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§^@^iyHMll 


If."  n 

I'lHuDOLPH  August  Witthaus. 
AM.   M.D. 


PKINCIPLES 


RENSIC  MEDICINE. 


ILLIAII  A.  GUY,  M.B.  CjNTin,  F.E.S. 


DAVID   FERRIEE,  3I.D.  Edin. 


4 


HENRY    RENSHAW, 

3i«,     KTBAKtt,    LONDON, 

JST5. 


r-Zh— 4*^*^ 


PREFACE 


THE    FOURTH    EDITION. 


a  of  tliU  irork  wu  to  famish,  for  teacher  and 
ha>q«r  JSkr,  a  Text-book,  in  nhich  prinHplrs  ind  resiilu  >hoold 
fat  riarij  and  brkfi^r  >t't«l.  disencumlmrcd  of  minute  deljtib, 
•dJ  aoqAuBine  onljr  rash  illnitraUve  coihs  u  couH  fo''  tlie  moat 
put,  l»  CTmprwtd  into  a  n«rrow  compua. 

Bsl  lU(  brpritj  *iid  eoiidcruatjoii  wer«  fonrul  i|u1te  canB»tenC 
vith  ■■  origiul  trfatinenl  of  severxl  labjects,  and  nttli  B  Uboriooa 
wmij^  of  bcU  wliicb  olli^n  lind  Utt  audigeited.  and  tberefors 
■■1^  <»  mitleadmg.  Of  (uch  elaborate  *n>l;f«a,  tlie  first 
■dhiiai  of  thu  work  amtained  •eieml  MamplEs,  uuder  tbe  beads 
■(  (Vk^  Idflititf,  tnfiuktlddo,  Legitinue;,  and  UnsoundnoH 

fvaw   of   Iheae    analfMi    haTiiig   aerfcd   their   purpose   of 
imwamrulinf  Uw  tnelnraen  of  ofrtnin  tnia  and  ttandiirds  of 
from    the   Kcond  etlilion ;    many 
OMW  <r«n  alKi  eitlier  curlailod  or  let  aiido,  thns 
B  fbp  a  eoiuiilsrablo  aomW  of  wood  engra*ingt,  com- 
[  4i*>'mgi  oT  wall,  minatv  strudnrat,  and  diemicit  re. 
M  BSD  niHler  the  mieroacope.     The  wmnd  edition  tliiu 
■  ih»  tt*  Boglnb  tratite  on  Forensic  Uedirino  in  nhich 
•  w«i«  Urjtt^ly  u«ei!.     It  also  contained  nmonew 
d  AmU  and  todi,  arising  oat  of  lie  mrthnd  t)>en  recently 
I,  tl  t^ilaitiBr  fot/lmain  of  nntnh  and  nirrctiry,  o 


PEE FACE. 
if  glsM,  «o  aa  to  admit  of  ready  eiaminatioi 


4 


microscopi'. 

In  thu  tliird  edition,  the  original  um  of  the  book  wa«  not  lost 
light  of,  while  the  principle  of  luctoHal  illnitration  was  carried 
ranch  fiirtber  than  in  an;  similar  work.  Mhu;  of  these  additions 
had  beea  rendered  uecesKiry  by  the  interiatitig  ^uwer;  of 
Helwig,  of  Mnyence,  tliat  the  method  of  enbliination  on  Sat 
■nr&ces  admitted  of  eitension  to  tbe  alkalDids.  Tbe  reaulta 
ohtmoed  bj  this  meang  (so  eiaj  of  application  in  nil  cases,  pn>- 
dnctire  of  sucb  characteristic  appearances  in  many),  were  thea 
for  the  Brst  Ume  desciibed  and  illnstratedi  and  new  diagnostic 
metbods,  as  well  aa  diitinctive  testa  for  some  important  poisons 
(especially  itrycbnia,  morphia,  and  cantharldine)  tiers  pointed 

Tha  third  edition,  therefbre,  had  many  attributeB  of  an  original 
work,  efpecially  in  the  Toiimlogical  part,  anil  notably  in  the 
chapters  on  Methoda  of  Procedare,  and  on  the  Diagnosis  of  the 
Poiaonona  Alkaloids  and  Aniil<^»u5  Active  Frinciplcs. 

Of  the  wood-cnts  illustrating  miwoBcopic  objects,  several  were 
taken  from  photogtaphi  by  Dr.  Julius  Pollock, 

In  preparing  this  edition,  the  original  Author  has  had  the 
advantage  of  the  cooperation  of  Lis  successor  in  the  chair  of 
Forensic  Medicine;  and  tbe  work  isi  therefore,  io  part,  the 
production  of  one  actually  engaged  in  teaching.  Tho  work  has 
been  throngliout  snhjcct  to  a  double  revimon,  resulting  in  a 
ODDsiderable  eondensation  of  old,  and  an  addition  of  more 
than  50  pages  of  new,  matter.  Some  subjects  have  been 
rewritten,  otiicra  (chiefly  tmicological)  added,  and  some  lead- 
ing iUnatrative  casea  (among  them  that  of  tbe  Welsh  Fust- 
ing  Olrl,  and  the  Tichborne  cilse)  given  at  some  length. 

The  HrlihoruG  case  was  reserved  for  an  appendii,  inaimuch  as, 
when  the  first  pages  were  aenc  to  press,  it  was  still  a  subject  of 
dispabi,  and  there  was  reason  to  hope  that,  by  tbe  time  tbe  leit 
WM  complete,  it  conld  be  treated  as  a  medioo-l^l  case  belonging 
to  the  past.     In  this  hqia  wo  have  been  di£iippuiutt.-d ;  but  we 


FSBFACE. 

D  oatit  ill  notice  of  n  cjue  liavii^  sach  important  ind 
t  on  the  Milgeet  of  ■  Pcnooal  Identitj'  troold  be 
It  with  the  unu  and  eharactec  of  tliis  work, 
I  It  iboBlil  b*  added  that  mpe  of  tbu  cliief  additions  inadd 
Toiioologj  are  condeuwd  itatcmeutA  of  tiie 
■MKJia,  at  home  and  nliroad,  un  the  modo  of 
n  of  tba  aeTaral  poiaoni.  Thia  portion  of  the  work  hm 
nmbb  eoriched  b;  Profenor  Ferrier.  Wbero  it  w»» 
BBI7  10  do  •□,  the  work  of  the  orlgiual  DOthor  haa  been 
d  fa}  the  letter,  G. 


rt  PKETiCE. 

flat  rorface  of  glut,  ao  as  to  HdmiC  of  ready  examination  b;  the 
miCToKopp. 

In  the  tliird  edition,  the  original  aim  of  the  book  was  not  loat 
light  or,  iv)ule  the  priaciple  of  pictorial  iltDstration  wM  carried 
idQch  fiirther  tban  in  any  ainiilar  work.  Many  of  these  addilJoiLs 
bad  betu  rendered  necessary  by  the  intaresting  diacoTery  of 
Belwlg,  of  Mnyence,  that  the  method  of  eublimaljoil  on  Snt 
■urfucN  admitted  of  eitenBToa  to  the  alkaloids.  The  results 
obtaintd  by  this  means  (bo  easy  of  application  in  all  eaees,  pro- 
ductire  of  «Dcb  chacucteriitic  nppearoocea  in  many),  were  then 
for  the  lirgt  timo  deicribed  and  iUastrated;  and  new  diagnostic 
methoda,  as  well  ai  distinctive  teats  for  some  important  poisona 
(npecialty  strychnia,  morphia,  and  cantharidiue)  were  pointed 

The  third  «l!tion,  therefore,  had  many  attributes  of  an  original 
work,  Hptfialty  in  tlie  Toxicological  part,  and  notably  in  the 
ohaptert  on  Methods  of  Procedore,  and  on  the  Diagnosis  of  the 
Poisonout  Alkaloids  and  Aniilpgons  Active  Prinrijilea. 

Of  tlie  wood-cote  illuilraling  microscopic  objects,  aaveml  were 
tttkcn  frnm  pliotograplis  by  Dr.  Juliua  Pollock. 


CONTENTS. 


VAOB 


iBTTRODUcnoir  (inclading  the  labject  of  Medical  eyidence)  .    xix 


PART   I. 

Penooal  Identity — Age — Sex 1 

Impotence— Rape — Pregnancj— DoUvery  .         .         .35 

Fcetidde — Infanticide — Legitimacy 73 

Life-assnranoe — Feigned  Diseases 144 

UnsoandnesB  of  Mind 165 

PART  n. 

Persons  foand  Dead — Real  and  Apparent  Death — Sndden 

Death— SunriTorship 233 

Drowning — Hanging — Strangulation — Suffocation     .         .  268 
Wonnds  and  Mechanical  Injuries — Blood'Spots  .         .         .  297 
Death  by  Fire — Spontaneous  Combustion — Death  by  Light- 
ning—By Cold— By  Starvation 336 


PART   III. 

Toxicology. 
Definition  of  a  Poison — Action  and  ClassiBcation  of  Poisons  853 
Evidence   of  Poisoning— Symptoms,  Post-mortem  Appear- 
ances, and  Treatment  of  Irritants  and  other  Poisons        .  366 
Methods  of  Procedure  in  cases  of  Poisoning  .  388 


Z  C05TK5T8. 

Imorgawie  Pwtomi, 

VAGI 

CofTMiTes — The  Mineral  Adds  (Sulphuric,  Nitric,  and 
Knriatic)— The  Alkalis  and  their  Carbonates  (Potash, 
Soda,  and  Ammonia) 414 

Irritanta— SalU  of  the  Alkalis  and  Earths— The  Nitrate, 
Sulphate,  and  Bitartrate  of  Potash — the  Salphate  of 
Alumina  and  Potash — ^the  Snlphnret  of  Potassiom — ^the 
Chloride  of  Sodiam — the  Chlorides  of  Lime,  Soda,  and 
Potash— and  the  SalU  of  BaryU 434 

Irritant  Gases — Nitrons  Acid  Qas — Snlphnroos  Acid  Gas^ 
Hydrochloric  Add  Gas — Chlorine — Ammonia  .         .  439 

Phosphorus — Iodine — Iodide  of  Potassium         .  .  440 

Metallic  Irritants — Arsenic  and  its  Preparations — Anti- 
mony and  its  PreparaUons — Mercury  and  its  Prepara- 
tions— Lead,  and  its  Preparations — Copper  and  its  Pre- 
parations— Zinc,  Tin,  Silver,  Iron,  Bismuth,  Chrome,  and 
their  Preparations 419 

Organic  Poisons, 

Narcotics— Opium  and  its  Preparations — Morphia  and  its 
SalU 521 

Deliriants— •  Belladonna— Hyoscyamus — Stramonium —  Sola- 
num  Nigrum,  Dulcamara,  and  Tuberosum — Campboi^^ 
(Enanthe  Crocata — Cocculus  Indicus — Lolium  Temu- 
lentum — Poinonous  Fungi 537 

Inebriants— Alcohol,  Ether,  and  Chloroform — Chloral — Coal 
Naphtha,  Benzole,  Nitro-benzole,  Aniline,  and  Carbolic 
Acid— Wood  Naphtha,  Oil  of  Turpentine,  Ereasoto,  Amy- 
lene,  and  Amylic  Alcohol— Nitro-glycerine — DippeFs  Oil.  555 

Convulsives — Nux  Vomica — Strychnia — Brucia  .        .         ,  569 

Depressants — Hemlock — ^The  Calabar  Bean — Tobacco — 
Lobelia  Inflata — Curara 590 

Asthenics— Hydrocyanic  Add — and  the  Cyanides — Oil  of 
Bitter  Almonds— Laurel  Water — Oxalic  Add  and  the  Oxa- 
lates— Aconite — Digitalis — Veratrum  album — ^Yeratria  .  602 


C0S1TNT3. 


■  Cm*  (AppcnUx) 


LIST  OF  WOOD  ENGRAVINGS. 


.  HokI  of  ClurlcB  the  Tint 14 

.  The  jaw-botK  in  old  ige ■     S3 

',  Male  and  frmale  pel«iB      ......     27 

■  Skeletoa  of  Dr.  Parkmaii  rMnnstrtuted  .33 

I,  SpemwttHiK ;  blood  corpuadn  ;  and  efiitlislial  seii.\vs  St 

t.  Tricboaxmat  vagins El 

r.  Adult  lifpa  ovary  with  OnaAan  follicles  .64 

L  Orulbu  blliclta,  uniiopregnated  and  impregiuiled  64 

I A  10.  Ookatram  ooroporcd  nith  miUc   ....    70 
,12,tl3.  Flgnrraofcarlyova    .         .  .     80  A  81 

L  EUae  tMrnbrnus  duchorgol  In  dynnenorrb^ia       .  81 

Ik  lntn>utcriDa  nuceration    .         .         '         ■         .         .     89 

L  Dm cJap«l  air-cells til 

r.  Air-ceUa,  oir-vcticlea,  cflfawd  blobd,  and  meUnosia  .    [12 

U  DUgnm  of  ttctii  drculalioD 110 

L  Fofunen  orate Ill 

D.  DiaaMiaoffiDtBlinnga 116 

^,22.&S3.  niaatnliuiis  of  idioc;  .  179  &  160 

4,  S&,  &  S6.  lUiutratioui  uf  ImbecUit;      .  161  &  163 

ES.  Illnilmtioiii  ofgcDEial  paialjsig  of  the  ianiie        .  101 

40130.  Illnitratiotu  of  mania 194 

^,  Uark  of  the  ami  in  death  bj  hanging  .         .  2S4 

^.  DnUi  by  banging 285 

n.  l>7«al>  of  UiEinme 333 

paetnnn  of  blixid  nolutirjii 821 

t.  n*  SpactracDpn 3EI> 

C  ItaamaUan  blDod.MTpiiKlci,  in  plnu  and  wctiun    .         .  3£G 


37.  HuniBn  blood -corptudei 326 

38.  Fibrin  of  blood 328 

39.  Blood-con'iucles  in  loftD  and  anioMli    .  .         .  .331 

40.  BruD-uibataiice 333 

41.  Fibres  uid  hair 334 

42.  Microscopic  poigonoaa  weds         .....  393 

43.  Diiljiing  apparnlns 396 

44.  Apparetiu  for  destmclioo  of  organic  matter  .         .  397 

45.  Drop  baltle 402 

4$.  Figure  of  glass  apatnla,^ 403 

47-  Reduction  tube 40* 

iS.  Beiluclioi.  tobe  (new  form) 404 

49.  Diak-holder  for  tlie  microMope 40S 

50.  Diagram  ibowing  (nblimation  from  porceUin-alab  .  405 

61.  Capilki^  redaction  tube 405 

62.  Capillar;  tube  mounted  fbr  Che  microscope  .         .         .  406 

53.  Apparatus  for  sDblimatiim  at  asoertwiied  tetniierataree     407 

54,  65,  &  56.  The  regular  oclaliedroii  .  .  .  .409 
67&&S.  AppeBrsnreaofthe  opaque  and  trAnipareDtDctahcdroD  409 
E9A60.  Tarictieaofthooctiliolron  .  .  .  .410 
61.  Ap]>eaniiieea  of  the  half  octaliednin  .  .  .  .410 
62  &.  63.  Twin  crystals,  or  macles 410 

64.  Rcctangulnr  priami  of  arsunions  add    .        .         .        .410 

65.  Plutea  of  arseiiiooi  acid       ......  411 

66.  ApiHsrancet  of  the  rhombic  dodecahedroD    .         .         ,  411 

67, — I  &  2.  Tbe  tetrahedroD 411 

67- — 3.  Cuba  with  Ibo  edges  replnced  hj  planes  .         .  41i 

68.  VarioiM  prisDiatic  forms 4J2 

69.  Cube,  heiagonal  prisms,  and  other  crystals  ,         .         .  41a 

70.  Crjflals  of  nilrato  of  potasb  (nan  solution  .  .  .  423 
71  &  72.  The  gullet  in  poisoning  bj  hydrwhloric  acid          ,  428 

73.  The  stomach  in  poisoning  by  bjdrotiiloric  arid      .         .  428 

74.  AypenranceB  of  the  rtoiDach  after  death  by  consumption  42!) 
76.  Cabic  crystal ^ij 

?&  OJobolet  of  metallic  arsenic ^1 


I   or   TTOOD   ES GRATINGS. 


77.  Coniponni)  ojital  of 
7  ^.  OnHiji  of  crjiMk  of 


■eid  inblimeil 


.  tUJiUlion  tobe  with  anenioil  cnut 


rt  by  reflected  llf  ht 


4G0&  « 


St  ASS.    Miud    mt 

■boKing  globaI«  of  tbe  mebi) 
S3-  CnM  of  pnre  meUllic  tmeoic,  (bowing  globules 
M.  8^  A  S6.   Forma  of  Itanh'i  appniatiu 
17.  Craft  ol  ■ntliDon;  ia  horiioaUl  tube   . 
88.  Cnut  of  anenic  in  horiiontal  tabs 
tSk  tana  of  ■p^inntaa  for  reducing  irttmif  by  elccttolytii  . 
SIX  Ancokiai  kcid  ndhning  to  the  coot*  of  the  it 
91.  tJlavi  of  tlie  H;r<}tuni  trom  omonld  green 
03.  inim  uf  the  liitid  from  euicreld  green 
SO.  iticmacepu:  fotma  of  crvstuli  of  In 
M  A  9€i.  Crittali  uf  eorrmive  whlJiDBtc  (aublimed) 
fB.  CrTitalt  of  corraiiva  lobliiiMle  from  solution 
lis  uf  mrri-or;  .... 

),  98,  ft  loa  Lnil,  tin,  and  Hl>«r-tx«a    .         W3,  516,  &  G: 

8  A  lOS.  Ct^atal*  uf  bichromate  of  poCub  trota  totalioi 
I.  n»  ftf""  Kimnircrnm 

b  of  pijiaTer  ninuDifFnini  .... 
B  of  cryatalsof  morphia  .... 
iteb  of  roorpbia  tram  tlie  acetate  by  amnHmia 

9  k  1C&  Snhlimata  uf  morphia    .... 
K  HO,  111.  It  112.  Suhliinatn  of  morphia  treated  w: 

lijibachlacic  acid,  ipiriti  o(  nine,  liiguor  a: 
ml  dl*titl«t  wate 
I.  Tint  bdhulonna  pltia 


ihint 


i.  The  hjowjamu-  | 
I.  fltci^Of  hynwtii: 
,  na  ainnianiuin 
I.  8«nh  of  alrBiRmii 


ivi  tun  ov  vooD  cieuTtRaa. 

Fig.  fa 

120.  Tbe  wlraqiD  dnlousan    ...,..(■ 

121.  !SubUmnte  of  solsniDe & 

122.  The  (L'DiiDtbe  crocntB 5- 

123.  Seeds  of  cocculnsindicQB 51 

124.  The  lolinm  teinnlBntani CI 

125.  Cellular  tissue  of  the  maBhroom           .          .          .          .  gl 
12G.  Spores  of  maelirooina 51 

127.  The  Btrjchnos  nui  TOmica 5l 

128,  129,  &  130.  Seed  of  the  nm  yomica  .         .  .6; 

131.  Form  of  crystals  of  Btrychnia S! 

1S8  &  133.  Microscopic  crjitala  of  Btrychnia      .  .  &, 

134.  SubUmatc  of  strrehnia 6' 

135,  136, 137,  &  138.  Sublimates  of  strychnia     .         676  &  5! 
139,  140,  i  l-tl.  Sublimate  of  Btiyclinia  treated  bj  carha- 

latic  acid 577  i  5' 

143.  The  BBine,  treatod  by  bichronwte  of  potash         .         .  6! 
1-13.  Crystals  of  strjclinia  from  solution  in  ohlorofonn  .  51 

144.  Crvalal*  of  strychi.ia  wltli  acetic  ncLd 


PRINCIPLES 


riOEENSIC   MEDICINE. 


IHTBODUCnON. 

•  ■*»!•  itMlf  of  the  knoirledge,  espetimut,  and  ikill  <tf 
a  fbr  Urn*  dittinct  pnrpotm: — I.  For  thsMre 
taian,  pmno*,  peapen,  luusUta.  ud  athen  for 
■  aC(t7  it  Bikaibeir  ra^KRoible;  2.  Ai  offloen  of  bcidtti  i 


■la.  A<AiIWd« 


n  eonrla  of  U«. 


Tt»  iaiim  of  lh«  medieol  man  jd  tbe  firat  of  these  (spadtia 
di  Mt  Aflir  nndi  Aqid  than  vliicb  devolve  npou  him  in  ttie 
mi^my  pnttkt  at  im  |»olbMoii;  but  he  ii  expected  to  five 
MMHti^  la  Of  piwnitiia  u  ireU  aa  the  cure  of  diicHe,  and  to 
iM  U  [■i<iiliii«l  (kill  alDiniitntiTe  talent. 

A«  hoklik  cOctn,  bamrta,  and  aa  vitoeaiet  in  eourts  of  law, 
■■Avl  B^  hat*  dutiea  to  jierfonD  foe  which  tl)e  oidiDar)'  pntC' 
to  if  Umit  iiirfiMJon  allbnb  no  adctjiiate  preparation,  medical 
lb  lUl  of  hitc  joui,  DO  ptnper  tniniDg,  and  rae^oJ  liteta- 

a,  and  difficnlty  of  tlwaa  dntiei  Ifd 
it  of  a  diitiuct  Kdence,  taught  in 
I  of  Itctnra,   trealed   in   Mparate  worka,  and 
_  ^    g  lb*  attaotiMi  of  men  more  or  lea  leparated  and  tet 
afiiK  far  tha  pnddtv  of  the  corrvapon^ng  art. 

Tbia  Of*  Mime*  (Wkt  ombnced  all  the  doUes  the  medical  man 

^if  W  m)olnd  to  parfonn  on  behalf  uf  the  Stalo.  iu  which  case 

k  iwalml  tb  name  of  lUitical,  or  Slalc-UediciDe;  or  it  waa 

tiuhll  iBto  tiro  KuDDBi,  lb*  one  under  the  title  uf  Bj^fne 

I       «»  Pokb    Hvllh,   th«  olbar  known  ituliffiireutl}  ■■  Furenaic 

LdiHwi.  Jni&al  Madkinft,  Leeal  UxlieiiM!,  or  Mtdkti  Jdi'd- 

^mu^  *"  romaaac  Midiouk  aprtmea   with  anlBdcnt 


xz  isuuurcTKis. 


the  appEcaSioa  of  f  dical  kaowfa^g*  tokgil 
itiiQicdmtbem2«crths«ark.  JWt  teem  medieo4efti  m  win 
in  oomxBoo  ose,  w  in  the  phinn  "a^fieo-lcgil  knovle^e^* 
"  credioo-legal  expericDee.*  *  tifan  Wgil  ikSL" 

Tbe  hiatorr  of  ForenBC  ¥«!irine  is  that  of  moit  other  woBacm, 

m 

Xeeeant J  or  eonTenlenee  givo  bixtb  to  m  art  prvtiMsd  bj  penooi 
more  or  lest  ikilfdl,  whboat  gmdanee  from  gcDeral  prinopks; 
but  it*  importanee,  and  the  irymaihiBtj  attadied  to  the  prM- 
tice  of  it,  aooo  create  a  demand  for  iutmetianp  oral  and  writtcB. 
wbirfa  gradoallj  amnmei  a  fmemntie  form.  Urns  it  was  that 
the  Science  of  Me^Udne  tprwa^  from  an  cmpirieal  art  of  hni Bug 
In  like  manner,  the  Sdenoe  of  Foreosie  Me^cine  took  ita  riaa  m 
the  Deceaaitj  of  bringing  medical  knowledge  to  bear  oo  legal 
inqniries  relating  to  injuries  or  loas  of  life ;  the  medical  witiMM 
being  at  first  without  goidanee  in  the  performance  of  his  dntj, 
and  so  continning  till  a  growing  sense  of  the  important  bearing 
of  his  work  on  the  interests  of  society,  and  on  his  own  reputa- 
tion, created  a  demand  for  instroctioD  that  ooold  not  fidl  of  beuBg 
supplied.  Cases  were  aooordinglj  ooQeeted,  arranged,  and  com- 
mented on,  illostratire  fSicts  sought  after,  special  ezperimenti 
devised  and  performed,  till  at  length  the  mediod  witness  receired 
in  books  and  kctores  the  same  distinct  instruction  as  the  phjsidan 
or  surgeon  at  tbe  bednde  had  already  derived  from  written  or  oral 
teaching  in  tbe  theory  and  practice  of  mecticine,  or  of  surgery. 

But  tbe  importance  of  medical  testimony  reoeiTcd  an  earlier 
recofrnition  from  continental  goremments  than  from  the  paUic 
or  tbe  medical  profession;  for  tbe  earliest  State  recognitiaii 
(1507)  anticipated  by  nearly  a  century  the  first  mectico*legal  trea- 
tise (1597);  and  the  first  appointment  of  medical  men  to  perform 
mecHco-legal  duties  followed  soon  after,  namely,  in  France  in 
1G03.» 

Tbe  bistory  of  Forensic  Medicine  in  England  is  of  comparatiTely 
recent  date.  It  begins  with  tbe  publication,  in  1788^  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Farr's  'Elements  of  Medical  Jurisprudence,'   and  was 

*  The  following  dates  have  an  historical  iniereit.  The  penal  code  of  the 
ninhop  of  Ramberff,  proclaimed  1607.  A  uniform  penal  code  adopted  bv  the 
IMrt  of  Ratiibon  1632.  The  ConstUutio  CriwiinaliM  Oiro/tiia,  published  16SS. 
LeitGff  patent,  presented  to  his  first  physician  by  Henry  IV.  of  France, 
emwwcnnff  him  to  appoint  two  surgeons  in  every  dty  and  large  town  to  ex- 
amine  and  report  opon  woonded  or  murdered  persons,  1603.  Publication 
at  Frankfort  of  the  Methodns  TMtifioandi  of  Condronchus,  1697,  and  of  tbe 
works  of  Fortunatus  Fidelis  and  Paul  Zacchias  in  1696  and  1621.  First  course 
of  lectures  on  Forensic  Medidne  given  by  Michaelis  at  Leipzig  about  1660. 
For  a  learned  history  of  legal  medicine,  see  Traill's '  Outlines  of  Medical 
JorispruUence/ 


CTTEODUCTIOW.  XXi 

blKto>**Bt  Edinborgb,  id  1801,  by  Dr.  Dqumd, 
^  '  jnhip  being  conferred  bj  tiovernmenC  on 
I  new  KicDce  Hxm  joftifled  tLe  diattncUon 
t,  and  mide  good  ita  cUunu  to  mote  geiieni 
a  the  cnrricnlam  of  moat  of  the 
g  ba£^;  it  u  taugbt  Jo  all  oar  medinl  schools;  ita 
■  an  being  ronitmiitlf  ippiied  in  our  poktU  of  law  ;  and 
Eactruid  u  mtiuibuting  ber  fiiir  iWe  of  oburvation  and  rtwe&rcb 
uwarda  kU  ni43taion  sod  hnprorenieiit. 

Til*  appLalifni  of  tbe  principles  of  the  KJeara — !□  atiier  words, 
Uv  praetkit  of  it  ■•  an  art — devolres,  for  the  moat  part,  on  Lbe 
mt£rml  incthiooer.  It  i*  onljr  accaaioiialij  that  thoau  ippcialtj 
*««ai  ta  tto  •aUr*  aab^rct,  or  in  important  parta  of  it,  lacli  m 
fttiadaijr,  or  entncnt  in  eertatn  hlauchea  of  practice,  inch  aa 
■Uaifaij  ud  ttic  traatment  of  tbe  ionne,  arc  sununoDeJ  to  give 


ira  many  naaoni  wby  the  medical  man  aUonld  approach 

«f  JatiM  with  apprebenaion.     He  ii  caoMNoua  of  the 

a  tbat  sHjubM  to  liia  eridence;  be  ia  waiiUng  in  the 

<e  frequent  ^ipearanro  as  a  wilnexit  would 

)  h*  U  painftxllj  aUie  to  tbe  unitabU  Ibandatioii  on  which 

"    '   ~  'jMnttM  r<at ;   be  kooir*  that  it  ia  not  caa;  in 

r«  iht  ndoi  of  eildcnce  with  which  in  theory  be 

t  acquainted:  and,  abore  all,  be  ahrinki 

in  le^al  proceedings,  tlie  unreasoii- 

M  allp««d  to  onunwl,  and  the  ditparaging  commenU  of 

k  itadf.    Sjnnjiatbiting  in  thcee  rcaaonsble  apprehon- 

M  wrlUn  of  cmiDence  and  moat  authnri  on  Forennc 

•  bars  tried  to  prepare  tbe  medical  witnen  for  bis  dntiea 

2  fbrtb  tbe  prccaotiona  be  should  obtenc  both  prior  to 

t  Hi  attmitaoM  in  oonrt ;  and  by  special  directions  for 

o-Lega]   iaqmriea   under  the  heads  of  "Pott- 

o,"   •' Oenoral  eTidence  of  poiwning,"    "Un- 

■•  itf  mind."  Ac. ;  tiio  general  ptecantiona  to  be  obsened 

■  wiUKas4iDi  bang  made  the  lalject  of  ^stiiict  treatment 

r  ite  tiiJa  U  ■Dicsj.  Bt  iaexck.    Thia  dUUnctioD  ia  obaerved 

K«B  uaBiinfr  of  the  Jntim  o(  tbe  mediotl  witacaa,  it  may  bo 
it  iko*  the  fiumlier  of  casea  that  oecar  year  by  year  in 

WatAof  «  cUm  tsgiva  rise  tomedieo-Ugat  inquiries. 

Refnirt  of  the  Kcgictm-Oeneral  fbr  the  year  ISTl, 
tim  bUowing  fignris. 


I 
I 


t 
lb  At 

r 


II  INTEODUCTIOS. 

clMrneM  tUe  npplicition  of  medical  knowledge  to  legal  p 
it  ia  uied  in  tbe  tJtle  of  this  work.    The  l«nn  nedico-Ugai  ia  aimi 
in  ooDnnon  use,  ue  in  Che  phraiea  "  in^co-legal  knowledge," 
"  medicn-lcga!  experience,"  "  meilico-leg*!  skill." 

The  liiitor;  of  Forcnric  MediciDe  is  tluit  of  most  otber  sciencea. 
Necc«nty  or  convenietice  gives  birth  to  anirt  pinclJied  by  pcrsoni 
more  or  1ms  akilfn],  witboot  guidsnce  fiom  geoenl  piinciplet; 
l)ut  its  importnnce,  and  the  responsibility  attached  to  the  prac- 
tice of  it,  soon  create  a  deioand  for  instruction,  oml  aud  written, 
whieli  gradoally  aaiames  a  aystematic  ronn.  Tlius  it  was  that 
tbe  Science  of  Medicine  sprang  frooi  an  empirical  art  of  healing. 
In  like  niiuiner,  the  Scigqcc  of  Forensic  Mcdicioe  took  its  rise  in 
the  neecBsitj  of  bringing  medical  knowlirfge  to  bear  on  legal 
inyniries  relating  to  injuries  or  loss  of  life;  tbe  medical  witness 
being  at  first  without  goidance  in  the  performaacc  of  his  dnty, 
and  BO  continoiDg  till  a  growing  sense  of  tbe  tmporUint  bearing 
of  liis  work  on  tbe  intereats  of  society,  and  on  his  own  repnta- 
tion,  created  a  demand  fiir  instraction  that  ooold  not  fail  of  being 
supplied.  Cases  were  soeordinglj  collected,  arranged,  aod  com- 
mented on,  illoBlrstlTe  fiicts  sought  after,  special  eiperimenCs 
deviwd  and  perTomi^,  till  at  lenRtb  the  medical  nitneat  received 
in  InoksunJ  lectures  tbe  tame  distinct  instruclion  as  the  pbysidan 
or  sui^-eon  at  the  bedside  bad  already  derived  from  written  or  oral 
tmrbing  in  the  theory  and  prartaco  of  medicine,  or  of  snrgery. 

But  tbe  importance  of  medical  testimony  reoeived  an  earlier 
rccoMnitioQ  from  continental  goremmenta  than  from  the  public 
or  the  medical  profensionj  for  the  earliest  State  recc^itjon 
(15071  anCidjBted  by  nearly  a  eentnry  tbo  first  me^co-legal  tira- 
tite  (1597)1  and  the  first  appointment  of  medical  men  to  perform 
mediiivlegal  duties  followed  soon  alter,  namely,  in  Franco  in 
1603.-  ■" 

The  history  of  Forenric  Medicine  in  England  is  of  comparfltivelj 
recent  date.  It  begina  with  the  poblicaljon,  in  1788,  of  Dr. 
Samuel  Farp'a  ■  Elements  of  Medical  Jnrisprndence.'   and  was 

n.rw"J''J,'"*L"^  ''•'"  ^•"  "  htsWolcal  Inlnert.    The  iwnU  eod«  of  the 
Wrt  o?  nli^^S'fSf"^"'?!"^-    A  Mifoni,  penal  ™lo  adoniod  bj  lbs 

SmS™;^??^  fi?*!."*  ^"l  ZaodUsi  In  leagsnd  IMl.  hrst  soaiM 
^  .  W.2  h??"*"  «•**«  Bl™>  by  Michaells  at  Wpn-  m^%^^^ 


IXTBODCCTIOIi.  Hi 

blBetDlMit   E^bnrgh,  m  1801,  b;  Dr.  Dancm, 

'  'p  bong  eoaferred  b;  Goicranwnt  oo 

r  ideDM  won  Jiutificil  Uie  (KiliocliaB 

A  «poB  it,  and  Bade  good  \la  elumt  to  mart  general 

ntcn  into  the  corriealsin  of  mtat  cf  the 

■  tao^t  in  aD  oar  mescal  (dratili ;  ita 

«  baiBg  oautantlj  applied  io  our  marU  el  lav  ;  and 

it  ooatnbotisg  favr&irthuv  of  oboratiaii  and  reManli 

n  <jt  the  prinapltB  of  the  toeaix — in  atb«r  *ofd^ 
■  «(  it  a*  an  art — derdvat,  for  the  moil  part,  do  the 
It  it  nnl«  occanooallj  that  Iboae  qiecialij 
le  tntire  (abjert,  or  in  iiopoctant  put*  at  it,  todi  aa 
w  eaUDCDt  in  eetuin  bnaeha  at  practice,  aoeh  m 
ti  the  trcatmcsl  of  the  man^  an  atuBBOied  to  pre 

BaBf  laaioBa  wbj  the  fii«£ea]  waa  ahndd  appRach 
i  ilatiM  with  appMhtMkm.    He  ie  eaonoai  of  tU 

~  M  to  hi*  nidfltea  g  be  ia  wasting  in  the 

«  friqDnit  ainwiamn  ■•  a  witima  would 

n  b  pHfaifUl;  alila  tc  the  niMtable  fogndWioB  m  ahidi 

i  «f<i»toii»  Natl    be  Lwo*  that  it  i*  not  Bij  is 

*  ohMrre  tba  rain  el  aridann  with  whidi  in  tWnrj  be 

V  aoqauDled ;  and,  aUna  all,  he  Jmmtw.kf 

-    n  legal  pnnwiJiBgi,  tha  imitaMB 


I 


1^  it  MT  be 

|]^lnd  aai  Wala  «f  a  dMa  to  ch«  Tin  10  Mefiao-IOBBl  iDqwtriB. 
~  p  AmmI  Beport  aT  tbt  l«pabiar-OMMl  6w1h*  jtar  Um. 


Danths  bj  aoiiJeat  or  □egliganue 

„        „    murder  aad  roanelaaghter. 
Other  Tiolent  deathi  (not  okaaed) 


Sadden  deathi  (cans<»  unwaertained) . 


6 

15 


CtTMt  Of  OftOi. 

II 

Snldds 

ToUl. 

Mils. 

Fonala 

Fmotom  iod  hrnliai'    '. 

OnUiindiUbi    '.'.'.'■ 
Buna  u>d  HUldi     .    .    - 

8.837 
^111 

»1 

301 

41) 

>33 

157 
IJBB 
M9 

LOW 

13*7 
6?* 

UgbmoK 

..Sj 

o,^h:^i«:  :  : : :  : 

UOW 

1,SB0 

't^ 

"■™ 

a,B« 

QroDd  Total   .... 

1*,0*9 

(,«i 

ia,«t 

lt338 

4.1« 

the 


>ag. 


3ie. 


The  deaths  hy  Occident  ar  negligcaco  were  distribute  betwem 
.  M  follows :— Poison,  men  159,  women  102;  Gunshot, 
women  8  ;  Cuts  and  Btaba,  men  93,  women  18 ;  Droirn- 
217G,  women  430)  otherwise,  men  G63.  women  246. 
The  snicidra  irere  disti-ibnled  us  follows : — Poimq,  men  174, 
>aien  57 ;  Ounsbot,  m«n  63,  women  8 ;  Cats  and  stabs,  meo 
>men,  55 ;  Urutmin^,  men  173,  women  144 ;  Hanging 
>ea  448,  women  100 ;  otherwise  men  99.  women  36. 
Tlie premature,  BD:lcIeD,and  violent  deatbs  gsie  lUe  to  25,698 


ISTRODnCIION. 


•,  of  which  17,916  on  the  bodiea  o(  malefl,  and  7982  on 
UtoM  of  fenuUa  :  and  u  tbe  qDalified  pisctitianors  in  Eng:1and 
■nd  Wales  bU  tn  ibort  of  this  number,  it  folloirt  that,  if  the 
dnty  of  Bttoidiog  mt  inquatta  were  ditUibated  equallj,  each 
member  of  the  profusion  ooiild  nttend  at  least  one  inqneitt  erery 
joar. 

Tbe  commlttalB  for  trial  ■ridog  oat  of  these  35,898  ioqaeata 
MDOfuited  to  408.  of  wbirh  226  wero  for  murder,  and  178  for 
maoalaiighter.       In  1464  instaacei  tbe  deatb    woi  relumed  ai 

Tha  namlier  of  catea  rcfialring  medical  evideaca  in  onr  bigher 
Minrt*  of  law  ma;  be  jiulg:cd  of  npprouniaUivly  from  tbo  printed 
ictnnia  of  eommitnienta  for  trial  for  offencea  agairat  the  peraon. 
■  \b»  jnr  1670~Tl  thaa  amunoted  to  2416,  and  comprised — 
Hnrdcs  and  attempt*  ta  murder  .  181 

Tariooa  attempt*  to  maim  and  injure       .         .       634 

Anuiha 493 

)IalulBai;bter 278 

CwMWlment  of  birth 138 

Rape  and  waulta  ivjtb  intent           .                    .553 
~  ilollnieea 137 

2416* 

If  w*  add   to   tbe  aeauioiui   tor   medioil    evidence   ariaing 

t  of  tbtn  crimo,  the  civil  aua  in  which  akiUod  medical 

«  ii  rvqnired.  and  proncdingt  in  respect  of  lunatics,  the 

»  ua  which  medical  men  are  rommoned  to  courts  of  law, 

V  in  tbe  Hinlce  of  the  State,  or  on  behalf  of  indiiidnala,  will 

ir  tety  rnmiderable — certainly  nnmerong  enongli,  and  im- 

■ortult  enongb  in  themwlves,  to  justify  all  tbe  attempts  which 

bare  been  made  to  constmct  a  adence  of  Forensic  Medicine,  to 

it  ffileniatially  in  boolm  and  lectures,  snd  to  draw  up  a 

TtJona  for  tbe  guidance  of  tbe  medical  witness  in 

»  of  bia  dnties. 

nittcu.  immiCB. 
nmaybenimmoned  as  a  witneasto  itale  facta, 
Ikem.     He  may  be  examined  as  to  the  Acts  he 
If  wilnewed,  uid  he  may  bo  questioned  as  to  hit  inter- 
in  el  them.     In  the  one  oue  be  is  a  common  witness,  in 
■  ikiUai  witDCB,  at  erptrt.     In  the  nuyorjtj  of  cases 
IfWN  ut  tat*n  fr«n  Ui>  uiniu]  nport,  mtitlcd  '  Judlcjsl  g1 


be  Rot*  in  both  capacities.     Ai  a  skilled  witness,  be  may  aba  U 
rei]uire<l  to  ^ve  his  Dpiiiion  on  tUe  tncU  olieerved,  and  the  view*  ■ 
expressed,  by  others. 

In  perTanning  these  duties  there  nre  certain  precantiom  whidlfl 
the  witness  ought  to  observe,  and  certain  legal  requirement  otM 
which  he  should  not  bo  i^oroat.  W 

1.  He  iboald  "  aae  his  best  endeavours  that  bis  mind  be  clear  I 
■nd  collected,  unawcd  hy  fear,  and  unlnSuenced  by  favoar  or  ] 
enmity,"  (PCTcical,)  Ho  will  not  find  it  easy  to  maintail 
'impaitial  (ramo  of  mind  when  the  crime  alleged  is  one  ofni 
anannity ;  when  popular  feoltug  runs  high  for  or  against  tbafl 
iccnsed;  or,  in  times  of  pnhlic  agitsUon,  when  his  evidence  tendl^ 
to  discredit  some  popnlsr  movement,  or  deep-rooted  prqniUce. 
Kor,  when  be  is  en^^^'as  n  akUled  witness,  or  escjiert,  for  the 

ocution  or  for  the  dofence,  most  be  deem  hlmielf  free  from 
the  risk  of  partiality,  even  though,  after  hesriag  all  the  fbets  which 
ahonld  influence  his  o[nnion.  he  feels  that  be  om  coDsdentionslj 
give  his  evidence  in  sapport  of  tho  side  for  which  he  is  retained. 

2.  The  medical   witness  requires  to   be   specially  eantioned 
Rgwnst  eipresung  an  opinion  on  tho  general  merits  of  the  cMt 
nndcF  inquiry,  thus  ofleuding  Dgainit  an  admitted  principle  of 
English  law,  that  "when  scienUfic  men  are  called  as  witneoae^'fl 
Jiey  are  not  entitled  to  give  tboir  opinion  ss  to  the  mmlt  of  MM 
ate,  hat  only  as  to  ihefacU  proced  on  tlu  Irial.  fl 

3.  A  special  caotioD  is  also  reqoired  against  indnlging  a  feelin^l 
of  inilplaced  biunnnity,  or  an  equally  misplaced  eandemnatdan  of 
the  Uw  on  the  score  of  nndae  severity.  Both  these  feelings  too 
often  found  ciprcnion  in  former  treatises  on  the  lang-teets,  and 
Mfly  trials  for  infanticide.  Bat  the  witness  should  understand 
(bat  lie  it  not  reipniuilile  for  the  consequences  to  which  hia 
opinions  mny   lead,  provided  alffays  thut  they  are  the  resnlC 

autiona  inquiry  and  dec  rtflection.  Fcrcivsl  accordingly 
,t»  '•  The  dread  of  bnocent  blood  being  brought  upon  ua  by 
npUcit  and  honest  testimony,"  as  "one  of  those  su 
which  Uie  nnnie  has  taught,  and  which  a  Uheral  educai 
lo  purge  from  the  iniud." 

The  wiUiea*  approaching  his  duties  with  n  mind  thus 
fhnn  bla^  requiros  some  instrucdon  as  to  the  mode  in  v 
hia  nldence  should  be  given. 

J.  During  in  mind  the  distinction  just  laid  down  betwi 
I  oommoD  and  a  skillnl  witness,  he  should  bo  cautious  not 
obtrtide  his  opiiiiuns  when  facts  only  are  roiuirtd  of  Ulm,  n 
dogmallcally  to  aiuert  a*  facts  things  which  ant  merely  ni 
of  (i|i!i]1on.     He  »Luutd  a: 


^Tjr  coinuel,  court,  or  jory,  dcoriy  rdi!  cnnciBsly,  mid  if  tliese  do 
Dot  elicit  the  whole  trutli,  aupplj  what  is  waDtiog. 

2.  His  itatemcnt*  ihonlil  be  niwlp,  and  hit  optDiona  i^iprened, 
in  the  plainnl  and  simpleat  langiuigc;  and  ha  ihoiild  avoid  as 
nacb  u  posible  bII  t«cbnicsl  terou,  andall  Hgurutire  and  meta- 
pfaorioKl  expreuiaiu. 

3.  The  medical  witoen  ought  also  to  abataio  from  quoting 
■utl>arili«  ia  lupport  of  bii  ojnnions;  for  though  tlie  rule  of 
eidonoD  lu»  not  always  been  rigidly  acted  ou,  the  commoa 
IMigo  of  our  coorta  of  law  ia  ccrtunlj  to  diaallow  tliege  appeals. 
Kor  b  thia  eieluiion  opon  to  any  aerioua  objeutioa,  for  tho  nit- 
IMB  HI  aappuwd  to  Dialte  lumaelf  muater  of  the  views  of  the  most 
MDiDeDt  writer!  on  the  lubject- matter  of  his  evideoce,  and  to 
■MB  them  u  aidi  and  guide*  to  hii  own  «pcda1  inqniriea. 

Bat  tUongb  the  witneia  may  not  cite  uatharitiei,  he  may  be 
■iked  whether  A  or  B  ia  an  eateemed  autliurity  with  his  profea- 
doOi  and  whether  be  (the  witnea)  coincidea  with  aonie  opiaion 
npraMsd  in  bia  work).  If  the  witnera  anawen  in  the  affirma- 
thc,  be  becomea  the  eiponent  of  the  opiaion  to  which  be  tbua 
pvn  bia  aaeiit. 

Tlie  Ibn^Dg  obterrationi  rcUte  chiefly  to  the  mode  in  nliieb 
tha  witnm  ithoald  give  liia  evidence.  Tha  preoiationi  to  be 
ebaen^  in  order  that  liia  eridenfs  may  be  admiaaihle  atill  re- 
omIii  to  be  nmndered,  nnder  the  following  beada : — 

1.  Setu. — When  observing  nuy  bets  which,  at  a  future  time, 
■ul^ect-matter  for  legal  inquiry,  the  medical 
1  abonld  not  tnut  to  hii  memory,  but  commit  them  to 
J.  either  on  the  ipot^  or  aa  soon  u  potaihle  alter  tlie  tracs' 
0  to  wlui'h  they  relata  If  (ua  in  performing  a  po«t-n)ortom 
'*Dn)  it  it  ueceasary  to  resort  to  dictation,  the  notea  of 
MHiiHs  ihoDld  be  imniediately  eiamiued  and  corrected. 
Ute  witneaa  may  me  thew  notM  in  court  to  refreih  bis 
V^DOry,  but  not  to  topply  its  place.  If  tliey  were  not  made 
tHl  Kane  time  after  the  creDta  to  which  they  refer,  or  if,  having 
hMO  made  at  liie  proper  time,  they  have  bran  entirely  forgotten, 
Unj  will  not  be  admiiaible. 

i.  Cti^-mUm*. — A  calprit  may  mala  a  conrewion  of  guilt 
teUfiMdkDl  attendant.  Tliia.  to  be  admiwible  in  a  conrt  of 
law,  tnoat  be  free  and  volimtarv,  uninHuenced  by  tlircat,  promise, 
or  bribe-  No  tort  of  inducemeot  ahonld  he  held  out  to  malie  it, 
Mltwlbg  qnntioDs  abodd  be  put,  and  no  commoDta  made  j  but 
Um  mr^^'^  man  ihuuld  reduce  the  atatement  to  writing  aa 
n  ■•  pqviUt,  read  it  oret  tu  tlie  person  conTessing,  obtain  bia 
«  U  i^and  oonntcriign  it  bimtelf. 


xivi  ikthoddciidn.  ^^^H 

At  the  wune  time  the  greatest  cars  ahoold  bo  taken  to  tunr- 
tain  the  bodily  henllb  and  mental  state  of  the  port;  making  the 
confsgsioD.  The  necnaity  of  this  caution  hat  been  ampl}'  proved 
by  case*  in  nhich,  daring  febrile  attu^ln,  or  after  prolongeil  ex- 
posure and  hardship,  confewotia  have  been  made  of  murden  and 
other  heinous  erimeB  whii'li  bad  never  been  commitliid.  In  tiroea 
now  happU;  passed  away,  innorent  persons,  under  like  conditions 
of  body  and  mind,  made  confession  of  inipoisjhle  crimes,  such  u 
witcfaeratt. 

