homes built for untold millionM, and
questions of self-government worked out for future gen-
erations. These were occupations not provocative of
mirth. It was the sense of duty alone that sustained
the Puritan in his lattors, and, looking at what he has
accomplished, the worlil may well overlook bis ^M>nlbrB-
ness, no matter what its origin.
Still, the sombroOL'ss of life which characterized the
TH PCarTAM COmniVATITH IN THMUMT 147
Eogliali Puritan, in the Now World uh in tho (Mil, was
no more a virtue than wan the intolrruncc or disrpganl
of human suffering which ho shanti with his country-
men ut largi>. All three have been charged to his pe-
enliar Calvinistic ideas in theology and liix repuhlicnn
itieaa in politics. It is on account of this charge, so
often repeated by a large cliuis of writers, that the ques-
tion of their origin becomes im|K>rtant. The charge as
to his intolerance and cruelty is disfHwed of by showing
that they were English, and not Puritan, tniits of char-
acter, exhibited ei|ually by (cavalier and Uoundit'wi. As
to his sombreness of life,derivo<i from his theology and
politics, the answer is ei|uaily conclusive; for, when it
was develo|H>d, tlio Puritan wus not iicculiur in bis i'ul-
vinism, and \vm not a republican in ])olitic8. For proof
of this let us l<M>k at the facts.
When in time the great tlivision came between the
HigbChurch |Mrty and the Puritans, the fonner taking
up arms to support the king, ami the latter orgunirJng
the army of the (Commonwealth, the two {wrties divided
almost u» widely upon questions of religious <lo<:trine as
u|ion those relating to church government or the policy
of the State. The Puritans thenceforth stand out in his-
tory as the chief exponents of the doctrine of predesti-
nation laid down by Calvin. Hut they were not the ones
who took a new theological deiMrturc. Upon this ques-
tion thev were conservatives, and not innovators. The
predestination which they professed and taught luid lieen
enforced by the Established Church from the time of its
organization until the last years of the reign of James I.
Not only was it embodied in the Thirty-nine Articles,
adopted shortly after the accession of Elizabeth, but the
ecclesiastical authorities had taken s(>eciul \mna to bring
it to the particular attention of the public. It is to this
148 m FCaiTAIf l!< HOLLAND. lltOVAMD, ANI> ANIMCA
latter fart, an<l to the mcang by whirh attention was di-
rected to thiH driotrine, that its general acoeptanco l>y tho
middle clossea in the next century is to Iw attritmtc4l.
EmlNidicd in the Articlds uf the (.Miurcb, predestination
remained un<]ue8tione<l for nearly twenty ycaw in Eng-
land, except by the few AnnlmptiHts fmni liolland and
(termany, who, asserting that Christ died fur all men,
and nut for a select few uluno, were prom]>tly bume<l at
the stake as beretirs. But when the .lesuits liegan their
miiwionar}' labors, the situation was -changed. Not only
did they op{K>80 the whole outwanl system of the estalr-
lishment, with its indefiendence of the |>o|m>, hut they
iH]ually o])|K)Be<l all tho theological dogmas of Cnlvin, tho
archheretic* Tho reAilts of their assault u|ion the doc-
trine of predestination must have ap|)oared serious to
the churchmen, for some i>no on tho Protestant side pre-
pared a special Catechism on this subject for general cir-r
culution. Its author is unknown, but that it was fathcDMl
by the ecclesiasticnl authorities is evidence*! by the means
adoptc<l for getting it before tho public. The llible in
those days, and fur many generations later, cuuid l>e print-
e«l only by s|)ecial |)ermission of the government, Jiegin-
ning in 1374, when the priests (Hlucated ut Douay o|)ene(l
their missionary work in England, and ending in 1)115,
at least thirty-Hve different e<litionsof the English llible'
contained this Calvinistic Catechism, bound in between
the Old and New Testaments; and most, if not uU of
these editions, issued from the pressof the royal printer.f
• HsliuD'i " Lit. of EuroiK," m. ns.
t Tlic Urgnt c»lli!CtioiM nf EnKUiih Bible* nf thii time nro to be
funnd in the Britinii Mukud). •n>) in tlie Lenox Littnry in New
Torli. Tlie former numlien one liundnHl nnil fllWn r<iition< lie-
twcen 1574 ami 161ff; tlie Utter, eiglity-four between IJHOaml 1015;
but uf tlicM! eigbtjr-fiiur quite a number sm nut coutAiui-<l in tb«
cumcn cATioBim on PUDnnNATioii 14»
. Turning now to tins CatvchUin, and reflecting thiit .'i
..for fopty years it was given' uiHcially to the Protesitantg
of the kingiluiii, almost us a |)urt of the inB|iire<l woni of
God, one need scarcely ask wlience t|ie I'uritans derived
their socalltxl peculiar ideas of preilosti nation and the
perseverance of the saints. It re<|uiro<l nothing but a ' , y'-
little amplification to develop it into the famous West-'
minister (.Meehism.so far as these subjects am concerned. '
A few extracts will show its characti-r,* It was nntitletl
" ('ertain Questions and Answers touching the Doctrine
of Predestination."
" Q. Why ilo men ao much T1117 in mattcn of religion (
"A. liecnuM all have not tlio like ninuura of kno«l«]{^. Kvi-
tbcr do ill believe the gospel of riirist.
!• "q. Whttiithc rra*oo thrraoft A .v',
': "A. Uecaune thrj, only, believe the go«pcl auil doctrine of Clirist '
which are ordained unto ch-rnnl life. .^; ' • ' >■-
" Q. Are not nil crdaiued unto etcrnni life ? '
"A. Some are Tcaacls of wnith, ordaine<l unto destruction; aa
nihera are veaaela of mercy, |)re|>arml to glory. s ■
"Q. Ilow (tnudctU it with tiiHl'sJuatice tuat aoiiib are ap|x>inted V -
unto danwation I '
"A. Very well: I}rc4iuw all men have in tliemwivr* ain, which (le- „
tarreth no leiia. And therefore tlie meiey of (tod ta wonderful, in
that he Touchaafeth to anVe louie of the ainftil race, and to bring ' V'''>
tbeoi to the knowledge of the. truth.
Britiab collection. Taking the tjro collections together, and they
are doubtleu incomplete, I flni) thirty-five editiona containing the
Calviniatic Catechism lictween I5T4 and 1015. The exanilnation
in the British Museum was kindly made for me by Mr. 8. >{. Van
Campen, an Auierican anthor resident in London, while my informa-
tion regarding the contents of the Lenox Lihrary has been derivetl
Ikoai ita learned librarian, Ur. Oeorge H. Moore.
■•I give these cxtracls, because, lo <ar u.I know, tbU Cstccliiiiu
fa unnoticed by general historian*.
YJ3''r"*-?j^'™i4wJfV^
180 TUB rURITAN IN UOLLAMD, (MaLAnO, AMD AMUlL'A
"Q. Rut how ihiill I know inywif to be unv uf lluiw wliom Oixl
littli orilainetl to life ctcrnnl ?
" A. Uy tlif motion* ofipiritual lire: wlilch Iwlnnguth only to the
chililn'n of Uml, Hy llic which that lire in iwrcvivi'il : cv«n w the
lilii uf tbia bmly in tlincrriii'il by the srnae nnil nioliona lliervof.
"Q. What mean yuii by tlie motiona of npirilual life)
" A. I mean remo e of cnnacience, jnyninpf willi the loathing nf
•in, anil love of righteouiinca:, ; the Imml of fiulh rrarhinx unto life
eternal in Chriat; the cnnacivnco eoml'ortrd in tlialreaa, ami mlwil
up to rnnfitlencc in UihI by the work of hia Spirit ; n thankful rr-
mcnibrance of ilixl'a bciicflta recvlvcil, and the UHing of uU ailv.eni-
fiesaa wcniiion of uuienihuent M'nt from <I<hI.
"(j. Cannot kuiIi iwritli vt» at aouic limo or other feel tlicao imv
tions within tliemselvcii ?
" A. It ia not |)o8>ibli' that they alionhl. For a* Uoil'a purpoae U
not changeable, m> he repcntelh not the gifta ahil ^'mcea of hia a>lop-
tion. Neither (loth he cast off IIiom^ whom he huth onco reci'iTcil."
In the samo lino of tloctrino ai> tliiit ('aU>clii8in, ul-.
though even more pronounced, were tlie, well-known
Lumbeth Anielus «)f 15115.* They were [tiviiured l>y the .
* "That Oo<] from elcrniry tiaa |iretlc»tinatc>l tome ]K.'r>ona to life
niitl repmbated olhem to ticntli. Tlie moving or eflicient cauac of
Preilealination to life h not fon'ncen fuith, or gomi workii, or any
other commendable quality in the iH'monii preili'Ktinaled, but the
good will and pleasure of Uod. The numlior of the predestinate is
fixed and cannot be leswncil or increaaed. They who are not prO'
(lestiualed to aolvutiun winll lie neceiwurily vondenuKil for their
sins. A true, lively, and justifying fiiitli, anil the sanctifying influ-
ence of the Bpiril, i^i not cxtinguislieil, nhr docs it full, or go oiT
cither finally or totally. . A JustiHed jieroon has a fullaaauntnce and
certainty of the remisaion of his sins, and hia everlasting salvation
by C'hrisl. . Saving grace is not comnmnicntetl to nil men ; neither
liavc all men audi a measure of Divine assistance that they n.ny be
saved if they will. No |K'nu>n can come to Christ unless it l>c gweii
him, and unless the Father draw him, and all men are not drawn by
the Father that they may come to Christ. It is not in every one's
will and power to be saved,"— Lambeth Articles, Nov. 20th, 13VJ.
OA^VmiSK THI DOCTHIlllt OF TUB KNOUMI CHCRCU ISI
Archbishops of (^antenliury ami York, with the a|>|>rovnl
of a number of thu bisiiopi, to g<;ttlo a controversy which
had arisen in Cambridge over the (|U(>Htion of predestina-
tion. Nothing can l>e ulearer tluin their language, noth-
ing more iMMitive than the osiertion of Archbishop Whit-
gift that this Culxnniim, as extreme a» was ever pro-
' claimetl by any I'uritan in England or America, was at
that day the doctrine retieivcd in the Knglish Church.*
EiizalHttb herself, acconling to Whitgift, was |)er8uaded
of the truth of the Articles, but objected to any public
discussion of the subject.f Hence, they never got into
gencraUcirculation, and we must hxik to the Catechism,
unnoticed by English historians, for^an explanation of
the mo<le in which this d<x;trine l)ccani« lo<lgcd in the
minds of the masses.
When Charles I. was on the throne, Calvinism came to
be rejected by the High-Church (tarty, the causes which
led to its rejection being those which producetl its reten-
tion by the I'liritiins. The op])08ing thKtrinc was taught
by the Catholicii, and its advocacy was lo<>ke«l uyum by
almost all parties as a badge of i)0)>ery. So it was at
Cambridge when the Lambeth Articles were fonnulatiMl,
its advocates then being ilenounced as Papists in dis-
guise.l At the court of (.'harles everything tended tow-
ards the pa|>aey, and doctrinal thiH>logy foUowe<l.the
courtly- current. The Puritans stoo<l on the ohl ways,
and fought then, as they always had done, what they
nganled as popish doctrines.
Such was the position that Calvinism occupied in the
English Church during the whole reign of £lliubeth, and
* Ntal'i " Ilittor; of the Puritaoi,'' p. /MS, citing airyiie'* " Wliit-
glft," pp. 462, 408.
tWcm. {Xe»l.
m TBI PCXITA!! IN HOI.UHD, (NOLAltn AND AMERICA
until nearly tlin rloae of the ivign of Jamvn I. Itg <lnc-
trincR were not ]N.*culiar to the Puritanx, nnd tve iliall
vainly m^k to flnil in thrin tlio explanation of I'uritnn-
ici^ aiwterity. It certainly did not give to the hjshops
and to the iimM of the conforming elci;g\-, by whom it
waa profe«8e<l for over sixty yeors, any iindnc auaterity
of life, nor did it cast nnygliMiin over the I'rotestantit in
the NetlierlandH, altlHMigh it wiw them also the ncwptwl
faith. TlieHo men shed ueeanw of bhxxl for their religion,
but tliey cultivate<l literature, Kienr«>, iminting, inuaic,
and every other art that lends a charm to existence;
while, in England, the various sects of Indefienilents who
repmliate<l prcdcHtination were as much the enemies of
joy and lK*auty as any of the Calvinists.
Nor can the soinbreness which sottlc<l down u|)on the
lives of theenrly English I'uritans be attribute<l to their
re})ublican theories of government, for the simple rooaon
that they never had such theories. The Puritans proper,
the men within the EKtablished Church who, after the
outbreak of the Civil War, liecame Pn-sbyteriuns, be-
lieved in constitutional liberty, bfit were monarchists,
opposed to the execution of the king, and enemies of the
Prptectorate. The Presbyterians of Scotland, as is well
known, esj»ou«e<l the cause of Clmrles II. nft,er he took
the "Solemn League nnd Covenant," and their Eftglish
brethren formed a majority of the Parliament which
calle<l him to the throne after the death of Cromwell.
The republicans were found in the ranks of the Inde-
pendents, who were almost unnoticed in England at the
opening of the war, always having lieen few in number,
and, anterior to tliat time, mostly banishc<l to Holland or
suppressed. Itefore the war had histcd two years, how-
ever, these men. as earnest in their |N)litical convictiona
as in their religious zeal, and with ideas derived from the
vcmTAM AnrrBamr and its oacmm 153
Kethejianil Republic, haul m incroaaeii in niinib<>r and in-
fluonro n« to Imvo liecomo tlio dotnihunt i«rty in the
State.* Until the Itcstoration, in 10(10, they ruled Eng-
land, ami the Cavaiieni, who never could gtand up liefore
them on the iMittle-Hcld, ri<liculc<l in iiecret their eccen-
tricitieH of 8|)ei>cli and manner. At that time Home
among them pnK-laime<l extravagant theories or religion
and poiitiCH, but it \» nee<lleHii to nay that thew th<H>rieti,
• advance<l after lfi4(^ by men wh« were mostly Uaptists,+.
do not account for I'uritan i)eculiaritie« exhibited sixty ,
years liefore.
Persons accustomed to regani the England of Kliza-
iK-th as n merry and u virtuous land have, of rounH>, to
search far and wide and to invent all kinds of theories
for an explanation of tlio austerity which, in a few years
after the destructicm of the Armatia, ehuructeri/ed the-
I'uritans. [Jut for their ceaseless iteration, however, the
theories commonly advanced wouUl hardly deserve tho-
s|Nice which has been given to them here, since in the
light of all the facts the simple explanation lii«u|Km the,.,
surface, nismarck once wrote on the photogrnph of a
famous prima-donna, " Life is serious, but art is gay."
The architect of the (ierman Empire had work to do so
' engrossing that ho found little time for gityety. The
Pufitans, believing that they had the krng4lom of (igil
to build up on earth, were in much the same (XMition as
the Iron Chancellor. Their work was first to refonii
themselves, and then to reform the world that they saw
around them. And here, in the nature of this latter
. work, wo may find the explanation of what has beoni
oMled their narrow -mindedncas, without reeorting to
* MscAolay't " llistnrj of EngUnd," >' 109.
t Msaona Milton," iii M
j'>.!ji, .
IM TUC PVKITAM IN IIOLLAMD,
theolugivul (li«trineM wiiich tiliVt;^ nhiit^l v\\h M the
membeni of their Church, aml'pt^lltu'iil MoctHlv^s 'lirhieh
they never entertuineil. Oivcni men hi^ Uiyi;<>uKl)l^in
earnest iis the t'ruiuuicrs or tW» v«f|^ly. |J(wiiit|)^ with tliis
enrneHtnetw engmfte<t on viia|||lbt'erK bi^t little in<Hlillo<l
by the inHiitMices of civili)uiti<;|tey,ttuea lilortt thoHC men in
the KnKliinil of KlizulH>th am|^thcStuiM;t>t,|ihrt one neetl
acarcely in<|iiiro as to the vioW' Which !Ui<!^^'>vt>ul(l take
of life." ' ■ , ?^
In-'some |in>vioUH cha|>tors, I liave att^i|;|]}te(l to hIiow
what wnx the condition ^»f^ iSnf^land in the days of Kliisa-
bcth. !'erhu|Ht some redder 4say think nt^'picture over-
drawn, esiiei-ially on th^,ni<^l side. If go," let him read
another official do<iiitiI^nt, }n addition (o those from
which I have already quoted, is8ue<l by men who were
not incline<l to exafg^^te their own Hhortcomin^ or -
those of Enf;li8hni^n at^lar^e. The eurtli(|nake uf 1580
waH look(Hl ii|Min as u >Varning from hijaven of God'a im-
fwhding wnilh. Six-cial prayem were ordered to !» said
in all the chuivheg,' aiid' the government igsue<l an " Ad-
monition" to In? ri'iiit'ag.a homily during divine, servico.
A portion of this hoiilfty, which summarize much which
I have describe<l nt length, runs as foHows:
" WIiocniii|iliiinrtli not of corruption in oflircrn. jro», even in olB-
ci-ra of Justict', nnil niinislcra nr tlic liiw I la it not a common by-
wonl, but I lici|M' not true, tlioufth coniinnn, that «< a mnn u frienihil,
•< the lam u rmliil.' In youth, thetv was never like hKiacnru nml
untimely liberty ; nor in age. like unateailincM «n>l want of >liwre-
tinn, nor the like c.irclewnrH ot iluty towania nllii'm. The Imy
uinletli the ninn of ai;t><l grarity, anil ia conimi'nUcd for that for
which he ileM'rvt^th to lie beaten. 8ervautt arc iH'roniCAniSatcrleaa,
nnd followcil with maatera ; ami maulers, unable to nioatcr llicir own
nfli'ctiona, lire liecoine si'rvanis to other folks' aervants, yea, anil to
their own servants too. Men have taken u|i the garish attire anil
nico behavior of n omen ; and women, transforuicU from tboir o«o
AH OrnwIM. VMW ur KATIOMAk HORAUTT .158
kind, liiiirc iKottfii u|> the «p|Mrel niid itoiiuch of men. Ami m for
tioDMt •!)() iiKHlnt •limucrului'M, the prcfcrrrr of all Ti^tut'^ 11 li
•o highly inisliked, that it !• thought of sonic karre toliTabk' in
children.
" liatrrd, malice, dia4lnin, and dctira of rrTeoge for tli« weight of
a feather, lire the virtuea iif our yoiioji gcntlunien, in roniinentlation
of their manlioml and yaliantncaa. Deep diwiinulntiiin and flnllrrjr
are counted cuurlly Iicliavior. Mi)(lit nT<;rvniiu'i riKht..and truth i<
trodden undrrfiiol. Idleiiesa and prid« bring diiilj inflnilf nuiuliem
to that point, that they had rather rol>, and In •luimrriilly hanged,
than lalHir and live with hiinraty. Uaury, the ciumuiiK'r of private
eatatea, and the vonfounder of eoinnionneal«, i> become a common
and in wiiiie inen'ii opinions romuiendahle trade to live by. Faith-
fulneu ia fled in exile, and falnelnxxl vauntetli liimwlf in his plate,
till he Imvu gulten great siinis of money into his hand, that lie mny
pay the l»nkn>ul, to the undoing ofaiich as trust him. The H»\>-
bath days,iihd hiilydaya, ordaiiieil fortlie hearing of Uod'ii word lo
the reforufatiiin of our lire!), for the ailiiiinintmtiun and nrciving of
the sacranienis to our couifurt, for the siteking of all things iH'hooful
for IxKly nnil miuI nt OtHl's liund by priiyer, for the being miniiful
of his lieneflls, and to yielil praise and thanks to him tor the same,'
and. Anally, for the a|icelal occupying of ourselves In all spiritual
cxerciara, are spent full henthenishly in tnverning, tippling, gaining,
playing, and lielinhling of tcarlmiling nnd «tnge-pla>s; to the Utter
dishonor of Goil, impeachment of all gitdlliiCss, ami unnecessnry con-
(nm|ng of men's substanees, which ought to lie better eiiipluye<l.
The want of onlerly diseiplino and ealn^Kising hath either sent great
niimlieis, Ini(Ii old and young, bock again into papistry, or let them
run loose into godless atheism."*
Does any otie wonder that men leading their IJible,
ami Iwhoving every wonl of it tu bp inti|)ii^><i— inqn
whose o«juntry had l)eon savetl l»y aVtiiracle alone—
should have ft^lt that life among thig community was
a very serious business i
The feature of the national life which was most ob>
' Stryp«'s " AniutU of tli« Rcformntioa," ii. 008.
■ • ■' .■ :■- :■■■-. - '■■■*: ■■ . .■ •
IM'^ TUR^irBmN a nouuND, kkoladd. and amcrica
joctionablo to the I'uritana was that ]H>int*>(l out in the
cunclu(lin>; portion of this aiimonitiun, the desecration >
of tlio Siililxith. Th(>y f<iunil in the Ohi Tetitamcnt two
coniinandinents referrvU to conHt4intly oa of |iaruniount
iin|)ortanct>, one prohibiting the worship of idols, the
other enforcing the observance of a day of rest. The
fight aguinst idolatry was largely endeil with tlic de-
struction of the Armada. Then the KubUith i|ue8tion
was taken up in earnest, with results still felt, not only
in England and Scothtnd, but in a large |>art of the
United States.
]iut before the great battle opened over this question,
there was some preliminary skirmishing which shows
how the minds of men were tending. In l.'is:), a great
cnjwd btsing gathere<l in a public garden near b>ndon
to witness some Sunday s|M)rts, a scutTold fell, killing
■evcral ])ersons and injuring many others. Hearing of
this accident, the mayor wn>te to liOrd liurghley/' that
it gives great occasion to Hicknowlc<lgoJho hand of (tod
for such abuse of the Sa1>batli day, and movetli mo in
conscience to give order for redress of such contempt of
Ood's services." lie added that some justices of the
peace in the district, to wlmm he had spoken of the
question* exp'ressctl a very go<Kl wal, but alleged want
of authority, and this subject he referred to the- consid-
eration of liis lonlsliip.* It is hardly necessary to say
that although the authorities of the Church when terri-
fied by an earthquake might prepare homilies agitinsc
' Sunday siM>rts, the civil authorities took no ste|>s to
repress practices which the queen always encounige<l.
Two years later, in 1585, Parliament took the subject
ap and passed a hi w- for " the better and more reverend
* Bti7p«'t " AdoiiU," ii. 58&
' ' miDAT IN BSaLAilD AlfD VrON TUI CONTIREHT tST
observance of tlie Sabbath." This law the queen vetoo«l,
in acconlanco with the policy wlilcli charactnrize«l all lier
conduct," because she would sufTer nothing to bo altered
in matters of religion or ecclesiastical govonnnent." *
Thus mutters remained until after the (k>8truction of
the Armada. Sunday was the favorite day for theat-
rical representations, and was, by the nuijority of the
community who were not engagc<l in lalior, given up
to riot and intempemnce.+ ' iJut the idea that they
were Ooil's chosen ]>ei>plo was taking hold of the po|>-
ular mind, and ])re|Niring the way for one of the numt
remarkable books, so far as its influence is concerned,
that ever have Iwen written. This was a "Treatise on
the Sabbath," by Dr. Itichanl . Ikmnd, which apiieareil.
in 15)>r>.
In the rimroh of Rome Sunday was kept as a festival
'commemorating the resurrection of the Saviour. lk>lig-
ious services were enjointnl for the morning, but in the
afternoon innocent amusementH were perniitt<<d. The
same view of the subject was taken by miMt of the'
Kefonners upon the Continent. Luther enjoyetl his
music of a Sunday evening; Calvin permitteil liis young
men to drill, and his old imm to play at ImjwIs, himself
taking part at times. Knox, when at Geneva, visited
Calvin one Sunday evening, finding liini at his game,
and on another occasion went out to su|t|)er with a
friend.* This, also, was the motle of observing Sunday
in Holland, where the people wore sufficiently educated
• 8trjpe, iii. awi.
t Idem. It WM not until tlio reign of Jumet I. Hint pulilic the-
atrical repr(>Mntnliona on Suuilay were uipprctiol. Hut tlicjr Hill
cootinued at eourt. Drake, p. 488.
{ Stanley '•■■ Iliatorjr of the Cliurch of Scotland," p. 1 1 3.
us Till I'l'MTAN 111 IIULLANI>, IMULAND, ANIJ AMMICA
to upciiir part fif tlib day in tho cultivution of urt, iniwic,
aiul Hocial intercoiirito without tiiniing ret-nnition into a
^(lebauoli. Not no with thv Knglish. Thoy hail no art,
they hu)l little niUHic for tlH)^iH!ople at large. Th«ir
bear-lmiting and Imll- baiting \vrn> hrutalizlng RpurtA
Tlwir thoatreii wen^ Hchools of immorality. Urunken-
no88, and vico in in most loathsome forniK, wen* on the
increaao. I'nlciw wM-iety was to tie thoroughly demoral-
ized, and largely through the almsc of itH day of n>Ht,thi>
mode of olxH'n'ing t|iig day niu«t ho nulieally rhange«i.
. This wa»i lirtjught at»out by the l)ook of Itound.
lie nrguiMl that althou>^i the bml'ii day had been
changeil, wu went to look to tho Old TeHtanient alone
for th(> miKlo of itn olwermnee ; that it wa« intende<l t hat
men should devote one seventh of their time to worship :
that this law wiui moral and |)or])ctual, and that there-
fore not only labor, but t-very form of riHTeation, should
be given up on the Christian Sabbath. This was not a
new doctrine, nor was thi.s a new view of tho appllration
of the Fourth Commandnient. It originattil in the dark
ages of the Church, had lieen adopted by.sonw of the
English Reformers in the time of KdwanI, and by a few
of the Hcformers (m the Continent.* We have also seen,
how the name SabUith was applie<l to Sunday in an offi-
cial proclamation in 1580, antj in an art of Parliament
in V)Hr>. Hut the doctrine fell on con>|mmtively <lull
ears until after the destruction of tlie Annaila, when the
English were at onco attracted to the history of their
prototyiM'sas relatwi in tho Old Testament. This ex-
plains the sudden iH>pularity of a bogk which, acconling
to all the authorities of the tinie, worked a n<volution.
From its appearance dat«s the establishment in modem
• Hnpkint, iii. 5M.
»'?»5^iWv
' nrraoDDcnoif or ma jiwini MBBATH tsi
Chri«t«iM)ont-<if the Hnblmth of the l'harJiM<t>H, in reganl
U> whicli I'liiil makes biicIi trpnclinnt oliwrviitioiiH.*
Elizalwth nnd hor pivlutcs \ri>rt> much i-xcitvd by thii
pubUcntiim. They (lonaunce<l the <luctrim> hh -» rvtitrttint
on ChriHUih liberty, as putting un unttiuiit lustru un
Sumluy, and ati tending to wcukm the authority of the
Church in iip|M)inting other holy-<hiyM. It was pmlmbly
the hutt objection wliich ciiu«c<( an »tt<>iiipt at iu hu|>-
premion. Itound had denied tlie rigiit of the Chun'h
or the civil uuthoritieti to nunctify any <lay except tluit
which the lionl had Banctitied. TIuh wum a blow at the
dearly priwtl pren>gutivo of the crown. Archbi»hop
Whitgift, in 151M), ixiiuod orders for all |N-n«inH having
oopios of the IhjoU to give them up, iiml. in liiiH), Chief
JUstici^ Pophoin reiH8ue<l thesi^ onlerH from the iM-nch.
Kut all repreiwivo menauron wer^ in vuin. In KMXI,
«fter Whitgifl'u death, u new cilition of iIh! work was
published.und thencoftirth the Puritan was distingumhral
by hi» rigid oliservance of tiie.SabJNith.'f'
We nee<l not go to New England, nor evi'n to the
Commonwealth, for examples of the lengths to which
this d«!trinc could Iks carric«l. Very early ministers
began to teach that to throw a IhUvI or to do any ser-
vde work on the I/ml's <lay \v»h as great u sin as to kill
a man ; that to make a feast or dress a \ve<liling dinner
on that day was as Itad as for u father to cut his cliiUI's
* Col. (i. 16 ; Rommii, xiv. fl, n ; aim CUIntiana ;«u>im Jmuii
hlmKlf, w)in ciiine tn <1(> »v%y villi tlir old irmiioniiitllon, friMled
on tlie Salilmtli with n liirfre rniiipany (l.iiki-, xlv. 1-'J4| H«e
Alfonl'ir nnto on tliii pnwn);r; Trench on the " Pumlilo nf the Great
Supper ;" SmUh'a " Dirt, of tlic''BiliU>." articlu " Hiil>l>alli."
t Nval; Puller, ix. 387; Hopki.na, iii. 507 ; Htrjiwn- Whitgift.'pp.
S80, S8l,etc.
'IW THI Pl'UTAH IN HOLLAND, nOLAND, AND AMERICA
throat, and even timt tho ringing of more Ik-IIm than one
u a ■ummonH to chun-h whh '■ us gnMit a sin nH miglU
be." * Yet tlipsc men wcro perfectly logical, and tlim is
the (liiTercnco l>utween thom and liomn of their dracenil-
antB. They regardiMl the Fourth (Vimniandment aa of
binding obligation. If ho, its violation, thoy urgtuHl, must
he OH great a Rin on the violation of the Sixth. (>od him-
self ordered the Israelites to stone one of their numlier
tp death for gathering sticks u|Hm the Subl>itth,t thus
showing what he thought of its oltservanco. The Puri-
tans followed what they considcre<l a truth to its log-
ical con8«'<|uence, no matter where it le<l, with a courage
equal to that with which they facctl a cannon. Their
descendants, who profess agreement with them ulK)ut the
construction and binding obligation of the Fourth Com-
mandment, have courage enough before the cannon, liut
sometimes flinch before the logic.
But, after all that can Imi said against the strict Sab-
■balarianism of the early Puritans, it efTect^Nl one great
reform. We are told in one liook of the Itiblu that
God<onlainc<l the Sablxith in order that his pe<iple, who
had come out of Umdagc, might always have a day of
rest front toil.:^ This the Knglish, and e8]H>ciully tho
lower classes, sadly ne<Hled. In the Hrst year of her
reign, Elizabeth ha<l onlcre<l that " all |iarsons. vicars,
and curates shall teach and declare unto their |Ktrish-
ioners that they may with a safe and quiet consi-ience,
after their Common Prayer in time of harvest, laUir
ujion the holy and festival days, and save that thing
* neylin'i " Prr»l>.," iHMtk X. wc. S, quoleiMIiipkioi, iii. 598.
t Nuinl*T», XV. 3a-.W.
1 1^'<'<''^""'">'- ^' ' ^' ">' Nothintt it Hid in tbii iccuuDt AboOt
deTOtiiig tlic wliolc day to rclij^oun cxurclw*.
UBBATU oa-'niTAMCR, in oniBnaAL irncm at thk timi iflt
which (in(l hnth sent ; an<i if, for any ncnipuKitiity or
grudge nf conguioncc', ni<>n nhoulil KiiporNtitiotiiiiy alMtain
from working ii|)on tliostt dnys, tbiit tlim t)K>y slioulil
gri^vouHly olTi>ml ami <lii<]iU>iuw) (unI."* Thin tcnehing ^
fMultod in ,iiulMtnntiaily ulM>lishing the diMtinction In<-
twcon Sunday nnd any other ilay, at nil gtiiwinH of tho
year. Ijtborera worke<l and nion wont ^lioiit their onli-
nary octni|NttionH as if there were no day of n>itl. t Thin
the Puritans |mt an end to; and if they had arconi-
plished nothing else, the Knglish and Ainerieun work-
men would owe thoin an ininieasunible deht of grati-
tude. The tirst Parliament which met after the death
of Eliziilteth refuseil to sit on Sunday, and never since
has Sunday servile lalM)r Ixt-ii enforc<><l in Knglan(|.4
Tliis is not the place for any clisoussion of the Sab-
bath question. I have nientionetl it, in the interest of
historic truth, to show that the Puritan's strict idi>as
U|)on the subject were not due to his Calvinism, since
Calvin himself and the Calvinists Ufitm the Continent"
did not share them; nor were they due to republican
theories, which the Puritans did not entertain ; nor to
the persecution under I^ud, which thirty years later
led to the colonization of Massachusetts. Still, there is
* Iliipkint, iii. niM,cilin){ 8|Mirriiw, |i. 73.
t 8tr,vpe°a " .\nniiK" i. 6M.
X In tlio hook of Dr. DoiiimI there wu nno p*ni«f(C which hM «i-
citeil much criticism. He rrcuiiiiui'mlnl thiit n» frtiti •hmihl lie
given oD tlio Sjiblmth, "exci-|it l>y liinln, kniKhtii, iinil |ion<>n» of
quslil;." Thiimajr Iw an illuitraliiin of a theory which hHi not
entirely diuiipcsnd, that even in nioniU nml relljjinn there in » ilis-
'tinction t>etween the rlwwe* ami the i|iuiie>. Uut it ahowa how
PnriUniani wu working downwnnla. The iqcn to be looknl after
were tlie common |«oplc. They needed a day of rcat from toil, nnd
f day that ahould not he given up to riot.
"-':■. ■'■•.■.^^'
■■s^^}^^^'jiyi?j<l^fv^'^^r!^\;i'r''
169 nil rmiTAX t!< hollaiid, itiMiUNn, and AxnitrA
one (>l«prviition apim tho »ul>jwt which may not 1* out
of place. Mm often |Kiint to a I'uris Huntlay, uiul tri-
umphuntly mIc whHhor the «ii|)ori(»r morality of tlie>
Knglinh {lenph) doiii not |>rovo thnt their m(Mlt> of kci-p-
inf^ tho IjonV* <lay is lM>tti<r'tlian that a(loptc<l on tho
Continent. To tiiix quration n careful lUKlent woiiM
pnilNilily muko nnswer thiit ho i|U*'stii>nc<l the fact of
the Hn|icrior Knglixh niomlity, oven an coniimnMJ with
that of the French ;* hut, n|)art from thiw, the whole
coiu|Hiriiwm is valueletui, liein/r inuile lM>twe<>n nations of
liifferent lilood ami ilitTen^nt religion*. Kut there is a
Protestant c<Mintry, where the iK'ople are of the sumo
bhxNl aH tho F]n<;lish, thu history of which throws much
light u|K>n this as u\xin nmny <>ther ((Uestiung. Hul-
himl was Protestant and Calvinistic. Its |icople never
a<lopto(l tho Jewish SahlNith as a m<Ml«<l for their ob-
ser\anco of tho Chrixtinn Sunday, ami yet in monUity
thoy have always stood far aliovo the Knglish.
Tho Puritan SablNith noetis no justification founded
on misHtatemonts or ctmcealment of the tnitli. It ac-
oompliglicd a groat work throo centuries ago in giving
a legal day of rest to tho working classes. Nor was
this all. Those, for tho gr(>at4-r |iart, who aliKtaintxl
from toil spent the day in dninkennew ami riot, for
then, as now, the average Hnglish workman had no
other idea of recreation. This it also corrf<-t<Hl to some
extent, although, as every traveller knows, its work in
this direction lias licen very ineomplelc. The Kngltih
SahlHtth gives <|uiet to i^erwrns who take enjoynu-nt in
religion, and the Puritan t4M>k as keen a pleasure in hit
four hours' sermon from a moving-prcHcher as ever did
the vaott ardent admirer of tho drama at tho timt night
♦ 8m workt of Hnmcrlnn, BrowiwH, etc.
OONTINUANCI or TNI JCWIIIH BABBATH IN nOLANU 1A3
uf a great play, liut for tliiiMO n-i(liout rvligitniii ff>rvi>r
the <luy hill) lM><*n filwuvM one of funeroul glutim. TliU
ii bottttr tliiih till' riot which it HU|MTiw<k>«l, hut it in not
tho tieMt, uithor fn)m u inonil or u n-h^iouH Mtun(l|)iiiiit.
The rioting, tho u|)(>n oiitrugtMUKi |ir<ifiination of Sun-
day, is kept (htwn liy law, hut thu ilrunkonmiw fitill |>n>-
viiils. Thiii ii* due Riiiiply to the nt'gitvt uf tho up|K>r
governing claN«(>8. They, until very recently, have iiiiule
no attempt to e<lucate the workmen, or to give them
something U-tter than the ulehouse or the tavern an a
means of recreation. The reitult in, that the lower chuuieH
stand alnrnt where their fatheni ilid in the ihiVM of Kliz-
alieth. However, under lilH<ral inatitutions thin will lie
chungtMl in time, and, with the iiiuiiiM>)* raiwMl to a higher
plane, it iH proliidile that the aiNindoiiinent uf the Jow-
inh Sahluith in Knglund will In< attende<l with no more
evil results than followetl its rcj(>rti<m among the early
ChriHtiang led hy JesuH himaelf, or in later days among
tho I'ruteMtant Swiss und lIoll«nders.*
* NnlliiiiK iilinwa more mncliifiivfly %liitt * liold llii> Ohl Tenia'
nwnt li*« tnki'ii U|M>n tlic EnglUli |M'n|<li! lli»n the riintinunncc uf
the Jcwiuli thiMintli until tlie (imu'nt lUy. Ki-w thinKx irrilntcd
the Coinuioiiii luiirc agitiii't the Unit two Htfmrtii timn tM^r atti'iii|it>
to fncnnniKi' HunilHjr uportit, rniil, nltliniif^i for inaiijr yrnn anrr tlir
Rentorntinn tlio I'uritaii wa« ilrnniiiiicil rimI riiliriilol. the iinliiin at
once fvll biick into lii* nuHh- of Itrrplnit HiiiKlny.- In tlic ni^ii of
Charlea II. tlie law wa« |>niii<wl. nliicli witli nonic anirnilinrnta i> wtill
in tntrf, prtiliiliitinK tlio cirrrixi <>f any or<liniry ori'n|>ali(ini> on
Sunday, together with all forma of pnhljc trayi'llinK whirli wera
then in une. The forrgoini; paKm ahow lio\r unfounilei) ia the aa-
■crtion of Engliah writera that thia imxle of keepiiifr Ihe Ixird'a day
datea from tlie time of the ('oiiiiniinwenllh. In the " Encyelnioiilia
Britannira," article ■■ Hiinday," it la aniil that the name Siihlmlh,.
aa applied to Sunday in legialalion. wna tiret uacd in tlie !.i>n;( I'ar-
liaineul. i liava abonn ila uie in the HarliauMUt uf 1M3, more than
■ ._ ■ „Vr.
IM nil rmnAtN in Holland, molanii, ah» amhuca >
AiwhsJomii tlio ngittttion of tlus Salilmth qanitinn,
which illiiittrHtiW tho iiiorul work which was filing on
among the I'liritans, then) nn> hut f<>w cvfntii of im-
INirtunro to nutiw in their histiirv for the n<iiminder of
this crnturv. Their life in Knglnml, iiflcr tim ikiitnic-
tion of tlio AniiiKla, nnil until tli<> <h>alh of tlie <|U(*en,
ivaH n comimrativply JH>accfiil one. Tho r<>aiuin for thiM
is vorvohvioUH. W'hih- KlizAlM!th wait thinking of going
over to KoiiD', it mh-uuhI niroitMikr^' to Hiippntiii ininistem
whiMo I'rotetitantiiini wait too outM|N)ki-n for hor Nehonum. ^|'
Now, however, n changt) hail coine over thr situation.
8|min was no longi>r a foriiiidahle |>owcr. Knglaml .
was no longer in liunger fnnn the ]iii|)»<-y, nn<l Kliza-
beth swung out UiUlly as the ehaiii|iion of the ProtiMt-
tants. The Catholics, whom she hail liefom |irot()fti^l.
Were now folloWe«l with a relentless jienkH-ulion. I^i^ir
to them meiint leniency to the I'uritans, tintl, during the
reiiiainiler of her reign, little (jiiestion was niiri^<d 08 to
their strict eonforliiity. So long us they nvoidinl nny-
thing like iin o|>en sclii:«iii. Thus it came uIhuU that for
Some years they hail a full o|)|Mirtunity of teaching the
moral doctrines which in the next century prisluciil such
a marked etTvct iifsm the manners of the luidiUc classes. .
Still) during this |ieriud of citim, ime eteiit o<'eurrc<l
which was tem|H>nirily iiiisumlerstoiKl Ity the govern-
ment, ua it seeins to huv.p been by some modern writera.
hnlf ii rcnlnry lipfiiri'. It «riis s|;ain iitrtl in the Parliantent of ti
(Iliinio, Hi. 327). nn<l ni;nin in 1023 lidein. 40t). I lisvc iiIm> uliuirS'
tlmt it wita ummI na rnrly uh l.tso, in nn Ailmunitiiin iMUcd lijr iIh.' gny-
crninenlj^, An l» (lie i>rrva|pnr« in Kniflnnil oridrnxKn r('liuioui>>ul>-
JfTladi'rivtMl frcHn tlie Olii Tt'simncnt. nee KniorMin'a ** Enj^liitli Twita,**
c)m|». x.-»iii, " Till- iliM-lriiif of tli« Olil Ti-nlanii-nt i« llic ti'ligion of
EngliinO. .Tlio fint Icuf o( llic New TotiinK'nt it diwa mil oiwu."
* A PUHBTTCIIUN aoVIMKNT ~ IM
This waa an attempt t<t intnxluro I'mbytcrianinni into
England. The muvoincnt U'^nn in ir>72, whi-h a (ew
clergyman nn I laymen iiu't ut Wumlsworth, noar Ix>n-'
(ion, and orgiiniKcd nliut tlit'v calktl u |in>8l>yUTy, after
the niojiel uf the <ionevu rhurfhcH. It wait not a
Church, its nicnilN'rii went nil K|)iMc'u|Ntliunii, an<l they
merely adopteil a plan of tliiiciplinu fur thcniselvt*
Within the estalillihmont.* In counu^ of time, M>venii
other orgaiiizatitinH of the same character \reh< f(|nne<l '
in various places, hut it won not until after the <li-H(nk--
tion of the Armada that they attract*"*! the atttmtion of
the goTemment. Tim leading spirit throughout this
movement was Thomas (.'ortwright, the professor of
theology at Cambridge, who, in 1&T4. had licen driven
from the country for his opiiotition to the Church.
For eleven years Cartwright had lived ahnNid, |W8s-
ing a largo ])art of his time at Antwerp, where he oflici-
atetl as minister to an Knglisli i-ongn'gation. In l.'i^.'i,
he returned to KnglumI, and, after a tem|M>mry inipris-
onment waa plucetl l>y Ixicester at the head of a hos-
pital in Warwick. At this time a number of ministers
of the Scottish Kirk had been driven from their homes.
Their influence lielis-d to swell the tide which Was set-
ting in among the Puritans in favor of the l'n>sliytc'rian
system. To frame such a system no man cuultl he found
superior to Cartwright, its original advocate, and iiJKin
him the labor largely fell. AVhile on the Continent he
had assisted in pr^])aring a " liookof Discipline." which,
after various amenduients, was adopt*'«l in l"8.s, at a
meeting in Warwickshire, and, Ix-foro l.MH), had n-ccivwl
tlio signatures of more than tivo hundred ministers in
various parts of the kingdom. ' *
•HopkiD(,i. 4S8; ILSM.
X ■ ■
/■
IM THB rCmTAR IN IIOLbAHP, nOUMO. AND AMIIUl'A
ThJK " Iloitk of DiM-iplinc," of which much hmt lM<«n
■aid in hlHtorv hy writon* who ii|>|>iirt>ntly novcr Haw
it, luid down i' Hchomo for Iho or^iniuilioii uml f(i>v-
ernnumt of thii Church nfti>r n I'D-Mlivtcriaii iinMh-l.
liiiihoiM w«ro to \m (hmn iiway with, iiiiniHtfrH wt-ro to"
\te cIti'ttHt hy thoir conjfn'pilionM, ami iliMcipUiK' wait t<i
Ijo «>nfor(;i>4l hy aiuM-niblit-H uiitl NyniMls.* Hut thi* wim
«nly u wlwMiic jtroiKnM-*! hy the iiuWrilN>rs. Tht-y (Hi)
not or^inizc a fw>|)iinit4< church, un<l hu<l no iihti of doin^
B«>, Till' |m|MT to whicli tiicy m>I tlioir nanittt «|iocilU'ally
Htatoil that tlu' lyRtt-ni was a|>|)rovc<l of hy tliciii a.<t |)nt|^
' er to ho adopted '* hy public authority of tlii> nio^JMtrute
and of our Chun-li,'^ th<>v promising jncantinm to ol>-
iierro it ''so far uh it may Imi lawful fur uh-ho to do.hy
the puhli<|uci Jjiweii of this Kinji^lom, ami hy tlu< I't'nca
of our (;liurrh."+ This ix all that thoru wiw of I'tiwhy-
torianiam in Kn^land during tho n-i^n of KlizalM'th.
The I'uritanM dcsirtMl to iw<> it pstahliithiMl, hut hy the
civil |H)wer through act of Parliament. In the oml
tlioy Bucceodcd, hut only after a lH|>iM* of (Ifty yt'ant, and
for a Hhort |M*riiNl amidiit tliu thnM>fl of civil war.
A movement Ml extensive ax this, in which live hun-
drcil ministeni wen; actors, could not lonp; escape the no-
tice of the ecclesiastical authorities. Information wna
fpven to tho' Kovemraent that tho Puritjins were liohl-
A^ — _____ •„_..
t OmiVpCfliiinirmlAtioii in pnrliniUrly inlrrpatiii};, »■ tlirimiii); litflit
on tltcfuK uf Hrri|ilurnl tiniiiti li,v llio PiirilniiK. Il >iif{gi>iitril tli»t
imrrntil nilinlild not give tlivir cliililren ■ucli namn " an mirour nf
Pa;(HiiiMiie or l'ii|iory; liiit cliu-Ay ■iioh wlirn-uf (here are exain-
plea in titn lli>ly Kc'ri|itiir<'«, in Ihu nninea u( tliuM! wliu ure reiHirletl
in llieui to liavc l>cen kimIIjt and vi'rte<iii«." It nlxi |iruviili'il for
alHiliaUinft I)i>liila}'a,nnil tlroni^ly rcciimuicnded education. Briggi't
" Araerlran PrrabjtcritnlHii," App. TJiL, li., X.
t Idem, App. xtiL ' ...
PRMBTTtaUNIIM RCPrRCMID BT Till UOVMUIHUIT |«T
ing nwi>iiil)lii<i ami HyiKxIs, ami wi*rv pluttinf; tu over-
turn tlio ( 'iiurch by (orAt. In lAUO, (.'artwrif^t ami a
nunilNT vf iiiN nuiHxnatM W(>rtt arroiit<Hl ami thtown intu
priMin. Tho m-xt y«ir th«y wpr« brou^it Motv tlio
Court of i<tar ('Iminlier on a i-lutrKv of Mtlitiun, l>ut tlio
liroatH-iition utiorly l>roki'<lown.* Tlu< iiriNononi kIiowmI
tliut tli» I'uritun ininittti-rM hod inul only for confi>rt>ncR, -
that t\ui " IhNik of DiMciiilinu" nvvvr hail iNion onfonitl,
ami that tlioro v.im nu intt'iition of ciifon-iiig it until it
■hould Tt>cviv« a legal winction. Tli<>n> wiui nu law l>y
wlii(;|i nii^n <N>ul(I bu puniiiluHl for wishing pi>av4>al)ly to
cliangc the lawit, and ao tboae |>ruc«)odingH Lad l<i lie
abamlonod.
liut tlie inovoinent wait a dangerous ono to tlio |m>l-
atw, and tlioy had unothur repn^siiivo ruincily. (.'art-
Wright and hin fi'llow-priwrnem hod mrantimo licon citMl
before tli« High ( 'ommisHion, and aakcd totuke Whit-
gift's inquisituriiil oath. This they rcfuMxl as unlawful,
and tiiey puid the ])onalty by remaining in priiyin, al-
though no crime could be provoti against them. Hut the
day for th^w procealings was rapidly |Nuiging away-
A ejainor arose from every side. The prelates wrre ik*-
nounccd with |ipn and tongue. Magistnitiii ]ietitionc«l
for the release of men whoso only offence whs a refusal
to boar witness a^inst thenisi'lvcs. The I'rivy Council
expressed ita indignation at their treatment. Under this
pressure the authorities were obliged to yield. The mi-
nor offenders were dealt with mildly, even )it nn early
day, and in 151):t Cartwright hiniw>lf was releoMNl, re-
turning to his hiMpital at Warwick, where ho was soon
to die, broken down by his prison life.f
•8tryp«'«"Wliil|^(»,"pp.86I,i«7. '
t 8m Uopkiiu'* " Piiriluii mid Qunm Elizslicth," vol. 111., clisps.
Mr thi pvritan in holund, noLAMn, and amkrh*
Tliii I'ml)yt<fri»n ttpHuxUt in tlii* hiitory of Kngliah
PuriUnmni in vory iiUKK<^(iv<< wiion ('«ri>fully rtintitlvriHl.
Hern w«>m iiiore tliiin tlvu humlnol cU'rifynH'n of tliu
Chnn-li, who within two yt^t* hnd i<x|>rRMMl in wriiinfC
tlirir il)>Hii« for r ri'vi>hition of th« wholo Mx-h-simttical .
attahlixlimcnl. A», Mt-onlinK to Svui (und Ifallani <>m-
donu>M hiH MtHti'iiient), there wt>ru only ulN)Ut two thoii'
■ami prcatthing clfr^ynicn in th« whole kingdom, thnw
nion formed n liirf^ fnu.'tion of the number. lu lA8lt,
Dr. ('o«|ipr, IliMhop of Wlnrhratcr, ihvlan>d that "the
moat i>url of men," ap<l "nil inferior «ui>J4>rti«," wen«
averse t4> E|>iiicopao3', and proclaimed their avenion "nl
every table, in nermono, and in the fwe «)f thu whole
worhl."* In l.'itNt, it wu* pul>liMlie<l brundcaat "that
tlumiuinds did aigh for the Discipline, ten thousand'
had HouKht it, and that the most worthy men of every
shin> had wnnentcil to it.''t Thetw facts testify to the
strenji^h of tiiu influenct^ which had l)een M work in
the nation tAtwtt Cartwright bef^n his lecturlhf^ at Cnm-
liridKO, in 15To. The flagrant abuses of th« Church had
much to do with this revolution in public sentimenl. ex-
oitinfir men who at first op|mm<mI only some forms and
ceremonies to seek now the abolition of tlte whole
Chun-h structure. Still, there wiw iiion> than this. The
English, left to thcmsulvtw, prolmbly never would have
thought of such a new departure. Hut they had on
Is., X., snil svi,, for s full wcounl at the " Bunk of Diwiplin*" inil
CnnwriKtlt'ii pnMcriilion. Tli« Nrnk itwir, willi tlin miliKTipiion. i>
prinlpil In Hii|np<'"",Aiuprirsn PresbytcrianiMq," App. I. Coniparu
IIilUin>"('<>i»titiitiiinsl IfUtnrjr," I. 20S,3I0, wlirn ■ iliflt'rrnt culor
U given to lli« whnio «ff*ir, the autlior lulmitling tlwt Im stvcr law
tbU"Book ofOlnclptine." ■ .
* *• Ailninnition," cited llnpkini. III. 881.
t HeJJtn'* " Pretl>.," Iiook ii. tec. «.
/-
rARUAMHIT TAIHI.T ATTIIlrTS CUUIICII >»»«■« lU
one lidu Hc<itlnn<i with it* I'lMbyteriiin Kirk ; on tho
other lido, althiiti((h fur away, waa ()(<n<'vn with the
■ame ayateiii, ami neantr honiu woa llolUml'; whilu in
their iiiitUt weK over tlfty thituaanil Neth<>rlan(l rufu-
geea, t«llin)f of a rhurrh withinit a hiahop. Ijater on
waa to conie thv leioHin of n Hluto without a kinff. ^
Thoan fon-ign influciu-ca, hownvcr, wi'ru yet vir*y,
iipon tli« inaiM of thu |n><i|iI<<. Thu I'uritiina oxpn-MOtt
tiiiMr (h-Hin> for a Chanel) in tho ri'ltgioiiH xyHtoiii of tho
country, but thoy wont ho furthrr. In IftH?, » iMr. C'lijio
hail preaontoil tho I'roabytorian " IfaMtk of l>iK-i|ilino" to
Pnrliainont, nm'l olToro<l u lilU for ita onuctniont into hiw.
For this offcuco ho, togotlior with I'etei; Wontworth, an-
othor Puritan, wiio Ihon HtiKxl up for fnHHloiu of a|icoc'h,
waa comuiittjxl to tho Towor l»y onlor of tho (pioon^
.Thia experionoo, lupplomontod l>y that of Ortwright
and hia itxanciatoti, wua autttviont. Such was tho over;
whchning |K>wor of tho crown that nothing nioro woa
aaid in puhhc hy tho Puritan* utiout doing away with
biiho|)8 und aUowing niini«tora to bo chosen by tboir
congregiUiona.
Ktill, tho Hght went on in Parliament agninat tho
abtt!M>H of tho Churcli. In lAHH, a bill waa intriMluood
for tho correction of plurulitica— tli<*ayitom under which
a miniator hohl two or nioro livinga, often ao far apart
that ho couhl ulftciato in only one. Thia bill |i^m(-i1 the
Oomroona, but by tho queen's direction waa gmotherod
in the House of I»nla.* Yet one more blow woa ainie<l
at the royul prsrc^tivo in occlosiaatioal matters, which
Elizabeth gu^rdctl with such jonloua care. Thia fuiltHl,
like all ita]>reilocosaor8, but ita failure in the end wrought
a {wrlial triumph.
> fltiTpa't " Wbiifift," pp. n*. ««0.
ITO Till ramtAM IM HULLANK, ■NULAHD, AND iHBKIt-A
Tlii< now rarlianit^nt wliioh wm iniiinioniNl for IA03
V mt-'t with a HliHrp rtiltulT iit tim outn-t of it* lifi<. Th«
■|)t<ak<>r, Kdwunl (.'ol«>, |iri>M>nt«<l lint ummI ix'tition tu
the (|Ufon, unking for hlivrty of »|N<ifh, tor frvt^hmi fr«>tii
■rmt, itntl for iu%<mw tu h<T majiitty. For niiHtvvr ht;
wu toUl that privilc^ of ii|M<nch >vhm )(rant«<l, but ii c<>n-
Mit4<tl in Huyinff " Y<'u"or "No;" that to tho |N'rMtn* of
tho nitMiilH-m all |)rivil«|^>« wmru grantMl, |>n>viilt>il they
"did tlifir duty; an<l that tlioy i-ould liavn iu'oi'm ui lior
inaj(<«ty nt tirim cunvvnifiii, ami wli<*n »he vm iit lei-
■UK from otliur im|M>rtant c-au««>)> of the n<uliii.* HueU
irrru EliuiU'tli'i idoas uf (Mimtitutionul lilM-rty. , IVter
Wentworth, aa UHual, Rhocknt them by bringinK in a bill
for ai'ttling tho auoocuion to the crown, and^ait u«ual
he VM |tnuii)>tly oommittoil to the Towcrf Two day*
. later, nothing; daunted, .Inniea Moriiv, another Puritan,
o<Tere<l ii bill to ivstmin the lli^h (^imniiiMion from ini-
priiMiiiinK persons who n>fuw<d their illoffnl ini|ui»it<)riai
'oath. Kor offering this hill Morice wits committetl to
safe custody, and Mr. Ileal, tho a^l ricrk of the council,
who gu|>porte«l it in a s))eecli. Was ordi>n<4l to absent hiiu-
■olf from I'urliament.^
This was alN>ut the end of le^iHlative attempts at oor-.
rectinf; tli^ abuses of the ( 'hurch. So absolute was the
•power of tlie crown, so little did tiie repTescntatives of
tho people know alM>ut constitutional liberty, that tho
House of t'onimons did not even protest against the vio-
httion of its ih>ealle<l privileges.
Still, n Iwiven was at work. Morice's bill, aimed at
the High Commission, was never entertained, but thu
ooBimon-law judges wore aroused by |mblio claiqor to
• QKwn, |>. 460. t)d«n,p.4ia
t HslUm, I. JS» ; Strypo't ^ Whltglft," p. Wl.
PMiutanrr Tvaira to civil A*iiitw-pviivBv*m;a in
the point of jnl4>rfnmnoi*. In 1S9H, thi<y lipgan to iaw«
pn>hil>itionii RKuiniit th« illegal priM.t'mlinga af tlie t>ccl*-
•iutit-ul W)unii, incluiliriK timt of the lli^li i'oniiiiiHioii
itaelf: To tbii tliey were |>n>lmhly not i»ver««, for they
hit«l alwayN tmtertainiil » jvalouiiy of the npiriluui juriit-
dirtion.* Hut when \ro con»i<ler the chnntcti-r of the
Ju(l({«-N. ami the tenure liy which they held their oftlcet,
the large numlier of them) |iruhibitioiii which a|i|iear in
the reoonlf of thia and the aucoeeding reign ahow that
RtH^oni and civil liU'rty were making progrea*.
Itaffle<l in their utteuipta at reforming the Church by
legiiilutiim, tho I'uritunH now turnetl their attention to
civil nMttera. Their work here, ulao, waa pniduclivo of
little immediate nwult, but it dem^rvt* u notiii- lut ihon-
ing, from tho character of tho government nnd the ctm-
dition of the nation, what powerful foreign iiiHuencet
niuat have be<>n at work to pnalucc the revolution of
th|» next c<>ntury.
Among the moat vexutioua of the nbuaca which had
oome down from the feudal timea wna the Hviteiii of
purveyance.* Tliia waa a prerogative enjoyetl by tho
orown, of buying up proviaiona and other neceaaiiricH for
the use of the royal houMthoKI at the nppruiM-d price,
and niao of iiiipn^twing the carriiigea und horaea of ii kuI>-
ject for the 'royal aervice. The ayatctu hud lieen regu-
lated by Magna Cliarta, which provided that no iiiun'i
com or other chattel alioiild lie taken without immedi-
ate iwymont, and that hiH horaea or timlicr ahouiil not
be takji-n at all unleas with.liia content. Hut little did
Elixabeth, or any other Engliah aovereign before her
day, care for Magna CImrta, much aa Kngliah hiitoriani
• Ballam, t. Hi.
. ;:'».y4.i:'f-
ITt thi roRiTAN m iiuij^iid. nouiiiiik and amhwa
Uy itrrwi a|ion it in nwMlom timm. Her punri^yoni lim-
ply uwhI tho nviitcni bi r<>li «nil plumW thn wholi' mrii-
inunily I'r'wn ftir tin- articli-a taki*n yi«>rp Itxi-jl iil r«t<t
•<«tHliliili<<«l lH<fiin< tlio influx nf f(iil<l nn<l mivcr fntin
Am<'ri<■l^ antl ■<> tlicv wi'r«' mnrli Iwlow tlin iiiark<-l.
I'uyiiicitti wpnt loiif; ]Miiit|K>n«<il and wom. umxTtain.
Tho |iiirvi<yoni U'vii^l bim-kiiiuil tlinvlly, anti iiIho inili-
riH-tly. in \\w itlia|M> of |NiumluKt< or (■oiiiniiHioim ; ■ciHNl
on vuitt i|iiunlili(>ii of |)ni|M>rty which thn niynl hoiiM*-
hoUl novor iimnI or nc*««lnl ; and if f(i>nth-rnt<it olijaftcd
to hpin^ |ilundi>r<>4i, (-411 down their omamcnlal tn'<>* for
(ire wood.
In l&Htf, n l*ill waa |iaMaml by the II<hi*p nf ('oimnoni
to rc4lrt>iw thiiH' ^ifvancxi. It went to tho Ltnla, but
thvnt wai <liii|MiiH><l of in tho cuitumary manner. Tha
queen atat^l that ihn would have all aurh ubiiaea ro-
dreaaed, but would iiHow no intorfercnro with hor pre-
ro^tivc. Parliament dnip|MHl tho Kubj<>rt, and purvey-
anu! n-niuined entirely unrefoniied tliri>u);hout her reign,
to U" eornH'te»l by tho l»n); I'urlianient, and Anally ubol-
|ah«<l after the IU>H(orution.*
Hut much mom grievous than the abuaea of purvey-
ance wero thoHo which resulted frtun niono|Kili(*ii. ( 'laim-
ing abiuilutu control over conimero(< and manufuctureit,
Elizalteth granted lotter8-|Nitent to her favoritea and
gree<ly courtiers, gixing them the e::c]usive right to
make, import, or deal in various cummuditios, luuny uf
* A Kprrrh in*ile t>j Biicnii in llir flnt Pirlikiiwnt of JamM L
■how* tliv gnxM almtra of purvrjancr, tnd liciw EUubctli bntka lirr
promiwi fur their rorrcctiun. Iliiinc,iii.i;S,«n<lnole,p.t74; D'Ewn,
p. 444. lUllani (i. I3H) nnticet tli« l>lll In Pitrliiunent, but My* nutb-
iiig about Bacon'i remarkable speccli allowing tbs enormity of the
grievance.
iMMoibuw-Tiina HTiirr Iff
them artirlni in )p>noml u«e. 8<)m«tiinot thn pnlftntm
exoKiinl tlio right hiniielf, nioro often he mild it or
gnnlnl lironMM to otht>ni. Wlnm iMiinmomo and nuinu.
racturv* wt'Tvi in their infanc}', littlo evil off<Ttii w««ro ex-
pcrienriMl from thin ))nu-tic«; Imt nii (imu went on the
f>|)|in>Mion lnvanio tmlHmrulile. In thn I'lirliument of
ir>U~ a |H>tition wii* (irowntetl for the correction of thii
grievanre, ond tho (|ue<<n |>roniiac<l to give it her iitten-
tion. Nothing wim done, however, and the new Houio
which met in inot cnine tog<ether with • iiiirit unknown
in Kn^land for ninny ^nerationi.
Iii>for<>thiii time, whenever the (|Ui>en Hp[M<nred in ]>ul>-
lir, (he had lieen greeted wiih cxpreasionH of enthuai-
astio attiu-hment. Now, at ihc o|M*ne<l her liut Par-
liament, (he H|luake^ kimcd her hand amidst nn nimoat
unbroken lilenco. Then businewi iH'gun. The Commons
were h>yal enough. They duci(h-<l at the outitcl to grant
all tlH! money that the government n>c|uinHl ; hut Ixs
fore putting the measure into sha|to a member arosq
■lid nmd a bill of a doien linca for the at>6lition of tho
ilet««tc<l mimo|H>lica.. Komo one asked for a list of tho
articles which they c<>v(>rud. A glance at the list will
show tho enormity of the evil, and will ulwi show tho
development of English industries within the hut fvw
years: Ke<>ping of taverns and sale of wine (this was
h^kl by 8ir Walter Kaleighl; the manufacture or sale of
■alt, iron, steel, lead, tin, sulphur, saltpet re, ]Ntwdor, gloss,
paper, starch, cards, calf- skins, currants, brushes, |iotK,
bottl(>ft, HMioktsI herring, train oil, oil of blublH-r, vinegar,
ashes, o(wl,dra|)ery; tho transportation of iNttr. l)orn,and
leather; the'iin|X)rtation of S|ianish wooiand IriHhyam.
As these articles and many others were nametl over, one
member, cried out, "Is n*)t bread there I" "No," was
the answer. " But if order be not taken fur these
IT4 nil PVMTM ni MMXAaD, (llOUIIIIk, AMD AMinOA
thing*, to put ft itop to them, bnad will lie tliaru before
tho n<>xt I'arliaiiit'nt."
Thin H|)«««<fh opijmti a «lflbiit« which ex|x«ed th« eji-
tortion* (if tho patcntoe*. In one phti-o thu price <if ult
bail lN^*n raiicii fntin vixtcrn |i(>nc«t to fourtistii or tlftcrn
•hilling n liunhcj. Tnilcr thu thn-at of Hoarcliini; Iiouho*
for forliiildcn articlf*. tho lt!vying <if lilac-kiniiil waa nl-
moKt nnlvt'Duii. Truilo nnti contincrcu cvcrywhcrH were
tliockliij, ami ruin wim thn-nteniil to many liranchc* of
industry. Vainly did tho courtiers, aiiiimg whom ap-
pear* Francis liacon.try to item thu tide by innf^nifyin^;
tho ruynl prenigativc, an<l advisinK a humble petition to
tho queen. It really ap|ieare<t that tho |H-oplo were
iiwake and bent on obtaining Mimo of the ri^rht* of frc«.
men. They hod triotl |H!titlona, they said, and found
them u*eleaa; now tliey would have 9 itatuto.*
8till, Kllzaboth wn* a|;ain too ahrewd for her aimpky
niinde<l Rubjectit. When tho delmto had continued for
iomo fourcUys, ilio sent a inegsago to tho JIouko which
acted like oil upon the trouble<l waters. She professed
ignorance of the grievances com|>laine<l of, wan thankful
that they had lieen brought to her attention, and proin-
iscil that they should lie inunediately redresMNi ; some
patent* should lie forthwith re|ic»led, soiiio suH|N>nded,
and none put in execution but such as shuuhl first have
a trial acwirding to law. Cecil, the wcrt'tary. son of the
great Ilurgliley, adde<I tho further aasuroncv that all the
patents would lie at once revoked, and none other* grant-
ed in tho futurc.t
Urcttt was tho joy of tho Comuxin* at their novel ex-
* D'E«M deieribn Baena at striking hlmsetf upon tho brnul
wliilo defending the crown'i prvroitiktiro.
t Townshand'i " DelMlet ;" llallnni, i. 2*1 j itopkiii*, iii. 831.
■UZAMTH DKIITIS Uia OOMHONt M
perienco, ami rhitructoriftio th« motlfl <>/ iU pxprewion.
HeokinK tlw prrncnco of the tiiKH;!!, on their lM>n<lt>d
knees thoy |M>iirt«l out llut tlinnkM of tlir nation, in lun-
ffUOfftt iN'tter litttNl for iul(ln>8i«in^ a ticity tliiiii tin curt lily
monarcli." Then the -nn'mU'rit <liH|wrMHl to i-urry tho
good noWH to thoir constituontu, and incNli>rn liiHtorians,
refloctinj]^ their nipturc, t<-ll nn iiilinirin)^ |Mi«ti<rity how
<Joo(l tiui-on HcxB " i|uashc<l nl a fiinKl<* ''low t-very mo-
nopoly that »\w hail f^ninttsl." i
tlnfortunatfly for Hut^h romantic utatomt-ntu, tho roo-
onlg ghow that tho joy of llio |ii>oplo wan vrry pn-nm-
turn. Kli7JilN>th ajifain exhihittHi the iliiplicity which
chamctorixoti all her nctionN. She had no intention of
keeping; tho j)l('dj{« >fiven liy her nohle tn-on'tiiry. Sho
had Beenrod her Hulwitly, she had tid<Hi over a |M-rilou*
oriijg, and having' done m. hIi« |M)SHihly did Ih-ki" witli
■omo of thoniono|)olieH; but their Koneral nlNilition.tho
correction of tho gross ahiiHes to which they had given
rise, she left to her H«icceH8ors4
* Ilnpkinii cnllH Ihri^ i<i>rrrlip<i "ciirluus iiltrmnroo;" Itnjlnai uijri
" mpluroiiH mill liT|>rrliolinil ui'kni>wk'il|{incatt;" l.iii):iir<| rontiilen
the lnii)!iin}(i' " li>lk> iilinft nf lilni>plii'iiiy."
t Un-rii. Marnuliiy miyii Itiul iili« "rMlrvM<><l tlip )}ripvnncv,
brought Imck to hcrwir Ihp hriiria of tho |i<'ii|ili<. nnil left ti> bcr
turcnwin a nirmomhle oianlplr n{ lh« wny in whUli it lii'h>M>rp« a
ruler to (Iral wilh ptil>lir mnvi'tiu-nli which liu bun iipt thi' iiii mi* of
miitlniJ." — " lli«l<>ry nf Enjihiml." i. Stt.
t Till* i* •U|W<'*lc<l hj linllani nn>l ollicru, quminx " ""t nuvie in
M*j, 1003, thoWlMK that tlirj wprv tliin cxiatinK. ■•<><Ik<', iii. IW.
Pmof iMMitivi; aa to th« farlo will, however, bo foiinil in ii prorlama-
lion of Jainea I., iuiu'd Juat after hi* ncrewion, whirli ia priiitrd jo
Blryp«'t " Annala," iv. iliO lie pn>fe««'<l to alK>lii>h lh<'m all. taking
ooculon to rvHert rather Beverelf on the conduct of liiH pri'ileceaaor.
But thry were aoon rcrataliliahetl, and became ooa of the grcateit
griarancM unilrr the Stuartt.
'•-^!v.'/' <•* ^. ■•" ■; ' ■"■■i'r 5^v ^'''Vi^^
ITS TOC PDRITAN m nOLLAND, KIOLARO, AND'AHmiCA
But, aftpr nil, in view of tlio condition of tho Enf^lish
pco|)le, aitli<>ii>,'h little wus acroni|)liHlic<l, tiio |io|)ular
triuin]ib was u great <>n«, and well descrvcH tho initio,
gyrics which have Ijeen lavished on it. It evidenced a
notable advance in tho progress towanig civil lilwrty
that members of Parliament, representatives of tho na-
tion, (ould insist on a bill to correct a ))ublio grievance
without iK'ing punished for their audacity by a commit-
tal to tho Tower. A modern Knglishnian or American
would not rcgiird this as an extraordinary privilege, nor
wouhl it have been so reganletl by a republican Hol-
lander three centuries ago. But it was uni(|ue in Eng-
land. Nothing else like it can bo found in tho history of
tho Tudors. It is tho herald announcing the ilawn of
£nglisli cimstitutional liberty. AVbat influences were to
develop this dawn into a noon-day blazo will be shown
hereafter.* _^
• Hcc ax to tliv nlisnliitUni nf KliialK-tli's nilv. "Qiurn Eliialicth,"
hy E. S, IkTsly (iKinilon, 1S»2), pp. SU 1-224. Hiiriiig licr ri'igii of
forty-Hvc yciin there were Init tliirti'i'n M'ssions of I'urliiinitnt, nni) it
w«» never convened except to grant miliiiiilk's to the crown or to paM
laws against the Catholics. That her ruh> iN-netltetl Kn<rhinil hiate-
rinlly ia uni|neitti»nablv, but wUetbu iu the end it wua licoellcial ia t
diffvrent quiwlion.
CHAPTER XVI
TBI BROWNISTS^ OR SEPARATISTS, THE BAPTIBTSk AND THE
QUAKERS
7hc8 far, in discussftig the growth of religious disiient
in England, our attention hus been conflned to tlic Puri-
tans proper, the men wlio labored to reform the Church
while keeping within the establishment. They were
found mostly now, as always afterwards, in the eastern
and southern counties of the kingdom, where the Neth-
erland merchants and artisans had settle<l, bringing with
them hovel ideas as to civil and religious liberty. AVhen
the English Reformers asked the privilege of choosing
their own ministers, and then ])as8ed on to demand that
trade should be freeil fron> its^pprcssivo restrictions,
one can well imagine how great had l)ccn the intluence
exerted u]Nm the country of their adoption by these re-
publican refugees.
But there was another religious party in the State, still
more interesting to the American, in whose origin and
development the Netberlund influence is even more
marked and more directly traceable. This Was the
party of Brownish Barrowists, Seimratists, or Inde-
pendents, as it was variously called. Much as the Puri-
tans have been vilifled in history, their treatment has
been mihl compared with that which has been accorded
to the Scjwratists. But, as in the case of the Puritans,
the modern world is doing them full justice.
In an earl}' chapter, when mentioning the religious
II.-12 ,
ITS THE PURITAN IN UOLLAND, BNOLAirB, AHO AXBmCA
toleration intro(luce<l into tho Netherlands by William
the 8ilont, a brief account was given of the rimt anil do-
Telopnient of tho Anaba|>ti8t8, or ^Monnohites.* Origi-
nating in the early dn.VH of tho Kcfunnution, some of
their number had then been guilty of violent cxcemes.
Hut these excettses wcro of brief duration. In a few years
the sect became very numerous in Holland, its members,
OS was tho case with the first Christians, being found
^mostly among the laboring classes, where they were dis-
tinguiidicd for purity of morals and earnestness in n>ligion.
During the early jiersccutions under Charles V., many
of this sect, fleeing from their homes, took n'fugo in
England. Their condition was little improved by this
change of skies: fourteen of them were burned for iicr-
esy in 1S35, and many others suffered during the reign
of Henry the Reformer. Still, despite all persiH-'Ution,
they managed to carry on their meetings secri^tly, and
throve in number. When Alva began his rule in tho
Netherlands, in 1507, their exodus to England opened
again, and on a larger scale.f They were industrious
and moral, and as good mechanics would have l)een wel-
comed by tho government. Jiut, although received and
.given shelter, they excited the indignation of tho Eng-
lish prelates by tlieir hectical doctrines, insisting on the
necessity of adult Iwiptism, and declaring that the Saviour
died for the redemption of all mankind, and not for that
of a select few. Two of them, as we have alren<ly seen,
were for these heresies humetl at the stake, so late as
1575, by order of the queen.
But, apart from these heresies, they proclairoe«l another
doctrine still more monstrous in the eyes of a monarch
like Elizabeth. Turning for their religion to tho Sermon
• Vol. I. p. 84S. "' t Strjpe. it. »80.
BOBnrr brownc, tbb iodxdbi of thi nfABAnm m
on the Mount, tboy taught tliut all oatiis, courts of jus-
tice, and ufltoera uf magistracy were unchristiitn, and,
above; all, that the civil government hail no concern with
religious matters.* Here, for the lirst time, the <loc-
trineof a BO|iamtion bptwet'n (.'hurch und SUtto was pro-
claimed on liritish soil. The lirst Englishman to take
it up, and proclaim it boldly by \vor«l and pen, was a
clerg}-man, Kobert liTownc, a man whose name ih insep-
arably linked with the history uf religious freedom, ul-
though he himself proved a deserter from the caust'.-f-
Uol)ert Browne was lx>rn al)out 1500, of a good fam-
ily, in Rutlandshire, being relate<l to Ixird Kurghley.
Educated at Cambridge, he became, at the age of twenty-
one, domestic chaplain to the Duke of Norfolk.. Dis-
seminating some doctrines distasteful to the hierarchy,
ho wa^ soon brought up Ix^fore the Ecclesiimticai Com-
mission, but his |Kitron successfully interfered in his l>e-
half, on the ground that his wus a privilegc<l position.
For some years after this event he seems to have taught
school near liondon, meanwhile doing mmc outdoor
preaching. Next we bear of him at Cand)ridgc, where
he (xjcupied n pulpit until silenced by the bishop, [team-
ing Hnally that there were some in Norfolk " verie for-
ward" in the reform of religion, he removed, in 1580, to
Norwich, and took charge of a congregation. J At this
time more than half the population of Norwich was com-
posed of refugi>es from the Netherlands, engage<l in man-
ufactures, g They had a church of tlieir own, and were
independent of the bishops. Among them were many
• BareUjr'a " Inner Life," p. 73.
t Dexter lliioka tiutl liit mind ulliintlely bcciroo unuttletl. '■ Con-
gregationalitm," H. M. Dexter.
} Dexler't " Congrpgationalino." { Sec Vol. I. p. 480,
180 TUI prRITAN l!« aOIXAilD, K«OUND. AND AMIWCA
AnabaptiHti.* When now wo flmi Browne, after lii« »et-
tlement among these pco|ile of now idciui, preaching to
his English congregation the doctrine of separation be-
. twccn .Church and State, it «ceni8 needleM to inquiro
whence it was derived.
But it was one thing for Dutch artisans of foreign
a|NMH;hund habit, who were building Up the niunfnctures
. of the country, to have a sttiMratu l*hun'h establiHhiiiont;
it was something very (hlTerent for an Knglish minister
to tell his congregation that bisho|w were unlawful, and
that the State hwl no right to regulate the religion of it*
subjects. Soon the Eccleaiastical Commission was after
Browne for this new and aggrnvatoil olTence, and now
he had no refuge but in flight. I'art of his congregation
went with him, and, alwiut 1591, they all found shelter
'acrr>ss the Channel in the hospitable and tolerant city of
Middclburg. Hero Bn>wnc remuine<l for. two years, then
he <|uarn>lled with his congregation, and, returning to
England, by the way of Scotland, prcache<l his iloctrines
for a time, but finally became reconciled, to the Estab-
lished Churcli, receiving a |)arish fnim Lord Burghley, in
which he officiated for over forty years.
After Browne's de|)arture, his congregation for a short
pericxi maintained its separate existence. At first, it at-
tempted u union with the Presliytcrians, who had the
famous Caitwright as their minister. But this connec-
tion proved unsatisfactory-, and agaili an Independent
Church was started under the ministrations of Robert
* Dexter, p. 73. A% I Iiavv |M>inted out itt a former cliapirr, lilt
AnalmpliatB of Hollantl liml l>y tliu time KWen up nmny of their
early I'llrenio doctrines, no llinl, nltliouftli tlicjr wouKI not bear arma,
they fumialieil sulMtitutea. piiid taxra, etc, Tbejr alwaya cliiDg, liow-
ever, to the idea of full religious liberty.
.•^/-
BBOWHE1 0OOKS ATTACKIHO TDI CBPKCR 18t
Ilarriaon, one of the original asiMiciates. In a fen yc&n
Harrison <lic<l, and his church was broken up, its remain-
ini; membr'iit very probably joining the Anabaptists.
Bot although Browne had deacrted his followers, leav-
ing them a name which they always indignantly illsa-
vowe<l, and although his iniiued^at« congr«>gation lm<l
disappouriKi, the intluonc*> of his teachings still remuinetl.
While at Middelburg lie printed s«\veml books, which
were widely distributi>d in England. These Iwoks con-
taine<l no heresies in <loctrinc, but attacked the whole
Anglican ecclesiastical cstjiblishnient as contrary to the
teachings of the Scri|)tun-s. A Church, it was clUiinc<l,
was to be made up of a com]>any of ' 'hristian litJl^i-crs,
and not of all tlie dwellers in a {Mirish.* Each congre-
gation should elect its own minister and other otiicen),
and, standing by itself, constitute a ('(iristian body ])oli-
tic. The State might control the Church property,'but
had no right to imiiose articles of religion or forms of
worship-
This was a theory quite beyond that advanced by
the Puritans. To the Puritan and Separatist alike, the
Church as established was obnoxious on account of its
abuses. But the one sought its refonimtion by act of
Parliament, looking forward to the time when liis form
of worship and discipline should be established for the
nation. The other tjiought that a reformation wouKI
never come, that the whole system of a State Church
was inherently wrong, and that the only duty before the
true believers was to leave the Church to its abuses and
• Sayi Dr. Fliilip Scliaff regarding tho AnaUptiiU: "TIicm! two
ideas, of a pure Churvli of l)«llcTcn, and of baptism of hclievcre
only, were tlic fundamental articles of the Anal»ptist crce<)."— " The
AnalwptiaU io Switzerland," BiptUt QuarUrl)/ Snieic, July, 1889.
183 mC PCRITAN IN ROLLAMD, CNOLAKD, A5D JtMIRtCjl
set up independent congregations. The Puritans were .
dangerous enough in the eyeti of the government, but
yet they, for the m )St ]mrt, ke])t within the letter of
the law. These new tichismutics <>veniteppe<l the iNjunds,
for they openly denic«l the spiritual supremacy of the
cpieen.
, In 15S1, amid the panic cauKcd by the Jesuit invasion,
Parliament had (NiHsed two ini|xirtant statutes. One j)n>-
yided for a tine of twenty ]M>unds a month on every
jHsrson over sixtiten years of age who, without a goo»l
excuse, absentetl hiuiiiclf front church. The other pro-
vided the punishment of death, as a felon, for any one
who should w^rile, publish, or circulate any " fahie, sedi-
tious, and slanderous matter to the defamation of ti>e
queen's majesty that now is . . .or to tho encouraging,
" stirring, or moving of any insiirrection or rebellion with-
in this realm." Enacted by a Puritan Parliament, and
aimed only at the Catholics, these lawit were, almost im-
mediately after their jNtsgage, wrested from their original
intention, and used as a terrible engine against the Sepa-
ratists.
llury Saint Kdmunds, in Suffolk County, had always
been a hot-be<l of non-conformity. It was a centre of
manufacturing industry, and, like all such centres, under
a Xetherlantl influence, so that its population was natur-
ally inclined to the teachings of the Hrownists. When,
therefore, Browne's Ijooks a]>|)eared, in 1582, they were
8eize<l on herewith great avidity. The chief a{Mi8tle8 of
tl,ie new doctrines were two men, John Coppin.af and
Elias Thacker, who for several years had lieen impris-
oned for viohtting the ecclesiastical laws. Tlieir contlne-
ment npjwars not to have been ver}' rigorous, for they
not only labored to improve the spiritual condition of
their fellow-prisoners, but also became "great dis[)ers-
BxicmoH or coppimo and tiuckbb 188
^n" of Browne's piibtieittions. To prevent the spread
of this dangerouH infection, the government thought that
a dovere example was rc4|iiirct], and these two men were
■electe<l ns tiie victims.
A(Hx>nlingly, at the summer luwizos, in IMS, before
Sir Ciiriiitopher Wray, tlio I>jpiI (!hief JuHtice, and n
jury cho8(>n b^' the slieritT, us was then the custon), they
were put on trial. The cliar^ against them was heresy,
and the "dispersing of Browne's l>ook8." The fact as
to the Ixwks was admitted, and the court decided that
this WHS a felony, as thetwi publications, which <|ue8-
tioned the ecclcsiustical supremacy of the qu(>en, were
criminal libels, defamAtory of her majesty within the
moaning of the statute passed two years liefore. Exe-
cution immediately followed, the effect Iteing height-
ened by burning forty of the obnoxious |)ublications
under the gallows, while the felons worto awaiting
death.
These mortyra to the principle of religious lilterty
were, like the early ('hristians ^nd the Analmptists, men
taken from the huknblcwt walks of life. Thacker was a
tailor. Copping was a shoemaker,* and they were repre-
sentatives of the great bo»ly of their |»arty. The I'uri-
tans numbered in their ranks men of wealth and learn-
ing, nobles, councillors, and bisho|w ; but the i;ie|>arati8t«
had not a single friend from whom they could ask pro-
tection against this monstrous perversion of the huv. At
this very time the ecclesiastical authoriti<>8 were harry-
ing the Puritans in the countica of Suffolk and Norfolk.
Influential voices were raised in their defence, and the
Council itself directed that they should bo dealt with
leniently ; but not a word was uttered in behalf of the
* Uulinibcd, It. SOS, cited Hupkim, ii. 817.
184 Till PURITAN IN BOLLAND, BXOUND. ASD AnillCA
I
obscure artisans who were fighting tliu lottlo of relig^
iou8 freedom.*
The live years which foUowwl these exvcutions were
mnrkixl yenni in English bifitqry. It was at this time
that Whitgift was made AirhlHshop of Canterhury, and
introdaocd the system which Biirgfale^ donouiieed as re-
sembling that of the Spanish ln(|iiisition. During the
same pcrio<l 8cotlanil lM>vamo tlie scene of a civil and
religious insurrection ; Mary Stuart die«l u|K)n the scaf-
fold ; and while Klizalteth was intriguing with Spain
and the pn]>acy, her people were pro|wring for the great
outburst of national energy whi<;h followed the destruc-
tion of the Invincible Armada. IIow that event ifTected
the intellectual and religious life of th<> |tc<i|)lc at large,
r have attempted to sliow in the prece<ling ]Nigi>H. Its
effects wore no less marked U|)on the'small lioily of earnest
men who believed that tlio time iiod come for a separo^
tion from the Establisheti Church,
From the early days of printing some restrictions had
been placed upon the press in Knghind. Tlicse restric-
tions, Iwjwever, except as to Catholic works, had liecn
slight and irregular until the year 1 &H5. In that year, a
rigid censorship was establisheti by a simple decree of
the Star Chamber, issued at the special instigation of
Whitgift. No presses were to lie ailowe«l in any |«rt of
the king<!om outside Ixindon, except one in each of the
universities. All printers were within ten days to ren-
der an inventory ot their implements. I'rc8*«>s ill use
less than six months were to be almndonetl, and no new
ones set up without a license. Thus much fur tlio print-
crs. As to their prodilltions, it was onlennt that no book,
matter, or thing whatsoever sliould be printed except
•8lf]rp«,1|l.l8S.
TBai'MAirrm MAH-rRiLATi- PAMPOLrra in
with the approval of the Archbishop of C'onterbary
or the Itifiliop of Ix>nilon, Pimiilitnent \h- flno and im-
priionmrnt was provided for any infraction of this de-
cree,
•
Such n-aa the law— if a decreeof the Star ('haml)t>r
unninctioned hy Parliament ciin be called n law — with
which the niithoritica atleinpto<l to niuiu>U> the prwH in
England. ]S'o one at this time o|)only i|uestioncd its va-
lidity ; the day for that manifestation of a free spirit had
not come. Kut when the cloud lifte<l, which for ho many
years had darkcne<l the fortuni?8 of the nati<Tf),tho S«>p-
arati8t« set it at defiance with an audacity which, after
three contiirios, still shocks their law-abiding cuuritry-
men. Kven Wfore the destruction of the Arnuulo, a
wandering printing- press, managed by I{olK.>rt Walde-
grave, hud issued some Puritan ])amphlets. For this
infraction of the qijeen's decree, Waldcgrave had been
imprisoned for six moritjis, and his press had l)een de-
stroyed. All these publications, however, had lH>en mild
of tone and purely theological.
But, in the autumn of 1588, just as the nation was ex-
ulting ovei* its deliveranto from S|)ain, a new cimractcr
appcaretl upon the scene, introducing a style oL litera-
ture before unknown in Kngland. This character, who
OMumcd the name "Martin Mar-prelate," within a |)eriod
of about seven months, gave to the public seven little
pamphlets, which for a time created more excitement
than that creatoil, two centuries later, by the famous let-
ters of Junius. Taking as objects of his attack several
of the bishops wIkjso dishonc'ty and irreligion were
• Btrjpe'* "Whllgift," |.. 229, and Appcmlii, x«iv. Tlil« cen-
•onhlp rnntinu«1 until 169.1, nUliough in later jrnra it wai rrgalatcd
bjr Mt of Parliament. Hallamt " Conit. Hitt.," iii. 108.
186 nil PURITAN l!f UOLLAMD, KNOLAND, AND AMIIIICA
. moat conRpicuoiM, ho astounded all Kn{i(lan<l by liqkling
tbeso iln-lntoR up ito public Kcorn and ridicuk*. There
was nothing; bliupbemouii, nothing indecxint, nliout hii
8|)eecb ; HMtbing to Arrant Homo of tlio violent criti-
cisms of >t made by x/ritvrs who prolmbly never saw the
pamphletH.* In luniniago dire<-t, winietinies coarHo as
i)etlttcd the n^>, uh4«|'S far rcmovetl from the " hy|)o-
critical ndtilatiun" n%ch Ilallam says \\»h n |>oruliar
vice of the time, with pun, ^IIk', and sneer, be tohl tlie
Fathers of the Church what the [jooplo thou^rbt of them ■
and their iniquities.
It may well be doubted whether the onuSe of religion
is advanced by attabk.s made u|>on such lines; but the ap
pcaranccof those |iamphlet8 is noteworthy as another evi-
dence of tiie new life of Knglund, the growth of the spirit
that in time was to ipiestion all things in the State as well
as in tlio Church. Kvery one was reading, and every one,
except the prelates, was laughing 'over the comicalities
of Martin. A royal proclamation forUulo the owning
of these ])aniphlet!<; but the students at Oxford and Cani-
bri<igo cnrritMl them in their bosoms, and ItolM-rt, the
young Earl of Essex, presente«l one to the tpiccn h^i^lf-
Writers were eniploye«l to answer them— among others,
the wild, lawless Thomas Mushe,]iamphleteer and dram-
atist, who, fnnn the peculiar style of their language,
might have lieon their author— but this only gave them
further notoriety. Finally, the whole detective force of
the kingdom was set at work to hunt out the publisher
and writer. Seven months after the ap|)earancc of the
first ])amphlet a little wandering ])re88 was discovered,
on which the printing had been done. This press was
* Sec exprt-wiiins quotril l>y Dcxicr, p. 18M, etc, *nd bit own
opinion, will) tlitt of Pr feMur Morlcf, tt pp. 189 aiKt 190.
JOHN VVkLTt INIQriTOVB CONVICTION 187
(leRtro^'etl, and with its doatniction Martin Mar-prrlnto
vanisbtxl into air.*
But, althou^li the f^iveminont could never tmce the
authorghipof thcwt siitiricid {mmphlcts, it found other,
victims whose proticcutionit form u very dark chapter in
Engliiih hixtury. Tlie (Irst wag Jolin Udal, a gnithmte
of Canihridge, iind a -preaclier much esteemed for hi«
talonts and learning. For years he had Immsii followed
, by the ccclesiosticul adthoritieti, having been sovend
times gugix!nde<l froiii the miniiitry, ami on one occasion •
imprisoned for six months.f Finally, in 15!*1, ho was
put on trial for a criminal lilwl ngain.st the queen. The
libel was contained in a IxKik cull<><l '"A Demonstration
of that Discipline which Christ hath prcscril)c«l." The '
book itself seems to have lN.>en iniUK-ent enough, but the
preface containc<l some severu reflections ii|)on the bish-
ops, charging them with curing for nothing l)Ul the main-
tenance of their own dignities, and lieing, in truth, the
cause of all ungodliness, gtatementg often made by the
Puritans in I'arliament. '
Upon the trial not a scintilla of testimony was given
for the prosecution, except tI^e Ixxik itself, and the writ-
ten 8tat<>ment of one man, made out of court, that I'dul
had confes.<«ed to him its authorship. The witness wiu
not pnxluced for cross-examination. I'dul deni<<<l the
confession, and ofrorc<l witnesses to prove that his ac-
cuser had contradicted hig own story. Hut these wit-
* The kiithonliip of the Martin Miir-preUte puinphleU i> one of
the mjatcrio of lileraturv. Many thoorira in rpj^aril to it liavc l>pi'n
i(lvance<], tlie lait Iwing •ugf^nlcd liy I>r. Ilrxtcr, wlio thinkn, from
all Iho evidrnre, that the uutlinr na» Ilrnry Uiirniwe. of whom we
thall aeo more hereafter. " Congregationaliaui," p. ISO.
f Hopkiui, iii. 938.
f%^i, . jT'-?' i»&"*' -y-p;!H:'^:ji'^"- sf^^s^*? i^:v jK.if
188 TUB PURTTAM IN HOLLAND, BNOLAND, AND AHKMCA
nosses wero excluded, upon the gruund that no tcitimony
could be given against the crown.* The presiding justice
held that t lie eviilence Tvan auHicient, and directed the
jury to ttnd a venUct of guilty. The venlict was fouiid,
and sentence of death was pronounced against the ])ri8-
oner. However, the sentence was never carriwl out, for, .
through the influence of Sir Walter lialcigh and others,
respites were obtained, until, in the next year, the iMiistm-
ous air of the prison obviate<l tlie necessity of a public
execution.t
The taking of Udal's life, although he Hied un*ler con-
flhemcnt and not u|N)n the gnllows, was a pure judicial
murder. lie jtleadetl not guilty to his indictment, but
refuMHt to say upon examinatiim whether he had written
the book or not, claiming that such an inijuiry was ille-
gal, and arguing that if every sU8|)ecte«l {wrson answered
such questions, the author might finally be detcctc<l. lie
probably did not write it. He certainly discluinietl all
symimthy with Martin Mar-prelate, and there i.s nothing
to show that ho even sbar^ the belief of the Separa-
tists. X .
But the next two convictions were of a different char-
acter. The men hero were avowe<l Se|)aratistR, and were
the undoubte<l authors of the publications for which
they suffered death, Henry Barrowe, the elder and more
* Till* wu Enicliih Uw at tbe time, and it throws much light on
the civiliziillon of the age.
t Hopkins, iii. 480. Hiilliim ujrt: " Ilii triit, like moat nllicr |io-
litical trisli of the nge, iliagracc* the name <tf EnglUli Justire." —
"Contt. Ilitt.," i. 208. Bnt thia wnt not ■ political trial.
t Hallam'x "(;oii«t Iliat.," i. 209; Hopkins, iii. 438-440. Ho ap-
pears to hnvp stood up fur what are called the Constitutional rights
of KoglishmcD, and bis trial shows how such rights were icgarded
in his time. ' • .. .
• ■■ . ■■■ - V ■ .^
BZPCrnoN or BARIIOWI, OREKtWOOD, «MD>ai(RT IW
influential, came nf a good Norfolk family, (iraduatcd ' ' .^
from Cnmbritlgo in 1570, lio wi-nt to ]»nclon, studied ' ■■* »
law, became a barrister, lc<l a wild, reckkfw life until ; ';
aliont 15S3, when ho turned his thoughts to religious
matters, and, meeting a younger (?nmbridge man, John
GivenwootI, under his influence joined the Sepamtists.
In 158(t, both were arrrstiHl for attending illegal meet-
ings, and thrown into a Ixjndon prison, where they re-
niaine<i without trial for about six years. I'emiitted to
go out on bail, in the autumn of 151)2, they were s])ccd-
ily |*-arre8te«l, with a large numlier of other Separatists,
and sent bock to their old quarters.
The six years of their confinement had not, however,
been (mssed in idleness. Writing on scmiis of ]>a|)er,
which were siiiugglt^l out of prison by friendly hands,
they com|M)8ed a numlier of books against the Kstab-
lislied Church. These Uioks were printed in Holland,
and being smuggled back into P^ngland were pnxlucing
a great effect. The prelates thought that another ex-
ample was. now needetl, for the obnoxious sect Was on
the increase. Acconlingly, in March, 15U3,Iiarrowe and
Greenwood wore tried, under the same statute its the .. v • ■■^.
others, for libelling the queen by an ottack on Kpigct>-
pacy, arid being foun<l guilty were, in April, hanged as , - i
common malefactors.* .^
The next month witnessed another trial which is even
more disgraceful to the name of English justice than •
thatofUdul. John Penry, or Ap llenry, was a Welsh- '
man, educated a Papist, converted to Protestantism at
Cambridge, and then turned Scimratist, who had been
strongly 8Ui!()ected of a connection with the Mar-prelate
pamphlets. Not a particle of evidence, however, was
f • '
• Dexter, Hiilliiin, Ilnpkinii, «td
IM TBI rURITAN IN UOLLANO^ »aUMD, AND AMUICA
found against hiro.^and going U> KcotlamI in IftSO, lie
had livod there a most exemplary life until ITii)2, wbcn
ho returned to Knglund tu nhare the fortunes i>( liis per-
gecutiMl brethren. Arrestwl, in 15!t3, for attending a
Separatist meeting, his hxlgingH were searchetl, and
tliero were discovenMl among his paiiers the rough
notes of a |)otitiun to the queen for the reilress of cv-
closiasticul abuses. These notes hud never liccn pub-
lished, no one had ever seen them ; the writer alleged
that they werr. out private niemorandii, for further con-
sideration, of complaints which hod been made to him
by others; but they were sufilcient to seal his doom.
Tried an<l <x>nvicted on the 21st of May, IM'3, the sen-
tence was executed On the 29th, and thus, nearly n cen-
tury before the famous trial of Sir Algernon Sidney, the
precedent was established that private unpublishcti papers
are sufficient evidence of overt crime. Ilut Sidney was of
a noble family, and has jKissed into history as a martyr
to civil lilM<rty, the victim of the absolutism of the Stu-
arts; Penry was only a [Kxir Welshman, a martyr to re-
ligious lilicrty, the victim of Elizabeth and the Kstab-
Iishe<l Church ; his name is hanlly known to jNiKtority.*
These six men, with one other, William Dennis, of
whom wo know nothing except that ho was execute<I at
Thetfonl in Norfolk,! make up the roll of Kritish sub-
jects who, in this reign, suffered upon the gallows for
their inde|iendcnce. But a quick death at the hands of
the hangman was a mild punishmeht com|Kire<l with
that which was inflicted on scores— nay, hundreds, of
* Dexter, Ilopkiiu. Hnllmn itimiiisaeii liim liy incorrectly uying
that he \\a» the millior of a paiiiplilct *niiiiiiit Klizalietli. It is by
glossiiift orrr cvunta like tliU tbat tlic relii{iouii liUlory of Enf^land
ii made unintelligible. t Ucxier, |i. SOtt.
BMOUin PRIM>!fS ' rtt •
" ■ ■■ ■ .. »
others by committing them tu prison during tlio pleas-
ure of the crown. Wo shiill hco Romvlliing pri'Miiitly of
tho condition of the prisons of Ilolliind at this period.
Holland was a republic, where all men were regunUMl as
ual in the eye of the law. In England, thu niembers
of the upper classes when accused of crime were usually
committed to the Tower, or ri'lcii8«><l on bail. The com-
mon prisons were for the masiH>s, of whom no one took
account ; and it is difficult for tho imagination to con-
ceive of their condition — a condition which continue<l al-
most witlH>ut change uptil a iwriod within tho memory
of men now living.*
Huddled together, men, women, anit chililren, in one
fetid .chamlNir, undrained, swanning with vermin, and
devoid of all sanitary arrangements; without tire in
winter, and- without food, except that bought by them-
selves or supplic<l by chanty ; with no change of cloth-
ing, lying una>vere(l on flithy straw purcha-wd from a
groe«ly jailer; tho only"'morvel is that any one ever
emerged alive from these living tomlw.t
' Although it is at digression from the history of the
Seitarntists, it may be of interest to the r»>atli'r, as liear-
ing u|K>n other questions relating to American institu-
• Vol. I. p. »,1.
till iri77, nt tlie Oxfortl Amiwa, the prinonrr* bmuglit lucli •
uteneli with llieni into court n» to Ijiwil a pc«lilonr<", rarryintt off in
forty lioun the prcMiling Justice, the I^r<l Chicl' Hnroii of the Ex-
' chequer, two muiialitntii, the •hrrilT, tho hiwj-frx, nwwt of I he Jury, nnd
almut three liiinilretl otiient. (^iimdcn, " Riiker'i Chronicle*," p. 331,
citc»l Prtfiirc "Hiate Trinlii" (eil. 1730). Biicon ili'itcriU-d the jail-
fever iw " tlie mo«t pcmicioud infection, next to the phigiie — whereof
we have had in our time experience* twice or thrice, when iHith tlie
Jud;(« thnt xat upon the jail, anil numlieni of thow who nllen<le<l
the bunini'Sii, or were pretient, sickcneil anil ilieil ;" iiunted Lcckj'a
" EnglaDil in the Eighteenth Century," Ameriuan e«l., i. IMS.
in TBI rCaiTAN IN BOLLAMU, BNOLANO, AND AMUIOA
tioiu, it WO here follow up the subject of English pri«-
ons as they continued until recent times.
Aliout.two years after the Ilestoration of the Htuarts,
Williuni IVnn and a numb*>r of other (juakerg were con-
fine<l in N'eu-gnte. Khvtxxl, one of Iheno priHoncrs, tells
what liap|)cnod while ho was there, and from his state-
ment the nradcr can judge of the condition of the |)ris-
ons of England at that time. A coroner'M inqucMt being
held over one of their number, wlio had b«'n released
by death, the jury insisted on seeing the room in which
he had l)een coniineil. The demand was grante«l by the
kce|ier, with great reluctanc*!. AVhen they rcachetl the
door, the forenuin lifted up his hands an<l suid, " Lord
bless me, what a ^ight is hero! I did not think there
had been so much cruelty in the hearts of Englishmen
to use Englishmen in this manner. We need not now
question how this man came by his death ; we may rath-
er woijder that tlltey are not all deatl." *
These atrocities are not chargeable to any one relig-
ious or political ]mrty. In 1721), long after the fall of
the Stuarts, (>glethor|>o ))rocure4l a ])arliamentary inves-
tigation of the liritish prisons, revealing rcitults so hor-
rible as to arouse universal indignation, f Itut although
indignation was aroused, little was dime to correct or to
mitigate the evil. The prisons were left, as Lecky says,
"a disgrace to English civili)aition."
* EIwooU'm " Life." In audi hellii u tliii fi>urtren liunilrol Quak-
ers were confluinl, iH'twecn 1880 nn<l 188.1, of wlinm tn'rinil liim<lrr<l
ilied. Jnuney'fi "Life of I'enn," i. 387. Orren |iut4 llic numlirr
much hijtiicr. TIicm', however, form but n Kninll fmrlion of llie Ave
thonaunil iliswntcril who ilicti in priaon nOer the Ki'Ktomtion. Mk-
csulay well (leM!ril>e8 thene priwiut nii " helU on enrt h, fuininariei of
CTerj crime nml every dbxNue." — " Hittory of £n|(lnDil," i. SOS.
t Lecky, i. MS.
MO iMrBoviMiirr in Howard's timb ita
About 1772, J«)hn Howard Iwgaii his noble work.
From a full ])er»onul investigation of the subject, he
camo to the conclusion that more iiersona (lic<l from
jail-fever than ut the hamls of the liungmun,* al-
though there were at this time no lens than one hun-
dred and sixty offences punishable with death in Kng-
land; and it was not uncoinmon for forty or fifty
persons to 1m) condcmne<l to execution at a single assize
in a county .t
Scarcely an improvement hod l>een made in the prison
system since the days of Eli/^lieth. The jailers n-cuived
no salary, but \mA the government for the privilege of
wringing their profits out of the unhoppy wretches 8ul»-
jectod to their rapacity and violence. They sold the pris-
oners their ftxHl and the straw on wliich they slept. Those
in confinement without means supported themselves by
making little articles which, standing outside the prison
gate, and chained by the ankles, th#y were ullovve»l to
sell. Others were permittc«l to lieg, sus|)ending a stock-
ing fro'm the window, or standing within the grated
door and assailing the by-stantlers with their piteous
cries. There was no seiNtration of the sexes, and no re-
gard wa.1 {Niid to the hnlplessness of childhoo<l. Kven
an ac^iuittal brought no r<>lief, unless the jailer's fees
were paid ; and many a victim pronounced innocent by
a jury lingered on in torture until death o(ienod hia
prison gate.J ■
* Iloward'a "State oftlip Prison* in Englanil and Wtkii," ad cd.
1780, p. 11.
1 1/eeVy. 1. 547. In 1818 then were cnmmitted to the JiiiU of the
Cnitcd Kinf;<liim more than 107,000 |Kraana,n nonilwr aiippnucd tn
be greater than that of all the contmitmenls in the rrtt iif Europe
put together. RlMiurgk Jierieif, July, 1831, p. 28a
{"Thr Nineteentli CcDturf,"b]r Kobert Maclcenxie, boolc ii. clitp.
IL-18 ^
IM TUI n'RITAlf IX BOLLAND, K!«aLA!ll\ AND AMCRICA
All thoM horrora Ilowanl . Inid before thn Knf(liRh
pcopli', liut they nMiminoil unniovml. Their tnivcllen
hat! told them, fur twix centiiricd, of the.|)riiii>nM which
they Raw in ropultlivnn Ilulhind. Of thetio prisonii, a
few years l»efor«f the time of Howard, Itavieii wiyg:
"The iniimtos of the common jaiU for men Were »u\>-
ject to no other hilM>r than that of mwinf; u certain, and
by no moans excewive, qiianttty of wood in the day;
Biich, however, as burned the wood, or proved otherwiiio
unndy, were shut up in a court, when^ ii pump wait so
oontriviMl that they were obhgiMl to keep it conituntly
at work to ))revent tlio water riiiinf^ high enough to
drown them.* They HubsiHteti <m the aanio fiMMl aa
was provided for seamen, with l)eer. The women were
plaecd in u 8e|iuruto prison, ' Spinhuys,' wben> they
were employe«l in acwing or spinning, well fo«l, and
not obligo<l to sleep more than two in u r<K>m; the
whole haiving more tlio ap|x>arance of a. fteluMtl for in-
structing the common jieople in work than u jitil. The
most high-lired and delicate ladies did not iliMtlainto peN
form thn duties of nrntrouM of the female prisons, of
hospitals, oqihan asylums, or other charitulile foundi^
tions."t
It was not the agt* tliut was at fault, but tlie men
among the governing classes to whom Ilowun) matle his
rain np]N>2tl. Others followed him, calling attention tu
the udmirublo system in Holland, and at a htter day to
i; ; Ilowiinrii " 8l«lc of Primnn," etc. «rc nUo " TJw Vif»r of W*k»-
fleW " f'>r nn acrount of line of IlitM) priiMmi.
* A ilisriplino •till i-untiiimil in llx' Fn'iich nniiy.
t D«iri(ii'ii "lliitnry of llnlhnicl," iii. '.tHU. Thn niiiulwr of eifCV-
tions tlirouKliniit tlie Uniltil Provinces sTcreged from four to its
kimualljr. lUeui.
., TOC MPABATItTS IN riOION IM
thiit ettablinlirtl in I'cnnHylvania. Sir Samuel Rontilly
told Ilia coiiutrvincn, rcgiinlinK their uti^K-ioiiH criniinul
code, that liu lind cxaininixl tlKMo of all other natioiift,
and that EiiKlimd'i wan thu wortit, worthy only of a race
<if cannibalri. Nothing, howevor, wait acei>ni|)llsh<Hl until
after 1H:I4, when, under thu instruction of America, and
after a imrliamentary inveiiti^ition, it was diH'idetl ro
adopt the prison hystvni which had licen extalilishi-d liy
New York and I'ennMylvania. AVhat won(h-rs Kngland
has accomplished in tlie last half-century is xomethinK
known to every reader, hut what she owes to rrpuhlican
America is not so fully undcrstootl.*
(t was into those liMdhsomu and .)iestilcntial <lenH.
which (M)Rtinue4l without improvement for more timn
two centuries, that £li7iibeth and her prelates hurrietl
the Separatixts whenever a congregation wasdetocteil in
privato worship. I'iteimsly the prisoners lK>gged that at
least they might be tried, and if found guilty ri'lieved
from torture by the hangman. Ihit their only olfcnce
was attendance at religious meetings pnihibite<l by law,
and, as yet, this was n<>t a crime that could Ix; punished
by the civil ])ower8. How many arrestMl by the Eccle-
siastical Conimission died in prison will never be known.
• " Knr)'cln|iS(lia Uritaimlra," urtlclr on " I'rinon Ditciplin*." For
Engliib primnior IStS, aco "8tnle of llio I'nMiiu in Englaiul,' Scot- .
Uni), nnd WalM," lijr Jiinir« Neild (Lnn<l(in, IKIS), p. SM. 8e« alw
"An lDi|iiirj wlietlicr Crime «nil Miwry are I'nKluccd or I'revenleil
by our Preient System of Prinon Uiicipline," l)y TlinniiiB K. Ilu«lnn,
tSlD. In tliit woric tlie aiitlinr coiitnwtn ilie EnKliiili pritoni wiili
one in I'liiliidelpliiit lind' one in Client. Eiliiihurgh tlrrutr, Sept.,
1818; see alio HUiitiMiyh Krritif, Jan., 1H33, for an article iliowin);
the influencu of Aniericn'H example in priw>n diacipline, tlio New
York syHtem " corraapouding in •ome important rcipecta with the
Dutch plan."
IM Till PlnUTAN IN UOIXAMD, IMaLANU, AND AMIMTA
They wore conllncd not only in l/1n<lon,°liut thnm^liont
all the kinKiiuni. The autlinritieH niiulo every effort to
conceul the niinilier of the dmul, refusing to liohl coro-
ner's in(|iicMt8, and l>urying their victims secretly at
night. Still, we Imve the name* pruserveni of twenty-
fiiiir who were thus slowly niurilored in the I/indon
prisons ulone.*
It 8e<>ins, at first thought, somewhat renmrknhle that
the sufferings of the SefiaratistJi should have nroused ns
little sympathy iimong the Puritans ns nmiMig the ku|)-
jKirtcru of tint i)relucy. Theisp men wen' men'ly imi-
tating the e.xampio of the Puritans themselves, who, in
'15<l.'>, Ix'gtni to form s<>|iimite congn^gntions, and they
were hut following to their legitinuitn conclusions the
eiirly toachingM of Cartwright and his nssocintes. Hut
times had changiil since ('Hrtwright begun his laltors.
llis own views were mo<liHtHl hy his long residence
abroiul. The I'urituns had greatly incroase<l in num-
Ix-rs, and their h^wtiHty to tljo Establishcl Church wa»
much mitigated l>y their country's deliverance from
Sjiain. KliTUtbeth was growing old, her successor had
be«'n hnnl u Pn-shyterian, an<l the English Piiritana
looked forward to the time when their systeni would
be (>8tat)li8hed by law, and they would become the rulers
of the Church. The Separatists interferetl with their
schemes us seriously as they themselves, at an earlier
day, hod intcrfere<l with Elizabeth's scheme of re^on-
ciliutiun with the popo.f
* lliinlniry. i. 89; il<>|ikinis iii. 407; Drxtcr.pp. 207. tM. 2IM. citing
tlic '■TriK-Ciinrnwiot)*, etc., nftliiwe FsImI; Called Browni>lii,"etl!.,
ISWi; Strype. Iv. U7. -
t In ISUO. (.'Hrtwright wmte to liis uitcr-in-Uw. Mrs. Hliibbn, '* to
.pcniiitUc her from UruwnUiu." lie urged Ibat it »'u belter to re-
Yt> .;■; ?v
rABUAHBNT BAXUUIS TDB iir«KATI8TII, MM 1*7
Juat at the timo that the Keparatixtii Itet^nio ninncr-
ouR and uutii|>okcn, thu I'uritaim wvre fonnuluting thvir
" lUxtk of iJim-'il'lino," and sooking through rarhunii'nt
to liavo their ayntem ailopted for tho nation. The nt>\v
sect containwl ignorant and fanatical spiritii, who, hke
all fanatics, indulged in intcni|M.>nit« H|i<>och and action.*
The gorcrnnu'Ht . pnilNibly attributwl to tho I'uriUini
words that were 8|)okcn an<l things that were done by
the Soparatista lUone, and lienco tho arrrst and impri».
onnnent of Cartwright and a number of bis atwotiatca in
ISW*.
It is not strungr, thoroforp. taking tho «vholo situation
into account, that tho Puritans i)ot only failcsl to syui-
pathizo with tho SoimratiHts, but cron exhibit<-<i towards
them a' spirit of |M>culiar bittenicss. How far their
bittemem extonde<l was fJ)own in the rarliauiont of
161>3.
Tho government, imnic-stricken by tho growth of the
Separatists, sent down from the IIouso of Lords a most
atrocious bill. liy its provisions, any person niaintain-
,ing opinions against the ecclesiastical establishment was
indKtable for felony, and punishable with duath. This
measure would iiuive emlangered all tho Puritans of the
kingdom who a<lvocated the Presbyterian system, and
naturally encountered their objet^tions in tho House of '
mata fp a ctiunli witli wicked men tlinn to Icnre it snil, m it %ei»,
excoinmuniciitc one'* w^lf from tbo lioljr llilnKii of (iml. lUrr. MH$>.,
1781, quoted Drigg>'> "American Pmlijleriaiiitm," p. 43.
* Lon(( iK'forc llic Qiialtcr*, Rome of the Ilrowniiilii rcfiiMd to uy
8ond>T, Monday, etc., but aald Fint dnjr, Second day, etc. no|>-
kina, iii. 312. It ii claimed tliat Barrovo waa ai intolerant at any oi
hit opponent*, aawrting that the State tbould eatabiiab lii> tyttem
and tuppreM all otbera. Certainly, tome of bit follower! aiicited
this doctrine. Dexter, p. 182.
IW Till PfHrrAH IN RUUjtltD, KNaLAHD, AMP AMCNIC*
rommonH." Hut. though carcfurcnnuffh of their own
lUtfcty, thfV riin><l iniirh Uwh for th<> olinoxioua Sv|iam-
tixtx. Tht< ItitliT were (imi niiiiicn>iiH to !« lumtiiarily
wtwiitwl. lioiiig, lU'conlinj; to the statement of Sir Walter
Italei)(h, at h'tist twenty thoiiHanil in nuniher, Muttered
thnxigli Norfolk, Fjwi-x, anil the vieinity of I^nilon.f
The hill \\i\» then-fow anien<le«l wt u« to jfive them a
ehancc for life, while ridding the Country of their jws-
lAiee. Ah tinally ]>iiiMed, it vnncte<l that any penutn
atM>\'e sixttvn yonrx of itg*) alxtentinf; hinixelf from
churrh, witliout ko<nI enuDe, for one month, dJHsuadin^
others fnmi atlendanee, writinff or Mving anything
afi^iinst the authority of the crown in eeclimiuatical
eauHCi), or attending any unlawful eonv'enliele, ghoubl
Im* imprisoheil without Ixiil, and nt the end of three
niontlig, if n>fufiing to eonform. lianishtNl the kingdom,
forfeiting nil his goods and chattels and the income of
his rcak-stato for life. All c«)nvict«'«l iN'rsons refusing
to leave the realm, or returning fr<mt Imnishmcnt with-
out leave, were te suffer death as felonH.J
With the enactment of this statute tim prison doors
were o|iened, and Kngland U^gan to re«'ivenre|>ayment
in kin«i foV- the refuge affordotl at nn earlier tlay to the
men driven from the Netherlands by the |)ers(«utiun8 of
Alva and hisSjinniards. No country wu*,o|H>n to th«-8C
exiles except the new repuhlic across the Channel, and
' • Their nl>Jfcliona Icil to the cit'CUtion of Diirmwo mill OnH'nwnm),
wlin, nt lliiii Jnncliin-, wero liurrieillj put to dcatli lu n wnming to
ntlirn. Dexter, p. 24S; IIo|>kln«, ill. »9I.
* NenI : D'Kwea, ctr. Suinc modem vrritcn consider tliU an cxag-
geratiun.
: Neal, p. 108. The ttatuto waa an drawn aa not to apply to Pa-
Plata. Thi'ir cnac wns covered liy other acta. Mem ; liopkini, ill
564. N'ollilng under tlio Drat Hliiarti equala tliia act.
"ft
THI MrMUTItni in BOLLAltD IH
tUither they fl<>cko(l in milltitmluH during the hiat ten
yean of klizitbeth'ii l«ign.* They hud in their mnltH a
few scholiirH, ont-, Henry Ainiwurtli, Iwing diiitingiii»hMl
■■ a liihte ouiiinientator, nnd t'liiMH<«( uniong thu aitUiit
linguiRtH i)f bia time. Hut, in the inuin, thvy wm* men
of little e<lu('tttion, und im> |MM>r uk, in w>inv comii, tn lie
(le|)en(lt>nt u]Min the charity of the lliillamleni, nhich
knew no creed or niitioBuiity. t Without the M-lfron-
trol which come* only from hmg (tnu'tico in aelf-fnovem-
ment, their »)ngn*^tionii were Nometimee miwruhly
rent, divideil, and m-tttleriHl. FIven their tolcrunt lioHtu,
who refunetl to 'turn them adrift ut the re«|ui-Hl of the
Engliiih nutkoritica, found them ut Amt "diMMintentvd,
factious, conceite<l, and tlioroughly diaagreealile men.
with whom it would ho lafuet to have oa little to do ua
poiaihie." { ' "
And yet theao Heparatiita, with all their diaagreeablo
tAuta of elmractur, had at bottom the idea of true n'lig-
ioua liberty. Hod they been |)eraecutcd in Holland, as
at home, they would probably liav« remninotl intolerant
and factioua. Itut the enlightened atatesmcn of the re-
public hiul early leurniHl that civil un<l religioun pnigreaH
is advanced by {)ennitting, and not by atilling, frut< dia-
coaaion. Theae men were fanatics, but, it ia through ita
fanatica that the world progreaaea. They clung to their
doctrines of a aeparation between Church and State, and
the aupjiort of miniatera by voluntary Qontributiona and
not by tithea. How great a debt both England and
America owe to them, nnd to the men about them in
the Netherlanda whose influence aliuped their character,
the modern world ia just beginning to ap|treciate.
* Neal, p. 208: Ualltn, i. llfl.
t Dexter, p. M8. } Idem, p. 105.
IN TMB rqnrM in ikilund, skolamp. aru aucrioa
In tim next chapter, I iliall trace tlin fortunoa of on«
of the S<<|Mratiiit cungrcgationa wliicli, in tho rfign uf
Janica I., wttlnl in l^yilon, ami aflorwartia founilH
the fainoua American «!«>l<>ny of Plymouth. Tho men
of thia congrp^ation, wh<m) Ameriranit ih-light to call
tho I'ijf^m Kuthen>, h»v« pjay*^) an imp<irtnnt jwrt in
hintnry, their theoluffy Imving liirg<'ly afTM-t<<<l that of '
all New Kngluntl. Hut they wi'tv few in niimlierj and
their ilireet inHiltoildtSm tho world at liirKn lina not liocn
great iia com|)ared with fhiit exert<><l liy Homo other
ChriHtian UNlieH whieh alRo originated among the Kng-
Hail SejwratiitH who Bettle<l in Holland at an earlier
day. To the question of the origin and development of
these IxMlics the remainder of this chapter will be de-
voted, although its conaideratton carries ut, in point of
time, a little IwyomI the reign of Queen KlizJilteth.
We have seen, in tho ])n'c(Mling ]«gi's, wliat a close
resemblance existed between the prini-iptes udviincod by
tho Knglish Se|iarotiitts and those hehl long l)eforo by
the Analiaptists,or Mennonites, of Holland. When now
these Heimratists were driven fnini Mieir homcH to find
a refuge in Ilolhind, it wan hut natural that they should
be attracted by tho teachings of men to whom they
owc«l BO much. The city of AniHtenhim liecamo tho
headquarters of the English refugees, anti hero they
found great numbers of the Mennonites. Distracted in
their own congregations, some of the Kngiisii. Separa-
tists left their brethren, accepte<l n new Ijaptism ut tho
baufhi of the Mennonites, and openly ayowe<l many of
their doctrines. The new converts took for theniiclvet
tho name of Itoptista, and in inil a numlter of them re-
turned to England and founded ill Ix>ndnn the first
church of "Ueneral Baptists." Hy 1M23, they, luul
churches, corres|ionding with what were known as the
onioiM or Till •*mm tM
Waterlaniler Mennonitet of AmiitenUm, in I^ondon,
Lincoln, Sanim, Coventry, nml Tivi'rton.*
Thus it niuie almut that thu |)enH-«:ute(l AnalMptiits
of Holland, taking tlioir ilcM-trinet trmn llio i>arly ('bri»>
tian*, ^ru liirtli t<i tlio |»nwprful dcnominiitiim of Ilnp.
tiitv which hnii |>lay(<«i no im|M>rtant a |Mrt in Iho rr>lif(ioui
hiitory of KnKlumI and Atnnricn. During; tlio Civil War
and undor th« ahort-livod Coinmonwcolih, tho K(>n<>ral
name of In<l<>pcndonti wai a|i|>Ht<d to nil iIuhh! who, un-
like thn K)iiico|ialian8 and rrvabytcrianR, U'licvcd in the
congrpf^itiunal iyit«.'ni of cliurcli government and tho
ae|)arati(in of Church ami State. Those were the men
who, after the reinudelting of the army, mnifho«l to vic-
tory under tho Icadonhii) gf Cromwell.and then stood up
with him for liberty of conscience against tlie old estab-
lished Churub and the ncw-lwm Presbyterianiiitn which
sought to Im» etitabliBhcd. Of these In(lo|KMident8 the
UaptiHts formed tho largest and must inHuontinl srction.f
They had generally given np the early doctrine of non-
raistanoe — although some still adhered to it uud afflli-
* BurcUy'a "Inner Lira of the Kelij^ui Sorirlim o( llip Com-
iDODW«Ub,"|i|>. flf, 7a, 7!>; Mauon'i "Ufu anil Tiiiio of Miltuii,"
II. M4. Ilarclajr, the niitlior of the ttlimltle work Ant rili-U, wyt, in
s spirit very iliflercnt fruni that ihown by inmt EngUili writi-rn, that
" coniidf nlilo light may, wo feel aiire, lie yet lliruwn u|ifln the early
hlatoiy uf (he churchct of the Ciiniinonwi-altli liy a niinuto ami ac-
curate tluily of the itate of rrllgion In Ilollnml ilurlni; the half-ccn-
lory prior tu tlio atruRglo lietwoen the king and Parlinnicnt," p. 78.
Of the General or Arminlan Bapllit churches of Englanil he wliia:
"We Imto aliowD that tlieie churclin were aulistantially Mennonlle,
That immo of Iheae churehra gradually allrred their vicwi cannot b*
donbtctl, liut that many iif tlivm aubtlanliiilly held lu tlie MvuDonitc
tallh and practice will lie aliown in the courae of the hiatory."
t Ma>M>n'i " Hilton," ilL IW. V
am THB n'RITAN IM IIOtXAMn ■NIILAHU, AND AMBMCA
ttml with tliu Quuk«ni~liut iiiNiiit«<i on tlin necnwity of
■dull lM|>tiiiii, tho riglit ttf any one tu prawsli, wliolher
oniuini<<l or not, Hnil tho invioluliility of tho (nmiH^iHicc.*
Thu ('i>iiKn>f{utioiiiiliiitM, or lln>wniiitii,iU|)|M)rt4><l th«m
, in dfiiiitmliii)^ rolif^itnw liberty, but it in to th« honor of
tho liiiptiitlH that th(*y worn tlitt tirHt iMMly of Kn^hiih
(./'hrimiunM to funiiulate and enforce tho doctrine. Thin
they dill when they organixetl their' (mront Church in
AniHtenlnm. Thnt Church, in Kit I, put forth a l>e<l«ni.
tion of FnitU whicli cont«inod them) wunU : " The mikg.
istnte iH not to nunltlle witli religion or matters of con-
■ciunce, nor coni|it>l men to this or that fonii of religion ;
because (.'hrist is the King and M^v giver of the Churoh
■tid conscience." f A leametl iiritish writer suys of this
dooldnition : " It is lM*lieve<l thut this is tho llrst oxprw-
■ion of the alisolute principle of lib(>rty of conscienoo'in
tho public urticleit of any body of Christians."^ In
view of whut we have seen an to tho teachings of tho
Dutch Anikliaptists in England, iind tlioir uniform teach-
ings in Holland for souio seventy years Itefore, this
statement \h up|>arently overdrawn.
liut no wunis of praise can lie t<Mi strong for the ser-
vices wbich the Engliiih liaptistti have rendered to the
* Barcl*^, 73. Bajitifin b; imiBeninn, wlilch the; ilii) not sdopt ,
in EiikUuiI UMIil abnut 1433, Kltlioiigli incli itrca hu Uvn Uiil
U|>uti It In mmli-m times, wu no nrw pnirtlrr on tlit'lr |mi1. II wis
the old custom of tlio EnglUh' Church, F.<lwnril VI. and Klinlwth
havinx Iwn b«pli»d in that maoncr. " Tlia AnabaptMt in Bwita-
«rlnnd."
t Mnuon'a " Milton," iii. 101. Tho Drat Engllah C'onftrPKatiuoa)
Church, fiiimilf'<l in London liy Jncoli in ttlt, alao by rrnigM-a n-
turned from Holland, admitted in its (^onrtsalon of Faith tlial tb«
cItH niagiatrutes aboultl, under Christ, goTura ths Church Ma*.
loD,il070. t Idem, iii. lot.
-Is'-.
tvi kArTMrn IN HiaroRT (M
of religioua liberty. * Tlitty went down with
Crumwetl and iiuffrrtMl a rvlfntkMa itunuH-ution uflnr the
Reatoratlim of the Stimrta, hut thi'V liavx nrVcr hiat
their inducnoo oa a Ittavrn in the land. In purity uf
life and in Hulwtuntiul Chriitiun work tlii'.V huvi> UM*n
anrp«aa<<<l hv thu m<-nilicn of no otiit'r rcliifiuuii >MNly.
Ilavin^i; licen the flrxt Kritish denomination of Chriatiunit
to pmclaim the principle uf ruliKious lilierty, they were
aUu the lint to iiend out niiatiionuricN to th« heathen.t
At the outwt, aa did the Miilhodiala of u lati-r day, they
Qndcrvttluud the ndvantHf^ of n lilirrul itlucution for
their pn-Hvlicni, hut with tho •■Htahliiihment of their ad-
minihle colliffca that rt'pnwdi huH lon^ iinci> Imh'h re-
moved. In fact, takinff their whole history tofifi'thcr, if
the Anabnptista of Holland had done nothing nion; for
the world than to iM'f^nt lurh otTitpring, thoy woultl have
repaid a thousand-fohl ull thecnrp ahtiwn for tlu'ir lil>-
ertiet^ hy the Prince of Oran^ in hin contcat with some
of the narrow-minded Calviniata amon^ his nMWM-iatitt, {
In Aniorica their diH-trincH w«^r<< first pstahlish(>d by
a scholar who rowl in the Dutch iangiia((C to the {met
• Bee MsHoo, lit. M. 109, 107. «(r.
t " Knryrli>|Mrili« Ilriuniiira," nrlitlc " Bnpliati."
, In 1IW8, tlio IVilitiit chiirclici of llip Ijiitnl Kta'li'* nuiiilx-ml
Dfarlj four inilllon rnitimunicanlii, pirrnlin^ llip whols aitKn-KUte
oftlie I'mli^trrinn, ConnrrKallnniil, Lutlivran, Kpiiciipal, Dutcli uiil
Ckmwn Kcriirmctl, t'nitiirinii, anil I'nivrnalUt chiirclm u{ ilic cniiii-
Irjr, wliiMo unilnl coinniunicunU ammintinl to aUiut llin« iiiillioii
flra huiuiivd tliouuntl. "nible publitlicd in the New York Iiul*-
ftndeni fnr Jiilr, 1888, inacio up fmm ll>e yearlxioki of tlio varkiiii
religioiit ilrnomimitiana, apit rc|>ulilli>lieil in tlio World Alinaiutv for
1889. In 18W, llicra were in tlie Unitiil SUtn lire liundretl ami
flity eaDgre|{atiiina of Mennnnllct, lliia counlrj and Canada Iwing
BOW their chief home. "Ceniui Bulletin," No. ISl, Oct. SMIi, IHSI.
•M Tui nmiTAN iR HoixARn naunD. a!<d amouca «
MiltoD.* Imbibing the iileiui m well an tlie langnago of
tlin Dutch, Ki)|(or WjllMfns, wIkwo origin ii tligpiitetl,
oroM«4l tli« Atlantic in Itiat, ami lamliHl in Munuichu-
wtta. Tho tint principle with which this gi'ntic llapti«t
••toniih(>4l hi* Kngliuli compatriot* related tu their title
to the mil. Advancing the doctrine, alway* cnforceti
by tho lliillanderi in their aettlcnicnt* uf New York,
New .Ferwy. Ifelaware, and I'-'iinnylvanjii, lurniwerted
tha^lhc lunil Mongeil to the 'n<lianii,and that the King
of Englan<l, having no titl« to it, could make no valid
gnnt.t Thia oatragooua, un-Kngliah doctrine waa bit-^v
terly dcnounoe<l, and if adheriMl to would prolmbly
alone have lieon RUlllcicnt to cause his expulsion from
tho colony. liut ho added otlu'rs even nion^ abhorrent.
He declareil that " the diKstrine of iiersecution for cause
of conscience ia moat evidently and Innientalriv contrary
to the doctrine of Christ Jesus." The 'nagistratea in-,
iistod that every man should attend Jivino worship.
'Williams tlenoundti this law. They f rai io«l tlicir '' Free-
man's Outli," by which every freeman wiu obliged to
■Wear allegiance to Massachusetts. Ho di-nic<l the right-
to impoao an oiith, and when summoned betoro tho court
refused to take it. Finally, banished from Alawachu-
■etts in 103A, he went to Rhode Island, and there found-
ed the flrst IJaptist Church in America.
All honor to the fugitive from Knghind, who, in such
an age, and bred in such a land, could thus stand forth'
Ma champion of the doctrine tjiat conacience should be
ftto. New England historians are, however, scarcely
* Bpark>-> " Life of Kogcr WillUmt," pp. ISO, 151 ; we " Uillon and
Vondcl," b; Oeorge EdmanUwa (loodon, 18K>), p. IT.
t Errrj gnat lusde \ij tb« Dutch wh conditioned on t parcliai*
from the Indian*.
won wtuuM III AamoA m
jtutiHeil in crediting him with ita (litoorery, exc<r|>t upon
tb« thmry ot the Kn^liih Uwi that thn liritiali cititon
who tlr»t cUitn* * foreign invontiim is cntitltxl to a pat-
ent.*
Turning now from thii view of the lulij^ft, it in intor-
nting ti> note how 'hi< |icrMecuti<m of thu Itiiptiit* in
America hot lieen treated by the iletraetoni of the I*uri-
tani. They deal with the tMtnithmcnt of William* aa if
it IhuI been lome.thing |)eculiar to thestvm Calvininmof
tin) eaVly aettlera of Maiuachuiictt*. liut tlicMt wtllcra
■imply ex|ielle<l him from the colony aa an enemy of
public onler, while only twenty-three years liefore, when
Janiei I. wua on the Ihnme, the Epiico|>aliun« of tho
mother country ha*l burnetl Edward Wightman at the'
■take for profvasing tli6 muim reli|poui opinionrt The
* BsDcroft Mfn Roficr Willinnit " wu t Puriun, •ml • ftigfltr*
flrom Engliali perarcutiop ; but liUWri>ng( liul not clou^lvil lliiiccu-
nte unili-nliintUDg ; in the captcknii rvcnart of hit luiiul lie had ra-
Tolrcil the tinlura uf inlnlrrancp,in'l he, and he nhme, h<ul arrWn) at
the (treat principle which i» ill lole cITrcliial rrnirilf ■ lie apiiiiiinr«<l
hit (liacover; ui<der the aiuiple pm|Mitltinn of the aanciity of con-
•cienrc. The citil magittrate ihoutd rvalruin crime, Imt never rnn-
trol opinion; •linuhl punlih guilt, hut never viiilnte the fneilnin of
the aoul. . . . IIu wm the Hnt pcr«un in nxMlern C'liriiteniloiil to
aaaert in it* plenitude the doctrine of the liberty i>( conKClrnre, the
•quality ofnpinione twrure the law, and in ita drft'nte ho waa the
harbinger of Milton, the precunor and the tnpcrior uf Jerenijr Tay-
lor''—Bancroft, i. M7-87.1, 7lb ed. Ilildrcth wriu-a in the awn*
(train: "Amid all hia wliimtici, the Tignroui Iniullcct of William*
had aeiiMl the great idea of what he callnl 'auul lil>frly,' the InTio-
Uble IVvetlom of opinion, that ia, on the anbject of ri'ligion— iin idea
•t that lime wholly niivel, but which, by ita gmdunl rccrplion, ha*
wrought, in the cnuiw of two ccnturiea, auch remarkable cbangct in
Chrittendoni."— Ilildreth, i. SS8.
t At LicbOeld in 1S12.
IM TM rmUTM ra aotURD, iHauNn and Aiinic*
priiona of EiK^lsnd were fur yearn after the Iteatoration
of the (StunrU, in ItitU), full of itikptUta, and to the twulve
yeani' inoarcttration of onn of tlieiii, r humble tinker, the
wurlii owes the immortal " I'ilf^m's I'nigrusH." It waa
En)(liHh and not I'uritan inlolurance which waa thus
exliil>it<>«l, and that intolerance the Aniericun I'liritans
tloiiKlii-4l nir long liofore the Church from which they
had Hoceiled.
Again, it must be rpmemliercil timt tlio mild |icrsecu-
tion of the llaptists in America was very fur from lieing
the work of the whole community. The people of Salcra
desinnl Williams for n |>ii8(0r, ditipito his eccentricities,
and his final banisljincnt from the colony was imly ef-
fected by a small majority of the freemen. At that time
there were many men in New England who had lived in
Holland, and seen Analiaptisti and even Jews enjoying
there full religious toleration. It must have been diffi-
cult to {lersuade such {lersons that liberty of conscience
was dangerous to the^tublic |ieaco. Thus it wns that the
early ndigious iiersecutiun in New England Wiis of so
mihl a character. It was only when true Puritanism
was on the decline, and nlien the lessons of toleration
learned in Holland were fading away, that the New
Engknd colonists, following the examjilo set by the
. mother country, began to execute their victims.
8uch is the pmligree of the liaptists of England and
;Aniertca. liut there is another ivligious body, 'li>)w nu-
merous nt present, which, however, founded one, of the
moHt influential of the American colonies, for whose
origin we must also turn to the early English ISe|>ara-
tists and their prctlecessors among the Meiinonites of
Holland. The members of this body are calle«l Quakers
by the oiitHide world ; they cull themselves the " Society
of Friends."
m qcinu-wiLUAM natn ' wn
Of the pecul'ar doctrine* of ttiew men notliinK can Iw
traced Ut an Kngliili tourco. HpenkinK "' <'^"'Kv Vox,
the Kn^lnh founder of thn Mvt, Itorclnv, tlie \mat aO-
tbority u|i<)n the MubJ(H;t, liiiniielf a nieiiilM>r of tliu SocI- .
ety, iay«, in a diBouiMioii of the doctrintM of thn Mpnnon-
itM: "Ho cloacly do those views corruti|Mjnd with thoM
of (Jcor>{<i Fox, that wo uro com|N-llo<l to viow him ui»
the unruniiciouR cxponont of thu doctrino, prnrtioo, iind
discipline of the nnciont and strict party of tlio Dutch
McnnonitoH, nt a ihtkmI whon, under the pn-Muro of tlie
times, Homo deviation took plaiH< nniong the (iinend Ifai|v
• tists from their original principles."* .