8,  Death-bed  Deelaratiotu. — Thesp  are  admitted  as  evidence 
in  cases  of  homicide,  where  the  death  of  the  densued  is  Che  inb- 
jeet  of  tlie  ehar^,  and  Uie  drcnnutances  of  the  fatal  injury  the 
sulject  of  the  decUration.  It  is  aasnined  that  the  declarant, 
having  lost  all  hope  of  recovery,  la  Induced  to  speak  tbe  truth  by 
Donnderationi  sa  yiowerful  as  hd  oatb  administered  In  a  cuort  of 
joitice.  It  is  not  necessary,  however,  that  be  should  rrpreti  hii 
conviction.  It  may  be  InForred  from  the  nature  of  the  iryitry, 
or  from  other  rircumttanoes  of  tbe  oisc.  But  if  any  hope  what- 
over  be  eDtertHined,  or  may  be  inferred  lo  eiist,  whether  It  be 
spontaneous  or  on  the  suggesUon  of  others,  deatb-bed  deohira* 
tions  cannot  be  received  in  evidence 

Ilut  tlie  person,  or  persons,  incolpated  by  the  dechtrant's 
statement,  are  not  precluded  from  giving  evidence  a*  to  hi*  atat« 
of  mind  and  behaviour  in  his  last  momenta.  They  nia;  he 
■Iknved  to  show  that  tlie  deceased  was  inttucnced  lij  vindictive 
motives,  or  was  not  of  a  character  to  be  "  impressed  by  a  re- 
HgioDs  MD90  of  hla  approacliiog  tUaaolatioQ." 

Ai  djriog  declsrationi  ara  bqt  confeesioni  of  the  most  tolemn 
kind,  the  same  relcs  of  procedure  apply  to  them  as  to  confiw- 
aona.  Tlie  medical  man  should  put  no  leading  questions,  but 
only  incli  u  are  necesnry  to  civar  up  ambignity.  He  should 
commit  the  declurstion  to  writing,  read  it  to  the  dying  man,  and 
obtain  bis  assent,  and,  if  powjble,  his  signature  to  it.  But  U 
tU*  cannot  be  done,  be  iliouUI  make  a  memorandum  of  the  ile- 
elaratioa  at  once,  vbile  it  and  the  words  used  are  Iresh  in  bit 
tamory.  To  tliis  document  the  witneaa  will  be  allowed  to  reta 
lo  nftVidi  hit  memory  when  be  comvs  to  givo  evidence.  Another 
taantwl  )url  uf  lue  duty  is  lo  ascertain  tbe  exact  state  of  tlie 
dwdanml's  mind,  whelhtr  he  i*  calm  and  collected,  or  otbiTwbe, 
and  wbetbAT  !ic  it  under  the  inHuence  of  any  strong  biu,  or 
tiadiu  Ibeling  of  rcMntment. 

4.  Xiartag, — lUs  is  not   admislble  u  evidence  unless  it 
torn  part  of  the  m  ^ita.     A  medical  witjiCBi,  thcrclbre,  thongli 
I  iu  ctiJeiict  Ibi!  words  he  has  beard  tisod  in  direct 


IBTBODUCTION. 


e  wbicb  toma  tlic  inbject  of  inquiry,  could 
rt  of  Ilia  opiniom,  if  it  ronaitted  in  port, 
■  it  mnit  necdi  do,  of  atatenients  made  bj  tlie  pationt,  hii 
titnda.  or  ittendHot*. 
6.  Srerrii. — The  medical  man,  in  the  coDtte  of  bis  profeiuotial 
mtteDdance,  nu;  receive  secret  intbrmBtian  wbicb,  under  ordinary 
drnimituica,  lie  would  be  bound  not  to  divul^.  But  it  ehoold 
oe  nndentood  that  in  a  court  of  joatice  be  majr  be  oompelled  to 
^TUlge  tbeaex 


Itia 


low  no  longer  ueeeaMrj  to  warn  tbe  medical  n 


1  againit 


g  part  in  doela,  even  though  bra  oljeot  in  bein;;  pieaent  ia 
to  nve  life,  and  not  to  deatroy  it.  But  if  in  tbii,  or  in  any  otber 
way.  be  fau  acted  illegally,  he,  in  commoD  with  other  witneasee, 
ia  not  obliged  to  criminalf  himaelf. 

8.  WUU. — A  medical  man  may  hcreqnired,on  an  emergency, 
t«  dfyft  tl<e  will  of  a  patient,  or  to  act  aa  one  of  tbe  witneaaes  to 
the  inatrtimHnt.  In  taking  the  inatmctioni  of  the  testator,  he 
~  1  limit  Mm>e1f  to  mcb  inqairics  aa  may  enable  him  to 
and  hU  withea.  Be  ahould  wrii«  them  down  in  the  fewest, 
Inpleat.  and  cleareat  worda  on  one  aidn  of  a  abeet  of  paper, 
4  tbe  plan  and  met  date  of  the  traiiBacUoD,  and  at  the 
it  of  tbe  document  (leaving  room  fiir  tbe  necewjiry  aignatuttt) 
«  following  worda : — 

*■  Signed  by  tbe  abave-nanied  teatator,  in  the  presence  of  ub 
the  mine  time,  who  have  bereanto  aigned  our  names 
'  ■■  wltnaKB  thrrelo,  in  tbe  presence  of  tbe  said  testalor,  and  in 
pnarncc  of  each  other." 

Tbe  teatator  and  witntHea  mnit  attach  their  aignaturee  in 
Mcordance  with  theae  worda.  The  medical  man  abould  lake  care 
■  (o  obaerve  tbe  cundition.  bcdilj  and  menial,  of  tbe  testator,  aird 
Kb*  vOuM  do  well  lo  tniike  a  note  of  alt  the  circumalBIiccs  of  the 
Keue  vbile  they  are  freib  in  bis  memory.  'Wills  to  mode  have 
P^Mfi  dirpalvd,  and  the  mediral  man  hag  been  auminoned  as  a 
■vritncaa,  and  tubmitted  to  a  aearcbing  examination. 

Cooivlt  Iltilipa  and  Starkie  on  Evidence;  An  Analyria  of 
Mcfial  Evidence,  by  John  Gordon  t^mith,  M.D, ;  Amo«'a 
Leeinraa  in  the  Tib  volume  of  the  Uediral  Gsii'lle;  Ferrivara 
MrAial  Etblw;  ArchboldV  Summary  of  the  Law  relative  lo 
~  "  g  and  Rvidcnce  iii  Crimiual  Caso.     Also  Unm's  Justice, 


I 


PART    I. 


CHAPTER    1, 
^EllSONAL  IDENTITY.    ACiE.    SEX. 


f- 


n  panuD.  we  may  h 
■nJ  tben  tt  " 


e  fine  t 


I  the  sen 


itir;  tlie  inriiiiJuol  bf  characteiiatic  nuirki ; 


m  [uinu  mi;  luve  to  be  umsxdered  xparatoly.  sometinuM 
in  U*iag,  tomdunn  in  doul  pvnnni.  In  tliia  duiiter,  Cho  thrw 
HiaecU  arc  gnniped  togcUier,  and  placed  iu  the  mosC  conveiiieat 

r  I  in  the  ktt  pluc^  from  ilB  ooiinexioa  with  the  toiiics 
in  CLiapter  I[. 


PERSONAL  IDKNIITY. 


I 


Qocatiani  of  identitji  are  oftpn  raised  iu  courts  of  law ;  as 
(rtwm  ■  claim  ia  ut  up  to  an  inheriUDCc^  or  a  man  who  bu  beeii 
ntibcd  luu  to  identity  tbu  tbief,  or  a  witnesa  an  acquiuntauce  ; 
■nd  whan  a  pnaoner  makes  bit  ttcape  (rom  priiou,  and  a  ro- 
i  Jury  nwjr  bo  enipannelled  for  tbe  aole  purpoae  of  trying 
or  fail  identity.  Uti  alio  ua  to  pcnons  found  dead  ; 
coronen'  inquerta  tbe  Gral  atep  taken  is  to  identify  llii.' 
<ff  awli  part*  of  it  Sa  are  fortbctiiaing. 
lanl^cet  of  pi:raonal  idimtity,  tben,  divides  itaelf  into,  1.  Tit 
tUf  ^  (k  Lhiny ;  2,  The  Identity  of  the  Dead. 


may  bo  reqnired  to  eiMinine,  Hfitb  a  vi«w  ti. 
lUon,  alUf^  defiuuiities  or  iiyariei,  acara,  or  di<- 
that  may  Lave  lieeu  broag;bt  about  in  tbe  sklu  or 
o  eipraM  an  opinion  on  tbe  cbangea  (but  may  be 
nature^  face,  and  poraon  by  Uuie,  eipoaare,  and 
It  would  alM  be  wiiliii?  hSaptoviace  to  give  evidcucv 


S  FERSONAI.  IDEHTin.  ^^ 

on  tbe  cbangei  which  may  be  brought  about  by  like  cauEcsin  the 
mind  ind  rocmory.  lu  order  to  give  completeneM  to  (he  nib- 
ject,  Mtne  queations  Kill  be  briefly  noticed  in  which  mediml 
evidence  is  not  needed. 

In  cases  of  dispnted  inberilance,  mui^h  abeaa  ia  laid  on  bmily 
roaemblance.  The  celebrated  DonglBB  Peeriigo  csie  not  decided 
in  bvour  of  tbe  elajmant,  Archibald  Douglaa,  in  conKquence  of 
bia  proved  refembknce  to  Colonel  Stewart,  his  father,  the  twin 
brother,  Sboltu,  who  died  joniig,  bsvini;  equally  reaembled  Mra. 
Stewart,  tbe  lootlier.  In  ibis  case,  Lord  Maasfield  strongly 
inusted  on  likeness  oi  an  argoment  of  a  child's  bring  the  son  of  a 
parent ;  on  the  fact  that  in  an  army  of  one  hundred  thounnd 
men  every  man  may  be  known  froni  another ;  and  that  even 
when  there  ii  a  likenen  of  fi-utnrc,  size,  attlmde,  and  action, 
there  may  be  a  difference  in  tbe  voice,  gestures,  smile,  and  various 
other  things. 

ThoDgh  these  observationB  generally  hold  good  (and  not  cf 
men  only,  but  of  herds  of  cattle  and  llocka  of  sheep),  still  there 
are  many  facts  on  record  to  prove  that  persona  having  no  eoD- 
neiioii  by  relationibip  or  descent  may  jet  bear  the  oloaest  reaetn- 
blance  to  each  other.  Of  this  mistaken  identity.  Lord  Chief 
Justice  Cockbum,  in  the  Hcblwrne  case,  gave  more  than  one 
illustrBtioo,  and  especially  a  case  on  the  Western  Cinniit,  la 
whicb  two  men  were  tiied  for  murder,  and  convicted.  Tbs 
identity  of  one  of  them  was  awom  to  by  nnmeroua  witneaaea ; 
but  it  was  proved  afterwards,  beyond  all  poaaibility  of  doubt,  that 
tbey  were  mist^iken ;  for  be  nas,  at  tbe  very  time  of  tbo  murder, 
undergrang  punialjmetit  for  picking  a  pocket  hundreds  of  miles 
away.  Perbapa  the  most  curious  caae  of  this  kind  occurred  mora 
tlian  a  century  ^o  (in  1T7S),  when  one  Mall,  a  barber's  appren- 
tice was  tried  at  tbe  Uld  Bailey  for  robbing  a  Mrs.  Ryan,  Tbe 
ivitnents  swore  to  bia  identity,  and  the  whole  court  thoaght  bint 
guilty  T  bnt,  on  referring  to  the  books  of  the  court,  it  appeared 
that  on  the  day  and  hour  of  the  robbery  be  was  on  bis  triul  at  the 
bar  wbeve  he  then  stood  for  another  robbery,  in  which  be  wai 
liliewise  mistaken  for  the  thief. 

When  the  qneslion  of  identity  turns  on  the  cliangea  which 
liine,  toopled  perhaps  with  tba  fttigues,  hardabipi,  and  priva- 
tiona  of  a  military  life,  may  work  in  tbe  peiaonal  appearunce,  it 
bccumes  one  of  unusual  difficulty.  Zuccliiiis  was  consnlled  in  a 
cflsu  of  this  dasa.  It  was  that  of  Cassali,  a  noble  Bolognesc,  who 
lelt  his  country  at  nn  early  age,  and  was  supposed  to  have  died  in 
battle;  but,  atlar  thirty  yean,  returned,  and  claimed  his  pro- 
fierty   tihicb   hit  heitg  bad  appropriitteil.    'I!be  cban^e  in  his 


■  •»  gNat,  tiut  be  wu  inipri*oncd  u  sn  impoator. 
M  in  kM  nport,  eipreacd  Ui  opinion  tint  luch  ■ 
km  bMD  wnragbt  b?  *ge,  change  of  elinmte,  di«t, 
I,  aad  iliwiti  uid  Omali  l-wl  left  hcHne  in  the  bloom 
•d  bvee  eipMcd  to  tbe  bardihips  of  ■  militai;  lif^ 
L  if  ha  BBiglit  ba  bdievtd,  It*d  lutguitb«d  for  jen*  in  priioD, 
t  Jb4s*S  inffaMMed  b;  tiiis  opinion,  util  br  Ibe  Act  that  the 
naoaiM  mt  pro*a  the  death  of  Cimiili.  deen^  the  reatantion 

Tim  |a«ml  qostian  thai  anbmittpd  to  Zaccbiw  asamnei  a 
*  '  "  '  m  «h«i,  u  in  the  Frendi  cskb  of  BaroDet  and 
a  fkb*  dainuiit  »  ooolronttd  with  a  real  aoe,  or 
»  Hi  UaoUlf  aitli  a  pawan  long  dnce  dmd,  a*  in  tbe  Ildi- 
loaaii*  or  wlwn,  u  in  thia  caie,  tlie  clainuDt  ia  all^td  not 
J  art  to  b(  Um  DBS  be  i*  penonating,  bat  tome  other  pcraon. 
~        *  a  of  diqnttcd  idmtit;,  great   importanoe  baa 

to  tbe  euatenee,  or  otb«rwiii),  of  certain  per- 
M  nani,  moles  defcnnitiea,  acan  of  forgone 
n  ^  laijar^,  and  tattoo  markinga,  on  whicb  medical  men  are 
nd  to  lUta  tliar  oplninn.  Tba  TnJibome  caae  ha*  alio 
^m  faaaaai  bnpcvtaim  la  qneatiaaa  relating  to  the  affect  of 
l^B  of  Qaa  in  dmsging  tbe  itatare,  form,  and  featoiea,  and  in 
4^b*jtaif  w  asdi4>»e  '^'  tDemorj  and  halMta  of  Ihoogbt,  aa 
■cpv^aad  i»  worA  tpoken  or  written.  That  cate  bat  alio  ihown 
Ika  iwfuilaaia  that  ma;  attach  to  jibotognpfaa,  u  tbe  moat 
a«H«  mamiBtaliOB  poauble  of  the  penonal  appeaiBnce  at  the 
•  vha*  tiirj  wrrn  taken.  The  ■abject*  of  ican  and  tattoo 
a  ^Barriiig  of  apecial  eouaidention. 
—When  a  claimant  jirevnU  bimtelf  withoat  the 
n  kiown  U>  bare  ehancterized  the  indiriiloal  uhom 
B  mitat  break  down;  but  if,  on  the  cod- 
aaa*  are  fuond  upon  him,  tbejr  most  be 
■  m  tfaa  alrBUgcrt  poanble  eridence  in  hU  faiDor.  and 
i,  te  taodvmtt  bat  for  th«  pooibilit;  of  their  baring 
tj  IwilBtaL  or  of  tbdr  baof  moat  improbable, 
l»,  oolnddancc*.  That  each  ooincidt.'nce*  may 
Lh'  f>D*«d  Iqr  ■  Ma*  qooted  in  Beck'i '  Medical  Jarit- 


,  _  .    ..  . and Hiniii Owr    . 

ItbrH.^    aiutad  astl  crlliatHil   Irt 

.._;*<U«i^-ia«L*gaJ«/anillie  & 

a(  IW  niraonlliiaiT  cmi  of  Mirwn  Guctm  - 

-— —  It,  l»7).      J(  U  lie  «»  in  whi 

i — "^flbfctnuol  XatiB,  to 

B  2 


I 


pnidenw '  (Age  Biiil  Ideotity).  Jowpli  Parlin'.  tried  nt  Naw 
York  in  1S04,  fur  bignmj,  wm  miiUken  for  one  Tbomas  Hoag, 
whom  heuot  inerel)'  reserohled,  but  had  in  codhood  with  him  ■ 
•or  on  the  rurchead,  a  gmall  mark  on  tbe  neck,  aad  a  liip  in  his 
speech;  but,  unlike  Hos^,  be  had  no  scar  on  hii  foot.  That  be 
was  Parker,  uid  not  Uaag,  was  prored  to  the  sutiirBctioD  of  tlie 
jury  by  an  alibi, 

Tbe  question  of  identity  bai  sometimes  tamed  on  tbe  poesi- 
bilitj  of  removing  scars,  and  some  diSiireuee  of  opinion  has  been 
displayed  npon  this  point.  Thus,  in  a  liclgiancaae  tliat  occarred 
in  1S4T,  one  medical  man,  M.  VandeUer.  stated  that  scsin  might 
be  removed  by  time  or  by  OTtifieiDl  means,  and  the  physicians  of 
the  prisons  of  Vilrorde  and  Obent  conllrmed  tbis  opinion  by 
stating  that  prisoners  are  in  the  habit  of  efladng  scars  by  apply- 
ing u  salted  herring  to  tlieto.  MM.  LobtiBU  and  Limanges,  on 
the  otlier  hand,  contended  tliat  scars  could  not  be  removed.  On 
tliis  subject,  Casper  states  tbnt  the  length  of  time  during  which  a 
scar  sub»>ts  depends  on  the  depth  to  which  the  tiuues  of  the 
skin  have  been  injured.  Scars  of  injuries  which  have  only  aA'ected 
the  epidermis,  or  scarf  skm,  or  penetrated  but  slightly  into  the 
true  akin,  msy  entirely  disappear.  Henoe  needle  acrstcbe*,  and 
even  some  veno^iectiDn  wounds,  leorb  bitea,  and  the  marks  of  onp- 
IHI>g-([lasses,  may  compleColy  disappear.  But  we  may  confidently 
assert  that  woonds  which  have  penetrated  tbe  whole  depth  of  the 
outaneous  tissues,  and  afiriiori,  such  woanils,  iiyuries,  or  nlcers 
as  have  caused  toss  of  substance,  followed  by  griiialatjon,  leave 
permanent  scan. 

Scars  may,  however,  be  much  altered  by  time,and  eoosiderably 
modiflod  by  friction,  pressure,  or  the  use  of  irritanU.  But  though 
obacured  by  such  means,  they  may  easily  be  brought  into  view. 
Thus,  Devergie  states  that  when  the  braDd.mark  of  the  galley- 
alive  has  apparently  disappeared,  it  may  be  rendered  visible  by 
slappng  the  spot  with  the  band  till  it  reddelii.  Tbe  white  scar 
tbos  beeomci  visible  on  the  reddened  skin.  The  belief  that  acnrs 
nay  wholly  diaappear  is  probnbly  founded  on  the  very  slight 
■nark*  left  by  extensive  woonds  when  tbey  heal  by  wlial  is  tech' 
bioally  called  the  "  first  intention."  Thus,  in  the  case  of  a  manUic 
who  had  completely  removed  the  parts  of  generation,  the  place  of 
the  wound  wai  marked  by  u  ftuut  white  line  which  might  be 
nvorlookcd  by  a  muuul  observer;  and  the  severa  Hoggings  of 
fbrmn  tjmeo,  which  loft  tlie  back  quite  raw,  are  traceable  aft«T 
fome  years  only  by  very  One  white  lines  upon  the  hack  and  aide*. 
Mid,  wbere  tlir  knots  liad  fsllen,  by  little  circolai  pits.  la  a 
Mse  in  wlih.'U  wc  were  censulted,  tbe  eudre  absence  of  both  biiids 


SCABS .  5 

k  enabled  ni  to  Kate  vritb  conliden(»  that  tbe  mnn  could 
t  h«Te  been,  u  w»i  alleged,  very  wverely  flogged  (G),  Of 
I  pennanencj  of  inch  actn  ns  tbow  left  by  bt(«diug,  a 
illoitnitioa  U  iSonled  by  ■  case  in  wbioh  tuio  |)bysii'iaiu, 
%  the  other  61  yean  uf  ago,  twiing  dUtiiiat  recoUectioa  that 
vera  bled  in  the  arm  at  about  the  age  of  7  yean,  and  not 
',  tbe  inarka  of  tbe  ojieration  were,  in  both  caeca,  perfectly 

e  eiact  abspe  and  character  of  h  scar  may  render  great 
a  detennining  a  ijnntloa  of  identity.  Thus  tbe  opera- 
a  <>f  hleediug,  capping,  and  vaccination,  like  the  puniahmeat 
le  Ush,  Imtb  highly  characterUtJc  appcaranoea.  So  alio  da 
a  and  aoalda,  blislera,  cauatic,  t&rUr  emetic  ointment,  iaaues, 
DiwaMia,  again,  sucb  aa  imall-pox,  aorafulouH  ulcers, 
a  on  tbe  Ic^  lupmL  and  carbuncle,  leave  indelible  marks 
d  ttunn. 

11  acara,  witbont  exception,  paM  through  tvo  distinct  itagea — 
if  inllainiaatoTy  redneM  (the  immediiite  eonaeqnenre  of  the 
J  suaMined),  and  that  of  brown  diuolouration.  In  phleg- 
n  aryaipelaa,  and  after  tbe  applicution  of  bliiters,  muatard 
a.  and  aDchlike  irritaote,  tbe  akin,  vbicb  waa  red  during 
iUinmatory  atage,  awumea  a  dark  brown  or  coppery  hue, 
it  rvtaina  for  munthi,  and  even  for  tliree  or  fuor  yean  ; 
(  length,  and  by  degrees,  [he  skin  reaumea  Its  liealtliy 
.  But  aometimea,  when  the  inflammation  runa  bigb,  tbe 
1  diacolountion  ii  followed  by  a  third  atage,  or  that  of 
ble&ehing.  Tbui  we  bate  seen,  al^er  the  lapae  of  two  years  and 
■  half,  Ui«  (pot  to  which  a  large  blister  bad  been  applied  defined 
by  •  while  margin,  and  white  decolouration  occupying  tbe  whole 
Mrfaee  ou  a  level  with  the  aurrounding  healthy  ibin.  Sach 
mtfart  teari  fallow  tlie  leaa  acvere  forma  of  berpca,  boil*  wbieh 
1  after  aligbt  diatnictjon  of  texture,  and  even  inciacd 
la  and  lancet  cul«,  where  tbe  edgea  have  not  been  brought 
[Cr,  and  aome  alight  anperltQa]  ulceration  haa  taken  place, 
■  in  which  the  indainmation,  however  produced,  ia 
id  by  nlceration,  and  conaequent  de^tmotion  of  tiuuc,  and 
where  gangrene  acta  in,  the  aeon  are  wholly  or  in  part 
jhk  laomtb  tha  aurfiice.  In  thoae  coaea,  the  icar  pauaa  through 
P  tha  throe  atagea  of  intlammatory  redneaa,  brown  diacolouratjon, 
d  UMchln^ :  and  the  uaoie  of  the  acar  may  often  be  inferred 
^poinnce  it  ]iuU  on,  aided  by  the  situation  iu  which  it 
Tfaoa  a  li]ieAr  acar,  or  a  round  or  oval  aurface  iL'ar  on 
n,  anUa,  or  temple,  rollowa  bleeding;  parallel  linear  i<nra 
k  tb«  lolna,  ihonldcT*,  ttap^  of  tttvt,  or  other  lleehy  partof  Ixtdj, 


I 
I 

I 

J 


8  PESBONU.  IDEKTITY.  ^^H 

follow  cnpping:;  a  cnidnl  linesir  scnr  on  laij  port  of  the  bodj 
would  inilioite  a  boil  treated  in  the  usual  vty ;  two  pvntlel 
linear  scars  on  the  nape  of  neck,  ihoulder,  or  inner  aide  of  upper 
arm,  woutd  mark  a  seton,  and  a  depressed,  pudcered  acar  on  the 
sune  parts,  an  issae  ;  a  boaejcombed  disc  near  the  iDseitdon  of 
the  deltoid  mnBcIe  indicatea  the  operation  of  vaccination ;  a 
white  diic  with  dotted  border  maf  follow  a  boil  tint  hu  healed 
without  operation ;  and  every  form  of  dcatrix  in  the  neelt,  on  tlic 
clicat,  and  on  other  parts  of  the  bnl<r,  may  follow  scrofUloui 
abeceasea.  Scrofula,  lypbilii,  nnd  lupus,  in  oommoD  with  injuries 
hj  guusbot,  boras,  and  escliBrotica,  may  leaie  behind  them  scan 
of  every  size  and  form.  It  can  scarcely  be  necessary  to  add  that 
the  bealing  of  scars  must  be  infiuenced  by  many  cnutea,  such  ns 
age,  constitution,  and  states  of  health,  tbeir  utuation  oo  DM, 
rounded,  or  hollow  inrfaees,  on  parts  subject  or  not  subject  to 
motion,  and  in  the  direction  of  muscles  or  across  them.  The  dis- 
tinctness of  scRis  will  also  vary  with  the  complexion,  and  the  tint 
of  tbo  parts  ai^acent.  Thus  nrars  are  less  apparent  in  persaos  of 
fkir  compleiion,  when  the  skin  approaches  in  tint  U>  Uie  while- 
neas  of  the  scar  it*elf,  and  moru  distinct  over  a  blue  vein  or 
discoloured  portion  of  >kin.  Hence  it  is  tlint  scars  are  ren- 
dered more  visible  when  the  skin  is  reddened  hy  blows  or 
ftiction. 

Age  of  »eart. — As  has  just  been  stated,  all  scars,  whether 
■rising  from  injury  or  disease,  are  Srst  red,  then  brown,  then 
white  and  glistening.  Therodnesi,  as  a  rule,  lusts fbt two,  Ibrcn, 
or  four  weeks,  during  the  period  of  healing;  the  brown  dis- 
colonratjon  for  several  months,  or  even  for  a  few  yearss  the 
Ueaebed  appearance  for  the  rest  of  life.  But  the  length  of  euoh 
■tage  is  subject  to  nmcb  variation.  In  some  cases  of  smiill- 
pox,  fbr  iuEtancc,  the  scim  are  white  and  sliining  at  the  end 
of  sii  mouths;  in  others,  tht^  remnln  brown  even  after  two  or 
tbrte  years ;  and  siTofulous  ulcen  will  sometimes  leave  culoaied 
"1  for  tlie  whole  of  life.  A  scar,  then,  that  retains  its  tn- 
Dry  redness  cannot  he  of  long  standing  t  one  that  has  ■ 
V  ooppery  eoluur  may  have  ciisled  fbr  months  or  years ; 
t,  gliat«ning  scar,  quite  free  from  colour,  mntt  have  b«en 
kIhi^  ataniling,  but  we  cauuot  even  gueas  at  ita  age. 

Some  Bcan  are  parliivlanrcd,  perhaps  brown  in  the  central 
parta,  witli  a  white,  pnckerod  halo,  or  wbil«  iu  tlie  centre,  with 
'  n  of  hrown  spots.     8uch  was  a  sear  (ram  a  twil  of  t«ii 


jwn'  standing. 


It  • 


of  hrowD  ■pais.      Sometimes  n 


a  white  disc,  with  ■  circular  n 


X*mo  Kuu.    KSjuaxinos  or  scau.  7 

NMb  M  in  ■  prifODcr  wha  bud  twn  tltatfci  of 

.  r  Ike  ripbt,  tlx  otbcr  mtdn  the  hitt  c^vide. 

Lfka  tnl,  df  a  frw  ■ddUh'  ftandin^,  dia[ili;«l  the  nd>  is  lU 

^b  4rtiila  IB  dufc  bmvn;  Uo  *n»i>d,  of  hum;  jnn'  auidiD^ 

■rittad  ol  ■  poap  <f  Kattcnd  wlute  cicitricea. 

p  Z.  Ttit*t  mmriiif*. — Tba  pmeoee  or  ktanne  of  Ukm  marb 

r,  prore  of  tbe  Gnt  importsDoc ;  aad 


Kail  UUoa  naria  are  oertainlj  iaddiUe  if  a 

Bol  that  thay  bbj  in  mme  emtt  dinpptar  b 

of  Catpo-,    Holiii,    and   TuAca; 

diSer  widdy  a«  to  the  prapoHiaa  if 

bigh  fiMTtioo  of  1  ID  9,  Tanfira  thi 

M  t  m  x6.     Hocfa  depends  on  tlw  kiod  of  tba 

^plojiil;  ami  Cinnabar,  blue  ink,  and  eomooB 

faiaananl  mariu  than  Indian  ink,  Kxit,  w  mdnog 

^ilAiUj  pRfinned  tnttooi^ 

im  m»f  h*  pMOoODocd  tndaGble.    Tlie  fitfmnce 

I  IW  nktin  nlabifitj   of  tbe  onUxinng  Banen. 

■  tba;  (B^pwT  tb«  calooring  matter  b  toaoA  depoailod  in 

■wml  at»»t»nt  gUaii,  *bera  it  an;  be  (bmnl  after  dMth. 

■  dmm\\l\m  U  tiM  nan  aolable  nmltcn  ia  nrdj  »  oomiilete 

•  tracH  ticbind. 

ma;  be  mwied  artifionllji  bat  if  tbt  ^g. 

>  Ain,  a  dcalrii  «iU  be  leA  in  tfca  apM  vbere 

A*  axpariaBnt  waa  male  b;  Tai£ea  oo  a 

a  onuifls  tatlooaJ  «itb  Isdiw  ink  on   bb 


t  lit  tattoo 


fril  off  at  tl 
Ml;  a  Aat  aca 
mil.  of  c 
bat  tbew  jilan  «m  be  iodnud  b;  a  . 

HOT*  or  1^  bdow  Um  lerd  of  tbe  ikin. 
(e  tattoo  naris  ve  may  aqr  tbat  mot  of 
Ml  tint  (onw  mnj  dinppaar  fiaitiall;,  a  fev 
it  IB  a  4aHl  bod;.  tboM  nvfca  bare  dimp- 
viU    ba  Itend    in  tke  aw  ml 

a— taiij  Ssant.— PWs  tlM  «af .  if  poaKble,  m  the 

~  Iba  «n.  and.  in  tba  au*  of  «all  and  ddieala 

Mtf  an^iB;  with  0 

Bacntd  tbalWrnai  * 

It  of  mUA  It  MumUk     Jbddbn  tb«  n 

aktia.     you  m '     ' 


with  BOtnaia, 


8  FBiuoxu.  iDEicTnT.  ^^M 

took  benaatli,  the  nnmiiiditig  taAte;  and  vbether  it  mOTW 
villi  the  akin  or  raonni  fiicd. 

IJaU^liMliom  hg  Pialofnptd. — Photognphj  iiujr  miileaiJ 
wben  ucd  is  rapact  of  ttw  limba,  bandi,  Teet,  and  puti  ibat 
*r«  not  ID  fbnu.  Bui  tbcjr  may  md0  great  lennfle  urbea  we 
■re  dwling  with  put*  in  the  lUiM  tbctn,  md  as  the  featara 
of  Uie  rec«.  But  tliia  remarii  appliea  nUwr  to  the  fii«l  feature* 
than  to  the  CTprwcoo,  vMcb  U  not  qtule  the  sine  in  mj  two 
pbotognphi  taken  by  the  nme  Dialer.  Even  the  oatlina  of 
the  filed  feature*  nuj  varj  aoomfiii^  a*  they  are  in  light  or  in 
tbadow.  In  the  Ticfabonie  me  pbotogrmphi  of  Boger 'nchborne. 
of  the  Cbhnant,  and  of  member*  of  the  Orton  fiunil;,  woe  all 
lued  at  the  trial ;  lod  Kere  so  (a  terriceable  sa  to  itaow  that 
the  CUimant's  bre,  and  eapeeiall;  the  ear,  difTend  wtdd.1  ftom 
that  of  Roirer  Tichbome  tKeoty  yean  before,  and  aim  that  the 
Claimaat  bore  a  neajur  rcseniUance  to  membera  of  the  Orton 
&mi]y  than  to  Ko^r. 

Idnl^icitioa  kg  Stature  inuf  Qtrft.— In  the  Tlehborae  caae 
lluae  point*  came  into  pUy.  Artlinr  Orton'a  Register  ticket, 
i**a«d  when  be  wu  IH,  abowed  tliat  be  wu  5  feet  9|  inches  in 
hi*  llioea,  at  6  feet  9  inehs  in  bia  itwkiDgi.  The  Cliimant,  care- 
fully DuaBur«il  in  hi*  docking  in  pn»n.  hi*  also  B  feot  9  incbe*. 
If,  then,  Arthur  Ortotittopped  gruwingnt  18,  be  and  the  Ciaimint 
might  be  ona  and  the  aame  penon.  Hot  ii>  iiicn,  one  with  aootber. 
fTtvt  two  inrliw  by  Uiu  time  they  reach  30,  there  ii  ■  strong  pro- 
Uihil'ily  ill  r.inmr  of  Orton  hariog  grown  luller,  and  therefore 
:,^.r-,.f  III,  I  l.iliinut  «nd  Orton  being  oDO  und  the  aame.  In  the 
.1.  ,<  Ii  ,.,.r  'JVbbomc.  the  Carabineer,  the  itnture  and  girth  of 
'li- ■  I  ■  '1   ■■  ■  r.' ai»A  ]in(  in  cvidenoe." 

'   ■      ■  ■   '  ■  "  '—  i"-n  i^erted  by  eomparing  n  recent  woned 

rn  it.    In  Janoary,  1S46,  when  freafaly' 

-'rucmd,  a  robbery  wai  eommitted  at 
I  .Id  nien.  Kext  moniing  »e»anil  ipMa 
ilmr  on  the  left  of  a  cltetl  of  drawvn 
■  "l-t  Other  fpoW  were  found  on  the 
''.V  tlw  nihlwn  wlum  they  quitted  the 
fT-hand  of  tlin  fmlotvpi.  A  ulirgd  uf 
I  Uir<  roiil,  which  proved  to  Iw  a  poT- 
iiliiiiurhoal,  a  man  wat  fiMiiiiI 
<  Miiino  and  M.  Cajorderol 


foil  IDBNTinCATtOS. 


Ova  rtlier  qorrtioa  rclaling   to  tha  identity  ot  the   Living 

■uiiu  to  b«  examined,  vii,  Wial  dagret  and  dmralion  r^  light 

t  mtc»t*nrjf  to  fuahle  an  obtervtr  to  duUvguitk  the  Jralvrtt, 

that  III*  fWTKH*  nwy  he  ajlencardi  UhndJUd  !     Tbat  a  vary 

wt  dantion  of  ■  brilliant  Iig:ht  infficea  for  this  parposo  is 

^mni  b;  tb*  fbllowini;  caw : — A  lad;,  on  bor  wsy  frw  India, 

awolw  in  tbg  middle  of  b  dark  night,  and  beard  laiiiG  one  stirring 

in  hcv  eaUn.    A  tadden  flaih  of  liglitnittg  enabled  her  to  see  dis- 

_,liae(l}r  •  tnma  mmnu^ng  uoe  of  ber  trunks,  and  so  to  discern 

'*'    '   '      a  u  to  identify  him  next  morning,    tjmne  of  the  stolen 

V  ftmnd  upon  bini,  and  he  acknowledged  the  Rict.' 

In  tha  foUoving  caw,  the  quation  Brine  ivhethnr  the  light 

il  bjr  the  flash  of  •  pistol  would  suffice  to  dineover  the  face 

It  tbe  pgrMn  firing. 

r  Tbe  Sinir  Lab|j«.  on  a  dark  night  in  Maj,  1SD8,  nns  riding 
pStb  tlw  widow  HeaujeuD,  ittouded  bj  a  servant  od  foot.  The 
wounded  in  ttie  hand  by  a  gun  flred  through  ■  hedge 
d  bjr  a  ditch ;  and  both  he  and  hit  master  swore  that  tbey 
d  Die  asausin  bf  the  light  of  the  discharge.  An  aocoied 
d  condemned  to  deatli,  ajipoaled 
iineBu,  Member  of  the  luatitnte, 
■Bd  Prettmar  of  Experimental  Physics  in  the  Imperial  Gallic  of 
FkvDM,  ns  consulted  a*  to  the  poasibility  of  identificatjou  in  the 
MaOMT  darribed.  Accordingly,  Ginean,  his  siTn,  ProfcssarB 
Dopim  and  Caiudn,  and  othera,  statjoned  at  diflercnt  distances, 
*■>  witsm*  Uie  efleet,  canted  several  primings  to  bo  fired  in  n  dark 
The  light  liiough  strong,  bnt  fuliginous,  was  so  trsnaieiit 
*>t  VBS  scareel^f  passible  to  tec  distinctly  the  form  of  a  liead, 
■1  tint  of  tbc  flue  could  not  be  re<x)gni*ed."  The  ciperimenta 
ra  then  rcpeatnl  in  tbe  court-yard  of  the  college,  the  gun  being 
*  A  with  powder,  but  with  the  same  reiulta.  The  sentence 
At 

iperimente  did  not  conviuoe  FoJerf,  who  thought  that 

li^t  were  dark,  and  the  persons  within  six,  eight,  or  ten 

other,  identiflcalion  was  posnhle :  and  the  resnlta  arc 

nriance  with  the  opinion*  of  persons  Bccustomed  to 

well  as  with  our  own  experiments.     We 

rvcogniied  the  flive  of  a  friend  hy  the  disetiarge,  in 

.oTb  gmi  close  at  hand  (O.).      It  msy  also  be  rensonably 

'    ~'»l  under  slniug  eicitemenl,  when  the  perceptionH 

ihe  actions  are  rapid,  n  person  cxpoaed  to  danger 

qnieliCT  and  more  distinct  perception  timn  to,  ex- 

'OclonicdIsorPraFt.HHi.'srt.IitsntllT.  ^^^H 
h)  Sick  tn-a  tbt  •  Cbbks  C^Ubres.'         ^^^^H 


I 
I 


II  PEBSOHAL  IDZNTITI.  ^^M 

periiDenter.     The  qaeation,  tben,  ii  dub  which  Bdnuti  of  taS§- 
taetOTj  Bolation  only  bj  collecting  curs  uf  this  den, 

Tha  foUowine  case  occurred  in  England  in  1799.  One  Heinei 
wu  indicted  far  Bhooting  at  Edmrde,  Janei,  and  DowMm,  Bow 
Btreet  ot&oen,  on  the  highwaj.  Edwirdi  deposed  that,  in  con- 
sequence  of  KTerel  robberies  aaa  Hotinilow,  he,  with  Jooaa  and 
Dawson,  act  off  in  a  praC-chaiM  oae  dark  nlglit  Id  November,  and 
were  attacked  near  Bcdfont  by  two  persons  on  borsebadf,  one  of 
whom  abitioned  himself  at  the  borrea'  besdi,  and  the  other  at  the 
door  of  the  choiae.  By  the  flash  of  the  pistols  he  conld  distinctly 
aee  that  the  man  at  the  clTaiae-door  rode  a  dark-brown  horae,  be- 
tween thirt*en  and  fourtwn  hnnds  high,  of  a  very  temarlcable 
shnpe,  having  a  iqanre  head,  and  very  thick  ahoulders,  and  alto- 
gelher  such  thai  lie  could  pick  it  out  of  flfty  liorsea :  be  had  since 
recog:nised  it.  He  also  perceived  by  the  same  Ansh  of  light 
that  the  man  hnd  on  a  rongh  abag-brown  grreateoat.* 

A  few  limilnr  cases  have  occarred  in  England ;  and  thM« 
French  ca*e  to  the  mime  effect  in  the  Introduction        ~ 
'  Tniadse'  [note  p,  28). 


^^ 


After  death  by  accident  or  violence,  and  in  caics  of  eihnnuitian, 
the  medical  man  may  be  called  upon  to  asust  in  idcutifying  the 
entire  body ;  to  reconstruct  one  that  hits  been  cot  to  pieces,  and 
tbe  parts  acattcred;  or  to  einmine  a  (keluton  or  parts  of  it,  in 
order  U>  determine  the  sex,  age^  and  probably  statnre  of  tbe 
l>araon  to  whom  it  belong*. 

By  careful  eianiination  be  may  ascertain  tbe  sei,  form  sotn« 
judftmeiit  of  the  age,  and  even  goess  at  tbe  trade  or  occupation 
by  the  muwulur  development,  tbe  skin  of  the  palme  nf  the  hands 
and  the  naili  {indicating  hard  work,  or  tbe  reverse),  and  the 
ItraasDco  or  absunce  of  tattooing  «o  coinmon  in  soldiers,  sailor*, 
and  the  idler  claasea,  so  rare  in  otbers-  Stoius  on  the  hands  Or 
olothee  may  niao  help  to  deteiinine  the  cmploymenC.f 

Tha  folloning  ore  etumplea  of  successful  identiHcation  : — 

Dapaytren  idcn^Qed  a  murdered  man  chiefly  by  a  maltbrma- 
tion  of  the  hip-jWDl  i  and  by  a  like  deFurmity  MM.  Laurent. 
Notdn  anil  Vitry  a  corpae  buried  iu  a  csliar  at  Veraaillva  three 
yean.  Tlia  body  uf  Maria  Martin  was  identified  eleven  monilia 
•f  l«r  ti«r  duBtb  by  Uw  absence  of  certain  teeth  Irou  the  upp«r 


Hff.L 


vanialied  on  upoaure.  The  bead  was  (oaad  loose,  Hnd  vw  bbhIj 
taken  oat  and  held  to  vieK.  It  nita  heavy  and  wi>t,  withaliquid 
tliHt  gave  to  writing  paper  snd  linen  a  greeuish-red  tinge.  The 
textorea  of  th«  neck  were  »olid,  and  the  hock  of  the  scalp  wua 
perreot  and  of  a  remarkabljt  fteih 
appearsDce.  The  hair  of  the  head 
was  a  beantifdl  dark  broim,  that 
afthe  beard  of  areddertioL  The 
divided  mtucles  of  the  neck  were 
coDsiderably  retracted  and  the 
smooth  Burfaoe  of  the  divided 
fonrth  vertebra  nas  visible 

K  redaced  copy  of  the  ea 
\iaf  wbicli  uccompames  the 
npliou  u  nnneiod 
In  the  same  vanlt  in  nhieh 
Charles  I  was  interred  Henry 
Mil  had  been  deposited.  Tbs 
teadtn  eofSn  eoclosed  in  a  thidi 
elm  case  appeared  to  have  been 
beaten  in  so  iis  to  leave  an  open 
ing  large  enonghto  expose  a  mere 
skeleton  of  the  king,  with  some 
beard  upon  Ibe  chin.  Tho  bodif 
had  then  been  interred  a66yBan. 
The  search  for  the  Imdy  of  Hampden  n-as  made  on  tho  Blst  of 
Joly.  1S29,  in  the  presence  of  Lord  Nngont  and  others,  in  Hamp- 
den Charcb,  Bucks.  TVic  colSn  plate  being  corroded,  the  colEn 
selected  for  oiamiiiatlon  vrni  assumed  to  be  bis  in  consequence  of 
it!  position  near  the  tablet  erected  to  his  wife.  It  was  ■  lead 
GofHn,  enclosing  two  wooden  ones,  of  which  the  inner  one  wai 
Ailed  with  sawdust.  The  body  waa  tigbtl;  wrapped  in  three 
layer*  of  i:Ioth.  The  ahitomen  had  &llen  in.  I'lie  face,  whieh 
«u  white,  and  ninrbled  with  blood-veraela,  showed  the  upper 
part  of  the  bridge  of  the  nose,  eyes  bnt  slightly  sank,  aubam 
hair  ux  inches  long,  strong  whiskers,  and  some  beard.  The 
upper  teeth  were  perfect,  and  those  that  remained  in  the  lower 
jaw  soond.  The  skn1I  was  well  formed,  and  the  forehead  broad 
and  high.  The  upper  extremities  were  muscular,  the  lett  perfect, 
but  the  right  hand  was  detached,  tlie  bones  of  the  ann  having 
been  sawn  through.  Several  small  bones  of  tbe  haod,  but  no 
finger  nails,  were  found  in  a  separate  cloth.  Tlie  nails  of  the  left 
/j^nii  H-ere  eat'ire.  The  loft  shoulder  wasentire,  and  tbe  socket 
of  cbejoint  white  i  but  the  socket  of  the  righl  sbonUet  ■«!»  of  a 


4Mteaf  Aftin.    (kiaddaoee  «w  ban  ^la  out  of  tbe 

AooU  k(  bsfM  in  i^nd  IhU  a^ntiSadiaa  after  Htm  loog 
b  t4  tna  b  («Ir  roHlacd  pMotil*  b;  the  eidaKcio  of  the 

■  d—  tWiwy  mappan  anl  talei  taOoM.     How  tlw  «ark 
■rMWrtJMl  '■  laUWWcd  witli  hj  tbc  nmdi  cf  |ialn&c(»n 

■  iMMaaij  iliLuwiliw  of  intamnrt,  um!  bov  it  naj  be 
U^aly  iMrirtal  ky  «Hr<r«rnoo  of  tha  bod;  ioto  adipcccre, 
•  Aon  rin  tTMtiag  itf  IStfrvT^rtMo. 
Ikap^amliaaaritehaanitia  imponUeta  Ktuij  limit 
^  TImw  «f  KiBg  Otgalwrt,  <lisnt«rred  &D(n  the  Chnrch 
.  rpiTi,  albv  IMO  ram.  oliten  tram  Pompeii  iftCT  1800, 
tfaat^M  jagnel  Egyrtan  DiunnuHfoU  2U00  ;«n  nM. 
1  tlwir  pnmanctwa.     Tlnrc  i*.  thcrdbra,  do  medico-le^ 

■  *kicb  tfccj  wimlil  nM  be  fauid  in  ■  italte  lit  (or  eiunioB- 

«  n«MafBil<Ciik«niJnitit]'  intht  liviDg  bavc  tbcir  pinlktg 
t  dmi,  ■■  1^  lUlaning  oue  will  ibm  : — 

»  ttird  for  ninng  the  bod;  of  ■  joiuig 
tb«  eburehjrird  of  S^Ciiling,  nine  weeki  &fter  ilatb. 


clurge,  be  wt*  found  giiilt;  by  ■  mistake  of  Che  corjna  delieli." — 
(Dunlop,  note  to  Beet's  ■  MeilioU  Jnruprodenc*.*) 

Cues  itloBtrativa  of  tLe  posiibilit;  of  imd  pamnu  hang  mU- 
taken  for  Uiiog  ones,  not  merel)'  b;  acqauntancei  mid  fiiendi, 
but  by  pirpnu  and  near  rplttliaiiB,  arp  reiionied  by  Smith,  and  by 
Dr.  Cummiu,  in  hia  lectures.     ('Ucdienl  Gonetie,'  vol.  lii.) 

Calculalion  qf  Stature. — If  we  nre  deuling  with  an  entire 
ikcleton,  we  may  calculate  tlie  gtntare  of  the  person  to  whom  it 
belonged  by  adding  about  nn  iuch-nnd-a-balf  for  tbe  soft  parta. 
If  the  bouta  are  detaclied.  tliey  should  be  laid  oat  ai  nearly  ■■ 
powUe  in  the  natural  poiution,  and  then  nieatumi,  making  al- 
lowance, aa  above,  for  the  soil  parts. 

It  ia  commonly  atated  that,  wlien  tbc  armi  are  stretched 
oat  horizontally,  the  line  from  one  middle  fin^r  to  the  other  ii 
eqoal  to  the  height.  This,  thongh  not  eiacUy  true  (and  leu 
true  in  women  than  in  men),  may  be  oaed  to  detenuine  roaghly 
the  Btotnre  of  a  body  nben  only  the  bonea  of  an  arm  are  forth- 
couiiog.  By  doubling  the  length  of  the  arm,  and  adding 
twelve  inche*  for  the  clavicles  and  an  inch- and- a-hnlf  for  the 
sternum,  as  suggested  by  Ur.  Taylor,  a  gucu  may  be  made  at 
the  stature. 

M.  Sno,  more  tban  a  century  ago.  collected  data  for  caluulnljng 
the  stature  from  the  length  of  the  eitremitieB.*  He  measured 
BuliJHcta  of  medium  height,  chosen  as  tiull  proportioned.  Bi> 
meaeurements,  reduced  to  EngUah  feet,  inches,  and  lines,  are 
([iven  in  the  following  table;  the  first  three  Unea  of  wbich 
show  tlie  results  of  oucmeasoreiueiit ;  the  last  two  of  averages : — 


A^. 

Bod.. 

^""'^-      1   E.^^V. 

EMrcpjJtj. 

lyear   .     . 
8  yean  .    . 
10  jcan  .     , 

20-25  yea^  '. 

PI.  In.  Lin. 
2     0     0 
2  11     8 
0     1     0 
4  10     S 
6    S    2 

1     2     6 

1  8    i 

2  1     T 
2     C  11 
2  10    1 

0  9    7 

1  8    0 

1  8    4 

2  4    1 
8    8    0 

0  »     7 

1  8    0 

1  911 
S    4  10 

2  10    1 

*  of  M.  . 

WMTji  wW»  canlian.  Ttm  of  44  milgi  (with  4  eierptiaiu 
tUta^  oBlt  ;  bMl  ifee  teagth  from  tlie  r«rt«(  tu  Uie  puW 
aictl;  diial  to  that  frna  Uu  pabc*  to  tbp  Mile  of  tbe  foot : 
■Id*  is  33  inrtinec*.  dui  fann*r  mevureni«at  excMdetl  tlie 
iMMTi  Mill  in  14  Ul  iWt  of  iu  Tlie  gmiist  diffiiranK  on 
*h»  adt  *«•  S^  iaclws  EngUili.  Agiiu.  in  luit  one  ont  of  7 
«  Uw  aboTtinauiirciiienU  eqiul:  iheupper  halroftbe 


.   TLem 
o  the  [lubcs  b;  It 


e  than  ^  incb, 

f  tbc  tahla  mar*  cli:*iJj,  and  bringing  togetber 
■  ID  whkh  Uie  bnigib  froiu  Uic  vErtei  to  tbe  pqbe> 
h^faw  to  ba  th<  wui*,  nr  have  fouuil  ■  coniidenible  dilfereiiO! 
ii  tka  l«ir»>  f"^  ^  P"^  t«  U>«  »le.  Of  afUat  atalis 
■  — JH  S  <M<  tf  to  2  fnt  D^  iniib«  Awn  Uw  Tertei  to  tht^ 
fh^  a*B  whipmI  w  littla  u  2  f<nt  T  incba  bma  the  pubei 
to  Ika  tob,  vbilc  iBother  maiurcJ  3  fml  lli~a  ■liO'.^retice 
^  4)  laeha.  A^mu,  of  tltv  fH&uibs,  iu  wluni  lUo  upper 
■MMTtotont  wm  3  bd  6j  to  2  tore  7  incbta,  one  mauured 
■Mt  toON  thaa  S  feit  t,  U»  oUicr  lUtle  loi  Uun  2  feat  S— ■ 

hat  Es  ndilg  OriUa'*  mcamreinaiit*,  we  might  be  in  erroi 
oMM  of  4  10  if  locbta.  Bis  meuarrmenU  of  tbe 
«  aUUl  ibTlitioa*  hUI  men  reunrkkble :  (or  in  one  in- 
r  put  of  Ihe  body  uiHuurto  3  l'e»t  It, 
E*  onljr  2  feet  8— a  difiecenire  of  5^  iucbe*  ; 
r.  ioBbiob  Uie  Di>per  meuuremeDt  i*  S  feet  5^. 
tfea  hmm  totoiiir«iB»nt  b  S  feel  1 1  i~-a  tlitfercnce  b  the  oppu- 
■to  fcMlm  id  B  iocbca. 

b  UkrWK  Xttaa,  tlut  M.  SurV  bii*  in  too  few.  Niid  lii*  lUte- 
HMe  Ud  (iBMt]  J  uni  that  eren  tbo  uiurv  nuiiietoui  and  exw'I 
■MwntosMa  «f  Urtlk,  If  luol  to  (Ixlcnuiiiu  tbe  ilAtoce.  migbt 
^  to  fwy  MrkM  cmir. 
(Mk^  ■Mwar—iBti  of  Ibc  cjUndTial  bono^  wbicb  be  nted 
•  Um  MMarv  of  lbs  akcletou  inij  of  tbe  living  bod;, 
ibica   tkuw,  V 


Crliadrieil  BoaeB.— |0r61a'e  second  table.)                  | 

Luon  a>  I  OBI. 

1 

HiimcrM{8ol«.) 

Femur      7    ,. 
Tibi»        7    ., 

Ft.  In.  Liu. 
1     I     0 

0  10    8 

1  a   : 

1     3    0 

Hu. 

Ft.  In.  Lin. 
6     1     S 
6    1     3 

8     0     0 
6  10    6 

Ft.  In.  Lin. 
5    9    9 
5    G    0 

5  7    0 

6  6    0 

IB.  Un. 
3    6 

8  S 
G    0 

9  e 

[OrfUa't  fint  table.) 

>.»ei.  0>  BOB*. 

BUTCU.                                 1 

Hamenn(lBol».l 
Ulna        14    „ 
PomoT      12    „ 
TiUl        U    ,, 

n.  In.  Lin, 

1   a  e 

0  10     8 

1  5     9 
1     2    6 

Mil 

Ft.  In.  Lin. 
5     8      1 

5  10  10 

6  9     S 
5    9     S 

Ft,  rim, 

6     16 
B    B     8 
5    4    6 

S    i    6 

8    7 
E   a 
S    9 

5  a 

Here,  thetii  for  tbe  mmu  leni^b  of  cylindriral  bone,  we  have  % 
variHUon  in  ataluro  of  from  more  than  tbrce  and  a  \mlf  to  more 
than  five  incbea. 

Thia  minate  analyaiB  of  Orli1a'«  tables  is  n-ndered  necesmy  by 
the  nndue  importance  be  himsi'ir  nttschi'd  to  thctn  ;  fin-  be  aayi, 
■'  n'o  are  cortniii  tbat  it  will  be  piasible  in  the  greiit*r  nnmber  of 
caacr,  on  consulting  these  tables,  and  on  having-  regard  eipeciallj 
to  the  Icngtba  of  the  femur  and  bumernn,  to  arrive  suflltiently 
near  tbe  trutli."  This  falae ronfidence  arosefrom  his  not  having 
properly  t«a(ed  bia  owu  figures — an  omisBion  the  more  to  be  re- 
gretted, aa  bia  table*  linve  been  used  for  practical  piirpoaet. 
Tbna,  Dr.  Henri  Baynrd,  in  tbree  instances,  in  which  Iho  onlj 
parta  of  ti.e  body  left  were  the  bones,  nppliiid  Orllla'a  datk;  In 
two  ansDeceHfnll;,  but,  in  the  third,  nitli  a  auccvaa  which  ii  Ob- 
■iaiulj/  attrlbotnble  to  a  coioddence. 


t  ins  Liiiac. 


^^^■^IkM^  sbUiacd  froiii  U  im^c  <u>d  7  r«>ule  wlgtcU. 

Ti^mi 

i 

11 

1  1 

Mta*,  iK^STixn  it*  lit 

It; 
1 1« 

;;r_;; 

as 90  9  9 

ri««B  Gr<^  UwlbNgeiiigrtUcmetiU  thM  tliee*tiiiutIoii  of 
tnm  patte  of  Um  bodjr  or  ■krietoo  k  miuh  la*  ouy  tiwa 
kth  BoibMitM*  htfiw  nfttaaOetX  it  to  be.    (G.) 

AGE. 
■w  iMww  witii  maoh  miniiteneai  tbe  prinl^^  immii- 
ad  mponrflnUtMi  thtt  beloog  lo  tbe  KvenI  period*  of 
I  nnlj  liB^clH,  howner,  Uiil  iLe  tDcdlcal  man  a  re- 
^  p*«  nitoiea  ta  thia  pniit ;  uid  the  occaiiom  for  an 
■ill  beooow  lot  inilluinMn  ■«  our  regutntioa  of  birth*  bc- 


iDpletc  perwoal  identilicatioii 

■  irf  1^  b  important,  unL  like  the  generai 

■  UmM  into  t«D  port*.     1,  Tie  Age  of  Ikt 


Ub  low  bwD  arUtrarilj  drilled  into  Kptcnniil  and 

otM^  and  ccrtun  fn  (the  dimacicria)  liare  bwu 

»  tpoda  of  BOiBtni  importance  sad  dai^r.     Tlicw 

od  Jhliiii  tiiim  ire  wmntiii);  la  tb«  pnoaon  nwntuy 

I  l«fal  porpnaM.       Kur  do  the   antngta  of  QorUlvt 

b*  ■rtWaliml  •utnra  bmI  woicht  of  tbc  bodjr  at  Uil- 

it  tfim,  mb^  ofappUatkia  to  lBill*idDab,  ukI  the  u 

■  f^tm  lo  tb*  pniUsa  of  tl«  oeatr*  of  tlic  bod<  ai  ■  t«»t 

j  fer  ika^b  It  mvf  ba  rtsled,  \a  gcnenl  termf,  Ui 

I  b  at  tb*  n*ri :  In  Um  adnlt.  at  tbe  pubaj  far 

eliate  pnita,  ntmnr  U>  the        ~* ' 


bonei  being  >iuiTteT,  and  the  trunk  longer,  than  in  man,  the 
centre  of  the  bod;  U  above  tlie  pub«9. 

The  fucti  roUling  to  t)ia  |Kriod  of  pulierty  in  the  two  loxei, 
und  of  chanfce  of  life  in  women,  also  show  the  little  depeadence 
to  be  pliLcod  on  tliese  orcurreDceB  as  itidicntinna  or  mge.  The 
eitremca  sre  so  far  apart  that  the  averages  cannot  be  saTely 
applied  to  individual  case*. 

We  have  Dioro  preeise,  tbougb  eUU  vary  impGrrci.-t,  menni  of 
fixing  tbe  age  of  younger  peraoiia,  in  the  aucccstivo  appGaiaiHW  of 
the  teeth  both  of  the  flrat  und  second  dentition. 

The  hrat  set  or  milk-teeth  apixtur  in  Che  following  order  : — 
Central  incisors  ....  6 —  7  months 
Lateral  incisors  .6 —  »      „ 

Fint  molars B — IS 

Canine  teeth IS — 18       „ 

Second  Molars  ....  18 — 24      „ 

The  niilk'teetb,  then,  da  not  appear  at  the  suae  age  in  all 
infants;  while  BOine  are  bom  witli  the  incisors  above  the  gumij 
otiiers  bnve  no  teeth  till  the  end  of  the  second  year ;  and  a  few 
even  live  several  years  without  a  single  visible  tooth. 

Tbe  order  and  probiible  time  of  appenrance  of  the  paimanent 
set,  with  tbe  number  of  teeth  existing  at  each  age,  ii  abowa  in 
the  annexed  table. 


... 

Tjaara. 

8  jeata. 

9  yew.. 
10  years. 
llyaara. 

ia-i!l. 

134-1*- 
lS-36. 

oc 

Caidd. 

..oc 

riBS. 

Houaa. 

Centna.Ut.r.1. 

Antn. 

ft>-ler. 

Anln. 

Bmood. 

PoMar. 

i 

i 

4 

i 

i 

i 

* 
i 

4 

1 
4 

i' 
4 

4 

As  it  wua  thought  tbaC  the  tkctc  of  this  table  might  be  e' 
ployed  OS  a  Etsndanl  of  compariaon  in  detenniuing  the  age  of 
children,  especially  of  those  employed  in  taclories,  Mr.  "       '     ~ 


sTHtofAge.'    BjEAiiiaSvinden. 


■  q^oyr,  219,  or  ncarljr  ODe-half,  had  Ibc 

*  at  Ua^  MaUd  in  the  tiblp;  tuntelj,  4  ccBtnil  iucwin, 

14  aDtcriDT  mobn.     Of  £S1  girl*,  of  the 

^  168.0*  no<l>wancliinane-hslf.h*d  the  nine  biiidI)ct. 

Im  Vma  wxb  UigrtliFr,  387  <nit  of  706  had  the  ftiU  com- 

1  ef  (OTth.     The  mnainder  in    bolh  icin  mdHsted  of 

■  ■ba>  in  plao*  of  4  oT  racfa  Itind.  lud  ■  nmller  namber 

w  Uw  ulliCT.     In  ■  1arg«  pmportkm  of  the  cbildrcn,  roe, 

*  of  lb*  fiiQT  lateral  indaon  -mm  wmling.  and  *o  of 

r  latski  Mrd  in  GS  cam  onlj  Ibe  latenl  indun  were 

>.  in  tfa«  ooIbbm  of  the  table,  oppoiita  tlie  i^  of  il 
'  '  a  Ibr  4,  tba  nomben  1,  2,  3,  or  4,  and  Haert 
r  WBj  at  tbm!  ninnben  arc  fosnil,  tlie  diild  it  in  ita 
rt  aantian  will  \>e  tiurnK  out  m  666  uut  of  7IB  raiM, 
'b  I4v  In  the  Tnuining  CS,  a  diild  of  eight  might 
if  OD*  of  nine  ;ean. 

y  napcrting  children  ■  ho  bad  attained  the  age  of 
■  tiilkni  in^  rtaulu : — 

D  half  the  hoji.  and  more  than  half  the  girU, 
J  ■  poHiUe  half  of  ibe  two  teirm  taken  together, 
•omplenMnt  of  teeth  enteml  in  the  table  a*  bekm^- 
r  la(UUf«De(lS(  to  14:  b;  far  the  majoiilj  of  both  iciea 
^eoaorBervof  IbatMTIwalviIenor  iMth:  and  in  llinataiica 
M  or  BtlMr  of  the  teeth  wholly  wanting.  Id  three 
Id  of  IS  night  bare  beenmirtakenroroneof  12lol2^; 
•  cf  II,  and  in  BDnther  trnr  one  of  10.  In  a  *>f>t 
Mtaneaa,  however,  a  child  baittig  one  or  more  of  the 
h  bitfntail  in  tba  oolimina  of  tbv  table  oppoiite  1 S J  to 
]•  r^  k^  caujitlai  Ha  IStb  jrar.* 

Ihm  fMBBbant  taath  are  nut  nocnplete  till  tbr  dentrt  tapirmtia 
■■ka  Ihr^  •((mnaca.  Thi*  nsnalt;  baprcna  from  the  18th  to 
th*  tUa  far.  botaatBethnca  mocb  Uter  i  and  a  csie  i*  rerorded 
^  Pr.  Hamilton  of  a  tnan  of  HO  who  dial  from  tlie  inita^u 
d  bj  mltiDf!  a  *liiIiiin'toatli, 
>l)Ma  baa  been  Laid  ■■  n  mi  of  ag*,  on  the  while  line  at 
•  margin  of  tha  nirnaa.  known  ai  Ibe  arrut  mill:  Ai  the 
I  b;  a  ilrpnil  i>f  nil-globnUii,  whtrh  nay  take 
•  other  than  odranrliig  a^e;  a*  Mr.  Canton 


J25''"u»!Ki£i''*''™"''""' """''""*'  'baUnt 


r.  Canton     ^^1 


rcporti  rates  of  liis  own,  or  on  the  aathoritT  of  otbera,  tn  rliicli 
it  bm  been  preunt  U  42,  34,  33,  tad  eren  28  jMra;  and  u  we 
bivc  ODnelres  teen  it  completely  rormcd  xt  43  and  SD,  luid  BliNtit 
at  79  and  85,  it  a  olivious  that  tbii  appearance  must  rallier  bo 
rejected  ai  a  lest  of  »^,  or  only  used  in  lienttliy  pmoni  lirtng 
or  dead,  in  conjunction  with  other  signi  of  age.  (G.)* 

Alt  otbur  iadicatiooB  of  age  in  tbc  Living,  snch  aa  gnjntm 
or  bnliliiem  of  tlie  liair,  and  ioas  of  teeth,  are  deceptive.  Cmc* 
of  premnture  old  ago,  of  uniuual  vigour  ac  advanced  penodi  of 
life,  and  of  reitorntion  to  the  aged  of  mme  of  the  structuraa  aod 
fnnctiona  proper  to  nn  earlier  pimod  (e^i),  the  eutting  of  leHb 
and  the  growth  of  coloured  bair ;  the  aecretlon  of  milk,  and  the 
persiBten™  or  return  of  the  racnstnia]  dischai^),  may  prevent 
ns  from  even  gneuing  at  the  age.  On  the  other  hand,  the  early 
occurrence  of  the  marks  of  puberty  in  both  ecxee,  and  the  pr«- 
matore  or  very  lale  appearance  of  the  mentes  in  the  female, 
create   difflcultica   in    rightly    citimating  the    age   at    earlier 


In  the  bodies  of  pcreons  recently  dead,  we  have  the  mme 
mean!  of  eatimatlng  the  age  ai  in  the  living ;  and  we  may  learn 
aometliiiig  from  the  dinet'tion  of  the  body.  Bony  depoiti  in  the 
heart  and  orteries,  liir  instance,  afford  a  strong  prolahility  that 
tbe  subject  had  reached  a  mature  if  not  an  advanced  period  of 
life. 

Tlie  itate  of  the  bone;  ntsa  liicuisbee  some  clue  to  age,  both  in 
young  and  old.  Up  to  tlie  aire  of  So  (he  pn^roi*  of  oiiiGcatiun 
in  the  ioug  bones  alTordB  the  rrudieat  due  to  ttie  age.  The  head 
and  taberoaitiea  of  the  hameriu  blend  aboat  the  age  of  G,  and  are 
completely  united  to  the  ahafb  about  the  age  of  20.  The  condyles 
unite  with  the  aball  at  from  16  to  18.  Tbe  bead  and  trocbanten 
of  tite  femur  blend  with  the  ihifl  at  about  the  age  of  18,  and 
the  condyles  with  the  ahaft  at  about  2U.  About  the  age  of  30, 
it  is  more  dilGcalt  to  determine  the  age.  As,  however,  age  ad- 
vatiMt  certain  other  changes  occur.  The  cartilages  of  tbe  ribs 
become  ossified  by  degrees,  and  earlier  in  men  than  in  women. 
In  advanced  age  tbe  cartilages  of  tbe  larynx  are  converted  into 
bone.  The  laturea  of  tbe  ■liull  gradually  become  lesi  distinct  ai 
life  edvaucea.  The  frontal  suture  disapgiears  about  the  age  of 
pnberty.  If  the  other  autnres  have  grown  indisijnot,  we  may 
le  that  the  age  was  not  under  50.     In  advanced  age  the 


to  tha  Areat  ssollla,  or  AiCtT  demnenUan  vl 


B.F.B.C.8.: 


■  II,  18S1. 


.    By  Edwii 


■Bx  or  Tiie  uvu 


IL-BTFUL  SEX. 


ii 


nertabral  diK>  ihrivel,  the  spine  IwndBrorKkrcl.  and  thebnliet 

Tert«briB  twconie  bevelled  olTin  ^iit,  the  botiei  in  ^lornl 

rcigbt,  and  thoM  of  tlie  akull  become  tUiunor  through  tbe 

tappeanncs  of  the  diploe. 

>   Uut  the  jaip  i*  the  part  which  ondergoea  the  most  nmrlccd 

iDt^a  nitb  age.     In  the  f<Bta>  and  in  eirly  inbncy  the  rannia 

d  bod;  form  ■  very  obtuse  utigle.     In  middle  life  they  furm 

■  right  angle ;  bat  in  old  age,  when  the  teeth  hare  dropped 

M.  the  alreulu  bonier  ii  abaorbed,  and  the  jaw  reverts  to  thi? 

In  VBry  old  ^enona  the  jew  hoi  the  churactc- 

ic  appcanuuN  tiiowu  in  the  auucied  eograviiig  ;  — 


*  of  MX  mi;  be  miieil  in  rererenee  bnth  to  infants 

k  In  tba  eue  of  •  aew-born  child  the  issue  of  parents 

^  f  fMl  or  boiled  property,  the  right  of  auvceasian,  and 

i  dML  the  dispmal  of  the  property  depends  an  tbo  sei. 

a  wife  boidg  tuiunt  in  tHtl-malc,  ie  delivered  of  u  son  burn 

b  IIm  btuband**  riubt  ii  teeared  i  bat  the  property  pasties 

'    a  if  *Iw  gives  birtli  to  a  daaghlec.     This  fiwm  of  suecua- 

B  ii  tanmid  Unavy  bg  the  curtet^. 

It  nm;  he  naotuary  aim  not  merely  to  ascertain  the  set,  where 

n  HD  ba  dooe,  bat  in  daubtM  cises,  to  determina  which  aex 

,   for  It   appeaM.  on  the  aathurity  of  Coke  upon 

I  "  aa  liuruuphrodite.  wliiuh  is  also  culled  Andro- 

1,  iIbU  be  bifire,  either  a«  male  or  female,  according  to  l^aA 


M  SIX. 

ktnil  of  the  text  vliir}!  doth  prevail,  nnd  nr'cordiiigly  !t  onglit  U) 
be  haptiiot," 

The  queilion  of  lei  may  also  iriBe  at  a  latw  ppriod,  lu  in  the 
case  qnoted  b;  Bwk  of  n  jonng  iiobl?niBa  of  doubtfal  sei.  wlioae 
parents  consulted  a  medicxl  man  wliether  the  education  slmntd 
be  that  of  mate  or  feniBle. 

Tbore  ore  three  iMnditioiiB  of  the  oi^ns  of  gmcntian  which 
may  pment  difflmltiOB  to  the  mvdical  eiRinitUir. 

1.  Ttie  organ!  of  a  male  may  rewmble  tliow  of  the  femnle. 

2.  The  organs  of  a  femnle  may  rSBemble  thoBe  of  the  male. 

3.  Tli«  orgnDB  of  the  two  tfxft  may  be  blended. 

1.  The  organs  of  a  male  may  riisembte  thoie  of  the  female. 
(Androgyni.)  The  moat  common  malformntion  of  tbii  aort  oon- 
([ata  of  a  amall,  imperfect,  and  imperfonit«  penia,  a  sliort  caul 
l>eneath  it,  and  a  elell  arrotiim,  brarinfr  reapectivety  aome  resem- 
blance to  the  ditorii,  Tugioa.  and  labia  of  the  female.  Each 
tection  of  the  acrotom  may  contain  a  teatiele.  bat  the  teste*,  one 
or  both,  may  be  lodged  behind  the  eiteninl  T-ing.  The  abort 
ranni,  or  esl  de  lae,  whieh  repUcea  the  nrethra  and  opena 
at  the  baie  of  the  penis,  or  in  the  perineum,  near  the  anna,  is 
found  to  commnnicatc  with  the  bladder.  It  is  often  enlarged  at 
Sta  Himmencement,  ao  as  to  roaemble  the  vagina;  and  hna  been 
even  made  to  discharge  ita  aeiual  fDnction.  From  the  position  of 
the  opening  of  the  urethra  beneath  the  imperfonte  penia,  theae 
persons  are  called  hgpoipniiiani. 

The  presence  of  leatii'ies  in  the  folds  resembling'  the  labia,  or  in 
the  groin;  the  comma  nicitian  of  tbeopfiiing  beneath  the  i(nper> 
forate  penis,  or  in  the  perinenm,  with  the  bladder;  the  abaeuee  at  ■ 
any  organ  correrponding  to  the  uterna;  and,  in  the  adult,  tlie 
absence  of  menstruation — enable  as  at  once  to  determine  thesri. 
In  moat  of  these  cases  the  bnild  of  the  body,  the  muscolar  de- 
velopment, the  voire,  the  taslra  and  habits,  are  more  ttiose  of  a 
man  than  of  a  woman.  Many  cases  anaivi'ring  to  tbis  description 
are  on  record ;  and  there  are  prcpnralioTia,  casts,  models,  and 
drawinga,  illuatrating  tlieae  malformBtiona  in  moit  of  our  mu- 
seums. Tlje  following  cose  by  Mr.  W.  Loney  ('  Lancet,'  May  7, 
18E6)  is  H  good  illuirtration  : — .lime  W'  ,  a  lunatic,  twenty- 
eight  years  of  age,  was  admitted  into  the  Mawlesflcld  workhouse. 
She  excited  suspicion  by  her  unn-illingneaB  to  be  washed,  and  on 
being  examined,  waa  found  to  have  a  penia  two  inches  long,  and 
the  aame  in  cireomfcrencr,  plnci<d  on  the  pnhes,  just  abore  and 
between  the  external  labia;  with  a  well-defined  prepuce,  which 
could  be  mot'cd  nt  pleasure,  causing  a  slight  erection.  Just  below 
t/i/s  was  Bn  opening  so  small  as  Bcaice\y  to  admit,  1.\ke\\U\ii  flT>ffti, 


Id  Ij»  felt  at  abotit  three  incliei  diiliiMe 

(Etlm  cmild  uot  be  irni.  but  a  oithrtn 

Ivthrougb  IbUopFiiing.     'Hie  pcniswu 

f  tht  hcwl  wat  abort  and  curtj,  lika  a 

— amUr  and  bur;  i  and  [he  voice  ei- 

cnline.     The  mamiun  were  entirely 

hair  than  oiiial  abont  the  pubo.    She 

ler  tut«  was  to  depraved  that  aiie 

fUh  gmt  drlight.     She  wat  atron^  and 

IjDUDg  womeu  in  tha  nme  ward  bj  the 

ynqmuiliM.     Bnt    Iherc    ate  cuet  in 

:the  breattt.  oonpled  »ith  a  prefereSK 

h$  might  miiloul  if  the  orgnni  of  geiiu- 

It  and  in  lomc  iiuttiinrea  ibe  absence  of 

luwcrtaintj. 

,  well  or  iU-fornieil,  is  confined  to  tbe 
JbnoBtion  of  the  inl«^ninenti.  Thta 
ier  il«iatioai  from  the  Domiel  ■tmctoie 
In  two  raK*.  one  a  negro,  tbe  otiier  n 
fden  fiitet  engravings ;  and  in  Ihe  cue 
kroQgbt  up  B>  a  girl,  Hr.  Bmnd  hj  a 
rottifrted  parti,  and  proved  to  the 
^     mtataken. 

'klonfCiDg  to  Ihia  diviMon,  wbich  might 
jinit*  in  a  deBraency  of  tbe  inle- 
rr,  and  of  the  correeponding  part  of 
I  fdare  btiing  oceapied  by  au  irrcgnlar 
Itii  the  ureter*  apening  upon  it.  The 
^  and  imperforate,  and  the  TnicnliB 
tnhcrclc  at  ill  root,  or  on  Ibe  red  nnd 
Igatii'lca  are  genvnill;  well  formed,  aome- 
ntnni,  rometiniM  to  be  Telt  in  tbe  groin, 
A.  The  Miual  appetite  niay  be  atrong, 
lug.    Thnae  olio  have  this  malforoiR- 

Bay  memhle  Ibe  m«le.  (Androgynw.) 
■ging  to  thia  rlma  "re  an  enlarged 
Itcri.  In  tbe  firal  caw — that  of  enlargt^d 
teaticla  froDi  tlip  Ubw,  tbeprcscDce  of 
MniTTenn  of  nenatnwtion — thew  (ingl; 
kMlnrlian  n»;." 

la  an  itutanco  In  a  FreochwotDOn 

Jj^raMBOTiOOo  foinB/I  Uir  'Cjo,  iif  Aoatouiy 


I 

I 


W  SBX. 

having  ■  prolapms  orident  On  iospection,  vlio  Inid  elaim  to  the 
[Dsle  Kx,  and  was  ahowa  u  ■  cnrioBity.  And  of  tlie  second  form 
ofniBlfornialinn  Mnhon  roUtcs  the  cue  of  one  Margiret  Malaura, 
eihibited  at  Pnm  in  ll!93,  drea»od  a«  ■  man,  aiid  allegrng  thst  *he 
pasHHsed  iind  could  use  the  orgnni  of  bath  lexei.  Several  phy- 
sicians and  sargeons  certiiiod  that  showiusn  hermaphrodite;  bnt 
^viard,  an  eminent  lurgeon,  being  incrednkiuB,  eiamiued  her  in 
the  presence  or  Ilia  hrother  prnctitioners,  and  found  a  prolapsn* 
uteri,  which  be  reduced. 

3.  The  orgnn«  of  the  two  seies  rosy  he  blended. 

Many  Cjucs  of  this  imperfect  approach  to  the  tnio  hernupliro- 
dite  are  on  record.  In  some  an  ovary  Iihb  been  found  on  tbo  leR 
side,  and  a  testis  on  the  right)  ii.  oKiiem  the  position  of  theao 
oi^nn  hat  been  rovBrsedj  nnd  in  a  third  class  of  cnsea  the  ex- 
temal  oi^ni  have  approiimated  closely  to  the  female  type,  and 
the  Internal  lo  the  male,  or  the  reverse.*  Bnt  no  case  of  real 
hermaphroditism,  the  organs  of  the  two  seies  being  perfectly 
developed  in  tliu  same  person,  is  on  record. 

In  einminiug  caaes  of  doubtful  sex,  the  following  pointa 
ilioulit  be  attended  to: — The  ilxc  of  the  organ  rorresponding  to 
the  penis  or  cliUiriB,  suj  whether  it  i«  perforate  or  imper- 
forate i  the  form  and  mode  of  attacbmunt  of  the  prepuce ;  the 
presence  or  absance  of  purts  correii|ionding  to  tlie  nympluii 
the  presence  or  absence  of  testicles.  The  openings  that  tiitt 
most  be  csrefnlly  examined  with  a  sound,  to  ascertain  whether 
they  oommmiinate  with  the  bladder  or  uterus,  or  are  merely 
mi*  de  me  I  and  inqoiry  slionlJ  be  made  respecting  the  eniat- 
ence  of  the  menstruHl  discharge,  or  of  vicnrioos  di«cbai^«s.  The 
tCeneml  oonfbrmation  and  appeaniuco  of  tbe  body  should  also 
be  ohserred,  including  the  growth  of  the  beard.t  and  of  hair 
on  diSbrent  part*  of  the  body  ;  tlie  formation  of  the  nhonldcr* 
and  hips)  the  development  of  the  breaate;  the  fulness  of  the 
ttiighp)  the  tone  of  the  voice]  and  the  feeling  uud  oonduct 
towards  uther  sei. 


?n    the   entire    boilj   is  suhmitled    ' 
theoise  of  Ihinje  or  Doni«  in  rummln's  Li 

nkls,  thv  Terj  complati?  mad  laoro' 
■dU  of  Anslonii  lud  PhjsioloB*. 
.cuhoDt  CUM  given  Uv  fff.  Uho- 
•<lh  coplnui  boi  d  ud  ■hlsLimi.  < 
nef  to  anr  ^illa^6  tign  dttsllsd  in 
ib(af7orsiuillariDtl*DceB,  see' 


inspection,   there 

t«lorH, '  MM.  Om."  toL 
d,  Dccamnt  balb  la  Dwa 

nthernlie  welHm«lop«a 
Pgr  the  MSB  lts.lt  .Bd'a 


Bn  C*  TSe   DEAD. 


I   dw   ■kaletoD,  or  lome  part  of  tbe 
^^^  ^wma,   m  vlikh  ttw  bllawing  diflereDcei  are  obserr- 

Th*  l^ta  of  Dm  fnnak  aj«  lightor,  more  cellular,  nnootheT, 
I    UwH    of   tbu   mile:    the   pnxxtaet  leu 
naUtir.     The  ituU   of  the  fL-male  is 
!  bnlging   at  the  aides,   ani]   longer 
urn  i  tlu)  facB  more  u>al,  the  frontal 
t  tmm  atmn^/  tnarkcd.  the   noatrila  njure  delicate,  the 
|n*  end  Wrth   aoalltr,  and  t>>e  chin  leu    praminont.      Tlie 
c4aif  irfllMraaiiLlehdiwperthan  thatof  the  male;  the  sterna m 
■tantr  aid  BoncoDTu;  the  meifonn  cartilage  thinner,  and 
r  I>  Ufa  t  Uw  riba  amaller,  aud  the  ortiligoi  longer. 
•  timber,  and  the  bodie*  of  tbe  rertebne 
le  llian  io  the  male.     The  pelvit.  how- 
',  I  w  1 1(1  tba  MMM  •-.riking  cootml.      Tbe  Ilia  are  inore 
1  Io  the  female ;  the  aac^iD   mure  i»a. 
;  the  angle  formed  b;  the  deaceud- 
*  obtwej  tha  pohic  arch  Hider,  the  tubeitMitiet  of 
I  1*>B*I7  wpantcd;   the  forouiEn  ovale  larger, 
«  obliqae ;  the  aoetnbula   wider  apart ; 
■•  abathnr,  but  larger  in  iu  oatletj  than  in 
ibocn  in  the  annexed  eagrav- 
s,  and  B  the  femnle  petris. 
«  between  tba  mala  and  female  akeleton  U  leas 
J  (narked  Wbre  the  age  of  puberty. 


I 


^f^^ 


Tlie  following  table  diovi  the  recpcctive 


midB  snd  female  pelvi,  at  tlie  brim  :- 

Xile.       Fmule. 

Antero-ptaterior,  or  conjugate  di 

Traiisvcree 

Oblique      .... 

(QuBiD  ntid  Sliarpej-.} 

Thia  gronp  of  subjects— identity,  ag«,  ittid  wi — may  he  »i- 
vmntagoiaaly  brougljt  ta  a  done  by  tliree  rnsec  one  in  Ibc  living, 
and  two  in  the  deail,  in  one  ur  other  of  which  the  question  of 
idenlity.  in  most  of  the  form*  it  is  likely  to  aaaume.  will  rec«T« 
arople  illtutration.  The  Tichborne  case,  which  wanid  hava 
formed  a  fltting  pendent  to  that  of  Martin  Guerre,  will  be  found 
at  length  in  an  appendix. 

1.  Tit  eaie  of  Marfia  Gutm.—iioiv  than  three  centuriet 
>ip>  (in  1539)  a  marriago  took  place  at  Arltgnes,  in  Lantpirdoc, 
between  two  children  ahont  11  yeare  old.  The  liDeband  wai  one 
Martin  Ouerre,  the  wife  one  Bertraude  de  Itoia.  After  the  lapw 
of  nine  years  a  ton  (Sanii)  wan  born,  tinder  pecoliar  circam- 
atances,  1<nown  only  to  the  parents.  Martin  was  nn  elder  aODi 
and  W19  icttled  in  the  tame  village  with  his  father.  Uartin 
having  robbed  him  of  some  com,  and  f«iring  detection,  di»- 
■ppenred,  and  was  notheanl  df  for  eight  yeair.  In  tliis  interval 
his  father  died,  leaving  four  daughters  nnder  tlie  guardianship  of 
a  yoDDger  brother,  Pierre.  Meanwhile  the  nbeent  Martin  t/a- 
listed  ai  a  soldier,  and  had  for  comrade  one  Arnauld  de  Tilh  (or 
Datille)  oliat  Paesette,  iman  of  known  bad  character,  who  lived 
with  Martin  on  such  terms  of  intiinncy  as  enabled  him  lo  become 
poHcased  of  all  his  leurets,  Martin  lost  n  leg  in  tho  wan,  and 
b«ng  taken  ill,  end  thinking  himieir  nbout  to  die.  gave  Amaald 
what  be  lind  about  his  person.  At  tho  end  of  the  eight  years, 
thia  Arnauld,  thus  possessed  of  Marlin'a  aecrets  and  personal 
property,  and  having  been  iniataken  for  Martin  by  Bomo  friends 
of  his,  presented  himself  at  Artlgnee,  and  was  at  once  accepted  aa 
the  real  Martin  Ouerre  by  his  uncle,  sisters,  and  all  his  rrieiuls 
and  acquaintance,  and,  most  strange  to  any,  by  Bertrandc  heTi«If, 
ivha,  having  been  warmly  attached  to  her  husband,  welcomed  th* 
new-nimer  with  nnfragned  BfTection,  and  bore  him  two  children, 
one  of  whom  died  yonng.  Arnauld  lived  with  hiscomrade's  wif^ 
and  surrounded  by  his  eomrade'i  relalivea,  friends,  and  acquain- 
tance, for  thr^  years  j  when  a  soldier  psEsing  throogh  the  village, 
c^W/fif^ertrande  with  the  intelligence  tWt  her  busbnnd  Martin, 


CASE    OF    MiBTlN    GtiEBIlE.  29 

»  hiHl  kn  &  leg  in  baltU,  vat  living  id  FUniln's.  Bertrawli', 
tarbed  but  DDiMatinced,  went  to  a  fiouirj  nud  tuda  liini  draw 

•  lesont  of  tb«*ddin'>  aMtenicnts:  butilie  took  no  further 
«  of  tbtnn,  and  oontiuiicd  to  Uve  nitb  Anuold  u  berore. 
T  three  jrcnn  Piem,  the  uncle,  quarrelled  with  ArimulJ,  luil 
Id  havv  killed  him  but  for  tbe  iutorferencu  of  Uerlrxiide.  SooD 

lenre  of  a  rillage  quarrel,  Arnault]  ¥-ta  Drrefll«d, 

d  inpiuoncd  at  Toulonae,  and  tlierenpon  tbe  ancio  tvitb  other 

'  itivea  tried  to  persuade  Bertrande  to  denonnci:  him  ai  an  iui- 

1  but  the  rewlutclj'  rrfuied,  aUcgiDg  that  heranft  "citlier 

I^Xurtin  Uovrre  or  tbe  Devil  in  bin  ilun;"  and  when  he  wu 

Ml  liait,  received  biio   a*   berore  with  everj'  mark   of 

But  till!  nut  daj,  the  nncle.  pretendiBg  to  net  under 

K  powtr  of  altoni^  in   Uertruide'i  nuue,  arrested   Arnaald, 

^og  him  with  frsnd  and  deception.     The  com  was  tried  at 

nnde  altvging  that   Uie  priuner  wu  not  Martin 

t  bnt  Amauld  de  Tilh.  known  to  many  pertons  in  tlie 

u  hii  yontli  at  of  bad  character.     On  the  iwrt  of  the 

I  tlie  utbpr  hand,  all  the  fai'ta  connected  with  hit  uarly 

d  oomidete  reeognitiOD  wen  adduced,  and  Lib  perfect  bnow- 

sUna  thfl  moat  trivial  and  the  most  secret,  bucked  by 

'■  upriglit  chaiacler,  hUnieleas  life,  and  atroii^aifectjau. 

150  in  number,  were  then  mllcd,  of  whom  betweeu 

id  iO  bad  no  donbt  of  the  identity  of  the  accuned  with  Uaitiu 

Ci  SO  ilwiLired  him  to  be  Amauld  de  Tilb,  and  60  (aid  they 

i  by  tbe  resemblanoe  between  tbe  priiQner  uiid 

I  at  whom  Iliey  hod  known  lutiuetvly,  that  they 

'uson.     The  ion,  Suixi,  wu  then  brought 

iltbaogbtKireaemhhuicecoald  be  trailed  between  biui 

M  pranounced  to  have  tbe  hmily  look,  and 

walifca  Um  four  lialenof  Martin  Guerre  "ai  one  egg  Isllki- 

Tlie  judge,  on  lumming  up  the  evidence,  gave 

lat   the  prinner,  a*  an  impoator,  adulterur,  and 

r.  and  ooadcmucd  bim  to  be  beheaded  and  quartered.   But 

aiipaiUd  to  Uic  I'arliameut  of  Tonlouae,  which  instituted  a 

*  inqoir]'.  The  priioaeT,  on  being  eoufronlod  tvitb  Uertrunde, 
d  Im  wmU  abide  bj  bor  deciaiun,  and  place  bis  life  in  her 
mSt.     WmiU  «b«  awtiar  that  be    mat  not  UartJn  Guerre  p 

"that  >lie  could  neither  iwenr  nor  belicvu 
tue»ea  were  tlian  called,  of  wliom  10  awort' 
«  (icUiDer  W1U  Martin  (iuerre,  7  tbut  he  wa>  Amauld  de 
' «  ml  api^u  doubtfully.     An  uncle  of  Arnnuld  and  Bomc 
la  mid  they  bad  rvoguuted  tbe  priaoner  a»  Anuuld 
n  tbe  Snt,  but  aHignitl  reaiuus  for  not  having  eipaaed  him. 


The  cvidenco  of  the  witnMm  is  to  the  perionil  chftn>eleri*tin 
or  the  two  men  led  to  the  ooncliiaion  that  there  wai  little  Kwm- 
blaiire  between  them.  Mmtin  wm  described  as  toll  and  darii, 
■pare  in  body  and  limb,  with  Uiihend  aunk  between  theihouldcn. 
a  forked  carved  i?hin,  a  banging  lower  lip^  8  large  tumed-up  nou, 
an  nicer  on  the  face,  and  a  scar  on  tbe  brow  ;  while  Amauld  «u 
■hort,  thicb-Ect,  and  corpnimt,  had  a  ttont  Irg  and  na  stoop,  ■ 
different  set  of  Teatarea,  and  scan  on  the  t»ee  abnot  which  the 
witnesae*  conid  not  tgree.  But  the  prinoner  had  donble  eye-teeth 
in  tbe  upper  jnw,  a  (car  on  tbe  forehead,  the  mil  of  tbe  foK- 
Dofter  of  the  lefl  hand  sunk  in  tbe  flesh,  three  warta  on  the  right 
hand  and  one  on  tbe  little  finger,  all  which  pecoliaritiea  wore 
recalled  by  the  witneitesMi  belonging  to  Martin  Gaerre.  Murtiu'i 
alioeoiuker  deposed  that  bit  shoe*  had  to  be  made  a  fourth  tonger 
than  those  of  Amnuld.  Martin,  too.  was  a  akilied  fencer  which 
Amauld  was  not,  nnd  Amauld  could  not  speak  eren  n  few  words 
of  Martin'a  nntive  Unique  longnagv.  One  witnesa  (Jean  Espagnol, 
an  innkeeper)  asserted  tbiit  Amauld  had  coufidcd  to  bim  iu  the 
itrieteit  secrecy  all  the  fiicts  relating  to  hie  cloae  intiuiacj  with 
Martin,  and  conaciinent  knowledge  of  all  bigaecreta. 

The  ParliimieDt  of  Tonlonae  found  the  evidence  On  the  whole 
BO  conflicting,  attnehcd  bo  much  weight  to  the  apontaneoos  reeog< 
nition  of  AmauM  by  thoae  who  might  bs  preantned  to  be  the  beet 
possible  judges,  and  to  bia  admitted  resembUnco  to  the  foor 
sisters  of  Martin ;  while  on  the  other  band,  the  lapse  of  time  in 
the  coae  ofa  Ind  who  led  bis  native  village  wbcn  only  20  jean  of 
age,  added  to  the  hardahlpa  and  vicissitudfa  of  a  soldier's  lilc^ 
wonld  serve  to  eiplsin  even  marked  changes  in  form  and  face^ 
and  the  failure  to  recollect  the  words  of  bis  native  tongue,  uhicb, 
indeed,  he  might  have  forgotten  befbre  he  left  his  nntive  village; 
all  these  con^derations  inclined  them  Ut  give  their  sentence  in 
flivonr  of  the  prisoner.  But  at  tbia  jouctorc  a  man  with  a 
wooden  1e^,  calling  himaelf  Martin  Ooerre,  appeared  in  onrt. 
Ho  was  immediately  nrreited,  shut  up,  snd  secrttly  examinedt 
when  he  di^iplayed  the  same  knowledge  of  facta  respecting  his 
village,  acqii»intnn<«a,  and  family  ns  Amauld  had  done;  and  when 
confronted  with  tbe  prisoner,  bore  the  test  of  cross-ciimina^on 
equally  well,  bat  often  answering  with  Icaa  readinen,  and  even 
leea  minuteness  of  detail.  Hewaa  thenbrooglit  fhce  to  face  with 
members  of  the  family  of  Martin  Onerre — tbe  brother  of  Amanld 
having  absconded  and  refined  to  appear.  The  sisters  of  Martin 
Oacrre,  aa  they  entered  one  Vv  one,  and  glanced  ut  tbe  Iww 
comer,  throw  their  arms  round  his  neck,  burst  into  tean,  mlled 
Ann  Uieir  real  brother,  and  asked  h\»  v^rdou  u  thousand  tinwa 
ybr  baring  aJloneJ  themselves  to  bo  Aeceivei;  nci).  UcAn^&L, 


^^H|tlw  lilbgm  of  Anigaes  bad  reongnised 
^^^iMi  ol  fvdiDg  ■bowed  iuelf  in  ancceMion 
liSPwHtikiam  Anuolii'stiiTOQr;  and  the jadgts. 
M  lean  uiil  )M«iDniite  grief  of  tbe  loving  wife, 
xa  Ooam  in  ail  bit  righU,  aod  condeniDed  Arnanlil 
■hi^rI  aiiil  burnt.  Before  UU  eiecation,  the  iio- 
Full  amtaaioo  al  hi*  guilt. 

'loart  In  the  Jt*i  1831,  Uadame  Hoaet,  a  widow 
■I  Fmrv,  dinppeared  ;  and  ButicD,    Hubert,  and 

nwprctad  of  Imriiig  nude  awn;  wiUi  ber,  were 
le  iUtart-  ot  Auic« ;  but  for  want  of  evidenee,  set 
)  anuequuace,  bawerer,  of  inrormation  iub«e- 
«4  touching  ■  bodj  nud  to  baie  been  baried  about 
in  ■  garden,  tbo  renuim  were  ao  completvl^ 
tha  niauiwr  of  tbe  death  ao  clear);  aliown,  that 
wa<*  «iara>et«d  anil  puuiifafd. 
■ting  ffignrnt  parta  of  tha  garden,  a  workman  hit 
tfiit  whadi  waa  found  to  codIkid  the  lemaiua  of  a 
ill  ■  ail  ahtioU  to  aikeleton.  A  drawing  wus  made 
titm.  Tbe  fleoro  la;  on  the  leit  aide,  with  the 
Iba  nwk,  the  vertebral  colamo  curved,  and  tbe 

twaed.  ao  that  the  liaud  uearlj  tcucbed  the  laee, 
■  Inrad) obliqudy  u|iwardai  tlie  Ibigb-bnnei  wen: 
t  latg*  MWtJ  brnieatb  thein.  The  prevailing  colunr 
N  waa  jradkmiab-btQwn.  bat  tbe  |iarta  in  contact 
lk»  loag  bolwa  were  of  a  deep  red  tint. 