Thus it is tliat the Quakers of Kngland trace theiir dtv
■cent Imck through the Kngliiih Sejiaratists to tlio Men-
nonitos of Holland. Itut for those of America there ia .
even a cluscr connection.
William I'enn's mother was a Dutchwoman, and a
very notable one, the daughter of John •laK|MT, of IJot-
terdam. "Dutch Peg," accunling to Pepys, the charm-
ing gORsip, had more wit than hur English huslmiul, who
at the time of their marriage was a captain in the navy,
' •con to l>ecome an admiral.f llpr son, the founder of
Pennsylvania, was, like lioger Williams, a thorough
Dutch Hcholar. He had travelled extonsivvly in Holland,
and preached to the Quakers of thai country in their
* DnrcUy'ii " Inner Life," p. 77. It ii in Inlemting f«ct in tlili
onnDcclian that Bcwcl'i " llUtnr; of (be QunkiTu," the pioneer book
upon tliii Kulrlcct, wu written in Dutch. Hrwel wi\> Ijoni at Aroitcr-
■Uin in lO-U. Rnil in hi* fnmll.T we Imro thu pcdijirec nflhc ({iiRl(cr«w
III* gmmlfather wiu nn KuKliiiii Iirowoiit,or Sepnniliat. Hit fullicr
becsnic u BuptiW, snil mi contiDUe>l until Id.'i?, whrn lie Joined iIm
Qocken. Steven'* " Iliaturjr of the Scottish Cluirch iu Kotlvnlun,"
p. 872
t"Pepy«'«Dltry,"li. IJO.
208 Til* PCRITAN IN IIOIXAMD, INOLAND, AND AHKniCA
native tongue.* In a later clmpter I shall show the
Hourco from which he dorived the legal and political
principles which ho intro<luced into Pennsylvania, mak-
ing that colony in many rc8|)cct8 the most advance<l and
influential among the thirteen which formed the Ameri-
can Union. I am now, however, dealing only with re-
ligious (|UCittion8, and desire merely to call attention to
the fact that the theological doctrines introduced by
Penn into America were derived originally from his
mother's land
So much for the Ilaptists and Quakers who sprang
from the English Soimratists driven from their homes
by Elizaljeth, and subjected to the influence of the Alen-
' nonitcB of ITolland. The story of their origin is im))or-
tant to any one who would -understand the history of
the United States. It is, however, entirely unnoticed by
the writers of such history, whose only' reference to Hol-
land in this connection is* confined to a mention of the
fact that the Pilgrim Fathers resideil there for some
twelve years iKsfore their emigration to Americji.
The exodus of the Pilgrim Fathers from England took
place after that of the great bo<ly of their 8o])arati8t
l)rRthrcn. They loft their homes at a time when Eliza-
beth was'in her grave, and when the Puritans, having en-
joye<l a toleration for years, were again subjected to a per-
secution which embraced all -the non-conformists. The
discussion of this new outbreak of intolerance, with its
8C()uenco the first settlement of New England, brings us
to the reign of James J., which, in jnany of its features,
presents a strong contrast to that of his illustrious prcd-
ecessor.f .
* Bee hfa "Life," by Jann»y, Dixon, Ptr. ^ '!
tTlio Piiritnii iiislnrinns of Engimul, nf wlioin Neil is tnexamplc^'
extol Eliabetli : anil well they mny vlien slie is conipnrt'd with b«r
.•*■ 'C',;
-■■■■■ . •' -:;' ■■ ■■■■ ;„.j, -fv- :. - ' ■ ■:■ '-
■usABirn IN prRiTAN niaroRT aot
nicccnon. She pcnecutcd the Puritans no long u thry ataoti in
the waj of her achcnitf of a rednnciliation witli Rome, but none uf
them were put to ilcath. Wlivn her scheme came to an end with
the deslruclibn of tlic Hpanish Annada, the treated them with mild-
neaa, wliilo dealing out death to their op|x>ncnta among the C'atho-
lica and 8eparatii)t«. Her aucceBaora ahicUUMl the Catholic*, while
thej placed the I'uritani and Separatists unity an e<|uul ban. Tliia
fact goes far to explain tile place which she has occupied in Protea-
tant hiatorj. Bat there ia something more which ahould lie men-
tioned to her credit. Like her father, alio believed in an cnliglitcAc^
deapotisni. Her adTiaers were, ft>r the moat part, tal(cn from the
middle claasea, aa aho rrcogniied nbilit; inateail of rank. 8he at-
tempted, in aomc mcaaure, to protect the lower orders from the ex-
actions ef those who claime<l to l>e their aiiperiora by birth, and she
gave the country great^material pr»s]icrity. In (lespito, therefore,
of all her faults, tbc hiatorinn may well point to her us a beacon light
in Engliah hiatorr, although much subsequent disaster resulted ttoxa
ber precedenta.
a— U'
CHAPTER XVII
'\ KIXO JAHES AND THE n'RITAKS
THE I'lUIRIM FATIIKKH
In the history of Enghsli Puritnnigm, tho reign of
James I. stands between tho seed-time .Ind tho harvest.
Under Elizabeth, tlie soil was tillc<t and planted. Under
Charles, tho " Martyr," tho liarvcst was gathered into
tho granaries of England and America. These periods,
so important in history, have somewhat overshadowed
tho intervening years, when " tho wisest fool in Chris-
tendom" was masquerading on the thfono. But these
twenty -two years, although marked by few stirring
events, present some features which cannot be over-
looked in any story of tiie development 'of the English
Puritan. Disregarding tho personal characteristics of
tho new sovereign, wo cannot iinderstand how monarchy
became not only hateful, but contemptible, in'the eyes
of a ])eople who joyfully fell on their knees before Eliziv-
beth when she looked in their direction. Overlooking,
as is often done, his vacillating policy in religious mat-
ters, we can as little understand how, under his successor,
Puritanism becaife tlie controlling jiow^r in tlie State.
Something of tho change in the feeling of the Eng-
lish ])eoplo towards the monarchy began to manifest
itself in the latter days of Elizabeth. She had been fpr
a long period, and especially just after the destruction
of the Invincible Anmulo, the idol of the nation. But
'•S-
Butr Kupai ov tuiABtm popvuutt 'an
fifteen years hod rolled around since that event, and in
those yearg the people hod been affonlc<I time to And
her out. Much of her early {xtpulurity \vn8 duo to the
light culU which she had made u]K)n the public purse.
Once launched into n war with Spain, these calls IKH-Hine
frequent and onerous. The grievances under the color
of purveyance, which she had promise<l to coiToct, went
on in all their illegal and oppressive rigor. As to the
monopolies, the jieoplo discovered Ix'foro her death how
thoroughly they hod been deceived by her false prom-
ises. Added to these arbitrary exactinn#wcn< the sor-
did jmrsimony which she exhibited in ]N>tty matters as
contnisted with her lavishness to unworthy favorites,
the ingratitude' which she digpluye<l to her l)C8t friends,
and, above all^' the tenacity with which she clung to her
prerogative in eccletiiastical matters-— a prerogative go
galling to a large Ixxly of her subjects.
Had the English people at this time been cutoff from
the Continent, and left only t6 their own traditions ; had
they been without the exai;nplo of a republic across the
Channel, where all such oppressions were unknown, no
one can tell how long they would have l)orno their ae-
0U8tome<l yoke with meekness and content. Kut the
last days of Elizabeth witncsseil a great change*. She
died on the 24th of March,. 10o';i, friendless and unwept,
as befitted the utter selfishness of her whole life.
Within a week she seemed to bo entirely forg«)tten.*
For years before the death of Elizabeth, all parties in
the State had been turning their eyes towards the rising
* Curte'i "England," Hi. TOT. Jamn forlmilo mnnrning for \\er,
and the coart affected an ubiiviou of her nifn. letter of Siilly,
Motlej'a "United Netherlands," iv. 13(1, 180. Sully exprMte* great
nitonishment at the flckleiieM of the Eugliab people.
lit TIIK PVUTAN m HOLLAND. BNOLAIfD. AND AMniCA
sun in Scotland. Never waa a monarch more conliallj
welcomed tu u throne than wua James I., the son of
Alurv Stuart, to that of England. His title was prot^-
ably defective at law, but no one thought of dis|mting
its validity. The (fueen on her death -bed had rocog-
nizo<l him ns her succegsor, and all factions gladly ac-
quietM-ed. The (.'atholies saw in him the son of a Cath-
olic martyr, and his secret emiMsaries had held out lio|)e8
to them of a g|iecial indulgence in case of his succession
to the throne. The Puritans saw in him the son of the
Scottish Kirk, to wim'h he liii|p)>rofes8e<l a devoted ad-
henmce. The Iligh-Church iwrt}', |)erha[i8 Itcltcr than
either of the others, knew their man. Thuc it came
about that his acntssion raised not a breath of oppo-
sition, except the faint murmur which threw into his
long and iniquitous imprisonment Sir Walter Italeigh,
the last of the Elizalx>than worthies, at this time the
most unpopular of men.* •
If ilamcs had i)een bles8e<l by nature with a kingly
liearing and cmlowetl with a little c<>mmon-Kcnse, and
had ho esbibitcd even moderate ability as a statt-sman,
the eclipse of his pnxlccessor's fame might have been of
long continuance. He hud shown, as is admitted on all
* Oarilincr'a " IlUlnry of Enj(lan(),°' i. 88. tk'C M to kit utter wut
of vencity, wliicli liv coiilil not mrcrcomo even when hU life wu
in ilangrr, idem, iii. 240; llumr, hi. 1U7; lliill»m, " Const. IliM.," i.
27S, 376. TliU failinfr, with hi» opcnij ATOwei) •tbeimn, had mnde
liim obnoxious to tho aober-mindcil. The people at large hated him
*> a man who had fattened on furfiiiture* and the moat npprewiTe of
the monopolii-a, and, in addition, liccause he liad l>een the cnciuy of
Eiacx, whom they worehipped. To the next gmieration, who forgot
hia faulta, ho wo* endeared by hi> hostility to Spain, while later gen-
erations have l>cen ntlrartcd liy his energetic character and iotcllact-
ual endowments, which make him a typical Glizuliethan liera
niaojiAi cluucmnnct or iuum i ' >l>
tides, ooiiHiticrablc skill in hiti management of affairs at
honii and in |>r«|>aring tlie way for bis own suctx>8sion
to tM English cro\vn. Hut he had wurkc^l so hard and
BO long to obtain the prize that, when it was ol>tainod,
all his energies seemcil to ho exhuiistt^d. Although Imrn
and brcii in the same island, be was always a foreigner
in England, and never understood, nor careil to under-
stand, the people over whom he came to rule.
From the outset everytiiing told against his (lopulaiv
ity. Coming among a nation which laid great Htr<f» on
outward show, he excitctl ridicule by his rickety logs,
his sbantbling, awkward gait, his slobliering mouth, and
soiled, ill-fitting gftrments. The Tudors, whom he snc-
ceede<l, never knew physical fear; he, probably from
congenital causes, could not bear to look u|)(m a nuked<
BwonI, always woTe a quilte<l doublet thick enough to
turn a dagger, slept in a liarricaded bcdnwni, and when
ho drove out surrounded his carriage with a swarm of
running footmen to keep off {wtssible assiissins.*
Elizabeth had ever flattered the common people —
showed herself constantly in myul |mgeants, delighted
in crowds, and was to- the ])opulaco alwaj's affable and-
easy of access. Jqmes, when he came from Scotland,
was greatly annoyed at the presence of the multitude
who flocke«l about him, <lrove them away with curses,
and issued orders for them to stay at honie.t
The meiunpund the throne, who saw more of its new
incpmbenqiPre no less affectol than the |)eople at largo
by his personal characteristics, lie |H)ssc8sed some nat-
ural capacity, had been educated by the celebrated
George Buchanan, and, in a few departments, was, for
cf
* Jaat before hii birtb, Rlssio iru murdered in bis mothe r't pres-
ence. tHallani, i. 3V8; aardincr, etc
in THI PCRITAN IN HOUUKD, KNOUMD, AND AMCMtA
\m time, no mean gcholur. liut his learning, which he
aired on all {JCcaaioiiM, ran to |)t><lantry, anil ho was
Htif|)C(l in that self-c-ona-it which iiiakoa a man of unli-
nary ability more h()|)clc8B than a fool.*
The pwlantry anti conceit of James, esficcially as to
theological questions, niailo him ridiculous at home and
aliroud ; at the sam« time, he sluK'kml the monti sense of
the nation by the encouragement which he gave to open
deluuchcry at court. The court of Kliziibeth had been
proHigate enough, but over its excesses ut least a thin
veil of decorum had lieen thrown by an unmarried
queen, jealous of every other woniuiTs charms. Now
xleci'ncy was wholly cast aside. For the first time tlie
royal palace Itecamo the 8(;ene of wihl orgies, in which
women of high degree exhibited themselves in all the
stages of shameless intoxicaticm.f
* Sir Jofin Itn^inijtnit, in nne of liili conflilrntiiil tcttrn, girci an
uuiiiaing account n{ IiIh flrat intcrvivnr with Junivn, wlio, having licoril
of liis acliolarsliip. wnt for dim ihortiy at\rr arriving in London.
.Iiimca exaniincil liini in I«i<tin and' Oreck, ot if lie liad been an ap-
plic'.'tnt for tlic position of myul tutor, rorrrrleil Ma miitalin, paradetl
and boasted of lii» own aii|icrior Irnming, dincoiirwd alxMit witciicraft
and toliacco, offered liiK wrricea in elucidating any dark problrnia in
tlicol<}gy nuil tlic clasaica wliicli uiiglit perplex Ida riaitor, an<l finally
diandsaed Idni with n request that llio achnlam alwut the court
ahotdd be maile acquainted trith the attainmcnta of their ncwaovcr-
eign. " Nugic .\ntiquK." Harrington, in another letter in the iaroe
volume, gives iin ndniindilc deacription of the tact and cunning of
EliulH>tli, who, in all her peraonalcliaracteristica, furuied ao marked
a contnut to the man that after her death occupietl the throne.
t See Ilarringtnn'n deacription, in " Nugao Antiqnie," of the l«ll
given in 1000 to the King of Denmark ; alao. Introduction in
Scntl'a " Fortimea of Nigel." Ilallani ajiya : " The court of Jamei I.
wna incomparably tlic moat diagracef\il accne of profligacy which
thia country haa ever witucaacd ; equal to that of Charlei II. in tha
i:..
TflC KOBIUTT BBOI'OIIT INTO DIRRKPUTB iiS
Tlio "profligacy of .lainoa liiinsclf was not exhibired
in tfao proiniscuous gallantries wJiieh characterize*! Iin
grandsons. lie lavisliMl his afTectipn on handsome boys,
who were so treate<l as to create scandals for the first
time beard in upper English circles.* These boys, illiter-
ate and without intellectuul cajMlcity, were loade«l down
with favors far surpassing those ever 8h(>were<lv>n a , . r;
royal mistress. Not only were they raise*! to tlie high-
est rank in the peerage, one lieing made an rarl and
another a dako. but they l)ecamo the dispensorfi of all
court imtronage and the directors of all foreign alTairs. ■
But one thing more was needc<l to bring the nobilil}' into
disrepute. This was supplie*! when James, in ohler to
meet his extravagant expenditures, put up titles for sale,
almost as in the open market, t o^ •
taxit; of female virtue, and wUliout any sor^. of parallel in tome
oilier rc«pecU.''—"Conit. Hist.," i. 336; ««c alio p. 333, note, in re- ,r '
Intinn to the conduct of the wires am) i1auj(hter« of tlio men who .
came up fmin the countr; to te|wir " l>y the wont means" the ruin
which tlicir extraragance bad CAU8C1I., " Every |^ut Iioum* in the
country liecsme a sty of uncleannc«»."— " Ufc of Tol. liutchiiison,"
hy hU wire, Bobn's od. p. 78. These autliorilics can be pmfltably
studied l>y those persons who atlrihiitc the immorality of the up-
per clll«ae^ after the Kcstomtiun, to the recoil fcpju the austerity of
the Puritan Commonwealth. The fact is that the immorality was
always present Puritanism, by tbrowing light upon it, merely . .>'
brought out its shadows. < <.~
* Oanliner, ir. 3S7.
t He created a new order of hereditary knights, called baronets,
and sold nearly a hundred |Hitenls for a thousand |>ounds each. '"
HalUun, i. 838. The price of an earldom was ten thousand 'pounds. :'':
One, with the historic name of Warwick attached, WHS disposed of ~
to a man who had made h|s money by cmunion piracy. Gardiner,
iii. ai5. Elizabeth left sixty-six peere, of whom only seven were
Dew creations. James createtl forty -Ave, many uf whom bought
tbcirtitlcs. Charles added fift^-six tu the Dumber. Oiccn. ' .
•II TUC rVRITAN i;t nOIXAND, MaLAND, A,XD AMCMCi
Under aath ronditiont, corruption, one of iho gnat
bloU in the ndministrotion of Klizabpth,. now lieaime
univprgal. Kvcrv one, from the liighent to tlio loweiit,
took brilica. It wim iwiii of the Ix)rd iWfiunT'H place
that it wns worth "soino thouHiiQtl poiMk to him who
afti-r his death wouhl go to heaven, tw^ us much to
him will) would go to i)urgatory, and no <ine knows how
much to hini who woukl adventnn? to a worse phico."*
Even Cecil, the cliiof minister, son of tlic great Ixtrd
Bnrghley, drew from S|)ain, the ohi enemy of England,
a secret [lension of fifteen hundred {lounds a year, f
Jamcfi, who in time l)ecHme fully aware of what waa
going on around him, said to tlie Venetian amlMwa-
dor: "If 1 were to imitate the conduct of your repub-
lic, and to begin to punish those who take brijx>a, I
should soon not have a single sulijcct left.'' i^
'Ikcon, although he admitted all the charges of cor-
ruption against himself, dnclari'd that he was *' the just-
est judge that was in England these fifty years." j$ This
was {lerhaps true. Ilia impeachment was not due to his
corruption, but was a political measure, aimed at a man
who had become the chief representative of the royal
• Gardiner, iii. 74.
t Iilcni, i. 21.1. This fact, diiclcMod lij the Spaniah ■rcliim, was,
unknown to Ilallum, who (loiil>t« Crcii'a vrnalit; in the >nnie chap-
ter which (Icacribrs " the ahamcleaa corruption which charactcriicrv
the nign of Jauiea beyond in; otiier in our hUtorjr."— Ilallaui, i.
aS8-8.13.
t Oardiner, iii. 74.
{ Alilmtt, p. 003. It aliould not be forgotten that moat of the
chargea sgainat Bacon were "founilMl nn the complaint of auitora
■gainiit wliom he had ilccidrd after taking tlii-ir riwiDry. Those in
wbone favor he liad made decisions would not lie forwanl to com-
plain. How many tbora wen of the latter cIoM will, of cuurac, nerer
Iw known.
t ' ^ -
■ "'i'^
jmn MAtn piaci witu spAni tVt
policy, inimical to free government.* All the courta
Were corrupt, or sliamoloasly sulMorvient to (ho crown, '
and this was at a time when thowi in repaltircan llollaml
were a motlel f6r tlio worhl, and oven those in Madrid
were distinguished for their intogrity.t
All these exhil>itionH wen^ diHtiutt<>ful enough, hut in
nothing did James so nntagoniz<> his people iit large a»
in his jiolicy towards S|)aiii. S|iiiin, for nearly half a
century, had lHH;n kxiked upon as the natural enemy of
England. Every feeling of religiim. of |i»triotiHm, and
of grec<l had Itccn enlisted in tlio war agiiin,st her. now
waged 0|H;nly for fifteen years. The nation, with ita-
traditional rcluctant-c to taxation, hnd inurmunKl at the
late exactions of ¥li7.:il)oth, causetl largely by the Span-
ish war, hilt had glorie<l in her successes, and. like the
Netherlunilerti, had grown rich in the struggle, ilames,
who, by prodigality to his favorites, tunm trebUnl the
debt inherite<l from his j>nHleci>8.sor, announce<l himself
the *' Peacemaker of Euro|)e," and, immctliately after hit
accession, proceede«l to make jieace with 8|>ain. Nor was
this all. The ))cople, who listened to the news of this
peace in flillnn silence, J were, a few y<>ars later, in-
fornicil that their king, in order to ]iay hiw debts, waa
preparing to marry the Prince of Wales to the daughter
of their ancient enemy. §
Such was the man who came to loll u]K>n a thrtme on
which, for nearly half a century, had sat a woman who
in personal courage was a Worthy daughter of a Tudor
* Bee Onriliner, /MiMi'm. t Mkid. iii. tM.
X Q«nl'mi.T,i. 314. Almiit the mine tiino they illiiiiiiimlnl I.<in(lon,
•nd gave public thiinks fur the triuiii]ili of Hollnml over t^paio in
the capture of Slu}'i.
. { The«e nef|otUtion>, which went nn for niu; yean, Iwgan in IWM,
lfotle]r't"UDiled Netherlanat," ir. 381.
lis fBK n-ttlTAN IK UOIXAtiO, tNOLAKD. ARD AJtUUCA
' king ; wliowt lovers liiul at Iciut Inscn men, and wham
councillors hiul be<;n statesmen ; a woman vain and fond
of |>oni|i iind pleiiMuro, but ono who never fur theno weak-
.nesses hud Hocriliced the future to the prpRcnt ; a wom-
an Hellish to the core, and yet, regarding her country as
^herw^lf, willing to dcvutO'ti> its oggrumlizement all the
- powcj- of a keen and active mind ; a woman Untiring in
her industry, of roj'ul jireHenee and of imperious will.
' liefore many months Iik<1 roile<l around, the iic«)|>le Ijo^ '
gan to H[M>4kk of their old ruler ns King Elizabeth, and
of her successor as <iueen James.*
Jauim ulfectcHl to de8|)iso Klizaboth, and constantly
made her an object of ridicule in conversation. Unfort-
unately for England, himself, and his descendants, while
■ in foreign affifirs ho rovenietl her j)olicy, at homj iie set
out to imitate her faults, beginning his reign by hang-
ing a pit>k|K)cket without the formality of a trial, he
kept up ]mrveyaDcc, with all its inherited abuses; issued
patents for monopolies, after promising their abolition ;
raised luuncy by forced loans and benevolences ;'t' tried to
* A wittjr Iritli writer tliua Irrwl; deMribc* Eliubeth't place in
blutorj : "Tlic glorious <li>ya of kihhI Queen Riiis fonn (wrt nf the
political crcol and |>olilicnl litany of every Engliahman ; for it it tlie
character of the Saxon race to lie mtiafletl with. a inodorato share of
glory for the people, ami a still more ninderato portion uf goodness
In the sovereign. ... If Elizabeth's reign did not liealow much glory,
it at lea«t nRorded t)>c only suspension of disgrace which England
enjoyeil under the whole nf the Tudon and the Stuarts; if the<|Ucen
hcraelf wa* not (|uite a paragon af |M'rfectinn, she certainly <lld not
fall lielow the ordinary level nf humanity ; slie di<l nnt sinl( St. James
below 81. Giles."— '• The Komautic Iliograpliy of the Age of Ellca-
bcth," William Cooke Taylor, LL.D., of Trinity College. Uublia
((London, 1842), pp. ai,«a. " ;
t "Free gifU," extorted under pressure.
. ' JAMH AXO THM BNaUtn CONITITDTIOH (t*
pack the House of ('ominons ; axHcrtiHl his right to decfilo
election ciuhw; imuod procluinatioim which he chtinitHi hail
all the force of laws ; sent to the Tower iiiemberH of Par-
liament who (lisplciiseil him in dchate ; and levied duties
on imfiorts without the wumint of a statute.
Oardincr, after a careful study of his administration,'
says: "Posterity has revenged itself ujion James hy
laying to his charge sins of \vhich he was guiltless, and
by exaggorating those wliich he in reality committcil."*
This isa tnie criticism from a legal standpoint. For all
his actions he had well-established precc<lents, and in
many respects he was much less arbitrary than any of
the Tudors. The only constituticm which lie violated is
the one develoi)cd in the fertile imaginations of such
modem historians as, for political reasons, have thought
it !\,ece8sary to gloss over the actions of Elizal)eth in
order to give a false color to those of her successors.
V^t the offence of James was much graver than the
{dieged mfringcmcnt of the undelined provisions of a
mythical constitution, lie wad guilty of the folly,
which in rulers rises to a crime, of not oppreciating that
the world was making progress. lie sat u|)on the sea*
shore, and unlike the satirical Canute, in the solemn
earnestness of infatuated ignorance bade the waves re^ .
tire — the waves which, in the next generation, were to ;
swallow up his equally infatuated son.
Had this Scotch pe<iant not been wrapped up in an
im|)enetraUle doublet of conceit, he might have learned
a lesson from what befell Elizabeth in her old age. But,
forgetting nothing ill and learning nothing good, his
case was ho|)elcss from the very lieginning. After the
first few months of his rule, ho never knew, from the
' History pfEngUod," ii. 49.
3M . THK PURITAN IK nOLLAND, KtOUid), AXD AHCHICA
' iiuun uf liix Bulijects, anything but hatred and contempt,
llo BUiniiiunfd four |)urlianients during his reign uf
twenty-two 'yt'uw. Two of them, those of lfit4 and
lti21, |>UK.so<l nut a ginglu statute. In them all the niur-
mured diticuntont of the pri<>r reign now ajKike in open
oppoHitiun. Janies cumpiainetl tiiat hiit Iluuseof Coni-
nionfl was tiirhulent and factious. Well it might Im>. It
rcpresfiifttl «»|>eoplo slowly stirring into i)oliticul life,
and it wiih beginning to represent uU classes in the com-
munity, except the lower onlers, who were nut n'garile<l.
Gray-haired lawyers s)it with merchants and nianufact-
un-m from the cities ; with theiu were mingliHl the old
country sijuiriMt, who rumeml>ore<l the stirring times of
Klizabeth, an<l a host of yoi'ng boys who were to grow
into manhiMxi by the chiys of the Ix>ng Parliament.*
In the matter of statutory enactments, which required
the assent of the crown us well as the concurn>nw of the
Uouse of I^urds, these ftarliniuents (li<l not accomplish
much for the cause of civil liberty. And yet they set-
tle»l some imiMirtant questions. They decido<i^that the
House of Commons should be the sole judges in cases of
contested elections of its mendiers, and that it shouhl liave
the power uf im|>caching ministers and other otHcers of
the State. In addition, the lost Parliament, that uf Id'U,
* It in a fart, an fiir n» I know nnnu-ntinncil hjr uny liuliiriari. that
the wcfrntl Purliument of .lames cnntainefl furty nietnlHTH not over
Iwcnt; yean of ngp, anil a nunil)er not nriT aiitrcn. Stv Nnuntoa'a
"Fragmcnta Iti'ftnlia" (1641), p. D. Bir RoUrt Xannlon, Mnalorof
tlie Court of Want*, was nn pyp-wil^cm, ami an iiiiiiii|)ca<'lint>lc- au- -
thority. Tlic pr*»' proiHirtion of very young men in th» Htuart par-
liainpnls, for thia probably wna not cxcvptinnal, goca ht to explain
the bolclnru of tlieac iMxliea, and the occaaional riolence of their
proceedings
T8B DIV1NK uiauT or KIN08 sat
placed npon the statute-book a law declaring the illogo)- .
it3' of all iiiono]H>lic8,nlthouKh thiK hiw was in practice a -
dead letter. Hut more iin|N>rtant thun any niattorM of leg-
islation was the determined Hpirit of op|ioHit ion, ilixplayed
at every geiution and in liotli houxeH, to royal exactions, .
which in tiie last reijjn had excited *>nlyn fcvhle profest.
The well-spring of troubh; for the Stuarts, which in
the end benight about their utter ruin, wan their claim
in regard to the relations which existed Ix^twinm the.
crown and the English |N>ople. Prior to the days of tho
Iteformation, which set men to thinking U|Mm all sub-
jects, there was little distuission in mixlern Kuro|H* as to
tho theory of government. Tho strong men uia<le the
law, and the weaker ones ac4|uiesccd. In Mime coun-
tries males only otiuld sua-ccd to tlie^ throne; in olhcH
females were eligible. In the main tho right of tho eld-
est line was admitted; but in Kngland, wliere there had
been many exceptions to this ride, the principle had
been laid down, with the approval of an act of Parlia-
ment, that tho ruling king could by will limit the suc-
cession. r|>on this theory Henry VIII. had made a
will which excluded the house of Stuart.
It was after this time that writers in France, followed
by Ueorge Buchanan in Scotland, Itegiin to theorize
upon the origin of governmi^nt, d<><lucing the authority -
of kings from an original stK-ial c<mtract. To .lames,
excluded from tho English throne by a will executed
under tho sanction of an act of Parliament, all suck
theories wcro of course abliori^>nt. While in Scotland,
waiting for tho dwith of Elizaficth, he hiul ])ublighe<l a
book in which ho claimed that monarchy was of <iivine
origin ; that the right of the eldest line could not be set
aside ; that a king thus divinely ordained 'Was above all
parliaments; and that, "although a good king will frame
0.:
\
nt Tfll PI-RITAII IN IIOLLAMD, BXalAHD, AMD AMniCA
§11 hi* action t«> Iw occonlinK to the law, he i* nut bound
thereto, but of big own wil), and for emmple-giving to
bin Ruhjeets." *
Thi« theory of govrmmont found no ailherpnta in
. Englnnil, outMdo the cir(:!t! of tiine-«erving pulitifians,
except among the Iligb-Church {mrty, which, unforto-
niitely, furnxHl the ruling claiw of ccclcHiasticM ulxiut'tho
court. This party, however, took it up and suppleinont-
e«l it witli a tlu-ory reganling Episcopacy whirli made
the rhurcb, more than ever fjcforw, the willing hand-
maid of tyranny. In tbo contn)Vi'rHi»»8 which were car-
■ riwl on during the reign of ICIizaMb l)etwccn the I'uri-
tanH and the supijorteni of the mtablishment, the latter
'had clainic<i that the details of church government and
discipline wore matters of indilTi^rtmco, and that as such
they coukl \h> lawfully regulatnl by the State.t Of
course, under this theory, the civil ])ower which had es-
tablished Epi8cu|)aey might at any time decr<« its alio-
lition and sulmtitute Pn'sbyterianism in its stead. Uut
the new school of divines, Je<l by liancroft, Itisbop of
'.Lomh)n, tiiught a very dilTerent doctrine. Its followers
claimed that Episcopacy, like monarchy, was of celestial
olifrn ; that the order of bishops, the forms and cere-
monies of the ('hurrh, instead of lieing matters of indif-
ference, were divinely ordained; and that if the early Ito-
* "Tliv True Law nf Frcr Monarrliicn," King Janira'i Wnrku, p.
207, <|ii(>le(l iliillnm, i. SIM: Macaulity, i. 6a Hcc alio Sir Walter
Kalrl):)), (|U<ilcil llalliini, i. 270.
t Thin wnx thr po«lli<>n taken liy Wliitgift in lili <1lwnMir>ni witli
CartwriKht. Ilnllain, i. 318. Tlic munu theory woa (luTelu|H.'>l by
Hooker in liia " Eccleaiaitical Pnlity," n Ihm>)( the aiiiM-nrani-o of
vliicli ninrka an epoch not only in Uajjlirh prow literature, Init in
Englifl) leligioui thougbt.
■nU FTIUTANB AMD TDBIR DOPBR Or TDB riTCRK 828
formers ha<I cotnmitted any mistAke, it was in making .
tho ritual too siniplu. The men who wlvnncrtl these
pretensions cliecrfully ocqaiescctl in the ossumcHl abfio-
lutism of their king in civil matters. lie, on his part,
was only t(x> ghul to concede their claims as the price
of their subservience.
Taking now the whole situation together, n.i shown in
the lost few .pages, tho prosiiert was not encouraging
for tho party in the Churi'li which for years hu<l l)cen
looking forwani to ecclciilnstical reforms.
It is estimnteil by Nrail that at the uocttMion of
James there were flftc<>n hun(lrc<l Puritan ministers in
England. They had abandoned the idea of i>Mtablishing
the Prcsbyterion system, after tho. failure of tho move-
mont led by.Cartwright, and, having banished tlie ol^ -'
noxious Se)NtratiBt8, had returned to the ])o8ition of the
early Refonners. They desire*! now simply n \n\rvT form
of' worship within the Church, the aliolitiim of what
they regarde<l aa 8U|)erstiti(>us usages, and. the awaken-
ing of tho clergy to a more earnest religious life and
teaching. During the latter years of Eli/»lN-th, as we
have seen, their persecution ^ad liccn much n'laxe<l.
The queen, having committed herself to tb<< I'rolestant
cause, carc<l little for their opinions, provide<l tliero was
no o|)en denial of her siqiremacy. Tho prolatm, Uiing
in doubt as to the position which would Im; as.suii)e<l by
her successor, treated them with com{)anitive indul-
gence.
To tho now monarch their eyes were naturally turned
with great hopes of the future. James hati b«»en bred a
strict Calvinist and a Presbyterian. IIo had subscribed
tho Solemn f^eague and Covenant, and lia<l over an<l
over again promised to maintain tho Kirk in all its
parity, his last promise bemg made just as ho was leav-
834 THE rt'lUTAN l!« BOLURD, RIOLAND, AND AHIMCJl
ing Scotlantl for his new throne.* Xot only hod he
nwdc theso pramigCK to Sootlund, but he hail prniseil ita
Kirk OR "tiie nineerrat in the world," anil denounced
the Anglicun scrvira aa niuiply "an ovilwiil mans in
English." +
Hut alt tills was what historians call "kingcraft."
James, in this di>|Mrtnient, as in must others, could not
approach Elizabeth, who as a kiileidoscopio and liewil-
dering juggler with the truth has had few miuuIs in iiis-
tory. Itiit for plain unpictun^Ri|Uij nicndacity applied
to ordinary business puqiosos, he was a worthy father
of the Martyr Charles, and cast no discreilit on the
grandson, whose wonl no man relied on.^ However,
the Puritans, not >>eing statesmen, but plain country
Eraons, merchants, manufacturers, and artisans, know
little of this trait of their future monarch as of the
ler traits which he develo|)cd in the servile nir of an
English court. Perhai>9, too, they gave a credit to the
. words of IX professed I'resbyterion which they woidd not
liavo given to those uttered by a memlicr of another
sect, liut, whatever the reason, they l>elievcil in biin.
* Neal, piirt ii. chap, i., cUinf; Caldcrwnod. On tlie rve nf liix dr-
psrtiire for KngUnd he gsre |iiil>lic thonka to Ood, in tho Kirk nf
EdinburKli, "tliat he hiul left both Kirk and kin((dom in that elate
wliich lie intended not to alter au^waya, bia subjccta living in
peace." ,.'.■.', ■- '•
t Idem.
{ Ilallani, i. SM. The only one of the fltoarta who liad any ngud
for tlie truth was the Pretender, the non nf Jnnica II., and Ihia virtue
cost him a tlirone. He would undoubtMlly have succeeded his sla-
ter Anne, had he l>ecn wining to make a pretence of ({iving up C>-
tholiriBin, or had he even held out h<>|N-s that, like Henry of Na-
varre, he might lie converted by argument. lie resolutely refused,
however, to purchaao a kingdom with a lie. Lecky's " EDgltnd in
the £ighteenth Century," i. ISO.
TUI PDUrAXI' PITITIOif tOR CUDRCII QtroRMS Sii
and had for yean anticipated iiis coming to the throne
as the duy of emancipation for the (Church.
Acting upon this bcHef, in April, lfi()3, they preounted
to James, u)M)n his journey fnmi (>cotliin(l, what is
known as the "Millenary Petiticm."* Unlike the fa-
mous "liook nf Discipline," pn>|)arcd by Cartwright
and his associutcH tifteen yours hofure, which then ro-
oeired five hundred subscriptions, this <Iocuinont con-
tained no demand inconsistent with the claims of 'the
established hierarchy. It fully recognized the HyMeni
of E]>i8co|Micy, but asked, in the Hpirit of the early He-
formers, for some changes in the ritual, and, in oihlitiun,
that the better observance of the Tiord's day should bo
enforced ; that none but men able to pn>uch should be
admitted to the ministry ; that pluralities should In> abol-
ished, and the revenues of the Chyrch dovutcHl to relig-
ious purposes ; that ministers be, l>y law, |K>rmitted to
marry ; that they be compelled to subscribe, us re<|uired
by statute, only to the Articles of lieligion anil tho
lung's supremacy, and that p^t^ions should nut be ex-
communicated for trifling matters.f
At once the High-Church |Nirty was aroused. Prelates
vied with the heads of the universities in telling .lame
that tho object of the petitioncni was to cstublish tbk
Presbyterian ispi which he hud found so gulling in tlil
^ter kingdom. An attack upon the (church was an
attack on his supremacy, they said ; tho Church was tho
* TliU pclUiun «pp«ara .to have bod no sl^nntum. The leaden
of tho morenicnt linil •iil>inittc<l it to their clerical lirclhrcn in the
kingdoni, and from twcnty-flvc counties bad received aooio aevcu
kiudnid and fiAj approving aniwers. It waa aaaerte<l, nnd with
▼erj good reaaon, that it eiprcuod the opinion* of at leant a Iboa-
sand clergymen. Gnnliner, i. 148.
t UilUm, i. 398; NmI, part U. chap, L; Oaidincr, i. US.
II.— IK
r
M8 TM PVRITAN l!< nOLUND. nOLAHD, AHD AWmiCA
■trongett buttrem or tlio cruwn, the potitioncra went in
favor of a liinitcti nutnarcliy, anil if thojr ru(|ueiit8 were
granted, the king might leo what tvoUld Itecoino uf hi*
alwulutfl |Ni\vur by the H|)(>ctavlo preiiontcd among tbo
reformed churchca of tliu Continent.*
For liix monthn Junic« UmiIc no formal notion of the'
Puritans' petition. That time wan long enough U> turn
the liooii of a much stronger man thiin tiiis ill balanced
aKcn pedant. Ho camo from u |MM)r, bleak, and sterile
kingdom, where, amid the strife of warring factions, hit
royal authority had boon constantly disputed. He came
to an El Dorado, where the fountains of wealth and
honor seemed perennial, and where, from gretnly cour-
tiers and servile churchmen, bo hcanl of nothing but of
his abepluto power and suiwrhnman \yisdom. In Oo-
.. tober, ho annoancc<l that ho wpuld 1h ar the Puritans in
a formal disputation with their adversaries. In January,
1<M)4, the famous disputation took place in the royal'
palace at Hampton Court. The king, who acted aa
judge, also selected the disputants. Ilochose fourdivinea
from the Puritan ranks, men of ability and learning,
their op|K>nentS wore eighteen in numljer— Whitgift, the
ogod Archbishop -at Canterbury, eight bishops, seven
deans, and two other clergymen. The farcical results
of such an argument were, of course, a foregone con-
clusion. The Puritan representatives were dismissed
': with ignominy, while the Iligh-Church party, headed by
the venerable archbishop, declared that his "majesty
■pake by iqspiration of the spirit of God." f
• A(l(lrc<« f>f the Ujiirereity of OxfonT,. Btrjpc'i " AnnaU,'' qaotad
. I)]r Neal. Cambridge woa not bcbinil Oxford, tlmnteninfr the csn-
eellKtion of the degree of any gradu*te who criticJKd a Churob
which the prelates claimed vax fanltlcn.
t Gardiner, i. 1S4 ; Uallaln'a ■• Const. Ilitt," I. 8M. This wai the
TUB rciiiTAaa McvM 4 hbw tbamsution or tiik biblk- ay?
Thus (lid James throw away England's grant oppo^
tunity of reconciling tho differoncps in her Church. The
chief actor- iHuaed on, chuckling over his easy victory.
The prelates naturally shanxl hit triumph. Ten men
who shortly afterwunls potitione<l for ecclesiastical re-
forms woro committed to jirison, the judges having de-
clared in tho Star-chamber that it was an offonco finable
'at discretion, and^:Fery near to treason and felony, as it
tended to setlition and rebellion.* Not a word of warn-
ing was heanl'about tho court while the House of
8tuart was moving on to its inevitai)lo doom.f
The English-siioaking world, through the efforts of the
Puritans, received one gift from the Hampto]i Court
conference, for his shoro in wliich due credit should Ite
given to King James. Ur. itcynolds, of OxfonI, the
leader of the Puritan disputants, and probably tho most ,
UgKj tliRt Kliubrtli, in building up tlio Cliurcli ini * purely tem-
poral biuia, linil IxKiucntbed to licr aucceiton. The; inerclj furmu-
lated ber tlicoric*. Slio would btvs bii^ no diiputMion. '■ .,
* n«ll«m, j. 295. -^
t Bacon, in 1603, wmtc ■ tract upon ercleaiaatical mattcra whldv
wa* wortby of a atatesman. lie atj^ucd in farnr of nil the reform*
■drocated by llie Puritans, and pertinently aaked "wliy tlio civil
atato aliQuld bu purged and restored by good and wboleaome law^
made every tlireo or four yearn in Parliament awembleil, deyiaing
lemedies na faat as time brecdclb uiiacliief; and, contrariwiae, tlis
«ccleaia«tical atato aboulil atill continue upon the drega of time, and
TVceiTe no alteration, now for tbeao forty-Hve years cr more f Kut
thia Was before lie received preferment. Ilia voice was never raised^
again. In office wo find bim aa much of n timc-aerrer aa the otben,
and so, in 1616, when attomcy-genernl, and seeking the poaition
of lord-chancellor, he writca to Villicrs, the new iavorite, aftcr-
«»r<!'. Duke of Buckingham, advising bim to oppoae all innova-
tions in the Church. " Bacon's Lettera and Life," 8|iedding, vi. 13.
Bacon, while he bad the intellect of a stateamao, unfortunately had
tbo ioul of a poUtkUn. '
tM TBI nraiTAH m UOIXANP, MilUIID, AMD AIIUfcA
learncHl man in England, rainei} lerioua objoctiuns to the
exiating traniiiationi ot'thu liiblo, and |)ro|MmHl that a
now and mure correct translation xliMukl bu niudo.*
lianordft, the spokesman of the prflutun, objected; but
lll^vr hero the acholarshii) of the king stoo<i the nation in
1 '_■ good stead. lie atlopted tlie suggestion of J)r. Iteyo-
olds, and shprtly aftcrn-ards a|>|iointe<l a commission
V of fifty-four of the first scholam in the univenitira to
undertake the tusk. Under wise instructions, rc(|uiring
them, so far us ]N)ssiblc, to follow the old translations,
and to refrain from the ,u8o of sectarian wonis or com-
; ^. . ments, men of all sliades of opinion were enabled to
work togetber.t In iOU, they gave to the workl that
noblest monument of the English language aa it existed
in the middle of the sixteenth century, wh«'n the early
translations were made. King Jumes's veraion of the
Bible — a version which, after nearly three centuries, still
holds its place, representing to untold millions of Prot-
estants of all denoroinationt, as recent experience has
proved, the inspirtnl Wonl of (J(xi much more faithfully
.-*."■' than any Hebrew or Greek original. •
But thill is all for which posterity has to thank King
James in these early years. When leaving the confer
"^ ence at Hampton Court he told the Puritans that unless
. ** they conformed he would harry them out of the land,
or else do worse and hang thera.| Well did he keep
his promise at the outlet. A few weeks after the cod;
* In 1581, the Jesuits bad pabliihed, at Klicima, their English wT-
aion nf tho New Testament, which gnre great offence to the Puri-
tans. It was later than any Protestant ttHnslation, and was claimed to
be more accurate. Tliej were now at work nn the Old Testament
' t Ncal ; Gardiner, i. 154, 200. A number of Puritans wen plactd
on the commission, including Or. Itcjnoldi himseIC
t Neal (Chow ie's ed., 1848), i. 388, not*.
Tm pcaiTAim aAaiafni bt •AHcuorr ahd jamm in
ferenoe, Whitgift, thA vnnontblo arvlibisliop, died. The
king choao iik his luoooMMir llancroft, tlu; «tt>a<ly uphokler
of the divioo right <>f kingH and of P^iiincopory. lli«
caroer it is unneccMurv to trace in any <lt>tail. It fol-
lowed, almost exactly, although on a largi>r ^ale and
wfth Bome exaggerations, the career of Whitgift, when
he waa first made archbishoi). Elizabeth, at that i'lmti,
was thinking of making |»euco with ^{lain, and ghve
orders to exterminate tim Puritans. Jam<« now had
made his peace, and gave the samo orders to iiis facile
bi8ho])8. They, in the main, obeyed with cheerfulness,
although on occasions requiring the royal xpur.
The first step was the adoption hy Ctrnvocation, the
ecclesiastical parliament, of a now set of canons for the
Church. These canons, one hundred and forty-ono in
number, were prepannl by Ifancroft, and sound as if
they had emanated from the Inquisition, The terrible
sentence of excommunication, which dcprive<l a man of
all civil rights, prevented him from suing at law, com-
mitted him to prison for life, and after death denlfl<l him
a Christian burial, was now thundered forth ugiiinst the
non-conformists. All weso to be excommunicated wlio
affirmed that any of the Thirty-nine Articles, or any of
the rites and ceremonies of the Church, woru erroneous, -
wicked, superstitious, or such as good men could not
approve of, or who asserted that the liook of Common
Prayer contained anything repugnant to the Scriptures.
They also were to meet' the same doom who left the
oommunion of the Church and set up separate establish-
ments, claiming for them the name of true and lawful
churches.* Thus Puritans and Separatists were now at
length put under a common ban.
■ -. , ' .*N«sl.' . r-
TheM canunn mot tliu approval of the king, an«i Kan-
croft began his work, reviving the oUi inqiiigitorial
■yslem of hilt j>re(lcc<)asor. In all parti of the kingtiom
clergymen ami curates were brought up for examina-
tion. In Rume t-asei a little time \fua given for con-
sideration, but before many months hail elupse«l over
three hundreil ministers were silencetl or deprived.* Of
these men, some were cost into prison, some |iiuse<l into
olwcurity ; but many, and tluMie the numt leanunl, active,
and intelligent, fled to Holland ami became ministers of
the English and Scotch c(tDgregtttipns vihkh were now
forming in every city of the rejjublic.^
Even the bislio|is were frighteno«l at the numbers who
refused suliscription, but the king |>craonally urgetl them
. on. The Puritans, by their resistance to the Church,
showed a s](irit of opposition to his theories of mon-
arthy, and this must be rooted out.^ Prominent men
from various parts of the kingdom presented petitions
in favor of the deprivetl ministers, bnt the judges held
that their action constitute<l a criminal offence, and the
petitioners were promptly punisheii. The House of
Commons, too, intervened, and ]>u8sc<l some measures
for eocleeiostical reforms; but these measures were all
killeilby the Ixtnls and Dishops, except one, making
legal the -aarriage of ministers.^
Foi[ F.ix years, Bancroft and the king went on making
a spiritual desolation, and catling it a peace. | Not only
* Nc«l. Thii italnnciit uf Nral tiu been diiputi'd, but it it lu*-
iaincd b; Ganlinrr, " IlUt. nfEngUnd," Lt97.
t Ne«l,pp.iM0,848., t Oordiner, i. 198.
f Thin hiul iilways been oppoaed by Eliiabetli.
I The cimditlnni being the lamrine now find Home of the dignitarie*
ofthe Cliurch using the umc kind nf Inngungo a* wu rmpl<>jr<l bjr
Biihop Ajtlmer in the early daya of Wbitgift, aaaerting that morality
mill NKW Un tTNOBII ABOUT /Ml
were thirold IhiriUn miniitent dcprivetl, but in tho uni-
Teriitiea teat oaths wore required of all tlio Htudcntt,
which Wfro intendtxl to ]iri.>V(>nt tho (tducation of a new
■upply. Lower and lower went tlie prolnteit in their
aubMrvience, until Coi^vocation, in inoft, a<lo|)to<l loine
new canona — which, like thoae of two yoon before,
were pm|)arod by Ikncrott—uiiHcrtinK foriiitilly the di-
vine right of kings, and inculciiting tho duty of puiuivo
obedience, in all caaes, to the eslublishcHi inonurrh.*
Fortunately for (he cause of religious di(s>itnt in Eng-
land, wlien liancroft died, in Ittlo, he ytoM Micoec«lcd in
' the primacy by a man of a very different Rtunip. This
man wna Archbishop Abliol, an earnest upholder of
Calvinism, and in conHC(|uenco friendly to the Puritans,
who professed its doctrines. With hia accession- to
power, English Puriloniain entere<l niwn if new chapter
of ita history— pot always noticed by the general his-
torian—gaining a strength in the community which
was to be fully exhibited in the auccoe<ling rcign.f
wsi of nn importance wlirn cnnipartMl wilb formii nnil rcivmnnlct.
For nittitrationi, we Deitcr'i >' Cnngn-Koliunalitoi," |i|i. 313, BH3.
* AllhflUgh tlii* doctrine of n<>n-ro»iilancn (n tlic kin^; iH-rnino
sn srllcle of failh among the iligli-Cliiireli party, It ia In the cmlit
of Jarora'i intelligence tlia( he rrfuaed hii mnclion lo theae rnnona.
Oardiner, i. 201. lie, very Mnaihiy, olijcrtcci to a theory umler
which, aa he aaiil, if he were driven from the tlirono l>y a B|innlsh
invaaiun, none of his itihjecla could conacicntlously take up anna
for Ilia ii'initateinent. As to i|UP«tions of logic, James nns no fiml.
t " If Bancroft had llfcd a little longer," snya I^ml Clarendon,
<■ he would have sulMlued the unmly spirit of the nox rnnfnrmista
and extittguisheil the Are in England which had Ixwn kindle,', ••
^Geneva. But Alibot considered lliu (,'liriatian religion no olliar-
wiaa than as it abhorred and reviled |Mpacy, and vnlued those men
moat who did that most Airiously. lie inquired bat little alter the
strict observation of the discipline of the Chnich, or conformity to
m Tni PVIITAN IM IIOIX4ND, ■MOLAMDk AMD AMlmcA
In view of the prior omulact of Jaromi, bikI of bia
•Dtpequent th<M>l(>^lcal opiiiioni, the elevation of micli a
mitti Mi Abbot to the hi^lmt poeition in tlie Kp)(liah
Charoh M>einii a little remarkable. Hut the ex|>Un»tion
!• very aiinplo. lie had lieen the private cliupUin and
B great favorite uf the l-Iurl of Dunlwr, one of the men
who aocomiMiiied Janie* from Kcotlunil, unil who had
rpn(iere«l vnluuble lervice* to the rmwn. hunliar liad
just died, and the kinf(, with nil hi* olh<>r faultm hud
■ome lonio of ((ratitudo; und aiiowe«l it on occaiion*
when nut too inconvenient. In addition, ^>bot woa m
man of apotloas character, of tliH'p piety, ami earnext con-
loiontioUBnufw — qualities which in theabHinu't worea^pve-
able to Jumc*. AlM>ve all, as it mu»t be Uimu in mind,
at this |Mrticular |ieriiMl the theories advocate«l by the
new primate were not diMtasteful to the kiiu;, who by thia
time had leamai that the Knglish Puritans were not' aim-
ing at tlio establiithment of his liutetl I'resby terianism.
Politically, Abliot was as strong a supporter of the
royal prerogative us liuncroft himself. Kvon more
strenuously than any of his prodoccRsorB, ho inxistcd on
the authority of the ecclesiastical courts jUi jpunisli doo-
llie srticln or ranont nlaliliihei), (ml iliil not think to ill of iIm
(Pmbjteriitn) illKl|iline u h« might to hnre ilnne; but if man
pruilrntlr litrlmrc n public reiriljng nt tlic liicnrchjr iikI erclciiuti-
cal gnrrrninrnt, tkrjr wrre wciira fVniii any inquitilion fnHii him,
(ml wen.- niunlly prefenvil. Ilii Iiuuk wm * Muirtuar; t<> lb*
nott rmincnt uf tlm rnctimi* |mrtj, anil he llrruwd Ibi'ir |if mi-
cioui wrilinga."'— " (,'lanmlon'a lliitory of tbn jtclKllioa," book i.
p. IW. Bticli wna the estiomte of tlie new arcbbiilinp fonninl bjr
tlie Illgli-Chiirab hlntoriAi, tlie nilnliirr and fathrr-in-law iif Janwa
Q. The lattur (wrtion of it in an accurate dencriplion, and in the
character of the primate, aa tiiua p<irtra]rr<l, we And tin eiplanation
of tlie rcligioua hiitorj of Enfilaml until l.«ud came into power with
bit tliaumaturgical theoriea an<l practice!.
c
.. uuaiocs oaowTH m imolajid isa
trinal b«rMy and all infraction* of the moral Uw, and
hcnt he met with no o|i|N«ition from tho ruritu,n«J> Aa
to hi* tht<«>logiciU tenotK, Ih) \vu« fully in lu-cjirtl with
Jani(«. Thi> lalt«r wan now rn^iigt^d in a controveray
with tho Jrauita on th« on« huml, unil with tho I'rotoa-
tant op|)onenta of (^klviniam oh tho uthor. In tliia con-
trovony tho l>uritiin« wore iiii itronKoRt allien, ami the
•Khbiiiho|) was theraforo exeuied for tr(*alinf( men with
lenity who iicru|>le(l almiit forma and c<>remt)nim, hut
who, agitating no o|)en achiitin, were lound on tho main
quoation of doctrino.
The fourteen years which elapaed between tho dera-
tion of Ahltot to the primacy, in 1011, and tho di>alh of
Jamea; in lflii,5, were yean of rcligiouH |ieuco in Eng>
land. Itiit tliey were not yeara of roligiouH tor|Mir. To
be sure, the enthusiasm of tho lust century, incited by
the dread of 8|iain, had somewlMt died away, for Kpain
waa no longer a formidable power. Ho, too, the wild fa-
naticiim, bred by persecution, disappeared when Its cause
was no longer in existence. Kut Hlowly and siiontly, l>e-
neath the surface, a moral an<i roligiouH work was going
on which was to t>ear great fruit in later yours.
Foreign scholars, like Casaubon and (Irotius, in vis-
iting Engktmi cxpressoct <lisap|H)intmcnt lH>cauiie they
found no taste for polite letters among her |H!oplo, noth-
ing but a croze for theological discussions.! Such criti-
* Under hi* rule, in 1413, two lieretlca, nno an Ariiin ami the
olbrr an Anaba|>tiit, irero liiimnl alive. Tlirm) went Die laat <'i-
•cationa in EnKlamI fur alni]>ly hrmj, Uarillner, ii. illO. They
bad ceaaetl, erea among the Catholica In the Netherlanilf, ruurtmm
yeara bcrore, where the latt icliginua martyr waa a Pmteatant
atrrsnt-girl, who waa burie<l alive at Ilniaaela ia 1S9T. Motley's
*• United Nrtberlanda," Hi. 446.
tCaaanbon, one of the greatest acbolata of the age, Mine ftosi.'
tS4 mi FUalTAN M UOLLAND, tMOLAilPb AND AMnUCA
ciain* wore (irulnlily woll founilotl. Hut ulthoiigli Kng-
lantl hiul few Hcliulara to CMiiiiiaro with tlitmu u\nm the
Continent, and tlunui which iihtt ha<l wrra luuinly en-
fpigod in thoohifficnl puniuitH, iho liiul u lurgn number
of men wiio wcru studying tho rhuwicii, nut critically,
perhaiw, but woll onua^h to imbibe Honictliin^ of their
■|iirit. Abundoninf^ the later flTvminuting Huthon of
Italy, thoy wonr now turning thfir attention to tho
inastoriiicc-ut of untiquit}', instinct with tho love of lib-
erty and htttrtNl of ulwoluto government.
Th« difCUMiom on points of theohyy which were
ovrioil on at the oourt of Joiiie* do not, indicato a
Fraoea to Knulftixli In ISIO, nn th« inrlution of Junen, And ra-
mainol until hit ilralh, fuiir yean lalrr. llu wai rDiploynl In
write AgAinut llio Jcauiln, but h»d linpeil Air ti'iaure to complele a
commontAry nn a Orrcli AUtbor wliirli ho liail liegiiii In France.
In III* jiriTuto rortt«p<in<lcncf, be hiuirntt llitt be bs* nn tiuxi for
bU Urcck, nn librAry in whicli to punue bii ttuilim, And IbAt llie
king is bent only on tliroloKy. IlAllAm'i "Litcniuro nf Europe,"
ill. 4. Ilo «Ai niurli Uelighteilr however, with tlio IVKllcian l.i-
bnury At Uifurd, Which bo ww for tlie Artt time in ISIS. Idem,
Ir, SO. In anotlier letter he Myi: "Eit in Annlia tbeolngoram
ingena cnpin; co eniui fere omnea atwlla iua referunt." llallAm,
lii. T. Oroliun vlniirit England in 1(113, and writct after bii re-
turn: " Vcnio r% Anglin; lilcraruui ibi tenuii eat niercci: tlico-
logi regnant." Idem. Aliout Iho aAOM time, Seltlen aayi: "Tlia
Jranitu, and the lawyer* of France, nnd the LowCnuntrynien, ban
eognmed all leaming; tlio rett of tba worlil make nolhinif but
bomiliea." Mem, iii. 71. In lilt, the firat work of learning on a
Urge KAle wai publitbe<l in EngUml, but thia was niagnlBcent.
It waa An cilition of Chryaottom in the originAl Orrek. The
cipenae, it ia aaid, waa eight tlioupAnd pounila, all of which waa
defVayeil by the editor, 8ir Henry 8ATile, pnivoat of Eton t'ollege.
It ia worthy of notice, in |maaing, thAt the ty|io And preumen were
Imported fmm iloilAud. IIaIIaui, iii. C.
MnuioruMKT or moiulitt Its
high itate of religioui any moro than of intellectual
deralopBient, lincu many of tlio incn engagml in them
car»(l nntMng for the |>rinfl|ilLMi of ('hristianiiy, unil
were ainhitinui oaly of |M)leinical victory. Yet the
very fact that tlie attention of all claiwea woh dircctetl
to such aubjecti niitrkii u (k-citied Mivao<!e in tlie i|tirit
of lociety over that of the precetling. reif^a. The Klix-
abethan development had followed nearly ingnn lin«i,-
the pumuit of ])loasure, the luitt of wealth hiul |)ower.
On Buch a l)asiii no |)ennancnt Hociety can U^ founded.
The nation took a ffr»ut Htep forwani when it Im'^iui to
inquire into the relation! U'tw^-n man und his < 'reutor.
Such an in(|uiry, pumued under narrow limitationH, nat-
urally made men narrow ininde<l. One |)arty fonnu-
lateil the dortrine of a divine State anil Church. The
otiier swun;; over to an aiireticiim whidi, among Home
of its moml)oni, preaent4>d many unlovely feature*, liut
among IIigh-('hQrchmen f^nd I'uritana alike, outside the
circle of the court, there was developing a morality never
before known in Enghind. We hear little more of the
private acandala which diagruceil the clergy in the day*
of Elizabeth, llancroft, aH well as Abbot, strove Ui ob-
tain clergymen who in their private lives niiglu be an
honor to the Church.
The young Lord Harrington ia a typo ofAhe Chria-
tlan noblemen who were now coming on the iieene.
Hit father had charge of the r^lucatiim of the IVinceM'-
Elizabeth, daughter of James, who, in KU.S, married the
Elector Palatine. The son, who about this time suo-
oeeded to the title, was educated as a I'uritan, but liad
travelled on the Continent, was fimd of manly siiorts,
and showed nothing of the outward austerity which
Duny persons think characteriHtic of Puritanism. He .
was rigid in his devotions, intulurant of his own fttults,
IM rnc nTHTAH im hollamo, mauini. amd ammica
but affable to all, ami eapocially oourt«oua to hii inf»-
rioni.*
Huch men were not ninnrruus anion^ the nobility,
but in tlio mitlilln ninki of life, wiiccially umunK tb*
country wiuinti. the rhunffo wiu very inarknl. TheM
country i(|uir>^ nnutn U|> the niuj<irity in I'urlianient.
How they were inibuetl with i'uritun ideaN i* shown '
by their public actions. In their tint unmion they n.
fused to <lo business on Hunday. In ItlH, they refused
Ui partake of the Communion in Westminntcr Abbey,
'* for fear of coin's and wnfur-cnkcs." f To such thing*,
as relica of idolatry, they bail objtTtions of which Elii#-
beth would have made short work. In Dlill.a bill waa
introduced into the House of Commons for the stricter
olMcrvnnce of the " Sablwth." One memlMir i)p|ioMiI
this bill, objecting to the up|>«>llution of Hablntlli as
puritanical, and defending H|Nirtii u|)on that day. The
House ex]N!lled him for an offence which it declared to
be " great, exorbitant, unparallele<l." J
Prior to this time the nation ut large hail also given
proof of its advance in Puritanism. In 1017, the atten-
tion of the king was called to a dis|MJte which had
broken out in Ijincoshiro Uttwecn the Puritans and
the Catholics, the latter being very numerous in that
county. Home of the Puritan magistrates had at-
tempted to enforce their Habliatical doctrines by 8U|»-
pressing the usual 8|)orta on Kunday. This raised a
loud protest, and .^uiutm dirccte<l the cancellation of
the obnoxious ordore. The result was tliat the rabble,
exulting in their victory and misconstruing the position
of the king, gathered around the churches on Sanday,
* 8n a (krtcli of kit lib in " Nuga Antiqui," vol. 11.
t OsMioer, it 837. ( Uuiat, lU. IU7, nou.
^
'}■■■[
aiw MiAMiiiai roM tni i««hi pi'mtah m
inmlting the wnnihi|i|>«ni ami tlinturliing the lervice,
The bishop of the iluivmv, lieing ii|i|i«mK<(l to for advice,
i«oonimen<le<l the iwuing of an unt«r prohlhiting any-
thing whivii might iliiliirli the congiwgution while in
church, hut |inrmitling tlio |M-o|ile, uftt-r iH>rvict>, to en-
joy their nctruvtometl aiiiuaenumta. This wouki have
been well rnoujjh for thin |wrticuhtr coinniunity, but
with any tiiccial local avtitm Jainet wna not content.
He prv|)are<l fur the whole kingtloin >*A Decliinttion tit
encourugi) Uecnvitioni and Kportii on th« \a<t<\'» l>ny,"'
anil giive onli<rH that it ithoulil Im< rouil by all thi> cli-rgy
from thi'ir pulpita.* Hut the ilii'larution wom not n-ail
during this reign. Tli(?re caiiie up bui-Ii a protewt fnim
the clergy, led by AliUit hinisclf, who ii Miid to have
threatened ilisolwdicnce uf the royal onion, that the
king gave wny.t It was rcaerviHl for bin sucrtwaor to
thus run counter to the Sabbatarian opinions of the
nation.^
Daring this fieriod the nanie Puritan iM>gan to ac-
quire new meanings, which have led to great confuiiion
among historians. There wore, iq^. fact,' four classes of
persons to whom it was now applitil, some Uilonging
to all four, and others to but throe, iwn, or only one of
these chuwes.
First were the Ceremonial Puritans, the men to whom
the name was first given, and who need no further de-
scription. .
* By lla proTlkioiia, dl pcnont who had ittendnl church In the
fnreAoon were to Iw pcrmitteil, nner aervicr, to indulge in tny Itw-
All racrration, auch aa dancing, nrchcrj, Moy-polva, and tho like.
Dull and boar Uiting.interludta, and bowling were proliibitcd. .
t Oardincr, iil. VO.
I In 1S8S, Charlet n>pul>liahi>d tho Dcchiration of Sports, sod en-
forced ila reailing from the pillpKa.
tW THt rVRfTAN III nOIXAND, UaLAMD, AND AMIUVA
Hecnnd, th« Civil or Politlval I'uriUns. Tlienn wore
llio men who, whether they cttrml for fomui .. nl ooje-'
inoniM or not, were molvetl to nmintMn the principlca-
of civil lilierty. They, Iwing a large iiinjority,oontrolleil
the lloiuc of (.'umniona.
ThinI, Iho Doctrinal riiritanii Tbi* wm a now «|>.
plication of the word, which came into uae in the latter
liayi of Jaino*. Until thia time, a« I have Mhuwn In a
fonner rha|itor, the whole Kngliih Church was united
on the doctrine of (intlcHtination um laid down by Cal-
vin. The king hlmiielf wum une of the iiiiMt ardent ail-
Vfraten of thiii diN'trine, and plumed himself KD-ntly on
the tiiotdogicnl learning which he diaplayetl in it* de-
fence. But liefore iiia deitth he clmngt'd his opinions,
and took up thiwo of the Aniiiniana, who renounced pre-
dantinution. In time ArniinianiMn lN<<*ame the theology
of tiio Iligh-Church |>urty, which, in thin point, was allied
with the CatholicH, and, Htrunge to lay, with the Ano-
liapti«tM alM>. All th<i«e who clung to the old doctrine,
including such churclimoh a« Arc]ibi»hop Abbot, were
now tcrmetl " I)<H-trinal I'uritanii." *
Against tliuae tlirtv cIiuwch of Puritan* there atood
opiMMctl : the prclatists, with their celcntial origin of
the Established Church; t|ie raurtiert, with their Uivim
* "Opinion!," Mr* Hociiulii;, " triiicb, at the lime nf llie ncccMion
iiT Junef, no clrr)(Tni»ii coulil liiTs »nwc<] withnut imminent rialc
^ Iwing ■trippcil nf lii> gown, wcro now the livat lillo to prefur-
niont. A ilitriiio of Hut ago wlio wni uked bj ■ limpla country
grntlcmnn wlmt ttie Amiini|na licli), intweml, wild u mucli truth
M wit, tliat llicj held all the lieat biihnprin ami dciuKriea in Eng.
lanil."— " Illat of Englanil," i. 74. In a tabM<|urnt chapter I ahall
lian more to an; about Hie Amiiniaiii, ciplalning wbjr their doo-
trinet bocanie nccrptable ti> the illgh-Cbun-limea.
^., .;, . AM. Muiui. ntornTAicn dmidid At pvWTAn im
right of king*; ami the Anniniani, with tltrir uti-<'«l-
viiiiitic tluH)li»Ky.*
Kilt thnn) wan Mtill anoth«>r clam in tho roinmunity to
the nu^mbitn <>( wiiieh tho name I'nritM waJi n*Mr |mi|i-
ularly apjtliMl, withi)iit any <|uulifyin||ii|iljm'tiv(>. This
wa« niailu n|> <>f all |)ununM, wli»t<<vern<>ir |M>liliral <>r
theologicnl opinicina, who liy their roniliirt |in>tt<«tTCl
agniniit tho flaxxl of rorniption and iiiiiiioralily whirh
thnsatenml to ingulf tho nation. Tho inam of Kng-
lishmon, aa Oanliner layi. were " living a lifu of prac-
tical hcathunism/'f Tho inan, ontfido tho nink* of tlic
avowed Catholica, who livnl a lifo of clumtily and lu-
bric'ty, avoided giiinhling and profanity, •■npviaHy if ha
maintainod family 4lL>V'itioni, kept tho Kahlmlh, and at-
tended church with regularity, wan, by tho |ieoplo at
large, ridiculo<l as a " I'uritan." } Nover wiu a higlier
tribute than this paid to tho nieinlwri of any |ioNlic«l
' or religious party, liettor than voluinoi'of tiMitiniony,
it evidonuos tho moral work that thti I'uritant were
doing.
It WBB not only for his treatmept of thcw men, all of
whom were within the Church, that Archbishop Abbot
is entitled to the gratitude of tlioae who believe that
religious dissent is advantageous to a nation^ In 1011,
as I have already mentioned, a numlwr of tho llrownista
vbq had been bauishod or had fled the kingdom during
* Hume, m. 489. ' .
f Okrdiner, Hi. 843.
} Nnl; PrefKo to vol. ii. " Life of Cnl. HulcliiuoD," Bohn't ad.,
1881; Bazter'a Autobiogre|ih;, etc. ' Eren Prince Chsrlet, who ia
outward monlit; pmcnlcd tuch a contnut to the roen about hi*
fiitlier'a coart, was, in 1624, called a Puritan by furcigaen—" Troppo
Purituo." Oardlncr,iii.24a.
MO THC FVBITAH IN HOLLAND, BMOLAND, AND AMERICA
the reign of Kliznlieth returned, and founde<l in I/>ndon
the flrst Engliih Church of Oeneml liaptistH. In 1016,
another party returned, and e8tabli8he<l also in ]x>ndon,
under the nliniitry of Ilenry Jacob, the first permanent
Englisli ('ongregational or Independent ('hurch.* Little
did Abbot or his royal inoster i^ani what seeds they
were planting in England to come to maturity in an-
other generation.
The history of these churches, to which I have referred
in the last chapter, formed by men who had rvtume«l to
England imbued with thellollander's ideas of civil and
religious liberty, ought to bo of interest to the reader, in
view of what they labored for under the (.Commonwealth
and have since accomplished in England and America.
But the interest of Americans has, in the past, centro<l
mainly about the congregatipn which did not return to
England, but, after a long residence in IIolluHd, set out
in the latter days of James to found a New Enghind
across the Atlantic. To follow the origin and early his-
tory of this congregation, which I have reservetl so as to
tell the whole story together, we have to n^trace our
steps a little, and, leaving the mijd and tolerant adminis-
tration of Abbot, return to that of liancroft.
The two men who were most prominent in the exodus
of the Pilgrim Fathers from England were William
Brewster and the Rev. John'Robinson. Each of them,
before leaving homo, bad Iieen subjected to an influence
from the Netherlands. Brewster, as a young man, had
for years been in the service of the Puritan Davison,
Secretory of Jjtate to Elizabeth, and had, as a hi^ly
•;
* lHn\ ; HtwoD, il. 544. Dorter iIhiws tbst thera wu an orgkoi-
tation in the time of Eliznljetli, but it was entirely l)rol(cn up !>; tlie
peraecutions of Iter niigu.
V
TBB riLOMM rATHIRS BRKWaTCB Atq) BOBIKSON Mt
tnuteil follower, accomimnicd him to Holland, where
Davison ri«idod for some timo ns a H|>ccial agent of the
crown.*. After the disgrace of the secretary, which fol-
lowed the execution of Mury SStuart, llrewster returned
to his home at Scrooby. -tk;n>oby wits a little hamlet,
situated nearly at the junction of the counties. of York,' '
Nottingimin, and Lincoln. It contained a decaying
manor - iiuuse, belonging to the ArchbiHhop of York,
and, being on a great highway, wax a mail and {Kmt sta-
tion. I Urewster, in time, succeeded his father us nmna-
ger of this station and as Agent of the archbishop, re-
siding in the ancient manor-house. >
In the latter ilays of Klizal)cth, when the Sejiumtists
had been mostly suppressed or driven into banishment,
we find one of their congregations ittill existing in Oains-
borough-upon-Trcnt, nut fur from this little hamlet.
John Smyth was the {Mustor, while Brewster and young,
AVilliam Bradford, afterwards Governor of Plymouth,
were among its n]eml)er8.
In 1004, this congregation received an important ac-
cession in the iwrson of John Itobinson, the famous min-
ister of the historic church afterwards formed at Leyden.
Kobinson had been educated at Cambridge when that
university was distinguislRxI for its inclination towards
Puritanism. Of his life in college we know little, ex-
cept that he remained there about seven years, and be- -
came a fellow. . Leaving the university about 1000, he
went to Norwich, the old headquarters of the Separa-
tists and Netherland refugees. In this vicinity he
preached for about four years. Then Bancroft began to
* When the NethcrUndtn «urrcndcre<l their "cnutionsr; towns" .
to Elizabeth, the keya of these towns were intrusted b; Davisoo to
the custody nf Brewster.
JL— 16 ^' ^
^
Hi Tni rCRITA!* IN HOLLAND, KNOLAND, AND AMMICA
persecutQ. the non-confonnistB, and Robinson was 8us-
|)end<Hl byjlio bislinp of the (liocetic. Jleantiine, ho had
embraced tile principlps of the t^cimratiBts, nnd, licaring
of the congregiition ut Oainsbomugh, tnrniMl his steps in
that direction, sto])ping at Cambridge to resign liis fel-
lowship.*
liui even in this distant quarter persecution did not
cease. As linidfoi-d said^ many years afterwards : "They
couUl not long continue in any peaceable condition, but
were hunted and ]>ersccutC4l on every Bide."t licfore
long they dividetl into two separnto congregations, the
original body, under Smyth, removing to Amsterdam in
lOOfl. " These," says linulfonl, "afterwards falling into
some errours in ye Ix)w Countries, ther, for ye most part,
burietl themselves and their natiics." $ The others, com-
ing from a section farther west, consolidated themselves
at Scrooby, taking Robinson us their minister, and meet-
ing for worship ut the manor-house. Hero, " with great
love," and at a " great charge," they were entertained by
Brewster so long us they remaine«l in England. ji Dnt
hero, again^ " Some were taken and clapt up in prison,
others hati their houses IxHtctt anil watcht night and day
and hardly escaped their hands," until " yo most were
faino to file and leave their liuwses and habitations,
"and the means of their livelihmMl." Seeing themselves
" thus mole&teil, and that ther was no ho|)e of their con-
tinuance ther, by a joynte consente they resolvetl to goe
into yo Ix)W Countries, wher they heard was frecdomc of
Religion for all men." |
♦ Dexicr, pp. 339-878.
t BrndfurU's "History of Plymoiitli Plantation," p. 10.
{Mem. Some nftlicin became BnptUta. Ucxtcr, p. 323,
I Bifdfoid, p. 411 ; Dexter, p. 3;0. | BradfonI, p. 10.
DirncuLTiEs IN nnoTitio to dollamd 243
But a removal to the Tx)w Countries irna a very differ-
ent affair now from wliat it liad been in prior yearn.
When I'urlia4uent passed the statute of 151t:i, lianishing.
the Sc|>aratist8, Elizabeth and her prelates were very
glad that they should carry their |)ernicioii8 theories to
ilolland. liut these refugees went to a eountr}' where
both religion and the press were free. Using the press,
they were flooding England' with their heresies, r.nd
wor|{ing more mischief to the hierarchy than if they
had remained at home. The Dutch authorities refuHC<l
to interfere with any earnestness, ami nothing was left
to Archbishop Uancroft, who was (letcmiineil to enforce
conformity, except to prevent further emigration.*
When, therefore, liobinson and his little flock at-
* Bewnil incMcnU wliich ocrnrml ilnring the rpign of Janic*
■how how, in rariuua quartcre, iniliviiluaU wc-ru Ix-Kiniilii); tn o|i|ir<!-
ciatc the lilKraliiing influence of llollnnil nn the Engliiih |ic«plf. In
1611, when James wiu writing ngainst tire Araiinian tlieolngy, lis
notiflcd tlie Statca tliat if thoy rctaineil Vontiiin, one of llic Arininian
profesmn, «ny longer, "wo aliall Im ncceasitnted to furbfd all tha
youth of our suhjccts to frequrnt a uniTereity that it »o infrctrti as
Leyilen."— IlrantU'a " Ilittory of the Rcli)nnntlon,"citc<l Nt'ul, i. 2.511.
In 1618, when England nurrcnilcrcU to Ilolland the towns which hnil
been picdgol to Elizalieth for her advances, strong protests were
made by some of the English offlciaK Among otlicrs, Sir John
Coke prepared a paper upon the subject, setting forth his objections.
The chief one was, lest the Dutch, when they were relieved from the
fear of the Engliali garrisons, should bring seandul upon Protestant-
ism by the encouragement whirli they gave to heresy and schism.
Gardiner, ii. 384. Again, in 1630, when the Spanish ambassador^
was tiyltig to induce James to join bis master in the war against
Holland, he said to Buckingham, prc<1icling better than he dreamed
of: "The Dutch liaVe tabbed England of her flshcrics, of her trade,
and of her gold. The next thing they will do will bo to cany off
the country itself nod make a republic of it." — QardiiKr, iii, S89.
.I't'JWJK
' 144 TM Pl'RITA!! IN HOLLAND, KNULAND, AMD AMSIUCA
tempted to leave England in l(!o7, they wore arrested and
thrown into jail. Still, after a few months they were re-
leased, and in the following year mode another Venture.
This venture, although attendc<l with ditHcultics, proved
more successful. Embarking at night, thuy were sur
prised by the otHcials when half their number ^vos on
shiplmurd. Wives were seimrutcd from their husbands,
and children from their parents ; the original (wrty was
divided, and some went over at a later date, singly and
by secret routes. But in August, lOOS, the whole con-
gregation, numbering about one hundred, found them-
selves safely housotl in Amsterdam.*
No Amcrfcan reader nee<ls to be informed that their
• stay in Amsterdam was very brief. Bradford says that
they foresaw the dissensions which afterwards arose
among the other Separatists in that city, and desired to
escajw religious strife, although, when referring to these
other English exiles in another place, he siieaks of " their
beauty and order," at this time, as something aiTecting.f
But whatever the moving cause, wo find Kobinson, in
the winter after their arrival, oddi'vusing a petition to
the Burgomasters and Court of liCyden, requesting per-
mission for about a hundred persons, men and women,
born in the kingdom of (ireat Britain, and of the Chris-
tian Itoforraed Beligion, to remove to their city. The
answer of the authorities, written upon the margin of
t^e ]H2tition, tells its own story : " The Court, in making
a disiiosition of this present memorial, declare that they
refuse no honest persoqg free ingress to come and have
* " Robinson, Brewster, and other principall mcinbcn were of ja
but, and stayed to Iielp ye weakest orerlierore tlicni.'^ — Bradnml, p.
16 ; Dexter, pp. 817-3U0.
__t:^'JB!»tVPljiiipytljv pJ7; Young, quoted by Dexivr, p. at?.
, TOE PILOUIM IN LBTDBM ' M
thoir residence in this city, provided that such persons
behave themsclveti, and submit to the laws and orcli-
nancea ; and therefore the coming of the memorialists
will be agreeable and welcome. Thus done in their scs-.
sion at the Council House, 12th February, lOiMt.'" *
Here, then, in the l)eautiful city of I/>ydrn, with its
famous university and its heroic jNtst, the wanderers, in
1609, found a home. They were few in number, and
mostly of obscure origin, so that their story in the land
of their adoption would have no historic imjwrtancc ex-
cept for the influence exerted on the world by their do-
Bcendants in America. In view of this influence, however,
every detail of their prior life l)ccome8 of interest.!
This life was not eventful, nor was it one which at- ,
tracted public attention ; but to him who can a])preciate
character it appears heroic. These men, 8elf.ex|)atriut«d
for their religion, came fKm a district of England where
agriculture was the only pursuit, and agriculture, as fol-
lowed by them, had been an industry in its rudest form.
• Deiter, p. 888. -'
t Aa the Pilj;rim Fatlicra tliemsclvca hure IcfV in their writing*
but scnnty memnriali nftlieir life in Ilnllanil, it «via snppowil nt ona
time tliat but little would ercr be known nbout tlili Budject. But a
modem invrttigator, conacientioui, painstaking, and full of zeal for
bis ancctton, has gone oror all the Dutrh reconis, and has lirought
much to light— RcT. Ilcnry M. Dexter, "Tlio Congirgatinnalism of
the Last Three Ilundml Years as Hren in itn l.itemturc;" alio.
" Pilgrims in Lcyden," Ann BngUml ifoffntine, 8«pt., 1880. Hotle;
Mjs that there is not " n trace Icil nu the national records of the Neth-
erlands of tlieir protracted residence on the soil." — " Life of Bame-
veld," ii. 293. It was not until IMH that the manuscript of Bradford's
" History of Plymouth Plantation," which the British had carried
•way in 1770, mm recovered and publiahe<l. Joseph Hunter first
definitely determined, in ItMO, that Scrooby.in Nottingliaoiahire, was
the site of lbs Pilgtim Church. Hunter's " Founders of New Plym-
248 TUB PrUITAM a dOLLADD, KNOtAND^ AHO AMmOA
Coniin;!; to llollanil, they mot iicif:itiflc farmers, with
raothcxls of husbandry which must havo ostoniHlicHl and
disheartened them. Hero was no field for coniiwtition.
In addition was their desire to keep together, and in
some place maintain a se|Nimto c<jngregation. The city
of I^ydcn, in which they made their home, was a great
nianufacturii^ centre, having then a population of al)out a
humlnHl thousand — double that which it has to-<lay— all
devote<l to mochanicid piirsuitg. To settle down amid
such a ])coplo meant a sorry revolution in tUbir lives, one
which would be attempted from only the highest motives.
.^)f the original emigrants two, anil two only, were
scnoTurs. One was William ISrewstcr. Ho for a time
supi>ortcd himself, and |)erhai)s Uiid away something, by
teaching Knglish to the Dutch. I'or this ]>ur)io80 he
coniiKweil a granmiur, or at least a set of rules, mcxl-
elled after the system then in vogue for teaching Ijitin.
At a later day he set uj> a printing-press from which
issued controversial works very distasteful to the Eng-
lish government. The other scholar was John liobin-
son,, the minister, who was a man of no mean acquire-
ments. In 1015, at the age of thirty-nine, ho was ad-
mitted to the privileges of the University of liPydon,
being enrolled as a student of theology. This connec-
tion exempted him from the jurisdiction of the civil
authorities — the university here, as elsewhere, Ix'ing re-
garded as a state by itself— uiid entitled him to receive
every month one hundred and twenty gallons of beer, and
every three months about ton gallons of wine. In such a
hospitable manner did the famous ujiiversity provide for
at least some of the wants of its students of thtelogy,*
* In tlie Anninian controvcny Robinann took an active pnrt, di>-
puting coiMtaDtl; with tlje antl-CalTiuUta, iiDil idwAj't uitb great -
BABOaniPt or THIIB NOTIL Lirs MT
The other Pilgrim Fathers wore of a, different class.
Some of them, |)crhaps the young William Knulford,
may have had a little money. In Kill, wo find them
buying a bouse of cunsitlerable size, witli a tract of land
around it, for which they ]iaid eight thousand guldens,
equal to about twelve thousand dollars to-day. Here
they built a number uf lit«lo tenements, in which prob-
ably a majority of the congregation resided, worxhip-
ping in the largo parlor of their piutor's house. A very
few of the nowacomers are rated in the city nircords as
" merchftnts," but, with four or five exce])tion8 of this
' character, they ap|>ear as mc<:hunic8, following pursuits
very hanl to men who, as Itnulford says, were "used
. to a plaine country life and ye innocent trade of hus-
bandry." *
They had no cause of comphiint against tircir liosts,
. who troatc<l them, not, to be^ sure, as distinguished
strangers, but as thev treated all others' of their class.
Their hostH, on the other hand, had nothing to complain
of in their conduct. Tlicy were always willing to work
at anything which wouhl give them a 6up]K>rt. Such
was their reputation for honesty that any of the congn>-
gation, however {xmr, could always obtain creilit from a
Leyden tradeenian. When tinally some of them took
their departure for America, the civil authorities ti>8ti-
fied in most unqualifie«l language to the uniform |)ecce-
fulness of their conduct, which, it was said, formed a
marked contrast Vo that of some of the other Protestant
refugees to whom the city bod given shelter.f
liredit to liimM'ir and (he Engliali nnmc. Bnulfonl ami Winalow,
pamim; tee a!<n Doxicr, quoted alwvb. Tliia body of SeparatitU
did not accept the Analniptist doctrine in regard to prcilcstination^
• Bradford, p. H. > t Bradford.
M8 THB rCBITAN IN HOLLAND, INOUNO, AND AMIMCA
But the mechanical life was very wearing, e8|)ecially
Dpon the ngeil and the children. In order to kvep the
wuK from the duor, boys and girls at the earliest age
had to Iks set at work. As the boys grow to manhoud
many of them t<Mik to the sea or joinixl the army. In
a city like Leyden, then nearly u.h large as Ix>n<lon, thnao
who remaine<l ,at home were subjccttNl to temptations
unknown to their fathers in rural Kugliind. In addi-
tion to all this was the abhorrence with which English
reformers looked on the IloUandcrs' lilieral mode of
observing the Sahlntth ; and Anally came the feeling .
that a foreign ubsoriition, now in imme«liate {mwpcct,
was a national evil to be avoided. These are the rea-
sons, as given by themselves, for the exodus of the Ill-
grim Fathers from their home in Leyden.*
* Brmiron), etc. In 1627, tbo Dutch nollinritiva at New Amitrr-
<lani— now New York— opencil ncgntiatioim with tlio wttlcrs of
Pljrmoutli ID rcgnnl to trade anil otiicr inaltcn. Governor nnii]|<>rtl
and liiB council replied in a letter, wliirli, unlru tlie wrilcn wero
men of K type of Cliristianity diflerent from that depicted liy their
desccndanta, tellii truthfully what they thought .nf their trealuient
in ; olland. "Yet arc many of u»," they wy, "further ohliKeil by
tho good i\nd courtcoua entreaty which wo have found in your f oun-
try; having lived there nuny years with freedom and in flood con-
tent, aa alw) many of our frienda do to tliii day, for which we and
our children after us are Imund to be thankful to your nation, and
shall never forget the same, but shall heartily desire your good and
prosperity, aa our own, forever." — Mass. Hist. Society, 4th series,
iii. 224. They {>>und their new life hani, because it was one for
which they were unfitted. It bus l>ecn reserved for some of their
descendants to critieisn the IloUnndera' hospitality, lieeause they
simply gave shelter, credit, and employment to men who had Iwen
driven from thcli- homes by |ieraecutinn. Their hosts, who failed
^ to treat them as princes in diaguiac,^£an only lie charged with want
of a prophetic instinct
naaiuTioit to amuuca >*f
In 1020, • part of the congregation, abont ono third
in namber, full of Ncthorland idean, and Icil by the
icholarly Elder Urowstor, with whom wont . ■\Villiam
Bmdfoni as a (Itting UMociate, cntgwHl the Atlantic and
founded at Plymouth the first of the Now England
colonies. Other mcmlwni of the congregation followed
tbeni at later dates. TIioho who remained beliind either
died in the faith like Robinson, or were alworlMMl into tlie
Dutch churches, 8o that by lOAri we lose all trace of the
Scrooby exiles' in the city's archives.*
Such were , 'the Pilgrim Fathers, and such is a sum-
mary of all that is known of their life in Holland. Their
Story has been brought down to the time f>f their emi-
gration to Americfl, in order to complete the record of •
' the Se])urati8t movement which liegun in Kiiglund dur-
ing the reign of Queen Eliziiljcth. What they and the
English llaptists learned from the people about them,
* nobiiiaon died at Lcydcn in 103S. Hornbock, nno of the di«-
tinguislicd pmfciunn or the l^eydcn University, said nf liini : " Oniliia
nostril diim vixit fuit, ct tlicniogia Ix'idcnsiliiia faniiliiiriH ct linnom-
tu«."— " Ycnr Iloolc of the Holland Society of New York ; " " Viitit.lo
Holland," 1888, pp. 8(Mia. The lilierality ofRnhinaon's idena is shown
by the mciuonible address whirh he made to the koltlcni of Plym-
outh at the time of their de|urtun! from Holland. In this ndilresa
he bewailed the conditiim of the Itcformed churches, which liiid
cnmo to a |ieriod in rcliginn; the I.iillieniiis and C'lilvinists each -
liclicving that all truth had been discovered by their respective
leaders. For his part he was persuaded that the Lord had more
tmih yet to break forth out of his Holy Word; for it »iis not jios-
aible that the Christian wo/ht shinild qonie sg lately out of such '
thick anti-Christian darkness, and that |)erfection of wisdom should
break forth at oner. NenI, i. 200. The authenticity of this noble and
characteristic address has been very unworthily questioned by souM-
uiodern tbeoloj^iuns.
:, 54''.^'; AS' '■"^.■' ■»-*"■-. -i-:^ ■
■ *•■ ;■■- '■,
ISO THB Pt'RITAN IN nOLLA:<D, KNOLAND, AVD AMKRICA
in re)i^nl to pplitical and lognl matters, will be consid-
ertkl in some later chapters: when wo HhaU aim) Reo how
many thousanilg of other Englishmen, hy thc^neral
bistorian uhnost entirely ovcrluokc<l an faetur^/y 8hH|v
inc the future of their own country, swurmwl -A'pt the
putck republic ut this same jx^ritMl, absorbing all man-
ncr-'of new an<l progressive idwis which they were to
carry to England and America.
Meantime, however, wo nmst return to the Nether-
laudera and see what they were doing in their struggle
for intleiwndence, and how their actions were to afloot
the PiM'itan clement in Enghind.
>.<•. '
I
CHAPTER xviir ■)
THE WAR l\ THE NETIIEnLANnS— 1568-1(1^0
TRUCK WITH 8FAIS
Os the nth of April, Ifiott, just as tl>e Pilj^rim Fathers
were removing to their new lioiiie iit I^ydon, tiio Unite<l
Netherhinds took -their ])iuco among the nations uf the
eartli. For forty years they Iiad InHin curryih^-«(n a
war— first for their ancient liberties, aral then for inde-
pendence. At length the enemy, weary of ,tiie struggle,
cotisented to (i twelve years' truce, in which tiieir inde-
pendence wfw sulntantiully acknowle<Iged.*
Wc left the history of this struggle to follow the fort-
unes of England threut«ned hy thii Invineil)le Armada.
Now, returning to it, I have, no intention of tracing its .
progress in any detail. As in sketching its earlier ])eri<Ht,
I shall give only an outline of the ]irincipal events, and
illustrate the nature ot the contest by a few character-
istic incidents. 'lysome readers the whole story is a
familiar one, l»ut/it bears retelling. AVe have seen how
ihe Puritans oJf England were affetaiHl by this contest
in its early st/gcs. As it went on, tho effect was more
marked y<J«T by year. Finally camo theeoinpleto tri-
umph (^')iritunism in the Netherlands. AVith such an
\ —
* Tli£ republic conaiitcd oT Kvcn states :' Tliillanil, ZecUmi;"
Utrecht, Fricsland, Oreryssvl, Oroninjjcn, and UcKU'rIanil. Tho
other tivclTO were known M tlio QbcUici^t I'rovmces,
•
M* TBB PURITAN lit nOLLAMO, KNOLAMD, AND iUtXSCk
example before them, of heroism displayed in acliieving
relif<;iouii und civil liliertj, the revolution of the Puritans
in Engliind wiut inevitable.*
The direct attack upon England, mn<lo by Philip, in
1588, was of great advant4igo to the rebellious Nether-
lands. While it WIS in progress, I»armo, the ablest of all
the Spanish governors, was powerless for evil. No less
important and no less advantageous to their fortunes
were the events in France of the next succeeding years.
In December. 1588, the Uuke of (tuise, the leader of the
Holy I>eague which was to exclude lleniy of Navarre
from the thrr)ne and extir|iate the Ilugucnut.>t, was assas-
sinated by order of the refractory pupjict Henry III., his
noble master. In August, 15Hi), the royal assassin met
the same fate at the hands of the league, anil Henry of
Navarre proclaimetl himself King of France. Philip now
thought that the opportunity had at last arrived for an-
nexing this distracteil kingdom to his other immense
possessions, und l>ent all his energies in that direction.
In IJ^JJO, the " White -plurae<l" knight, wjliose royal
wardrob^ consisted of five handkerchiefs and twelve
shirts, mostly ragged, wins the liuttle of H'ry and then
lays siege to Paris, the stronghold of the Catholics. Par-
ma, who had sent soiiio of his troops to Ivry, was now
ordered to go in i>erson to the relief , of the French capital.
I,n vain he protested that he could not bo simred from
• In tliis chapter, wliicli is purely n^nrratlrc, invnlviiig no <1iiipute<l
questions, my citations of aiitliorilcs are Tew ; liiit for tlie iin|>ortant
lieriol sRer tlie tlcatli of Elizubetli, when tlie nction of England
V. l>ecnme so uiifricndly, tlio reader is referred to tlie cxIinustiTc work
^j ; ^Gardiner ft>r sidc-liglit upon tlic subject. Tlic wIiqIc sjory Unf
peculiar interest to Amerlcnns, as showing how republics bare ti-
ways been regarded by tbo monarchies of Europe.
ralNCI MAl'RtCB-UI8 KIKtTIFIC KDl'CitTlUN US
the Netherlands, l)ut liis onlers won- |H'rciiiptory. lie
aocoinplighe<l Iiis mission by a Blrat^gicul inovomcnt,
which showed how completely ho had uiustcred thu art
of war, and then returned with an nrmy enfeehlwl by
disease an>l too weak for active operations against the
rebels. Two years hitcr, ilcnry of Navarre laid sii-go to
Bouen, and I'arma was ordennl to its relief. With a
force of eighteen thousand men he ruiso<l this siege, and
then, went back to the Netherlands to die. Philip never
forgave him for the misfortun(« of the Annada, doubted
his loyalty, surrounded him witii spies, and made his life
a burden, so that when ho laid it down, at llio ugc of
forty -seven, he w^s an old as well as a l)rokeu-heartctl
man.
"Meantime, a boy had been coming to maturity in Hol-
land who was tb revolutionize the military science of his
time as completely as Na|)oleon did tlib work for his eon-
■teraporaries. When William of Orange died, in 1584, his
second son, Maurice, was a lad of eighteen, unobtrusive
in his manner, and devoted to his studii>s.* In recog-
nition of his father's services he hail at once been chosen
Stadtholdcr of Holland and Zcclahd with the title of
prince, and, in 1587, he was ap(>ointed captain-general uf
the army.t "Tandem fit surculus arbor" ("The twig
may yet become a tree ") were the words that he hud
taken for his motto, and a great tree the twig was to be-
come. 'While Leicester was playing his pranks in the
Netherlands, while Elizabeth was plotting the l>etrayul
of Protestantism, and Phili|) was preparing his Armada,
the young prince was making ready for the inevitable
'TUS eTdef BfbtBw wSVpflfencTIn SpiJii." " ' '
' t In 1390, he wu alio choacn Stadtholder of Oelderland, Utrecht,
nnd OTcrysMl.
.flM TUK pcRiTAir IN noUAnn, bnoland, ahd ahibica
Rtrugglo of the futnrc, not by idling about n court, but
by a gystoinatic cotirue of. study.
Other goncralx liiivo iicconiplishrd gn>ut rcgulta
thnm^li individual giiilantry und through what is
culled ]K;r8onul niagnetiam. ^[aurico showed that in
war, as in everything elsu in life, g»>niu8 consists first in-
the capacity for Oiking intinitc pains. Ho had a jxh-uI-
iar problem before him, and with iho instinrts of a genius
ho set out to master it in its entin'ty. The reliollious
provinces were dotteil over with walleil towns, whtio
the oiwn country was protocte<l by stjong fortresses at
every ]>oint of advantage. The olHceirs api)ointed by
Ix'icester had, sho^ly after his departure, iK'tmyed two
of these strrmgliolds to the enemy. In 15S0, another,
Gertniydenburg, had aluo b<yn surrendered by its I/)ices-
trian garrison. Itesides thcso three important positions,
the Simnianis held a number of minor towns and forts
scattered through the countrj'. , Tliu first work was to
recover these places and drive the invader from tho^
United I'rovinct>8.
Of the old moiles of proce<luro in such offensivo oper-
ations, we liave seen something in a previous chapter,
when dcscribin/^ the sieges of Harlem and I^eyden. A
largo anny sat down l)eforc a town, throw up some rude
fortifications, prevented all Egress and egress, and, if
the place could not bo taken by bril)orv, stratagem, or
assault, waite<l patiently for the effects of famine. This
system nuide military o|)crations almost interminable.
Maurico was the first man to do away with the ancient
methods and re<luco war to a scientiflc basis. To ac-
oomphsh such a result re<|uircd a knowledge unknown
to his predecessors— a knowledge which ho gbtained
under the instruction of 8imon Stcvinus, of Dnigca, in-
spector of the dikes of Holland, the ablest engineer of
MAcnici onaxyiZMa an armt ass
the age, and one of the great sciontists of nil ngos.* For
niQre than four years nmHtur and pupil worked together,
gleaning all that could lie found in the claiwicg, and n|v
plying to iuo<lcrn warfare the principles over wliieh Ste-
viiius ha<l Ijcen lalniring for a lifetinio. Ihit the prince
waa not the only pupil. Seeing the advantage of such
studies to his countrymen at large, ho ostablishctl, on a
system pre|Nircd by bis instnictor, an engineering course
at the University of l,eyden.+ TWs innovation, which
at the time was so great a novelty, forms not tlie small-
est 4>f the improvements which Holland made on the
antiquated system of collegiate education.
How Maurice had profited by his engineering studies
was shown as sotm as he took command in the fieltl.
But meanwhile he had to create an army. Itefore this
time much of the fighting for the republic had l)een
done by hiretl mercenaries, and by the train-'lMtnds or
militia of the cities. The latter never (louhl stand in
the open flelil against the veterans of Spain, and tlio
hirelings, mostly (Jermanii, serving in sciKirate Inxlies
and umler their own oflicers, were not much more effec-
tive. Now the time had come for the republic to or-
ganize a regular army ot its own, and the young prince
also set aliout this task, lie ha<I an efficient ally in his
cousin, Lewis William, Stadtholder qf Kriesland.J Of
course he hod the assistance of Stevinus, and he w-as fully
* Bca Vol. I. p. 8S8 for nn nccmmt (if the acicntiOc work of BteTinni.
tMoll-y's "United Ncllierliinils," iii.07.
\ William the Silent nnd three of Ills brothcn lind laid doirn thoir
lirci in the caUM of European litwrty. , Ten of tlio next generation
were now in tho tervice, the most able of nrliom, next to Mauriec,
wnt Lenta William, aon of John of Nanau, the oldcit and only lur-
TWing mcinl>cr of the original family.
.."^■^
MM TIIK PURITAN IN UOLLAND, INaLAND, AND AMUUCA
supimrlod by Uurnevekl, tho great statesman unil ctril
lewlor.
Tilt) army at tint was very small, consisting of only
ten tiiuuiutnd foot anil two thouound liorso, hut it was .
capable of infinite exiwnsioii. Iteforo tiie end of the
century it numbcrud over forty-live thousand; thirty
years later it liod increusv<l to one hundred and twenty
thousanti, and it wiui then the school of nnus for Euro|ie.'*
Of its organization I need not s|>eak, nor of its incessant
drill in manieuvres unseen since the days of the I^>man
legions. These matters belong to tho history of war.
But there are some features of the new system which
deserve our notice as showing th«i lulvance of rcptiblican
ideas. No longer Were me'n placed in ini|)ortaiit posi-
tions on account of noble birth. A soldier had to serve
for throe years before he oiuld be made a lieutenant,
and for a captaincy four years' scr^'ice was nMiuiMnLf
The |)ay was very high : the ]>rivato foot-soldiyrs re-
ceiveil tn>m. twelve to twenty florins for a so-called
month of six weeks, the lieutenant of infantry fifty -two,
and the captain one hundrcil ami fifty. In the cavalry
it wus still higher, the lieutenant receiving one hundred
and eighty florins, tho captains four hundred, and the
privates in proportion.^ As the florin was worth about
forty cents in our present Ameriqan currency, and
money then hac^ a purchasing value four or five time|
greater than at present, tho reader am see that the (my-v
of the infantry was high and that of tho cavalry was
enormous. §
— 4 DatIw, ii, 37% Owon FelUfaam't " Obwrfilioiw.*^
t Motley, iii. 94. t Idem, It. M*.
{ A cnptain of ctrilrj received tlic eqiiivAlcnt of about 6ie tlion-
Kind dollan n jttt, more tbsn the United Slate* payi to a brigadier-
/.
NUVU. DMCII'LINR UP VAmil'm ARMT 3S7'
Every week tlic soldier rocpivwl his monpy, ami, nl-
tbough at times the Ktniin iijxin the troiiHiiry wiis severe,
tfio republic found its iidvnntu^ ii|^>niii)]>t und liU-riil
paymuntH. Prompt ]))iymontii prcvent<Ml the mutinies
. which, cqnstuntly occurrinj^ ntnonf^ the enemy, iihvaya '
hamperc«l their movemcntK; and the republic could alfonl
to Im lilierul, beciiuso in its anny, where the num'wero
,, paid directly by the State, there wns none of the ]xxu-
lation and Hwindling ^Yhich were the .gresit curse of
.other nations.* Under this system a discipline \vm
established which otherwise would have l><>cn im|)08si-
. ble. One of the greatest evils of war, as citrrieil on
before this time, biu\ been the misery which it inflicted
' g^ni'ral. Wc |mi<l diiriii;; nur war tliirtcon rlollarti n^mniitli to tlie
foot-Dolilicn; in the Dutch nriiij lhi>y roct'ivi'il imich mi>rc thiin this,
taking into account their cxtni coin|>i!nwilii>n when wiirkinK In tlic
treDchi'9. Motley, iii. OS. The rc|inl>lin not only knew how to piiy
it* •ohlicre, l)Ut it al«<> knew how to rcwnrd the men who hml ri'ii-
dcred conspicuoua pnlilic m'ItIcc. In 1390, a Dutch. Hki|>|K'r, with
WTcnty men concenleil nmUr n rnrgn of peat, cnplurcil the city of
Breila, gurrisonril l>y three hundred nnd flfly SpaniunU, Tire iiki|>-
I>crand his men nil received nn iinnuily for life, nnd the wihliera who
ni>siate<) in the enlerpriac two nu)nths' pay and ii j;i>ld mednl. Davlc^
ii. 34.1, citing ''fctorcn and lior. '
• Wlien I.e. -cuter wb» in the Netherlands there wb« a cnnabrnt
complaint that the pnymuater-genend won robbing tlic itoldient.
But this was not the wont form of Engli.ih ilinhnneHty. All the
captaiuji, who paid their own men, <lrew money from tlio treasury
for soldiem who had no existencu except on pn|icr. In the Armada
year, for example, Qneen £liial)ctli demanded the return of part
of her Are thousand troops. The States conscnlet) tliat all alMvc
two thousand should go ; but when these were counted out, hardly
. • man was left, although the captains had been drawing pay for
^ — the full ATo.tbousaad, Motley, iii. 08. Spenssr, in liis " View of-
Ireland," published in l.'iOO, shows timt the same form of fraud wiu
universal among the English officers in that country.
ii.-n - '
';i^f^.)M^;\.:V-
198 rua PltHlTAN. IN IIULLAMD, BNULANO, AHD AHKKIOA.
' on tlio non-coinlmtftnts. ^[uiirico ji^atly allovi»t(Hl thi«
evil hy putting an end to priviito pilliigo. At onu of liis
early sieges ho hange<l two wihlioni— one for stealitig a
bat, the other /or stealing a iiunianl. At another siege
ho onlere«l a soldier to lie shut lieforo tlio whole camp for
rohbing a woman.* The result was that his army was
always welcomed as a friend ; within its lines tiie ]K-as!mt8
pursuetl their onlinary vocations, and ])rovigi()ns were
found there in greater aliundance and at lower prices
than In manj' other places.f -
At the head of this ormy, drilltHi to perfectioh. with
its 8ap)x?rs and miners, and its train of siege guns Kuch
as the world ha<l never seen before, Maurice, in l.MM,
8tArte<I out on his career of conquest. It is a career, the
details of which are, with few exce)>tions,of as little in-
terest to the general reader as is the record of a chess'
tournament to a person unac(|uainte<l with the game.
In fact, his operations much resembled those of a great
chess- ])layer. There were the same c<hiI calculation,
concentration of |>ur|)ose, iMi|icrturbability of mannbr,
anil (]uiet consciousnciui of strength. At first, his plans
might not be apparent ; but when he said " checkmate,"
the world knew that the game was up. Uver and over
^ * Motley, iii. too. For damogc dona to priT«t« property the
' captains wcra made primnrily n-sponiiiblc, and the; deducted tj^s
amount from the aoldiera'-pay. Unvics, ii. 23B.
+ Probalily no rradcr ni'od» to be reminded tliat C'romwcH'i
officer*, wlio liait learned tlielr Icunn in the Nelherlanda, intro-
duced tliia atern diwiplioo into the army of tlie Commonwealth,
and with ct^ually beneficial' realla. For aorne illnalrationa of thia
diiciplinc aco ."The fnterre^B^." p. 138, by F. A. Inderwick
(London, 18tl). In Ireland, C'l^M well liangedTnn Kngliali aoldiera
who had stolen a fowl from a |)eai«Dt'a cabin. Fruudu's " Englitb
to Ireland," i. 126.
nil ■PAKIARDS IXPKLUIO rROM THC Rirt'BUC, lfi»4 2.t«
Rgain the- commandant of a fortress, called on to sur-
remlcr, asked leavo to examine the w^rka of the beHJeg- '
era, and then laid down his aniiH.
At the outset occurre<l the only event whirh has an
element of picturewjucness to remind one of the early
days of the great struggle. On the 2;UI of- May, l.'ilH,
Ave iwosants and six itcasant women apiieure<l before
the main gate of the great foH of Zutphen, which had
been surrendennl to tlie eneniy in 1587. They stH-mcd
inoffensive enough, with their baskets of eggs, butter, and
cheese, to sell to (he garrison. This was a roinm<ni <ic-
currence, and the soldiers, as usual, l)egan their chatfer-
ing. Suddenly one of the women drew a pistol and
shot the soldier who was choa|K>ning her eggs. At
once, the peasants, male and female, were tninsfonneil
into soldiers, who, joineil by a force placi^l in ambush
by Prince Maurice, soon had ]K>sse8Hion of the fort.
AV'ithin a week Zutphen itself surrendered, and this
triumph was followed by the capture, after a ten days'
siege, of the city of Deventer, the |N>st which had tieen
betrayed by Sir William Stanley and his Irish garrison.
AVith the exception of this one enlivening scene, the
record of military event* in the Netherlands for the
next seven years is a very monotonous one. City after
city, fort after fort, were taken, all in a purely scientific
manner, until, by the year 15t)8, the 8])aniard8 Imij been
driven from the territory of the new republic*
* Tlie termt given to llio tinioKed were alwnyii the nmo, Privitij
property wo* acrupuUiuiil; rtipectcil ; til wlio m dcsiroit fere nllontetl
to remain in their homes; tlic pul)lic exerciae of the Cnlholic religion
wan furbldilen at fltngeroui totheStntc; but tliere wtajio interfer-
ence with prtrtio wortliip, and no inquititiou into men't indiviiluti
belief. Motley, |iaiM°m.
Mo TUK PURITAN IN IIOLLAMP, SNOLAND, AND AMIRICA .
Ihlt-iintimu the wur was going on in France. In l.'i»3,
Ilonry of Niivurm, tlio cliunipion of tlio ]lugiu.>n<K8, Inv
camv rwoncilwl to ICoino ; n tlirono, iw lie i» n'\K>rti-i\ to
liuvo suiti, lM>ing'cli(>ii|ily imrcliaatHl with a niasM. . Kliui-
U>th . wax, at first, grievously Khwkwl that lior ally
hIioiiIiI havo taken tlio Btc'p wliieli hIio had t'ontt-niplatcd
for thirty years; ligton diticovcring that I'hilip of S|Miin
wiiH HO 1088 inimical to the newly made Catholic than he
Imd l)een to the fKriner lieretic, her |)eia'e of mind re-
turniid. Hostilities Htill continui^l, ami for the next live
years the Xethorluntis kepton supplying Henry with
money and Kohliorx, mh they, had always <lone lM>for(>,
while lighting their own battles and aiding England in
two navul attacks on Spain. Thus it cnmu alM>ut that',
with restfurix's Ktruined to the upmost, the republic could
d(j no niore liy land than to i-ound out its^early boundaries.
The acquisition of any lew territory •(^mi the ()l)e<lient
Provinces was a task only to Iks undertaken under more
favond)lo circumstances.
Itut, in 1508, events Mcurred which rem\ere«l impossi-
ble the further extension of the republic. In the llrat
place, Henry of Navarre niado his peace with S|)ain.and
thereafter, although ho secretly advanced money to the ■
rebels, had some schemes of his own which preventwl
him from l)oing their earnest friend: EiizalK!th, too,
now refused any further compliance with the terms of
her treaty of 1585, and insist^l on the immediate re-
payment of her advances, the amount of which was ul-
timately lixi><l attcight hundred thousand ]{ounds. She
also vVas trying to' niftke a Beparatc peace, nml urged
the^ Xethcrlanders to give up the conflict, accept their
old ruler, and return, as Henry had done, to the bosom
of Mother Church. In this advice all h<;r councillors
concurred, including evon the venerable UurgUley, whu
puiLin wiDDiNo-oirr or tiic nktiicrlanim iti
was n)M>ut |MMging to liia llnril nccount.* Kortunntoly,
it WM impoMiblo for KnKliind, lit lliii* tiim*. to iiinko
peocu with Spain. Tlio (iiicHtion of tl)o <l«'l)t wan nr-
ranged by u iiromiHo of the n-piiiilic to imy it in instnl-
monts. While Elizabeth lirml hIk^ continued a nominnl
ally of th<> Ktatvs, but they could no lonf^r ItMik to hor
for any nstiigtiincc, except the privilej^ of ret-rtiitiii);;
troops in England t<i Im> supiiortcil at their own charge.
The year which witnessetl the defection of France •
and England from their old alliance aim lM>r(> other
fruit. In 150(1, Philip had a])|HMnte<l a new governor- .
general of the Ketherlands, the An-hdukn Cardinul .\l-
Ijcrt, Archbishop of Toledo, and youngest brother of the
Emperor of (Jenijany.+ The archbishop, having un- •
frocked himself and received a dii«|iei>s'ition from the
pope, was Bclcctetl by Philip as a husband for his (laugh-
ter, Isabella. The marriage did not take •place until
September, 15U8; but on the (!th of the jireceding May
the couple roccimi us a we<l<ling gift a (lee<l of all the
Netherlands, with a rcvcmion, however, to S|)ain in case
they had no childi«n4
• Motley, ill. 4»!1.
t Of liim Henry nf Nsviirrv niiidu lii» funionn Jcil, lie aniil tbtt
tliero were three tliinpi wliirli n<i one woiil<\ ever lulieve, mul wliicli
y«t were very tnie: tlmt Queen Elizalietli deierveil her title of the
ttironetl vettnl, that lie waa liiniwlf a ^ood Catholic, and that Canli-
nil Albert wa« n gowX gvnenil. " It U probable," uya Motley,
" that the aHcrtiuna were all equally accuml«.'' — " Uoitctl Xetlicr-
bnda," iii. 830.
{ The reversion was n ^rtalnty, aa it woa known that tlio arch:
duko noTcr could lie n father. Hence, Janien in England and Henry
in France each looked forward to receiving the Netherlands asa
dowry with tlic new Infanta, who was in turn suggested as a wife
fur the Prince of \Va\a and the Dauphio.
)^.-
,i- 'fit:i'i S'^'^iV-'**'* ji^s^irfs^
963 Till PURITAN IN HOLLAND, BMOLANIl, AMD AMERICA
Four months after making thiit cifiHion, tlio cn>wnp<l
bigot, wliooo long life liiul bavn one criiiu.- iigiiinit human-
ity, |)UBH0(1 uwiiy. HiK last ilayii wvro <1U<-<I witli what
seciiiH intoleniblo anguish. lia(.-k<-<l with every form "f
]iiun, even iin'muturuly oaten liy tiie worius which prey
upon the (h-iul, he lioro his iigunies with th« nngclie JM-
tioncu of u niuilyr. Having, us he luid, never conseious-
ly (lone wrong to any one, there was nothing in \m |HVit
to requiro rt-iientance. Ami so, witlfeestatic visions of
hcuvenly hlisn befoiH* liis eyes, he welooiiKHl <1eiith, hav-
ing solemnly charged his daughter in governing the
Netherlands to follow his Ijenign example.*
Philip II. h>ft his financial atTairs in a very Ind con-
dition for his son and successor, I'hilip III. Ity over
forty years of niismanugement he had nearly ruined the
nohio ^-stato to which he had 8ucce(<<tc<l. lla<l his son
l)een |l man of ability, he nilght, liowever, have retrieve<l
his fortunes, and have made S|mTh again a forniidahlo
pt)Wer. jts natund resources were excellent, and it had
cnoViiious (losse^gionH in the Eustt and West Indies, which
poured into the country a steady stream of wealth. Hut
the new king was indolent, wcak-minde<l, without vices
but without virtues— a i>erfectly colorless creature, who
placed himself, like an automaton, in the hands of an
unworthy favorite, the Duke of lA<rma. The favorite,
on his )>ai't, devoted his chief energies to piling up a
fortune for hiins(>lf and his connections.
Still, Lerina had some capacity, and tho future of
Spain might not have l)een hoj>eless, despite tiio weak-
* Tliii ii the ncrnunt of lila Uat tlaja giTcn by nil tlic RUlhorities.
IIow much truth there In in it no one knows. Such ii fnitliful vm
of the Church would of course 1>e canonii^il hy its •dherenta, anU
no others were present at his death-bed.
' rmurs ivccntoiis roLiow in hu rooman M3
neM of ill king ami tlie diglionosty of its offlcials, hut
for iinotliur migfortuno willt wliicli it wiut atflictoil. Al-
tiiougli^ I'liilip III. formni micli u contnuit to tun father
in mithy rc8|K>vt8, lio ntuMiililiLHl him in devotion to the
Church. I.emia, too, nnd nil tlut govi'min^ chisi ahout
tho throne, were e«|uuliy ortlio<U>x, nnd so \yvru tlio In-
funtii unil lior liuslund AilN.'rt,r.\'C-unhnHl and ox-hishop
of Tolu<h>. In S|Hiin, tliis (irtiio<h)xy k-d to the uxpul-
Bion from tiui kingdom of tlvo liun<lnxl thousand MiHtrs,
the descendants of those wlio had lM>en 8|>are4i l)y Fer-
dinand and Isabella, now eml>nicing nhnost nil the uuin-
ufncturers and intelligent agriculturistx of the nation.
In the Nethcrlamls, it le<l to tho prolongation of a wnr
which wns to prove the ruin of S|Miin u|Nm the ocean.
Huw this-came about we Khali shortly see; but first let:
us briefly follow to its conclusion the war u|Mm the Ian4l.
Although the King of ISpaiu had in his Inst days
niailo iwace with France, whose monarch wn.s a jtro-
fessetl (Jntholio, ho ha<l refuwMl it to tho heretic Queen
of England. E<|Ually op|N>8ed were tho Archduke Al-
bert and his wife Isidn^lla to any jwace with the heretic
rebels in the Netherlands, except U|)on the terms of
their unconditional surrender. With affairs us they then
8toO«l, it seems almost incredible that Knglish statesmen
should have advocated tho acceptance of sui^h tonus
with any expectation that their counsels wouhl Ih> fol-
lowed. In tho cam]Hiign of 1.'>U7, Maurice had, in tliroe
months, captured five castles and nine strongly fortifi'e«r
cities, opening the na|imition of the Uliine iiml secur-
ing the Eastern frontRttto|lie republic. In addition,
he had done «Bomething^B more im|)ortant. AVith
eight hundred cavalry he hatnittacked over three thou-
sand of the veterans of S|min, killed two thirds of their
number, captured live hundred prisoners, and taken
tti TBI PCHITAN IN BOLLAHO, INOLAMD, AND AUWCA
'. thirty -eight l>uttK« HtiindanU, which were icnt to the
great hall of the caatle at The Hague, to ho hung U]> in
evorluHting renioinlintna^ TlieKu were the men who, a
few yeani earlier, huti fiiUen U-fon* tiie Spanianls ox be-
' foro a cyclone. Nono but ilotanU could lung(>r talk to •
tbcin of any |ioacu. except one baned on the full nn^tg-
nition of their iiulc|)en<lence.
Having re<le<>iMnl the terrKory of the republic, unil
hIiowu to the wiirltl what iu discipliniNl tr<Mi|iH could do
in the i>\Hsn field, Maurice wan now content to sit down
and, pursuing a defenwive [>olicy, wait for the |H.'aco
' which was Auro to come from the exhaustion Of the
enemy. He wiw, what every one el«e Hhould have wm'u,
that without foreign aid the lH)undnrie8 of the republic
could not l>e extended. Spain wiih in its d<vrepitude,
but it wiu» still the 8tnmgtMt'iH)wer on the glolie. The
« States might be Hatiglietl if they couhl hold their own.
'Not BO thought the Stutes-Ueneral, the ruling iHxIy of
the republic. Of the org)inization and tho |M)wer8 of
this IxMly wo bIiuII see more in another place. It i.s suf-
ficient now to say that it was much liku the Continental
Congrc88 during the American war of Inde|)endence. It
controlletl all military as well as all civil alfaint, and
illustrated how weak an army can IxTcome which is gov-
erned by a debating-society and not by a single head.
In the States- Oenenil, liiirneveUI was the moving
- power. He now began the course of action which alien-
ated him from Muurico and ultimately led to such trag-
ical results. The republic wui» growing daily in wealth
and ])opulntioji ; its comniQrce was taking stridt^ un-
known before in history, but Spain was interfering
with this commerce, nntl Uarneveld proliably tluuight
that (wace might bo hastened, or some other advantage
obtained, by oiTensivo oi>erationB. Accordingly, in 1000,
• ■•
' v»f &a>W'^:i.(ts!;!<'
, ' V TICTOITT or Till rATMIOTf AT NIlt'ruKT IflS
Maurico was onlcriHl to invade thn OlxMliiMit I'ntvinrtii.
IIo protMtutl uK<t>nHt tim iiiovfuicnt, but, liko a guu4
■oldior, olwyctt Iim onlorx.
Tlit> republic \uM ono pl^ro of iinportanro outiiilo its
own Umlcrs. Thin wiin tho town of (>Htcn<l, on the court
of Flanders. Hut eiint of ( iNteiiil, furtlier iilon^ tlie const,
wen) two other towiiH, Nieu|M)rt ami Dunkirlt. which
wero lources of inceHsant trouble. In their |Mirts were
a«scmbletl bands <if iiimtuH, f^ithorcd from all iiiilionii,
who indicted serious dumiige on tho Netherliind shi|v
ping, es|icciiilly u|)on that <if the liithennen, nindu up
lar){ely of Anubaptints, in whose religious iH'licf non-
rosisluncM wiu n i'linlinul doctrine. If tho re^mblic could
cnpturo these towns, i( would liitld all the suiiK'oust, iiml,
iR-sides relieving its shipping, cut off the su|>plieH of tho
archduke from S|Niin, and control tho wiu>le of Flunders.
It wii8dotormine<l to uttiick Niou]H>rt flrst, and to uuiko
it u buse of opcnitions aguinst n-'-.l-.irk.
This was the work to which Maurico was assigned in
tho summer of IflW. lie set ottt with an army of t wvlve
thousnnd infantry and sixteen hundred horse, hssomblcd
his farces ut Flushing, and gntlic«td a fleet for their
transiwrtation by water to the sands of NieufMirt. Kut
the weather prove<l unfavornblo, and tho journey had to
' be made by land. It was safely accoinplishcti, a com-
mittee from tho States-tieneral going as fur as ()!«tend,
ut Maurice's request, to supervise tho operations. Thus
far aU had gone on swimmingly, for the troo|iH of tho
archduke wero in one of their chronic mutinies for want
of piiy, and offereil no resistance. On tlu) 1st of July,
the army took up its quarters liefure the town, and began
prejiarations for a siege. In tho middle of the very night
of its arrival camo news that the enemy were at han<l.
What Maurice feared bod taken place. Tho mutinous
Ma TRC rt'UtAM l» HOLLAND, EXULAXD, i»ND AMERICA ^
' HiNknianU had n'tiirnoil to Uinir coliini; the army of the
.K|itUflic wiia in u hustiJu country, without mippliM, with-^
out rortilictttionii, iiml on a lumly btnich u'licnt n-tn>at
. xra» iui|KMNiblv, und nolhing.but a victory could ittvo it
' 'from unnihilution.
At onco its comniundi'r tiNik in the itituntirtn nnd
' mudu liiH prt'immtions. Tho Nctliprhiiid tninM|H>rts had
' micheil Ni«U|)ort und woru iinchonMl ofT thu ihon.'.
J^laurice, curly in tho inomihg, dinTttnl tht-ir iinnictliute
dp|iurturc, in order that nouu of his men niiKht think of
any i>Hca|M> except through victory, lie then Kent iilH)Ut
twenty-tivu hundrcil of his force to lake jMNSMeasion of u
bridK«\ u few niilrti iMtck, hoping thut tliiH would <ietuin
thu enemy long enough for him to gather hiii scnttonMl
army und prei>art» for buttle. The l)ridgu wuji not taken,
an4l the detail, sei/.etl with u ))anic« wan ignominiouily
put tu flight. Tlion, after a lirief but fortunate delay of
tt few lioum, thu iirchduku C4imu on with ten thounand
Tetenins, flushed with their fimt buccciih^dhI e.Yulting in
.the nH8ure<l detstniction of their entrap|HMl o|)|MnontH.
Tho buttle Itegan at two o'clix-k in the afternoon.
When the gun went down, tim-o thouiuknd Spaniards lay
dead u|Hm the Hunds, six hundn-d nMunined uh priitonors,
and the rest were in full fliglit for (ilient. Well might tho
young Htiidlhohler, on bended knees and with Rtreaniing
eyes, n-turn thunkR to (Jod for bucIi a deliverance.*
Elizulieth, who for all d<>edg of vah>r felt- tho admira-
tion of a woman and a Tudor, was unlM>nn(le<l in her
exprctMions of delight when tho news renchod Knglnmi
that tho 8|mniard8 had, in tho oiKsn fleld and with e<|Uttl
numiicrg, been put to utter root. She praised tho ro-
publio for its wisdom and intelligence, saying, " Wc kings
* Holley, ir. 48.
... ~m MM'Ln-aiMii or a«ni«t> . . Mf
rMpiiiv, nil nf ua, lo tfit t(i mIkmiI to tli« SUttcw-Ooncrnl."
AU Kiigliinil, tiK>, ri'joiced with tlx-ir KuHunt i|U«t'ii, for,
liprt' UM c-lmtwhcns tliv KngliMli volunt<H>ni liuti «ho\rtrtliu
oooapicuoM bruvi<ry wliioli i» tho ItirthriKlit of tlii' na-
tion. Itut a|Mri fn>i;i iti inonil etft>cti the victory wanu
Imrren one. >'ivu|M)rt whh rt'inforuiHl, tlio wholot'otintry
liiul provitl ilM'lf bitterly li<Mlil«>, und, at tlto onil of July,
Mniirii'o und IiIh army made tlivir way Imck to Holland.
Still, tlio monil a<lvantHK<^ of audi a triuni|)li were in-
calculablo. }n the oyo* of the world, the army of the
ro|ml)lic now t(N>k the |xwitiun which hud Un-n hold for
nioru thun u i-vntury hy the. S|)unihh l<>Ki^>nii. In the
repuhliu itiiolf, there were i>«tiililiHh(>d a conthlfnce In
Maurivt* and hit military nVHti'm which no time could
weaken, and a gelf-n-liani-e which lauf^hiMl to aetini all
BUgKeHtionii of gurrender.
The next thn<o yearn were gulwtantially conRume«l, lo
far iM reH|iectg lami o|M'ruti(m!i, hy the itiegi* of n wingle
city. Hut in this ease the Hollanders weru the defenders
und not the aKMiilantH. The city waa Ohtend, and ita
siege is the most remarkable in n;<Hlurn warfare. It was,
as wo IiAvo-seen, the only place in thoOlHslient I'rov-
. inces which was heUI by the republic. Still, it was not
a ]MKst of much value while Nieu|tort und |)uiikirk were
in the hands of the enemy, and during the o]i«-rations
against it Maurice captun^l the clly of Sluys, n place of
more imimrtunce. Ihit, as time went on, tlie whole in-
terest of the war centred nlnait this jietty town. It be-
came a ]K>int of honor for the assailants nut to give up
the attack, and for the defenders not to surrender while
one stone stood uinm another. In Septeinl)er, l(i(t4,
after a contest of three years and seventy -seven ihiys,
each party gained its )K)int. The archduke with liig
army marched into a town the fortifications of which
MH TIIR n-IIITAN m HOLLAKD, INUUND, AND AMMMA
hnil Im-<>ii niHMiliitoly pntpn nwny to nothiiiff, whilo fifty
tliniiwind miMi liiiil lui<l down tlicir lirim in it* tlcfi-n<i>.
All that rt)iiiuin<>«l wm u limtliiMtmu muiu i>f riil)l)i«li,
nroiinil n'liic|i_.ioy tint iMincx nf n hunilnxl tlioumml
8|mni«h Milillcra.*
In the niidillp of thn aiff(tt of OiitomI, anil wlirn tho
Archiluku AIImtI \\m in wire llnuncinl titnutu, tlii> Miir
qui* of S|)inolu liiul voliint<-<>rp<l liiHKrrv-icM to S|)nin. Ho
was the liitul of n wenlthy family in ticnou, wliicli had
mndo iti fortune l>y tradp. Fircil with martial andiitiun,
ho olToml ^o iidvunco all thi> money nfHxlcd to c^rry
on tho war in tho Nothorlands, piStvidcd ho nhonld lie
placod in iiu|<nMiio romniantl. Although ho hail novor
■eon It battio, liiii otfor wna'aocoiitisl, much to tho indig-
nation of nil tho rotcran coniinundorK and to that of the
Spanish gnimlooa, wlio, with tho true opirit of urifito-
cnitM, deiipiso«l nion wlio had nuido monoy liy comnionx!
or manufacturos. To the astoninhmi'nt of tho wnrhl, this
civilian, thirty-four yoarg old, dovi!lo|io<l into one of tho
greot captains of tho ago. To liiit onor^ry, iienu'vi-ninre,
and scientific skill, the sie^ of Ogtond owed its siircoss,
ami for two years after its termination he pitte<l himself,
not without gninin;^ some laurels, against Maurice, who
vag now recogni7«<l as tho llrst soldier of Kuroptt. But
ho nccomplisheil nothing ]iermanent in his attacks ii|Mm
tho n-public, and, in 1000, ho t«K) lout lieart. Ilistreas- •
ury, like that of the archduke, and ev<;n that of I'hilip
III., in S|iiiin, was temporarily Imnkriipt. At length tho .
time hail como when it was necessary to call for u cessa-
tion of hostilities. The result would havo been a peace,
with a full reG(.<gnitioa of tho inde|)cndenoo of the reb-
els, but for the struggle which had been going on by sea.
• Motlry, ir. SIS.
Till COHUnirl OP Til* Mrt'RUO Mt
lieforo tho oiithrpnk nf tint war with K|)ain, tho Nptll<
•rIamlorN IukI lM-<-i>in(> the iiicri-hiiriU itn<l mrrii'ra <>( thi*
wiirlil. Tlicy hiul mi rttliinim of Ihi'if wwn, lik<> thoMi of
B|Min ami I'ortu^l, Ixit thi*y took the pnMlurlN of Iho
EoMt unil Wtiit Indira, nftvr thi>yliM<l iTtmiicil thn nccan,
and, vxt-hanKinf^ th(>in for their own innnufurtnrcR iind
the eoniniotiiticM olituinod from tlH< llHllic, diHtrihiitiil
thi'ni over tho wliohi of Kiiro|M'. . Ah tlin war wont on,
thin htiKincM was uhmmt rntin'ly alworUsI hy thi< n^
|iiil)ho. The rule of tiic ^|inninr<U iii'liil Iik<> u hliftht
cm tho commcrcu and munufucturtv of the |irovinc«>s
which had returned to their alloKi""'*'- Their iiuwt in-
tpllif(<>nt and active citizens were I'rotwtnnl*. Driren
from their homes hy |M>rxerution, the majority of them
t(M>k np their residence in lliilhind, iniikinjtc that pruv-
ince tho eominerciul oentn- of tho worhl.
[)(wp)to tho war, the insur^^onti for wmie thirty yean
carried on their trade with t<|)ain. Such a HVHtein seunu
anonudoUR in modern timet, when hontilu nations lilock-
ado each other's |)orts, and insist on non^intercounui be-
tween b(>lligcrcnts. liut comnierco wns the life-bUNxl uf
tho repubhc. Its soil could not pixwluco wheat enough
to feed one tenth of its inhabitants. It hud no natural
resources, and without its trade wouhl have been a suc-
cession of mud lianks and inland lakes. Tho supplies
which it carried to Spain were vuluublo to that country,
but thoao which it brouKbt back were of much gn-ater
value. At IcDf^h, it dawned \x\nm the slow-witted I'hilip
II. that if he was ever tO'Coni|uer tho rebellious heretics
in the Netherlands, ho must forbid their commerce with
bis obe«lient sjfbjects. So, in liis hitter days, he made
souio weak and ineffectual efforts in this direction. It
was reserved for his successor to tukg the step which
drove tbo republic to seeking for itself tho direct trade
m TNI rVMTAN IN HOtUNU, INOUND, ANU AHIBICA
with tho Iixlipi whwii wa* to rcmler that with Hp«in
C(ini|iuni1ivt>ly iniiif{niflcnnt. In l.MK), th« now kin^ t<M>k
thia Ht(>|), by conliM'iitinK nit tho iihi|M iif th«> r(>lM>lii in
Sjinin, whih< th(> Arrhduko AllxTt forliaili) nil coinmer-
ciul intciroune liotwoon ]m |k><i|iIu nnd thoM) of the
I'nitod Nethorlanil*.* Tho effect of this action wiu ini-
intHJiutu nnil fur-rcachinK-
Kvcry dchoollioy knows thnt shortly aftor (^>lunilMB,
sailinf{ in tho«er\'ir« of 8|Niin, (liHcovmil Aincrica, urn!
VnM-o <la Oanin, luiilinf; in tliu scrvieo of I'ortiigul,
nmndol tho ('u|)o of (SimhI iU>\te nnd rcvcnkfl nm-w tho
wonders of tho East, the |K>po igiiue«l bis bull dividing
the nowly diitcoverP*! world l)etwi><'n tho two fuithful
nntionH. The (^nint to Sfwin, which currieii numt of the
Aiiioricnn continrnt, o|H>n(>d tho minos of Mexico and
Peru to a horde of bandit8, and its results iwm more
picturom|uo in history. Hut, in fact, Portugal received
tho richer territory, nnd, through tho trade which slm
.dovelopo«l with the lyist, s«'curcd a more enduring source
of wealth. In l.'iSO, S|>ain conquered Portugal, and so
obtained all her revenues, but the (lustem trade was still
carric<l on by Portuguese merchants. They kept their
charts and ma|M a profound secret ; nil their movements
were envoloped in mystery ; and to the rest of tho world
the Easj^ was an unexplored domain.
Tho first foreigner to |)t>netrate the mystery was a
Hollander, John lluygcn van Llnschoten, son of a plain
burgher of West Friesland. Desiring to see the world'
' and'improvo himself by foreign travel, ho left home at
the ago of soventeon and s]ient two years in Lisbon.
From there ho went to tho East Indies, and remained
thirteen years, using his eyes like a iniin of genius, and
• OsTin, ti. 340.
,;».-- ».;/
Tni DUTCH l!4 Till MUrr INDIU ATI
reoonling hi* obaervatiuns liko a trninml man of icionco.
Iteturning humo, ho publiiihed, in IMHI, u work which
f(avo nverything which thun couhl Iw known ulxmt thu
Ku«l, ileacribing in ininutu dctnil tho pnxhielri uf the^
country, iu gtN>gm|.ihy, th*> nictlxMlg of tlio I'ortiigueM .'
tnulcm, ami luMing, whut was of invuluuhK; iw-rvicc, A -
|inu-tieal nmhual for navtgiUoni.
With the imbliciition of this hook, whi''h wiih tram-
latml into Kngliah in IM)H, the domination of tho I'ortu-
gucao in tho E^ast Imheii paused awny. AVu ne<.><l m>t
linger over thn attempts which wore nmdQ by l.iiiiM'hotcn
and his a8Hocinte8,ov(<n Utforc its ap|>eaniiico, to discover
a shorter route to tho Indie^ than llilit usually travelled.
It is sufllciont to say that Iwforo the end of thn t)ontury
thoy had carried thoir explorations, in tho north and in
tho south, almost to the exInMno verge of miNJern dis-
covery'at cither |N)h>, throwing entirely into the shado
all that ha<I boon attempte<l in thoso direction!) by tho
navigators of any other nation.*
Kut nothing of practical value came from these Arctic
and Antarctic voyages except the proof, which might
have been sufficient for all time, of their utter iinpmeti-
cability. This tho Hollanders recognized ott" once, and,
giving up dreams, like men accustomod to deal with
realities, they resorted to the old routes of travel. In
1595, they made their first voyage to tho E^t indies by
tho woy 01 tho Capo of Oood Hop, and, in int*H, sailed
through the Strait «of Magellan. AVithin a |)eriod of a
little over ten years thoy hud driven out the FortugueM
and established their dominion in tho East. Very dif-
ferent was the work before these Dutch skipiwrs from
* They had alw pul>liibcd mapi sDd gcognphicsl worki, which
tie itill tho tdiqiretiuD of tiro norUl.
373 THE mniiTA.N in Holland, bnoumb, and amuuca ^
tliiit nccompliitlird by Dniko and CaremliBli when they
sniltHl arouiul tliu world on tliuir ronmntic (|uviit for
i^ixinisli trousure. Tlu> nvw venturers into thcw! distant
sous \r<>ro not |)ictun-8(|H(^ pirates, drussMnl in silk and
with ^IUIimI innslH, but plain business men, interU u|M)n
building up a legitimate commerce, baHe<l on faiVdeal-
~ ing with the natives. Vet to the unsel^mcntul iVder
their exploits may lie of interest, despite the fact that
thoy want the spice of illegality.
' The I'ortuguese had made themselves obnoxious by
ovorv form of tyranny, ])laying the jwrt in the luist
which the S|Niniai:<l9 hftd jOayed in I 'era and Mexico.
^They announceil tl.emselvKs as the only inhabitants of .
Enmj)c, except Iheir con(|Ucrors the Spaniards, and «le-
scribed the Hollanders us miserable outMists and pirates,
witlx^ut ii liome and without a country. It did not take
long to.jwrsuado the natives that these flollanders wore
very sultst^ntial iiglitihg men, whether they hodji homo
©r not. *
In ttiO'i, the ncwKiomers had made such progress in
. their trade that the Portuguese sent'out a lleet to chos-
, tiie the native princes who hiul <Iare<l to <|cal with these
heretical outcasts. The fleet consiste*! of twenty-live
vesw'ls, an<l its first point of destination was the city of
liantam, on the island of Java. The punishment of
some unarmed natives would have lt%n an easy matter,
but the executioners had omitted one element from their
calculation. There chanued to Im) in the harlH)r live little
trading vessels engaged in the illicit commerce which
was to 1)0 now suppressed. Their commander was a
Dutch KkipiR'r,Wolfert Hermann Ijy na^mc. His whole
crew consistml of throe bundnnl men, a force far inferior
to that on the flag-ship of the hostile, stjumlron. But
little did Dutchmen care fur such odds a^inst them on
:*• ,•■ ■V■:'.^,.:^: , ..f
•' ' :. ■«
ITB or TO* DUTCU S78
the sea. Ilonnann nt onco attackiHl the whole Porta-
guese fleet, fought them for several days, captunxl two
'J vessels, sank several more, and put tlio rest to an igno-
i;' . minious flight. Then ho returned to Bantam to lie
'',_ ■■ hailed as a deliverer.*
K^ Mcitntimo another Dutchman was doing a piece of
satisfactory work in a different (piartcr. This was .lacob
van Ileeraskerk, who had already accjulred great fame
*„: ' • as an Arctic explorer, and who was later to <lie in a
'•- ':', blaze of ^ory. lie had siiilcil along tlie coast of India,
. an}l, coming to the Malayan ]>cninsula, had ma<le friends
if"' with the King of Johor. This kindly monarch informed
him of the presence in the Straft'of Malacca of a Portu-
guese carrack, laden with ])eiiiFls and spices, brrx-adt^'s and
precious stones, and suggested its attack, llcemskerk
had only two small trading vessels, and a hunrinnl and
thirty men. The Portuguese 8hi{>wa8 of a thousimd
tons burden, carried seventeen guns, and a crew of eight
hundred men. The fight was of very brief duration;
seven. hundred o^ the survivors surrendered to the I)ut^-lj-
^j' , . man, who. after dividing a million florins among his
' men, sailed in the captured carrack to Macao and
opened a trade with the Celestial Empire.
After visiting China. Ileemskerk returned home, while
'X:>,JIermann and his comimnions continue<l on their tnivels^
Leaving Java, they saile<l to lianda, the liome of the nut-
- meg and clove, and made a treaty of alliance between the
republic on tliis little island and the great republic on
the other side of the glol>e. One article of this treaty de-
* Not long after, the Ilnlliindcra founded, ut ^loint on the island
of Jnvs a dozen lcaf(»ca fron\ ISuntnm, in « congenial swamp wliick
reminded them of home, tho city of AttavU, the capital of their
Boat Indian poaaeasiona. ■ — • . .
II.— 18 ;■■ ':- ■■■.,.■■;.'. \. '
' ■''•■
I
'■■■l^n^ii, .
874 Till PURITAN IN IIOJ.LAND, KXOLAND, AND AMIBIOA
serves notice as marking a now departure. Wliilo the
IIollan<ier8 were to have the exclusive right of purchas-
ing the spices of the island, it was provided tliat each
nation sliould judge its own citizens acconling to its
own laws, and that neither should interfere by force
with the other in religious matters, but that (to<l should
be judge over them all.* ' ^
Ivcaving Banda., the Hollanders went to Sumatra, made
n treaty with the king of its principal city, and jicrsuaded
him to send an embassy to Euroiie, to sec whether the
Dutchmen were pirajtes without a home, as represented
by the Portuguese. ' The embassy sailed on Hermann's
little fleet, which off St. Helena capture«l a great I'ortu--
gueso carrack, richly laden and jKJwerfully armwl. Ar-
riving in Holland, its memltcrs took in the situation for
themselves, and returned to Sumatra the life-long friends
and allies of the Dutch.
Such were the experiences of one little fleet of five
tiny vessels sent out by individual adventurers. But the
year which witnessed their exploits was signaliml by the
establishment of a corjmnition which consolidated the
power of HoUahd in the East. This coriwration was the-
Dutch Ejist India Company. It was organizctl in 1C02,
with a capital of six million six hundred thousand flor-
ins—about two million and a half dollars, and equivalent
to ten million to-day — an<l wijs an aggregation of the
various small comimnies which, before this time, had
■ been doing business on their private account. Chartensl
* Motley, cititiji; Orotiui, xi. 000. Hen lisve sometimes sneered st
the Dutch tradcre in the Kast ht recognizing the religion n( the
natives. The M^y is rapidly coming when such sneers will b« u
much a thing of tha pnst as aitmiratinn fur the Inquisition whkh
4bc Spaniards set up in their American colonies. ;
^ ..^'
\^'
THK DCTCa BABT INDIA COMPAMT ^ "STS
by tho States-(ienonil, which nlluwiHl any one to sub-
aCribo to its capital, it obtained the exclusive right for
twenty-one years of trading around the Cupe of Cioo<|
Hope and through the Strait of Magellan. In the lirst
year of its existence it sent out a fleet of fourteen ves-
sels, and, in 1C03, these were followed by thirteen others,
the c<{uipment of the whole costing two million two hun-
dred tliousiind florins.* Within live years after its or-
ganization, by a series of exploits resembling those above
narrated, it had gained (xtssession of all the spice-islands, -
humblo<l tho ]xiwer of Portugid and Spain, and fully es-
tablished the authority of Holland in the Eastern seos.f
This was the work which preventcil a peace Ix-tween
Spain and the republic. Philip was, at length, willing
to give way on the religious question. The Arciiduke
Albert was content to recognize tho inde{)endence of tho
rebels. But Sjwin would not consent to any interfer-
ence with tho trade which had been aajuircd through
tbe paivil bull. If the rebels desircil a ]>caco, they must
give up their conquests in tlie East, and agree not to
send a vessel into those sacrml regions.
But tho republic had no idea of giving up the trade
' which it had conquered With the sword, and which,
added to that witii tho West Indies and the coast of
Africa, develoiied at the same time, was proving much
more lucrative than the local commerce from which S|)ain
had cut it off. If such were the conditions of ])eace, the
war might go on forever. Soon S^iain was satisfied, from
an event which occurred at home, that even this conces-
sion would be nocessary'in onler to obtain a breathing-
spell. But before speaking of this event, we may well
pause for a moment to notice an incident which was its .
* Uotlej, ir. tSS. t Rogen's •' Story of Hollaod," p. 208.
-Ji
>7S TUI PUBITAN IH HdlLLAND, (nOLAND AMO AMKRICA
fitting prelude, and whicli stands out as one of the most
heroic in bistury.
In September, 1000, Adinirul Ilaultain, of the Dutch
naN*}', was cruising along the coast of Spain and Portu-
gal, watching for the arrival of tho,tre»suro fleet from
fho AVcst Indies. Instead of u fleet of niei'chantnicn, he
encountcnnl the largest squadron of armed vessels that
Sjiain had for years put uiHjn the sea. Finding, after a
brief skinnish, that he was greatly overniatche<li, the ad-
minil prudently retreatal, but ho loft behind hiui one
disabled ship, comniande<l by the vice-admiral, liegnior
Kloaszoon, or Nicholson, a native of Amsterdam, and u
t^'po of his nation. Early in the engagement, Klnaa-
zodn's jiiuinmast had l)een shot away, and ho was left
with a dismantled vessel to fight eighteen great S|)anish
galleons. For two days and two nights he carrjetl on
the fight. Time and again he was calli^l on to give up
the hopeless contest, being otfereil^uartcr for himself
and men. liut with the OrnniH) flag flying from the
stump of his shattered, mainmalt, the only answer was
another broadside. At length \hc riddle<l vessel was
about to sink and a flrial demanirovas made for its sur-
i^nder. Before replying, 'the unlramatic Dutchman,
called his men alraut him and (|[(ietly told them of his
determination. All acquiescedmnd knelt u|K>n the deck
in prayer. Then Klaaszoon, nith his own hanil, applie«i
a match to the jwwder magazine, and the ship was blown
, to atotns. Two of the mutiluteil crew were rescued from
the waves, and live<l just long enough t<i tell their story
to the Spaniards. Well may the Hollanders take pride
in tracing their descent from men like these, w-hose ac-
tions rank them with any of the heroes of antiquity.*
* Hotlcy, ir. 373. It is an intcmting fact timt, in 1591, a light ,
. ; I mi DDTCU IM TIIK WE8TERM MkH 977
But this wag only an incident in n great stniggle, show-
ing the stuff these men were inudo of, tlie men who never
BurrendenKl a war-ship to the enemy. The next year
proved to S|min tluit in the Western no more than in the
Eastern seas wus she safe against the attacks of the re-
public.
Digap|K)intcd with the practical results of the expe- .
dition led by Admiral Iluultain, who was relegaltHl to
obscurity for turning his back on a suiiorior foe, the
States-General, in 1CU7, sent out h fleet conimunde<l by
Tcrjr ainiilar to iIi'k took placu Ix-twifn qn Englisli uliip iin<l a
Spanish fleet. On tliia ncriisiun, n Mguadron of wvon EngliAli vcs-
wis, undcix till' (oini.Vitnd of Ixinl Thoniaa Hownnl, KKitin); nt the
Azores for the Wi'st India treiisnirv tU'ct, tmcxttcctedlT enroiinlcrcd
B Spiinish forre of Hfiy-flvc nmicil Tesselj. The admiml witli six of
his squadron retreated from tl.e Held, leaving the vicoadmiral, Sir
Iticlinrd Grcnville, sonic of whose men were aick on shore, with one
ship, the Rneiige. to battle with the enemy. Heroically wailing
to take in \n* sick men, and thus cut oiT from nicape. the gallant
Englisluuan, nil through the afternoon and night, kept up the un-
equal cnutcst. At break of day his ammunition was nearly exhaust-
ed, and summiining hiacrew, he, like Klaaszoon, proposed to lire the
powder mugiiziiic. Up to this |ioint the paral^l U complete. But
here it closex. for his English crew, trith their lion-hearted com-
mander mortally wounded, ivfused their consent and surrcnderi^d
lo the Spaniard.*. Iluroe, iii. 187. nolo 3; Camdet,.p. SO.T. Such a
aurtvndcr is no reflection tin English courage, for the world had
never seen a nobler fight at aca. Dut these men had none of the
motives which fired the hearts of thfc Hollnndcra. They were suh-
.Jcctaof anionnrchy,fighlingfortheirqueca in an ardinary war ; the
others were members of • republic, flghUng for their independence.
A great English poet brt, in one of hit noblest ballads, immortal.
ized the English knight who proposed to blow up his ship rather
than surrender: see Tennyson'a poem', "The Revenge." The plain
tepiiblican sailors who simply did what the noble ^pglishmau pro-
pnied have, unfurtuiwtcly, had no poet-Uureato.
^378 TUB PURITAN IN IIOLUSI), KNflLAND, AND AMKRICA
a man of a difTerent 8tamp. This man was Jacob van
Ucemskcrk, the Arctic explorer, who hnd already done
good service in tho I'ast. lie was doHcended from an
ancient knightly mcc in Holland, presenting in Imh ])or-
trait a picturo very different from that which uri.ses in
the' uneducatc<) mind at tho mention of a Dutchman.
A man, thirty-nino years of age, witii delicate features;
largo, lustrous brown eyes, a thin high nose, and a re-
flncd scholarly 'expression of countenance, hu would
look, even to u school-girl, like a hen> of romance.
Ami he was a hero worthy of his name and race.
Ilis fleet consistecl of twenty-six little vessels, carrying,
as usual, few guns and small crews, trailing along the
coast of Spain, and learning that the treasure fleet was
not ex|x>cted, he made his way around into tho Mediter-
ranean. There, in thp Bay of Gibraltar, ho found a
great 8|>ani8h squadron lying in wait for tho N'etlier-
land traders from tho levant. At once ho mado up his
mind to an attack. Tho disproportion liotween the
forces is shown by what occurred as ho drew near. Tho
Spanisli admiral, an old sailor, and a hero of Ix^imnto,
Boeing a number of small vessels in tho <listunce, sum-
moned a Dutch prisoner, whom ho had on iMmrd, and
asked whether they were Netherlanders. The Dutch-
man answered that they were, and that ho bclieve<l their
purpose was to offer battle. The Spaniard laughed long
and loud. Ho hod on his fleet four thousand veteran sol-
diers, besides the sailors. Seven hundred were in tho flag-
ship, and he assured his prisoner that with no assistance
ho alone would make short work of the fleet of rcltels.
Prior to this time, both Dutch and English sailors
had won great victories over tho Spaniards by their
superior seamanship and tho swift-sailing qualities' of
their little vessels. Thus the English cruiseirs bad wor-
■ ?*"v3;^^i3i»v^¥?-\;'iy'n,;
. KATAL TICTonr IN UIBRALTAR BAT STV
ried the great galleons of the Armada, and Hermann in
the Eastern seas liad put to rout an overwhelniing force.
But these triumphs had been won in the open sea, where ■
fleet vessels could sail around their clumsy adversaries
and elude the close quarters in which numlwrs were im-
portant, lieemskerk now oiwncd a new jMige in tiio
history of naval warfare, setting an example which was
to he followed by Dutch and English valor for many
generations. His chosen ^cene of conflict was a land-
locked bay, in which spccti Vas of no advantage. The
enemy were vastly sujicrior in numbers, but ho was to
show the world that on the water, whatever the con-
ditions, the Dutchmen, like |iieir first-cousins in Eng-
land, cared nothing for the odds against tlion.
Leaving a part of his fleet to guard the entrance to
the bay, the, Dutch admiral gave orders to lay the
other vessels alongside the S|ianish galleons and take
them by hard fighting. They had notliing before them,
he said to his men, but victory or death. This was the
turning-point of the republic's life ; they must show to
the world that Dutchmen are unconquerable. " Do
your duty and follow me; I shall be foremost."*
At one o'clock in the afternoon the battle oi)ene<l, all
hands on the ships of the republic first knt?eling in
earnest prayer and then partaking of the loving cup.
At shnset every one of the great Spanish galleons had
been sunk or captured. ' There was nothing to mar the
joy of the victors, who lost only a hundred men, except
the death of Hecmskerk. He fell at the second broad-
side, and was carried to Amsterdam to l>e buried at the
public expense amidst universal Iamentations.t • v
* Metcrcn, quoted by DnviM, ii. 418; Motle}, iv. 8M.
t MoUey, ly.*829 ; Davict, il. 417.
880 TUI PL-RITAN IN HOLLAND, CNQLAND, AND AMIIIOA
Tliat outsiders should prato to men like these of sur-
renUuring to S|)ain, giving up tiioip religion, or iibandon- .
ing the sea, appears, as we l(M>k back u|)on it, almost in-
credible. Yet the English and French sttttcsmen of the
time thought, in their ignorance of the national charac-
ter, that this could be acconiplishwl. In 1.5!>(i, Eliznl)eth
and Henry of Navarre had deceived these simple-minded
republicans with a fraudulent treaty. < )ne copy, Avhich
was shown to the States-General, provided for u large
English army tg carry on the war against S|)ain, which
was to bo waged in France. Trusting in this instrument,
the republic hod furnished an equal force. The secret
and operative copy relieved Eli/jibcth from her engage-
ment, and threw the republic in the breach.* Thft foat
of monarchical diplomacy had been overlooked. Again,
from the very outset of the struggle the English pirates
had inflicted, more damage on the republic than all the
navy of Spain. Elizabeth, in 1592, had at lost somewhat
suppressed these practicea,t but after the accession of
James they took on another form. James, in 1A04,
made his )X!ace with Spain, and had dangling before his
eyes a marriage between the Infanta and the Prince of
AVates, with the reversion of the Netherlands ua a dowry
for the bride, and an annual pension of a million ducats
for himself. With this Imit before the king, and with a
court in the secret jmy of Spain, any pretext was goixi
enough for the seizure and confiscation of a Nethcrland
vessel.! These outrages, too, the damage from which
can hardly lie imagined, hod been necessarily overlooked
by the republic, struggling single-handed for its life.
It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that English
• Motley, Ul,40«. t Idem, iil. 184. (Idem, It. 838.
v\
1
8CIIEXBS or KMOLANU AND FRANCS ,281
statosmen now, lookeil forwanl to a wider field of aggran-
dizement. In ICOO, Elizabeth hod granted a charter to
the English East India Cdin|)any.. Its capital wax fcry
Rinall, being only soventy-two thousand poundii, about
one eighth 08 large as that of the Dutch company, and
its operations had been proportionately insignificant.
; Its vessels had followed in the wake of the Hollanders,
reaping some of the advantages of their conquests.*
Kow tliat the victory was complete, the English mod-
estly pro{)ose<i to gather in the whole harvest. In the
■ treaty which JanR>s made with Spain, in IdOf, no men-
tion was made of the East India trade. S|)ain claimed
it for herself, but it was understood that the English
would prosecute it wherever |)088ible. If, then, the re-
public could onl,^ bo induced in its treaty to abandon
this trade altogether, the field Would be open to men
who liad no fear of the rivalry of Spin or Portugal. •
Such were the motives which led the English statesmen
to advise the Nctherlanders to submit to Spain.-K
The designs of Franco were no less extensive and
•unfriendly. Only a few years before, Henry III. had
declined the sovereignty of the Netherlands when of-
* Rogers's " Story of Ilollin^iifir. 17|, no. ,
t Motley, ir. .S80, etc. ^KKK^'^^'^ Rogers, in a few word), snn»
up the whole policy of Englium m exhibited towards the Nvllicr-
lunds for the next two hundred years : " From the days of Seldvn
down to tlic days of Canning, it was the |iolicy of British statesmen
to pander to ttie most sordid instincts of British trailers, and to
truckle to the designs of the houses of Stnart and Hanover against
the independence of the gallant republic. From their own (mint
of view, that of securing allies on the Eum|)ean continent, the pol-
icy was entirely unwise; {torn the point of Titw of international
morality, it was supremely dishonest."—" Story of Holland," Pref-
S89 THB PURITAN IN IlOtLANO, (NOUMD, AND AMBRtCA
/ore<t' to him iiftcr tho doiitli of William tho Silent.
Now that they had won their independence, his, suc-
cessor covcte<l them with an intense longing which
intluenccyl the policy of Frjjnce for the next two ce'n- '
turies.* lie, to<), whs hoping* to mnrrj' his son to the
Infanta and secure the Netherlands ns a portion for
the hridc. IIo also IioikhI hy excluding the republic
from the trade with the East Indies to '«ocuro that prize
for Francc.+
Thus England and France, its ancient allies, were
now unitcil against the republic from motives of sim-
ple greed. In addition, the ruling powers in each gov-
ernment hated its republican ideas, their very existence
bping a Btan'ding menace to the doctrine of the divine
right of kings and^ the theory that sotuoty is organized
for the Ijenefit of a few members of a privilogetl class.
On tho other hand, tho middle classes of England were
' attached to the republic by ties founded on tho same
causes which made it obnoxious to king and courtier.
That tho .Nctherlandors, nnder such conditions, even
after nil their victories, brought tho annc<l struggle to a
tom^rary close is not the luaKt of their achievements.
This was accomplished merely through the practice of
republican diplomacy — ^^that of straightforward, open
' ilealing.:^ England wa4 .soon disposed of; The arro-
* "Up to (iur own tinim, French govcmmcnU litre inherited ind
•trircn to give effeet to the jwliry of Henry of Niiviirre, iiiul nearly
every great Knropenn war has foiinil that the ronqui'iit ur tlie de-
fence of the I.OW I'ountrica was thg real object of the combat"
— Kogcra, p. 207. X
t Motley, iv. 379, etc
{ When a pew-flcdgeil diplomat applied to BamcTqld for adTlca
aa to hia dip'omMic correspondence, the great atatenman replied, in
words worthy of Wiiahingtnn, " The truth in shortest almut matters
r
CV^pKl^!''.'' '' 'v ; -^.i, •' .•'
R«OUND AND FBANOI piSrOSCD OF 888
ganoo of her fcoblo-niinile<l monarch had been borne
with, while mightier matters wore on liund. Now that
the war was over, the Dutch 8tat(»nicn r(>cL-ivo(l his ail-
^ vice with bilent and nieritcd contempt. France, how-
ever, was a nearer and more formidable neighbor, and
had to bo treatetl with greater consideration. Henry
of Navarro was untiring in his efforts, and unl)ounde«i
in his offers of place and money, to induce the states-
men and generals.of the republic to yield to 8pain and
make a ]x)acc to his advantage. Ho found, to his great
surprise, that these men secmotl to have no private olv
jects in view, but were looking only to their country's
good. To 111! his a«lvanci's a courteous answer was
returned, for he was always courteous; but in thejr
determination the Netherlanders were inflexible. They
would not recognize any foreign rulers, they would not
I give up tlie tnulo with the East Indies, and they woukl
not/jiermit the oi»n exercise of the Catholic r«;ligion.
In insisting u]K)n this last jmint, these men. Who had
been fighting so long for religious liberty, seem at first
glance inconsistent. Uut it must bo rcmemberc<l that
this was a political as well as a religious question. The
Church of Komo had by its ])roctioe nnn(>uncc<l that
no obligation with a heretic was of binding force. To
ojwnly admit its priests, all bound to S|)aip, and with
them the Jesuits, who were now l(X)kc<l u|)on as enemies
of the human race, was to estAblislL armeil cam|>s of the
enemy within their bonlcrs. Tiiis they were unwilling
to do, especially under compulsion. But they went fur-
ther than any other people »of their time. They never
made any inquiry into a man's religious belief, and they
of iinportsnce »baU be Uken for good^tjU." — Uotley'a " BaroeTeld,"
180. ..,/;;.v^ .,.•.., • .•,,„,,,.- :.:^., ..,.,
»■■
■ Mi^ TIIS PURITAK IN HOLLAND, INQUAND, AND AMCRICA
never intcrfureti witli hiu private <lovotiong. This wm
not religious lilterty, as we understand it, but it was a
step in thut directiop which had been taken by no other
nation. -
liut, after all, the religious question cnnio, in the end,
to occupy only a sultordinate iM>sition in the peace nego-
tiations. S|min wuB fully satistic<l that the ('atliulics
would have all their rights ruspccte«l in the .reln-llious
pi-ovinces. The main ditiiculty arose over the East India
trade. That the Hollanders were unwilling to abandon.
For twenty months the neg«)tiations run on— twenty
months crowded with evidence of the duplicity of S|Kun,
and the unfriendliness, to use no harsher. term, of Fhince
and England. ' „
-Finally the republic triumphed, although its triun^ph
was not complete. The costly siege of < )stcnd, the Dutch
conquests in the East, the battle of (iibnrltar ISay, the
banknq)tcy of Spinola, and the desolation of the Obe-
dient Provinces — nil proclaimed the necessity for a ceis-
sation of hostilities, if Kpuin was to escn|>e still further
disasters. Philip, thewfore, finding that no \te&cv could
be made upon his teriiis, suggested tlio establishment of
a truce for a ix>rio<l of several years.
This suggestion was bitterly opposed by a large ]iarty
in the republic, beaded by Prince Maurice. Some of
this party, to whom the war, lx>th on land and Req,.wa8
proving very profitable, did not desire a peace on any
terms. Joine<l with them were others who looked on
the war as a (■rusade, which ought, not to be abandoned
unti4 ]mpacy was driven from all the Netherlands. liy
these men, and by many others in the State, a'trucc was
regarded as particularly objectionable. They ai^ed,
and with great reason, that it was only a trick of Spain
to gain a breathinj|^-sp«ll; that it would be improved, on
TBVcc wrrn bpain
988
the part of all their onemics, by foinc<)iting distieiisiDns
in their nii<l8t, go that at its termination, if not before,
the republic might fall an easy i)rey to one of the great
hostile jMiwers. On the other side stootl most of the
civil authorities, le<l by the great liiirnevekl. They saw-
that the war was building' up o^ilitary power which
might prove inimical to the republic, while it certainly
diminished their authority. The public doltt was now
considerable, and, was on the increase, although taxation
was enormous. The war enriched some I'lnsses of the
'coqimunity, but the jieoiJo at large, they said, would
be benefltetl by a cessation of hostilities, which litrie
would probably ripen into a |)ernianent |icaco.*
The day was carried by liarneveld and.his ntlherents.
On the »th of April, lC01),*tho «tates-(tcncnd and the
Archdukes Albert and Isabella signetl the famous truce,
which, afterwards ratified, by the King of S|)ain, vir-
tually recognized the independence of the re]>ublic.
Apart froih the fact that it was liihited to twelve years,
the retels obtained everything for which they had C4m-
tende(J. The ITniteil Provinces were treate«l with as
"free states," c^er which Spain and the archduke^
"pretende«l to nothing." No allusion was made to the
religious question which each party was left to settle in
its own dominions. The East In<lia ti»de was secured
through a special article, signml by S|>ain, tliAwing
open, so far as that power could do it, all the commerce
of the world to the subjects of the States.f
This was the treaty that filled the tlnite<l Provinces
* Motley expmm the opinion tlmt Maurice and Riirnercld, al-
though each waa ambitiouB enough, were hoomt in tlieir npiionin^
opinions a« to what was for the public good. Motley, iv. 470.
.tMotley, iT. 621. - ' .
»
K:-:
889 TiiK nt'ninN m uolland, BxaLAND, and amkbica
with joy while tho Pilgrim Fathcrti were innkin^ their
way from Anistordam to I^yilcn. Fninco nml England
wore nutuiiill y «li8iii)|)ointo<l, and rofuxcil at first to recog-
nise tho indepeiuli'iiceof the new Euro|)can power. Ihit
their uctions could not changl> tho fact. The republic
iiad been virtually eotablishvd, although it8 |>u!iition was
atill to be secunxl by another war, and 'then pi-otecte«l
for u contiiry iind a half against a series of iLssaults from
every ijuarter, whidh finally reduced it to exhaustion.
.;■!■.;
CHAPTER XIX
* . ■
* WAR CONCLrDED IN THE NEfllEUL^XDS-ieOO-tett
TiiB iKKrruiNE or nationality- as oi-i-osed- to states'
RIllHTfl SKTTI.ED— THE BYNOl) OF IMIKT
TiiK twelve years which followed the making of a
truce with S|)ain mark a i)erio<l of uiiexiim])kMl jiroS})er-
ity in the history of the DutcJi'IJcpuhlic. Itut they
were hot years of tran(|uillity, either foreign or dumestic.
On" the contrary, the new coinniortweaUh at this time
]mssc<l through the crisis of its existence, proving fo the
workl, under the test of internal dissensions— as did the
Unitetl States at a later day— the inherent strengtli of
its republican institutions. < ,
In reganl to its fofseign reJations I neoil to niqJ<o only
a brief allusion : any full discussion of them would lead
us into the boundless sea of Europt^an jmlities, which
none but the closest student of ,contein|)onineous history
can understand. Yet the subject cannot bo eptiri'ly
pasiedjover, for the eVonts of these ycjirs led up to the
bloody orgies which blotted civilization out of (iermany.
The Reformation in Germany had been followe<l by
a civil war, which was ended, in 4555, by the Treaty of
Augsburg. According to the provisions of this treaty,
tlio creeds and religious establishments of the throe
hundred and fifty states, kingdoms, and principnliti^
forming the incongruous association called "the " Holy
Boman Empire "—which V^iltalre said Wfls not IIo\y,
iZ^'-y'f^
188 Till rURITAN IN HOLLAND, INQUND^ AND AMIBICl
was- njbt Roman, and was not, an Kmpire — were to con-
tinue'for all tiniu HH tli)Mi CHtiiblighcd ; the stdtes hold by
the Church remaining ( 'atholic, and those held by the Lu^
thcmns remaining i'rutcstunt. The lines, hotvever, were
not very definitely drawn, l)oing cstublishett, not with
any reganl to tliu fjiifh of tlw i)eOple, but with regard
to tiiat of the rulers alone, since the subject was always
sup|M)sed to follow the religion of his monan'h. Such
a coiifprtimiso csuhUof course, result only in a truce and
not a jH'aco. As«timo went on, nilefs who changed their
faith clnimo<l that their subjects should follow them; on
the other hand, the people began to think that their re-
ligious opinions should !» regartlod by their rulers. The
Protestants, too, quarrelled bitterly among them8«>lves
over points of diKtrine; while tlie Catholics, recovering
from the first shock of the Itefor^tion, purified their
Church from many of its abuses, andy presenting an un-
broken front, looke<l forwanl to its complete ro-estab-
lishmcnt. Add now the elements of disconl. furnishe<]
by domestic greed or ambition, to those arising from the
schemes of Austria and Spain for territorial uggrandizis
ment, and one can imagine what time had in store for -
Germany.
])y 1608, the religious conflict had so far developed
that the Lutherans and Calvinists, who were found
mainly in the southern (Mictions of the eii^tiits organ-,
ized a " Protestant Union," for the ostensible puf|)ose of
8elf-<lefcnce. Their op]K>nent8. at <mce fonne<l o "Catho-
lic League," and- thus the partitas stood in hostile array.
The next year witnessed the opening skirmish of the
struggle.'
The duchy of (,'leves lay just beyond the Catholic
Netherlands, controlling the Rhine, and hohling a point
of great strategical imiHirtance in the inevitable coming
.-'tl
I -*'(! 'r-^<i^ '»■<' T" ?
MDTTiRnicn or war in oirmant 9m
conflict. In IftOi), itH inaune cliilillciw rulur <lie<), lonving,
BM Ilenry uf Nuvarru suid, the <v)iolc worltl his heir.
What were tlio logul rights of the vuriuus cluimuntx, us-
Hertingjlitlo thruugji dixtant kinsliij), is a matter of no
historical iiii|)orUknce.^ SoniQ were Catholiin and gunio
were Protestants, and the whole question turnc<i on
their religious faith.
The far-seeing statesmen of the Dutch Repn)>lic rcc-
ognizod* tiin im|>i)rtance of the iiituation, and so did the
King of Fmnc«,'Who, however iiiditferent to religious
creeds, was o|>|H*He<i to any further extension of S|iain
or Austria. Ho therefore uniteil with the Hollanders
to support the Protestant clainiunts. Long negotiations
followed, Kxiking to ah amicable adjustment of the con- ,.
froversy ; l»ut tiiey were broken off by the action of tiie
<'atholic heirs, who marched into the duchy and took
forcible iMMHeasion of some of its iin|)ortant cities. Their
dispossession meant war, and this was immediately deter
mined on. The republic was to furnish a force of four-
teen thousand men, with Prince Maurice nt their Iiead,
and the hero, of Ivry was himself to Uike the Hold, fol-
lowed bj^twcnty-six thousand Frenchmen. With such
an army, and with these two |K>wprs united, tlie future
of Euro})e mi^ht have been then controlled.
', But, on thig 14th of Jlay, ItilO, just as the French
army was setfing out, the knife of Itavailloc ended the
life of Henry, arid reriioveil for years all liopB of French
assistance in upholding the I'rotestant cause of £uro{V.
The assassin had b<>«n incited to his work^by the queen
and her Italian paramour, Imth in the interest of Spain.
They now ruletl France, and France was thonqpforth
Catholic to the core. The queep-t^gent mode some
faint pretence of assisting her Netherland allies, but they
wore left substantially alone. '. «
lL-19 " ' ,
^<»
SM Till PURITAN m UOLLANI\ KtOt^XP, ADD AMniCA
Yet tlio republic was not diHliearteiuHl. Within a
month ufter the death of Henry, Maurice, with sixteen
thousiind men, set out for the duchy of Cleves. With-
out the loss of a single life, ho captureti the city of Jii-
lich, tiic main stronghold which had lieen taken by the
Catholics, an<t hande<l it over to the I'rotestnnt claim-
ants. This was the end of the cam|>aign. Tip further
resistance was offered, and the army of the republic,
having s(>ciiivd its p<>sition, returtitHl homo to await fur-
ther developments.*
Three yours later an event (lecunvd^whicli gave a
gleam of encouragement to the Protestants on the Con-
tinent. In lOl.'t, KlizuUnh, the daughter of the English
king, was married to Frederick, the Elector- Palatine.
Her husband was a pronouiiceil Protestant, and . held
one of tho seven votes which was to elect the next
Emperor of (Tefmany. Such an alliance was h>oked
u|K>n as committing PIngland to tho cause of Protes-
tantism, and it was haihMl with universid delight by the
Englis|| ])ooplo. The republicans in Holland also were
delighted, believing that, if France was lost, they were
to regain their olil ally across the (.'hannel. English-
men and Dutchmen were siHXMlily undeceived. Tho
imbecile James, with the prospect before him of the
SiHinish marriage which was to relievo him from his
financial troubles, cared little for what l)pcame of the
Protestants abroad. They received from him an abun-
dance of goo<i advice, but nothing more.
' If Henry of Navarro' had not fallen at the hands
of an assassin, and hwl James of England been u man,
the horrors of tho^Thirty Years' War might have been
averted. Left to themselves, tho Netherlanders oould
' Motley's " Barnon-ltl," i. 85S.
\n
^I'LUJ 'j'.i'i'i'i: fijiUiuH'i)iif'iiiiiii»itViVi«i^;lfi
iirrftKMAL i>i«8R>no!(a in tiib ripcbmc Ml
only look on during the romnindrr of tlio truce, while
the HU)rm clnuiU were ji^ithering their fury.
Menntimc, the intcrniil dJHfienHions hu«l ariM>n in the
republic which hud liwm predictwl by tbe eni'iny as
the certain agentit of its destruction. The republic,
howeVer, sUrvi^'cd them; and with this simple state-
ment the whole 8ub|<>ct might be dismissed, had these
dissensions been the outgrowth of mere personal ambi-
tion, or had they been founded, as simic historlnns have
assunie<l, on 'simple differenceirin religious doctrine. To
a spperticial oliserver, either crt these uuuses miiy !«• s^if-
firient to ex])lain a series of events which threatened
the disruption of the infant I'nion. ISut the student
who understands the character of these Nctherlanders,
especially if he is' an American anpiainted with the
history of America's grvat Civil War, will find l)enentli
this controversy ai question much ;nore interesting and
much more vital. \This question was not so clearly pre-
sented as it was when the Southern Btates attempte<l
their secessipn froln the American Union, but its nature
was the same. On the one side sttxMl a pirty claiming
that the Notherhind Republic was simply a confinler-
acy of sovereign states ; on the other side stooti a larger
party claiming that the republic was a naticm.' This
was the real question at issue, and it 4s this fact which
gives to the contest its abiding interest.
In 1579, the seven states now forming the Union
had, by their represchtatives, signed at Utrecht the doc-
ument which stood as 'their written Constitution. - At
jthe time of its adoption it had l)een regarded tts a mere
provisional instrument ; for the yoke of Spain had not
been yet abjured, and William the Silent, by whom it
was preparc<l, had its. intention of founding a republic.
'He, in common with all his compatriots, had looked for-
•<•;,■>
Mt TUB rVRITAN IN HOLLAND, CilQUND, AND AMTOICA ,
ward to finding in OenuuiLV, Franco, or England a lov-
ereign ruler who would taku in vacli TroviiKt' the ]n>
•itiun (if thu jierjurcd I'liilij). llcncu, while the oevtm
Provincvi) agreed U|Hm an etvrnul union, the union uon-
teni|)lute<l was very different from that which was forci>«l
U|ion them by the h)gic of ev-vntK.*^ lieing only provis-
ional, one of the main defects of this written Constitu-
tion, as a working instnnuent, lay in the fact Ihat the
ConfiHleracy, like its first sui-coKsor in America, Avas left
without an executive hea«l. In tulditiun, the general
government, im was al!«o*thu case with the American
Confe4lurati<m before the adoption of tho.Fe<leral Con-
' 8titi{tion, could not deal directly with th« citizens, but
.Ofily with sovereign states.
For several years aft«'r the formation of the I'nion,
.attempts were mode to And a sovereign, but all these
attempts, as we have seen, pn)vt><l fniitless. Meantime,
however, the government had to be administered, and,
OS is usual in such cases, the theoretical difficulties set-
tle»l themselves. While William the Silent live<l, he was
virtual ruler, although holding no olljcial jxisition under
:' the genontl Unioji.t ^Tlie nominal executive |iower was
place<l in a Coml^ittlce of the Provinces, and the legisk'
ti ve power in the States-denoral.
The latter body was an old institution in the Ketb-
erhinds. It first came into being after the death of
Charles the Bold, in 1477, when his daughter Mary
. cidled a general assembly of delegates from all the
Provinces, to concert measures for resisting the aggret^
• Bee, u to the plrovloiona of tlip Coion of Utnclit, Vot. I. p. 988 ;
Motley's " Dutch Republic," Hi. 411 ; Davie*, ii. T5, citiug Dor, xiii.
to, 80, etc «ta|^
t Ue wu oflend the •oven^itr, but (leraiitcnllT dccliiictl it.
• • ■f
'^fTKfiy.^'^i-!:-^^ i~ffi; ^'r^fp, <M'7 '' SV^VV ■
TBI Rcnniucii roRH or aoTiRMimT-m DrruoniniT 9M
liona oM/)ui8 XI. of Krancr.* Hinoo that tiino it liiul
been constantly sumin(m(>4l by tlio soveivign, wlien«!Ver
mattqrg of grncntl intor(>8t arosc.f It wai« natnml,tlicro-
furc, tliat tho rcliellious I'rovinroH 8houl<i iir^inizc such
ah assembly, nml they did ho after tho Union of I'trceht
in ir>71>. It wiw coyifMNHMl of representatives chomm V»y
the asseqiblios of the seven different Provinces fonnin^
the Union; and in its organization the prinriplo of a
confederation Ixjtween iii<lependent states was rifojj-
nize»l by tho provision that each Province, ri>f;ardless
of its population an<l the number of delegates that it
saw lit t<i send, should have only n single yotc:^
Thus matters eontirfUMi until the death of William
the Silent. lie wiw actual commander-in-chief of tho
array, and virtual soveri'ign, all by common consent.
Tlie States-General, as a legislative l)ody, met only jieri-
odicdlly, Aviiilo tho E.xccutivc Commiltoc was in constant
session.^ In 1585, 1/>icester was cln)sen (tovernor-Hen-
eral of tho Union, and thus a formal executive wqs <il>>
tained and one difficulty was rcniove<l; At tho same
time a Council ot State was orgnnizc<l, after the model
of tho former Commitlee, which it replaced.
This body, ab^ut eighteen in number, was selectc<l
from the various Provinces, and intru8to<l with high
executive functions, es|M!cially in military matters. Its
members tlid not represent their states, but the nation
at largo. They wei* comjielle*!, in fact, to forswear
allegiance to their native Provinces "in order to be
• Vol. I. p. 154. ,t OariM, i. Hit.
\ The uin» principle prevailed in the sMemblie*, or >utc», of \be
'^liflcrent Provincca. Thej were cnin|K>ae<I of tlelcipilrt clinarn lijr the
chici, which were regarded us unita of power, all IwiiiK' c<)ua1, and
having tlic same vole. { Davii;ii, ii. 44t. -
f';. 'nv*'-'- --^^
tM fun POBITAN IN UOLLAMO, BRULAND, AMD AIUUo'a
true to the generality."* Unbound by the iniitruction*
of their constituents, they fornuMl nn inile|iendent Com-
mittee of the whole Uo|mblic, einbotlyihg the principle
of nationality, as op|)oiM>(l to the principle of stuto-sov-
oreignty represente*! in the (itatcM icneral.
Then, two years Liter, caiue the collu|)8e of Lcicester'a
a(lminigtrati9n, and affairs were thrown back into their
original confusion. Again they were settltHl in a very
practical manner. It hud been.Yound ini|NiS8ihle to ob-
tain a sovereign in Franco or England. I'rincc Mauric«)
was considerctl t(x> young for tlu^ ]>osition, although his
claims were advocated in some quarters. The Stat(«-
(ieneral solved the problem by taking all authority u|M>n
itself. ThuS'the reptiblic-«,-amo into being, not an u de-
liberate creation, but as ft growth. I>evelo|N.Hl under-
such conditions, its form of government was undciined,
and somewlukt diflicult of coinprvhension by the modem
student accustomed, 08 in England, to well-defined prec-
edents, or, OS in America, to a written organic \uW set-
tlfng the limits of the different departments in tlie State.
Still, it was an age of ])ractico rather tlian of theory,
and the system worked well enough during a'|H;ri(Ml of
war.
This was largely duo to the inHuenco of one man.
'The States- General, composed at times of over three
hundred members, seems a strange body to assume ex-
ecutive functions. But, in fact. Holland, although it
cast but one vote, exercised a controlling influence. It
uontainc<l more than half tho jwpulation of the re]>ub-,
lie, and ]Hiid more than half tho taxes. Above all, it
had as a standing representative John of Ohlea-liame-
yeld, the ablest statesman and most learned civilian of
* Hotlcj's " Vnitetl Nethcrlandt," hi. 8t.
BABHIVBLD-IIM ABILITT. 8KRVICB*, AND inrLCKNCII SM '
the ago.* ]5eserving power from bia ability and integ-
rity, lio soon becanio the uctui\l ruler of tl«e republic.
Dispensing substantially ^-ith the services of the Coun-
cil of ()tote, from which ho had been excludeil under
Leicester, be virtually dircctp<) nil iniliturv o|H>ration8.
C/Ontrolling his associates, he niudo trcaticH nnd con-
ducte«i ull foreign as well jm «h)niestic atTaiM.t
Huch wna the system under which the aiTaiin of tifo
republio> had Uten administereil during the lust twen-
ty-two years of the war. Everything was done in the
name of tlie Mtatcs-CienenU, which, in ir>8.'>, had consti-
tuted it«elf a |)ermanont instead of a peri<Klical bttdy.^
Although its inostor, Harnuvehl woa niiniinally noth-
ing but its servant. TiNin |ui|M>r it was the executive,
admiral of the navy, and commandor-in-ehict of the
army.S * '
li certainly speaks well for the [latriotism an<l the in-
tensity of pur]M>8C of the Nctherlanilnrs that, while the
national life was in tlanger, they acquiesced cheerfully
in this as8um|>tion of authority. ^Ve have s(<en how
Maurice, the greatest soldier of his age, gracefully gave
way in military <|ue6tions to his lords and mastero the
States-General, led by liarneveld, the civilian. So the
whole people, looking for pVactical resulto, had nothing
to say about constitutional usurpations.
* Motley njs Hint be van a lirtter Inwyot lli«a evtn tlie world*
renowned Onitiui. " Life of Barmireltl," i. 30.
t Motlry'a " BarneTclil." i. 10. t Dnvieii, 11. 441.
{ It U m curious fact tlint Prince Hnnrico never held any com-
mifsion from the Btutcn-Gcncml, altliougli lie commanded (lie nrmy;
Motley's " United NctlierlAndu," iii, 94. He was elected studdioldor
in flre of the Pro^nces, and by virtue of bit office wna conimander-
in-cbicf of their force*, but in the republic llaolf Ha wai only in
■gent of the Slatn-Ocneral.
.^— b^
*M THI PCRITAN IN HOLLAND, ■HOUND, AND AMIIIICA
Uut a» U> aII thcM matters tlio trace with Spain
brought, about a chunge. liurneveUl wua a f^-at iiiun,
anil had rendered inestimable wrvicef. to hiH etiuntry ;
but hu waa dictatorial, overbearing in biH niannera, ami
entirely wanting in that native tuct whieb bud mailo
William tbo Silent the uM of hitiri>untrymen.* Thnmgh
these traits of character be bad uiutlu many |>er)ional en-
emies, chief among whom was Prince Maurice, the great
captain. Alaurice's father had been oITcnhI the sover-
eignty of the S'etberlahds. lie bad declinetl it, lieliev-
ing that arruiigeinentH might bo made moni advanta-
geous to bis country ; but every one wiia ])eniuadu«l that
nothing bad prevente<l his eventual acceptance of the
honor except the shot of the assassin which ended hia
career. It was very njiturul, theref<^>, that tbi^ son
should feel some disHutisfuction at seeing another assume
the power which seemetl almost bis by hereditary right.
During the war Maurice had clmfeil under the rule of
Bamoveld, who constantly insisted «>n military move-
ments which were oppoacd to the judgment of a soldier.
Yet, to the outside world, ho had U-en the commander
of the army, living in royal state, dining two humlrod
offlcers daily at his tjible, surrounded by the s(;ionH of
noble houses, and looked up to by the {Hipuluco us the
representative of the republic. Now, howeyer. all-tbia
was ended.. lie receive*!, to Ix) sure, n genen>us salary
of abouV' seventy thousand <lollars a year, and, licsidea,
bad a large private fortune, which was augmented at*
the death of bis older brother, w.hicb made him Trince
of Orango.f He was also stadthohler iii five of .the,..
*Mntley'i»BarneTcl<l,"ii. lOB, IW. ' V
t Philip William, the clilcut urn of Williiim the Bilent, «u tnkrh
priioncr early io.tbe war aiid cai;ried to Simud, vbera b» wu mlu-
j.-n^BTip*; \r"rfj.yt; v t"|S YTTC^rr*^
HI' <MAKu KNCmn, ixMn powir, and rB«Non fmont it,
'- ' WTen I'rovinoefi, hdiI thpre ho hail grrat power, liiit in
the republic ilxi*if ho hold no oflico, uiul (•xorciiu>il no iti-
rect authority. lie, too, wusdirtutoriul, l)oinK urltitnirv
by nature and by his niilkury tniinin^; yot thin wax ovor-
, / looked in the guccomfld Holdier. Like bin ^rt'at father,
■J be waa unostcntatiouH in his dreiui, wearing on 4nlinary
..'.'occasions a very plain costume, without tirnanient except
a goh(-hundl(!«l sword and a ro|ie of diuniomls slrunf;
around his shabby felt hat. Ii«>love«l by the ]ioople at
large, oncirchMl by a halo of military Kl<)ry. fufl of am-
bition, and in the prime of life, it<was inevilabUt that
peace should bring aUmt a conflict l)etwet>n himai^d the
age<l llnrnevcld.
But Maurice was not the only cheniy tirat had liccn';
, ina(lo by the stati^xuuin who for so many years had j^
^raicd the commonwealth. His dictatorship had lieen«
acquiescwl in while the country was in (hmger, but now
that ))cace had come, many of the members of the States-
General, supported by a majority of the po|)uhition, gave
symptoms of revolt. And hen>, in this fact, wo shatl
find the key to the coming situation.^ !
During the war, liarneveld had conuucte«l o|)emtions
upon the theory that the Unitwl* Netherlands were a
nation. Ho was then supreme, and no one queKtioned
his {Kisition. Itut when his |M>wcr was endangered, ho
changed front, and <lechire<i that they were only a "
league of independent states. IIo. controls Holland,
' the largest and wealthiest mombep of the confe<lonicy,
. and now claimed that over it the republic had no au-
thority, Jiave that given by the Imro letter of the Union
~ " of Utrecht, signed thirty years Ix^forc. In this conten-
eated u n Papitt .lie retiirnril to the Ndlicrlandii in niXt, nnd
died, unmamed, in 1618 Mnurico lucceeded to liii tide and r«Ut<9
m TVC PDIIITAR IN nOLUHD, RfOLANDL AND AMBMC*
tion ho wiiH Rii|>|M>rt<Ml by llio luwyora, whu roiild Mo
nothing in llio ((uustiun ouUido thu nitifft^ of their dry
nnd muNty |iuW'hiiii'ntH. But thin ]HM)plu had for forty
yeant lut-n buttling for nt'tuuliticH. Tliey hiul been
, ptnnding iihouldur to^Rhouhlvr against tho common foe,
and their blotnl, shetii in the cauHe of indo|)end«nce, had,
as they bvlievml, wcldtHi them into wimething other
than u i-opo of sand.
Tho idea of u nation was at this time a novelty in the
political world. LAwyurs could not understand it, for
there wan nothing of tho kind in their Ixtoks of pruce-
dontit. There were about tli<>m . kings with subjects,
provinceti hewed out by4W sword, cities with their mu-
nicipiil charters, leagues mode by |)archmont treaties;
but the nation, the entity, tho something which the the-
orist oven now finds so difficult of definition, wns un-
recognized. A host of writcni, le<l by the great tliinkera
of France, and foUowetl by Buchanan in Scotland nnd
Hooker in England, were theorizing upon the subject.*
The ])ractical Ketherlamlura settled the (|nestion by de-
ciding that a common speech, common interests, -conti-
guity of territory, and a war of forty years' duration had
matio of them one people.
This was really the question which was involve*! in
• See llallnnrs " Lilernture of Europe," ^MJn'm. The Icixlbin wrirrr
U|>oii tbU Bulijcct WM Hudin, ii Frendiinan, v\u\fe work, the " lir-
puhlic," wiM pur>liilic(1 ill 1ST7. He flnt ntlvnnci'il tli<^ Ihrorjr, •inc«
ampliflrd liy Bentliam, that th« object ufiiocicly i» iIm grraUxt
good of every citizen. It may alio intcreat Anicriranii to know that
he Drat advocated tlie protective 4y>tem, aritninK that import duties
•liould Iw made very low on nrticlen #ilh wliii'li the people cannot
well diapennc, lint laid heavily on inunuracturcd goodi, in onlvr that
they may learn to make anch giHMla tbemaelvea. Ilallam'a "Litera-
ture of Europe," ii, 138-141.
OBOMH Alf^ IT ATI IN THB KBPOniO StO
the diMeniions culminating in the fanioua tSjncid of I)urt
and the cxecutiol»uf liarnovcUl. Ix.>avinf( thl« quratiun
out of account, the wholu opiwxle Reeinii inuxplicahli>, a
foul blot on the. republic, an<l a dixgraco to tlin cauM of
rrutextitnt ChriHtianity. Kvepinff it in mind, the reui!t r
can lind his way tliruUKh a t»i)f;U< which most writers
have made very thorny, and iiitlmugh hu may or niuy
not 8yni|>athize with the republic, ho will at least ba
able to comprehend its actions.*
The conflict lx>ttYM>n the party of nationality and the
party of state/ rights might have arisen over any (piui-
tion. It arose, in fat;t, over oi>e uf n>ligious discipline
and dogmas. To uniienttund liuw this cuine ulN)ut, wo
must take a brief glance at the relations which existed
between Church und 8tate in the lTnite<l Netherlands.
When the Iteformation Unit broke out, the Iteformera
of the Low Countries inclined to the tficolugy uf Luther.
But in time they took up with the teachings of Calviq,
and ("alvinism in all its fulness was a<lopt<Nl us the
creed of the llcfonned (.'hurch. Still, the luloption of
the theology of Calvin was one. tiling ; the recognition of
the claims set up by sohio of his followitrs as to the re-
lations of the Church to the State was a very ditTerent
matter. The Calvinist clergy asaertetl that all the oocle-
* Is tlie fullowing brief •uuimnrj of tbe Arniinian contmreray, in
which Barnevchl Imt hii life, I liarV; In tlio innin rullowrd Ihv narm-
tire of Mollef , whilr venturinK tu ililTcr wiiltOf fnHn hii conclunioM,
III) la t bitter iwrtiwii of Bnmerclil'i ; Miuie crilii-i uy that hit opih- .
ions were culuml bjr liit I'Dilarinn licllrf : but Ihv farla at he rH^e*
Ihein, li'ith one iin|iurtant correctiun, which will lie |Kiinlf<l nut here-
after, are tufflcient for my purpoae. Any rraiirr who iletiret to go
ulo tbe wliole contniYeny, and tcu the olbrr tiilr of tkc ilory, will
find it given at length in a mnrk by M. Oroen van Prinitercr, enti-
OtA "Maoricoet BamcTelt, £tud« Ilitlorique " (Utrecht, 107S).
'•t^''
•00 Till riiRrrAN 1:4 iioi.i.ano. k!iou!id, and AimtrA
■iiuitical proporty which liwl Inwii conflicut«il ilurini; th«
pn)f(r(>M of tho WAr-lielongwi to th«><'hurch, and nhouM
b<i n<liiiiniiit(>r(Ml \ty itii oHIccra: Uint th« rhun'h(>s nlnno
hiiil tho right (if wliTtinK tlicii* ininiHtcni; tinil (hnt nil
(|ii<'8tii>ni (if (liictrino iir (hiH'i|ihho. ^Iiiiiihl In< rc^iihitcil
by iHt-h-HiuHticul aMM'tnlilicH. The (Intt (if them* claim*,
the iilhiwiinift of which wonhl huvt* huill up n hiitniirhy
as wealthy und an oliniixidus an tho (nm i«iipprriiH><l hy
tho Keformation, waswiMvly ilimlldwrd hy th(< civil innx-
i)itrHti>M. They t(Mik churf^' of th(> coiitliwiited cccIckIhii-
ticnl pru|N<rty, with it foiimlMluniveniit'iiti, whiMilH, ami
hoRpitah, |Nii(l the iuihiri(>H of tho vlor((y, anil iiiuintained
the churches.
■ The tplectionr of ininiHtem nnd other church officers, ,
however, wan conctnlcd to- the conffref^tionH in all the
«tnt(>8, without quiiition, for many years, and was never '
seriously diHput(Hl except in Holland and Ttnx'ht. There -
tho inunici|NUities wen; iNirticiilnrly iMiwerful, and it had
been pniposed, in ISIM, that tho ministers nnd other nffl-
cers of the Church should Iw Helecte<t by a commission,
consisting of four inemliera named by the churchea and^^
four by tho magistrates in each (hstrict. ^his, however, ■
was only a pro|Mi8iO : the sclieiii(> was notjput into o|ier-
ation- until 1012, when tho Anninian cohtroversy wag
going on, and then only in such towns of tht^KO two
states as gnvo it their njiproval.* As for the third (|Ue8-
* Motlrjr, In dinciuninR tliit inipnrtant niihjifrt, " AimeTrlil," i. 838,
it very minlciuling. lie ii|ienk(i of tlie acliemc pn>|K)iM^(1 iii 15UI u
tlinugh it IimI bcrn then tilnptcd nml applinl to the wlioir republic.
The authority which he ritcn, Wnficnnar, x. SO (it shniilil be M),
•liow> that it never hnd been adoplril. TliU it but one of many et-
ton pointeil. out by Dutch crilim in tbi» hut work of Motley. Writ-
ing a> a partimn of tho Anuiniana, he Irprewuta them a« •tamliog on
TBI TBACniNOS OP ARllINIl'g-Wlir OMKCTiO!<ABU 801
tion, relating to tbe rcgulution of religious Tloctrino and
discipliiip within the iiationul cstublishmcnt, thiit was
left in abq^'ance, while the whole liefonnod Church,
which tho magistrates bad sworn to u|ihol({, was uniteil
in its Calvinism.
Tjius matters stood until an clement of diScoad was
introduced by tho teachings of tho celebrated Arminius.
In 1Q()3, this eloquent pr&tcher and learned scholar was
elected to a professorship of theology in the University
of ]t«yden,and at Hfice begiin to ex])ound theories wliA;h
set tlie'whole country iiva flame.
It huB been customary, among a certain class of writ-
ers, to consider the contntversy which now ard^ as a
•purely theological one,Hn which the intolerance of Cal-
jrinism was displayed in its dnrkcst colors. A little
unimpossioned examination of the facts will show how
great is this mistake. To be sure-, Arminius made a
powerful assault u|)on predestination, tho loading theo-
logical tenet of the Culvinists. He argued against the
whole doctrine of the elect, claiming that Christ died
for all men, and not for the select few ; and that men,
even after sincere repentance, might still fall from grace.'
These teachings aroused the bitter ire of the ('alvinist
clergy, and careless historians have 8|iekcn of them as if
they explained the subsequent persecution of his follow-
ers.- Such M(riters overlook the fact that these ideas ^
were not novel in the Netherlands. They had been
taught by the Anabaptists for more than half a century.
tb< old vtjt, vhile tho CalTiniaU wero innoratora. Ab matter of
fact, the rcrerso was true. Bamcveld ami hia adherents were striring
to take from tho people their dearly prized, lonK-eatablishcd right
of Gliooaing their own miniaten— one of tbe chief fruits Af the Ref-
ormiUioD.
sot Tni pmnTAH in hoi.lasD, knolano, and amcrioa
and the members of this seel haS for many j'ears en-
joyed full religious toleration.*
But apart from their denial of predestination, the
Arminianr proclaimed a practical theory, which \va«
more important and more distasteful to the body of thcT
people. They claimed that in religious matters the
State was supremo ; that it should appoint the ministera,
and that it alone should have the regulation of (Church
discipline and dogma.f This was the doctrine which
in the end brought King.^Jamos and the whole Iligh-
Church party of England into the ranks of Arminian-
ism, although they fought its theology for man}' years.
It was utterly repudi&ted by the Anabaptists, who be-'
lievod in the separation of Church and State.
In 1000, three years after Arminiug had begun his
teachings, the new principles bad gained such headway
that the clerical |>drty colled for a national synod to
' settle the religious dissensions. At this time, as it
must be borne in mimi, narnercld was supreme in the
States-Oeneral. The municipal councils, which lay at
the foundation of the government, were mostly in favor ,
of the Arminians, who supported their ecclesiastical
pretensions, an,d believed in giving them more power.
* 8eo HRllam'a " Litcnture of Europe," iii. 40, aa to the theology
of the Analmptitt
t Motley 'a " Barneveld," i. 335. Sec Hnllain'a " Mtcratura of Eu- '
rope," iii. SO, etc., m to the writings of Grotiua, who wiis the greaP
lay expounder of Arminianiim in tlio Netherland*. Qrotius carri«l
„lhe political theories of the Anniniana to their fuU length, aswrting
the alMolnte power of the Btate over everything erclesiaalical. In
Uter dayi lie exprvsacd a regard for Archliiahop I^iid, on account
of his •r.tiona in England, frequently lamenting hix fitte. lie jilao un-
cquirocally supported the theory of passive obedience proclaimed by
the English High-Church parly. Leaving thedc facts out of view, it is
difficult to understand tlio treatment of Qrotius by his countrymen.
«
?
K
BAKHKTBLD PIIOCLAIIU THI DOCTRIilC OF STATn- RIOtlTI 803
Above the municipal councils stood the asscmhtios of
the I'rovinces.imbuoJ'with the siime ideas. These were
the bodies whicii then controlled the situation, llndtf
such conditions Itarncvold declared oiienly in favor of
a national synod, thus fully recognizing the principle
that the Netherlands were a nation, with full power to
regulate all its affairs, despite any parchment treaties of
the past.*
The Calvinists, too, ap]>reciated the situation, and,
fearful lest action at this time might change the |he^
ology of the ostablishetl Church, of which |H)S8ibility ^
Bameveld gave an intimation, Hnally withdrew their de-
mands. But, despite this fact, the principle of national
so\-ercignty stood admitte<l through t>he offer of the .
States-Oeneral, made by Bameveld, their mouthpiece.t
But after the truce of 1(M)9 the situation was greatly
ch^ged. Bameveld lost his control of the States-
General, and when a national syno<l was again <lcmand- . ',
fed denounced it as an infringement on the rights of the ■-
separate states. The^ Union of Utrecht hiul provided
that each state should regulate its religion for itself.
Bameveld still controlled flolland, and he now declared
that this was an inviolable article.^although, in spite of
its existence, the States-General had, in 1583, established
the Reforme<l religion for the whole republic, forbidding
the o|)en exercise of any other.^
Thus the lines were fairly drawn between the prin-
ciple of states' rights and that of nationality. On the
one side stood the aristocratic 'clement controlling the
municipalities, hewled by Bameveld, from whom the
power was departing. On the other side stood the
* Nolle;'* " Baraereld," I. 4i-44. t Idem, i. Moi
X Idcii), i. 840-848. { Metcren, li. 228-231, cited Davie*, ii. Ul.
■\.
004 Tllg PURITAN IN UOLLANO, ENOUND^ AND AHKMQA
"clergy reflrcsenting the I'oritan or democratic princi-
ple, fpr they claimed tlmt the ministers should be
chosen by thoir congregations. AVith the clergy stood
Prince MHurice, wielding tlie'po\tcr of the sword. He
knew little, and prolmbly cared nothing, nboqt th«i
theological questions, being a man of dissolute life; but
he was op|M)scd to I<arnevcld,and believed in the theory
of nationality.* ' \ .
For some years a struggle of words *vent on. Bame-
veld tried to enlist James of England on his side, calling
the C'rtlvinists •' Puritans" and " Double Puritans," show-
ing that he appreciated the Puritan charaetcr of the
struggle, and diluting upon the fact that they were at'
tempting in the Netherlands the independence of the
State, which they a8scrte<l across the Channel.t James,
however, as yet looked only at the theological aspect of
the controversy, and his sympathies were with the Cal-
vinists. \
Finally, in Ittl", the crisis came. The States-GcneRfd
had decided t^ summon a national synod, llamevcid
anticipated their action by ctuivening the States of Hol-
land. This assembly, und^his gui<lance and despite
the protests of a large minority, p«8sc<l a resolution
declaring that Holland would refuse the syntKl, and
authorizing the authorities of the various cities to en-
roll troops for their security aftd the prevention of
violence. The same resolution provided that any one
aggrieved by the action of the municipal authoritie*
* Mntlry'a " BnrnvTcUl," i. 46, 84'i. Bnrncri'lil fimbably cared *■
little ns Prince Miiurlcc fur tlic spcculntire imues of the coiitroTcnjr.
Ho IimI tiilicn or inherited the ngnostic motto, " Nil iciro lutiwiDW
fitle*," and lired up to it in \m theology. Aa a atatesnian he alwajri
itilvcirntcil full rcligioua toleration. t Idem, iL 119.
, BUMBTBLO'B RKBIlXlO!! ... SOS
ahould geek redress from the States of IloUand, as no'
respect would be paid to the action of the national tri-
bnnals.* Immediately after the passage of this resolu-
tion, Bameveld proceeded to take military possowion of
the principal cities in the State, fortifying those which ,
had oppA8e<l his actions.! lie then went to Utrecht,
nnder the pretext of ill-health, and carried out the same
scheme in that Arrainian province.^
Thus war was virtually declared. In November, 1617,
three months after the action of Holland, the Stat^
General, by a vote of four to three, placed on record its
decision in favor of a synod.^ Now Maurice, who up to
this point had made no movement, although ho had de-
clared in favor of the national party, opened active
operations. He was stadtholder in the three provinces
(Holland, Utrecht, and Overysseh which had voted
against the synod. Kxeicising his powers as chief
magistrate, he began at once to change the munici|)al .
bodies in these provinces. Probably he excee<lod his
constitutional authority in some cases, but it is to his
credit that no blood wiM^slied. liefore *a year had
passed a peaceful revolution was accomplished. IIol-
Und and Utrecht disbanded their independent troops,
Overysael fell into lino, and thereafter all the seven
Prbvinces were united in their official action.
In August, 1018, the synod was called, its place of
meeting being the historic town of Dort, or Dordrecht.
The same month witnessed the arrest, by order of the
States -Oeneral, of Uamovold, Advocate of Holland;
Hugo Orotios, Pensionary of Rotterdam ; and Hooger-
beet, Pensionary of Leyden.
*Kotli>]r'i,"BwiMTel(l,''U.UL • tldam,p. 185.
t Idem, p. IM. . | Mem, p. lit.
II.— 80
•Oe TBM PCRITAll IM BOLLAHIK BTOUXD, AND AlURICA
The trial of these illagtrions prisonen, which went on
daring the sessions of the Synod of Dort, is one of the
events which naturally excite the feelings of modem
' historians who judge the transactions of two centuries
and a ^alf ago by modem canons. As every reader
knows, the actions of the Stuarts in England have been
defended by writers who show, by overwhelming evi-
dence, that they only followed the precedents set by
those whom they sacoeedod. Taking the same line of
argument, the execution of Bamevcld, like that of
Charles I., constitutes a judicial murder, lie stood by
the letter of the Union of Utrecht, which, entiered into
forty years before his trial, recognized the independence
of the states. His offence, like that of the Stuarts, con-
sisted in the fact that he failed to recognize the prog-
ress of the world. The charges against him weru
triviali measured by the letter of the law. It would
have oeen much better for the cause of republican in-
stitutions had his life been spared. No student of his
career An fail to regret that it came to such an end.
And yet, the same rule applies to him which applies to
the countless multitude of other conscientious men who
have laid down their lives in defending the lost causes
of the world. While we moum the individual, we must
look beyond his fate. On the 18th of May, 1019, Barae-
veld met his death upon the scaffold. It was a piteous
spectacle, i^ter all the services which he had rendere<l to
the commonwealth. Still, by his downfall the nation-
ality of the republic was established, and in this fact the
dispassionate and philosophic leader may find some coa-
Bolation for the indignities perpetrated upon his trial*
* Orotiua uid Iloogerbcet were con(1cronc<l to peipetatl hn-
priMnipait for their sctioD in ttirring up eeUitioD in Utncht
y
TBB aTHOD or DOKr-AMnHIAM PUHCOTIOK 807
On the 191k of November, 1618, the famous Synod of
Dort, the only Phatestant etjnmenical oonncil ever held,
began its sessions, ft was called ostensibly for the
benefit of Euroiie, and |>afportied tu represent all the
orth9dozy of the Protestant wwld, outside the Luther-
ans. The Dutch and Walloon churches sent thirty-eight
reprewntatives ; with them were five representatives
from the Universities and twenty - one lay delegates.
Added to these were twenty-eight representatives from
the churches of Great Britain, Switzerland, and' Ger-
many.* Before this assembly, in which, according to
the Netherland custom, each nation liad but a single
vote, the Arminians (or Remonstrants, as they were
called), presented arguments in favor of their theological
doctrines. Any such presentation was of course hope-
less. After one hundred and eighty sittings, the synod
concluded its labors on the S9th of Mifiy, 1619. By a
unanimous vote it denouitoed all the doctrines of the
Arminians. as heretical, and proclaimed Calvinism, in
all its strictness, the established creed of the Reformed
Church of Europe, including that of England.
With the adjournment of the 8yno(l of Dort there
began a persecution of the Arminians which forms the
darkest blot on the history of the republic, although '
they had set the. example in the towns which were under
their control. The synod had decided that these schis- '
matics should be deprived of all their oftices, both eccle*
Orotlui eaeaped tftcr n f<*w month*, tlirough the exertion* of liig
fleroted wife, wlio imuggleil him out of prison in s cheat which wi*
■appoied to contnin Anninian book*. Iloogcrbeot ww releowd in
jeSI. D*Tiea,ii. 581.,
* Neal, p. 204. King Jnmet, who wu grentlj Intereitcd in lb*
theologlcti qnettion inTnlTed, tent foitr repreMntatlre* iVom Eng>,
Und and one ftom 8cotl*nd,«ll CklTlniit*.
808 TBI FITBITAn 15 HOLLAND^ IKaLAKD, AMD AWqUCA •
siastical and academical, until suck timo as they satisfied
the churches of their sincere repentance ; and this de-
cision was subsequently confirmed by a decree of the
States-General.* Acting on Uiis decree, the whole ran-
cor of party malice was let loose against them. Fines
were imposed on all those who fretjucnted their assem-
blies, and contumacious ministers and students were
made liable to perpetual imprisonment, or a mor& severe
punishment if the case required it. The professors in
the University of Leydcn who upheld their doctrines
were displaced, and the students who refused subscrif)-
tion t6 the canons were exix>lled. Two hundred Ar-
minian clergymen were deprived of their benetices ; and
eighty of the number, who declined to enter into a
promise to abstain from preaching, wvre banished from
the country.f
This makes a strange page in the history of a people
who for forty years had been struggling for religious
liberty. It would be entirely inexplicable were this the
whole of the story, and if wo left out of account the
political qnestions involved in this theological contro-
versy. Upon this latter subject a flood of light is
thrown by the statement of one simple fact. During
the whole of the persecution the Analmptis^s (who pro-
fessed the same theological tenets as the Arminians), the
Lutherans, the Jews, and even the Catholics, having ex-
cited no political animosity, remained undisturbed. The
Anabaptists and the Lutherans were permitted to enjoy
their places of worsliip orf the same terras as the Cal-
nnists, except the payment of their ministers, and the
Catholics and Jews had the liberty of holding their
private assemblies.
* DsTiw, U. sot. t Idem, U. S9T, ete.
tarn or tbc psbsbcction or tbb arminiamb 30S
But there is something more to the story. The min-
isters expelled from their benefices and banished from
the country were not sent away empty-handed, as in
other lands. The full Salaries— of those, at least, who
appeared before the synod — were paid to them, and they
were, in addition, supplied with ample funds to defray
the expenses of their voyage.* Those who remained at
home all had their salaries continued if they abstained
from preaching. This is not the spirit of true religious
persecution. Still, there is something even more im])or-
tant. In 1625, Prince Maurice died, and with him passed
away all the political animosity which had been enfren-
4ered against Bameveld and his adherents. His brother
and successor, Frederic Henry, was friendly to 4he Ar;
minians, or Remonstrants, and und^r his protection they
returned from banishment and began to hold public as-
semblies. Some of the strict Calvinists protested, but
their protests were in vain. The so«alle<i religious yier-
seoution was a thing of the ])ast, and its embers were
not to bo revived. The Arminians established their own
schools and ralloges, opened their churches, and soon
stood on a full equality with all the other sects-f
Such was the end of the brief persecution of the Ar-
minians in the Netherlands, during which no blood was
. shed upon the scaffold, except that of the aged statesman,
Bameveld. To class it among the religious persecutions
of the world, in which one dominant sect has proscribed
* OkTin, ii. 528.
t Darin, ii. 584. Some little light ia thrown opon the situatioD
IVom the fact that the mild and tuleinnt Robinion, the minlater of
the Beparalitt church at Lejden, waa, throngbont the whole contro-
Teray, an eameat advocate of the CaWinlata. He oartainlf waa not
an apoitie of intolenmce.
»■ ■ ;•►
810 TBI rvmtui a bollakd, sKaLAHD. and amuic*
all otben, shows a strange unacquaintance with the lacti
of history. It wa^ an important historic episode, bat it
owes its importance not so much to its theological as to
its political features. The war against Spain had been
* waged for many years upon the theory that the republic
was u nation.' Thi»-war warf about to reopen, and it was
well for the world' that the republic should present an
- unbroken front. This it did, and in its eventual i^uccess
we And, perhaps, the best defence of its internal policy.
In the history of English and American Puritanism,
this whole controversy is of peculiar importance, deserv-
ing all the space which has been given to it. Had the
Arminiaos triumphed, they would have established a
union of Church and State somewhat resembling that in
England. Under their proposed system, the legislative
body would have settled the religion of the people, and
tlilb civil magistrates would have selected the ministers
and regulated all church affairs. Barneveld and his ad-
herents professed to believe that the success of their
Puritan op]x>nent8 would be followed by results in the
other direction much more harmful to the State, since
the clergy would attempt to control, the civil authorities,
and set up an eoclosiastical despotism such as had exist-
ed in Geneva (under Calvin. Out no such resnlts fol-
lowed the triumph of thoCalvinists. The liberty -loving
Netherlanders, having freed themselves from the Church
of Rome, were too wise to put their necks under another
spiritual yoke. The old union of Church and State was
maintained, but it was the mildest form of anion. The
State supported the Church, but made no attempt to inter-
fere with its discipline and doctrine. On the other hand,
the clergy, elected by their con^rregations, made no at-
tempt at interference in civil matters, and chiimed no au-
thority except that derived from their piety and lemming.
TBI TUimr TUBS' WAB IN OUWANT 811
Here was the model of a church which had stood be-
fore the eyes of the English Puritans for very many
years. Kow, having withstood the assaults of the Armin-
ians, it^cxampl^became for them more powerful than
before. They copied some of its features, electing their
own ministers, and in America, as we shall see hereafter,
adopting for this purpose the same system as was used
in the Netherlands, and there alone. They also insisted
that religious questions should be settled by the Church
and not tlie State. It would havo been well for them,
on both sides of the Atlantic, had tliey followed the ex-
ample of the enlightened Netherlanders still further, and
not attempted to set up the Church above the State.
In 1019, the fateful embers which had beeii smoulder-
ing in Germany for so many years broke out into an
open conflagration. The immediate cause was the elec-
tion of a king of Bohemia, tlie old Protestant stronghold
in which John Hnss had done such noble work. The
Cathollb League claimed that the crown devolved on
Ferdinand, the Catholic heir of the former incumbent.
The Protestants insisted that the office was elective, and
^chose as their sovereign Frederick, the Elector-Palatine,
who had married the daughter of the English king.
Over these conflicting claims a war ensued which soon
involved the whole of Germany. In one aspect it was
a religious conflict, for Protestants were pitte<I against
Catholics, liut in the end it became a fiendish scramble
■ of all the great European powers for an extension of
their boundaries. France, Denmark, and Sweden, all
siding with the Protestants, beneflte<l by the struggle ;
Spain and Austria were weakened, but poor Germany
was-left a helpless wreck.*
• "Ths Thirty Tern' War," Morrii, p. SU.
.^■»
<is TBi ranuii m aoixAm>. nraumv axd ameiuca
Viewing it from its political aspect, as all historiAiu
agree, no war of modem dayi has had more lasting re-
sults than the Thirty Years' struggle, which was closed,
in 1048, by the Treaty of Westphalia. It established
what was called the balance of power in Europe, and
has always been appealed to in subsequent times whei^
disputes over boundaries have taken place.* The re-
ligions question was settled for Germahy Ufftbe decision
of alien authorities, who imposed Catholicism on some
states and Protestantism on others, recognizing the con-
flicting claims of the Lutherans and the Calviiiists. Ho
longer was any element of uncertainty left, iis had been
done by the Treaty of Augsburg, in 155tj : each state
was now fixed in its religrion, and its future position
guaranteed by foreign powers.!
Such were the political and religions results of this
great struggle — results which hare engrossed the atten-
tion of most; historians, who consider only the external
affairs of dynasties. But there was an outcome of this
bitter internecine conflict much more important to the
historian of civilization. When the Thirty Years' War
brolie out, Germany and the Netherlands were the only
remaining depositories of lioman culture and institu-
tions. We have seen in a former chapter how Giordano
Bruno, the Italian philosopher, expressed his unbound-
ed admiration of the learning, the love of art, and the
sweetness of manner which he found in Gennany, all
so different from what he had seen in England. These
were the gifts transmitted from ancient Rome, and
guarded with jpalous hand in the walled cities of the
empire. But during the Thirty Years' War, the con-
flicting armies swept over Gennany like i^ devastating
•Itogcn'i''Btorf ofHolUod,"p.*W. t Morrii, p. SIS.
omuK CTViLUATioN Bumw) orr ^ ai8
Are. Made op of hir^ mercenaries, flghtipg solely for
plunder, their actions can be compared only with those
of legions of fiends unchiyned from hell. When the war
ended, civilization was almost blotted out.*
Seeing what Germany was before and after this doras-
tation, which was carried on for so short a period of time,
one can ijhagine what had been wrought in Prance du^
ing its continual cijrii wars, and what had been wrought
in England during the long bloody years which followed
the disappearance of the Normans. Keeping these facts
in mind, and adding the further fact that the light of
Glermany was now extinguished, we can begin to un-
derstand why the Netherlands, where the light fontin-
ued, exercised such an influence in the recivilization of
the world. This subject will be discussed in the fol-
lowing chapters ; but, meantime, we must briefly trace
the course of events in the republic until the close of its
great war.
When the truce came to an end, in 1621, Spain ex-
pressed a desire for its renewal. But her proposals were
coupled with conditions inconsistent with independence,
and they were favored by no party. Prince Maurice
was ambitious of military glory ; the ardent Galvinists,
with the true Puritan instinct, were heartily in favor of
aiding their struggling brethren in QeQtiany ; the A^
minians had no thoughts hostile to their country ; and
* In Bohemia, tho population wai reduced ftom 4,000,000 to
about 700,000. In Qennany at large. It was diminished flmm twenty-
flre to fifty per cent. I" the city of Augaburg, a centre of ciTJIiia-
lion, it fell fVom SOjIoo to 18,000 ; in the diitriet of WOrtcmberg,
from 400,000 to 48,000. Bo great wai the haroc that only in recent
yean baa the nnmlMr of horsed cattle in Oennany Wn equal to
what it waa in iei8. Fiaher'a "OatUnea of UnirerMl Hiatoij,"
»U TBI rvnitui a hollaku noLAinK aho aiuuca
■o the wnr went on. Over the detafls of the straggle in
the field we need not linger. They were of the same
8cientiflc character aa those before described, and, while
of value to -the military student, have no interest for
the general reader Again Spinola and his successor
attempted to capture cities in the republic, and again
the Obedient Provinces were in turn invaded, without,
in the end, making any great change in the original sit-
uation.
In 1625, Prince Maurice died, and was succeeded in
all his commandf^ military and civil, by his half-brother
Frederic Henry. The new Prince of Orange was the
youngest son of William the Silent, and on his mother's
side was a grandson of the great French yarrior Co-
ligny. In every respect he was a worthy representative
of a family which has fui^ished more illustrious repre-
sentatives than any otfier known'to history. Beginning
bis military cflreer at the age of thirteen, he had for
twenty-seven years been one of the aptest pupils of his
brother. When sixteen, he was with the army at the
famous battle of Nieuport, in 1600. Seeing the perilous
position of his troops, and in view of the fact t^t this
lad was the only remaining representative of the Uouae
of Orange, Prince Maurice wished to send him away on
one of the transports. But the little soldier, with clasped
hakds, begged so piteously for leave to remain and share
the fortunes of his counttymen that his prayer was
granted, dhd he remained to share their triumphs.*
Now, at the age of forty, he was the equal of his broth-
er as a soldier, and far his superior as a civilian.f Thus
the torch as it dropped from one hand passed on in its
uninterrupted course.^ . ,
* HotlcT'i " United MetherUndi," ir. 90. t Dtfin, ii. M7.
t Th« 8tat<t4)«iicnl at one* appointed Prince Ffcderie Hwiiy to
WAB BIHIWn) IN TDB IIKrBnLAIID»-IHaiAMm KMITION 81S
Not content with pursuing a defensive policy, the
republic, from time to time, carried on campaigns in
Germany, contributing greatly to the success of the-
Protestant cause in that quarter, and throughout the
struggle it furnished large subsidies to help its coreligr (
ionists. Probably no reader needs to be told that dur-
ing all thia period, while the war of Protestantism was
waging on the Continent, England as a nation remained
almost inactive, being entirely insignificant in European
politics. The Elector-Palatine, the sonro-law of James,
was driven, not only from Bohemia, but also from his
hereditary kingdom, and found a refuge in the Nether-
lands. England, isolated by the Ch&nnel, stood sub-'
stantially {Ktssive, reaping, as she has always done,
matejial advantages from the misfortunes of her neigh-
bors. But this position of England was due to the
governing classes, and not to the people at lai^. The
latter sympathized with the struggling Protestants upon
the Continent, and endeavored in every way to force
their country into the great contest. This proving in-
the office of cipUin and admiral geneni, and within a short time
he was elected Stadtholder of the Are Provinces in which his "brother
had held that>»fl(ce. DaTies, ii. S06. In 1A81, therercrtion of tliete
offices was conferred on his son William, a bo.T fire years old. Idem,
p. 580. In 1S40, Frederio Henry was also elected Stadtholder of
Oroningen, the sixth ProTince, with a similar reversion for Prince
William ; and, about the same time, by high-handed measures, he
secured fur himself the reversion of the Btadtheldersbip of Friea-
land, the seventh Province. Idem, pp. 813, 610. With tlicso hon-
ors secured, the young Prince William was considered a fit husband
for royalty, and, in 1641, he was married to the daughter of Cliarlcs
I. of England. Idem, p, 617. The allbnce wa( unfortunate in some
respects, but it brought the two countries into even closer relations
than before, the i«ae of the marriago being tlie great William III.
of England. t
■ '.■ i ; -.■'■■■ y ' ^. ^
81< THR PURRAII IN BOLLAMD, XROtAlID, AIID AIUBICA
effectual, they flocked over by thoiuamis to serve
as Tolunteera in the army of the republic, wl^ich, in
1630, numbered one hundred and twenty thousand
men." «
On the sea, the exploits of the Kctherlandera were of
.the same character as those Which brought alxiut the
truce. Tvory where they carried the Orange flag to vic-
tory. ,WhiIe the East India Com|tany was extending ita
commerce in the Old World, another corporation wan or-
ganized to cury on operations in the New AVorld and on
the western Soast of Africa. This was the famous I )utch
West India Company. It had received a charter in 1«I07,
but while the truce lasted no further action had been
taken. In 1631 its charter was again granted, and two
years later it began operations with a subscribed capital
of six million florins. This capital was soon trebled;
aAd on the whole vast amount dividends were |«id, for
several years, ranging froni twenty-five to seventy-five
per cent. • . '*:"
The history of this company is of peculiar interest to
New-Yorkers, for it took under its charge, and grossly
mismanaged, the Dutch settlements on the Hudson and
Delaware rivers, which were erected into the Province
of New Netherland. But this was only a minor affair
in its extensive operations. Organized as a military
rather than a trading corporation, it'captured islands in
the West Indies, wrested most of Brazil from the Portu-
guese, and on the ocean inflicted such damage on the
Spaniards U made them tt>licitous for peace at any
pri<^.t . J
* DATici, H. 578. What thew roluDtaan were to do foritheir ns-
tite ImiI, we slisll eee liemfter.
t In 1628, the incident occorred which I hive nientioneil in tb«
IntFoduetion. MHn^ in the Mrrice of the West India Compuy,
' --.M^ C
, MATAL nonmr or ADKiBAi. TioiiP tl7 \
In tinie, the Dutch West India Company, which in
ita organization was bo at variance with the principles
of tlie Netherlanders, came to a disastruus end. ItUt
this was long after the point whore our narrative will
dose. It now stood a formidable power, and was to re- ''
main so for some years to come.*
Finally, Spain /was thoroughly wearied of the strag-
gle. In 1039, she sent a fleet of sixty -seven ships of the* -
line, of which several carried from sixty to one hundred
guns, for an attack on Sweden. Admiral Tromp, whose
name was afterwards to become so famous, was cruising
in the English Channel with sixteen vessels, and saw the
Spanish fleet coming through the Straits of Dover, At
once he opened tight, and drove his antagonists into the
Downs for shelter. There, eighteen English ships were
stationed to receive them, and their commander de-
clared that he was instructed to help the S])aniard!> if
urther hostilities were attempted. Tromp reported this
message to his government, which j)romptly ordere<l an ■
.attack. Meantime, the Dutch admiral hod been joined
by the vessels of his countrymen, which swarmed from
every port, increasing the number of his little ships lo
ninety • seven. The attack followed, and the S|]anish
fleet \\i almost utterly <lestroyed. The English king
was greatly outraged at this infraction of neutrality;
but the Parliamentarv party, which had no sympathy
with Spain, was equally delightedv^and the Earl of War
wick sent a letter of congratulation to the Prince of Otr
ango. -
^ler Peterson Heyp, s nilor wlio hxl risen (hini.tbe nnk*, capt-
nted tbo Bpaniah treasan fleet with a boot; of twelve million flor-
in*, and, bringing the whole into port, atkeil no reward fur bimielf
bnt perpiiasion to end bit days in rcpoae. Dnriea, ii. S72.
* In 1 0M it lo«t Brull, and in 1M4 New Nctlicrland. ■ ,
*4{f
tl8 TUI PVUTAM III HOLLAIII^ IMOLAIID, AHD AMnUCA
Two yean after this crmhing dimter, Portugal,
which, sixty yean before, had been so easily subdued
by Spain, carried through a successful revolt against
her conqueror. The new monarch, who now regained
all the poeseasions of his country in both hemjgpherea,
made, as against Spain, a treaty of alliance with the
Nethorland Republic, providing that each party should
retain the places then in its poaaenion.* ^
Thus the great empire of Spain was falling to pieces
in every quarter. A century of fanatical misguvem-
ment had done its work. The powerful dominion
which had been built up by the genius of Charles Y.
was passing into merited insignificance. Baffled in Ger-
many, crushed on the sea, defled by Portugal, there was
no longer room for the pride which demanded an asser-
tion of sovereignty over the Netherlands. The Arsh-
duke Albert and his wife had both passed away, leaving
their intangible i^venion to the crown of Spain. A
peaee was necessary, and it was brought about, even be-
fore the concluaion of the general treaty which gave a
temporary calm to Europe.
On the 5th of June, 164H, the peace was proclaimed
through which the republic secured even'thing for
which it had contended. Its independence was for-
mally acknowledged, and its title was reoc^ized to all
the ])osses8ions which it had ■ aequire<l in the EoKt or
West Indies. In addition, another concession was made
by Spain, which shows how completely that power was
humbled. When the truce was signed in 1609, it was
objected to, on the ground, among others, that, by the
opening of the river Scheldt, Antwerp might resume her
old commercial supremacy, to the detriment of the re-
•D«TlM,ii.«l.
mo OP TBI WAB-TBI UFVBLIC UTABUanBD S10
public. This objection was now overcome by a pro-
vision in the treaty that the States should close the
Scheldt, and so shnt out its commerce.*
Thus the great war was at length concluded. . It be-
gan in a resistance to the Inquisition and to the illegal
taxation of the Spanish king. It closed, after extend-
ing through eighty years, with absolute unconditional
independence. Further words of comment would only
weaken the lesson which the story of the contest itself
.convoys. '___' ' -
• Darict, ii. MI. "
r
CHAPTER XX
THE NETHERLAKD RBPITBUO -*
Now that WO have traced some of the stope throagh
which the insurgent Netherlanders won their indepen-
dence, the time'has come to show the place which the
new republic occupied among the nations of Europe, the
institutions which it had developed, and the influence
which it. exerted upon England struggling for liberty,
and upon the colonists across the Atlantic, who, in time,
were to form a republic for themselves.
As to the first question, so great have been the changes
of the last two hundred and fifty years in the relations
of the various Eiiropean powers that it is difilcult for
the modern reader to appreciate at all the piosition of
the Dutch Republic at the close of its great war with
Spain. Yet the facts tell »heir own storj'. They are so
convincing as to its unquestionable superiority in every-
thing which goes to make up what we call civilization,
that any student of the subject, however dispassionate
and whatever his nationality, must in their bare recitM
use language which appears extravagant.*
One of the main causes of the 'treakness of the new
* See quotation! from Taine, Uallam, Thorold Rogers, Macaolay,
etc, in Preface and Introduction.'/ -Another may be added : " During
tlie century which interrened between the truce of 1600 and the
Treaty of Utrecht, the Dutcli occupied the moat conapicuoua place
in Burope."— " Story of Unltand," by Thorold Rogera, p. SIS.
OBCAT mCHBAM OV rOPCLAIIOII-ITR CAVSM ' ^1
nation, w' ich was developed by time.n« other nations
grew in wealth and population, lay in the narrowneiw
of its territory. It was incapable of expansion, and its -
whole area was only a little lar^^r than that of Wales,
and alNmt one fourth that of England, liut in the mid-'
die of th6 seventeenth century this little territory waa
I one teeming hive>of industry, containing a ]iopulation
nearly if not quite as large as that of England, and one
much more wealthy.*
The increase in the |)opulation of the republic, which
was phenomenal after the outbreak of the war with
Spain, was largely due to the ])olicy which it adopted
towanls all strangers.. Thanks to the liberal ideas ad-
vocated by AVilliam the Kilent, it welcome<l the op- .
presscil of every clime and of every nation. The ()l)c-
. dient Provinces were, in early days, much more populous .
and much more advancc«l in art'and manufactures than
those which secured their indc])cmlcnce. Ilut as the war
,went on, their relative poiiitions changed. When Alva
began his bloody crusade, wbich was carric<l on mainly in
the South, the most intelligent and enterprising among
the merchants and manufacturers of that section sought
refuge in the walle<l cities of the North. AVitli them
cume numliers of Huguenots flying, from persecution
when the jiapacy gained the uppc^hand in France.
Later on came the Keiwratists and Puritans from Eng-
land, and still again I'rotestants driven out of Germany
— all swelling the tide of immigration. To welcome
these refugees was natural enough, for they were pro-
fessing Protestants. IlAt the hospitality of the republic
knew no creed. About 1508, Spain and Portugal ex-
pelled the remnant of their Jews. A very large number '■
* Hotter, " T7oitcd NctberUndt," W. 6S7.
II.-21
tN TIU PCBITAN IN BOLUND, KiOLAND, AMD AMBRICA
.of wealthy morchanta of thiv jHjrsecutctl raceiound a
home in Holland, bringing with tiicni their clear ideai
of fltiance, and making Amsterdam the centra of the
diamond trade of Euroiie."*
Thus, with accessions from all sides, tlio po))ulntion of
the republic more than doubled (luring the progress of
the war, numbering even before its close something like
two millions and a'^half.-f- Ihit the advance in material
prosperity was much greater in proportion. The ref-
ugees from the Obedient Provinces brought with them
the manufactures which for centuries had enriched
Flanders, but they also brought the commerce which
was a greater source of wealth. At the outbreak of the
war, Holland had little to depend on except its Hsheries.
These, to bo sure, wero an inexhaustible mine, and one
that never was neglectetl. X Now added to the fisheries
was the carrying trade of the world. Bruges, which in
* Davies, ii. 837. How nollfinil welcomed men who conid «dd
to b^r mittcrial prosperity is eliown by an inclilcnt wliicli orcurred
about 1636, during tlic peraccmions by I.«ad In England. One hun-
dred nnd forty families of manufocturert fnnn Morfullc and HufTnlk,
Kttllug in Leyden, Alkmaar, and other Outcli citie«, the nnthoritiea
' exempted tlieni from excite duties, nnd fumislied thoni witli house-
room for icren years. Sontlierdcn Bum, p. 71. Tliey probably had
some manufacturing secrets to communicate.
t Mollc^ says three millions and a half (•' United Netherlands," iv.
S56), but this estimate is probably cxaggcmted. See Dc Witt's "In-
terest of Holland."
} John De Witt estimated that in 1687 the number of persons inci-
dentally dependent on the flsherics for support amounted to 450,000.
"Interest of Holland," p. 41 (London, 1702). Those engaged i»
trade and manufactures he roughly estimated at 650,000 each ; those
in commerce and navigation at 350,000; those in agriculture at
300,000, and the remainder nt 200.000. Noolherconntry intheworld
had such a trading and manufacturing population.
iSCRtASB^r ComnCC-TlIK BAMK OV AMSTIRDAIf 833
time* long past had been the commercial capit&l of
Europe, had disappeared from sight, and Antwerp, her
successor, had grass growing in her streets. Amsterdam,
in the Burghers' Ifall of her magnificent Stadthuys, bo-
gun in 1648, laid a pavement representing the map of
the globe in colored marble, a symbol of (lie ascendency
to which she had succeeded.*
But thoships of the republic pUiyc<i a much greater
part than that of carrying from place to place the prod-
ucts of other nations. They brought these products
home, and -madt) that homo the market of the world.
The republic itself was bereft of natural resources. Its
soil hod been rescued from the ocean, and, although it
was tilled with such patient care as to teach scientific
agriculture to the rest of Europe, it could produce only
a small fraction of the food nce<le<l by its/ever-increas-
ing population. It had no mines, no quarrie«i«o forests, ,
no vineyards, and yet the merchant who wished to pur-
chase any article, from the timber of Notway to the
spices of the East, resortccl to its cxchang
* In lOOO, the great liank of Amsterdam Was founded.
• In 1090, Sir Willinm Petty crtlmatwl the shippiiJg of Europe at
8,000,000 ton^ of wliich Englanil liul 500,000 and be Dntcli Ho-
pnblic 900,000. This estimate prol>i>blf gives ton much to En^lani),
for the official report of 1701 sliows only 361,000 tons. Rliiihnrgh
Aninr, 1880, p. 428, and nnthorities cited. In 1094, Sir Josiah
Child, a faoiouB London merchant, publislied a new and tnlargctl '
edition of > little book entitled " A New Disrnnrsc of Trade." iliis
twok, to which I shall make frequent allusion, it being' recognized
as the highest of authorities, conitantly refers to the laws and cus-
toms of the Kctherlandcra as worthy of imitation by the tinglltli. It
begins : " The prodigious increase of the Netherlands in their do-
mestic and foreign trade, riches, and mnltitndc of shipping, is the
envy of the present, and may be the wonder of future genc^tions."
m THI PtlRITAII IK UOLUHOi lOlaLAIlD, AMD AMBUOA
and iU roundation not only teitifioit tct tlio wealth of tlit'
republic, but niarka iin ppjtph intbo conimoivial hiatory
6f Northern Europe. I»ng before this period, b«nka had >
been established in thu Italian citicH, but, until late in
the history of the Ibink of England, which was not
founded until nearly a century later, nothing was known
on such a scale as tliis. It was established to meet the
inconvenience arising from the circulation of currency '
from all quarters of the globe, and to accommodate mer-
chants in their dealings. Any one making a de|io5it of
gold or silver received notes for the amount, less a small
commission, and these not<^ commnndctl u premium in
all countries. Before the end of the century its deposits
of this character amounted to one hundred and eighty
million dollars, an amount of treasure which bewildered
financicni in every other part of Europe.^
The establishment of such an institution as this, which
was foUowetl by others of less im|x>rtance, while it shows
the wealth of the country, also added to that wealth. At
tho conclusion of the war with Spain, the republic, in
proportion to its inhabitants, was by fur the richest com-
munity in the world, and the fact is not without interest
that this pre-eminen^ Holland has kept up until the
present day.
That this little patch of earth, a bog rescued from the
waters, warred on ever by man and by the elements,
without natural advantages except those of contact with
the sea, should in tho middle of the seventeenth century
have become the commercial centre of Europe, is one of
the phenomena of history. But in the cxpUination of
this phenomenon history has one of its most instructive
lessons. -
;'■■;">■ *Rogen,p.U8. ' ' '''.■'
■ , ' . ■ «*■
unjoioDi TOLiiUTioK-rrt rtint tas
Philip II. nid of Ilolluiid, " tbat it wm the country
nearest to hell."* M'^ell might ho express such an opin-
ion, lie had buried around the walls of its citiea more
than three hundred thousami Spanish soldiers, and had
spent in the attempt at its subjugation more than two
hundred million ducuts.f This fact alono would account
for his abhiyrenco, but, in a<ldition, the republic was in
its every feature op|>08ed to the ideal country of a- bigot
and a despm;
The first element which contributed to its wealth, ns
well as to the vast increase of its population, was its
religious toleration, which has been already go fully de-
scribed. This, of course, was as incomprehensible to a
Spanish Catholic as it was to a High-Churchman or to
a Presbyterian in England. That Lutherans, Calvin-
ists. Anabaptists, Jews, and Catholics shoifld all be per-
mitted to live under the same government seemed to
.the rest of Europe like flying in the face of Providence.
Critics a^ this time occasionally said that the Hollanders
cared nothing for religion ; that with them theology was
of less acgQunt than commerce. To taunts like these
no reply was needed by men who could point to their
record of eighty years of war. This war'liatl been
fought for liberty of conscience, but more than all, as
the greater includes the Ies9, for civil liberty. During
its continuance, and at every crisis. Catholics had stood
side by side with Protestants to defend their country;
as they had <lone in England when the S]ianigh Armada'
ap]ieared upon her coast. It would have been a stningo
reward for their fidelity to subject tliam, as Elizabeth
* De Aroicii'i " Holland (nd iu People," p. 8.
t Thia WM tlio calculation of BarncveUl before tbe truce of ItOB.
Motlejr't " United Nctherlandi," ir. 88«.
8W Tn rwnai a holuhix nauini. amd amhiioa:
did, to a KlentlcsB ])cr8ecuti»n, upon the, pretext that
tliey were dangerous to the State.*
In addition to the toleration, there were other causes
leatling to the marrcHous pro8])erity of the repuhlic,
which are of particular interest to Americans. In 1<!59,
Samuel Jjtmb, a prominent and fur-seeing London mer-
chant, puhlished a jMimphlet, in the form of a letter to
Croihwell, ui^ing the establishment of a bank in Eng-
* The republic hail t li«r|{er and much iiinro camfnt Catholic
populalion than Englanil, and alwnjra a gontlly nuiiilirr •>( Catliolic
prieata.' Motlry'a "Barncvclil,'' i. 40; ii. 208. Willinni tlio Hilent
wk« oaaaMiDatml, while Klinlirlb waa iior«r io Artiial danger. Yet
the repulilic tolereted ila Catholics, wliil« England executed hera'
b; the aciiro. The contnut ia a itrilting one. It wna only tolera-
tion, however (altliougU this waa very broad), and not full rcligioua
liberty, (hat waa practised by the Calviniatic Ilollandera. None of
the ndiiittera were aup|)orted fVom the ecclcaiaatical pro|ierty, ex-
cept the Calviniata of the lleromied religion, including the Prciby-
trriana lh>m England aiyl Scotland. The Independcnta (like the
Pilgrim Fathen), the AnalMipliata, the I.utherana, and the Arminiana.
much to tlieir ultimate advantage, depended on voluntary rontrilm-
tiona. With tliia exception, however, all Proteatanta atood on an
equal footing, (enjoying full civil righia, and full liberty of publip
worship. After the concluiion of the war with Hpain, the Catliolica '
alao were allowed to have their churchea, although not upon the
princi|ml itreeta. But lliey were in the main excluded from public
olBcc, aniijectcd to extra taxea, and hnraaae<l by reatrictiona upon
their marriage w!)h Proteatanta, all civil and military offlrera lH>ing
forbidden to marry a Catholic. Dc Witt'a " Interest of Holland."
Aa for the Jewa, they were only tolerated in private. It waa not nn-
til the beginning of tl m century, IMM, tluit mlnistera of all denom-
instiona, including Catholic prieata and Jewish rabbis, were placed
on an equality and supported by the government. Upon many of
these points Davica, in her history, ia misleading, claiming too much
for men whoa* exceptional toleration is a aufflcient honor for the
OACW or NATIONAL PaosnmTT
MT
land similar to the one at AtiAtordath.* In this pam-
phlet, which Lord Koiiiors thought worthy of pntiorvi»
tion, the anthor gives the reasons, us they occurrol to
him, which accounted for the vast superiority of Hol-
land over ti^e rest of Euro|)e as a commercial nation.
Nowhere have some of these reasons been set forth
with more cle&rness, and their statement is entitled to
' particular weight as coming from an Englishman and
a commercial-rival. '
As the' foundation of a iiank for England w-ns the sub-
ject of the letter, the author naturally lays particular
stress upon that factor, but the other causes AvMch he
enumerates as explaining the great trade of the repub-
lic are the following : -•
First. The statesmen sitting at the helm i'n Holland
are many of them merchants, bred to trade from their
youth, improved by foreign travel, and a^quaintctl with
all the necessities of commerce. HenceJtheir laws and
treaties arc framed with wisdom. \ '
Second. In Holland when a merchant dW^his pro|>
erty is equally divided among his children, anuttw busi-
ness is continued and expanded, with all its traditions
and inherited experience. In England, on the contrary,
the property goes to the cUlest son, who often sets up
for a country gentleman, squanders liis jmtrimony, and
neglects the business by which his father had become
enriched. ^'
Third. The honesty o! the Hollanders in their manu-
facturing and commercial dealings. AVhen goods are
made or put up in Holland, they sell everywhere with-
out question, for the purchaser knows that they are
exactly as represented in quality, weight, and measure.
* Lord Somen't "Tnett," edited by Walter Scott, tI. iU, etc.
-fe>'-
»
888 TBI rURITAN IN HOLLAND, BMaLANI^ AMD AMHUOA
Not lo with Engltincl'ii goods. Onr manufactuA^rs are
so given to fraud an(f adulteration as to bring their
commoditifljtirito disgroct; abroad. " And so the Dutch
hare the prominence in the sale of their nianufautures
before us, by their true making, to their very files and
newlles."*
Fourth. The care ond vigilance of the government in
the laying of impositions so as to ,onc9urage their own .
manufactures; the skill alid rapidity with which they
are changed to meet the shifting wants of trade; the
encouragement gi«:on by ample rewards from the,publio ~
treasury for useful inventiong.j|r|d improvements ; and
the promotion of men to oHi<A) for services and not for
favor or sinister ends.
Such were the causes of the commercial supremacy
* See as to ndnlterntion >nd (Vand, ** tho bewtting nins nf Englith
tradumcn," what Frnudc has tn any, xii. 565. Alao " Th« later-
regnum," by F. A. Indcrwick, pp. 63, H, 8t. Upon Ihia qucation
there ia another conlemporaneoua Giigliah witneaa who may here be
preacntcd to the reader. During tho reign of Clifrlea I., Owen Fellt-
hnin, n acholarly Engli>hm.in, well kuawn by his " Reaolrea,'' which
went throagh many editiona, Inadc a brief riait to tlic Nctlierlanda. <
Ho jotted down tlie rcaults of iiiaobtcrrationa, and wema to tiavv firat
pTintcd tliem in 16S3, although they were written much cartier. '<•■ ^n-
cyclopicdia Britannica," p^" Owen FelKham." He waa a royaliat and
High-Cliurcliman, having no aynipnthy with rcpulilican inttitutiona.
But, on this account, because of his unsymimtlietic spirit, these
"Obscrrations" aro of tlie highest value. B|)«nking of the Hol-
landers, he says : " In all their manufactures, tliey hold a moderation
and constancy, for they are na fruit from trees, tli« same every year
that they are at first ; not apples one year and crabs tlie next, and
so forever after. In the sale of these, they also are at a word : they
will gain rather tlian exact, and havo not that way whereby our
citiiena abuse the wise and coien tho ignorant, and by their infinite
over-asking for commodities proclaim to the world tliat they would
cheat all if it were in tbeir power."
■■ /.' ' .•''-'.,}'
KDOCATIOM or TBI BOUNO CLAWKS flS8
- of the Dutch as they appeannl to an English merchant
of the time, and all ni(N)om investigations sup|K>rt his
view* ""
The men who administered affaira in the Netherlands
Were of a very different class from the .favorites and
giiee<ly courtiers who swjirmed around the Stuarts. The
representatives who made its laws bore little resem-
blance to the illiterate country 8C|uirc8, some of them
mere boys? who at intervals, often of many years,
troope<l up to London to sit for a Tew weeks in I'ar-
liament. In Holland no man could be apiwintMl to a
schepenship — an office combining some of the duties of
a sheriff, judge, and legislator— until he^had attained
the ago of thirty, and for the otflci^ of burgomaster the
.Hipit was forty years.!
The men who 'filled these offices and who ruled the
municipalities and State were all men of education.
* Sir Josiali Child, writing ■ few yean later, gives s fuller eipta-
natioD of the great prosperity of tile NothcrlanU Republic, lie ev{- -
dentl; had Lamb's pamphlet iKforc him, fur he rnumerstes all the
causes set forth by his predecessor. In aildition, he gives several :
otheis, as to some of whicli, wo sliiill see more liercanel- Among
these are the general education of the jieople, including the women,
religious toleration, care of the popr, low custom (luties and high
excise, registration of titles to real estate, low interest, the laws pnr-
inllting the assignment of debts, and the judicial system under
Which controversies between merchants can be decided at one for-
tieth part of the expense in England. *' A New Discourse of Trade,"
p. 8, etc. ■■
f Ocddes's " John De Witt," pp. 9»-45. Tliis was a Roman idea.
Pliny'* "Letters," x. 83. Under tho Constitution of the United
States no one can sit in tho House of Representatives until tho age
of twenty-five, or in the Beoate until tho age of thirty. This is a
lainor diOercnco between the English and American systems, but
not unimportant
\
MO Toi fvhtjui 0 BotXAxo, nauiin Am AvnicA
Most of them could speak two or three Unguages.
Trained at thb universities^ or at tbe> famous dassical
schools of Holland, nu one among the governing class
felt that h;i« education was complete without several su|>-
plonientary years of foreign travel.* They travelled
lai^ly to learn the customs and modes of doing business
in other countries, and all their ac(|uJ8itions were at the
service of their native land. If they sought office, it
was for the honor, and not foi^the emoluments. Most
of the offices were unpaid, and those to which a sal-
ary'^va8 atta^'ed presented no temptation to the
needy.t
"The majority of the ruling olass^vere engaged in in-
dustrial pursuits. They held office for short terms, soon
going b^k to their constituents. ^ Probably,Mio b6dy of
men governing a state were ever more enlightened and
better acquainted with the necessities of legiskition than
were these burghers, merchants, and manufacturen who:
for two centuries gave laws to Holland.
It was largely due to the intelligence displayed by
these men that the republic, during the continuance of
its war, was enabled to 8upp<frt a bur^lcn of taxation
such as the world has rarely seen before or since. The
internal taxes seem appalling. "Rents were taxed twenty-
five per cent. ; on all sales of real estate two and » half
per cent, were levied, and on all collateral inheritances
'five per cent. On beer, wine, meat, salt, spirits, and all
• Bee Oetldw'i " John De Witt" for iin account of the tnTcli of*
John tnd bii brother Comeliui. Tbeyonly followed the unWerwl
pnctice,
t Hotley'a " United Ncthcrlandi," ir. 580. In lome of the itatei,
S man elected to office who reAiwd to wrre wai baniihed. in>bo
Emmiiu, " De Agio Fritic," etc. (Leyden, 1616), p. S8.
V
. yp^mf^ms^m'^y
■MuaamkD snrmi or taxation 881
Miicles of luxury, the tax was one hundred per cent.,
and on some articles this was doubled.*
But this was only tlie internal taxation, in the way of
excise duties, which were levied on every one, natives
and foreigners alike. In regard to foreign commodities,
which tlie republic needed for Us support, the system
was very ditferent. Upon them there was imposed only
a nominal duty of one per cent-^ while wool, the great sta-
ple for the manufacturers, was, admitted free.f Here
the statesmen of the republic showed the wisdom which
placed them, as masters of )H>liticul economy, at least
two centuries in advance of their contefiporaries. Tlieir
country was not a producer, Except in the line of niaiiu-
iactured goods for which they feared uo competition.
Thus evcrylhiii|* vas to them ra\* material, and they
saw the wisdom of the policy which brought to their
markets all the products of the world. Perhaps the
system whicli they adopted in regard to the importation
and exportation of grain throws the most light on their
sagacity in this direction.
The republic's territory was already cultivated to its
highMt caJMicity, and yet, with all its cultivation, it could '
produce food for only a small fraction of the pnpulatio^^
Under such circumstances, its statesmen saw that free
trade in grain w^as essential to the prosperity of the
manufacturing and commercial classes, who formed the
overwhelming majority. Seeing this fact, they insti-
tuted a policy which left to the modern political econo-
mists ot^Enghind nothing to discover, except the appli-
cation of these principles ta a country similarly situated.
•Motlejr's "United Netherlindt," iv. 659; Qeddes't "John D«
Witt," 1. 1 18 ; Do Witt's '• Interest of HolUnd," p. 90.
t "Interest of Holland," p. lOJ.
883 TUB PUBITAN IN HOLLAND, KNOLAND, AND AMIKICA
Time and afi^in, when grain was plenty, tho farmers of
the rrpublic, less than a tenth of the imputation, de-
manded that its importation should be,chcc}ccd by in-
creased duties. When, on tho other hand, the crops were
short, innumerable Were the petitions from other classes
for legislation to check its exportation. liut whatever
the state of the market, the men who ruled the republic
stood firmly to one policy, that>)f non-interference with
the course of trade. When grain was cheap, their mer-
chants heaptxl it up for the future ; when it became dear,
they unloaded it, at an enorramis proHt, on the rest of
^Euro|ie.* ,
In the cnd,'England learned her ^rst lesson in politi-
cal economy. Having biiilt up her commerce artd man-
ufactures by a policy of restriction, so that she fraivd
rib r^val^ she Anally saw tho wisdom of admitting with-
out duties articles which she could not produce, or those
in which her supply ^^^ necessarily insufficient, and with
th< revocation of her Corn I^ws established what she
called free trade, more than two centuries after its estab-
lishment in Holland.t
In 1041, the English Parliament passed an act giving
a revenue to Charles I., which is illustrative of £nglisli
* Sco article in Edinburgh Rttutt, 1830, p. 420, with nutliorilics
cited rmni writings of Sir Walter Raleigb, ric. ; alan, Davit's, ili. 393.
t Sir Jusiah Cliilil faTorw) the Navigation Act and all the protcc-
tive Inws nf England. It whs well for Holland, he said, not to en-
force diiti^ <in foreign manufactures, for li; the skill of .her |)eople,
allhnu);h they paid higher wages than in England, thejr could un-
dersell the world. When England, by protcctin|[ her manufactures,
hod acquired -this skill, she should tlen proclaim the doctrine of
free trade for the rest of Europe. But he protested against the in-
sensate policy which, without any system, taied everything alika
"Discourse of Trade."
TAXATION nt ■MOLAMD 33S
Statesmanship of thqt period. It gave to tbe crown a
duty of three shillings on each ton ^f foreign wines im-
ported. This was tonnage. On all merchandise im-
ported into the kingdom, or exported from it, a <laty
wa3 given of % shilling on the pound. This was ]H)und-
age. Tin and pewter vessels, when exported, puid double
duties, and so did all wool or hides imported or exporte<l
by foreign merchants.* Parliament finally made the
exportation of wool a felony, having long, before made
the exportation of articles of food a misdemeanor. f It
is only by comparing legislation like this with that
which was enacted in Holland at the same period that
we can appreciate the difference l)etween the two coun-
tries from an economic point of view.
In addition to tonnage and poundage, Kngland had at
this time no other system of. taxation, except that of
8ub8i4ie8 and tenths— terms which are often used by
English historians without explanation. These were
taxes, something like the modem income tax, laid on the
rental of real estate, and on the valuation of personal
pro])erty ; not annually, but at the discretion of Parlia-
ment for special puqKMCs. When the Civil War broke
* Oardiner'i " Coiutitutional Documcnta of the Puritun Itevolu-
tioi>,"p.88. In England it was tlwajra tlic law tlint foreign uicr-
clianta ahould pa; double dutiea and doubfe sulniiliva, even to tlic arc-,
end aod third generation, tliua dlacnuraging immigratiou, which was
alwaja encniirngnl by the Hollanders. *■ Interest of Holland," p. S2.
t Sir Josiah Child, p. 137. By a statute passe<) in the reign of
Philip |ind Mary, it was made a misdemeaiior for any one, without n
license from the Great Seal, to export butter, grain, cheese, or sheep,
and for the second offence the exporter of sheep was punished Wkh
death. Cromwell first relaxed this policy by |ierniilting the exporta-
tion of grain and other articles of food Avhcn the price in England
fell bclow'a certain figure. " The IntcnvgnUm," pp. 6S-6T.
S84 TBI PDIUTAN IN HOIXAHD, tKOUNDb AND AXmCA
(Alt, both parties, tho Royalists and the Parliamentarians,
introilucod the cxcis^ tax from Itolland.* It was bitterly
opposed by the |)cople, and was one of tho features of
Cromwell's rule which mode his government so obnoxious.
The people desired tho benefits of taxation, but were op-
])08e4l to innovations and unwilling to bear its bunlens.t
In tho next century, Sir Robert Walpole, one of the
greatest gf England's financiers, tried U> introduce tho
excise, which all modern writers acknowledge to be the
fairest of all methods of taxation, but he was obliged to
abandon the scheme before the clamor of tlie populace.:^
It is an Interesting fact that Walpole also vainly at-
tempted to introduce into England tho Iranded- ware-
house system, which Holland had adopted in the early
jMirt of tho seventeenth century. Under this system,
now well known to all Americans, foreign goods in-
tended for future consumption are held without pay-
ment of duty until withdrawn for use, and if re-export-
ed are permitted to leave the country without charge.
Walpole, in this feature of his financial polic}-, was also
in advance of bis countrj-racn. In the present century,
Iluskisson took tho subject up, and the establishment
of bonded-warehouses, borrowed from the Hollanders
of two centuries ago, reflected no little lustre on his ad-
ministration, g Well may Prof. Thorold Rogers say:
"There is no nation in Europe which owes mora to Hol-
land than Great Britain does." | ,
* " Iliitory of Independenr;," part ii. p. 19T. The exciae i* de-
wril>ed M "that Dutch detil eiciie."— " Tlie Interregnuin," p. 84.
tllumc, iii. 613; IlalUm, ii. KS; Tuweli-Languimd, p. 9i»;
L«cli;'a "Englnnd in the Eighteenth Ccntur;," i. 361 ; Oocist, ii. 964.
t Lecky, i. 861. f Idem, i. 363.
I " Btoi7 of Ilolliind," p. 880. In John Do Witt'i " loterett of
^??PP?if
omCIAL INTCORITT IN TnH RSPUBMC 885
Bat it was not alone the wisdom shown by their
rulers which enabled the citizens of i the United Neth-
erlands to sustain the enormous exactions of their war.
We have seen in a previous chapter something of the
corruption which prevailed in England, a corruption
which led to the remark of James I., that if he should
banish those of his subjects who took bribes he should
soon have none left. Very different was the stiite of
official integrity in the republic. Upon this question
we have the unimpeachable testimony of Sir William
Temple, the English Minister at The Hague after the
restoration of the Stuarts.* It was to this official in-
tegrity that he attribute the willingness of the i)eople
to support their unparalleled taxation, every one know-
ing that all money collected from the public would be
applied to public uses. ^
During the early da^'s of the war the State had been
obliged to pay at times as high as thirty-six ]>er cent,
interest on its loans. At the conclusion of the truce, in
1609, the public debt was funded at six per cent.-f In
1640, it Yas funded again at five per cent., the tearful
Holland," which wm translated and publitlinl in London in 1703,
the Engliahmcn gf the nineteenth century found almost cvrntliinp:
which tbejr then adTsnced aa frrent diacorcriea in political economy.
It may alto be noticed that tliia book contains one of the most en-
lightened argumenta ever made in b<.%ilf of republican iniititutlons,
•bdwing how the people at large are benclited by them in ercry di-
rection. ^
* " No great riches," he says, " are seen to enter by public pay-
ments into prirate Mtaea, either to raise families or to feed ilie
prodigal expenses of vain, extravagant. luxurious men ; but nil public
moneys are applied to the safely, greatness, or honor of the HIate, and
the magiatratea tbcmielves bear an equal share in the burtlens they
impose."—" Obaerratlons on the United Provinces," p. 180.
t Motley's ■' United Netherlands," ir. S88.
SS6 TOt raiUTAIt IN HOLLAND, KIOLAinX AND AliCRlCA
holders of the overdno government obUgations being
offered the <>ption of taking now securities at the re-,
duced rate of interest, or being paid their princi|>al.*
When the war ended, in HUH, Ilolhind alone, which
paid hut half the taxes, owe<l a debt of about seventy
million dollar8,.and had an annual revenue of four mill-
ions and a half, a sum much larger than that raised in
England before the Civil War.f So great was the
accumulated' wealth of the Netherlands that, in 1050,
money was freely loaned there at three or four per
cent. ; and it was fiot uncommon for men to borrow it
at these trales and, taking it to England, put it out at
six or eight per cent4
Such was the material side of the new republic as it
appeared to the nations of Europe in the middle of the
jevcntoenth century. Its people had then become the
first manufacturers, the first merchants, and the first
agriculturists of the world, instructing their contempo-
raries in all of these departments.^
♦ DiviM, ii. 63«.
t Idem. The whole revenue of Englnnd, iu 1C33, amounted to
£618,3*0. Gardiner, x. 323. After tlie Kcatunition it wu nearly
doubled. Taiwell-Langmead, p. 623. The war accustomed the people
to new burden*. Still, even then the income of little Holland was
nearly a* large, for in 1604 the raised by ordinary taxation, excluiivc
of custom duties, some 14,000,000 florins, equal to nearly |«,000,000.
I>e Witt's " Interest of HollamI," p. 3:1.
; I.«(ter of Lamb to Cmmwell. 8«niera°s "Tracti," vi. 446. 8e«
also Sir Josiah Child's " Discourse <>f Trade," p. 3, etc., and De WiU,
P 88.
i Speaking of their agriculture, Prof. Thorold Roger* aay* : " The
populatiim of England wa* more than doubled in the aerenteenlh
century by adopting the agricultural invention* of the Dntch. The
extension of their discoTcricsin the eighteenth century again doabM
the population."— " Story of Holland," p 330. They nut only taught
INTCUACTVAL PROOSCga-TUa VNIVEBarriKS 837
But it was nolk alone in tho industrial pursnits that
these men became preeminent. The causes which
brought about the material prosperity of their country
also raised it to the foremost rank in every other field.
Commerce has in all ages been the civilizer of mankind.
It not only teaches lionesty, without which commercial
dealings are im)x>ssible, but it makes men keen-witted,
and receptive of new ideas. Brought into communica-
tion with other hinds, the merchant can see what is good
in their institutions, mmles of business, and manner of
living, and through his travels^ not made 8U|)erciliously,
but from motives of interest, his country is the gainer.
The republic had now largely almorbed .the commerce
which, at an earlier day, had built up tho civilization of
Greece and Itome, then that of the Italian cities, and
which, at a later day, was to do so much for England.*
With Bach a {mtent factor in operation, and with such a
IKtst behind this people, we need not wonder at any of
tho results.
Tho University of Leyden, which was opened in 1575,
■ during the darkest days of tho war, had now become
the centre of tho learning of the world. Of its stand-
ing, and of tho re])utation of its scholars, I nce<l add
nothing to wliat has lieen said in a former chapter.'!'
But beneaHi this university, world-renownwt for its deep
learning and icientiiic research, stood other institutions
the EaglUh liow to cuUiviite their Unil, bdt gave them their vegetn-
tik-a for the table, and tlie winter motn and artiflclal graawi on KJiicli
titeir cattle ait! (upportetl. Mem, p. 219. ,
* Aa to thi! elTeeta of commerce on aadcnt Rome, aee " Society in
Rome under the Caaart," bjt Inge. lie Mfl: "The high eatimation
in which integritjr waa held may be accounted for b; the earl; dcrel-
opment of commerce in regal Rom* " (p. M).
t Vol.I.p.S18,elc.
<7.-t''K..r«t<Y„''
838 TO! rCRITAH IM DOIXA8P, INOUND, AND AHISICA
hanlly less remnrkable. Fir^t came the free University of
Franekcr in Fricsland, established in IflSt!; next, that of
, Groningcn,ilatingfroinlfil4;an(l,flnally,onoat Utrecht,
wbicii followed it in 103(i — makinf* four universities for
^his little republic. Then came the clussicitl schools,
found in every large city, wliich were fee<lers of the uni-
versities Of these scluxils the one at Dordrecht was
the most famous. Tracing its origin back to the year
1290, in 1035 it instructed six hundred pupils, many of
whom came from Franco and ( Jermany.^
Below these numerous classical schools, which taught
Latin, Greek, French, mathematics, and pliilosophy, was
another grade, of peculiar interest to Americans ; for
hero we And the model wliich was copied by the Puri-
tan settlers of New England.
Bancroft, in his " History of the United States," re-
murks : " The common-school system was deriveil from
Geneva, the work of .Tobn Calvin ; introduced by Luther
into Germany, by John Knox into Scotland, and so
became the proixsrty of the English-speaking nations."
How the common schools introduced by Luther into
Germany, and by Knox into Scotland, affecte<l the set-
tlers of America, who came from England, this distin-
guishe<l historian, like all his successors, leaves an un-
solved mystery.t
The ide* of a school supported by the State in which
instruction should be imparted to every one desirous
of it was not the creature of the Reformation. Such
• Oeddn'a "John Do Witt," p. 35. "Education in ilic Cnited
States," b; Ilicharil C. Boone (D. Applcton & Co., 1889), p. .1, etc.
t Tlic Engliili Piiritant ataliis time lia>l very alight ivljiliont nith
OcneTB or Oermany, antl the Scotch free Khool iiyitcm waa not ei-
UbIUhol by law until 16M.
' / ORIOI!! or FRIB 8CH00U ' SSt>
Bchools were common under the Roman Empire,* and
they were established in great numbers bj- the enlight-
ene<l Moors in Spain. In t!ie tenth ccntur}', the Ara-
bian caliph Alhakim, at ('or(h)va, in addition to the
schools existing in every village, establisheil twenty-
seven at his own expense, where poor children were
instructed free of charge.f AVhen the Jesuits began
their reformatory labors, they probably had l)eforc them
the old Moorish model, for they established all over
Europe institutions in which the instruction was Rbsi>-
lutely free. The Protestant Iteformers also did their
share of thi^ noble work. Calvin at Geneva, Luther in
German}', and Knox in Scotland, always urged the es-
tablishment of common schools, regarding education as
the only firm basis of the purifle<i religion. Even in
Sweden, so much was done in this direction by Charles
X. and GustavuB Adolphus that in 1037 not a single
peasant child was unable to read and write.^
But in aU this movement the government of England,
after the death of Edward VI., took no part. During .
the reign of Elizabeth the Puritans constantly urgc<l the
claims of education. § They also educate<l themselves
and their children, so that the picked men who settled
New England were, in the common branches at least,
as proficient as any in the world. Dut Elizabeth did
not believe in education for the masses, and lier succcb-
• See the " Letters of the Younger Pliny," iv. 18.
t " Education in tlio United State*," by Richard B. Boone (1880),
p. 4. The Report of the U. 8. Commitaioner of Education for 187&
contains an interesting account of early ideas of eilucntion in the Old
World ; see also " Circular of Information " for 1878.
X Boone, p. 5, citing Schmidt's " Oescbichte der Erziehung."
{ See their " Book of DiKipIine."
•-■■:■'■■•;':'-, ■■ -7-fl>-:^T:
- ■ '-t . ■, --EM-, -
040 TBI PDBITA!! IN UOLLAMD, IMOLAND, AHD AMCBICA
K>|fi in the govcrnincnt, even down to the present gen-
eration of English statesmen, have shared her belief
and followed her example.*
The early English Puritans may have derived their
ideas of the value of education from the teachings of Cal-
vin, but OS to the origin of the school system which their
descendants carried to America we are not left in doubt.
We have the testimony of the Italian Uuicciardini to
the fact that before the outbreak of the war with Spain
even the peasants in Holland could read and write. well.f
As the war went on, the people showed their determina-
tion that in this matter there should be no retrogression.
In the first Synod ot Dort, held in 1574, the clergy ex-
pressed their opinion upon the subject by {Hissing a res-
olution or ordinance which, among other things, directed
'* the servants of the Church " to obtain from the magis-
trates in every locality a permission for the ap]K>intntent
of schoolmasters, and an order for their oom|)ensation
as in the past.:^
Before many years had elapsed the civil authorities
began to establish a general school system for the
country. In 1582, the Estates of Friesland decreed
that the inhabitants of towns and villages should,
within the space of six weeks, provide good and
able Reformed schoolmasters, and those who neglected
so to do would be compelled to accept the instructors
appointed for them.g This seems to have been the be-
* Sea Vol. I. p. 83. t IHvict'a " ITolUnd," i. 487.
I AcU of Synod of Dort, 1S74, quoUtl in " OcKhiedenU ran Op-
Tocding en Onderwjri in de Nedertinden," by D. Bttddiagh (The
iiigae, 1843), i. 89.
t In ItOS, tlie confiicated rercnuei of the old Cburcli were in thi*
Province devoted to, the luppoit of the commoD Mbool*. Buddjogb,
1. 8», 90.
'mm:-'.
nuts acHooLS in the MrratBLANDi 841
ginning of the guperrision of education by the State, a
gjRtem whidh soon 8])rcad over tiie whole republic.*
In these gclumlti, however, although they were foi-
teretl by tlie State, the teachers seem, in the main, to
have been i>aid by their pupilg. Uut as years went on,
a cliangn came about in this part of the system. It
probably was aided by the noteworthy letter whicii
John of Nassau, the oldest brother of William the
Silent, the noble veteran who lived until 16<Kt, wrote
to his son Lewis William, Stadtholdcr of Friesland- In
this letter, which is worthy of-a pbice on tlio walls of
every schooMiouee in America, the galhint young stadt-
holder is instructed to urge on the States-General "that
they, according to the example ot the |)ope and Jesuits,
should establish free schools, where children of quality
as well as of poor fomilies, for a very small sum, cou1<l
be well and christianly e<lucated and brought up. This
would be the greatest <tnd most useful work, and the
highest service that you could ever accomplish for God
and Christianity, and cg|)ocittlly for the Netherlands
themselves. . . . In lumtnn, one may jeer at this as
popish trickery, and undervalue it as one will : there
still remains in* the work an inexpressible benefit. Sol-
diers and patriots thus educatnl, with a true knowledge
of God and a Christian conscience, item, churches and
schools, good libraries, books, nn<l printing-presses, are
better than all armies, arsenals, armories, munitions, al-
liances, ami treaties that can be had or imagino<l in the
worid." t
* In tlie aclinol Uw of ZwImi), p«M<><] in 1588, rilimlion U in-
dsted on hfctuw " it i* tha fuiinilatinn nf tli« coinmonwralth.''
Boonc'i " Edacntinn in tlio United Btatn," p. 8.
tMntlo;*t "United Netlicrlandi,'' iii. I1». He evidvntly knew
nothinit of II free-Khool •yttcin in Geneva or in GerauBj, wliere he
mided, a fact wliicli tell* iti own ttorj.
MS TUI Pl'niTAN IN UuLLANDh BMULAMD, AND AHKRIC*
Such irero the wonls in which tho Patriarch of the
Kassaus urge<l upon hia countrymen a common - school
system. Id 100l>, when the Pilgrim Fttthera took up
their residence in Leytlcn, the school had become the
common property of the people, and was paid for among •
other munici|)al cxpenscii.* It was a land of schools
supported by the State— a Ian<l, according to Motley,
" wliere every child went to school, where almost every
individual inhabitant could read and write, where even
the middle classes were proticient in mathematics and
the classics, and could s])eak two or more modem lan-
guages." t Does any reader now ask whence the set-
tlers of Plymouth, who came directly from Holland,
and the other settlers of Xew England whose Puritan
brethren were to be found in thousands throughout the
Dutch Itopublic, derived their ideas of schools first di-
rected, and then supported, by the State ?{
« Molley'8 " Uniteil Nctlicrlnnda," iv. S67, hdcI autlioriliei cited ;
NX " Frcc-SclinnI Syatcm of the United .jlateit," I); Francis Adam*,
8«cretary " NitioDal'Educiitiuii League "(Londoir, 1875), p. 45; Bnd-
ilingh, i. 90.
t '• United Netherlands," W. 43S.
{ See idem, iii. 1 IV, for tlic opinion of Motley ; also liis letter to
the Bt. Nicholas Society of New York in liM)8, given in "The Found-
ers of New York," by Jnines W. Bcckmnn, p. 30. The early schools
established in New Englund were not free. Tlioao who were able
paid for their tuitii>n ; the poor only were |Hiid for by town charge*.
Boone, p. 19. The first free schools in America, o|ien to all, and sup-
ported by the gOTcmment, were established by the Dutch settlers of
New York. Bee article, witli authoritiea cited, in BdHtathmml Rt-
tine, April, 1893, by Andrew 8. Dmper; aim Kiddle and Schem's
" Cyclopedia of Education,'' article " Brooklyn." In 1(M9, Virginia
seems to hare had n free scliool, but thia, like many similar Ci tablish-
ment* in England, was founded by a private individnal. " Moss. Hist.
Coll.," xix. 119.
:\ . rauDOM or thi prim '■■'■ Ml
With soch a reading public, unequallcil in the history
of the world until we euiiiu to the American Republic of
the nineteenth centurj', the story of the printing press
is a natural sequence. During the seventeenth century
this little country prolxtbly ]>ublished more Ijooks than'
alt the rest of Europe jHit together.* ThcscS books are
remarkable, not only for their number, but also for -their
mechanical and artistic excellenco. In Leyden, at this
time, livcil the famous Elzevir family, from whoso press
issued a multitude of works which are the delight of the
bibliomaniac and almost the desfMir of the modem pub-
lisher. Ko carefully were they printed that the dis-
covery of a typographical error in one of them doubles
its value to the modern collector.+
But there was something in addition to the general
education of its people, and their love of literature,
which made the new republic the publishing centre of
the world. Its statesmen had early learned the lesson, .,
not learned yet by all Euro|)c, that if national progress
is to be encouraged, the press of a nation must bo free.
Hence, while England was struggling with its censor-
ship, ond afterwards laying down the h»w " the givater
the truth the greater the libel," the republic lai<l down
and enforced the principle that ho long as an author did
not assail private (jharacter, and published nothing to
offend public morals, his opinions on politics, religion, or
philosophy did not concern the government. If er-
roneous, the true method of correction was by argu-
ment, and not by force. An\' author, whatever his
nationality, might obtain from the states of the Prov-
ince in which his l>ook wa.s publishcil the prohibition of
its publication by any other person for a term of years,
* Rogtn'i '• Storj of IlollMd," p. MO. t D« Amidi, p. SOT.
A:i';-^
S44 TBI FCRIT&H IN BOLLUtD, INOUSID, AKO AMmCA
Fifteen years were generally allowed, and this term
was sometimes extended. Such a " privile^i^," as it was
called, was rarely denietl, and then only in the case of
works which were regarded as immoral or blasphemous.*
Time and again the authorities of the republic were
called upon by foreign powers to prevent the printing of
books which reflected on their governments, or advanced
hetenxlox ideas in religious matters. To all such appli-
cations the answer Was a very simple one. If the re-
public pennittcil unlwunded criticism of its own actions,
and the publication of works attacking the dogmas of
its established Church, it coukl hardly bo ex]X!ct«d to
apply a different rule in the case of foreign nations.f
Thus, in the matter of a free press, what Milton at
this time wrote about with such eloquence the Holland-
ers simply practised.^
. • DATin, iii. 403.
t See .Mollej'a " United Ncthcrlanclii," iv. 447, m to the anonj-
tnoiia paniplilctt insued during tlio Truce npfjotiationi, tn the grmt
conc<>ro of even the eiili)(htene<I Qmtiuii. It npiicnrs tliat it lhi<
time the States of Holland prohibite<l the printing and lalc of certain
dcfamator; pmnphtets, under a penalty of one liundre<l florins (forty
dollars). " William Usselinx," by .1. Franklin Jnmesoii, p. 43. But
snrli action was exceptional, and so rcpufpiant to the spirit of tlic
pcnp'le that it Was inefleclual. In 163.1, the great Dutch poet
Vondt'l puhlithed a dmma aatiriiing in hitter terms the men who
had eiecuteil Diirnereld and rx|>atriated flrotius. The author was
mulcted in a heavy fine, lint the flnt edition of his draii^a was sold
out in a few days, and within a few years more than tliirty ftvsh
editions were issued. " Milton and Vondel," pp. 23. 3:i.
t Tlie great English poi^t is sometimes spoltcn of as if he were in
this respect the leader of his age. 8o he was in his native island.
Ilnd he lived in the republic, his famous liook would liave met with
much sucli a reception as would, to-day, be accorded to the work of
t writer of genius who should set out to comlMt the belief in witch-
^^fpf"
DCTCH LtTKRATOlUI 846
• Of the literature developed by the republic under its
great learning, its universal e<lucation, and its free jiresa,
it 18 very «lifflcultfor foreigners to fonn any just appre-
ciation. It has labored under the weighty disadvantage
of being dothed in a language which, unlike most of the
other languages of Euroi>e, has had little geographical
expansion, the last two centuries and a half having
added comparatively few to the number of person!* to-
whom it is a familiar tongue. Still, foreigners well ac-
quainted with the subject, and well qualified to jutlge,
have spoken of this literature, especially that of aii, his-
torical character — which is the fruit of civilization, as
poetry is its flower — in terms of thc'highest prais&*
cmft. A)i honor to Mich men t but let Hie liittorinn of civilization
give tlicin tlicir proper plnce. It M!efn», iit flmt, a little stninj^e tbiit
MiltOD, who was bimacif aDutch scholnr, raiiiiliar with Dutch litera-
ture, and on the moat intimate terms with all the statesmen iind liter-
ary men of Hollantl, in aiivociiting liberty of the press, innkcs no al-
lusion to the exftiuple of the Dutch Republic. But the cxpliination
Is very simple. England had just emerged from a war with the re-
public, and hated its people with an intense bitterness. Jtlillon \\a»
urging freedom of the press on ParlianienL Mo writer who dciiire<l
the adoption of a reform would advance in its favor any argument
iMsed on the example of the enemy. This fact must always l>e borne
in mind when we read most of the Kngliah literature of the Com-
monwealth bearing on other questions. The letter of Lamb, which
I have referred to alxive, is a notable exception. But this comes
Uter. He was writing to Cromwell, who was n broad-minded states-
man. As to the intimate rclntiims of Milton with the Ncthcrland
Republic, which are of importance as liearlng on other questions,
see Hasson's " Life and Times of Milton," vol. ir., pamim, ami " Mil-
ton and Vondel," pp. 18, 10.