SSyJiMiSi'liBliii  tJiBSS 


claviclo,  vien  beld  together  by  «  blackiili  mam,  aumiandad  if 
uverftl  iwiiits  of  a  imnll  dccairiid  ounl.  ieaJitig  to  tba  inference 
that  the  decensed  liwJ  beeu  Btnmgled.  an  inference  fully  borne 
ODt  by  tbe  oircumstajitial  evideiuw- 

Screrd  eliiborate  d(tciiin«iits  were  drawn  up  by  die  rvportcnj 
of  the  flrat  nf  wbich  the  fDllowing  ta  a  reiuoie  ; — 

"  1.  Tbat  theie  bones  flrc  tboK  of  a  Avtmin  skeleton.  2.  Thitt 
the  ikpleCoD  !■  that  of  hfemalt.  3.  Ttiat  ibe  hud  Httailmd  the 
offe  of  from  60  to  TO.  4.  That  her  atature  wai  about  4  fleet 
B  or  9  iacbva.  6.  Tbat  her  hair,  which  wa«  a  bright  blond 
in  yontb,  waa  mixed  witb  ^ray  at  the  time  of  her  dCKtb.  6, 
That  tha  hands  were  amall.  7.  That  diiriag  life  the  bonei 
bad  never  auffered  luiy  iiy'ury.  S.  That  this  woman  died  of 
atran^latian,  and  tbiil  the  net  waa,  to  all  apjiearance,  bomiddal ; 
and  a.    That  tlie  body  magt,  have  lain  for  aevoral  years  iu  the 

The  priaoners,  who  had  been  long  sn«pect«J,  mere  tried,  oon- 
demned,  and  sentenced  to  forced  labour  for  life. 

8.  Can  Iff  Dr.  Farlmnin. — Dr.  Georg;s  Parkman,  of  Bc«ton, 
U.S.,  was  last  aeen  alive  on  the  aftermion  of  Friday,  Nov.  23id. 
1649,  entering  the  Medical  Inatitution  in  which  Dr.  Jcdin 
W.  Webaler  was  Lecturer  on  Chemiitry ;  and  It  waa  proved 
that  he  went  there  by  appointment  t«  receive  money  whioh 
Dr.  Webster  had  lung  owed  him.  Dr.  Parkman  waa  mined. 
and  could  not  be  found;  bat  on  the  Friday  following  bis  ^- 
appearance,  in  consequence  of  the  suspicions  aroused  againiC 
Dr.  Webster,  search  was  made  in  his  Uboratory  and  the 
places  atUehcd  to  it,  wliich  issued  in  the  diicoveiy,  in  the 
vault  of  B  privy,  of  a  pelvis,  right  thigh,  and  lelt  li^,  and 
soma  towels  marked  with  Or-  Webster's   initials,   such   as   he 


I  the   habit  of  i 


iing. 


1   the 


fiiniace  of  the  laboratory,  mixed  with  cinders,  many  fragmenU 
□r  bone,  blocks  nf  mineral  teeth,  and  a  quantity  of  gold.  A 
lea-cheit  was  alau  found,  which  contained,  embedded  in  tan, 
and  covered  with  mliierala,  tbe  entire  Crunk  of  a  human  body, 
the  left  thigh,  a  hunting-knife,  and  a  piece  of  twine  of  the  ton 
used  in  tbe  Uboratory.  On  the  left  ^de  of  t^e  chest  a  pene- 
trating wound  waa  discovered  ;  and  to  this  the  death  was  attri- 
buted. These  portions  of  a  human  body  being  found  in  a 
medical  college,  ll  miglit  be  allied  that  they  were  parts  of  • 
dissected  subject;  but  this  was  shown  not  to  lie  tbe  eaae^  for 
the  vessels  were  fVee  from  all  trace  of  the  preservative  flnid 
always  employed  in  that  college.  They  contuned  neither  ■raemc 
add,  nor  cMoride  of  zinc.     It  was  farther  proved  tbat  the  juints 


34 


BEX. 


miDend  teeth.  These  were  fbvmd  with  the  dSbris  of  the  hQMi^ 
in  the  furnace ;  and  the  caat  the  dentirt  had  takeo  fitted  with 
great  accnracj  the  very  pecoiiarl j  shaped  jaw  of  Dr.  Pvkman. 

Thus  the  identification  was  complete;  and,  after  a  long  and 
patient  investigation.  Dr.  Webster  was  fcmnd  gnQtj,  and  at 
length  confessed  the  crime.  He  first  stmek  Dr.  Parkman  on 
the  head  with  a  heavy  stick,  and  then  stabhed  him  in  the  chesL 

This  short  account  is  taken  from  a  fhll  report  published  at  the 
time.  Dr.  Wyman  exhibited  at  the  trial  a  drawing  of  a  skeleton 
with  the  bones  that  were  foand  tinted  yellow.  In  the  annexed 
engraving,  taken  from  p.  54  of  the  Report,  these  fragments  are 
printed  black.  The  case  afibrds  a  good  example  of  the  reeon- 
struction  of  a  mutilated  body. 


CHAPTEB  11. 


NCE-    RAPE.    PREGSA5CT. 


r  pmy  Id  IteeHbMt. 

>  (Sw  Pill  III  III  «r  Mial  tafcaJBty.  h4  P»»w»T..) 
'  ~  1;  la  faW  tba  toM  <(  the  coBttKt 


pWiltofnMrtln>,dwlUwirtfcw»rityn«*i«i.thB«gh 
ifat  liM^d»j.  faiid  not  Bl«a  ta  Hi  immt.  hri 


TLe  csuMS  of  imp  ilence  miy  be — 1.  Pii/iical,  2.  Me%lat. 

1.  The  Fhyiical   Cauiei  art — a.  Too  Wnder  or 
«n  sfe.     4.  MnironnBtion  or  defect  of  the  penii.     c  Dofect  «r 
Jisemv  of  tbe  tettidei.     d.  ConttitntionBl  dlsMue  or  dcbiliQ'. 

ft.  Ag», — Tlie  surliest  ige  reongnUed  by  taw  for  tbe  marriage 
contract  IB  11  in  the  male,  and  12  in  tbe  female.  Bnt  the  eed«- 
smitical  conrti  look  latlier  lo  the  "  hnhit,  Btrenglb,  and  constitu- 
tion of  Ibe  jnrties,"  or  whctUcr  they  be  habilei  ad  mairimoinmiK ; 
and  the  common  law  tr<U  hold  in&ntile  marriages,  dnlj  ■olcmniwd, 
valid,  "  when  the  purtiei  on  rvacliing  the  ages  jiut  stated  do  not 
detanr  to  tlie  contrBct." 

Tbe  age  of  pnberty,  in  both  leies,  ii  anhjeet  tfl  greet  TSriatJon. 
It  iB  uaoal  to  recognise  11  years  lu  ilB  mriipBt  advent  in  the 
male;  but  it  may  flrtt  show  itulf  much  later  than  this;  anil 
many  cases  ore  nxurdetl  of  large  dL-velnpment  of  the  aeiusl  organl 
iu  cliildhood.  Casper  allei^es  tbat  tbe  power  of  coition  bepni 
earlier  and  censes  Inter  tbnn  that  of  prooreatlan ;  and,  that  in 
Uermsny,  the  posscBsioD  of  the  one  dutcs  from  about  the  thir- 
teentli,  and  of  the  other  from  the  fifteenth  to  the  siiteanth,  yoat. 
(Vol.  iii.  p.  258.) 

The  sigDS  of  puberty  are  to  be  sought  fbr  in  tbe  genenil  con- 
fimnation  of  the  body,  tbe  ehamctcr  of  the  voice,  the  growth  of 
hojc  on  the  pubes.  end  tlie  development  of  tliv  orgnni  of  genera- 
tion. If  all  the  genital  organi'  are  foand  to  have  tbe  usual  manly 
development,  it  is  Bafb  to  infer  thut  complete  seiual  interconne 

But  impotence  may  ariso  from  old  age  as  welt  as  from  imma- 
tarity;  hence  one  of  the  qneetiont  raised  in  tbe  celvbmted  Banbury 
r«rBge  Cime — At  wbnt  ago  do  the  powers  of  procreation  cease  ? 

In  this  case,  tried  in  the  Houde  of  Lords,  and  decided  in  IB13, 
the  princi|si1  u^uiciit  orged  flgaiugt  the  claimant  was  tbat  tbe 
aae^tor  under  whom  he  claimed  was  eighty  yean  old  nt  the  date 
of  the  birth ;  hot  Sir  Samael  Romilly.  after  stating  that  the  law 
□f  England  admit*  of  no  age  at  which  a  man  may  not  become  a 
father — tbere  in  no  age,  from  seven  iiptvards.  nt  which  a  man  is 
denied  the  privilegi;  of  having  children — cited  many  medial 
authoritieB  in  its  aiijiport.  Dr.  Gregory,  of  Edinburgh,  says — 
"  Magna  antein  dehiH  rubus  difl'urentia;  decantautareaim  eiempla 
■ennm  in  castris  Veneris  slrenue  merentium,  pottqnam  ceutnul 
■nlKM  complcverant ;  oeque  sane  dabinm,  nut  adeo  ramm  octoge- 
nariom  pstreoi  fieri."  Ualler  likewise  proaouuces  a  man  of  ninet; 
to  be  capaUe  of  procreating,     Farr  became  a  &ther  iu  tli*  one 


S   OE   DEreCT  07  PEBI5.  37 

Lord  Enkine,  foUowing  on  the  Mme 

M  IBM  of  Sir  Strpfaeo  Foi,  who  morTinl  Ht  the  iigt  at 

'  tt  sa^  bad  ft  child  hara  to  bun  wben  he  was  Krentj- 

a  IIm  fbUowtng  year,  and  ■  fbarth  child  irhen  be  ww 

L  TlMAtlaTiw]r-nnwr*l,SirTic«rvaibb8,»booppowtl 

"■  titl*^  tuilly  Kdmitt«d  the  vcakuoi  of  tfae  o\gtt- 

Morc  of  ifm  by  ibiftiDg  his  argument  to  the  more 

L  Ihal  agtv  tlniogb  not  a  proof  of  impotency,  ti  rvi- 

"Tfae  jiNUiUliEy  of  tbe  airi'*  begetting  a  child  at 

b  w;  ■Bgbt,  mil  it  ia  not  inureiued  b;  the  appeaiuice  of 

yean  Ulcr-     Itiataiice*  huTc  beer)  oddoced  of 

jr  biftlH,  but  none  have  beni  dted  iu  which  a 

Loo,  bnini;  begotten  ■  mu,  had  cnnociled  the 

"    It  it  riear,  then,  that  no  limit  is  fixed  bf  law. 

1  liy  aeienre,  at  which  the  power  of  proCTeation 

B.  liroTUed  it  be  a  robmt  old  age,  ii  ohrioiulj  no 

e  uf  Lord  Banbury, 

3c  of  fail  baTing  been  able  to  take  itroag 

■  ihutt  period  of  fall  dra'h.* 

permalama  in  tbe  bodin  of  aeverat  men  abore 

c,  mmI  of  on*  art.  Wi.  lenil'i  oonltrnntion  to  the  l>ct< 

•  IWlAil  nunlagH  of  old  luro.t 

(MB    or   lUfrri    uf  pnut. — The    expenment*   of 

I   Roan   bare  ahown  that   io  uumida  complete 

I  impregnation;  bnt  thai  the 

a  by  a  fringe,  while  the  aniinal  ts  in  heat,  will 

t  and  John  Hnnler**  iDgeniooi  « 


■  of  IktnU  ii 


fortber 


»  wtjwl  tbe  •anun  miit  \m  intrudncrd  in  11 

tka  »ri«l«nCT  of  the  lenTfal  or^aou  with  the  ame 

Bat  Hm  eaiiM  to  be  cited  nnder  the  h«d  of  Pregnancy 

a  tUi.     They  abow   that  a  rcmalti  may  berome 

aaqoeDca  of  intrrtoarH  tnlilng  plice  \a  a  itate  of 

«*<«■  when  atleaikil  by  b)  little  injory  to  Ilia 

(  (vatnOioa  aa  to  attnteC  n»  atuntjon  aftorwarda;  al» 

■ncy  nay  oorr  (n  women  with  hymen  intact.     So 

r  tb«  intradDCtian  of  lb«  male  organ  nor  tlie  Tenereil 

n   naoaHij   to  hnpregnatkin.     It  ftinowi.  then,  that 

HOT  partial  mntitatknofthe  poni^ii  nut  to  beMoDiint«d 

~       "  1  that  what  eiiM*  or  reoiun*  of 

<  admit  of  Intradnctlon  within  the 

mtaibr  Ltw  id Adailtiitf  Bnltrij 


IMPOTKSCB. 


^ 


orifice  of  the  vngini,  Rod  thore  be  no  impediment  U 
of  aemsn,  fruitful  intercouno  may  take  plac«.  Thus,  the  li 
of  tlie  gUiia  penis ;  of  the  corpora  carernos 
bjr  Purii,  from  Piouoni];  of  a  very  eoniidprable  portioi 
orgBD  (sB  In  the  taie  of  t,  soldier  c|aoted  by  Frank,  in  wboa* 
large  part  of  tbe  penis  was  carried  away  by  a  muaket-ballt ;  &/i 
1  impotence.  A  still  more  eitreme  cane  is  on  recofd,* 
in  irbicli,  after  amjiutatiun  of  a  diuased  penia.  there  wai  onlf  ■ 
very  atanll  protruMon  of  the  organ  on  prtMura,  and  jet  ibc  muti- 
lated patient  became  tbe  faClier  of  two  children.  Ampulation  of 
the  penis  c\oae  to  ita  root  would  in  all  probability  cunae  impo- 
tboDgb,  for  the  reaaona  already  asugned,  Impregnatieo 
initiht  not  be  impassible. 

The  oppoaite  malformntion,  Mctoire  development,  wbetbet 
normal  or  a  ixinaequenee  of  diBenae,  c&n  also  icarcely  be  r^ardod 
aa  a  cause  of  impotence;  for  though  it  might  render  complete 
intercourse  impoaaible,  it  need  not  prevent  impregnation. 

Nor  would  a  malformation  of  the  penis,  in  winch  the  urethia 
opens  on  the  organ  itaelf.  though  not  in  the  usual  rituation,  entail 
impotence.  Several  «uch  caaes  tliut  did  not  reault  in  impoteoce 
rtre  on  record,  and  among  them  instances  in  wliich  the  malfonra- 
tion  Vfas  transmitted  from  parent  to  oliild ;  in  one  case,  lepoTted 
by  Frank,  throagb  three  geuerations. 

Wlien  the  opeaiog  of  the  urethra,  instead  of  being  npon  tbe 
penis,  is  in  the  perineuni,  fruitfiil  seinal  intercourse  cannot  tolie 
place  unless  the  semen  be  artificially  introduced  into  the  vagina, 
as  in  Mr.  Hunter's  case.  Bat,  as  in  all  such  cases,  whether  in- 
tentionally or  by  accident,  Ihu  semen  ejected  from  the  remote 
opening  might  reach  the  vit-^iua,  and  so  cause  iiupregnHtlon,  it 
wonld  be  unsafe  to  prouounce  pereons  subject  to  such  maHbrnu- 
tion  to  be  incapable  of  frnitful  suinal  intercourse. 

Bjipospadioni  and  Epitpadiaju  (pp.  I!),  20),  must  be  accounted 
incapable  of  complete  sennnl  interconrse;  and  to  become  lliu 
parents  of  children  must  be  aausted  by  Brtificlal  means  ;t  or  the 
discharged  semen  mnst  in  some  unexpaL'tcd  iiiaunur  be  conveyed 
to  tbe  seiual  organs  of  the  female.  Tbe  occnrreuce  of  oases  of 
hereditary  hypospadia,  renders  this  event  probable,  wbila  two 
casee  at  leaet  of  impregnallun  by  hypospndlans  with  the  urethral 
orifice  sealed  at  the  very  root  of  the  penis  establish  it  beyond  a 
doubt.  Of  these  tbe  case  of  the  Hyjioapadian  Jolianna  K.,  who 
became  the  &ther  of  a  child  similarly  malformed,  is  the  meat 


it.  Hard  in '  London  Vtei.  wnA  e 
* '  Bd.  Uei.  and  Surg.  Jounul,' 


■s.,'-^:;, 


ncTscT  OK  MBun  or  ini 


Owfar  mft  tlwt  be  knovi  of  no  ei- 
bgr  •  Mi*a  «  ■Bic(«d ;  while  of  Ibe  two 
aadm"  llwj  "  fbnn  no  rmon  far  »- 
pncmtian,  n  loii^  ■■  it  mmot  be 
ifatt  it  k  impianbla  toiaoj  teaaa  to 


r  Ctaanarital  phjrwaik  vd  ■  onafiaemait  oi 


BbT.r 


of  Ibc 


t  of  tlie  penii  to  the 
i.  ve  tuBOng 
ei.  and  cnrii 
Mki^ndaaaeof  llwprauta  gl^nd  «s  wooki  preveot  Uu  a- 
jdriiarf  IfasMMMj  unI  lamljM  ol  the  idibcIh  of  Ibe  paat. 
'■!«  «fllM<nM«af  impoteua  wbkb  h»eiheiT  MM 

IT  Jmimt  q^  lit  Taliela, — The  eidiica  at  both 

If  Ib   lib  rtwiinn  imputeDce ;  but  wbra  thcj  are 

r  polnltj,  Ih*  powo'  of  oamplete  ■einl  ioteroiarK 

~  '  '  ■  Utat,  ud  a  penoD  ta  taalSattA  mxj  rreo 

V  tttfmifrti  tbA  Mnwn  frntamml  in  Uie  TfirimhK 

■  BMj  t«ko  phee  (or  ■  mo- 

difhr  til*  TMwni  of  boA  taitidcaii  proradbr  ■ 

I V  Sir  AMIqi  OoopCT.f     for  tboiit  twdn  morabi 

VoT  tb*  MSBod  t^lklii  tbov  were  ODiatons  in  eoitn  ; 

m  toofc  pboe  at  iliatant  intervab,  bnt  with- 

■oomiiif  Ub  and  la*  ftwinent,  ooued  at  tlw 

_  ,  li^,  oo  tlw  auUuHtf  of  l^tar  Ptank,  iclU 

■  wt  ftmi  artntad  migraao  aiDgwi,  wbo  wtM  baniahaJ  Aob  ■ 

B  Uifi«B  kwa  Ifar  tbnr  nnnjr  stoal  mlahmMMon.    The 

gr  aC  frvithi  Mna]  iDterooima  taki(«  pbee  afkv  a*- 

«•(•  oa  lb*  dinnrnT  of  appamtlf  good  iMneQ  ia  tbe 

■aainilii  at  a  cntuijmlikc  inlarral  after  the  remcival  of 

leka  w  In  a  cwi  dtol  bt  Utfo ;  wi  lb«  auOo^  of  mi- 

4  ■■  at  \tmA  oM  loataiMc  in  tLe  liaonn  ■□)>)«<.    SnCl- 

•  «aa>  on  ^au  ■ntbcwit;  of  Bojet.  in  wliub  aftar  tbe 

d  aThMb  latklaa.  a  man  bcoun*  »  fatba.I 

bean  «ndl  biuidcibhtj  iliamaoD  a>  to  tbe  poan- 

BwtUiaatjatM  iMtldalufiDKcliildnni  but  aa  im- 

bbM  \m  auppiwaJ  to  itaptnd  ob  the  cjuanlity  of  the 

>  m^  tUj  aOrB  tbat  ooa  aonnd  tackle  w  to  ibe  fat) 

A  ■■two.  ManarboalaitielaBmitiuitcia tbcabdooBi 


clmracter  for  ei 


I.  Tlie  quotion  of  tlia 


niprefiniite  will  he  poniidereil  prewntly.     (See  Sterilit*). 

Siniill  lUe  of  tMlicle  U  Hot  anfRcicnt  groand  fur  inferring 
impotence ;  for  though  tlicre  arc  CB«n  on  record  in  which  it  hM 
cdooided  with  n  total  ibieiice  of  lenud  deore.  tlieie  ii  at  ImA 
one  weU'inthenticnted  Instance  in  which  both  penta  and  totfctn 
Siting  ori^nall;  very  tmM,  there  Here  aextuil  dccirts,  erectina 
luiona,  )n«daiil  incns«  in  Azf,  and  fruitful  iniercDane-* 
The  (ufficlenr;  of  even  >  aingle  small  teatido  ia  auppoaed  to  bare 
been  ihown  in  n  oaw  which  occurred  in  the  rngu  of  EliMitWki 
Willimet,  the  flrat  wife  of  one  John  Bury,  alleged  that  he  wm 
impotent ;  and  on  inipe«tian  \r/  two  phyaidnna  be  naa  found  to 
huvB  but  one  teiticle  the  aixe  of  a  ectall  bean,  wbile  ihe  wm  b 
ruin.  On  thii  and  othor  circmnnflnlial  evidence,  tbe  ecde- 
-t  annuUed  the  marriage.  Bnt  Unr;  took  a  ■wood 
wif^,  by  whom  he  lind  n  boil,  and  on  bis  legttiniacy  beinp  ealM 
ill  qontion,  the  cominoD  lawyera  were  uniiniiDoaBl;  of  opatM 
that  the  eccleBia>ticu1  court  had  l>ecn  mialed,  and  pronniaccd 
tbe  flrst  mnrriagfi  vnlid  notnith standi ng^.f 

or  the  {fMioMf  which  aSeot  the  teatitlea,  and  cause  impotCDHi 
tlio  waiting  thnt  •oinetimea  Ibllowa  attacks  of  cyanndic  parotidM 
ia  the  uiotC*  important.  Fodcr^  witnened  several  auch  caaea  in 
dcMTlera  condemned  to  labour  on  Ibe  canal  at  Aries,  and  LarreJ 
in  many  loldicra  of  the  army  of  Egypt.  I'he  l«stet  low  tbrir 
•enubilily,  become  soft,  and  shrink  ta  the  size  of  n  white  Frendl 
bean,  and  uheil  both  are  nffected,  tbe  beard  gmna  tliin,  iha 
Intellect  fklla,  and  impotence  rcautts.  Lnrrey  voald  not  traee 
the  diaeaw  to  previoiu  nttiicki  of  gonorrtm-a,  but  attributed  it  to 
tlic  u>e  of  the  brandy  of  date*. 

Elephantiaiis  and  malignant  diseaies,  such  bb  >drrhiu  and 
intdtillar;  aarcoma,  may  also  lead  to  the  game  result ;  but  it 
would  not  he  anfe  to  prononace  in  tavonr  of  imgntence  except 
where  the  entire  structure  o1'  bolli  testicles  U  aETccted. 

Congenital  scrotal  hernia,  long  sUnding  inguinal  bemia,  and 
tnmonrs  of  la:^  aiie  involving  tbe  genital  organs,  or  affecting 
tlie  lower  part  of  tlie  abdointsn  or  npper  put  of  the  thighs,  may 
oonatitute  mechanical  impediments  tn  scinal  interconrse. 

d.  ContliltiiioBal  dueaie  or  dtbilily, — Uiseaaes  which  occaakn 
extreme  debility  may  become  causes  of  ioipotence  (lempurary  or 
permauenOi  through  tlie  weakness  towluch  they  give  rite.  TiMr* 
moat  aiwayi,  bowcvcr,  be  great  difficulty  in  determining  the 


axbavtion  from  diwace  or  troia  age  and 
nUob  nnputcuee. 

■■(  likelj  to  iKouiaii  impeteace  are  thorn 
n*  canno,  Mpccially  discuci  of  tlie  tjnjie, 

iBUmal  onae,  or  from  niEcliinical  iiyarj. 
JB  ibnat,  and  parqilfgia,  Iroin  diaaue  or 
vdi  mifclit   b«  suppoavd  t4)  gire  inM  to  im- 

of  ■  weQ-nMrked  attack  of  hemiplegia  i« 
lUacti  on  the  owuan  of  tlie  trial  of  Leg^ 
purtinl  rwe»CTy  from  parnplt^ia,  aliio,  l!ie 

hI  intenoane  dtm  not  appear  to  t»  1«t.* 

t/S^f$»  «.  JIViiMiwI(.^Tb«  following  ia  a  careful  saui- 

'  Ite  beta  of  tbil  sm  (rbirh  are  interating  in  a  medieo- 

■M  id  *i*«.     Mr.  Lcgge,  oT  Newent,  named  Angnat  35, 

•4  «*d  Juno  ^  ISU.      Hi*  wife  »u   delivered  nf  a 

Macb  38,  1837.  awl  VS^M-  of  a  daughter  Octolier  30, 

fear  woitlia  aftir  the  death  of  Mr.  L^e.     The 

tUMkl  Ua  age  of  two  ;ear>;  the  aecond  survived 

The  hiptiiiiaqt  of  the  aecond  child  vas  called  tu 

"    OB  ■»»oant  uf  the  itat«  uf  health  of  Mr.  Legge 

to  cBdception,  and  partlj  in  constijiifnee  of  the 

uf  Mn^  Wb^  ">'''  ''■B  defendant,  to  whom  the 

r  Maiiliil   anil  bj'  whom  ihe  had  children.      Hr. 

'  'atk  man.  illd  ■  free  lifer,  oceaaiunall/  drinlnng 

1  an  habitual  dmnkanl.     On  Kovembcr  4th. 

tMrtj-fire  or  tbirtir-oi  years  of  age,  lie  Imd  a 

^  lactic  wiauTi,  with  loai  of  tpeecb  and  hetniplegia 

liti,  ftir  wlildi  he  waa  actively  trmted.  and  waa  «o 

V>d  by  Notmnhn  STih,  tittle  oiCFre  than  three  week* 

dtfe  of  the  attrck.  ■■  to  c«ue  taking  medicine.     The 

am  Wl  him  at  tbe  end  of  G>e  wecka.     Aner  the  lapse  of 

U  ttiaA  waa  partially  reatornJ;  lie  tett  ki>  bed  at  the  end 

ma  dnwn  ataln  ■*  early  as  the  end  of  the  tbii-d 

d  of  tLo  fourth  nnvlc  he  wa*  walking  in  the 

■a  out.     At  or  aboat  thii  period  be  wm  seeii 

If  won  tlun  one  witnen.     On   December  7th 

n  ■  BDDtli  after  llw  attack],  bo  went  to  Ledbury 

AtMag  Mmirif  pvt  of  tbe  Kay.  and  aigned  hii 

bfciac  bi*  tonit  <nt  of  a  aling  fnr  tlie  parpoae. 

tTlk  to  llmna>ctcd  boilDeH  ai  niunl.  and  wri'ti 

Stwent  btfore  Chri<tiiiiu-day. 


I 


iij ».. 


mroEEKCB. 


rode  DD  horseback  before  the  end  of  tbe  year.  On  JannaiT^  fl 
he  viaiud  Glouoester.  and  Lad  traiuactiooB  with  (eveml  tndav- 
men.  Before  the  end  of  the  month  he  sopped  there,  and  tqieoed 
ojsten,  and  on  the  Slat  Btt«nded  n  meeting,  at  nhich  he  took  d( 
liii  coat  and  cballsnged  one  of  tUe  company  to  Rgbc.  Tha  mott 
conclusive  evidence  woa  bronght  forward  to  prove  thiit  betiroeD  tba 
end  of  November,  1813,  and  clic  end  of  Junuary,  1844,  he  had  n- 
peatedly  transited  buiineu  and  written  hja  name,  walked  abost 
without  aapport,  driTsn  a  gig,  ridden  on  hoTKebaek,  and  leaped 
hnrdlei,  gone  oat  shooting,  aod  killed  game.  It  it  alio  ]irOMd 
by  the  tegtimony  of  Boveral  witnetaea  that  he  had  so  far  recorertd 
before  the  end  of  Januarj  lu  to  aeoni  in  perfect  health.  Be  bid 
DO  new  attack  of  illnew  till  Februnr;  SSth.  His  death  in  lb* 
June  following  waa  attribnted  toagenenij  break  up  of  tbe  ifstan. 
following  drops;,  and  diieaae  of  the  bvur. 

From  the  fore^ing  saammry,  carefully  comjiiled  from  Ihe 
notci  of  Mr.  Cliarlei  Jones,  solicitor  for  the  defence,  it  appear* 
Chat  tbere  were  no  medical  ground*  for  Bwuming  incapacity  Sk 
irnitfal  Bcinal  intenxiursoat  the  end  of  January,  tlie  presumed 
date  of  tbe  conception  of  the  daughter  whose  legitimary  «nu 
contested.  Tbe  adtcrae  opinion  of  Drs.  Taylor  and  Carpenter 
was  based  on  other  than  medical  conaiderationg.  The  Inqittrj, 
commenced  at  Cheltenbam,  wag  continued  in  London,  when  tlia 
Opinion  prcvioosly  eipresBcd  hy  Dr.  Semple.  Mr.  Walsh,  and  lilt 
author  was  conflrmed  bj-  Drs.  F.  Bird  and  Blundcll,  and  tbe  Al- 
lowing facts  were  given  in  evidence ; — 1.  E,  K.,  ict  58,  whea 
thirty-three  ycnra  of  age,  bad  u  well-marked  ntlouk  of  bemipUgIa 
of  tbe  right  side,  which  bas  left  him  lame,  and  ivith  hii  aptiA 
■lightly  alTeeted.  He  allegea  that  he  had  connection  with  hi* 
wife  within  a  week  of  bis  seizure,  thiit  bis  seioal  powers  ban 
not  been  impaired,  and  that  since  the  attock  he  has  had  three 
children  always  considered  aahis  own.  His  wife  gives  iLrw 
MS  tbe  citreme  limit  of  time  after  the  attack  at  which  con 
took  place.  Tbe  Ricts  of  this  case  were  confirmed  by  Mr,  Wether- 
field,  of  Covent  Garden,  who  added  that  he  had  known  other 
rasea  of  bemipli^c  patients  begetting  children.  2.  W.  D.,  eet.  32| 
had  ui  attack  of  hemiplegia  of  the  ngbt  side  nt  the  earl/  >^  of 
twenty-sii,  and  a  nocimd  v^ben  twenlj-eiglit  years  old.  lut«r- 
oourae  t«ok  place  within  a  tbrtnight  of  tbe  first  attack ;  and 
there  bavo  been  three  children  of  which  the  first  was  bom  abont 
eighteen  months  from  tbe  first  sraanre.  Neither  husband  nor 
wife  had  any  doubt  that  the  ohildren  were  their  own. 

In  both  these  instances  the  recovery  wua  leas  complete  than  that 
of  Mr.  Legge.* 

Tbo  rnder  nill  And  a  fuU  aeconnt  ot  Uils  com,  ainmos  in  wms  n>»n?*\ 


^brtaFafaa%wilki>i 


I,  timiititf ,  ipprebmnDii, 
■ad  ditgatt,  hare  beeo  kaowD  to 
WoM  the  aeeptioa  of  the  lait-rumed 
no*— aaOTMH  and  dla^Tal — the  mt  are  Icansilorv,  and 
!».  That  ^fftp^^"™  with  one  bmile  i*  not  inooDRstent 
^vaf  abllitj  in  rMpcrt  of  othari  i*  prored  bf  the  cue  of 
Bofj,  abiad;  nrfcnvd  ia,  u  veU  u  b^  that  a(  the  Karl  of 
;,  vIm  M—i^'— *  hi*  iiubiUt;  to  know  the  Coaaten,  bat 
4  MilnpMBea  ■•  lo  other  femaLes.* 


a.  ntronKo  t 


■  •Uch  premit 


ml  u 


.  eiiating  in  ill  lubjecU  beAire 
m  imUnnn  in  the  ruU^g^rowD  adolt-  In  the 
eaj  W  remallKd  bj  emollientt  bihI  antioiu  diU- 
of  tit  laiia  from  Inflammatioa,  atid  obli- 
W  thi  nw4l>a  ftmn  Ihu  mme  came.  3.  Ahtence  qf  Ike 
RMMpniad  in  aoaic  ate*  bj  atupitre  of  the  atenu.  4. 
lyaea.  Thia  oftini  bslonga  1a  the  cliu  of  canble 
ft.  TWatatra  im  (A'  cafiaa,  >ucl>  aa  [■olj'pit  >ciTThoi»  Cbr- 
|wJ«l^i«  atari,  atkd  ;<rolap9iu  veaicn.  There  are  other 
)iA  Mndw  tnnal  latcrcouna  m  difficiilt  or  painful  aa  to 
■aMiaa  In  enanactlon  vith  thia  aubjoct.  Of  theae  Uie 
■hortneaa  <if  llie  Tiginai  iDflsm- 
i^lpnot  diaauua  of  tha  vatrina  or  atema :  eitreme 
a  ttatntooa  oiRDinatiicaliaa  bctwaen  the  vagina  and 
lalantti  ihIm.  Of  Ihcae  aome  tat  ohvioualy  ciuablQ, 
.  of  BO  i*IS>r. 

—Thia  maj  oixar  botb  in  •omm  and  in  men.  In 
am  oana  «f  tlw  pbjakal  oaiw,  nch  aa  abavnce  of  the  atema, 
M  if  tlw  naek.  ur  of  tb>  FBl1u|iiaii  (nVo.  may  eacapa  detee- 
Affiiif  Bfa.  Tbva  a>«  alau  ciinblc  •suiKa  of  iltTility,  auch 
~    '  BMBorrhaKia  and  leucorrhoa,  ' 


TiS^Ji: 


•  Bfe  i 


■I  of«t.li»<^b/BeDk,p.4j_ 


BiM,  tal^MMBufcisrikf  |nTnw>ifal«De(«ri)whjai 
TIm  Meant  dotnctaM  «f  Um  bjnwB  piwnallM  REcot  ■ 
tv»  I  tmi  it  tlwr*  ar*  odMr  iMr^  of  violoKc  on  the  jmtu 
nn  (It*  pvNna  of  Hi*  fanal*.  tbne  on  be  m  naaaaaUe  don 
llw  euotnilHloii  at  >  ttpa,  u  br  h  Uut  crime  *dDiiCi  of  I 
prtff  ol  by  iihjiimi  Mgn"- 

W|i«i  ttw  dotruotion  of  tba  h^men  U  recent,  the  rorva 
•nyrfj/VrrnM  ir*  funnd  ■*oll«i  anil  iDfUnieil ;  bot  the;  grad 
•  IMiiT  mil  alirloh  with  time. 

Til)*  itlniitiM  of  lh#  byciwn.  *nd  aubatitaticm  of  the  camni 
muat  niit  b*  Uksn  w  )iniof  thut  the  femslo  hid  had  pn< 
•uaiml  IntncoiirH,  tar  tUu  mcmbmnii  qikj  bi^  otiienvue  deatrt 
friiiii  wllliln,  ir  ibs  aptrtaro  b«  nnall,  by  thu  Hrat  menttruit 
iW  W  III*  «nnnnulati(in  of  othor  diMlun^ii  from  withoni 
■I'Vliltiiil,  at  by  riin'i|i»  boillv*  |iun>nwly  intTodaand;  ala 
It  ma)'  avvn  bo  originally  wanting,  ua  ia  >  caae  ra 

■wnneo  of  tb«  hymea  tuuit  ni 
liiiitityi  (br  it  W  Kuained  i' 

oron  alter  the  birth  of  chik 
i.T.  Klitfeie,  Capuron.  Daudelo 
'>r>  in  whom  It  wu  ruptttrud  b 

:  and  Tolbcrg.  on  the  anthin 

,.!■  (i<  a  WT)oi«n  iu  whuui  Ihp  h; 

.  ««  afUr  tlir  birth  nf  ■  (M 

DWDibnuiA.     sun  a  pi 

ntlnu  ami  Ihu  brawta  eaafoi 

■iruaic«M  pmuiniiiiiui  of  rhaal 
,  tt  Uw  hymen,  or  ito  TMCait 


ieity  aT  tb>  UUa,  the  tnu^ii 
i^f^flf  «&aic  of  the  tviimi  a  v 
.^thr  ddBoal^  and  MiB  It 

/  HmL     Bal  all  Uw  a%a 


(N«»>  *M  wy  V  tB)iM)d  t( 


The  fa^  kttendin^  ■  fint  rannmtion 


n>IW  to 


(irginity  dh;  n 


I 


J,  W  oril  illBMrBbid  b;  tbo  fbl1< 
■m  of  gml>d  appcianncr  were  alUrlial  in  the 
by  aoow  jonag  bch.  *Iio  called  tbem  ojiprotiriou* 
i-liy  tli»l  lliej  were  no  lietur  tliim 
paJ'UaUiTrd  perHiTi>  mcnleil  lb» 
,Md  Mak  tba  (itV  paiti  ami  a  eumiiUint  wu  Imlged  on 
'  deOoDcn,  *bo  were  (ummoneil  bcOire  a 
ploidcd  a  jailification.  while  the 
I}-  inuWd  OB  their  purity,  and  erra 
I  ^NMt  U  itwpeeUon  bjr  ■  iB«ili«l  euDiiueri — whioli 
iM  pHtjr  darol  tfano  to  do.  A.  gwom  iiupntor,  clever 
ko^MH.  ■*•  ippoinlei  b;  tlie  ouigutnit^  adJ  reported 
w  lataQj  OM  of  hit  pnrer  to  mj  tojMtig  certain  U  to 
■>  (■■•Ih  :  ike  Bttght  or  miebl  not  be  ■  vir^iio  i  but 
othar  had  pr»toUf  bad  aame  iutenuarw  with  men, 
be  omU  M*  aaert  Uw  fact  piailively.  Vet  it  unb- 
(^B*  eiH  Ibat  tlMae  jvnng  Kunim  hud  artnully  1i«en 
timm  ««  Ibe  ragiiten  of  the  piiliL-e,  aud  hid  butb  had 
T»«— ^~  rf  tba  tenereal  tUieaie. 

ijwal  ti«B*  of  r*pe  mnaut  in  markB  of  violence  on  the 
ikn,  pTDpDTlioncd  to  tbo  force  employed,  the 
,  and  llrr  rvUtivc  ilUproportion  ofthe  purl!.  Ill 
jinjilHl.i  [irnelniHon)  the  bymeD  would  be 
luijilil  tie  tom  1  and  the  porti  woald  be 
In  juuiig  cUildren,  there  uiay  hu  no 
■taa^  a*>l  Ihetafote  no  distructiuD  of  (he  lij'men.  nml  tia 
ntaab  bol  brokiiig  at  tbc  external  UFKan*.  After  wme 
,  f^im  win  W  ■ark*  at  revent  infUiRinalion,  with  increaied 
a^—Bim.  «iUi  ptoAiM  dM-har^,  Kt  Hnt  of  inucDt  tinged 
IkaC  tkaa  of  a  Bnas-pinileut  Uuld,  or  a  greculnb-yelliiw 
f  wd  ctatfMoa  Khancwr. 

^  a*lA*an«anrnta*ta«aeiitwbrallie  iiyorieii 
i^««t«f  ik*«a«r  four  ilaja  the  liiBaiumution  will 
bi^  Ito  ^f>  mmj  hoal,  and  no  trace  of  tlie  injury 
B.    TW  ^RBCBrMalltDg  TroiD  tlie  iiyaric*  csi 
■     *liH.  lad  a  pecaliar  gait,  ubitli   l»tt  ta 
ft  ^  aMb  bit  tsnsar  in  cbUdrcu  -ho  hara  b« 


60  BAFX. 

jared.    There  ii  aln  eoiD(ditint  of  pain  ii 
times  in  rctieTing  llie  boireU. 

TLe  [narks  of  violence  are  catfrii paritiu,  l«a  diatincC,  kdcI  the 
remlting  inHuoisatioD  test  inteine.  in  women  icho  Imve  bad 
miurI  interHmne,  have  borne  children,  sre  it  the  nienitnuJ 
period,  or  ■re  »iiffering  from  any  praftuo  diuharge. 

ThcM  marlii  of  ii^urr  to  tbu  piu-t*  of  genention  nuj  eiiit, 
■nd  yet  no  rape  have  beun  committed;  for  a  Bnt  interaoune, 
with  full  ODDKnt,  or  ■  ^reat  diipmportioa  of  parts  in  one  aociu- 
titmed  to  Beiool  intereoune,  woiild  gsja  ri*e  to  the  wme  appnr- 


Injarira  to  the  organa  of  generation  luvo  aIaob«en  fraudnlcotly 
produced,  in  order  to  lapport  n  charge  of  rapit.  Foder£  cit«  • 
auv  in  whicb  inflamed  apatia  were  produced  by  the  preBsore  ofacoin. 

Appearance*  rtsembling  thoae  dne  U>   riolenre,   may  aln  b« 


d  by  diaeaie,  u  vriu  finl  thonn  by  Dr.  Peidval.  Jane 
Hwnpwn,  nt.  4,  wai  admitted  an  oat-patieot  of  the  Manciieater 
Infinoarj,  February  11,  1791.  Tlie  mother  lUtcd  that  tbe  ehiM 
flnl  complflineil  of  pain  in  maliing  water  the  day  before.  This 
led  her  to  eiamine  the  parte,  which  abe  naa  aurprised  to  find 
liiglily  inflamed,  sore,  and  paiafnl.  The  child  had  slept  two  or 
Uiree  night*  in  tlio  same  bed  with  a  boy  fourteen  jears  old,  and 
had  complained  of  being  Tcry  macb  hart  by  him.  Leeches  and 
other  eitemal  application!,  witli  appropriate  iDtemal  remedie* 
were  preariihod  ;  bnt  the  child  grew  weaker,  and  died  on  the  iOlh 
of  February.  A  coroner's  inquest  was  lield  ;  prior  to  which  the 
body  wo*  inspected,  and  the  abdominal  and  thonicic  viK«rn  bnng 
fonnd  free  horn  disease,  Mr.  Ward,  the  anigeon  attending  the 
(aae,  gave  it  as  his  opinion  that  the  child's  death  niis  canard  by 
encTtial  violence.  A  verdict  of  murdir  woa  aceordinffly  retnrued 
agiunit  the  lad.  Xot  many  weeks  however,  elapsed,  before  sereral 
(inular  ease*  oecarred,  in  which  there  was  no  mapltdon  of  external 


which  it  was  « 


n  that  it  bad  m 


\  fcwof  tlnsa  patients  died,  Mr.  Ward  was wnviticied 
that  he  bad  bom  mistaken,  and  informed  the  oonmer  of  hia  rM> 
sons  for  chanting  hi>  opinion.  Accordingly,  when  Ihe  boy  waa 
oslU-d  tn  the  Inr  at  I.ania>ter,  the  joitge  told  the  jnry  that  Uw 
eridenia  adlurad  waa  not  sufloiont  to  convict;  that  it  would 
give  rise  lo  much  indelioato  dieDUssion  If  tlioy  prooeeded  to  the 
trial,  and  that  be  hupad  thoy  woald  ueqult  him  without  calling 
■UnaasM.    With  this  rfqnrst  the  jury  complied.     The  diao  ' 


•.wja 


Dr.  Pop^val,  had  b*un  ■   lypbu* 


d  with  k  niortinntlon  of  the  pndenda.* 
;'HcilMlEthiv,'i>p.ia3aii4Xii. 


DISEASE  r 


cniij>nEB. 


51 


A  ■imllw  wmpluinC  hu  Imva  dt.-»i7ibed  b;  Mr.  Kinder  Wood. 

u  preesded  by  febrila  •ymploim  for  about  three  da.™.     Al- 

m  <nu  tliea  called  to  tlie  seat  ar  tla^  discaae,  bj  compUints 

in  iu  vwdiiig  the  urine,  arid   wlieu  the   genital  arfnm  were 

id,  DM  or  both  labia  were  fbnnd  ealnrged  and  the  aeBt  of 

;   iuflammatioii,  which  noon   eitciided  orer   the    c^lltoria, 

c,  and  Ujrmeii.     Ulceration  luoceeded,  leniUng  to  progrca- 

-    lion  of  the  nturnal  organs.     The  diiea«e  seemed  l» 

ir  kind  of  emptive  fever,  and  proved  verj-  fntal.* 
nioe,  in  hii  'Surgical  Lectorea,'  also  deicribod  a  peculliir 
■tinn  of  tba  exlemal  organs  of  cbildren.  aa  not  only  a 
iflcctinn  in  it*elf,  but  apt  to  be  confoanJed  nitli  ayphlUii, 
gi>e  riie  to  tbo  inipicion  that  the  childieii  hod  been 
In  aoine  initaneea  aerioDa  Judicial  triala  hnd  been  tli» 
TIm  diuaae  ocrars  in  yonng  sutyeota  of  from  four  or  five 
n  of  age ;  and  cooaigts  of  inHamnintiou  of  the 
d  eileraal  oi^na,  fFhlcli  flasanie  a  deep,  dnaky  red  colour, 
It  of  fout  ulcen.  witli  a  tawny  gray,  and  some- 
1  MCDBl  (toughing  mrhice,  attended  with  a  thin  fiHtid 
ge,  with  fefcrialineB.  rolleanicBS,  great  pain,  and  very 
rablc  diatnrbanm  of  the  health  of  tho  child.  The  diaease 
widely  from  ayphilis,  and  the  ulcere  have  cbaractera  totally 
any  primary  venereal  aore.  Lawrence  hud 
•  etidence  in  the  cue  of  a  child  aaffering  IVom  thia  nflcc- 
HjneiiM  of  profenloDal  opiniona  thnt  it  traa  the 
WBi  interrogiited  into  the  idea  niggeated  and 
ly  mlertsinnl  by  tbepareuCa,  tbatn  certain  youth  liad  dont^ 
'l>g  or  other  to  her.  He  wna  taken  to  Bow-Btreet,  et- 
,  and  tried  at  the  Uld  Itjiilcy. 

',  of  Dublin,  deaoribta  n  Uko  nS'ection  of  the  parts  of 
s  of  young  children  in  connection  with  leacurrhie.il 
ia,  and  tialea  facta  to  prore   that  both   affeolioni  are 

cues  of  thia  deep-rolourcd  inflaiunuition 
IS  ifrnilala  with  proTiue  dischnrge.  not  proceeding  to  ulcura- 
anil    have    gi-nerally  funiid    the    friends    auspiciouB    of 

nfcnnce  to  all  theac  Ibrms  of  diieaie.  it  ihonld  be  borne  in 
It  only  young  children,  and  that  the  annie 
n  prevail!  at  the  same  time,  in  the  same  plaee. 

>l.  vlli.  n.  94.    R»  also    GeoL-i'MBlLciIJurla- 


Sa  KAFR. 

2.  The  evidence  aObrded  b;  injar;  to  tbe  parU  of  g 
inny  derive  cooSmution  from  an  exKmiiiation  of  tb«  pcnon  of  the 
r<MDale.  Iftberohus  been  gieat  vialeoce  and  modi  resiiUncp, 
bruises  and  acratcliM  will  be  found  od  tbe  ^roiaa,  tlugliB,  anil 
kaeca,  and  on  tlie  anna  end  cheat;  and  the  clothea  inaj  alco 
be  (Am  in  tbe  itrui^le. 

Uarks  of  violence,  then,  on  the  parti  of  generation,  eoirobo- 
ratcd  b;  bruiiei  and  Kratchos  on  other  parts  of  tbe  poraoa,  form 
the  principal  physical  signa  of  rape. 

3.  ExawinalioH  of  the  Linn.— Tlia  linen  wum  by  tbe  feniale 
at  (he  time  of  tbe  allied  rape  may  famiah  valaable  neiiative 
evidence,  or  nrny  issue  in  tlic  distovcry  of  spots  or  itaina  of  blood, 
of  racnstruil  flaid,  of  temen,  or  of  oilier  discharges. 

Spoil  of  Blood,  — When  tbe  injury  is  rncent,  the  linen  will  bo 
spotted  with  pure  blood  of  a  uuifhrm  red  colour  ;  but  when  tbe 
first  bsmorrhage  has  ceased,  tbe  blood  will  be  mixed  with  mucus, 
producing;  stains  less  defined,  reddish,  or  yellawish  red,  lighter  iu 
the  centre,  dnrker  nt  the  circumfcMnce, 

These  spots  of  bliwd,  or  of  diBclinr^  tinged  with  blood,  c<un> 
dding  with  marks  of  violence,  sflbrd  astrong  presumption  ofrspe. 

For  tlie  chemical  testa  and  microocopic  rharsctert  uf  spota  of 
blood,  tbe  re«diT  ia  referred  to  the  chapter  on  Wounds. 

Tie  meitttrtial  fiuid. —  It  is  neceenry  to  be  on  our  piard 
against  confounding  bloDfl-itnins  witli  those  produced  by  tbe 
menstrual  disDharpe.  This  fluid  is  secretfd  by  the  lining 
niembrune  of  tbe  uterus;  is  of  a  rich  cherry-red  colour,  nd 
hrighlenvd  by  contact  n'itb  air,  and  passes  by  exposure  to  n 
brownish-red.  It  cnntaini  teas  Abrin  than  blood,  and  does  not 
form  so  Hrm  or  thick  a  ulot ;  but  it  is  eonjetimes  disciwrged  with 
elnta  nf  blood.  It  bus  a  charaeteriitic  nonr  odour,  and  an  add 
renoCton,  due  to  tbe  pretcDce  of  free  pbonpborie  and  Inetie  acida. 
It  also  contuina  mncoiis  globules  and  epithelial  srales  from  th« 
oterna  and  vagina.  By  these  properties  the  unmiied  menstrual 
fluid  may  be  distinguialied  thini  blood;  but  tlieapoLi  or  atains 
whirh  it  forms  arv  not  readily  distinguished  fhtm  stains  of  blood 
wlivn  blended  with  miicui.  And  tliia  ii  cepecially  true  of  the 
aolled  Uni-D  of  llie  class  on  whom  the  crime  of  rape  ia  moat 
tVcqnanlly  vommltled.  As  to  sliiins  on  linen,  tberefore,  it  ia  lafb 
to  ndiipt  Ilie  atat«iaenl  of  Cmpcr.  "  ibat  there  ia  no  dialinguish* 
nlilp  dtlli'i-i'nr'u  lietweon  the  two  kind*  of  blood."  The  DntUTM  of 
thu  tluUI  might  be  ascfrtaincd  by  plugging  the  vagina, 
www  found  lo  flow  fWim  tlie  upper  part  nf  Ibc  pi 
be  safely  inferred  tliit  it  nn*  nicnitrnul. 


KEVIS  IKD  SEMI<(AL  SFCTS.  33 

9  w«r*  Inti^  at  the  time  of  ao  >Ueg«d  npt, 

wind  with  tbc  iluidiar^,  anil  wunld  be  fimnd 

V*B  tb*m«i«d  p«rU,iiriii  caiHotu  doCa  Den  the  Kcne  of 

IbdW  took  pboB  ID  the  a>e  of  Marj  Aahrord : — 

1  were  flowing  at  the  time  of  (be  alleged  npe,  and 

>od  was  fmmd  at  the  apot  where  the  oinoeeCiao  took 

oiddla  of  Uh  itopnanon  of  a  fignre  aa  the  fcraM. 

■n  torn,  and  oorcred  with  eoafpilatcd 

Uw  akirt  and  fsntahMoa  of  tha  acaiacd,  Abraham 

Db  Uoodjr.     He  coofcsaed  the  eoaaeetion,  but 

Tba  dfsd  bodj  of  Harj  jUhfori  wu  fband  neit 

pod  «r  wafer.* 

il  wtaal  jp>/i. — Wtiea  a  frmale  ii  eumined  M»n 
■Baa  maj  be  dtnaorvrol  at  the  orifire  of  the  vagina, 
•r  m  Um  «tbiV  pacta  of  genention ;  or  aenuDal  ipoU  ma*  be 
ftaari  oo  tlw  Anft.  The  real  cbaraeter  of  tbe  Said  maj  be 
bad  b;  the  nrimarcrpe,  which  rereila  the  proence  of 
fharoiiriittt  bodtot,  rarioual;  deaignaled  a*  iprrmaloOMi, 
■mt,  aai'aaJ  smauiraln,  and  rrroaria  (noau.  Tlif; 
I  ih*  Willi  of  Bala  anin^  that  have  reached  l)ie  age  of 
Vitetj,  JiUhiad  tiDOOgti  Uia  wmen  in  large  but  rariable  nnm- 
mtn,  aiaad  wtth  graaulaa  v  furpwelM  of  nod  hrger  *iie- 
«DDiM  of  a  long  aloider  fllaiaenl  mrrDomted  bj  an  oval  or 
I.  Th*7  ate  very  nuuat«,  tbeir  entire  length 
aat  aoaadinff  the  fiOOch  of  an  inch,  and  the  pearihaped 
hnaf  abovt  half  tbe  iiM  of  the  homan  rrd  blood-carpmcle. 
Vk«  amvnl  hum  aflar  tba  death  of  tbe  animal  to  whieb  tbejr 
'Mlaag,  Um  Mamtnl  liaa  a  paenliai  lulling,  undnlating,  or  vibiat- 
mg  ■MVwnHiI.  ttot  when  tbej  have  ceawil  to  move,  Ibej  inaj 
M  W  4atartad  by  Ib^  {wenlial  ahape,  which  the;  retain  even 
H^  irj  1  and  Uiitj  hare  been  detected,  after  long  interval*  of 
■•■.  hi  Uo  Eqoid  nfataitiail  bjr  ateeping  (eminal  Kaini  in  ■  nnaU 
■aMiljr  at  AatiDed  walcr.  Derer^  (bnnd  them  in  ituiH 
■Niha  aid,  CiMpaj  al  the  and  of  ■  rear.  Uajanl  after  three, 
Htta*  tAtr  but  yaara-t  Tbey  also  miil  putrefaction,  ant  have 
ta«  otoarvad  In  potHd  aenieo  kept  for  ten  weeki-J 
***  ^^M  ■MtkiBCBBmlU'iLaKora.'llfd.auVm-P- 

•  1  •■»  B(  mi.  b}  il.  Umt)  Man*.  moidvviM  lir   »  •"C^i 

— "^^kuddcbaln,  lbi>(«IMUa«l«c>ribci 

DM  bndiM  M  Ha  la  Ik*  UqnU  nbOiM 
wMiir.  wUI  U  rcwad  n  AaWa  'AnUvi 

a.  Mi-l.tailifaig.Jtitta.'nLtr.jt\i. 


i 


m  Kminal  ipot  ii  oon- 
t  be  undentood  that  ■  sbun  ma; 
a  and  jet  contain  no  looapeniiB ; 
I*  ofaaenratiom  on  tbc  bodies  of  men 
1  b;  nrioiu  fornift  of  nolence,  that  oat  of  2i  jtmog 
la^ad  adslta  fiantnl  of  tbeoi  ponrerful  and  vigorfnu 
otipaa  mntuniil  nnn>«™i  tooqienna  in  6,  few  in  9. 
ks  8 :  vhilc  of  men  abora  60,  a  bad  them  in  larfo 
mmI  S  in  ■Bill,  ohile  ID  tfarea  odlen  thej  were  Dot  die- 
Ddpla)'  abn  fmuid  tlie  looapeniu  abtent  in  14  oat  of 
B.     A  tipunn  natoratiat,  GO  jean  of  age,  ai^vratamed 
a  of  the  miCTOfnpe.  eumiaed.  with  Cuper,  hia  own 
a  aSar  aottM,  and  tbe5  feaod  everj  wintum  irom  no  loo- 
■  dcambed  u  innamcrable,  and  from 
•  large.     The  fact*  thoa  indoitriontl; 
d  iMiMaij  jnrtHj  Cuikt'r  cnnclunon  "  that  thoagh  (tains 

"    D  b«af  Mmiinal  origin  when  th«e  •psdflc  a 

Um^  jat  that  tha  abaenc      ' 
hM>«lalaa  bax  uot  bern 

*      -       'n  of  aaminal  *po(#,  other  than  the  diacorerj  of 

'i  ba  Mmud  tliat,  thmifli  aTailable  whpii  we  are 

"  MO,  tb«7  are  of  little  valoe  wheo  we  have  to 

HDanU  uT  the  poor.      Id  prepering  the  »pc<, 

,  .    •  ahoold  ba  talwn  aot  U>  deatroy  the  »»- 

■  V>  raavb  IHRC.  U  iboohl  b«  cut  out,  placed  in  a  waCch- 
'  ■  few  dnpa  of  dittllled  water,  and  genti j  moved  abont 
M  BfataAk  AfUr  a  ()aftrler  of  an  hour  Uie  stained 
■  «fll  bart«  baooma  ufUned  and  permeated  with  « 

■  ba  arahll*  ranored,  and  allowed  to  drain.   From 

ghOy  ofBlaueDt  fluid  may  he  eqneeied  with 

'  I  alide,  cDvered  with  a  iWc,  and 

'   a  power  of  not  Lea 


w  l^fMl^- ml.  l  pp.  IW  •!  teq. 


thmi  300  diameters.  The  (Hacorery  of  loorpenns  woald  be  am- 
clniiTe  of  the  iireeence  of  semen ;  for,  as  Ctsper  juitlv  remtrkl, 
"  WTioever  bu  only  onoe  «e"ii  a  single  clmractBriitic  apennaUiaoon, 
dead  or  alive,  enn  never  be  deceived  again." 

Other  diichargei. — Tlie  phyaicsl  aigna  of  rape  niay  be  compli- 
Cited  by  the  preseaoe  of  the  venereal  diaeau,  and  a  queation  m^ 
arise  aa  to  the  value  Ijt  be  attached  In  this  fact.  As  the  earlieit 
period  after  connection  at  which  the  diaeaae  oconra  is  aboot  tbK« 
ilaya,  it*  presence  in  a  female  eiamined  (oou  after  the  alleged  vio- 
lence wuuld  aimply  prove  the  fenmle  unchaste.  If,  on  eiaiuioatioa 
at  a  later  period,  the  disease  ahooM  be  detected,  it  would  pnne 
the  feiDale  anobaate  if  it  were  absent  in  the  accused,  hat  would 
form  a  atrong  eorrulmrntian  of  the  charge  if  present.  In  aceoaa- 
tions  of  rspe  based  on  the  eiistence  of  a  puralent  or  uDeO- 
parulcnt  discharge  in  youn^  female*,  the  ascertniiied  abaenoe  of 
gononhcea  in  tliu  accused  would  be  of  the  atmost  importanoe  to 
the  defence.  Aa  tbe  gonorrhceal  discharge  cannot  be  diatinguiabed 
with  certainty  tram  the  purulent  nr  muco-purulent  discharga*  of 
children,  or  from  the  highly  coliiured  leucarrh<cal  diachnvge*  of  the 
adult,  grent  ointion  is  needed  in  forming  an  opinion  bnaed  on  the 
nature  of  any  existing  discharge. 

The  infcroncca  drawu  froni  tlie  state  of  the  parts  of  gi 
person,  and  linen  of  the  femnte  may  be  strengthened  by 

Eramiiiai ion  of  the  acetutd. — If  eiamiiied  soon  after  the 
rape,  bis  person  may  bear  distinct  marlis  of  resistance  ;  and  the 
linen  uoro  at  the  time  may  he  found  loiled  vitli  blood  and  aemen. 
fie  may  also  have  used  such  force  as  tti  cause  a  rupture  nf  the 
flianum.  On  the  other  linud,  the  accused  laay  prove  to  be  too 
weak,  or  of  too  tender,  or  fui  advanced,  an  age  to  be  jnstly 
ebai^eahle  with  rape  ;  or  it  may  happen  that  he  is  impotent,  in 
which  ciue  the  charge  most  fail  to  the  ground. 

Allegations  of  rape  are  sometimes  confirmed  by  an  inspection  oT 
tbe  spot  on  which  the  offence  was  alleged  to  have  been  com- 
mitted. It  may  bear  distinct  traces  of  n  struggle,  iind  be  found 
covered  willi  blood. 

When  death  follows  rape,  the  parts  of  generation,  and  the 
body  itself,  will  have  to  be  cnrefuUy  examined,  and  tite  chararter 
and  extent  of  all  injuries  ascertained.  The  month  shonld  be 
inspected,  as  foreign  bodies  are  sometimes  introduced  to  stop  tbe 

Tliougli  tbe  inspection  of  the  persons  of  the  comphiinant  and 
of  the  BccQsed  may  leave  no  douht  that  forcible  seinal  interconwB 
has  taken  place,  tlie  pRmf  nf  rape  may  atill  be  incomplete;  fbr 
the  feuu^e  amy  have  consented  after  offering  a  cerlAia  reitstuiee. 


nrastxcj  rouAwixc  ra; 


fign  1  tbs  place  aiiil  i ' 
d  to  )»ve  bcvn  comnuttcdi  Ibe  time 
e;  wlwlber,  if  other  jwr- 
e  beard;  and  whetlitr,  if 
I  oat  before  the  ditoirerj. 
DO  pUoe  in  the  tax  o{ 
m  7«m  tttge,  of  tdioti,  or  of  frmalta  in  ■  state 
^  howevfr  pcciliiad. 
>  id  mnwiit  hnt  bem  toinnuril;^  ancwvreil,  l» 

I  nu  [iriraliiii  of  her  r«iuea.     Ttwt  tlita, 

I,  ia  poaribU.  U  anffidentlj  proTcd  bjr  Cafe 

I,  *bL  iii.  «f  CHper*!  Baodbook ;  lint  ■■  tlie  term 

1,  the  dflunce  oiait  be  wlmittcd  to  be  pi»- 

a  Urong  man,  or  if  tbcrs  ii  gie>t  dupnrit)' 

Hat  Itaalr.  loo,  ma;  faint  froni  (Hf ht,  or  jield  to 


a  fimatc  hr  wiolatnt  rfoniajf  tUtf  WAea'  Afr  tnoK- 

b^f— That  a  t^e  »■;  be  oominitted  during  tbe  itupor  pro- 

*  vd  by  iwmitiia.  tken  i*  no  doubt :  tbal  a  frmalc,  acmstoined 

■saal  ialaiMuav.  m»j  he  riolktrd  daring  profoand  elttp,  a 

m  bJiWi  iwabaUr  i*  bot  [hat  Hit*  ibunld  liipjien  to  a  virgin  is 

fcttaWgh—  ibipw  itn|>ra)>»ble.     ^lobitioii  i«  here  used  in  the 

■  of  tfrfWt  ant  mnpUle  •^nud  inlcrcfiune ;  bnt  ander  the 

*lll  b*  citfi]  to  pnire  the  pnwbiUtj  of 

g  woman  being  followed  b;  pregnancy, 

la  bjr  earpriie — a  prtof  that  th«  ooDDec- 

it  anMn^alinl  witb  riolcnca. 

I  nrr  fnllav  rap*  ? — IVrffnanej  may  follow 
n  I  benre  tb*  trMTCal  <n](uin  <<  not  a  me 
■I  aaa  i  U  naj  aUo  bllow  a  lint  itil«rouurte  nilli  oananit.  It 
h  Ibawfaa.  la  t^  falgheat  drgrao  imprDbabk  that  an  aveut 


I 


whicb  may  follow  an  ict  anronaFiausli,-  pcrfarmed,  and  In  fpits  4 
the  pain  of  a  fint  intercourse,  alioulii  be  prevented  even  bj  d 
most  pasuonate  repugnance. 

It  iiow  onlj'  remains  to  give  BOme  sliort  directiona  tar  n 
legal  eiaminstioni  in  ciaes  of  >ll^'d  rape. 

1.  Visit  tlie  female  witbont  ^rinff  time  for  prepantioa,  and 
note  tlie  time  of  the  visit  and  tlint  at  which  tlic  offente  la  alated 
to  hAve  been  committed.  A*ud  leading  queationa,  eapedoUf 
in  the  case  of  chUdreD. 

S.  Aacertain  the  age.  atrengtli,  and  atat?  of  health  of  the  CDm- 
plainuit;  examine  the  injuries  of  wbich  «ho  complnloa,  and  aee 
whether  thej  correspond  with  the  cnuse  to  which  she  attribnt« 

3.  Examine  the  organa  of  generation,  and  note  whether  lh«j 
are  bloody,  Bwollen,  abraded,  inflamed,  or  ulcerated;  whether 
there  ia  any  dischar^,  and  wbeuce  it  flows:  whether  the  hymen 
and  fourcbette  are  injoreil,  and  if  aa  whether  recently,  and 
wbnther  the  carunculee  myrtiformea  are  pretent;  Bacertun  the 
date  and  origin  of  marks  of  violence,  nud  determine  wbetlier 
they  might  not  have  been  produced  by  other  than  the  alleged 
cause,  aa,  for  iusbince,  by  foreign  bodies,  purposely  applied  to,  or 
introduced  into,  the  part^.  Inquire,  also,  wbether  the  alleged 
vtoUtiun  took  place  daring  the  menstrnoJ  period,  or  while  tba 
female  was  auflering  fVom  any  relaxing  diacharge. 

4.  If  there  is  any  discharge  ohserre  its  quantity,  and  collect  « 
portion  of  it  fur  exaoiinntion  :  and  proceed  in  the  same  way  willi 
spots  of  blood  or  semen  found  on  the  person  or  clothes. 

5.  If  ilealh  have  taken  place,  a  complete  eiamination  moat  be 
nuHte  of  the  body  and  the  internal  viiceni ;  search  being 
for  hruiaei^  fractures,  or  dislocations,  and  for  foreign  ' 
into  the  mouth. 

6.  Kundne  the  spot  on  which  the  offence  was  committed. 
Lattlg.  Examine  the  person  of  the  accused ;  note  liia  streni 

and  examine  the  [wrls  of  generation  with  a  view  to  discc 
whether  he  he  im|wtoR(,  or  capable  of  producing  the  existing 
UBOnnt  of  injury,  wlietlier  he  have  the  venere«l  diMiue.  or  any 
Tocent  abruion  or  rupture  of  the  fVwnnm.  GiamioD  bia  peraon 
al«>,  with  ■  view  to  discover  bruisei,  ecrakbe*,  or  other  marka.1  " 
.    ronatance  j  and  his  linen  Ibr  apoU  of  blood  or  s 

If  the  jnnt  eiaminatiun  of  the  oomplainHnt  ami  arcuaed  do 
Mipport  Urn  ehargs  of  n,pe,  it  may  justify  tlie  clia^  of 
witb  intent  tu  commit  Iti  and  another  indictairnt  may  *" 
ebor^ng  the  prisoner  with  the  uiitdcinninour. 


^^H 


FBBONANcr. 


r,  but  H 


\mfn)iitd  \yj  the  ufmuuried  to  extort  moner, 
iNdl  tW  to«lb<a>  af  ■  innunour  or  ivilnwr,  or  lo  iDRuenca  s 
~  '  ~*  ■aaaawM  of  duiufet  for  bn*cb  of  promrie ;  b;  tbe 
pMiJ^  tlic  ariibra  of  ■  boaband,  or  to  produre  ■  tap- 
hIt  to  HI  «rtat«  1  ukI  ilso.  boUi  'by  single  and  mirried, 
tej  Am  MMUtiULi  of  ovita]  pmu^ment.  I*regiuuic<|  ouij  >1k> 
hf  nmri^  and  umuuriHl,  to  avi^d  divgnc?, 
'    eonuut  infiiatidde. 


wa««>k«tk 


vUo*.  on  Ito  dnth  of  b<T  bmbHnd,  by  all^png 

Ab  k  sUli  Aild,  >&qr[Knnt>  the  hrin  to  tbe  eetale;  and  in 

taal  uuwU.  wb«tt  ■  woinaji  ooDdenuied  to  deatb  pb:tdi  preg- 

;  ts  «uj  of  tiamlion. 

Via*  bfri  praadnra  in  th*  fint  cue  u  by  the  Unie  of  >  writ 

rinln  iatfiritmllo,  the  tuminatioD  being  intmited  to  njurg 

mmlnmm,  or  illiif «  women,  g«nenllj  twelve  in  nnmber,  who, 

bay  lai  Un  f«aial«  prefpant,  are  diarged  with  the  dot?  of 

Nw^  wnUUng  her  UD  her  delirer;.     In  tbe  •econd  caie,  the 

y  itf  ibajoi^ii  to  Meerl«iD,Dot  only  whether  ibe  U  prcgnint, 

■be  •bNlw  Am  <»  qmiei  rM  dtOd. 

fWa  Jm7  haa  not  atwaja  been  conatituted  in  the  mne  maniier ; 

"  ''  '■  BOW  ■  eouMMi  paotice  to  reqnire  the  aid  of  (killed 

tmnamtn.    ThM  in  tbe  cue  <it  llri.  Fui,*  two  medical 

id  two  ma  I  mm  wen  appointed  to  Tiiit  her  onra  b  fbrt- 

■dJ  1b  >  crininal  cue  (Uir;  VetVi,  indicted  for  the 

aTGeorg*  Weak*.  WeM«ra  CircDit,  Horcb  20,  1850).  tbe 

fat  the  dafeoee  haHiig  tnoied  for  a  ■taj'  of  eiecatioD,  *a 

IMW  WM  qoid  with  child,  thv  doon  of  the  court  were 

1  a  jnrj  of  matroni  wu  called  into  the 

to  Inqnir*  into  tbi!  fact.     Two  lucdliial 

laminii  the  [.riaoner,  and  give  evidenco 

who  ratiml  fnr  a  iburt  time,  and,  on  retuming, 

wa»  In  tbo  coiiditlon  alleged.     Sentence 

till  the  priiener  ahould  be  delivered, 

■In  bterfrrcden  proof  ofllie  pregnaiicj  of 

being  made  to  wlniit  her  lu  bail.      A  caie 

m  ma]>  aliu  aria*  nniler  the  act  1  Qui.  IV., 

pi>rk>M  tlut  a  iepaitioa  u»j  lie  read  in  ovi- 

J.fi.p.^inl.xra.p.isi. 


I 
I 


60  ^^ 

dence  when  it  on  be  shnivii  to  tlie  aatiarncHau  of  the  jud^  that 
a  witneM  ii  unable,  from  permnnent  aicknm  or  other  infirmity, 
to  ntteod  the  triul.  It  has  been  ruled  llint  iuimineDt  delivery  i« 
■  Cttuio  for  examination  under  tlii*  wt. 

As  the  subject  of  pregUHnoj  ia  one  that  involvtw  many  detula, 
it  will  be  einmlned  Quder  the  followiiig  disUaet  lieada : — 1.  The 
tigai  and  lymploiiw  nf  pregnawry  dmrit^  life.  S,  Exammaio» 
of  the  Miertu  and  iU  appendant*  after  death,  leilh  a  tiete  to  the 
dueonery  of  pranft  of  an  exhting  or  previoitt  pregnancy;  aud 
3.   Qtettiont  of  a  medieo-legal  natare  conntcUd  vith  pregnatiej/. 


The  leading  Signs  of  Pregnancy  are  here  briefly  dneribed,  the 
reader  being  rererred  For  more  occarato  information  to  wofkl  on 
midwifery,  or  to  monographa  trusting  eipreaslj  on  this  sulijeot.* 

Cotuiilulional  Signs  or  SyiHplom. — An  irritable  and  capri- 
rioua  temper,  uduisB  and  hingnor;  a  worn  and  dejectud  eiprea- 
aioD  of  coant«naDW ;  nsusea,  bearthnm,  loathing-  of  food,  a  capri- 
cioui,  variable,  or  di>pnived  appetite  j  vomiting,  eapedally  in  the 
morning,  and  a  aMtire  itate  of  bowels;  feverithaesi,  determina- 
tion of  blood  to  tlie  bend,  with  eraptioni  on  the  face ;  uid  in 
some  case*  salivation,  and  peiiit  of  the  fneu  and  teeth  ;  are  reeog- 
uised  ^mptoms  of  this  state.  Taken  separately,  they  have  littlt 
valne,  s,nd  even  when  several  nieiist,  they  are  not  condusive. 

The  BreiuU.—The  changes  in  the  breaabi  consist  (a)  in  in- 
ereaied  eise  and  firmness ;  (h)  in  a  moist  dnrli  circle,  or  areola, 
iWddod  with  mocoua  follielM  formed  round  the  nipple;  and  (c) 
in  a  mixed  svcretioa  of  milk  and  serum  Howing  from  the  nipple. 

The  Vtena. — The  eigns  referable  to  this  organ  are,  a.  cbaugM 
in  the  uze  and  shape  of  the  abdomen;  b.  qnickening;  e.  anp- 
preasion  of  the  menses;  d.  changes  in  the  neck  and  oriflce  oftbe 
nteras  j  e.  increased  sin) ;  /.  bAllottement ;  g.  disooloration  of  tin 
mucous  membrane  of  the  vagina;  h,  sounds  beard  on  applying 
the  itothoscops  to  tlie  abdomen. 

a.  CiMnget  in  the  Sise  and  Shape  of  the  Abdomen. — TbcM 
conust  in  a  symmetrical  ODlorgomeut,  lint  perceptible  nbout  tlie 
end  of  the  third  month,  and  incrtasinc  up  to  ilie  lime  of  deUvnj. 
Before  the  third  month  the  uterus  sinking  into  the  pelvis  ouoaM 
tbo  abdomen  to  apptnr  flattened,  and  the  umbiljaus  depressed. 

b.  Qaickming. — Tliis  1*  vulgurly  attributed  to  the  mov« 
of  Um  ohild,  hut  is  really  due  to  a  sudden  change  in  the  )> 


•Slinui 


ConiDlt  Ifantgornrn 


s  or  rfttcsisoi. 


^Bbxs  o: 

^^KmUt  tiie*  plaoe  brtireen  the  I4tb  and 
^^^■iM  "  •■rty  u  Uie  12th.  It  ii  ■  tci? 
^^^Bt  movtmtata  mty  not  be  percerved  tt  bII, 

of  Ibfl  ^aceni.  or  laddi^a  contrsctioui  of  [he 

■  ^  tke  Cotonroio. — The  mnues  nu;   be  nip. 

poioda,  fntai  oiiura  oiIxt  than  prrenancjp ;  or 
■CQt  fer  one  or  tiro  prriod*  aner  coiicuption,  mil 

wkil*  CDorw  of  getlaliau ;  or,  agit'in.  they  may 
Umv  tinwa.  and  appear  aniy  nft«r  coDceptiim. 
^  b  muiiig  is  fcnuleii  wbu  bcconie  pregiiint 
intiHtnalrd.  A  wonun  whu  in  really  prvgnuiit 
1  tiM  bet  b^  preteiiiling  that   stie  !■  n^uhir,  anil 

.  tit  Srfkaud  Orifiaqftlu  Ulm^.—lkn  npck 
it«d  wmub  u  full,  runnil,  aofl,  aiid  I'laitie ;  Ilia 
I,  laa*  tlwiT  wall-dvlitird  nJgc,  and  bcoume  tufl, 
ArtnKti  and  in  odrund  prvgoanc;,  th«  ueuk 
.  mmI  ta  at  loi^  no  longer  Co  be  felt.  Tlie  oii- 
fc«iu|[  (janatcnie,  becinnn  circiilar,  and  admits  lliu 
for  mora  raadily,  and  tu  a  grenter  d«pth.  The 
Ra  iu  poailioa  a>  pra^aiic;  adranoct ;  it  rises 
In*  it  Ullad  forward,  and  the  nock  ballkwu^l. 

tfin  of  VUnii,—  Ua\nag  the  flrst  threa  months, 
m^g  j«t  nwD  out  of  the  pelvis,  no  enkri^eaieni, 
i*>ai  h^  runilnalioii  per  raginam  ;  hut  at  the  end    i 
nnth  it  may  wDwliuin  be  felt  above  tbe  pubeai 

tttit,  liAii  ntvrtmUy  and  p>^r  iragiTinm.  .Kt  this 
*  of  HI*  may  ob* loiuly  he  due  to  sues  ottur 
V  it  b  not  a  aora  <ign  uf  it. 
imt. — Thi*  la  tlui  namv  given  to  the  leiitatiDii 
all  (f  Uw  fatga  alW  it  lia*  l>e«n  jerbiil  uptnrda 
naaot  of  tha  Bn«v.  It  i*  not  available  till  after 
(btaednrwly  modi  batond  tbe  end  of  thr  liith. 
hAih  la  •  i><pi  of  gmt  valiu. 
Ufaa  V<**  JVoroiu  Mrmbnnr  of  Ike  Vagiita^ 
lalMtM  U  tha  f  ftgina  of  d>e  pregnant  woman  baa 

•dXtatH  win*.  'Hiia  tluwKli  au  excclletit  lign 
la  iD«Hn«id«nt  in  applicatioo. 
laiwfi. — Two  •uimd*  noay  he  heard  on  aiiplyiiig 
>«aar  llM  n«ka  of  the  gravid  nteriu  i  <Ar  jm^a. 
Iiaf  JUarf,  and  (4*  aiEna'  nomw.  Ilie/wbufioa* 
art  rmrj  Itws  ISO  to  MO  ia  a  ntiaatc,  aiij  bow  no- . 


PKEGNASCY. 


the  puliation  of  Uie  motlior. 
and  reumblea  tlie  tick  of  a  watch  beard  through  a  jnllow.  It  la 
Dot  alwBjB  beard  in  the  ame  place,  but  geuemlij  on  one  ride,  at 
a  point  nearly  midwuy  between  tlie  navel  and  tbaai 
ipine  of  the  ilinm ;  it  is  occanonall)'  ioaudible.  Wbcn  heard, 
it  is  a  sure  lign  of  pregnancj.  It  faili  in  the  c 
fcetui,  and  is  inipplicatilo  at  an  earl;  period  of  gestation.  The 
uterine  rmmmr  a  a  low  cooing  sound,  such  as  is  made  by  blowing 
gently  over  the  lip  of  a  iiride-iDOQthed  phial.  It  u  ajncbronom 
with  the  pulse  of  the  raotlicr,  und  may  generally  be  detected  in 
the  ktonl  or  anterior  parts  of  the  utcnis,  boiug  first  diatinetly 
audible  about  the  end  of  the  fourth  month. 

Tlu  Urine. — A  glistening  scum  (cunsiitiiig  of  triple  phospbatt 
and  minute  fangoid  und  confervoid  gronths)  is  found  floating  oa 
the  urine  of  prtgnnnt  women,  after  standing  one  or  two  days ; 
■nd  nnder  the  name  of  Kyettein  wan  once  deemed  a  certaili  aign 
of  pn^ancy.  Thongli  generally  prrsent  in  pregraney,  it  has 
been  shown  to  occur  also  in  ansmie  women  who  are  not  pregnant. 
I^iis,  then,  like  the  fact  thnt  the  nriuc  in  pregnancy  oRen  iiod> 
tains  grape-sugar,  is  of  little  Talne  ai  a  wgu. 

Of  the  foregoing  signs  few  are  conclasive  when  taken  by  then- 
srives;  while  many  are  extremely  falladoQs,  and  are  liiible  to  ba 
aimolated  b;  various  diseasod  conditionit,  or  to  be  obscured  hj 
co-eiisting  disease*  of  the  uterus,  or  of  the  abdominal  viscoib 
The  best  of  these  signs  can  only  be  duly  appreciated  by  eiperienoed 
persons,  to  whom  alone  this  class  of  inquiries  sboutd  bo  intnMlad. 

Substances  expelled  {root  the  womb  sometimes  furnish  evidoMS 
of  pregunnoy.  The  chief  of  these  are,  1.  An  early  ovum,  2.  UoIm. 
3.  Hydatids.     4.  False  membrunes. 

1.  An  Sarlif  Ortrni.— This  may  be  renignised  by  the  charvcten 
of  the  contained  foetus,  and  by  that  of  its  memhranes.  The  ap- 
pearance* presented  by  Uie  ftetus  during  the  early  stages  of  its 
development  will  be  eiamined  in  the  ne>t  chapter,  llie  mem- 
branes present  hlglily  eharacteristin  appearances.  The  deeidtia  ia 
known  by  its  soft,  rich,  pulpy  appearance  and  strong  red  cohnr, 
its  rongh  external  surhte  perforated  by  small  fornmiua,  and  iU 
smooth  internal  surface.  The  inner  decidna  i*  known  by  its 
binooth  outer  surface,  and  itB  internal  one  covered  with  tlie  Gla- 
menta  that  receive  the  arborcsceot  villi  from  tbe  eurface  of  the 
chorion.     These  appearances  are  not  assumed  by  any  product  of 

2.  MoIe>. — Some  authors  regard  these  bodies  as  producti  of 
conception.  If  so,  the;  will  be  ideiiUfled  as  such  by  the  dti' 
corery  of  some  constitnent  piirta  of  in  ovum ;  but  if  no  sodi  paita 


T-MOBTH  IIUIISA^ 


63 


It  b  ri(bt  to  ■aonw  that  the  lubaUDce  luidcr  oiami- 
B  WA  due  to  iofngnation. 

tmiiili. — Hmt*  h  a  derided  bKknce  of  opinion  in  Ibvour 
knoy  in  bQ  E*a«  fTOdncU  of  eonceptiuli.  It  miul  b« 
d.  IwFWWtr,  tint  Bjdilidi  mijr  tpring  Irom  portian*  of 
t*  tkaA  hava  been  reUiotd  for  leTenl  montlu,  lo  that 
Mt  (Wi*  lo  fix  Uie  date  of  the  ptcgruorj. 
itr  IfiMJimii — Time  ire  often  expelled  in  dfimeuor- 
Hd  >  aatUm  obaamr  mi^ht  prononnM  them  product  of 
pa.  The  rale  alraad;  Liid  duvn,  that  no  labitatin)  pi- 
rns lb*  ««)^>  iboaM  be  dwined  a  prodoct  of  coiK^ption, 
k  mntaia  —irHitfrf'  pann  of  an  orum,  miut  be  otwervtd 
llri*  (SKi.  For  ao  illoitTation  of  a  lUw  membisDe  dis- 
I  iariag  patiifDl  nuntmatiim,  >ee  fig'.  14^  p.  81. 


r,  in  onln  to  detcnnioe  the  eiiilence,  cr 

SUlIt,  b)  pnMDling:  tbe  imall  lize  of  the  virgin 
aaea  nagatJte  tbe  eappcwtion  of  pir^ane;.  Or  it 
1  ^atfuL  by(  «mpt7,  and  marked  by  tome  of  the 
MoaMpasj  geataUcm.  In  thit  caae  ire  ihould  not 
•aartiag  that  pregttancj  had  eiiited.  beranac  thcae 
■■J  be  do*  to  an}  tamoiir  irbicb  lud  diatended  tlie 
waitd  a  laai  nlir  onuuction  with  it*  internal  anrftiN. 
it  (Kit  finmd  empty,  its  content*  niu<t  be  carefQllj 
i  it  tnse*  of  an  avam  ahonld  be  diacorered,  the  fnct 
iapriflMtion  woold  be  made  out. 

I  fonnerl;  attached  la  certain  appearances 
of  pngnuic;  ;  and  on  llie  (rial  of  Mr. 
W  til*  manlrr  nf  Mm*  Uniiu,  a  cDf7JU( 
ta  ttw  orarj  waa  held  to  pnre  tba  hd  of 
ey,  in  tl«  brc  of  mucb  iMftJante  of  a))in>0B  tt 
■a  tu  bf  drawa  froni  the  appevramti  of  tbe  *oni1> 


T«Bto*  of  1X4  corftM  Ulnm  u  a  aign  of  prrviona  impregua- 
■a  hM«  •  «alli*M  of  llval;  diieiuaion,  and  tbe  cluwti'n 
t^tiagtUb  th*  In*  eorpoa  latenm,  tbe  prodnet  of  conwp- 
^m  tht  bim,  n  fimnd  bi  rlrgtn*,  haTe  been  mrj  miiiDlely 
lid.  It  foaalk  bam  tUa  dtei»BioD,that  tba  diatinctlon  bi-- 
tl«  trva  and  tba  falw  onpnt  iatvam  o  not  so  marked  and 
UmtaJmM^^iamtMiiBffPoaildent  ate  of  it  for  medion. 


u 


rRGOKAHCT. 


legal  pnrpoaei.*  But  lietween  the  oorpon  tutea  o 
virgia  oviTj,  and  thote  oT  the  pregnant  woinaa,  the  difliirencei 
are  eiich  bb  ouglit  to  be  pointed  out  and  illiutrated.  A(»»nlingl; 
tlie  following  illustrations  ore  appendtd  from  the  able  monograpli 
of  Dr.  Arthur  Fnrre.f  Fig,  7 
sliow«  the  longitndiiial  aertion 
of  an  adnll  virgin  ovary,  witb 
Oraafian  follicles  of  ordinary 
use  before  enlargemenl,  and 
■tellate  remuas  of  follidea  whinh 
liave  buT«t  and  ilinink  after  di*- 
ciinrging  thrar  o».    la  Hg.  8, 


l.xboti 


largeil  follkle,  witb  central  bbwd 
vlnt,  IVum  u  woman  wbo  died  on 
the  tciitli  dayaft^r  the  eoa- 
meiicciiicDt  of  her  but  iDeiiitnia- 
tion ;  2,  tlie  section  of  a  large 
folliult  ivhidi  had  reccull.v  liursland  disctuirgeditacouUuits;  wliile 
3  auil  4,  ibDw  a  anperlicial  atid  a  deeper  lectioD  taken  from  the 
ovary  of  a  woman  who  died  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  month  ofg»la- 
tiiili;aiid5,lheiitellaIerolUcleIwodayiafleriuBtnre  delivery.  The 
last  three  flgurpa  present  appewancea  which  mey  be  deemed 
vhancterUtic  They  hxre  "  dUcharj^ed  an  ovdiu,  which  bii  been 
afterwards  impregnntcd."  The  question  of  prior  pregni 
on  tlie  appearance  of  the  ovaries  shonld  always  be  an 
lome  comjictcDt  nutboriiy  kiionn  to  have  ciuefully  a' 
antgtwt. 


P«g™n<7  up 


D  the    t 


V  of  the  hynwn  rebot  the  mppoti- 
d  5.  U  (operfptation  poBible  ? 
^  CUU-imrtag. — Cue*  of  r*r\y  <rintfglB« 

■allwritia.  Cup«r  states  genenllj  (bat  tbe 
tfae  ptoerMltTC  powtr  hut  be  daied  (rom  the 
j^tr,  aod  ill  ecMation  hnuD  the  oOLh  to  tbe 

260.)     n*  reoonU  of  the  UlMpm  L;iE«-ia 

CMC  ti  dcGm;  at  IS  jean  1  manth:  und 
red  B  fcmale  of  twin*  bebre  the  annpletioa  of 
r.  WtboD  of  OiHgow  rrporto  >  cue  of  dtlJcery 

E.  HoBc  girts  an  imtame  of  prcgniiM^  in 
1  La  Uotte  a  lue  of  delitei?  before  13 ;  tbe 
ODe  in  the  12th ;  Mr.  Robertoo  a  oue  of 
BD  AM  in  a  (actaj  ^rl  little  more  Iban  IS 
.  SKith  of  CmreotTjr  one  at  IS  jean  7  tnnntha ; 
I,  anil  Dunlap,  in  Hengai,  met  mth  toothen  of 
iladi  girea  an  iiialanecof  pregnaDcj  in  a  Swia 
nr  (Male,  p.  I7fi}i  Jcubert  and  Srborigiiu 
■Mlf  agt  (Soitl).  p.  406) ;  and  we  hare  it  nn 
■ria  and  FonUinqoe  that  "in  tbe  rear  1816 
■itted  iato  tbe  Jtfotmnt^  at  PariiaaioDng  a* 

the  Raralotiea  one  or  two  initanea  ocmrred 
md  erm  brio*  that  age,  being  reocired  in  a 
.  tbat  h—piUi"» 

e  rcmnUd  of  iiregnancy  at  rerj 


UMttHUMWUMUiii 


66 

de  TaxiE  i>  atRtcd  to  liave  bunie  a  health;  cbild  at  the  a^  of  8S 
(Suitb,  p.  496).  CHpuron  6Ut«a  that  a.  wonuin  of  63  waa  geiu- 
™llj  believed  in  Paris  to  biTB  given  birth  lo  a  daughter ;  and 
laitl;,  Beck  qnotei  a  eaee  Ironi  the  '  Boaton  Medical  aod  Surgical 
Journal, '  of  a  woman  at  Wliitehall  (State  of  New  York)  becoming 


Bather  i 


,64. 


It  will  be  obaerred  that  at  every  nee  from  51  to  &4  iui^lnaivc^ 
Bevernl  ioBtaiioe*  of  pregnancy  are  reconled  on  undoubted  aullioritj. 
After  thia  age  there  ia  a  break  in  tie  chain,  the  earliest  of  tbe 
more  Temarkable  caaei  having  occurred  at  68.  and  the  bitest  at 
61 ;  and  these  were,  for  each  age,  >olit«ry  iDatancea. 

Aa  the  Hrat  and  lait  appearaufe  of  the  meDiea  are  iudbUj 
luppoeed  to  fix  the  limits  of  pomiblo  rruitfaltiesa.  and  oa  cosei  of 
early  and  late  meuatrnntion  do  certainly  lend  mpporc  to  ouei  of 
early  and  Inte  prt^nncy,  it  may  be  well  to  atate  tliat  meustnta- 
tiou  at  9  ycara  i«  not  an  uncommon  occurrence  in  England  or  on 
the  Continent.  Male  met  with  two  inatancea  of  rcgoliir  return  of 
the  catamenia  and  partial  development  uf  tlie  breaata  at  hi  yean 
of  age.  In  one  French  cuie,  moDBtrDatioa  is  recorded  at  fire 
yean.  The  occurrence  of  the  menstrual  dischurge,  even  in  tbe 
first  year  of  life,  resta  on  good  authority.  Oat  of  1500  caaai  to 
which  1  directed  my  rnqoiriea,  I  fouod  one  of  menatruation  befon 
the  completion  of  tbe  eighth  year.  (G.) 

On  tbe  other  band,  I  bave  known  munatnuition  t«  oontinne 
uninterruptedly  as  lute  aa  the  B7th  year  {G.)j  and  Dr.  Jamec 
livid  recordpd  instnncea  for  every  year  from  that  age  up  to  tbe 
69tb,  inclusive.  Cases  of  menstruation  recnrring,  alter  inter- 
mption,  at  a  atill  more  advunced  age  are  fliao  on  record. 

Aa  the  age  at  which  tbe  mensct  first  ap  pear  admits  of  medico- 
legal application,  it  may  be  well  U>  state  t  hat  the  11th  and  IGth 
years  are  the  most  common  epoch  of  thiir  cummeucement,  then 
the  16th,  tbcn  the  ITtb  and  13tb,  then  tbe  18th  and  12lh,  and 
the  other  ages  in  the  following  order  :— the  11th,  19tb,  20th. 
10th,  tut.  22ad,  9th,  and  23nl.  (G.) 

Tbe  moat  common  period  for  the  disappesrsnre  of  tbe  menan 
WDDld  seem  to  he  from  the  4ath  to  the  hOlh  year,  incliuiTe ;  bat 
the  innlanccg  bclbre  40  and  niter  50  ore  uumeroue. 

3.  Can  a  ff'omnn  conceive  viite  in  a  liatc  of  imcoiicioiaiutt  1 
— The  ariKner  to  this  question  ia  affirmative.  Capoion  atjt, 
"  It  is  a  fuct,  which  eiperioDce  has  more  than  once  coiiflnnad, 
that  a  woman  may  hecoine  with  cbild  while  in  a  state  of  hyiteria, 
under  the  inliucnee  of  nareotica,  during  aipbyiin,  drnnkenneEa. 
or  rfefjj  *&'?,  and  consequently  wilboiit  being  conaciima  of  it,  or 
ahariag  the  enjuj'Bjent  of  the  mau  nho  diidionoura  her.''     This 


CXOOStCIOCS    FBEaXAXCT.  67 

bj  *  m»e  gltat  b;  CiipDron  himidf, 

took  piaee  daring  a  profound 

I  h7  •  OM  cited  by  Befk.  Art.  Png- 

brougbt  iboat  hj  ■Kiaet  and 

d  to  Voder^  by  De*gniag«.  ia  whicb 

d  with  tbe  ume  intent. 

interroune  daring:  pn>- 
^J  be  dud,  the  one  on  the  aalborit;  of 
1  tUt  of  Dr.  Cnauk.     Of  oncmueiaiu 
„    '  prolonged  funting 
B  «a>  eoDiniinioUd  lo  me  bj  Ur.  Hevitt  of  Bark- 
m  (G.)i  mi  of  vioUtkni  witb  tlw  mne  mqlt  dDnng;«ph;ui, 
11  cited  bj  Poivri  [yd.  i.  p.  600) 
■  CA»bn».- 

u  oondittoni  of  iiueiuibililj',  doriiig 
iMMt  place  foUoited  br  eooaplioii,  the 
u  of  Itic  occarrence,  ind  not  snspeetiiig  it 

t>  On  ■  Wamaw  rrmaim  igmoraul  offttr  Prtgitancs  vp  loOu 
(i^  ^  ZnH»wy  f—  It  M  obrioM  th«t  in  the  cmo  jiwt  refetrad 
*•  Ihii  b  qsll«  pMHblr.  A  ooouui  irbo  b  not  coTucioai  of  b*Tii« 
■pBsd  htfatf  ta  Ih*  nk  of  bfooming  a  mother,  would  lutntttllj 
Mntel*  Inr  aBhrgaDMot,  and  all  Ute  attendunt  t^mptcmi,  lo 
MJ  fMH*  bM  Iba  Irnc  one.  A  like  ignoratice  ia  perhapa  poanUe 
wt^  •  (iaala  jlaldi  to  nlidlalJoD  nnder   wlenui  amitaacei 

tai^v.  Tin*  Fodcr^  on  tbi  inthoritj  of  Dagruigra,  dtca  the 
^im  irfa  f<i>>>S  gM  a-bo  jieiiled  to  the  •oUdtalioiu  of  ber  lorer, 
*  ■  witb  him  in  a  bath,  mder  the  aMoranoe  that 
■be  tan  do  riik.  Sbc  benice  a  mother,  bat 
1  ifBotant  of  bei  atnatioo  till  the  hut,  and 
ttMt  tbr  drctunataoce  of  the  iuterooune 
n  tbe  water  hid  renxwed  all  id«  of  pi^- 
1  tlan  prenila  that  a  nngle  coitot  ia  ud. 
~  it  piDTidcd  the  act  b«  inconiplele, 
imM  Iki  bj  w  ooti^Bied.  liopregnation  a  impoeiible.  I'odvri.' 
a  Id  protif  of  the  onnfidence  placed  by  pregnant 
a  tliey  had  t«keti. 
|«  all  toA  ram  it  ia  pgaible,  though  nnlikely,  that 
^  aUhbolc^r  ■ymjiluui  to  diacai^  and  nally  believe   what 


bmatr         ^H 
what        ^H 


I 


B8  FUGNAnCT. 