* Motley's " United Netherlands," ir. 568 ; Hallam's " Lilcmture of
Europe," iii. S78. The Dutch also had celdirated poets, from one of
whom, Vondel, Hilton .did not disdain to borrow, by adopting or
copying not only the general scheme of bis poems, but some of his
•M Tm moTAM m wnxAxn, iNOLAMn, and amuica.
In this connection two facts are of interest. In 1S84,
long before a similar institution was foanded in France,
u literary academy was established in Holland for.tho
cultivation of the native tongue. .This, as Ilallam says,
is not surprising, in view of the fact that Holland, at the
end of the century, and for many years afterwards, was
" |)«Hjminently-the literary country of Europe." * The
second fact is that in the seventeenth century, when the
' English theatre was in its decadence, the theatre at Am-
'stertlara was renowned for the splendor and complete-
ness of its arrangements and for the ability of its actors.
From Holland travelling companies, as in modern days,
went to Germany, Austria, and Denmark, and a Dutch
theatre was permanently established at Stockholm, in
Sweden .f
Yet if the Hollanders, through their writings, could
reach only a limited class, there was one domain in
which their language was universal. Though few per-
sons can read the works of their historians or poets, all
can rca<l their paintings, and here they reign supreme.
Iiappiot Tenet. Rogera, |>. 231. Vondel'i mutcrpieca «m >b«
tragfcdy of " Lucifer," reprewnting llio rebellion in ilenrvn. Milton
took from tliii tragedy many iiletM fur lila " Paiadiw LimI," while h*
alto biirnrtred largely from the unie autlior't pn<'in nn Hamton
when he wrote upon that tulijert. Upon thli wliolo quettion tee
"Milton and Vondel," by the Ke.r, George Edinundton (Ixindon,
1883). Tills Englitb writer clalnia that not only did Miltou borrow
from Vondvl, whom he callt one of the great poett of all time, the
plan of "Pamdiio Loat" and "Samaon Agoniatca," but that he ler-
ied upon his Dutch contemporary in many other wayt which bare
never before been acknowledged.
• Hallam't " Lit. of Europe," iii. 279.
t See tome intcretting and valuable articlct on " Holland and h«f
literature " in JfacmiUan't Jfa^otiiM for May and June, 188t.
a
ABT IN na >tf oauo " tM7
We have already seen tometbing of the early doTcl-
opment of art in the Netherlands, and how its ]>ainters
led the world until they began to waste their vnurgies
by imitating Italian models for which their genius was
unfitted. With the conclusion of the war with S|)aiD,
which brought independenioe to the Northern Provinces,
and a large measure of civil and religious liberty to their
Southern neighbors, all this spirit of servile imitation
passed away. There was now, over the whole knd, an
efflorescence of painting, only paralleled by the outburst
of Bong with which Etigland greeted her deliverance
from the Invincible Armada.
Between the early and the later development of art
in the Netherlands there was the same difFcronco ns ex-
isted in the progress of commerce and manufactures. In
ita first stages the great painters were found mostly in
the Southern, more advanced. Provinces. Now the tables
were turned, and in painting, as in every other depart-
ment, Holland, if it did not take the lead, at least did
not occupy an inferior position. It could now number
among its artists Kembrandt, whom De Amicis calls
"the great magi(\ian and sovereign illuminator;" Paul
Potter, whose "Bull," the same Italian author says,
" deserves to' be placed in the Vatican beside the ' Trans-
figuration' by Raphael;"* Phjiip AVouvonnans, Albert
Cuyp, Nicholas Berehem, Adrian Brouer, Gerard Dow,
and a host of others, almost any of whom would make
an age illu8trious.t
* " Hollwil and iU People," pp. 78, 74, 14S. It did oeeup; tblt
pikca Id tlic LouTre during tbo Mapotconic dnyt.
t Sea s partial liat of tlie artiata, witli au account of tlieir most
famoua worlu, in Dc Amicia, pp.' 08, 80, 148, 153. Fur a fuller ac-
count aeo Lttbke'a " Hiat of Ait"
MS TBI PnBITAII m ni>LLANO, BNaUMO, AND AMIMCA
The chief featnro of this art is its republican and
homolilte character. The paintings of tlieso men are
not for the priesthood, and they are not for kings and
the nobility. They ore for the |ieople, as befitted a r»-
public, nnd in this, as in every other respect, they havQ
served as models for the modem world.*
This art being for the i)eople, a people all imbued
with artistic instincts, wo can readily understand how
its productions were distributed. Not only do wo find
them decorating the walls of the town houses, and the
residences of the wealthy burghers, but they serve as
attractions for the taverns, and give beauty even to the
houses of the tradesmen and meclianic8.t
* Some of then palntcra were men of abnndonctl lire*, tlwkjt
riotinjt '" tavcrot, »nd leeking uiljecta in icenn which no modern
utiils would dare to put upon the canvaa. Their worica are aouie-
tinies auppoacd to illualrate llie state of inoruli in Holland, at tha
worica of the Eliznlwlhan |ilaywrighta allow the state of Engliah
morals. But there is tliii dilTcrt'nce between these paintings am) tha
writings of the English dramntinta. The latter wrote plajra to beact-
c<l before all classc*, and in these plajs wo can see the morals of the
time depicted, otlienviio their production would not have lieen gener-
ally countenanced. The few Dutch artists whose ofTensiTe wnrks'aro
now Arand in public galleries painted for taTema^rtd places of low re
aort; and while their pictures testify to a aniTenal lore of art, they
show only the morals of their environment. As to the general morals
of each country, we have overwhelming proof from other quartera.
t " Their llouse^" says Felltham, " especially in the cities, are the
beat eye-l>eautles of their country; for coat and sight, they far ex-
ceed our English, but they want their magnificence. Their lining it
yet more ricii than tlieir outride, not in hangings, but pictures, which
even the poorest are there fumishetl with."—" Three Weeks' Obser-
vation of the Low Cotintries, cspcciiilly Holland." It is a little comi-
cnl to see the architect of to-day copying tlicae Dutch houses, and re-
producing them in England and America at English houses of tha
days of Queen Anne^ Perlia|>a such a deluaion waa needed to nuke
f^Wff^:,
I CHAUTABUC AND PRIAI, INeTITUTIOKB 84>
Pawing now from the subject of education and art,
let U8 gee how these republicans appear from some other
points of view. With such enormous burdens us wvro
imposed u|>on the public by the charges of the war, it
might iM)88ibly bo cx|)ected tliat an economy would be
practised in charitable work, and that Holland might
step down from the high ])08ition in this department
which, according to Giiiocianlini, she had occupie<l in
the former century. Just the reverse took ]>lace. (ien-
orosity, like every other virtue, is developed by its exer-
cise. The men who taxed themselves as no men had
ever done before to defend their civil and religious
rights were no less tiberal in their oontributiimi^o'' the
relief of their fellow-creatures who had fallen by tlie
wayside. Any description of their work in this direc-
tion seems extravagant, and too much like a picture of
the nineteenth cenlury ; yet we have upon this question,
OS upon all others, the testimony of witnesses who can-
not be impeached.
I have spoken in a former chapter of the admirable
asylums for the veterans and orphans of the war which
went up over the whole land, and the^perfcction of
which is testified to by Venetian travellers and diplo-
matists.* But this was only a beginning in the work
of benevolence for which the republic was so justly fa-
mous. It had, in addition, a complete sygtom of chari^
table institutions for civilians. As to the excellence of
its asylums for the insane, retreats for age<I seamen,
and even its prisons for debtors, we have the word of
contemporaneous Englishmen, whom no one will accuse '
of partiality.
the itjle fulitoiuble. Be« Atbton'i "SocUl Life in Queen Anne'*
Beign," i. ao. * Vol. I. p. MO.
Y^----^ "VtV^-f^- ■f;' j,'CV
ISO TBS PCUTAM ra BOLLAHIX (KOLAirD, AMD AMIRIC*
Firit comes Onren Felltbam, the untympathotio Roy-
aliit and Iligh-Churchman. IIo coald not understand a
country where, an bo said, diatinctionn of rank weru ao
far unknown that noblo and peasant received the name
moaguro of justice ita the courts ; where any one might
rise to the higheit office ; where lea<Iing officials carried
homo their own marketing— as John Maraiiall usctl to
do when (.'hief Justice of the United States — and where
every form of religion was toleratc<l by the law. Still,
he coutd not withhold bis admiration at what ho saw
about him, and nowhere doea he express it so fully as
in discussing the condition of the poor, the insane,
and those deprived of their liberty for debt or offences
against the law.*
The second English witness is Sir William Temple.
He, in bis published works, praises the charitable insti-
tutions of the republic in unqualified language.f Per-
* " You would tliintr, being with them, ynu were in oM Israel, for
you And not a beggnr nmong tlicm. Nor are thej inindf\il of their
own nlone, but itrangen alin partnke of their care ami Imuntv. If
they will depart, they will hare money for their convoy. If they
•tny, they will hare work providetl. If unable, they find an hospital.
The deprintion of manner* they punisli with contempt, butthe de-
fect* of nature they Yai'br with charily. Even their Ikdliim i* a
place so curion* that a lord might lire in it. Their hoapital might
lodge a lady ; ao that aafely you may conclude auioogat them even
poverty* and madneaa do both inhabit handsomely. And thongli
vice make everything turn aordid, yet the Stale Will have the very
correction of it to bo near, a* if they would show that, though obo-
dicnce fail, yet government must be atili itaelf and decent To prove
this, they that do but view their Bridewell will think it may receive
n gentleman, though a gallant, and oo their prison a wealthy citixen.
But for a poor man 'tis hi* l>est policy to he laid there, for be that
cast him in must maintain him."—" Olxervaliona."
t " Works of Sir William Temple," i. 121-1«0.
wiTcndurr in thi rcpcbuc-amknci or pimicctiom ttt
>■ \
hi^M, however, there is nothing more -sigfniflcant in his
description than the recital of im own exi>erienco in
visiting a retreat for aged soaineh. Having been Hhown
aroumi by one of the inmates, he offered him, on depart-
ing, a piece of money. Tlio old sailor declinc<I the gra-
tuity, and, being urged to accept it, answercil that his
wants were so fully supplied that he had no use for
money. In the end Sir William pre8sc<l it ujion him ,
but, the next day, having some curiosity u|)on the sub-
ject, and returning to inquire as to its destination, ho
found that it had been handed over to a girl who waited
on the door.*
If the republic led the world in Iwnevolent work, it was
no less advanccil when we come to the great supcniti-
tion of the seventeenth century. In every other country
of Northern Euroiic, the telief in witchcraft was almost
ifniversal. In England, as wo have seen, the leaders of
public opinion, down even until the time of Addison, in
the reign of Queen Anne, belicveil fully in its reality.
Out of Holland came the first voice (that of Dr. John
• "Worku of Sir'William Temple," 1. tfiO. More tlmn a century
later Voltaire, lenTing Holland in a fit of apleen, uttered lii> well-
known wonli " CnHnut, eanani; eanaille ;" but wlicn he judged Hol-
land aeriootl;, lie remcmlwred that in ber capital citieH be found
'■neither an idle man, nor n poor man, nor a dlsaipated man, nor an
iniolent roan," and that he had seen ererywhero " latwr and mod-
eaty."— De Amicia, p. ItM. The |)oor of Holland were cared for by
the State, and not allowed to infett the atrceta. See al«> Uaviea, iii.
S84. Even needy tniTellera of all nationa were iupportcd for three
days. Idem. Amiterdam, it is aaid, at the conciuaion of the wnr
with Spain, spent a million dollara annually in her pul>lic charities.
Ocddes's" John De Witt," i. 118. As to the deplorable condition of
the poor in England at thia time, see Sir Josiah Child, p. JM, eta
The pnioiM of England I b»T« slietdy dctcribcd.
I
'■^«»?5«lV
tSa TBI PDUTAN l.<« HOLLAND, CNOUXD, AND AMkMCA
Wier) by which iu existence n-aa called in question.*
Wier hod also illustriouH discipleH at home, who devote<l
thoir liven to combating the iiu|wr8tition. But these, it
may be said, were only individuals, and there were oth-
' . - era in England and elaetvhero who soon followed in their
tracks. The im|)ortant question is, what was the (Misi-
tion upon this subject taken by the |)eople at large and
the governing authorities } Upon this ijue^tion the rec-
'■■' ord is very brief, but very significant.
While the Puritans in Massachusetts were ezccnting
their witches by the score, while their countrymen in
England were putting them to death by hundreds, and
while the victims in Franco and (lermany were numlwred
by the thousands,^ in Holland this insane delusion pro-
duced hardly a ripple u|)on the surface. During the rule
of the Spaniards there had been a slight {lersccution of
the witches in several of the Netherland Provinces, and
' after the Kevolution this was continued in the lower
' States which adhered to Mother Church. But with the
' establishment of the republic it vanished from the North.
>^ The men here were Calvinists, like the persecutors of
; . Scotland, England, and New England, but there was no
, ■• .: ■ room in their natures for a belief bred from the union
of ignorance and superstition. They had in advance
the civilization which in the end gra<lually extinguished
. the delusion in the other parts of Europe, and nothing
in their history better proves the fact.^
* Hotle;'t " V'nited Nctb^rlindt," ir. 970. Johu Wier, a phjr-
■ician of Onve, publiahctl in 1S6S the fint work diowiog its ^l^
funlitf
t See Lecky'i " lUtionaliun in Europe."
X For mucli Talunl>Ic inronnation u(>on tliia aubject, which I hare
briefly aummariwd almrc. I nui imlebtetl to Prof 0«o. L. Burr, of
That Engliiih writere, when treating of witchcraft,
should ignore ita history in the Netberlqad Itopublic,
. and 8))eak of it as a univonal'dolniion, is no wise rumark-
abie.* To them the story of this republic has always
been a sealed book. To Americans, however, it is of in-
Curnrll Unireniljr, wbo hut luailo tlie litrnture of witclicnfl * tpe-
cial Htudy (Me Ilia intemtiiig and vnlimMo paper ii|>on tlic auljcct
in the publicationa of tlio Ainvriran llittoriral Aaaiwintinn, toU.
iv. part 3). llu writes uie, in a lettiT too long lu b« given in f\ill:
"Tlie \n< trial Tor witvlirraft in tbo United Xi'tlicrlanda took place
in 1610, accnriling to Sclivltenia (■ OeKhiKK'nia dvr llckwiipmcca-
•en, etc,' Iluarlvm, 1828, pp. 201, 202), wiioao atatcuicnt I Iiafe, oa
yet, found not tlio aligliteat reason to ilouljl.
" In the 6r»t tleoade of llic nevenleentli century, there were aevrml
trials, but, if Sclieltcnin'ii aenrcli hiia been as thorough na I liclieve,
NO ftnuthnt: thu witches were either ncqiiittcil, or puniithcd with
banishment or imprlaonmeut. Lnter than 1010 we And, inilced, in
Holland triala of pretended witclica— not, however, for witclicratV,
but for inipoaition. And tliis nt a time when ii\ the ndjoiuiiig 8|>iin-
iili Netherlands, in Westphalia, and the other nciglilKiring lands of
the empire, in Bcotiaod, in England, on every side of the little Dutch
commonwealth, witch|H>niecution was nt ita height.
" ludeeil, Holland aecma to hare been a pbtce nf refuge for theae
poor creature*, aa for other victims of peraecution. Al>raliam Pa-
lingli, whose book against the superstition was pul>lislie<l in 1038,
tells of knowing in his own Haarlem such refugees from Flanders."
Prof Burr corroborates Motley's statement as to Dr. John Wier,
or Joliann Weyer,and givea a long list of other distingnished Neth-
erlanderswho wrote against the sU|ieratition, ending with Balthaaar
Bekker, " who Just at ita close (in 1001 ) dealt it what was destined
to prove its death-blow, by attacking the whole theological tlieory
of the devil."
I quote Prof. Burr as nn impartial American investigator, rather
than modem Dutch scholars, whose researches, kindly undertaken
at my requeat, have led to the aame reauits. They all lay that
Scheltema ia the highest witbority.
• 8eeLecky, etc., . • ,
'154 n» rtlRITAN IK IIOLUHD, ■NQUMDh AXD AMEUeA
tercst in this connection, an in many others, bemuse of
the fact that the colonies planted hy the Dutch knew
nothing of the madness whicli swept over sections of
New Kngland. It i» also of interest to notice that the
Independents of the Commonwealth, who had U-en ruI>-
jected toun influence from Holland, were also free fn>m
the delusion, leaving the persecution of the witches to
the Preshytcrisns and the members of the Established
Church*
Not less iQteresting is the position which the Ilollandr
crs took towards the native tril)e» in America. To the
majority of Englishmen, as to the other early settlers,
the Indians, whoso origin was it mystery, were the
" spawn of the Devil ;" their pow wows were infernal
rites, and they were worthy only of extermination, un-
less they could bo made into ml Puritans. Hugo (Sro-
tius was the first person to advance a theory which
placed these savages on a very different f(M)ting in the
scale of humanity. In 1645, he wrote a pamphlet in
which ho anticipated all that has been said in miMlern
times regarding the discovery of Amerioa by the.North-
< men. These Northmen, he said, who built ttie city of
Norumbega, were not only the discoverers, but the set-
tlers, of America, and the Indians were their descendants.
Upon this theory they were kinsmen of the Euroiteans
— bnman beings, and no longer deTil8.t , ,
» Scolt'i " Dcmoaology snd Witchpnift," Am. «l. p. SU. Tin
writer* of New EngMni], like tlioao of the moMicr coantry, in their
patriotic deiire to Tindicate their ancetton, and with equal diaregard
of the facta, alio avert that in the aeventeenth centui; the belief in
witchcraft waa unirenal. Eiaa; on " Witchcraft," b; Jamei Kaxell
Lowell, " Among my Booka."
f Tbi* pamplilet, which it ran, doe* not appaar to hare been pnl>-
*^
niofi roamoN or wuim sss
The theory tbiu advanced was influential uikib the
■cholara of the time, but it waa not needed by the Dutch,
whooe treatment of the natiros, in the West m well aa
in the East, woa in the main very different from that ao-
oonlcd to them by most other Europeans.
With a few words in regard to the rehition of the
■exes, we may conclude thig, chapter, and with it our
view of the republfo from its economic, educational, and
moral side, reserving for another place the consideration
of some important questions connected with its |M>litical
and legal institutions, in their bearings on England and
America.
It has often been said that the position of the wife
and mother throws the most light upon the civilization
of a people. Tried by this teatt alone, the Netherland
Republic stands in advance of the rest of Europe by at
least two centuries. Of this assertion the bc«t proof is
afforded by the universal education of the women. In
other landsi such education was reserved for a few mem-
bers of the upper classes. Here, the girls of every class
received the same early instruction as their brothera.*
Coming to maturity, they were not only autocrats in
their households — much to the astonishment of foreign-
ers—but, aa in very modem times, often the sole nian-
agers of the family estates, farmers, merchants, manu-
facturers, even poets and painters.t
lith«l until after tlie death of Qtotioa, but iliinfloaice ii well recog-
nized b; historiiins. It hu Iwen tranalated by Edmund Goldtmid,
of Edinburgh, who, In 1884, printed one hundred copic> for private
distribution. For first calling my attention to this pamphlet and ita
infiuenco, I am indebted to my friend Dr. Edward £ggleitoa,«bo
luu done so much for early Xmerican history.
*<DiscounH>ofTrade"byBirJaaialiCliild,p.4. .
f Sir Joaiah Child; Felltbam; Davies, etc.
S96 ran PVUTAN in aoLLAMO, KnOLAND, AND AMHUCA
Thus, being e«lucatc<l, from tbo higlip«t to the lowest,
treatiHl as equals by their husbands, and ever occupied in
adding to the common store, very natural is the admira-
tion of their constancy expreHscd by all ol)«erver8, Fellt-
ham says that ho never heanl of any great lady of this
nation that hat|i been taxed with loosenexs, and he iwys
the same tribute to the wives of the humblest flshermen,
who, although their husbands migiit lie absent for yean,
were resolute in matrimonial chantity.*
Such wives and mothers were the legitimate descend-
ants of the women descrilied by Uuicc;anlini, nearly a
century before, f Throughout the struggle for inde-
pendence they had tevn the warmest friends of liberty,
not only sustaining the courage of their husbands, and
aiding them by their domestic economies, but playing
the :)>art of warriors, defending the' walls of their cities,
and even working in the trenches with the ceinraon
soldier.
Xow that independence had come, the men of the re-
public could in no bettor way demonstrate their own Ht-
ness for self-government than by their recognition of the
ability, intelligence, and virtue of these wonien.:^
• Femh»m'» " ObMrvBtiont." t Antf, Vol. L p. 17».
X At thU tiina iVe edacalion of women in EngUnil wm alniMt
wlioll; nrglcctcO. Even in Maunchutctta, it \raa not until 1780 that
girlt were admitted to tlio pulilic mIiooIi. Winaor, " Iliit. of Boa-
ton," ir, 242 ; " Proceeding* of Man. Hiat Hoc.," toI. xii. p. 847. See
trticlc of Andrew 8. Draper in Sducatimal Btvitw, April, tSM.
CHAITER XXI
t ■ ■■
TBI mETBKBLAND RBPUBLIC AND THE ENGLISH COMMOX-
WEALTH
Well might auoh a country as that of tho Ketherland
Republic lutoniah nn Englishman in the day« of the
Stuarts. Looking at its vast commcrcb, its muitifuriouB
manufactures, its enterprising population, its intelligent
agriculture, its banks, liospitals, and prisons, its su{)erb
town -halls, and its private dwellings tilled with the
choicest paintings, one can understand what !&lncanlay
meant when he said that tho aspect of Holland in 1HH5
"produced on English travellers of that age nn effect
^ similar to the effect which the first sight of England now
prodaces on a Norwegian or a Canadian."* I/xiking
beyond externals, at its universal toleration, its modern
system of taxation, its enlightened encouragement of
commerce and home manufactures, its public and ])ri-
Tate integrity, its universol education, its free press, its
charitable work, its freedom from superstition, and the
position of its women, one can begin to appreciate tho
words of Taine, when, writing of the period which fol-
lowed the truce of 1($09, he savs : " In culture and in-
struction, as well as in the arts of organization and gov-
ernment, the Dutch are two centuries ahead of the rest
of Europe." t From such a review one can also compre-
* " Birtorr of EngUnd," Tol. i. chip. ii.
t "Art lu the Netherlandi," Dunnd'i trans., p. 1T1.
}\T-
Ms TBI rvwTAK IN aoLumib miaLAHi^ ahs amuk*
. hend the words of Prof. Thorold I{og«n : " The ktoU
of the Notherlanda and tlie sucoom uf Iloliand is the be-
ginning of niodem politicul gciunccand of modern civili-
lation." •
The fact is, that if an American of the present gen-
eration could go back to the Dutch Itepublic of two
centuries and a half iigo, lio woufd find himself in a
'familiar land, because he would be among a people.of
the nineteenth century. In England, France, Hpain,
Germany, or Italy, he would bo in the land of the sev-
enteenth century, and would And himself a stranger;
hero alone would he be at home. The explanation
. of this is very simple. For two centuries and a half
the other nations of Euro|)e have l>een slowly working
up to. the republican idea— that of the equality uf man,
from which follows the organization of society for the
public good. This is alt that there is of our nineteenth-
century civilization, from its |M>litical side ; and because
the Hollanders had attained to it before the conclusion
of their war with S]>ain, they became ^he instructor*
and the civilizcrs of the modern world. Why the mon-
archists of Europe, always fighting against this doctrine,
thoqld begrudge acknowledgment of any d^bt to a re-
public is a ([uestion which needs no <liscussion ; it carries
its answer in its statement.
But although general ideas of civilization are of very
slow development, there are some of its products, in the
form of Uws and civil institutions, which are more read-
ily asshnilated. Here wo reach a field of M>me interett
to Englishmen, on account of the attempt during the
Commonwealth to intnxluoe the laws and institution* of
republican Holland into England ; and of much greater
• "Story of Holland," PrefMt, p. Is.
ODTUWK FOR CIVIL UBIlnT IN IVIiorB U»
interest to Americanii, Immmuso many of these ropnbli-
can laws and institutiuns wcru'intriNlucetl into Aniorica,
and liare bccomo incuqmrutod into our constitutional
aiul legal 'system. To undcmtand how this came al>out,
we have to retrace our 8tc|)s a little and return to Eng-
land.
Tlie period in which the Dutch Repuhlio came to its
maturity is the most im|Hirtant in the history of modem
Eurofie ; certainly until we come to the era of change
ushered in by the French Revolution. During tiiis pe-
riod civilization was almost blotted out in Uerinuny,
which had been the homo of art and learning, and for
centuries one of the great reservoirs of Itoman inxtitu-
tions. At the same time, Spain, once the pioneer
in education and the instructor of the world Tii" many
ideas of civil liberty, |MU>i>ed into a helpless dccrep'itudo ,'
jNilsied by the double curse of a domestic de8|)ot and
the dead hand of a foreign Church. In Franco, too,
all ideas of liberty had disappeared, and Ix>uis XIV.
could say with truth, '* I am the State." Swetlen, un-
der Gustavus Adolphus, hod burst into a fiUul flame;
but her hero was dead, and after hira came a dark-
ness. In Italy, the mother of the Itenaissanco, Italy,
whose free cities hod for so many generations been the
beacon lights of modem progress, there was now left
nothing but a desolation, illumined by the twilight of a
departed glory.
In one European country alone, outside the Dutch
Republic (where the flame had always blazetl), was tliero
kept alive even the spark of liberty. This apark, at
times, was very faint, and the ingenuity of the English
historian is sorely taxed in order to trace it«'VOntinuauce
through the reigns of the arbitrary Tudors. Btill, it was
kept alive, and the Puritans of England are entitled to
SM Tua ruMTiH ni iioixAin\ iNaLAHo^ «md amcmca
all honor for thia acbieTotncnt. Kut he must bo a very
purblind itudont of hixtory who cannot hco the i'ITt>ct
upon tho KnglJBh Puritans, even at this early day, of
the ))roximity ot a groat and powerful republic in wbicl^
every right bad been cstabliidied for which thoy were
.faintly, and nguinst overwhelming odds, contending.
Yet even in England it seenicd very doubtful, for
many years after tho Tudora hotl imssed away— 8»eh
being the legacy which Elizabeth had left— whether d«'s-
{wtisin would not gain the upper hand. Of tho iih'na
rogarding the kingly prerogative entcrtaine<l by James
wo have seen something in a former chapter, lle.sum-
monetl four Parliaments, but, like his predecessor) only
desired their assistance to clear him from his ilnanciul
troubles. This being denied, except on conditions ns to
* reforms which ho refuseil, they wero summarily (lis-
solvotl without the passage of a single act of general
importance which was ever observed, except some stat-
utes, hero and there, levelled at the unhappy Catholics.
In 1C25, James died, and was 8uccecdc<l by a stm
who set out to /ollow in his footstcjm. During the fli^t
four years of hit reign he tried three Parliaments, but
in each he encountered the same spirit. Money he <le-
manded, but it would only be granted on terms to which
be felt unwilling to consent. After this experiment, for
eleven years lie called no Parliament at all. Here, theif,
as should be borne in mind when considering English
constitutional history, we have a period of thirty -seven
yciirs, stretching from 1603 to 1040, in which the great
council of tho nation had substantially no voice in the-
regulation of its avoirs. The government was adminis-
tered by two kings equally ignorant of statesmanship,
and equally hostile to liberty, with tho aid of a succes-
■ion of greedy favorites and sycophantic courtien, and
:.^_ ASBiTBAar Rru or cHAtLii I Ml
with the example of foreign (lp«|H>ts lieforo their eyes.
Such a picture gives little promise for the future.
The eleven years which terminated with the calling
of the Ix)ng Pafliament, in 1040,'havo well lieen c-alled
a " Reign of Terror." •- Charles had determined to rule
without a Parliament, after the manner of his brother
kings upon the Continent; and sulMervicnt judgeH, hold-'
ing office at the pleasure of the crown, made hix experi-
ment a coni|iaratively easy one. The Tudors had loft
little of English liberty, and now tho few remaining
relics diaappeunMl. All that Parliament had secured
for constitutional liberty, under Elizalwth and Jumes,
as is admittetl by all writers.^ was tlio establishment of
some of its own rights and ])rivilegp8. These, <^ course,
were of no value if it was to meet no more.
Charles began proceedings by ^junishing, after the
manner of his predecessors, the meinljers of the hut
Parliament who had offended him by their reb(>lliouB
conduct. Several of them were amerced in lienvy tines,
among whom was Sir John Eliot. He wis tinetl two
thousand pounds, and, refusing to make submission, wai
sent to prison, where he died.
To raise a*revonu€, the king resorted to every old
device to which he had succeetled. To these ho added
new exactions, for which his lawyers found a warrant
in that vast storehouse of English history, which con-
tains a precedent for everything on the side cither of
liberty or despotism. Monopolies were restored, and
applied to almost every article of ordinary consump-
tion. Tonnage and poundage were levied without the
authority of a statute. Every man holding lands of
the annual value of forty pounds was called upon to
* TtrroU-LaDgmeid. f Bee Ilallam, (te.
■■;j^«;.f .^ ,j,.'^K^ ;:^;-f'. . -. -.-v ^'r^^yj/i!^:^^-
M9 THE rORlTiN » nOIXAKP, INOUMD, AMD AMHUCA
accept nn expensivo kniglitluNxl or pay a line. The
obROleto forest lavra wi>ro revivcxl, ami land -owners
Wore Rtripped of estatea which their ancestors had held
for tbriH} or four centuries, on the pretext that they
Were encroochroents on the crown domains. Ucsides
this, they werif mulcted in heavy damages for these' old
encroasbfllcnts, the principle having been long estate
Tislied that the king lost no rights by la|)80 of time.
Still _ further, royal proclamations were issued in ro-
gani to house-building and various forma^>f tnule, the
infringement of which was punished heavily,'%i tlnsy
Were held by the courts, following the jirecedcnta of
the Tudors, to have all the force of laws.
To enforce these exactions and support these ])rocla-
mations, the Star-chamber, an old court, composed of
officials of the crown, now broadened its jurisdiction.*
Of this tribunal, whoso ]>roceedings were .worth}- only
^•of a tribe of savages, little need be said, for the subject
is familiar.
Fines and imprisonment were its most usual punish-
ments, and of these it was lavish enough. Some of-
* ThU court, In which til the privy.councillon ut lu judges, wu
a very olil crvatloD, although unwarranted by atatute. It wna revived
by the Tudor*, principally to take cogniianco of crime* committed
bjr tlie noble*, fur which the ordinary court* of Juitice, under the in-
fluence of corruption and intimidation, gave no redreas. Ilallam, i.
chap. i. ; Hall'*" Society in the Eliulietlian Age," pp. 138, 184 ; Taa-
Well-Lanj^ead, pp. 183, etc. The re-c*ubli*hmcnt of tlii* court by
the Tudun wa* a neceaaity, becauia the much-vaunted Jury lystem
Waa an utter failure. Even aa to the time of Jame* I., Ilallam aaya :
'■ la many parta of the kingdom, and capecially in Walc«, it wa* im-
po**ible to find a jury who would return a Terdict ag^nat a man
of good family, either in s civil or criminal proceeding,"— "Cooit
Bl*t.," 11.87.
TBI COURT or STAR-CBAMBKB-Snir-MONCT 86S
fenders were fined as high as twelve thousand pounds,
while fines of four or five thousand were very common.
But to these punishments were added the pillory, whi|>-
ping, branding with hot irons, and mutilation.* Thus,
Alexander Leighton, a Scottish divine, whose son after-
wards became Archbishop of Glasgow, was sentenced,
in 1630, for writing a violent libel qn the prelacy, to i)ay
a fine of ten thousand, pounds,i,to be whippod'and set in
the pillor3', to have one ear cut off, one side of his nose
slit, one cheek branded S. S. (Sower of Sedition) ;■ after
a week, to have the oiieration repeated, then to suffer -
imprisonment for life. Prynne, a lawyer of uncommon
erudition, for writing a book against tlio theatre, wliich
had now sunk to almost the lowest depth of vileness,
was fined ten thousand pounds, branded in the fore-
head, deprived of both his ears, And condemned to per-
petual imprisonment.f These cases but illustrate the
proceedings of a tribunal which, as Ilallam says, " was
almost as infamous for its partiality and corruption as
for its cruelty." X
Still, the people made no sign. Having exhausted all
other means of raising a» revenue without an appeal to
Parliament, Charles hit on a new device. Ho had now
. made a treaty with the King of S|)ain for the joint con-
* None of tlicK, however, were net^. Tlicy liad all been practiacd
under Ellubeth, altliough on a limilei] scale. See Hallam, ii. 40.
t See, for a •nmmary of the eventa of this period, Tnswell-Lang-
nica<1, pp. 663-AS5, and for a full account, Hallam, chap. Till. . As to '
the theatre* of this time, which Prjrnno wrote almut, sec Oardiner,
Tii. 833.
t "Const Hist.," !l 48. It ahonld be noticed, however, as Oar-
diner. has pointed out, that many of its enormous fines were not en-
forced, nor were its rictinis put to death, as were the hetetici and
Beponitists under Elitabelli. . . ,
964 Ttn rCRITAil IN t^LLARD, SNGUitO^ AMD AiiltlUCA
quest of the XetUerlaiul Republic, of which he was to
receive a portion for his assistance.* For this purpose a
navy was required, and in digging among the musty
records, whore the champions of liberty found their ar- .
guments in obsolete laws and forgotten preceJcnt», the
advisors of the king lighted on a treasure. In the
Tower they discovoretl some very old writs, com|x>lling
the seaports, and even maritime counties, in case of ne-
cti^ity, to furnish sbip^ for the service of the king.f
This was sufficient, for it is u settled principle of the
English Constitution that whatever has been done once,
must l)e right, and so can bo done again. Immediately
writs were issued, calling on I/>ndon and other jxirts to
furnish shiiM for the royal navy, or, in place of ships, a
supply of money. This scheme proved a great Hnancial
success, for the requisitions were enforced by threats of
inipri.soning such^ persons as refused payment of their
assessments. The war was never begun, and the fleet
Aever bad a being; but these .facts prq<lnoed no change
in the manner of proceeding. Not only were the jtorts
called upon for ship-money, but the requisitions were ez-
tcndetl io every county in the kingdom, bringing in an.
annual revenue of. about two hundred thousand pounds,
about a third of the royal income.
Still, in all England, so strong was the force of prece-
dent that only three men were found who dared to stand
up and protest openly against this antiquated tax. The
* Taswell-Lsngmcnd, p. 567. " Thii cnniDiereial riTalry," i»y» Hal-
lam, "conspired with a f'ltr more powerful motive at Court, an ab-
horreaee of everything republican or Calvinirtic, to make our coum
of policy toward! Holland not only unfriendly, liut inaidioua and in-
imical in the highest dogice."— " Const. Iliit.,'' ii. 30.
t Taawtll-Langmead, p. 5M.
JOUN BAMPDBN AND UI8 LAWBtTIT SW
leader of (hese three patriots, as every reader knows, was *
Jolin IlatnjMlen, who refused to pay his assessment un-
til after the decision of a civil court, which pronpun(^
it legal ; when it was promptly paid. English writers
make much account of this lawsuit of l{amp<len, and
well they maj'. It seems a petty incident in the history
,of civil Tiberty when comimred with what was going on
'across the Channel ; hut, like the protest of Eli/jibeth's
last Parliament against the system of monopolies, which
also naturally excites their admiration, it furnishes al-
most the only spark which lights up a very long and
very dreary chapter of ]K>litical tyranny.
Whether the English i)eople, if left to ''themselves,
would ever have made any resistance to the oppression
of the Stuarts is, according to the opinion of the most
careful student of this jieriod, very doubtful.* In every
new exaction they had acquiescc<l— with murmurs, to Im
sure, but without any signtt of open opposition. Unac-
customed to local self-government, they had no centres
of organizcil rfsistance, such as had Wn atTortted by the
manicipahties in the Netherlands when Philip began his'
arbitrary rule. Their only gathering-point was a Par-
liament, and this institution Charles had now lcame<l to
do without. lie had established a settled revenue suffi-
cient for his wants, and there was no reason, he thonght,
why his subjects should not become as docile in time as
those of the kings of I^nce and Spain. Nothing but
foreign complications rec]uiring an extraordinary ex-
penditure of money could, ap{)arently, interfere with his
peaceful, despotic rul&
Fortunately for the English people, unfortunately for
* See PrefHce toOardlncr't "ComtittttioiMil DocumenUof the Puri-
tan RcTolution," pp. 88, 10.
8M TBB PVBITAN IM BOLLAMD, KNOLAIID, AHD AMIRICA
Charles himself, he had an evil genius who brought
about these foreign complications. This evil genius, al-
though a Churchman, was, next to 8trafTonl, his |)rin-
cipal adviser.
Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had made him-
self obnoxious toHho courtlj' {(arty by his Calvinism and
bis tolerance of the non^conformists. He finally hcn]N!d
up the measure of his transgressions by refusing to license
the publication of a sermon which laid down the doc-
trine that the king might tak^ a subject's money at his
pleasure, and that no one might refuse his demand, under
the penalty of damnation. For this offence lie was, in
1037, sequestered from exercismg the duties of his office,*
and these duties were substantially performed by Will-
iam Laud, Bishop of Ix>ndon, who, upon the death of
Abbot,' in 1633, succeeded to the primacy.
Nowhere could absolutism have found a more ardent
friend than it found in Laud, who, from 1027 until his
impeachment by the Long Parliament in 1041, was the
virtual ruler of the English Church, f Ho concurred
with Strafford in all his ideas regarding the " thorough "
principle as applied to the State, but for the Church he
did much more. With him the Establishment entered
fully upon what has been well called its thaumaturgical
stage, the incipient movelhent in that direction having
been made by Bancroft twenty years before.
Into the disputed question of the reality of Laud's re-
ligious convictions we need not enter. If ho was sin-
* HtlUm, i. 407. . ;-'
t Ablmt, tfter a time, wu reitonti to nominsl ftvor, altoired to fit
in tbo priry connci), and officiate at arclibiahnp (we Oardlner, vii.
38, tSS, 300), but be had no actual power; Laud waa the raliog
•pint.
ARCBBtSHOP tAtD<8 WORK IIV BNQLAND 867
cere, he Irtit followed the example of many of the in-
quisitors of Kome. lie appeared to believe, and perhaps
did believe, that there was a mysterious spiritual efficacy
in the forms of the Establisheil Church ; that the (rasi-
tion of the communion-table and the jiosture of the com-
municant were of vital importance in the administration
of the Lord'& Supper; and thnt.urfless the table — now by
him regarded as an altar — stood in the east, and the
communicant was in a kneeling ]x>sturc, the Ix-nelit of
the sacrament' was lost. So, too,- as to the use of the
.cross in baptism, the ring in marriage, and the dress of
the clergy when -exercising their holy functions. Of
course, the use of tho'cstablishcd ritual came in as a part
of his scheme, and added to this was the doctrine that
no one couldjje recognized us a true minister of the Gos-
pel who IwVpt received the divine authority handed
down tbrongh the apostolic succession, thus reversing
the teachings of the early English iReformers.*
Entertaining such opinions, and intruste<l with unlim-
ite<l authority, the results of his rule can be readily im- '
ogined. All'the^beneficent work of the tolerant Abbot
was at once undone. Not only were the Puritan m^i»-
ters driven from their livings by the hundred— flocking to
Holland, their old sheltcr,t and to America, u newly dia-
* Q*rdiner, u appenn from h!> " Iliitory of England," Kcroa to
think that Laud did not icall; entertain theM advanrrd Iligh-
Cbarch idea% but waa merely a narrow-minded ccdcsiaatic wlio
wiahed to enrorce uniroroiity of wonbip. But, whaterer hit mo-
tivca, the retulta were the aamc. I have tried to put the moat chari-
table conatruction on bit conduct, regarding him at a bigot, and not
aa an inaenaata dcapot.
t Maiaon, i. 817. See alto Neal, p. 841, at to l|ic number of Puri-
tant, clergymen and laity, who now went to Holland.
368 THE PUHITAN IN UOLLAMD, KtOLAMD, AMD AMKBICA
covered place of refuge*— but I^aud extended liis o'pera-
tions beyoml anything dreamed of by hig pre^lccessore.
Elizabeth, as \vc have seen, wckoincd the refugees
from tlic Netherlands, who added go much to the coun-
try's wealth, giving them full liberty to oxerdso their
own religion. James had followed, her example ; and
Charles, at his coronation, had proroiMxl them a contin-
uance of their privileges. 'Sow all this was put an end
to by tiie new nrchbishop. In 1035, he issued an order
directing all children of foreigners, born in Kngland, to
attend their ])arigh churches. This meant a breaking-up
of families, or a dissolution of the foreign congregations.
The authorities of Canterbury interceded in their behalf,
representing to the king that about twelve hundred of
the poor of their city were 8up)>orted by these foreign-
ers. Petitions came up from other quarters, showing
the inji^ry to the kingdom which would Ite causetl by
driving out the most intelligent among its workiilen.
]3ut such ap|)eals were of as little avail as were those ad-
dresscil to the King of Spain in behalf of the Moors and
Jews. The injunction of the archbishop was enforced,
and in the diocese of Norwich alone three thousand
Netherland artisans left their adopteil home rather than
abandon their religion.t
. Ilavibg purged the Church of England of its non-
conformists, and having driven out the foreign schis-
matics. I,aud now turned his attention to the neighbor-
ing kingdom of Scotland, preparatory to dealing with
the Pui-itans of New England. liut here he met a very
different foe. The rude Scotchmen knew little of civil
* It wnt at tills time. U-tirnn JA80 and 1S40, tlint New Engbtod
receiTcii nlmcHt all iti Engliid scttlera.
t Ncal, p. 318. Ono of tlie articlca of Laud'* impeachment WM
fiMmdcd ou tliia aclioo. Soutbatdco Bum, p. t&
hunt RAIMS A RITOLrnON IN aCOTLAHD AND KNOUND M9
liberty. They were but semiHiiTilizeJ, in gome respects
far behind even their English neighbors. But they were
the children of their religion, and their every Uope of
i_the present and the future centre<l around their Kirk.
When, therefore, in 103?, Clniries, at the instigation of
Laud, attempted to replace their simple form of Church
■ervice with the English liturgy, the"whole nation rose
in arms. Ilere was no appeal to the courts in defence
of their property, such as that which made IIam|Hlen a
national hero, but an appeal of a whole ]icople to the
' God of battles in defence of their religion.
The rebellion of the Scotch pitKJucetl two great ef-
fects upon their Southern neighbors. It showed to the
long-sufTering Englishmen that there was a mo<le of
meeting oppression other than that of self-banishment or
- aubservient acquiescence. This was to be more marke<l
in time. The other effect was more immediate. To put
down the insurgents in Scotland, Charles required lai^r
•npplies of money than his regul&r revenue afforded, and
' he was compelled, in 1040, to call a Parliament. This
: waa what Laud unwittingly had brought u|>on him:
The Parliament, once summoned, would do nothing un-
til the civil abuses of the nation wtre re<lresRed.
I have no intention of entering into tlie details of the
contest in England which liegan with the meeting of
the liong Parliament in. 1A40. With its main features
•very reader is familiar, for there is no period of Eng-
lish history which has been so often discussed, although
from very different standpoints.
But in all this discussion, one element of the situation
hat been overlooked, the absence of which makes much ;
of the story unintelligible. This overlooked element it
the influence exerted upon England by the Netherland
Republic, not only during the Civil War, but through-
11.-84
870 Tilt PURITAN IN nOLbANb, INaMND, AND AMBMCA
oat the whole life of the Commonwealth. What a field
was open for the exercise of this influence need not be
suggested to any reader who has seen what were the con-
trasted copditions of the two countries as shown in the
preceding pages : England quiescent under its despotism,
while the Netherlands were establishing a republic.
As to the channels through which this influence was
exerted, the evidence is ample. We have seen in ft
former chapter how the Netherlanders, in the early
days of Elizabeth, flocked into England by the tens of
thousands to escape the religious persecution of the
Spaniards. We iiave also seen how they became the
instructors of their English hosts in agriculture, manu-
factures, and commerce, and how the sections of the
country in which they settled, with their ideas of civil
and religious liberty, became the centres of the Puritan-
ism by which England was to be rejuvenated. With
the establishment of the republic, after the death of
William of Orange, this emigration came to an end ; but
it was succeeded by u' current setting in the opposite
direction which was no less important in its ultimate
results. But this movement, like the former one, has
attracted little attention from the general historian, and
probably would have attracted none at all but for the
fact that it gave rise to the settlement of 'New. England
by tb«4iite""' Fathers.
But the Pilgrim Fathers formecl only a very small
fraction of the Englishmen who. for various reasons,
lud taken up their residence in Holland; and even as to
tliem there seem to be some current misconceptions.
They arc often spoken of as forming part of the con-
gregation tirAt worshipped at 8orooby, nnder the min-
istration of John Robinson. ' The fact is, that of the
passengers on the Maijfiower, in lOiiO— one hundred and
INQLUU iioii-coMroBiiiaTa in holuto - ' 87t '
two in nnntber — only two can be idcntitied as having
been members of tliat original congregation. These are
Elder Brewster and William liradford.* Some few-
went directly from EnglamI, but the great majority
were pniliably men who had joine<l the Churc)i ih Lej*-
den, the old members remaining behind with l{obinfpn.t
Of the number of non-conformists who were driven
out of England by the persecutions under Elizabeth,
James, and Charles, no estimate can be formed. His-
torians like Neal- say that they went over to Holland
" in great numbers," J but this is very vogue. Wo have, '
however, some well-established facts which throw con-
■iderable light u)K)n the subject.
When liobinson and his party arrive«l rn Amsterdam, ■
in the summer of lOOS, they found there alrea<|^v estab-
lished not only a congregation of English Presbyte-
rians, but another of English Separatists. Robinson's
followers numbered onij^ about one hundred souls, but
this old oongregation, n^ade up of {lersons entertaining .
the same religions opinions as were held by them, con-
tained three hundred communicants, g In ir>00, Iiol>-
inson and his congregation removed to T^yden. Dut '
twb years before their removal, and even before they
had left England, Leyden contained at least one hun-
dred and forty-tive English families, who then organiied
a Church. |
• Piilfrey'ii " Hiit. of New EnnUml," i. 6».
t Idem. KobiiiMm'a congregition licfiife thit time hnd ipnowB '
flnm one liunOrad mcmbcra to nearly three liundrcd communicant*.
Daxtcr. p. 380. • t Krai, i. Mt), Ut. 341.
' % " Dialogue," Toiing ; " Chron. Plym, etc.," p. 4S8. Dexter ei>
preMca the opinion that Itobinno'a part; fiinnetl a teiiatate congre-
gation. Dexter, p. Sltt.
I Tbii ii iImwb by a petition, which I heliere hn« been hereto-
Vn TBI rCIUTAH ra IIOLLARD, KIOLAHD, AND AMIRIOA
Amsterdam and Le^-den can probably bo taken as
fair ipecimens of the cities of Ilolland. At the time
of the settlement of America, as we are told by careful
investigatora, there was hardly a town of prominence
in the United Provinces that did not contain a Scottish
Presbyterian or English Puritan prcachef ministering
to the English residents.* As these preachem, except
the few Separatists, were supported by the State, in the
same manner as if they had belonged to the Dutch
fort unnoticed by American historian!, prewntcti to tli« town an-
tboritiea hy " one liundred and forty-fire Tunilici, Imiilr* mnie sin-
gle men." The pctitioncra represent themsrlre* as of the English
nation, engaged in trade, and belonging to the Hefumicd religion,
but Itereft of the (loapel on the Sabbath and festivals. Tlicy ask
that a place may lie assigned tlirm for tlie celebration of their serrice
in (hf English langungc. Tlicir request was granted, August Sd,
1607, St. Catherine's Hospital being assigne<l to them for "divine
serrico and holy communion, according to the order of the Dutch
Church, on Sundays at nine o'clock." T«ro Dutch clergymen were
also ifppointed, one being the famous Oomarus, to preach to them
in Ent^llsh. In 1609, an English Presbyterian congregation ^aa
^established, ita first minister being RobeVt Durie. He reveireii a
municipal allowance. Rammelman ElscTier, In "Historisch Oe-
nootschap te Utrecht," " Kronyk," 1890, 8. Jaargang, p.'^S.
'A Hce BtcTen's " Scotch Church at Rotterdam," which giVes tha
history of a number of tlieae congregations, williout, however, giv-
ing many staliatica aa te tlieir memlwrsliip; also Ueddes's "John
De Witt," i. T8. A Separatist Chnrch was (»nn<led even at Emden,
in East Friesland, where William Penn reaidetl before his emigra-
tion to America. Steven, p. 270. Masaon given a list of seven-
teen Dutch cities which, in 1033, contained English or Scotch dis-
senting congregations ("Life and Times of Millnn," i. 817), and
this list is probably not complete. The cities which he names are
Amslenlam, Arnheim, Bergen-op-Zoom. Bnis-lc-Duc, Bmla, Brill,
Caropvere, Delft, Dordrecht, Flushing, Oorcum, Harlem, The Hagoe,
Leyden, Hiddelborg, Rotterdam, and Utrecht? i -
BHOUIR WmcUAim AND MAMOrACTrUM m UOLUKS 87S
Chnroh, it is a fair inference that their eongregationf
were of Bufficjnnt size to warrant luch separate estab-
liabments.*
But it was not iJono religious persecution that led
Englishmen to UoUjand as a place uf residence. Thou-
sands flocked over there to improve their fortunes. In
1578, the Dutch authorities opened negotiations with
the English merchants in Antwerp for the settlement
of Englishmen in Holland and Zeeland for purixises of
trade, t In 1581, permission was given by the States
for such settlement, the new-comers being accorded all
the privileges which they had enjoyed in other parts of
the Netherlands. :( Not only did the English merchants
then pour in, establishing their staple at Middelburg,
'after the fall of Antwerp in 1585, but they were fol-
lowed by numbers of their countrymen, who, by 1592,
had foundetl in twelve Dutch cities manufactories of
English cloth, g
* Wo baTO alio Men in preceding chaptera bow reUgioua lefogeea
from Englanil who bad foniid a Imiuc in Holland returned to their
native land during the reign of Janica I., founding the Baptiiit and
Congregational cliurchea, wlilch were tOfpU); «ucb an important
pkrt under the Commonwralth.
t Original recordi, " R]rk«an:hi«f,'^nT. 14th, 1578. In a Iniilding
at The lliigue known aa the I<]rl^rchicr( Slate-records) arc contalnol
tlie earljr records of the Estates of Holland, and of the Btatcs-Oeneml
of the republic, which liaTe never been published or translatctl. It is
to these original records, heretofore unnoticc<l by historians, for trsn-
icripls of which I am indebted to the Hon. Samnel R Thayer, that
my reference* are made. It seemed to me that their examination
might throw light upon the presence of English merchants and
manufacturers in the Netherlanda, and this proved to be tlie cise.
t Idem, Aug. 17th, 1581.
I " ResoWed, To appoint Tarra Meeater* in those cities in Holland
where manufactories of" English doth are situated— in Dordrecht,
N
8T4 TRB PimiTAN IN HOLLAND, KIOLAIfD, AMD AXmCA
As time Avent on the number of these nicn'hiints and
. artiians largely increased. In 159M, aa a result of the
long quarrel between £lizal>eth and the Uanaeatic
lieagae, the Em|ieror of Uermuny drove from the em-
. pire the company of English merchant-adventurers w:bo
■ iiad for many years made their headquarters at the town
of Stade. They, too, settle*! in Middelburg, taking with
them an immense trade, the queen having issued an or-
der that all wool ex])orte<l from England should lie con-
signed to them.* At a later day, James attempted to
build up in England the business of dyeing cloth by
prohibiting the exportation of the undyed fabric, which
was always stmt to the Netherlands to be colored and
finished. The only result of this attempt was to drive
still more English manufacturers across the Channel.f
In a few years they had extended their operations over
the wtiole republic, having, in'ltilT, establishments to-
• cate<i in twenty-two different cities, stretching from
Holland to the extreme northern provinces of Friesland
and Oroningen.J Hy the time of the Civil War, the
whole business of maniifoctnriDg woollen cloth woa,
Iliuurlem, Delft, Ix-idcn, Amstcnlmn, Qoudii, ItottenUro, Oorickem,'
Alkniiuir, Iloorn, Enkliuizcn, and den IIug."T-Re«olution uf Bute*
or Holland, June l.tth, 1S»3. Idem.
• Davics, 11. 827.
t The Dutch K'fuMN) to bnjr from tlie Engliuli dyed or dreMcd
elotb, claiming that it waa of inferior quality. James finally gare
way. Uaidlner, ii. 888; Southenlen Bum, pp. 71, SSS.
t Placaet of Slatet-OenemI, "Tara of Engliuli cloth." List of
twentf-two towna wliere it will be measuretl and examine<). In thia
lint eleven of the towna JuHt given for IHM reappear. The new one*
are Nymegen, Zutphen, Amiieim, Middelburg, Ulrrcht, Leeuwaiden.
Ilarlingcn, I>evonter, Knpipen, Zwolle, and Qrouingen. " Rykiar-
chief," May lid, 1617
MQUSa aOLDUKI IN TUB BCPCBLUr* ARMY ITS
through adultemtion and bad workmanship, alinaHt lost
by Engbind, having been trunsferriHl to Holland.*
The influence of those men, all inclined to non-con-
formity, upim their relatives and business associates at
home must have been very great. Dut, in (Htint of num-
hen, even they are ovenlmdoweil by the multitude of
English soldiers who ffwarmed through the Netherlands
for more than fifty years before the meeting of the Long
Parliament. These were not men who had left their
native land for a permanent ex]tatriation. For the
most |iart they retunfotl to their homes, after a longer
or shorter term of service, t» fight over their old Imttlcs,
and descrilie to admiring friends and neighbors the
wonders of the new republic.
How large was this latter class oiin l>e readily under-
stood. In 1585, the Hollanders transferred to Elizabeth
four of their towns— Sluys, Oxtend, ^'lushing, and Hrill
.—as security for her advances. Sluj'S and Ostend were
taken by the Simniards— the first in l.'>87, the latter in
1604; but the .other two, much larger and moro,ini|)or-
tant, were retained by the English until 101(1, wheit they
were given up by •Tumes.f Meantime, <luring all these
years, they Were garriiioned by English soldiers. - Here,
then, thousands upon thousands of officers and privates
bad been afTorde<l the oj^rtunity of sAidying republi-
can inAitutions.^
• "The Interrajpium," by P. A. Indcrwick, pp. C8, 78.
tOanliner, i). 384. Ourdincr. it iniiy Iw nuticnl, confimia the
•tateinent of Hume that tliU inurh-criticiwd liiiiiirttliii «m sdvan-
tsgeout to England, aud not a piece of iharp dctlung nn tlic part ol'
the Dutch, u haa Iwen often stated.
{ In nn, 8ir Ilobert Sidney, Oorernnr of Fluibinf;, eitimnlcd tliat
about tirenly-ninu hundre<I uicn were needed to flilly gnrriioa tliat
piMC. llotley-a •• UnitMl Nelherlaadi," iii. 109.
Sn nil rVIITAN ■!< HOLLAND. gSOLAMft ARD AHIMCA
But this is unly tho tM<j^inning of the story. By the
treaty of 1585, England was to furnish to the United
Netherlands, (hiring the whole war, five thousand firal
and a thousand horse. This engagement was substan-
tially kept until near the close of Elizabeth's reign. Thus
wo have a constant b(xly of about six thousand men in.
the service of the republic, although under English oiB-
cers, for a period of some thirteen years. In addition,
a force sometimes ercn larger was for a very much
longer period in tho same service as volunteers. These
volunteers heg&n to flock across the Channel at the out-
break of hostilities, some of thenierving in Harlem dur-
ing its memorable siege in luTd^lieing put to death at
the surrender with the native garrison. After a few
years they seldom numbered less than three or four thou-
sand, and in time this number was largely increased, more
than doubling l)cfore the close of the war in IfiiS.*
Add now the important element of the English stu-
dents in the Dutch Universities whom James, in 1011,
threatened to withdraw, the statesmen who visited the
republic on diplomatic business, and the travellers incited
by a desire to sec a country which mis tlie instructor of
the world in art and learning, and we may form some
idea of the numlier of Englishmen to whom I|ollnnd was
a familiar land during the early {Mirt of the seventeenth
century.t
Some English writers have called attention to one
* After the trant of 1600 the Dutch mluccil their army In 80,000
men, at whom SOOO were EnglUh *ml Scutch. Mntlejr'* '■ United
Nctherlnnds," ir. S34. In WiO, Jiinic* ciliiitated that WOO Englitlv
men were in the Ihilch lerTico. (lanliner, iii. 880.
t See Mueon'a " Hilton," vol. ir. /xueim, fur an acconot of the ia-
timate relation* lietween the countrien
inrLcmca or tbb MnniRLAND ripdblic on bnqlakd 871
phase of this sabjoct. They notice tiie fuct that ^he
men who, at the breaking-out of the Knglish Civil War,
organized the Parliamentary army had received their
military training in the Ix»w Countries.* They also
notice that Mites Standish, of Plymouth ; (tovernor Dud-
ley, of Massachusetts ; Fer<linando Gorges, of Maine ;
John Mason, of Connecticut, the hero of the Pecjuod
War; Lion Gardiner, of Gardiner's Island; WingHeld,and
the famous John Smith, of Virginia, with other Ameri-
can worthies, were all soldiers in Holland. So Carlyle,
with his microscopic attention to details, jots down, in
bis life of Cromwell, that the famous Ironsides, and even
the great Protector himself, were drilled by a IIol-
lander.t But these matters, relating only to military
affairs, are of trifling importance comparc<l with the in-
fluence in civil and religious umirs which the Nether-
lond Kepublic exerted upon the English Commonwealth,
and upon the greater Commonwealth across the ocean.
It is only by bearing in mind facts like the foregoing,
which show the close relations between the countries-
relations hardly pa^tleled in history — that the nature of
this influence can I^e understood.^
* "Tlie Fighting Vcn-s," by ClcmcnU RolKrt Mtrkhain, p. 45«.
t Bee Preface, p. xxviii.
t Mocaulitf, in liis euaj on B«con, rcmnrks that^hc English peo-
ple in the fifty yetn before the Long Parliament hnil " outgrown
their institntiona," but neither he nnr any otiier Engliah writer ex-
plain* tliia mnrircllouB national ilcTelopmcnt. Some modem inreatl-
gatot«, poaaeMing a knowledge of tlie {mat which their anccatora did
not poaaes.«, claim that the Engliah people nt thia time merely re-
turned to tlieir early free inatitutiona. But the queation atill remaina
unaoawered, why tliey now demanded thcae inatitutioni after living
without them in content for centurica. The anawcr will perliapa be
found in tlie influence of tboir neighbor! where the chain bid been
nabrokea. •
878 TBI PURITAK » BOLLASn WKQLUm, AHO AMBUOA
The princi]inl mode in which this inHuenoe Bhowed
itself was tlirough the existenco of tho ropublio as a
study in solf-governnient. Here was a country, only ti
few miles away, the richest and most prosperous in the
world, which for more than half a century hod been flood-
ed with tens of thousands of Englishmen, tho most intel-
ligent and active-minded of their race. They had not only
been flghting the battles of civil and it>^gious lilterty, but
they had Iwen engaged in commerce and manufactures,
and had seen Avhat it was to live in a land where tho tra-
ditional de8|)otic English exactions were unknown. We
must attribute to them, and to their friends at home, an
undue measure of sclf-sufliciency, at a- time w^en they
were absorbing ideas from every quarter, if we cannot
appreciate the effects of their observations and experi-
ence on tho political life of their native land. But when
wo descend to details we are not left without evidence
upon this question. «8
The Long Parliament began its proceedings with the
passage of a scries of measures, which every historian
extols as establishing the foundation of the modem Eng-
lish Constitution. The first provided for regular ses-
sions of Parliament— something before unknown ; then
followed acts declaring the illegality of ship-muhey, and
hying down the principle that no duties could Iw im-
posed without the consent of Parliament. After this
came the abolition of the courts of Star-chamber and
High Commission, and a statute providing that no sub-
ject should l)e impressed and compelled to go out of the
kingdom fdr military service, except in case of invasion,
unlesi he was held to such service by military tenure.*
* See IlnlUm, Tnnffcll-Lsngrmewl, etc., oa the point that tbcK
St* MtAblUlied iiKKlcrn EoglUh libertjr.
vVKB BiPUBucAN MfriTrnoin nt BxauKo an
. These were noteworthy measutvs, and they form brilliant' '
landmarks in English history. Yet the reader of the
foregoing pages does not nee<l to be reminded that their :
underlying principles, so faintly outlined in the ]>ast of
England, had long before this time l)een battled for and
firmly established in the Dutch Republic.
The next step of this famous body was to exclude the
bishops from a voice in the IIou.se of Lords. This woe
a novelty, for which a precedent was found in Holland,
where the clergy had no representation in the legisla-
ture. The next raea.sure, which, acconling to Ilallam,
was clearly unconstitutional — that is, op]x>sed to all
precedents T— and led to the Civil War, was Iwrrowed
from the Dutch Kepublic. This was the demand of
Pariiament that it, and not the king, shonld control the
military forces of the nation.* Added to this was the
further demand, also lKirrowe<l fijom the Dutch Itepnb-
lic, that all officials afipointed by the crown should be
subject to Parliamentary cunffrniation.f Again, when
the war broke out, its o])erations were conducted on the
popular side by a committee of Parliament, just as they
had been conducted by the Council of State or the States-
General during the rebellion in the Xcthcrlands.^
* HiklUin, ii. 1»3. t Macnuliij'a ■■ IlUt. nf England," i. 103.
{ In IMS, tbcro wa> formally organiznl a Cimncil of Slate, which
at first took for itself the title of the " Lorila Statea-Oencral," in
imitation of the Nctherlandi. This conncil. nine times reappointed
by tiiflerent Parliaments (see Wliitclock, pattirn), continued through-
out the life of the Commonwealth to exercise almost all the cxeco- .
tivo power of the nation, while it also perfonned many of the legia-
lative dntie* of an upper house of Parliament. See as to its organ-
iation and T«at power "The Interregnum," by ludcrwick, pp. 8, IS.
It consisted originally of fortynine memlurs, but the number was
changed IVom time to time. It had its prototype in the "Counoil
u;..!^
m.
880 THC PtmiTAIf a aOUAMD, KiaUSCD, AND AimnoA
With tho defeat and execution of Charles we enter
apon a period in which the Dutch influence is even more
marked. As Hume says — and it may be remarked that
he, who is called a Tory, is the only historian of Eng-
land to notice the fact — " The new splendor and glory
of the Dutch Commonwealth, where liberty so happily
supported industry, made the commercial |>art of the na-
tion desire to see a like form of government established
in England." •
How pot<int was this influence, and how intimate were
the relations between tho two countries, are shown by
tho scheme laid out by Parliament in 1651 for an
amalgamation of the Dutch Kcpublic with tho English
Commonwealth. Tho proposition was never actually
submitted, for the preliqiinaries leading up to it— the
surrender of the royalists who had taken shelter in
Holland — were found to be inadmissible.f Yet the
fact that the ruling authorities in England desired a
union of tho two countries under one head, with a Coun-
cil or Parliament in which the republic was to have its
nf State" in tlie NcthcrUod Republic, wliicli regained ita authority
after tlio dralli of Bamevcld. Dariea, ii. 824; etc.
• " Hiit of England," lii. 578.
t Iol641,Ayilliiiin,'el<le«t8onofFredcricIIcnrjr,Prince of Orange,
had married a daughter nf Charles I. The young English prince*
Cbarle* and Jamci found a home with tlioir brother-in-law in Hol-
land, and among some of the t\pper clutaea in that country had a
atrong following. The authorities were shocked at the execution
of the king ; and the people at large, much as they sympatliiie<I with
the English Puritans, were unwilling to violate all their traditions
by surrendering the royalists who had sought their country as a
place of refuge. This was the beginning of the difflculties-between
the republic and the Commonwealth, which were increased by the
natural desire of tlie English t» secure a |>ortion of the commerce
which the Netberlandera had absorbed.
wnr A RipcBuo in BtauND was limwnBLi • iSt
reprawntatires, throws much light upon the situation.*
The rejection of these overtures led to a wur, during
which England passed her famous Navigation Act, which
virtually excluded from her ports all the sliiiw of the
republic, and accomplished so much in building up her
commerce.
But bitter as were the feelings of hostility Iwtween
the two nations engendered by this war, and lasting as
was the enmity of the English against the Dutch— an
enmity which colors most English literature for many
years— the statesmen of the ('ommonwealth still contin-
ued to logic to the republic for their ideas of |K>litical
and«legai reform. Scheme after scheme was pro))o8e«I
for a new constitution of the English government. To
the English reader moat of these schemes niny seem
novel, but the student acquainted with the system of
the Dutch Republic will llnd familiar features in many
of their beneficial provisions-t We need not discuss
them here, since every scheme failed, for the simple rea-
son that the people were unfitted for self-government ;
and in this brief statement we have the explanation of
English history from the execution of Charles until the
restoration of his son.
The men who desired to found a republic in England
had before them the example of the Xctherlandcrs; but,
unfortunately, they were working under very different
conditions. The capacity for full self-government comes
only from long experience in political affairs. It is baseil
on self-control and toleration of the opinions of others.
* Diviet, ii. 707; Oeddet'i " John Off Witt ;" Ladlow'a"MemaIis,"
p.l48(ed. 177t),etc.
t Theso Tarioua lugKntioDa will be fuunil In Qardiner'i "Consti-
tutional Docuincnti of the Puritan Rerolution."
S88 mt POaiTAH M BOLLARD, nOLAND, AHD.AVMnCA
which are fruits of very glow growth. A nation doei
not acquire this capacity by putting on new institations,
any more than gavugcs acquiro civilization liy fitting them
out with ready-made garments from a tailor's workshop.
When the Netherlandcra abjured their king, they had
behind them the experience of centuries, during which
they had daily pa8se<l their own laws and managed
their own affaint. In all this experience the Englishmen
were wanting. Their Parliaments were schools which
the pupils very rarely attended ; and of local self-govern-
ment, except in their chartered towns, few in number
and with small populations, they know almost nothing.
But there was something more than this. A republic
to be stable must rest on intelligence and virtue. IIow
the Dutch Republic stood in these resiiocts, Itoth as to
the people an<l the ruling classes, wo have already seen.
In England, unhappily, there was no such genend foun-
dation for free institutions. Men were there, and men
in krge numbers, intelligent and virtuous ; but the over-
whelming mass of the population were of a ve'ry differ-
ent typo, illiterate, irreligious, immoral, and many of
their representatives were worthy of such constituents.*
Ouizot says of the I»ng Parliament, just before its sum-
maiy dissolution, that it " became notorious as a den of
* The mnsKi were " living a life of practical bcatheniBui." — Giir-
(lincr, iii. 343. " Tliejr read not the Scripturo nor any f;oo<l l>ook
or Catocliisni. Fnc of titm nmld rtail, or had a BiiU." — •' The True
Hittnrj of Council*," by liichanl IlAxtcr, p. 90, i|Uotetl Oanlinrr,
viii. 1S4. Hot- also "The Interrvgnum," pp. 99, 100, fur an nccotint
of the illitcrary at the tlay, CTen among nfflcial peraona. Cromwell,
it may he nollreil, had in contem|ilation at the time of hia death Ilia
eatabliihmcnt of a rtee-Hliool ay«t«m (u«h aa exiited ia Um Ketb«^
landa. Idem, pp. 100, S17. '
m cfoKDimpff or ixatttn uw as*
iniquity and corraption." * Kven Green, tbo panegyrist
of hia people, admits that the Commonwealth broke
down before the vices of the nation, and all the author- -
ities unite in this conclusion.t
Under such conditions it was evidently imiMmsible to .
introduce the free institutitins uf the Dutcli Itepublic.
Equally impossible was found to bo the task of intro'
ducing its enlightened legal system. This attempt, how-
ever, was mad§ on a vary large scale, and ultliough the
subject is little noticed by historians, it is one of great
importance.
Of all the reforms needed in England, that of the kw
was perhaps the most ui^nt. In the general features
of its administration the system had been little changed
since the (lays of the Hrst Edwanl.:^ As to its details,
a mass of abuses had grown up which made the name
of justice nothing but a mockery. Twenty thousand
cases, it was said, stood for judgment in the Court of
Chancer}', some of them ten, twenty, thirty years old.
In all the courts the judges held their |K«itions at the
pleasure of the crown. They and their clerks, the mar-
shals, and the sheriffs exacted exorbitant fees for every
• Ouixot't IJ Cromwell," p. 204, oil. R Bcntlcy & 8<>n, London, 1877.
t Green's " lliitory of llie Engliih People," Ixiok vil. clisp. xii.
Bee iiltn lUIUiu, Hume, Macaulay, nil of whom tenlify to the whole- ^
•ale camiption iinil immorality, u well lu tn the ferocity ileveloped
under tliu Coniraouwetltb. It would be very unjust, howcTer, to
clisixe this condition of aflkirs to Puritanism. No such results fol-
lowed its rule iu Holland, nor was there such corruption in New
England. In fact, the corruption in England at this period was less
than that under James I., and the feriKlty was far excecdeil after the
Restoration of the Stuarts. , But republics cannot live in an air that
will sustain a monarchy.
{ CaiuplMll'a " Lives of the Chief Justices," " Life of Hale."
M4 TUB PURITAN IN BOLUHO, BROUHD, AND AMkRICA
service, and on their cause-list gave the preference to the
liaitor with the longest purse.* Legal documents were
written in a barbarous jargon which none but the ini-
tiated could understand.! The lawyers, for centuries,
.had exercised their ingenuity in perfecting a system of
pleading, the main object of wl)ich seems to have been
to augment their charges, while burying the merits
of a cause under a tangle of technicalities which would
secure them from disentombment. The result was that
law had become a luxury for the rich alone.^
In criminal matters the grievances were even greater.
The prisoner at the liar was called on to plead to on in-
dictment, written in a language of which, unless he ,was
a scholar, ho could not understand a word. The men in
the jury box, upon whom his fate depended, were picked
out by the sheriff of the county, who himself had been
appointeil by tho crown Irom among the wealthy land-
owners. The witnesses against him were subpoenaed by
the Slate, and gave their testimony under tho religious
sanction of an oath. Ho was allo«ved no witnesses,
nothing but his own unsworn statement. Finally, the
prosecution was permitted to have a counsel for the con-
duct of the entire cause, and for a final summing up be-
fore the jury ; Uie foroordained culprit was allowed no
counsel for the cross-examination of the witnesses against
him, and was coni|)ellcd to sum up to the jury for him-
* " The Intcrreftnum," pp. 3, >.
i A ipccimen of tliia jargiin, taken fhiin Roll*'*" AI>ri<l);ineot," p. 8,
it given I7 Indcmick : " 8! iin ilotte invito un kLsupiier et le nuit
(•teant fair apent il lui invite a ttajrer la tout le nuit, ail aoit aprea
robbe encore le Iloate ne acrni charge pur ceo, car ceat guest ne fait
aienn Traveller."— Wem, p. 204.
t Bee Hall's " Societ; in the Elizabethan Age," a* to the vealtb of
tbe lawyers and tlieir abuses.
m tMMT DMANM LAW MTDBin tM
■elf. One may well ask what was the condition of the
poor under Ruch a aystem.
The English law, both civil and criminal, which waii
administered at ihia time, was well worthy of the ni»-
chinery for ita administration. With the exception of
some reforms, introduced by the chancellors from the
Roman jurisprudence, h too had made little pro)p«a8
for more than three centuries,* and id some respects it
had retrograded under the Stuart rule. The Tudors, with
all their shortcomings in oth6r directions, had by their
legislation, like many other enlightened despots, ever
■ought to protect the middle classes and the poor from
the oppression of the rich. The 8tuarts inherited from
their predecessors the defects of an iniquitous legal sys-
tem, which Imre most heavily on the poor; but they
never 'attempted to mitigate its evils by anv of the n-
dressive measures that served largely to make Henry
VIII. and Elizabeth the idols of the people. They had
very different ideas regarding the relations of a king to
bis subjects from those held by the monarchs of English
blood to whom they bad Buccccded.
When the Ixmg Parliament luid, as it thought, done
away with the Stuarts forever, it was oompclle<l by the
pressure of public opinion to give some attention to the
question of legal reform. It appointed a committee
upon this subject, which, in 1050, reported a bill, subse-
quently passed, for the use of the English language in
legal documents. Beyond this, however, it did little
until after the return of Cromwell from the victory of
Worcester, with an army beliind him intent on redress-
ing the abuses of the State.
Under this pressure, and wisely appreciating its own
•Cunpbell'f "LiTM of tbe Chief JuXicet," "Hale.'*
II.— 86
MM TBI PCTOTAN m BOIXAMD, nOUim, ARD AMMUOA
inoompotence to deal with the moit crying ovil of tho
time, Parliament, in January, 1052, appaint<Ml a commit-
tee of men having nu voic^ in legislation to consider
with its own stamlingrommittee all qucstionii connected
with the reformutioii of the hiiv.* Thia special commit-
tee, of which Matthew Halo, afterwards Chief Justice of
Enghind, was the chairman, is the most memorable body
in the history of legal reform from the days of Justin-
ian until wo oomo to the framcrs of the Na|ioltH>nio
Coile. it consisted, at Hrst, of twenty-one ni<>niliers,
lawyers, soldiers, clergymen, merchants, and other lay-
men; and subsequently added to its ranks two other
men famed for their kAowledge of tho Civil Law.f In
addition, it was in frequent consultation with Helden,
one of the most learned Englishmen of the age, and with
Whitelock, another man of superior legal attainments,
one of the Commissionera of the Great Seal— tliat is, an
acting chancellor.
For some eigHleen months the labors of this commit-
tee were oontinuo«l, and in that time it submitted to
Parliament a series of proposed measures which, if
adopted, woold have revolutionixed the legal and social
system of the country. Very few of them, as we shall
shortly see, were accepted at the time, but the mere fact
of their suggestion is nf marked historical interest.
• Whltrtock (fot. ed. 178J), pp. 8!», 580.
f "Th« Interrtganm," p. 200. The untlior of thia lMM>k omit* one
of tlw iminM of the origiiiiil committee Riven in the foliu editioa of
Wbitelnck, and alio ulate* that the committee waa appolntcil by tli*
Conncil of State, wliiln Whitelock aaya that it was appointed l>j Par-
liament (p. StO). Thia triTinI diflerence perliapa ariaes fVora llie iiwt
that Inderwtck haa corrected Whitelock by conaolting other an-
thoritica.
MATnuw uAun comnrm-iHrDBTANcB or its work 387
In the flnt place, the raeuurea proposed by this com-
mittee form the baaig of almost allthe imfirovoments in-
trodaond into the jurisprudence of England for the last
two oenturiea, while some of the more important of
them are still demanded by an ever-increusing army of
intelligent reformers.* This fact shows the advanced
ideas which oontrolled many of the leaders of the Com-
monwealth, who unfortunately were in a small minor-
ity, and never oould influence the mass of the po|)u-
lation.
In the second place, the work of this famous commit-
tee throws much light upon the influence then exerciseil
on EngUnd by the Nutherland liepublic. Few of its
members were unacquainted with the institutions of
their neighbors,'!' and at least one of them hud live<I in
Holland for many years. This was the famous Hugh
Peters, who presided over a congregation at Kotterdaiu
from 1023 to 1635, when he emigrated to Magguchusctts,
returning afterwards to England. According to AVhitc-
lock, this representative of the clergy was nmotig the
most active in the business. He was probably, liere as
elsewhere, disagreeably self-assertive, claiming a knowl-
edge of the law proceedings of IlulUnd which in detail
he did not possess. lie mnst have been, however, fa-
miliar with the general features of the system, the adop-
tion of which he nrged with his accustomed vigor, while
his ignorance of its details was supplied by the pro-
fessional knowledge of Whitelock, Selden, and the mem-
* For authnritirt upon tliii iubject, mc Cmnplieir* " Lire* of the
Chief JMtice*," " Hale ;" Hallam'a " Conat. niat." il. S.IS ; T/onl Hom-
era'a''Tr««la'yeilite<iyy Walter Scott), vl. 178; and, more fully, "The
Interregnum," |>. 201, etc.
t See Maaaon'a " Iiifo and Timea of Milton," vol. ir. patiim.
MS TUI ttrilTAR A BOUAKIi, BiaURDk AXD AMniCA
bera of t|ie committoe who were learned in the Oivil
Law.* ,
How far this Xetherlanil inflaonoe extended is shown
by the reformatory acts which the committee submitted
to the Long Parliament for adoption as the hiw of Eng-
land. Of course, in a work like this only the barest
outline of this proposed legislation can be given. Bat
such an outline may lie of interest, even to the unprofes-
sional reader, as showing the state of English law at this
|)crio<l by the measures proixwetl for its reform, apart
from the question of their derivation from the Nether-
land8.t V
* '' I WM often MiviMd with lijr Mmo of thi> committee, Mil none
KU mnro aftive in tlie bnsinpM tlitn Mr. Ilngli Pvtcn,lhe minister,
irlio understood little of tlie Uv, but wwi rcry opiniondiTe, nnti would
frequently mention *nnie proceedings of law in Holland, wherein lie
was altogether miataken." — Whilelock, p. 531. Wliltclock cTidentlj
knew how to correct the errors of IVicr*.'
t In regard to the work of this committee there are souiopopalar
misconceptions, arising probably from a carelea* statement of Hallam
in his " ConstitutionnI History." He says in this work (ii. 133, note,
Amcricnn e<l. 1804) : " It even ap|)enn that they dn-w up n bo<ik con-
taining n regular digest or code, which was urtlered to bo printed
—Journal*, ZOtb Jan., IMa" Upon the authority of this foot-note,
Matthew Hale, the chairman of the committee, is sometimes spoken
of as the father of English codiScation. But the Journal of Parlio-
iDcnt (loi'S not l>ear out Ilallam's aUtenicnt It speaks only of a
" Book of the Law " submitted liy the cummittce, and this was prob-
ably a compilation of the measures which they bad proposed fVom
lime to time. On 21st Jan., lOSli, three hundred copies of this book
were onlerni to be printed fur the use of memlien only. Whether
this order was carried out or uot,I cannot learn. My friend Mr. 8. R
Van Campen, to whom I am indebted for other researches, tella
me that after a carefUl examination in the Hrilish Husenro,in which
' examination be baa had all the assistance of its ofllcials, no copy of
this publication can be found., Hy own opinion is that it was act
uwouu paorosiD bt tiu committu-tbiui oskiim 889
Among the flnt acta propowxl by thii oommittee wm
on^ borrowed from IloIUkiuJ, providing for mRrriagei by
a civil magiatntta instead of by a minister, oa had ulwaya
been required before* The more important of those
which followed may be briefly summarized as follows:
All test oaths to be abolished in the universities "and
corporations. Members of Parliament not ^ practise
law during sessions. Ho offices, or reversions of the
same, to be sold. Duelling forbidden, the person pro-
voking a duel by an insult to be fMinishablo. Debts
made aasignable^f Solicitation of judges and bribery
forbidden. Every county to have a registry for record-
ing deeds, mortgages, and other encumbrances on .real
estate4 All wills to be recorded. Personal estates of
intestates to be divided, one third to the widow, the rest
equally among the children.g Persons leaving real es-
tate which by law or custom goes to one child, with
other children unprovided for, one third of the estate
to go to the other children. Common recoveries to he
abolished, and estates-tail to be alienated as if held in
publiihed anttl the meeting of tbe Berebone* Parliament, in Joly,
WIU; and to tbe publication then ordered of all the meature* aub-
mitted to the previoui body m; alluaiona will be made. Sec I^nl
Somen'a " Tracta " (ed. of Walter Scott), ri. 178, etc. I may alao aild
that Inderwick, in hie work on " The Interregnum," roakea no refer-
ence to tbe publication ordered by Parliament Jan. 3Ut, 1838, and
diacredila tbe idea that a general code of the law wai ever auggeatcd
(p. SOI). He tella the author, in a letter, that he never heard of auch
• code.
* Thia ayatem bad been already adopted in New Kngland, where
it prevailed without an exception /or liity yeara. Doyle'f "Puri-
taaa," ii. 87. Bradford, in hii " Hiatory of Plymouth," p. 101, aaya
that it came from Holland, sod cites the law of that oouatry passed
In 1590.
t Borrowed ftom Uollaal tUfM* fUsa.
no Til* TVUTkH IN HULLAMD, MaLAND, AHD AMUUCA
fee. Tho whole jury ayitem to be nsformed, ao th«t
jurymen would be selected, not arbitrarily by the ■beriff,
but from a jury lilt, by lot, lu at tho prmient day. Court*
to be pstabliihed in every county, with juriadiction over
all c«ae« except thoae involving the title to land. Small
debts to be collected by a cheap and simple process ; the
judgment debtors, if insolvent, to work out the debt, as
in New England.
All lands made liable for debts.* All persons alike to
be subject to the proceedings of justice, without any priv-
ilege.f Proceedings in chancery reformed and simplif
fleil. Pleadings in Common Law roduce<l to short and
intelligible fornis-t
Such were some of the proposed civil reforms. Those
in tho criminal law wei* no K«8 far-reaching. '• Peine
forte et dure" was to be alwlished.^ All prisoners ac-
cused of crfhie to be allowed counsel, if employed by the
prosecution, and their witnesses to be sworn. j Benefit
of clergy abolished.^ Corruption of blood and forfeiture
• Borrowfil ft»m IlolUnil t Wem.
{ 8ixt«n fpeciDien fiiriui wrre RircK, whicli ini niiicli like thoM
under tlie New York Cntl« nf 1848. ,
tTbif «u the ilow torture qf pieuing » perton to tieiith willi
lieav; weiglits who rcfuKil l<> |ilc*il to. an indictment. If he did
not plead, hit ettale could nut lie ronBucatcd. It wm not aholitlied
in England until 1771, the lait recorded caM »r ii« a|iplication be-
ing in 17$. I.eek7'i " England in the Eighteenth Centor;," i. S4V.
It wa* not intmdncvd into any of the Americt\n coloniva except
MauochUMtta. The only instance of Ita application there it in the
caao of Oile* Corey, who. daring the witch madneaa of 1603, was
prewed to death at Saleoi wit It reTolting cmelly. Waahbum'n
•• Judicial Ilittury of Maaaachutetu ;" Palfrey'i ~ New England," til.
101.
' ; ' I Borrowed frooi Holland. Of tliii I ahall apeak fully hereafter.
lldem.
oppMiTioN or-rARLUMiirr to law MroKsia Ml
of property in caao of nianiUughter abolislied* Wom-
en no longer to be burned, but hangecl like men.-t- I'uii*
isiiment of death for steitling alK)li»he<l4 Suicide* not
to forfeit their property. 'Ao(|uitt«4l priaonors not to
pay jkileni' fuea, and in pro|)cC c<j|p* to recover coalB.^
Such is an outline of the more salient legal rcfonni
Ragge8to<l by thii illuatrious committee. Aloet uf them,
ai wo shall we more particularly hereafter, when tli«
question of their introduction into America comes to Iw
considered, were borrowed from the jurisprudence of
Holland. Unfortunately, the people to whom they were
proposed wore as little fitted for their adoption as they
were for th^ acceptance ofTcpublican institutions. The
whole body of men who fattened on abuses, the men
who controlled the Long Parliament, wore opposed to
any change in the legal system. In the words of Crom-
well, one of the most earnest of legal reformers, " The'
sons of Zeruiah, the lawyers, were too many for them." |
None of the proposed measures were adopted, except
that for the solemnization of marriage by the civil^au-
thorities, and even this was ]io6t{K>ned for the action of
the Barebones Parliament.^
By nothing did the Long Parliament, great a$ had
been its earlier work, so much excite the enmity of the
reforming spirit of later days as by its opposition to the
• Borrowed from HolUnd.
I Idem. Not |Mnod in Eoglind until HSO. Leckj
] Idem. Continnrd in England until nineteenth century.
f Idem. The llr«t not pueed in EngUnd until « rerjr recent date,
the latter not Kt All.
I See Ludlow's "Memoir*" (fol. ed. 1771), p. 184; Hosmei'i "Sir
Henry Vane." p. 4t8: Carlyle'i "Cromwell." Onebt. ii. £63.
1 Whitelock, p. MS.
^
SM TH« rDBITAM IN HOLLAND, BNaLAHD; Uttt AMMOOA
redreM of legal abuiea. Petition* wero prraent^ to
it upon this subject with thou^ntU of lignaturcs, and
one of tlicM petitions, given by Whitelock,* ttanila out
among the most instructive doouinenta of the time,
showing the magnitude of the g^evanoos then com-
plained of. In all this movement the anny woa the
most active. It, too, {letitionod for the reform of the
Iaw,t but its voice was unheard, the Ix)ng Parliament
having at this time a more important question for con-
sideration—that of its own continuance as the ruling
power in the Btate. Wo need not wonder, therefore,
that when Cromwell, with the army behind him, abol-
ished its sittings, hot even^ dog barked in its behalf.^
In calling the Iterebones Parliament as its successor,
the question of k>gal reform was made a leading one by
Cromwell. But the session of this parliament was very
brief, and it accomplisheil little. With its surrender of
power, in December, 1(153; Cromwell became the dicta-
tor of the nation, lie introduced some im|>rovements
into the practice of the Court of Chancery, and the
judges whom he appointed were to bold office during
good behavior.§ It was reserved for the colonists across
the Atlantic to take up, under very different conditions,
and give to the English -s|>caking race the republican
laws which had been rejccte<l by the mother country. '-
But although the Dutch Republic oould not, for many
years, influence England in the direction of legal reform,
there was one subject upon which its influence was, for
a time, supreme. This was religions toleration. The
*P.8IT. t See iM pctiHoo, WhUelMk, p. S41.
t Oirljrie'i "Cmmweil," •pcech iii.
{ Eren h to thew reform*, he was icpudiAtcd by tlx retoraiiig
Stasrtt.
MUQioca TuuuuTioM-iiirumcB or tbi NrranLANM . I9(
English Civil War, when it fint broke out, oo far as it
bad a religioas aspect, was a contest between two par-
ties, equally intolerant. Un the on6 si<le stood the Iligh-
Churchmen, with their idea of a divine Episcopocy. On
the other side stood the Scotch I'resbytcriatiH, with their
idea of a divine Kirk. The latter were soon joined by
the great body of the Puritan clergy, who, until this
date, had kept within the .establishment, although long-
ing for the Presbyterian discipline. These men formed
almost the whole body of the Westminster Assembly,
which set out to reorganize the English Church. They
abolished Episcopacy, not to establish religious liberty, ^
but to substitute in its place their own Presbyterian
establishment, under which they would fill the rectories,
collect the tithes, and enjoy the incomes atbiched to the
old livings. In many of their ideas they w«ro fully as
intolerant as their opponents, for, if they could have
>had their way, they ,would have punished heresy with
death, a» Elizabeth and James liad done.*
But there was another element in the religious field
which soon controlled the situatiopt Until 1041, tlie
English people knew comparatively little of the Inde-
{londents. They had been driven out of England by
Elizabeth, and her persecutions had been followed up
by those of her successors; although, an we have al-
ready seen, some of them returned to England during
the reign of James, founding Baptist and Congregation-
al churches. Meanwhile they had settled Plymouth in
America, and had converted most of the New England
Puritans to, the idea of the Congregational system of
oharoh government. But when the Civil War broke
* OiMD't "Short nittor;," p. 88S. "Nsw Picriiytcr i« bat old
PriM writ his<.''-~l(Ultoii.
KIM TUB PVRITAM rH HOLLAND, JUQLARD, AND AMniCA
out theae inon began t<> return to England in greater
numbers. Five uf their prominent clerical leaders came
directly from Holland, and others, among Whom was the
famous Hugh Peters, came back by the way of New
England, after a prior residence in Holland.* The first
five sat in the Westminster Assembly. There, however,
they could do little to modify the intolerance of the
majority.! But although the clergymen in England
^were not to l>e affected by ideas of toleration, there
was a powerful clasa in tDe community more open to
such teachings.
The army with which Pifrliament first met the king
was made up of hireling recruits, driven to ^enlistment
by want or idleness.^ After the battle of Edgehill, in
October, 1642, Cromwell said td Hampden that " they
never would get on with a set of poor tapsters and
town apprentice people, fighting men of honor. To
cope with men of honor they must have men of relig-
ion." g He got his "men of religion," anil he found
them almost entirely in the few eastern' and south-
em counties, where a hundred thousand Netheriand
refugees had settled seventy years before.]
The men who made up the new army of Ironsidea
which won the victories of Naseby and Dunbar — the
men who smiled only as they went into battle,' and
* Muaon, ii. SOI.
t 8e« Neal u to Ike Indrpcndcnt element in the Wntminiter At-
•cmbly. { Micmulmy.
I C»riyle'»" Cromwell," 1. 1«. '
I See HsMon an<l other luithoritie* cited. Vol. I. p. 4^8. 8|ioaking
of the king's Miccew in the Wnt And North, lUIUm uyi: " But h«
Was nerer able to ninko any durable imprewion on what veen called
the associate^ connties, eitending from Norfolk to Sussex inclosiv*-
iy."—" Const. Hist," ii. US.
CROIIWai.L-8 ARMT-IM ORIOnt AND CHABACTCR
S»5
never counted the odds against them— were not Pres-
byterians, like the ministera in tlio Westminster Assem-
bly of Divines or the legislators in the Long Parlia-
ment. They were Independents^ the Baptists forming .,
the largest element— men Avho believed in self-govern- \
ment. in the Church aa well as in the State.* Their '
officers were many of them soldiers who had IxHin .
drilled in the wars of the republiCif and their minis-
ters were men who in the republic had passed years
of exile.J With them stood Roger Williams, who had
brought back to England the liberal ideas,wliich he had
carried to Rhode Island; the young Sir Henry Vane, and '
others like him,-who had been educated upon the Con-
tinent. These men could not ho persuaded, here any
more than in America, that liberty of conscience was
an evil.g ■ „
* Masson, iii. 90-09. t "Tlio Fighting'Vcres," p. 458.
I Green's " Short History," p. 644, etc.
§ The Engliahmen nf Cromwell's time who regiiri1e<1 toleration m
"a coTennnt with hell," as most of the Presbjtcriana did, were full;
aware of the source from which it spnmg. The pamphlets of the
day have constant allusions to Holland ns the nursery of the Inde-
pendents and Baptists and the fountain -hcail of toleration. Hee
sonic quotations in Barclay's "Inner Life," p. tSS. etc. : " Many places
in Engknd ant( London are too much Amslerdamniflnl." " The Krn-
temity at Amsterdam and the Browuists in town are brethren of th«
same trilw.''— Pamphlet, 1649, Brit. Museum. 8o, in some doggerel
Teises ridiculing a cobbler who had turned preacher, we And —
"f or, (lilce a man inspired iVom Amsterdam)
He scorned no sutor ultra crepidani."
Baxter, who bitterly denounced toleration, writes : "Five or six
ministers who came from Holland and the Brownist relicts did drira
on others, acconling to their dividing principles, and sowed the
Bccds which afterwards spread over all the land."—" Baxter's Life,"
ftom his manuscript, by- ByWeater, p. 59. Owen Fclltham, writing
8H Till rUBITA» m IIOLLAMD; KSOLMIB, AMD AimiOA
Thi8 army, as Masson says, was the nursery of all
that was best in the political thought of the England
of that day.'* In ]xilitical matters, however, it could
accomplish nothing for the nation. It wished legisla-
tive and legal reforms, but it represented only a small
fraction of the people. Any new Parliament, represent-
ing England at large, would have made short work of
all its sdicmes. The Long Parliament became utterly
corrupt, and its members were as. much opposed to a
republic -as they were to legal reforms or religious tol-
eration. Nothing remained except the recall of the
Stuarts or the establishment of a military despotism.
The latter experiment was tried, and Cromwell l>ecame
in name the Protector, in fact the autocrat of Eng-
land.t
of nolland nlmut thia time, remarked : " Let but aome of nur 8eps-
ratbta be askcit, and tbcy shall swear that the Elysian Fields are
there."— Fclltham'» " Resolves " (I2tli cd., I-ondon, 1709), p. 605. In
another place, the same author, in criticnif(g the Puritans' objections
to the good things of this life, quotes for their benefit from Ecclesi-
Bstes, " Nay, there is no profit to man but that he eat and drink and
delight his soul with the profits of bis labors," and says, "I haro '
more faith in one Solomon than in a thousand Dutch positions of
such opinionists."— Idem, p. 10, " Of Puriliins." A Preabytcriao
pamphleteer of the Commonwealth dcscrilKd Holland as " a cage
. for unclean birds." Baylie's "Dissuasive from the Errors of the
Tinies"(ia4S), p. 9. Another called it " the staple of sects and tlia
mint of schism." Marvell's "Works" (cd. 1776), iii. )!80, quoted
Doyle's " Puritans," i. 38.
♦ " Life and Times of Milton," iv. 10. 8o Orecn remarks : " For
the last two hundred years England has been doing llltle more than
ckrrying out in a slow and tentative way the scheme of |iolitical and
icligious reform which the army propounded at the close of the Civil
War."—" Short History," p. 549.
t'Evcn Hallam, who' criticisei Cromwell in very uniHendly terms,
admits that his assumption of power became a neoeisitj. "Crom-
CnOMWBU.'B RCLK-IUUJ0I0C8 TOLIRATION 807
Whether Crotnirell was a high-minded, digintcrcsted
patriot, seeking only his country's good, or whether he
was a self-seeking adventurer, looking oqly to the ag-
grandizement of himself and his family, is a (juestion
which we need not discuss. Men will probably differ
about it for many generations,- although the weight of
modem opinion is greatly with the Cromwellians.*
Coming to power by unconstitutional methods, his rule
was, of course, unconstitutional, and in some features
more arbitrary and obnoxious, especially against the
up|)cr classes, than anything experienced under the
Tudors or the Stnarts.f
But although Cromwell may have harried the Roy-
alists as the I'nritana had never been harried by the ,
Church, although he may have hanged men without the
'forms of law, and although he irapose<l upon the peo-
ple illegal exactions for the public benefit such as they
had never known, before, ho did one, thing, in addition
to giving peace, greatness, and prosperity to the land,
well's «nainptioii, thereforr, of the title of Protector wnii i\ iicceMarr
and wholosonie usurpation, however he nia; have caiiscil tlio'ncccs-
sity."— "Const. Hist." ii. 88«.
• Gneist, ii. 258-266.
-t Hallain's " Const. Uist.," ii. 943; Oncist, li. 270. Bnt these au-
thors do not tell the full atpry. The best account of this period,
in some of its fenturcs, has been written liy Indcrwick, in a receut
work entitled " The Interregnum," to which I have made fivqnent
reference. Following the example set by Hall in his "Society in
the Elimlwthan Age," this author has gone back to the original
documents, and shown the true condition of the people — a condi-
tion which, as in t1)/caac of the Tudoni, furnishes the only excuse
for Cromwell's arbitrary rule. Unfortunately, Cromwell did not wear
a crown, and had behind him no royal pedigree to support bis en-
lightened despotism in favor of tlie lower classes. '
which is perhaps tho crowning glory of hii life. Wliilo
he niletl tho.Ktate, there was for the first time in Eng-
lish history something approaching religious toleration.
Upon this the army insisted, and hero they had their
way. This toleration, to be snre, did not embraco the
Catholics, for they were looked upon as public enemies,
although Cromwell shielded them whenever it was pos-
sible. But it erabrace<l every other sect, even including
the outlawed Jews, who had been exclude<l from the
realm since the days of the first Edward.*
liut Cxomwell died, and with him the Commonwealth
and religioiu toleration iioased away. The whole people
were tired of their short-lived experiment. Of all its
features, that of religious toleration was perhaps the
most obnoxious. The Presbyterians who recalled the
Stuarts ought to have known what the future had in
■tore for thorn. They seemed, however, to prefer perse-
cution to the covenant with hell, which embraced the
Independent sects. Hut, whatever their views upon this
subject, they certainly reaped .the ])ersecution. Charles
II. solemnly promised them indulgence, but he was a
monarch to whom promises were of no more account
than are his' tools to a burglar after the bank-safe is
♦ " The Interrrtpium," pp. 188, HT. 148. Ylie army wai in fliTOf
of a toleration eyen Air tlie Jewii, but it WM oppoacil lir llie leading
offlcen of the navr, who had nerer come undvr tlie influence of llol-
lanil. With tlie narj tlootl (he trading claMiMi, who were afVaid of
competition in butincM (p. 147). Ttic latter feeling lingered long Id
England. In 17JS, a bill in Parliament for the nntnraliting of the
Jewi «aa rcaifted bjr petitionii from all parta of the kingilnm, the
petition from I.ondan protcating agninat it ai lending extremely tif
Ihediahonor of the Cliriatiun religion, and extremely injurious to the
intereita and the rnmmerce of the kingdoiy in general and of the
city of London in particular. Emenon'a " Engliah Traita."
TBI STCARTT KltrORATION-PBIUKCTtOIl OP DIUKNTIiM 8M
opened. Having secured the throne of his fathers, he
oast his promises to ttie wind, and the Presbyterians,
equally- with the Independents, either went into banish-
ment or passed into the prisons, in wliich Hvo thousand
victims htid down their lives.*
With the-i^toration of the Stuarts, the English Puri-
tans, HB a party, disappeared from history, and their
name died with thejn.f For nearly a century they had
represented all that was best and most advanced in Eng- ,
lish life. They came mainly from the middle class — the
class which, always encourage<l by Elizal)eth, bad in her
days filled the universities, given England Iior literature,'-'
and made her glorious by sea and land. They now
passed into the ranks uf thtkDissenters, wlio were by
law excluded not only from public office, but from all
means of liberal education, Oxford and Cambridge being
closed against them for more than two centuries.^ It
was not their religious belief, as some writers have as-
sumed, but the action of the ruling jrawers, which locked
them up in a mental prison.^ No wonder that with the
kernel of the nation kept in confinement, England, which
under Elizabeth gave such brilliant promise for the fut-
* TlioM who cou\(i " not llv« In an cntlavetl country nliivd to
HoIIiukI, m an atylum in which tliey niiKht wait llio occasion of
better (irotpccta, or at the w'-nt breathe an air of liberty."— Hal-
lam, ii. 43.1.
t Strirtljr (peaking, a« perliapa H)nie critic may point out, tlio name
" Puritan "iliHppcarcil.aa applini to a party in the Church, during
the pmpvM of the Ciril War, almut 164<l.
t Oneitt, ii. S80.
I "The great English niiilille data, the kernel of the niition, the
elaaa wlinw intelligent sympntliy had upheld a 8hak6a|>eare, entered
the prison of Puritanism, and had tlio key iume<l on its spirit there
for two hundred years."— Matthew Arnold, " Eianys."
400 TBI rVklTAM IN UOLLAND, aNQLANn AND AMUKA
ore, leeming to open a new cm for mankind, made no lit-
tle advance in some directions for the next two centuriei.
Thanks to the spirit which had l)een breathed into the
nation by the Puritai\s, the men who composed the Eng-
lish Parliaments after the Kestoration heltl on tena-
ciously to some of the political ideas of their opponents,
thus hiying the foundations of English liberty. These
men no longer inclined to Puritanism on its religious
side, as all their predecessors had done before them. On
the contrary, it was now the}', and not the crown, who
were primarily responsible for the persecution of the
non-conformists. Parliament passing the most merciless
laws against them, and insisting that these laws should
bo enforced in all their rigor. Kut much as they hated
the Puritans as a religious sect, they hod no intention of
giving up what Puritanism had won in the civil field.
They retained all the laws passed by the Long Parlia-
ment limiting the royal power which were recognized aa
valid — that is, the ones to which the king ha<l given his
assent ; they at once abolished the tenure of land by
knight's service, doing away, among other grievances,
with the abuses of purveyance ; and before the death of
Charles II. they (Nissod the fanious Habeas Coq>us Act,
one' of the great bulwarks of English liberty.
The sturdy, practical, lilierty- loving Englishman, al-
though he hud re-establislied a monarchy, did not pur-
pose to confer upon his sovereign any sucji ])ower as was
exercised liy the absolute monarchs on the Cimtinent.
When, therefore, the second Junies attempte<l, in defi-
ance of Parliament, t«i exercise such a |)ower, his deposi-
tion follow<><l, nnd under the rule of th^ouse of Drango
the royal prerogative was still further curtailed.
The English government then became a limited mon-
archy, in which the sceptre was wielded, not by the kingy
rpUnCAI. AMD SOCIAL CUAHon IN naLAND ' ' 401
bat by a gmall body (A his subjects among tho aristoc-
ney. This wiis a great advance upon thu system cstab-
liabod over tlie greater part of Euru|)e, wliere the people
had no share in tho government at all, and Englishmen
may feel a very just pride in what their ancestors ac-
oomplished for the cause of civil liberty during the sev-
enteenth and eighteenth centuries. What tboydiU was
not ideally good, but it was so much better than the work
accomplished by most of their contemporaries as to en-
title them to tho unending gratitude of ufter-generations.
The Netlierland lie|)ublic, with its restricted area and
exposed {losition, was every year becoming of less im-
portance, and was Anally to fall l>efore the arms of
France. EngUnd at the same time was coming to the
front, and was being recognize<l everywhere as the
champion of European libelky. This liberty, to !« sure,
was not a broad one, but it was ba8c«l on an op|H>8ition
to tho absolutism of kingx, and contained within itself
all the elements of future growth. At flmt only the
upper classes shared in its advantages, but in the end
the world was to be the gainer.
Meantime, while the upper classes were securing ]K>lit-
ical rights for themselves, tho middle cloiises, exclutled
by law from the universities and from all liberalizing
pursuits, like the Chosen People of old turned their in-
domitable eneigy to the pursuit of gain. Copying and
improving on the agricultural system of the Nether-
landers, they made England one great garden. Imitat-
ing their manufactures, and adding those of the Hugue-'
nots from France, they made her also the manufactory
of the world. With agriculture ami manufactures there
came, too, an ex|ianded commoKe, and at the beginning
of the nineteenth century their country luui become the
richest on the globe. >-•
IL-a«
4M IHC PURITAN l!( nOtXAKD, KfOLAMU, AND AMTOCA
Hat with all her riches, much as thoy added to the
national comfort, and despite the vast strides which
she mode in science under the leadership of giants like
Newton, England for many years mwlo little advance
on some im|)ortant lines. Material ]>ro8perity bre<l an
adoration of wealth which has never been equalled in
any other land, except possibly in old Judea.* It also
bre<l a pew aristocracy, which in some respects com-
parwl very unfavorably with the one that it 8U|)er8cdcd.t
L'ndcr the feudal systepi, the baron and his retainers
made up one great family. The baronial hall was al-
ways open, and its table *a8 always spread for any one
craving hospitality. The tenant, under the old system,
might 1)6 oppressed, driven to warn, and subjcctetl at
times to outrageous exactions, liut, in tlip main, he
was the substantial owner of his land, ]>aying a small
rent, and assured in bis possession. Under the new
. aristocracy all this was change<l. Men who had made
their money in trade knew the value of a guinea. Full
rent was exacted for every acre of the land which they
had purchased. Then the old race of yeomen, who had
been the lione and sinew of the land, gradually disap-
♦ See Kmenon'i " Knglisli Trait*," "WenlOi." "Much of Ibe
■ncini |mwcr nf wvallh in England, dvlt and nbnvo iu material
power, i» due to n kind of wnctity that i« altaclied tu it, wliich
cornea, it is liclitTctl, from tlic Old Tcatament."— " French and Eng-
liab," b; Haniprtnn, Atlanlie Mmthtf, Nov., IH86, p. CM.
t "Tlie English ideal of aristocracy is now little nioiv tliaii a kind
nf Mipmne sanrtity given to tlic popular ailomtion of wealth." —
Idem, p. 610. Bee Oneist, ii. 373, etc., fur an account of the mode
in which the wealthy classes took possession of the Ilnnse of Com-
mona in the eighteenth century. Hy atatiite no person conk) repre-
sent a county unless he had an income of six hundred pounds <le-
rired from laud, nor a l>(>rough without one of three bundre<l imnnda.
mOUtH ■DOCATIOK, PBIAL ULWU, MAXKUU, WtO. 4M
pearod, to be replaced by the brutalized peasant of mod-
em England.*
Nor were these new aristocrats who had risen from
the ranks any more liberal and enlightened in ot,her
directions. They but illu8trate<l what was shown in
the South during slave-holding days, when the black
overaeer was found to be a much more severe task-mus-
ter than the white one. Under their rule, popular edu-
cation was utterly neglected, and no longer do we find
the universities tilled with [loor scholars sup])orte<i by
the rich, as was the case two centuries before. The
prisons and the criminal law were left as they stood in
the savage days of Klizabeth, save that in some re8|)ects
the latter had been made much more atrocious.^ As
to the manners of the ])copln at laige, they made little
advance, if anj;, from the time of the Tudom until far
into the eighteenth century.^
Truly, Knghuid paid a bitter penalty for her attempt
* See Kny't " Sorial Cnnditinn of tlic EngtUli People," Viil. I. p.
14, alao V<il. I. p. S5, etc., M tu.tlic rapidil; with which the liinU of
Kngland ia pawing into the hanila of a few peraona.
t In 1819, there were two liundroti and twentjr-tlirec offencca pun-
iahable with deatli in England: among tbcin wa« the (tealing of
pmpert; worth more than a •billing. Of thcw, one hundred and
ilftjr-aix bad been added in about a eentur;.
X See Leckjr'a " England in the Eighteenth Centurjr," piimim,
" Tlie mannen and taitca of the country gentry were often to the
faut degree coarae and illiterate."— I. 802. Bee aim Aahton's " SocUl
Life in Queen Anne'a lieign," and for a fuller account " England
and the English in the Eighteenth Century," by William Connor
Sydney (Macmillan A Co., 18tl). Tainc, apeaking of the time of
Byron, aaya: "Tliat which the whole of ciTlliaation hai alone derel-
oped in the Englishman is energetic will and practical faculties."
— " Hiat. of English Literature," ii. 393. As to the general defects
</ the eighteenth century in England, see OneW, ii. 440, 441.
404 TM PrUTAII IN nOLLAMD, SMOLAKO, AND AMIHICA
> to 'suppress Puritanism and republican ideas by exclad-
ing the kernel of the natipn from all liberalizing studies
, and from all power in the State.
Finally, civilizing commerce and mannfactures did
their work, and the memtiers of the middle chuw, who
had not become ennobled, began to control the govern-
ment. In 1839, they forced the passage of the Iteform
fiill, widening the suffrage, and doing away with the
old rotten boropghs. l^hea they began to look around
for social, legal, and other political reforms. Their an-
cestors, when similarly situated in the seventeenth cen-
tury, turned to the Dutch Republic for instruction.
'That republic was noyv dead, but it hoA handed on the
torch to a new republic across the ocean. In the intro-
duction, I have shown how rejuvenated Kngland has
followed America in her system of popular c^lucatkm,
freedom of religion, freedom of the press, the secret
ballot, prison reforms, and the entire refpmiation of her
legal system. I have also shown the source from which
America derive<l some of these republican institutions.
In the next chapter, this line of inquiry will be resumed.
N
CIIAPTKR XXII -. '
THB NETnERLAND REPUBLIC AND THE UNITED STATES
DKn or JIWCKICA TO TUB NKTHERlJlNDS
SiTKFRigE is sometitnes expressed that the attompt at
Belf-governraent on a I'uritan basis, wliich under the
Commonwealth failed so slKnally in Kngland, proved
sucoeasful in New England. 1'ho explanation is \ery
simple. New Kngland received the great' mass of its
settlen between 1630 and 104O, before the brcaking^out
of the Civil War. After hbetilities opened the immigra-
tion was insignificant. This was the ])criod in which
Puritanism was at its very best. The party was under
persecution, and had not yet begun to attract the ]Kiliti-
cal camp-followers who, in the prosperity of the (Tom-
raonwealth, brought discredit upon the name. A select
few Englishmen, as I have shown in the last chapter,
were just beginning to appreciate fully the evils which
they saw around them. They wore, in some respects
at least, two centuries in advance of their countrymen
at large. Believing that their native land was beyond
hope, some of them, and not the worst but rather the
best of the select few, set out to develop their ideas in
a new England across the ocean.
These men were not typical Englishmen ; and this is
one of the great underlying facts of American history.
They were picked men intellectually, for most of them
ooald read and write, while the mass of their country-
' MS nil rUKITAN IN BOIXAND, UUIJiND, AKD AMEUCA
men were wholly illiterate, and a large namber of tbeni
wera college gnuluatca* They were alan picked men,
morally. They claimed to Ite actuated by principle, and
most of them un<|uo8tionably wore «o. There was little
8C0|)C for knavery among thorn, and little reason for
hy|>ocriHy.. They were as exceptional a« were ("rom-
well's Ironsides, who, in ever^'thing save national cour.
age, stood so far apart from the mass of the (lopuhition.t
* Kew Kngbail, In IMO, oontaiocd alioat eighty miubton who
had been reguUrljt onlaineil in llie Epiacopal Church. All were
nnivcrailT men, moat' of them Imirinx ttuUied at t'anibri<lgr, the
■* Alma Mater of Piirilanlani." Mataon'a " Life ami Times or Mil-
ton," ii. M3. " Tlic colooiea had drawn off all that wn9 moat ener-
getic, much of what was moat ahle and learned in the ranki of tn-
dependcnry."— Uoyle'a '• Pnritana," ii. 85.
t It ia, of coiine, childiah at the picaent day to tpcok of tliia roorp-
menl aa if it were purely a rrligiout etotlus. Iluiue hna iliown, and
he ia corroborated by Prof. T/ioroid Itogera, how the clionite of in-
duatriea in England had prtxliieed an uoaettUng of aoriety, nnder
Ivliich the conililion of the mitMIe and lower claaaea enfppcd in
tgricultural punnila wna worac than it erer hail lieen before in bit-
' (bry. Hume, iii. 370. Tliondd Rogcra, in Timr, March, 1880.
One of tlie best illttstmtioiu of tlic mixed rootirea which induoed
men of this riaia to remore to America is fouml in the cnao of John
Wlothrop, the atercotjpeil, lint Imperfrct, atory "f whoae emigra-
tion will bo fonwl in any of our historiea. The grandion of a
manufacturer and the only son of a lawyer, bo was edncated for the
liar, praetlneil law for sonic years, and took an active part in sn|>-
port of llio Puritan intrrrst in hia ualire county of Suflulk. Hi-
had a large finiily by two marriages, anithis income, always mo<l-
erate fur a country genlleuian, wna dcriveii about equally lirom hia
'paternal estate and from the properly of his Urst wife, to which
ho waa entitled only during the minority of her three sona When
they came of a;c he was forcnl to contcmpliilo a leiolntion In
kia mode of life, nnil, acving little in the ftitnre Ih fore liim at home,
KM lad to accept tlie oler gf a goTemorahip iu New England,
ncBrrioMAL cuaoactbr or tub nw ■MGLAMv.im'Lna 407
It was the exceptional character of the men who
fcm&ded Now Engtund tljat made their experiment of
Mlf-goromment auoceed, while it failed so disastrously
at home. But there was something about theae men
beyond their superior education and their moral quali-
ties, which must (je kept in mind if we would understand
their history, and the development of the United States,
ypon which they made so marked an impress.
Modem English writers often criticise their country- '
men for an unwillingness to accept ideas from other
nations, exphuning by this fact niany of the defects
which appear in the England of to^lay. Whether this
criticism is just or not, as regards recent times, the read-
er can determine for himself. It certainly does nut ap-
ply to the " spacious. times" of Elizalteth, and the brief
stretch of years thereafter in which were laid the foun-
dations of the American Ilepublic. This whole perio«l
was marked by the phenomenal exhibition of two human
faculties, which, by their combincil results, have made it
for every student the central point of English history.
One was a many-sided, indomitable energy, tlie other
was an unparalleled power of assimilation. Each was
I
where he could riiow liU tAleqtifor public Mrvice, enjoy a high
pSeition, and at tlie name time Imtc iVccdom to wonhip Ood aa lie
i»w lit. "Ufa and Letters of John Winlhrop," bjr Itobert C. Win-
throp. Aa to the corruption of Engliah aocicly at thia time, ace
p. DM, etc
Such aimple facta dlapon of aome of the uaeleaa falilea cluatcrinR
about the early hiitory of the American colonies. Yet, altbougli
many of tlieae men naturally desired to better their condition, Ti-w
of them would hare left home )^t for their diaaatistoction with the
atate of religion, politics, and morals in tlieir native land ; and this,
of course, waa particularly true of the clergymen, who bad been de-
prived of tbair Uviaga fw non-conformity.
4n TBI pratTAX n BotuiiOt Eioumi. a:«d aukica
due to tho influenco of tho ICenaissancc, whicii, coming
' very late to Kngland, swept over the country in the end
with all the force of a tidal wave.
As to the energy developed in the Kliznlicthan age,
little nee<l be added to what has been saiil in the ])ro-
ceding pages. It led to Drake's furrow around tho
globe, to the exploration of the lialtic and the const of
North America, and, above all, to tho literature of gen-
ius, whicli, stretching from Marlowe to Milton, has given
to this era its peculiar lustre. Hut this national energy
.would have accomplished little without tho development
of the assimilative faculty with which it was connect-
ed, and the relations'pow established betwc<>n' Kngland
and the Continent. Drake, in his circumnavigittiim of the
globe, followetl in tho track of a I'ortugjiese predccoasor.
When Kir Humphrey (iilbert disciovered Newfoundland,
he found in its harltors nearly forty Ashing vessels Ik»-
longing to men of. other nati(malitie8. Drake took to
himself the treasures which the Spaniards had exhumed
from the mines of ISouth America. Oilbert claimo«l for
England a region which for many ypars had Uyn fre-
quentc<l by the sailors of the Continent, and the same
spirit characterized all of their contemporaries.
Shakespeare liorrows from every (|uarter, not alone
scenes an<l situations, but whole plots and even plays.
Hooker, in his " Kcclesiastioal Polity," follows the train
of thought kid ih>wn by Buchanan in Scotland, and be-
fore his time by several French writers. At a^ later day,
Milton taken from the Dutch |n>et Vonilel the scheme
for his " Paradise Lost " an(^" Samson Agonistes," with
many of his happiest expressions. In no case is any ac-
knowledgment to foreign authors decme<l necessary by
these Rnglish wt-iters. Such an acknowledgment has
' been reserved for modern investigators in the Uterery
THHR UKtemB AIkO AIMMILATIVB FACCLTT 4W
Held. I^cantirao, tho Kngligh licfonncn take thnir Cal-
Vinistio theology from (ioneva, the I'unluns tuke their
BVitem of Church goycrnment from Scotland or Hol-
land, and tlin nation at large takes from tho Nether-
landers its lessons in manufactures, agriculture, and
commerce.
It would he strange, indeed, if a people so receptive' in
every other department had not oxhihitcd the same spirit
when it came to the questiim of social, legal, and |)olit-
ical reforms. That this spirit was exhihite<l hy the lead-
ing men of the Common wealth luis heen shown in the
last chapter. The English thinkers of that time were
searching the world for ideas with which to improve the
System of their native bind. They found them mainly
in the Netherland R(>public, for that republic was then,
from its peculiar situation, the great intellectual and in-
stitutional storehouse of the world. Unfortunately these
thinkers could make little impression on tho mass of the
English populace. They formed but a small minority
of the nation, and much of their work died with the ool-
la|)se of the Commonwealth.
Turning now to New England, wo find this receptive
faculty e<{ually deve]ope<l among her thinkers; ami here
they fortunately ruled tho State. These men loved-their '
native land, but they did not love its institutions. They
left their homes just at a time when tho dwarfing, crip-
pling, insular English spirit had tem|>orarily lost its force.
Hence it was that reforms which wens imiNwsible in the
mother country-, and which were dekyed there for two
hundred years, became Bettle<l facts in America, among
a people all of whom were intellectually pre|Nireti"for
their reception. With the Restoration, tho I^|ritans of
England, shut up in a mental prison and oxcludinl from
all liberalizing pursuits, turned to the pursuit of gain ;
41f TBI rtmiTAll IM UOLLAND, K^OLAKD^ AMD AMBWCA
their bretliren in America, living outside priaon bar*,
turned to the ilevelopment of institutions.
Sucli were the Puritan settlers of New England, ex-
ceptional in education and morality, and equally excep-
tional in their willingness to entertain new ideas. Their
latter characteristic has, however, been little noticed by
historians, who usually regard them as transplanted Eng-
lishmen carrying Knglish institutions to America. Uut
this point of view is no narrow as to make much of their
sub8e(|uent story unintelligible. Knghind, to bo sure,
can cUim most of them as sons, and so writers like Free-
.man may class the settlement of America with the con-
quest of Britain ns the two greatest events in the his-
tory of the Knglish people.* But the settlement of
America, to the world at large, has an importance far
beyond that which attaches to it as an incident in the
records of the English race. It marks the transference
to an almost illimitable continent of all that was best,
not only in the institutions an<I ideas of England, with
her traditions of liberty, but in those of Continental Eu-
rope which had been handed down from the matured
civilization of the past.
In the preceding pages, gome suggestions have been
made regarding the mode in which free schools, a free
press, a free religion, and an enlightened prison and hos-
pital system have worked into the American Common-
wealth. But much more than this still remains to be
considered. America has t<Mlay other institutions of
great value which were brought over by the early set-
tlers, and which existed in the Netherlands two centu-
ries and a half ago, while none of them were then known
in England. Of course, it may bo said that the mere
* Z. A. Fraoiim, Tht ClkauUnitiMH, Mor., 18S0, p. US.
Bow MrrniRLAMD DunrninoMs cahc to amkuca 41 1
fact of their exigtence in the Ketherlands docs not prove
that our early settlers derived them from that country.
Perhaps a sufficient answer to this objection has been
already given, since we have traced a connection be-
tween Puritan England and the Dutch so intimate as
to be sufficient alone to account for the subsetiuent his-
tory of the American colonies. But when we turn to
these colonies themselves, we find further evidence, which
removes the question from the field of probability into
that of demonstration. A few pages will therefore be
devoted to a consideration of the direct channels through
which the intftitations of the Netherland Republic passed
to America, before we further discuss these institutions
and their influence.
E\'ery render knows that New York, now and for
many past years the Empire State of the Union, was set-
tled by the Dutch directly after the discovery of the
Huilson Kiver, in 1609. It remained a Dutch colony
until 1004, and joined with it was the adjacent territory
making what is now the State of New Jersey. Here
Dutch laws and institutions reigned supreme for more
than half a century.
The next settlement, in order of time, was that of
Plymouth, in 1020. The first settlers hero also came
directly from Holland, and, as Palfrey has ]H>intc<l out^
all that was best in the new additions for several years
came from the same country.*
In 1020, Sttlem was settled, and the great colony of
Massachusetts Day began its famous carver. Most of
the men who founded this colony emigrated from the
eastern and southern counties of England, in which, as
we have seen, Cromwell afterwards raised his army, the
* Ptlfrej'i "HUL of New Euglud " (ed. 1884), i. 7S, 83, 141, 141
4tt TBt PCBITAM IN BOLLAND, RtaUND, AND AMCUCA
counties in which a hunclre«l thousand Xetberland refa-
gees liud taken up their residence half n century be-
fore,* and which always Iiad the most intimate relations
with the Dutch liopublio.^ All of these men wer« ac-
quainted with Netherlund inBtitutions. Some of them,
we knonc, hod passetl years in Holland. Govornor Dud-
ley, for example, had been a soldier in the Dutch army.
The famous clergyman Hugh Peters presided over a
congregation at Rotterdam from 1C23 to 1035,t ttnd
there were doubtless many others among the rank and
file, unknown to histor}', who had also lived in that asy-
lum of the persecuted.^
But the great majority of the settlers were English-
men, who came directly f rf)m their native land. They
vtera Puritans, the clearest-headed, and in many respects
the most advanced, of their race. Thus, with the char-
acteristics of their time, they could appreciate and ap-
propriate the civil mstitutions of the Dutch Republic,
which bore transplanting, but they liad not ahsorbed
sufficient from their neighbors to make them liberal in
• Vol. 1. p. 480. t SteTCT, p ta».
\ The twelve yean (from 1838 to 1040) in which MnnwcbusetU
leceiTei] it( populnllon^wcre the ynn during which Ijtud ruled the
Euglieh Cliuivli. During that period, m N<!al end menj' other writvn
have pointed out, greet numliera of EnglUhmen took rcfitge in liol-
Und. Borne of tliem, doubtlen, celne to Aiuericn at n later day, fur,
like the Pilgrim Fathera, thejr found the mechanical life in Huliand
a Tcr; hard one. It mutt be bomo in mind by the reader that al-
tliongh much haa been amumeil by liiatorians in regard to thcM^aet-
tlera, tittle ia known of tliem before their removal to America, except
in the caiea of the prominent leadera who hare left their own rec-
iirda. Aa I have aliown in a former chapter, there had been eitab-
liahed in England before Ihia time Imlh Baptiat and Congregational
churehea by rcfugeca returned from Holland.
■«TTuit or ■Aa&CRimntf-Tnm cnAUcmnnci 4lt
all direction*. When they came to America Indepen-
dency was little known in England. The Independents
had mostly been driven from their native land, and had
fled to Holland, a few of them again leaving Holland
and finding a home at Plymouth. It was only with the
return of these refugees, after the meeting of the Long
Parliament in 1640, that Englisli Puritanism entered
upon its new life at home. They then soon found
willing followers, and the Independents l)e);amo, under
Cromwell, the ruling |)ow«>r in the Btate. They alone
stood up and demanded liberty for others as well as
for themselves. They alone proclaimed the principle
of religious toleration, denounced the witch -madness,
and asked, with Milton, that the press should bo un-
trammelled.
But with these novel ideas the founders of Mossachu-
setts, who had left EnglantI at an earlier date, were, in
the main, unacquainted. At home they had belonged
to the Established Church. Their ministers were Epis-
copalians, who, until I^ud began liis^persecuting rule,
had been satisfied with Episc(n>acy.* Thev^ believed
firmly in a union of Church and State, and in the sup-
pression of all schism, ])rovi<Ied theirs were the church,
and that the suppression of schism worn intrusted- to
their hands. Out of their class wo-h formed the West-
minster Assembly of Divines, who, in England, abolished
Episcopacy, only to set ui> their own church <liscipline,
and who were fully as intolerant as I^aud or any of his
predeoessoni.
Kee|)ing these facts in mind, the problem why Maaaa-
chuaetts, for a time, <lifferod so widely in many respects
from 8om« of her sister colonies becomes a very simple
* Muwn'i " Milton," ii. M».
414 mi rCMTAH IN UOLLAND, BtfaLAMD, AMD AMIMOA
one. With the great virtues, hnr aottleni had some of
T the defects of their race and sect. Of institutiong they
invented little or nothing, for their so<»lled invention*
were borrowed from the Netherlands. But they carried
out in the Now World schemes of political and legal re-
' form which their contemporaries in England found to be
' ira practicable. They introduced tlie common-iichool sys-
' tem, the written ballot, the system of recording deeds and
, mortgages, and many of the laws which. the famous com-
mittee of the Long Parliament subsequently struggled
with' in vain. They introduced these reforms because the
. educated Puritan element controlled Massachusetts, while
it did not control the mother country. So in other ways
they represented all that was best in English Puritan-
ism. As soldiers on every battle-field of America, they
..have been unsurpassed even by the Ironsides of Crom-
well, and in private and public morality they have al-
ways been an example for the world. These are Puritan
traits, which, if they have not given new institutions,
have^to the great glory of Massachusetts, largely given
/ character to the American Commonwealth.
On the other hand, Massachusetts showed her Eng-
lish origin by the exhibition of some less pleasing char-
acteristics. Bhe was the only one of the colonit>8, except
Connecticut, in whieh witches were put to death;* she
alone hange<l the inoffensive Quakers, and her records
tell the worst tale— with thtf exception of those of Vir-
ginia—regartling the atrocities committed on the Indians,
, who were r()bl»e<l of their land and constantly kidnapped
and sold as slaves to the Southern planter8.t So, too,
* Thnc or fiwr witchei were executol in Connecticut before the
Salem outbrcalc.
t Hliarethi "United 8t»tei,";ia»»wi.
SAPID ADVANCI VilDKR RBPtlBUCAN IManTDTIONS 41ft
•he, longer than almost any other colony, clung to the
censorship of the press, and longer than almost any
other State to the union between the State and Church.
In all these matters she was perfectly consistent ami
faithful to her origin. Under the influence of republi-
can institution»— and there can be no higher tribute to
true democracy — she came forward very rapidly, show-
ing what institutions can accomplish for a ])eople; and
her later history needs no eulogy. liut at this period
she was in a few respects less atlvanccd than some of
her sister colonies, simply because she had absorbed less
from the Ketherland Itepublic.*
* Bee Ooodwin'* " PilgriaKl<e'public," for an Recount of the <1if-
fc'nnce lx.-tweon Pljrniouth and Mauncliuwtta Bity as tn toleration,
bnmanily to the Indians, etc. But, as I hare shown in tlie prerious
pages, tlie Puritans of Massathusctta, with nil tlieir shortcomings,
were <ar in advance of the Iligh-Churchmcn at home in their treat-
ment of witches, Baptists, and Quakers, while there is no compari-
son between their conduct even in these early day* and England's
much more mmlern conduct 'in Ireland, India, and in erery other
land wliere she has gained the mastery, to say nothing of her colos-
sal slave-trade. Much has been said in history about the severe
Puritanical laws of Massachusetts. They were severe when com-
pared with the laws of some of the other colonies, like New York
and Pennsylvania, whiibh had come more fully under a Netherland
influence. But in tome features they were mildness itself com-
pared with those enacted at an earlier |)erio<l for the government of
Virginia -a pure English settlement, little tainted with Puritanism.
Tliere, in 1600, adultery was punishable with death, as it was sub-
sequently in Massachusetts and Conneclicutj antl at a later <lay in
Englani), under the legislation of the Long Parliament in 1050. But
Dale's Code for Virginia, the military |)ortions of which nione were
copied from tbe Low Countries, for outran anytliing ever enacted by
the Puritans. Under this code, absence from church on Sunday,
without a good excuse, was made a capital offence. In lOtl, the
punishment of death was provided for all those who blasphemed the
41t Till romtkn ni hoixakd, ■iraLAins ano 'ambmta
Pawing now to tho other oolonieH, we uotno next to
Rhode Island, whoso Rtory in this connection it very
brief. Driven out of Mossachuaotts in 1630, lioger
Williams eotablished a now fwttlenient at Providence.
There he ]iut into full operation the principles of relig-
ious and civil liberty which he had learned from the
Dutch AnalmptisUi, making Rhode Island a standing
protest agiiinst the religious intolerance of its north-
em neighlK)r.*
Next, pn)cce<]ing wostwani, we And tlint in lO.tS a lit-
tle detachment from Plymouth, carrying Dutch ideas —
some of its members having doubtless lived in Holland,
sailed up the Connecticut River and cstablisheil a set-
tlement nt Windsor, t This was the flmt English plan-
tation in what became, after Massachusetts, the most
important of the New England colonies. Shortly af-
terwanls another party from Massachusetts settled at
Wethersfleld, and, in 1630, a largo party fuqndod Hart-
ford. Of this colony, it has been justly claimed by a
recent writer that the American form of commonwealth
originated in Connecticut and not in Massachusotts. " It
is," says he, "on tho bonks of the Connecticut, under the
mighty preachings of Thomas Hooker, and in the con-
stitution to which he gave life, if not form, that -we
draw the flrst breath of that atmosphere which is now
•o familiar to us."^ This Thomas Hooker, to whom
luune of the Crcntnr, hoiI, in wlilition, fur thoM who rrfuir<l olmli-
ence to their iiiinislcn; whiie peraon* »lMenting thi*n>iielvci from
ehuicli on weelc-tlnyt were to wrre in the R*llcjii fur aix months.
Dojte't " Engliali Colunic* in Aincrid," Virginit, ^fnryliinil, rtc, ppi,
116, 18».
* Bee M In Koi{cr Wiiliinu, imU, p. 904. t PlHWty. i. IM.
I " Connceticut," by Prof. Alexander Jobnaton, pp. 71, 78.
■rnuniRiiT or coRHicnccT-rw wmn'«w cosbtiti'tion 417
Americaonrps so roach, was an Engliili clergyman, wim,
being driven from hig native lanti for non-confcrmity,
went to Holland in inso nnd remained there for tiirce
years, having, for aboat two thirds of the time, charge of
a congrcgntion in the city of Delft.* llemoving then
to lioston, und being disRatigtlcti with the illiljeral spirit
there displayed, lie led into the wilderness the men of
broad ideas who founded Ilartford.f
In 1039, a written instmment was signc<l by which
the three towns of Windsor, Wothersfleld, and Hartford
became associated as one Ixnly politic. Citizens of
Connecticut, with very just pride, point to this instru-
ment, of which we shall see more hereafter, as the tirst
American written constitution, for the compact on the
Mayfiower was merely an agreement to found a gov-
ernment, leaving its character to be determined in the
future. But, in view of the fact tliat the Netherland
Republic had for about half a century been living under
the " Union of Utrecht," which was a written constilu-
, tion pure and simple, writers are hardly warranted in
♦ NmI, '• Hitt. of the Puriuns," p. 817 j Wnlkcr'i " Hirt. of the
Fint Church at Hartrord." It mny Him tw notict-d hero that John
Davenport, tlie leader nf the New Haven Colony, aI«o lived in Hol-
land from 16S3 to 1G36, when ho euiignited to America; that John
Maion, who freed Connecticut from the Pcqnodi, had served in the
aim; of the Dutch Republic; and that Lion Oardiner, of Oardiner'a
Island, wan, according to hia own dcacriptioo, " Engineer and Maa-
ter of Worlu of FottiBcation in the legen of tho-Prince of Orange in
the Low Countrica.'V' Memorial History of Hartford," i. 47. The««
men were leaders, who have left records of their antecc<lcnls. Of the
uaaa of the settlers, here as in Massachusetts, little can be (iiscovercd ;
but it is at least a fair inference that some of them bad lived in the
same country.
t '■Memorial History of Uartfon],''i.M '.
1I.-87
41S Tim ralllTAN IN HOtLAHO, ■NOUMP, AMD AHMOOA
daUing this the firat ingtniment of the kind known to
history.*
From this review of the New England colonies one
can readily see how the institutions of the Dutch I{e-
piiblic might Jiave found an entrance in that quarter.t
As to New VdHs and New Jersey, the question, as we
have seen, is very simple, since they were settled directly
from Holland. Hut there still remains a Middle colony,
.the influence of which on Atperican oonstituttonal his-
tory was very much greater than has. been generally reo-
ognizod.|
In IflSl, William Penn received from Charles II. a
grant of the Province of Pennsylvania, including what
* PallVey, I. SSt. John Oc Witt, in liii " Intcmt of Iloilnnil,*'
makes constant reference to the Union of Utrecht, aa the written
Conititutioa of tlie Nftherland K<-piii>lic. In 1(M3, the Mew Enp-
land colonies, with the exception of Rhode bland, fonned a con-
federation for mutual dbfcnce. Speaking of thia confederation, aome
of our nio<leni hlatoriant a^rlliute ita (uggeslion to the examplo of
the Notbcrland Kcpublic. Palfrejr, i. 350 ; Dojie'a " Puritans," i. M4.
Bejond this trifling matter, however, I can And in thrir writings no
retegnltion of tliis important influence on American inMltutioiis, al>
though DoTle notices the fact that the snjnnm of the Pilgrim Pa-
tliera in Holland had familiarized them with trade, and dcTelnjietl
capacities 6ejond those of the ordinary English jeomcn. In conse-
quence of this dsTelopment, as ho says, Plymouth from the outart
was not merely an agricnlturnl, but also a trading and a seafaring,
community. Doylo'a " Puritans," i. M.
t We should neTer forget the bet that the settlers of all these
colonics came almost entirely firom sections of England which for
three quarters of a century had been subjected to a powerflil Xetb-
erUad Influence.
t Aa to tlio Tcry adraaced and importsnt position held by Penn- .
sylrania at the time of the American Rcrnlntion, see Lecky's " Eng.V
land in the Eighteenth Century." iii. 8M; also "The Life of Joba
Dickinson," by Charles J BtilK,l<p tT0,31(l
DDTCa DirLDtMCB IV rlKMITLTARU 41f
is noxr the State of Ddlaware. Penn's mother iraa a
Dutch woman from Rotterdam, ami one very prominent
in her generation. Ilis peculiar religious iiiooii, aa we ,
have already seen, were derived from hia mothcr'i coun-
try, lie travelled extensively in Holland, and spoke
the Unguage bo well that he preached to the Dutch
Quaker* in their native tongue. Finally, before coming
to America, he took up his residence for some time
at Emden, in democratic East Friesland." Under all
these influences, he sat down ia 1683. and prepared a
" Frame of Government " for his dominion, anil a " Code
of Laws," which was afterwards adopted by the (General
Assembly.f In their preparation he was assistetl by
Algernon Sidney, who had lived many years upon the
Continent, who was perfectly familiar with the institu-
tions of the Xetherland Itepublic, and on most intimate
terms with its leading statesmen.^ How much they bot^
rowed from Holland we shall see hereafter.
With Pennsylvania, we reach the most southern point
to which a Dutch influence upon the early settlers of
America can be traced, and we also reach the limit of
the colonics whose institutions, except that of slavery,
have affected the American Commonwealth. Virginii^
alone contributed an i<lea, that of the natural equality
of man ; but this was borrowed by her statesmen from
the Roman law.g
• HtcTen'i " SeottUh Church in nntterdam," p. »7t.
tPoon'i "Churtcn cod ConttitntioiM of the Unitea BUU*,*
"PenoiylrMU."
t Diion't " Uh of Peon," ii. 81 : Jumej'n " Ufe nf Penn," etc.
I Oaa fact in eonnection with the Sonthern colonic*, which in
mtIt finjt were almoet whollj under an English Influence. It very
aigniflesDl. In 1M», John Lociia, with the aid of the Earl of 8haA«*-
4M THI FUliiTAN III nOLUHD. KIOLANU, ANB AMMUCA
In addition to what has l)een said about the iudividoal
iDolonies as channels of a Netberland inituence, a few
words will not be out of place regarding the general
government of the Uniunl States. The Nctherland Re-
public i» tu the modern reader a thing of the past, as
dca<l us the lioman liepublio or the Italian republics of
the Middle Agm, abnost a matter of ancient kistorv.
But its death did not take place until 1704, when it fell
under the blows of Nuiioleun, who, in 18Utl, made of it a
monarchy, placing one of his brothers upon its throne.
To the fathers of the American Republic, who carricil
through the War of the Revolution, and afterwards
framed the American Constitution, it was a living real-
ity, as much so as the monarchy in England.* We need
not, therefore, wonder at the fact, which has attracted
the attention of a recent English writer, that the ex-
pounders of the American Constitution digpUy in their
writings a perfect familiarity with the Republic of the
United Netherhinds, while they pay no attention to the
English Constitution-t When the thirteen American
colonies asserted their independence, they took the Dec-
hiration of Independence of the old republic as their
. model for » lUte document iX and when they proceeded
burjr, piTpumt « frame ol gnvcmmrnt for Curolinii. None nf tlig
pruTiiioDi of tbi« conitUulion, except tliat for rrconling deeda and
niortga)(ei, vera bormwed from Holland, and not on« qf them, with
tliii exception, iiat foand a pemanent place among American in-
atitutiona. See till* " Frame of (loTemment " in Poore, "Carolina."
* Writing in ITTS.Franltlin aaid that "in tlie Iots of liberty, and
brarery in defence 6f it, llulland haa been oar great example.''^-
" Diplomatic Comapondence of the American ReToIution," L tTt,
«d. of li»7.
t " Popolar QoTemmeBt," by Sir Henry Maine, p.|IM.
t Baa Vol. I. p. 134.
DOTOH iDBia i!< TBB comrtirvTioii or coNHKncrr 4lt
to organize their revolutionary fi;Dvemment, it was bnt
natural that they should turn to the laine qnnrter for
other iowons.
Such being the nslationa Iwtween America a^ the
Netherlands, let ua now lee what influence they exerted
on American institutions. The chief feature in the gov- '
emment of the Nethcrland Republic was the equality
cf the States which composed the Union, something un-
known in the British Empire. They were seven in num-
ber, and although one paid only aliout'two per cent, of -,
the taxes, its nominal power was ng great as that of the
wealthiest member, which paid more than flfty jter cent,
of them. The States-fleneral was the Ixxly which con-
ducted national affaire, and in this Ixxly each State, no
matter what the number of its representatives, had but
a single vote. The same principle prevailc«l in the or-
ganization of the States themselves. Holland, for ex-
ample, had its legislature, or Estates, composed of repre-
sentative* from the nobles and from different cities.
At fint, only six cities sent their representatives, but
at the conclusion of the war with Spain this numl)er ,
had risen to eighteen. Bnt all these cities were e<]ual,
having but one vote each, while the nobles had a very
restricted power, having altogether but a single vote.*
Turning now to America, it is interesting to notice
how this principle, elsewhere unknown, has worked into
the Constitution of one of our States, and how it has
affected the general government.
Under the original Constitution of Connecticut, adopt-
ed in 163U, each town, whatever the number of its {lopd-
lation, waa given the game number of deputies in the
General Court. This feature was retained in the charter
• JaawMD't " Willtem VhcUdx," p. »4.
4t)i turn rOUTAM IR MOLLAHD, UaLARIIh AMD AMMIICA
of inda, under which the Colony and Bute were gov-
erned until 1818, no town being allowed to aend more
than two deputies. The Constitution of 1818 gave new
towns one representative only, hut kept the representa-
tion of the old towns as it e'xisteit liefore. An amend-
ment wlopted in 1874 provides as follows : ■< The HtMue
of Representatives shall consist of electors residing in
towns from which they are elected. Every town which
now contains, or shall hereafter contain, a population of
Ave thousand xhall be entitled to send two representa-
tives, and every other one shall be entitled to its pre^^nt
representation in the Oeneral Assembly." * This system
of town representation, in oppioHition to a representation
aoconling to population, prevails'in Connecticut alone of
all the original States. Hany persons think that it luu
outgrown its usefulness, but it stands as a curious survi-
val of Dutch ideas imported directly by the early settlers.
When the rebellious American colonies framed a
government for themselves daring the lievolutionary
War, they adopte<l articles of confederation in which
this feature of the Kotherland Republic was incorpo-
rated in all its fulness. -Under these articles, a Congress
was establisheil, in which each State, whatever its popu-
lation, and whatever the number of its representatirea,
from two to seven, had but a single vote:+ This Con-
gress also, like the Stfttes-Gencral of the Netherlands in
* Poon'i " Clisrt«n and Coaititutioos of tba United Butn,"
«Connecticat."
t Poore, " Cliartera," etc. ; n« u to the influence of tite Netherhnd
Republic npoa tlii* quration, Jcffereon'a " Wnrlct" (ed. 18.53), i. Si,
etc. 8«o alM> page IS in regard to tlie Nellierland Republic aa a
model for the colonica ia declaring their independence. Theae men
hail an acquaintance with Netherland hiatorjr, of whicli tiieir d^
•cendauu knew little until tlie da.ra of Motley. .' .
TBI DMITBO •TATn IKNin-in DCTCn rUTOBM 4tt^
eftrly (laya, eseroiied all executive powert. Neither i»
public litui a praiident or otlior exuoutivo oflioer, as did
their geiwrate State*. In each the lef{i«lativo Ixxly made
war and peace, appointed all offloera, civil and military,
and exercised all the functions of government, except
tboae purely judicial.
Itut the attem|>t in the lJnit«<l States to copy the sys-
tem of the Netherland Il«-|)ublic, suoceSRful as it was in
the time of war, proved a failure with the oonolosion of
a |)eaoe. Still, in one im|K>rtant feature of the im|>roved
Fe«leral (.'onstitution, the old Netherland principle was
retained. When the Senate was devised, each State,
however small, was given in this important bo<ly an
e(|Ual representation.
Nor in this the only peculiarity of the United States
Senate which we have borrowed from the Netherlands.
The one feature of it, Ks an elective liody, which has ex-
cited the peculiar admiration of all English critics is its
element of pennanence. Its members are chosen for.six
years, but only one third of their number go out of of-
fice at a time. Thus, as Mr. liuchanan once well said,
" the Senate is to day, constitutionally and legally, the
same body that met for the first time in ITSit." For
this novel feature in its organisation we liave, so far as
America is oonoemed, to look directly to Pennsylvania,
in which colony it alone prevaileti.' When Penn pre-
pared bia " Frame of Government," be provided for a
council or upper house of the legislature, one third of
whose members went out of office every year, and this
system was continued in the first State constitutions
of Pennsylvania and Delaware. Rut Penn merely bor-
rowed this idea from the Netherland cities, where it was
well known. The people there had early learned the ad-
vantages of oombining oxperienoe with new blood, and
4S4 TDI PCHTAM IM HOLUND, IMILAND, ANO AMUICA
M, in many of their iin|inrtant bodies, tbey changed only
- k fraction at a time.* When, now, we add the fart of
an age qualification— lomething nnknonrn In England,,
but familiar in the Netherlanda as a legacy from Itomn
—vro And in the Kenate of the United Htates a body
which derives most of the peculiarities of its organixa-
ti<m from the NetherUnd ItepuLlic, and not from the
English House of Lords.
Nor is it only in the organization of the 8enato that
we see the Ni-thorUnd influence exerted upon the gvH'
oral gpremraent. Doming in by the way of Peansy|vi|>'
nio. In England, the exi.imtivo authority — formerly the
monarch, but now the Cabinet —a|>|ioints the jmlg«« and
•11 the subonli'nate offlcen of the State, without the
oonfimiation and without the control of any other body.
No such system prevailed in the NctherUnds. There
the Senate, or whatever might bo the governing body
in the cities, and the E«tate« in the various provinces,
presented to the t^todtbolder a triple numlier of candi-
dates, from whom ho made a selection for all important
ofHoes.t This novelty also Penn introduced into bis |irov-
ioce. Under his '^ Frame of (lovemraent," tlio Council
presented to the governor every year a double numlier
of persons, from whom ho appointed judges, treasurers,
and mostora of the rolls; and the Assembly prmented
a doable number, from whom he ap|K>inted sberifTs, jus-
tices of the peace, and coroners. From thi* system,
which was continued in the State constitutions of I'enn-
• 8m Motify't " Dotch RepDlilir," i. M, m to tlw Benite of Ant-
werp; Dsvirt't " Ilollunil," i. 78, u to Dutch citiei.
t Thli wu one of the rrfuraw prepoied to Purliament bjr tin;
fumoui committee on the Reformation of the Law, Uuring tlic Com.
■wmKCslUi. Bc« Booien's " Tract*," toI. tL
m amcricaM muiDSKT-nia rowim 4M
■ylvani* and Delaware, it won an caty trannition to the
improved method of the Federal Conititution, under
which the i'rcaident makes the a|>pointment and the
Senate hai the conOrming |H>wcr. Dut, however thia
may Ite, and whether the transition was un easy one or
not, it is very clear that a dual action in regard to tlie
appointment of executive and judicial offlcen, of the
government does not come from monarchical England,
where it never has prevailed, and that its only proto-
ty|>e in found in the Netlierlund licpulilic.
80, too, we And in the same quarter the restriction on
the power of the executive in regahl to making war and
peace. In England these powers have always lieen an
attribute of the sovereign. In the Nothorland Hcpub-
lio they were exercisc<l by the legislative body, ami this
idea, derivttl originiiily from Rome, hag also been in-
corpttrate«l into the Federal CJonstitution.* When, now,
we add to these features of the general government
the basal fact of a written Constitution, with guarantees
fur religious liberty and the freedom of the press — none
of which came from England — we can see how much
the American Union owes in political matters to the
fdrraer groat republic across the ooeari-t .a
* Mntlejr't ■■ Dutch Rqtnblic," iti. SSt. Man; of thete quettioqi
were (liKOM^l in tlic Frderalul, tlio sntlion of which »howc(I liow
(wentitllT the power of the Pmident in the United Stale* wonld
differ fnim that of the kini; in FngUod. Tlw Pietident ia reallj
the Nctherluid Studthnlder, potacMing great but limited iiowem,
which liare been retained under onr written Conititution, while tlie
anthnrily of Ihe Engliili monarch li|s been alMorbed b; the Cabinet,
leaving the Itlngthip an ornamental flgnre-head.
1 1 liitre ihown in fonner chapter* how American leligioua liberty
waa Drat eatabliahed under the Conatitution of New York, and tli*
free<lani of tho pren under that of PennajrlTSBia.
41H nu ronTAM 1R bouamd^ iiiolaiid, and amiiica
Rieserring for a time the consideration of loino im-
portant legal reforms, whicli, coming from tlio same
. quarter, have worlced into the Federal Constitution, let
08 return- to the colonies, and trace the origin of some
of our other |K)litical institutions.
Connocticut, as we have seen, flrst adopted a written
«i4 Constitution. Under this Constitution a govcmpr veau
■' annually clecte<l by the votes of all the freemen of the
colony, no qaalifloation of church membership being
requinnl.as in Slussachusetts, which for years whs under
a clerical domination. At the same time, and in the .
■ lame nuinner, there were chosen six or more muK>8trates
for the administration of civil and criminal justice, who,
sitting with the deputies from the several towns, and
with the governor as a presiding officer, also constituted
a general court with power to make laws for the whole
community. In addition to these provisions, there was
another of great interest to Americans. All these oflt-
^ icials were to be elected by the written ballot of the
freemen.
These features, with those already mentioned, make
up the oiitlincs'of the famous Connecticut Constitution
.of 1630. But it containiH] nothing novel in history, al-
though it was io opposed to English precedents.*
In every town of Holland the sche|)cns, who oOiciated
as magistratot, sat with the deputies and enacted laws.
This system was perfectly familiar to Thomas Hooker,
' and to all the other settlers of Connecticut who had
* When Dc TocqueTillo riiitvd America, lie wu muvli imprened
b; the diflercnco bcttreen Connecticut and the other New Knglnnil
State*. lie found there, to Iw aurc, a narrowncM of IcKialation on
religioua and social queations, but a broadnea* in the civil and po-
litical field which wM elaewber* unknown. " Democracy 141 Kvax-
ica,"L48
SVFriUOB ARD TOWNBHIPB IN NBW BNOIJUtO 4ST
t
lived in Holland. But this is only a jninor matter,
simply important as showing how Holland influenced
the American colonies even in the details of their con-
stitutions. AVhen, however, we turn to the question of
Universal suffrage, the town^ip system, and a written
ballot, we reach something of much, greater importance.
In regard to the freeman's suffrage introduced into
Connecticut in 1C39, the remark may be made which '
applies to the townshi[i system of self-government which
prevailed throughout all Hew England. Such institu-
tions, it is said, can be found among the ancestors of the
Engligli ]>eoplo as described by Tacitus, and they are
common enough among other tribes in an early stage
of civilization. It was therefore but natural that the
New England settlers, cast upon their own resources,
should adopt these institutions, which are sclf-evidently
so beneflcial.* '
* Dr. Herbert B. Adnnin, of Jnlini IInpkin« Univenity, hu written
n Tory able nionngraph on " Tlie GcmiaDic Origin of tlie New Eng-
land Towns." Prof Jnnica K. IIoKmcr, in hit intcreating work on
" Anglo-titixon Freedom,'' remarks in reference to the township sys-
tem : "True conserratircii were tlie Pilgrim Fathers, for, in th« so-
ciety which they set np,.they went back- to old ways, which in Eng-
land itself had iieen largely forsaken "(p. 113). All this is true -
enough- Tho townships of the Anglo-Saxons and those of the New
England settlers resembled each other, but there is a chasm of cen-
turies between tlicm which no historian lias bridged. Doyle, in
his "Iliatory of the English in America, The Puntani)," i 74,
makes a very Judicious criticism of the theory of Or Adams, that
the Si-w England township, with its common lands and self goveni-
ment, is » continuation on English lines of the old Teutonic village
with its mark and common field. As lie wilt says, " To prove iden
tity in the caaa of institutions, not only likeneaa but continuity is
needed." Here, so far as England is concerned, the continuity is
lacking. The monograpli of Dr. Adanis is, however, of great value
with the Netherland Republic to fill in the missing link.
488 TUB rCIUTAH M noLLAMD, K!(ULAND;'A!«D AHIRICA
But the gettlora of Nov England were not wandering
tribe8 in an early stage of civilization. They were men
brought up under the hardening influence of prece<icnts,
and every precedent about them in their EngliHh life
hud been opposed to the system which they adopted in
their ooloniea. If they knew anything about what their
Anglo-Saxon ancestors had don6 a thousand years Ite-
fore, tbey certainly have scrupulously concoale<l this
knowledge in their writings. That such men, without
the influence oi some foreign example, are not inclined
to depart from their old ways is shown from the history
of the Southern colonies. The men who founded these
colonies, although in a new country und thrown u])on
their own resources, exactly aa were the New England
settlers, and with the same ancestors, set out nt once to
copy the institutions of the mother country.*
The problem of the difference between the New Eng-
land colonies and those in the South has always been a
])erplexing one. It is, of course, very easy of solution,
if we endow the Puritans with supernatural faculties in
which the body of their countrymen hod no share. Hut
this mode of treating historical questions is somewhat
nnphilosophical, and is rapidly passing out of date. As
to the questions which we are now discnssing, a little
light will be thrown upon them by casting a glance at
the northern and eastern provinces of the Netherland
Republic, keeping always in mind that the early set-
tlers of America had before' them the whole of the re-
public as a subject for their stndy.f ^
* The unie thing will dm be iccn whenever the Englithmin bu
gone to any other quarter of the globe eicept New Englanil.
t The republic wu very •mall in area, and, «i we hare teen in tha
laat chapter, the whole of it was familiar to the Kngliih Puritana.
In addition. It inuit be remembered that rupmnitAtivc* from all th*
lurrBAan amd TowmtHin in thr MrriinLANM 4W
From the southern provinces of Holland, West Fries-
land and Utrecht, where we find the home of many
American institutions, the old democratic spirit liad
largely disappeared. These States, which have attract-
ed most of the attention of historians, were republics,
but not democracies. In them the suffrage wnn greatly
limited, and they were governed substantially by self-
electing close corporations. But in the north and east,
where the population was laigely agricultural, a different
system of government prevailed. There the old Uer-
manic ideas of the township and a broad suffrage had
been retained. In these provinces, magistrates and ex-
ecutive officers were elected annually, and by a vote
of nil the citizens who owned a house, however small.
There too, in some sections, the old system of common
lands bad been preserved— lands open to all the citi7«n*
for purposes of pasturage.* , ' .
State* wen condantly in Hollitnti, whrro tlie Puritsna were mmt
Numerous, attenilini; legialHtlrc BraetnbHcaa(|() ecclesiastical synoils.
* Fur inlbmiation as to llic cniniiiun lands in the Xetlierlnnd Re-
public, I am indebted to Dr. F. 0. Slotliouncr, nf Lecuwanlen, in
FricalaiMl' lie write* in n recent letter: "A* to common lands, they
were general heje In the Middle Age*. lu our province they wero
appropriated at u *ery early dato, but thry arc still found in the
island of Amerman, where each of the three village* hos its com-
mon. Tliey are also found in Gclderland, Overyssel, Dcventcr, Oel-
den, Zutpben, etc. For instance, in Delden, early of a summer
morning, you may see the cows led nut to the common meadows, to
be brought back at night. The privilege is only conceded, how-
ever, to the old citizens of these cities." I am nlao indebteil to private
lettera and the published pamphlet wrltin;?* nf this same historical
scholar for information relating to tlw booaehold snlTrage in Frisin.
(While tbeae page* were going through the pre**, I received B«ws of
the death of Dr. Blothouwer. In him the Nelherlamlera lose a dis-
tinguished historical scholar, and American iiivcaligaton a vaload
410 TBI PtHITAN IN BOLLANI\ ESOLAiCD^ AHO AMmiCA
Here, then, the English Puritans, who awarmed over
thii country in thousands, had before them the model of
a Hew England township, with its common lands and
ita annual elections ; while everywhere through the re- • 4^
public, whatever the restriction on the snfFrogc, the idea
of local self-government was the prominent and dis-
tinguishing feature in thct 8tate. When, now, we oun-
lider the source from which the early settlers of New
England derived their system of electing their officers
by a written vote, still more light is thrown u|H>n all
these other questions.
As I have shown in the Introduction,* the written
ballot was unknown in England until 1873. Its use in
that country was first advocate«l by Jeremy Bentham
in 1S17; but for more than half a i-cntury thereafter all
English elections were conductetl by show of hands or
oral declarations.t America, however, has ponsoaaed thia
friend ind •jmpiitliiier.] flee, n to the origin of the to«i)*hip lyttem
i|i' America, n very intetrsting mnnnf mph on " Dutch Village Com-
munitlet on the Iluilaon River," by Irring Elting, in " Johoa IIop-
kini Unirrraitj Stmlie« in HiataricAl and Political Science," Fourth
fleriei. In thi* monograph it ii ahown that what we aonietiiiMa
apeak of aa the New England townihip •yitem preTaile<l among the
Dutch Mttlen of New York, who Itmught it directly from the Neth-
crhtndi. Aa to the bmad anfthij(e in Fricaland and Omningen,
"tomethin'g cinaely approaching popular electiona," aee alao "Will-
Urn Uwelini," Uy Prof. J. Franklin Jameaon, p. 14.
•Vol.1, p. 59.
t Jamea Ilurrington, the author of "Oceana," during the daya of
the Commonwealth propoaed a aclieme of arcret roting hy ni«ana of
colored balla or papert, but thia acbeme, which canaai much amuae-
ment at the time, died with ita anthiir. He alao propoaed a number
of inatltntiona which have been adopted in the United fttatea: bat ha
borrowed all of them from Holland, in which country he reaided for
two yeara after leaTing the Unireraity of Oiford, where ha hwl bMB
TBI wRirntN KAUJort m bomb
4«
imporUnt institntioii for over two centuries, lo that the
question of its derivation, even if it were ronnected with
no other questions, would he one of interest.
The system of election by a written ballot, like many
other American institutions, is, so far us we know at
present, uf Koman origin. The Greeks voted ut time*
by means of colored shells or Stones, and jHimibly the
Komans derived their improvement on this method, as
they derived most of their other ideas, Yrom still older
nations. But the first historical trace of a written vote
is found in a Roman law, {lassed 13U b.c., during the
days of the Republic. Under the provisions of this law
magistrates were voted for by wooden tablets, on which
' the names of the candidates were written, the tablets
being then dropjied into a box and counted by the
proper officers.
At the beginning of the reign of Tiberius, the election
of magistrates was transferred from the [M>pular ( 'oniitia
of the Republic to the Senate of the Empire.* The Sen-
ators, about six hundred in number, at first voted vivd
• popil of Cbilliugwnrtti, wlio drrived hl> thmlni^cil idnu tmta
Lejdeii. HalUm'fCunat. lliit.," ii. 79 1 " Encj^clnpanlia Dritannicit,"
article " June* lUrrington." Brc, m to hit prnpoanl refonni. fur Eng-
Und, « vcTf ioitructire trtirlr, liy Pmf Tlim W. Dwiglit, in Miti-
tal arienet Quarttrlf, March, 1887. Thi* ulicle »Im> *hnw> th« in-
fluence j)f IlkrriogtoD D|M>n the &lben of the American Kepnhllc, to
whom hU writing*, all fllird with Dutch ldcai,weTe perfect!; familiar
At the time when Harrington wrote, the written hnllothsd been (tally
introdue«<l into America. AAcr hia death the achrmc of a leciet
ballot wan often agitated in England, the {Tonne of Commoni going
ao for in 1710 atto paaa a Inw for ita adoption, which waa killetl by
the Hooie of Lorda. But Uarringtnn'a lyatem, and that of Ida tuc-
cetaora, waa an involved one, quit* diflerent (Vnm the aiinple Atneri-
can ajatem which waa adTocated by Bentbam In 1817.
•TacitBa,''ADnala,''i.l«. , v
1 .
. h* V -**
4n THI rVWftAH III UOLLAKD, BKOLAlin; AMD AMBBICA
voce, but thig Ryatem If<I to foctioua violence, and in the
time of Tnijan a return was made to the old mode of
Kcret voting. • From thin date there-id, according to
the theories generally accepted, a gap of more than fif-
teen hundred years in the history of the written ballot,
ending with the Hettlbinent of New Kngland, when we
light again U|ion the old Roman system.
liut these theories, like many others relating to tli«
history of America, hAvq.. no foundation in fact. In
1274, the Churcli of Rome adopted the system of a writ-
ten ballot for the election of its po|MS— a system iHissibly
borrowt^ from the Knighti Templars of an earlier day —
which has continued in (<xi8t«nce until the pravnt time.f
This, however, although n tvritten, is not a secret bal-
lot, for each cardinal signs his voting |Ntpcr. Even had
it been secret, it is not probable that the Puritan settlers
of New Englanii would have turned to the papacy for
instruction in the mode of electing their ministers and
* See Plinj't " Epktln," iii. SO^ ir 25. Plinjr thoni that thit wm
• written Iwllot, fur lie Mjm tlint iiine nf the MiiAtom, Kcum i>f fn-C-
iloni from deteclinn, wrote ^roM impritinence* upon their Inlilcti.
t For more than aii renturlet the po|iof hire lievn cboaen iiniler
the pmviniom of • " Cnmtitntion," wlopted at tn <eriiiiienical coun-
cil hel<i nt Lyona in 18*4. The; are elected lij the csnlinali, who
arc •cclutletl in aeparate min|xirtnienla, or oell>,'of the c«n>i>tiirial
hall, ami reduced gradually to a dirt of water, wine, and l>read
until they give a two-thirdt rote in favor of one candidate. The
TotiDg i« ilone l^y meant of printetl Udlota, on wliich blanka are left
fur tlio name* (Abe iierxma voted for and the perwm* voting. When
8lled in, lliu \amn are folded, to »» to conceal the » riling ; and if n<>
choice in made tliey are at once burned, the amoke fWnn Ibc chimney
■nnoonclng to the outaide public that a pope it yrt nnchoaan. Manil,
xxiv. 81-87; Ferrsria, "Pmmpta Bibliothcca Canonica," etc., arti-
cle " P»|M " (Sninc, ITN) ; Zoejiflil, " I>ia rsyMwaiilm" (Oftttingen,
ttn).
.a
■MDiii in tmim FOR mausH RcronmiM 41^
pablio officers. Nor was it necvtwary for them to do so,
since they l^od much nearer home mure (lotcnt ami more
con^nial teachers.
Emiien is a city well known to every ono acquainted
with the history of the Englisli lieformation. It is noti,
and never has been, in the Netherlands proper, lying jast
across the northeastern bK>rder, in East Fricsland, now
a part of Hanover, liut, despite this fact, it always has
been much more Dutch than (iennan. Throughput the
whole province, in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
turies, the Dutch language was U8e<l in the churches and
schook of the Reformed religion. Eradon itself wa.s in
1602, and for more than a century thereafter. garri8<jn(Hl
by troops from the Netherland Republic, which always
stood as the protector of the Frisians ugajnst the as-
saults of foreign powers and the oppression of their own
rulers. Accepting the doctrines of the Reformation at
an early day. East Friesland lN>camo the aaylum for |)cr
secuted Protestants from every other hind. Emden, its ;
princi]Nkl city, situatetl on the Dollart. near the mouth of
the river Ems, was easily accessible bj- water ami esjHN
oially attractive to the English. So m^iny^of them tiMik
refuge there during the reign of " Blooi^ Mnry " that,
in 1564, they organize<l a l^resliyterian church un<ler the
ministration of John ^ Lasco, and shortly afti-rwunls
the English Episco|ialians set up a separate chapel.*
This was the beginning of a movement which contin-
ued for many years, taking thousands of English exiles
of every shade of religious Ijeiicf into this hospitable city.
There a part of th^ Separatist congregation of Amster
* Dute^R ** Congntgatioiwliun," p. 388. ArcliliUhop Cranincr'i
work on "Tfie Sacrunent," publUlieil at Enulen in ISST, cootoiu a ■
lilt of Englitli biihopt ud clergjuiCD tlien retidiog tliere.
4S4 ' TBI rCRITAX IM nOLUND, BNOLANO^ AND AM^UCti V
dam, under tho leadership of (^raneis Johnson, found a
home in Ifllti, probably* retoming to Amsterdam at a
later day.* There also, as I have already stated, William
Penn resided just before his removal to IVnnsylvania.f
. It is in this historic city of Eraden, so funiiliar Ut all
English I'uritans, that we And what seems to l>e the
llrst trace in modem times of the written secret ballot
used for the election of civil magistrates. Its earliest
employment hero ap|)ears to have been under an onli-
nance issued by the Count of the province in l.*>(*d, which
provided a very intricate method of choosing burgomas-
ters and councillors. In tho flrst place, the whole body
of burghers, nearly a thousand in number, selected, in
some mode not stated in the ordinance, forty men to act
as a kind of electoral college. These men then chose
five of their memliers by lot, who, by means of a written
• Dexter, p. 840. <■ ' • , --^
t Writing in 161 1 of tin Reformed C'hnrch at Kmden, Emmiin
uyc "Many tliouwnd Dutch, EnglUh, ami French ftigillvea, who
were inliject to cruel penecutlon in their own countriea bccauu of
their religious faith, lle<l to tbia cliurch, which maj rightly lie called
the mother of the Dutch Church, while it (a to her that the Dutch
churches Imth in the NctherUnils and in England trace their simi-
larity in doctrine and church gDvcmment. I remember, wlicn I was
a boy, that at rarious religionAcrvices the same doctrine was pro-
cUimetl in Oeraian, French, and English, nearly the same ritual was
obeerred at the socrateent service, and tho same order of aenrke iind
manageme'nt of church matters was followed; thus furnishing, as it
were, a triple cimrch in the same town.^ Further on lie adds : "In
OUT century, this town was tlie common refuge of all who were perse-
cuted and hud been banislied on account of their religion, and espe-
cially of Dutch and British fugilircs. Hence the town iVDm a world-
ly point of view deriveil many advantages, waa highly honored, and,
more than this, was richly blessed."— "UbbonisKmmll (le Statu Rai-
publios et Ecclasia in Frisia OrienUU" ^Laydan, 1416), pp. 17-49
TBI WKITTEf axLVOrt Rf USIM 438
ballot, selected nine othem, who in turn, and also by a
written ballot, selected a double number of candidates,
from whom the Count chose the magistrates for the
coming year* This cumbrous system, however, contin-
ued in operation for but a brief period. Soon after the
occupation of Emden by the soldieni of the Netherland
Republic, it was replaced by one much simpler. 0( the
new system, a writer who saw it in operation gives the
following account, which not only proves the education
of the electors, but also shows that they looked u|K>n the
exercise of the suffrage as a religious duty, and guarded
its secrecy with jealous care :
" On the lit of Jnnuary, after rcligiou* aerviccs in the church, the
fort; men meet iit noon in the town-halL At thia meeting the prc*-
ident of the council makca an addrcw, exhorting tliem to i>e mind-
Ail of their duty to tlie republic, to aelcct the beat persona poaaibic
to gorera the State for the comilig year, and to aak Uml to aid them
with hit ftiTor. Prayera being concluded, each one in turn goca alone
to a table in the room, aituated in a conrenicnt apot, and there, on
little alipa of paper which he finda prepared in numl)era,writca down
the namea of the four pcraona whom he conaiden beat lilted to hold
office for the year. Then, rolling up the alip of |>aper, he depoaita it
in a bottle-ahaped wooden box through an aperture juat large enough
to admit the hand. When all hare voted, the prcaident drawa out
the paper* ttom the box, one at a lime, and in a loud voice rcada out
the names written on them. The lecrctary of the council writea down
the namea aa the; are read off, taking care not to write the aame
name more than once, however often it may occur. Then tlie papere
are at once conaigncd to the flamea, and the namea taken down by
the aecretary are again read aloud by him in the order in which they
have been taken dowta."
* For a copy of thia Intereating docyment, made ftom the old town
archivea, aa well aa for valuable information reUting to Eaat Fries-
land, I am indebted to the courtesy of the Antiquarian Society of
Emden.
«M TBI POSITA!! IN H0LLA2ID, EHOUlHO, AND AMntOA
This, however, did not complete tlio olectipn. It only
furnighed a liit of cancliilates, who wore Tute<i for in
turn, and again in secret. This time, aa the steretary
read off a name from his (wpcr, there were passed
around two wooden bowls, each containing forty cop-
per coins, one marked " 3'ea," ami the other " no." Tak-
ing one of efkch, the member drop|)ed into a vase with
a narrow aperture the coin which expressed his choice,
dropping the other into a simihir vase, so that no one
wouW know how he hail voted. The candidates rpceiv-
ing the largest numlier of affirmative votes were then
dechired electeti.*
It is very probable that some of the NetherUind
towns which had no locil historian also poaaesseii the
written ballot. Itut, however this may be, when wo turn
* Ublm Eminint, citnl abore (Leyden, 1(lt6), pp. 10,Jlt. I sm
indebted In Dr. V. G. 8lothouwer Tor fint calling my ■tteiition to
this rare work, and to other watka of the nine author, thowing tb*
mode of lecret voting in varloiu tnwm in the Northern State* of th«
Netherhuid Republic. For a long tinic I had lought in vain to dia-
coTcr the origin of the written Inllot in New England. I felt Mtla-
fled that, like the other io.«nll«d inventions of the Englixh Puritani,
It came from the Nethcrlanda, bnt could And nothing in all tlie liter-
atura upon the subject to (up|)ort my theory. My friend Mr. Thayer,
V. H. Minister at The Hague, enlistcil iu my behalf aome of the moat
eminent historical scholars of Holland and Utrecht, but they could
flmi nothing (n their municipal records to throw light upon |be quea-
tinn. In the town* of those provinces, in the eixteenth and seven-
teenth ccnturie*, Glo*e corporation* rttled,and tlicy generally selected
their civil officers liy lot, using for the purpose coloml or glMed bean*.
I then turned to the Northern Provinces, and in the autumn of IHM
received a letter (Vom the late Dr. Hlothonwer, of Frieeland, enclosing
the quotatiim from Emniius which is given in the test. This was my
flrst gleam of sunlight Following it came the Aill story of the church
elect lona
/
from civil to ecrlesiaitical m.itten there is no difficulty
in tracing the origin of the syHtem which was intriMluced
into New England.
In the NetherlandR, a« in. America, the flrgt niie of the
aecret written IwUot lecma to have been in the Keformod
churchca, where the people elected their own ministers
and officers. Its earlient appearance of which I can find
a trace is in the Provincial Synod hciti at Alkmoar for
Xorth Holland, in lAT't. There the president an<l secre-
tary for the ensuing year were electe<l l»y this procens.*
Shortly afterwards we find the same system prevailing
in South Holland, Friesland,(}elderland,and, in fact,over
the whole republic, not only in ecclesiastical synods, but
for the election of ministers, elders, and <lcacons in the
Calvinistio churchei.t
In America, the written ballot first ap|ieari in the
election of a minister for the 8alem church in 102l>.
Now, the great b<Mly of the settlers of Salem c^me over
in Kt^H-and l<ld!>, under the leiulership of Kndicott. from
the town of I)orchestor,1n4(ngland. I)orchester is in
• " Ai-ln Syiioiliilis Alcinirirnth," March 3t«t, iMX
' t My niithiirily upon tliU tnlijcrl U Dr. I>. J. Hlok, i>n>r<nKor o(
History in tUi Umninitfn Vnivertity, who Iim nmiiifcali-d n tlc-cp in-
temt in nil my invntigmiun*. iwrticiiliirly in Ihii branch, whicli wh
■ noTclty eT«n tu Dntcli anti<|iiariHn<. His mrrpa|>oii(lcnts througlf-
out tli« Nelherluuls, lu liv informs nic, bsve riaailuol tlirir old cliureb
records, with the mulls which arc statetl in the leit. In his own
town of Omningcn, as Dr. Bloit wriln uniler date of Feb. S7th,
IWI, tlie city OMincll, in ISM, declared that the clertion of min-
isters and deacons by a written Iwllot was illrKtit. The church
antliorities, liowever, |iaid no aitcntioQ to Ibis ihlminalion exrepi
Ity resolving to continue ttie old form of election. Ttie same thing
ocmrred again, as a -pears by the church records, in 1704. As to thn
great controversy over the question of electing ministers by theii
congregations tliroughout tlio rc|mblic, se« aaCr, p. 300, eto. .
■■K
4W V THM rVKTAH n IIOLLASD. noLAND, AND AMSWCA
the iouth of EnglniKl, very near the Channel, in a aec-
tion which always had the moHt intimate rulatiuuH with
the XetherlamU. IJefore tiie arrival of Endicott, the
leading man in the infant settlement was Itogcr Cunant,
who came from the Plymouth t'olftny, where every one
was acquainted with Nctherland institutions. In the
winter of 162^30, there was much sickness among the
rolonists, and Dr. Fuller ranu> frinn Plymouth to n-nder
hig professional services. lie not only ministered to the
.lick, but conflrmed Endicott in the opinion that the
churches at I^yden and Plymouth were modelled after
(lie true teachings of the (t<>8|icl.
In July, \(\i9, the Salem church was organizeil. There
were two candidates for the ])u8ition of minister: one,
Mr. Skelton, was a pronounced Se|)anitist liefore leaving
England; the oilier, Mr. Iligginson, had never got be-
yond non-conformity.* The cong^gation selected Mr.
Skelton, using for his election the system prevailing in
the Nctherland churches, of which fact few of them
could have been in igmtrance.
The next ap|)earance of the written liallot is in the
election of a governor for the Colony of Massachusetts'
Bay in Ifl.'M. John Winthrop, after four yeare of ser-
vice, had become unpopular, and had a rival for his
office in the |ieraon of Thomas Dudley, who had lieen
an officer in the Dutch army. Adoptinj^ hero, as in the
Salem church, the Netherhind system, which by its ae^
crecy did much to avoid the ill-feeling engcndere<l by
an o|ien vote, Dudley was elected over his competitor
by what were called at the time "voting papers." t
* PsUkv;'! " Hilt of N«w Gnglnn<l." i. 95-1M.
t lUrgitikl note la WiDtbrop'i niuuMript '■ Ilbl. of MsMwehu-
■etU," i. IM>
nmoDCcnoM or tub wmttb:! raixot into a>mica 4W
"ChoMii by papers" working well in thia instance, the
ookMy in the next year provided by statute that " vot-
ing |»pen" should thereafter be used in the election of
chief magistrates. The subsequent history of the sys-
tem in Massachusetts is rather obscure, although we''
can trace its existence in her reconis for some fifty
years.* .
For Connecticut, however, we have a complete record.
Thcimas Hooker, who had lived for three years in Hol-
land, took the written ballot with him in a form which
was a great improvement upon that adopto<l fur Massa-
chnsetts. By the famous Constitution of 1(139 it was in-
troduce<l as an integral feature of tha |)olitical system of
this colony, and, once introduce*!, was never lost.t In
Rliode Island, too, it found a lodgment. By an early law
of the Newport colony— 1031>— the freeman who could
not attend an «lcction was |>ermittc«l to send in a "spalotl
vote."t The system of voting by |N)]>crs was after
wards extcndeil to all the freemen of Rhode Island, who
subscribed their names to their ballots, and it ncmtinued
until the state constitution of 1849. Its next appear-
* In lfl43, fur lonie reuon which (Inri not appear, it wu onlend
" That for the yearly cbimtiDft of Awiitanti for the time to come,
inalead of pa|W [pupen] the freemen •ball ute Indian U-anra— the.
white licane* to maniff*! election, the hiack fur blanka."— " Maac
Rec.," ii. 49. " Titliingnien and the Dallot in MiMaachuaetta," bj
Oaorge H. Moore, LUD., Anier. Antiquarian Bociet; in Riiaton,
April, 1884. The liean wai used in ancient Oreece for election pur-
poaea, and, aa we have aeen, w.ia prior to thia lima in common uae
among the eloaa corporatlona of the Nutbcrlarida.
t See a Talualilo monograph upon tliia auliject, by Prof Bimeon
E. Baldwin, in " Pa|wn of the American Iliitortosl Anociation,"
fiir IttOO, vol. ir. |Mrt Ir. p. HI.
t " Ii I Col, Krc " i 08, 148, etc. Uig uf Uwa (IHM), 88
440 TUB PVIOTAII ni BOLLAMD, BUOLAMD, AMD AJUSIOA
ance vraa in West Jersey, in 1070-77;* and its but ap-
. pearance in the Colonial record* of tbo Roventeenth cen-
tury is in I'enn'g " Frame of (iovomment " for Penngyl-
vanio, in 1083.+
Here, then, ue see thv written ballot introduced into
the early colonies, where the Netherlund influence can
be directly traeotl, and into them alono. Like the fn?e
school and the township, it was as unknown south of
Pennsylvania as it was in the mother counti-y. How
it tinally worked into the flrst constitutions of a major-
ity of the original thirteen States, and how it has thence
spread over the whole I'nion, Virginia and Kentucky
bringing up the rear in 1)S04 arid IHUl, has liccn already
ghown4
From political institutions, of which the written bikl-
lot is a type, we may now pass to the system of the
lulministration of justice in the Netherlands, where we
reacli a field, perhaps of {greater interest to the general
reader than that of the civil constitution. Here wo shall
find the home, if not the birthplace, of several other
institutions, which, brought across the Atlantic by the
early settlers, have become so thoroughly tlomosticated
that many persons have oome to regard them as original
American inventions.
First, let us look at the method of procedure in crim-
inal cases, for here form is of the essence of justice.
Every city or town in the Nethcriands eontakned its
prosecuting official, corresponding to our ilistrict attor-
ney. This officer was calle<l a tchout. He was orig-
inally the representative of the sovereign, and afte^
■; * Lcsming and Spieer, p. 88.1.
' t Poore't " Cbarton «ni) CoiutUutioDt of (Ik rnito<I Btattt,"
•PkBiitjIriinia." (Vol. I. p.sa.
ommiAL L4W n aoiiLAiro-pimuo prmccutorii 44 1
wards of the people, and og Buch it was his (hity to pros-
ecute all offenders against the law, but always ^nder
. stringent regulations. Unless the accused (lersonuad
been taken in the actual commission of a crime, he pould
be arrested only on a warrant issued by the burgiinaa-
ter, and. in any event was entitled to a trial within three
da}'s, Except when charged with a capital offence, in
which case the limit was six weeks.* The pmceetiingti
were open to the public, and in all cases the |)riiiuner
was confronted with the witnesses againvt him, and was
allowed the services of counsel.f In Holland, if the
prisoner was too |)oor to pay an advocate, one was at!-
signe<l him by the court. If the charge turnetl out to
be unfounded, the sellout, as representative of the sov-
ereign, was obliged to |iay the expenses.^
All these provisions of law, except the last, ap)icar>so
familiar to an American of the nineteenth centur}' that
it may seem strange to lay stress u]Kin their exi«tenco
in Holland three centuries ago. If any one thinks so,
let him step across the Cimnncl and liK>k at the law of
EngUnd, the putative mother of our jurisprudence and
institutions.
There, even to-day,- he will seek in vain to (ind any-
thing corresponding to the district attorney of our coun-
ties or the city schout of Holland. In lHsi5, a writer in
* DsTin't " Holland," i. M; ii. 511 Ilrnee then wu no need of
■ HabcM Corpus Act, u in EngUnil, where no *oeh rigbti were gu*r-
■nlee<f
t For example, the Charter of BraUuit proridetl : " The prince can
proaecute no one of his subjects, nor u>j foreign resident, civilly or
criminally, except in the onlinarj and open courts of Justice in the
province, when the accusal may answer anil defend hiniKlf with
the help of counsel."— Uulley'a " Dutch Republic," i. »T0.
tD»tiM,i.M.
44a TU PURITAN IN BOLLAMD, IMOUNO, AND AUMMKA
the JuHnbunjh Iteview called atteiition to this glaring
defect in the Knglinh law. He laid, in part : " When any
offence, lio\ro\er grave, ig comhiittcd in Enghind, the
rare of bringing the offender to |)unighnient ia in every
cose dcvolvvd U|M>n the private' party injure<l, or gup-
posed to 1)0 injured ; in the rare cage of the p«rty injured
being killed ami having no relationg, or of the injury
being done to a pauper, then the pmaecution is intnuted
to the pariiih offioerg: . . . The general principle, how-
ever, is, that the private party voluntarily proaecuteg, or
is bound over to progecnte by, the magistrate who com-
mits the offender. If the prosecution is voluntary, he
may drop it ; if he is boutid over, he may forfeit the
small snm in the recognizance, and he hears no more
about it ; nor does the prisoner, for he is acquitted for
want of prosecution, and can never be trictl again.
Public prosecutor there is none, in any sense of the
word."* ' >
* Up then narmto the c«m of a wealthy luironet, «ho, hkvlng flred
n loadvd ruwliug-pirce at a roTercml clergyman with whom he wai
at variance, hud been acquitted at the last amim fur want of pmae-
cution, and cvntiniipi : "Theae caae* may lie nippoaetl to be raw ; if, '
indeed, they were freqaenf, the people would not bear it ; at lead
we trust they would not. But the defvaling of criminal Juatice, for
want of the reaponaible officer wo are treating of, ia fyvqucnt enough ;
it ia, in ahort, a> fre<|uent aa there {• any motive to frualrate the end*
of Juatico— that ia, aa often aa any rich man would eacapc from pun-
iahmciit, or any indolent or miajudging perun would ahrink from
the taak of proaccuting.
'^It i« not above three yeara aincc % wealthy man hi one of oar
principnl jmrta committed a forgery, under a temporary cmharrai*-
ment He waa dctectetl and impriaoned; the proper party waa
bound over to proaccute him. The caae came on ; nobody appeared ;
the recogniiancca were catrealnl, af courao; and the wealthy feloa
walked forth to hie banker's and draw a clieck to pay the forfeiting
{Mrty'a expenaet. Could Ibia Kandal |>oaaibly hare happened bad
■NOUSU CMMIllAt PBMKTTIOSI-BOW COSDICTIO 44t
Thirty years later Loni liroiighain, the greiit apostle
of legal reform, delivered a K])cech upon thig gubject in
the House of Ix>nlg, in which he called iwrticular atten-
tion to the evils resulting from the i^bscuce of a poblio
prosecutor in England, and held that country up as the
only civilized state in the world where the criminal pro-
cedure is " loft to shift for itself, its execution Itding ev-
erybody's business in theory, and so nobod;i''» in fact." •
But until the present day such ap]ieal8 have been
substantially wasted on the air. In IXTi*, a statute waa-
^passedf by which the Hocretury of State was enabled to
appoint an officer, called the Director of Public Pro*-
ecutions, with authority, under the superintcndencv of
the attorney -general, to undertake and carry on criminal
. proceedings in coses of importance, or where the neg-
lect or refusal of the private prosecutor should appear to
render his action necessary. In 1884, this itct was mod-
ified, and the Solicitor of the Treasury wng made the
Director of Public IVosecutions. This is a step in the
right direction ; but it affords only one officer for the
whole country, and falls far short of the Hvntem in
America under which each county, has its own public
officer who conducts all criminal coses. ^
then been an officer of the Uw anaircrnblc for ita due rxrcntinnf
Or can wc uy tliat the crown don kc the law cu'cutetl a« long at
tliete ioonr* arc enacted I Or can the crown execute it without aiich
an oScert Or can we allege, with the leait rcgani to truth, that
the Uw ii one and the aame to all cnmlitioni of jwraoni while inch
Oefecti exitt V—Sdiithurfk Ritifte, 182,1.
• Lord Bmuf^am't Speech on Criminal Law Procedure, IlouM of
Lords, March 28d, 18SA. 8«e alio article in Kdinlmrgk Sniew for Oc-
tober, 18S8, p. Ml
1 4t and 48 Victoria, chap. xxil.
t Writing upon this subject in 1480, Janics Stephens said ■ >■ C'rim-
i
444 TBI PCEITAN IN aOLLAHD, BHILAIID, AMD AMKUVA
In the main tho old practice continues^ part of the
•yitem of a government by the rich anil fur the rich.
It haa been often laiil that in England it is better to kill
a man than a hare. The hare is property belonging to
•omo {Kktrician, wlio will natarally'hunt down the of-
fender. Minor crimes against the |x<nicn are in that
c«>untry always prosecuted less vigorously and punislied
less severely than in other civilized countries, and with
much less rigor than those committed against property.
Something of this is due to other causes, but is it not
partly explicable by the fact that in the former case the
sufferer is usually a poor man or woman unable to pros-,
ceritc tlie offender, antl in the latter case a rich one who
cai employ bis own connst'l i *
The settlers of New York brought the schout with
them from Ilolhind ; thence it has spread so that the
inal procciHiin){« are, at a general rule, InilitutiHl at Ibo initntice o(
n prirnto pmaccutor— that is to aajr, cither by tlio |irraon wlio ha*
himaeir been the subject of the oflcnce, or (in tho case of inisbrliav-
ior punishable by the infllctiiiii of a penalty) by some common in-
former for the take of money ; ami it is only occasionally that the
crown interfere* directly, and that the alleged offender is prose-
cuted by tho Treasury, and the attorney-general i> directed tu con-
duct it.
"One result of this state of thing* has bcen.that oSenden hare
frequently escaped the legal consninence* of the crimes they bare
commiltrd, by reason of there being no one whose duty it is to te«
tliat they arc properly punishc<l. It is with the hope of preventing -
this evil, in some measure, fur the future that the 43 and 43 Victoria,
chap, xxii., has been pasted."—" Stephens's Commentaries " (Rtli ed.
1880), iv. 876.
* The reader acqnainted with the mode of administering criminal
law in England needs no citation of authorities upon this subject.
Any English news|>aper will give him euougb.
nauni vtatb TRuu-RAiiiiiA'non or wmoaHM M9
inatitution of a public prosecutor in every county now
ezints over the whole United Btatei.*
In Holland, an ve have seen, a person accused of
crime was always confronted with the witnesses a^^inst
him, and allowed free liberty of cross^xaminationl In
English prosecutions for high treas6n, which we will
first consider, no such rights as these were guaranteed.
There the witnesses were examinc<l out of court, and ib
secret, by the law offlcets of the crown, often under tb6
torture of the rack, and the written depositions thus
obtaineit, garbled so as to omit everything favorable
to the prisoner, were read u|)on the tnal.f Nce«l one
wonder that the records of the state-trials in England
■eem to be written in blood ! ^
* In lt(M, Connecticut ptiaed > law for llie ■ppointmenHiy the
county courts of "« wber, diicrcet, and rcligiout person" in every
eoonty " for tlie prowcutlon of all criminal offenders."—" Memorial
Hist, of Hartford," i. lid.
t Jardine, in liis life of Cote, gives extracts from such depositions
used by that grent luminary of the Common Law, when attorney-
general. On the margin are the memoranda of Coke himself: " Omit
this;" "Read A and B only;" "Cave," etc. The prisoner, there-
fore, ho observes, " was not only snlijccted to tlic gross injustice of
an accusation made Iwhind his back, lint by this skilful pruning at
tlie depositions was cffectunlly precluded from detecting and point-
ing out to the jury any inoousisteucies in the accusation an nude."
Upon the trial of Sir Walter Raleigh for high treason, before Chief
Justice Popham,the principle was laid down that only one witneii
was required in prosecutions for high treason, and that he need not
be produced in court, his deposition being held siiAlcient. Camp-
bell's » Lives of the Chief Justices;^ " Pophnm." The chief Justice.
it thoDid be remarked, only expressed tlie viewa of the liench and
bar of his time. Ghirdiner's "Hist, of England," i. ISO.
I Rallam aays of the time of Elixabetbpthat " our courts of jna-
tice, in cases of treMon, were little better than the caverns of mur^
■ M-
4M THB rCBITAN » BOLLAKD, BNOLAini, AND AMIMC*
Kor WM this the only outrage practisod in England
npon such nnfortunatca as were acguaetl o( crime. Hol-
land, following the early example of Spain, always per-
mitted a prisoner the ser%'ices of a counsel ; and if he
was too poor to defray the cost, one was fumi8hc<l at
the public charge.* In England, until after the fall of
the Stuarts, this right, except for the purposes of argn-
ing mere questions of law, was denied to every one
placed on trial for his life.f In 100.% it was finally ac-
corded to persons indicted for high treason. Eren then
it is doubtful, says I>onl CampMI, whether a bill for this
purpose would hare [toasctt if liord Ashley, afterwards
Earl of Shaftesbury and author of the " Characteristics,"
hail not broken down while delivering in the Ilonsc of
Commons a set s|)8ech upon it, and, being called upon to
go on, bad not electrified the lipase by ttbserving : " If
I, sir, who rise only to give my opinion u|)on a bill now
{tending, in the fate of which I have no iwrsonal inter-
«st, am so confounded that I am unable to express the
least Of what I pro|)osed to say, what must the condi-
tions of that man he, who, without any assistance, is
called to plead for his life, his honor, and for his pos-
terity !"■$ •• _^ .. ...:.;^.
deren."— " ConttUutinnal llittot?," i. 33S. They improved but lit-
tle until *fter the Revnlntion of 1S8S, except iliiriiiK the Coffimoa-
wesltb, wlien the practice of reading depneiiioDi ugainit pritonem .
wu given up. " Trial of the Dulte of Sonienet," Amo>, p. 388.
* Procott'i "Ferdinand and ImImIIi," IntroductioD, IM; Darica,
1.94.
t In 1(107, it w«« >uggeiite<i in Parliament that the right thould In
' accorded to Englinh prlwnera, but the moTement waa oppoaed by
the gOTemment and defeated. Oardiner'a " Iliat. of England," I. )l3t.
X Campbcll'a " Livea of tlie Lord Chancellor*," •' Bonien." In IT4T,
coanael were lint allowe<l to penoiu tried by iropeaehmtnL M
0«>rg* IL, Lecky, i. 879.
COUNSBL DINUD TO KNOUSD PBISOMKHa 447
Still, by the act of 1095 this privilege was limited to
those accuse*!- of high treaaon, most of whom would nat-
urally come from the upper clagaea, and they were not
the onca by whom H was most needed.* Under Eliza-
beth and th« Stnarts, persons accused of felony were not
only denied counsel, but they were not even allowed
to produce any testimony at all in their liebalf, except
their own statements — upon the theory that unless they
were guilty they would not have been indicted. When
their witnesses were finally admitted, it was not until
the reign of Queen Anne that they were examinc<l un*
der oath.for fear, as it was said, that thoy miglit commit
perjury ; and it was not ^ntil more than a century later
that the accused were allowed to coni})el the attendance
of their witnesses by legal ppncess, or |)ormitted to have
the aid of counsel on their trial.
In 1894, the latter subjects were first publicly agi-
tated. In that year a number of jurymen from the Old
Bailey presented a (letition to Parliament, asking that
prisoners accused of felony might have the privilege of
employing counsel and of subpoenaing witncsiies for
their defence. JThey jminted out the great danger to
which innocent person* were constantly exiHwod, who
became confused and emlnrrassod in court while exam-
ining witnesses, and were frequently, as tliese jurymen
• TliB proliilntion of counwUbr the crow^iamination of witnnwa
and ximming up the JU17 did not work ao gricToutl; M might ht
npccicd, among the rich. Tliey were elloved ooiinwl to argue qnea-
tiona of hiw, and tlieac eounwl eupplied them with bricfi for the
examination of witneaaee, wiute out their tpeechea for the Jiinr, and
gave them the moat minute directiona for the conduct of tlic trial.
"Tlia Interrcjjnum," p. 2M,etc. Tlila, to toam extent, reliercd tlic
Intellij^nt, who could allbrd to pay for auch acrricea. But the poor
had no tuch privilegea. Of them no nccouut waa taken.
4M Till PrMTAN IH nOIXAIfO; ■MOLAHO, AMD AJWUC*
vrere MtuHetl, unjustly convicted. They pointed out
also tb(B groat injustice of allowing the prosecutor to
•ubpwna his witnesses, while the prisoner was permitted
to hare only the testimony of such persons as attended
of their own volition.*
Such a presentation as this, made by jurors who, in at-
tendance n|ion the criminal court, bud full opportunities
of observation, would seem to bo enough for any people
loving justice as the English have always claimed to do.
But hero, as over, the upjier classes displayed their oppo-
sition to reform. These prisoners were mostly )XM>r men ;
some, as the jury mi<n bad pointed out, were deaf and
dumb; othera were' imbecile or insane. Why should the
ancient usages lie modifled in their behalf. The Englisli
Common I^w was admitted to be the perfection of hu-
man reason ; if poor men suffered under it, so much the
worse ioT them. Fortunately in the end a better senti-
ment prevailed. The agitation went on for twelve long
years, encountering all the opposition of the government ;
but finally public opinion was so nrouse«l that, in 183A,
England adopted the law, laid down in republican Hol-
land three centuries before, that prisoners accused of fel-
ony might compel the attendance of their witnesiies by
subpoena, and might employ counsel for their defencc;t
Xothing, perhaps, in the history of England ilTustratea
better tho poHition of the ruling classes towards the poor
than the simple story of this rcfonn, so recently intro-
duced.
When now we turn to America, we see the influence
of Holland in this direction. William Penn granted
• Siiniiirfk tUtitie, Dtp., XtM.
t Tliii. it may be nmsrfced, wu slw an old Ronisn prineipl*.
Plinj'* " I>(ten."
DCTcii Bioim oKAirriD Tu pRnoHna m amkrica 449
cbartera to Pennsylvania and I>ela«vare, in 1701, gna^
anteeing to all primnerq the ri^bt of counsel. The ^^tut«s
of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Now Jersey, Vermont, and
Massachusetts, in tli<9ir tirst constitutions, incorporated
the same provision; and in 17l>1, by the flnit amend-
ments to the Constitution of the United Htates, this right
tvas guaranteed to every pcrwm in the American Itepub-
lic, nearly half a century before its establishment in
England.* If America o\ve«l nothing else to Holland,
this debt alone would not be insignificant.
In England, instead of receiving his expenses from
the government, as in Holland, the acquitted prisoner,
until a recent date, al>vays hod to pay his jailer's foes,
and was often charged with all the costs of the prose-
cution, being hold in confinement until they were dis-
charged. Thus, a man declare<l innocent by a jury lan-
guislie<l in prison for years, as if he had been tlio most
abandoned criminal, because he was guilty of the un-
pardonable crime of poverty. When 'William Penn
drafted his first laws for Pennsylvania, he borntwed
from his mother's bnd the idea of compelling the proa-
ecutor to make reparation to persons unjustly accused
of crime. The Uniteti States has not yet reocbeil this
point of civilization, except where the prosecution is ma-
licious ; bat it has never gone far enough in the oppo-
site direction to make an innocent prisoner pay the fees
of his jailer or the costs of his prosecution.
All these rights of which we have spoken were secured
to the Hollanders before their separation from S|>ain,
and of coarse were never lost thereafter. The estab-
lishment of the republic brought another safeguard of
liberty and justice even more important This was the
* 8m Poora'i << Cluuian tod CussUtatloat of th« Unitad StstML"
II.— 29 ■.,■./-;■■ ; -;:• ■ ,. ■■.'-..■
4M rat rUBITAll M BOLLAMD, BMOLAKD, AMD AMMIICA
complete in(lepen<lenoe of the judiciary. There ii lit-
tle in Eiif^lish history more diBffraceful than the ler-
yility nml the BubNerrieney of the judKCo during the
reigns of the Tudors and tho Stuarts. The chief «x|>U-
nation of their conduct lioa in the fact that they held
office during the pleasure of the Crown, nnd lost their
places if they refused to serve the purposes of their
r6yal masters. It was not until after the ruvolution of
1088, which placed Dutch William on the throne, that
any permanent check was placed uiwn tho {Mwer of re-
moval, and it was not until tlie reign of George III. that
the present system Was introduced, under which judges
hokl oflico during good behavior.*
All this ivits settled in the Dutch Republic nearly two
centuries Iteforv. There the fountains of justice were
always unpolluted. Tho supremo judges of the High
Court of Ap|)eals at The Hague, nominated by the. Hen-
ate and oonflrmed by the Stodtholder, executed their
functions for life, or so long as they conducted them-
selves virtuously in their high office — "quamdiu so bene
getserint." t When we contemplate tho crimes which
havo been perpetrate«l in other lands under tho sanction
of Uw, wo realixo that few events in history rival in im-
* Lcckjr't ■* England in the Eighteenth Cntnr;," lii. W. This tjt-
tMB wa* embodied in the nineteen ptopoeitioni aulnnitted to Chirlee
L by the Long Parliament. Ilallam, ii. 137. In 1S41, Cliarin prom-
iaed that it tliould bo adoptol (Uardiner, ix. M3), but nothing camo
of hh proiniic. Cnimwell, among tho other rcforma which he cop-
ied from the Netherlandi, appointed Judges to hold office during
good liebavior: bat hia rule it not recogniced aa Irgal in English
historj. Bee at to his appointment of Judge* '*Tlie Interrrgnnm,"
pp. 170, 180, IM. Of course, no English author refers to the Nctlt-
erland Ifapublie as the parent of this or any other reform.
t Mallsi'a" United Netherlands," ir. SW.
jmcuL Arroi!<TituTs in iimli^mu \ii
portanco the introtlnction of tiio iiy»tcm by which judgm
aro made indeiicndent «f tlieir ruleni.*
In 1574, AViiiiam of Orange wai ap|M)intcd governor
or regent of Holland. Tho rexulution of the Kstatos
which conferred this office, although it intrusted him
with almost alM(>luto power in other mattent, pruvide<l
that the judgei of the lupreme court and the exrlie*]-
uer, with other high olHcera, aiiouM bt« Bp|wintod by
and with the consent of the Estates, corrcsiionding to
an American legislature or congress.f This princi|ile,
also entirely unknown in England, even at tho present
day, has, as we have already noticed, been incor]M>mted
into tho FctkTiil('onstitution4
Such was the mode of administering tho criminal law
of Holland as it preaented itself to tho eyes of the Eng-
lish Puritans, who vainly desired its introduction into
England. The chief feature of it, the one which must
strike every reailcr, is the equal regard |>aid to the rights
of all classes in tho community—the poor and tho rich
being placeil exactly on the same level. Of course,
there were abuse* and excewes ; no . human law, how.
ever perfectly conceived, can be perfectly administered ;
bat it is the concurrent testimony of all writera ami o!>.
'Ererj ttvln knows that thin •.vslem prenili in the t'nitsU
SUtes, where, whether judget holil nfflce for life or for u Died term,
they casDot be reuiore«l eicept by iinpeiirhinent, or, in aonie ttnte*,
bj joint retolutiun of the leK>>Utnrc. New Yoric, when a colon;,
waged one of her (lerccut eontnln in defence of this principle.
t Motley, " Ontch Kcptiblic," Hi. 0. Mi.
I Bee, as to the appoinlownt of military ofllcen in Frietland tad
Oroningeo, Davie*, ii. Ml, which •upplemente what wo have Men
abore ai to Holland and the rtpublic in general. In the lutt chap-
ter I have shown the attempts made liy the Long PsrliaOMiUt fur the
introdactioD of this system into England. .
4U TUI ri'RITAN IN UULLAHO, BNOUND, AMD AMIMCA
aerven that nowhere in the world ha* justice been lo
fairly and impartially weighed out aa in the courta
of republican Holland during the whole period of their
existence.*
I'uMajng now from criminal to civil matters, we me«t
Hotno facta fully aa intereating to Americans. A» I have
|)oint^ out in the introductor}- chapter, there are two
feature* of our land lystcm not derived from England,
which are of the greatest importance. The first is the
law under which land is equally divided among the chil-
dren of an intestate; the second is our recording acta
relating to deeds and mortgages.
, In Holland, all property, both real ami personal, of
persona dying intestate, except land held by feudal ten-
uiv, waa equally divide*! among the children, under the
provisions of an act ]NtS8e«l by the States in 15S(i. This
act also contained a further enlightened provision, cop-
ied from Rome, and since adopted in other Ciwtinen-
tal countries, which prohibited parents from disinherit-
' ing their children except for certain apecifletl oirences.t
Under this legal system, it l>ecame customary for par-
ents to divide their pro))erty by will equally among their
children, just as the custom of leaving all the property
* A/i'ntiiry* Arfaw.Jul;, ISW, p.4tl,«tc. Baji Felllhtm, bd ej^
wiincM: "Thejr should uake gomi JuMice*, fur they m|>oct oeither
pcnou nor nppartl ; ■ lioor in hU liquor'il alop thall hiin u ranch
Itood umge m * coortier in hit bnTerj.*'— "OliKrTstions." In ■ fur-
nitr chapter I hare dewribeil the ulminble priwa (ytteni nf Hol-
land, and called attention to the fact that under her milil |ienal lawa
itnl; four or tr» priaont were executed in a jrar, at a date wlien Ihcjt
were Iteing hanged in England a doien at a lime.
t Orotina, Inleiiling, etc., b. ii. deel 18, «8; Unrieaa " llollami," L
M. If parents had four children, tliejr could will awajr only oaa
half of (hair propcrtj to othsn; if tow th«B t/m, t«o tblnla
wrm LAW* or tNanOTAKCs roixowco m ambmca MS
to the eldest ton grew up nnder the Uwb <*f England*
The PuritAM who lettled Now England adopted the
idea of tlie equal distribution of property, in caie there
waa no will— giving to the eldest aon, however, in lonie
oolonie* a double portion, according to the Old Test-
ament injunction — and thence it has spread over th*>
whole Tnited States.f We hare not yet advanced far
enough to prohibit the capricious disinherison of a faith-
ful wife or dutiful children. That too, however, will
come in time, when we have sliaken off a little more of
our barbaric traditions.
There wii.s one custom in connection with the law of
inheritance which was picturesque in Holland, arid no
less st) in New Yori(, where it was established by the
early settlers, and pn)Vaile<l until the English rule t>ef^n.
All the property of a debtor, including his land— some-
thing unknown in England — was subject to the claims
of his creditors, before and after <lenth. Dut the law
went further. A widow was cntitle<l to her dower in
all her husband's estate, but, on the other hand, she waii
bound for her share of his debts. If the <iebt8 excee<lc<l
the eatate, the obligations might sweep away all her
own private property, for which the law nuidc careful
provision, and so a mode was provided for renouncing
her dower, which also releasml her from the creditors.^
* De Wilt'a ■• Inlemt of Holland,'- p. 34 ; Sir Jwiali Child'! " Ois-
coarae of Tnide," etc.
i SiiDie writen have iittributnl tbla i-<|uiil lilriiinn at property to
a euatom handed donrn ftom tlw Anfrlo-Hnxont in tlie county of
Kent. But thit cualom f(a>e the real rtlatc of inteatatea to the
maloB alone. The American law, borrowed fh>m Holland, indudoi
female* aa well. Aa to the Engliah euatom in Kent, aee Onelft, i. IDS.
} In EnKland, until a vary recent day, the husband took not only
■11 the wife's property, but alio all her caraingi.
4M TRB rCUTAM IN IIOLLAHD, BNaiaUtD, AMD AllBinCA
Having obUiiUNi iwrminion fmin the court, and having
•elected a guanliun, tim widow, in lM>rniwi<d garments,
and retaining nothing in her {MMaewion which she hud
rec«ivc<l from her huiliand, *t4M)d before hi« hier. Hand-
ing a iitraw to her guunlian,' lio tlirew it on tlio coffin,
renouncing and ourrcnilering in her name tlie dower and
all intereat in the oHtate. This was the ceremony jicr.
formed by the widow of the sovereign of Holland in
1404. In some of the other States the custom varied
slightly, the wi<h)w |ilacing her keys and pumo on her
husliand's tomb. This was done in the same year by the
widow of the Count of Flanders.* Thu» even royalty
waa made to bow before the kw. One step further, and
in (he next century the citizens of Ilruges arrested their
own sovereign for his private debts.f This is something
of a contmst to the ctmdition of alTaira in England.
There, even the nobility are so far aljove the law that
the mcmljera of the noble order have always obtained
exemption from arrest on civil prooeaa, while royalty is
entirely beyond its jurisdiction.
The next ])eculiarity in the laws of Holland relating
to land is. that all ccmveyanoes and mortgages of real
estate were mmired to be (eoorded in a public ofBoe in
2L_-.
• DstJm'i " IIoIIiiimI," i. 183 : GratUn'i " IliMnrir of tba Nrtbar.
lanclt," {I. 51. In Now York tlic wiilow " puthrd iiviijr Ibc rdatt
with lirr fiM>t," or Uiil the key on llie coffin. 8r« Dtlj't " Jwiicial
Organiiation of tlHi Count of New York." In PeDnijIranU, • widow
' wlioK first huriwiiil bad ilinl innilTcnt bad to Iw iiiarrieil in bar
tlilft. Leckj'a » EDgland in the EiKlitccnlli Cenlur j," iii. aot.
t Omttan, p. 51. Tbe Netherlaudrni liad a Kreat Imrmr of d«U
nnd dabtora. In Holland, the bankrupt's portrait waa liunK nn the
galbnra, sod tlie fraudulent bankrupt waa denird the privilege of
auctuar;. UaTica, i aiW
fl'BUO UUIfTRIM/ OF UlftU AVD MUHTUAOtt 488
order to g^ve them validity.* A» thii lystem, not il«-
riveil from England, hu, with certain Hmitatiuna, pre-
vailed in ]Mirti of the Unittnl StatM from the carliMt
colonial times, and, beconiinf( universal, has influcnce<l so
greatly the general diHtribytion of lanil in this country ,t
and na itK history seems to lie hut slightly undi-rstixMl,^
I hope to be patdoneti for giving a little H|iflce to n sub*
ject which Mtmo readers may consider too profeasionid..
to be of general interest.
Kir William Temple attrilmtes the intriHluotion of a
public regixtry into Holland ami Flanders to the Em-
peror Charles V.j$ That mpnurch did a great work in,
simplifying and reducing to order the laws of the va-
rious tpwns and provinces, j but the registry system far,
antedates his time. It is referred by some ("ontinuntal
writers to the ancient dreeks,^ but, like miiny otiier
ideas with which that nation has Iteen credited, it prob-
ably came to them from the Egyptians.
About half a century iitgo, them was found in n tomb
* To tbU •jriiem Sir Wllltsm T«n|ile altrilMitnl, in psrt, the eom-
mcrcUl procpcrity of tlie Dutch, «• it gnrc irruriljr tn nil (le*lln|n in
nit\ ettMte. '■ ObMrVstioni of liic I'nilet) PrnvincM," rlinp. i.. '• I'opn-
lar Diirontcnt." Sir Jocinb C'liild, writinft in l(IV!),aw-riliril tlic inw
nta of intercat in llollanil ItrKt-tj t» " lli<- ••crrtaiiiiiiK ri-nl wcuri-
tict b; their public rrgitlriei," tlii' want nf whirh. iie iaiil. anil not
the want of mnmj, maile liormwin);' ilifBcult in Kniilunil. " Dia-
oourae of Tnwlc," by Sir Josiah Child.
+ See Wtbatcr'a Speech at PlynnMilh. Krnt'a "Com.," vol iv., etc.
t See " New American Cyrlopadia," artichs " Recording," which
girea it aa an American invention.
I " Worlia." Sir William Temple (ot. n-m i. 1«1 ; iii. Sa.
I Dariea'a " Ilollnnil." i. SM, etc. ; Grattan, p. 77.
t Sec autborilica cited by Cooper on >' Registration," etc. (Lmi-
don, 183l>, p. 4>.
01 m nwetk* ra bouaiid, uioLANn, amo AamcA
in Upper Kgypt, by the aide <>f a mummy, a deed dated
lOA n.c, written on papyniM, uml in a guod state of prea-
erration. Tbiv deed, very limplo in it« language, con-
reyed a piece uf Und in the city uf Thebes. It give*
the names of tlio sovereigns reigiiing at the time— Cleo-
iwtro, and IHolemy, her Hon, sumanied Alexander. It
tiescrilies the grantors by name, and also more partirii-
larly. as follows: I*dmonthei<,"agod alwut forty-Hve,of
middle stature, dark complexion, handsome person, Iwhl,
rr>und-fuce«l, and straight-nused ;" Semmuthis, one of the
femolu grantors, " aged alK>ut twenty -two ycors, of mid-
dle size, yellow complexion, n)und-faced, flat-nosed, and
of quiet demeanor." It then states that they have
■old the following piece of land— giving the lomnds of
the pro^ierty— and concludes : " Nechutos the less, the
■on tif Asos, aged about forty years, of middle stature,
yellow complexion, cheerful countenonce, long face, and
stniight n«ise, with a scar u|k)n the middle of his fore-
head, has bought the sauie for one talent of brass money,
the vendors being the acting salesmen and warrantors
of the sale. Nechutes, the ])urchaaer, has accepted
the same." This instrument was written in (i reek, was
■ealetl, and liears a certificate that it bad been registered
in a public office.*
* The JViirrt ^m^tniii Btrieu for October, IMO, p. SIS, ffirn a cop;
of this lircd, which ii douhtlcM Kcnuinf. Kent> "Com." (Vth cd.),
i*. 443. Krcvnt cxplorstiom ttaow that aa earljr at thr aixth crnturjr
a.C'. it wai ciMloniAy to prMcnro in temple* of Babylonia coplci of
important recnnlt of private ImtinrM Iranaactioni, such n» tlio ula
of lanili or tlaToii. It aecma thnt each of llie contracting partita re-
ceireil a copr of the rrcord, made on a claj tablet, and a third ropy
wat placetl In the temple. Theac have come to light bj (he Ihou-
taoda. Nothing haa, however, yet liren tliicoTrnH] to allow tiMt
siKb a dcpoait wa* required to matte tlip tranaaclion legal, aliboiigh
/■■ .•' "
V- * t' ' ■ ■
TBI RMIITBATIOII IITmil IN nUKCB 4tT
However the practice may have oome into Europe,
nltho^igh prolwbly it waa hnniled donrn by the worUl-
iilHiorbing lioinunR,* wu tlml it prevailing in the Frank
monarchy at a very early (Into. When the Frank*
swept over Western Eun>|)e, instead of exterminating
the lungiiagCi customs, and laws of the people, as waa
done in England by the Anglo-Saxons, they brought
about a rudo amalgamation. They found the lioman
\ayr in force, and u|Mm it ongmfte<i their own liarbaric
code. Out of the mixture grew up a new system of
law cmlKxIidd in the " Coutumes."! Under this system,
which extended not only over France, but" also over the
Netherlands un4ler Charlemagne and his succcMora, it
seems that m early times the registry of a deed, or its
execution before a public officer, was neoessar}- to make
it valid as against third parties.^
In France, the feeling among the wealthy, as it has
always lieen in England, was strongly adverse to a sys-
''tem which gave publicity to their private affairs. The
old practice having ap|>arcntly died out with the growth
of the feudal system, Henry II., in 1553, issuetl an e<llct
which enjoined the registration of all instruments oif-
fecting land. He was probably incited to this by some
influence from the Netherlands ; but the movement
amounted to nothing, as the edict seems never to have
been enforced. In 1073, Louis XIV. issued another
it U rer; pro)>slile. Then sic inilinlions thst lh« ciutom U maoh
norc ancient tliin «ven th« tixlli centurjr.
* Under tlie Roman l*w it wu neceamrj to nyiiter " ilnnationi"
•nd " nilMtitatioiM " in order to ^re them ralidity against third
partie*. Cooper on " Regiatration," p. 18.
t Sec " Nouveau Coutumier Of Mral " of Bourdot de Rirheboorg
(Parit, ITU). \ Cooper on " Regittration," eto.
451 TBB TOMTAII n BOIXAKD. KlOUMD^ AXD AMUIICA
edict to much the game effect, but it was recalled in
the next j'oar, aKain probably through the oppcNtition of
the nobleo. Still lattT, during the reign of liouis XV.,
the pmjoct of n general registry was mooted, only once
mure to be defeatv«l. The opjMjaition at this time took
a definite form, the nobles and the largo land-owners, .
who were mostly in debt, denouncing u scheme which
might affect their standing.* It was not until the Uev>
olution destroyed the old nobility, and broke up the
landed syHtem which ground the fMiosantry into the dust,
that t lie l-'rench taw again requin.>d the registration of.
deeds and mortgages, as in the early days of the Ftankidh
Empire. This law, coupled with the alK>lition of primo-
geniture and the enforced division of land among the
owner's heirs, has built up a Iwily of some six or eight
million landed proprietors in France. With such a basis,
the ultimate |)crmanence of a n>()ublic is a foregone con-
clusion".
During the long and dreary years of the Middle Agea,
the walled towns of Germany and the Netherlands
served as arks of civilization floating on the ilosolating
flood of feudalism. The registry system might lie wiped
out or rendered insignificant in France, but it survived
in full force in the cities of the Ilanseatic I<eague, thence ,
to take root again and spread with vigor as soon as jtho
flood subsided. As I have alreatly stat^l, the firat char-
ters of these towns are not of very early date, for, Iwfora
they were granted, rights rested in prescription ; but the
registry system comes early enough to show its probable
survival from the Prankish i>eriod. The charter of Mid-
delburg, granted in 1217, contained the provision that
* See the •rgnmenti agilnit tbc tyatem in " (Eurm da Cbsnoe-
Uer D'Agneweau," ix. 380, quoted bj Cooper, p. 87.
TM RTSrm IN THE MRBSRlAtlDS , 4S0
all alienations of real estate must take place before the
Bchcpcns.* That, of Hamburg, 1 ^TOjt that of Bremen,
1433,^ and the revised statutes of Lubeck§ provided
further that a perfect title) depcmled on recording the
sale in the public archives «f the city.| The same was
true of Cologne, Magdeburg; and other cities in the thir-
teenth century, and soon after mortgages were also re-
quired to be recorde*!.^
It was therefore the system already existing which
Charles V. perfected and rendered general for the Neth-
erlands, and which was afterwards extcndctl by the
States, or legislature, of Holland, so as to cov(;r all in-
struments affecting land, re(|uiring them to be regis-
tered in order to give them validity.**
• Motley, i. 35. t Titlu i. art. 8. t Oril. 43, S».
- { Book iii. title 6, nrt. 3.
I For tlicte rcfercncca I Rm indebted to the reaearche* of my
friend, J. Bleecker Miller, of Now York.
"! Cooper on " Kegistmtibn," p. .16. According to nutliorities cited
by tliit nuthor the cities of the Netherlanda liad the name ajstem in
their " nantisaement," p. 13. Under tliia ayeteni, n gmntee or mort-
gagee took hia deed or mortgage to the judicini officera of tl|e dia-
trict, made hia claim under it, and tlicy endorsed their certiflcntc of
tlie trmnaaclion and entered it in the public rcconia.
**"Real estate, such as housea and land, was fW)m of -old not
considered, in many localities of Holland,- aa deliveild over unlru
the transfer occurred before the magistrate of the locality where the
property waa situated. If the transfer waa effected otherwise, it waa
inx'niid. Thia waa made a common law for all these countries at the
time of the Emperor Cliarles [V.],and by the Btatea it was enacted,
in addition, that the transfer Im regislcretl, and whenever resulting
ftom sale or exchange that the fortieth penny— two and n half per
cent. — be paid for the common benefit, also under penalty of being
Inralidated."— " Inleiding tot de Hollandsche Rechtagelcerdheid "
("Introduction to the Juriaprudcnco of Uulland"), Hugo Orotius
Mh
460 THE PUBITAIf IN HOLLAND, ■NOLAMDt AND AMIBICA
The history of the attempt to introduce a registration
of titles into England is an interesting one, tlin»ving
great light upon the modes of thought which have in-
iIuenoe<l her upper classes. In the latter <lay« of the
Long Parliament the subject was flrat taken up hy the
famous committee on the Iteformatiun of the Law, ol^
which Matthew Hale was chairman. Some months after
its ap(>ointment, this body ro|)orted to the standing com-
mittee of the House the draft uf a very notable measure.
It provide<l for registries in every county, in which all
deeds and other instruments atTtniting real ektate were
, to be recorded, the record of a conveyance to a bona-
lide purchaser cutting off all prior unrccurdod transfer!
and " incurabrancefi." *
(Midttelliurft, 176T), iHmk ii. p«rt 8, MC. IS. Orotiut rpfera to tlia
edict of Charlv* V., |>miniil|{*te(l in K/9, " Groot Placket Boot "
(Tlic Ilaftuc, 1038), folio, p. »T4, iind tn the ordinance of the Stain
of Holland and Wcat Prinland promulgated in 1300. Idem, p. 1M7.
Tlie ordinance of 1.198 is aa follow* : " Concerning all wliicli Llcn«,
Ceaaiont, and Tranafcra, we have charged and commanded, arid do
charge and command bjr tlioae preaenta, the aforeaaid Rrgistrjr-
niaatcra, Loan-lonla [feudal Ionia], or those who are in tlirir atend,
and the Becretnriln in the Towna and Villagea, to keep everywhere
good and pertinent Itegiatera— and to avoid frauda, the Secretariea
nro obliged Iwfore the transfer or mortgage to record the Leiten
I papenj in a Kegiater or Protocol, in order to lx> underaigne<l, in the
eflccling of the tninafer or lien, li; the officer and two of the court,
in the aforeauid Register or Protocol." — Original record at Tlie
Hague. From Holland the sjratem haa aprcad over a large part of
Continentid Europe.
• " Lord Someia's Tracts," vi. 191. The bill ia quite an elaborate
one, and, if enacted, would have given England much the same
registry system as the United States has to-day. One of ita detaila
is quite suggestive of a Netherland influence. In each county the
JoMioet of the' peace were to pieaent to the grand Jury the iwnies of
ATTCMPTS TO INTRODl'CC BCOMTHATION INTO BNOLAKD 481
But the standing oommittee of the Ilouae was com-
poaetl largely of Utwyera o])|K>se<l to every reform, it
being to their interest, as Ludlow said, "to preserve the
lives, liberties, and estates of the whole nation in their
own hands." For three months they 8truggle<l with
this pnrticuUr bill, attenii>ting to settle the meaning
of the word " incumbninctii." * In the end the bijl was
smothered, and nothing was accomplished. During the
reign of ('harles II., registration was provided for in the
Bedford Levels — settled btrgely by Notherlanders— and
in the time of Queen Anne and (leorge 11. for the coun-
ties of Yorkshire and Middlesex.f Hut even in these
limited districts some unfortunate decisions and sumo
defects in the arrangements have rendered the system
of comparatively little value.^
Since the days of the I/)ng Parliament great voices
have arisen in England to urge the adoption of this de-
■^lOT'for simplifying and cheikiioning the transfer of land.
.Jiord Keeper Guilford, Ilobbes,^ and even the conscn*-
ilx penou; ftnm thna lix the grand Jury wen to lelcct tw6, one of
whom wat to be elected by the junticco to Mrre M connty ref(i»ter.
The mme feature appeared in the nrganitation of the \nn\ courts,
which the committee propoacd for ever; county. Here the justice*
of the peace were to chooao ten men. two at Icaat learned in the law,
and fkom thia number the r.ouncil of State was to select 6v9 to serve
as Judgvs, of whom at least one was to be a lawyer. " I^rd Somen's
Tracts," Vi. 212. Tills, as we have seen, was a hmiliiir feature in
the cunstitutioiMl system of the Netherlands and was afterwards
introduced by Penn into his colonies.
• Ludlow's '• Membir* " (fol. e<l., 1771), p. 184. Bee also antr, p. 38».
t Bbiekstone, ii. 348. { Kiii^rth Beruw, April, IWIO, p. 173.
) Hoblica, who not only adrocated registration for England, lint
alio urged a leform of the criininni code anil the aiiislgninnlion of
law and oqalty, had paascd a Urge part of bU matura life u|H>n tit*
,4U TBK FCaiTAN IN nOLLAND^ raOLAND, AND AMBBICA
Mivo Ulackstunc, have Bpokbn or \rrittcn in iU behalf.
In the prcaent centun*. Jeremy Benthani and Loril
. Brougbam, with a h(«t of lesser light!). Iitivc added their
influence, but nil in vain. In 1H2S), a imrliunientary (xim-
inimiun wns a|)|)ointo<l to inquire into the gtato of the
liiwg relating' to real ]>ro|)erty in England. They took
the opinions of all the leading lawyers of the coun-
try, and, in 1830, made a re|x>rt in which thev pointed
out the evils of the present system, under which all title-
deeds are kept by the owners without being rpcorded,
showing how it led to insecurity of title and enonnous
ex|ienties in the transfer or mortgaging of land, an4l rec-
omroendeil the ostablishmcnt of a registry law to sim-
plify and cheapen alienation. This, however, was what
the land-owners of England did not wisli, and the prop
osition was rcjecte<l. Each year the ownership of land
gives more importance to the proprietor. This im|)oi^
tanee is not to be shared with the pleltcians. Some day,
however, the lethargic plebeians of England may revolt
against the doctrine.*
Continent. "The Earl; .Iliitory of InstitatioM," Mclno («d. of
Henry Holt, 1888), pp. 305-807.
* Tlie whole ipirit of the feuiinl ayiteni wu oppoM<l to an; rrgia-
tr; of titles. Edward I. of England at one time cauwd writs of quo
wamoto to be iiaued, calling upon hit noble* to produce the title-
dcetla of their estate*. The stout Eurl Warrenne put a sliced; (top
to thi« law;er-like infVingcuient of the patricians' riglit*. Baring a
rnst; swonl, and flinging it on the table of the cnmniissioners, he
said : " This is in; title-ileol. B; the sword m; father* won tlieir
lands when the; came over with the Conqueror, and li; m; swonl
will I hold them.'' In refusing in the nineteenth ccntur; to a<lopt
the registr; •;st«m, now in use among almost erer; other ciriliicd
people, England ii*but proring the troth of Itanke's remark, " No-
where have more of the institution* of the Middle Age* beta I*-
tained than In EogUnd."— " Iliat of England," i. Piefact.
TUB SYVTCM M AlUEIUCA-PIMN'a RBFUBll* MS
When now wo look to the Unitetl States, wo find no
difficulty in tracing the history of tho institution on
this side of the AUantic. The first settlers of New York,
coming from Holland, brought it with them.* In l(t3*l,
the Pilgrims of Plymouth, coming also from Ilolknd,
passed a law requiring that for the prevention of frauds,
all conveyances, including mortgages and leuscs, should
bo recorded. Connecticut followetl in MSV, the I'uri-
tans of Massachusetts in 1041; Penn, of course, intro-
duced it into Pennsylvania. Sulisoqnently every State
of the Union established subatantially tho same systcm.f
The iih|iortance of this vystom in its effects u|>on the
distrihiHion of Land in the United States has been {minted
out in tho Introduction.^
* The lam and ordinancea of New Netherland prior to III38 hare
been loif, aAer tbat date tlie; are complrtc. But the firat record
in the office uf the coh)nia1 accrctarjr. tbat of 1630, is of a deed ; and
the 0nt taw in exittenco rclatinf( to tlio •ul>jt'ct, that of l9Si, rvfrra
to prior ordinance*, now loat, requiring all <lcc<U to In> recorded.
"Lawa and Ordinancea of New Netherland," p. 130. Hce alao p.
114. Hence there mu*t have been a hiw befoie 1638, and probably-
one before 1630.
' t kent'a " Cotnmentaries," iv. 456, etc.
t Bee alio, npon tliia Whole iol)jcGt, a rerjr able monograph on
** Tlie Land Byatem of the New England roloniea," bjr Melville
Eglaalon, pnbliabed in the fourth eeriei of " Jnhna Ifopkina Uoi-
veraitjr Stndiea in Historical and Political Science." Thia paper
abowa how mach of the proapcrity of New England ia attributalile
to her lawa reUtiog to tlie transmiaaion of land, and Chalmera ia
quoted aa an authority for the atatement tliat tlieae Uwa " not only
mark the ipirit of the peoph), but were pT»l>ably the cauae of more
lasting conaequencea."
lu the ayatem which tliey eatabliahed, there were, as Mf. Eglea-
ton remarks, three important features : First, the land of an iutca-
tate was divided equally among his children, excepting that in some
eoloiilM tk* sldtrt ton rec(riT«d a donUs portiooi mgodiI, iU Itadf
V ■/
4M THS PTBITAII tli UOLUND^ nfOUilD, AND AMttlCA
In closinft tliis tiketch <if the law, an(f the miNle of
aclininisterin^ justioo in tho Netherianda, it may not be
without intercut to point out ttome further reforms, bor-
rowed from llolkmi, which I'enn incor|Mirute(l into hii
celebrate*! Ctxlo for Pennsylvania. SfH-tion x. of his
laws provided, " That all prisons shall be wprk-huuara
for felons, vagrants, and hMwe and idle [tersons ; whereof
one shall b«' in every county." This was unknown in
England, bat in Holland tho prisons were all work-
houses, and were mtNlela fpr the world.* Tho provision
in section xiil., " That all prisons shall Iw free, a* to
fees, board, and linlging," wia l)orro'>'e<l from the same
qaarter.-f So was the ro(|uiromerit of section xix.,
that l>efore marriage the {mrents or guardians of the
parties should lie flrst consulted. In Ilollapd this was
regulated by spiicial laws, under which, if tho parents
anreasonabiy rttfused their cons*;nt, it could be waived
by the magistrates. My section xiv. ono third of the
land of a {lersim dying and leaving legal issue, and all
tho land in other cases, was liable for his debts. Under
the Dutch latv, as we have seen, it tvas all liable, while
in England it was all exempt. Section xxv. of Pcnn's
Code gave one third of the estate of a murdorer to the
next of kin of his victim. In Holland, any fierson who
uaused the death of another, oven by negligence not
amounting to raunler, was Umnd to |my an annuity
wers made linlile for the i]«bU nf their owner, during hi* lifn and
after hU death ; third, conrejanres weiw simpliAed, and a ayatem
ealalili>lic<l under wliicli all deedi and inurticagea hail to bo re-
cnnle<l (pp. 55, 56). Tlieae proTiuoiu n{ law were unknown in Eng-
land, but were all liorrowcti from Holland, with the exreptinn of
tile one RtTinR a double portion tii the rlileat ton, for which the
Uoaaic coile it probablj reapontible.
• Dafiea'a " Uollaad." iii. atM. t Mmb-
•umiABT or HCTUKRLAnD iNrrrrrrioNS in ahrica 4M
to the widow and cliil<lren.* Ky section xxviii. all
children within the province, over tbo age of twelve,
were to be taught a trade. In Holland, tbo children
. of such peraons as wore too poor to support them were
brought up at the public exi)cnso until a certain age,
under tlie inspection of the burgomaster, and were then
bound oi|t as apprentices to some trade or manufucturo.f
These, with religious toleration, and the institutions
which have been already noticetl, make up the reforms
of the Pennsylvania Code which have always exc-ite<l
such just admiration. Although unfamiliar to English-
men, who pronounce them far ahead of the age, it seems
a little' extravagant, however, to credit their invention
to the fertile intellects of Penn and Algcrn<m Sidney. X .
Such arc the loading institutions, ])olitical and legal,
for which the American liepublio is indebted, directly
or indirectly, to the Xetherland Republic, itself the heir
of all the ages. Some of them, e8|)ecially our written
constitutions, have been greatly improved u|K>n ; but at
the time of their introduction into America few, if any,
of them could lie found in any country of Euro|ie ex-
cept the Netherlands. Having completed our sketch of
th^ir history, let us now bring them together, in order
that wl may appreciate their combined importance.
First :»nie8 the Fe«]eral Constitution, a written in-
strumeat as opposed to the unwritten English (.'onsti-
tntion. Next are the provisions of this instrument
pbicing checks on the |M>wer of the Precident in declar-
ing war and peace, and in the apiMintment of judges
and all important executive officers. Then comes the
• DsTiM, L 97. t Idem, i. 4«ia.
t Bea "Life of Williimi Penn," b; Wm. Uepworth Diion (Berlin
«].), 11. St.
II.— 30 •
4M TBB rtlMTAif IM UOLLAMD, CNQUIND, AMD AMMUCA
whole brganixatton of the Senate — a mutable and yet a
|)ennanent body, representing independent bodies |iol-
itic, and' not caite in 8tato and Church. After theie
feature* of the national system, but not leas im|K>rtant,
follow our State ocmstitutions, our fivedom of reliffiqn,
our free press, our wide suffrage, and our written bal-
lot. With these cx)me the free schools, for boys and
girls alike, the township system (with its setiu^bnce of
lixml self-government in county and State), the inde-
]iendence of the judiciary, the absence of primogeni-
ture, the subjection of hind to execution for debt, and
the system of recording' deeds and mortgages. Added
to these are our public prosecutors of crime in every
county, the constitutional guarantee that every accuseil
person sluU have subptrnas for his witnesses and coun-
sel for his defence, the reforms in our penal and pristm
system, the emanci|>ati(m of married women, and the
whole organization of our public charitable and refor-
, matory work.
Taking these institutions all together, is there any
cause for wonder that they excite astonislimcnt amoUg
modern English scholars and statesmen, who, looking
beneath the mere surface rcscmblnncort of language and
domestic habits, seek an explanation of the manifest
diffcrcnoe between the i)eoplc of England and a people
in the United States assumed by them to lie of the same
blood i * These observers, unlike some of our American
writers, see plainly enough that our institutions are not
*B«a opinion! of Vnttbew Araoltl, If r.. OMitonc, I.onI 8ali*-
bury, etc., quoted in the Introiliiction. Sir Henry Maine Mld» : " The
■iguel MKceu of tlie Cnnititiiliim of tlie United State* in ttemming
•Til tendenciei iney wpII fill tlie Englielimcn wlu> live In /inm ib-
muU with wonder and onvjr."->-*' Popular QoTemment."
v.:.-^:-:;*}":
BOUJUID AtWAT* TDB rW»D OF TBI UMITID RTATIS 4117
ililierited from England, however much we may have
of English characteristics.
The simple fact is, that the whole theory of society
and govemment in the two countries has always been
radically different. Under such conditions it was but
natural that our forefathers should turn for their preo-
' edents, not to a monarchy or nn aristocracy, but to a re-
public— a republic which was the beacon light of the
English Commonwealth, and whoso |)coplo were our
warmest unselflsh sympathizers throughout the Itcvo.
lution, a^ they also proved themselves to the Union
I during our late struggle for a national existence.*
* * The Kethcrinml Repulilic diil not foriually recognito the inde-
pendence of the United Blates until the 19th nf April, i*8S. but iU
people had tlimughoat the war earneatljr iiympathizcd with the pa-
triot*. In taking formal action, democratic Fricaland «m the tint
of the aevcn ProTtncet to adopt the rciolution which recognized
John Adam*, whnee terricci were invaluable, aa the acrrcditot min-
titer (Vom an independent nation. Great wa* the rejoicing among
tlie people at large. At Fnnclicr, the tludcnta illuminated the uni-
venity. At Leeuwarden,with the aanctiiin of the Slate*, the Ilurgh-
en* Club had a metlal (truck off, on one Hide of which wo* the in-
•cription, "To the State of Friealand, in grateful recognition of t'ue
act* of the Aaaembly in February and April, 1783, by the nurghen'
Club of Leenwanlen. Liberty and Zeal." On the other tide waa
, aagraTetl a Friaian in ancient costume, holding out hi* right l^and
to an American, while with hi* left ho reject* tlie peace offered by .
theRrlton. Netherland Annals for 1781 and 17H). (For n ropy of
this artiitic medal, with copie* of two other* of equal lieauty atruck
off by the Btatcs-Qeneral to commemorate their recognition of Ameri-
can Independence, and tlie ratlAcation of a treaty of commerce and
■MkTigation between the United Bute* and the Netherlands, Oct
Tth, 1781, I am indebted to the Uun. Samuel R Thayer, United
States Miniater at The Hague.) To Luiac, profeasor of hi*tory at
Iicyden, Washington wrote, acknowledging the debt of America to
Mwh men as he. Sparks'* " Writings of Washington," xl. m. la
4M -Tn rt'MTAM IN norxAJia nauuiDi amo ambiiica
•diting^hit letter flparkt ray* : " To no pen in Euro|M) wcra tba
I'nitnl Htkte* it mu£h indebted for a Juit fopntentation of their
aflUn *n<l defence of lliuir rigliti lu to tliit of Profemor Luuc."
Daring our Civil War tlio liond» of tlie United States alwajm found
a rLwl; marliet in Holland, and were Imuglit (here in raat amount*,
while the Engliih wctv inveating in Confederate ■ccuriticn. Tlie
Hollanders believc<l in republican institutions; the leading claaae*
in England had no such ronfldencc, since tUeir sympathies wen
mainl; in the opposite diraction.
/ .
CHAPTER XXIII
TUB SCOTOU-IRUH, TUB n'RITANS OF TBB SOUTH
OURCU'HHIM
Thk procMling chaptur \vns <leT<>ted mninly to show-
ing how many of the institutions of the I'nitfHl States
were ilcrivctl from the Netherland liepublic ; und how
they foumi their way into Pennsylvania unci thu Now
England colonics. I have already said something, and
shall say a little more hereafter, in regard to the influ-
ence of these institotions on America, causing it to dif-
fer so widely from the mother country. But if the stor>-
were concluded here, it would be very incomplete, for
the dissimilarity iHstween the |ieoplo of the United States
and those of England is not duo wholly to an original
difference in institutions. There was, in addition, an-
other cause at work, the presence of which must lie ke|it
in mind by any one who would understand the full
course of American development.
Viewing the Tnited States from the stand|M>int of
Enghind and her writers, one would conclude that its
|>euple— certainly those who hare given cliaracter to
the nation— were of almost pure English descent. Rut
such a oonclnsicm has no more of a basis in fact than has
the theory which deduces the institutions of America
from those of Engknd. New England, with her Puri-
tan )>oiralation, lias played a great part in American his-
tory— a part whiob no fair-minded student would deoire
41* TUB nmrtAii m hoUani^ Kieuiio, ahd avuuca
to nnderMtimate ; bnt cvon in Itovniutionary <layB her
four colonies were not America. Their nine nssiHiiates
which made up the Union have a]§o played their part
in histor}', with resulUi which no one caring for the
truth can afford to overlook. They atooti up with their
Puritan brethren in New England to estabiiRh American
independence, and, in time, they all adopted the un-Eng-
lish institutions which have given to America its dis>
tinotive character. But to ..understand how this cam%
about we must disabuse our minds of the idea that at
the time of the Kevolution these colonies were under
the English influence which had controlled them at an
earlier day. Ilad this influence still continued in full
vigor, and had the leading men in these colonies, espe-
cially in those of the South, been as largely of English
descent as is generally assumed, they would haye shown
little desire for independence, and the American Revolu-
tion, in the eighteenth century at least, would not have
become an accomplished fact.
That New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsyl-
^Tania had a lai^ Dutch population is known to every
reader. 80 is the fact that French I{ug<ienot8 wore
found scattered through all the American colonics, one
of them perpetuating his name in Faneull Hull, the Cra-
dle of Liberty, in Boston. Added to these men of un-
English birth were the (Annans, who, driven' from the
Palatinate by LouisXI V., found a homo mainly in Penn-
sylvania and in Central New York ; in the latter quar-
ter proving the stanchcst (jcfcnders of American liber-
ty.* All these foreign elements of oar population have
* Lad by PcrklmOT, Ouij, with tMr Dateh ud flcotch-Triih alHct,
fongbt it'Oriiksny, in 1777, one of the important bntlles of tba
Ravolntioii— • battle which by ita laanltt contributnl largely to
TBI •COKIB-IBUO, TBK Pl'BITATIS OF TBI BOCm 471
been noticed by historians, although dun credit has not
been always accorded to their influence. But taken all
together, the Hollanders, French, and Germans in the
American colonies were less in number and very much
leas in influence than the men of another race, who were
found mostly in Pennsylvania and the South.
These were the Scotch- Irish. ■ Driven frf)m their
adopted home in the North of Ireland by English perse-
cuti«fli, there was burned into their very souls the bit-
ter r«;Qllect^on of a century of English ingnttitudo and
EnglisnBrokon faith. They were un-English in their
origin, and thoy camt to America — which they have- al-
ways looked upon as their only country — hating Eng-
land, her Church, and her form of government with the
intensest hatred. They contributed as little which was
original to American institutions as did the Puritans of
New England ; but they were also willing to accept new
ideas from other quarters, and they contributed elements
to American thought and life without which the United
States of to-day would be impossible. By them Amer- ^
ican independence was fii^t openly advocated, and but fur
their efforts, seconding those of the New England I'ari-
tans, that independence would not have been secured.
As these men founded none of the American colonies,
their stoiry has found oo place in the preceding ])agcs.
Bat this story is needed to complete our sketch of the
Puritan in America. They were the Puritans of the
South — Calvinists in theology and republicans in politics.
Not only did they contribute largely to the success of
the Revolution, but it was mainly through their influ-
ence that, after the SeToIution, r^nblioan institution!
the lumiMler of Bargojna kt Stntogt, the turning erent of tb«
(truggla. *
■m-'
471 TBI PURITAM m aouAMDh naLAini, um ahbbioa
unknown in England were introduced into the 8oath and
West. In view of tkete facts, the Scotoh-Iriih Bbould re-
ceived from the American historians moob mor^ attention
than has hitherto been given to them.* ' '
In a fumicr chapter f an account was given of the or-
igin and development of the (Scottish Kiric, which exert-
ed so marked an influence u|)on the Puritans of England.
That Kirk, with itM intense Calvinism and its domocmtic
theories in Church and 8tate, wap always looked upon
* Among tlie flnt of lilttoriaiu to call tttantion to the grmt infln-
CBCc of the Scnicli-Iriih in America «u tlic Rev. Robert Bainl. Id
bii work on ** Religion in tlie Cnitcd Statn of America," publiahed
in 1844, in QIaagow and Ixiudon, lie nid : "Next to the PnritaDa wt
moat nnqueationablf rank' the Scotch, ai baring largely contributed
to form the religtooa character of the Unitetl HIalei" (p. 130). Ha
tlien nroceeded to giro lome facta ami figarea (hawing the great
number of Scnteh-Iriah who had lettloi in America before tha Rar-
olulion. In 1874, Proude •ti|>plcment(Bd thia account bjr hit biatoi;
of "Tlio Engliah in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century," where ||e
gare fuller atatiatk!« of (lie 8rotch-Iri>b immigration. 8ince then,
contribntiona hare been made to thia aubject bj Lecky and otben ;
but it waa not until 18H0 that the American deacendanta of tbeae
men formetl an organinttion for the purpoae of tbowing to the world
what had been accomplialied by their anceatora. They then found-
ed " The Scotcli-Irith Society of America," which haa held three an-
nual meetinga. At thrae mectlnga many raluable monographa liar*
liccn pmented by icholara of eminence from all accliona of tha
United State*. Judging from theae protluctiona, to which I am
largely indebted, we ahall aoon bare ample material for a fUM hi*-
' tory of the " Scotcb-Iriili in Afnepg^^SlNiIditian to tbcae pnbti-
cationa, and to other authori^^ited hereafter, I am under oblig*.
lioni fur raluable information rcHRing to the Scotch-Iriah in tha
South to pcnooal communicationa from Dr. Joaeph A. Waddell, of
Staunton, Va. ; Col. Thomai Marahall Oreeo, of Mayirilla, Ky. ; and
tha Hon. William UcXiSUghUo, of Lexington, Va.
t Amu, p. 1.
OUGIN or TM lOOTCn-IRUH 41>
by the StosKs with diafaror. Its action in bringing
^bcnit the civil war dcvelopml that disfavor into the
deepest hatred, manifested after the Ilestoration by the .
relentless persecution of all its members.*
liut much as even the tirst of the Stuarts disliked the
' religion and politics of his Scottish subjects, be recog- ,
nized their sterling qualities, and turtyxl to tht-ro in one
time of need. For centuries Ireland had been a thorn
in the side of England, causing ceaseless irritation be-
cause its people would not tamely submit to what th{;y
justly reganied as the oppression of their neighbors.
During the reign of Elizalieth, Edmund Spenser, the sol-
dier-poet, had laid before the English council an exhaust-
ive scheme for the pacification of the sister ishtnd. He
proposed that the native iK>puhttion should be substan*
tially exterminated by the sword and by famine, and re-
placed by English settlers.! Nothing came of the schtfme
at this time ; but in the early days of James I. it was
taken up, although on a restricted scale. A rebellion of
* It b of Interat to the Ameriou mtder to notloe lh«t when
Cbsrin I., under the idTice of Laud, mule his attack on the Hcottiih
Kirk, ho puriMMed, u hU next iteii, to craiih out all tbo indrpendcnt
wets in tlif American coloniet, and to abolish all tlie colonial cliarten.
Doyle's " PuriUns," i. ItT. Nothing but the rrliellion in Scotland,
incited by his ecclesiastical innoralions, rrustratc<i his schemes upon
Americs, at • time when all England lay cowering under his tyran-
ny. This is the Arst debt of America to Scotland.
t " View of Ireland," by Edmund Bpenaer, 15M. I»fd Burghley
has often been criticised by sentimental writers for his neglect Of
the poet Spenser. As the great minister always denounced tiie ac-
tions of the English In Ireland as surpassing in atrocity anything done
by AWa in the Netherlands, it is pqisible that the political views of
Spenser had something to do with his lack of sdTaaoeoeol, provided
Bnrghlsy had any power.
474 TBI rCMTAN IN BOLLiiNDv KIOLAMD, AHO AHBBICJl
two of the great noblea in the Prorince of Ulster fur-
nished an excuse for confiscating their vast estates,
amounting to some two million acres. Uf this princely
domain, about three fourths — consisting, however, most-
ly of bog, fen, and mountain wastes— were returned to
the Irish tenants. The remaining five hundred thou-
sand acres of fertile lands were thrown open to Prot-
estant colonization.*
Here begins the history of the Bcotcb-Irish as a dis-
tinctive people. For three centuries before this thite, '
Scotchmen from the Western Ilighknds had been form-
ing little colonics in the North of Ireland ; but these set-
tlers, in the main, bad become more Irish than the Irish-
men. The newKHimers vfere of a different faith and
largely of a different blood, Protestants and Anglo*
Saxons, not Catholics and Celts. James had decided to
plant a Protestant Colony in Irchind large enough and
strong enough to hold its own against the Catholics.
Many of the settlers were English, but the larger and
more influential element came from the Calvinists of
ScotUnd.f By this time the king had recovered from
his first fears of their Presbyterianism as a {lower hostile
to the throne. Abbot, a pronounced Calvinist, had l)eon
made Primate of England ; a bitter theological discussion
was waging with the Jesuits ^ so that for a brief period
the Puritans, lioth in England and Scotland, were, to a
slight extent, in royal favor.
It was under such conditions that the, colonization
of Ulster was begun. The men who gave it character
* rnrads, " The Koglbh in IreUnd in the Eighteenth Centaur,"
LW.
t To-day the tpeeoh of Uliter ii Scotch rather then Englitb, ihow-
ing which nitionelity hai prednminnted.
TBI MOTCH-IRISn lUtVOLCTIONm TBI NORTH OP lltlLAND 478
were of the game class u thnso who aftcr^ynnls mnile
New England — perhaiM, however, more nulical in tjivir
ideas. But the settiurs hero were iittract«Ml by oxce|)-
tional inducemont»— a fact which, in considering tlieir
inbsequent history, must always be kept in mind. They
were promised full indulgence for their religion, and, ■»
far as trade and commerce were concerno«l, an act of
Parliament placed them, with all the inhabitants of Ire- >
land, on an equality with their English brethren.*
With this new element) in its population — and we
must remember that the Scotch had as little share in
the early Englisli atrocities in Ireland ns the}' had in
the later legislatioin against the Catholics — and under
the laws giving commercial freedom to the country at
largo. Ireland cntcrctl upon a new life. In 15s<), the
population was roughly estimated at half a million. In
1041. it had grown to a million and a half, of whom the
Protestants numlicrcd two hundred and sixty thousandif
In Ulster, whore half of the settlers were Scotch Pres-
byterians, a complete transformation' was accomplishc<l.
This province, compiimtively sterile, had Wn the least
advancc<l and the worst cultivated section of the island.
It now Iteoame one of the most flourishing portions of
the British Empire. Xot only did the newK-omors intro-
duce ah agricultural system before unknown, but they
» See Troude, 1. 70, tor the set of Puriiamnit. A* to the upecisl
inducrnicnti held out to the Scotch etnigrant*, arc it Tcrj brilliant
paper, with iti snthoritic* cited, on " The Making nf tlie I'literman,"
b; Rev. John B. Maclntotb. of P'hiUilelphIa, a nntiTe of I'Uter, in
the " Ptoccedlnga of the Bcotch-lritb- Society of America, for 1 8110,"
p. B3. Tbi« paper alio ahowa what care wa* taken, under the direc-
tion of Jamea bimaelf, in the aelection of the Scotch aettlera, they
being piclced men, eren auperior to the Eogliib coloolata (p. 94).
trn>iui»,«.ri.
/- .
r •
. 47t THB rt'lllTAN IN IIOLLAHD, BNOUMD, AND AMIRICA
established manufactares of wool and flax, and laid the
foundatipnii of u commerce which gave to Ireland gome
little i^])urt!ince u|)on the Continent.
Then, as an outgrowth of the civil commotions in
England, carau the Irish uprising, accompanied by the
wholesale iniuuuicrcs of ](I41, finally quelle<l by a fScotch
army \nUl by the English Parliament.* Ijiter on came
the imciUcution of Ireland by the great Protector, and
the settlement of bis veterans on the lands which they
had conquered. This event, however, which has' at-
tractcti so much of the attention of historians, exerted
little i)ermancnt influence on the fortunes of the coiin-
try. Cromwell's soldiers were settle<l mainly in the
provinces of Leinster and Munster, and after the licsto-
ration they were, for the most part, driven from their
holdings by the Stuarts, to find a refuge in America.t -
Thus, here as in England, the work of Cromwell was
substantially undone. liut the persecution of the Dis-
senters which followed his deatb. although it drove
from the central and southern sections of Ireland the
most intelligent and industrious of the ]iopulation, had
little effect upon the elder settlements in the Xorth.
There the nonHxinformiste were too numerous and too
com])actly settled to be harried from their homes by the
intolerant measures of the crown. Through all the bit-
ter years which followed the Restoration they more
than held their own, receiving large accessions from the
jiersccuted iSootch Co^'enanters, to whom they furnished
* Fronile, i. 83, dr. Tlie number of tliu ProtetUnU •Uughlerxl
by tlic Catholic! st this timo ii Tariou>ly ratiinatcj at fVom thirty-
MTCQ thouuntl to ono hundred and Rdj thouiand. Froude thinki
t)>at rren the lowest estinute if too large.
t Idem, I isa.
tROLUn riBMCDTIOIf jDRirn TBI ■OOTTH-nuSB TO AMCMCJL 477
shelter and protection. Finally came the Itcvolution.
of 1688, wheni the Stuarts, having heapctl up the meas-
ure of.their transgressions, were driven from the throne
forever. Attempting to find their way back throiigh
Ireland, the Bcotch-Irish of IJIsti-r cfTectunlly hinrkwl
their progress. By holding Derry against .lames, they,
as Froudo has said, saved William of Orange half the
trouble of conquering the Emerald Isle.* ,
Such was the record of the Ulstennrn. They had
taken a wilderness and made of it a garden. They had
baffled the assaults of the fanatical Catholics, backed by
the Stuart% and had stootl as a bulwark for Protestant
Enghind, when English lilwrty was assailed. Now came
the time for their reward.
In 1008, upon the demami of the English manufact-
urers, the woollen industry of Ireland was utterly de-
stroyed. It was claimed that labor was chea|)cr there
than in England, and that therefore the manufactured
product could be sold at a lower price. This was not
to bo endured. The interference of Parliament was
invoked, and by a series of repressive acts the Irish.,
looms' were closed.f As one result of this legislation,
twenty thousand of the Protestant artisans of Ulster,
deprived of employment, left Ireland for America, cir-
rying with them the remembrance of how English faith,
plighted to their fathers, bad been broken under the
influence of English greed.J
This, however, was but the b^inning of the exodus.
In 1704, a Test Act was passed for Ireland, almost as
severe in its provisions against the Dissentera as against
the Catholics ; while no Toleration Act, like that in Eng-
bind, mitigated its severities. In practice it was enforced
• Ttoait, I. SSa t Idim, i. N7. t Idem. i. IN.
t '
4TS TBI rCWTAN IM HOLLtHD, BKILAHD, AXO AMUICA
most rigorously against the Protestants. Under this
Mt none of the non-oonfurmists were allowed to hold
any office above that of petty constable. They were
forbidden to keep schools of any character ; marriages
by thoir ministers, were deciarctl invalid, the issue of
such marriages Were liastardizod before the htw, and
men were prosecuted for living with their wives. Even
the dead were not exempt, for they were denied burial
in their ancestral chuA:hyards, among their fathers, by
\vh<im the churches had been founded.*
What the Stuarts, with their Catholic tendencies,
could not accom]>lish was now to be done by tho Angli-
can High-Churchmen, under Queen Anne and her suc-
cessors. The destruction of the woollen industry had
affected only the artisans. The Test Act, etjually vio-
lative of the pleilges made to the early settlers, affcctc<l
all classrs of the community. With its enforcement a
new exodus to America began, which continue<l until
the passage of the long-delayoil Toleration Act for Ire-
land, in 17^>'3. After the flrst excitement the movement
was somewhat arrested, in hopes that Parliament, ac-
cording to its promises, would relax its rigorous meas-
ures against the non-coitformists. But about 1710 these
hopes were abandoned, and thereafter ships enough coidd
not 1)0 found to carry from Ulster to America the men
who were unwilling to live except in the air of religious
freedom.t
The industrial and eoclesiasticid policy of England,
„ * Fronde, i. 819, 31B, SSt, ate.; Me sin "Ttie lUklDg of tb«
ITbtemwn."
t Frmide, i. 393, etc. Somo iUtUtici upon tbii •iiliject I ihsll
giTe hereafter, when ooBsktaring tbe chtrscter and ioBmnoa uf tb«M
•nigrantt. .^ '
tocuL poHnoH or nu •corcB-iKisB-ioccATioif tn
followed for about a century, denuded Ireland of the
be«t elements of her iwpulation and sent them to the
American colonies. Just before the American Itevolu-
tion the ttnal blow was struck. The Kcotch farmers
wlio hud Bettle«l in Ulster found a waste which they
redeemed. Most of them were tenants, |»ying a rent
for their land based on its valuation when taken by their
ancestors. In 1772, the Muniuis of Done^l, an aliscntee
and a spendthrift owning vast estates in County Antrim,
introduced the system, which, since his time, has be-
come so familiar in Irish history. At one move h«
raised the rents of all his farms, basing the increase on
the value of their improvements. Other lantllunls fol-
lowed his example, and u wholesole eviction followe<l of
the tenants wbp were unwilling or unable to meet the
new demands made u|x>n them. Whole counties were
almost depopulated, and within two years thirty thou-
sand of thpBo evicted farmers crossed the Atlantic, to
find A home in the Now World, where they could reap
the fruits of their own laliors.* ,
Driven from Irektnd under such conditions, tlie hatred
which these men felt for England and her institutions
can be readil}^ imagined. Let us now see what manner
of men they were, where they settled, and li'iw their
influence was exerted on this side of the Atlantic.
In the Hrst place, it should be noticed that they were
not socially poor peasants, such us Irehind has contrib-
uted to America in Uter days. Among them were
wealthy yeomen, and in their ranks were the most in-
telligent of Irish manufacturers.t Nor were they chil-
dren of ignorance. Although their schools had been
* Froode, ii. 119, ItA, etc. Compare the •fitem in tlie Nrllier-
laodi, ohU, Vol. I. p. 151. f Idnn, L SM ; ii. 128, IM.
4W TBI PCUTA3I III aoLLAMD, BIOUMD, AND AMniOA
cloaed by law, they had all found mcanii of private in-
struction in the common brunches; while thu«e desiring
a higher education — and they were very numerous— liiui
made their way to the Presbyterian Uni versitii-s of Edin-
burgh and (Slosgow. When they came to Amoricn, these
Scutch-Irishmen were not only among the mcwt indus-
trious and virtuous, but they were, as a whole, like the
early settlers of New England, }liW>bably the best edu-
icated, of the English-speaking race. '
As the first proof of their general education, we may
adduce the document which heralded their intriMluction
as an organized body into New England, where, disre-.
garding chronology, wo may begin their American his-
tory.* This document,. now in the itossession of the
New Hampshire Historical Society, was executed by
three hundred and nineteen men, resident in the North
of Ireland, who empowered their ngent to nrgotinto
terms with the (iovcrnor of MossuclmscttH for tiierr set-
tlement in that colony. Of its signers thirteen only
appended their mark; the others (ninety -six |ter cent.)
wrote out their signatures .in fuU.f This was in the spring
of 1718; in August, five little vessels landed in Iloston
about seven hundred and fifty tkotcli-Irish immigrants.
They were few in number, but oven upon New England
their influence has not baen unimportant.^
• NiinilH-ra nf them hud probaWy come over brrorp, mingling with
tbe grncrnl |>upul«ti<m. And coimteit u Kngli^I'mfn.
t "tho Scotch-Irish in New EngUnil," by Prof. A. L. Perry. Wiil-
iarnt ColIcRe, in " Proceedin(r« of 8cotcli-lri»h Society of Arooric«"
(1800), p. 107, etc. The aiithnr of tills very Tdiitble nionotcmph,
which hu been printed •epamlely in iin enlargeil fotm.JuMly remarks
that in no other part of the tirllish dominions could such a pmpor
lion of men, miscellaneously seiectetl, have writteA their names.
t They introduced tlie potato, which, unliDown befin* in New
r- .-s
m woTcuiiiii n nw nraLAnMrHini nrLCiiici tst '
Some of these Scotch - Irishmen remained in Vodton
and it« vicinity. One of the race fumiahod Washing-
ton's Cabinet with its first Secretary of MTar, in the
person of Major - General Henry Knox.* Another,
thinking of his home in lielfast prohal'ly, repro(luce<l '
in America the name of Hunker Hill, an eminence which
has played no little part in American history.f Bunker
lagUnd, Mill in nunj Mctinni of the United 8(stet rrtsini iti Irith
name. Bunte oftlie olil retidenia, tu whom a few poUto«i were given
u a present, plivatol tlicm accunling to intlnictiuni,lHit pmmiunccd
tbo little ImIU which they produced rather innutritioui food, Tlie
iobMi)Ucnt ploughing-up of their gardens in the apring firat revralnl .
the fact that they had boiled the wrong end of the CMtilent. Idem,
1 19. The new-comers also introduced the cultivation of flai, their
little spinning-wheels, for the production of linen thread, creating
for years a marked sensation in Boston. Idem, 140.
* It is a noteworthy fact iu American history that of the four roem-
'bers of Washington's Cabinet, Knoi, of Massachusettn, the only New-
Eaglandcr, was a Scotch-Irishman; Alexander Hamilton, of New
Tork, was a Scotch-Frenchman; Thomas Jefferson was of Welsh''
descent; and the fourth, Edmund Randolph, claimed among his an-
cestors the Scotch Earis of Murray. New York also furnished the
first Cliief Justice of the United States, John Jay, wlio was a de-
scendant of French Huguenots; while the second Chief Justice,
John Rulledge, was Scotch-Irish, as were also Wilson and Iredell,
two of the fonr original associate Justices; a thin), HIair, being of
Scotch origin. John Marsliall, the great Chief Justice, wa^ like
Jefferson, of Wobh descent. As for Jefferson, see his '* Autot>iogra-
phy ;" for Randolph, Randall'a " Life of Jeffenon," i. 7 ; for Hamil-
ton, bis Life l>y Lo<lge. For inforroatioo regarding Marshall's fam-
ilyS am indebted to Col. Thomas Marshall Oreen, of Maysville, Ky.
As for the others, see " Appletons' Biographical Encyclopedia," etc
t See Fronde, ii. 141, wlio suggests that Bunker Ilill is a cormp-
tion of Brunkei's Hill, Just outside Belfakt. How fond were tlieae
Scotch-Irishmen of perpetuating in America names familiar to them
in the old country is shown in the history of llie little town of Cherry
Valley in New York, which was founded by Scotch-Irish emigrants
II.— 81
4M TBI rumTAN M UOLLANO, ■IIOL.AMU, AMD AJUalOA
Hill, named by a Scotch IriBhinnn, nnd Fancuil Ilnll.
named by a French Ilnguenut, well lymbolizc sunie ot
the un-English olemonU which have contributed to
American history even in New England.
Leaving lloston, a few of the early iittmigrants made
their way to Worcester, where they founded a colony
of some im]>ortancc, sending settlers into every |)urt of
Westt>m Hassachuietts. But the larger, and pmlMkbly
the best -educated, portion went to New IIam|whire,
where they revive«l in a town of the New World the
name of the historic city of Londonderry. From this
town, which received largo accessions from Ireknd,*
Went out the Scotch -Irish colonies, many in number,
which spread through New Ilani|wliire, Vermont, and
Maine, largely affecting their character. When the
Revolution broke out, the Scotch-Irish of Londonderry
gave to America (icncral John Stark, who, with his
Green Mountain Doys, sixty of whom went from Lon-
donderry, won the bkttle, of Uennington ; and Matthew
, ■ . t • , :■ ■ ^ ' "". - ■
, ^ — A F-' • ■ ','■■.
ia 1741. Tlio autkor, writint; theiw pign on a ule tettliK] b; liU
gTeat-grrat-gmiulf«tlier, whoM fiuber, U«ut.-<'ol. William Cain|ibell,
wai in the «icg« of Londonderry, look* out from hi» winduwi on two
hilla the name* of which have canwd much perplexity tn the pretent
generation of reaidenta and vliitnn. The anlution of the problem
of their origin waa iv>aenred fur tlie Iter. Ilenrr V. Sninnerton, paa-
tor of the old Scotch-Iriah church of Cherry Valley. He ahowed in a
paper publiahed in 1878 that Windmill Hill, lying to the north of the
town, on which no windmill had erer been erected, waa naroc<l after
a Windmill Hill Juat outalde Iiondonderry, which waa fortlAed diir-
iiig ita hiatoric aicge. Aa to Lady'a Hill, lying eaat of the town, ila
name ia probably a corruption of Clady'a Hill, which waa alio near
liondonderry, Md the aitc of a nienjorable akirmiah.
* In 1784, the congregation at Londonderry numbered aeren bun-
dled commnnicanta. "The Scotcb-Iriah ip Kew England."
TBI fcoTcn-mau in rBRdTLVAXU amd tu ioutb 4N
Thornton, one of the lignera of the Declaration of In-
dopemlenoc, a prominent Revolutionary leader in New
Hampahire ; while from one of their colonies in Uaine
came Major-tioneral John Sullivan, who gtandt in the
flrat rank among the lievolutionary worthies. At a
.later day, they gave Horace Greeley to American jour-
nalism, Hugh McCuUoch to American flnanco, and a
host of lesser lights to every department of American
literature and industry ; while the colony at Worces-
ter gave Prof. Asa Gray, the oo8mo]wlitan hotanist, to
American science."
Rut the Scotch -Irish uf N'uw England were few in
number and limited in influence when com|)arod with-
their brethren in Pennsylvania and the Southern colo-
nies. Here their g^reat work was done.
We have seen wliat multitudes of these men wen
driven from their homes in the North of Ireland, dur-
ing the eighteenth century, tu find a refuge in America.
It is probable that many more of them settled in the
Northern colonies than is now ascertainable.f But the
overwhelming majority were attracted to the hospitable
city of Phihulclphia. This movement was incite«l by the
action of William Penn. who, in IflSii, intorestwl a num-
ber of prominent Scotchmen in a scheme for colonizing
the. eastern section of New Jersey. Theae Scotchmen
* *' Tha Sooteti-Iriah In New Engluu].'' In ipenking of thU for-
•igu element in Mew Eogluiil, it ma; be noticed tliat Dr. Oliver
' Wendell Holme* ia Dutch on hie mother'* *ide.
t For eiample, tliej nude qni^ an extentiTe lettlemcnl, Ju*t be-
fore the ReTolntion, In what li now Washington Count;, N. Y., and
to-day a large portion of the popuUtion in the northern part uf the
State appear* to lie Hcatch-Iri*h by name and tradition. At an ear-
lier date, 1731, the father uf Oovemor Qcorgn Clinton, perbap* being
sttncted b; the name, led a eolonjF to Ulater CoDBty. " .
:■■>
4M tM nnuTAii Ml KkLLiin^ noumi, ana awmoa
■ent over a number of wttlen, who have largely given
character to thii ataniy little itate, not the leant of their
achievomontH being the building-up, if not the nominal
founding, of I'rinccton Collegi*, which has contributetl ao
; largely to tho Kholanhip of America.*
In the next century thii« akimiiih fine was followed
by an army. The Hootch-Irish were Presbyterians, and
their form of church government was not favored in
New England, wher? the jieoplo wore Independents or
Congrcgntionnlists. PcnnHylvania was the home of tol-
eration for all religious sects, and there these immigrants
naturally flocked. How many of them came over has
nwer been aocurntely determined, and perhaps wo Hhall
never know all the details. We are told, however, that
in 1727 six 8hi]M loaded with families from Ulster lamlod
at I'hiludelphia in a single we<-k, and that throughout
the whole of the eighteenth century the arrival of two
or three in a day was not uncommon. It was Urgely
thriiugli this immigration, with that of the (iermans from
the Palatinate, that the po|)ulation of Pennsylvania rose
from twenty thousand in 17*)1 to two hundred and fifty
thousand in I'W.i During this whole period Pennsyl-
vania was governed by a Scutch -Irish (Quaker, James
Logan. He disliked these Presbyterian immigrants, al-
though they came of his own race, and, alarmed at their
Qumlwrs, sent them out to the western borders of the
• Bkird, p. 154. '
t "Procecdinjraof thcScotch-Irith floclet.Tof Anierir«''(I880).pp.
93-14S. Of tliU imniiKration Buird n-miirkM: "It in niil that in ITM,
Are thouMiKl Iriiili c*in« over, uid that up to tin middta of |h« ccn-
IU17 u muy M twrlTf thnuaand ome oTcr ever; year."— Biiir<l, p.
IM- Bae alio " Hoitch and Irlali BimU in American Boil," li; J. O.
Craighead, D.D., p. 874, etc. (Phil. 18T8). Dj tlie time of the Ravo-
lation the population waa about 830,000, on* third Sootcli-Iriah.
.. ' ni •roTca-nuM ai idooatom 4M .
proTinoe to prottwt the Qnaken of the East againit tha
incunions of the Indiani.*
Under thw impalae, the itrMin of the Sootch-Iriih let-
tlen flowed flnt wettward, then towards the nooth, fol-
lowing the eastern Ixinleni of the mountain range which
divides the Atlantic coast from the MiMissippi Valley.
Flocking into western Virginia, they formed almost its
entire population.! The same story was true of west-
ern North Carolina; while in 8oath. Carolina they met
another current, pouring in by the way of Charleston,
which nywlo that a Kcotch-Irish and Huguenot colony.
In later da}'s they cromcd the Alleghanies, founding Ken.
tucky, which was substantially a Kcotch-Irish state, ami
Tennessee, which was almost Hcotch-Irish in its origin.^
These men, * multitude in number, spoke the English
language, but he knows little of history who classes tliem
OS Englishmen, exerting an English influence on Ameri-
can life. Like the Hollanders, thoy were largely of Ger-
manic stock, although the Oltic element in their char-
acter is very marked. Bat they were un-English in all
their ideas, hating the institations of England, civil and
* Mot onl; wen there Qutken in the North of Irelsnd, but there
«era s goodlj number of Krench Itugueniita, and tome (turdy IIol-
Isnden wlio b«d come over with King WilliMn. "The Maliin; of
Um VlttemMn," pp. W, M. Bee alto Login's fenra ofthe Scotch-lrith
taking poMcwiun of Penniylrania, " Hootch and Irith Heedi," p. 370.
t Frum the Scotch -Iriah of weetera Virginia aprang the Prca-
tona, the Breckenridgo, the McDowelia, the Pickensea, the Stuarta,
tlie Campbeiia, ami man; other prominent famlliet of the South.
The aame aection alao gare tlie Alexanders to American theology.
{ Ramaaj'i "Hiat of South Carolina;" "Proceedingi of Scotch-
Iriah«ociH; of America «i>r 1880 and ISW;" ■•Historic Families of
Keotnckj," by Thomas Marshall Orees; FooU'i " Sketche* of Vir-
giaU " and " Sketches of North Carolina."
_aBii<Mi>J«la^abdiik^*iiMHH>Mil>&.JtaiiaiilBiSHlHMl
4N TBI rCBTAM IN UOLLAND. KlaLAMO, AMD AMniCA
eocletiuticol, Mrith a bitterneM, oliewhnre unknown, to
whicli tho Itvvolulion gave full vent.
In tho field of cMlucation, tho debt of Atnerioa to thew
immlgranta can hanlly be exft^geratotl. Not only did
they givu life and rliaractor tu Princeton College, and
found tho inititution now known m the cullego of Wmh-
ington land Lee in Virginia, but they gave her free-tchuot
■yttem to New Joniey anil Kentucky, and for nearly a
century l>eforo,tho Involution they comluctwl nioat of
the olaafiical schools south of the Province of New York.*
It was in these schools that the fathers of the Involu-
tion in the South, al moat without exception, received their
education— an education which, judging from after- re-
sultM, we may well believe not only included a thorough
drill in the classics, but some oft-repeated lessons on the
tyranny of England and tho beauties of the republican
governments of anticjuity.
On the. 20th of May, 1775, the Rootch-Irish settler* of
Mecklenburg, in North Carolina, first asserted the doc-
trine tluit the Americans were " a free and independent
people." In the next year tho Declaration of Indepen-
donoe was adopted, and of its fifty-five historic signers,
fourteen are said to have been Irish, Scotch, or Sootcb-
Irisb by birth or detoent.f
•" Life ofJohnDickiMon," by Stilly p. tS. Bm alio a paper, "WbAt
the 8cotcb-Iri>h hare Done for Education," lijr Prof. O. Mtcloakic,
of HriDceton ronvgp, in " Proccedingi oftlio Brotch-Iritb ftncielj nf
America fur 1H89," p. IKi,etc. Tlie biatory nf a large number of tbeM
teboolt, lereral of which have ilerclopnl into coltitgn, ii giveu in
"Scotch and Iri>li flceda in American HotI," chap. xi. Bee aUo bi-
ographiei of Jeffenon, Patrick Henry, Miuliion, etc.
i " Proceedingt oftbe 8cotch-Iri<b Society of America, for IWt," p.
W, paper of Frot. UaclMkie. Alto *■ Scotcli aiul Iriih HeetU," when,
■ddiag Um Haguenot element, fiftsen are claimed. It it poiiible that
wrti^hi^irt^yVi^fty'afcteTi'frfkA'
After the adoption u( the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, thd variuua «Uto« proceodod to form their inde-
pendent goTcminontg. Then the Kcotch-Irish gave to
New York her flrst governor, Ocorge Clinton, who tillMl
the petition fur aeren temu, of three yeart each, and
died during hia tecond term of office at Vice-President
of the United States. To Delaware they gave her tirst
governor, John MacKinncy. To Pennsylvania they gave
her war governor, Thuinas McKean, one of the signers
of the Declaration of Independence. To New Jersey
Scothind gave her war governor, William Livingston, and
to Vii^nia Patrick Ilcnry, not only her great war gov-
ernor, but the civil loader who, supported by his Scotch-
Irish brethren from the western counties, Hrst carried,
and then held, Virginia for the cause of independence.*
eren sftcr the Deelarstlon qflndepcndenea had been adopted \>j Con-
gtCM, it would not hare been (igDei) and promulifatcd bat for the ac-
tion of John Witlienpoon, one of tlie del'gatea from Mew Jeney , the
Preaident of Princeton College, a Scotch Pmbjterian clci^man, and
a deacendant of John Knox. Seeing how the other repieientatiTC* held
back, he rote in hit place, declaring that ai hit gray head moat aoon
bow to the fate of all, he preferred that it iboold go by the axe of
tlie executioner ratber than that the cauae of independence abould
not prt*ail. Idem, p. IHS ; " Scotch and Irith Beetlt," p. 884. The
Declaration of Independence, a* we hare it to-day, ii in the hand-
writing of a Scotcb-Irithman. Cliarlc* Thomion, the Secretary of
Oongreia; it waa flrat printed by Captain Thooai Dunlap, another
8eotch-IrithiDaa,who pulilialied the lint daily newapaper in America ;
• third Bcotcb-Iriahnian, Captain John Nixon, of Philadelphia, flfit
read it to the people. For tUit information I am Indebted tu the
retearchea of Prof. Oeoige Macioakic, of Princeton College.
* Saya Ur. Jefleraon, apcaking of Patrick tienry to Daniel Wibater,
"lie waa far before ua all in maintaining the apirit of the Revolu-
tioiL Ilia influence waa moat extenaive with the roembert from the
upprr eowtiea, and bia boldneaa and tbelr votes overawed and con-
v.
4W Tu PVBiTUi ni aouAiri^ wimuam, mm ahoica
To North Carolina the Sootcti-Iriih gave her tint gnr^
ernor, Uicbard C'aawell, and to Houth ( 'arolina they gave
another signer of the Declaration, Edvranl Uutletlge,
ami another great war governor in the person of John
Rutiedge.* What theae men did for the cause of Amer-
ican independence is known to every student, but their
un-Engiisb origin is not so generally recognized.
These namos only illustrate the pla«e which was filleU
by Hcotch-Irishnien among the worthies of the Amer-
ican Itevolntion. To complete the list, even in the
civil field, so as to support assertions by indisputable
evidence, will probably require a wide investigation on
lines hitherto mostly neglected by American historians.f
When now we turn from the civil to the military Held,
we find a record equally remarkable. The Hootch-Irish
Puritans, like their brethren of New GngUnd, came of
a fighting stock. In the colonial wars their section fur-
trelln) the mon cool nr the more tinii)! arUtocntio gentlemen of (he
lower part of the atate. After all, it mutt be allowed that be was
nor leader in tlie mcamim of the Hevolution in Virginia." Quoted
in AddreM of Ilon.Wm. Wirt Honrjr, of Virginia. " Pioccedingi of
Bcotch-Irteh Society of America fur 1 88»," p. 1 1 8.
* It ma; alto Im noticed liere that Charlea Carroll of Carrollton,
one of the liRnen of the Declaration, and the leadin); ipirit of the
ReTOlntion in Maryland, waaof Irith deecent, educatnl ai a Catholic.