■he  10  mncli  dearei  ihonld  be  tine,  the  wisli  id  thii,  as  in  othn 
thinga,  boinp  fatliBTto  tile  thought;  ■nd  as  the  nmrried  «i>nj«n, 
uinousfor  DfiBpTing-,  conatnies  every  unninal  Bcnintian  inUmeign 
of  pregnane;,  and  mskes  terioas  preparation!  for  the  event  whidi 
it  to  (Town  her  wishes,  bo  tlie  single  womBn,  whose  wlshta  all 
tend  the  other  wbj,  may  linFerely  attribute  to  any  onse  htit  tha 
true  one,  every  aymptom  of  a  state  which  threatens  her  with 
eipoanre.  But  even  married  women  wbo  haye  no  motiTe  to  mis- 
anderstaad  or  misrepresent  theit  true  condition,  may.  np  to  tba 
Terj  last,  attribute  it  to  a  wrung;  cauw.  The  conditions  under 
which  thia  is  idmI  Ukel}'  to  happen  are  snch  as  occnrred  in  a  cue 
reported  by  Dr.  Tanner.  A  lady  42  years  old,  and  married  three 
years,  after  menstruating  scantily  for  Hre  or  six  months  pre- 
viously, had  ceaaed  to  be  unwell  for  abont  nine  monthi,  ■'H 
taken  in  labour  and  delivered  by  instmments  of  a  mature  femalo 
Inbnt.  Botli  patenta,  though  aoiions  for  ehlMren,  despaired  of 
having  them,  nnd  the  lady  had  no  sU'picion  that  she  wna  prc^ant, 
and  reeeirrd  witli  unsfTect^  inirredulity  the  stnli'ment  that  aha 
wu  not  only  in  that  itnte,  but  had  been  in  labour  for  ten  hours.* 

But  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  instance  on  rei'ord  of  prtg- 
tiancy  ignored,  If  not  by  (he  femnle  herself,  at  least  by  those  most 
liiiely  to  sutpect  her.  was  fiiinisbed  by  the  Hawkina'  diTorce  CMC 
tried  before  the  Home  of  Lords,  May,  1B63.  The  husband,  alter 
an  absence  of  ten  months  from  England,  r^oini  hii  adulterDni 
wife,  cohstnts  with  her  for  more  than  two  months,  and  eren 
sleeps  with  her  up  to  within  five  minutes  of  lier  dellvety— a  cir- 
cumstance the  more  eitrsordinary  sa  be  had  alreudy  cohabited 
with  her  during  two  previous  pregnanciea.  Nor  waa  the  true 
state  uf  the  case  anspccted  hy  any  of  her  friends  and  acqnaint- 
ancea,  by  her  maid  who  had  dresaed  and  undressed  her  np  to  the 
night  of  her  confinement,  or  by  liw  medii-ol  men,  the  alteratioii 
that  had  taken  place  in  her  personal  appearance  having  been 
nnifbtmly  attribnied  to  illness.  Indeed,  it  was  by  medical  Bd*ie6 
that  she  remained  in  England  uhile  lier  husband  acrred  abiDad. 
Singolar  as  the  Acts  of  the  case  were,  the  I<ord  Chancellor  ei- 
preued  liia  belief  that  the  petitioner  was  whntly  unconsdous  of 
his  wife's  state  till  she  gave  birth  to  the  child. 

4.  Doet  the  premee  of  the  fff/uien  re/ml  the  nppoiilion  of 
Prrgnamy  7— This  qoestinu  is  anwered  by  the  facta  quoted  at 
p.  48,  proring  that  the  hymen  may  survive  repeated  intereoune, 
and  not  be  destroyed  even  hy  deliverj. 

G.  litiipftfalalioHpmsibUT — Thisquealinn  ia  discuaaed  undo' 
(he  bead  uf  Legitimacy,  to  which  it  properly  tielDngl. 


ry.  BhB  pnfomej,  nuj-  be  ooocesled  or  pretcnJed;^ 
I,  wlUl  •  vww  of  hiding  ihunCb  or  deatrnjing  the  child ; 
i.  to  onUr  to  prodiica  >  «appoaiLicioiu  heir  ta  an  eatate, 
•boQl  B  manng*,  or  to  aati^j'  thu  wiiliai  or  appeaK  the 

■afiMl  onn.  Lbao,  roaj  be  reqaired  for  medico  legal  par- 
'it  sndcnoe  of  daliVBrj  in  ooncealed  cosei,  and 
prMciulal  cuo.  The  hitter  clas  ii  cuinpara- 
tt  UiF  fonoar  u  of  freqaent  orcurreace,  ntpeciiilly 
of  iafitntiddc,  whea  the  aaspeclcd  mother  has  to 
>  daUrmiiM  whetlier  >bi>  has  been  recently  diiti*sred. 
liaBa'  Irmiiitj  du}  be  odlad  for  in  tlic  dend.  It  may  also  be 
MH0J  tB  toiluilllii  whalber  ■  female  hm  home  children  it  a 
^m  pMltiti  Ami  a  qoaOiun  may  be  raiwd  (capecially  in  triala 
hAtiltaMa)  aa  lo  thi  punibility  of  ■  woman  being  delivered 
b  naiMdoa^  or  in  a«th  »  poaitiun  sad  in  audi  circumstances 
•IttaM  anj  crinusal  aot  of  bar  own,  to  endanger  tbe  lifii  of 


_  prl.  tbrtfora,  raaolTea  itaelf  into  four  diviminii : — 
IV  mifm  ^  rwtnt  Drlietrg  in  tki  Lining.  2.  Tie  $iff<iu  of 
»mi  tMittiyiatktDtad.  3.  Hu  wigiu  nf  a  prrrioui  Dilipery. 
Ollar  mtdim~itS9l  qvttiout  cmii^otnl  teilh  DrliDtiy. 


t  ■  few  ilaji  after  dali»ery, 
:^TliB/<ttr  U  pale,  a.  in 
alight  illueaa,  and  tbe  eye  aonkeii,  and  >i 
idal  hj  ■  dark  eLrda.    The  puLw  i*  quickened,  and  Che  ik 
mad  oam,  ia  outataifd  witli  aweat  of  a  peculiar  and  nnph 
I  adaw.     Tha  bfnut4,  aapcdaUy  on  the  tliird  or  fonrth  day, 
ftaai  lUL  teoa*,  and  knotty.     Tbe  nipplea  are  turgid,  and 
■Msta  [ifaitu  thr  apiwaraium  proper  tu  the  atato  of  Preg- 
n,     TW  huaata  wh*u  prtoaed  ur  drawn  yield  a  milky  fluid. 
A  ^aaauta  nicraaci^r  eliaraclcrt  of  aome  practical  value  in 
mnlUto  with  daUrery  «a  well   aa  with   infanticide.      For  the 
1  ftr*  HT  ala  daya  afUr  dalirvry,  tlw  lluid  lliat  may  be  expreaacd 
■  tta  hiiaili  b  more  walcry  and  opaleaoent  than  ordinary 
k.  awl  laM  ohila  aial  opaque.     Under  the  microtcope,  along 
b  IM  wAmit  nvlk  t^'^'**  *>"'■  "^'^  rpitlieliuin,  and  the 
Wf^tt   %iu»tlkl  enjmnte  Mmtwa  aa  eolotlmm  rorpuieti 
J^''0'o*'rm'n   from  a    lienltli 


I 
I 


<r  Mir^  (tig.  9),  wu,  Um  milk  of  anoU 


'  thrown  inlo  foldj, 
by  light' 


XaO^ 


sioss  07  i  pazviocs  delivery.  71 

mbinilion.  Th?  atenu  Hud  mgini  nuy  be  enlnr^ed,  anil  tlic 
I  Mlwial  parti  diitended  bj  anj  tniooar  recently  eipelled.  A  diB- 
je  mu;  How  from  tbe  (reaitnU,  and  the  breasts  may  enlarge 
{■BdKcrete  milk,  from  synipitby  witb  the diivtonded  nteroB.  Tlie 
.  bIid,  may  display  all  the  marlu  of  recent  diKtenaion. 
The  eiaminstJOD  aliould  be  made  withont  delay  ;  for  tbe  eigns 
W;  diwppeur  belbre  tbe  tenth  day ;  and,  as  a  general  rule,  uo 
kctoi;  rcsolta  are  to  be  expected  ailer  that  date.  It  may 
D  be  difficult  to  give  a  decided  opinion  before  tliis  period  has 
iapaed,  specially  if  tbe  fictiu  be  small  and  the  mother  vtgorotu. 
In  cam  of  early  abortion,  the  appearance!  ore  alight  and 
niuBcent.  and  before  the  end  of  the  second  month  no  evidence 
if  iweent  •bortion  woold  be  diacoverable. 


Tbe  ettenml  parta  hiive  the  nnie  appearance  aa  in  the  living, 
g  the  abdomen,  tbe  ntenu  i>  found  to  present  different 
^  ftccotding  to  the  time  that  elapKd  between  delivery 
If  dsxtb  hai  txken  place  immediately  after  portnri- 
iteri  will  be  fband  wide  open,  and  the  womb  it«elf 
J,  from  9  to  12  incbis  long.  iU  cavity  containing 
Mtl  blood,  ita  inner  surface  lined  by  the  auft  and  pnlpy 
■  of  tbe  decidtii,  and  the  attnchment  of  tbe  placenta  dia- 
[Alj  viaible,  ehancteriied  by  the  dark  colour,  tbe  small  number 
",  and  the  wmilnnar  openings  on  its  laHiK^ 
w  of  the  womb  at  periodi  mure  roinole  from  delivery 
9  with  llie  degree  of  Dontractioa.  In  tbe  first  two  or  three 
■by*  after  the  delivery  of  a  mature  child,  it  Is  about  seven  inches 
long  by  font  bnud;  iu  eiternal  surfaoe  'a  vascnUr,  and  miirked 
hj  pnrple  paUhw ;  and  when  divided  it  is  fomid  to  be  from  an 
laeh  to  an  iosb  and  a  half  thick,  of  the  colour  and  consistence  ol 
flrm  mnacnlar  fibre.  lis  iBternnl  aorbce  retains  the  appuHrances 
joat  deaerlbed.  At  ^>e  end  of  a  week  it  is  between  five  and  sii 
Inrlua  lung  and  sbout  an  inch  thick ;  leas  vascular,  bat  more 
trm.  Tbe  iniwr  snHant  is  still  btcndy,  and  partially  covered  by 
daddna.  At  the  end  of  a  fortnight  the  length  does  nut  exceed 
five  inches,  and  after  tbe  lupte  of  a  month,  it  bas  resumed  its 
vripnal  «se,  bnt  tbe  os  nteri  never  closes  so  completely  as  in  tlio 
_  Tii^a  state.  The  Fallopian  tubes  and  one  or  both  of  the  ovaries 
id  vaacular,  and  on  bdng  cut  into  present  one 


I 


7S  DBUTBKt. 

abdomen,  and  dpcciallj  in  the  grcHiia.  Theae  marka  w*  cAw 
absent,  and  wheo  preient  merel;  indicate  great  ptvvioui  duteuBon 
ftillaw«l  by  ludden  aubudence.  The  marks  ou  the  abdomen  in, 
for  obvioiu  reasani,  the  iao«t  fallacious ;  but  thaae  on  tbe  breuU 
are  very  nnlikelj  to  be  cuased  by  any  othar  firnn  of  diEtmnoD. 
When  the  two  coGxist  they  famish  strong  evidence  either  of  ■ 
former  delivery,  or  of  some  diitension  of  the  womb  prodadng 
sympaLlietio  enlargement  of  t)ie  brvaits.  An  experienced  hand 
will  detect  in  tlie  os  uteri  a  peculiar,  jug'Rcd  coudiljon,  ou  wbieh 
much  stress  hss  been  laid.  Tbe  marks  of  a  previuns  ruptare  of 
the  fburcbette  or  perinonm  wuntd  also  aflbrd  eoDfinoatory 
evidence.  Ou  tbe  ether  lisnd,  we  may  find  decisive  negitiva 
evidcni-e  in  a  state  of  imperforation  or  DHrrowneea  quite  incon- 
^Bt«nt  iFitb  eitbor  pr^gnsiiey  ur  delivery.  A  perfect  bymcn 
would  a1»o  afTurd  a  preanmption  against  a  previous  deliveij. 
(See  p.  48.)  Tbe  following  case  illustrates  the  difficulty  that 
may  exist  of  proving  the  f:ict  offi  previooa  delivery  ^ — "  We  very 
lately  examined  a  patient  who  had  borne  Aie  children,  and  nnraad 
thTBeof  them,  the  yoangest  being  now  five  yean  old;  tbefareaiti 
ware  imall,  but  nt^ither  Hnccid  nor  peudnlons;  tbe  nipples  short, 
with  not  the  least  shade  of  bro*n  colour  in  the  areola;,  which 
eKbibited  only  the  dulieato  rose  colour  so  often  observed  on  that 
part  of  the  virg:in  breast ;  there  were  neither  lines  nor  spoU  of 
any  kind  on  the  abdomen  ;  tbe  oa  nteri  was  smalt  and  natnral; 
the  va^na  Contracted,  and  the  fourchette  perfectly  entire.  It 
should  be  mentioned  tliat  this  lady  never  carried  lier  children 
beyond  the  end  cf  the  eighth  month."* 

4.  OMer  Medico-ltgal  Qiieiliniu  eoaneeifd  (ci<*  Dtlivtry, — ■ 
Two  such  questions  still  ren^xin  to  be  examined,  1.  Can  ■ 
womsn  lie  delivered  in  a  slate  of  nnixiuscioamesg  ?  2.  Can  a 
woman,  if  alone  and  without  isaistance,  prevent  her  child  tuna 
perislilng?  Tbe  lirst  of  these  questions  will  be  examined  in  thia 
place;  tbe  seeoud  belongs  to  the  lubjeet  of  Infanticide. 

Can  a  woman  be  delivered  in  a  state  of  uncousdousikeas  ?  Tbit 
question  can  be  answered  in  tbe  affirmative.  Tbe  event  may 
happen  under  the  influence  of  narcotica  or  ardent  spirits  j  and 
during  coma,  delirium,  or  pnerperal  convuluong,  attarlu  of  apo- 
plexy, deep  sleep,  and  sasjiendiid  animation.  Cases  of  unconadoat 
delivery  are  not  likely  to  happen  in  a  female  pregnant  for  the 
first  time;  but  in  women  who  have  borne  many  children,  and 
have  easy  deliveries,  such  an  event  is  more  probable. 


•  HontgomefT :  ■  rjelo.  Pnrt.  Mai.,'  vol.  Lv.  p.  eoi 


I 


Wm- 


CHAPTEB  tit. 


HSnClDE,    INPASTlCroE.    LEGrrmACT. 


aBo«TH  un  vwrwLonrtsT  or  th>  rcnrrs. 

ll  mmi  to  he  uacrtcd  Uiat  ■  diitiiMt  omud  tonl^iutif;  a 
Mm4  wtiijn  gnnul  b«  daanend  io  tli«  womb  befbn  tbe  Kith 
i>  Bal  ^^  I  bat  Tdpna*  mw  thite  o<r>  not  mon  than  twdTS 
^y»  (U,  M>d  tnr  B.  Bomc  Toand  •  terj  minate  otnm  in  tbe 
^vban);  •l(titda^aAeri>n)in^itiDii.'f'  The  ttMowing  tceoant 
•t  1)m  Aardapownt  of  tbe  erebiTO  ■•  bai«d  ebieflj  on  tbe  daKri|>- 
Vim  at  Deauitfa.;  'itb  Uie  ixtinutfa  of  tpngtb  anJ  weight  giien 
"  "  [hBnria,  Uaponni,  Oiannier,  Hajgrier,  Fodere,  Orfila, 
1  V«lp<H.  and  IBcbard'a  mewamDcnC*  at  the  (iBtal 
■  Fiwrti  WMMm  and  waigbia  being  radncad  to  tlia 

/    ■! 

Wilftt.  atont  SO  gvrinc     Sin.  that  of  *  lar^  ant,  or  ■  bariej-  "^     „*^^ 
a««.     rkrm.  thai  of  ■  avpeat.  the  head  indumted  by  a  iwelliDg.Vf  C^*^' 
Ifca  OMaid  otHBilT  deodar,  and  ending  in  the  nmhiliDal  cord ;  -        ", 
thaBOBlb  iMlialad  bj  ■  cMt;  tbe  e;a  hy  two  Mack  Ininta-.J}^  ri^CAM 
Aas^afcanaqqwarlnv  Bani|ip1e-1I1ie  protnbennco.    The  rilkM-  f 

Hm  «f  the  Aorlgn  ubICititiI;  >[irMd  orer  the  anrfice. 

Jb  V«eA>. — Xngrfi,  from  half  an  ineb  to  Icaa  than  an  incli.  '   ' .     I   . 

Wi^/U.  fr«  Ml  to  ?E  gnina.    Tbe  bead  dininet  traa  the  dmt,  1-  .7 

«rf  lb*  laa  ftocB  Uw  eniADiD.  and  tlw  apertora  of  the  ncae,     i^^  '7  ^  *? 
■Mfc,  «}«i^  aarf  Hn  paa«aptlble;  tbe  faanda  and  fonamu  in  the  '      ^ 

^MbariUlaegUmalUiiansendiatiDet;  the  leg*  and  feet     (Tvi^-     ^ 
rilarta  Mar  tlw  aowt  a  iHatinrt  unbiticw  fcr  tbe  attachment  of     1 
a*  «ri,  wUch  eantfila  «f  iba  unphalo-nuaenbirie  i^li,  of 


7i 


Knicms. 


Fvt  <f  Um  n«di^  of  the  inUMiml  tabe,  nd  of  fflamcnb  wbkll 
wpmmt  tlM  BmKGcil  remb.     TW  plBcenU   fonDias- ;   tbe 

dnnoanidimBaoaMillMpKatB:  tke  maMiral  veMel  very  lugs. 
i^>Mb  ^awi^eafioum  tbe  darkde  and  muiUar;  bone. 

ncv  MonUu.—LatgUL,  TBikmlj  itsUd  it  (Void  1^  inch  to  4 
tMhM.  WtigXf,  Z  to  S  dtiuliiiH.  Badimaiti  oT  noM,  Upa^  ad 
cjdidi ;  orgww  of  genantioD  visible ;  anv  and  l«^  detaebid 
6<>Di  trank  ;  tatta  vi»AtA  bjp  a  dark  ipot ;  radimmU  of  lnog^ 
aplata,  and  fupts-noal  capnile* ;  fscnm  b^ind  the  ambilkoa  i 
digcatiTe  (aiul  witbdravo  into  tbe  ibdomeiii  anchm  viable; 
cboriDn  begiaoing  to  toncb  the  ■niuioD  al  the  point  opponle  tlw 
hnertion  of  tlie  placenta,  which  begins  to  utume  ita  regDlar 
fenn ;  umbilical  tbwcIi  becoming  twitted.  Foimit  of  otiifloalion 
in  fnmtat  bone  and  riba. 

Tiree  Jlon/it, — Lenglk,  variansl;  slated  at  &om  2  to  6  iiuiba. 
ITeisil,  ^in  1  oance  to  3  ouqch.  Tbe  bead  Tolaminanii  tb* 
cyeliifa  and  lips  in  contact  i  mi-'ubrana  pnpillarii  visible  j  tiiigera 
•epanled  ;  lower  extremitiei  longer  than  rodimentary  tail ;  paita 
of  geoerativn  proniinent,  and  the  lei  distlngulahuble  bj  the  lenaj 
tbjrmuii  and  nipra-renal  capiulEa  pre«nt ;  the  ventriclei  of  tb* 
heart  diitinct.  Tlie  doridua  nlerina  and  relleu  in  eootact;  tii* 
Inaia  containing  nmbilical  reiseli  and  a  little  gelatinoua  matter; 
placenta  complelel;  iaoUted ;  the  ombilical  reaicle,  allantoic,  and 
onpbato-meaeDteric  venels  hare  disappeared. 

^mr  MinUkt.-—Leitg{h,  Tarioual;  stated  at  from  4}  to  8} 
ioeliea.  Wtighl,  2}  or  3,  to  7  oc  8  oimcei.  Skin  los;.  asd 
tolerably  dense  ;  mouth  Tery  targe  and  open  ;  membrana  paidt 
lari*  lery  evident;  nails  appearing!  ki  distinct;  gall-bladder 
appearing;  meconinm  in  duodennm;  CKCal  valve  visible;  mn- 
IiilicoB  near  the  pabes.  Co:nplel«  contact  of  chorion  and  amnim  j 
membrane  forming  at  point  of  attachment  of  placenta  to  nlema. 
PoM*  of  ottificatioH  in  inferior  parte  of  sacruni ;  oeaicala  ludl- 
toHa  Dffiifled. 

Hee  JUaiUht, — Lfnylh,  variously  stated  at  from  6  to  10^ 
inches  (a  still-born  male  13,  femnle  13j  ;  male  born  alive  9, 
female  10,  inches).  H'eighl,  5  or  T  ounces  lo  1  pouud  1  onnoe. 
(A  stiU-bom  male,  1  ponnd  13  ounces  [Schmitt] )  two  atilL-boro 
twin  females,  1  pound  6  ounces,  and  11  onnret  [0.}).  Volume  ef 
bead  still  oainparatively  great;  nails  very  distinct;  bur  of  tht 
hend  showing  as  a  light  down;  akin  without  sebaceona  coreril^j 
heart  and  kidneys  very  voluminous ;  gall-bladder  distinct ;  meco- 
nium of  a  yellowieb-green  tint  nt  commencement  of  large  in(<a- 
Unes.     PottUt  of  oiiijicalioa  in  pnbei  and  oe  ealcia  ;  germa  of  the 

penauieat  leetb. 


(S   TSK    TtKTTS.  75 

Sn  MmOu. — Ltimta,  nrioodj  ctatcd  >l  from  8  (o  UJ 
aA&  ItViriU.  1  Ik.  ta  >  IW.  2  OK.  Skin  hu  «onia  tppcuuta 
d  ttMM  «a^*ui<^  uri  >  tt^tni  with  don  ud  <etaMca 
un*i  Ifa  faodj  of  dw  aoliv  «f  risaalari  cjdub  aia  ai- 
kai^;  mMhnak  pajilkiM  rt3I  akting;  fiuiii  narrtcd  ■ 
lBbAM«ttw*ikMi  MMSMMn  iu  sppvput  cf  hige  into- 


wiftWal 


Middte  poiBt  of  bo^  al 


J  aani;   aB    tU  lng«  i 
•Ink  w  krfa  ■•  rigU;  siil-hlMU*r  tcalMuirg  Uk:   bin 
te^ia;  iMlkb  man  dUiMt  fnin  ViiliMii     Ant  •f<ir$ifin 
h«  k  a*  Mti^iha.    MUdI*  point  «f  bodjr  ft  Bnk  Mo*  tlw 

>^  JTa-Iia.— £avU,  1«  to  IS  bOm.  WofU,  S  Ak, 
t «  to  fi  Al  T  a.  Skia  roi;,  corand  vith  bw  ifart  Utv  tai 
<ilk    ■  <l  —I  nl   *d»wwi   amlopa:  nili  rMclnaf  odi  rf 


Km   MmmtU.  »r  frtt    nna^J^^O.    18   to   SO  istkL 

r.«H  4  1^  fi  oi.  to  T  B>,    n*b«damr«d*Uh*>fegtt 

'~'i  wUbw  wiMw;  the  <»«■ 

t.aatptti 

■^  w4  M*  eAf*  faanl  la  ■ 


7i  rancnn. 


As  the  gronrth  «nd  derelopment  of  the  TictQi  hM  w 
bearing  on  the  anbjecti  of  this  ihapler,  and  Uia  eitimHl«a  jost 
giren  are  obrioiuly  too  general.  1  have  prepared  two  babla 
founfled  on  tbe  accurate  objervation*  of  different  autbore,  and 
presenting  not  only  tbe  average  weigbta  and  measurca.  bnt  tbe 
tarQ  extremes;  fbr  it  ia  obvious  that  tbe  extreme  Tnlaea  whicb 
have  hitherto  been  »o  much  ne(:!ected  in  nil  numerical  inveiljga* 
tions,  are  often  thMC  mivit  needed.  (G.)* 

Of  tbe  fbllowing  taUes,  the  Rnt  (p.  77)  prewDts  tbe  BK«r- 
tuncd  weight  of  the  fietuB  at  the  aeveral  age»  ^pepified,  the 
second  (p.  78)  the  nuertained  length.  In  lioth  tables  the  still- 
barn  are  distingaisbed  tram  tbnie  bom  ntivc  ;  among  tbe  latter 
those  only  being  included  wiio  had  survived  tlR>ir  birth  one  week 
or  less.  Tbe  li>reign  weights  and  measures  have  heen  reduced  to 
the  English  standard,  frnotioaal  ports  of  an  ounce  being  omitted. 
Tbe  namber  of  obacrvatians  is  stated,  in  order  that  the  valoe  of 
the  rcaulta  tnay  be  better  appreciated,  and  that  fresh  obserrations 
may  at  any  time  be  added. 

Tbe  weight  of  tbe  fottni  at  full  term  has  been  made  the  sub- 
ject of  many  investigations,  and  as  it  is  important  in  itself^  anil 
interesting  as  throwing  light  un  tbe  probable  liuiitsof  variation  at 
earlier  periods  of  gestation,  the  results,  as  deduced  troin  upwards 
of  20,000  observations,  by  Quetelet,  Cnmus,  Li^eni,  and  Bandc- 
loiique,  and  by  Dre.  Mscaulay  and  Clark,  including  the  bets  in 
the  table,  are  subjwned: — 

Greatest  Ulbs.;  least,  2  lbs.  G  oz. ;  avenge,  S  lbs.  11  ox. 
Weight*  have  been  recorded  greatly  eieeeiling  even  tlila 
maiimnni.  Dr.  Merriman  gires  one  eicveding;  14  lb*.;  Sir 
Richard  Crott  one,  and  Deweea  two,  of  1 5  lbs.  j  Ur.  Rnmsbatbain, 
HBiiiir,  and  Dr.  Moore  of  Mew  York,  instances  of  16^  tha. ;  wid 
Mr.  Owens,  of  Ludlow,  one  of  IT  Lho.  IS  on.  Even  this  ^roit 
wright  is  sud  to  have  been  exceeded. 


at  the  6ma  oi 


indboak,  voL  lU.  p.  U  aj 


H^ 

1^^ 

F^ 

^ 

1 

ii 

III 

II 

1   s 

1 15111-::::-: 

II  B  1=:: :"  =:: 

' 

sl'4U —  —  — 

l-lji      ■ 

1 

1 

i  «15::: ::: ::: 

ii|«|i::: ::: ::: 

m 

i:.:  .::  ::: 

i  % 

*2r"  =:"  =3- 

fil4      H 

: 

11:1 

i;:„  ;_-  ;:« 

s 

-a 'A 

j=::  -;  -: 

i 

ill  ill  ill 

3     J   15 

hI 

liE^SJiJ 

-.a       j.o        ..e  ^t,E6S°S3 

Iti  iii  i.=_!  .flJUffs 

I   I  111  iliiJiiis 


%^|| 


CUMUIAL   ASOailOK. 

iMgik  of  tba  fixta  at  fdtl  term,  u  ^jta 
ifHwh  uUm**: — 
i  lettt  17  indN*:  iTvrsge,  19  indio. 
Ml    the    Wogth    hu   eiM«*led  exra  tlii* 
Di»«»»  ArUuUiwr,  met  with  «  I«ngUi  of  27  indM*. 
ba  «dl  Id  add  Uut,  u  a  rule,  ttOI-boni  inCuiU  are 
d  lanpr  ihaa  tlioa*  bom  alife,  maJca  tlian  feaalca^ 
n  Uaa  twim^  add  twiu  tban  triplets. 
t  ■Mrtiirity  utd  immatnh^  will  be  gtaned  fivtn  tbe 
t  <f  Ibe  ilcidcfnnrat  cf  tike  fcFlw;  uid  tbej 
c  lUI;  Duler  Iba  bead  of  legitinucr. 

ramciDE,  OB  CRIHISAL  ABOBTION. 

cricpe  oi  almtioD  fa&uU  in  tmiawfnUy  administenng  to 

K  or  (aDKDg  to  be  taken  b;  ber  (nhetfaer  she  be  oilh 

at),  with  intent  to  procore  ber  nuacarri*^  an;  poboD 

miiw  tbin^,  cr  ming  for  the  aune  pnrpoae  nay  inatm- 

<lMr  mtva  vlialiDrTrr ;  ■)»  in  the  ow  of  tba  Mme 

th  the  Haw  inleiit    b;  bdj   oomaii  being  with  child 

k  )B  TieL  o^.  r.  {  t»,  69).    Ttus  ftatnte  a  ulest  ■■  to  the 

•■•Mtign  bitinwi  woaen  gaifi  uu)  aof  yielt  irUh  child. 

TW  tm  ilat;  of  the  nnltnl  •uraiBer  ti  lo  eetabliih  the  fact 
rf  ahartkM  hj  eiamining  anj  iDbMana*  that  maii  have  beai 
i^rilid  bnm  th«  voaih.  BiTing  aicertained  that  the;  i» 
pa^Mla  ti  enottptlm,  he  maj  ba  ntfcatvi  to  detenoine  whether 
tb  iAwtiiai  wM  doa  lo  natnra]  canae*,  to  dmg*,  or  to  Ttolenee. 
b  ran  iwliBna,  UXk  he  m*j  bare  to  eunune  the  female  in 
'  B  U  alleged  to  hare  taksi  place,  io  order  to 
le  not  die  baa  bent  reccntlf  ileiiTcred.  Tbrte 
■a  thenftre  m*]'  he  required. 

anca  upelled  frccn  the  womb. 
■  of  the  abmtian  ;  and 
■  it  Ibe  female  fBppoaed 
■  mptU-J  fivm   (jle   U'omi.- 
1  that  thia 
nbr^o  ha*  ■tt^4inl  a  nrtaiD  degree  of 
!    la    ignhe   cheractcriMic     The  mle 
■  (p.  63).  in  fpnking  of  moliaaad  lUie  tnem- 
Inaa  m  dgua  atfntnmrj.  mint  be  obaemd  ia  caaca  of  allesed 
Amim,  nc  t»admit  B»rob(laix«  to  be  a  pnjdac*  (tf  oooeeptioa 
h   itlali  ^mioA  tneea  of  an  mam  aaaOt  be  noofiwd.    To 
■    Ah  nit  bydatUa  fcr«  a  aoliurjr  eic(|>tion. 
V     At  MMiii  i|fwm/^m  BaoUr'M  -Gnwid  Vtn^  aba*  U,a 


I 
I 


«  of  earl;  or*,  in  contnit  viUi  Omt  of  ■  & 

liriuie  diachirged  in  djnDtnotTho*.     Fig.  11  exluUb  > 

mum    of    Kbont    IhrN 
ric-11.  week),  ttithbristUii  B, 


vity.  (mm  the  anglca 
A,  J,  OQrTGfpoiidiii^  to 
Vbe  Fillopiui  Uibei  In 
(be  point  oppoaite  the 
neck  of  Ibe  ntems. 
Fig- 12  ihowv  tbe  wae 
amm  witb  mnch  of  iU 
anterior  vail  cat  an;. 
A  small  lij'datid  whicb 
complicated  tbe  fignrea 
ounecoaBirilj  ha*  b«en 
omitted.  Th«  two  fignna 
are  reduced  to  about 
two-thirds  of  tbe  ori- 
giaal.  Fig.  13  abowt  an 
ovam  of  about  agllt 
weeki,  conNsting  of  tb« 

the   decidni.        Tbe   eiut 
iginaL      Fig.  14  rcpramta 

the  ulenm  ca>t  off  dnring 
painful  memtruatioiu 
It  presenta  all  lb*  cba- 
tvcleri  of  a  tmc  deddsal 
etrnctnre,  havii^  on  the 
ride  whicb  rorreKpondt'd 
with  the  oterine  cavity 
11  Hnecribrirorm  aurliue, 
and  on  the  rpvcna  tida 
Uie  rangh  floccalaitap- 
pmnncs  characteristic 
of  the  oater  atiKiice  of 
meintiraiKS  ordiKaril} 
■Iiairl«rged,  along  with 
ibv  ovum,  Id  abortion. 

Unviug  aMMUiDad 
thai  tbe  fobatanea  nb- 
min«d  Ui  our  imptotiM 
It    rvMy    ■    prudM 


6S  FdTICIDB. 

To  these  may  bo  added,  rigidity  of  the  womb  in  t 

for  tbe  firat  tiint^  at  a  msture  age.  and  a  rebued  condition  of  tbu 

neck.     Oci'aBianally,  abortion  bra  been  epidemic.* 

Tlie  prediBposin^  causes  dependent  on  tbe  «Lfltfl  of  the  oviini 
are  very  nnmeroua.  eispecially  in  tbe  curly  monUu.  According  to 
Velpeaa,  of  apwiirdi  of  200  embryo*  cipelled  before  tbe  end  of 
tbe  tbird  mootli.  at  leaet  one  bnlf  were  diseued.  Tbe  diieaae 
may  be  in  tlie  membnuies,  in  the  phicontn,  or  in  the  fcBtut  itaelf; 
nnd  it  may  assume  any  form  oFitmctani]  degeneration.  Disease 
of  the  fcetns,  or  ila  anneies,  affords,  of  coorae,  a  strong  prabablli^ 
in  fHvoar  of  abortion  from  nntunl  cautes. 

A  woman  who  bus  once  mistarriod  is  libely  to  miaaajy  ogun 
from  tbe  same  caosc,  and  at  or  about  tbe  same  period  of  gesta- 
tion ;  and  it  ii  oanal  to  attacb  some  imporUnce  lo  tbe  inero  force 
of  liabit.  Id  b  rase  giyen  by  Heberden  (•  Couiioentaries.'  p.  15), 
there  were  no  less  tbau  35  miscarriages. 

b.  To  the  occaiional,  or  exciting  canset,  belong  atrott^  and 
sndderi  actions  of  tbe  muscles  of  tbe  abdomea,  us  iu  coughing, 
stmining  effurcs  to  void  urine  or  tiecei,  kt. ;  violent  eiarcue,  l»  ill 
daiicii^ ;  iirofnse  discbarges  from  the  bowels  or  from  tbe  womb 
itself;  nndoeeicitementof  the  genital  organs)  blows, and  varions 
forms  of  meohanieal  injary. 

All  tbeeo  occasional  or  erciting  cansea  fail  U)  produce  abortjon 
when  tbe  ovmn  is  sound  and  tbe  female  bealtLy ;  but  tbe  moat 
careful  ahatinenca  &om  all  eudting  oosea  will  not  prevent  abor- 
tion  when  tbe  predispodtion  from  either  cause  is  strong. 

Tbe  criminal  iiuaiu  are  beat  divided  into  two  cbisses,  general 
•ud  local;  tbelim  acting  through  tbe  constitution  of  the  mother, 
the  second  by  immediate  application  to  the  abdomen  or  nterua. 

1,  Qtneral,  or  Cotatitutionai.  FencEmrfios. — The  coii6denc« 
placed  by  the  vulgar  in  this  remedy  rests,  Uke  many  other  popu- 
lar fiilbtcie*,  on  bigh  medical  authority — that  of  Hippocrates. 
But  it  is  a  natorions  fict  thst  pregnant  women  bear  blood-letting 
well,  and  tbat  it  is  often  the  b«Bt  means  of  averting  a  tbriutiined 
abortion.  I'he  assumption  tbat  blood-letting  prouiotee  abortion 
is  morcavcr  rebutted  by  numerona  well-attested  fbcts.  Cases  ir« 
recmdod  of  women  bled  48,  SO,  and  87  times  in  the  ooorsa  of 
tlicir  iiregnanaes,  without  mlsmrringei  and  Dr.  itush.  who  blad 
tvT)  freely  in  the  yolloH'  fever  of  17!)3.  asserts  Ibal  nut  one  preg- 
nant  wumau   to  wboni    he   prewrilied   bleeding   died   or  ml*- 

Thc  popakr  bcliof  In  the  eSlcocy  of  bleeding  fi 


"  SMnltevnoM  t* 


Iu  Vcl|,« 


ABORTIITS.  83 


^rti  an  sa  better  foniulation,  nor  doai  tUe  removal  of  blood  by 
Urektw  ta  tba  aim*  or  tmlea — a  pniutice  rarely  re^^rted  to  in  thii 
oomtrr — pfi— MB  any  peculUi  eSmicj'. 

Smeti^. — 11  U  well  knoim  tbat  during  tlie  early  montha  of 

Bven  in  unio  mtUmns  tbrougUout  it*  entire  dura- 

I,  uvere  and  dUlrewng  Tomiting  ocmrs,  wltbout  produeiog 

irtioD.     'rliu  bet,  coapled  aritb  tbe  tailitre  of  beverid  active 

tritaot  pcwnu  productive  of  violent  Tomiting'  to  caaav  miacar- 

t,  aCirda  (onie  preaumption  ngniiut  the  effiuocy  of  emetics, 

a  worntu  atrongly  predisposed. 

Caiiarlipt, — These  niuiedie«,  too,  mny  be  given  repeatedly, 

n  very  large  dowt,  withoat  prodadng  abortion,  eioept,  as 

t  in  womea  ittongly  predisposed.     Dr.  Bnab's  eiperianoe 

U  tbe  jellov  fever  of  1793  la  conclutive  on  this  point.' 

Xrimntia. — Tbese  remediei  are  inentioned  ai  calcultited  to  pro- 

e  >b<irtion,  bat  witbout  suScieot  reason.     Irritant  pinsons, 

It  moderate  dniee  ns  diuretics  (e^.,  nitre),  mny  uccH- 

ti  atiortioil ;  but  not  siinpty  by  tbeir  diuretic  »cUod, 

l_  One  of  the  irritaat  poisons  specially  deserves  notice  in   Chii 

:  Dunely,  etiHtAaridrt.    It  ii  a  strong  emetic  and  purgative, 

Ml  cRbetive  diuretic,  acting  violenlty  on  the  organs  in  the 

edJato  ndghbiiarhaud  of  the  iromb,  viz.,  the  bladder  and 

1,  oeeaMoning  also  intonao  fever  and  greut  wreoknias ;  nnd 

tt  vnni  this  drug  in  full  do«w  may  Ml  (as  iu  a  case  related  by 

*t.  Laau,  of  Leeds).    The  teqaent  failore  of  snch  active  poisons 

V  the  (dbacy  of  len  powerful  remedies  extremely  doubtful, 

«  (bare  is  no  decided  prediaposi^on  to  miscarry. 

t  Mmmna^i^mei.—EtideT  this  name  a  vast  number  of  active 

d  inert  romediea  are  claoaed,  moit  of  wliidh  bave  as  little  elfect 

I   the  womb  a>  on  other  parts  of  the  body.      Stirin,  OHrcary, 

wmaJHrm/l,  and  penitgrogal,  have  been  classed  under  this  head. 

tinahsrout  anil  pennyroyal  do  not  appear  to  be  very  efflcuiiona. 
V crcorT  and  its  prepantions,  even  when  given  in  large  doses,  so 
■f  to  fwue  profttse  SBlivBtion,  nppoar  to  be  attended  with  little 
rlafc.  But  Mria  bu  some  pretenuona  to  be  considered  a 
JwigMWH  drug!  for,  in  couimou  with  other  irritant  poisons,  it 
has  DDiIontit«d1y  occasioned  abnction  in  more  than  one  inotunee, 
tlHnigli  it  baa  fkiled  iu  otbura,  and  in  otbera,  agnio,  bss  killed 
both  mntlicr  and  rhild. 

Clowly  allied  to  the  so-called  rmmmasoguei  a  the  teeid*  eor- 
■vtua,  at  (Tgot  of  rye,  which  puMCsaci  the  remarkable  property 
of  aMiting  Uw  miacular  Hbrcs  of  tbe  nterns  to  contract,  and  is 
]b  ftnjnaDt  oae  ht  that  purpose.  Concernii^  the  eSicocy  of  this 
'Ttrt.  CbHmllmi  tad  Inqt^iiu,' Ta\.  ill.  p.  VIS. 


I 


remftil;,  nccli  dilTerenee  of  opinion  eilata.  Some  ntboN  iMVt 
BDppoeed  tLat  the  power  of  the  er^  is  limited  to  the  period  of 
delivorr,  and  to  the  alnte  of  fall  eipannOD  «lid  devGlo|iment  of 
the  lit«rns.  But  this  opinion  is  refntfd  by  comb  in  which  it 
produced  abortion  at  an  rarlier  period  of  gcatation,  and  eipori- 
meots  on  iinimals  have  shown  that  it  may  be  efitelual  nt  any 
period.  On  the  olher  hand,  several  tatea  are  recorded  by  Dn. 
Condie  and  Beck,  in  wliich  repeated  large  dosea  of  ergot  faiUd  to 
produce  abortion. 

The  root  of  B  plant  called  the  Aelaa  raeoHoia  has  the  repnta- 
tion  of  being  nearly  ai  actiFe  ai  the  ergot. 

Diffiialii  has  been  dusted  among  abort^Tot  on  the  strength  of 
a  case  related  by  Dr.  Cfunpbell.  The  dnig  wac  given  for  dropsy; 
the  child  was  still-bam,  and  the  mother  died  soon  eiler.  llr. 
W.  S.  Dickinson  ('Med.  Chir.  Tnins.,'  vol.  xuiv.  p.  1)  baa 
showu  that  digitalis  in  such  doses  aa  from  Jts.  to  ^ia.  of  the  in- 
fuirioB,  and  lUii.  to  mil.  of  the  tincture,  has  a  apodfic  action  on 
the  tromh ;  and  its  power  of  prodoeing  abortioii,  though  not 
proved,  ii  to  be  inferred  Irom  the  facta  atflted. 

It  rewltfl  from  these  olwervalions  on  the  power  of  drugs, 
that  there  ia  no  medicine  that  can  be  depended  on  to  procure 
abortion  in  women  not  strongly  predisposed;  that,  if  giiven  in 
doses  short  of  those  vhich  risk  the  life  of  the  mother,  they 
would  almost  certainly  (iill ;  that,  when  they  do  succeed,  they 
place  her  life  in  jeopanly,  and  onen  samfico  it;  and  that,  for 
eter;  case  in  which  the  mother  escapes,  there  is  probably  one  at 
least  in  nbicb  mother  and  ofl^pring  both  perish,  and  one  in  wfaidl 
the  mother  diM.  the  child  remaining  intact  in  the  womb. 

Load,  or  Meehonicai  mnifit.^  These  coninit  either  of  rxttmal 
tiolnuT,  or  of  itiMlruatnlt  ntroduced  into  the  iram&. 

External  vioUner  a  a  snffideut  canse  of  abortion.  Bat  It 
wonld  appear  that  unless  it  is  such  ai  to  endanger  the  Ufe  of  tho 
BOlhsr,  it  is  not  likely  to  snccued- 

In  181]  a  man  was  executed  at  StufTord  fbr  the  murder  of  his 
wife.  She  was  prri-nant,  and  he  aaccecded  in  inducing  abortion 
tnr  vioIenUy  vlbuiiiDg  iier  in  bed,  rolling  over  her,  &i: ;  hot  ho 
auu  canitd  her  denlli.*  A  fcmUe  in  the  hut  month  of  her  prcg* 
nancy  was  alruck  on  the  abdomsn  by  herhnsband.  An  ciltiisivv 
<lctacjii»(iiit  of  the  pUntnla  cHuted  tlie  iiunie<riate  dealli  of  the 
fottii*.  mid  that  of  tba  raotliDr  ll(ty.ou«  hours  aflnr.t 

S*tcre  Siijutiea  not  directly  Inflicted  on  the  abdomen  often  fail 
'  n  abortion.     Tims.  Uadnmo  I.a  ChnpcUe  telli  as  of  f^ 


IWaig  midwife,  who 


.s  prcgln 


lie  f  1x11,  op.  el 


EiAnniAiioN  or  iHE  IEMM.E.  S5 

■fctmenKsbortionaiid  ttiM  the  Catsarian  eection.  tlirew  Ler- 
'"  '        •  bdKht.     Shedi«il  from  her  woTiDdi,  but  did  not  mb- 
Uattriceau  ftln  prea  tbe  caie  of  >  pregnant  feaiaU  aeveo 
M  gODV.  wbo  to  eacape  from  a  Ure  alid  doivn  f^'oin  tllo  tliird 
r,  but  liMiDg  liLT  hoU,  Ml  DD  the  «tones  and  frnctured  bi3' 
i  but  t1;etv  was  no  abortion. 

una  rcroarkf  apply  to  tbe  iatroductio*  of  inttrameHtt  into 
i  bj  luukUfal  pemns.  lu  aome  initnncea  abortion  bag 
waKdi  in  otbeta.  after  conudcnible  Iryury  hud  been  in- 
la  tbe  vagina  and  Dterui,  tUe  ebild  was  burn  alive;  nltd 
B  at)  of  tlitmi  tbe  mather'a  life  boa  been  endangered  or  sacrificed. 
bdlpburie  acid  baa  been  injiKted  into  tbe  vagina  with  a  view 
udncing  abortion;  and  occa.<iioncd  violent  jnllnmniittion  of 
a,  and  adbenon  of  tlie  oa  tinciE,  vitb  the  fonuation  of  a 
etnbnuti?  over  it.  After  uttemptiug  delivery  by  itieiaiona 
i«  neck  of  tbe  womb.  It  waa  found  neceaaary  to  perform  the 
■ian  operation — and  both  niotbor  and  child  died.* 
eaae  which  occurred  iu  tbe  pracUeo  of  Dr.  Wagner,  of 
rlio,  illiatraUa  ao  forcibly  tbe  difficulty  of  procnring;  abortion 
n  not  prediapoaed,  whether  by  medicine*  or  by  force,  that 
mn  ■  fitting  concloslon  to  ttaia  auljoct. 
&  joung  woman,  leveu  moutba  wltli  child,  had  employed  aavlu 
t  otbur  dmga  to  prodnee  uiiscajTiage.  Aa  theae  failed,  her 
niiur  boand  a  strong  leBtbtm  strap  (tba  thong  of  a  akate) 
ly  round  ber  body.  Tbla  loo  aviiillng  nothing,  be  (liy 
>wn  ccDfnuoD)  knelt  npon  ber  with  nil  bii  weight,  and 
while  abe  lay  on  her  bock,  "  Ai  tbla  also 
),  bo  twk  a  sliarp-pointed  pair  of  eriasora,  snil  proceeded  to 
pcrfbratfl  tbe  atero*  through  the  vagina.  Mncb  paio  and 
hanDurrbage  eniioed,  but  did  not  loat  lung.  Tbe  woman's  iiealtb 
^'  [itaulltvin  theleaat;  and  pretty  nmch  about  the  regular 
a  living  child  wia  brougbt  into  the  world  without  any  marks 
f  BXtemal  iiuury  npon  it." 

JEromiiHiftoa  ^  Ut/emale. — We  abould  be  guided  in  Ibia  by 
"^  ngn*  ulrendy  bud  down  at  p.  69  ;  bearing  in  mind  that  they 
■  ]mm  atroogly  developed  iii  tbe  early  monttaa,  and  that  before 
~ia  Ultle  dependence  em  be  placed  on  tbem. 
^.If  tbfbnulodite,  vee  may  be  required  toeiamiue  the  body, 
ftbagoidtd  by  the  cIi^b  of  delivery  a*  at  tbe  full  period, 
'~"        la  the  period  of  utero-geatation  is  earlier. 

is  a  sauunary  of  the  ubief  points  to  be  attended 


a  Um  AMJoa 


:  XalluBi 


1  (.[  PjTi 


I 

I 

J 


$9  DfTANTICIlH. 

1.  The  mppowd  prodact  of  conceptioii  mi 
minute  uid  corefiil  exnminBtion.     Ifa  ftctiu  hu  been  expelled, 
its  age  mmt  be  determined  bj  the  miei  Blready  Uid  dotrn. 