Alter the Rerolution, Oeneral John BulliTan, the Hcotchlriabmao,
wai three timet elactetl governor of New Ilampahlrv.
t Dr. Craighead, in hit rery TaloaUe little book on "Scotch and
Irith Seedt in American Soil," girrt, at page 848, a long lUt nf Rev-
olutionary worthies in civil life, of Scotch or Scotch-Irith deaeeot, in
regard to roott of whom the evidence it complete. The liit which
he givet it very remarkable, in view of the little attention paid in
America to genealogical qnettiont until a recent date ; almott every
one tpeaking English being uiuaily claited at of Englith detcent io
oar encyclopadiai and biographical dictionarita.
■ooTCBmn MLDUM m rna mtolvtioh 4N
niihed moat of the aoldiera of Virginia.* In the Rcvolo.
tion they oontribated to the Continental army, in addi-
tion to Knox, Sallivan, and Stark, already mentioned at"
coming from Nc«r England, General Oeorge (Clinton, of
New York ; (leneral Kichard Montgomery, wlio full at
Quebec ; General Anthony Wayne, the hero of Stony
Point, '* the bravest of the brave ;" Colonel John Eager
Howard, of Maryland, who at the battle of Cowpeni
changed the fortunes of the day ; Colonel William Camp-
bell, of Virginia, who, commantling a force of Huguenots -
and Scotch-Irish volunteers, mostly from ^'orth Caro-
lina, won the battle of King's Mountain, the turning
event of the contest in the South ; Colonel Daniel Mor^
gan, also from Virginia ; General Andrew Pickens, of
South Carolina ; Daniel Boone, one of the most pictu-
re8({ue chaructere in American history; and Colonel '
George Itogers Clarke, who with a few hundred Scotch-
Iriithmon sent out from western Virginia by (Governor ■
Patrick Henry, expelled the English from the vast te^
ritory north of the Ohio and west of the Allegbanies-t
But these men, with many others whose names are <
embalmed in history, were only leaders. It is among
the rank and flie of the Afiddle and Southern colonies
that we And this indomitable race exerting its chief in-
fluence in the Revolutionary War.
• •' Proceeding! of tbe Bcotch-Iriah Society for 1880,' p. 118, etc.
t It wu by the work of nnother Scotch-Irislinitn, General Bam
Hoatton, that the United Blalea, at a later day, acquired tiic gntt
State of Tezaa. See addreaa oa " General Sam Houtton, the Waib-
ingtonof Texai," by BeT. Dr. D. C. Kelly.of Gallatin, Tenn., in "Pro-
eeedinga of Scotch-Iriah Society of America for 18M," p. 14S, etc
Bee " Bcotcii and Iriih Beeda in American Soil," p. MO, for a Hat of
thirty-nine general officera fiimiahed to tlie Cootinentnl army by tbs
Scotch and 8cotch:Iriali ; of thai*, tan were roajor-generata.
4M Till PUIUTAM IN noIXANO, BNOLAMIX AMD AMHUCA
In Pennsylvania, at the outbreak of hostilitiea, abont
a third of the population were Hcotch-Irish. liut thia
third stood up as a unit for independence, apd it con*
tributod a majority of the troops that the. Keystone
State furnished to the Continental army.* The same
story hold true, to a great extent, throughout the whole
country south of Pennsylvania. Many of the descend-
ants of the old English settlers, educated in Episcopacy,
and with an inherited reverence for distinctions of rank,
hod little sympathy with the lievolutionary movement.!
• "Life of John Diekinaon," b; 8lill(, pp. 181, 174, etc.; Lwk;'!
"Englnna ip the Eighteenth Century" (American etl. 1899), ii. 983;
iv. 100.
t It ii difBcult »t thia dajr to realize how much the nppoailion of
the colniiiats to the Church of England had to, do with brining
slmut tlie ReTolution. But althougli the ftict ia not alwaja noticed
by kiitorians, tlicro was probably no other one caute which exerted .
auch an inAucjice. The feeling of oppoaition waa not ao mach ic-
ligioua aa political. It woa propoaed to inttoduce bithopa into Amer-
ica, to be appointed by the goTcmmcnt aa in England. Thia meant
a hierarchy under a foreign domination. Accor<ling to John Adama,
it waa in diacuasing thia aubject that t1ie rploniata were firat led to
queation the aupremacy of Parliament. " Workaof John Adama" (ed.
1898), X. 185 ; ace alao Lecky'a " England in tlie Eighteenth Century,"
iii. 483.
In New York and Virginia, the Church of England, anp]>orted by
the government, bad ahown all the intolerance which it exhibited
in tbc mother country. When the Revolution broke out, every clergy-
' man of thia denomination in New York, New Jerwy, and New En^
land was n profcaocd Tory ; and thia ia (elieved to be true of all
the other colonica. Letter of Rev. Charlea Inglia, rector of Trinity
Church, New York, in " lliat. Notice* of the Miaaiona of the Churches
of England in the North American Coloniea," London, p. Sift, quoted
" Calviniam in History," p. 79. In New Yoak, the antagonlam be-
tween the two partie* waa ao intenae that the Revolution there may
almoat bo conaideivd u a religiouf war, the adbercnta of the Church
/t TBI aOOTCB-IRUn AMD BTATB CONSnTDTIONB 48r
ThoM of this class by whom it \raa fi^'orcd left the
fighting largely to the dissenting immigrants from the
North of Ireland, who were only too happy to pay off a
portion of thp debt which a century of broken faith had
heaped up against their English oppressors.*
ra. Jonea'
of England bci^Bwith few cxceptinna, Loyalists, nnd the Oinent-
en all Whigs. Jones's " Ilist of Now York," ii. 291 (the author of
this work was a prominent New York Loyalist, perfectly conversant
with the situation). In fact, when, nt the close of tlie war, New York
passed it* act of attainder, the nkme of not a single Dissenter was
found on the list of anti-patriots. Washington was an Episcopalian,
but all his amiy chaplains were Dissenters, and throughout tlie war
he attended dissenting senricea.
With the establishment of independence the situation changed;
the fear of English interference passed away, the feeling of hostility
died out, and among no class of the community have the insti-
tution* of America found warmer friends than among the Episco-
palians. See on this subject, " The Life of William Livingston."
* " It is a fact beyond question," says Plowdcn, "that most of the
early successes in America were immediately owing to the vigorous
exertions and prowess of the Irish immigrants who bore anns in that
cause."— Ptowden, iL 178, cited Froude, ii. 141. Ramsay says that
the Irish in America were almost to a man on the side of indepen-
dence. "They had fled from oppression in their native country, nnd
could not brook the idea that it ahould follow tbeni. Their national
prepossessions in favor of liberty were strengthened by their relig-
ious opinions. They were Presbyterians and therefore mostly Whigs." '
— *■ Hist of the American Revolution," p. SOT. Ramsay was a physi-
cian in Charleston, a member of the Continental Congress, and as an
actor in the Revolution fiilly acquainted with the facts. One of the
clergymen of this race said to his congregation that he was sorry to
see so many oblejiodied men before bimirhen the country needed their
■ervicea at Valley Forge. In their presbyteries, as in those of New
England, it waa deemed an oflenco worthy of discipline for any minis-
ter to exhibit British sympathies. Address of Prof Qeorge Macio*-
kie, of Princeton College. " Proceedings of Scotch-Irish Society of
America for 188»," p. M ; see also " Ptcsby teriona and the Revolutioa"
r-^..
in TBI PDUTAM IR BOLLAIII^ KlaLAMIX AND AMmOA
What the men of this race did for the Soath in the
matter of state oonstitations is best shown by those
instruments themselves, which were lai;gely shaped by
them, and are full of provisions unknown to English
law or precedent. For example, North Carolina was
the pioneer in establishing a state university by con-
.stitutional enactment. Some of the other states intro-
duced free schools, the written ballot, religious freedom,
a public prosecutor of criminals, provisions for allowing
counsel to accused persons, and a number of other un-
English institutions, borrowed indirectly from Holland,
either through Pennsylvania or the New England colo-
nies.* What they have since accomplished not .-tnly in
* In a fonncr chapter, VuL I. p. SSt, when eonddering the intnv
ductinn of religioo* libertj into Virginia, I followed liiitorical tra-
dition in giving Iti chief credit to Jeffcraon. Subaequent inveitiga-
tions haTo conviDced me that I aomewhat exaggerated the influence
of a stateaman who waa a little inclined to magnify hia girat aerricca.
Aa matter of fact, the Brat declaration in Virginia in iavor of religious
liberty was enacted through the inflifthce uf the Scotchman Patrick
Henry, wlioae mother wai a Preabyterian. " Life of Patrick Henry,"
by William Wirt Henry, L 481. In the end, the work waa carried
through by the energetic efforta of the Diaaenten, who formed a
'jn^ority of the population, the Bcotch-Iriah Preabyteriana being the
. leading element Idem, p. 493, etc. Aa to the &ct that the Diasenteit
. fbnned a mi\Jority in Virginia at the time of the ReTolution.and at
to the influence of the Preabyteriana, who were all Hcotch or Hcotcta-
Iriab, see " Jcfleraon't Worka," ed. 1858, i. 88.
The Scotch-Irish here, at in Kew York and elsewhere, with their
remembrance of English ecclesiastical tyranny, stood up not only for
ciril liberty, but for full religious liberty and the complete separ*-
tion of Church and State. See at to the action of their pretby-
teriet, which always adrocated independence, " Presbyterians and
the Herolution," "Calvinism in History," and "BcoUh and Irish
Seed* in American Boil."
WOT AMmcA Dimm rBOM bsolaho 498
the South and Weat, bnt in the whole country, does not
fall within the scope of this work, although the field is
a very broad one, well worthy of the attention of his-
torians.*
With this brief sketch of the Scotch-Irish, the Pur
itans of the South, we may conclude our review of
the leading influences which have made the )ieople of
the United States to difl^er so widely from those of
the mother country. The settlers of Kew England,
although mostly Englishmen, had, as we have seen, been
living for many years at home under the direct influence
of the Netherland Itepublic. Coming to America, they
brought with them a system of republican institutions,
borrowed from the Netherlands, which for a century and
a half before the Revolution had been shaping the char-
acter of their descendants. In the Middle and Southern
colonies, these institutions were largely unknown, but
in this quarter an un-English influence was exerted by
the settlers from Holland, France, and Germany, and, to
a much larger extent, by the multitude of immigrants
from the North of Ireland, to whom the English were
an alien race, only hated for their oppressions.
Sttph being some of the foreign influences at work
* Of th« twenl^-three Praidenu uf the Unilnl StttM, th« Scotch-
Irish hare contributed (ix— Jockion, Polk, Taylor, Buclmnnii, John-
■OD, Arthur ; the Scotch, three— Honme, Oruit, Haje* ; the Welih,
one — Jeflenon ; and the Hollanders one— Van Buren. Oarfleld's an-
cestors on his father's side came from England, but the iamll; line is
traced back into Wales ; his mother was a French Iluftuemit. ('levc-
land's mother was Irish ; Benjamin Harrison's mother was Scotch
Assuming the others to be all of English descent (and the pedi-
gree of at least two of them, Madison and Lincoln, is doubtfhl), this
table forms an instructi* o object of study to persons who am accua-
tomed to regard the Americans as an English laca. ^.
4M TM nniTAx ni vaujaio, nouxn, and auuca
upon the American colonists — and wo may speak of them
as foreign, since the larger body of the colonists cam«
from England — let us noxr see honr potent hare been
these influences at every turning-point in the story of
American development.
The student who, in his investigations of the past,
seeks to discorar the causes and connection of events,
finds in the history of America, as generally written,
many perplexing problems. Beginning with the Colo-
nial period in New England, he discovers tliat after
the death of the first settlers there was a marked de-
cline, not only in education, but in all manifestations of
a liberal spirit in every direction. As Professor Jameson
has well said, we see " Puritanism gone to seed, grown
narrow and harsh and petty, and rapidly becoming
mundane and Philistine." * But such a general decline
is hardly comprchcntiible under the commonly accepted •
theory relating to these settlers. They were tl>e best
educated and most advanced of . their race. In their
new home they ivere not excluded from public office,
liberalizing pursuits, and all opportunities of higher
education, as were their brethren of the middle class in
England, to which fact al^ writers uttribute the narrow-
mindedness of the English Dissenters and the fallings
off in English education. They ruleil the State, and the
first college of the colonies was the work of their hands,
and under their control. In addition, they were many
thousands in numl)er, not scattere<l through widely sep-
arated plantations as in the South, but clustered, for the
most {tart, in what were for the time rather populous
communities as compared with those of England.
• •< The IlUtnr; of IlUtorlcal Writing in Amarics," by 1. FnnkUa
Jimetoo, Pli.D., p. 3S.
TBI BirOLVnOll OAVl A RBW Un Ho Avmioi 4M
Taking all these conditiuns into account, it would
■eem that their descendants should have advanced and
not retrograded if the enlightened ideas of the early
settlers were of English origin, for here such ideas had
the widest field for their development. That tliey did
not advance in some directions is, however, an acknowl-
edged fact, one of much im|K>rtanoe to the historical
scholar.* Its explanation is, {tcrhaps, to be found in
the story of the early English Puritans. The men w}io
Acolonized New Enghind bad all been subjccte<l for many
years to a Continental influence, from which their de-
scendants, under the restrictive policy of the mother
country, were sulMtluitially excluded. We nce<l not
wonder, therefore, if we consider the condition uf edu-
cation and of general civilization in England <luring the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, that learning de-
clined in New England, and that her people became
more narrow-minded.
The Revolution of 1776 introduced new political re-
lations, and ^tith them new educational itleas. Kclieved
of England's colonial restrictions, and again brought
into contact with the world at large, the fathers of the
republic turned to France, then the mother of science,
and, under the leadership of men like Jefferson in Vir-
ginia, Franklin in Pennsylvania, and John Adams in
Massachusetts, opened a new era for education in Amer-
ioa-t No reader needs to be informed that the American
* Tlie tnt genention in MniBacliDirtta merely hcnitlicil the D*))-
tilt Roger Willwms, and took no notice of tlie witcli-nuilneM wliicli
wu raging in England. Later gvnentioni hanged Baptists and
Qnaken, and alwut twenty unfortunate Tictims aceuaed of witcbcraft.
t Aa to this interesting sul>)ect, see a monograph upon "Tlie Ori-
gin of the National SeientiBc and Educational Institutions of the
United BUtea," by Or. O. Browne Qoode, AmI. Sec. of the Smith-
M H<
4M nil ptnuTAR » BoLLAND, biolaud, and amuwa
of the present generation who desires to pursue ad-
vanced studies in art, science, law, history, or litera-
ture, goes not to England, but to France, Austria, or
Germany.*
But although the descendants of the early Puritans
in America retrograde<l for a time in matters of educa-
tion and religious tolerance, they clung to the legal and
political institutions of their fathers with mults which
tiave perplexed mixiern historians, who can find in Eng-
lish precedents no ezpUnation of the American Revolu-
tion.f This is a subject which we need not discuss in
any detail, but some features of it are important as show-
(OoImi Imtitulion, pul>li«he<l in thu paper* nf the AmeriCMi Hirtoriotl .
AMociation, April, IRW; ave alia "The Teaching and Iliatorjr of
Matheniatica in the Uniteil Htatca," b; Pnif. Florian Ci^ori (Bureau
of Education, Circular nf Infnruiation No. 3, IMW), for an account
of the influence nf Frcncli matlicmatica upon America. Tlie I'ulj-
technic ^linol nf Paria, foandml in liM.waa the germ uf the United
States HiliUry Acndcray at Wcat Point (p. M, etc.).
• Pmf. Hkeal, in the Preface tn hit "■ Etymological Dictionary,"
laya: "The moat extraoniinarjr fact almut comparatire philology
ia that, wliiUt ita principh;* are well underatomi hy numeroua atu-
denia in Uemiany and America, they are far from lieing well
known in England." In the Introduction I haTe ahown what Pmf.
Skeat, Max MUllcr, and othera have to aay regarding the atudy of
Engliili literature in Oxford and Cambridge.
t Bee Lecky'a " England in llie Eighteenth Century," toI. iii..
chap. xii. The author of thia work, who ia among the moat dia-
imsainnitte and fair-minded of wrilcra, arguea that according to
Engliah theorica of gorcrnment the American ncrulution had no
cxcuae fur ita>exiiitence, aince the grievancca complained of in the
coloniea were ligliter than tlioae bnme by Englitli cnmmunitiea, or
by the colonies nf any other country. It ia probable that many
impnrtial American studenta will agree with his concluaiona, which
Were adrancetl a century ago by AbM Raynal, the French hisloriaa,
who was an American sjmpatbiwr.
...y
nU BIVOLCTKHI ROT OW BKILMB onoOl 401
ing the itrength of the fweign infloenoe* always ex-
erted on onr people.
It baa often been aaid by writera, aa if the fact thmr
acme ii^t upon the origin of the moTemcnt, that among
the American colonists at the time of the Revolution
there were many entirely familiar with ttie laws and iq-
stitntions of England, since they had received an Eng-
liah education. This is true enough, but the Revolution
waa not their woric. Between 1700 and the oloae of the
. war, one hundred and fifteen Americans were enrolled
aa students of law in the English Inns of Court. Of all
this number, only one or two came from New England,
and they were never hisard of afterwards.* During
about the same period sixty -three Americans obtained
the degree of M.D. from the University of Edinbuigh,
then the centre of British scientific learning. Of these
but one ciune from New England.f The great majority
of the American colonists who were educated on English
lines Were of Southern birth, and, in the conflict for inda>
pendence, either declared Tories or opposed to the radi-
cal measures of their American brethren.^
The men in America who advocated independence
and an entire separation from England had liecn edu-
cated under very different conditions. In the South, they
came almost entirely from the Scotch-Irish, or the mid-
dle chkss of English and other colonists educated by
Scotch-Irishmen and studying French treatises on the
equality of man.§ In New York, the " Sons of Liberty "
• "Uft Md tiuM of John DickiiiMn," by Cbaito I. BUIU, p. M.
t Idem, p. 17. X Idem, p. 37, etc.
I Of tbete men wa btrs in Virginia two tjrpei : one ii illuitimted
by Pstricl( Henry, of Seotch dneeni ; tlie otiier by Tliomu Jeffeiion
sad James Madiion, whoee teiclMn were Scotch or Scolch-Iriih.
11.-38
4W nu rtmiTAM m moluuio, bioijlIiii^ a»d aiuouca
trere called the " Presby teruui jonta" by their oppo-
nents—a fact which telia something of their origin.* In
New England, the people were sulwtantially united, be-
cause they liad always lived under republican laws and
institutions, unknown in England. In addition, their
leaders drew their inspiration, not from modem English
precedents, bat from old English writers, who, like Har-
rington, Sidney, and Ix>cko, had all lived for years u|)on
the Continent, and dcrivctl their ideas of civil govern-
ment and the organization of society from Continental
sources, mainly from the Notherland Itepublic.
With these influences in operation, separation was in-
evitable as soon as the resulting divergence between the
two peoples had reached a certain point. The expulsion
of the French from Canada removed the only necessity
for English protection, and, that being gone, any cause,
however sfight, was sufficient for a revolution. Well
may such a movement seem anomalous to the student
who considers the situation only from the standpoint of
English constitutional la w.f
♦ " PmbytciHnns an<) the IleToliillon," p. 80.
t Sea n|mn thii whole (uliject " Tho Lift- nnd Hmn of John Dick-
inioD," li; Stilli. Dickinioii mu u American Qutker, one of the
mmt influential men of Penniylvani*, who had ret^eived hia Ipgal ed-
ucation in England. Unlike moat nf the men of Ihii clau, he faTore<l
the American cauw, but he beliered in opposition to English exaction
upon English line* — by continued protests to Parliament demanding
tho rights of British subjects — while the men by whom ho was out-
Toted proclaimed the doctrine of the natural rights of man, ilcriTcd
tmm Continental writers (p. 77, etc.). When inde|wndcnce was se-
cuml, Dickinson, who fur some years had been retirrti from public
life, again came forward, occupying a prominent position in the Na-
tional Constitutional Convention. There, as a reprcwntatire from
little Delaware, he successfully advocated tho principle that in the
Benate each State should hare an equal repictentation (p. 241).
TBI coimxBrrAi. Anr-wniB Mcwmu in
When the armed itruggle opened witli tbo battle of
Lexinf^n, in 1775, it developed some ad<litional feat-
ure* of interest to the scholar. The New England States
furnished to the Continental army more than their full
quota of soldiers. So did Xenr York, with its original
Dutch popalation, all instinct with republican traditions.
New Jersey very nearly filled her quota, and even I'enn- ,
sylvania 8up|>lied two thirds of hers, although a third of
her population was composed of Quakers, and another
third of peaceful Oermans. But in the Southern States
we encounter a very different condition of affairs. All
six of them together furnished less regular troojis to tho
Revolutionary cause than the single State of Massachu-
setts, whose population was no htrger than that of Vir-,
ginia alone, and, as wo have already seen, these troupa
were largely recruited among the Scotch - Irish imnti-
grants.*
*8iibine, in hit "American Lojralitti" (Boaton, 184Ty, at p. St,
girei a table iliowing the toldicra furnlnhed to tlie Continental umy
by each of tho thirteen itato*. ami alio their respectiTO quotat^ This
table, made up from the o/Hcial leconlt, fumi*he« in a compact form ,
■ome Tery initructire informatiun. In connection irilh it, I dctire
to call attention to a rer; remarkable auertion made lij Alexaniler
Hamilton in 1788. Adilrciaing the Courcniion in New York, wlilcb
waa considering the proposed Federal Constitution, ho laid that ia -
the Herolutionar; War only two states compllnl with sll the rei)ui-
aitions of the Continental Congress for money and supplies, and that
these two wera New York and Pennsylvania. Elliot's " Debates,"
iiasi. I have never seen this statement of Hamilton's mentioned
by historians, and I place it in n note, as I hare no proof of its cor>
rectness derived (Vom personal investigations. But its niuthor is a
Tcry high authority, and it whs made before an audience widch,
as the debate shows, contained many men anxious to contradict him
on every possible point. If it is correct, New York was the only
one of the thirteen states that in the Revolution flllod its full quota
500 Tni ntann m volusv, MxaLum. um AxmcA
These facts in relation to the Rerolntion cannot be reo-
oncile<l with the theory that ijt was a movement boguii
and carried on by men of English dcsctrnt, brought up
under English instituttbns and battling for the acknowl-
edged rights of Englishmen. Were this theory well,
founded, the descendants of the early settlers in the
South would have been as united in the cause of inde-
pendence as their brethren in the North." They were
much more English in their habits and modes of thought,
tbeil- reUtions with the mother country were beyond
comparison more intimate, and they were much better
actiuainted with her laws and institutions. No one can
charge them with want of courage— they have shown
that quality on too many battle-fields. Nor does the
presence of slavery among thcnt explain the situation.
Before our Civil War it was often said that the South
could not furnish her ctmtingent of soldiers to the Con-
tinental army, because her men were com|ielIed to re-
main at home to look after the senile {topulation. The
experience of the Southern Confe«ieracy has disposed of
this ailment. As for the effect of slavery upon the
love of liberty, Burke pointed out long ago that no-
of men, ilioae;, ud •appllci— ■ (act which may well utoDhh tht
reader who finiU in the current hiatoriea much almnt the T«ry ele-
ment in Now Yorl(, while little ii taiil alwut tlie otiier Bi<le of tlie
itory. Ai to the exceptional contriltutioni of New V'urli to the ex-
penaes of the general goTemment after the lievnlution, it Iwing tlie
only atate which fulfille<l It* obligatiom, lee Von llolat'a *' Conit. Hiat
of the United Hutei " (American tranalation), i. 41. In JuMlce to the
Bouth, one fact thonid be mentioned in connection with the table
giren by Sabine. Although the Southern Statet Aimiahed compara-
tirely few regular troopa to the Continental army, their militia ou the
Weetem twrderwere in tlie latter yean of the war almoit conitautly
under ami, and rendered luotl efflclont lervice.
rounoAL PABTiw Aim thi uvoumon Ml
when ia this feeling more intense than among tiio
diWM who hold others in subjection.
Upon no such theory can the American Revolution
be explained. It was, in fact, a I'uritan movement, as
nuu^ced in some of its features as was the uprising in
the mother country a hundred and thirty years before,
(ike that uprising, it had its origin in influences foreign
to England, exerted in New England mostly through in-
stitutions, in tbo Aliddle and Southern colonies through
their foreign population. Others aided in the work, but
its success was mainly due to the united efforts of the
Puritans in the North and South.
When we now turn to the years which follow the
Revolution, we encounter some problems e<|ually per-
plexing to the scholar who studies American history on
English lines. While the war was in progress the ra-
rioua states adopted written constitutions, and after its
elate one was adopted for the general government. IIow
many of the important provisions of these instruments
were oP'foroiga origin, derived directly or indirectly
from the Netborland Ilcpublic, I have shown in the last
chapter.. •Under the workings of these constitutions two
great political parties grew up in the United States. One
favored a strong government, was rather fearful of giv-
ing the people at large too much power, and at Itrst was
charged by its opponents with looking to EngUind for
ita precedents. The other advocated democratio princi-
ples, and fkvored the giving of as much power as possi-
ble to the people and as little as possible to the govern-
ing authorities.
Regarding the population of the United States as of
English origin, one would naturally expect to find the
Federalists predominating in the South, where the insti-
tutions and ideas had been more English, and the Dem-
SM TU PURITAM n HOLUUID, KCOLAND, AND AMRIOA
ucraU in New England, where tlio people hwl liveil so
long under repulilican institutions, and ba«l so strenuous-
ly advocate<l independence. Just the reverse occurred,
and In this fifi;t we And a problem which seems inex-
plicable if we learo out of view the differences of race
with, which we have been dealing in this chapter.
The Xew Enj^land colonies were republics, but not
democracies. Most of them luul state churches ; their
suffrage, though brood, was restricted, and amopg their
people social (listinctions were very marked. When
these colonies liecame states, they clung with true Eng-
lish tenacity to their old tra<litions, and looked with
horror upon the levelling democratio theories advanced
in other quarters. In the South, on the other hand,
with its large and influential Scotch-Irish popukition,
the natural tendency was to get as far as possible from
the past. These men hated England as the New-Eng-
landers never di<l, and they also hated all her institu-
tions. Their religion had taught them the absolute
equality of man, and on this |ioint they were in full ac-
cord with men like Jefferson, who hod learned the same
principle from the philosophers of France.
Here, then, in this difference of race we nuy perhaps
find an explanation of the fact that Virginia, formerly
the inost aristocratic, became the most domocratic in
theory of all the states ; while Massachusetts, standing
on old ctmservBtive ways, became the chief exponent of
the opimging theories.* One thing is very clear— from
* TliegrcatlrailcrnfOcinociscy intlioNorthwHOovernorOeorge
Clinton, of New York, of gcotch-IrUh dnront. It it an intnmting
fact, throwing a strong ti<)c-liglit on the •ituttion in the Houlli, that
tli« Scflt^-Irish of Now England wcr« nlmoat to a man follower* of
JefllBrwa, making a powerful Democratic part; ia Maine anU New
nU ■OOTCB-UU«U AMD tUVnT-CIVIL VAB OM
no English element of the population,' except the Sep«-
ntiit«, would have oome the ideas of human equality,
freedom of religion, separation of Church and State, and
universal suffrage.
Unfortunately, while the Kouth led America in «iemo-
cratic theories, she retained an institution which secmi
•trangely opposed to all such theories. This institution
was fostered by all classes of the community except the
Quakers, and, as the im|iartial historian must admit, the
Scotch-Irish did their full share in the work of its de-
velopment and extension. They believed in the righta
of man, but their theories of human equality did not in-
clude tlfe members of the race which, according to the
Old Testament, luui been condemne<l to |)erpetual ser-
vitude. In the North it had been demonstrated, at an .
early day, that slave labor was unproHtable. Hence
when the Declaration of Indeiiendenoe was adopted, no
voices from that quarter were raised in its behalf, ex-
cept among the sUv^troders of New England, who found
their business very profitable.* Hut in the ikiuth, un-
der economic theories, which have prevailed until very
recent times, the unpaid labor of the African was looked
upon as essential to the cultivation of cotton and tobac-
co, the groat staples of the country.'
In view of this fact, and of the Old-Testament anath-
ema upon the deacondai>ts uf Ham, the relations of the
Bcotch-Irish, the Puritans of the South, to the slavery
question are no wise remarkable. They were in this
respect as true to their origin as were the Puritans of
New England, who hanged witclies and ext«rminated
H«uni«hli», .wbkh w«re alwajrt daubtfbl lUtc*. " The Scotcb-Irbh
Is Ndw EoglUKl," by ProfcMoc A. L. Put; (OoMon, 18»1), p. SS.
• 8m JcCHrna'i •* Aatobiognphy."
SOi TBI rvuTAx m iiollahd, tsaukim, ahd aioika
the Indians as siMvrn of tb« Deril. With their habits
of industry and thrift, they came in time to oocnpy a
leading position as great sUve-holders ; and ateong no
other element of the Southern ^pulation did its pecnl>'
iar institution find more earnest advocates and allies.*
In the coarse of years, shtvery brought about a diver-
gence between the North and the South, resulting in a
civil war, which presents some further interesting prob-
lems, of the same character as those discussed in the
preceding pages.
While this war was going on, the workmen in the
manufactories of England, although deprived of em-
ployment by the want of cotton, and reduced almost to
starvation, were unanimous in theii|||upport of the Union
cause, representing the free labor of the North. On tha
other hand, the aristocracy generally sympathised with
what they regarded as an aristocratic rising in the
South. In each of tbeee cases the feeling was largely
the resalt of sentiment alone. But there was another
class in the community which looked at the question
from a different standpoint. This cUas was composed
of statesmen and schcdars, of whom Mr. Gladstone and
the late Professor Freeman are distinguished examples.
These men had made history a study ; and the more
* CallHMiD, like bii opponent, Jiokaon, «h Scoteh-Irlih. In the
greet electonl conteat of 1880 three of the fonr pmidentiel cendl-
detee, Doagitt, Brackenridge, end Bell, wete Scotch or Scotch-Irieb,
while Liacoln, wliou anceetr; ie anccrtain, ceme from » 8colch-Iri*h
eection. Bee the " Proceeding* of the Bcotch-Irieh Soclet; of Amer-
ie»"fnr Ml account of the Scotch-Iriih clement in the Confederate
army, an element well reprctentcd by Stonewall Jackion. Tbeae
pubilcatioo* alao (how what a great number of ilinitriout aoldiera,
eapcclally Arom Kentucky and Ohio, were Aimiibed by thii race to
the Union caue.
laaura mbolah paub raoram, um war IM
Uwy knew of the pait of their own country, the more
they felt assured that the slave-power would be sucoeas-
fol, and that the Union would be broken up.*
The scholars of England, who so often and so openly
prophesied the triumph of the Southern Confederacy,
proved themselves false prophets. Their reasoning was
sound enough, but it was based on the assumption that
the people of the United States were an English, race
with English ideas and institutions. Had this assump-
tion been correct ; had the artisans of tho North been as
ignorant and as unaccustomed to self-government as the
oorriBsponding class in England ; had the land here been
held by a few thousand individuals and worked by an
illiterate {leasantry, instead of being parcelled out among
millions of intelligent farmers, each owning his own
homestead; had the people at large been bred to the
blind adoration of wealth and rank which characterizes
the English masses— there would have been no uprising
in defence of the Union, no surrender of Lee at Appo-
mattox, and Professor Freeman might have completed
his valuable work, in which he set out, somewhat pre-
maturely, to tell the story of "the disruption of the
United States." t
* With icbolan cntfrtdniDK these opinloni, while the aristocnu^
sad the monejed cIim Ktocnll; lynipsthiied with the South, it wai
bat natanl that the Engliih gorernroent (hould cihibit M>ia« oo-
fHeodlioete to the North. This onfriendlineu the Aincricaa i* not
inclined to forget ; bat, in sll lUmeM, he tboold alio not forget how
gnat wai the temptation to go much Airtber, and what credit is do*
to Engiand for teeiiting the temptation. Mo other European power,
under the iiime eircnmitance*, would have icOraiaed ftom givlBg
open aid to the Confederatci.
t Tlie fint Tolnme of Ihii work, eren now • little rare, appeared
ia 1868, nnder the title ■■ Hlitor; of Federal Oovernment ftom tbe
SM TU rCRlTAII M BdLUND, mOLAND^ AMD AHBRIOA
In the years which hare elapsed since the conclusion
of our (Mvil War, the schukrs of England have given
more study to American affairs, and many of them
hare changed their ideas regarding the stability of free
republican institutions.* No fair-minded American in
these days riMiollects, in any spirit of unkindnetw, their
mere intellectual mistakes of thirty years ago. Kut
these mistakes, which could have arisen only from ui
ignorance of the American people, their com])OBition,
character, and institutions, must always have to the
student a marked historical signiflcance.f
f 8uch are some of the problems in American history
which confront the scholar who sets out with the as-
sumption that America is li transpknted England.
Tbete problems, as we hare seen, present themselve*
from the earliest Cotonial periixt down to the time of
the great crisis in the nation's life, when the question
was decided whether the American Union should coO'
tinue in existence or bo broken into fragments.
To-day England and the United States have many
Foandatinn of the Achaian League to the DIaraptiun of the Culled
Btatea," lij Edward A. Freeman. The aubacquent volunea an want-
ing, lack of materUl liaving prevented the completion of the hiilorj,
. * See In partlcuUr recent eipreaainns of Hr. Oladstunc, qqoled in
tlie Introduction. Proliabl; few readera msed to lie reminded of
what • friendly inteieat Profeaaor Freeman took in American hia-
tor; for yean before bla death.
t Of all the foreign acbolart who, aince the time of I>e TocqueTille,
have made a atudy of American inatitutiona, the moat aympathetie
and tbe moat painataking ii Pmfeaaor Jamea Brjbe, whoao roaaterly
work, "Tbe American CommonwcaUh," la known to cTery one.
Beisg a Bcotch-Iriubman and a Dimenter, the gruidion of a Prea-
byterian mlnlater in the North of Ireland, it la perbapa but natural
that be aliould ahow an appreciation of repnblicaa ideas not oftan
met with among Engliahmen.
iRooiipuTCBBa or ahiwcam botobt-iti cacnb SOT
important institutions in common, liecauae, as I have
pointed out before, the Englisli have been following our
republican example, if not copying our models, in tlie
matter of freedom of religion, freedom of the press,
common schools, the secret IwUot, a broad suffrage, the
emancipation of married women, the reformation of
prisons and the yieaal code, and a vast body of change*
in the administration of criminal and civil law. But
the resemblance between tlie two countries, now com-
ing about through the influence of these English inno-
vations, should not blind us to the history of the padt.
Whatever America has accomplished, whether fur good
or evil, has been largely the result of cutting Khwo from .
old English laws and English traditions, and developing
republican ideas.
Giving tbeae facts their doe prominence, American
history ought to occupy a very different place in the
popular estimation from that which it seems to hold.
Every reader knows how dreary ho found its study when
a school-boy, and how little it had changed its character
when ho attempted it at a maturer (wriud. This is nat-
ural enough ; and it will oontinne to be dreary reading
s6 long as it is written on narrow insular lines as a con-
tinuation of English history, or if it is written upon the
theory that America is a phenomenon, standing by itself,
without rational reasons for its peculiarities, liut its
''whole aspect will be changed if we change our point of
view. Studied on broad Continental lines, as reaching
back to the civilization of the Romans, recognizing our
people OS gathered from different nationalities, and our
institutions as derived from every quarter of the globe,
the story of the development of the United States can
be made one of absorbing interest ; while the student
of economic and social questions, to whom Enghind is
;<'
ki.
SM TBI rCIRAX IK BOLLAXDb BlaUlID, AMD AMIIICA
sometimes held np aa a model, may perbapa borrow
from the past some ugeful leMons for the future.
In novr bidding farewell to my readers, I desire again
to call attention to the fact (which has been noticed in
the Preface) that this is a work of a limited scope. Tt
is intended primarily as an introduction to American
history, and it therefore covers only a small chapter of
the history of EngUnd. I have attempted to traoti the
two main streams of civilization which affected the early
settlers of New England and the Middle States of the
American Union, and which afterwanis worke<l into the
South ; the one derived from the Netherland Kepublio,
the other from monarchical England — countries origi-
nally peopled by men of substantially the same blood,
but developeil under different institutions. To do this
has necessitated a somewhat extended examination into
the comparative conditions of these two countries at the
time when the American oolomea were taking form, and
an investigation of the causes which prodoood those
conditions.
As 1 have dealt mainly with institutions, it has not
seemed essential to my discussion to treat of habits and
social customs, nor to enlarge upon the language, the
literature, the historical traditions, and traits of charac-
ter which we have inherited from England. In addition,
these subjects are entirely familiar to the reader, who
knows all the points of resemblance between the Eng-
lishmen and ourselves. My object has been to call at-
tention to some subjects less familiar. For the latter
reason, in portraying the England of Elisabeth and the
Stuarts, my comparisons have been made with the Neth-
erlands, and not with the other conntriea of the Conti-
nent. What those other countries were is known to
ev«7 one. Books without number have been written
ouuT nooina or MoonM naium 5M
deacribiDg their condition, and almoat every English hia-
(orian, with a very natnral complacency, dravri some
contrast between bia ancestors and their contemporaries
in France, S))ain, or Italy, much to the advantaf|;e of
the former. Bach contrasts are, therefore, too familiar
to demand repetition ; while for the porposes of my
work, which compares a monarchy with a republic, and
not with more despotic monarchies, they have no value.
As in dealing with English history the scope of my
book has been limited in subject, so it also has been lim-
ited in time. I have attempted to show with some par-
ticularity what kind of an England it was out of which
Puritanism was evolved. The picture in some of its
features is not an attractive one, and may well surprise
some readera who have formed romantic conceptions of
the days of Good Queen liess. But the Puritan himself
was not altogether a lovely character, despite the great
services which he has rendered to mankind. Of course,
if, ignoring all the facts of history, we disregard his
faults and look only at his virtues, the question of his
environment becomes one of no importance. Uut if i^
wish to undentand him as he was, with all his f^iilta
and virtues, we are simply groping in the dark without
a full appreoiatiott of the age and country in which he
Uved.
There is, however, another side to this picture much
more pleasing. The Puritan, aid«l by his lessons from
the Netheriands, has largely made the England of to-
day, and the transformation thus acoompliahod stands
out among the wonders of the present age. The little
island, which in the days of EUiabeth had scarcely any
manufactures, and practised agriculture only in its rudest
form, has in each of these departments become the in-
structor of the world. The pirates of three centuries
•to' TM rCMTAR IN HOLLUrn, BlaUIID, AIID AMmCA
ago, who infested the Atlantic, robbing peaceful flahev-
men ami tnulera, have given place to a vast army of
merchants, who, with their thousands of vessels loaded
with the produce of every clime, carry the commerce of
England to every quarter of the globe. The descends
anta of the adventurers by land who gloried in the mas-
sacre of Irish women and children have covered the
earth with a network of English ralonies, con(|uering
kings and building up great foreign empires. The shive-
tnuler who for two centuries haunted every bay and in-
let on the coast of Africa, searching for his human prey,
has been succeeded by the English war-ship, de8|>atched
by a liberty-loving people to exterminate the unholy
traffic.
These are certainly momentous changes; nnil with
them all England has preserved her courage, her love
iSl home, and that sympathy with other nations strug-
gling for freedom which in the days of ElizalM>th and '
the Stuarts led her people to fight by thousands under
the Orange Hag against the tyranny of Spain. Uther
European peoples are content with winning liberty for
themselves ; it is the peculiar glory of the English that
oppression in any other land calls out their indignant
protest, and tlutt such protests have in many cases. l>con
followed by substantial action.
Nor has the change which has come over England
been less marked in civil life. The judicial offices, which
in the days of the Stuarts were occupied by truckling
time-servers, often as venal as they were subaervient to
the crown, are how fllloil by a class of men whose learn-
ing, integrity, and indc|iendenc« command everywhere
respect and admiration. The corruption which in for-
mer days tainted every de|>artment of the government
has now krgoly disappeared, so Ihat the English civil
miToaT or nousR aTiusATnm omnrmir sit
■ervice ii diatinguitbed for its henenty. Tlie llouie of
Commonii, wboae memben in the d«ys of Elixabeih ditt
ouned public qnestioni witb the gloomy entrance to the
Tower looming up before them, no«r rules the State,
taking the place of the little knot of nobles who oon-
trolle<l affairs after the llevolution of 10HH ; and among
po body of men ii liberty, as they understand it, more
higl\ly prised and jealously guarded.
This is a great record, one of which any people may
be proud, for it could be made only by a jHxjpIo of inher-
ent greatness. That there are great blots u|ion it is
natural enough, for it i» the record of men and not of
angels ; of men, too, whoso ancestors throe centuries ago
were just entering upon civilization. Some of these blots
I have had occasion to notice in the progreairof my nar-
rative. ' I have also, in the Introtlucfion, shown how much
still remains among English institutions which is simply
a survival from barbaric days, doomed to a s|)eecly dis-
appearance with the advance of republican icfcas. Vet
despite all its blots, and reganlless of what still remains
to be accomplished, the history of England for the past
throe centuries, especially for the past century nnd a
quarter, since she kid in India the foundations of her
commercial greatness, forms one of the most brilliant
chapters in the annals of the world.
Had I gone into this subject, and had I attempted to
describe modem England ns partic-uUrly as I have de-
scribed the England of an earlier day, it would have been
necessary to employ some colors very diff«ent in hue
from those used for the sketches drawn in the preceding
pages. But modem England and the )at« chapters of
English history come no more within thof scope of this
work than do the history and present cvnilition of the
United States. As to each country, soniething has been
•It Tiif rtnoTAii m aoiuuia, amLAiiii. and ambsma
■aid regarding modem timet, in order to thow the Mi-
purtanc« of tlie institutions and reforms which tbey hfeTO
derived from the Netherland liopublic. Beyond this
I b«ve not gone, sinco my purpoao has been mninly to
■honr how the influence of the NetherUnd Itepablio af-
fected the early settlers of America, ami the Puritans in
England who established the Commonwealth. To take
up the subject for England at this point, to show in de-
tail what I have barely suggestcNl — how this influence
continued to operate all through the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries, affecting not alone her agriculture,
manufactures, and commerce, but also her science and
. theology, her banking system, her |iolitioal economy, and,
above all, her ideas of civil liberty' — would nuoesiiitate
the rewriting of many chapters in English history.
8bme time in the future, perhapa after England has
become a republic, the complete history of English otr-
Uiution will probably be written. If written by an Eng-
lishman, it will require a man too bmad-minded for the
assumption tliat bis 'native land is the mother of all
modem progress ; a man who realites that history is a
oonnected whole, and who has knowledge enough of •
Continental Europe to understand the debt of England
to other nations. If this work is«ver done, and if it be
supplemented by a complete history of the United States,
.the world will fully appreciute what it owes to the rela-
tions which existed for so many yean between the Puri-
tan in Holland, England, and America.
:''W^jr^f^X''-:iV^w:'.
INDEX
Abbot, Arehbbhop of Cuitcfbur)', \L
474.
— ('alviniim >nd, iL 3M.
— ('Ureniliin <in, il. SSI, Ko/f.
— JmneM. n^MMiit uf, for ■ppoinUng,
ii. ial-S.I.I, and uutr.
— I'uriuniain end, ii. aal-S40.
— Sablulli anil. il. U7.
— loknint work of, U. 867.
AlicUr<l iiid tho L'nlTartiiy of Paris,
\.tn.
A(tuf»ipr«niirr,i.4at 44>,471.
Adaini, John. i. t>; Ii. 4117, nafr.
— >duv>iii>n and, iL 4115.
Addiion, ii. S.M.
— on wiulim, ii. 145.
AdRiimHr, law of, in Romr, i. 69.
*' Admonition ** quoted, Ii, 154, 155.
" AdoraliuM of llw ijuiib," I. 1X4.
Anfaerhl, I. X7».
Afrka, i. 194, m>, >»2, a»5, :»7, 401,
4IS, 4l«i ii. i75,llia.
— aUvMrado in, origin of,- i. StfS; abol.
i>li«d br KnKliih, Ii. 6^)».
African, Ihv, i. .tUA, MM.
Ak« qualiSnIion, ii. 4 J4.
Axinvourt, i. IM, a>l5, 50<;
Agriculture.
— Oauliiaod,i. III.
Ariniliun In England, i. 1 1 S ; il. 40tt,
BIS.
— oorapaivd to Dolch, il. MS, 140.
— growth of, ii. MR.
— middle claaaea and, il. 401.
— NeiKerland influenee on, il. 1S6,
«7I), *«9.
Agriculture in Flandem.
— tourht in achooln, i. I II
Agriculture in Netherlandt, i. Ill-
US; ii. 37(i,4i>».
Ahuworth, llenrr, il. 1*0.
II.— 33
AUric rauuM th« Romau to afaaiidail
Britain, i. 277.
Albert, Arcliduiie Cardinal, ii. 301,
9l«lt, 275, M5,,1I8.
— ftownwrgenerml of Nctberlaiid'.
il. itiUI.
All>inn«, INHrr, bia aerount of Cunll-
nenul acholara, i. SIiil
Alciiin, i. m.
Aidegundr, Ht., i. U7 ; ii. 51.
.^ieiander of Parma, i. XSS.
Akiamier VI., Pope, bull of, i. US.
Aloandrla, trade with, i. 1 15.
Alfiwl, KiiiK, i.tn, im, tt*. ' • .
— work of, i. »»», «»4.
Algiers, i. S8».
— piracy in, i SKI
Aikmaar.l. !II4.
— ProviniHal Hvnoil at, election of
church offlHals, it. 4!IT.
— aiegc of, I. tin.
Alleghanles, the, I. 51 ; il. 4SS.
Allen, Father, 1. 4i«.
Alliukini eatablliibea acliooU at Cor-
dova, Ii. .'Cm.
AI|w, 1.1)7, liX, 271).
Alaace, acbool of I)rin|^l>prf! in, i, 16)1.
Alva. Duke of, i. IIM. »l», i\», 241,
147, «59, 382. 447. 474, 4D8, 4»t ;
ii. I«,S», (O, 7t,IU8,(2l.'
— Alkinaar and, I. tit).
— Anahaptiata and, ii. 178.
— angrr of, agalnat £l'ualielh, I. 188,
IM».
— Ainaterdam held hr, I. too.
— at Antwerp, I. 1 87.
— alrocitienof. Ii. 114.
— Iiefore llaark-in. i. lli)7-2l<).
— BtTtgarJ of the He* and, 1. 18», "
— Briii and, 1. 1»4.
— vbaracier of hb ttaiaing,!. 181.
814
ttntm
AIn, Dak* of, ttnufurt Parta||il, t.
tl*.
— CuuDcil «rUI<Kiil,I.IM.
— mi«it)'ur,i.iiiu,!iia
— ilcurriptiun of, L 177, Id
— Kliulwih |>lol> «itli, Ulill.
— EliubMh'K ■ympatli) nitli, i. 40(1.
— hrml of Hri|irt (if 'OningM unilir
foot of nMtiH', I. 187.
— Wn'lU-i (lain k;, i. tl*.
— in Nctlirrlnnilj, I. M, B7, IRX-IK,
— [ni'reatwi liiH ami;, 1. 1^9.
— luiauntlrnuiiiU NetirtrlanU dMi^
■cwr, i. I»a, IM.
— Itoiia •nd, >. I»a.
— ^rihprlanil rrulwra ■nd, L IV>,
— onI«nKli)!lUhppopprt,*r««iMil,l, 1^.
^ rorliiKal v«n)tiai);n of, i. ibVU
— ItrocUimii noil ~ inWKMmnM «Uli
KnRland. I. KOtt.
— n-callof, Ilt7:i,|.«ll.
• — ivvoU friMii, i. IU7. '
— Uutkm III N«lh«rlali<ll br, I. IM,
Slli; mnmiuncM of, i. ittVlVl
AiulB, I. «7.
AneriiM, I. mil , >lii., II., t. \ », 7, H,
V, li\ II, HI, :iX, 4)1. 47, A«, V4.
A», «l, IS4, 144, l»*, IDA, HI'S.
Ua, tit, «71, 4.111, 49% 4\l»: U.
17. 144. 17S. 177, 1»», «10, »4»,
!i."HI. 270, »>y.\.
— age i|ualili(.allon In Hfmtr, il. 4t4.
— aericultiiral »«ltli of, 1. 4*.
— AlciaiMln VI. Rrania, lu tffaln.'l.
XM.
— antiiiultr of, I. 7«.
— IwUut In, >M Ihllol.
— lUpUata in, II. «0S, «04.
— (Vnlral, i. ilil.
— gItII war Id, li. id, A04.
— HikiniM In, I. l-HSi f»natitiitk>n of,
I. »lti>; ilare liaiir anil Enftlanil,
I. USA.
■*> cuniiaerc« with, I. 117. *
— ran>litutlon of Ural •lato In, 1. 70.
— rontincni of, I. liK).
— •dlaronrv of, rScct on 8pain, I.
IW). 1«1.
••- dialriel-«tinni<'r,ln, 11. 44«.
. >* nlucatlon. nee Kiitimlhn.
•^ England i-oui|utv,l wlUi, i. II. ; II.
467, 40V; pi«ipl« of, oompand
with, II, 4<V, 470.
— Ennland'a bni tffct in, It. 410
Anwrin, Engliih write liialariM of, L
lailil.
— oqinlilr of aUfaM In, IL41I.
— (alar ld«a of, fnio) M-hoolbookf, L
«»ir.
— fnumlallon of irpubllr In. 11. 4o7.
— Frpcnuin mi svttleninnl of. ii. 410,
— (iermana in, ii, 47o. f'ae Otl^
mmmy.
— |n«oninirnl of, ilncrilxd, I. 44 ;
rompartil Willi Engllaii, li. 4*«-
4A7.
— liUiorr of Anitln^Haxona in, I. >l. ;
l£ii|:il«li fuint of Tjfw, 1X1., laiL,
iiiili.; nr* li|;lilon, i. »>., »tl,;
pirotal Initli In, I, M4 ; Puritan*
a« iiirknl nu-n In, li. 405 ; undaf-
' ItiiiK fart In, ii. 40A.
— IlHKwnota In. ii. 47o.
— inaiiiotloni of. i. 711 1 iklil of, to
Konii* and (J«nnantc nuv, L 7i;
di'vt'lopwl hy riiritaiiii, il. 410;
Rirrn to Kn|tland, li, 4o4 ; N'ctli-
iTland and Kiifcliili aitilode foni-
paivd. ii 3A4 ; NillwtUnda gift
ti>,li. A.'>H.SAIl,4l(l.4ll; gronlml,
il. 4tUM<M ; origin of, i. 71, 74 ;
ilirurT uf, I, 71 ; I'uriuna and, I.
77.
— Iriah emlKralkm to, from IHatfr. IL
477 ; T«a| Act, canar of largn, IL
477-479. Hw /rWuMif.
— Japan aa llliiairaiion uf Amrrivan
hiatnrr, I. lliil,
— land In, «» l.mJ.
— lihrarUii. pulilk', yf, I U,
— Wsal ftTatnti of, are ijtm.
— Middle and SonihtMi Matca of, 0.
4IIS, AOl. A<I7, A08.
— NVlhorland inlurnn,!. lar., xitIIL,
llil,, lliv. ; il. 4VA. A07. AI>H; on
etvil and rt'ltgioua affaira. ii, 377.
^ Nctherianda at lime of diKcoterjr
of, I. ilvl.
— nofl Encliah alemcnla in, I. lit,, T ;
II. 470.
— nnl • trantpluted England, IL
MKI,
— uf aclHwl • tmoiia a Iranaplanted
KngUnd, I. xiir.
— prvaa in, fne, I. 48, 8i-« /V«b.
— rurilana in, aee /"ui-ilmif.
— Raleigh In, 11.118,
— retanna berome facta la, U. 40t;
leader In, i 7'>.
Aa*H<!*, nligimn llbntt in, I. UO.
— religloiii tulcralkm of Dnlch of
No York. i. !4V.
— Roman law in, i. M. KM tjiw.
— HmimrJ*! Hnmm and, i. iWiii.
— aeholanbip In, 1. 40.
-- arhuol tyurn of, L «0; II. U«.
— H<'««<'li.|riih In, ar* tMri-triik.
— Heparatlnla, tklit w, of, II. I W. tin
tltnartluU,
— • afrtikra uf, inoraU of, I. t61,
— alave-lratla In, England and, i.
— alafcTT In, KnulUli avmpalh; with,
U. iwi4 ; lutradurH i. KM.
— midIht 4n, rom|iar«d with EnfftlAb,
ll.4M.4n7.
— Bwlharn Huut of, I'onfedcracr
of, li. tMi; En^liah atnipallij
•tail, IL Mm, MH ; imllllcal par
tir« III, 11. Mil ; Hrotcli-ltUh In-
Hui*ncti on d<>niocrat.*v i'^, iL 6*tX
«»; 8«il«li.|ri>h, tlio Puriuua
«r, U. 471 1 ^ifiry ill, ii. tli.1,
MM ; aol<Ji«rra of, iu OmtincnuJ
•miy, 11. MM) ; t#o main atrvanu
iHtrrtitif, II. Ml, IMIH.
— Vlatcr cuiixrailiHi U>, li. 4i7'l7«.
— vilchM peraeculHl br INirilaiia In,
\L 33X, Ml ; hiahit> of. In Awxr-
io, ii. 144, Uii MaiiMvliilarlU
and, 11. UK : nui penwciiKd lir
the Duh-h In, ii. :l.'IS-.1,t4.
Anierloan C;>'ki|iir<lia. i. :iil.
AlDerlcaii bintorr, ('imtlnenUl llnr«
ivai'hinK lo Kiimi*, i. x.ar., ixtI. ;
antlior jlKniwaM wurLa <mi, i. xtx.,
Kxsiii., ixxvi.-xtL; urcanit Imh>Ii
an Introdiicilon ui, ii. IH>7.
AmaMrdam, I. Ml, mCi, !)«, tti, 14*;
il. U, 71, U, «UJ, Hi, X7«, r,*,
M«, M7.
— AIra bold*, I. to*.
— Iian|[ or, ii. .Ijn, Ui. '
— cliariUea of, i. JJ7.
— Bngllah nonoonfomlat familln In,
il. l7l,a7X.'
— Jcwa in, II. in.
— HmiHiniiea In, ii. inn.
— rre»bvt«riaiia in, ii. S7I.
— iiriniinfi-prcawii al, i. lAl
— Robinaonln,!!. «44,87l.
— Heparaii>u In, ii 171, 414 Om
StfmraluU.
— theatre al,il 141.
8tS
Amaterdan, Bpriiinx in, i. IM,
Anabapliau. II. V, 71, 111, 141, 171,
IWi, IHl, It:!, 1114,1111, KM, MN^
14lt, 3<W, SM.
— and llw Niruimn piratra, il. Ml.
— Arminiaui aiul, li. ISM.
— t'liiirt'h and Sdilo and. iL iril.
— rr<<ml(»ni of, fitim |ieraecutloa ill
.Nelberlanda, 11. KM).
— biiMory anil U'nrta of, i. S42, 111.
— in Uh<»lf Illanil, il. 4IA.
— of tlitlland UtiHuv Haptula of
Enitlanil, ii. iiil.
— or ll<'niiuiillM,i. I«7; ii. I7l,lna
— Oranne prot«t% i. »4», 4«».
— ppra4M.-utions of, in London, i. 411,
4<l».
— nrfdMtinilion and, 11. 101, 101.
Andrram, liana Chriaiian, i. I.
ADdr«»a,t<t., ill, |l».
AngiM, i.177.
— and Haiotia, llw, on lh« OmliiMm,
i. 71. !-
Annlli-an lliurch, i. 481.
AuKlo-Xaiona, 1. 14, 171, 1)«, 111 i ii.
4S7.
— aa a race, I. IDI.
— Ilriiain coiiipieml by, i. 277.
— cliarai-ter and micllj' of, i. 171,
171, iM, ^M, lus.
— Eiifiland of tho, i. son; dnllnc in,
niider maKterv of, i. 174.
— "llimdrr.l«'of,l. HI.
— In America. Iiiatory of, L %\.
— in EiiKlaiid.'l. 7«.
— inlucnrc on England, over .accentii.
alr<l li« licmuna, I. 271, IM.
— in Ireland, li. 474.
— Itingdotn of. ukM Ita place in
Eurufie. I. 171).
— Magna Charu oliuined I17 belp of,
i. KM. .
— Piiriiaiia and, I. xlis,
— Iloniaii Miiniaia of, i. 171, ITI^
— tiniea of, i. 871.
Anjou. Diika of, i. IM ; il. «0, «8, 14,
M, M7.
— Anlwrrp and, I. SS». "ft
-> aaaumbi}; mval imwera in Netiier.
laiula, i. IM.
— choaea aorcrvii^Q of Xvilitfrlanda,
i. IM.
— oomplaluinx of lack of power, at*
tei»l>t,« to take po^aeaatou of
Xoilierlaiid ciilee, i. IStt
st«
in OR
Aajou, Ihik* of. oourtthip of KUi»-
bMk l>/, t. X3«,^I7.
— dmih o^ i. U9.
— drt'UraJ ilcfMidcr of Xctbcrlud*,
I. tat.
— drMriplkm i<(, I. SM.
Alllii'. Uue4>li.
— f«-lf(mii uiiiliv, il. 447.
— IliKli Church inU IraUnd, ii. 47*.
"Annul lliratjilhi," tign* •nd pur-
Imunf, ii 114.
-AnUrctlr He*, N'eihcrUnd Ti>;>grn in,
ii. «1.
Antrim, Ktmt u, i. 381.
_t'<MiniT<>r,ii.47l>.
Antorrp,' I. Iil7, 110, isn, IM, HI*,
n», 44S, 4«l ; ii. ii, »», 7a, 1S«,
aiH.
— Al<ti, monamnt of, al, L 1(7.
— An>uiitut'k>,i. ita*.
.— M iTiw of rhartcml town, i. U(.
— m«w<|iivnon of ila fall, i. U*.
— ilwlina uf, after fall, H. M.
— etlurallim of cbiltlreti in, i. 141.
— Eliiabeth prooalara ivlkf u>, Ii.
it.
— Engibh merchanl* in, ii. nx
— (raas-itrawn ttreeU of, ii. bSa.
— liliertt aSeeled-lir fall of, i. tW.
— New TaaUnient puhllabni at, I.
IM.
— Palntera' Giiilii nl. I. 144.
— printing-pmaet at, i. Ui.
— nckinK of, » Spania^ furr," i. H».
— aieite uf, i. tit.
— io«er«i|p) of, 1. 14*.
Apenninea, i. «7.
Appomattol, ii. Mi,
Arable, i.»lit,SII.
Angno,!. 17«
Arc. Juan of, i. tol, KM,
•• Arcadia,"!. SIM; ii. «7.
AretiimetloH, i. 9.^.
Architecture In Eniilanil, i. 110.
Architecture in NVtlierJaiidf, I. US-
UI; Albert purer on, I. HI.
Arctle acaa, EnRliah mariuera in, IL
tin.
Atdenuea, Wi).l Hoar uf, i. 1*3.
" Ariatwnc; in England " (Badeau), i.
Aimla, ii. «0, n, 8», »4, SS, »7, n I ,
ll«, 117, HI, IM, 138, 1», (Ml
IS7, 1»«, l«l, IM, lU, «IU,»I,
tU, 17», 3U, 441
Armada, arriral of, in Kogliah Clna^
Ml, ii. liavim.
— Oalkollea of England TolualMr
againti, ii. IKi.
— ileilruetinn of, ii. 104.
— EliMlieih changaa policf afMr, II.
IM
— Biigland aa affvelcil hT, ii. tfl ; uni-
InirM of aong in, after, 11. 347.
— • English adianugi* in men and
raniKn, Ii. t».
— Engliah aiiipa againat, ii. ltKV-101.
— IreahijHi and, at 4'alaJ«. il. IDX.
— nitfurtnnei of, after uiliogiliiCpX
ii. V»-liHI.
— Philip nrganiara, ii. 7».
— Pnritana' <ir« of, 11. 137. I
— iratlgloua cliarailer nf, ii. W-M.
— nlreat uf, ii. Ii>4, |i>9.
,— neaeli of, at Li>liun, il. 31 ; d»
•cribed, ii. n- M i >i>e of , ii. INI.
— year of, aigna and portmta In, II.
114,113.
Anninianiam, liigh-diurch party and,
ii. iWH-SH*.
Ar«ilnian«. Analiapftata and, iL IM.
— t'<lvini>in awl, li 3<ll.
— t'liunh an.l h><al<', ii. 30*.
— eiriitmver^y in regard to, ii. 300.
— Engli«h liigli-Oliurrh Mrlir aad,
II. »«(t.
— Frederic Henrjr liefrienda, ii. Kit.
— kiyaltyof, ii. 313.
Arminiana, in N'eiherlanda, peraeea-
IkMia of, ii. 3II7-1II*; generoailt
nf aulhoritir* t<i, ii. 311* ; iinioa uf
Church and Hute pretented by
penecution* uf, ii. .I'lii al I.
e— pulitii'ai reaauna for pi-raceutioaa
of, ii. 310.
— F preileotinatlon and, ii. 301.
— ruHtana aa alTetied by peraeCQ.
tionaof, ii. 3li>.
— Hynnd uf Itort leada to penecutkMi
or,ii.x<i7-3ii.
Arminiua,i ril,n4. .
Amokl, Mattheot, I. 17.
— Oil AincrldUi potitM lyMMi, L
43.
— Ml poelrr, 1. 170.
— on Henata of I'niled Buiea, I. 20.
— <|U<iinl, I. 11.
Art In flair, I, 1«A.
Art in NatiiarlaBda, L ll»-13c>: book-
luking, I IM, deieknment of,
deielopment i
L Il7i iMriMnleil, UpntriM, i.
IM; nioniU aiiJ, ii. MA-JMtt; ntn-
•k, I. riH-I'lii; iwiniiiin, I. in;
II. .147; »<K>l-rnir«Thig, i. 117.
Art In NuniiaB KiikuiikI, MwebUuo
.^ ot iHiliarn, i. »»l.
Arthur, King, I. 117.
AitiMU li» NaUierhnJii, F.llMi<«li'a
■lUtoda la, i. 4M. 4*7 ; rnilKra.
tWn of, to KsgUiMl, i. 4l)7--«yil.
Aryan nee, I. lo,
Aacham, Hiigar, L S41, 344. 444.
— on Italliin lilcralura, i. )>«•>, Ml.
Aalil4'r, liigh-lreaMw aprvcli uf, ii. 44A.
Aaia, i. 77, IH4,«74,4IK.
Aalk Mlnnf, i. |ln>.
Ai*iiiiilallciii in Etiaabrlhan England,
UleraturF,caniHierfw,rBli);Wia lior-
rawnl, 11. 4<NI,40«i Rniaiaauot
hiluanre. ii. 4ii7.
Atlanlir, I. in, xs, 74, nH, S»7, IM.
Auburn priiion, rrfurm In. L M,
Augaliurg, Cirilfoaaion nf, l^4ftl.
— IHei f>r, relieimia tlirorr of, i. IA4.
rmlT «(, ii. mi; Ocrman; and,
Jli. Sit7, JM.
ualinp, i. i»t.
Ilria, i. 4l<; 11. i»», *»9, Sll, S4«.
WAnwrica loolu to, in nlucatiw, 11.
4»«.
Illouaaor.i. 117.
liUor, farevtll of, Ii. 6<i7.
||iilel>le<iu«t of, to (rioHla, Lliil.-
I of, fur iitW, I. ixiti.-iiTi.
— acope of prcaetit worli, i. iiiil , II.,
liiL ; raTieared, Ii. »07, »•>«, B 1 1 .
Aid, U. It.
Ajlowr,!. SM.
— Bou^naformiaU paracculcd br, L
417,471.
Babloglon, conaplncy of, IL M, 74.
Ilabincloii nlalca, Ralrigll tod, Ii. 70.
Ilaron, Anllionr. 1. 17').
Uaouti, »anria', i. tM, «68, 111, 170,
44S,468; IL lU. 144.
— Burghtejr and, IL 70.
— Cburrh refurma and, ii. 117, nofr.
— "Dr Aa|!fiienti»," 1. *«», «70.
— Bagland fail* to approdaU, I. MS.
— Impncliment uf, it Sltt.
— " Nurum Orgaouro," L S70i
— Purllana aa regardad bjr, U. Ii7,
MO/f.
«T
BneoH, Franria, arlcnlile aUtiaawflU
uf, i. Isn-isK.
Ba«in, KoRcr, i. iM7, 27*. 1*4, *W,
— dtmih of. I. »»». ■ ■
Racun. Sir .Mrlinlaa, L aM. i
IMnu. Adam,l. 17.
Ilaldwiii of llw limi Arm, I. IM.
Ilallui, M>'rM wriiun, i. 47, ftl-«S ; IL
417, 4V1.
— Chun-li o( Runia and, Ii. 4*1.
— Knigkia Trmplara and, Ii. 4:11.
— Koimr lu N<iili«''ianda and Anierlc*,
11.410-4411
— " »oli«g pap»r»," Ii. 4*).
BalkM, vriium. In Amrric*.
~ Cliurrli ami, Ii. 4:i7.
— iviu«i«a and, i. M; II. 41H>, 4U,
4!IV ; unknown auulli of IVnnayl-
- tania, 11. 440.
— Connwilcm I'onatliuiian and, 1.
1}»; ii. 4M, 4»«.
— C'onnwrticnt, laitcn tn, l»y Mookrr
frmn N'Hlirrlanda, ii. *i*.
— Dadi<7 and Winihnip and, II. 438,
4*».
— gap In liiitorr. Room to Kew Eng.
land, ii, 411.
— (irorgia and, I 91
— Kvotuok.T and, ii. 440.
— Nethrrlanda gift of, lo, ii. 4M.
— Naw Jrrarjt and, ii. 440.
! — origin of, ii. 4;i7.
— PuriiaHa inlroduc* in Mafaacba-
I aHla, Ii. 414.
' — Rliode Inland and, 11. 43S.
— Kiimjn origin of, ii. 4tto.
— Halrnr fruin Nrthrriantla thrwigh
Dorrlwatrr, 11. 497, **»■
— Virginia and. ii. 44n.
Hallot, wriiini, in England.
— Anicrlca fulioirnl, ii. IMM.
— Jerem.T llcntham urgea, ll. 4S0
— Irginlation (Ml, I. fll.
— unknoxntlil IM'l, il. 410.
RalU, wrilU'ii, In >'ri<-iland. ii. 4S7
Ualtnt, written, in NethrrUndp,
— Eblio Einniiua quottni on, IL 4M,
note.'
— Eniden, Irat Irarr at, of, procaN
dMwrlbMl, Ii. 4.^t-4M.
— Kefurnwd ohnnh and, tl. if/^
Ilaliot, written, in Kamt.
— Trajan miiraa, Ii. 4M.
Daltie, tbc, L 1 1(, 1(7 ; 11. M», 401.
•le
imMi
Rtlilo CMBfianr, the, II. 1 19.
Baiicrvfl.Oeor'Kr.l. iiiii..4l; II. U«
— (lu origin of Mchoul itatcm, II. SSt.
BAiH*rort, Arvl(bi«lH>p of r«iiterfMirv,
il.lllK,<M,«:i.\ 940,241.
— liiklx and. 11. ttH.
— DAmiiloli frfi, ii. vnl, n«(r.
— Kpl«'<>(U(7 alKl, II itt. it».
— EtMlillnlivd l%un'll »nJ. 11. 8M.
— JaroM I appniliti, Ii. ti«.
— Ml onlfr uf t>ii«lMi|Ni, Ii. itt.
— Puriuiii nntl Htiinnlitu linnM
l>5, IL IW-MI. '
feamlii. Ii. *1». «74.
Itai.li or AnutcnUra, II. »», IH.
lUtik of KnuUml, il. *«.1.
— urffml l>; Irfiuli, H. ItA. 9X7.
.RaiiiuH'klnirn, I. «»«; IL 1
Iknlani, II. 117*, 117.1.
Ila|>liiil«,l. !4H,4lli; 11. HS, 148, IAS.
— I'liult'h nnd Sintr nnil, II. SM.
— lirneral, 11. !!<>»■
— IndviwnilmK nnil, II. JM.
'— InHuidM and, II. WiT
— niiokinnrlx Ant mdI out bt, II.
ton.
— »ll|iinii> llbcrtr, Iral nplield I)', 11.
«IIS, MX.
— Piirluu uf Ke« Kngland uid, I.
nil.
— Kr|>arali«u and. II. SIIH.
BapliiU 111 Ainrrica, il. !tll«.
— iienHK-iition* of, Kn^lliih, not Puri-
un, In Hiaracter, II. KU, Wt.
BapllaU In Knglanil.
^ from KethcrUiHl Inahapllata, Ii.
joi.
— IromidM and, Ii. IM. SM.
Datf laf, II. 207.
llaivlH.nn I>arllam«it, II. !l»l, 1»S.
Barnf rrlil. Ii. 25A, M4, 101).
— arraalcd, 11. .1«S, MM.
— vlianciiT <if. Ii. tv«.
•— t'otindl of HIatc dliprliwd a Itir, Ii
t»y
— dtalh of, aaTM iiatiooallljr of re-
piiblle, II. !in«.
— rxiH.utlfHl of, Ii. S#0; Cfimparvd to
■hat of Charin I., 11. tlM.
— Holland, Indcpeodenw of, clalowd
br, Ii. M7.
— In London, Ii. 48.
— Maurice and, U. M5-W7, tO(.
— 8utw oooTeMil br, ii 104.
Haineireld, HUK»OeMnl aad, U. tM,
NT, »»*, mt.
— HialM' rl(hla and, II. t*7. *•», »H.
Ihrruvr, llrnry, II. lU, IN*.
Bartmlaia, II. 177
Harlliolumrw, Ht., 1. 141 ; II. M.
— inaaaarre of, I. 1>I, >t7 ; effecta
of, I. 2<i|-lt)4, mi.
Ilaalik., tlir, I. HIT., 2IIII,
llalavian l>land, Rfumana on, I. 107.
llaUriana, iW, I. I<», lot.
— bravMt of tJermaua, I. tUl'
— eualoM of, i, IIU.
— irilona uf, I. HA
— i|iiritaf, I. 111.
narani, ;i. A7.
— irf ilw Nnherlanda, i. !»«, tl4.
Hral.ll. 170.
Ilrar liallillK. Eli<ali<.tli'a lure for, I.
.140. all.
Rratiin, ranlinal, Ii. >, 4.
llminKinl, Ii. I2S.
Il<.<lr, ilie Vcnrrabl)-, I. S04
— al J^rrow, I. IIM.
Hedfnrd, Earl uf, I. 44A, 4S*.
Ucdford Lerela, puhllo reflMrjr In, U.
4ni.
lleggara of the Hea.
— Alcaand, 1. INK.
— Hrilllakra br, I. IM, 1»4.
— IK' laMarvkand.l. !»«.
",B«|!|tar!'," ilie.of Nniwrlanda, Nar-
mrrl of rarina and, i. 17^-177.
— Orange and, I. 18«, IIL
Beggarv Jn Knjicland. . ^■
— aftf'r Armada, il. l»l.
— IVIIainent and, i. Ill ■
llrlfaat, I. ait<>: 11.481.
IMltar, the, i. 87B. '
— hratent of ihv Oauln, i. 101.
iMnian, ilie, i.. 104.
IMkIuhi. i. »i, 419.
BeneSrM, aale of, l>.T Parker, L 411*,
464.
Uenki'Idoon, Jacob, aalilng of lali lui
rented br, I. IM.
nennlngtiin, Kiwich-Iriali at, 11. ill
Henlliaiii, Jrremr, I. Hi.
— public n\[\rtry and, 11. 488.
— writlrn balkita urged br, ii. 48<X
llerkolev, Kir William, nppoaed lo
•rlioti'la in Virginia, i. 32.
Bible, i. 187, 178, 282. 291, 878, 442,
444, 448, 488, 488, 4»«, 801 ; IL
IS, HI, 117, 188
.>
MM*, DuIrK iml rimUli, Man Bag-
lUh, I. ina.
•^ lr»i puUlkaiUm of, In the vulgar
toniiuv, I. IM.
•^ Oernuin pres*, 6nt Uioh iwueij
from, i. aoa.
— Brriirniatkia (ffwtnl br, I. |«l.
1«4.
— Vftrious pubUcaUtHig of, enuiMr-
>lf<l, I. I«S-IM.
nihl« in KnKlanil, I. *U.
— alMn^or, I. 1114.
— llaiicmft aiul, U. IM.
— rolln-tiona amtrilml, II. US, mctt.
— Ellialwlh and. U. 1.1V.
— Bni unl«r«U hj Mttcmi of Ant-
werp, i. US.
— gnreninwui |>rniiUiio« for print-
Ing miuiri'il, II. 148.
— Jauici I. anil, ii. iliH.
— KinK Jaiun'a fcnion, I. td; ii.
tin.
— lliim (orcrilal* and. I. IM, 443.
— ruriun Ticw of, II. IIH-Uii.
— Puritana and, L 44ft ; demand new
tranaiation of, il. itt.
— Rernulda and, Ii. »«.
— TTiidat«'*a Engllah veffioti, New
TMUnmii, I. IM.
— WyoUra tnuaUtlon, 1. 1»T, S04.
Bible la (iermany.
— Brat publication of printlng.prcaa,
i. Sl)8.
— Lutlier and. I. lU.
BIU* in Nethrrlanda, I. lU.
— Utift, printed, I. Ui.
— Erumnf, Xe« Tnlament. 1. IM.
— Popa fortiida nading of, L I6J.
BibW In Spain.
— Xinwnea, polyglot, I. SI I.
Btertliat. i. IS*.
Iliarav, Hajr of, i. SW).
Iliihop't Court, i. SOS, 4««.
IK<linp«, Ilouar of, 11. ISO.
lii*iH»pii in KoKlnnd.
— Eliiabcili and, ii. II.
— Toteeicloded from llonaeof Umla,.
IL S7».
Uakopa in Krotlond.
— General Aaaenblr abolUbed, ii. lu,
II.
— Lnnoi and. ii. M.
— "Tui<:han,"il.«)-M.
BiannrTli, il. IIUI.
lUark Artain Englud,iL lit.
lltaekdaath.I.IOI. - (
HIack He*, 1. 187. ^
llUrkfriara, i. SI4.
Illai'katiine. imbiio regiatrv ami, ii. 4M;
lllola, William de,al llrill, I. l»4.
Ukik, Dr. I'. J., ackno«ledgnwnL> to,
of anibor, I. Ir.
Illooilr Mair, *t» Miy, Qun of
Bluff King Hal. I. IM.
IkHVaceio, I. SOI.
Boerfaaare, I. UI.
Uolwntia,
— Catbolle Leagne and, 11. 81 1.
.^ Elector -ralaiin* dtiren from, II.
SIS.
— Ferdinand and, Ii. III.
— Frederick and, ii. SI I.
— John lliiaaof, ii. ill.
— Tliiny Veara' War eanaed bjt eke-
Ibnuf iu klng,ii.lll.
llttUipia, unireniiiy uf, I. Ittl.
— tiotanitral icardt-ti at, I. 111.
" llund of AixM'ialian,;' ii. 41, 4S.
Bonded warviiouaea. ii. 134.
Bonk of Coinroun Prayer, i. 471, 47!.
— Edward VI. and, i. 4S4. '
— nua IV. and, 1. 4SS. ' y
Book of Dtwipline, IL l«S-|«7, SIS.
— I'aHinroent and. ii. U».
Book of Martrra, InHiuncp of, 1. 441-
444.
Book-making. Holland and ticrraanr,
\.\M; ii. .H44.
Book! in Nelberlanda. for cliildrm, i.
, UI.
BuHie, Daniel, ii. 46*.
Booth. Ueneral.i. 14.
Booihe, Kivliert, 1. 170.
Boaion, i. 4D3 : ii-47u. '
— eharitlee nf, i. S4.
— licoteb-IiiaU emigrate to, IL 4ao-
481.
BoUnical gnrdena, I. 111.
— dalea of, in different countrloa, t
till
Bolhweli, 11. IS.
Bound, l>r. Richard, Hal>batb-d*T ar-
gument. Ii. U7-ISI>.
llowTer.Sir (ieorge,citll law and,i. M. '
Brabant, il. S4.
— cathedral in, 1. 11*.
— rnircrailr of Lourain in, I. 318.
Bradford, William, ii. 141-141, 147,
14»,S7l,M<e,148.
Bnull, I. M.
_ Duh!ti W«tt lodU Oaapur In, 11.
' ait.
Bnd*,!. M.
BranHi, public n^trf ud, 11. 4S».
" Urelhnm ut the Ult In Coinmon," i
U».
Rrrtun, Cane, 11. II*.
Ilrewilpr, Eliirr, II. 171.
UiT«at«r, William, 11. MO-143, I4«,
M».
Ilrilii)r;, J«iDM I. on, il. 11*, Ui.
— I/Mg ParlUimat forbldf, II. tSt.
Ilriilewfil, i. 44«.
Ilrin;*, Krr. Clwrln A., I. liiL
lirill, i. IIMt; ii M.
•^ Kllalielli ilnnaiiil*, •• •Kuril^ for
iklT*npe>, II. 114 ; raraiirM Iran*.
fcr of, II. 1175.
— Junin k'Iriii, III lAlt, 11. t7(.
— ukiDR of, L lU, IN.
Briilol, L SRI.
l)rlwlM.i.lo«,ll4,lM.
Anyihi S>ioi»' donioaiinn of, 1. 177.
— Au|^9linf Rofii 14), I. ast
— rtMiqueitl of, Kree man on, 11. 410.
— Dark Agoa in, I. I<><>.
— early arti and wpaltli of, i. S74.
— carlj hlalorr of, 1. J74-XSO.
— fr^nnm decliiM In, I. imt.
— iKland niakn raal mnrertloa of,
I. 881
— Roniua In, I. 10ft, IM, iU ; thrir
inRuenoe on cirllliukm uf, Itli-
»"•
— ilarerj In, I. Ml.
IlrUiih NlM, IL 104.
Ilriliih lliiwum, iia lihrarr, L M.
Ilritun., tlif . I. ««, t7».
liiwllieail, jolin Romern, doeummu
relating to mionial hlatory, Naw
York, i. lasTiii., tiiii.
— ci|wrii-nc4 uf, Willi hlatoriol ne-
onla, i l»Ti.-llITUi.
Btoutr, Adrian, ii. S47.
Bfougliam, Uml, piihllo pra««vult>r«
and, 11. 441 ; pulillo rvgtttrjr and,
II. 4R1
Dro«ni>, KolK-rt, lionks of, il. 181-189;
pr«ar)i«a iH'pnration of Cliurofa
•ndKule, ii. 17I>-I81.
Biownr, Hir Thomaa, defmdi wUck-
eraf^ il. 144.
' Brawnall, Wlllita C, I. 11 ; Ur. and
lln.,L nil.
nrownlat eolonlM, L 4«*.
BrowBiaU, 11. 141,177.
— twwa Ocncral BapllaU, Lowian,
11. U«, 14<>.
— Ooppini and Thackcr, II. 181-lM.
— eaiabliah (^ngrtgatlonalltla, 11.
lOl.
Rnm, Rohrrt, i. 181.
nni(r».i. 11<I,I1»,W»; 11. M4.
— Antwerp outatri|i«, i. 148.
— aa coiuinf rrial centre, i. 118.
— iMirKoowsur of, anecduu of, I.
118.
— decline of, II. 818.
— (kiiden Hrece at, i. I It. ^. •
— ItoMimilliii at, I. 118.
— KUiWaat. 1. 118. ••
— hlaloTTof, I. 188-14)11
— iniilip Iho Kair at, I. 1 18.
— rtiilip tin* <tood fiMinda firiler of
OolJen VUive al, LIIH.
— aoTcreign of, arraaied fur debt, ii.
454.
Hrugge (Rnigra), L 189.
Bruno, ffionlitno.
— In Kogland, on Oiford dona, 1. 144.
— in (iernwnjr, I. 845 ; on culwn In,
11. 111.
— Leo XIII., apeech of, Iwforr Con-
aialorj, on moaament to, 11. 18,
HOf«.
— on Klinlietli, I. S8«.
— on Kir Philip Wdner. ii. 87.
BraaaeU, I. UU, l«<M5».
— Alva and uiatlon of, i. 1*1.
— Liithcraniiini at, I, 185.
— monka Immwl at, i. 188.
Unchanan. (iMn^r, Ii. 118, 4il«.
— on nation, a!i idea, ii. 198.
— on right of kinga, 11. 111.
Buchanan, Jainc, oil Senate of Cnlted
Kutra, ii. 418.
Boekinghamihire, L 497.
Buokto, I. >xii'.
— hiatonr of cirilintioD, il. II.
" Bull," tiie, of Paul Potter, ii. 847.
Bunker 'Hill, a Hrolch'lriah name,
Froildeon, 11.491.
Bunraii, John, i. 4»8 ; 11. 20«.
Burgtiic, Ixml, i. 8«.V88tt, ,178, 4<KI,
4l>4, 455, 458, 458, 4«U, 478, 4711,
504; il. 48. 51, 81, 98, 10«, 107,
158. 174, 179, 180, 184, 118, Mo.
— Biinbctli appoinu lihu chief ace-
iTarT,t411.
BarghltT, Lord, lii||l>iiil'i commcrc*
«iiooan|;i>ii by, I. SW.
— Frattda •nil Moilr; on, ii. M.
— NMi<T>Uon Act, 1. a«8, SS».
-- on sIrocUlei in Inland, I. 376.
— ■ Hpain, rrotnUnt coalillon ■g>!nil,
iddml hr, I. ttt.
~ Whltxin oppnMil hr, i.A1», *1»;
letter f|iK>tcil, i. 47A, fMWt.
Burghle; (CmiI). i. ll«8, 38(1, t8«, 447,
AVK 4S4, 4»S; II. 8.
Ilurgiimlv, [)acby uf, Louw XI. •Ininif,
i. IM.
Hurf^undv, If(Mi«« of, i. 117.
~- Neihcrlanil ft^tTlulkw to^ I. IM.
Burke, nn IhKlii, I 283.
— on libfrtT, ii. mi).
Dumabir, Rcir. Hr, quoted, i. 7.
liuUtr, Sir Edmril, Cwtw atuekt Um
Cabinet, Ka|;II>b, 1. 19,10, 41; 0. 414.
I'ibot, John, I. S84, *H>.
C'ibot, Keluiilixn, L SM. 88S.
Ckur, Jnliiu, i. Itlir., ii, 4S, 198.
— calrnd«r reforni«l lir, i. S4».
— Mrliest account of Netbeiianda, i.
ml ; or Euroimn tribca, L 101.
— In WMtcra Kiiropc, i. 101.
— on Oaula *• llaTea, 1 103.
Cthil. I. 806 ; i>. 94.
. — Antiad* belecc, II. 101, lOS.
Calendar, lbs.
— CM«r'a r«romi of, I. 846
— Owgory'a rcrorm of, I. 844 ; Eng.
land •dopl^ i. 847 ; Hogarth and,
i. 847 ; N'ctlicrlanil adopu, L 848.
CaWln. John, i. i«l, 4n», 411, 4S8,
481,488; ii. 148, 138, SIU.
— doctilim of, introduced into Keth-
erlanda, 1. 187,^8.
— achoola and, ii. 388, 839.
— Puri»n» get idc«« from, ii. S40,
— Sunday and, 11:137-181.
— theologji of, ii. 147; and Engliah
Kefonnera, ii. 409 ; and nforma
of, ii. «»», SCO.
Calriniani, i. 481; U. 106, 181.
— Arminiana and, il 801.
— Church of England and, U. 161.
— democracy of, ii. 10, 11.
— Pnriun faulti not doe to, L sUl.
— PifritaM and, ii. 141 '
Calriniam, Engliah.
— Abbot ud, a 8M,
Calfiniaro, lonlbh. Church of Eof-
Iwidand, ii. 161, Uj.
— HlKh-Churrh party and Chtrie* L
n>j«;t,ii. 161, llvi.
— Puriuna and, Ii. 147, 161, 161.
— Whitgift on. ii. 181.
CaWinbni in tiermanVi i. 488, 41T<
481.
Calrluiini in Netherlanda.
— Mynod of Dart (irurlainia It Ik*
creed of Reformed Chnneh, U-
807 ; refireoenUtiTM at, ii. 307.
Calvlnittie Catecliiini, ii. MH, I49,
CaWiniai«, Paritan iaatineta »f, IL 8 18|
vitcb^ not beiiercd ill br, ii.
s»i. , ■
Calrlnista, EnKllih, i. 168.
— Eiilabeth and, 1. 437. . .
— Jamet I., bia ■;iuptiby with, IL
804.
— BpBniih.AiabMudor dcocribw, !•
481.
Caliiniata, flermnn, 1. 160.
— " Proteatani Union," |i. 288.
— treatr of \Vc«tphali» and, 11 811
Calviiili'u, Ketherlaiid, i. 148, 147; it
308,318,316.
— Arminiana and, ii 809.
— Cliurcli and 8utc, diiciuMd by, ii.'
800, 303, 810.
— Prince of UranKe and, ii. 108.
Calriniiu, Nbw England, L ilriiL,
>lii.
CaWiniitf, Scotch, H. 474.
Calf iniita, SwiM. i. 487. ,; ■ - .■'
Campbell, Ooloiiel William, U. 488.
Campbell, Dr. It »'. A. 0., L ziil-.
mil., Iv.
Campbell, Lord, Libel Kill of, i. 60.
Cambridge, i. 88, 41, ui, 445, 461,
470; ii. 113, 119, 130,161, 188,
188, 179, 186, 187, 18V, 241, 14i
— aa hoiue of Puriiani, i. 496.
Diioenler* eirludeil from, ii. 899.
— ilouie<ror,i. 484.
Campian, Eilmnnd, I. 420. 411, 411,
414,607; ii. 1,86,111.
Cwmda, i. 8.
— French eipuUion from, iiiflneno*
of, on American Revolution, ii
498.
Jeanitain, L4I3.
Canterbury, i. 490; ii. 129, 128,
— authori'tlea of, intereede (ur Netli- '
eriud rtrugeea, ii. 388.
5M
Cantnburr, AichUihop oli Abbot,
U. 8M ; Kllnbrth'i lint tmiat-
meat to, L 445; OriMUl, L U*;
Ptfker. I. 441, 4»», 4M; TbM-
dora of Taniu, L tM ; Whllgifl,
i.44S: II. 189.
■ "»'»nterliurj TtiM," i. SOI.
Ctniiir, KInir, ii. 210.
C»\H!ol (hhiU llopo, i. SB, 8811.
Caraw, Sir I'lilllp, Irish nuuwra of,
i. t7», SHU.
Cwmr.ThoiDu, B\^ OoaiailMl<m •nd,
I. 47(1.
Oiritile, Hiilrap of, L 481.
Cu\,\t. Thnitlu, Ii. 180, 877.
— *■ Urth'n •ml BpnchM of Cnni'
well," i. ill., ilil.
^ on liwtory, i. mr.
— on hiitorjr of EnglUb PuriUna, I.
ill., illi.
Carni>i;lc, Andrew.
— indi'btwlniiM to, L 22.
— " Triiimphuit Dcroocmcy," I 20.
Carroll, Cliarlea, of Carrollton, ii. 488.
CartwriKl'l, thuoiai, I. 46*-4«5,470;
ii. I8U, Ive, ID7, 223, 225.
— "Boole of Diac'lpline," ii. I65-18V.
Caaaubon uti learning iu England, ii,
283, and noli.
Ca>pian 8ea, i. 26?.
Caitile,L178.
Catwhiani.ll. ISI.
— Calf iniaUcii. 148, I4«.
Cathar, i. 108,
Uthcdrala, Engliih, i. 291-2Mi dtU
of, to Normand]', IL 2.
Catlwrin* of Aragan, 1. 111.
Catherine de' Hedici, L 201.
Cathulic Hlanionarles, >e« JmtiU.
Callioliciim, i. 417, DUO; ii. 8.
Catholica in England, i. 28, 172, 391,
480, 470, 471, 478, 480; U. 121,
188, 161 SSd.
— Armada and, ii. 110.
— Armiiiiant and, ii. 288.
— Calrioisin and, ii. 148.
— compared to Purltana In relation
to KHabctb, iL 88.
— Cromwell abieldj, wben poaiible, ii.
898.
— eduration of, at Douar and Rbeinu,
i. 419.
— Elinbelh and, i. 409 ; change of
poliej of, after Armada, IL 108,
ilO-118;liat«lb7,iLBO.
OallMil^iaKi(Uwl,BUri)tth'aaliMi>
atha of,T. 4M; coqMtrj wUk,
1481,481
— KataUiabed Church and Eliiab«t)i,
i. 439.
— eioluaion of, from office, i. IB.
— Iiiaioriana on numliera of, L 4U.
— Ilouae lit Commona eieludea, i. 4M.
— Jamea I. and, ii. 800 ; iba hope of,
ii. 212.
— legislation against, i. 420.
— loyalty of, ii. 108-110.
— Mary Hluart and, ii. lo9 ; effects of
lier death on, ii. 77.
— roisKionarioa persecuted by Wal-
- aingliaro, Ii. 88.
^~ old ai. J new, ii. 89, 38.
— Parliament against, it 182,
— Piiilip'a prumiaea t<i, iU 37. ,
— plots of, >gain«l Eliiabeth, 1. 178.
Bee, alao, JauiU.
— polliical power of, L 801 ; death
of, 11. 43. .-,
— Babbalh Day question, II. 238, «37.
— Throgmorton conspiracy, ii- 88, 89.
— anion with Protaatanta deaired, i.
188. V
— unite with ProleslanU in appeal la
queen, 1. 476.
— upriaing of, 1. 189.
Catliolirs in Europe, Kartna aad, L
287.
Cktholics in Flanders, I. l»^. ,
Catholics in rrance, L 400; II. HO,
291.
— independence of the pope, IL 109.
— Paris the stronghold of, H. U2.
Catholic* in Germany.
— aflrr Rc'ri>rmation, ii, 288.
-r Catholic I,<'igue, ii. 288 ; crown of
llohcniia and, 11. 81 1.
— PrntcKlanta and, In Thirty Veon'
War, ii, 811.
— Trentr of Augsburg and, 11. 288.
Catholics in IreUml, ii. 474.
Catbolica in the Netherlands, L 188,
229 ; ii. 288, 829.
— nobles, 1. 177.
— freedi»ni from persecution, il 808.
— toleration for, ii. 113.
— William lit t)range bom one, L MS;
toleration of, 1. 244, 24B.
Catholics in Scotland, conapiradaa of,
ii. 21.
OatboUcs in Spain, L 400 ; IL tU.
J.
C>nUcrt,i.4X5;ii.U'r,168.
C«nii<Uih,iLll«,aTl
Guton, WilliuB, i. 308.
Cecil, Kobert, Eul of Stluborr, il.
174.
— io pay o( Sfwin, ii. 116.
CMU,8irTb«M«,iLU.
Cacil, Willwm, Lonl BoikUct, m
B»ryMty, Lord.
CelMlial Empire, ii. 279.
Ctllioi, neimniilo, L IM.
—on " Englisli MTipt," i. tM.
Ccllio net, i. Vli.
CelU, i. 24; ii.474..
— in OanI, IreUnd, Ad DriUin, i. 104.
Central Americ*, L ilii., 2M.
Central Alia, tovnihip sntem in, i.
76.
CcnturT Club, New Torli, L liii.
Cejloni t Vi.
' Cliemptgnr, H. de, ii. 58.
Chancer;, (^urrof, abuaei in, i. 370.
— Cromwell and, ii. 392.
"Obaractcristico," li; AablcT, ii. 446.
Charitiee, Arorriean.
— Boetan, i. M ; Dii-keni, on, i. M.
— Engliih compared, i. 69.
— ROTernment aid to, i. 65.
■>- land* allotted to, bj Edwafd VI.,
1.316,317.
Cliarltiea, English.
— goTemment aid to, L 66.
CliaritlM, .Nethorland, I, 2S«, 227.
— Felltbam and Temple on, ii. 349-
(61.
Charlemagne, i. 27*.
— among the Fritiaia, 1. 106.
— appointment of (omtier, i. 1S9.
— public regUtrr under, 11. 467.
— Saxon coioulata of, in Fianderf, i.
1S».
Charlci I., L 186, 224, 307, 482; ii.
140,161, 306.
— eiecution of, ii. 380, 381.
— fine* under, il. 8«i, 3«3.
— Kirk anil, ii. 369.
— Uad conBacated br, Ii. 362.
— laud, Biabop of London, and, il
366.
— monopoliea and, IL 361.
— Ketherland ref ugeei under, ii. 368.
— nooMXHifurmista driven from Eng-
land bv, ii. 367.
— Farlianiewt and, ii. 160, Mi, 363-
MCMI.
Charles I., Parliament anil army
against, ii. 3»4.
— persecutions under, Ilallam oo, ii,
363.
— the martyr, II, 214.
— treaty of, with Spain against Kelli-
eriaoda, ii. 363, 364.
— Sur-Ch»mber and, 11. 362.
taxes ; tonnage, poundage, iL 331,
833.
Charles I., England of.
— Calrinism n'j«'«l by High-Church
|>arty,ii. lDI,llt3.
papal tendency of, ii. 1 6 1 , 1 62.
— l>uriUna in, II. 161, 162, 210.
Cliarlea II., L 79, »6, 227, 3«l, 378 ; iL
40O.
— court of, I. 8a
— Cromwell and, II. 40.
— grants land to Pcnn, il. 4IS.
— Independents and, ii. 399. .
letter t<^ on Dutch of New Torfc, L
xliv. "
— mnnnera under, 1. 840.
rmbyterians betrared br, Ii. 398,
399.
— public registry under, 11. 481.
— licrTillty to, St table, 1. 340.
— solemn league snd covenant,. II.
162.
Charles V., i. 187, 160, 233, 461, 488 ;
Ii. 178,318.
— bravery of men under, 1. 181.
— heretics and, 1. Ifitl.
Inquisition In Nethcrhuida and, I,
1«6.
— loved as a rukr, and why, L 17*.
— Luther and, L 166.
— Orange as page to, i. 166.
— public registry and, il. 496, 460,
fio<e.
Charles IX of France, 1. 198, 200,
268.
— death of, I. 282.
— Uuguenots matmcrcd by, I, 202.
Charles X. of Sweden, schools and, ii.
839.
Charles of Anjoa, 1.110.
ChsrleatheBald,l. 189.
Charles the Bold, L lit, ItS; iL
292.
— death of, 1.164.
-"Life of." 1. 117.
Cliarlcs the Simple, i. 288
Charlcaton, Scotch-Irish in, U. 686.
8S4
itn>n
Chartered towm in Xetherlandu, I.
U7-1M.
•M pwilton of nobiM in« i. 1A2-I54.
— powers of, i. 130,
-^ mhtpntM of, i, IfiO, 1A1 ; curried to
Conncrtictil, ii. 420 ; public rcgia-
trjr before, ii. 45*.
— Khml, i. 151.
"Charters and Constitutiomi of the
United Slatea " (Poore), i. 1«.
Charters granted to Netlierlanda, i.
ion.
Chanem in England, i. 296.
Chatham, ii. 124.
Ciiaucer, (iouffrer, i. T8, 272, 800, 801,
804 ; ii. 121.
— "PrioreM"of,i.8S2.
Cherry Valley, Hcotch- Irish in,ii.4BI.
"Chew, (ianic of," of Cailon, i. 3U8.
ChildranV Aid Hociet)', i. 58..
ChiiiinxKorth, i. 224.
" Chosen People," ii. 117, 1»7.
Chrlttiaiiitr, i. 319.
— AnKlo-Saxons and, 1. 88fi,
— in llritain. i. 281, 282.
Church and i^lato.
— American Iterolution And,-t 15.
— Anal»ptii^ts and, i. 246.
— Baptists, Indc|>endenta,and,ii. S96.
— separation of, un-Knglisli, it 602.
.~ Separatist doctrine, ii, 180.
Churi-ii and State in Kn}{lend, i. xxil,
— Kpisropacy and, ii. 413.
— institution of, dvscril>etl, i. IS-ld.
— under James I,, ii. 235.
Church and Slate in Xethcrlandt.
— Arminiana and, ii. 8o2 ; persecu-
tion prevents union, ii. 810, 811.
-^ CaWin■8l^ Lutherans, and, ii. 299,
800-803.
— history of oonHict of, ii. 2M-80S.
Cliurch and 8tal« in Ueotland, Kirk
and, ii. 472, 473.
Cliurch in America.
— Church of England in Massachu-
setts, ii. 4 13.
— Puritan iilea of goremnMnt from
Scotland and Netherlands, ii. 409.
— Salem, ballot to, from Xetherlanda
throufih Dorchester, U. 437, 438.
Church in Kcthnrlands.
— cler(*j have no representation in
state asseroblies, i. 152.
, »* Puritans get goTcmment from, iL
811.
Church of England, I. 21«. 801, aty,
841), 408, 419, 427, 447, 484, 4«S,
501; 11.10,28,51,141,152,184,
IN9, 19«, 201, 898.
— abuses in, popular indignalioo
against, 11. IIM.
— Act of Supremacy, 1. 484.
— appointments made by Elisabeth,
i. 452-459.
— Ilancruft's new canons, ii. 229-231.
— Calvinism as parf of, ii. 15<l-152.
— Cartwrigiit on Iminuralities of, i,
4«4.
— character of men holding offlpes
in, i. 478, 477.
— clergy of, nncducated, i. 421,497,
458 ; Parker and " pmpliesring,'*
i. 467.
— corruplion of, under Elimbeth, 1.
863 ; tinitjeraold and least's msde
by, i. 494.
— divine riglit of kings ndvocateil by,
ii. 222, 223, 225, 247.
— Eliubetli as liesd of, i. 492 ; sp-
poinls butciiers, etc., i. 499 ; spo-
liation of, i. 458, 437.
— Eliiabethan Age, ii. 11*9.
— forms sppmred by Elisabeth, L
489, 440.
— HighCiiurch party in, ii. 221
— Laud as ruler of, JL UM, 307.
— Martin Mar-Prelate and, ii. I8S,
IM.
— Hassachuaetis settlers belonged to,
ii. 418.
— moralilv, growth of, under Jamss
L,ii.284,288.
— Parliament on non-attendance, IL
182; reconstructs, i. 4.'<8. 4.'I9.
— predestination and, ii. 147, 238.
— Puritan desire for reform of, it
177 : pelilinns for, ii. 225. ,
— Puriisns and Separatists against
its abuses, ii. IHI.
— Puritans as members of, ii. 143;
attachmentor,to, i. 479; harried
br. ii. 897; their reUtkin to, L
440,441.
— ivforms in ; legislative acta for, 11.
184-171 ; desired liv sistesmen
under Ellial>eth, 1. 452, 498.
— Reroliitionary War in America, its
relation to, ii. 490, im<«.
— ritual of, ii. 867.
— Seolcb-Irish hatrad of, IL 471.
onMbc
SM
CTiaKh of EDgluiiI, ioTmI((nty of
<!rown dvclared hj, \. 4fU. .
— TbtodiHV 61 TaniM Md, i. MS.
f witdieii ptraccutcd bjr, ii. 144, Sfi<t,
DM.
Churrh of Rome.
— Art u( Tolcnitlon in Englnml, i.
47.
— » ctiannrl It Inlutnce in mrW
Britain, i. M.
— twiioi in, il. 4»3.
— UliKxIjr Mirj and, i. .117.
^^ i-onftftcatcd eMUte« of, in England,
i HI:!; ii. 4; in Nelbcrlandr, i.
— Cooncil of Trent affecting depcild-
eiiee on, ii. 100.
.— EdiranI VI. and.i. aU.
— KliialM'tli and, i. lAI, 484 ; Im dr-
■ire for n*c<Hioiiiali<Hi witli, i. 44H,
44a, 4ltll-4M. 4h3; ii. 4I>, 51,
108, IA4 : lliilipa Kjrmpalliy Willi,
i. IMt7 ; detavH fxeciitioii of Qnwn
of Brotfl owing to iiifluencv of, ii.
7ft; hfr riglit to iaccc*aion not
rMO|tniB!d Uy Faul IV., i. M%:
GonnaelM Netherlands to tulNnit
to, L 4«o!
— Knglaiid'a altitude to, after Ar-
mada, ii. SKA ; reauita of a**|>ara-
tioii fr<Hn,l.3IS-!llt).
.— Foxe'a " llook of Martrrs " and, i.
44!i, 44S.
— licnrjr VIII. and, i. SI2-.1I4.
— hervnr, cruaade against, of, i. 418.
— Hiiftaenot massacre rcpiQled as
triumpli of, i. »>%
— Inquisition of, iL aA7. Hee /m/iii.
stVion.
— Jesuits purify, i. 414, 41S ; airirlce
to, i. 417, 418; worli in England,
1.418-424; ii. M.
— Luther's pruteat against, i. 184,
811,-411.
— monlity and religion diroreed in,
a^ ammig man; ProteMants, i.
188. l«*t
— Xavarre's reconciliation with, ii.
wa
— Nellierlands proteat against, i.
lAt; independent of, ii. 310.
— on accession of Eliialwtb, L 428,
4S0.
— Pariiamenl'a oiwoiUkio la in lUt,
L4M.
Ciiarch of Romp, Philip demands at),
solute subjection to, L tit, 328;
derotion to, ii. tE8S.
— printing as weapon against, 1. 183.
— Puritans aud,ii. ISH.
— Saladin's Telltli and, i. 109.
— sIsTprv and, i. 31IS.
— HundaV k holiday in, ii. l.-i7.
— swqit away in Sf>tland. ii. ih
— ritual of, in KiiKlisii Church, i. 4St^.
(Inqiie Ports, i. 48V.
t'ivii taw, i. 2a:i. See /xiv.
Ci>il liliertr, ii.su.
— Puritans as repiesentatire of, L
xivii.
Ciril War in Amerioa. ii. 2»1, 500.
— Enitlatid'K Blliludp to, ii*5<>4-ao«.
Ci<ril War in England, ii. Hi, Hi, 8.13,
3.18, .<I74,.1»4, 4115.
— Xctltcrland iuHuonce on, IL 389,
870.
— religious aspect of, ii. 31*3.
(.'iriiiliition, attilude of inAi lo, i. 131, .
— history of, in Englawi, unwritten,
ii. All
Civilisation in Englaml and Xcther-
lands comiwrol, ii. :<A7, 8,^8.
Ctviliraiion in Netherlands, Tsio* on, ,
ii. !157.
Clarendon, Lonl.
— favors assassinatloa of Cromwell,
ii. 40.
— on Althot anil llaurrofl, ii.33I, nn/r.
Clarlte,Culon4'llft'oige ltoger!>, ii. 4H9.
Clarke, Dr., il. 58.
Cleves, Dmhy of, ii. 2»8.
— death of hrir to, il. 2K9.
— Maurice agsin>t, Ii. SUO.
CliutiHi.ticorgt', i. 7, N. ; ii. 4K7, 488.
Clock, lluvchi'iis invents, 1. tiS.
|T|uvcrius,'l1iin|i, 1.231.
C»l>ham,Thonia'<, I. :l»<l.3'JI.
"Cockpit ^of Europe," the Nether.
lands i' *?'
**4^)de of Laws'* In Pennsylvania, U.
419.
Coke,Edward, 1. 388 ; ii. 170, 448.
Colchester Dutrh Churvli. 1. 490,
— foreign artisans in, 1. 491.
Colet, 1. 309.
Coligiiv, Oaspani de, I. IPH, 301, Mt,
4110; ii. 54,814.
— Catherine's jealousy of, I 201.
" Urange adri»ctl by, 1. 187.
— power of, over king, i. 200, 201
,^.
i
8M nron
OollC|l> (imiMii of Rome), L 1 4 1 .
— timlkritjr lo Uerroan giilMn,
Ml.
Cblogne, puhlic ivfpitry In, ii. 4A9.
ColonUw m Americft.
Coinin«rc« in XeUwrUrtdf, IndiM and,
ii. S71,i!7T.
— In rounn'nili omtiirr, i. I I&-I18.
— iniilip (urhiilii, Ii. »■». Hi.
Commftv* of Kuni(H\ rffivt- on, of
watfr mute to liiUitv, i. 117,
IIH.
• riiiirrli of En)i)anf) ami R^tdIo- :
llonatT War, ii. lOO, natr.
-^ coiiJitiiutiiHi of, ^tat« rvpreacnt*- 1 roromercp in Portnttal, ihh> Pitrlwfni
tioa, ii. tit, it$. \ ConnMfve in Kpain, 1. SNA. »ti;.
— Frrnrli, (■eniianii, an<l Vetherlaiid- ; Commiiien, l*hilt|i dc, i. 1 1ft, SIM.
era Id, 11. 47**, 471. ; roniinon land* lu Nrtlii-rlanda, -ik
— MaaMriiuffetla i«>«it dcrrlopnl, Icm ' 4iM>. H(« Laiii.
N'ethrrland ihtluentv in, It. 41S. U'omnHm law, L 6X, Vtf^ Ijttr,
' — Nctli^rland influvnre in, cluiini'la , <'omtnf>n TniTer, i, 471, 472.
for, Ii. 4'i*i. I — KdiranI VI. and, i. 434.
— Kew KiikUikI, rliann^in for N'rlhoi^ — lliia IV. and, i. 4»X; II. tiv.
land Influrnrv, ii. 411-418; k- OininMinr, lltHiw of, I. SI7. 4;<); ii.
puliiini, naidvnioi.TariM,ii.lM)i. | Id*, 171, IVN, ^lii.
— rrpniilk-an i«forma in, ii. 9flii. ; — Cathoiicii excludctl fntiii, 1. 4M.
— Hcnlrh - Irish Mdien of, il. 4f(fl, | — Kmvtii ainiir KliaaU'lli, II. ftlu
4I««. I — Janml. and, Ii. Sl«, 3i<^
■— alava trado in, fomd hr England, \ — imnuipQlim and, ii. 17^.
LS»«.
'~^- Sontlirm, comparpil to New Eng-
laml, 11, 4'iM ; ini>iitittinnKi(f moth-
er country co(ii«d liv, 11, 42H ;
HeotcMriKh in, il.4HS.'
•*- State rhurchfa in Xcw England,
ii, »Oil. .
•— Modrnta in Engliali Inna of Court, '
11. 407
— Piirllana In, Ii. 23(1.
— ' riislit lo ]nd|fe of eUction cf mcm-
iM-m, il. 2WI.
— Saldialh Mil of lAil, il. SM.
t'owmonwrallii of Ami'nca, U, 414^
;■ »o«.
— Connn^irut an tipkal, 1. »i. ; n
honte of, ii. 4 Iti.
«|H*]itT, idt-B of Viritlnia, ii. 4lt,
— un-Enfili^h at time of RcTulutkm. ! Coniiuonwealth of England, I. 4S9,
II. 4il», 471). I 481, 4H7, 4»7i IL IN, 201, 2411
Cblonin of Haiona in Flandrn, I. 4i>5, 4<i«.
18». , — allllude to NrlWrlanda, II. .'IBS.
Cidumbua, Chriatoplier, i. 18A; il. 27ll. — dlra irllli Cniniwrll, Ii. :il>8.
<^oiiim«rv«', ciTilisatiun awl, ii. 837.
Cuanncrve In England, I. 387,
— btilliant cha)Mrr of, ii. SI I,
— rxpanaion of, afi4>r Armada, il 1 1 8.
— intirieenlhandaiituvntlicenturiea,
L884.
— uidillt' I'lawa and, ii. 4iH; detit
. In, il. 40I.
^- moDopolic)* and, ii. 172,
— national amliillon in, 1. 8»8, 89*.
— Netiifrtand inllnenw on, IL 371*.
— N'Hherlanda jiive idi>aa on, i. 491,
Commrn-e In irriaml, 1. 282.
— rarlianmil and, Ii. 475.
Cominettw in Italv, i. 117.
Commrn'e in N(>th>>rlanda, 1. III-IIIV.
limn on, IL 18:1.
— lndp|icndont« of, II. ^84.
— IrfHig Pariiainent anil, ii. 378, 379. *
— Nethrrland inllutni'if on, IL SWI,
870; Hume on. Ii. ;!8U;«lcgal la-
atitiitlona and, ii. aA8.
. — KrlherlauiU it* lMNii>ondiRht, IL
4«7.
— no Inllumce over the niavH^, 11
887.
— rariianmil pUna union of Setlwr-
laoda viih. ii. 8R;i.
— Piirilauao ,il. All.
— aelf.goTer' ineni faiU andrr.ii.Sd.
Kre tUj-fforfmmfnt.
— linw of, 1.483 <»
England. Franre, and Hpain aroua- ! — wcaknesa of, i. ift4, SAA,
ed, il, 209 -288. Conmunet, ualgrowth of galUik L
— gnm«liof,ii.«23; FSectof,il.S37 ' 142
■"fi^^:Pi\
Oomrutj ol Jmu, I. ill, ttO. Bm I CouUtalloa of Anwrin, Gloliiane
/<miVi. on,!. 31.
Cbunt, Ru<;cr, ii. 438. — liiitorr •■»{ pnwlli of, I. it.
Ctmiii, Priui« of, 9p«nith-TeM«U and, — jiKljEm, ■ppointnents un<l«r, tl, iiU
i. I8H. ' — NfllivrUnil iiiBiiviuM on. Ii. 4*1,
Coodill, BhakMpctre publiihtd br, L : 447, KH.
— of Huron, il. 4IM1.
: — (Kiwt'n anU ftpiMiinlmriitfi, Nether- -
I Uiitl iiifliienci*, ii. 4A,1.
— reliptoiu loleratioii, i. *iMi
Contt<kni«t,i\. Inl.
— 8rolch-Irii>h >n<l, il. UnS.
(;anKrrgalioiMliM«, ii. Ml, 140.
— HrawniiU aiKl, ii. 2i>l.
— Indepniiif nta •ml, ii. X93.
— gcMcli-lriah ind, ii. .1U9, 4M.
CongTi'M, Amrrican, i. IS, 44, &1>.
— act uf, on lanil, i. 31.
— eolnniM, Ii. 423.
— rellgiotii firvdmn, Jamea Madiaoo
anil, i. at.
Connwiicut, ii. 877.
— and Mate Clinrrh, i.
— Mcotch-trinh and, il. lul.
— Henale under Netlierland mfliieliee,
il. 4I>«.
— Hiate n'preMnlatiun, Nrtberland
Influence in, ii. 4'J3. 423.
ti%jnMitution u( Coiinei'tii'iil.
— Iwllnt in, il.4:i».
— no Kngliitli precifli'nt fur, ii. 4*Jrt.
CfHlftitntiim itf KnglaiiJ, i. 17, 272v
420, 4iA.
— Iiallot in, InlriHluecd Iit Itimlier | — Dutch fcatutea nf, ii. 378.
froin NethAland*, ii. 43V ; no — in>i(daliilllT of prccetlanl, ii. 3*4.
Englith prccnlent fur, ii. 42tl. — Long I'lrliament ami, il. !t78.
Bee Ballol. run>tiliilii.ii of Nctlirrlandji, i. 233 ; Ii.
— eounael for piiionera in, ii 39i>. ! 2»2.
— tieneml Congreaa, Idea from, ti. Colislitalion of New Y(irl«,i. lf,.%12.'>l.
4il, 422. I CiHistllutiim uf rcnnMlrani.i, I. M.
e of American Ooainionwealth, I Omatitulion of Virginia, i. 2&*».
li.4IS.
— Hoiilier in, ii 4I«, 417.
— maglKtrati'M, NoMierland
niiidvU for, ii. 42A
— nvblic rejtiatiT in. ii. 4A3.
— l*urltan Influence in, ii. 414.
— aclinol MVntcffl of, I. Hit.
— aettletl fitMn Plrinotttli, il. 413.
— anlfniKe In, ii. 427.
— town reprvDcntation In, il. 422.
— Irpe of American ('otnninnarealtll,
1. III.
— wilcliel executetl in, ii. 414.
Connecticut River, il. 41A.
C'unqimt. Ilie. 1. 2NI,«II2.
«;oaaunlinapic. 1. 287, 342.
Coaalitutlon uf Anmica, 1. 1«, H.
Coniititmion, written.
I — Mayflowei- rum|Mct not fir«i. In
I liiiitonr, ii. 417.
Cuuaiitutiuiia, Aiiieiicun Stale, I. 21;
ii. 4IMI,
Coalinenul liiatorv; ker to, i. lut.
Cnorocation, ii.231.
Cooper, l»r, ii. UN.
<.V)pe, Mr, ii. 1«1»
i'o|)ernicua, i. 2H7.
<'<i|ipini;, Julin, il. IN2-)a4.
Cordova, wbuoU of Alhtkim at, IL
3311.
Cork, 11.12*. ; r
t'oni Uwa, Ii. 881.
('uniwall, I. 27«.
Curtea, tbe, 1. I7a. Dee. alao, Sftin.
Ctntei, Hernando, i. 182, 382.
' antii|ultr of, i. 77.
— Connecticut ballot an integral fae. | l*4irTat. Ttmniaa, 1. 332.
tor in, ii. 43*. Cution, i. 2(t8
— eminiel furprhoncr^ i. 70; IL 441. ; Council of lllool, i. 183, 1»4,474.
— Dicey on, i. 21. ■ (touncil of Slulc, 11. 37».
— diacuoed, i. 17 I — Ilamercld and, il. 2U5.
— EngliKli ciHnpareil with, 1. 18, 24. — proTlntTit ami, ii. 2tl3.
«~ eieoutire reetrained br, j^. 42fi. Council of Trottbtea, i. 183.
— Irat written, that of Coiuiecticut, CounMl fur high treaaoa, AahleT's
IL4IT. I iiiewib on, Ii. 448.
Connicl, hlnh trratvn »(), II. 446 ;
frkmy and, II. 447, 448.
Covnwl •ml priaomni, i. ID; iL MO,
4M.
— Amvrini'a ili-lit lu N'eiberlaiHl*, li.
44l-44», 4M. •
— In Amorit'in Suim, 11. 4I!>.
— in .Nilhi-rlani^, ii. 44(1. 441, 44«.
Court of <'h«nccrT In EnKlaml; It 383.
t'ourtnii, I. I H«.
— ItiT ur tlic <i<>lil<n »\iun, i. 148.
CuurtJ III EnKUnil.
— corrupiiitn uHikr Rllulfdh, L SM-
871:11.218,217.
— MarCliknilirr, li. 167.
<'ar«n>nl«rii of Sculltnil, II. 18.
I'tlTTOlrir, il. KOI.
CutxnU'li', Mik'>.l.44S.
^ an « I'liritan. i. 44!t.
— Bililo iinlrnil hi Hdncn, I. lU.
— Bible tran.ilalcd lir, L 446.
rowlinft Ca«ll>-. I. -IIM).'
ruwprni, ll.4Nt>.
Cot. Riilrap, I. »IMt.
rrawrtinl, Mr., prUon report* of, I.
88. ,
• CreMT, I. :wi, IM)«.
Croftt, 1. 178.
Cramoi II, Oliver. 1. 1, 28, 88, »>4, S4I.
.140, Sill, Ai\ 4U7, 5IKI; ii. 18,
' 41, 152, 2<>l. 2IKI, !t2«, 414.
— armv of, wh<*iv nilMH],ii,411.
— Carljrle'a " Letter* and H|Kechn "
of, L III.
— Catbollm ahli'lilcd br, II. 398.
— rhatw.'trr of, iliicuia<<l, IL IVT, 3V8.
— ComniiHllicallh diet with, li. HINt:
affrctrd by di'ath of, i. 284, 2U.
— dictator 4if nation, II. 8if2.
— Independenta iin(lt>r, ii. 413.
— > Ireland am*. II. 478.
~** — IroniilUea O' , iilekfd men, ii. 408.
— Jrwii Uilrracd hr, II. 308.
— lethal rrfon ii*. Court of t^&nccry,
il. 8u.
— Umf, Parliament and, it. 392.
— " nrn of religiim," li. 3I»4.
— moral f4ido and, 1. 189.
— KettiiTUnd Influence on, II. 377 ;
nn Holdiera of, I. iiriii.
••- nn lawyerx, ii. H9I.
— PnitMtor. li illMl.
't* f«li|dou« toleration under, li. 39S ;
Int time in Eanland, li. 897, 398 ;
. diet with him, 11. 398.
Cromwell, Ollrtr, Roralbta harrM
br, ii. 397.
— lai'atlon under, iL 334.
— riclarj of, at Womiter, IL 383.
Crown of En|;land.
— appoinfmenta br, i. 41
— ■ rerereflee for, i. 337.
Cniwdn, 1.291.
— Eniti|ie and lul; altect«d b;, I.
IIM, III*.
— (MHirrev de Rouillon; i. Ilii.
i'umberliinil. Earl of, Skipton Cutl*
inrrnturr, 1. 127, 329.
•-•ojp, Alliert, ii, 347. ' .
Hamaarua, 1. 116.
I>ain|iierr<-, Uiiy dt*, L 110,
Hanw, the, 1. 39ii.
— in KnKland, i. 288.
Diinlr, i. IIMI, 288, »Ul, 380.
Dark Aftra, 1. liM.
— EnfflAiid and llio Continent coti-
tra<U<<l In the, i. I(l«.
Dander, Henry Hk'wan, IL 28.
Darirlf. Williara ("Wild Will"), i.
:i:i2, .1:13, saw, 3«9.
D'Aiil>l;;i<7. Count, II. 12, Sm Urn- ■
nor.
David, I. 178.
' Davlea, L 107, 488.
Darle*, V. If., eiperionoea of, I,
xiriiL
Daviii, John. Ad the Armada, 11. 97.
DavlMiii, Kliutlieth'a Utemary of
Kute, H. 241), 211.
— Elilahcth'a perfldr la, in retnnl to
death of Mary Stuart, ii. 78, 77.
— Ufe of, iiiHited' in regard to Tatt-
let, li. 7.1. 78. lUilr.
Day of the Cnddeii Spiira, L 146.
lie AniieiA, Kdinond, ii. 347.
" l>e AuKmentia." i. iM.
De HiHlilloii, lioiirn-r, i. 110.
De la Man'k. William.
— roromandiiig Uefgara of Uw Sia^
LI92.
— Uking Brill, L 198, 194.
Dean, Forcat of, L 278.
Debt.
— UruiTpa armta aorereiin for, IL 484.
— rurliHiH euMiHn b« t>> widowe in
, Nrlherlandn. ii 4.t:l, 484.
— land exempted from Kiaure for, in
bllhtml, II. 484 ; rich
by Taw f nxD, ii. 484.
IMt, public, «f Kctbcrlinila, after
Inm, il. M5, SX«.
DebU of widow o( Count o( Fluden,
ii. 4M.
D«>la|p»-, llM, i. 60. 19 ; IL t.
" Dtcamrnia," tli«, I MO.
DMtintion or Kailh, IteplUU', 11.
JOS.
DccUratiun of 'Independenoe, 1. 1ft, S4,
iU, il. 482.
if NFthrrUiid IntuaiMe on thr. ii. 410.
--- of Tlie Haguo nHMkI for KjigUnd
■lid Anirrii«, L U*. US.
— 8c«U'h Iriih •Ignen of ll.«, U. 4M,
487, and note.
— alar er; and Uir, II. SOI.
Declaration of SighU, Englanil'i, 1.
Decda, recording of, ace ISiUie Bifu-
frit •
Iklm of mildii, 1. 141.
Delaware, i.U; ii. sm,41».
■<- coonHl for priaonen In, li. 44*.
'— Uiltcli in, ii. 9 1 ft, 47a
— clcctiani liv Iwliot, 1. 51
— ficab'li Inili in. ti. 487.
— Ctenale of, li. 4M.
— Mal« (VmMitutwa of, U. 4U.
Delft,!. 151.
— Bible at, i. Iftl.
— Hooker in, ii. 417.
beoiocracr. i. •, ».
— Clinton lewtar of, in North, ii. MS,
— Krw KniiUnd and, li. HOI.
— tjoulh I Virpnia, etc.) and, li. SOJ.
** Demtinitratioo of tliat IHwiplinc
wliidi Chriat liatb preaerlbed,"
il. U7.
Dnmark, L Il«, !i87, 44B; U. Ill,
8«e.
Daanla, Willian, li. IM.
Denrer, i. 37.
Derrr, Jamea II. and, IL 47t.
D« Bujier. Admiral, i. 81.
Deat-arten, lten«. L ato. Ml.
— anecilote of. i. 84.
DeaaH>nd,Earlor,iLIM.
Derentar, LlftO; IL W«.
— lalneiice of, on leataing, i. IS*.
'— Lelcaeter appoinu IJUnley to, IL
71
— aurmdertd to Paraa, U. It ; cf ed
of,aa')iar]rBlaart,ll.1ft.
Dtiraublr>,LS1»i U. IM,
II.
" 6»
Dkrj.
— American Conititatlaa, L II.
— law uf llic Cunititution, 1. It,
l>icken^ Oiarlef, i. 4.
— on Hoelon charitica, i M.
— fiQ education in America, L Si, -
DU-p|>e, L HI*.
Dirct'lor of Public rroaecatkHU In
Kngiand, ii. 443.
" Diwiiiliiie, ll<«>k uf," il. II.
Dlaacntvrv, Ktii;U»h.
— cauMv uf tlitfir narrow.mindedneaa,
iL 4M.
— exoludMi from privilege, ii. 399.
-~ numbera who liied in prlaon after
Realoralion. IL 148.
— Puritaoa paaa into ranba of, IL 991).
Dialrict Atlorner. L 10 ; ii. 441 441
— tdUul uf Ni'tlierlanda. ii. 440,441.
" Dirine Conwdr," the, L Sfto.
Ditiiiu riglii of kinga, ace Kingt.
l>liicpcr, i. im.
ikxt, Julm Van Dor. 1. tl».
p<>ll■rt^ Iho. li. 488.
DoniMja.r Ijouk. i. 390.
Doiit^l, Hnri|uiM »f, basea rente on
value uf improvcmenta, ii. 479.
Don John of Aualria, L 889, 880.
Dunne, 1. iftl
Dorciieater.
— Kndicott goea to Salem from, U.
487. 431
— relallona with Netherland Church,
IL 481
Dordrecht, 1. ISl; IL 808.
— achool uf, ii. 888.
Doraet, Earl of (tjackrilleX iL 111.
IKirt.
— Eaiatca of Holland meet at, i. 1*9.
— Krnod of, 1. 284 ; ii. 840: Armin.
iaiia denounced by, ii. 8ii7 1 Bar*
lievelil, lloogerlieet. and (irotiua
armtcd br. iL Sll5-8ll7 ; pru-
cUioia Calriniam the Mtablixlied
creed for the Kefurmcd Church
of Eur^ipe, iiu'liiding Knglaiid, 11.
807 ; re|>reaeiaati»c« nrv,tvnt at,
11. 807 1 Htalea-Uenaral a
11. 804, 801
Douar, L419; IL 141
— Cailiolie collage* at, I HI.
Dorer. L 481
— atraiuof,IL8ir
Dow, tianud,ll.84T.
Dawna,tke,iL8IT.
^.U.
mon
DMilh rraiRti, I. to7, M4, Ml, M«,
*»\, W7, illt«, 4(>l, 404, Ml ;
ii. no, ll«, IIS, 1171.
— Artnaila and, ii. 97.
— cliaru-tcr of, i. 4iK.
— drruhinarigatiua of the globe br,
il. 41 W.
• — kniglilnl hj *iuem Elinfa«tli for
hii «<Q|||i(« a» a pirate, i. !I(MI.
— Hpaniflli treaiiirca acianl br, it.
40H.
Dre» in England, ctraniinma in fo-
mali? gartiKnu intnMliired fn>m
tlie .NrtherUhdi, i. *3«, :ia7, and
nril>bei, ('<irneliiu, i. Hi, in.
l^ringelierg, avhuid foiindtil bT, at
Alaace, i. IWI.
Drinli In llir Nrllierlanda andiEog.
land, I. 374.
Dnild< of Oaul. i. lal.
Ilnmimond, Wiiliam, ii. 130.
Dnfiui. Jiihn, i. 3SI.
Ihiliiin, i !I77, X7H, SKI.
Dudley, lUdHTt, we l^rirnlrr,
— madti Karl of Lcitviitrr, I. 4fiO.
thulieT, Thomas, (Jovemor, ii. S77.
— a aoldier in Netlietiand artnv, ii.
412.
— eirrtnl lir hali<rf, ii. 4!ID.
Ilutlling, lioiig I'ariiamrnt and, ii. »W.
Dtifar, Wiliiam, of Ilainault, fonnda
NMherUnd Hcliool of Muaic, i.
HV.
Durnan, Alrxandrp,>Zi, i. SM.
Diinlwr, hattie of, ii. 8114.
Ilunliar, Eari of. ii. Ul
Ilunlwrtiin. il. !l!l, SO.
Bundeo, ii «<>.
Piinliirii, ii. 7», Mil, !M7.
Uiirer, Albert, and ili« IVinlera' Ouild
of Antwerp, i. 144.
— on buildinga-in NellierUnda, i.
121.
Dnrlutm. i. 44)1.
Duti'h.
— artitana in England. I. MO.
— rharaeteriniion of the. I. 7», 80.
— Church, ii. S07 : at Culidiratcr, i.
4*0.
— Eaat India rompen;, 1602, 11. 274.
— EnglaiHl'a antipaihjr to the, I. 79,
M.
— ftihermen. 1. SINt
— half of Ke« Vork't lubabilaoU
deMribed u, hi 178*, by Ui« Ktr.
Mr. Dumabr, i. 7.
DntdLSn Oeia«arr, ii. Sl«.
— in England, i. 4KI*..
— in N'ew York, ii. 411.
— on ihe lliidwn Kivcr, 11. 8K.
— I'urluna,!. I ill.
— Weat India Cuaipanr, L 249; bit-
lOTTOf, ii. SIR, SI7.
Dutchmen, 1. 87, 2«0. S9», 40«.
— TirtiMi and courage of, I. 79, 80,
Dwina, i. 287.
Djrer, 8ir Ednitl, 1. M4.
Cait,the, 1. 117.
Eaai riandera, L It*.
Kant India i'nnipanjr, ii. 119, 816.
East Indiiii, ll<e, ii. .118.
— Ilullandera in, ii.^71.
Eccleaiaatleai ('olnmiR^ion, i. 441,454.
— flmwae beforr. ii. 179, IHO.
— Kuic and, i. 444.
— Hcpantifta and, il. I»».
E«'iciiiastii-al nidicr. i. 848. ' .t:
— ll.Kilier and. ii. 408.
Kigchill, ii. 894.
KdlnlMirgh.i. 224; 11. 20,80.
— Mary Stuart in, ii. 8.
— I'niverBity of, il. 480; Amerlcui
■ludenta at, ii. 497.
Eilinliurgh Caatle, ii 21.
Klinhmryk lirrint,\\.it\.
Eiiinunds, LadT, i. a'O.
Eilitcatlon, popular.
— liiatory of, I. »<Mi.
— ill Auatria, Amerietna look to, H.
49A.
— Jeaoita and, 1.418. 418.
— I<cntrb-Irli>h and, ii. 479. 480.
— nnireraiiiea and, ii. !I8. 39.
Education, popular, in America.
— Adama, Franklin, JcffvrMii, and,
il. 49.V
— after tlie Rcrolutinn, ii. 498.
— anaignnient of land for, 1. a|.
— •idlegra and, i. 88,41.
— Dirkena on, i. S4i
— ilelit to Kuro|ie, i 89, 40.
— debt to Krance. ii. 498.
— in* Ubrariea and, ii. 8ft.
— in earlr coluniea : Maaaachuaetto,
Xew Vork, etc., I. .10-82.
— DhlolaiHlaand, i. 81.
— rnriuuia of New KugUBd, eac*^
lioMl iu, Ii. 410.
Bdiiaili(Ni,|wpiibr,lnAni<>ri«: rptro-
grade movement In New England
ooloniee, U. 49S-4V6.
— Khool*, i. 88.
— 8colcb-Iriili and, U. 485.
— Virginia and. i. it.
Edncstlun, populfr, in England, i. !I2-
84, SA-4S.
— CatltolK'a at Douay and Rlietni*,
1. 4I». <
— debt to America for, ii. 4(>4.
— Edward VI. and, i. M.
— English nation no pari in prog-
reoa of, ii. »»t.
— landa appropriated for, bj Edward
VI., i. 31«, 317.
-— middle clainea excluded from, i. S6.
— Komian and Eltxabetlian com-
pared, 1. S50, 351.
->- oppoaed hy Elinbctb, see EHm-
Ixttk.
— Puritans and, ii. S3II.
Bducalioa, popular, in Nctberlands, I.
158; ii.840.
— at Antwerp, L Itl.
— men and women alike in eartr, ii.
U6S.
EilacHiion in Austria, Arocrii'ans look
to, ii. 4»e.
Education in Frleslsnd, ii. .140, 4.13.
Education in Netherlands, (tuic«nardini
on,i. I«l; il. 840.
Edwatinn in Scotland, Kirk foaiers, ii.
13.
EdwanI I., I. St>8, 2»<), 390, S5I.
— Jews under, ii. 397.
— law sralem of, ii. 383.
— tmtjr of, with Count of Holland, i.
151
Edward II., ii. 1J», 130.
Edward III., i. 2»». 301.
Edward VI.. i. 3t, 158, 431,434.435,
437, 44.%. 484 : ii. 8, 118, 3311.
— corruption and demoralixattun un-
der, i. 315, 3I«.
— lands appropriatetl for schools and
hflspiulsln,!. 81«,8i;.
— prarer-lxxik of, i. 432-434.
— Relttrmatiiin under, i. 314^^17.
— tehools and hospiuls und^, 1. 318,
317.
Ellingliam, Lord Howard of, ii. M:
Egrp^ i. 349. 485.
— conquest of, br Turks, 1. 117.
— pnblieregistrj'ta,! 75; ii 455,458
Ml
Egmoot, Lamaral, Gont of, L 187,
1113.
" Election Entertalnmenl," i. M7.
Elections.
-» at Alkmaar of eliuroh ofllcials. IL
437.
— ballot, at t:mden. ii. 434-438 ; Ro-
man origin of. ii. 431.
— in England till 187!. I. 91 ; ii. 430.
— Nettieriand Reformed Oliun>h, ii;
437.
— Netherlands, annual, ii. 4!l), 430.
— Kouie of Tiberius and, il. 431.
Elector Palatine, ii. i39,tlN>,3l I, 315.
Eliot, Hir John. ii. 381.
Eliiabeth, daughter James t., Ii. S3S.
— marries EleciorPalatine, 11. iv<\
Eliialielli. Vueeii. i. 13. 19, 84. 188,
!i38, M3, Alio, 3HII. 3U8. 401. 407,
408, 41V. 4'iO, 4^4, 441, 443. 445,
4»i. 500. 509, 908, 9lltt; il. 4, 9,
i],lt, 34. Ii, 1)3. 100, no, 138,
144. 144, 191, 183, IH4, 193, !««,
800, aOS, SIS, SI8, SI7, illlt, 240,
iil. 235, 238, 240, 241, 329, 380.
— act of supremacr. 1. 434.
— Alva, her sympsiliy for, I. 400.
— AnalMptists and, 1.489; 11.178.
— Aujou, Duke of. and, i. 238, 237.
— appearance of, I. 238 ; un acces*
sion. 1. 430.
— Armada, preparations for. Effing-
ham and Waisiugiiam on. ii. 9\-
117 ; unprepared for in 1987, il.
82, 83.
— attitude of, to couairt of faith, L
409.
— Raplitia nerveculed br, ii. 208.
— bear-lMillng. lore for, i. 341.
— Iilsliops under, i. 389. 493.
— Ilrill demanded a^ securitr li.r, i\.
93-9.V: Iraiiifcrrol to. ii.'379.
— IlurghlcT clHMen br. I. 431.
— Cslrliiista and. i. 437.
— C'atholies and Puritans, shortsight-
ed policy to. ii. 38.
.r- Oatholica, as political party under,
i. 901 ; persecuted br, after Ar-
mada, II. 108.110-113.
-- cliararter of, i. 384 ; ii. 24. 23. 81,
89. 70. 88. 87. 108, 107, 172. 201,
211, 217, 218,224; compared to
tliat of )larr Stm^ ii. 7 ; discus-
sion of, 1. 399. 396 ; in relatioo to
Puritans, Ii 89
J
ntabeih, QaM : •• Chiuie VUat," ii.
U4.
— Church ; c)tantct«r of men appoint*
td to lir, i. ISS-l.tn, 45V ; clcrgr,
Irarning among, oppnMil lir, i.
407, 468 ; curruplion uf, under, i,
SM ; great Urapuiler of, I. 4511,
457 ; lier attitude to refortn in, i,
484 ; her di«rej*anl of appealj to
refami, i. 4«A, 4il7.
*- Church of Rome, licr inclinatioato,
i. 44H-4SS, 489; ii. 4«, Al, 108,
1A4; reconcitiittion witl^, dmire
of her life, i. 448, 4411, 4lKi, 485 ;
Ii. 4U, 26<>.
— Cliurcli ritual approred Ii.t, L 4S8.
— courage of, ii,:tl7,!l8.
— coiirta under, i. 86«-37I; ii. 116,
217.
— ciMahiii of, hv Anion, 1. 2S6, 287.
— criminal law nf, Ii. 4os.
— death of, Mmilimt, ii. 211.
— defender of rmteaunta, i. 200, 2*1.
— Drake and, I 401-404.
— dre>*, lore of, i. 874.
— duplicity of, i. 835 ; ii. 24, 31, 172.
— East - India Coaipau/ charter, ii.
281.
— eilucatinii of clergy oppoacd by,
1. 487-4A8; of maaaea, oppoiied
hr, I. 450; ii. 83U; under, com-
pared to Norman, I. H50, 851 i
urged hjr Puritana under, ii, 8S9,
— Emcx CoimtT appeala for Church
reform, i.4'7ll, 477.
— &WK, Eurl of, her pralae of, at
Antrim, I. 381.
— ciconimunication of, L 416, 447.
— fehma under, IL 447.
— Fhialting demanded aa aecuritv hr,
ii. 5»-55 ; trantferred to, ii. 875.
— France, her intriguaa with, i. 506 ;
her policT to, ii. 44-46.
— goTemrnvnt of : Hume. Hallam,
liacaulay on. I. 4'JK, 427.
— greed and ^clhithncMH of, i. 864.
— (lie? aent to Ireland br, i. 877.
— Crtndal Kiia|H-nd(^l by, i. 460,470.
— Ilaniteatio Leacne and, ii. 874.
- Holy League and, ii. 467.
— horoaoope of, ii. 1 1 5, n«lf.
— Houa« of Cotnmoni under, Ii. 510.
— hmuehold appoiutmeul of, dC'
acribed, I. 881.
— Hugiwno^, her duplicity to, i. 201.
EliiAbelb, Qnem : Meat of people, n».
aona for, i. 405 ; ii. 385.
— Inilepcndenu uniler, ii. 303.
— ingl^atitude to aervtmtji, i. :I64 ; 11.
60, 70, 106, 107.
-^ Ireland ; tirey and Bonnei cent to,
hr, I. 877; letter of Kuwi, i.
:i76; tinder, Ii. 473.
— Italian money aeiard by, I. IM.
— Jiimva I., Iter dupilcilT to, il,
31.
— JeauiU and, ii. 18, 20, 21, 41.
— Jiidgi-a unilcr, I. 3A6, .tHO.
— jugglery of, aitli troth, ii. 234.
^— Knoi, her reluctant aid to, ii. 6.
— Lanilwth Ank'lea bellered in br,
ii. 151.
— learning under, 1. 341-34), 847.
— Leicei»ter, her angt-r at, witen wv-
ereignty Netherlunil!* accepted, ii,
57; furgiren, ii. ttl,n2; Ueut.. '
^ncral, Kngland and Iieland, IL
1U7 ; aeni to NVtherlanda, I.
loiii.; ii. 55; to Hlura, ii. 70.
— Hafy Sliiart'a executiuD ordered
by, il. 41, 74-77.
— Maurice at Nieuport, Joj orer, Ii.
266.
— mcir <»f her period, i. 363.
— middle clataes encouraged by, II.
300.
— monupoliea under, 11. 211, 865;
diii>licity in regard ttt, Ii* 172-
175.
— morala under, 1. 8.%3-350.
— Hurton, her perfidy to, ii. 24, !5.
— navy, on ni-ceaaion of i. 387 ;
atarred afur Armaila by, iL 1U4.
— Nctherland itrcngth uf character
miaundentoud by. ii. 5«). -
— ^°ellierland^ artlaana of, and, I.
407 ; demanda on, for fall of
Slu\a,ii. 83-86; fraudulent treatT
witii, ii. 280; her attitude to ni-
ugen from, i. 480; ii. 868, 370;
her reluctant aupport to, i. 281 ;
her tortuoiiK policy in, 1. 1 80, 200,
504; il. 44 46; Iriali tnaipa to,
ii. 64, 73 ; negoiiatioa with ttaatca-
lianerai fur aoldiera, Ii. 52 ; tinm.
Iter of, ii. 876 ; rvfuaea money to,
but aecutea them, il. 78 ; aoldier*,
atarvation among, ii. 55-50 ; aol*
diera to, i. 85; aoldiera to Ant*
werp, 8lu;a and Oatend aa a*.
cwity for, It. AS ; arged la glra
up nniiqile bjr, ii. (60.
Sliubeth, (jumh, uoii • oonfonniiu
driven out l)j, ii. 871.
— Onuign llimlrns war with, i. itH.
— Oltond proHiiiod to, m Mcuritr, ii.
B3 ; trnnHfernil to, ii. 170.
^ palace of, dncHbed, I. Ml.
— panluii-brokcr^ i. 869.
-^ rarliameiit, moctine of, to tlfrldf
on peace ur war with Hpain, coun-
lemianded b;, ii. 48, 112 ; qumlion
of aucceiaion Mortf, ii. At ; ri|etitM
and prlvilegea of, eaubliahed, ii.
8«l.
— Tarina plam with. ii. M.
— wrfldjr of, ii. 24, i\ «». 70, Hi, isn,
— rliilip II. deaires to hnodwinii, il.
7B ; dctenuination to Invade Rnft-
land not beliered b«, II. »4, IINl;
refuses tu recogniae eioominuid-
cation of, ii. ino.
^ piracy made prodtalile lijr, I. t8V-
W*.
— piratas befriended br, 11. IW) ; nimea
of leaden, ii. «7 ;' under, 1. 184,
400.
— plou against, I. 379 ; Ii. a»-40.
— poisoning at time of, I. I7S.
-r. Prbabyterians under, II. 164,
— prisons under, il. 191, 401.
— " prophesying," 1. 467, 46(1.
-» Protestantism, her adoption of, for
riiCT, i. 4.1IM93 : her perlMjr to,
8i, tt>i wa>a of, under, I.
481.
— Puritans and, 1. 481-484, 48A, 487 ;
11. tie, tii, moir, tim. vn; arti-
aans encouraged br, i. 41)4 ; dis-
liked br. 1. 4«4, 4111 ; esteem for,
H. SOe : Bight of, to Holland, I.
iiv. ; leniency to, when recon-
dliatioa with Cliut«ti of Rook Is
hopeleaa, ii. 164; sbortsiglited
polky withi IL 88 ; urge educa-
tion, ii 839 ; use of tern under,
1.9a
— purreyon under, Ii. 171.
— tjuakers pett«M«(d bf, U, 108.
thdeM!iftM,Lf~
. JUIeigli
— tvllgion under, L 8*1, 888 ; policy
and mqoatry witli, I. 447,448,
461, 4S1
— reremiee paid to table of, I 888
— ritual apptvred bj, i 488
ElisabHh, Qoeen : Rabbath, her attt .' ■
tudet<sii. 159-161.
— gcolUnd, her Iriufcery with, Ii. 14-
«6.
— Henaralists under, ii. S(3 ; See to .
ilollnnd, il. 1911, 2<i«.
— Sidney's criticisms relented br, 11.
66.
— shirery under. I. 896, 897.
— Slurs,' her anger at fall of, 11. 80; ■
her drnMn-ls on Setlieriands fur
fall of, ii. ltS-«6 ; promised lo^ /
as seciiritr, il. 61 ; transferred
to. ii. 875.'
— soldiers and tailors, her parsimony
to, ii. 55, 511. HO. N7, 95. 101, IU6.
— Huranao ikwribrs. i. 431).
— Spain, intrigues with, i. »0« ; Ii. 44- ' '
46 ; negotiationa with, ii. 68-60,
89-91; war witli, ii. 58.
— Spanish ambataador, I. 188, 189, -
449, 450; against I*uriuns, I.
460,461.
— Spanish cuin coiiBsctted by, i. 188, . '
189,898.
— Spenser's " Fairie Qttecnc " pleases,
ii. U6.
— State trials under, i. 61.
— Susset sent to Ireland by, I. 877.
— Thragmorton cunspiracT, ii. 88-40.
— TillHiry, her speech at, II. IU6.
— Vlieillathin of, 11. 49.
— Walsinghsin deserted by, il. 69. 70.
— Whitgift sppuinte<l by. I. 47», 471.
— wool consigned to Mhidelburg hr,
Ii. 874.
Eliiabeth, Age of, 1. 186. !62-27l, 874,
3IH), 50)1; ii. 184, 132, ]8S.
— Ilacon, S(H' Haton.
— eiploratioas in, il. 408. See Dnlr,
etc.
— Ictlona about, I. mil.
— literature and poetry of, I. 866-
870. See, also, Uttrmlwrt.
— laiwryin, 1. 117.
— manufactures in, i. 1 18.
— rellgioa borrowed. Ii. 408. " '
— Sliakespeare, see N4iijh^M«ffifb
— ■* spaekias times " of. energy and
asaimilatkm of. IL 407, ^0«.
Ellabetb, Englawl of, I. 81, 880, i6»-
171, 448 1 11.609.
— agrleiilture In. s«a Afrintlttirt.
— central fact of era, I. 818.
— comparad to ^atlMrUnd^ II 608.
r
•M
mm
Elinbtth, Enghml m( : corruption of,
I.W.
— dmi of people of, i. 130.
— driuk, loT* of, in, i. S74.
— fini jr«n of, ii. 44.
— food of, i. S3»-SS5.
— gencnt turrc; of, I, 3I0-3JI, 830-
•iVl.
— povth of, Fitollnl, ii. ftOtt-.M 1.
— luuiim >nd cutlon ill, i. S'.>A-;I9I.
— iKnurancc of pcopU* f»f, i. 419.
— Iraniing of, i A4 1 -Sin, 347.
— IxHiJun of, I. 33U.
— lore of frtwdoro of, ii, 810.
— iuiurjr in, i. 117.
— men of period, L 363.
— niomli decline in, i. 3S3-3A9.
— N'etberUnd* comporcd witii, ii. (M)8,
•"Oot nierrjr nor tirtiiout, ii. I A3,
IM.
— > Pn)U>»tantii*BkiM, i. 4IH.
— lliMtTwi in, i. 314-:i<<l. (
(Iwood on priwuf, ii. li^i.
Elirvir fimilr, pt«u at Lcjden, ii.
843.
Einden,ii.41».
— Mtlmn for perMcutcd Engliili, iL
433.
— iMllot at, llrrt of modem liiBW. ii,
434 -43«; Enmiiu on, ii. 486,
HOtt,
— Dub'li nitlier than German, ii,433.
— En){li»li INlriUnM in, ii. 434.
— Epifcopaliitoa and rKtlijttcriani
in, i. 433.
— hialonr of, ii. 41*.
— John k Vun at, IL 438.
— Penn at, iL 434.
— RefornuHl Cliiirch at, IL 484, Mte
Kinerald Isle, t. 376.
EriierMo, Ralph Waldo, L II, M; ii.
4»t.
Emmiiu, Eliho, ii. 436, w^
Eiidicolt, John, ii. 4:17, 438.
GogUnd, i. K % 3. 4, V, 10, 18, 36, 46,
. 46, 47, 84, «), 61, 7S. 77, 88, M,
t7, 118, 136, 180, U7, 144, 178,
I7», 186, IRN, 188. »t4, itt, »4,
■ tn,l8l,i32, «»4, 236,tl87,t3»,
M8, 848, 383, 364, 376. tn. 38*1,
> - m*,n*,tn,rn,ws,w,i*»,
' too, Ml, MM, 80S, 807, .118,816,
. Mf, 811, Ul, *8«, 878, 876, 388,
; n9,40l,408,4IO,417,44i,44a,
. . 448, 448, 488, 46», 478, 487, 807 1
IL t, 8, 18, tr, St, S4, t), n, 71,
81, 88, 8I>, »8, IK), |l>», 138, 148,
181,348, 3.VI, 281, 379, 383, 3»«,
806, 3itl, 813, 830, 331,410.
England, Act of Huprenacjr of, i. 441,
473.
— aj(i inillurv, ii. 400 ; and the mid-
dle clanen, ii. 408 ; from Nether-
landii, il. 4(K>.
— .\lra in relation 10, i. IH«.
— America, Itow rcj^anled by, ii. Al*6,
S<>6; contrailed «i(h,l.ll.; ii.46tf,
467 ; givea. freedom of religion
and preaa, ctmimon achoota, aecret
ImI1o(, auffrafce, emaiicipatioti of
married women, priaon reformi,
to, ii. 606 : delil of, 10, 1. 73, 1MI8 ;
people of. cuiiipared will), ii. 469,
470; Korcrnmeiit of, compared
•rilb, ii. 466, 467.
— AnalMpliali in. ii. 178.
, — .\ngloKaX(Hla in, i. 7H; cffecta of,
i. 384; lendcDcT to accentuala
infloenca of, i. 373.
— Annua Hirabllia, jrvar of tiina, iL
ll,V
— aivhilcrture in, I. ISO.
— Arctlo Votagera of, il. Ill,
— Armada, Ii. 138 ; heggara after, iL
119, 130; condition of aailoni
after, ii. 103; createa idea of
"chiiaen people," ii. 117; elfecU
of defeat on, ii. 91 ; outlmrat of
long after, i. 136, 848; iL 347;
preparation* for, iL 94 - 98 ;
liaaiiW of preceding period, IL
184 : unprepared for. In 1887, U.
83, 88.
— art in relation In ariitocrac; of,l 84.
— aa a model, it. B07.
— aaan ed<-n, iL 184.
— aa champion of European libertT,
iL401.
— *aaimilati<m a luitlooal cliaracter-
latie, religion, etc., liorrowetL IL
4118.409; Nelbcrland inluentca,
IL 40V.
— AuKuatine in, i. 381.
— ballot unknown in, till 1871, ii.
480; debt to America for, IL 80*.
— Ranli.af.iL834.
— Iwfoie tlie Hcfiirroation. i. 171
— beggan in, L 337 ; after Armada,
ii. 118, ISO; act of rwUaamU,
\. 818.
VKBMX
lagluid, Bible printed In, in IBM, L
lU.
— blu'k art in, 11. Wi.nolr.
— < Bruno in, we frwMo, (JwtJmu).
— cnlendar of iinfpiry ffditfi^ in, L
U*, I4T.
— Cal>ini«u of, I. Sll^
— catMrtIt lit, L S9i-SM ; Namuia
iniucncv, ii. 7.
— Cuthoiic* committed in papal juris-
dieliun in, i, 418 ; c<>ni|tarml with
PuriUna, good ui iiiuntrr. ii. JM ;
i'onlliot V 'til ruHtaniriiQ in, i.41>1t;
deatli of ('atholiciam in, ii. 77.
— character of people of, i. &US ; Ve-
term on, L Hi.
— I'liirf Jutk<of,il.tM. BteJuJt/rt.
•— **choitm people," ii. 117.
— Churrli deBnca power of lorereign,
i.tU.
— (liurrli of, »ee Chnrtkof Kngtand,
— Church of Koine, effect of at-para-
liuii from. i. SI 8-^17
^ Church of Hone in, aee CAwvA of
— civil liberty eatabliahed In aeven-
Icenlh and ai|[hleentli century In,
11.41)0,401. SnUkurlf.
— drillatioa of, i. Ill
— commerce of, benefit to country, ii,
S97; expauaion after Armada, H.
117-1 Itf; Nctlierland inSiicnce
<Mi,i(. 801>; LonK l*ailianiclit nnd,
ii. 87H, 378 ; of Hfleenth and nil-
tccnlh century, i. 384. !I87.
— ComnHinircalth «f, 1. 48.S ; attitude
to Xetberlanda, ii. %W.
':» Conililution of, and Long rarlia-
meni, ii. S78.
— Co™ U«», IL 8»».
— Court of Chancery, II. <8S.
— eunrta. oormption of, ii. tl«, tlT^
of Ellnbeth, i. «««-S71; tJtai^
Chamber, 11. 107.
— criminal law, ree 2m».
— Cromwell, aee CnmiMtl, Othtr,
— crown of, rcTcrence for, I. U7.
— Unnea inrade, I. MS, SM.
— Dark A|pa In, i. IM.
— drink, love of, in, L 374.
— education, no part in projtreaa
played bv, ii. S3> ; popular. In, i.
S*-M ; debt to America for, ii.
404 1 Puribuia deairt, L 4U;
acboob of, 1311,317.
England, electione oral In, ii. 430.
— £li(abetlian, aee KlitaMk, t^mttn.
— cnorvy a nalioiial trait in, U,
4'i7.
— CIcculive^ two, in, L IV i rcatraial*
on, ii. 4«4, 4M.
— Aiiheiiea of, i. 884, 88*.
— Flemiab wrarera iii, i. Wt.
— Koirignera' attitude til, Uamertoa
and Leckv on, i. xxsii. ; Influ*
cneeof. 1.173,274.
— fork* IntrudtMCfl iuto, L 331
— fimnilera of, i. 63. ^ .
— frreiliun, love of, in, ii. Slfll
— lianililinK in, 1. 873.
— gmitrapiikal poaitioa of, ahaping
character, 1. Vt, M.
— f^oveniment of, i. 43-44.
— gniwth of, eatnlicd, iL tO»-Sll.
— iriiilda iii, 1. 141.
— (fiiii»e widlica to invade, ii. 4.
— hcrctica ItumctI by Mary in, I.4M.
— Itiicli treaaoii in, ii. 445.
— hialoriea of, i. 271 ; ii. M>7.
— hiatory of, key to, I. IMA ; pivotal
truth of, I. 104 ; poaaiUle future,
ii. Sit; acope of preecot book,
Ii. Dim.
— Holy Leafnio and, ii. 46.
— hundred yearn* war, i. 301, SOS.
— Indi'penilclita of, ii. ti% IM. gee,
also, Imlrpntdtntt,
— Inna of C^urt, Amcrtoin nudenia
at, ii. 497.
— inatiluUona of, characteriied, I. 71*
78 ; C(iin|iare*l to Anicrii>a, 11.
SOA; aurviral of barbaric data,
ii. 811.
— Ileknd a thorn to, IL 473. Bee, alao,
IrtltHd.
— Jeauit9 in, aco Jiauitt,
— Jewa eipelled from, \.iV»\ debt
to, for leaminK, 1. 31*3, 3»4.
— judicial ayatein of, Norman origin
of, I. J74.
— jury in, ii. 384, 3M; !(orm.in orl-
Kin of, I. 374.
— kinga, divine right of, ii. 18.
— Knoi, work of, aee A'lMur, Jokn^
— land and ariatocracy of, aee Zam/.
— Laaira peraecutiim, iSiHtana to
America, ii. 1«7, 308.
— Law of, aee i^ia.
— learning of, L 191-1(3 ; Anglo.
Baxoua and, i. 171 ; debt to Jewi,
I. fM, IM ; Konu* IbImm*
on, H. 818.
Enghnd. liben; of, dwIUm wlUi War
or Row*, I. S<i«.
«>• " Lllmnr AworUlkm," I. IS.
i» linen iDtmluced into, 1. 181, W.
» iud« b; Dm Purilaaa, ii. M«.
•^ aunuholai* of wool la, (rawla Id,
i. 87S.
— manufaetarea of, 1. 118. 4M.
— nvrchanta and inanuraetunrfa fl«e
fnmi, M. 87.1, 8T4.
— middle eluMea of, and agrfcnltuiv,
II 401 , 4IIV ; rharacu-r of, Utt;
eieliide*! fnim iiiiiven»itieii, ii. 401 ;
Tudon aa prutec'ton> nf, ii. 8H;V.
— moraliljr dp>rlu|i«d in (161 l-l«U)^
ii. UJ, !t8A.
•^ Botali of, i. »i», 85«.
— Banw of, drriration of, 1. 177.
— . Ba>.r of, i. 884, 887 ; time uf Ar-
mada, Ii. M,-|01, KM; outgrowth
of piracj, a«« iSrmejf.
— KetlMrland InBiience on, ilil.-ilir.;
oo agricultnr*, comraem, and
mannfaeturra, ii. 4419 ; on cit ii
^. liliertT. i. 4U7: ii. 860; on Cirll
War,'ii. 8811, 370; on iwnmcm-,
II. 889, 4ott; on legal intliiu-
tfooa, liuxli Pilera, ii. 88S-»I7 ;
01) moralit, Ii. 4iW; on religion
and (wlilicf, 1. 4»i, 4»i, 498,
499; on reliKloua (oieralion, ii.
a«i-804: artiaaiia ill, 1.487,49:1,
•\ 494-497; refiiffeea a4 ctiannela
fur influence, i. 411, 418; refu-
reea to, I. 88, 487-498; wMTcra
tn 10, i. 199.
' •• Xethcrlanda, a bcncffccUir bated br,
L7»; IL 870; aa rltwed br, i.
187; aa «iewed ii; PraMaunu
of, 1. 180 ; riviliiationi romparetl,
' i. lit. ; ii. 8a7, 368 ; untraau lie-
tween, aitteeiith and aeventoentli
centuriaa, I. iS4; debt to, i.
iirili., i>ii. ; givea free trad*
to, II. 881, 838; inflnene* of
auccwa in, ii. 304 ; look to^ for
", aoirereixn, 11. 198-194; receive
refugeea from l^iid, 11. 83V*^< *
ronw eommerflai ambitlona of.i.
898; adiemea againal, br, ii. 180-
188 ; aiipport non.confunnlat ref.
U|tr«« from, ii. 871 ; i^uir erallica
und alwlwiu of, li. 87*.
England, Kew TitamlBg In, I. til.
— non-i-onffirmiRtii dri\im out under
Kliialietb, Jainea, and CharWa,
Xnlon, ii. 871; fruni Netlwk
Unda to, 11. 87(W871.
— Kormana In, Me JVoi-maiw.
— I^ipar; : quealion nf iu reatoiation
In, 11. 188. He« /Vary.
— Parlianienta, aee PmrfiameiU.
— penalty to, for attempaod anp>
preaaion of PuritaniMn,,ii. 403.
— rtiillp and Parma plot l« intade,
Il79.
— Philip delerroiiiea to Invade, li. 89,
90 ; alucli ailtanugniualu Neth-
erlanda, ii. Ill; aeiaea abip* of,
ii. 478.
— poiaon)Bg in, ii. 40, 4 1.
— poundagii in, li. 881, 818.
— precedent In, II. 50; aaetvdMaa ot,
ii. 8«4.
— Pruabvteriana in, aee/VarfftfrrMna,
— preaa of, m-c IStta,
— priittiiiK intnKluced into, I. f ^
— iVoteatanla in, lee Pretttjmntt,
— Puritana In, aee I^riUia.
— rebellioiia, aeat of, in ihe north, U,
14.
— Reformallaa, part in, of, 1. 79, 811,
817. 8e« Rr/trmalilM.
r— refurtna, legal and political, int-
praeticable in, ii, 414.
— rvfuqeea from, in Netherlands, li.
411.
— reign of terror In, it 881.
— reilgioua toleration Aral ~ will
Cromwell, ii. 397, 398.
— republic in, ii. 381, 311
— Roman influenoe on etrljr, L IH^
108.
— Habbath in, aea SMmtk.
— aailora of, after Armaiia, ii. 103.
— aalt to, i. 107.
— Khoola in (eariT), 1. 188.
— Hcotch-Iriali and, eee .Mn>feA-/rU,
— Hmtcb Protealant nobkn In, U.
31.
— Rcotlniid loaef rerpect for, II. M.
— Kcnilaud'a inflacnce on ibeolog;
and religion in, 11. 1«, 17.
— aea^-oast of, 1. 97.
— aeif-goremment lacking Id, IL 881,
— fIrparaUat gift to, IL 19*.
— Shakaapwra not appneiaMd la, k
atr
bgUmd, •iitcmth •nd WTcntctalh EnnlUh, the, it liutinnn, L M9.
miturie* in, i. xl
— •lanry almlialml bf, li. AM.
— ilare- breading in, bf niibl«, L Ml.
— alanstndo in, L IM, B»5.
— aoldirra of, in Nrlliarlanda chan-
nel for influence, i. iiviit, ixii.
— Bpatiifail* turri|;lilen,ii. 116,117;
niMning of war witli, ii. SS.
— Slanle^'a tmaon, effect of, on, ii.
«.
— •Iate-lri*la in, written in blood,
ii. i4h,.tialf.
— 8iuartii, no ccnttta of organiaod
naiatanoa to, in, ii. 865.
— aympathjr of Kuilnnen of, witli
Union cauae, ii. MH.
— Tai, Kiciao, oppuaed in, iL SS.
— la»a on land befora Armada, ii.
116; under Cliarlea I., ii. I3S,
MS. '
— tannage in, ii. US, 333.
— trrannT of, ii. 4M.
— under Marr, i. 117, 118.
— unireraillea of, baciiward condi-
tion of, i. 381 i midiiic riaaaoa ei-
duded from, ii. 401 ; Norman in-
fluence on, ii. i; renowned, i.
vn.
— Tirtuea of, eitolled, ii. 5ia
— Tolunleera from, defeated bj Don
John, i. 230.
— wealth, blind adoration o(^ In, ii.
4«S, S0«.
— WI>iigift,timeof, ii. 1M
— witclicrafi in, ii. 144, H5, 361-
3M.
— wool, 1. SM, 387; eiporting of, a
fahmf, ii. 333 ; frauda in maiiu-
faclare, i. 372.
— Tork'a trcaaon, effect of, on, iL
74.
Engiiah altitude to liittorkwl
•earch: nrodliead aud Davica,
I. iiiti., xixviii.
— aoidlcra in Kelheriaiida, Ii. 37ft-
877.'
— aludenla in Ketherlanda, H. 376.
— traila: Emeraoo on, i. 17; heat,
tranamitted to America, ii. 406.
Knglliili,lhe,i.e, 161.
— Alva'n fnrj againtt, L 188.
— Amerimii bialoriea wriltn be, L
iiillL
— a* pottktl PMpIa, L 10&
PulrH'k Henrjr c}i|>clii, from north-
west, ii. 4)l«.
— aelf-appn.-ciatioo among, L iiii.,
Engllabman, the, 1. 104.
Kngliidimen of Ketuiralion, I. 80.
Epitooiiacr, ii. 141, 14a, 169, 168, 18S,
Hill, jus, ttt.
— at Euidcn, ii. 43.1.
— Ihurroft «nd, ii. 22J, SM.
— • fliunh and State iwl, li. 4 1 1.
— Iliiili'CliuiHTh party and, ii. 8M. -
— In ll»MaciiuM-tu,'ii. 418.
— Lennox and, ii. S8.
— " Miiienarjr Petition," ii. »21l.
— rcTcrvtice for diatiiKtiona of rank,
ii. 4«0.
— RttTolutionarr War and, ii. 4<o.
— Wcatroinsier Aaaucialioii aud, ii.
8B3
Equaliirii. 16.
Equality of man.
— contributiuii of Virginia to Ainer^
lean Constitution, ii. 419.
— comer-ttntte of American Repub.
Ilc,il.l7.
— demand for, in England, 1. 499.
— French influence on Idea of, iL 497| : '
6(nt.
— Mnlland and, li. 868.
— INiritans' belief in, ii. I8>.
— Roman idea of, ii. 4111.
— Bcolciilrisii and, ii. 4«7, B«J. '
— Scotch Puritans and, ii. 17.
— un-English in idea, ii. 80».
Equality of Statea.
— Americana and, ii. 4S1.
— chief feature of Neilicrland Re-
public, ii. 4^1.
— uniinown hi Britiah Empire, iL
, r 4!1.
Equity, aee Im».
Eraamua, Deaideriua, 1 168, 309.
— aa neateat aciinliir of age, i. 160.
— on Englisii dwellings, I. US I.
— on Engiiah self-worship, i. 339.
— tranaUtea New Testament, I. Itt.
Eaeuriai, the, iL «8.
Eaaei Coanly, I. 399.
— petition of, to Elixalieth on eondl'
tion of Churcii, I. 476-4';8.
Eaaei, Robert Derereua, Earl ot, I
ttt ; 11. 186.
-niabethMHl,ILm
IHSEZ
Knci, WtlUirDnariu, bri of, i. Hi.
— Fniudc on, i. .INa.
— in Inrltnil, i. 3H(I, SSI.
KtUblUhnl Ohurcli, i. IS, it.
— pcnecutiun of kUiIki br, ii. S93,
SM.
JStftvt of llullaiiil.
— ikalh u( (iniiKc and, i. SBC
-^ iudgrfl anij liixU oMciali iad«p«n-
dent of Orsiigf , Uy rcfcrluUon of,
Xii. 4fil.
r«|in-Miita(iT«< •nil totct in, ii.
421.
— coTcreiffiiljr to Orange, 1. SS».
— I'hirtfnitT of Loyden founded, i.
217.
E<utM nt the Provinca*, ii. 4M.
— appointment of judgva bj, it. 4A1.
Eienial CitT, the, i. 67.
• Cuplinni " of Uilr.ii. IS«.
Kuropp, i. i, (*, 18V, 148, !«•>, I»4, !««,
ITtI, 281, Hi, tit, 1131, ii», tl»,
287, iW,2»l. 307,308.
— » iffcctcd b; I'raudea, L KIC
— ntbrdnla in norUiwntcrn, L lit.
— CMnniercial revirai in, i. S84.
— masonic onlir In, i. 1 19.
.— morality ami religion divorced in,
U I«8-1T0.
Europe, .Vorthcm, i. ll», 188, S»2.
Kurope, Nonhcni and Wcitcm, i. S7t.
KverrtI, Edward, 1.41.
EiciMlai, H« Tnialwu.
Kxecutire, the.
— re>lrictionion,iL4S4,42l>,4S»,4«&
Eieter, Uiibop of, i. 44B.
Faber, Feter, L 411
Fairfax, Urd, I 4»7.
"Fairie Qiirenc," iL 12«. 8m Mpm-
trr, KihHunii;
Faneud Hall, Cradle of Liberty, iL 47<i.
. Fatlier WiilUm, (. 230.
Faunt, •ccreiarjr lo Waliingham, on
morala of Eliiabcthao court, L
S57.
-FauMus,"ii. 180.
Ftdmtul, Tlu, i. », S3.
Fedmliata in Soulli, ii. 501.
Fellihani, Owen, on N'etherland char-
acter, ii. 328, 3(11, 336.
Finelon, Louia XIV. and, L ziir.
Ferdinand, lieir of Ilohemla, ii. 811.
Ferdinand, King of Bpain, L 411; ii.
26*.
Ferdinand tai Inbtlla, ftpalB miu,
1. 178-m.
Kerrol, tt*y of, 11. UK).
Feudal ayatem, i. IU», 187.
— hnilien, I. 147.
— public registry aiid, ii. 437, 438.
-> tenanu under, ii. 4o2.
Fiiica, Charlea 1. and, ii. 362.
t1«nerie* In Netiicrlaode, i. 130; IL
322.
FiahiuK.
— )n Tape Dreton, ill 1».
— in England, i. »H».
in France, 1. 388.
ill Hpiuberfcen, ii. 119.
Fliindtn. i. 107, 124, U2, 2<J», 801,
308, 8IK>, 488; ii. 2113, 322.
— agi1eu)tare uiif;hl in arhuola, i. 1 12.
— I'atholica of, i. ll».
— Bet of France, i. lit, 146.
— public regiatry in, iL 433.
— I iglila of tcnania in, in tliirteentk
ventury, i. IS1._
— Haxun colonies in, t. 139.
— serfdom aboliaiied in, L Iftl.
— Upeatriea of, L 127.
— wcMil at, L 114.
Flanders, Count of. 1. 1 14.
— iinpriaoned, L 148.
— widow of, and drbta, tL 4I>4.
Flemings, the, L 104.
— aneolote of, L 116. ' "'.
FIrmhih arliaaus L 2W. ;'
— in Enghind, i. 2ll», SOO.
Fietniali manufactures, Mf» and, L
188, 18*.
t'lenilsii towna, I. 146.
_ hatha in, i. 120.
I>1*>niis)i wearers, i. 804.
Klctdier, John, iL 128.
Flut«nce,i. 148,801.
Fluahing, L 108 ; ii. AS, «», 7».
— Blinbeth demands, of Maurice, IL *
> 64, 63 ; reoeires, ii. 875.
— James 1. resigns, in I6IA, U. 876.
— Leii.'vsler at, Ii. 33, 6«.
— Maurice ai, ii. 265.
Food in Eliiabethan England, L US,.
S.Y4, 333.
"Foreign Languages abd Cnkoown
Ishinds," I. 810.
Forlu introduced into England, L 121
Fonter, Mr, ballot act o^ L 62.
Forth, the, iLlU4.
Faaler,Johii,L14,UI.
.'. ■ • ■■ '{^^:,'.'-': ■.':'■
nron
am'*
Foi, OMr||», It. tor. '
Foi, Mr, liM bill or, I. (0.
Foil, Jfpiii, i. 44S.
— " Uouk o( Martrra," i. 44i-M4, IMH.
— EcclMimuiail CotnniiMion uul, I.
444,
— pinuil for Aiii»H|ifcM, L «M.
"Frame o( OoTcrnmml," Penn'i, 11.
419. See num.
France, L itiii., 8, 40, 17, V«, »3, M.
118, 114, IIS, 1IM37, I4«, IA7,
1*7, 17», IS9, 187, 198, 201, tnt,
1)19, ii\, it», Mn, 117, tnt, Ml,
ib», i»n, sm, «(i8, i»», !t8i, 287.
1188, 289, 291, 297, Sill, iUri, SM,
lfl«, »10, SSI, SS2, Mi, S92, 899,
400, 40S, 410, 418, 482,448. 449,
S0« ; ii. 4, n, 9, 21, 23, 24, 28, 80,
87, 49, »7, 75, 88, 89, 99, 221,
232, 280, 290, 292, 298, 811, SIS,
821, S4A, 888.
— Ain«rii*« influence by, Ii. 498.
— Atnerii'an ctiluiiirs lookeil to, in
educfttion. ii. 495.
— •Uituda or, tu lii'loriau : Bradbitiil,
L ii»i.->iiviU.
— Cxlwlic, bv dmlh of Ilenrr of
Niran*, iL S89.
— Catholic* or, imlppendcnt or pn|Ml
auiiioriiv, ii. 109.
— ilocilit; or aubjccU or, ii. 8«5.
— Emt India trade, oppoaitioa or, to,
11.284.
— Eliiabetli intrigun with, i. S0«.
— <K|ualit.r or man in, ii. 502.
— Aiiiing-vrnwla in, i. 888.
— Iiereay drifcn out or, L I«4.
— hiitorical documents or, I. ixxix.
— Hoi; U*Kiie and, i. JM-2M; and
HenrT of Nararre, cffecta oi>, ii.
45, 4«.
— Ilugnenota, maiMcn oT, in, i. lOO.
— Iluguenou or, (i. 401.
— Huguenot war in. L 191.
— land in, "w LmmL
— louii XIV, and liberty in, il. S59.
— maMHtic order in, L 119.
— notker of acience in ciiihleaitli
century, Ii. 4tS.
— Netheriand ally, I. 281, ISl.
— Ketherltnds : unite with, agtlnit
Spain and Auatrii, ii. 289; rail-
ing into power of, ii. 401 , luolt
to, for Mttercign, IL 8«, 29I-W4 ,
icbeinea agajnat, l>v, ii 280-288,
France, Xormana In, i. 287, 289.
-.- papal aulliority in, ii. S.
— I'inUiiunU or, i. SOU, 259.
— religtodi tulentloD nHroked in, L
258.
— acbooli of, 1. 87.
— Seatland, deaigna on, by, U. 4, 1.
— Bpain and. fiMoe between, II tM.
— «iiri>r I5u:i, ii. 2MI, 2111.
— w.ir witli England, i. 802.
— wilcim in, Ii. 352.
Kraiirfii I, i. 1«1>.
Franrla II., II. «.
Franelier, Unirenity or, 1. 224, IL
338.
Franklurt, I. 270; ii. 8.
Franklin and educalioD, Ii. 495.
— tribute to Ilulland, ii. 42<X
Franks, the, I. 107. 278.
— empire or, li, 458.
— public regiilry among, ii. 457.
: — tongue or, I. |t>A.
Frcderio llcnrt, IVince of Urange, IL
814.
— Arminianl and, ii. S09.
Frederick, Don, i. 2oS.
— Alkmaar, Ida flrge of, i. 210,211.
— agalnat Nona, I 199.
— Ilariein, Ills iiiegi- iit, i. 204.208;
trearlirry to, i. 209.
Freilerick, Electar I'alatlne, iL 290.
— Uoiu-mUand, IL8II.
Free achooli, liancrurt'a tlteory of
origin or, ii. 3S9.
Free trade in N'etlierlauda, 1. 1 SO, MTe :
IL 881,832.
Freeman, Kdward A., L 87.
— " Disruption ol the United Stale*,"
story or, by, II. son.
— Sfttleinento'r America and coMjueat
or Dntain, acc^Mint ut, by, ii. 410.
— slavery and the I'nion, il. ti<H,
Freeman's Oaih, ii. 204.
"French and Rngllah," Ilaroertoo, L
18; IL402.
Frencit Huguenots, L 9.
French Kevolution, tlie, II. 369.
Flench spoken In Xetberlaada, L 1 10,
— toagiM, I. 104.
Freneh, the, L 7, 180, 156,841; ILUi
— at Haslings, I. 289.
— in Bogiish H'luHiis, I. 290.
Frent-h pnrateers, i 898.
" French Trails," L 12.
Fnesland, 11 888, 874
an»z
FriMlud, Anitri* and, 1. 15T.
— ballot in rhmclH-t uf, ii. *»1.
— Mliintioii and, II. S4(i.
— ElUtM of, I. t**.
■— 8UllllH>l<ler (>r, ii. Ut, M.
FrioiUnd, Eaul, II.4I*. ;,
_ a«vlutii r«r Kngliih, ii. 4U.
Fricaiand, W»t, ii. i",i<.
— rvputtlii'an, nut (kfoocimtk, it, 419.
Friaia, i. W.
FriaUiia, tlw, i. 177.
\ — Nrthoriandt nrolMt, i. 105 ; H 4M.
rVobiahcr, 8ir l(arlin, i. »>7, M4 ; ii.
no.
— Armaila and, Ii. 97.
FroisMrt, JdIiii, i. i»i.
Froudr, James Antlionr, L il., t, IM,
44», 480.
■m-VB BuDkn Hill aa name, U. 4<l.
— OB Burahii'.T, ii. 6<l.
— on i^aihalk* and ProtctlanU .in
, EiigUnd, i. 4iX.
-T on Kliulwili and •ocecaalon, ii. 51.
— on Klixabcili'a foRign policj, ii. 45.
^ — on Euiei. I. 888.
— > on Juim Kiutx, ii. 18.
— on k'twr of Siinwi. i. S77.
-^ on William of Orange and Ireland,
ii. 477.
MP. an pei4d7 o( EUiabeth to Morton,
IL 1*.
— on Hc<>f , H. 14.
Krr, KliaatNrth, nnd prison reform, L 54.
Fulham, inanufactuKM In, i. 401.
fuller. Dr., IL 488.
liaiBabonMgli.upan-TrenI, ii. !41, 141
(lalileo borrtiWR thi> t<'le«cop«, i. 257.
Oama, Taaco de, I. 886 ; il. S70.
Oambllng in Endand, 1. 87i.
OarUlnrr. Lion, I. xl. ; il. «ll», 877.
Oardiner'a laland, ii. 877.
Oarrick reatorea Hhakeapeart to Kag-
liih atagF, i. x«».
Oaula, ibo, i. lut, 141, t74.
— auricnlture and, I. HI.
-;JihM, brareat of, i. 101
iritona and, i. 476.
— characWriatica of tribes of, L 101,
108.
— debt of, to Rome, L 107.
Oaant, Jolin of, Duke of Loncaater,-!.
801.
Oelderiand, Ullota in cburehM of, U.
«7.
-.- aartcoii
— JUitae,
/<£-Brit«ii
(^^^^^ — charad
(kneral Aiaembljr of gootltad, U. 18,
!i«, 80.
— I>ialiapa abollihod bj, ii, tn, tl.
— MonlKvnier; and, ii, tt.
0«w«a, i. 487, *»i, 481 : U. (, 1»,
157, IAS, 150, 910, 888,
— Oal'in |;o«a u>, ^ )«7.
— Engliali Rerurnwra take Calvinbai
from, il. 40».
— free achoob in, il. 88«.
Oenoa, L 148, 801 ; il. «««.
Oeuotae In Flanders, i. lift
George I., i. 55.
George IH.,1. 55. •":
— judges under, il. 450.
<»corge», the Four, ii. 184. »
(Georgia, aetion of, on ballot, L 5li>
GeranI, Baltkaiar, ssssialn of OrMge,
L X4o; »41.
nermania, i. im
Germanic tribes, L 101.
— liaUTiana,!. 101
— characterisllcs of sarlr, 1. 198.
— debt of, to Baman eirlliiatkxi, J.
107. '
— Feudal •rstem and, i. 78.
— inflnenm of, nn Rngland, i. 818 ; qpi;
Netlierlanda, I. 78.
German Empiru, ii. 158.
German pliiliaophers, L lOa
— race, I. 14a
— soldiers in RcTolallonat; Am;, IL
4*8.
— tneellers, L 881.
Germsna, the, i. 7, «, 115, 805; U,
tM.
— agrkultura among, LIU.
— guilda among, origiu of, L 140,
— In America, IL 470.
— Iniueoce of, on Middle and ftmih-
em Sutesof America, iL 470, 488.
— Pennatlraiiiii nnd, il. 484.
Geman Ocean, L VS, M,
Oennaiir, L 40, 41, •». »a, M, lot,
108, 118, 187, 181, 1>», its. iS»,
810, 488, 448 ; U. 148, Ml, 807,
•44, 858.
— Amerka'a debt to, i. 78.
— AnahaptitU la, L 147.
— book making in, L Its.
— Brano in, L 845.
— Calrlnlam of, IL 188; nope and,
L 485.
— GatboUra la, after Befsfatlsa, IL
minx
Ml
OtnuBy, Cktholio party (LMfw) of,
li. IM.
— cilioor, I. 117, 111, 4*7.
— educntton in, Aiii«riciiiit' prefer-
ence for, ii. 4M.
— Eni|<en>r uf, li. 2»0.
— Knglinii mcrefainu drifen out of,
ii. 374.
— leaniinK in, i. IS8.
— Lullieniiitm In, i. 4Sa ; iL iM.
— MaMnic onler il^ i. 1 1».
— Netbfrliiidi, «m|wiKii of, In, II.
SIB; PratMUnt nfugeM to, U.
*S1
— Orange, Williom of, nuief ill, I,
184; tvtiiHIo, i. l»l.
— PtUtinate, tlie, ii. 4H4.
*- pope, tlie; CalvinUm Whl Lutlier-
antim ill, I. 4SS.
— preu of, i. >IM.
— Protmunt muM in, II. SI 3.
— ProteeUntii in, after Beformatlon,
ii. S88.
— Reformalloo in, L 418 ; bone of, i.
"Ids.
— Refurmation and Trealjr o( Auga.
burg, ii. 887.
— Boman t-ulture in, Unino on, il,
SI3; wi|ie<l out bjr Thirtr Yrari'
War, il. SIS, Sir; ii. ssa. .
— Klioola uf, I. S7 ; under Devcnier,
i. Ui).
— Spain balded in, il. SI8.
— (oarn meeiinipi in (earW), I. 103.
~ TraUjr of AuK«buis, li. 287-1811.
— Tbirtjr Ycara' War in, IL 311.
— walled tiiwns of, li. 4ft8.
— wilchm in, ii. Mi.
GertruTtlenbiirg, ii. 2S4,
Uheot,'i. no, 122, 124, 154, 209, S5»,
(MM; 11.206.
— gulMa al, I. 143.
— pacittnllun of, i. 229.
— wcarara at, I IIB.
(Shllde, I. 1411.
Glant'il CauaeaaT, i. 381.
(iibbon, Ed«anl,'hlatorT of, L S7, S8.
— law of Hiiine, i. «8.
(ilbmlur, Bav of, Pnich ntrni rictor;
In, ii. 278, 284.
(iiiliert. Sir Humpbrer, I. 287, 878,
S7», 38S.
— diKOTeriea of, iL 408.
— quoted, I. 388.
Olnditoae quoted, i 5, 10, H.
OUdatone on Anwricu Coiutllntioa,
1. 11.
— belief In ilarerjr a|;ain<t Union, IL
ftii4.
(ilaxgow, ArrliUfliop of, il. 11, 18,
:;«a.
— Caliinlraiof, ii. 28.
— liiiicmilf of, II. 2, l», 480.
Illubr, Sbaknipeare'ii Tlieaire, i. 32.1,
(ineiat, pulilival tlieiirica of, I. 27S.
(ion. i. S8«.
Uod, l*uriuna' conniitioo of, 11. I4B,
I4«.
41aethe,l. «; il. ISO.
Holdenlleece, 1.118.
(SohlMnitht at Urtigva, i. I It.
(iiHnar, i. 221.
(ionealvo, I. ISO.
Good nope. Cape of, I. 40S; il. 170,
271.
"(food men," i. l&l.
(food Parliammi, ibe, I. .101.
Good tjucen Bcm, I. SSI ; ii. B8, 1 75,
SUV.
Gorget, Ferdinando, li, 377.
Gixpela, the, I I8S ; li. IS*.
Gulbte type, i. 122.
Gotbi, tbe, 1. 177.
— tongue of, i. lOO.
(ionda, i. 132.
Government, aelf, in England and
Ainerira diaciiMe.!, I. 42-.48.
Government, United Slated, Nether.
land inluence on, li. 420.,
Gowrie, Earl of, li. SI.
Gra.T, Prof. Am, ii. 4H.1. ■
Grabaine, Jameo, " Uiato^ of llio
United .Suted," L inin.
Grain adniilied free bv Nt'tberiand«,
11.8^1,332.
Gramniont, Count do, on Kiiclii'b vourt
uiannem and cuntoma, i, 340,
Granada, i. 178. •. , .
— capture of. I, 180. '-"^
Grand liiquiallor, i. 179.
<>rant. General, bia Puriun conBdetioe
in ProrlJencr, L 203;'^Iieuiain
of, 1. 8«.
Granville, Canliual, ii. B». :^
Grave, riege of, ii. ft4. ■ ■ i . •
Orar, .NVil, in Ireland, I. 78, S77.
Great Brilain, I. iitii., I, 7. 24. 27, 31,
42, 53, 54, 70, «2, 235, 244, V»\
S07.
— rriaiiiul aUlutea of, 1. S«.
MS
Gml Britain. <M>I M HolUwl, II. *M.
— land owtiiil in, i. SA,
"Grml (;oum:il," 1. «»».
Onnx, I. KiiL, 4, ««, 171, U7. MS.
— Inliwiiog of, un RmiUMiic* la
luir, I. iliil.
— Iir« In, I. M.
— tutca In, bjr •hclli, II. Ml.
Crwk. I. liKi, tlt4, :il I, Mi, MT, SSI,
»*». 4711 : 11 sua
— •( Oifoni, i. s<i».
^ Erwiniit anil, i. lAn.
— aiuil;ur, I. ill. •Hi, SIO.
— Tnumnii In, 1. 444.
Qntiej. HoncT. Hcnirhlriab, II. 4M.
Qnm, John Ricliinl. L Hln.
— on Commanweslili of Eogluid, 11.
— on KiiialM-than Knuland, i. ll».
— on Ul«ralnr« uf KuxUnil, II. 132.
-~ on Hliakeapttre, ii. ItfS.
Gm-nr, Riihrrt, il. I SI).
— alliriani of. Ii. I8S.
Grten Mitunlain liiiTa, ii. 483.
Gn!rn<ri<'h I'alacr, Kliiabelli'a (aror-
lie realdenoe, I. 891.
Rmnwonrf, John, ii. 189.
GreKorr XIII.. Popr, I. 281, 84«, 41*.
Ort^nviile, Sir Rii-iiard. I >7».
«- faia famoua flght with th« Htrmg*,
ii. S77.
Grtakam, I'ir' Thaaut, I. SW, Mfa.
GreTlllr, Kir rulkr, 1. 1144.
Grvv, Ixml, il. IM.
Ilriffin. Hir Uprl, I. 4.
Grindai, Arcbbiabon of Otnlcrburr,
11.117.
— Bllnb«ih auaproila, I. 4«a, 470.
Orocjn, WillUm, I. SM.
Oronlnntn, i. 1S»; ii. S74.
— UnUrniiT of, I. Ir. ; II. V».
" Groot PrivllcKie," (ranlcd b? Marv,
I. l.v^.
-* proviaiona of, fPTcn, I. 1&5>1A7.
— repudiaUMl liv Mart. i. Ift7.
Giotiua, llufp>, i' nn, 220, 2SS.
— armleit, ii. 8i)6-Jl(><>.
— on heretlra eipcuieil, i. 160.
— oo InilUni aa Nurtlinwn, ii, tU.
Gttadal(|nilr|r, i. 180.
Guiana, i. ii.
Gulcciantlnl, LuJoriro, L Ul.
— on Antwerp, I. 148.
— on charltlM in NetlierUntIa, i. !M.
— OD llnliu ipokni la Zavlaad, 1. 110,
G«lfc4ardinl, Lwlovlvo. nn IcwminK in
.Ncthrrlanil'. i. IHI, 22)1* ii. »41.
— on mora la of N'vtherlamla, I. 172.
— on NelhrrianJa, I. ilr., 180: IL84K
Guichf. Count lit, I. 87. V>
Guild, I'ainlcra', at Antwerp, I. 144.
Guilda,!. 111).
— at .Napira, Kumr. rlc, I. 141.
— of iHiiidvni. i. XDI.
— uf Rhclurir, i. Ul.
— origin and (inmili uf, I. 140-141.
— Plutarch nn, 1. 141.
-*- ruhv, iiiatonia, and jioreninient of,
I. 142, 146.
— under ama, I. 14t.
OullfonI, Lonl Keeper, pnlille regit-
lrTand,ll. 461.
()ulte,'Duke de, I. 257, 2ft< ; il. ft,
211.
— faniiU of, 1. 2117.
— lIolr'lxaKue and, il. 4S. 2M
— Jantea appeaia in vain to, ii. SI.
— Lennox and, ii. 27.
— piou acainat Eniland, ii. 4, S, Sil,
97 ; in Hcotiand agninit Morton,
li.29.
— ferret cipher read, ii. SO.
— Thmjnuorton conapirary and, 11. 99.
(iuiae, Marr of, ii. 4.
Guiaot on Long Parliament, I. SSI.
Gunppwdcr Hrat uaed on British aoil,
I. S0«.
OnitKiu Adolphua, liberty under, il.
SA9 ; acbuula under, ii. S39.
Habeai Corpae Aet. ii. 4U0.
Hague, The, I. I.^S, IVV.
— a'rta^l. 122, 12S.
— i'ourt of Appeab of, II. 450.
^ Drciaraliuo of Independence ut, i.
294.
— High Court of Ap{MMita, ii. 4MX
— Royal I'oiicgo iiltrarian, I. Ivi.
— Xir Willuini Templi' at, L 80.
— Kpanbh anilM'tutJor at (160S), L
86..
— atandanla of battle at, 11. 204.
— Cuiled Hutee Mlaalon at, I. Ilr.
Halnaalt,l. 129.
Hale, Sir Matthew, Chief Jiialice, a
144.
»- ehairman of commlttM i>f Long
Parliament, ii. S8«-3»t.
— pulUio rc;;ii«trv before, iL 440I,
I ilalea, John, i 224.
imnx
5tt
■ill,Hiliwl,Lm;
— an Enxllili monit, I. SU.
lUIUm, llninr.
— m Ouxm, I. S«T.
— (HI corniption o( Enxlltli iaiticc, I.
M«.
— 00 raurti uiidrr Ellailwtli, 1. 3R7.
— on dfcaikncc of EngHih nionl*. i.
U7.
— on Derentor Bvhooli, I IftV.'
— on EliiabMh (ihI •ucootiun, ii HI,
naif,
— on Klinbclli'i fnTtrnmrnt, i. 4M.
— on KngliiU prrw. i. SOS.
— OQ Kniiiiliiili, i. S(>y.
— on ItiRli Oi>mnii»«(oii, i. ili.
— on lir|K>criiijr uf Kliubelhan Epf*
knj.i. 81; ii. ItM.
'^^ on learning in Engitod, i. S4S.
— on LcTili-n t'ninnilr, i. IM.
— on PariiimenyirT ooouul of trm;,
Ii. 3711, S7».
— on pcrarciiiitmi of rharlct I., IL 84S.
— ^^on rrenhvtcrianiiin, ii. 188.
— on l'uriun«, i. .41IV-I3», US.
— on So«li|!<T, i. Wt>.
— ikn Tiiiimtii Morv, I. 310. ,
Hanibni-K. I>ublic rrgiitrf of, Ii. 4SII.
Unnwrton, I'liilip Oilbert, i. ID.
— Kngianil't altituje to forvignura
diwuuol br, I. iiiii.
Harailloo, Alua'ntlcr, 1. 7, 8.
" llamltt," i. SOS ; II. ISS.
Hampden, Jubn, I. 4117 ; Ii. S«», 894.
— Uwdiit iif, ii. Rim.
Hampton I'ourt, Puritan pfiiiima be-
fore Jamra I. at, IL Stl6-ia8.
Hampton Roada, ii. 101.
Hanorer, ii. 4S,1.
nanaeatif League, I. 108 ; IL 1 18.
— Eliiabetli'i quarrel with, ii. 374.
— public rvgiiIrT uf, Ii. 458.
Haring, .lohn, of llorti, i. 208.
Ikrlem, 1. 118, !M, IMt4 ; II. 2M.
— AIra before, 1. 1107-S1«, ill.
— eo«Mt|neoeea tu Netltcrlanda of
capture of, I. 2118.
— Engiixli xililicrs in, 11. 178 ; dia-
nii«!H>ii bv Oi-angc, i. Mi.
— riglil of repreaenutiun in, I. \tt.
— aleg* of, b; Don Frederiik, I. SIIA-
iia
— •unrender of, and alaughter at, I.
!I0», aio.
— nprlitng in, 1. UO.
Harrington, I<ord, aa type of ChriitlM -
holiirnien, ii. 23.1.
Harringum, Sir Juhn, i. 397.
— Eliubeilian lUgr, iraranraliiy of,
di«iia*til bv, ii. 1 3n, na4f,
— iclK»iar«bip of Jamea I., aecount
of, bf, ii. iM, Mrfr.
Ilarriaun, Frederic, on Uiwie of Cook.
niona. i. 18.
Harriioo, K>Aierl, i. 833, I3e ; Ii. 181.
— on Eliialiethan .«gv, i. 8i«. M7.
Hartford. Hooker foundt. Ii. 418, 417.
Harvard (;<>liFK<-,i. 41, 4»5.
Harvard Law Si-h04il, I. liii.
Harvir, Wiliiiim, i. !!r.7. ;il4.
Haiitiuj;i<. I 'i8T-'i8W, 48*.
Ilailun, IlislKipof Klian<l IjirdriiaiH
crilor, i. 364, 4M.
Hauliain, Admiral, ii. 27A.
Hawkiiia, Hir John, !. M4, 3»«-3»lii
400,401; IL »». 110.
— Armada and, Ii. 107.
-r pnya hi< own men, Ii. 1"7.
— Iliilip detvired Iit, i. 401,
— tnifflc in alavea br, l.'89ft.
He<-niikirk, Jacob van, ii. 273--i7».
H*H*n'n,ArrHiUl Hermann LudiriK.I.4l.
ilegiu*, uf UerenUT, i. Wi.
Heine, Uenrr, I. 41.
Hcmniinga,Sliake*pe«re pubiialietl by, '■
I. !«8.
Hematcrhujra, Oreek atudied al Vef'
den un<ier, i. 2;!l.
Hcugiit, i. 213. 277. 2HX, 28«.
— lower of, I. 218, 218.
Henry ll.i. 54«.
— Ireland wmiiuennl lit, I. 2(W.
Ilanrr ll.-of Frann', i ISH.
— pnltiiL' reulMtrt and, ii. 4A7.
ilenrT III. of France, ii. 232, 2S2, 281,
ati8.
Hcnrf IV. of Frwnce, L 220. Sl)2.
Ilenrir TI., I. 305.
Ilenrjr VU., L »». 384. 432 : ii. 72.
Ilenrt VUI., I. 418, 442, 484 ; ii. lit,
13*.
— Cliurrh and, i. 312-314.
— oHiSacatioo of Chunh property be,
1.229,312.
— idid of people, Ii. 38.%.
— navjr of, i. 887.
— on tniialationa of the IliliK 1. 314^ ;
— Parllameiit'a bonugv to, '>. '^^^.
— paraecutlona uniler, a» llie Reron»
er,l«13, 11178
M»" .•;.. .-" won
11(1117 Tlir.. Rturti ndadMl bj will
uf.ii. ini.
— wiichci, U* aipiiiiM, bj, U. Hi. ■
— wool iiniicr, i. til.
Ilnirr, Pttrick, li. 4lir
— rhimpiofl of nli(ioiu nhMt]r, 1). 4tl
ilenimiT, I'tiil, i. 3.11, SSR.
— on EiifiliKli fmitala, I. Mi.
*~ on KngiiHhnien, I. S34.
— on Ixmiluli jiportii, I. 340.
— on puDiitbnH>nt fttr treuon, L M7.
*' HcpumeroM," llie, 1. 1«0.
HvrlM'r^, houMt of Ruiltl, I, HS.
llrrrlunJ, liUluin uf, i. lt»9.
Ucretr, Me Krf»rm»llo» ami /Myw-
«VJON.
Bent lot.
— Marj burna, L 1611. Hn ilmr),
i^ent of fCmjfidnd.
— •lain ill Alra.i.tli.
Herkinwr,'!.?
ilcmunn, Wolfrrt, li. i7!-ST'<, 179.
Ilarrinnf, i. I'll.
Ilftn, I'ewroMi, L M.
Ui|ih Chnrrh, Eui;IUh, li. »%i.
■— Bancnifl on dlvinr otIkIii oT, ii.
tit, ti».
— of l^ui-cn Anne atiii Ireland, 11. 478.
Iligli-Chunh |«rt.T, ii. HI), SIS, Mi.
— Anuiniaiiiini ami, li. tsm, MIS.
— arou»«tl !»>' riiHun itctitkma for
reform, ii. SlU.
High ■ (;hurt'biuen, ciril war and, 11.
3D.1.
Hl|!b ComnilMJon, ibe, l.4M,478; il.
107, 1711, 171.
— nubliiiied, i. 474.
' — Imnif Parliameiil abolialita, IL S7*.
— Wiillgifl nnd, 1. 47S.
High Court of Appeal! (The Uagoe),
ii. 4M>.
High treason.
— Ariilr; on iMuniel for, il. 44S-447.
— lieada of tlioae eieruted for, on
London llrtdge, I. 867.
— pmaeculioni for, :■., Fngland, II
445.
HlKhwaymrn, i. S66, S70, S7I.
lllndoaUD, L «9.
Hlalorr.
— attitude of pope to, L lur.
— author oil, I. i<i., >IL
— (*arlyle on, i, XXXT.
— Voltaire and, L xxxir,
— Wtlpole M, I. UIT,
llotibea, Thooiu, I. tM. .
— public rrglNtrr and, ii. 481.
Kuffman, I>avid, I, 7.
llllKartl^ Willlani, 1. 147.
Ilolienlo, (VMint, II. M.
UollaiMl (for all nfrrencM to llAlland
aa the Nelherland«, ave Xfik*r.
faiuib), I. 4. 7, Xli,'*>. »4, lO'J, im,
IS4, I3«l, isa, I4H, IM, l.^7, IM,
184, IVX. IM, VA, »>», t\», SS<>,
Sil, tit, tti, 217, 24H, 144, S47,
tit. SM, S».V SA», SAO, SHI, 4tS,
4K4, 4N7. 4IIS, «I3 1 il. SH, 34, M,
63. 67, 7I,»«, lU, IID, I3», 148,
169, I7&, SIM, S<>7,SI7, SStt, 141,
SU, SM, M7, S«», 178, XU, 411,
417, 4WS.
Holland, IkMtBief, trealT with Uwtrd
1,1. IRS.
IMIand. tliddie.l.llS.
Iloilaud, I'raUiicc of, i. IM, !««.
— adrainiatrulioo of affaira of, II. 89,
H».
— age qnailBration In, il. SS».
— Anjou agrxa to lean to Willlain
' of Unngr, i. ISO. ■ .;
— art in, ii. V4A-M8; aa lll»tnill>e
of morala, li. 84), mU.
— ai airnted by capture of Harlem,
I. sss.
— Rarncreld'a rontrol of, ii. SM-tnt.
— i-hHritien of, il.34»-3M.
— commercial centre, li. 169.
— condition ileacribed (168A), il. MT.
-~ conBguratMMi of, i. 94.
— ililica of, i. SSI.
— tUutea of, ii. 491 ; repreaentalloB
and Toue In, li. 411.
— fluherlca of, I. 186; 11.831.
— •• (imot IVivilegle," i. IM-IM.
— tfuicciardiui on, ii. 849^
— iiirentiona of, mieroaoope and
tlieraiomclor, i. IJS.
— Jeim welcomrtl in, il. 81^.
— Judgea and high ofllelata Indepen.
dent of Wlliiaiu of llrauge br
orderofKaUlea, 11.451.
— leading part of, in war with Spain,
I.KI4, KW.'
— Ijleranr centre, ii. 346.
— Iuft« of indep4'ntlenw of, il, iOt, 4t0.
— Magna Cliarta of, i. I5ft-lt«.
— Maurice, IJUdthoider of, U. 111^
8U5.
or,ii.ti>T,in«.
IllDtX
sa
HoIIumI, Priniiu* of, Philip olb H the
— Phillp'i Mill in, i. IM.
— pns^miiwiMc ufj in wethji, ii. 914.
— priMMier*. righu of, it. 44t.
— nriioiu in, ii. I»l, IM.
— mtMUni bulwirk, reiioai whi,
L ISM.
— • Protnunti^m niKUf Onng» In, I.
tit
— rrpublic«n, noi drfiMiertUc, ii. 4S9.
— RcqaMMu'i dentil affMilng, I. ft».
— lArprm of, i. Itn.
— Mhnolii and iinireniU«t of, ii. MU.
— tuta' rinbu, we BtnuwtU.
— Mlragu in, ii. 42*.
— Bjtnwl uf Durt. ii. IW, «0«. 8m,
•Ua,/>i>rf, A^Mxfo/:
^ town Kovrriinieiil in, 1. 150.
— tribM vf, itnilfr RMuani, I. lOS.
— Wiliiani of Onintfe apptiinleil bv
Philip KudiMder uf, 1. IM; to
ooatrol, L a3><; una in, nfur
HugueiMil lUHMcrM, i. tU4.
— WlllUmrcnnin, iL4l».
lialUndcra, ihr, I. TR, 104, i<>7, tlR,
Ml, 3U, !t«4, SU, 4U, 4«>, 4M;
ii. •!, IM, IM, MT.
— age limilatioo in Mding of ofBc«
br, ii. at*.
— Amerinn Indiana ali(l,'il. 354.
— aa pulilic ni«n. ii. Si*, im.
— bontlcd warfhoUH^M of, ii. SS4.
— coaimcro* and vojragn of, ii. t7t>-
t:i
— niialMli rtmiirca fBuva, Flnthlnfc
and Brill frani, it. STA.
— niialilT of luan aiiainni br, iLXSg.
— Sdelit.T'lo anwMral npiril of, i. KM.
— tddiljt to cauac of Kliiabeth br,
ii. *1
— friwdoin of the preaa ainoog, Ii.
1144.
— Oannanic wirit of, 1. 104.
— In colonial Nair York, I. iilr.
— Inrmtiona br, i. ttt, tis.
— liirob on aup«r<orit)r of, il. SS7.
-~ oaral eiplolla againat Porlagoeac
by.ii. iJl-»75.
— oflkial purity uf, II. its,
— policy of, witli cunfWatcd Cbardi
pnipcti)', i. tts, till.
— printing among, i. 141.
— twpoct of, for lodlridiial riglila, i.
IL-M
IMIandara, tht, f<paln nnit«a wHh
Auallia againal, ii. tH*.
— rlrtiica of, i. H5, 88, 87.
— ra»genaf,il.t70,t7l.
Huljt Land, I. I0».
Holy \Mfat, i. UT, IM; il. 4t, 51,
St, tst.
— rffrrt of, on Knglaud and Netlwr*
landa, il. 45.
Iloir R<iaian Kmpirr, Ii. t«7.
lliHiii! Ruir, I. 21.
Homer, i. iioii., ItW, t«S.
Hoomtead Laar, i. tS.
liuniiun, fnrrign artiaana In, 1. 491,
lloogrrbrrl, I'enaioaary of Lrjdcn, 11
tils, •'XM.
Huokrr, Kiclmnl, i. MR, III I, S48
— borrovol thouglit in " JftvlcaiaatU
cal Polllr," ii. 40«.
HooliiT, TlHMuaa.
— fiTMti Holland to Am^ritv, ii 416,
417. ,
— Ilartfonl fonndol br, ii. 4 1«.
— knowMga of tduft» ajitrm, IL
4»«. '
— on nation aa kka, 11. tDS.
Honi, Plillip llonlgomcnr, (SnaA tA,
i. 187.
— Jolin Haring. i>f, i. tlMt.
Ilona, i. 277, 2H3, tHA.
Iliiaplial ■vaU'ib in America, 11. 410.
llo>pital«, K<l<ranl VI. and, i. 81A
llouw of Coniinvna, i, ID, 10, All, 4t7,
— Krwderic llarriaon on, 1. 18.
IhMiH of Ul<nb•rd^ L lia
lliivw of liorda, I. 1»: il. I«».
Uoiiae of Krprcacntatltn, IJ. A, I 19,
80.
Ilouam in EUubellian Knglaud, i .12^
S.11.
Ifovard, Culonrl J<dm Eager, ii 489.
Howard, John, priaon ra forma of, I
56; ii. 198,194.
llowani. Lord Admiral, 8c« J^^Vf^
Aam.
— on aliipa after Armada, il 104.
— para hia own men, il. tli7.
Howell^ W. D.. i. 148.
Hudaoo Hirer, i. 149.
— diacorerjr of, 11.411.
— DiiU'li aeltlementa oo, il. 114.
Hugn, Viclur, i. *2«..
Uugnenota, llie, i. 167, 184, 191, 40*,
448; il.49,87,ast,488.
— In Aiii«rka,L»lr.,9; 11.470, 489.
Hagacnota, the, okim af, k V)^. ^
— chanicttT of, I. tliii.
^ led b; K*«iirn, I. 237.
•— ■uiurwturM of, II. 4*11.
— nuuMcra of, I. iUO; Eliahrlli «n<l
-. Philip Inrnr tha ntwt of, I. IM :
N'«tlierUndf u aVecMd bv, L ItOI,
tos.
— K'tfihrrhnili »« liirbor for, II. Ml.
— •rii'ini of towiii hi'lj b/, i, II5II.
Ilunilicr, llif, 1. 171*, 4<IS.
Bumv, Itaf III, I. 44«.
— on Klinlwih'< ipiirmiiDenI, 1. 4*«.
— omXcihcrland InlucDC* in Bog'
land, ii. IHO.
— on PnrilaiM, I. 4tft-4M, 44*.
Hoaiihrejr, prMldont of Hiigddn
' (Nillrgc, Hifonl, |. 441.
llandmlii, Uic, Anglo-ttaion guild, I.
141.
Hunginr, t. Hi.
HuHtriigUHi, K<rl of, I. 44«.
HuntingtoiithIrr, I. 4117. '
Uunliimun, bonded varalioiiMt caUh-
lialml by, ii. S34.
Ilttaa, John, il. 811.
Ilujgbena, ChriitUn, I. tit.
llTthe, L488.
Indrpendfflm In Amerln. '
— Fivncii iiifliiciin! on, tqutlhjr of
man, ii. 407.
~ Netherland m0uenc« on, 11. 4SS.
~ Kcoteh-IrUh dcclaro fur, Ii. 4i>7.
ladcpmdanco, Waf of Anxiiean, II.
Independmta, il. I4«, ISl, 1)1, -SOI.
See, alao, SrparalUU.
— aa refngvea from England to llol.
land, iL 4 IS.
— BaptiaU and, ii. SM.
— Charlea II. prratctiKa, ii. M9.
— ElinbMh'a pcraectitioa of, il. SVil,
av4.
— Ironaidm and, Ii. 804, S»5.
.— oppoaliion to tlinrdi and Slate by,
ii. SOS.
— Pljmouth atrtllod br. ii. X»4. 4I«.
— Pmb;teriana and, ii. »W, »»9.
— Bontch - Iriah, in Nrw England, Ii.
4S4.
— Wntroiniter Aaacmbt.r and, IL 194.
— under Cromwell, il. g»4, SUS ; e<|Ual
lilxrtv for all, 11.418 ; prwn, free-
dom of, under, ii. 413 ; religioua
toleration praetalm«<A b^, II. 4ltt
nilint; powvr in i^tafe, II 418;
wilcli madnraa denounead bjr, U.
413.
India, I. U, tM, 14*, U«, 401, 411,
4»8; Ii. 1 ID, 178.
— England and, il.BII.
— townaliip araten of, I. 78.
India, Eaai, Nriherianda and, it. Ml.
Indiana, American, I. >»8, 8*8 ; II. lit,
141.
— English and Dutch attitude to,
oinipareil, ii. 104.
— Grotiua on, aa Xurthmen, U. 884.
— Puritan puramilaa of, L iWL ; U,
148, 8)t8.
— Feotdilriab and, H. 4U.
— "apown of the Devil," il. 804.
Indiea, Eut, the, 1. 117; ii. 118, M»,
X7».
— Dutch Eaat India COnpaur, il. Ml ;
trade aecured b; truee'of lOM,
Ii. IM; eliarur gr*nte<l to, il.
174, 178.
— Dutch In, Ii. 170-177, 181.
— Em* India Companr, Elliabetira
charter to, II. 181, 181.
— Portugueae in, II. 17^^-171 ; Dutdi
Bltack, ii. 171-178.
— trade with, aa bone of cootentioii
between Netherlanda and Hp*^"*
il. 184, 1<I8.
— water paaaage to, 1. 1 17.
Indiea, Weat, ii. ISO, 178, 178.
Inberiumv, iawa uf, Ii. 4S1-434.,
— ancient cuiioma fur widuwa, il 488.
Inquiaition, i. 178, 174, iU, 147, S8»,
8INI, SIM, 4UII, 401, 4(M. 4U8, 474,
808; 11. Ul, lll>,81y.
— CharlvD V.'a altitude to, L 178.
— eaublialieil in Spain. 1. 17*.
— (inind Incpiiaiuir uf, L 170.
— Philip'a atlilude to, I. 174.
Inf|ul«ilion in England, I. 188, 18ft.
InquiaitiiHi In Netberlasda, L I88-16T,
174.
— Alra aeni br Ptiilip, I. 177.
— altitude of Holland to, after fall «f
Nona, i. K>B.
— Cbarlea V. eelabUihes 1. 188.
— herwT, edicta on, br the, I. 188.
— heretica burned b; the, 1. 188.
— Margaret of Parva and the "Ae-
conl," 1. 1 78 ; aiiil4he " BeggaW,"
i. 174, 178.
Iiqakltioii ia Nrtlwrhiub, pope Mnib
UnMnl, and eM*bli«hM, IL IM.
— pratwU •R'inil, i. 114, nt.
— NKbunm to, 1. 1»7.
IniUiiiUnna.
— Amrrkan nil ER|li«h eompind,
i. m-M.
— ^ Amerioui. Riinlliih, ind Dutch, pii-
•nl dunulon ol, I. I-SK.
— flommon to EiigUnil aiHl Amerk*,
II. ftii7.
InllUtutiofl^ AiBorkan.
*- inMiMd, L (a
— Puriuna nife batt inflKBCM to, ii.
4I0,4U,4U.
— Roman atiU tJrnnan intucnoa ofli
I. SS, IK.
— tbcorjr of, i. 71.
— tboaa owad to KrthrrlaiuU, U. MM,
(U,4|I^4II,4U,4M.
— an-bflUli, U. :««, 4M.
Inatitatioaa, KaclUli.
— ebaraetcriaaiC I. 71.
— Oontiwmial Intuaiwaa on, I. tl
— asrWral in, of liariiurie dsra, IL
»ll.
Iraland, I. », SI, >*, M, t71, Ml ;
IL 4», t*».
— AniUHflaxoM axl, ii,4T4.
— aajTunia in, I, U.
— Canpiaii in, I. 410.
— Caraw ami lil> iimipMi^ <Ma« of a
rebellion in, i «80.
— CaHnlie pliiu in, I. 414 ; upriaing
In, i. ftOe-MM.
— ChriatUnitT in, 1. !8X.
— commcfcl*) freedom nf, eataUialMd
b; Parllanant, ii. 47«.
— eoaqiiefed, I. tM, tM.
— CioRweil and, i. 17* ; U. 47«,
— Kliaabeth and, il. 471.
— eaainatlon f roo, produced by Mar-
quia of Donagal'a iMreaa* of rent,
II. 47».
— caalgratiaa to, character of eari;,
II. 47»:
— Ennliah hutcheria* la, L WI; a
' IIS, 14«.
— Kn|i[liali in, 1. S7li->N.
— Bngliah Parliament r«l«*, L 44.
— Eaa« in, I. tOO, Ul,
— High Churah, tiuean Aaoa and. In,
IL 478.
— Borne Rule demanded, L tl, 4t.
— Jamea L and, il. 474.
Ml
Iraland, land owned hi, I tS.
— Leioeater, lienienant . geMfal of,
il. 1117. Hee I-rirmtrr.
~ librarirt In, \. M.
— linllfnalit (nwral of, IL IOC
— IVotmuiit mkm; in, IL 474.
— relielUaaiii,iL I.
— lent, Itaacftl'a iMaaarM tl, H,
470.
— Bniirk In, II. 474. 47>.
— Shan (('.Sell. L .17»-»7». ■-
— »p.-n«er and, II. U«, 47i.
— T>-<t Art cauiea emigniioii froB,
II. 477-471*.
— thorn to Knjiland. ii. 4731.
— uptiiini; In.uf IMl: iL 47*.
— wool manufacturei, Ii. 471^ 477.
Ireland, North of, IL 4M>.
— inOueiMa ia Mlddie and 8ouih«ra
Malea,.iL 4M.
— Kirk makee IVotralant, II. 17.
— nimHiHirorraiata in, iL 474,
— 8c<iu-h In, H. 474.
— Mfuich ■ Iriah in, iL 4M: drirea
fium, 11. 471 : erolKrato to Amer-
ica, U. 477-480, 4M.
— ScoUh-Iriah of, a. 4»l.
Ireton, Ilrnrr, L 497. ■ -
Imo Chancellor, IL IS*.
lraaai<lra, the, I. i04, 4W, 4*7; U.
4U.
^ BaptiiU and ludependenU, iL M4,
SVS.
— drilk'il b> IIollanJr~, i' S77
— Parliament and, il SM
— picked men, Ii. 4ilft
— praine of, IL Sits
— reliipouf toWrathm loaUted on br,
if. S»8.
— Willlamr, Vane, and other*, IL
SM.
Irrlnf .H'aahingU«,biirleaque of Dutch
by. I. ilir.
babella, Pliilip'a dan||hlar, IL Ml,
S«8, MS.
iMbella, wife of Ferdinand, il ML
bra*l,U. 141.
Ianelllaa,L ll«,4tS; aiM. •
— UodoT, IL I4S.
Itidian art. I. Its.
— eitlea,L 117.
— laa«ita(e, I. 10*, 1«0l
— merchanta, i. lU
ItaRana, the, L 1*4, SSt, Mt
— in NetlierUnila, L UL
Mr. L 40. lU, lit, II*, 111, IM,
Ml, 141. na. iin, iiii,!ia, itNi.
IMI, 1*1, Sni. MX, illll, M.1, J^(l|^
4lii^4ia5 li. II, •?, Mi,.n(.
IM, M». \
* — artkUof, I Its.
— chwvbM or, L in. '
' w- eamiMm of, «IUi Itw bM, t. Int,
117.
— ■CniMilM, HTmU or,-M, L IM,
lot.
.mm hermy In, i. IM.
.» IbIimm* of lilsnliira of, on EiiK.
lUih monlii, I. MO, Mi.
• — Unxuftf(« of, i. lAV.
— nitH)M.r of RM)aiM«nr«, ii. XA9.
— N<>ltMTl«lu)>' fulilieiMioll with, t. f 7 ;
influence on, t. ItN^lll. _
— novpr TeLUintMil, i. 1041.
-> OTcrUnd lnid« of, with Ml* 4«-
•iroted, U. 117.
«- mMMio of, 11. 4Mi . .
•» mIuiI nmU lo, 1. lOT.
Injr, lMUl*of,iLUl,U(.
Jacob, Itrarr, 11. <40.
JaiDM I., i. '*U ; li. 29, 147, lU, tOO,
SOS. «08, Xln-187, lit, 471.
— Alil»tanil,U. Ml-Mt.
•M* ArniinUni and, 11. aoS.
,- Bil>l« and, ii. m. n».
. — brihcrr and, II. «■•, »U.
-^ Caliln •jnnptthlMd wilk ij, U.
SIM.
— CailMliM and, H. MO; itlcv of
Catbolici on Ida acMMlon, ii.
nil; plo(«ar,B»d, 11. 11.
— chararkT of, ii. lll-SiS; la n-
lation lu Tkirtjr Vrara' War, 11.
1(0.
— Church and t<ul«, a«paraliaa of,
Ihiw rrKardrJ br, U. lOi
— cnedit due lo. 11. 117.
— death of, 11. MO.
— dWlna right ot klngi beUered b^,
11. m-iia.
— duetrlaal Puritani flonrithed In
time of, 11. fit.
— KlliahMli'i conduct to, 11. 14.
— EnKlUh Conatitiitiun and, II. Ill'
Ml.
— Imnorallljr ot court of, 11. 114.
— iadepeiMleiiU andir, ii. IM.
— Indaad aad, IL 474 ; Iraland under,
IL 471.
JaiMi I., Je«alte aad, 11. lit, 474;
their aiieaipM la eoamt, IL tl,
M.
■^ klnfl.r pn-rofailte, 11. MSi
— Kirk and, il 17, Id, lU, ... .
•— .tearnluK under, il. !I!I4.
•4*' mileaarr Petilion '■ la H. til, MS.
-~ moa*iM,liee aad purreiauce under,
U. 11*
— KeiheiUnd rrfugeo, pronilMt ••,
li. LIN.
— Neilirrlanda ne]|lected br, li. MO.
— non-cmfurmiala drlren out of Kag.
bmlbr, 11.171.
— on lhn.nc. li.lll. ,
— rarlianu'nlarr^lna under, 11. ML
— i'arlianiriit auBmoned hr, II. tM.
— pivttcatinAtlon beliered In br, 11.
— Prc«l>jrterian« and, li. 474.
— Puritan Minlalera under, fCral oa,
li. IM.
— Fnriun. nt of term under, I. *>, '
— Puritana' belief in, and Ikeir pell-
tkm for Church reforaia, iL 114-
11«.
— Parllaaa, new appltealioa of aaaia
under, II. tll7-ll<.
— Piirluna nndrr, li Jii), 474. .
— relifiun or, li. :i.1, 114. ^
— reliiihMi under, 11. 474.
— Itabliatli, declaratioa rrKardInf , Inr,
11. lit*, 117.
— Spain, liolk'j with, U. 117; paaca
with, 11. UNO, Ml.
— uiilrulkfulneM of, a Stuart trait, U.
114.
— Taiu appeal of, lu pop* aad Ualw
afliuiae, ii. II.
— witchra under, ii. 144.
JamM 11, L1.'I4
— Parliament defied br, 11. 400.
— roral preroitatlve curtailed, II. 400.
JamM V. of Scotland, i. Xl« ; II. t, 4.
Jamea VI., dirine rliiht of kinn and,
ii. 14, 111. 8eey«M>/.
Jamevm, IVifeaaor i. riaaklla, U.
4*4. >
Jameatowa, 1. 1.
Ja|>aa,l.M,414.
— aa illuatrath« bjr autkar, I. lUtL
Jarrow, 1. lU.
Jaaper,John,ll.»n.
Jara, li. 17t, I7t.
Jar,John,1.7,«.
<l,li it*.
— tqualhjr at iwa. II MYt.
— paUtbrnl Uw of, I. Ul.
— nll(|oiMHI>«4)rM«l,I.UI IL4M.
— l—Wililrtili In tb* 81MII1 follow.
«ni of, v. tot.
J«nMal(iii,L4ll.
jMMpp, Hrf. AuxuKut, L MO, Ul.
^Muiu, ilw. I. «tt, I7«, «0», tu«, U.
lll.lM.tM.
-ta Church of Hmd* purlAcd bv, L
414, 4IS.
-> ortuul* tgiiiut Britiih Iilo,!). 11,
tl
— flM Hhooli >ii<l, II. M«, *4r
— Bwnh of powrr of , 1 4 1*.
— hmbm ami work sf. i. 411, 414.
— Inlft^ritf of purpoM of Mrlir, L 4 1 7.
— mlNBiotil to AhU, Africa, and N>«r
WorM of , I. 4 1 S, 4 1 H ; 10 KngUnd
of, I. 41l-4S.'ll ILI4.
— orJer of, i. 411-41*.
— ptviinliiiallon awl, 11. 14t.
•^ a«*rTlc« to Church of, L 417.
JWulU In A>n«rl<», I. 4lt.
Janlu in EnKland, I. 4(1, 470^ MM ;
11. 11. loti, KW.
— •■Iliormu of, 11. W.
— aliliud* of, to EllnlMUi, MiioM
ploU,il. 18, 41.
— iaTaalon bT, 11. 181; hopea in rc-
■Hd tot it. (4.
— iumm I. and, U. «U, 474 ; «Mti»
«*n;of,i>ith,lLlU; aocoartrt-
ad bjr. 11. IT.
Jawlu In Sootbnd, H. 14.
— anecaai of. In t«6 Jtcai*, IL M.
— aupWoaa of, II. 1».
Jaaalto In Spain, i. 411, 418 1 11. U,
10*.
iani, Ownpujr of, L 41*.
1mm *t Uhcck, I. IM, l»7.
' Jtwlah Babfaath, lu introdwiion Into
Kacbnd, II. IM-180, let, Ml.
"Jowry^llM.
J«wa,UMhLll,*44,MI,4l8i U.I08,
lU.
— Act of TUcfsUon, Inillili, ai-
loidcd to, 1. 47.
— Cromwaii and, 11. 8M.
— CoRland'a Mti 10, (or Ictming, i.
tM,tM.
— •iBillMl fmm KnglaiMl, L tM;
(iwi8|i*la,atll.
Jam, Um, HolhMid wakwrnaa, II. ttli
— in Anuiatilam, li. 111.
~I*IiwUmI,IL1I(; HvurdLnad,
II. (Ml.
— In Mptbi, il. *M.
— iatwaca of, on Inmint, 1. 171.
~ nul paraacuud in NctiwrUada, iL
800.
— 8palunpel<,LI7*, 180.
— William Uk OoM,iMror and, L M«.
JoliB, l>(Hi, of .iuatria.
— (kalKnn ul, on EoKlanil. L t8l.
— Iirn> <>t Lepanlo, 1, Sl».
— Pbllip'a ksloiuy ud utglact of, |i
111
— ancccda Raqnavw, L tlS, ''
Julin, King, i. tin.
J'dinton, MMHUrl, I. M». - '
Junaon, Um, i. (M, litft ; U. IN, IM.
Joubcrt on crino uf ignonac* In lit-
craturr, I, ilvi.
Judni, lU 10, 401.
Judgra, 'alu« of indrpndmea of, IL
490,451.
JudgM In Anicrien, appointment of, IL
491, 4«8.
Jttdcea in Kngland.
— Eliubfth'a apiMNntawnta of.LSM.
— OoofKcIILand, ii.4Ba
— nower of rcmoTal of, 1. 884 ; It 4A*>
Judgco In Nethi'rianda, apputntaaal
of, II. 44», 4SI.
Judicial •;a<cm In Ainrrica, appoints
went of oflicrrii, SKhrrUiid in.
luanea in, il. 414, 419, 4(19, 4M.
Judicial ayMcm In England, dcrlff-
tion of, i. 174.
Judicial •niam In KrthrrUnda, ind»-
pendanmof,ii. 44IM9I.
Jnllan Calmdar, 1. 848-847.
Jniich, Mantica captoro, il. WO.
••Jiiliii«lV«ar,"l.«M.
JuniuK, li. 189.
Juriaprudanof, M< £*■.
— hi«t«7 of, in N«« York, wmi-
plond, I. iiiii., ttlr.
— of Raglaad, 11.387.
— of Bonn,!. «}-«», 11888. ,,
JatT, trial bj, 1. 98, S74, tM ; a IMk
890.
— Noiwa origin of, L 174.
Juatlniu, II. 888.
— CM* a»i Dicaat of, i. tM,
— Pkad«ct«or,lM,«.
JM«,tk*,l.tn.
K*^JaMph,I.H.
Knu, Joiin, 11. «7.
KenilKurth, I. .'141.
Knit, Clianwllor, on PudMU o( Jus-
Uiitu, I. M.
Xml, CouMj of, L 4M ; l>- in, IM.
rXmurk;, I. OS.
— MM In, 11. 440.
— .Hratrh-Irbh aUlt, IL 4U; goolcii.
Iriah cire tnt Kkoob lo, li, 4M.
Kepler, JoCn, i. M7.
KtTMMM tUatr. li. 489.
KlUlmw, L 4»0.
"ltl»gI-Mr,"l.M».
Kln^i of KngUiitl.
— <llf iiw rifihl of, 1. 4M; H IS, 111-
m-, ntnta mUblUk in I MM, li.
»1; kilM b; dnth of Utn
miurt, U. 77.
' •> powcft of, oppowd, il. 40u, 401.
KlDg't Mounulii, il. 4M.
Kirk, lh«, i. Ml ; il tklS, 17, M, M,
41, 4>, I4t, IW. '
— AinericMi anJ lri»h hiatonr tai«-
vDOtdbjr, 11.17.
— CalTiDUm of, ii. 471
— . Ciurin !.'■ altnnpt oii, IL (St.
— Church uid HUU, il. 471, 47X.
" '^ J«inoct«C7 and education foalemi
br,U. II, l«.
— (lir'igitjof,iLitS.
— efffct of IM norrrtr an Rctonaa-
lim \n Hcntlaud, it. I".
— Enitlilli PuriUBt affMUil by, IL It,
111,47a.
, — MUbUibM, IL S, 8, 9.
— govtmiOMil of, at tlnw of McUUIc,
li.M.
— Janti I. and. IL IM, 114 ; hi* laa-
paiinK«witb,U. »,M.
— Knoi and, 11. 18, M.
— Unnoi and, II. Ha, M.
— naiionil lifo InHuoMtd bir, H. It,
Si, nott.
— plundered hi noble*, deprlrad of
— Prwli^tetlasbm In, IL l<».
— r*ta**t lo iteelT* liaiit|;o«efT, U.
18, M.
— SeolUnd aand br, IL 19, Sit,
— iitrengthor,ILir.
— RluarU and, IL 47t.
— Tictory of, orer Maty Blurt, IL ».
Khaiaooo, Becnter, or KieM*o% IL
17*.
KBi|hu Templar*, ballet
4S1.
KM>tl;i, at rnaei<, L SU, 44*.
KM>i,Jobn,L4««: iLI4,ll,M.
— arriral of. In HrotlaMi, U. 1, t,
— dnih of, IL 18.
_ ll»rT HWait and, L 8, 9.
— nbaaU under, li. SS8, U9.
— Haieh-Iriih >nJ. IL 48*.
— • Hunda; and, ii. 1*7.
— work af, tai Kogiand, IL 18.
KnOi, llaJorOeMfBl Uearjr, U. Ml.
U Boefcelle, L MIL ,
Ubrador, L S8S.
Umh, Hunel, letter of, U. 8M, SIT.
Umb«|iArticl**,ILISI.
Uncaahire, Proieetaal and Catholis
quarrel in, IL ISA.
Laacaiiter, Joha of (launt, Duke oC, L
SOI.
Land.
— AmericaB e^Mani not derived freni
EnxlaBd, L 1»-S0; iL 4ftS, 454,
4U.
— arlatoorae; of Ea(laad and, U. 401,
4ilt, 4St.
^ aaalKiied fur edoratlonal purpoae*
in tlie United Mate*, LSI.
— Charie* I. ieiaee, li. $•».
— Church lande, eee VkutrlL ■^'
— camaMn paatamie of, L IT; t.
4M,4Sa
— Domeadarbook mi, 1 1*0.
— for edualioaal parpoeee. In Aner-
ira, i. 31 ; in Enitund, under Bd-
ward VI.,LS1^SI7.
— boldtaip la Saglaad affected bjr
IUfonMUloB,LSIl.
— lawi of inbetllaaee, ehlMreo, wU-
o*>, and debt, IL 4S3, 419.
_ liabillt.r of, for debt, iL 4«4-4««.
— Nethrriand influenn oo AnertcuB
kwi fur, U. 4M-«M, 4«S.
— ovnenihip lu Enftiand and AaMT-
Ira fonipared, i. Ift-SO.
— public regiitr; nf, U. 4tl-4U ;
among llie Piaake, IL 4S7;
Biaekiloae, UuilfonI, Hobb**,
etc., nrft*, iL 4«l, 4M; Charle-
Maxne and, iL 4>7; aiarie* II.,
Queen Anne, and fleorip IL aad,
II. 4«1 : Cliarle* V. and, IL «8»;
debt to KethcrUadi, IL «M;
detiratioa of ewtoos H. 488, 4M I
ftnl of hmitl lyMaa on, 11.
in-ISt i itwt o( FrrKh Rn-
oluikw OS, U. 4M; KKrpiiao rm.
onk of, il. 4»*, 4M; Knnli.h
pr*J«dio« •xaitivl, ii. 4A7 ; in
Amtrin, il. 4M. 4tS ; In AiMri.
on ookialw, I. iii>. ; in lUnao-
Mie I^ngiw, ii. 4MI : in Nethar-
Unda,iL'aM,4U,45;: Long Pkr-
liamcnt oMBniiiM and, iL 4to ;
liouii XV. (Ml. II. 498: RonuM
u4, U.4»T ; wtIM (nwhi •nJ, il.
4M.
ImmA. rMonUng qnlnn, i. it.
— Kboob raocirt nulgniiwaU of, I.
tl«. SttU^ioU
— gartkad and, i. 4M ; iL «.
Uaiddl. Prof. C. C., I. liii
tuCu»tndt)ntn,\.t*t. '
Uuot,J<ihak,ILU».
Ulte. i. ItO, !•*, ns, III, til, M7,
Ut; II. tM.
— EBKlWIinlMob ud, I. fta
UilnnuT.I. 171, 4M.
LnuJ, William.
— ai nilm ol bUbltabed Church, il.
— L«g FarliuwM and, IL u»-tM.
— pMMCviiona under, IL IDl, 411;
drira r«(u||eaa lo Krthnkada, L
. 4»0; iL<!t«,M«.
— Pnritana pefHciiitd by, iac la
AnHriea, II. M7, M».
I— rrllxioua liclicr uf, and riinal, U.
— rcrolntloD In Soodaiid, U. M8.
taw.
— adnlalttratioa ol nUlaa, d«U<a
Bom, LM.
^ AnMrisa't '■ Code of rractioe," L
7UL
— AMflea'a debt to Borne, L tt-l* :
to Netkerlanda, IL 411, 440, 441,
444. 44», 44«, 411 ; feform In,
U.40«,4I4.
— Amerien'a oppoeitioa lo Englith
law, L «l ; her nifu of refunna to,
L70; tL404,!MI«.
— (ounael, I. AD, 7ll ; il. 444-448.
— C<)urt of ChautTiy, 11. UBS.
— cooita of Eliatbcib, bl)|faw*pnen
— *M,t»»J)M.
— dIelrlet-ttlefiMy of Aawrlcn, Keth-
erinnd «*•< iL 440-444 ; laek-
m
t.| in bfland, SdMwfk Jtt-
•<M>«mL44l.
Law.laglud'a abiuaa of, iL I7I-I7«,
Ut-SM; CranweiraatUlttdelOk
11. »»*.
— England'a adafaiiitntioa of, IL
44Mt».
— Koftlalld'a ComaMn, I. >•, 60; IL
448; d<»elti|Hnm| of, I. All, Ml
fouildeni of, i. »*.
— Ennland'a ratniK>ade raoTement in,
11. KM ; nt> |!iu«ih aince Kliia-
be lb, U. 401.
— lagliab Ifaecirr, "Iletter kill man
than hare," riih agsinat poor, U.
444-448.
— niuKr, L U, «4, 7a
— hijib treaaon and felon; in Kng-
land, IL 44«, 448.
— inhwUuc* of chUdrea,U 4111,4*1.
— judarn, ••• Jmlf.
^ Udnl Ijateiai of Haar; IL, L IMk
— Inrjr ajratem, L A*, 874, ilW.
— libel, L &0;. Englnnd'a the<>i7,
" (irafiter the truth, girater Ilia
llbd," i. 48 ; ii. iUt.
— Long rarliamml and rrfurma :
briberr, leal oatki, llalo'a ana-
mitUf, etc., Ii. 8HA-3*I.
— married vonien. righu of, debt to
Home, \. OS, 70.
— minora, right* of, debt to Roane, L
«a, 88.
— munltTfra under P«nn'a Code and
In Nflherltnil*. il. 444.
— Nvtlii'rland adminiairatioB of, IL
440-«tX.
— Netherlanda' cliief fettnre:
equaillj of rlxbla for ridi and
poor, IL 481.
— NMbcriuda' Judioiarr iadqian-
dent. IL 44»-4*l.
— onnemliip of land, L 28-10, ^ . '
— prinwitenitnre, L M.
— priMoer'a right to cnnnael, L 19,
70; ii. 44«-t48; (o tralifT In
n<n behalf, L 70; il. 448.
— procedora, mellKid of, ia eMence of
ioatlor, Ii. 440; In Ketharlanda,
iL 441, 481.
— imaMnUona, L t», 70; IL 441;
hj But*. L 887, 888;.|iajment
for, IL M»; direetor of pvbllc,
U.44*.
ta«, pabllo rritliln nnwmj In Prmnor,
II. 497. Hk /vi/it htfh'i'y.
— Roman iiifliH'iKv on mwwm ilevcl-
<i|iaiml uf, i. «I-7I, IDS; Ulbbuu
•w,i. M.
. ~ Kknd of KMlMrUndi, 11. 44A, 4*1.
— Nr (Iwrfa Dourer on llw Cl<ril, I.
1*4.
1. Rota Irtala nnilcr IliaUMlb and
llM8Uar«>,i. •!.
' .» iubp(«4ift, II. 44fl.
— vaminU, 11.441.
Ut, AilmirallT, L U.
Uw.nril.
— tlinnn King Htcphm, I. tM, *»S.
— iliidr o(, lo ErkIuiiI, 11. 4».
U», romiMKiil, <kbt of, Ui BMBf, I.
W.
Lkw, CualinnUrt, I. C4.
■■ U» of Dm Oonuiwiiw '■ (DknjX L
'»•
L«>|!ii«, Muouic, L III.
LcftrnlnK.
— Ml ('.uflUiKiil In ItM, I, tin.
- — uitlvdniitli^ and, m« t^mtMnitm.
LMrnlnn In KnijUiiil. i. ai I.
— Anglo-Hiiani •ml. 1. 171.
.'^ Bttrflipt At. by cl«rKT,.**pnipli««T.
Ing," oppnml, I, 417.
— Cauubon on, II. Ui, ni mk.
— dabt lo Jewa, i. iU, 194. .
— d«cllli« of, i. SIB; after abaoqkifMi
b; N'ormaaa, I. KM, Su4 ; under
TiHtor kin^i, I. (07.
— In KHmliMlian Age, L (42, MI,
S47, XSI.
— r«i4una' <l<«ir« for, eppmii Uj
Eliabrih. I. 4M, 4»l.
LtamlttK In MiadW A|!M, lulian Im-
puUr, I. ua
liMminf; la Kotli«rlandii, 1. 15A-IA1
— BftUirMi of )li« Ufa In Oommon
at Deraiter, inlueiiM of, L
It9.
— - deroUon of noblM to llierilnra, I.
I«l.
— fannma namM of, I. ISO.
— Guilda of Khetoric, I. UI.
— r(rinil»f,LlU.
— iMUiBg-book tmaai chUdraa, i.
I«l.
Uekr
— oii BagHah In Inland, L Ml
— on prioona, U, m.
Ln, 0«Mral Rabat E., U. tO*. j
U«d«, L 4tl. ' < • :'
l.f«uwpnim«di, I. ttt.
Uicntir, lUrl of, 11. 7(.
-^- anger of KlliabHh agnlnat, IL IT|
angvr appfaaad, U. (I ; kor dtali*
to marry, I. 4ftO.
— appointacBi of HUnltr Mid Torii,
li. 7*
— >a paHnar of Dialif, 1. 40X
— atlaoka ZutpiMB, II. M.
— bf foio Vaael, U. W.
— Churcli rtfarma and, L 47i.
— eminarla prcparailoa afainat Spain,
II. IDS.
— (lovannMlananl of «h« Unloii, U.
XM, tM.
— htad of amir. >>• M.
— In .SMhrrianda, I iirtll. ; 11. M, ft,
88, M, l«S, Wft; runiplaloa of
munoy for aoldlen bring atulan,
II. M ; rerlew of conduct In, IL
U, *>.
— ltaiil«nant.|p>Temnrol Englaod and
lrrUnd,il.lu7, KM.
— on atubbomvaaa of Netlwrlanda, IL
M.
— prrlid.r of, to KMhcrlanda, 11. tt
— iMiiaaiiliiR of MatT Htnart aanaalad
by.U. 40.
— priJiiaaa of, thaongk Holland ••<
ZatkMi, II. ftl, M.
— Pnrllana and, L nriii.. 44*.
— a«cand farawell of, lo Ntthcilandi,
11. M.
— Siiri and, li. »7.
— aoTrr«-ign of Notlierlanda, 11, 117.
— tbratre In London nwted b; i*r-
tanuot.l. tM,(U.
— wealth of, I. tM.
— wife of, 1. 1*1, tM.
— wiiiidraaral of, from NctlMrlanda,
11. W.
— Zatphen atuckad br, II. U ; aanda
Vorit lo, 11. 7t.
UlKbton, Alaiaadcr, II. Ml.
I<ainii|f r, C'romircll la, IL 47<.
L^ipalr, L Ml.
I«nnoi, Earn* Rtaart, Karl of.
— SplMwpacy and, U. M.
— Jxult mlaaioa of, in lltO, IL t>-
14, M-*0.
Lepanio, L 11», Itl ; U. fit.
Lerma, Puka of, U. Ml
Uranl, IL 17a
Uiia|tOD, baula of, a 4ML
Uftm, L 111, tU, «)«. Ml, m.
W, 4M; IL 8*, MO, l«l, Ul.
W4, Ma.
— Il«)!l>n of Ih* 8«s btfor^ I. IK-
— boUnlol ftnlm of, L U I, MI.
— Church >!, IL 418.
— eoart of, rttagnt wdeotseil bj, ii,
ttt.
— Enxlwh noa-eonfonniit fantllM in,
ii. »l, 37t.
— FMHiourT of, iL KM.
~ PUltrim FatlMTi In, H. M4-H*,
Ml.
— preu of ElM'lr il, il M«.
— Roblnno In, il. 171.
— ttowmiiu in, IL Ui, U».
~ii«(«of, Lllt-«I7. its.
ttjitn. Untnnltir of, L S 1 8.
— ArniiDlu pnifcMon tiprlM, IL
IM.
— cmtra of l«*nilng, IL 817.
— fouBiM b« Prince of OnBgr, \.
117-119.
— neit •cboian of, DUMd, L Klft-
IM.
— HtlUm on. L »4.
— honora paid to Klmlara, L lit.
— UlienI pro'Uians tor Uuologicnl
ttiHlcnu, iu 148.
— . Mwrlcn coUbiiiliM MgiowriDg
Mone tl, n. Its.
— Ihtotoff at, L Hi, 114.
Ulwl, law of. In Kuglaiid, 1. 10.
Uhrrt/.
~ Barka on, Ii. 800.
*- Puritan lore of, i, xlli.
Ubtrtr, civil, in England.
— birth of, L &on. .
— ctUblialMd In Mrmiccnth anil
•ighlacnth onturin. 11. 400. 401.
— B<&Mi'a r"' *o. Ii' U*. MC.
— ladapaadcntt nnilcr Croniwtll
■Imw demand, IL 418.
— JaiMi I. and Chariaa I. and, Ii.
MO^MI.
— XatlMrlawl iolnaMW on, 1. 4»7 ; IL
880.
' -- Paritana laalnuln, 1 4M-4I0.
— nlrit biaalbad bjr Pariuni into,
U.400[.
— TiidoraaiHi.L80«,S07; U.t»«,U1.
— rain* of Hanpdan'i tawrall, IL 868.
Ubertr.aTil, In Scotland.
— anKHg ScoMMi Porittsa, K. 17.
— SeotkRd'f M« of , IL *M.
IH
LibntT In AiMrica. 8m KfrnMlg;
tUijitu tittrlf, and /Vm*.
Ubntr in England ileclinei «Hh War
or Rnwo. i. 8i>«.
bibtrtjr. itollgiou^ In AmerlcO, Katb-
criand InliienM on Ii. 418.
Ubwtr, Hon> of, Ii. 497.
LibnriM. i. 38.
Ubrar? AModation of ihd ITniwd
Kingdom iomU al I^ondoii, I.
85.
Lirhfltld. Biilmp of, I. 8«8.
Ufc in Caminon, Btcthnm o{ Um^ L
189.
Ullr, John, Ii. I««. ■ ; ; .
Llnaere, Thoma* , 1. 809. «
Unmlii, Abraham; 1. 87, 108, W.
Unwin, Birliop of, L 488.
Uiicolu, ConniT of, IL 141.
— RaptiaUln.'lLlOI.
— Pilgrim Fatlwrt In, I. 498.
Ltatn inlrodacfd Into Bngianl, L tit.
187.
LinwlKMcn, John Hujgm ru, iL HO,
171.
■.iptiua, Joilua, 1. 191.
U<bon, Ii. 81, 91. 99, 170.
Literaturt, Jouberl on tin of lgi»
ranee in, L ilr.
Literature of Englaml, I. 89.
— Chiooer to ArmiUa, IL 111.
— decline of, under Tudor hinga, L
807.
— Eliiabelhan Age, L 188-170;
dfama, IL 118-1*8; immonlltiea
of. U. 180.I36: poetrr, L 1«}-
170; aong, ii. 114,118.
— origin of iu •ingen. ii. 111.
— Puriuniam and, ii. 1 3«.
— result of enefgt and iwiinilatM,
Ll«l;iL40S.
— Shakeapeara and Hilton borroV.
from other tongurt, ii. 408.
Literature of lial.r, inHiieiiro of, on
Knglinh moral', i. 3to. .181.
Literature of Netherl>nd«, ii. 345.
U»T, 1. xoir.
Locke, Ketherland Inluanoe on, U.
498.
Lodge, b 881.
Lodge, Thomaa.lL lit
Ixigan, James, Ii. 484.
Ix>llanl»,tlie,l.301,804,488.
Lombanl marcbaiita Ui VUndtn, L
no.
iMitaTdi, the, IMgM of, L lOtt
London, i. at, 101, StC, 4N : il. B»,
7S,78,M,II1I,I7», I8»,l»8,tui,
tm, 3i».
— Aiiabaptiut burtwl In, I. 4«*, i*».
— Biihop u(, I. 44ft, 44«, 47« ; II. in,
186, ll<t,3M.
— " Bund or AMgcUtion " In, U. 41.
— BtownUU In, iL 840, Ul.
— OniDO lb, I. 844.
— brutal unuwucnu In, IlenUner
OD, I. 34<X
— Conipian in, i. 411.
— CoUiam'n trini in, i. 801.
— cDntHtriiiiona of, to oppcM A^
mnUt, il. 07.
*- dci6riptlon of stretti udcr Elixa-
brtli, i. ISO.
— Eul, i. 1».
— Ant thntra In, i. 824, 8M; II. ItS.
— fonlgn ■rtiuni In, i. 4(1.
— gnmbling Iiouim In, i. 873.
— " (innenii Uaptiatji,*' fint church of.
In, ii. ioa
— hlf(hvi;nKn in. I. 870, 871.
— Marlowe In, 11. 1 2».
— Hetercn in, i. XM, 86B.
r— KelherUnd nfugiv* in, I. 41)6 ; il.
63 ; nunilH'ni girrD, L 488, 48».
— nopulitliin of, I. 380.
— Piiriun pfFHCuiion in, i. 441, 446,
44a,4«7,4«9; ii. IM.
— Rccordor of, I. 3611.
— Konl Eichangv, i. SM, note
— >«i<ruld fell on .Sundajr, ii. I6«.
— SluheiipMre in, I. 81i; Ii. 1*0.
— Khip-rooner, II. 864.
— Bpaniinlihiipa to aack, ii. lot.
— BpcoMT in, il. 110,187.
— niorU In, i. 340.
— Throgmorton conspimcr, Ii. 89.
— water introdnocd Into, Ii. 111*.
— Vorii in. II. 78.
London Bridge, I. S«7, 446.
London Kicliangr, I. in.
LimJon StaHiianl, i. 8a.
Londonderry, ii. 481 '
Long laland, i. 81.1.
Long rarllaroen^ L I8«, 474 ; U. 110,
861, 8«», 876, 418, 461.
— abolished by Crorawell, il. 8«1.
— control of aim* and, ii. 879.
— comiption of, il SM.
— Bnnliah Conatitutioo utd, IL 178.
— Goiiol 00, i. 382.
Lonfc ParUamtBl, Hak'a comaitiae,
L 88S, 4«0i rain atraaU of, il
414.
— Laud before, ii. 3M.
— B«n«ure« before, 11. 878, t7», 400.
— pureejance and, II. 171.
— refoeoia before, Ii. SH6-8M.
Lniigiut, kIiooI iI HUniter, I. IMn
Longiand, John, i. 48*.
Lord Clianccllor, I. 47, 118.
I/inl Lieutenant of lri'lan<l, i. 47.
Lordl. lloUM of, L 811 ; IL 171, 120,
130.
— act againal Reparatina. ii. It.
— Bniaghaai oa pnaecuiiona, ii. 448,
— TOM of Uoliopi eirluded fraa, IL
87».
Lorraine, Robert of, I. 2«6.
Lotteriaa, L 874.
LouiaXI.i. 17»: 11.298.
— cUima Burguady and KctbtrlMd^
1. 184.
LouiaXIV.,L94,117.
— and OeraanT, ii. 470.
— )'4neloa ami, I. xiir.
— piiblio regiatrj and, ii. 4M.
Louia XV., publie regietry and, IL
458.
Louia of Orange, 1. 187.
Louealn, Unireraitr of, i. 118.
Low Countries l.'»7, 117, 124, 126,
127, 119, 141, I4^ 166, 177,419,
4<lfl, 48«, 497, 606 ; Ii. 241, 141,
877. Mee \aKerUmib.
— EngUah roldlen In, 1. 603.
— eiportatioQa of, 1. 1 1 2.
— learning In, 1. 168.
— Heformalion In, i. 487.
— achaoli in, of llretiircu of Ibo Ufa
ill Common, I. 169.
— tiieologr of Luther and Calria Ip,
11299.
Lowell, I. 84,
Lowell, James Rttaiell, i. S.
— on achnoi ijitem, i. 74.-
lomtU Ofmnf, I M.
LoToia, tgnatiiia, L 411-416.
Lubbock, Sir John, L xixiL, i«K«.
Lnbeck, nnblio regiatrr at, ii. 469.
Ludlow, Edmund, 11. 4C1.
Luther, Maiiln, 1. 106, 811, 4II, 488.
— Charica T. deacrlbw, aa a dtrU, i.
166.
— eooteat of, with Bodm, L IM.
— ichool ijatea and, il. 8*8.
Unhcr, MuUa, SoikUj quttlkm and,
IL 157.
— Ihmiogic*! nstim of, i. 167; Re-
tHMM of lainr CnmtriM intl,
iim.
Latberantom at Bnuwh, L l*A.
Luthnrnim, i. 1«7, 2<»; U. S07, S25.
Lutberani in U«niuiny,
— po|M alijuml, ritual prcMncd, i.
4S5, 4Sa.
— ProtrsUnt Union, ii. 388.
— TreatT i>r W»t|ili>lta and, ii. i\i.
IiUtberana in Netherlands uok pene*
'' cuud, IL SOS.
Lni,8t.Jiande, L3«7.
Macao, IL S7».
Macaular, loid, \.U. '
— on Ellnbclh'a goTtmiaait, t. 4M,
4!I8.
— on NetberUuid civlliation, IL 857.
— on Nonnant in England, I. SM.
— on Roman inflnence in England, i.
278.
" Uacbeth," 1. 2(18, SOS.
XaechiaTelli on braina, L 2.
Macrannell, Charier, i. >S2.
MacKlnnejr, John, i°L 487.
UacFheilm, 8ir Brian, L S80.
MadlKin, Jamca, i. 292.
IkdriJ,LlT4. SIK); ii. S8,117.
Magdalen College, L44I.
Magdeburg.
— public rrglatrjp at, iL 458.
Hagallan, Strait of, L 402; IL 271,
274.
Magna ChvU, i. 157, 272, 2M, 478.
— purrajance icgnlaMd b;, ii. 171.
— otUoibuid,L158.
Maidilone,l.4»l.
Maine, i. «)2 ; U.S77.
— Sootch-Irith la, U. 482, 483.
Maine, Bir lleni;.
— "Earl/ Uistorjr of Institutlona," i.
1«.
— OR eipoundera of Federal Cooali-
tutioii, L S8.
— oa otIgiD of doctrine of cqoalitr, L
1«.
Malaoca, Strait of, IL 271.
MaU;an peninnla, IL 278.
Malbwa,L115.
Malmeabury, William of, I. 28*.
Mandnilla, Sir John, L2»7.
Manhattan bland, 1. 7.
Hanafactnrem, Engllth, lee to Hol-
land, Zeeland, and Antwerp, U,
878.
Manufacturea,
— eicluaion o( Flemiah, from Engllah
porta, 1.188, 1 8».
— growth or Engliah, )L 50*.
— infancy flf Kngllah, L 49IJ,
— middle claaaca uf England and, U.
; 401, 404.
— Xetberland influence on thoae of
EngUnd, i. ilil.. 490, 491 ; U.
118,1111,409,512.
— KetberUn d- refugeea at Xorwich
engaged in, IL 179.
— Piirilana an leader* In, I. iliL
— of wool, at Mallnca, L 115; in
England, i. 810, S2I ; frauila In,
L 872 ; in XcUierlanda, i. 1 14 ;
introduced bv the Hcotch into
riater, Ii. 476 ; auppreaaed in
Ireland, ii. 477.
Hanufacturci in Flanden, i. 114,
127.
— AIra and, L 189.
Mar, Eail of, the Morton exceutioa
and, II. 81.
Maivk, WillUm de la, i. 192-193
Marco Polo, L 109.
Margaret of Angoiil^me, Queen of
Karane, 1. 168.
— author of tlie " Ilcplanieron," I.
168.
Margaret of Panna
— and the " Beggar*," 1. 175.
— aa Philip's rcpreaentatiro In N'eth-
eriahda.L 174,283.
— publiahea Iho " Accord," i. 176
Margaret, wife of Jamea IV. of Scot-
land, i. 328.
Margate, ii. 106. ••
Marian peraccutiona, i. 888. '
Marlowe, Christopher, II. 121, lU,
ISO, 408.
— atheiam of, IL 18S.
— life and works of, IL 129, 180
— line* of, appropriated b]r Shake-
speare, ii. ISI.
Marriage, ooosent of guanlhwa, IL
464.
Harried Woman's Act, I. 71.
Married Women's rights, Engliab the-
ory of, and on Continent, L 71.
Maraball, John, U. 850.
5N
iinnx
"HartiA Mar prelate" pmphlctJ, II.
180-187. ISO.
" MartTm, llook of," i. 60S.
Ibi7, IIIwhIi, Qnwn of Engtand, I.
117, al», 418, 4I», 430, 4St, 4S3,
437, 44S, 484, 48IS, 487, 001 ; H. >,
48, la», 144,483.
— England under, i. tt% 317, 318.
— hen;tie(i liiimcd br, I. 166.
— marriealliilip 11.; 1.318.
— morala under, L 3&7.
— Proteatant exilea under, 1. 4SA.
— relifikxia reaction under, L 317,
. 318.
Har7 of Burgundr.
— daughter of Cliarlea the BoM, il.
Uti.
— Srat t>late«.General called br, 1. 1 M.
— "Urool rririlegie" granted br, i.
l»li.
— • marriage of, with GermaD Emperor,
llaximllian I,, I. 157.
'Ibrr, regi-nt of Netherlands, letter of,
on lK>re«T, i. 10&.
Xarj Stuart, (jueen of Scota.
— ambaMador of, to France, ii. 28.
— as heir to Hiurjr TIL, L 432.
— as prisoner bccoroea focus of con-
apiraciea, i.447. '
— Babington conspiracy and, IL 74.
— " Ilond ot Aatociatton " aigned hj,
ii. 42.
•m. tbarscter of, compared to tliat of
Bliiabeth, ii. 7.
— death of, ii. 184. 241; elTeot on
England, il. 78, I0».
— death of iter husband, Francis II.,
ii. 11«.
-.- death of Damler, eridence of her
oompliclty destroyed bjr SUaa-
betli,ii.2S.
«M divine right of kings recelrea a
denthhlow in death of, ii. 77.
— Don John liopci to marrj and re-
alore, i. 231.
— Bdinbur<;li dolighli, ii. 8.
.— EUnbeth holds captive tjecausc of
hope of reconciliation to Kome,
ii. 7S.
— Earn* Stuart and the Guiae plota
for, ii. 22, 23.
-.- Mecution of, ordered after Catlio*
lie treachery (Sunley and York),
it 74-77.
. — leei to EngUnd In IMS, L 410.
Vary (koart, QueeB of Seotf : Golia;
Duke of, as relatlre of, ii. 37 ;
plotsfor, i. 434; ii. 22-30.
— Hawkins wiili letter of, to Fhilip,
i. 401.
— James I., son of,'on English tbrane,
ii. 212.
— Kiioi and, il. 2, 3, 18.
— Leicester suggests poisoaing, U.
410.
— marriage of, with Fraaela II., IL 4.
— nobles on Bldi of, ii. 21.
— Paulet urged to kill, by ElisabHh,
ii. 40, 73,
— plots for restoratioa of, begin with
Ehiabeth'a seiiure of Hpaniali
money, i. 182. ^
— Throgmorton conspiracy snd, ii.
38, 32.
— Wliilgift'a sppointmcnt delights, I.
470.471.
llarybuid, 1.386; ii.48«.
— counsel for prisonera in, iL 449.
Mason, Jolin, iL 377.
llasMcliusetu, i. 7, 84, 41. 64, 73, TT,
24U, 2«4 : iL 1*1, 201, 206, 37},
387, 480, 4»».
— atrocities committed on Indians in,
il. 414.
— \Mot snd, Ii. 414, 438, 43».
— censorship of the press in, ii* 416.
— clerical domination of, IL 428.
— oonserratire wars of, it. 64t2.
— cr insci for prisoners in, IL 449.
— Epiaeopuyin,iL413.
— founders of, i. 74.
— less advanced tlian other colonies
becnuas leas Netberlaad ioluencs
In, 11415.
— morality of, eiampla to warid, IL
414.
— publlo rrgiitrr In, IL 483. '
— Puriunsliilniduce ballot, «<c,laU^
iL414.
— Qiukera hanged In, ii. 414.
— school system in, i. 30.
— Sontclilrish in, iL 482.
— aettlera of, Puritan iofluenee on,
11.413.
— soMieraof,iL414,4M.
— Bute Church In, i. 16 ; IL 413.
— wiirliea In, IL 1 44, 362 ; only Stale
but Connecticut that burned, IL
414.
— worat tfalU ot iBgUth to, IL 414.
MUMchOMitl B*T.
— tallot In, iL 418,4*1.
— Datcb ftfugMS (ran EngUnd in,
U. 411.
— twiiHM bj PnriUni, il. 14!.
XiuiDger, Pnilip, U. lit.
Uumm, I. il. ; II. M«.
)kuricc, Prinn, L iliii., 8lt, liS, ftOS
ii. 1«8, tIM.
— aiipoinlcil gnrfmor - geoenil of,
UolUBd, it. 14.
— armf under, lu ftj *nd diiciplinf,
ii.'aMi-ss8.
— u audiholdcr of nollnd, ClKcht,
•nd (>m<SMl, ii. tOt.
— u Sudtlwider of Zmlaad uid HoL
land, i. tS6, iM.
— It Aid, ii. «S.
— BariMTtid uid, ii. Mft-»7, SO*.
— BameTeid onlpni into Obedient
ProrincCT, ii. 2A5.
— bffon Nitiiport, ii. M5-M7.
— bcrora Ziiiph«n, ii. lit*.
— npturM Dennirr, ii. U9.
— capturM Jiilii'li, iL HIKI.
— capturca 8Iut>, ii. M7.
— eonqneau ot. Ii. Ml, M4.
— conaidarad too rming for ioTer«iga,
ii. X»4.
— dcatli of, ii. *0t, 114.
— tngineering oewaa at Leyden ca-
ublialud bjr, ii. au.
— aipcdiiioa of, againat Cterea, Ii.
a»o.
— gatwroaitj of, in jklding Fluahing,
li.lM.
— Ilfa and training of, il. US-UD.
— oppoaca truM of I «0», ii. 284, 28S ;
«ppoaca rcnrwal of, in Hil, ii.
ill.
— poaitiofi and aalar; of, during truct,
ii.lt*.
— upholda id«a of natloiialliT, Ii.
Ml.
— with French alliea, ii. Ut.
tlajday In Koglaad, lu aionnea, i.
35».
Jfajl^lMwr, th*, i. 1, 74, 76 ; Ii. I7n.
— compact on, not llrat Gonatltation
in Wlor;. 11.417.
— Piigrima from Ujrdan, il. 170.
IU;ne, Cuiiilwrt, i. 4110.
KcCullocli, Hugh, ii. 481.
llcKesn,Thomaa, 11.487.
MMhUB, Htcliing of, i. aot.
M7
Moeklnbarg, Scolcli-Iriah at, declan
Anwricass a free and indepen-
deat people, II. 48*.
■edici, t'atlicriue dv', 1. W.
— reaaona for Ht. UartltoloiiMW mai.
•acre,!. t»l.
Mcdilrrraorau 8ea, I. »il. III, 288,
ilU-i ; il. 81.
— EngiiKli trade in, i. lit.
HelvilW, AmVcw, Ii. 14, IB-Ki, M.
Menapiana, iiie, i. 107.
lleudi*aa, Hpaniah anjlMuaador to I,oa-
doii, i. 188; ii. M, 10-38. t)ee,
also, S^in,
— ou Catholic uprising, Ii. .10.
— on deatii of Morton, n. t6.
— on iJeauit miiaioiia in Kpgiand, I.
41*.
— Tiin>gmorton conspiracy and, 11.
87, 88.
Hennoiiiies, nee AnmbaftiaU.
ilerrimae, tlie, ii. 101.
Herry England, i. M».'
Metcrrn, Kuianuet ran, i. 164.
— hlHtorian of Nctlicriandii, i. 183.
— oti character of Engiiih people, I.
8M.
Metcrtn, Jacob Tan, ordered int
Engliih Bible, i. 183.
Methwlitla, the, I. 4811.
MeuK, the, i. »3, lilS i ii. »4, 84,
Meiico, i. lis, 138, 180, 1811, 8811, 188,
1»S, 8*8,400; ii. li;u, 1711.
MicTDtcopd iurcnted in Uoliand, L
ii*.
HidticllKirg, i. 211, J48 ; ii. 180, 181.
— Kiigiiaii merchanla in, EliiabetU.
coiiftigiiH wool to, ii. 373, 174.
Middle Agvi, i. 38, «8, 111, II*, 141,
178, liVS, 307, !!*« ; ii. 4'.H).
— crafljiiueu of, i. 143.
— walled towns, public regiatry of, U.
45H.
Middle claaaca in England.
— conilncrcc givei control of gDTflni*
nient to, ii. 401, 404.
— debt of nation bs ii. 401.
— Etizalteth encouragea, it. 3m
— eit-luded from cflucalion, i. SI j 11.
4*4 ; cff.tH of, Ii. Sl(*-40i.
— Mallliew Arnold on, ii. 3**, mit.
— Puritaiia derired from, ii. 3*«.
Middloaei, public regiatry In, IL 461.
Milui, 1.301.
MIUo,l>uk«of,Llt4.
?.j.'l,wf^' i^... 11.^4-.,,,^..*%.-'.*' ,='.,-'.'-^_.^i^
W8
iin>Bi
"Uatmrj PHltlM," II. tU.
MllUMi, John. I. III., n, il9, U»,
SSO; ii. laa, 127, X.>4, 408.
— tUitaila of, lu free prau, it. iU,
418.
^^— *'PkradlM Loat" aod "Rmiimw
AKoobtn" (roB the Dutch Von-
del, a M6.
Xinne (Friendibipa), origia of (uilda,
i. MM.
Mlnneungen, 1. 140.
Minorti riKhta ^i^ I. M.
Mlniuippi, tiio, I 9S.
jllmiMiiipi r>n«v, li. 4M.
Mnulor, the, ii. 101.
Monopoliei.
— Kllabeth tiKi, ii. 17»-17«, 111,
SM; gniiK, lo faroriifs, L lU,
- fp* CTilf of, enumerated, ii. 173.
^.•^ Jamea Land, ii. 218.
.•«• question of alM>li«hinr. Wfore Par*
' liamrnt, II. 171-I7S, Mt ; de-
; clared illegal, ii. 221.
— reatond ander Charleg I., li. Ml,
Motif.
— AIra againnt, 1. 182.
':— Ml of, i. 2IIS,
-> Uken bT Louia of Naaaan, 1. 1(8.
— Wllliani of Oranfre to, I. iW.
Montiitf^e, Michael de, i. 8.
llonlfrirt, Simon de, i. 2IIH.
IlonipHnery, <l>'ncral lUcbard, U. 488.
Mofltgonierv, Hubert.
— Kirk refiinea lo receive, IL 28, 29.
— peace with Kirll and (ieneral
AiaenililT, II. 29. 30.
Honlpellier, botanical garden! al, i.
III.
IlinrUhcaptir<a,l.t»2.
Moore, the, I. Ill: ii. M8.
— cruiade againit, i. 179.
— eipulsiou of, from Hpain, I. 180;
U.16*.
— free aehooli anioag, L 78, 292; II.
*S«.
-^ Ufluence of, on ciriliantlon of
flpain, L 178.
Morala.
— aaatece character of, under Bloodr
Marr, L U7.
— decline of, In Enfiland under Elim-
beih, I. SSS-SSV.
— develop under IViritana, IL 28S, 288.
— diroreed from religloa In Karopa
offbitMnth centut7, 1. 188-172.
Morale In Holland, 1. 171, 881.
— Influence of Italian literatam ea
En|;li>h, i. »m, .lAl.
— of Kufilatid un acceaBton of Eliia*
belli, I. 819; of the earl; Ameri-
can Httlera, I. 881 ; of lower and
upper N'etherlaoda compared, I.
170; Masnachuaetu an eianiple
tothe world, 11.414.
Moravian*, the, I. 1&9.
More, Mir Tliuniu. i. 24.1, 272, 809,110.
Morcan, Gilunel Ilaniel, ii. 489.
Morlce, JamtM, ii. 170.
Morria, tftmvcmcur, i. 7.
Mort^){ea, reconling of,, t. latr.;. U.
414 4>2, 4ft4^88. Dae, abit
iV tie ktgitlty.
Mortlake, niannfaciuraa In, 1. 491.
Morton, Earl of, ii. 8, 21, 22, 28, 81.
— and Itilile, ii. 140. '
— death of, ii. 211 ; Spaniih ambni-
aador on, li. 28.
— Eliialwth'a perfldjr to, ii. 24, 28.
— plot of Ouiae afrainst, IL 25.
— unpopularitv of. ii. 28.
Muaes, 1. itiii,; 284 ; ii. 129.
Motlejr, John Lbtlirop, L uili., iL,
107,218; li. 118.
— debt to, i, iiivL
— on Durjthlejt, IL 88.
— on ednealion at Antwerp, L 181.
— on Etbaheth, IL 48.
— on herrtioa burned under Charlea
v., I. 1««.
— on Pbillp'a tiMkcherjr to Elliabeth,
IL9a
— ««p««ilationo(Ketherlanda,i 188.
— gn Bcfaoola of Nethcrlnnda, ii. 842.
— on toleratitm at Leyden, ii. 85.
— line of term " Pnritan " br, I. 90.
Munaler, Provinoe of, I. 879, 808.
— Cromwell In, ii. 478.
MUniter (Pmaaia), aclmol of Longlua
at, I. I«0. '
Mufie In .Neiherlanda, 1. 128-181*.
Kaardaa, L 210.
.Naplee.
— gMiidaat,i. 141.
— mnaical eoaaervatot?, Irat, at,
founded by Netherlandara, I. It*.
Napoleon I., I. ilv. ; ii. 251.
— VilU .N'etherland KepuUic, IL 4M
Kai oleonie Coda, IL »8«.
Xaatbj.LuvULi a.*»4.
NwIm, Thonu, II. 110, 1«6.
3ruwii,Jahnof,LlM, S44.
— bttcr of, <n fm whoola, 11. 141.
XiaMii, Imit of, i. I«8, 214.
NtSMU, Mturife of, tc« Mauriet.
Nation, idea or, flnl*Ktlle>l b; Ndher-
Innda, li. i9g, 2»» ; effect of il*r-
u<teld'« dnth on, U. tOO.
JVa«<o<M< Rniem, i. IS.
ll*rarre, Urarjr uf, L ilOO, 44«; IL 4S,
4a.
— u licir to Frmeli ibroM, i. Kt-
U«.
— UMuination of, IL 18», S90.
— Catholic pkiU agaiut, i. iU.
— tffcct of death of, oa Thirtj Vcan'
War.ii. iOO. i
— eiconmunication of, L tM. ^
— ftaadulent traaltf of, with Kether-
Uiidt, 11. san.
— kjra tlega lo Roiien, 11. IM.
— laaliea peace with Koine and Spniii,
11. iMI. '
— urgei Nellierlamla to peace with
Opain, ii. 383.
NaTarrr, Marpirvt, Queen of, 1. 1A9.
— author of the " UeptaaKion," L
1«».
Karlgation Art, II. Ul.
Neal, Daniel, i. a4», 445.
— «atimatea of, aa to namber of Purl-
tana in Enffland on^ acceaalon of
Jamea I., ii. 22S ; ae to tion-con.
fomi^ta ilriven out, ii. X71.
— on PreabjtiTiaoiain In England, ii.
IM
Nerrii, tlM, I. ini
Netberland influence on America, i.
Illr., 8R, Ml; il. 4111, 411,414,
441, 4411, 491, 4»3, 507, 908, Al 1 ;
on other colintriM, 11. HIU.
— »flt qualiflcalion, ii, 4tl.
— ballot, ii. 4K>- 140.
— ohaniMla for, in colooCa, L iili.,
»i ; 11.411-418: PIlKrim Ka-
tliera. II. MOi Williaa PMd, U.
— rirll llheny, IL 877.
— ooanael for priauncra, il. 449.
— iaatiluliona IntraduoeU br, IL 8U,
«t», 4in,41l,414.
— IwUdar^, 11. 487, 481.
— Maaaaehuaetu laea adraaenl be-
caaaa of lack of, iL 418.
— Kaw laglaiiil Purilaiia, L ixit., >u.
AalberlaiKl ^nSuanea on America,
renna<i>ania aoathem liiait of,
iL4l<'-44i).
— plroUl truth In, I. U4.
— prea^ freedimi of, ii. 845, 435.
— reiigidua toienttion, ii. 425.
— Bcnatc, onlr one third of iti laeni.
bera |p> out of office at one time,
li. 438.
— Suic reprcaentalion, li. 42S, 433.
— written Conatitulion,iL4iO,437,BOI.
Netberland inilueiice on Kujiland, L
nil., 7», 3«l, 374 ; li. »34, 40»,
5«W.
— BrowniiU aa medium of. IL 177.
.-*- on commeroe, aee C'ommrrvr.
— on Cummonwcalth, li. 888-870,
4*7,511.
— on free trvle, li. 881, 882.
— oD law, ace Lam,
— on manufacturea.aee if«NM/iHfHret. .
— on old Ennliaii wrilcn, IL 4V8.
— on I'liilUna, IL 87«. See, ala<\
/^in/tfKt.
— pivoultntb .n, L3M.
— printing.pi.ja,L8u«.
— aoldicra a cliannel for, i. xiriiL
Netlierland RF|>iibli<\ i. »U., 337 ; IL
153, 28», »tl2. 4114.
— after ileath of Orange, L 355.
— I>cclaratloii of ImlepetidenM at
Tlie Hague, 1.334, 3.1.V'
— ceatcrti prt>rincni of, ii. 428.
— eqiialitT of Sutea ita chief feature,
(L 431.
— foundation nf, ia Magna Cliarte o(
lloilawl, L 198.
— Kriaian^ prutectMl br, IL 433.
— heir of the a;^, iL 485.
— importaupe of, leaaeniiig, it. 401.
— Intellectual atorehoaao of tba
worM, IL 408.
— N'aiiolron killa, U, 410.
— I'uriuniam and, L 19, 88. t%
alao, Puritan*.
— aercn pmrlnoaa of, I. 81 ; 11. 381.
-^ leven prorincea of, named, IL 391,
No/r.
— ai«e and popalatlon of, L t%\ IL
830, 831.
— Sutea-Oenetal end, II. 431. Bea,
alao, StmlH- Ofnttat.
Nelherland Kepiihlic, I'niaii of I'trtchI
Irat written Conititutioa of : pro-
TialoM of, lireo, L fSS.
mon
NillMrludcn ■ aMriUim iwopi*, I.
lOT.
MctlKrhndislhf.i. lit, U7, IN, Mt,
a;s, «9i,4io.4M: ii. a, I*, 10-
u, iti,>i;,ai.t, 44»,4«i.
— admiiiiilniUoli of cHininal prorcd-
■un,»eAomi wiimiDt, il. 44<l. 441.
— ige qualiCritioii in, iL 4M, 424.
— •cricullure in, i. 1 1 1, 111 ; ii. 401 ;
Englisli Imhtu* M«u, U 40».
— A1t« in, wit Alrm.
— Anwrinin Republic raoagBlitd br,
il. 4«7, natr.
— Amerioi't debt to, we Xtlierlamd
— AMbap<bMuf,f. UT; il. 119, MO,
U1.
VT Aii]ott in, i. tit'tit ; drawn u
•oTereign or,i. ne-:t97 : drvlaml
. defender of , i. U2 ; eSccU of nil*
. on, LM».
u> AaUictic mrtfen of, Ii. 171,
— trehltaclHre in, i. Il», Ul.
— »rclil>e( of, i. Ilv.
— Arminians in, eee Armimimna,
— in lud utiMM of, I. UK, ISO,
4U.
— » ■ eohmiarr, I. VS.
— attltinle of Pliilip't luccction to,
' il. MS.
— BMon'i wfirke piibliiihed In, i. t»9.
«70.
— UlhH la, D. 4M-4H; Bibo Cm-
niiutoa, II. 4S6; tu America, ii.
4110, 440. Hve, alaa, Mid.
— begftmn alnHMt unknoan in, i.
171.
— Bible in, net BiVt.
— bounical gardena of, I. 111.
— Bratbren of the Life in Com-
moD, i. tW.
— Brill jielded to Ellaabetb, Ii. 4t0.
— CteearoOiL 101.
— calendar, new. In, i. M<.
— QllTinuni of, I. I«7, M4.
— carpeu in, i. all.
-. Caiholim of, ii. i88.
— charitim of, i. SS« ; ii. St*.
— Charlni I. againat, it. :i«,'l, aM.
— ehartereil timna, riglitp, privilcgaa,
el.-., 1. 147-154.
— chattel! in, il. 34»-Ut.
— Chnrah and Mate In, Ii. MO ; union
of, nretenled by Aminlaa perae-
cutk»,il. SOU, ilU, ill.
Netberiaadi, tbo, elTtl iMthnlkM of,
I. 4M; effagt of, on England, i.
4*7: U. «7a,
— cilll lihert; in, ii. Mil, 177.
— driliiaiioii iif, i. S7I; at Unw at
Americana iliacovmr, i. \W. ; com-
paml »ilh that of Knglaml, i. lil. •
Macaulay on, ii. Ml ; Human In.
luence on, L tit; Taiiie on, I,
>lv. ; IL 117 ! Claw of reroit fraai
8|ialu, I. 107 ; time of outbreak
of «ar with Spain, i. 1S7, IM. '
ricrgjr have no ivprvevntation In
legialalure of Holland, li. 879.
coninerce, Bngliait homiir ideaa,
ii. 4liy; effect of, on. I. 931 ; ii.
aS7, 407. Hec, alao, ComiHmr.