2.  The  repuUd  mothei-.  whether  alive  or  desd,  mtut  then  b« 
exsmined; — if  alire^  we  must  aBrertuD,  if  poeuble,  whether 
there  wm  each  ■  predigpoaition  to  Bbortion  >s  to  icoonnt  for  it 
withoot  HttnbatiBg  great  efficacy  to  the  meam  employed.  To 
delennine  whether  or  not  iBcb  a  predicpoiitioa  eiiats,  wo  miut 
inquire  into  the  general  stnte  of  health  of  the  mother  before  the 
abortion  took  place,  and  especially  whether  she  has  had  previona 
abortimu — and  if  »o  whether  they  occorred  at  or  about  the  >ame 
period  of  geatatioD.  If  the  female  died  from  the  meani  employed, 
we  muit  lue  the  same  can  in  eiaminiog  the  utenu,  and  muit 
obwrre  tlie  rule*  hereafter  to  be  laid  down  for  conducting  pnat- 


(  tbenuelves  op  with  tbe 

Under  vhat  cinrtimttoiicet,  an4  bg  leial  meaiu,  it  it  morallif 
and  tegaUi/  proper  to  induct  prtmaivrt  dfliverg  1  and  what  cir- 
aiartatieei  viUjutlify  tht  Cittarian  oprraliott 

Such  queitioni  are  easily  answered.  Tbe  metUcal  man  a  ctetirly 
justified  in  resorting  lo  any  ineasnre  which  pnaniee*  to  preserve 
tbe  life  of  mother  and  child  nhen  both  are  threatened  i  and 
where  one  only  can  be  preaerved,  the  female  herself  may  ute  her 
right  of  (elf.preservatinn.  and  choose  whether  her  own  life  or 
that  of  her  child  shall  (all  a  sncrifice  to  the  means  recommeoded. 

INFANTICIDE. 

There  are  no  criminuls  who  meet  with  so  mncb  sympathy  ai 
women  guilty  of  Infiinticide.  This  feeling,  largely  shared  by  mem- 
ben  both  of  the  n^ical  and  legal  profestlon,  is  partly  eiplnined 
by  the  exceptional  nature  of  the  crime,  and  partly  perhaps  by  tbe 
atmns  hanhnoa*  and  cmelty  of  ■  (hrmcr  statute  (21  Jae.  I, 
rap.  £7],  wbicli  virtotilly  Tinted  tlie  conocatmeiit  of  shntne  with 
tlie  pwiithnieRt  of  murder.  It  Has  under  tlie  iittlueiice  of  lltit 
IttJiutle*  that  Dr.  William  Uimter,  in  lISS,  wrote  his  celebf«tcil 
may  <  On  the  Uneertnluly  of  tbe  ^igiu  of  Mnrdar  in  tlie  Case  of 
Baatard  Children.'  Abont  a  quarter  of  a  ccntnry  Utet  (IMOS)  q 
Act  was  jniscd  decreeing  that  womm  accused  of  iuliialidde  it 
b«  tried  by  the  wmu  rules  of  evidence  as  obtain  in  olh«r  ti 
(drmmdcri  but  llmt  if  arqaitted,  they  may  be  tried  Ibr  c< 

It  of  thir  hill  hi  and,  if  found  guilty,  pnniibed  by  ImpriMi 

■  tnm  not  wcwdtng  two  ymrs. 


W.\S   THE   CHILD   BOBS    ALIVE? 


87 


Tbe  iirovinoiw  of  thUcUtuteirere  conltnncdby  an  Act  patsctl 

F  Job*.  1828  (9  Geo.  IV.  etp,  31),  which  alao  pravidea  tbnt  it  shill 

L  BOt  be  newnrj  to  prove  whether  the  child  died  before,  at,  or 

"XT  it*  liinh.    The  Coiumlidition  Act  (21  and  25  Vic  cup.  10O) 

ppta  mud  extends  these  provimona.* 
E  QaeatioiB  of  infanticide  are  nccessHril;  more  complicated  than 
e  of  bomicide  in  ^eriernl ;  for,  before  inqairing  how  a  child 
me  by  ita  death,  it  U  neceraary  to   ihow  tliat  it  waa  born 
The  nifpectfd  mother  msj  alao  have  to  tie  namincd,  in 
k)  determine  whether  or  not  she  hae  been  recently  delivered. 
L  Two  claiKi  oT  qneations,  then,  may  bo  raised  in  cases  of  iiifuu- 
■dde  1  tlie  one  relating;  to  tbo  child  ;  the  other  to  the  mother. 
I  Thou  relating  to  the  child  are  the  following : — 
[  1.  What  ia  Ihedcgree  of  maturity  of  the  child? 
1  i,  Wm  the  child  bom  alive  F 
L  t.  If  bom  alive,  bowr  long  did  it  survive  its  birth? 
f  4,  How  long  has  the  child  been  dead  P 
'   B.  What  oat  the  caaae  of  death  ? 


Tbh  will  be  determined  by  a  carefiil  comparison  of  the  leng:tli 
md  weight  of  the  child,  the  poiition  of  the  centre  of  the  body, 
the  proportiomil  development  of  its  parta,  tlic  growth  of  the  Imir 
and  nalla,  the  itate  of  the  skin,  the  presence  or  absence  of  the 
ineitibranB  pupillaria :  and,  in  the  male,  the  descent  or  ngn- 
tocmt  of  the  testicle*,  kc.     (See  anle  p.  73). 


>  delxcml 


irU^acUU.  it  U,  tSa  tBOawiat  eS 
ir*dlQd,n«Tp>non  who  ihaltbr 
,rLheiiiaciliiild,<'IialIiernr-'-  "'' 
-' Iha  Mrtb  then 


Iiallierni 

til  blnh.  aidoTonr  le  nw«l  iha  Mrtb  thnwr,  ikail  bg  rdIIIj  oI 

',  uidlwbiE«iinl(UdllKi«>r*hiIlbeH>bleit  IbedlKHUos  i 

lie  iTiiiirixiiinl  (br  IB)  t*Rn  not  ocHdlDK  Iwo  jett,  Mih  c 

.  Idnl  tW  If  SPT  penon  triad  for  the  matder  dT  SB 

1  ■  r«if,  ii  ihill  beUwW  BirlhetiirT,  h«  whtasvordii 

nrj.wiln<l,  in  !»-■■-•- .- _^_  . 


i!  bod}  uf  «iieh  chDd,  nideaviK 


aUia 


f  prepiinej  ii  a  «inilorT  oHinM.      By 

jd  that  ■■  If  any  "oniKi  ihillcDowaJ  h*t  pr 

Ji*  wIMI*  niriod  ihrnol,  aail  ibill  not  lall  Ua  sod  nuka  un 

I*  IMb,  and  If  Ih*  rhlld  h«  foBud  dad  ur  anlulnic,  ihp  tl 

'-  ■prrlod  noleMwdtnelitn  Jcait"    It  is  common  t«  pn 

inalnnt  iuMatd  of  (ho  giavtr  cne  of  cbilil-muiilei. 


KrA>Ttcn«. 


-  )Mk  *i4.  <  ftMrf  c«ttT.  lobke 


88  IKTANTICIOE.  ^^H 

bronght  into  Che  world;  and  it  mu<t  have  ad  iad^ndmt  eirm> 
lation;  but  tbia  docs  uot  imply  tbe  Bevcrunca  of  the  uinbllioil 

Iq  Bjamininp  the  Imily  of  n  child  with  »  view  to  detemiino 
whether  it  naa  bnm  alive,  the  chief  paint  to  bo  attended  to  i«  the 
■tate  of  the  lungs -.  forifwoSiid  in  tbeu  organs  lipu  of  retpi- 
ration,  there  isn  prabahilitj  in  fiivonr  of  live-birth;  if  not.  Ibaro 
is  in  equally  strong  probability  thiit  the  child  wat  itill-bom. 
Bat  at,  in  tbe  absence  of  signs  of  respiration,  proof  may  still 
be  forthcoming  tbiit  a.  child  haa  or  hiw  not  h^n  bom  nlivc, 
the  present  inqairy  will  consist  of  two  parts.  1.  The  evi- 
dence of  live-birtb,  prior  to,  nnd  independent  of,  respiration. 
2.  The  evidence  of  live-birth  sabsoquont  to,  nnd  deduced  from, 
respiration. 

Tie  ecidtnce  of  live-birlh  prior  to  rfipiratioa  a  either  ncgnUve 
or  po^bive,-^negqtive  when  we  find  aigna  of  previous  death 
within  the  womb,  nnd  positive  wlicn  there  are  such  injoriea  on 
tbe  body  of  the  child  as  must  luive  been  inflicted  while  tbe  blood 
WIS  sljll  rirculnljng,  and  »  extetuivo  awl  nevere  tbut  tbcy 
could  not  hare  reaultad  from  accideut,  oi  have  taken  pUci  iiifiii^ 
the  UrUi. 

Inlra-uUrine  macemlion. — A  child  that  baa  died  iu  the  womb, 
Hdd  there  undiirgooe  maceration,  presents  tlie  following  appear- 
Bucea  1 — AU  porta  of  tbe  body  are  sbrunlien  and  tiaccid,  the  chest 
and  abdomen  flattened,  the  rib*  distinctly  vinhle  through  tbe  akin, 
tbe  Ilia  prominent,  tlie  head  so  soft  und  yielding  that  it  fklU  flat 
In  whatever  position  it  muy  be  placed,  and  the  periosteum  readil; 
sepufiites  from  the  bonea.  Tbe  cuticle  ia  detached  in  patcllei, 
atul  easily  separates  from  the  troc  ikin,  and  on  the  bands  and 
ffiel  if  white,  thick,  and  wrinkled,  ns  if  from  the  application  of  a 
poultloe.  The  true  skin  is  more  or  lesa  extensively  diaeolonted, 
the  change  beginning  on  the  abdomen,  which  has  a  mottled 
■ppmrance,  blending  a  rose  and  ash  coloor.  Elsewhere  the  skin 
usemei  a  brownish -red,  withoat  admixture  of  green;  and  the 
part*  of  gcnimtion  have  a  deep-red  colour,  as  have  also,  in  a  Imb 
d^ree.  tbe  head  and  (lice.  The  umhilioul  cord  ii  straight  and 
flaedd.  The  whole  anrSiee  U  covered  with  a  soapy  fluid,  so  that 
the  body,  when  handled,  slips  from  tbe  grasp.  Tbe  MltoloF 
mcmbranis  when  cut,  is  foand  filled  with  reddened  serum,  and  In 
porlA,  Mjiotially  In  tlie  scalp,  wiih  a  aubsUincv  iipUy  cumpored 
to  goosobiTry  jnlly.  Tbe  cavities  are  flileil  with  an  abundant 
bloody  sernui,  and  tb«  minute  xtructnce  of  the  viscera,  whh^  ar« 
Ungvd  thronghiiut  of  a  reddUh-hrown  colour,  ii  very  diitinct. 
TbcsH  appuaranoe^  which  are  more  or  lew  distinct,  u  tlieohUd 


Tb*  ■inglo  OK  in  «-hicb,  anUrior  to,  and  inclppendent  of 
mny  aUIe  tint  s  uhiUI  wni  born  iilive,  U,  when 
Bnd  OMrha  oT  liolence  on  the  bodj  h  wvere  that  tlicy  could 
tiavu  orlgiiuted  duriBg  the  birtL,  knd  attended  ivitli  Uniaor- 
that  it  oonld  only  haio  occurred  while  the  blood 
*lt11  nFCuUtJDg.  Thai  Dercrgie  rdatei  ■  cue  of  en  luRiat 
bkd  Dot  broUied.  ;et  wm  prored  to  bavo  bei-n  niurdcreil, 
i*n  wnaiiJi  >nd  lunrks  of  greut  tiuleoce  on  the  head, 
«Htb  (Opknui  eHavuii  of  blood.*  To  joatify  a  poutive  opinion, 
Om  1dm  of  hliiod  mimt  be  Urge ;  for  o  aevere  wound  inSicted  on 
B  plvthorie  lufant  after  tbe  circoUtion  had  cesMd,  might  be 
"     *   '  with  conndsnible  bomarrhiige. 


L 


iiilnd'lljglMir.'lIar,]! 


J 


Tbere  ore  two  ratta,  tben,  in  wfaicb,  tadependent  of,  uid  an- 
teriot  to,  rnpiTation,  we  may  decide  the  question,  "  mw  tbe  duld 
born  alive  ?"  n^atWelj,  when  we  flnil  the  nurki  of  iDtrA-iilttiiw 
mHcemtlon  ;  iiffitinatively,  nhen  we  discover  injuriei  «o  eiteiwft 
and  terere,  that  they  Diust  havo  been  inflicted  after  the  luitl^ 
and  whilr  the  blood  was  etill  drculatiiig. 

But  the  cases  mnet  needa  be  very  rare  in  nhich  eridenw  (ui 
be  obtained,  or  will  be  needed,  of  lire-birth  before  mpiratloai 
for  very  few  children  in  whom  the  blcxtd  is  atill  drcnUUng  uc 
born  withoat  breathing,  at  leant  imperfectly. 

In  the  great  majorit;  of  cases,  then,  evidence  of  live-birtb  moil 
he  sought  for  in  the  Innga,  proof  of  respiration  being  the  lint  link 
in  the  obain  of  evidence  that  the  cliild  wsa  bom  alive.  Wa 
have  firet  to  show  that  the  child  had  brenthed,  and  then  that  the 
act  of  breathing  took  place  alter  tlie  birth  j  for  it  may  bm 
hreallied  daring  the  birtli  and  yet  have  perished  before  that  oon- 
plete  delivery  which  constitutes  live  birth. 


The  best  evidence  of  respiration  is  the  change  it  prodnoetin 
the  eitemal  nppcanuice  of  tbc  lungs ;  and,  were  it  not  that  iaSa- 
tioo  gives  rise  to  the  same  change,  mere  inspection  would  snpenede 
all  other  tests.  As  it  is,  it  servM  to  establish  the  alternative  of 
respiration  or  inSalJan  when  all  other  means  fail. 

Lnngs  which  have  neither  breathed  nor  been  inflated,  are  of  a 
uniform  Arm  tcitare  thronghont,  and  resemble  in  colour  and 
consistence  the  adult  liver.  Their  surface  is  miirkGd  by  atigbt 
furrows,  which  obscurely  denote  the  division  of  the  lobules.  In 
lungs  that  are  fiill  of  bloal,  these  are  scarcely  visible ;  bnt  in  longs 
that  oontun  little  blood,  they  are  more  distinct,  and  are  very 
strongly  marked  after  intra-uterine  maceration.  The  lunga  are 
also  sometimes  found  studded  with  small  melanotic  spots  of 
various  shapes. 

The  efTect  of  respiniljon  or  inflation  varies  according  to  its 
degree.  The  sroallest  qnantity  of  air  developes  some  of  the  cell* 
on  the  surfkce  of  the  lungs,  and  these  lorm  the  best  jiroof  of  tlie 
admission  of  air  in  one  or  other  of  these  ways.  The  right  lung, 
and  iispecialty  the  edges  and  concave  surface  of  its  upper  lobe, 
admit  air  most  readily ;  and  it  is  here  that  the  first  efiects  of 
inflation  or  respiration  must  be  looked  for. 

The  appearance  of  tbe  airH.-eUB  thns  developed  is  highly  chanc- 
teristic.  If  the  lungs  are  fresh  and  full  of  blood,  they  take  the 
form  of  brilliant  vermilion  spots;  if  tbe  lun^  contain  less  blood, 
or  are  etntnined  some  days  after  death,  the  spots  are  of  a  lighter 


tkcnos,    EMPnrsEKA. 


!)l 


«bo  hmre  mrvired  Iheir  birth  eomi!  ds; 
r  rwrj  novly  the  bae  of  the  bolthy  adult  iung. 
rv  kod  amuigviamt  of  these  ce1]f  are  not 
wUTWtte   tlum  tlior   eolaor:      tbef    are         ^'''  ^*- 
t,  M«  not  panc[«ibl;  niseil,  and  ore  alivi- 
"amiimtiuux,  Ihoogb  near  tbe  lurfuce,  of 
Tb*  gn>a|Bnp  uf  tlie  nila  if  g:?!!!?*!!/ 
r.  Iml  Umjt  ire  KnnxltiBea  fouod  in  rvgniur 
iiiiliifl  fioajw  of  (uor.    Tluir  ordinui^    | 
e  and  gmnptnii '«  aluiwii  in  tlie  onnnid 

n  from  «  oolourod  dfiwing  of  lung*  i"  which  re- 
iMn  iinp«rf«tl;  let  ap.* 

itKxs  on  Uie  tnrfice  of  the  lunga  vitb  wluch 
i  >lr-crll*  iiii);ht  pcwblj  ba  oonfoandcd,  are,  I, 
1  I.  tyoU  of  blood;  and  3,  air-babbln,  the  pro- 
Tbe  flnt  two  appearance*  ure  nt  once 
I  bj  their  ohararteriatic  Colour,  and  the  abMmce  of 
MjtkJBg  naimbliiig  a  dereloped  texture.  Both  kioda  of  ipot 
fswF^j  aaaonw  a  ixmnil  torm. 

TW  ■Huamim  snied  bj  pntrdaetioii  are  qaite  aa  character- 
ttiK,  Tie  ur  bdUvoU  nn  the  Hufnce,  and  between  tbe  lobei  of  tlie 
laap^  «iUMr  ia  detiictad  projecting  globnlea,  the  uie  of  pew,  or 
la  lUtDfi  el  mall  ttaSeIn,  like  a  fine  mermHal  injection  benenth 
lia^w-pifar.  U  U  nldniUjr  nmiu'ned  in  tbe  cellular  membniDo 
•Mdi  iimaeiJa  tb*  plrDta  Kitb  tbe  iiuface  of  tbe  lung,  and  ita 
^t^i^'ir  B  (An  poiutod  cot  bjr  a  imall  globule  seated  on  a 
_  w^»^  If  lima  ajipnrancB  were  not  luScient  to  distinguish 
tm  tk«  indart  of  pulnTactiun,  (torn  air  in  Ibc  air-celk,  it  wonld 
~      '  '  (  tingcr  oier  Ibe  lurfiice  of  tbe  lung.     The  air 

mcnt  of  tba  llngi^,  nod  a  gentle  prcsinre  eflhcei 
1  cm  break*  down  tbe  Urpir  giobales.     No 
re  M  applied  will  form  the  aii  oat  of  the  »r-cBllsi 
vis  tnj  nj  alter  Ibeir  appeannce. 

aalhae*,  a*  will  U  pttaeatij  more  tall;  stated,  bare 
as  cnjibTatua  nf  ths  fatal  Inngi  as  giving  riw  to  Bmo 
f  fat  appljiaf  tb*  bjdrvatatic  test;  but  it  will  bu  ihown 
enphfwina  b  wcrdj  an  incipient  process  of 
g  tbe  laOMi  ippoinncia,  and  admitting  uf  the 
limtiau.    The  •nhjoiiicd  engraving  (llg.  IT)  in 
arnlatiati,  on  a  aoniewbat  enlarged  scale,  ns 
E  la  peMtU*  to'  (i**,  withont  eoluue,  of  the  appcBtanrea  just 
"    '      WUi  tke  eaceptioa  of  tba  large  ur-bnbblea,  token 

■  frmp  of  miU  (rtabalri,  lib  ni 


02  DfTiSTlCIDE. 

from  another  ralject,  they  were  all  pwipnl  on  ■  limie«<l  »pM«  rf 
tlio  SBBio  luDg.  The  Blr-<:ell»  are  ri?co^iwd  by  tlieir  pooulto 
ilispe  and  gronplBi; ;  the  rounded  dark  spoU  aro  iDelanDile.  tiM 
fainter  »pota  aro  effutied  bl.iod  ;  the  strine  of  imall  light  ronnJ 
dots,  and  llie  large  circular  Bpots,  arc  iiir-bubblcs. 

Till  contact  of  the  air  witi 
lie  nurfiice  oT  the  freih  fictal 
1111;  givM  rise  to  exactly  the 
ime  change  of  rolonr  a*  U  NN 
I  the  dereloped  air-celli;  bat 
his  contact  of  aJr  id  no  wtj 
I  aXttn  their  tcxtnre. 

Tijo  appearance  at  the  da- 
veiiiped  air-cells  la,  therelbce, 
d luruct eristic ;  it  fomiihet  on- 
I  dcninblc  proof  cither  of  r«iph*- 
or  of  inaution.  It  it  tb« 
only  lung'teat  to  whicii  no  lerious  objection  can  be  oAndi 
and  it  19  at  dolicate  as  it  ia  titnple ;  for  it  detectA  a  qoanti^ 
of  air  too  aoiall  to  affect  the  specific  gravity  dtbar  of  the  vbol* 
lung,  or  of  the  parts  into  which  it  biu  been  introilnoed.  I  ha*a 
repeatedly  detected  at  a  glance,  in  the  luperHrial  air-odk 
■  qoautity  of  wr  inaalHcient  to  render  the  iroalleat  fragment  of 
Inng  buoyant ;  and  I  have  never  found  those  «gns  of  respiration 
absent  in  any  caae  in  which  a  child  v/at  itated  to  have  breathed, 
thengh  for  the  shortest  space  of  time.  In  one  case  in  which  the 
child  was  reported  to  have  givcu  only  three  gaspa,  the  reauU  ma 
obriooa,  at  a  glance,  in  the  bright  Tennilion'cotoured  groDpa  of 
developed  alr-celli  scattered  over  the  anrfiice  of  the  right 
lung.  (O.) 

Ifnapiritlon  produced  ndifferentappcttrnncc  in  tiieair-eellsfifna 
thatcaaaed  by  inflation,  and  we  could  infallibly  distinguish  the  one 
from  the  other,  there  would  be  no  need  of  any  other  Inng-tert. 

Now,  Derergie,*  after  staling,  correi'tly  enongli,  that  ■  careibl 
eismlnation  had  enabled  him  to  distinguish,  i  priori,  and  withost 
nny  other  research,  lungs  belonging  to  a  atilUborn  infant  from 
those  of  an  infiuit  which  bad  tireiithcd;  and  also  to  determine 
whether  the  air  bail  dilated  all  parts  of  the  longs,  or  merdy 
certain  portions,  adds,  that  "in  maiy  ones  he  could  determme 
whether  the  distension  of  the  longs  with  air  was  the  effect  of 
rrapiration  or  of  insoflktioD."  In  respiration  he  states  that 
there  ii  a  minute  iryection  of  cnpilUrj  rcssols  on  the  surface  of 
the  air.cclU,  which  does  not  take  place  in  inSation.    This  distinc- 


to  Uia  mvtbor't  01 


4B&OI.(ITE   VKIOHT  or  1 


93 


it  dealt  witb  veiy  minute  parte, 

n  iCaHaiont,  ii  to  be  relied  on 

t  'm  ali  aitm,  it  majr  b«  let  down  an  nnfit 

1  lut«  not  mjielf  obunrcd  focli  ■  dilter- 

m  tatvam  tba  cAsota  of  inflatioii  and  refpintkiD  h  to  pretend 

la  Ml  ;■  tbia  m»y  to  di«tiDguiih  the  odc  from  tliu  otLer.  (Q.j 

,  Ibeu,  form  the  bcK,  and  iioljr  neoenaiy 

n  tf  air  into  tbe  lon^ ;  and  tliey  on;  to  Im 

la  of  nspintkm  or  inSation,  bowerer  limited 

M  ia  lifpw-*     Tlie  number  of  ibe  celli  U. 

'■  of  Uie  extent  to  wbich  tliete  jicoceae*  have 

■  iMmpiete,  tlie  lan^  preient 

M  ipannr,  cnpitant  ebancter  u  Id  the  adult,  ami  diOer 

Mn  obI]  IB  having  a  more  roa;  bne. 

ge£ag  la  the  othei  1ang-(e*ti,  «e  miut  premise 

•I  ia  not  B  andilrn,  bat  a  ^ailmtl  procaa ;  that  it  is 

'm,  Mmtileted  in  a  few  reipiriitiotii ;  that  it 

■a  tnonnplete  and  partial  after  mau  j  hoart,  da  ji, 

»d  llial  in  (ome  irnmn-np   )ienoiui  portidnt  of 

ir  fiEtaJ  Btiite.     In  the  great 

ea  gf  lirfantkidc.  therefore,  wc  ibiill  have  to  deal 

In  >hick  m|ilntiaD  baa  bevn  verir  incompletely  Kt 

V  ilia  importaun  of  a  tign  wbivji  stands  ui  in  atcad 

^  aa  vQI  b*  priK'ntJj  ihowu,  ^rery  otfaer  lot  may  fall. 

t  tki  tilm'iMiiai  of  air  ial4>  tbe  celli  of  the  Ino^  ia  not  the 

rtta  sf  ropintlen.    Ai  a  gei»iBl  role  it  11  attended  by  an 

Md  afloi  t£  UoiMl.addtti(  to  the  weight  of  tlie  loug^  both 

tabs  bjr  tbcmadiea,  and  wbeu  mnopared  with  the  weight 

■  Uiiy  M  afcUA  t^  bekmg.    Thu  iuereaac  of  weight, 
Ba  mt  r^miwt.  hat  bean  made  the  bana  of  two  lung-tesb. 
mimtt  V'HfU  afOt  X«i^.— Tbia  teat  of  rmpiration  rcota 
«  aa«ilia|illni  tint  Ih*  arterie*  and  vdn*  of  luugt  which 
not  trnfinti,  an*  onpty,  and  in  a  itatc  of  colUpu,  while 

■  ■|Uill  II  Omj  bccDine  more  or  len  SUed  with  blood.  That 
tttfftT*  d(  fiAtit,  BDjn  corTM'ted  by  Orfila  aud  Dtvergie, 
rt  •anmamHt  I  ban  bad  many  opjiortuuitiei  of  proriog ;  for 
•  fcuud  lBnK>  wbu.^  had  breathed  alinort  deMitute  of  bbiod ; 
lliMi  tbal  had  BCfat  admitted  air,  or  presented  only  a  Tew 

■  tf  iWralcptU  catlfc  gorged  with  blood  in  oicry  part.  (G.) 
of  wnght  were  tp  arcordante  "ilb  thwo 

Tbe   Imip  of  Toatnra  cliildrea   before 

■  tl  Mitnaift  Ibatlbto  ibBpla  rifB  nt rmlimikiB  •bouM  htT*b(niaa 


INPANIICIDE. 


respmition  were  gtated  to  weigh  one  onuce,  or  4S0  ^rairu ;  mfter 
rcspiratiou  tn'O  ouacCB,  or  060  grains.  How  remoU  thew  att- 
niHtea  were  froin  tlie  troth,  the  following  iTerages,  fonnded  on 
uijwsrds  of  400  observatiolHi  on  tnnlure  children.  Kill  ihnv:— 
Sdll-bora,  871  gnuoB;  children  who  hid  >umTed  their  birth  mm 
month  or  loaa,  1072  graini.  The  oboervtnj  weight,  thcrefbre,  in 
atill-bom  children  a  nearly  doable  tlie  rude  e>tiitiat«  of  utbon; 
and  the  increase  after  rcapiiation,  instead  of  being  equal  to  Um 
original  wnghC,  is  leai  than  one-foartb.  These  averages  diflir 
too  little  to  ndinit  of  application  in  a  court  of  law ;  tbe  ettmw 
flgnrei  nre  still  more  condniive,  ai  the  campariKm  made  in  tlM 
following  table  will  sliow.* 


BapirelloQ. 


Afler 

Rnpiniti' 


Brtore 


&n*r 


820 


From  this  table  it  appeurs  that  ont  of  3-1  cases,  there  ii  not 
one  in  which  we  eould  have  slntei).  by  means  of  this  teat  alone, 
that  reapimtion  bad,  or  had  not,  takoii  place;  while,  iu  two  in- 
stances, the  great  weigbt  of  tlic  lungj  would  have  led  qb  to  in&r 
regplration  in  still-horn  infants. 

As  in  most  cases  of  alleged  iiifitnticids  the  tun;^,  if  the  child 
luu  breathed  at  all,  are  found  to  contain  but  little  air,  it  is 
important  to  detsnnina  the  effect  of  imperfect  respiration  In 
iniretuiiig  their  weight.     Tbe  fallowiug  arc  the  average  fignree 

"  FtiTthepirtleulsrflortheHOlHBrvstlaiia,  whli'hireai!  tnken  fruniEnrilik 

Kinrc»,  lec '  LwiMt,'  Oct.  1, 1M2.    The  cuse  markoJt  luu  bi ' '- 

Mdded.    IliMglrea  on  the  anUiorlt]  of  Ih-Tailiii. 


DiFASTICHIE. 


The  kbdUs  of  tliU  tabW  differ  BDmcttlmt  from  those  obtained 
in  the  cue  of  the  aliBolntc  wmght  of  the  Inngt  j  for  in  7  cuw 
out  of  33  thcro  it  a  prohnbility,  derived  &om  the  low  ratk^  tbM 
rcqiintioii  hod  Dot  taken  plaee;  but^  on  the  other  hunil,  tbsrt  il 
one  CKse  in  whjcli,  relying  on  the  high  ratio  of  1:21,  we  ilioald 
have  miatsken  n  itill'bum  child  tor  one  that  had  hrenthed. 

The  falloiriag  ure  the  mean  proportions  alter  different  dm- 
tions  of  mpimtiona : — Still-bom,  1 :57 ;  l«u  than  ono  hour,  I'GI ; 
13  honn,  1:53;  1  d><r.  1:48;  1  month,  oc  leaa.  1:38. 

The  difference  between  tbece  several  proportiotu  ia  certKiol;r 
mach  too  unall  to  justify  the  oae  of  tbe  t«Bt  in  cages  of  impvrfn^ 
respiration,  in  which  alone  it  wonld  be  required. 

If  further  proof  were  needed  of  the  futility  cf  this  test,  it 
minht  be  found  by  n  niniple  ramparieon.  The  weight  of  tbe 
body  being  in  each  of  two  children  bom  alive  32,^36  grain*,  tbe 
luii^  bore  to  the  Iwdy  in  the  one  the  proportion  of  1  to  21,  in 
the  Dtlicr  of  1  to  66  j  tbe  first  ratio  being  more  t)ian  three  timei 
OB  groat  as  the  second. 

The  same  remarht.  then,  api'ly  to  both  theae  teste.  Simple 
innpectioQ  would  render  them  auperflnous  even  if  they  weremefoli 
and  thi^'  rannot  serve  lo  diitingnish  inSution  from  ref))iraliDni 
therefore  both  tenta  ahould  be  allowed  to  fall  into  diaoBe  aa  alike 
uimfe  and  unnMeaaiiry. 

Tie  HgdrotCalic  Tett. — This  teat  ia  very  interesting  from  the 
rontroveraiea  to  whidi  it  has  pven  rise,  the  impoitaot  purpose  to 
which  it  waa  applied,  and  the  high  iraluc  formerly  nnil^ed  to  it. 
'That  it  majF  be  cnderatood,  it  most  be  premiaed,  that  thoogli. 


k  to  a 


itsentti  ctntoiy.    OritpBaJlj,  uil  tiU 
period,  it  eonriitwl  is  pbdsg  the  hit^^ 
.  art  «ud>c4  in  >  ««Mel  of  ««lcr  <rf  tiie 

■K  of  tboot  60^.  nil  rao^  tol  wa  tntt  snfiflcii  I» 
t  tt  AtWog  Iba  tsngi  inio  Hntud  pieBi,  aod  eiperi- 
"  t^B  w  with  Ub  cDtite  long*.  The  Utt. nvm 
niatt  in  Beit  tiuiMiKng  thaa  picas  of  ilx  Im^  is 
ilh«a  appljliig  to  tb«D  tlw  nbdiGvT  tat  <f  rnaon^ 
p  pravnl^  MOi  tiat  tb*  olgactiani  to  th«  hjdfcMttk 
r  la  it  diiaBj  w  oiiclaillj  perfcra>edi  and  that  tUi 


aTi>mo«&'nc  twt.    owectioss. 


n  impoctuit  10907  ■• 


m  la  (bII  brrm,  tai  o 
tiOB  b«t>Mn  Iba  (&c< 
b*  «Mi*«Bnit  to  oonnilir  Snt  tba  Tskia  of  il 


W  ■  Isl  of  lite-birlh,  bat  ontj-  at  n 
r  if  tlw  tMl  tbv  ipplM  would  uanl  on  iu  baiMiC  Ual, 
■pt  obatbir  astir*  or  diitded  iota  punioDi,  vhen  piMed 
■1  laf  wnlat,  •Ink  la  tba  bottom,  napinoai  las  aat  labia 

rtioD  Uxre  ara  t*o  otgcctJoiK  L  That  tgpilioo 
m  lakM  pUot,  •■»!  jfwt  buUi  iba  >gtiN  lan^jBud  the 
~  tMO  ■  bk^  Uicj  bin  Uvn  dividad,  buj  qak  ia  ag»- 
iBwaw  &  TImI  rcpinOiou  bu;  hira  takes  p«ai« 
■lud  an  aUaO,  at  m  to  inip'rf«t  a  naanw.  tkii 
p  aad  fnr;  put  of  tbnn.  (laoocb  pertcctff  Ixalthj,  mat 
oo^  tlw  cnlinarf  qtuutitjr  of  Idoid,  jnaj  axralUa* 


»ti(tlMlr«tal))«tian.It 


^  tba  bvltbjr  pettfam  wnuU  it 
r  if  air  ulTiiitlril  into  Uwm-waw  ■ 
■a4.  tba  £«■«  MpanptNMtflo'  iwp 

■a*  of  ibMMa  pBODBenia  hbd  Ite  *«^tb  day.  ifl  «U(i> 
"  mmA  oonplrtdji  t*aa  (o  Umit  MMdloM  pulidaK"  ia 
I'bjp  Caipvjtbat  tt  mmlil  maoUdita  the  «lMii« if  both 
tbarafarv,  enoM  1«  /wod  to  loit.    (^ 


08 

cua  miut  be  eitTemelj  rare  in  whicb  it  woold  eotutitnte  m  nN 
olgection. 

In  the  OBO  of  partial  dtwue  of  the  Inngs,  the  first  objection 
merges  in  the  aeeond ;  for  if  lungs  healtbj  in  all  tbeir  (arte  nnj 
reipire  without  beconupg  boojint,  it  follow*  that  the  bealtfajF 
portioni  of  diuued  Inngi  nuj  receive  ur  in  qgantitiet  equallj 
liiadeqiute  to  came  tbem  to  flcnt. 

That  tlie  woond  otjection,  va, ; — That  re<)HnitiDD  nut;  ba** 
taken  place,  bat  to  k>  limited  an  extent,  or  so  imperfect!;,  tbat 
the  langt  and  every  part  of  tbem,  tboogb  perfectly  hatltllf, 
and  eontoining  only  the  luofll  qnaatit;  of  blood,  may  rioll,  ii 
valid,  a  ringle  caae  will  mffice  to  prove.  In  a  (emale  twin, 
weighinn  Utile  abort  of  five  poanda  and  probably  nearly  matiiT*: 
"  Tlie  inbrtaoee  of  the  Innga  was  healthy,  of  a  deep  Modena-rad 
colmr,  with  bere  and  there  palcbea  of  a  aomewhat  ligbler  bBe.** 
There  wai  no  crepitstion  ander  the  knife,  nor  any  eongeaUML* 
Both  lun^fi,  when  placed  in  water,  nnk  with  equal  rsjriiUlj; 
aa  did  every  one  of  the  fifteen  pieon  into  which  each  Inng  wtl 
divided:  011(1  on  cnmpresuon  below  the  larfico  ao  air-bobbin 
eacaped.  Thia  child  liad  nirvived  its  birth  twetity-foar  hom^ 
and  this  case  ii  hy  no  means  nnicjae ;  for  umilnr  ones  have  been 
reported  by  Bemt,  Remer.  Orfila.  Daniel.  8chenlt.  and  CWander. 

Billard,  meeting  with  aome  of  these  cases,  fell  into  the  atranga 
error  of  supposing,  tbat  children  may  nirvive  thetr  hirtb  fbr 
honn,  and  even  days,  without  breathinft.f  I  bare  mynlf  ra- 
peatedly  eiamined  langs  in  which  mfnration  had  been  letj 
imperfectly  set  np  in  •everal  ports  of  one  or  both,  and  yet  only 
000  or  [ho  of  these  parts  floated.  Bnt  1  hnve  not  met  with  my 
instuBcH  in  whiclj  every  portion  of  both  Inngs  sanfa.  (G.) 

The  two  nlyeotians,  then,  to  the  statement  that  the  nnlcing  of 
the  lungs,  whether  entire  or  divided,  is  a  proof  that  rea|HiBtioti 
has  not  Inkvn  place,  arc  both  vnlid  as  applied  to  the  bydroatUlc 
test  in  its  original  form  -,  and  they  of  course  apply  eqoallj  to 
lungs  heiitthy  in  all  their  parte,  snd  to  those  which  iuaa  onlj 
portions  of  their  structure  Free  from  disease. 

I,et  us  now  suppose  tlint  the  Inngs,  or  one  or  more  of  tt* 
parts  into  which  thoy  have  been  divided,  float;  and  that  this 
bnoynnoy  of  the  whole  long,  or  of  its  pnrtf,  !■  alleged  aa  proof 
tbat  respiration  has  tiiken  plsco.  This  assertion  would  be  met 
by  three  distinct  otijections.  The  biio^^nncy  msj  be  due,  not  to 
respiration,  but  1.  to  Emphysema;  2.  to  Putrefaction;  or  8.  to 
loflatlon.  


a  E»kDS,'  ti 


^^B»? 

«r.     Tlie  tenn  emphTKma,  is  iU 

ikifnunt  or  rDptoic  <tf  tbe  bt- 

■>iU  'n  ocpod  tlw  -ir-cdl  M  Co 

Bbyn.  italf.  dktJiiet  fnxif  tbt 

mdU  WaNnc  idcntial  vUb  tin 

Si4  a  an  otjettioa  to  the  fajdlro- 

Udsg.MppoN.1  to  k  dortour 

ini<rfU>eluDgtiao>.    TUi -M 

HmeU  thM  iiifiuiti  miglt  <nftr 

Ow  libMtrbaDK  t>£am  tad  tbe 

•idn  of  Hm  Aat  sugbt  b«  « 
c/tbe  hag*  m  to  injure  Uieni ; 

1  udpoflir.  notmiiBg  ^in  ki^ 

1  thit  ii  .bit  mm  MtlKX*  oQ 

B  otnctiDg  oi  hitat  bj  tbe  f«t. 

1  lanpt  Ooitai  Ihoagb  tin  cbiU 

■J,  ud  h»l  ocrt«i>);  Dot  brollnd. 

»«M  •  «aQ»l«rb(»e.Mpe(UI; 

>  IW  bEba.  nU^t  «fir  ■  nrt  <tf 

■  •ftMod  into  tbor  tiM^  B%U 

hMtm  «(  ^,  u4  to  the  OBK- 

tol«.g..t 

»  to  be  IcMBd  in  •  a^d*  bd  that 

vinkr  of  IMO.    I  emfael  th. 

tMt,*itldD  fan»i«U  bxn  of  ita 

W>  «•  M  lh«  Ashtot  tna>  (/ 

I  tha  lun;  ao  chBB«  of  oalont. 

of  ■  p.  w  tbr  nr&w  «f  <M  of 

■  taia  a  gallipol,  .nd  arried  ia  tb* 

ba  «>d  of  whkfa  tin  Uxir  -hoi* 

lb..ai«k^nMa.l.nte>..p«. 

S3£42Sn3Sii^''"-   ^ 

^^1 

itign  If  poWribertcB  oaf  «H>  ln_ 


W^»IMi«in»tot»MfclililM|liH«Mtn(cmB.gflW   II   U   ■  ^a» 
^^■■ifciw—lHi>>tiwiiMirif  UBibaalite 

— H>aii»iwnfi*—iiiMriW»t»i'<"*i^*«-P*«»—ifc 


A  tapporten 


IHE    HTDROSTATIC   TIST   MOCmBD   BT    FftESSUBE.      101 

n,  then,  tbat  to  tli8  RydnHbitic  "tert,  as  orig:'miJly 
i,  moA  and  merdj  u  a  tut  of  respiration,  liters  Are  four 
^mw;  two  to  the  (inking  af  the  Inngt  as  ■  tign  tint 
1 1u«  not  taken  place,  and  tno  to  the  Hoating  u  a  pnx>f 
■ :  Ut  tbe  linking  ■*  a  prtxir  of  non-reapinition,  diseue, 
mpmfect  re^ilntioti :  to  the  duating  as  a  proof  of  mpira- 
I,  pntrefiteUoa  (in  ita  ■evnul  il^rees  and  stugei)  ind  inflation, 
li  wu  tbe  b<riIn»latiD  Mt,  Dp  to  the  time  of  the  introduc- 

Uie  TetC  modiflnl  by  Fraturi. — The  mode  of 

«  ia  not  tnatcrial,  provided  it  be  not  carried  to 

It  ot  dcrtrojiiig  tlic  lung  toilore.     Air,  the  prodnct  of 

R,  ii  rradilf  eijitlliKl  bj  the  jirenaTe  of  tbe  linger  and 

I)  qndor  water;  but  if  itrongar  presaure   be  required,  the 

it  of  long  inij'  b«  placed  in  n  clan  cloth,  and  the  cloth 

d  oppoaila  waji.    In  eiperimenta  presently  to  be  detcribed, 

M  of  lung  were  labmltud  to  itill  stronger  prenure 

g  tbo  cloth  nndsr  foot. 

rr  of  tbe  bjritrostalic  teat,  in  this  it*  modem  lignifi- 

OD.  would  ■wort,  on  ita  behalf,  tbat  if  the  Inuga,  both  entire 

'    "   1,  wfaen  placed  in  water,  rink,  both  before  and  after 

e,  tbat  Topiratiini  ha«iiot  tiiken  place. 

iion  are  the  uma  that  opply  to  the 

^  via,  diaeue  and  imperfeot  respiration  ■,  with  this 

I   luverer,  that  portlom  of  lung  contnining  8  large 

r  blood  and  too   little  air  to  rundcr  them   bnoyant, 

A  after  a  [lortion  of  the  blood  liad  been  forced 

ti  tntnM  flattened.     Hence  the  (inking  of  the  Inngs 

•,  would  affcrd  ■  atrunger  rouoo  fbr  auppoaiug  that 

aa  not  taken  ;dace. 

Id  thaieieni  }iortioua  oftlie  Innj^e  float,  both  befoniand 

its;  and  thia  bnoyancy  of  tbe  luug  betuken  Baa  proof 

I,  dothetwo-o^tctiom  arged  with  lucccu  against 

.,  patrefiKtiou  and  InlLitiDn,  bold  good  agoinat 

tkb  inodem  Ut  alao  P 

Tbe  objcTtioTi  nn  the  Kore  of  pntrefactien  falli  at  once  to  the 
ytuund ;  fur  llu!  luure  prawnre  Of  Uie  (logera  eipela  Ibe  air 
tcl  \'y  piilnfartion,  and  cauie*  the  lungi  to  link.  Tfaere 
»,  tbcrafitre,  tlw  (iDgle  objecljoa,  that  inflation  ma;  cauae 
jl  tu  fluAt. 
It  air  ao  iulrodDeed  into  Ibe  Inngs  will  render  them  booynut. 
n  be  nu  douM ;  but  wlH.'tber  prpegnre  will  dittiiiguiah  the 


I 
I 

I 


from  that  due 
ful  ooniiidcratiol 


1  iuflalioi 


103  iBFAKticmE. 

The  idJition  of  prewure  to  the  old  hydnMatic  tect  was  mtg- 
ge9l«d  hy  B&lani,  uid  introduced  into  practire  in  thi*  coant^ 
by  Dr.  Taylor,*  and  Mr.  JeQnitigs,t  botli  of  wImMd  etDplored  it 
ai  a  diofmottic  mark,  lliti  fornier  conrlud«i  trma  tvprmUd  cs- 
perimentt,  "  that  air,  introduced  by  artificial  inflation,  may,  oihIb 
■11  dnniniBtBiicea,  be  eipelled  by  rampmiicni,  if  the  experiment 
he  properly  perforaicd,  and  the  preunre  contina^  a  luffident 
length  of  tinie."J  Mr.  Jennings  etates,  that  "  air  introdneed 
into  the  iatigi,  by  artificial  inlktian,  may  be  expelled  by  preannt, 
ao  that  the  langa  will  «ink  in  water,"  and  on  the  other  hand,  that 
"  after  respiration,  the  air  cannot  he  eipolled  from  the  Imigi 
without  completely  breaking  down  the  atinctnre  of  eierj  part  of 
the  organ.  Any  pert,  bowover  inudl,  not  thni  broken  down,  wilt 
continue  to  float." 

Thia  atatement  of  Mr.  Jennings  respecting  rca[nred  ^t  i>  want- 
ing in  exactness,  and  is  corrected  by  Dr.  Taylor,  on  the  anthoril;r 
of  Case  III.  in  the  Essay  jnatcit«d.5  This  case  proves  "  that  air, 
fooai  reepiration."  (imperfect  respiration,)  "may,  by  tery  mode- 
rate  prcmare,  he  forced  out  from  divided  portions  of  the  organs ;" 
while  Case  II.  stiowa  "tliat  there  are  no  estistaFlory  means 
of  diitinguishing  artificial  infUtion  from  feeble  refpiration." 
Schinitt  also  reports  a  case  iu  u'liidi  only  the  middle  labe  of  the 
right  lun^  of  an  infant  that  had  lived  twenty-tour  hours,  nrd  in 
which  inflation  had  not  been  practised,  floated,  and  that  iinper- 
feetly,  bat  sank  BgSiin  when  forcibly  compressed.|{ 

Tbia  teat,  then,  does  not  distinguish  imperfect  respiraldon 
from  imperfect  inflation.  On  the  other  hand,  my  experimenta 
made  in  the  year  IBll  prove  that  lungs  completely  diitendod  by 
inHation  cannot  be  made  to  ainl:  hy  pressure  short  of  that  whidi 
deKroya  their  texture ;  and  that  Inngs  so  distended  with  air  diS^ 
fraoi  those  that  have  breathed  completely  only  by  reqoiring  eome- 
what  more  pressure  to  make  them  sink. 

I  subjoin  an  account  of  one  of  thesu  experimenti  bom  notet 
taken  at  the  time: — 

"  I  took  the  lungs  of  a  child  two  months  old  who  bad  died  of 
mamsmuB,  and  the  Innga  of  a  fietns.  still-boro,  at  eight  mootht, 
I  inflated  the  fcEtal  lung*  completely,  and  in  doing  so  ruptured 
the  air-cells,  and  produced  emphysema  over  the  entire  surfiice,  so 
that  when  I  aaucd  to  inflate  tliem,  the  Inngs  rapidly  colbpaed. 


'  'London  UDd.  and  Pti's.Joanii].' 1 


T.  1832.  uid  Jan 


id  Uij,  1939. 


'i  HoiiriUl  Report",'  No.  t, 
lii  haan,  snd  bmlhcd  tctj  1 


J 


mBBOSTillC  TEST.      FBXS5trB£. 


103 


I  tlta>  took  one  loba  from  the  lung  of  eittier  body,  anil,  placing 

n  tof:BtheT  in  a  duth,  gqbniitled  them,  by  mean*  of  nn  aa- 

,    ItMant,  tuMning  prcHore.       Both  pgrtioiii  atill   retninecl  tlieir 

L   boDTUKy.      I  next  Hood  on  the  dath,  and  reputedly  staaipcd  on 

['  I^  bul  lUll  twtb  Boated,  thongb  their  strueture  uus  olmoBt  de- 

L  Itwj  <it.      I  then  took  >  portdan  (roni  the  Inoga  of  bath  diUilren, 

r.^iUlignlihin{;  tho  Inng  which  bad  brenthed  by  the  darker  colour 

Ktf  its  contnil  portion,  plu»d  tbem  both  tngcther  in  the  nme 

■Ath,    and  proceeded  u  before.       After    applying    pronure    by 

1  tarhtin^  t)i«  doth  itroiigly,  both  pieces  contianed  to  float ;  they 

I  MfathiLd  their  buoyancy  eren  after  they  were  trodden  on,  and  it 

I   VM  dM  till  they  wer«  poonded  with  the  heel,  and  tbdr  ttriictore 

£4010081117  broken  up,  that  the  inflated  portion  aank  :  the  portion 

^f  the  iangt  which  had  breathed  itill  flonted,  though  inipeEfectly. 