Commonwealth of England and in*
aliiuiinna of, IL S38; InHurnced
bj, ii. 3«», S70, 4*7 ; pUna unioa
with, ii. MO.
— conditloM of, reported lo Kiliabeth,
il. 80; wlien fhilip looli poa-
aeaaioo, i. 117.
— cnoalilntion, written, gift to Amer-
ica, ii. 427.
— Council of Htate aa repreicntiag
naliooalilr.ii. «M,!lil4. tle»,alao,
counaci for prisoncra In, IL 440-
44*.
— cnliintloa ot people of, i. «4,'H.
— dtlit aflw trace of 1«0*, iL (U.
IM.
dcvelop«*ent of, L 9t.
— iliaaeiialooa in, li. SVl.
— Don Louia de Requcacna, aec i2a.
— diiiiMore of. In, i. 170, IDA, 174.
— early iribea of, i. lOil, lot.'
— Eaal India tiada with, IL Ml.
— education in, aee Kihuutiom,
— Elliabeth, attitude of, to, ii. 4*,M;
liccauae of S).ura, II. U; eoo-
flaoation of Spaiiialt coin by, af.
fnllni;, i. 3m ; coc|uellM with, L
50A; di-nianila citica, ii. 975; dla-
honoty of, to, il. i»-«l, M, 87;
fallura or, to unJcratand, il. ftO;
reveivca Flushing and Brill frua,
iL 14 ; aenda no money, but ae>
cuaea, IL 78; a4iTt>rcignty offered
to, by, IL 4A : urgei auriender of
lovn'a lo Philiji, il. VO; urna
abandonnunt of Btraggle, IL HO i
Ml
mkomM nfagcM, U. tin. 8m,
*Imi, glitaittk
K<tlwrl»ndi, the: ■aglud, •rtlMiit
of, in nialion to, i. 4HT'4>t, ***-
491; Eliubellian, cani|»rMl with,
11. 51)8; free-trailt litMon to, ii.
Ml, »S%: infliicnoeU by, i. *»t-
4M; limketl to for help bjr, ii.
t90\ ol nixteenth anij M>vpti-
t«clit}i centur^^ eompftr«l will),
I. !M ; Ukn iileu rn>in, ii. 4il».
— Kugli'h merolMDts and manurao.
<Tinin in, ii. tTt, 174; protcctor-
11F in, diaciuawl, ii. 85-yl ; rrf-
t^ft^ in, il. 3«8, I70-S71, 4I«;
refugees iupported by State, il.
S7'>-il7S; refuKeea go to Plrm-
wilh from, ii. 411; relatioii«bi|i
til, L 78 ; wlilien in, i. IW7 ; ii.
107, I7S, 877 ; atudenU In, ii. i
I7«. dee Kmgtind.
— eqaalii; in, 1. 144. I
— E.4Utn of Roman (.liurch in, i. i>tS.
— EiciM tai in, ii. S31, U4.
— eueulln rwtmined in, ii. 414, 4M.
— feudal ajratem recvirea blow from,
1. 147.
— Flnablng yielded b', ii. M.
— France and England Kbeme
agalrnt, il. l»\ 181.
— free trade in, ii. Sal, 831
— geoxraplijr of, i. Vi~Vt ; effect on
naliiioal cliancter, I. Il7-liii>.
^ goTeniuent of, prior to 8paniah
War, I. 184, 185; under rhilip
IL, 1. 188 : Unireianlinl un, 1. il>.
— "OrwH Pririlisie," aee " (Inal
PrintimU.'^
— cullds of, i. 140-148.
.— Ilanteallc Ijeftgue and, I. 108.
— Unly iMgue and. I. 1U7-U*; il.
48, tit.
— Hoaae of Aiittria and, I. 187.
— Houaa of Uurgundy and, i. 184-
187.
— Ungiienot maaaaote, effect of, on,
1. MS.
— leonodaats in, niTagea of, 1. 178,
177, 1118.
-r- Importance of iiiatorjr of, I. 88.
— indviiendcut atnc« peaoo of 1848,
ii. 810.
— IndepenilenU In, IL 181, 418.
— indillerence of, to England't dan-
ger fmm Armada, ii 83
II.-86
Netberiamta, the, Inqaiailioo in, iw
/nyMM/Km.
— Inatltutioiia of , U. 4 10.
— Irrland'a oppreeaion coraptfcd^
with that of, 1. 878, 38!l.
— luly's influence <», i. 108-111.
— ]ud><'°i*n' «'f »- **'• <*Qi ***, 4M>
431.
— landa in ooraonn In. Ii. 41'i. v
— law of England influenced br, IL
888. .
— learning In, I. 188-181, HI, ttt;
anecdote of De•c•rte^ I. 84, 88.
— Uioeeler in,. Ik 89 - 71, 188 ; hit
perfidr to, ii. 81,88 ; lila protector-
ate of. ii. 84, 88 ; aani b; Ellaa-
beth to, 1. xUi. ; hia sovereignty
of, ii. 88, 87.
— literature of, ii. 848.
— LiMii of Xaaaau, L 114. Sf*
.ViMMW. . ,"
-» Luther in, see Lmtier. '*. <
— nuinufacturea In, i. 114; EngOth
Uke hlena of, ii. 4i)».
— Margaret of I'arma In, 1. 174.
— Hassachusetta ukea instltoUons
from, ii. 414.
— Mans, fall of, and effecu on, L 108,
108.
— mora! code of, i. 170. .
— muralitr of, i. 170, 171, IM, 381.
— Motlejr on, i. ilr. ; ii. 841.
— muniuipalitiea of, IL 888.
— noaio in, i. 118-110.
— national charartei of, effect of race
on, 1. 100-108.
— national idea solred br, ii. 108.
— naiinnaliljr and alaiea' rights in, il.
198.
— aaral eiplolu of, IL 171-173, 818,
81.1.
— Xavarre and, see A'ipNii'rr.
— Sew Viirk adopts law of. il. 411.
— northern prortnoes of, unite after
ikath of Requeaeos, nerer to sep-
arale.l. 1.10.
— oAcial integritj In, Temple on, IL
888.
— Orange, William of, in, ate Omf.
— painting in, 1. 111-118; il. 847.
— rannn in, aee i^unmt.
— ^ Penn In, medium of Influence for
America, il. 4IIM18.
— rhiliii represented in, hy Mar^artl
ofranna,! 174
M*
NxbcrliiiHU, the : Pbllip'a «itaek on
KniiUiiil, ilt n'nulu tn, ii. SM.
— pUcv of, anHHijt liationf, II. 8^.
— n.Tinouth settli!<l from. il. 411, 4S8.
— iHilitinl liialnry of, i. IDA.
— iKipulalion of, i. IS.^ ; ii. Sit.
— porm of, In niDlli ami tentti ren-
tilrien, I. III).
— PorliifEu^M treaty wMi, againat
8p«iii, ii. :II8.
'; — piw fiep in, ii. 3t.Y, S44 ; U. 4U.
— printiiij; in, i. Ht)8.
~- pffMeeulious in, il. 449.
■ — proaperiu of, turrraMtl, II. SSJ.
— Fmlnuiitiain in, 1. Ittl. thw, alao,
— public men uf, Ii. 3W.
— puhlio regifftry In, a«M.> Pnhtit rfffU-
'7-
. — nnk of, at c<ilonlser, i. U5.
— Reformation in, aee Hrfnrmntion.
— refiifCfeA from Kiifflauii in, Ii. Sit I,
SJi, 3tl7-.t7'i,4IJ.
— refdgcva fi-um, in Kn}tlitn<l, i. 48i-
4M; Ii. I«|i, Sio; iminuta n>U-
tlon with bonw.ii. 411
— It)t<^t, Aral, of, I. tSS.
— rciutioii of, to fur^'i^t powcn*. at !
timenf llufpi^not mawarrr,!. itoii.
— reMgiixia tul«nili<Hi In, I. th'i, 2S4 :
il. 3:tA, 3U'j-3tl4 ; Amerira'a ilfbt
lo, i. :t4»-233 : ii. 371. 415.
— Rn|ii<vens'a dtalh chanj^va fattf of,
I. a2i».
— Rojifra on. ii. 3r»8.
— Boman cnlmre and civiliiation in,
ILSIK, 113.
— Roman* in. i. 1 01,1 n7.
, — atlt iwluatrir hi. i. 107, 1 10.
— ttit^pnu of, il. 4M.
— arllolarli of, i. lir.
— arlHioLi of, I). 838, 340, 341 ; Hotlxjr
on. ii. 34S.
— arAiHif from, t« NVar Yoik, II. 444.
. , — Bcott'li nnd Kn)*li«lt prcarlivm In.
aupporletl bv Kl«t«, II. 371.
— ielf-ifnrrmmvnt In, EnglUli Purt-
•^ Una anil, ii. 48i>.
— 8tttate of I'niiwi 8ulM, debt of,
to, ii. 4!!3.
— tVparatiau In. il. 1911, iix), 243;
pamfililru of, Ii. 1 89.
— lln anil population of, ii. aS4K 321.
— aorerelgii of, aearafa for, begina
after death o( Onaft, t. US-MT ;
II. 87.
Vftberland't the, aorfrrifnitf of, iL
!9« ; Anjou I'hown to, L 138;
Frynca and KoKiaitd looked to,
ii. 43, A«. 57, il9i-t94 \ Leioeater
elioacn to, U. 57.
— Kpaiii.il i»rta In, ii.7».
— Ii^iaiiiiiii troupe iliamlaaed from, I.
!«l.
— Spinula In, Ii. 2«8. See Mi)iia/.i.
— .^ate and Church, itnig);!*! in, il.
21)11.31)3. Htv, alM, SlaU alol
nmrtll.
— .Stau- n-pirarnutliin in, il. 424, 443.
— Sutra-tiracral, ii. 292-2V5; lit
flmt ineetiof^. i. 154. Hec, alao,
.Srnfa-f/mriW.
— autrs' ri|tlit< and nationalitv, Ii.
298.
— ffillTni^ in, il. 429; rratoratiim
afkr implure of llrili, I. 198, 197.
— Siindav In, ii. IA7, 182.
-*- Taciiua on. i. 1*>1.
— taiatlon lit. revolt agrainrt, i. 190-
192; ayitem of, ii. 3:|il.
— toen*liipa In, Eiigiiah I'uritAoa
and, n. 4.1)).
— tnire «ilii Spain, ii. 231, 284-2^7;
rlfn^ uf, on, ii. 2M.
— rniiHi of t'lrrrhl ami, ii. 2lli.
— univcrailiet of. II. 337, 338.
— TMncU of, ii. 323.
— walled lovna of, I. 137. 148, 147.
— war in, il. 277-279 ; t-ir>vl« on Kng.
Iiiid, I. Ii*ll. Xee, abHi, .S/mi».
— wrallh of,!. 90, 98 ; it. 3311 ; in four-
Kviith and fifteenth ccniuriea, I,
IIS, 118.
— wiieliea)n,il. 33l-3.^4.
— wuraen of, 1. 81 : ii. .S3,v «3«.
— wooil cngmrini; in, 1. 127.
— wool in. 1.872.
Nelberlanda, Kaat, public uflk-iala la,
il. 429,
N'etlicrUiid«, Lower, Ii. 229.
Nelherlanda, North, public oOlekU la,
Ii. 421).
New Enicland, i. aiili., 74, IM, 171,
S2.3, 42.1, 50<); ii. II, 12, !«, 17,
138, 2(M>, 2iH>, 249.
— ballu), oriRin of. in. ii. 433, 437.
— compan^l with New York, 1. ule. ;
w.lh Huutitern ciilnnlM, il. 128.
— CoogngttkNiallMi in, II. 393.
raon
S6S
Nt«r Batumi, Dcnmcnli of, il. 601.
— education of Mitlen of, il. M» ;
retrograde moTenient in. It. 4V8-
4M.
— NethcrUnd Influence In, I. ixr. ; II.
411-118, 4«V,4«S, St 17.
— of RcTolttiiunary dtjrt not Ameri-
ca, il. 471).
— PiljcHm Fathers, cauiieii that led to
•etllcnicnt of, 11. 370.
— Piiriuna of, I. *m : il. S.18, 8«3 ;
■ft picked men, ii. 412 ; as popu-
latioa of, 11. 17 ; ss settlers of, I.
183; exceptional clumcter uf. In
moralsandeducation, 11. 410; re-
ceplire facullTof, ii. 40«, 410.
Hee, also, I'Hrilmt,
— Scotch-lridi In. Ii. 480, 483, 601
See, also, Seottk-lriA, ^
— self-guremnient in, il. 406, 427,
498.
— •Ure.lradeni In, 11. 603.
— toldiert to Revolutlonar; War, il.
4»a
— 8ute Chnrchea In, 11. 6M.
— MudenM u> Eogland and Hcotlaud,
II. 407.
— iaffnn In, IL Mt.
— township sjsieni, II. 417.
— two main streams affecting, IL 607,
608.
— un'Rn,<ill>h elenenU In, II. 4IIW,
48I,48K, 301.
— witches In, Ii. 144-161. - -
— working out of del>t in, II. 390.
Kew Hampahire, Htate Church and, L
16.
' M- Historical Sociclr, Ii. 480.
' — Londonderry founded bjr Hootch-
Irish, Ii. 483. .
New Holland, I. 96.
New Jerser, I. »; II. 304.
— ballot ill, II. 40.
— counsel for prisoners In, II. 449.
— Dutch In, ii. 418, 470; Uw in, II.
411 ; West India IVxnpanjr In, I.
^ lu.
— Scotch-Irish in, ii. 483, 48«.
— soldiers to Rervlullonarjr War, II.
48A.
New Netlieriand, il. 316.
New Testament, I. 34«, 183, 4M ; il.
IBV, 142, 148.
— Erasmus tranilalea, I. J83,
NewYork, 17, 9,33; 11 304.
Kew Tork, adoption of Code of Prac-
tice br, I. 70.
— as Kmpiro HtatG, il. 411.
— compared with New KngUnd, L
xiir., xav.
— OoDsiitulion of, i. 9, 13, 62, 96.
documents relating to, I. xl.
— Dutch In, i. ixlv. ; II. 411, 418, 470,
Inrdig on, I. xllv. ; laws and Ineti
tiitious in, I. xxir. ; ii. 411 ; I^ore-
lace on, to Chsrii'S II., i, xllv ,
population of, Ii. 4»8 ; West In-
dia Companr in, I. xxx. ; ii. ^lA
— Germans in, Ii. 47i>.
jurisprudence In, Its history n<it
explored, I. xxiii , xxir.
— laws of, widows, deU, and Inheri-
tance, ii. 463.
— public rcpi'trr in, Ii. 46.*l.
— tjuakers, Itidisns, and wilchee not
fwrsecutetl in, i. xxir.
— religious tolciulinn In, i. 260-263
— school STsteni, I. 91 ; Ii. 342.
— Hcotrh-Irish hi, ii. 487. Sec, also,
Scnirk-lruk.
— srAoKl from IIulland„ii. 444.
— s<;tilera of, i. 38.
— soldiers ts Rernlntionarjt War, L
ixir. ; ii. 498.
— "»oos of LilH'ttr," il. 4117.
— Sute Church and, 1. 16.
New York CIt.T, 1. 7.
New York House of Kcfiigo, i. 67.
.Vewfountlland, I. H88, 413.
— dIseoTerr of, ii. 408.
Newgate. Ili 193.
Sewtun, Kir Isaac, I. 222, 323 ; ii. 403.
Nice, Council of, I. 347.
MclHiIson, 11. 376. Hee KImkooh,
HtffHitr,
Nlcbuhr, Harihold, I. xiilr., 110.
NieiiiMirt, ii. 79, 314.
— Uaiirice heforr, ii. S86-3A7.
Nile, the, I. 9:1. 1 19.
Nutiles of Enghind.
— Catholic, join the OuIm) conspiracy,
11. 37.
— decline of power of, I. 80<l.
— disrentite of, under James I., Ii.
— Ile^ VIII. and, 1.313.
— houses of, 1. 328, 319.
— lack of oliuvtion among, I. ttt,
Kubles of Krance, Holy League, sew
SM
KcMa of Kcthctlandi, olM *'lwic
f(an," bjr Margaret of Parma, i.
n«, 177.
— Catholic, called \>j Margaret to Iter
aiit, i. 177.
— : position and (wwera of, 1. ISO-IM.
N'oblet of Hcuttanil.
— Catholic, and UuiM ploli, 11. 82,
SO, 87.
— Eliubcth pmmiaea money .to, il. 8*1.
— Kirk plundered bv, ii. v.
— religion among, ii. HI.
Solde« uf Hpain, i. 179.
S'urfuik (Kngland), I. Ml, «W, 304,
8.V>,4I«7, 4X8: ii. IINI. !»8,
Korrulii, Dnlie of, ii. 124,17*.
S'omautl)', i. 288. 2V4, 2»7.
Koraiana, tlie, t. 24. 272._^
— aUorption oU/gg^ I 297,
•00 1 duMB^H^aflcr,
— «fl|^^HpP9Pnner« among,
— catliedrala of Encland built br, i.
SHI. '
— cliarten. Idea of, giren to England
b.v, I. 21>3.
— Mnqneat of England Iit, 1. M, 287 ;
ii. 91 : Ant jetn of,!. 289-291.
— earlr hialory of, under Koiki, 1.
287-289.
— feudnl ajTMom eslabiUhcd in Eng.
land by, L 295.
— Influence of, on Eiijiland, i. iliii.,
274,297; ii. 2; Macauby on, i.
297.
— inatitutionn bequeathcil to Eng-
land by, i. 274, 29t, 29<l.
^ — Irelatni Hrat oooquercd under, t.
29.1.
— Jevi and, i. 29.r 294.
~ judicial Ryiitcm of England traced
to, 1.274.
~- learning and civiiiiation of, com-
pared Willi Klinlicllian. i. 8SU.
— Magna Cliarta and, i. 2M.
— not '' vulgar piratce," influence of
Eaatera ciriiintian on, 1. 287,
288.
— rarliaraent derived froni, I. 274.
— primogeniture efUbliahed In Eng-
Und by, 1. 299.
— ahiTery In England tupprewcd by,
1.281.
— ttmiiger than Angla^SuMU, i. 800.
Nonaann, tti*: mimthtei, Oiford,
etc., founded br, in EngUnd, 1.
292,29.1.
Xorrla, »>ir John. 1. 881, 182, IW>S, tO« ;
11. S8, 114, 72.
Xortii, loni, 1. 458.
.VorfA American Hmrirw^ L ft.
North Candina.
— action of, on ballot*, i. 52 ; ii, 492.
— Hu)CuenuO in, il. 489.
— inaiituliiMia adopted Iwfure otber
Hutea, ii. 492.
— Hcutch.Irifh in, ii. 485, 4M, 487.
.North Kea, i. 94.
Northern (K-enn, 1. 9.1 ; ii. 104.
Nortlimen, i. 199,287.
— (irotiuM proclaima Indiana aa, ii. 854.
Niinhumberland. 1. 278, 288.
Nortliurnlierland, Earl of, i. 828.
— "- llinuicliald Book " of, L 828, 829,
882, 835.
.Vorthweet I'aaHge, ii. 97.
Norambcpi, ii. 854.
Nurwar, 1.114.2871 ii. 822.
NorKicii, i. 299, 448, 467, 487, 4*1,
494; ii. 1.111.179.241.
— Duu-h and Wnllnan* In, L 489.
— ^ Xetherland nrtitwns peraecuted by
Uud in, 11. 868.
" Notea on England," hr Tainr, 1. 17.
Xnitingliam, i. 497 ; 11.241.
.Nora Hcolia, i. ft.
NuuM encouragea Romaa orsfl guild*,
1. 141. ...
XunnbeiK, L 82*. • . <
Obedient rroTincet, 11. 284. flee, aliei,
yuktvianJ;
— change in, after Alra'a cruaade, il.
8*1.
— effect of death of William of 0^
angc on, i. 259.
— manufactnrca and commerce car-
rietl by refugeefl into Holland
and the North, ii. 322, 8iS.
— Maurice ordered to invade, Ii. 880 ;
ilia campaign in, ii. 25H.
— neoeMity for Inice, ii. 284.
— new invaalon into, 11. S14«
— Uetend only place bekl br Ho).
lander*, 11 2A7.
— praaperity of, i. 135.
— return of, to allegiance to Pbilip, L
284.
— Bptaohinndaa, 11.314.
V,
"OaMiu,"i.e.
O'Conniill, D>iii«l, bill of, an MCKt
tallot, I. !51.
Oder, the, I. !87.
Uglelhorpe, ii. 19*.
Oliks I. 81 ; il. 48*.
Ok(gh«n, JoliD, and KethcrUnd
School of Mutic, i. )S».
OMIUIIeT,lhe,ii.447.
Old TmUmnt, i. iit, 47», (M; ii.
140, 141, 148, ItH.
— aathority of, for tUTe>holding, il.
IKHI.
— iaflumoe of, on EngUnd, IL 141.
— lawi of iuberiunce, ii. 4&S.
— forlUM inHiierind br, ii. MI-
MR; find miiirariir fiir thbbitli-
keepinKin,iLlB«''l58.
Omab*, i. 87.
O'Nrll, Siiu, i. 180, 88* ; ii. 40.
— Irish rebellion of, ii. 87*.
Orangp, IIouw of, ii. 4IN|.
Onni^, Frederic llenrj, Prince of, il.
3V?, 814.
Orange, Maurice, Prince of, aee 11**-
rit*.
Oraoce, William tlw HIeni, Prince of,
n 408, B09 ; Ii. 48, M. «4, «7, VH.
— Anabaplbtii and, I. :47, :t48, 4«8.
— at actual aorereign uf cuuntrj, II.
87, i93.
— aa. trainer of Eagliab loidiem, i.
XITiii.
— beeomea a CaUinlil, 1. *ii.
— Beggara of tlic Hen, and tucccaaea
b; water,!. I88,ltl&.
— Brill, captured from Spaniarda,
taliM oath of allegiance to, i. IM.
— brotbera of, I. ItB, «M, 841.
— character and courage of,L 184<187.
— children of, I at.
— ohoacD aoTereign of Netherlanda, I.
tM,SM.
— mu dlkea of I.eyden, 1. S I B.
— death of, I. 240, 1141, M7; ii. 40,
48, 80, ilU, 871); rlTect of, on
Cathulica of I'niled Protincen,
who return to all^iance to Spain,
1. tit ; leada to M-arch for aoTer*
eign oiitaide of Netlii'rlandl, L
SM-8S7; ii. 411,45, HHI, Ma.
— deM of Nnherlanda to, i. 1141, Ut
— dlamiaan EnglUh troopa, I. S04.
— drena,aawiiMr,aiidtactoif,LI7; II.
Orange, tVllllam the 8il«nt, Prince nl. '
Klilabcth prevent.*) Inn gaining aid
from France, t. H^*; tlireaten*
war with in 1576, i. 4SI ; in coa>
aequence he naolree to acek ntir
home, i. n».
— Eataiee called br, raiaing arm;
for relief of Monii, L ly»; hrlp>
Iraa before, I. a<)R,.}04; goea to '
Holland afur, i. »H.
— Frvderic llcnrr aa aoo of, Ii. 814,
Hce Frrderie Hmry.
— gain* inland after death of Re-
quvaeni, i. MO.
— Ilariem captured br, I. tOd, 208.
— IliillaMd and Zeeland are left un-
der, lir Anjou, |, K.HS.
— Jolin of Naiaau aa brother of, IL .
841.
— judges and high officialii not to b*
appointed liy, iit llollant), ii. 481.
— Louif of Na«Mu as l^itliKr of, i.
I»H, 314.
— Uaurico as son of, ace Jl/a*ricf,
— oatli of allegiance to, bj province!
aa Stailtholder to Pliilip after
capture of Urill; 1. 107.
— origin uf title of "Silent," 1. 184,
IM.
— Pliilip'a allempla to brilw, i. 23»,
it».
— price set on head of, L 840.
— refugeea welcomed h», ii. 3X1.
— religious toleration of. I. S4-i, 849,
803, 8M; ii. 71, 80.1; Catliolic*
spared b;, after capture uf Biill,
i. 1*7 ; enunciationa on, br, 1. 8491
— religious riews of, in letter' to wife,
1.804.
— retires to (lermanr, I. III.
— achoUrahip of, i. iito.
— aon of, carried to Spain, I. 818.
— Ht liarthololncw masaacrc. effect
of, on. i. 808 ; retires to Holland
after, i. 804.
— Union of Utrecht effected bj, pro*
Tlsiona of, gircn, L 888; his
hopen in, il. 8»1.
— Unieeraitr of Lerden founded br,
i.817.
Orange, William of, 11.477.
— and Marr rhoeeii lor bgUah
throne. I. 9*4.
OriincTs, the, ii.l0». ■•
Uslcii<),iL58,8M,ni, r. .
MOBX
Oilenil, imporunc* of, li. tii,
— PilTll. iH'forp, il. t»l.
— »ifHi' i)f, li. iin, «I18, «M.
— tAkcn lij SpaliiiirJ*, ii. 375.
— tnini>ft>lTr«l tu KliuitM^th, ii, S7ft*
(Hloman Kiuplrr, i. tit.
OrrrvuKl, ii.8<)ft,
Ulfonl, I. SN, 2'il, iV'i, 31)1, «94, 4I», !
IJO.OI.-t^l.lyft; il. IN«,1IS7. I
^-buUnical Ksrdeii* «t,l. 111. i
— Bruno on ImwHmIiih'M of liunt ftiiil I
vliiik'tilri, i. 344. j
— decline ot lenniiiig ■!, Jurinf; Itnil- 1
(Iml jcmra' wi'r, i. 3<t3, 1M14.
— DiMviilvm exclii(k*il fnmi, ii. SUV,
— ntuikiU of ( nunilwrs), 1. iTi. .
Olfonl UUn.i. »ot.
Uifunl llifanii«ra,L S7«, SO*.
I'uw, Pewr, i. ni.
l'>rlHc Ucnn, i. 414, 40S.
— ialandi of, I. tW.
. radiu, liol«niciil gardens of, I. HI.
PaintiiiR In N>tlifrlaiH]«.
— diiMHiTerv by Van Evck, 1. 128.
— Italian infiuann' uii. i. 1 3 1 • I :!A.
— miiialil^ of, ilrfcuiltil, ii. 84)1. \
ralat)iiat<',(ierniaDft ei[H'llt-d fn>n), ii.
4'll, 4R4.
ralfn-}-, Juli.G.,1. 74; li. 411.
ralnicnton. Lord, 1, xixfii.
Panama, Iftlimua of, 1. 4»i.
I'andrvia of Juitinian, i. 114, r>7.
Papaor, i(M |)o«f>ible rf^toration in
England an ab«orltinf{ qiiwtioii
in unw of Etiaabrtli, iL IS8.
PapUtl. i. Wi.
"ParadlHlxiat,"!. UT.
— Ililtun takn idea fur, from Dutch
pw't Vondel, ii. 40g.
Paraiiiiar, Jeauiu In, I. 4IS.
Pardon broker*, I. *»1i.
Paria, I. Ill), 14(1. SOU, SIS, «il, t88,
X»4, S<>8, 412 ; ii. ii, iS, S8, 4ft,
189, tit.
— botanical gardrna uf, 1. 1 1 1.
— Kundajr in, i i»i.
— rnivcnlljr of, i. ilti
Pftrker, Arclibiitliop of Canterbury, I.
441,44S,4«».
■ ''^ Icwnlng of elorn oppoaad b.r, L
467.
— >ale of beneflrat br, I. 4U.
ruUament of England, i. 18, S3, 81,
<^„ <07,8lt,IIT, ni,H7,t«»,4iT,
431, 470, 478, 1V7, 4»8, 4II«; li.
114, 141, M8, Sl», lil, 8i», 384,
HV4.
I^rliaineni of England, act of I.'t78
ajcainHt harborini; prif^u, I. 42i(.
— Act of Hoprvmacv, i. 484.
— act on nuh.cliurcl|.|iii<n|;. ii. 181.
— avt irialinx lo |ifrr>, i. 3*18; to te-
dilioo, ii. 181
— app«Hnimpnta of crown to be ap>
piiivrd lit, li. 8711.
— armt of, aiiiiiuat Cbarlea I., li. SM.
— " Rirct«>n«i>," ii. 391, 8W.
— Mnh of. In tliirlrcnili ceniurr, I.
M7. 11'H.
— " lluiiil of A^aoi'ialkMi," ii, 41. 48.
— "H<«d( ol Ihwipllne" lieforv, il
— calendar, new, iK-for*-, 1. S48.
— Catholic rraclion under llloodjr
Marj,i. 817, 818.
— Cliarlra l.iuniinona lUrce, for tnan-
. clal reanin>, ii. SOO-.tOIl ; puninlie*
bv flnca, ii. .till : aunitnoua Long
Parlianii'nI. ii. 88U.
— Colic, E<Uanl, before, ii. l.?rt.
— confli<cutri| Cliurch pntpertj re-
tained lir, 1. 8 IK.
— coirtiwl for priaonera and, II. 447,
448.
— Eliwlicth alwara aTerae to luin-
mooini;, fearing i|UMlioo of luc-
ccaaiol), 11. 81 ; c«iuntermanda
mccUug of, to decide on war with
t<paln, II. ft!
— enact«lawsagain»tCatholic«,i.4A<i. ^
— Eatabliilied Church reoHistruclcd,
I. 483-488.
— Ilabeaa l\ir)iua Art, il. 88.
— InciperlciK'e in goTcmaaeat . of
meniberr, 11, .181,
— Jamca 1, aumiwMia four, financial
raaaona for, li. On, 380; com-
plain* of turbuleniv iu, ii. ilu,
notr.
— Jamca II. acta in deOance of, ii. 4WI.
-^ '* Iiotig," bribery forbiildrn by, li.
S80; bixhopa CKcloilt'd from
llouae of Ixirda by, ii. 370; flint
aummnned, ii. 381 ; prnceediuga
of, i-nunietateil, ii. 378, 370.
— meeting of, to dacide on Mary Hta-
art'a fate, II. 74, 7S.
— nmnopulica bcfotr, ii. 171-178, UO,
11I,1«S.
^
noa
on
r«liin«nt of RBKUnd, " Kcw," il. 43.
— NiNintn or'iKtH of* i* 3?4.
— plunliliM liill bvfoTP, il l«».
— INiriun inclintllon of, undtT Kliu-
lirth, L 4S1 ; under Jiniit I., ii.
— piirrrTtiK* before, il. 171, 17*.
— rvfiiiM'ii tu sit iin Sunday, il, Iftl.
— S«bli«th quMtioti lK.>fui«, ii. l&tf-
170, iSt.
^ 8e|wnti>M and. ii. Ui.
— •taliitei of, agaiiut jMuiu, IL 4S.
«■ fuccvMiua, qiieftiiua of, b«fun', il.
41
— ■iitn of arcoinplii>linicntfi of, under
EiiulH'tli atni Jamo, ii. Sill.
— TliirtT-ninc Articleti iM-forr, i. 47*.
— llilrtrM-Toii Ti-ara (l<Mia-ie4iiJ »i-
lenl, ii. smi.
— nnioii of Netlierlanda anil Enfriiah
CommoDwraltli tieforv, Ii. S8<>.
— > wool eiportatiiHi made a felony by,
ii. 8S3.
« vwubfnl wenibaw of, imdor Jnuiea
' I., 11. tSO, molr.
rarliamcnt of Htiittand, rairiniain
adopted bv, Ii. (I.
I'arnia, Aleiaiuicr of, I. tU, im-, il.
SB, A,-., «», DO, 61, 7*. 8U, Vll, M,
9tl,W.
— AnjtHi lielpleai liefore, I. 23N.
— Antwerp, liniiM, tilvnl, llruaaeif,
Meehlin tield t■^ I. UD.
— Antwerp, aiei^- of, bv, Ii. 40,
— appointed by Philip to Xethertandii,
i. H3.
— Armada, bii rrlationK wttli. ii. B!,
B3, V4; rain appeal* of c-oni-
aiaoder In, IL 101, |i)l
— anoT of, when Leirestcr arrired,
ii. M.
— attenipti to bribe Orange, i. *4il.
— rliaracter of, L MB^.
— death of, broken-hearted, II. US.
— DeToiiter BUrrenilers to, ii. 7S.
— tirare, ftiege of, bv, ii. A3, 64.
— lHiod»inki Eliulielh, ii. 113, «4. 78.
— inva*ion of England, plotietl by
I'hnip,li. 87, 7U, »i; way nf army
blocketl by Zeeland eruiaiTii, ii. H I .
— Oatend lurvcTed by, 11. Vl.
— Parif, campaign before, of, U. ii*.
S83.
-Phillp'i blame of, U-SM.
— Ba«en,cuipai(n b«(on,<i(, ii. tSt,
I Pkrm*, Aleniiidn of, antt lakeo br,
Ii. 7».
I — Kulphen held b.v, 11. A3 ; atirrenderi
to, ii. 73.
Parma, Margaret of.
— as rqireoeiiUitWe of Philip. I. 174.
— regent of Xetherlanda, i. 1133.
— Nethertand " Ueggani " and, i. 1 74* '
177. •
Parsan^ Ibibrft, 1.4*0, 4*1, 5i>7 | il. I,
III.
Patinier. Joachim, i. IM,
Pau, I. *7fl.
Paul IV., I. 43*.
PanLKi., Ii. 130.
Pauirt, Sir Amyu, Ii. 40.
— Elliabeth a•k^ tn anaairinate Maiy
Sluarl, ii. 73, 70.
*' Pvaoemaker of Europe," Ii. 217,
Pi-ele, llenrge. i!. 1**, I3i«,
IVIlMun, Mr William, ii. H3.
Pvnilinikp, l,»rd, 1. StIV, 31HI.
Penal iiiile, Enftland followa America'*
reform^, iL MM. S«<e, alM, Law,
Perm, William, ii. 1**, *U(I.
— at Emden, ii. 4.'>4.
— Cliarlea II. dveda land lo^ ii. 418. '
— "Code of Lawa" of, ii. 419; eta»>'
utes under, il. 4M-463.
— counsel for prijiitttera and, II. 449. -
— Dutch influence on, i. iii.^ ii. *0T,
418,419.484.
— " Dutch Peg," mother of, her qual-
lilea deecrihed, il. *07 ; religion
from, ii. 418; theology from. II.
*(i7. 2ti8.
— "Kranicof (joremmcnt"of, Ii. 419,
4K3-4A9.
— Newgate prison and, ii. 19*.
— rep.(nition fur pro.- ilion Intro,
dured hr, IL 449.
PenDsvlrania, I. »ii., 7, 9, SI, *4V ; IL
iM, 434, 49*. '
— ai medium for Netlierland inflo.
enoe In the L'nitod Sutes, IL 4 IV-
4M,4«g.
r- aa southera limit for Netlierland
influence in coloaies, IL 411^
44<l.
— ballot In, i. ft* i ii; 440.
— " (Vide of Laws," statute* undK,
II. 4SS-4AS.
— Conslitutlima of, I. SO ; iL 4U.
— Conndl of, M. 4*8. .
— Dutch in, II 419,47a
PnuTlnniik, cimtini, •ntborfly of,
diw to NeilicrknU influeoov, ii,
4S4.
— OcnuMii In, ii. 470, 4X0.
— home of toleralioa, U. 484.
— nMMt adnnoed Sut« in colot)i«i, ii.
108.
— prixMi ijtlcni of, ii. 195, 4«!1, 4«4 ;
a reform iiie«fiiirr, i. M, ft7.
»• Pnxince of, gnnled b< ChariM II.
to William IVnii, ii. 411).
' •*• public rvgiatr^ in, ii. 488.
^- Qsaiiera ill, L IIT.
•^ Hcotcii-Iriati in, ii. 488; nonmor,
ii. 481 ; impulaUoo, 11 4B« ; worli
of. In. ii. 488.
Pcnrr, or Ap Uonrr, John, Ii. 18»,
IW.
Peiitliuni,iL 1 27.
IVpr^ Samuel, on " Dutch Peg," ii.
^ «)7.
Vniuwl War, ii. 877.
nrcj, llenrt, '* llouMhoM Book " of,
i.8i8. '
Peru, I. 181, 138, 180, 181, 381, 888,
8y8, 4U1; ii. 17i>-111.
Feten, lluuli, ii. S8ft-887, 8M, 413.
Peter the Hennit, i. UK).
" PheaMUl, FeMt of tlie," 1. 1 It.
Pliilailrlplita.
— Scotch -Iriah atlntcieil to, Ii. 488,
4»«.
— penitentiary of, 1. 88.
Pllilip II., 1. 188, 180, 188, 177, 188,
18«, 188, I8», 1*3, KXI, 1118, »>»,
1 1 1, 1 i S, 18S, 1.18, 18R, 118, 180,
««l, «»8-40t), 419, 414, 481, 44»,
4K>, 800; ii. 1«, 86, 87, 40, 60,
87, M, 87, 97, 1 18, 160, 181, M8,
1«8, lyl, S«ft.
M* Alra and, aee ^/n*.
«• Annada of, ii. 79, 81 (aee, alio. Ar-
mada) ; belief in, lir, ii. 91 ; inn-
htnil'a power to rvaiat, nut lie-
liaved In br, Ii. »«: failure laid
to Parma, il. 188 ; Pirma and, ii.
*1-*B, 188 ; plana laid out, ii.
fl-»*; naaeia deacribed, ii. 81,
81.
— aa eiample of divorce between rt-
llffion and moraln. i. 188.
— aa Wir to Uarr Siuan, II. 79.
— Catiierlne d«' liadlci piota agaliut,
1. 101.
— Cbarie* V. aiMi, — CUWai K.
! Philip II, death of, 11. 281.
— Douar, college at, founded under
auapioea of, 1. 419.
— effect on, of Kugland'a cuonection
with Nciherlandi, ii. 89. ' "
— Eliiabetb'a excommunication nn
recofniiieil br, ii. liw ; Imod'
winlied by. aa to invaaiiHi of Eng.
Iaiid,ii. 81, 90i In accepiiiig ei-
cuiea for Mary IMuan'a deaUi, ii.
78.
— England'a conqueat determined on
br, ii. 80, 89, 90. 181 ; Panna and,
Ii. 37, 79, 81. 81; IHTolniaea to
ratholiea of, ii. 37, 88 : reaulU to
Netiierlaiida iif, Ii. l!tl.
— Engiiih aliipii Miled br, ii. 47, 48,
— Hawidiii dvivivea, 1. 40.
— Ilulland called Iit, ** neareat to
bell," Ii. 818.
— Iloijr League againal, i. 158, fWt
li.4«.
— Imiuiiiition, attitude of. to, i. 174.
— Iriait inaurgenta and, I. 54>7.
— jealoiia of Dim Juhn, i. till.
,— niarrin lllixal; Marr (1554), i. lit;
nuptial tour of, i. 811. '
— Nararre lialed br, i. 157, 238.
— NetherUiida aa inlieritaiico of, i.
134, I.1S, 1|17: aa wedding gift
of, to Iaal>elia, ii. 281 ; ciimmerve
forbidden br, ii. 289-275 ; dirt. '
aion of pnirincea ami Deehira-
lioa of Indepenilehce, i. iM ;
Margaret nf Parma as reu^lCn-
Utlre, i. 174, 133: natli^, to,
I. 157, 158; offer of rcatoratinn
of ciril righia, comlitioua of, br, I.
469; reilgioiia cnndition of, on
acceMi<iii(l555)uf, I. M7; rigbu
of, diarrganieil, 1. 174; trtioa
with, Ii. 2H4, 285 ; rinit to oouil-
trr of, i. 187.
— Puritnna deKribed in letter to, i.
480,481.
— M.DartlioloniewiBaaiaeredeiigfata,
i. 201,203.
— Tlimgmnrton conapiracr and, ii. 89,
— William of Orange appointed aa
Htadlhnlder lir. 1. 1 Hit; hated by,
i. 240, 24 1 ; Hiea from ih-ath of,
br, 1. 155 ; price oil head of, bjr,
1.140.141.
Pllilip of Burgundr, I. lU.
rUUpUMr«ir,Lil«,l4«.
Pbllip the Fair camprta mtoratlon of
proncrtY uken from I/mibanl
■etllera'iii Fluidm, i. I lu.
nilliplh<<)aa<l, i. no, lU.
Pllillip^\Vellll«ll,l.ll8.
PkH(eIl^ (iHirnI Aiulrew, 11. 4BV.
rku, the. i. !77.
nigrini FatlKn, I. KL, SO, BR, 441,
4tO,49fti ii.2IU.»l,i8<.
— *t Lrtikn, li. 244-24«, MS.
— U Hcrooliy, ii. 870.
— Bfpwiilrr inU Rohinnon, 11.240-240.
— Dutch intiufnce on, I. kit., kiIk.
— «iO(lui of, from EiiKland, ii. 2o8.
— 8ep*ntlH*, Brawnliu, iiid, il. 141,
iltIO, U».
" Pifgrini'i I'ngmr," ii. M*.
Pirary.
— before N'icuport, il. 8«5.
— in Algicra, i. »8»-4»2.
— in Knitlanii, i. S97, 4U7, 424, MM ;
ii. I IB; curuira ti^iiiiit Spain,
ii. S6; piicotinigcd l>r Etiuixrlli, ;
1. 1<9, 371,400; ii.tUO; Eliubclli '
nutner of Dralic, i. 402-404 ; !
niitorr ot deTclopiDeiit of, in ivla- 1
tion to naTT, commerce, alarcrv, I
etc, i. S84-SV2 ; ii. 5<)»; inrrcate '
of, after IMS, ii. 120; iiamm uf
leadkra among, againit Armailit, I
iL »7 ; (tpain'a war agalnit, and I
cmelljr to captin* of, ii. »7, HIM). I
Fba,i. in.
PiuiIV.,i.4M.
Plnno, >'ranciioo..4i 182, 182.
Plaaae, Hni. bioffhcn van ilvn, intro-
diicea ilarchiog into England, i.
W, mile.
I>lunlitlea,iLI«».
Plrnxxitli (America), L 10, 441, 408;'
ii. 142, 377,488.
— eorenior of, ii. 241.
— landing it. ii. 249.
— Netlierlanil inluenm on, L ur,,
111.
— public mtiitrr and, IL 4U.
— Keparatiau at, li. 142, 2tW.
— Kttlera of, 11.411-416.
Pljmouth (England), ii. 100.
IVtrr, diwoaaion of iu nlationt to
diillalion, i. 2M, 2M, 270.
Poiaoniiig, ii. 40, 41,
— ntliliido iif Kngliih to, i. I7t-i78.
— in IlaU. i. a7!>.
FMwDing of Muu O'NtU, L in-t7».
nritlem, 1. «0t.
Puore, "Chanera and ('oititltutiofta of
tlie L'nited Matea," i. I«.
PopllaiD, John, Chief Juatice and high-
wa;nan, i. XM ; ii. ItU.
"Popular Igiiorancv," i. 14.
Portiiiial, !■ SH«, 892 ; ii. 113, 270, 278,
276,281.
— conimeire of, 1. 118.
— Kai-t Intlica and.i.iU; 11.270-278
— riploivra of, i. 892 ; ii. 4l>8.
— Jowa cipelled from. il. .121.
— naral eiploita of Jlulcli againrt,
ii. 272-276.
— remit of, againat Spain, ii. 818
— Spauifh conqueat of, 1. 2ft0.
— trcalT with Kethtrlanda again*!
Spain, 11.818.
Portugiieae, the, I. 890 ; ii. (16.
Potter, Paul, ii. 847.
Puunda|^■, ii. 882, 888. .'
— Cbarlea I. and, ii. ;i«l. .
Prarerllfloli | Edward VI.X 1. 483, 484
I'recudeiit, ii. AO.
— sacrtdneaa of, in England, li. SA4
Pre<leatlnaiion,i.ai2; h 147-161, 2M
— AnabaptiaU and, ii. ill, SOU.
— Arminlana and, iL 8Ut.
— Bapliala and, li. 301.
— catecliitni on, li. 149.
— Puritana aa expouenta of, IL 147
Prvlati>t^ii.2S8.
Preabvterianliim.
— at Kmden, il. 438,
— attempt to lutroduco into EngUod,
li. 164-169, 226.
— Cartwright and " Ilook of Diad-
pline," ii. 166-169, 180.
— diriiw right of kinga and, i!. 221-
228.
— doctrinea of, I. 464.
— Jaroea I and, ii. 196, 233, 474
— Scotrlilriih and, ii. 484.
— Scotland and, ii. 2, 142, 162; ParU
una of, join, ii. 898.
— Wratminaicr Aaaociation aiiil, li,
393-896.
Prcalijtariana.
— Amaterdam aa harlnr for, ii. >TI
. — aa monarchiiita In Scot*ftnd,lL 161
— I'harlea II. Iwtrara, ii. oj8, 899.
— Church and Hliite ami. ii. 201.
— Independent and, ii. ISli, 8U8.
— recall of Sluarln and. il. 898.
— wlKbw p«rKcat«d br, ii. 868, SU
57»
Fratoott, Williwn II., debt to, L <n«i.
Pntf, the, in Ainerivt, I. uIt., 50-S3 ;
U.4I0.
— aaiL'RUtnent to ConatUuUon, i. AO.
— cenMHliipin UuMcliuwtu,U.1 15.
— N'ellwrUnil influruvr, ii. S4t, M4,
iVi, 4a«.
I'reia, the, ia Knglud, i. 47-00; yt
184.
— d«l>t lu Anirrin, ii. 4tl4, MS.
— ln<ipn*'><'W ''""o dciuand fr«e-
doinuf, ii. 413.
— law of liWI, i. SO.
— " Martin Varprelatu " punphltti
anil, ii. 1H5.
— Hilton un,ii. 914-413.
— "8i«j!o of Trof " lii>l from, i. »08.
— Wald«Knre aiid, il. IM.
— Wliitgif t and 8ur Cliamlier against
, (1M3), 11,184.
Pr^w, the, in Nelherlaifdii.
— at l.c)dcn, ii. 3411.
— Hrparatinu and, ii. 243.
lViniog«nitun>, 1. SU5.
— NeUicrland iiiBucnce, il. 8X7. 46i,
4S«.
— Noniian hi6ucncv, i. SOS.
Princeton Cullrxr, ii. 484, 48«.
IMnciplea of «<|Uilibrluni, I. lii.
PrintinK-
— in Nrtlwrland^ I. M, IStt.
— intraduced into Kni;land, i. SU8.
•• Priorau. tlw," i. SSi.
PriMncn.
— < crou eaaminatlon of witimaea, il,
445-447. "
orighu of onnad, L tOs Ii. ano,
440-449, 4«il.
PriHNM.
— Engliah, dcMrilwd, i. 474; IL l»l-
IIM, S!06, 4M; ,at Nc«(tl«, IL
1*1.
— Ilowanl and, ii. IM.
— Xethrrland, ii. 1114, S4«, 4t4.
-<r Penu'a Cuds and, ii. 468.
— reforni muiRunr;, America *a deftt
to Nctlicrlandi*. ii. 480 ; Knglanii'a
debt to AnKrica, 1. 51X1; ii. I»5,
4t>4 ; hiator; of mcaaurea In both
countrica, I. 68-58.
— iUtialica of, in New Tork, i. 88.
PriryCIaancil,!. 341,458; H.a»,l87.
Ptocedare, method of, il. 440.
Pnmiieil Land, the, I. II*.
"Prapbea7lng,"i.487-tMl ,
Prawcnttou, 11. 49«.
— director of public, IL 448.
— dl«trlGt.atlanie]r and, 11. 448-448.
— EnglUti manner uf, unjuat, Ii. 441-
441.
— for liigh Ireuon, 11. 445.
— Juilcra' fcM, 11449.
— Klicn malickiua, il.44f.
Protectorate, 11. 158, 8»«, 478, 8ee,
alau, Cromwttt, (Mitrr.
Proteaunta. i. IM, IM, lul, IV8, 819,
8i», 314, 33il, SDH, 8»1, 4<1<1, 4SI,
. 438,4411,447; 11. I8l,t<l».
— cauae uf, in Euru|M} afft-rted by
ileath uf Xararrv. ii. 1H9. MU;
liv marriage of Eliaatictb ami
V'mlrrick, ii. SMI.
— divurce uf religion and monila
among, 1. 168; jet monility a ne-
ccaaity of, i. 17i>.
Proh'aunia in KnglaiMi, i. 418,
— aa aSrt'tcd bv Urakc'a npWla, L
4<M.
— CalvlniatkCateclilara and Bible, iL
— Gliaalieth ploU to betrar, 11. 8t,
858 ; ber ayiipatiiy for, political,
1. 438. \
— inSuence of, on world, 1. 493.
— Irlah aud Nctlierland impetua lo^
1.609.
— nambcra of, 1. 483.
— refugeea from NftberUnda, Dan*
be^ giTcn, 1. 4Ntf.
— Sfwniaii aubaaaador deacribea, i. '
481.
— tkeir cruelty In Irdand, 1. 876,
608.
>- triumph of, iu death of Maty Stu-
art, ii. 71k
— I'laler, bulwark of, IL 47^
— unite with Catholica la appeal, L
476.
— wave of PmlceUntiam In, i. 481.
Protcauiita in France, 1. 80<i.
Pruteatanta in (jermatiy, 1. 448.
— apathy of prlncea after Holy
iMgue, I. U».
— Caleiuiata and " Union," 11. 887,
888.
— L'atholk! alruggle with, M to Tbilty
Yeara' War, 1L8II.
— muao of, ii. 316.
— NetberUnd hoaulullle to. 11. 811.
— TTMty of Augsburg, ii. 888.
•it
PnKMtuU In Inlud, II. IT, 474.
— TMt Act mid, H. 418, 47*.
PnitnUnU in NftlwrUodi, I. ISft-
I64,44>,48H.
— r«ltlnUm lent no gloom tn, II. Itl.
— Catholio union with, cSufU to tl-
feet, I. )S8.
— nionililyof.l. 170.
— nut citiriutrd I>.t rulen, i. 164.
— William of Orange, ivrvlve ol, to,
1. 1141 ; t'niun of I'trcrlit, I. '!»».
TrateeunU in Mootknil, ii. 2, S, 4, II,
15, M.
Prorerbe of Koloinon, I. A.
PrTime, William, torturea of, 11. 9168.
rialnu, tiie, i. I6<i.
Public legiilry.
— Amerieu'a debt to Netlierlanda, 1.
7A; ii. 4S2-4«A,4«0; Haaaaeliu-
MlUaDd,ii.4U.
— at Bedfonl Lerela, 11. 4i>l ; Co-
loKne, ii. 45V ; Bremen, ii. 4S« ;
HamburK, ii. 45» ; Hiddeifanr);, 11.
458: Niddieoei, Ii. 4«1.
— Charleniigiie and, ii. 457.
— Charles V. and, Ii. 455, 45».
— EgYPtian derivation of, 11. 4B6.
— Engiiah agiiationa ou, i. M ; II:
460U62.
— feudal araiefn and, II. 457.
— Hanaeatiu League and, ii. 458.
— Henry II. and, 11. 457.
— Netherlanda example, IL 4M, 455,
458.
Pockering, Lord Keeper, i. 870.
Pullcn, Roben, i. 870.
Puriun, the, 1.271, 85». -
— Araerira as InSueneed b;, i. xxili.,
llTill., ilii., 88.
— American Reroletionary War »'
noTenieiit of, II. 5(xi, 501.
— Angln.Haion> and, I. tlli.
— aa child of BefomialUin, I. iirL, 81.
— ta graaleat moral force of modeni
tlnMi, i. iiiil.
— aa leader in Induitriee, I. ilil.
— aa pieked.iiol tjpiaal, Bngllahman,
U. 405-411.
— u repreaonlalln of freedom and
eqiulilr,Li»U.,l.; ii. 185.
— ta title to book, aatbor'a reaaona,
I. iitL
— Calrinlam not peculiar to, II. 151
— enieltr of, not OalTiuiatlc but Gng-
Uth, IL 147.
Tarlun, llir, effect of Hahr ttutrt'a
death iipnn, Ii. 77.
— Rngland of io.dajr made bv. II. 5ilV.
— evotutiun of, caunfn )riren, 1. 71*, 88.
— general eatimalo uf, ii. ft(>U.
— (iod aa regarded lir, 11. 145. 146.
— kernote tu character uf, 1. «i>4 ; 11.
I»8.
— I^irr.ler ai, I. iieiii. ; iL 81.
— N'i'Ilierland atmggle • warfare of,
1. «ieiil.
-^ obiect of aotlior in regard to, L 88;
ii. SiW.
— origin of tern, I. xsril. ; aulhor'a
explanation of, t. xtr. ; titvtcuitied
in England, i. 440 ; new nH'aninga
In, it. 2:I7-2»U ; Mulle/'a UMof, L
iN» : Sl)akc«|M>nrp')l'Hae of, i. xxrii.
— Hnbbath, gill uf, lu u>. ii. 141
— Kabbath queatlun and, 11. 156,
Puritana in America.
— aa picked, not trpical, Engliahmen,
11.405-411
— aa preaerrera of liberty and truth,
I. ilriii., ali<.,4M.
— Inatitutiona dereioped l>T,l.77iiL
41". ■ ;
— intolerance among, an Engiiah
ireit, 11. iOA.
-V wilclicrurt, hiitorv of, II. 144, MS.
Purjiana in EogUnd, i. 80, »i, 166,
258, 261, 204, 875, 470, 500; U.
17,82,41, 100,198,447.
— Abbot and, 11. 28l-)40.
— after lAiig Parliament, Ii. 418.
— Armada aa riewed br, ii. 187; ef-
fect of, on, ii. B, 164'.
— Arminian i>eraecuiion, elTm on, IL
810,811.
— autterit J of, diacuaaed, i. 1 5 1 , 1 61
— A'liner'a peraecutinna, 1. 477, 478.
— lUncrort and, 11. 228-23 1.
— beat period of, ii. 405 ; beet ele-
menta In Engllah life, iL 889, 411
— Rllilc, Infalllbllliv of, ii. 1S«, 141;
Iranalatlun demanded, ii. 221
— '■ Book of llisrlpllne," 11. 1*7.
— CaUinist theologv and, 11. 147.
— Cartwriglit, Induenc* of, 1. 465.
— cererofmlali and, tl. 887.
— character of, heroic, i. 461,
— cirll (wl'^r •"■'< "' >S^
— compared with tlioae In NetlMr-
landa, i. 81, 181-184.
— Chariea L uid, U. 151, Itl
sit *
-' 1
PutUM la Englud : Chaich, «ttllail«
of, to, i 44<; penccutM, 11. tVI.
— Chunk gotaniMDt u Tlewtd br,
II. n%; losnit; to, i. 47», 480^
not PmbTtwUu till CIrll Wtr,
U.I41.
— Ckiin4i rafonn aiid, IL 177-181;
peUtlon* ror, II. i»-iVI ; quwn
wMroMd, I. 4«« ; kigU icu go,
H.1M-I7I.
^ eaadilioii* which led to growth of,
ILSOV.
— Coatincnt*! InRiwnre on, II. W.
— courw of, i. 4)iMlM, 4M, 487.
— iJiup|>OHr«nce ot, m p4»lilu>ml pnrtjr
after Kratontlun, iU XM; turn
to gain, U. 4U*.
— Diweoien atMorb, IL tM.
— Doctrinal, IL ins.
— edncatiiin among, i. 4M ; IL tW.;
Idea from Calvin, IL t40.
— Elinbeih'a character lu rebtlon
to, L 44* ; II. %i, t*i\ h«r fear
oT, L 4«4, 4iS, 4«»: her pnacr
through Act of SopremacT, i.
4S&, 489 1 her ttatutcH %ffl\u*{,
L 438, 484 ; Iter aupreaiacv que*.
tioned bjr, U. 83.
— faulu of, are Eogliah, L III.
— faulu of, duo to oatioa*! tnila, L
xlii.
— hlatorjt of, author'i dlaeuaiioa of, I.
illL ; CarljrIe on, I. all., xlil. ; Jui-
lloe du* to, L L ; pUeo of, L 418-
4M..
-< Iriah OMMacre, efferta on, I. 608.
— JaiMt I., bopea In, of, II. 1 1 i. >cl4
ttS; bta aililude to, and perae-
onthm of, IL St»-t40, 474 ; time
of, as 10.
^ juriepmdMim and Ten Oomnwad-
menta, I. tU.
— Laud'a peraecuUooa of, IL 847, IM.
— leaning aanng, 1. 488.
— Ubcftjp, gnardMi hy, I. 4»t, 800; IL
t8S ; aplrit of, Infuawl Into Eng-
land by, IL400.
— Milton a> a, IL 117.
— gaaaardiiata, not rapublicMU, IL
»*■
— HtioMl d«wlopiu«wt affected \tj,
U.tt-1«.
— HadMthwda, ialneoca of, on InatL
WlhiM, aelf-goTemaMUl, etc, L
xL; IL Wl, Ut, 40«, 410; aa
harbor for, L iir.; IL St I, 8*7,
*M; rejurcuUng Si^hMUt, U.
870.
Purluna In England, nniuber of, at
acceaaioo of Jaaea I., IL 118,
it*.
— Parliament and, II. t«, 187; after
Reeloratioa, IL 4<iO; iacltnation
to, L 481.
— peraecutiMM of, growth and hia-
lorT,i.441-«4«.
Piarer of, in oounirr, II. tt-48.
rraliTterlana and, 11. 1«ft-I«».
— purvcvaiire and, il. 1 7 1 , 1 73, 11 8.
— Sal>l«th ijiieitlon and, it. 138, 197.
— H'IiiiuIk »f, ilrht to I'aliin, IL 840.
— Sootcli Kirk, iuflurnce of, on, IL 11,
4av, 471.
— Svotch l*reabTteriana join, IL 111.
— SeiMraliata and, IL IIM, 197.
— Kliakcapcare and, I. 418.,
— t>paniah ambaaaador deacrlbei, L
4«1.
fpenaer aa a, tl. 117.
— itrongbolda of, t. 4118.
— ■uppmniuii of, penallr paid bj
nallwi for. ii. 4118, 4m.
— tlieatrv and, ii. 118, 111, 111; m-
HHli for hating, polilieul, IL 184
— rlnuea forgotten in rUival* of, L
418.
— Wulaingbam and, IL 70.
— Wliltgifi and Thirtj-nlna Artlclea,
L 471-478.
— wllclirraft, blilory of, IL 144, 14iV.
Puritana In (Jcrmanv, 11. %lt.
Puriuiia in Nciherlanda, L 8S, H, 184,
IDS; ii. 818.
— character of, L 188.
— Ctiurch gorerninant and, IL 40*.
— rrmpared with Kngllah, L iltIL,
VI, 181-181.
— derekipinnt of, Inlueoec* at work
In, i. »1.
— Engliab refngeca frooi Laad, IL
8«7, U8.
— hiatorf of, ireatnient br hialorlana,
L ilL-iUL
— Influeaoe of, on England aad Amer-
icm IL 1, 370; GkaaiMl* Cor, L UN;
IL l«T, SM.
— hnda In common, II, 4X1.
— aehoola aaMwg, IL 147.
— 8lMe*' righta and, U. lOt, KM.
— triumpll of, IL 181.
mm
nt
U«, Ml, tit, 4»»; II tU, ug,
4M,«7I.
— ballM, m &ai>.
— efattich gorvniBMni, ii. 409.
— cmptioml chanwtn' of, U. 410.
— MUag thwli, IL 488,
— hlMoriM of, L ilii. ^
^ Iii4«iwiid«iiu mid, U. IM,
— IixlitM Md, I. ilrU., ilritL; II.
MM.
— bwi of lnheriuiiee. 11. 4U, 4S4.
— HxuchiiMtu I*uriun, p<iinu of
diffsmm in, I. iili., H; Ii. 414.
— KMherUnd InlueBw, I'buiKl (or,
i. iir.
— |Mrt pbTHi in Anwrkm br, II. *tt.
— perMcuiiiinof, compared lo Kng-
ll.h>*lir1li. 14».
— QiA^nanj(i. ilril.. mi.
— Kocptive faciilijr of, ii. 409.
— retroirrmdo movenwni of, ii. 4M.
— SthmU^ Hnum on, i. iItI.
— m1m»I ri;M(m of, IL lU, MO-Ul,
414.
— 8eotoli-Ir<ahoa«pu«d with, ii.4»l,
SOS.
— MirgDteninH<n>, i. ilii.
— two wcjn of rrganliug, I. iltlil.,
>Hi.
— wilclm ud, i. illi.; 11. Ut, 414,
SOI.
ParlUu in ScotUiul, U. 14 ; tipul-
•loa v( l*nitMUnt noblw, II. 81 ;
InSiKiice of, II. t.
ruriUB>, llH', i. 4«, n, 74, 9S, US, 171,
IS*, S«l, 47» ; a 8, U7, 111, 4U,
4*4.
— EHiabcth ud. Ii. 171, 171.
— JUBM I. ud, Ii. 118.
qiuik*r, tk* gratl, L M9.
Uu>li*n, 1. 481.
— (tUlttde of Plrniotllh and Uumi-
CllllMlU ti>, riMitrNKUHi, Ii. 141.
— Utpliit •lliiiatioii Willi, Vu 81)1,
— beliif of, in noti-mittuim, I. I4C
— Faiiwl, il. 207.3OK
— hbtnrjr of, ii. KM, HI7.
— inpriiaanwnl of, in Newpte, <wii-
diliun of prlaoo, IL 1*1.
— MlHMbuMlu alone hanp, IL 414.
— N«« Snglud and, I. IIIL
— oiipoalUwi of, to tUinj, iL SOL
Quakm, PMin and, IL 107, 149, 4lli
— I'enniyW ania a channel fur lali(.
eoce, I. xKT,
— penmitkin of. In New Tock, U
IK., 1411.
— nupuiation In Penne.TWanla, IL 499.
— Piirilana and, i. xUiil.
— dootcb-Iriah In Pennejlvania and,
iL484.
— HtpanUit nc<Kiu of, ii. 208, KM.
— Huciet^ of Friende, IL KM
— tirtinu of KngUab Iligii-ChuNli
partr, IL 148.
Quebec, IL 488.
lUcow, 1. 114.
IUIei||b, Sir Waltar. I. 848, 880.
— albei<niof, IL 188.'
— Iua>ci7 of, i. SHS.
— KllaUmli dearribed b«, 1. 889.
— gam lo Vlmlnia, IL 118; (launt to,
1. 88S, Mh.
— Imjiritoncd bjr Jamia I., il. ill.
— InRueoce of, uaed fut, I'dal, IL
188. ■'^
— monopoiln anil, ii. 178.
— on nuulier of HpparalinU, i. 198, *
— Hiiakeapeare unknown lo, 1. 1S8.
~ Hpenter dracrlbnl br, ii. 1 i«.
— toliacoo and, I. 820.
— ai4<opttlarit/ and uniruthfainaii
of, U. 111.
— Tolunlaen agalnat FUlip In li»
land, LS07.
— wiU'lici beliered in be, IL 144.
Ranilolph, Kir Tbomaa, Ii. 8.
Rankr, Uopiild Ton, I. tU ISS.
RaphaeLL 121; IL 847.
Kaihlin,L88l.
— Kaaei at, L 8H8.
Kaniliac, rnincia, II. 189.
Recordinit in Eitypt, L 7*. Hw, tift
I'uhlit Kffilni.
Refitrmaiiun, tli>\
— Caitin'a throkiftjr and. L 187, 4St |
IL l»9-8i>l, 41W. 4.17.
— Oontinenul and Knglieli compared,
L40«.
— effect of, on tlieorr of KOTemnxnt,
IL HI.
— Eilaabetli'a attitude to, poliliral, L
448 : k«r aenicc* qoeationed, L
488.
— Jeenlutpring up to alUck, L 411,
418, 417.
8M ■■■. IHBH
lferoniMlli>n,lb<i,La«lMrlMfhu(l5l1),
I. IIM, lU; edict vt i-h»An V.,
I. !««.
•— Motlwr Clinrch u affMtxl hjr, i,
411.
•— part plaroJ hjp N'oibrrUndt In, I,
19. Hi. »tt,tl*o..VHlkrUmk.
-> rnrluii M rhilil of, I. SI.
*» lichcM)l« HupportiHl by Bt«t« Dot
pnxliict «r, ii. XX8. I
^ ■troni(t>olilii fur, wherever Uutcti
f>r Kti>iutfih «rti8itii4 iiettM, I. St)0. |
KeformMttun, tht>, in KtiRlmiil.
— ■ffci'ling niiiuii, i. iTt, i'9.
— BiblrJiiffiiriiM <>f,aa, I. 914, *0I.
— mwU Han and, I IM, »<)l ; in
isi9, 1. SlMlV.
•^Oalvlnirt ttM<ilii|[;, earh adoption
of, il. 1 1 ; taken from Geneva, iL
4<NI ; under Edward VI., lendener
to, I. 431 ; working downward, 1.
481, 483.
— Canwiiiilit and " Rook of Diaci-
pliiie," li. i«3, iti.
— I'liurcli lanili Mid, i. 4M.
— clerKT l>epl ignorant, L 45*, 487.
' — Dumpromifdi of, 1. 4W.
•- condition of, on accMikn at IlUa-
liitli,i. 8|»,4i>«, 411).
— Corerdale and, i. 445.
•^ K<l»ard VI. and, i. <HI1 ; norala de-
cline, i. 814, 8l.t; Klioola, i. IIA.
•- Eiiftibetli, her altitude to, i. 4.Stl,
431 ; Iter deaire for clerical iftniv
ranee, 1. 459 ; her aervicct qiiea-
tlonable, i. 488 ; pi,lilii.al reasufl*
controlling, I. 446, 447, 451, 451.
•— Emiien'a influence on, li. 488.
— Voie and " Uook of llart]:rt," L
44>, 444, 50f .
— Benry VIII. and, 1. 811
■» Iriiih niaf«at'ro« and, i. 54)8.
*-» land, lMildin«r of, nffpctetl br, i. 8 1 S.
-*• Land and ritual of Chiircii, li. 887.
Hce, alao, /Mmlt WillUim.
— moralt of Cuort under Eliiabelb, L
857.
— FarllameMla indiffcrenca to, under
Har.r,L817.
— PnrltanR, attitude to, on acceaaion
of Jamea I . ii. iM ; appeala for ;
reform, i. 4AA, 487 : knallr to
Church, 1. 465 ; rllnal anil, li. !25. 1
— Habbath qiwetion, ii. 157, IA8, j
Befor«Mtlan, Ike, In bfthnd : aehoob
founded hjr ICdward VI., influenoe
on, 1.816-
— aeenlar naturv of. I. 318.
— Hpenaer aa upholder of, li. I«7.
— alalef men under Kiiiabeih jjio njp>
held, i. 45i, 488.
— wool manufacture aa alTcrtcd bf,
I. 87S. •
Refomation, tlie, in HemiMf .
— Luther and, I. 1A4, 165.
— Traalr <if Aiipburs, iL 187.
Beformaiion, tlir. in Xitlierlandr.
— amonc tlie loaaMV, i. 487.
— Anabaptiata (Menuonitn) and, I.
167, 178; unaarorjr tcpuuiloii
of, 1. 145.
— "Besgar«," th«,l. 175.
— nibk', aa inaoence In, 1. 175 ; publl-
caiiona of, enumerated aa pre-
pnrint; way for, i. 101-164.
— Calvin'i llicoliifr adoptnl, il. tt»-
8i>ii; for KrIonunI Church, I.
1*8 ; lluKucnot inllucnn', L 167.
— (Iiarlci V. and, 1. IA.%.
— eVecl of prinlinit on, I. 161
-^ Rood aull for, 1. 151, 181-164.
— growth and hiatorr of, in prov-
ince*, I. 164-167.
— Inquialiioo, i. 166,17.1; nnnberof
rictima, I 166. Hee, alao, /mfmi-
Mtum.
— Lulheranlam Ini adopted br, i.
167.
— moral derelopmeni aa cause for
deep hold, i. 170.
— nualeal derelopmeni affrcteit \f,
1.119.
— part plared hy nation, l 7».
— achftoU, influent* <m, i. il8,
— aiTta of, enumerated, 1. 167.
— upriainKainonit ixHtpIt*. I. 175.
Refonnation, the, in Scotlaml.
— affected by |M>rerty of Kirk, ii. \(K
— u ...irried lu legitimala coacluaiun,
il. 1
— Calrlnlni baring fair chanc* in,
il. II.
-^ Ktmi and, II. 1, t.
— political origin ttf, II. 4.
KefurmrdCliurth, i. 180.
— ballot ill, il. 437. He< Aaf/of.
— (Vlviniim adopttnl hr, i. IW.
— Hynoil of l)<irl and, ii. ,107.
UefonDud Erangelicnl Llwrcb,!. III.
Rtfonmir, Ilmn Iht, II. 171. 8m
Hmry VIII.
RetoniKn, Oifunl, ii. 178.
Krffiltry, fve I^ublie liHjiatry,
Keiftn uf T4>rmr it) Kiif;iiin(l, ii, 861.
■' RfllgiaiMiKlici," ii. Hi.
R<>liRiu |mrtulin«T i. 461.
Kfligion.
— Diet at Aui;>hnrg fliet tint o(
tubjecU, i. 164.
— divan«il froiu luonlity In EumfM*,
I. 1«8-170.
— " men of," 11. »M.
— ruriuini ijlil not uke CTMltr from,
ii. ur.
— aader Ellnbeth, I. 691, 1(11); in
borrowed, 11. 4ufl ; Kcpticino of
dramiliitt, 11. lU.
Reli|;i<M» iihertjr.
— Americm and, 1. 47; U. 410; u
. lMd<.rufKnglMidin,1.47,61,fi8;
colonin anil, L liiir., i&n-Ua ; ii.
498; <\>ii»titutionalgtiarniit(ieii, i.
•Hi: Ilulrli in New Yiirk, i. !I4»,
' <IK) ; .N'cllwrlnnd iiifluencf, i. 84ti .
tns; Ii. 406; Prnii'l (.'ode, ii.
46D; rctroflradfi niorcmeni, Ii.
4VS-405 ; Virginill »nA, li. in.
— Dapliiu firtt to uphold, ii. tM, iiHI.
— ^ Crumwoll gives to England, ii. 11V7,
(»l),41il; u.AW.Mle.
— Ingland and. Act of Tolvntion, i.
47 : Amirica'i example follawed,
1. 47, S3 ; ii. SIM ; author rcfiltea
■talemenu of Engliah writer*, H.
111-113; iiiartfn t». ii. Ill-
113; Nelhrrlaiid inHnence, ii.
398-394 ; Tliaeker and Cupping,
li. 133; tin-Engliah in apirit, 1.
SI ; ii. BOl.
— France and, i. tS8.
— Henr;, Patrick, and, il. 491.
— Indepandenti and, li. 413.
— Jeffi'taon, Thoniaa, and, i. 8ti.
— John of NaiHU and, 1. 144.
— Ma<UM>aoii,I.Ul.
— Ketherlaada and, il. 173, 3iS; de-
rotlon to, I. 813; influence on
Amerln, i. :4»-2S8; li. 4S6; on
England, li. 391-1194 ; Boblnaon
awka In, li. U%.
— Pnrilana aa repreaanling, L urii.,
ilil.
— Untan of Ulmht prorldca for, 1.
U4.
■: •»»
RcIIglatta Itbcrtr, Willlain of Ofikg*
iniiiUon, i' 844, 846; it. 173
Reaihraiidt,i.l88; ii. 147.
Bimionitrani>, ii. 307.
Reflwral, (Kiwrr of. In England, IL 4S0,
Kennimanee, the, i. 290.
— Oreek litflueliiw <hi, I, iliU.
— InHnence of, on Eiigland, il. 407.
— Ilalj mother of, ii. 369.
— iwgan, 1. 3SI.
lienta, UunegnPa mcaiure concerning.
ii. 479.
Hepnldic, a.
— ImpoBRiljIc among EngUith, ii SfiS ;
attitude of tlH'ir acholars to Ainer.
lean, ii. Sns, siKi.
— Tiiliie and InU'lilgcnce fondancn-
Ula of, il. SH8.
Keqiieiiena, Dini Louia d*.
— Alra numedeil l>.v, I. 818, 111
— KII«.tbetli'A prmpatliT wllli, i 8fln
— Netlirrlanda as affcrteil br lUalh
of, I. 289 ; Unnge lakei Vlliep, I.
83(>.
— proclamation of, proniiaing forgire-
nea«, i. 8IS.
— Bucceede<l hy Don John, i. 889, S3i).
Reatoralion, the, li. 178, 198, 8il», iL
8SA.
— Bapiiala peraecuti-<l under, ii 2ii3 ;
llunran and, li, 8tl6.
— DiMeniera under, ii. 476 ; in priaoii,
H. 143-I4S.
— . Dutchmen ridiculed under, i, 79
— Indepeitdenu affected by (16611)^
ii. 158, 1S8.
— Kirk puffera under, ii. 478,473
— rarlianient under, rrluhii l*uritan
idea of lilierty, il. 4lXl.
— Puritana niider, turn to gain, 11.
409 : diiappear aa poliliciil fiartr,
.ii 899; their Tirtuea forgotten in
ridicule of eiterior, i. 48S.
— reaction in nioraU under, i. 861
— avrvllily to rank under, i. 340 , IL
SIO.
— wiichea under, ii. 140-146.
RcTelatinn, il<M>k of, L 891 ; iL 114
Revolution, French, \. xxxvi.
KevolutlonaryWar(A>neriean)tiL47*,
49a
— ouiaea of, II. 498. Mfr,' oppoalikm
of coloniee to Church of England,
il. 490, aod- ,' Hroleh and Krenck-
Canadian Influence, ii. 496.
•n
'B<TDluUoiianrW>r(AiMrleaii),€tinrch
uhI Hlalu aHMtvl b;,l. IS.
-^ CiHigTvtii funiMil tiurlnc. it 4SS.
— etliicatiun «ff«cleU ^y, 114*3.
. — KiiiNxipArv and, li. 4tN>.
— liidliililiMliljr o( ookmiu bcfora, i.
US.
— nuiooalilln In colonin »t time of
oiiilirmit of, i. •.
•— no Kngli)*li pr(\«(l0nt fur, ii. 494.
' «<• Xurth of Irvland iinraignnU in, ii>
4»1.
•> not bjr a>M of Kngliih ilMowil, II.
470, SCO.
,— Puriun Diomnenl, li. tOO, Ctli.
— HoouHi-IrUli inliKBM In, U. 4M,
4«».
— Mildinn of, li. 4911, 4*9, and Hctt.
B*<oliitlon in ICii|;land of 1*811.
— noblM alio roled after, IL SI I.
— Stnarta di-fven from tlinme, li.
477.
— tonure alHilislwd after, i. 11)7.
— Tonr reaction after, I. 79.
Rerolu'tion in France, effect on publie
record*, i. itiii.
Re;e,tlie,i. IS9.
. RernoMe, Dr., on new Bilile, ii. »*1,
iM.
Rhelme, Catholio college at, I. 419-
, 4SS; li. 41
Rlietoric, UuiIJa of, I. I«l.
Rhine, the. I. •«, lit, Ul, KM, tit;
IL tM, iM.
. — u ditidlnK line of n*llle and Oer-
nanic trlboa, 1 101
Rhode laland.
.^ — Anabapti<u In, il. 411.
— blilot in,ii. 430.'
— Iir>t llaptiit churvh in, 11. 104.
— reliinoiN tolermtion In, ii. 41ft.
— Kngnr William* in, I iii. ; il. 19',
4IS.
Iticbeiieu, Cardinal. French cliranicla*
and, I. iKT.
RoUnioa, ReT. John, il. ttO, «%
— at Anutcrdara, ii. S44, 171.
— at Lejrden. il. >4I, 144-147, 171.
— at Hcroohr, ii. 141, 17a
— exuilu* f nHn i!nj;land anil. li. 144.
— iiiMorr of, ii. -^4 1-147, 149, wXe.
RolMirt, Anijr, i. an.
RuKcra, I'mf. TlioniiJ, ii. IM, U8.
RoVo, ur Ruir, i. IM.
Ramaiio-Uennan Empire, L U.
Rom*.
— adreal of umf of, in Ketberlaad*,
I lol.
— age quaiitcntion in, ii. 414.
— American drl>l lo, I. lie., IttL,
iiiii.; ii. X)7', for equity, adai-
raltr, adminiiniim ut •atuaa,
citra of ininon, baitiuenta, ngbte
uf marrial women, and comunr.
ciai lav, i. 01 ; Judge titurjr on, I.
CV
— autbora of. 1. 111.
— ball'it in (119 1.0.), li.Mt | Trvjaa
and. ii. 491.
— BaUiUiii and, i. lul, 111.
— IwUnioil garden* of, i. 1 1 1.
— Ilruno biininl ut. i. X-1U.
— Churtli of, »ce CAunk of Koim.
— Kmplre of, i. M; decliiiea, I. 107.
— England'* debt to, fur law aad
learning, i. «t, «\ 1*1-191 ; Locd
Uanidel.l and, L 69.
— Oreal Uriwin and driiiialkMi oC
1. 174-179.
— Oregorjr and Eugiitb altra* In, L
111.
— guild* of, i. H% 141 1 in Nether-
lands i.l in.
— history of, N'itfbniir'*, I. itilr.
— Inluenco of, on A>n*rica. i. KTi. ;
on England, i. HIS, HW, 274-179,
IHA ; drttroyed br Ani;la.,S*iaa*,
L 7ti ; on nHldeni Europe, i. 101 ;
on modem oivilixation defended.
L M-4M ; Roman Churcli aa chan-
nel for, I. 04 ; walled loon* oT
Netherland* a* channel* for, t.
IM.
— Jeeuil*. Faber, XaviOf'. ami Lar>l*i
in, 1.411,413.
— law of, i. OS, 10ft, 114; li. IM;
K<-nt, BoiTTcr, and Kibjr on, i. M,
OS; of inhcriunre, il. 4S1: •(
married women, minurt, etc., I.
A3, 71 ; Pandcvu of' Juitinian, L
14, A8 ; Vaeariu* make* digeat, L
193. See JmMlMon and Um.
— legionaof, i. 101, IHI.
— muaio acbool* of, 1. 119.
— Repul>lle of, II. 410.
— road* of, 1.97, 114.
— Ijatumalia of, i. U9.
— •cbool^ free, of, L 7t ; II. U».
— Tiberiua, ele>!i.<<iB* of aaglaUMas
bjr Seoau in time of, II. 411.
/
imn
•n
Boom, Kirk of, Han' BMut umI, U. •.
KuiuUljr, Kir Hamucl, on crlmiul Hat-
iiw« of Kiigliind, i. M.
Roniwir. I. *»V.
Row*, Wan ul, i, SOD, SM, S|».
Bolterdam, i. 100; li. 1IU7, W7.
— PciMionai7 o(, li. MM,.
— IVt«nat,iL4ll .
ROUMI, II. US. ' .
Rougliam, i. 890.
Hound T»blr, llw. I. til.
KounilliMdi, tin, i. 4W; U. I4T.
Rovlliau, the, li. XM.
— Cromwell hmnivn, IL 897.
Huuvll, Lord John, Mcnl ballot of, 1.
M.
Inula, 1.114, i«4,S4«,4i7{ U. lit.
Kuulana, tlie, i. S41I.
Kullandnlilrp, li. 11V.
Kuilcdge, Kdward, IL 4M.
Kutledge, Johp. IL 4U.
Hynwuanl, I. (ton.
Sabballi, th«.
— Abbott anil, H. MT.
— agilatioD of qneiiion ofobicrTano*
of, in Eagland, Acta, etc., IL IM-
lU, tU, i»T.
— lowfioa and, ii. !««.
— anllMir'i dMcripiion of Engliih
Sabbath, ill Si, IM.
— Boand'i argunwnu on, ii. HI, IS8.
— Catbolloa in Saglaiid and, li. *»»,
W.
— HTiet oa Uborcn, ii. KO-IM.
— In Ntlherlanda, IL ItT, 148.
— in Pkria, ii. tti.
— Pnrliana and, ii. 141 IM, l«0, M» ;
iiaa of term bir all Kngland, ii.
141.
— tnatiM on, IL W, ll»
8*dlar.LI4l.44a.
8alnt Lanr, 8lr Warbaia. i. In.
8ainta Aldt^oiidi', i. I«0.
lit. Bartholomew NaHMn, L 1»1,
St. Ba'on'i Church, L IM.
M. Columba, i. SSI.
St. Domingo, i. SSS.
8t. Donatui, i. liSk
Kt. Helena, ii. 114.
St. Jolin'i (ioapel, i. Ut.
Bl. Mark, riare of, i. lit.
8L Paul, li. «, I4rt; Chnreh of, 1. 174.
Saladin'a Tenth, i. 109.
II.-87
Halem, IL IM.
— ballot in, ii. 4lt.
— church at, ii. 418.
— Eiidicolt in, li. 417, 411.
— wlichea iu, U. 144.
aalUbur;, bird, lit). '
Mlaburjr Cathedral,!. 444.
SaliMaiu, i. «l», KiM.
"SainaM Agoniatea," Nilton'a debt
for, to Uuloh poet Vondel, H.
I4A, 4U8.
Sandwich, I. 4e«.
Santa Cnii, Medina Sidonia, Maniaia
of, 11. 82, VI VS.
Saraoeni. the, i. itVI. tit.
Sardou, Victorien, I. lit.
Harnm, II. tlo.
StIurJay Kititm, I. llri., llrU,
SatumalU, tliejLISV.
Saiona, the. ▼
— aa alllca of Ronie, i. ill.
— characteriitica of early, 1. 187, IM,
— Irelaml'a Chriatianit; i«T«i from,
I. tit.
Saioo;, i. 810.
8callger,i.«l«,M0.
Scandlnatlaiia, ilie, 1. 1187.
Scheldt, the, 1. VI, 111 ; 11. It, S4, T*,
lux, S18, IIV.
S(*rfnu of N'etlierlanda, i. IW, Ul.
— noolier earrica, to oiwDacticut, 11.
4M.
— public ngiatrT before, ii. 45V,
Scboola, free, IL 4M.
— Alfiwl Uie Ureit and, L W4.
— American a.Tatem of, L 74; ii SI,
410; ouioniea aiHi, i. xkIt. , debt
loNetherlaiHla,ii. 408; PuriUnt
I In Maaaaebuaeita, IL 40I , aii-
known aoulh of Peuoijriiraula, U.
440.
— at AUace and Miiniler,!. 180;
— at Derenlrr, 1. 198.
— at Dordrecht, II 338
— at LejdcD, aee Ijiudmr
— Uede and, in England, I. S11, ttl.
— Charlea X. and, ii. SIV.
— Kdwatd VI. and, L 81S, 117.
— England following America la, iL
sot.
— Jemiiu aad, I. 411, 4lt; U. tM,
Ml.
— landa to, IM laW and Ahea/tai.
_M<Mtaand,L7l; ILIIV.
m
nva
Schoola. fiw, Kithnlanib tnil, i. 1S8,
UV; ii. 140, i4l. H«, tlio,
Otl/l, Dmtnth, aiHl UyUn.
— MomMM' work in, I. tn.
— aot product of RcfomuiUon, II.
M8.
^ origin »t, dii>ciiiiMMl, H. 8S8-Mf».
— Proinuiil KrroniiFMi mill, 11. 8il*.
— Bointiia and, i. Ii; 11. 31)9.
— BcoUand and, 11. M».
— Btralford-oo Avon, i. II
Schoid (dtotrict-alloriM;), L IM; a
440,441,444.
Hchn^kr, iniillp, i. 1.
Hcotch-Iriah, ilif.
— Ami^riran cokMiiof and, I. '.
— aa adrncain of llbert; and eqvalilj,
II. 47l,48e, 4»T, IM)«.
— Baird on, Ii. 47S, «ole.
. — BcBDington and, II. 4n.
— Bttnker Hill, >°nwd« oa i»Be aa,
Ii. 481.
— CahrinMa and, ii. 471.
— Callic clenM.nt among, il. 4BA.
— dlaracler (urrocd lijr rrllgl»n, Ii. !7.
— Oontwleratc aiin» aiij, il. 604.
— GouaiTegalionuliiiiA antt, ii. 4B4.
— Dacuration of independence aignad
br, II. 4I)«, 488.
— DeiiKHTaiic part.v and, ii. BOl.
— (duoitiuii iufluenc«d br, iL 4S0-
. 4M.
•*• mlirslloa fnmi Iraiand lo Aaaati-
(■,H. 471, 477-4)0, 483.
» Iniand'a peraaeuliona drive, frm
Ii«iaBd,IL47l-47».
— WiUng alocli among, ii. 488, 489.
— Frooda on, 11.472, 4itl.
— Ocrmanlo origin of, il. 48B.
— goreniora of liulee (irni to Amer-
ioa bx, ii. 487.
— Utrtd uf England bf, ii. 471, 488,
loa.
— Uatorjr of, Daeatalt; (or, iL 471,
474-478.
— indtipeodene* Irat prodaiinad br,
ii. 48«.
— Inluence of, in America diacuaacd,
iL 471, 47a, 481-4 U.
— Jcfarwa'a folkiwara among, iL
Ml
— Kaauok; and, ii. 488.
— Laodonderrr and, iL 4(1, and fiak-
— Maine and, iL 481
— Manacliaactu and, iL 411
Hcotrh-Iriah, the. New Kngland : nm»
Imtb In. compared with Pennnjrl.
ranta, ii. 483.
— New Harapaldra and, ii. 483.
— New Jene; and, IL 484.
— noted namea in America, IL 481,
and m/r, 483, 487-48U.
— PennajriTanla, pupiilativn in, iL
489.
— Pliiladelplila attncting, IL 4M t
number in, il. 484.
— Preabjrteriana and, iL 484.
— Prealdenu of tin I'nilcd 8UU4
(umbhed br, iL 493.
— IMnceUMI Colirge and, ii. 484.
— Purilana o( tbe ihuih, II. 471, 491,
503.
— Rerolutifinary War inluenccd br,
iL48«-4»l.
— aaitknenta, line of, in America, iL
480-4119.
— alarerr and, il. 803.
— iioutii, the, numliera and influence
of. In, il. 471, 483-498.
— South Carolina and, ii. 48S. 4^7.
— HUrk, John, aa, Ii. 481, 48H.
— Hnlliran, Major.Uenerai John, aa,
. Ii. 483, 488.
— Tenaoal and, Ii. 481
— Virginia, tioreriior of, aa, IL 417.
— Waahington and Lea L'nlTtralty
founded br, 11. 48«.
— Wafnr, tlcMral Anthoor, aa, IL
488.
— wiilingnaaa of, for ac» iduaa, IL
471.
ScMlua, John, i. »1
ScoiUnd, L SHI, *',% ; IL 74, 180, 198,
408.
— Armada aaila around, ii. 104, 103.
— bithopa aboliilird in, II. 10, II.
— Cairiniam in, il. II. Sew CWaut^
<■■>.
— CathoUe piola in, L 414 ; IL 11, 14,
31, M.
— canae for pride in, L Hi.
— (>lu in, i. 178.
— church Koremment in, IL 409.
— cirll and rellgi<iu« Inaarrcciion in,
L4I0; II. 184. 349.
«- divine right of king* In, ii. 13.
— education lu, I. 438, 484 ; ii. 14.
— amignttion lo North of Ireland
from, il. 471
— Englaod'a loaa of prtailge la, U. M
moBZ
«7t
SmUswI, «qiulh7 af ma in, IL
1«.
— Prtaeh doIgM w. H. 4, 1.
— Blfhlaiidcr of, 1. 10*.
— iodepciuleiKa of, woo b^ BcnMck-
bam, 1. 1«*.
Irfnwiri nf. irn ffmllih mil IitttI
••alk«wbl,iLl,l«, 17.
-^ itnm I. In, M* Jmmm I.
— imam V. of, M Jhmm t'.
— Jfcalu >iid Uwwi la, iL M.
— Kirko(,M* A'irt.lik.
— Kboi, m* A'km, Mm.
— kadi la, ft Uod.
— Uod eaaM* Nntt la, il. Mil.
— Ubnrin in, L U.
— Marr Siturt, m* JMy ahmri.
— wnmrrn In, IL It.
— MelTillo la, IL It, 1*.
— Bobha of, IL «, M.
— rMbTtcrUuia,lLItS. 8m,>Iw,
— lUfonaatloa in, we Rt/trmutim.
— Sabbath in, il.lM.
— Mbool aTUm of, IL ttt, St*.
— "goinaa Ua(«« and Conaaat,"
U.41.
— Tolaatacn of, la IMch tx^j, L
1*0; Il.t7«.
— wool of, Lilt.
Scripture*, we BiiU.
Hcroob;, li. 141, Ul; VL 170, Kl.
8cTthia,l.ai4.
8eMea,John,ii.I44,8tt.
Mt-goTeraaieot
— AaMtk* anil Knuland conpand, L
4t-4«. »8 : ii. MS.
— BaptbU' belief in, ii. «S5.
— baeta of all, ii. Ul, ttl.
— darelopncut in N'etherlaade, 1.
1»S; 11. 4«n,4««.
— BBaUad'i lack of, li. St*.
— faiU uDdcr Coaaaaweallb, IL 40«,
407.
— Puriune and, I. ilii., I. ; iL 410.
Snata, age qualiSnUoa, RMaaa tad
AoMrican, IL •>».
BnataatMalberiaad*.
— bnnda BagUtk miai, L tit.
— tatnaaea oa iamioa, U. 411
— Jadgea aoaUaaltd bj, U. Ma
Scoale of Konie, IL 4M, Ml.
Senate of United Butee.
— oi|nDiaaUoa of, L It.
Seatt* of United Mate*, poaera «f,L
1».
— Hut* repnaeaUlloa In, iL 4M.
— third HO nut at on* tlma, KetlHik .
land Intueoee, U. 4M.
— wrilen of England on, L ML . ' .-.
8epai*tiiu, th«, iL !I0«.
— Awalerdani herhora, IL S71, 4*4.
— Ap-Henrjr and, iL 1«9, 1*0.
— Bancroft ami, iL 2t»-!i»lj • .
..- Ba|)tl«ta and, iL mm. Sot.
— Darrowe and, il. IH8, |8».
— Bible and, IL 14*.
— Brewaier and Bradford aad, IL
X4l-14t.
— Brown* aa fouader of, IL 1 7»- 1 tl. -^
— (niURh*bueeaaad,IL181. '
— llinrcta and Huu doctrine, U. ItO,
III, 101.
— coloaiaa of, L 4M.
— C'opplnif and, ii. 181-114. .
— debt of world lo. ii. IM. ■ ■-
— hiatorjrof.iLnt-IDl. -i.
— Netherlaada harbor, IL It*, 1*0,
111, 171, 4t4 ; do not anpnort,
IL 171.
— pamublela aptead bj, IL It*.
— Parllanirnt aitaiiiat, a 1*7, IM.
— peraecuUofl of, in Kagland, IL Itt-
Itt, lllS.lll.
— niRrim ■''atbers aad, IL 141, KM,
141-110.
— prea* aad, IL 111.
— Puritaaa aad, IL It, IM, 1*7, M,'
— gtiaker* aad, ILWt. -
— Hale* Cbarch and, U. 4M.
— Tb*«ker aad, IL 181-114.
8ei«HNi oa the MovDt, L 111.
aertn*, a 47, 17*.
Rejrmour, Ooreraor Horatio, L T.
Hiaftaaburr, Chancellor, L 81.
Hbafleabur;, htl of ( AahlrrI, lUH
IL 44«.
8h*ke*p*ar^ WIUiaM, I. I*, 71, 10^ .
W4,1U,1M,I4*.
— apprapriatea Harlow*'* Uar*, U.
111.
— aaaMor.lLin.
— at Hliailwd lebMil, L II
— boinm fraa all Hiaratare, ii. 4«Ml,
— Chatham *■ hiatorj in playt of, U.
114.
— Ennhuid'a failar* I* aapradatt, L
Mt.
— Or«caon,ILIU.
gbikMpMM, WIIUmd, -HradM," I.
— ham* of, dcMribed, I. IM.
— Jiidllh, •Uimhln of, i. U9.
— '• KinK Juhll " qiHiWd, i. 441.
— lifr ttf, ankiKHrii. ii. 115.
— " HwlMtk," L Ml.
— Muiumt tmttnd with, H. I».
— rnriluM aad, L iii«UI., 4U.
— Mvptlciwa of, II. IM.
«■ " Vcnua mhI Aduni'." ftj hr, U.
184.
— wltchM brilcnd In bj, Ii. U4-14«.
Hhiii O'Nrll, L »7»-«7».
RbHRrkl. i 4»l.
Bhrtlrv. Pnrj nyMk*, ii. (7.
"Miriilwrd'i Calnadar," IL 117. 8«
f^MHttr, JCHmufuL
Nilp-nioncr, ii. 47, 4«, M*. X«4, 378.
tUirewibun, i. 47A.
Htirore-TiMxlKT, in euMm, L Ut.
HhjtIwIi.li. IM.
HciliM, ilir, i. I>4.
aWnrr, Nr AlRifiian, L 4N ; ii. IW.
— Dutch InBufiK* iwu ii. 4I», 4M.
— Nsiioot to Pemujlnula Ooik, IL
4ly,4U.
Mdnvf, Hir Hmrr, I. Mi>, 4tn ; IL IM.
HdM<r, Wr riiilip, L S«4, 144, UI,
HA*, SW); Ii. 1)7, IM.
— "Arcadia,"!. IM.
•— AkcI rapturfd bv, ii. AA«
>- body Klaed for dfbt, it «9.
— rbancterofiLtMi iL«7,M.
— imtk ol, ml«r M djtiiw nUitr, IL
M, «4.
— Fliuhiag eplMilr, IL S3.
8i«rni Uone, L i»7.
Kiln, Da, B|>uUh anbaiwder, 1. 4M,
431.
Hkrlion, Mr (Hal«m Cbureb), IL 411.
KkiptoiiCuile,L«27,*M.
Hantjr.
— AiMtieu Coloniat uti, I IM ; iL
»ni; Introduction of, i. M5;
Nvrth tndi unproaubl*, 11. 301 ;
Hoiith ditldnl (roiu North b;, IL
301,304.
— Priuin and, till i«iitheMUr7,LUl.
— L'hurrh of IlMaa and, I. IM.
— ElinbHh cocouiacM, L IN, 1*7.
— Eaglawi abalMM, iL COt; gnat-
•tt tndar in world, L IM, IMi
wvfkiMa of, d«ira aboUlion of,
ILIOi.
8l»«rr, b(llah nobba anil Ml.
— OM TaalaaMnI and. U. Mt.
— QMltara and, il. 301.
— SeMob-IrWi »d. ■<■ (M-
— afatotadTllW-M}.
Blatbaawar, Dr. F. O, L Ir. ; •ckiowl.
idenwiu of aaibor to, U. 4M,
and «ol<.
Man, Ii. 31, 80, m.
— kliaabcih and, IL 171.
— Parma and, iL 7*.
— Hnanlanli and, II. 171.
Smith, Capuin John, iL 171
Soiiih, Kcr. HjrdncT, L 31
fmitli, Mr Thoniaa, L 141.
MnithHcId, L 33N, 4«>, 484.
Kai;lh,JohB,iLlt4l,!l4!l.
8««llluB,LNI.
■Hoeial Ctaditioa and iUiKatiaa-n(
tb«In>liakFMf>la,"LI4.
■8aeiM7 of Frknda" (Qnakan), ii.
f04,
'Solann iMgna and Omaaal," ii.
131, tM.
BoUcilor of iIm Trananry, IL 441.
Boloawn, Prortrba of, i. «.
Lard,LlM4i iilfl.
Dnka of, i. I7«, III.
nova*, LIIB. <
8o«itnr«ahlrr,L»7l.l7». „.
"gonaof Ubfft;,"iL4»7.
Honuiao. KUjabctk dcaeribcd bf,\
410.
floMli America, I. lllL, 401. ^ '
South Carolina, 11. 400, 4W.
— dwtdi-lriah in, IL 413, 417.
SouuSmplaa, Karl of, IL 113.
Houilicv. ii. lit
'A a' (8o«<r of Hadilion), II. III.
a^iain, L III, 177, 181, 181, IM, Ml,
M8,IM,IM; U. II, 31, M, 17,
IM, III, til, t8«-WI, 308, 3111.
— Alaundar VI., pope, gnnu landa
In Aawifcs to, L 183.
— ambaaaador tram, to Tlw UauM
(l8M),kM; loUlada^L IM: U.
M, M, M; OoUum'a trial aifad
bf , L m ; Prooda on iMIan to
FbiUp fiMfe, i. 44», 430 ; on Cath-
olic •frirfoc in Ki«lud, IL M;
m daalhrf "
Morton, IL M : oii
la Bneland, L
4»; anPlllnUnta infartind,
L 4M, 411, «(•: Throiinann
cwifltm awl, ai7.lt.
»IWX
Ml
8p*ia, AiMfte'i diMtnn m afliM-
la(,LlM,UI.
— AnMHb,l.4,tTt,4M,iflO; il.Mi
MM af p«i|ita In, U. 81, M;
tufjMt pirmlM MiluMi >' IH.
H<K,«Iia,^r»M<fa.
— M Uadw ut CMbglk Kmvm, L
ni. - I
— wlndir (m«) hi, 11. M.
— OUriM I. of bclaiMl, la trMljr '
whh, KplMt XcUwrhiHb, 11. Ml,
U*.
— CwriM v., m C><ir<« r.
— C«lif(tijr againtit puwi^r of, i. t(H>.
— cmnnxfiva of, i. 117; Da U Marvk
Hul, I. I INI; NrtberUixJi •wl
Bnghnil aKtinat, I. >I9»; war!
B*nr inkfmipu KttlxrltMU
ooaiiutfrw wUh, U. fSV, I
— CortM, llw, i. n».
— ooiirtirra (ram, in Kngluiil *1Ui
niitip. i. tit.
— . ernnibllng of empire of, ii. tl8.
— docility uT aubjecu of, iL *M.
— Drake aeiaee troaore* of, U. 4(M,
401, 40»i
— Baat India trade aa huoe of eon.
lentiuii bcKern Nellierluida ud,
II. SM, !IM.
— Waabeili and ber auitad* to, I.
Ml, «»», 4M, 4M, M« ; II. •, 14,
U ; her inlrlgM* with, I. M« ; U.
184; In ItXS, il. Sit-«o; her
vtewa In refpinl to pctwe witli,
L l»»; il. Ut, iMH), SM; in ro-
(i ganl to war with, iL 49, AS, fiS,
»i, 7S; Neilwrland" accuaed lij
her of nrnMiationa with, II. 71.
— Knglaiid nut cowed bjr. II. 1 1*, 117 ;
kn «le» of power of, ii. I !«, I U,
IM,tM.
— trnttitk niratm afliiut, 1. IW, ttl,
4i» ; 11. U, ItO.
— fwiiiiie In, Ii. 47.
— feudal aiaten in, I. ItT.
— AaaMUmlaof,!!. ML
— France >Bd, after Hngoenot mu.
aMt«,L10i.
— flernaui; and. Ii. »I8.
-~ Qninada's oonqueet and, I. ISO.
— lUwklna In, I. 400,401.
— BoirT ML of FraMB wd, I. IN;
ii. 4*.
— Inquiaitlon ealaldieked in, 1. IK.
Spain, JaiMi U of Bagtend ud, U
HIT, llWI,t«l.
— Jeawlu in, 1. 4IS; from. In E^
Uod, Ii. in» ; la HootUnd, II. tl.
— J*waeip>ll(dfroa>,l. I7», lw>; II.
Ill, IM, Ml, M«; inlanx'c on
leamini in, i. I7n.
— lufiMKa of, aot daetfOTwl hi cm*
qnenra, L I0«; In yetb<-rlanJt,
1. I 111.
— LrjcMler on war uf Kn|Uuid wHI^
it.«l
— libenr in, 1. StM; Hotkle lore of,
in, 1. 178, 17V.
— Meilra nnd, i. 1(», «(«. W*.
— moneTa of, aelaad bj KUabeth, L
18*.
— Moor* eipelM (roB, I. 17», 180 1
ii. HM, 8«8 ; inlunire on ririlia-
tiiM in, I. 178; on aehuole iii, L
— moumintc not allowed la, ■flur A»>
mada, 11. lot.
— Nrthcrlanda, citin of, loral to, I
1I8*^2S8; rlctory orcr, and rf.
Bult>, I. 4, VS, IM, 1«7, X0», tl7,
l»7, m, Ul, MU, tM, 884 ; hrr
war will,, I. (1)4, \M, 1>4, UR,
147, 181, 171, Ml; ii. 1.80,810,
SS4, 847, t*«,411 ; theorjr of, 11.
8IO.
— noblea of, Inrbulml la character, L
n».
— Peru and. i. 1 81,. 180.
— rillllp William of OrenRe aa plk>
oner in, L 118; il. IVK. ml:
— Ftonugucne r«rult fnini. Ii. 818.
— powrr* of. In 1880- 8», V Uf,
Mil.
— priaonen and rminael la, il. 44l>
— f*<igion of, flird bjr mlrr, L IM. >
— revenuea of, L 188.
— aehoola of, i. Ill; Jewa and, I.
178, tM; Koorttad, I. IN; Ii
18*.
— •eiiure of KetbarUnd raUcIa hr,
ii. 180l
-- alairer; u riawed br, L 8M, 8M,
8M,8»7.
— Midlera of, la KaUieriaBib, I. 181,
IM, 118, 114, 118, Ml ; IL IM,
M8 ; lUamiaasi of, i. Ml ; raulinT
aawnir, and " Spnniah Farr." L
111) : aUin at llarlaiB, L 107, 110;
at NWuport, IL IM.
IXDIX
8p*l«, Thirtj Ymh' Wn u<l, tL SI I.
— liiiw of F^nliiuiiHl •Ml lubelta
(H«ll),i.l1S-ISI.
— true* ut !«(>• wlih NtUMrlaudi,
ii. iU-m, aiM: rantwal de-
muulnl Ity, in lO'il, ii. ai;i,
— Tnwli of, captuiwl b< Crumnll'i
imt;, i. M ; by Tramp, Ii. 1 1 7.
— Tujucn of, i. IIM-M*.
— wmIiIi uf, L 1**.
— woi>lo«,i,IJ8.
— X«»ler, FranciMO, la, 1. 411
"Spttiiib Kurr," llw, I. ««»
BpcDcvr, HerlKrt, i. in, *».
nNHi«er, Kdrnimd. i. ^1 1.
-L >K< wliich pKHlucnl liin, I. IM, Mik.
— a> > I'uriun, Ii. 127, KB.
— Iriah rnnpaiftn und, i. Ml ; Ii. 1!«.
— life of. ami " Ksirio Qu««i« " di«^
ctuwd,li. ISO, 127.
— PMWU of, ii. 121.
— phii for nuiSeation of Iratend, ii.
in.
— BhakeupMra nnlinowii to, I, }M.
— "Wnpliwd'. r«U*d«r,"il. 1»7.
"Spiiihuri," ii. IM.
Spinola, lUnjuia uf, II. 2«8, iM, tl4.
8i>inaa^l. 221.
Spiritual Cuuna, L 4M.
SpitibetgeD,a.ll».
Bporta.
— May rtftlTal, I. Mt.
— of txmdrin, I. MO.
8tad«, Enitliah ineiThuita drirai on
of, U. 874.
Stadtlui.Ta of Annterdam, Ii. tSS.
Stun HI in America, i. IM.
Buata, Hir AnlliunT. i. 170.
■ktadlab. Mile*, ii. 977.
BUuiley,HrWillUiii.
— I/eiMiter appoiata, lo Denater, U.
72.
— treaioa of, newa in Knttlaitd, Ii. 74.
OUrCbaraber, Cliariea 1. and, ii. M2.
— Umg Parliament ahollilira. ii. 878.
— preu mualed l>y, ii. IM, 1(8.
Stanhiiig introdiiMd into Kogbod, i.
887.
iMurk, Jolin, Bwtdi-Irialiman, ii. 4«t,
48«.
Mate Cliurt'li In Kagland and Aaierica,
i. 12-1(1, 38, U; ii. 502.
Blatea-Ueneral.
— aallM of, after betiayal of Da-
rwttr tad Zul|>ii«o, i. 74.
Aatea^laMral, Aira nimiaaiM, after
fallof Mooa, i lit*.
~^ American I'onftiliutioa eooiparad
aitti nilea uf, II. 421, 4S*.
— Anjou complatiu of power ol, L
U8.
— appolatmeni of 8unley aad Tork
appoaed by, Ii. 74.
— aa a lei^laUre Iwdy, U. M8.
— i*.M niatralier uf military and civil
affaire, ii. 2*4, 428.
— aa only bod* cuutrolliag national
alTaira, ii. 421.
— Barnereid arreatwl br, ii. 808 : aa
lioiiiinant 8|nira in,'li. 2*4, IM,
8112, m» ; iiawa pnver In, ii. SITT i
kent tu l<4itidan by. ii. 48.
— I'uuncil uf Mute, Ii. 87* ; repre-
•euting nationality aa appoaed
to 8ute aurereignly of, ii. V8,
21*4; UamereM dlopenaea wlt|^
' ii. 2»4.
— derllnea Eliiaheth'a aajoieatlaii f«r
pvace witli Hjiain, ii. W.
-r- Duk'h KaallndiH tnula aeeared by
truee of I60», Ii. 2118 ; ebarur ta,
by, IL S74, 178.
— adocatioii aad character of umb
eonpoaing, ii. 81*.
— Bliiabath oifcred aoTerrlgBtj o(
Kelherianila by, 11. 48.
— KtMuUre l.'ammiite« uf, ii. IM.
— Int aummoned (1477) by Mary,
daughter uf Charlee tiM Bold,
agalnal Louia XI , 1. 184 : IL «»2.
— riuabing aad Brill fielded by, ii.
84,18.
— hlMory and organiaaiioD of, ii. tM.
— Hoogerbeet armted liy, ii. 808.
— Hugo (irotlai arrvated by, IL aO(,
— John uf Naaaau nrgce aenooU ou,
ii.84l.
— Leioeater offtiad aorenlpity bf.
il. !»4.
^— Long Parlhunent adoptlnf ralaa
or,ii. 87*.
— Maurira appointed goTemorgen-
enl by, Ii. 74 ; orderrd to Obe-
dirnt rrolinn-a hy, ii. 288. 187 ;
wins diaapproljation of, il. 297.
— natiiinality aa oppoMnl to autea'
riirhta, tlia real ffiiestion iavolred
when Synod of Uort lj •uaimuMd
by, U. IM.
— atfotiatioaa of, with Prann, L UA
ilut«*-0«wnl, attr of •onrtlgBt J lo
rraim by, 11. M, it.
— rMoliiUana immxI \)j, tttn d«Mk
of WIUUiu uf Oraup, I. Wt.
— ' 8(al> rrpmtiiUlkiii in, IL 411, 41>.
— HuuHi u( Hullaml refuw nuinnioiii
to iiiDud l>]r ( IAI7), a. Hm, itot.
— Bviiwl of iKirt. «« iialloiial f^aod
(lOHI. ii i\)». »>4, XNV.
— lrum(l«liV), liipinl bj, with Albdt
■»4 ImMK ii. IM.
— rutw of 8UKM Kpntnled ta, IL
411.
SlatM of lloltand.
•» BanivrvU lummona, H. MX.
— n(uM nummona of HutM-livutral
. ioa,Tiiwl(l«l7),U.M>4,w>».
fcuca' riiiliU.
— BarnrveUI aa npholdar of, ii. WW,
XM ; dring (<>r, ii. IMt.
.— ' natiultal iiit'a ui>im)ihhI to, in fiulM-
IkDcral'a alruKKlo, ii. *W.
— Vaion of Ctrrchi anil, il. IM)4.
fH««n«;li, L too.
tMapheo, Kin|| of Kngbwl, I. MO, W*.
lumbal, Hanin, i. 7.
Sminua, Himoo, L til ; II. iM, IM.
Mirilnii, Hunli^ncr; U, U. ^ M.
(kockliolm, ii. M«.
Monr Puiiii, ii. 4tl&
Straffunl, Ttramai Waalworth, Karl
or, 11. 8*6.
etralfon|.on.ATon, U. Itl, lia.
— Kichanl(ir*ntWU(«o«,i.lt*-Mt.
— aciiool al, 1. 1*.
Stnrpa, " Aanala of tha Rrfonaatioa,''
i. 406, 40« ; U. US.
Btoan, Ktmt, Count il'Aubignr, iL tl.
8tn! Ltnnox.
Stuaru, thp, of England.
— t'atii<»lic t«ndeiu:^ of, Ii. 47S.
— charactf r of vavn about, ii, SS9.
'— Oiunrli und«r, aa baudmaU of tjr*
annv.LII.
— c«rni|>tioD uodar, IL IIOi
— downfall of, li: 4M; WMI tbU
led to, I. 444.
— BoKland under, L UL, M, IM; Ii.
U7, to«-sl I ; Nailwrianda «on>
pared with, ii. tu* ; bo organiaad
OMitrea In, ii. MS.
— Mm* aiKter, 11. 447.
— BMMOf, IL m. *M ; *Mlad«l br
•fll*tHMf7TIII.,U.ni.
— MMdiiB<lw,H.47C.
Btuarta, the, of Kbflaad, jadgM aul>-
•artianc uadar, IL 41)1.
— Kirk and, IL 471.
— law ratnicradan nndar, II. IM,
— IHiartT under, L 4M ; II. MO.
— l/niK rarliaueiil and, ii. Mt.
— Mai V, giir«n uf Htiiu, aaa Jfaiy
fHumrl, Qurtn •/ .Snifa.
— Puriuii, una uf term undar, L M^
— rroali of, il. 3Vlt, »»».
— taaloratloa of, aee Rn/onUmt.
— mrulution of I6M amliiat, II. 4TT.
— Hiale Iriala nnder, L HI.
Mubtaa, J.din, 1. 117. .
HuliMFiia In America, U. 4M ; la bg'
land, IL 4411.
Baei, lubmua of, canal acroaa, pro-
IwaedbyUoilanderaiu 1«*<\L tSI.
Bufulk, l-ounl; of, IL llu, lU.
MuSrane.
— Anwiicw'a debt to Nelbtrlaadi, U.
4iy,4««.
— Connectiont, orinta of. In, IL 417,
— Knxland, Ameriiqan eianpl* fol-
lowed, 11. MM ; peo)iio robbed al,
i. am ; Refoiw Wll widcsa, IL
4(H.
— land qaaliflcntioa in England, i. KUt.
— liniiird In liuiland, Krieelaad, and
I'trccht, 11. 4«».
— New KiiKland and, 11. &l)i,
— uu-Kiiffliah in idea alien unlvenal,
II. Ht*.
8ullira^ |b>ir-<ic«efsl Jobn, Sootsb-
iriab. iL 4M, 4««.
Xamatra, ii. 17*.
Hupremary, Act of, L 441-471.
8upmnr(V>urt(l'nitad8ute«),l.tO,St.
Boirry.Eariof.iLlll.
Buawi, liarl of, II. 4U.
— In Irvland, 1. »'i».
— letter of, tu Eliiabetk, L If Ik
— piracy and, I. 4i>».
— poiaouinf of U'.Ncil br, L l77-*Tf,
Ml.
Sweden, LI, 1 14, 1 1 9. 117; ILIll.aM.
— ■ alUrked br Hpain. IL ill 7.
— blood raining in, IL 116.
— lihcrtT driiig In. IL IM.
-.- acbiMiia in. under ^liarlca X. and
fluiUvuK Adulphua, ii. UV.
Hwlnnerton, Bar. Hanrjr U., L lilL ; U.
4«1.
Switwrlaad, L Tt, M, »f, 147, Ml,
4U| U. WT.
BwltMrUiHl, CVlTlnUU of, I Ml
— PtMotUbU of, U. Ka.
tjtlflw, Ma—, L t».
Tuluit, L Mllr., l«l, lot, IN, IM I
U. 4«T.
1Um,LiW..1T,SSI: lltST.
Ttmburlahii! (Marloae'a), il. IM.
■^:^'\/: ' ■\- Tu«eU-Liini<t»«fttl, PnifraMir, IL IIS.
': ;.V ' ,' ■ T«l« and " King U-ar," 1. i«9.
^latioa.
'*• ; ' — aftar fall of MiwK, I iO«.
— Alra awl. I. IHO-Kt, IIMI, lift.
— Cliarlea I. and lunMga and |Miaiid-
in, IL Mi, gu.
—end of ripaniah, in KVtbcrlanda, I.
■■ , «!».
':■■■■■ '■ ^ ■num in Krtherlanda, IL MO.
— Walpole iii«npt> to Introdim tlM
eiciiv inlii Kiifiland, 11. IM.
"T«l«mai!liu«,"i. s«E».
"Twupcal. Tlie," lUIM.
Templr, 8ir Willian, I. S44.
— at Th« IlagiM, (. 80.
— oa chancier of Nethcrlandt, lu
UB, MU.
— on pulillc rff[i«try, II. «».
Ten CommanilmrnU, i. itt4.
T<:unaa«e, Scotrli-Iriili In, iL48S.
Tennjaon, Alfi-wl. 1. 89; ii, lit.
Teat Act, Ireland, Immigration, grow-
In^ out of, il. 471-4?9.
Teutonic trilica, i. 101.
Thacker, Elian, ii.lti-U4.
Thackeraj, WlUiau HakepaMW, U. (T,
IS4.
Thamea, the, i. 28S ; 11. »4, lOS, 1 1».
Thajer, lion. Samuel R.,i. lie.
— aoknowledgmeau of antkor to, IL
48«.
Theatre.
— at Amaterdam, ii. S4a.
— in England, groaaneaa of, il. Ill ;
•cep(ic<<m ..f. U. US; fint in
Loudon, Ii. 118 ; of Shakeepearv'a
daj doscribed, i. 114-ai*; eiip-
preaaed liy Puriuna, Ii. I»«.
— in llollaud, traTcliing companiea,
iLM«.
Theodore of Taraua, vork In Eagbnd,
1.181.
Tkitranl,U.l>0.
TUtuT«n"War.
— at aVacMii br Jamn I., 11. Iflo.
— CWtfaoUea tnii ProteatauU in, ii. II I,
I fhlrte Yaara' War, eauaet llnl M to,
Ii. til.
— effect of. In Orrmanr, IL Ill-Ill.
TklrttrnlM Arliclea, ii. 14), tW.
— aelkMi of Whltglfi and High Com-
■iMhw nn.t nt
Tkonttm, Maitliew, Soolcli ■ irUh, il.
481.
Thrace, L I4>.
Thrognaorton, Fnncia, eon(|dnw; and
lortura of, i. 471 ; ii. 18,
Thtogmorton, Mir John, II. Ilv
Titaeriua, election under, Ii. 411.
nibury, il. »4.
~- Kliaabeth at, il. 108.
— Gliialii-ih'a apeech at, ii. 103.
Titian, i. lit. 119.
Tirrtloii, ii. JlH.
Tolrdo, ArchbUhop of, ii. MI-2M.
Toleration Act. 1.47; ii. 477.
Tuniiage, Ii. 931, 189.
— Charl<M I. and, Ii. 381.
Tarj reaction after 1888, Ontciimen
ridiculed under, I. 7V.
Tower, the, 1. 187, 4 10, 47* ; ii. 81, 77,
180, 170,178, 11»,M4, 810.
Townt.
— hatha in Fleniiah, I. 110.
— chartered, riglita, powern, and prir.
ilcgea, reprra^Mitatitm by arAr/wn^
■cAoWa, etc., i. 147-I&I.
— clergj deiiicil icpreaentatkm In, L
181.
~"Oraot Prirllegle " and, L 1 88-1 87
— guildaud,l.l4t
— power of, agiinat noblei, L U>-
154.
— tepreeenutloo of, in Connoctlcul,
11. 411.
— walled, arrangeraeot of, 1. 148, 147;
Bruim aa t.vpical, I. 118-140;
Roman inluence in, I. IIS-140i
Townahipa.
— of Central Ai>ia, I. 7ft.
— ardcm in Anteriea, L iiir., 74 ; ii.
°41»; deacribed, L 44-48: Da
T<icqae>ille and Jefferaon on, I.
48 ; Xetherland inluriiue on, ii.
41V, 488: nut frooi earl; Cng-
Und. U. 417.
Tnjan, bnilot retired br, ii. 411.
"TranaBguration," thr.'ii 147.
Trent, OouacU of, i. 418 ; iL 10*.
Tnalaof, Seigneur of, i. IM, IH.
7VMMM,NtwTorfc,Lft.
vamx
"TriiiaplMBt Drnneawf," L Hi
TnUop*, Mr*., 1. 4.
Tronp, Admiral, Hpanlah rmtU it-
Urke-I K II. SI 7.
True* or IDiHt.li. avs, Big.
— dtM of N<tWUii<l« (fMr, IL UB,
— erect* of, 11. n*.
^NMbcrlanda during t««ir« Ton
of, 11. M7.
— Spain wanu rnwiral of, atUtuda of
relifl<aiia iNxiiM OTcr qotatloii,
11. «I8, *\i.
Tadora, tba, L lit, Ml, tQt ; IL I1«,
ll»,M«,MI,WT,W.
— dril lllMrtf ladn, 11. U»-MI.
— mange of, II. Ill, in.
— daepe<Uaief,I.IL
— nMdla cluaci ami, IL IM.
— f ubaerrienee of juUgee under, 11.
4ftO.
"TuMian bluhopa," 11. 10, It.
Turli, (he, I. l8i,KI».
Turkey, i. 4i7.
— eotlqueel of Bgjnt, 1. 1 17.
Tindale inuialatea Vew TeeUmeal, L
• 1H».
l'd*l,Jol>n,li. 187, 18*.
Ukter, 1. 177.
— bulwark for Proleitwt Bnglanil,
II. 477.
— cohmlea from gcolland In, 11. 474,
47».
— emIipvUon fmn, to Ancrks, U.
477-4 >»; of Scotch.|ri*l>, 11. 4M.
— made I'roteaunt h; Kirk, II. 17.
— nllelllon il^ II. 474.
— 8eo(di famera in, ii. 41t.
VnkM, the, of America, L T, 1*. II, U.
— altitude of OUdatone and Free-
man lo, ii. 504.
I'nloo College, I. Ilr.
Ilnkm of I'liwhi, lee VlneU.
I'Dkw Tbeologival HMnlnarr, i. lill.
I'nluriana and Act of Toiermtioa Id
Knglwid, L 47.
Culled .VeiberUnd*,LUill.lSI,lU,
M7.
— tiruggle of Clinnb and flute in,
Ii. tt»-aos.
United Prorincee, 11. tS4, ISS.
— Calholica or, and deaUi of William
of Orange, I. ij*.
— EagHeb Puritaaa in, IL 171
Called ^tatee, L 10, i:, IS, 15, 17, l»,
M, M, 4«, 47, SO, 148, ISl, 4M:
n. 17.
~ »ntlquUr of Omdilulion, L 77. '
— Hancrofi'a bliiorjt of, I. > ^ liju
— ooei uf Kitoola in, 1. 81.
— deTelopmnl of purilana In lela-
tkm In, II. 41)7.
— dlamptlon of, Vrreman on, 11. IMMI.
— gorernmeiii of. 1. 7 ; NetlierUnd
in6uenre on, 11. tin.
— Oniharae'l liialnry of, I. ixxii.
— uutiiutlooBor,n>iii|iartd«llkti|Me
of England, il MM.
— librarlea of, L 8S. . ,^^-.
— milking of, i. 8!l.
— people of, not Engiiili In idea, Ii.,ll06.
— rufilana In, aee I'urilaii:
~ 8abl>atli. lo, aee SaUtllk.
Dnlren-liiea.
— earl.T French and Engllth, I. IM
— Ediiihurgli, ii. 480; AraerioiD alu-
ileiiu at, ii 4»7.
— Engll>h,Lil!4,8l|,|l9; backward
coodilioa of, 1. 18, 8 1 1 ; DiiaenU-n
eiduded from, il. 8I)»: middle
elaaeea eictuded from, iL 8S», 400;
Norman influenoi- on, iL 1; re-
nowned among, i. iVl ; teat wth
in,ILMl.
— Kra(ieker,L114;li.«81
— (ilafgow, IL 1, 480.
— Oroningen, L Iv. ; il. 888-
— Holland, IL 887 : EiiglUh atudMti
In, L 114 : 11. 87« .
— Lerden, U. 8IKI. »n ItfJm.
— iMtttaln, 1. 118.
— North Carolina, IL 4*1.
— on Ibe Conilneni, 1. 810.
— Ctreclii, IL 8W.
-Waahlngioa*ndU«,U.4a«. ..
— Yale,Lllil
Cppcr Caruda, L 8. <
Ctrecht. I. IKS. 188, l«4, IIB ; IL M.
— AhaV Ui in, 1. 180.
— AnH and, iL 84.
— ai Armlnian province, IL SOiL
— BamoeU in, ii. los.
— Church and Kuie in, 11. 80O.
— Maurice in, IL 80s.
— riiillp apiMilDia WillUm of Oruge
Hladthoider of, i. |8t.
— (ulfrage in, ii. 418.
— Trewitr or Union of, 1. 188, 184.
— Vniudof, Lt88,184i ILM1,MI,
SM
iM>n
IKM, SM; Btmneld, hidfpM-
(lence of Hulbnd and, IL ni;
committm of lite PrnvlnM*. ii.
m ; t'cMiilitulkm or, ii. W), tn ;
Ei«rutlr« Coinmiiiw, ii. i*» ; tt-
ScutiT« liMil Inking, ii. tVi;
nc written Constitntioii o( tiie
NctherlaniJ B^ublic, proTintoiu
fjtvtn, i. tM ; Ii. 2«J ; hopM of
Ortnge tntm, IL tSI ; Mag/lMKr
Coaititution comparfd wnli, ii.
417; Nrtlietlaniii, li. SM; rrlift-
ioun prof Uiunf of, ii. 808 ; wven
provtncefl nimposlng, ii. 291 , S9'i ;
^aoren-ixn fur, J<ilr«ti bv, Ii. t»i ;
•Uica' righu and, il. S03.
Vacariiu, alKlncC of Code and DlKnl
of Jiiitinian mado br, I i»t, tM.
Valenci«nne«,i. IIS.
Van Kjck, Hubert and Jan.
— " Adonilion of Lamii," i. 1!4.
— art undvr, i. lit, lis, |2«.
— diacoTerlM iu piintlog, L IM.
Vane, 8ir Ilenry, i. 488.
— 00 libcrtr uf connciencr, ii. IW.
Vaaari, (jcur^o, i. Vli.
Vatican, the i. 298 ; ii. tl47.
Vcnda, tlie ( Vf nctiant), i. S88.
Venice. L lt>«, 121.
— miuical oooaerratorj ft, founded
by Netberlandera, L 12».
•• Venua and Adonia," L Its.
: Tnoioat.
.— ballot in, I. 52,
— counaei for priaonen in, iL 44*.
— 8colch-Iri>h in, ii. 482.
Vcraaillea, i. 22U.
Veeallua of Bniaaela, i. l«a
"VilUga Life gii Ilundnd Tean
Ago," i. »B0.
Virgin Queen, tlie, I. 887 ; iL 1 18.
Virginia, L 4«, U2, U8; iL 877,488.
— ballot in, iL 44a
— charter of, I. 881.
— Declaration of RighU in, i. ISO,
MI.
— derooeracjr and aiiatocracj In, U.
601.
^ — H|uaIilr,!dniof,!ii,U.419.
— Indiana and, IL 414.
— popular education In, L 81
— reilgiooa iibert; In, L 880, 288; iL
488, luxe.
— icbooU of.lBerlieie; on, IL 81.
Virginia, Booteh-lriah goremor of, II
487 : population of, IL 488 ; aoi-
diera uf, ii. 488, 4»».
— Huie Church and, L IS.
Volga, the, L 187.
Voluire.i. iiilr. ; IL 187.
Vondci, Miiion Ukea iUtM frML tL
S4S,4M.
Voting pnpera, IL 488, 48«, ' ; ;! :
Waldegrare, Robert, wandering pttat
of; IL 188.
Walea,l,44,17S: 11.811.
^- cfinqueat of, 1. 888.
Walled towni, i. in«. gee TomH,
Wailoonn, the, i. 104.
— cliurrh at (.'alilerburr, L 488, 4(0.
— cbioiiiai Kew York and, L iiir.
— remia wiua back Ire atotea of, L
288.
Waipole. St Robert, L x»iiL; 0.
884.
Walaingiiam, Kr Pnneia, BecreUrr of
Btate to Kiiiabeth, L SS'i ii. 81.
— aa one of the chief 8gurea of time,
L88S.
•7- Baliingtoa coniipiracy and, iL 74.
— Catliulica and, ii. 8(1.
— Cliurch reform, petitiona agreed to
by, I. 478.
— death and buVui of, IL 70.
— EiiabetU'i IngraUtude to, IL 88, 7a
— feca from Uialiup of Wincheater
to, L 488.
— ignorance of Pliilip'a plana to In.
Tudo England, 11. 88.
— loTaltjr of, to Puriuua, L 448, 447:
ii, 7a
— Nelherland rerolt a* Tiewcd br,
L 804.
— on Eliiabeth and Armada, IL 88,
107.
— on rroteatanta of Low Couniriea,
L480.
— pcraeeutioM of Jeaulu and, L 421.-
— pir*ciea and, i. 403.
— tihakeapeare unknown to, L 168,
•- wama Kiiiabetli c! Jea«it plota, IL
14.
Wandawortb, IL 188. ~
Warden of the Uaivhea, L 18*.
Warr«nta,iL44l. Hee Zaie.
Warwick, Cartwiight at, IL 188, 187.
Warwick, Earl of, j. 478 ; U. 817.
|Warwiokahire,iL188.
IHDBX
587
Willi, the, 1. 4»S.
Wuklnpon, OciMral Oeorge, L 87,
a04; li. 4»1; oomp4red with
William of Onllg^ 1. 184.
WulilngtMi and Uo Uninnit;
founded bjt Sootcli-Iriih, ii. 48«.
Wfttc)ief>, OemiiiiiT iiitroducai into
EnKltnd, ii. H».
Waterlander Mcnnonilc* of Am«t«r-
dam, ii. «<)l.
Wajnr, General Antlionr, Seotcli-
IrUh, 11. 488.
Wtbater, Daniel, on land fyatcn of
America, i. 80.
Wcbuer, John. IL 1«3.
Weimar, II. 119.
WeUh,the,i.».
Wentvortli, Peter, ii. U>, 170.
Wefaela, of Groningen, i. 1S9.
Wcat Krienland, i. 198.
WMt Iudie«, i. U5, 8M. 401 ; ii. R18.
— Ihitrh Wot India Company In, ii.
816.
WeMminater, Caiton'a pniH at, i. 808.
Weatminater Catechiun, ii. 14».
Weatminaier Abber, L S15 ; ii. M«.
Wntmimter AsMsmbly, ii. 88S-S9S,
418.
Weatphalia, treatj of, ii. 818.
Wetberateld, ii. 418.
Wlieeler. ProfeMor A. H,, I. liii.
Whewdl, t. 107, 2««.
Whigs th»> >' 428.
White, Richard Grant, on Slialie-
apeare'i houM, L 823.
" While-plumed " knigiit, the, li. Hi.
Whitgift, Archbiihop of Cauterburj,
L 4SS, 470-47D.
— befoc* Jamea I., ii. iM.
— Bound'a book before, li. IS9.
— OalTinirimand,ii. 191.
— dcaili i>r, ii. at.
•— High Coromission and, i. 474.
— Iiiquititinn nieaiuret introduocd
bT,l.474; iL184.
— Jamea I. and, il. »e.
— Lambeth Articln and, ii. 181.
— Tliirt v-nine Articles and, i. 471 , 47S.
Whlllock, ii. 888, 887, .1«1
WUowa, debta, obligatiooa and ens*
toma, lfl|U, 454.
WIer, Or. J&, 11.881, 888.
Withlman, Award, ii. 205.
Wilrord, Sir Thomai, i. 371.
WUI*trt,Adrton,LlS».
William, the Dutch, on English throne.
It. 450.
Wiliiam of Orange, see Oranpe, Will-
iam of.
William I lie Cani|Ueror, 1. 1*5, S»9.
— Jews and, i. 2«4.
William the Kient, ace Onnf, Mill.
iamof.
Williams, fUi^T, ii. VA.
— St ProTidence, ii. 415.
— Dutch influence on, i. ixi.
— Freeman's oatli and, il. 204, 108.
— Massachusciu eipeh, ii. 418.
— religious libeitjr under, ii. 3»5,4I&
— Balem wislies for pastor, ii. 208.
Winchester, Bishop of, ii. 168.
— fees to queen and olBciais, 1. 486.
Windsor, settlement at, ii. 416.
Windsor ('asllc, i. 342.
WiDgfleld, ii. 377.
WInthrop, Julin, i. 498; ii. 438.
— reasons fur emigration, ii. 406, itofr,
Witcbea.
^- Addison hclieres in, ii, 145.
— Colonial New York iloea nut perw-
cute, I. xxiv.
— Connecticitt liangs li. 414.
— history of persecutions of, IL 144,
145. .
— In France, ii. 352.
— in Germany, ii. 358.
— in Ketherlands, ii. 352.
— IndependenLi and, ii. 854, 413.
— MasaachusctU hangs H- H2, 852,
414.
— persecution of, begun In England,
' li. 144, 145; b> EsUblished
Church, ii. 358, 8114.
— Presbyterians and, ii. 358, 864.
— Puritans of New Kngland and, L
liii. ; ii. 503.
— 8iiakcnp«'.'irebolierea in, ii. 144, 148h
— uniler Hcatoratjon, ii. 143-145.
— uniTenvl belief in, in setrenteeath
centurv, except in the Neibar*
land Republic, ii. 361.
— Wier protests against, il 868.
Women, burned in EngUnd, il. 891
— emancipation of married, I. '70;
debt to Netherlands, ii. 486 ; Eng.
Isitd following Amerioati cxan>>
' pie, ii. 606 ;righu of, 1.63,68, 71
— Oulcciardini on morals in Holland,
1. 172.
— fibUgatiolu of, tor dtU, il 488, 484.
MS
MDn
Woown, potlUoo of, in Netherluida,
U. S5t, »i».
Woodthiwo, i. S78. ~
Wool.i. 8I«, Sll.
— ElinlKth ooiuigiu, to liiild«lb<irg,
it. S74.
— Engli>li fraud* in, i. 378.
— ftdorie* nt HalinM,i. IIB.
.— Irish minufictum deMrojed, ii.
477, 478.
— Jame* I. Torbidt aiportuion of, ii.
874.
— Pnriiament mtlira eiporUUon of,
> frlonf, ii. 83S.
— ptrt ^l*;«d in nrioiu ooantrioi, i.
118.
— Scotch introduce mtnnfacturo in
C1>ter, ii. 478.
— Scolimnd and, i. 118.
— theep in Eniland, i. 811.
Worcester, Biahop of, i. 47a See
Worcester, Cromweil't rictorr at, H.
888, 888.
WouTenhant, rhilip, iL 847.
Wra;, Sir Chrintopber, iL 183.
Wyatt, 8ir Thoniu, ii. 128.
Wrolif, Bible and, L il% ni, 8(>4,
80fi, 448.
Xarier, Fnnclaoo, L 411, 418.
Xinlene^ Cardinal, polyglot Bible, i.
811.
Yale College, i. lilL
Yankee, the, i. 7B '
— " guesR " amontr, 1. 71.
— of Europe, the Netherlander, I iIt.
Yeomen, the, diiappearanee of, ii. 401.
YeMl, the, ii. 8fi.
Yorll, Archbinhop of, 1. 141, 44«.
— Lambeth Artlclet and, ii. 181.
Torii, Dean of, i. 874.
York, Roland.
— treaMm of, effect on Rnghnd, ii. 74.
— Zntphen,appainled to, br l^iceater,
ii. 78.
Yorkikire, i. X18, 4»r—
— public regiatr; id, ii. 81.
Zeeland.
— Alra fails to snbdw part oT.L 180.
— Anjou leaves subject to William
of Orange, i. 188.
— cities of, for Spain, i. 1*8.
— cruisers uf, agsinal Parma, ii. 81.
— English racrchanis and manufact*
urera in, ii. 873.
— Rsb dried in, i. 138.
— foreign inraders driren from, t.
' 806.
— Holland's union with, i. 144.
— Leicester in, ii. S«.
— Hanrioe aa Rudlholder of, II. 84,
1»8, MB.
— Hiditelburg in reUtion to, i. 1)8. '
— Orange, William of, rale In, 1. 143,
144.
— Parma impotent against, il. 08.
— Philip appoints William of Orange
as Sudi holder of, i 188.
— Pmtcstanlism in, i. 111.
— Spanish spoken in, Uuicciardlnl on,
I. iia
— wealth of, IL 80.
Zeniiah, iL 891.
Zoroaster, i. 848.
Zutplirn, i. llOi Ii. 71.
— death of Hidnev before, 11. 88.
-- effect of surrender of, on causa of
Marjt Stuart, ii. 78.
— I,eice«ter appoints York to, IL 71.
— Hsurice Itefore, ii. SSH,
— surrendered to Parma,' IL 78.
ZwingIL IJIrio, on Infant baptlso, L
147.
Nom. — For this eihanstlr* Indai the author mskM hta aeknowlcdg-
Rwnta to Mill UUia Hamilton Francii, wlio hti bad cntira charga of iu prep-
aration.
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