B  pmnding  thii  portiuu  of  long  ■  lecond  time,  thii  likewire 

'[-     A  HcoDd  Mid  a  third  eiperiment  led  to  the  Bsme  rcsnlt, 

inlUt«d  portion  of  long  linking  after  ■  teiii  degree  of  prea- 

e  than   llie  portion  which  bud  breathed,   hut  the  atmcture 

'n  both  porliant  broken  up  before  their  biioyniicy  was  de- 

,"     Another  BoHci  of  experiments  was  attended  with  the 

le  iwalt.  (Q.) 

'  If.  in  IhsK  uperiinent*,  prenure,  short  of  that  required  to 

Mik  down  (he  atmeture  of  the  long,  bad  caosed  the  inflated 

partion*  to  aink,  while  the  portioos  that  bad  bresthed  could  not 

b>  ntde  to  nnk  till  their  atmcture  waa  deatroyed,  we  could  under- 

^^^nd  bow  ^i>«iiin>  might  become  a  ineana  of  diagnoaia  ;  hut  as 

^^^W  odIj  difference  ia  the  d^reo  in  which  the  atnicturo  is  bmken 

^^HMt  and  u>  in  any  given  ctue,  we  ahull  have  to  oiamlne  a  portion 

^HB  iBBg  vpontlely,  and  not  tide  by  aide  with  one   which  wa  can 

^^Hun  ■■  >  atandard  of  comporiaon,  it  la  obvioni  that  thia  test 

fi  not  apj^able  to  medico-legal  pnrpoKa. 

It  liMbteD  objected  that  these  eiperimenli,  having  been  made 
M  luNff*  inflated  oat  of  the  body,  do  not  admit  of  application  to 
Uw  <mm  of  lungs  inflated  within  the  body.  This  ul^ection,  of 
*  ■  h  il  hi  difllmll  to  aee  the  validity,  baa  happily  buea  obviatud 
«  ujuii  Iniigs  SDCceafully  inflated  within  the  body, 
wi,  of  which  one  was  reported  in  the  '  Medical 
iM.'  Nov.  S'l,  1S44,  were  communicated  to  me  by  Dr.  Ucnry 
"-r,  and  two  aimilar  CJiea  by  Dr.  F.  J. 
.■I  in  the  •  Medical  Timet.'  Feb.  8,  1845. 
'  'tin-born,  and  the  Inngi  were  ettunsively 
aink  by  prcnure  till  their 


I 
I 

I 


■(o-l 


tc  Ihnn  s  (iiiMtti 


Tbti  ojilj  objectioiiB^  then,  to  the  hjilrtKtiti 
■uch  (ireMure  u  may  ■aSlce  to  dispel  the  producli  of  pntreruetim, 
■re  three : — 1.  The  lungs  mny  sink,  niul  yet  thu  citild  lutve 
brathed,  iniumncli  as  reqiinitioii  mn;  hare  been  too  iniierlfact 
lo  rcniler  any  part  of  them  Imoyaat.  2,  The  lunf^  may  nak. 
Ihoogh  reapirntioo  hare  taken  place,  in  coaaeqamce  of  diaeam. 
3.  The  Innga  mny  float,  and  yet  the  child  not  have  bmthvd,  in 


The  follcnvhig  additional  t»ti  of  respiration  have  been  propowd : 

Cliaitffet  in  Silt  oiuJ  Siape  of  ChetL—Tiia  cheat  htfora  n- 

epiratioD  is  itated  to  be  sniall,  narrow,  and  flati«ned ;  after  r^ 

s)rinitian  \b  be  larger,  end  ronnder.    Thi*  test  a  not  wonted  it 


mplete 


•chile  ii 


a  tb« 


presumed  cliange*  do  not  occur.     It  ii  uccdleai  iu  Uie  □ 
and  nselen  in  tlie  other, 

Ckangt  in  Potiiiou  of  Diapkrasm, — The  diapliraem,  before 
respiration,  is  stated  to  be  arclicd  and  to  rite  liigh  in  the  chest ; 
after  reapiralion,  to  be  RslleDed  nod  depressed.  This  sign  is  open 
to  tliu  Htac  objection  us  the  rorei>oing. 

IiUTtateil  Volume  i^tht  Luagi, — The  lun((s  are  stated  to  be 
moro  bulky  afler  respiration;  thii  incr™*ed  silo  bedng  due 
partly  to  afflux  of  blood,  bat  mainly  to  ndniisrieii  of  air.  This 
Uat  is  condemned  by  whnt  has  been  already  said  of  the  static 
lnng't4«Cs.  It  alKt  is  needleaa  when  lespiraUon  ii  iierfet-t  nr  ei- 
taiaive,  anil  uaelcM  when  imperfect. 

AUend  Potilioit  iff  ike  Ltmgs. — Be&re  re«|HratJoa  the  Innga 
Uo  fkr  back  in  the  chest,  learin^t  the  thymua  and  pericaidinin 
OMOvemI,   and  preaenting  sharp  edges;  after  retpiration  tliej 

S'ect  forwards,  seem  t»  Gil  the  chest,  nearly  cover  the  thymus 
perii'ftrdiam,  nod  hate  ronnded  edgM.    This  ia  a  description 
of  fii'tnl  lungs  and  of  those  that  have  fully  respired:  it  ia  inap. 
plioalilc  to  casn  of  impciTect  respiration  ;  for,  in  nil  these  pmnta 
iaHtX  longs  eloBoly  mcmlilo  thoHi  that  hate  brentbed  ImperfiKtly. 
Mterrd  OiiKi'tletitt  i^lig  Lamgt.—iietore  respiration  the  loa 


amtnrT  i^  I7  Ui«  hteh  nntharilr  nf  Cuper.  Ho  tag' : 
iv(  III  •u)>pii>r.  u  bs*  barn  dux.  that  Ihcsli  nil  bcasll' 
Hui  irul  ut  lua|»  arUanliUlj  iBflaM,  lint  nut  out  nf  Ui 


otiieu  hjsG'Tesis.    rnACtiCit.  directions. 


m  Hver ;  ancr 


105 


n,  ipoiigy  Buil  crepit'iuB.  When 

_  ■,  Ihpy  ItHve,  of  coursa,  ivcitiveft  nir; 

It  tliat  air  niaj  Iuits  been  «it1m  in&Kted  or  hreatlicd.     In  im- 

!t  ncpiratimi,  the  change  in  the  Inn^  dtc*  not  extend  be- 

■1  tlis  liliilt*  of  tbs  developed  air-cclk 

WtiffU  Iff  Lirer  eompartd   with    ff'eiffhl   qf  Bodg. — Aftra 

'mtlon  port  uf  the  bloud  whitb  had  drt'ulated  tlirougb  the 

ia  diverted  to  tbe  tungi.    llie  lirer,  therefOTe,  Ioim  weight. 

t,  of  Tieiina,  availed  hiin«]f  of  thla  fhct  to  encumber  Ilio 

■nigect  of  infuitiride  with  nnutbcr  oaeleu  t«t;  nnd  OrfiU  look 

"  t  Dacdlca  puna  lo  aubmil  it  to  experiment.    All  t1>e  objec- 

nt  alrmdj  adraiicn]  i^punst  the  sUUu  lung-teila,  aud  all  that 

jhl  b«  urged  agniiut  auj  t«>t  wbatever,  apply  to  thii. 

To  all  tha  foregoing  tola,  then,  there  ia  one  aimple  objection, — 

a  Majantion  ii  complete  tbey  are  neediest,  and  when  iropei^ 

latttM;  and  ^y  do  not  diatiui^ulih  iaflation  fVom  rcipira- 

],aihieh  ia  the  only  iDfommtion  not  obtained  by  the  Brat  glance 

"~in  Um  anrfiwe  lA  tbe  lunga. 

Tlie  tefitmnenla  of  balanccB  and  gmdoated  Jiirg,  with  which 
•nw  Gamnn  aulbon  have  eiicnmbered  the  hydroalatic  teat,  may 
faa  Midy  ainugned  tn  oblivion. 

■  m  of  tlie  lunga  themielTes  la  the  be«t,  and 
■a  of  dal«nnining  whether  or  not  the;  have 
au  oir  throngb  the  rir-ptangfii.     If  tbe  air-cella  are  de- 
■d.  >t  ran  only  be  by  respiration  or  inflation,  and  the  naniber 
la  ao  darelnped  ia  llie  IhmI  mo^nira  of  the  extent  to  which 
prooeaui  have  been  carried.     The  e^e  will  dcte<:t  theae 
la  of  iba  admiaaoo  of  air  into  the  tungi  where  the  quantity  ii 
inalj  to  render  any  purlioa  ol  their  texture  buoynnt. 
«  piwctical  dirwtjuua  fur  delennining  the  question  of  re- 
'  19  ar«t  tharvfore,  very  simple.     Proceed  at  once  to  eitmct 
tgi,  lakiuf;  (TBrH  not  to  iigure  them  or  the  aurronnding 
:  ouuinc  tbem  cloaoly,  and  if  Ibcy  have  throughout  tliii 
owl  tixture  of  the  adult  lirer,  reapiration  hni  not  taken 
J  bat  if  (he  larlinca  is  mottled  with  hriglit  vennilion  or  rote- 
id  apiita,  and  Ibwic  apota  coiilaiu   deielopod  air-cellB,  then 
lioii  >ic  iiillBliiin  baa  Mken  place. 

ppaara.  tlitn,  that  the  only  difficulty  we  encDuntcr  in  asccr- 

t  trhethrr  a  new-born  cldld   has,  or  haa  not,  hieatlied, 

It  of  tbe  naemblanoe  of  tha  effwta  of  bflation  to  thwo  of 

Thin  diScnlty  oinnul  be  ovurvom»  by  any  tung-tust, 

f  tu  materially  Iwwnfd  by  aunte  very  obvioiia  con- 

)  H  b  aew  pmerally  admilted  th]it  the  lunga  of  oii  infant  may 


I 
1 


106  ixtisncwt.  ^H 

be  inflated  tliroogh  the  mouth,  witliaal  the  aid  of  any  inafar^^B 
ment.  All  that  ii  needed  is  to  secure  the  naatrili,  to  fi>rce  tbf 
ffinilpipe  buck  on  the  ^Ut,  and  td  imititte  the  movements  of 
raspimtion  by  alteriiitel;  eompresunn  hdiI  releoaiag  the  chart. 
Four  instBDces  of  <ach  luccewfiil  inthition  are  referred  to  at 
p.  103  of  this  work.  Schmitt  mojeeded  iDore  than  once*  in  oom- 
pletel;  inflating  the  longi  in  tliia  way ;  in  two  ao  perfectly,  "  that 
not  even  a  single  point  woa  to  be  found  in  either  luni;  into  which 
the  air  had  not  penetrate(I."t  Such  romplete  inflation  ia  not 
rMdilf  effected  even  out  of  the  bodyi  fiir  I  bare  repoatedlj 
removed  the  lungB,  and  inflated  them  hy  the  blow-piplv  and  in  no 
caie  bave  I  been  able  \o  eipniid  their  entire  teitnre  without 
rapturing  acnnc  of  the  BopBrficiel  air-celts.^  (O.)  It  ii  not  eaij, 
therefbre,  even  for  an  initructed  and  skilful  penon,  to  elFect  ■ 
complete  cjEpauBion  of  the  Inn)^  ;  and  it  may  be  safely  affirmed 
that  inch  complete  inflation  eanld  not  be  pmctised  by  an  nn- 
skilful  one.  If,  then,  it  were  urged  on  a  trial  for  infiinticide,  that 
the  mother  bad  tried  to  aave  tlie  life  of  her  child  by  inflating  its 
langa  (for  the  supporition  that  this  might  be  done  maliciooalj  to 
criminate  the  mother  ii  limpl;  absurd),  and  it  appeared  in 
evidence  that  the  Innga  nere  completely  e:(piuuJed,  the  otgeotion 
must  ftdl  lt>  the  ground.  But  even  if  the  lan|^  were  found  very 
imperfectly  distended,  it  wonld  admit  of  grave  doobt  whether 
even  this  canM  be  effected  by  an  nuiustmcted  and  unpractiaed 
tcmale  recently  delivered. 

But  to  make  the  plea  of  inflatinn  by  the  mother  at  all  ftaaible, 
•he  most  have  shown  her  anxiety  to  preserve  the  life  of  her  off- 
•piing  at  least  by  making  some  prepnrations  for  her  delivery,  and 
preparing  clothes  fur  her  child.  In  the  great  inijori^  of  caaea 
of  alleged  iufaiiticide,  no  such  pre]>aratioiis  hive  bren  made  ;  and 
the  plea  of  inflation  would  he  still  less  tenable  in  that  large 
dam  of  oues  Id  which  the  body  of  the  child  bears  mnrki  of  tio- 
lence. 

Mao;  attempts  have  been  mude  [o  distingnish  intUtion  from 
mpiration.  Jletzgtir  gives  no  less  than  foor  diagnoKtic  marks, 
and  states  that  inflation  is  distingaisbed  by  inniinplete  distmaion 
of  the  lungs,  by  flatneea  of  the  chert,  by  absence  of  erojdlatioa 
ith«n  Iba  Imiga  ara  incised,  but  chiefly  by  their  bloodlew  HmU, 
neb  «lat«  not  bcbg  accmmttd  for  by  previous  hs'morrhaee.  All 
thcM  distinHioDi  are  unfounded ;  fur  impeTfrFt  rvsgnration  alao 


;  Op- ' 


U     GTlWTliiKniti  Im. 
I  qiHUd  bj  Cislier.  in 


nbem  tu  ni>in  wawhIb]  la 


BXSriUATIOlI  DEFOSe 


DEuvEEr.  107 

I  inmniplele  diMtauioa  of  the  lungs,  ivitll  flatoesa  uf 
eace  of  crepibitioD ;  and  these  muy  foincide  witb  a 
e  of  the  Inngi.  The  statii'  tung-testa  bnve  lAao 
neani  of  dugnong;  but  at  these  t«M  do  not  dls- 
ib  mpintion  from  non-reapintljon,  and  intlnled  lun^  are, 
■  hr  u  conoinnB  the  bhxid  they  contain,  in  the  itate  of  lungs 
~Nich  bare  not  breathed,  it  tbih)ws  that  tbe  static  lung'teatB 
A  dmUngaish  reapiraUon  from  iuEatioa. 

e  it  fortnnately  one  BTsiiabte  diatinction  on  which  Httle 

a  haa  been  bud.     In  all  unskilfal  attempts  to  intlate  tho 

I  thraagh   tlie  mouth,   air  is  introdnced   in  conaiderahla 

"  /  into  tbe  itomach.      Ita  nhacnoe,  tbereforo,  from  the 

h  would  go  hr  to  prove  that  inUutioa  had  not  been  prac- 

i;  careful  inapectioa  of  tbe  langs,  we  hnre  convinced 
■  tbat  either  rctpiration  has  taken  place  or  inflation  been 
pncUtcd  i  and  further,  that  tho  body  ahowa  marka  of  violence, 
that  tbe  stoniach  doeanot  contain  air,  nnd  that  the  circumstantuil 
pridsnoe,  (trengthened  hjr  the  general  considerationa  respecting 
tb*  dificoltj  of  inflating  the  Innga,  render  the  plea  of  iolhition 
mleiiable,  and  leave  no  alternative  but  that  tlie  infant  had 
bftatbcd,  a  further  inquiry  is  still  needed  before  wc  can  aaaert 
ttat  It  wiw  horn  alive,  in  the  senae  the  law  attachea  to  that 
tanB.  Tho  qaestion  still  to  be  aniwcied  is: — Did  the  infant 
farwtbe  before,  dnring,  or  after  Mrth  ? 

B«^tatian  ma;  tate  phkce  belare  complete  deliver?,  a.  in  the 
wanb;  ft.  In  the  paosaguj  and  c.  after  the  delivery  of  the  head, 
a,  Bwpitation  may  take  place  in  the  womb  in  casea  of  face- 
pRMDtAtwn ;  bat  thia  is  a  rare  event,  occurring  only  once  in  £80 
MlvouaL  In  this  potition,  t«o,  respiration  would  be  extremely 
'  t,  to  tlut  any  oonuderable  expansion  of  the  tunga  would 
»  wgative  the  »nppa«tJon  of  the  cbild  having  breathed 
rRbiD  tliH  womb,  and  periahed  hetbre  oomplet«  delivery .f 
i  t.  Keapiralion  may  olto  occnr  dnring  tbe  pauoge  through  the 
:  and  cfpecially  if  the  bund  ia  inlroduced  to  beilitato 
It  labonr,  or  chanRe  the  pODtioo  of  the  child.  It  must  ulao 
I  admitted  to  be  poauble  in  the  absence  of  mannal  uaaiatanee, 
n  tlHl  parts  of  tbe  mother  are  cnpaciooa.  In  tbia  duM  of 
^  too,  it  is  probable  that  respiration  would  be  very  imper- 


IwBiixniritu 

^^'\  a  bfC  oT  prutifld  vsIl 


!  (lomMli  sod  InmUtm.    Vol.  ill 
n  uf  hifkullclilc.  C'upcr  tipreai 


108  INFANTICIBE. 

feet,   u    that   ui;  eoiuidernbla   duteiuion   of  Uw  li 
RegatWe  the  auppoution  of  mpiratiun  luiving  oisniiTRl  onlj  iB 
thu  va^Qo. 

f.  Ileap'imtion  aft«r  delivery  of  the  hi^cl,  and  befnre  compWi 
aeparation  of  the  bod;  fVom  the  mother,  ia  ■  common  btmL 
In  Buch  ■  coae  there  ia  not  likely  to  be  any  tenons  impedimnt 
ta  onnjpleto  delivery,  Sclimitt  relates  no  lev  thnii  nine  chm 
□f  tbia  kind  which  occarreil  in  hia  own  practice,  and  in  all  itf 
them  the  child  waa  bont  alive.  On  the  other  linnd,  a  lew  (MM 
■IV  recorded  in  which  children,  haviDg.breutbedin  tliiaaitiiatldl^ 
pcriahed  before  the  completion  of  the  labour  j  and  the  aaw 
reinlt  may  happen  to  children  breathing  in  tlie  nomb  or  id  tbt 
puugea. 

The  possibility  of  respiration  before  the  complete  sepuraHon  ot 
tbe  obild  from  the  mother  ia  thai  ptaoed  beyond  a  doubt ;  and  it 
moat  be  evident  that  the  mere  inspection  of  the  longs  wonU 
not  enable  oi  to  aaaert  positively  that  rijapimtion  look  plM« 
bribre,  during,  or  after  the  birth.  Hut  if  the  lun)^  are  finutl 
fully  or  even  largely  diatended  with  tiir,  wo  ahonld  be  juatifled  in 
■aanming  that  reapiration  had  not  taken  placo  only  in  tlnv 
titQBtioDii,  but  that  the  child  waa  born  alive. 

Bnt  we  may  anccoed  in  obtaining  hett«r  evidcnre  of  U*a4Iltt 
than  tbe  etute  of  the  Inngs  can  BiTord,  by  a  eareftil  euminatiM  at 
other  parta  of  the  body ; — of  the  stomach,  inlMtinea,  and  bladdwt' 
of  the  organa  of  circuktion,  umbilical  cord,  and  akin. 

The  chingea  in  tlie  orguia  of  nrcalatiou,  umbilicnl  oord,  and 
■kin,  are  both  proofs  of  live- birth,  and  mejns  of  detorniLniDg  bow 
long  ■  uhild  hna  survived.  Theae  pmnts  will,  therefore,  be  re- 
■erved  till  tbe  iadlcationa  to  be  drawn  &om  tbe  atute  of  tht 
internal  viscera  liave  been  considered. 

The  ttamaei  may  contain  milk  or  Girlnaiwoua  fbod,  prarisg 
that  the  child  wns  bam  alive,  and  had  lived  long  enough  to  U 
fedj  Milk  iK  rendily  idontiticd  by  its  pbyalnil  characterst  bjr  tU 
nae  of  the  microscope  (see  Hgs.  tl  &  10,  p.  TO),  and  by  Tromtnor^ 
test,  a*  oaed  for  detecting  the  presence  of  sagar  in  urine.* 
Farinaceous  food  may  be  identiRed  by  the  starch  it  containa, 
which  haa  cbnmetoristic  appearances  under  the  microiGOlke,  and 
■trikes  with  iodine-witer  a  blue  colour ;  and  by  Trommer'a  test, 
if  the  food  Ilia  been  sweetened.     The  presence  of  blood  in  the 

"  Trominpr'B  teit.  Add  totheU^Dld  tobc  vumlucda  tow  drops  of  a  »*^ 
aolatkn  at  iidphatv  oF  copper,  aud  viunlle  notba  in  cXK-vn.  and  applj  ths 
apMl-liuiip.  TLh  Liqiad  uaumH  a  dnep  ilolFt  Uui,  and  uii  being  nutba 
hsaled  depodls  md  lub-iiiilo  o!  copper.  Thii  I«il  nWa  cliinctcrlille  maW 
«Uli  the  whrj  aud  card  of  milk,  at  wcUaiwiiU  Uqiddi  coBMinlug  togar. 


i 


SFJi\ivE?  109 

uid>   a  pn>b>l]ilit;f  of  liTe-Urlh,  for  It  u  mors 
M>  nralloiWFd  tlian  to  havu  been  poured  ioto  the 

mtimtt.  \a  matnre  ■mi-born  children,  are  filled 
;  mmI  thongti  this  ma;  bo  purtially  expelled 
.  RxuMlBraUe  quanlitj  of  it  remuiu  in  ill  ukb 
[la  cooiplate  ex|inldun.  therelbre,  wonid  fnmiBli 
iTrt;  Uui  ■  dilM  bad  ■urrired  iti  Unb.  But,  on 
Um  praMDc*  of  ■  ooniidcnble  qnuititjr  In  Iho 
DOt  he  taken  to  prnre  that  the  child  was  not  born 
"     >  delajed  for  xmie  boun  or 


b  eofdiBcml}  emptied  of  iti  content*  •oon  afler 
if  (bond  eniptj,  U  hu  bren  uinmcd  that  the  child 

i  V  full,  that  It  wa*  atill-bom.  But  this  ai^  ia 
K  bf  the  Uaddn  mi;  eortiiinly  be  emptied  of 
viny  bbour,  a>  it  tuaj  be  replenished  aboalil  the 
la  birth  mtat  tine.  The  Btatement  of  Casfrr  that 
abarad  timw  "  found  a  full  hlndder  and  ta  frnply 
■  rvione,  deprlvu  Ibete  signi,  token  together,  of 
f  fuig-hl  be  augipoacd  to  pcwe*a. 
f  otijlmlian  in  tie  hmitr  epiphgtit  of  the  femnr, 
in  oDle  to  p.  75  aa  a  tat  of  age,  mnj  be  admitted 
fym  of  anrviionhiii.  But  ic  roust  bare  a  very 
lUeo. 

unra  Diu  TBI  CHitJ>  ernviv:!  rrs  hcbth  ? 
I  it  anMtering  tbia  qiMnUoD  are  lea>  preciae  than 
ti.  The  eiteiit  to  Khii;b  reapiration  baa  taken  ploM 
■nded  n|H»i;  aiul  rucent  otiumtljain  have  tended 
i^  the  value  of  at  Ivnit  one  of  tbe  three  ai^a  juat 
aaialj — a.  Chent(«  in  the  organa  of  circobition)  | 
■r  tbc  nnbiUnl  end  ;  and  e.  Tbe  atate  of  the  ikin. 


* 


IKTAKTICIDE. 


■rv  doliueil  (or  citra-aUritiv  lifr.  Tliete  coniiet  of  llie  ui 
arteriri  (a  a),  which  retarn  the  b1»ud  of  tlie  fietas  U>  the  i 
tht  nmUUcal  rein  (<^)i  wlikh  oonvejri  the  btnod  of  the  motlier, 
through  Uie  inMrrenUon  of  tha  placenta,  to  the  ftcciu;  the 
■iDotni  vwimua  (e),  which  convey*  port  of  the  mother'a  hlood 
•U^lCI  W(A),  llieuoMidine  cati;  tho dactoi  arteriwoi  (d),  which 
cx>nvcyii  th>'  Ijhnd  dntin«(l  allar  btrlh  to  dnnitiit«  t^raiigh  Uu> 
liulmaimry  tir1«nu  (i  k),  ilirmt  inia  (/]  llie  4lacei>ding  aorta ; 
iinil  the  fonimen  onin  («,  fig.  li)),  ritiuted  at  (r).  wUch.  bf 
■Mobliihing  >  ivoimnnlcatlan  twtween  the  n'ght  and  left  luridc 
makai  the  iloubto  h«irt  of  the  fatorc  bmllung  uuidbI,  >  tiufle 


t 


caA:(GES  IN  THE  OBOA-ts  of  cikculiiion. 


Ill 


(Mie  during  the  life  in  the  womb. 
All  tLcM  part*,  twit^  uimeNsnry 
to  eitni-at«rine  lift^  ars  dosed 
after  birth.* 

Tie  L'mbiUcal  Arteriet  ami 
rnV— 1'ho  obliteration  of  the 
arttrirt  takei  place  mach  wioner 
Iban  that  i^  the  vein.  At  the  end 
of  tweiitj'-lfour  boon  tbey  present 
a  inail^ed  contnction  and  tfiicken- 
ing  of  thar  coata  oear  the  ainbili- 
etn.  At  tho  end  of  two  da,vB  the 
eontnction  «it«ndi  through  a 
gnat  part  of  tbeir  length,  and  at 
IIm  and  of  the  third  day  reachea 
Marlji  to  tbeir  ternuiutiou  in  tbe 

The  changes  ia   the  umbUiatt  Mia  and  d»elki  vmoimt 

much  more  alow);.     Daring  the  Bnt  three  daji  there  i» 

I  (light  cantmction ;  On  the  fouitb  thia  is  moro  marked,  and 

b  the  Sfth  it  ii,  with  few  exceptions,  Mnnplete. 

p  The  cLanget  iu   the  i/mWu  arlerionu  have  been  minately 

•cribod  by  Bemt  of  Vienna.     The  vessel  is  about  an  ini^li  long, 

d  abont  as  large  an  the  polmonary  artarj.    After  a  few  rcspira- 

it  TOUtncts  tonardi  the  aorta,  bat  alter  some  honn  or  dajs 

■nly  throDghout.     At  tbe  end  of  a  week  it  has  pussed  from 

»  aiie  of  a  goosc-quiU  tn  that  oT  a  irOW-qDill ;  and  on  the  eightli 

H  b  obliterated  in  half  the  cliildrcn,  aud  about  the  uiuth  or 

ialh  in  all. 

'"Tlie  period  of  oblileratiou  of  the  foramen  ovale  is  eitremely 
iviablc.  Thus  BiUard  fbnnd  it  closed  in  1  ont  of  18  inbnts  of 
«  (h;  old )  in  4  out  of  E2  of  two  days ;  in  3  out  of  2S  of  three 
dtyii  and  in  2  in  27  of  four  days  old.  Devergie  oiiniiriai  these 
obanraliun*  as  to  the  nncedaiii  period  at  which  the  foramen  in 
doMid-  It  nften  ceintinne*  open  even  in  tbe  adult,  and,  in  Bome 
CMea,  without  any  dangeroos  eousequcncea. 

Uamt  mten  into  minatc  detaib  respecting  the  aitnation  of  tbe 
opening  of  the  Foasa  oinlia  at  ditTerent  int«rva]i  after  birth  ;  bnt 
^^Ihiiii  ha«(  no  practical  value.  Indeed,  the  confidence  (brmerly 
^^Hned  in  the  clccure  of  the  aevenil  fietal  venol*  and  of  the  Ibra- 
^^Ktn  (nalu,  aa  Mgua  of  live-birth,  and  in  the  order  and  progress  uf 
^^^bflantion  in  those  parts  respectively,  as  menus  of  determining, 

^K>  latl 

r 


1 


ka  dagruB  f ;  npnHBl  Ihs  [ll*v  ineriii.  <  th>  ileKQndiiig  ea 
aalaof  tbe  poml  iiiUib,  dmlisd  tnm  Iu  uiublUia] nin. 


ntion  of  whlcb^H 


lia  iK?iKTicrnE. 

with  some  apprtmch  le  kcciir«cy,  how  Iohb  b  child  h»d  «nr»iT»d  H» 
birtli,  hiu  Wd  iiitcl;  radety  tlialien  ;  Ibr  it  has  been  ■bowii  tliat,  oa 
the  one  band,  all  the  vemeb  and  tlie  fonimcD  ovale  may  be  found 
opeu  id  ohildivn  wbo  hnve  survived  tbeir  birth  leviinil  daji; 
and,  on  the  other,  that  the  two  p«rta  on  the  obliterntion  of  wl '  ' 
the  greatect  reliiince  has  been  iilKced  [the  ductui 
the  roraaien  ovale)  ma;  be  closed  within  a  few 
hirth,  or  even,  in  rare  instances,  previoui  to  it. 

Of  the  patency  of  the  FfEtnl  venels  after  liTe-birth  a  good' 
eiample  is  given  by  Mr.  Henry  Lee.  in  hii  '  pHthologlcal  ftnd 
Surgical  Ohservntion*,'    p.   116.     Tlie  umbUIcal   vein,   dnetiM 
rvnmis,  dactiu  BrtsriosDs,  and  left  umlnlical  artery,    were  all 
open,  tbe  right  being  cloaeil  only  near  the  umbilieus,  and  yet  the 
child  fhnn  which  the  preparstiou  was  token  died  from  ambiUeal 
hiL'tuorrhiige  when  a  fortnight  old,  and  ux  days  nAer  the  lepara- 
tion  of  the  funis.    Similar  casea  liave  been  reported  by  JOrg  and 
others.     On  the  other  hand,  tbe  tittle  importance  which  attacba 
to  tlie  closure  of  the  fottal  venelB  and  fbrsmen  ovale  is  sbowo  ~ 
a  cnw  reported,  by  Dr.  Norman  Chevera,  to  tlie  I'atholi 
Society,  January,  IStT.    The  child  had  aurvivcd  its  birth 
HltceD  niiiuUe,  and  yet  the  ductus  ortfriosni  was  found  UDifbrtn] 
contrBctvd  so  as  only  lo  admit  the  shank  of  a  large  pin,  wbtlo  " 
coats  exceeded  in   thiotinMa  those  of  any  other  large  vev 
Dr.  Chevers  tliought  that  the  contraction  of  Che  vessel  took  pli 
before  birth ;  on  opinion  which  receivea  some  countenance 
the  tact  thnt  the  duet  has  hem  foniid  absent,     or  the  vary 
chMurc  of  the  foramen  ovale,  ■  remarkable  case  wn«  reported 
Mr.  8mith,  at  a  Uter  meeting  of  the  tauiB  Society  (Dec,  7,  IB'' 
Tile  uliild  died  coiDBtoae  at  tho  end  of  aiiteen  hour*,  and 
foramen  ovale  was  found  elosed  by  a  itroDg  rctlcntated  roeiahrai 
llrmly  attached  to  its  distinct  nnnaloi,  impervious,  and  ; 
Dr.  Chcvcrs  inclined  to  the  cpiniuo  that  in  this  case, 
closure  had  («ben  |riace  before  birth. 

The  open  flHt«  of  the  Aetiil  vessels  and  (bramen  ovale  is  IliarM 
fore  DO  proof  of  stilUhirth ;  and,  on  tlie  other  hand,  tb*i  eonti 
tion  of  llie  doctui  arteneaus  and  ilosure  of  tbe  tbnunm  ovale 
quite  canai«t«ivt  with  ■  very  short  period  of  anrvivonhip. 
luBdico-lc^l  value,  Ihcreforc.  of  these  tests  itt  live-lurtU  and 
*ironUp  ia  nearly  ou  a  par  with  that  of  the  statio  lung- 
TbeopwiaUlsof  tlievinM'laaflhrdsalow  probability  of  *tiU-1 
and  Uia  eoiitraetion  or  clmura  of  one  or  mora  of  tliem  of 
birth  I  but  the  length  of  lime  that  the  child  hosaarvlved  Its  bi 
cannot  be  nfoly  iufemd. 

i,  Ckimgt*  (■  iSt  Cmhilimt  OW.— In  n  new-born  child 


IS   TBI    CODD    A 


113 


d  of  H  binii 


WBWieal  ODrd  ii  (resh,  firm,  ron 
mull  atill  conUin  Uoodi  nnit  iU  tiie  v»t\ea  wii.1i  the  aiiionnt  of 
gelatinout  fluid  it  conUini.  The  ibriaking.  wifAering.  or  oinm- 
■i^alioi  of  the  cnnl  is  tlie  Gnt  obangu :  it  comlnencM  at  Oic 
~  A  B&d  gndnallj  extend*  to  tlie  luivel.  In  hiidb  cases  it 
ki  dirnctl;  tfter  birth ;  in  otbras  not  tjll  tome  liimrs  hnve 
'  it  !■  ranlj  deUyed  b«jond  thirty  houm  or  two  ilnys, 
•r  li)rigrr  than  tlirce.  Th?  cord  is  uow  flabby,  srnd  same- 
•  diatliict  red  rirrla  ii  perwptible  round  \U  insertion,  with 
I  tbiekening,  Rttfl  slight  purulent  sem^tion.  Tlio 
^•0  is  rfdnccoftoi.  Tbe  cord  first  Dssumes  a  rcddiah- 
n  ooknir,  and  bemmes  leiai'traunparent;  ii  is  tben  flattened 
■itelled;  and  when  tbe  proceu  ia  still  more  lulvuni.'nl  it 
•  quite  transparent,  and  of  the  cnWr  of  piirctutient,  tbe 
ilsoael*  being  contracted,  and  oontainjng  clotted  blooil.or 
re  eompUtely  oblileratnl.  Tliis  prooera  of  doiccatiun  seta  in 
M  or  ton  to  foar  diiy>  after  birth,  Hnd  it  mny  Ih.'  cutnpletc 
n  one  to  Btb  days,  but  tbe  anul  period  is  tliree  dnys.  I'he 
It  atage  is  thefallixji  tiff  of  t1>e  eord  i  this  asaally  bnppens  on 
AlUi  day.  CiMfn'iatloa  of  the  umbilims,  the  lost  cbango, 
M  place  about  the  tenth  to  the  twelflb  dny.  Tbia  deacriptiun 
1  cblcfl]'  on  tbe  aUervaliuns  of  Billard. 
ehangca  in  tbe  cord  of  *  child  born  dead,  are  merely  the 
n  eonsequencea  of  putrefaction.  Desiccnljoa  does  not  occnr 
FT  the  latest  period  at  nhich  it  tnkea  place  in  ibe  cord  of  a 
g  child  i  and  the  cord  does  not  aeparate.  thongh  the  cuticle 
«  nadily  peeled  <M.  Casper  has  shown  thut  tlie  first  change 
'  d)  is  not  a  vitul  pmcces;  but  that  it  huppens  with 
a  of  the  curd  cnt  offaiid  exposed.  He  docs  not,  therefore, 
"  tbe  alighteat  value  a»  a  proof  of  eitra-utcrine  Ufe !" 
M  oonudera  the  bright  red  ring  surrounding  tbe  insertion 
I,  nlth  inflammatory  thickening,  and  alight  purulent 
\,  as  affording  "  irreftagable  proof  of  tbe  eitrii- uterine 
le  cidld."  This  red  line  requires  to  be  diitinguiubcd  from 
•r  circle  fouml  in  still-born  cbildren- 
Mjre  la  lik*  Sa*. — Tliis  consista  in  nn  eifijllatioii  of  the 
ii^  in  acaltv,  or  aa  a  line  dust,  beginning  on  the  abdoniru, 
ig  ■orCKssirely  to  the  cheat,  (groins,  aiillat,  inlencapular 
A  limln.  and  imding  with  tbe  bands  and  feel.  It  may 
D  wb«n  the  child  ia  a  day  old,  but  mny  be  debiye<l  till  Ihe 
il  or  nmrtb  day.  It  buta,  aUo.  u  variable  period, — tumelime* 
'  ny  days,  and  sometimes  of  tuo  montiis.  It  lasts  longist 
lie  and  deliota  children. 

t,  too,  is  a  Tital  process,  differing  easantiully  from  tlmt 
I 


114 


INFANTICIDE. 


separation  of  cnticle  which  takes  place  in  consequence  of  potn- 
faction.  Although  the  period  of  its  occnrrence  is  Tariable^  its 
existence  afft^rds  clear  proof  that  the  child  has  snririved  its  Inrtit* 
The  following  table,  based  on  Billard^s  observations,  presents^  si 
one  view,  the  principal  changes  just  described,  the  probable  date 
of  their  occurrence,  and  the  proportion  of  cases  in  wfaidi  tbs 
foramen  ovale  and  ductus  arteriosus  have  been  found  open. 


Days. 

1 

Urabilioal 
Ci)nl. 

Foramen 
Ovale. 
t.)l>cn 

per  (.ent. 

Ductus 
Arteri- 
osus. 
Open 
per  cent. 

Umbilical 
Arteries. 

Umbili(»] 
Vein. 

Daetoi 
Venoias. 

Withering. 

74 

68 

Open. 

Open. 

Open. 

2 

•  a  • 

68 

59 

Obliteration 
advanced. 

Open. 

Open* 

3 

Desiccating:, 

C4 

68 

Obliterated. 

Open. 

Open. 

4 

Separating'. 

63 

C3 

•  •  • 

Contracted.,  Contracted. 

5 

... 

45 

62 

•  •  • 

Obliterated. 'obliterated. 

8 

Scpnration 
coniplftu. 

,      25 

15 

10 

Cic.atri/,:itii»n 

1 

to 

cominencing. 

1 

12 

Coinplote. 

1 

The  two  (luostions — 1.  W'a.s  the  child  born  alive  ?  and,  2.  If 
born  nlivo,  how  lonc^  has  it  survived  its  birth  ?  having  been 
answered,  wc  nuiy  have  next  to  inquire, 

3I0W   LONG    HAS    THE    CHILD    BEEN   DEAD? 

Post-mnrtcni  changes  occur  in  the  same  order  in  the  infant  as  in 
the  adult.  The  animal  heat  first  disappears,  rigidity  then  ensues, 
and  putrefaction  follows.  The  body  of  tlie  new-born  infant  parts 
with  its  heat  very  quickly  ;  the  rigidity  is  as  great,  and  lasts  as 
long  in  the  infant  as  in  the  adult ;  and  putrefaction,  according  to 
Devergie,  jioes  on  more  ra])idly.  This  diflerence  will  have  to  be 
borne  in  mind  in  making  application  of  the  principles  laid  down 
in  a  future  chapter.  (See  Putrefaction,  under  real  and  apparent 
death).  The  effects  of  intra-utcrine  maceration,  described  at 
p.  88,  must  not  be  confounded  with  thoee  of  putrefaction. 


•  Li'.lard  :  '  Maladies  dcs  Enfants,'  pp.  13-24. 


DISEUE3  OF  Tne  LUNGS. 


t  Thcrr  aro  fevcral  w»yt  in  wbich  the  life  of  a  child  may  be 
*  "  a  abort  period  of  iU  bird),  without  violoiico  on 
•  mother"*  part :  a.  It  maj  be  immatare  or  feeble ;  4.  it  may 
r  obftnclM  to  the  contiDUSTico  of  reepiration  ;  or,  e.  a 
■   may  prevent  Ibo  cuntiaaance   of  the  Tilal 

■t.  Th«  death  of  an  infent  after  a  few  respiratioiu,  in  ipite  of 

■t  akilfnland  peneferiiig  )ittenipt«  to  reBtore  iinimiitlOD,  is 

";    wdl  knowp    to    every  acoonirheur;    and  mnit  lie    a 

1  in  children  bom  under  circntDBtnncea  vrhicli 


I 


ptechul*  eflectval  a^ 

doth  oro  a  \tmg  ami  tedion*  labour,  b^morrbag^  fODtinued  in- 

IcrrnptioQ  to  tLe  drcnlatiaa  through  the  cord ;  and  imtDaiurity 

CT  freblcnai.    It  should  alw  be  uiiilerBtood  that  the  cauaes  uljich 

ocaaaiun  •Lill'birth  promote  the  early  ileatli  of  children  born  alive. 

e  large  iulanti  periilt  in  the  birth,  or  die  coon  alter, 

1  onn,  and  more  imiilea  {■«  being  larger)  thiin  fcmalca. 

_    I,  tW  danger  to  the  child  is  groiteit  in  a  llrit  pregnancy. 

K  i«  {iTotMUe,  too,  tliat  in  the  alwctice  of  violence,  or  even  of 

'  neglect,  ill^timate  children  wonld  be  epecmlly  liable 

Bbeatill-bom  or  bo  die  sudd  afterbirth.  Therepnrta  of  obatetrir 

I  Bmrtitianen  nisotc  that,  while  the  mortality  of  legitimate  children 

lib  aboot  1  ill  20,  that  of  the  illegitimate  h  about  1  in  10 ;  the 

[   Iwlhi  of  main  bdng  t«  thoae  of  females  ai  about  7  to  E, 

i.  Thschirfobatadea  tothecontiunanceof  reapinitiou  are  inicb 
I  pODtiai)  ai  iliall  cause  the  infant'*  montb  to  be  applied  to  Bome 
■A  BAd  yiel^Dg  object,  or  to  be  immeracd  in  blood,  the  die- 
tM(Mfc  or  water ;  and  ttie  aecnninlation  of  mneni  in  the  mooth, 
a,  and  aii^panages.  Rtspimtian  tnpy  also  be  prerented  by 
■  dtild  being  bom  in  the  meinbtanei. 
W*-  Tba  cotigenital  di*ea«es  which  prevent  the  eatabliahmGut  of 
p  rital  proreaHt,  or  render  their  continoance  for  nny  length  of 
«  hnpiMaible,  have  their  aeat  in  the  three  or^ani  most  essential 
the  heart,  the  Inngg,  and  tbe  bnun. 

M  of  lA*  Kearl  and  large  ritasU  arc  rare  in  infancy ;  bnt 
£jrmatian«  as  eontraction  or  early  closure  of  tbe  fcctal 
■e  impOTlaiit  aa  affurditig  a  presumption  oE  death  frotn 

lH«««*n  of  the  Imiffi  are  mora  important.    They  are  mi  in 
.  HepatiiaUon  (red  and   grey),  tbe  conicquence   of 
ia  belbrebirlh.     2,  rulmonary  a|K)plaxy.     S,  'I'Dbercles, 
L  (■  A  diieaae  di;scribcd  by  Uevcrgiu.  at  ccdcmn  larduci- 


I 


fonne.     And  B.  A  lUie  known  a»  »telfcl«»i'.      Tlie  tim 
lion*  of  alelecUsii,  iinlmonarr  «popleiy,  snil  ipdenn  Urdidfon 
■re  illustrsled  in  portioni  of  iun(f«  in  the  nnm-jed  fijrore,  of  which 
1 .  ahowi  BtelectBui  u  flgured  bj  JOrg.    S.  Tlic  lEdema  dnciihiid 

fig.*. 


sn'l  lignred  by  [W^ie,  And  3.  Palmoniry  ipoploty  fntm  the 
Inngs  of  B  cliikl  tlirm  wefhe  ulil,  on«  of  urrernl  infintt  of  the 
•amv  fiimilf,  thnt  had  died  ubout  the  >ame  age  Irani  embarraBed 
respiration. 

Theie  diicBse*  ma^  RtTpct  ^ther  tho  whole  Inngt  or  only  >  purt. 
In  the  Snt  owe,  regpintion  cnnnot  he  perfeclly  eatahlished,  >nd 
the  child  oiniiot  long  lurvivc  its  birth ;  when,  however,  the  di*- 
etfo  la  partial,  it  will  affect  life,  and  ahorten  it  in  pmportion  to  its 

The  state  of  long  to  which  Dr.  Jiir^  of  Leipaig  gsie  the  name 
of  itleUrlann  or  iraperfect  expniuion,  it  not,  strictly  opealting,  a 
dlssaac,  but  an  absence  of  rMpfntioii  and  pcnistrace  of  llie  fctUl 
eondltim.  ftmnd  to  a  greatei  or  les  extent  in  most  oew-born 
diUdren.  ami  oontinuing  fur  days  or  weeks.  Hie  lungi  in  the 
niMxptndtfd  parts  are  perfectly  healthy. 

Tbt  chief  iliseasca  of  the  hrain  and  tpinal  ■nnrrov  are  apoplexy, 
acrainaliilJinH  of  Said,  and  morbid  laftenintt.  The  apnplety  of 
tb*  Avtni  and  ncw-bom  inflint  lUflcr  in  do  respect  iriiiii  that  of 
Uwailnlt.  U.  LiHcrra  (Kanking's  '  Hetroipect.'  lol.  iii.  p.  842) 
ijiTCB  a  CUM  of  meniii^enl  apoplexy,  a  seoonil  of  effudon  of  hlood 
into  tlio  ivntricti'i.  niiit  a  IhinI  inb>  the  buck  |iiirt  of  the  left 
ttnoisplisTf.  A  amall  <)anntity  of  semm  betweeu  tlie  mraibnuia 
or  In  ih*  vontrkle*.  may  be  ditrDgnidod,  but  •  cousioriitble  accn. 
mohitlon  would  afford  a  lulSeient  eipluialion  of  the  premature 
diaith  of  tbo  child.  Uorhid  soflcning  of  the  bmin  and  ■pinol 
oord  la  anullier  ohvioiu  isais  of  eailj  death  i  bat  it  miut  bo  borne 
In  tnlod  that  the  hniii  of  the  fains  is  naturally  tott 


117 

Of  nil  the  diseases  jiut  ipcdUcd,  It  may  bo  remHrked  that  tliej 
f  ftnjiictit  ofcurrence;  QM  wben  present,  it  ia  rarely 
«  nich  >  dvgrev  u  to  Bccaniit  for  tLe  apeedy  dtratli  of  tlie  child ; 
(1  ttut  it  U  on)j  ttlieu  proofs  of  mpiration  are  present  that 
Ve  ligot  at  death  from  uatunil  imiucs  have  my  Bigniflciince. 
^  In  tbccaKof  diildrcD  that  have  inrviied  thdr  birtb  bnt  a 
if  marks  of  rioUnce  afibrds  u  fiiir  pre- 
■Iplion  tb«t  dcatb  wu  due  to  natural  cauiea.  It  ii  true  tliat 
p eUU  may  have  died  tbrough  iub;iitiotiBl  Deglect—fnim  tlic 
■t  oT  tbon  oniple  aids  by  which  cliu  liveg  of  diililrea  in  mora 
wnbla  mrcumtLuieEs  are  preierved^or  by  the  aimple  closure 
BtbeaXMth  and  nostrili;  but  Ihasa  causes  of  death  leave  no 
'a  hchind  Uiem,  and  tbo  accused  must  have  the 
It  of  the  doubt  that  attaches  to  the  oue. 
I  Wat  tke  Dtath  due  to  Tiolencg  ? — In  aniwering  this  queation 
it  ha*)!  to  bear  in  iniud  the  fact  that  fatal  injuriea  mny  bo  the 
(git  uf  acdilent.  But  in  some  cases  we  may  decide  withaat 
a  tlut  they  were  due  Ifl  niorderous  violence.  Punctured 
it  of  tlie  fontancllea,  orbita,  heart,  or  spinal  murrow  ;  dialo- 
eation  of  the  neck  ;  separation  of  the  head  from  tlie  body ;  ex- 
'  r«  fracture  of  the  bonea  of  the  bead  and  fuca  i  suffocation  by 
-^  (lagging  lb«  fiiuca;  orstraiigulatiou  eHected  witb  uhusurI  force 

'""  ""^  ■"  a  tale.     But  there  are  other  coiea  in  which   the 

LUie  of  the  injury  can  only  be  determined  by  refe- 

»  to  obtletric  eipcrience  and  medico-legal  experiments,  illua- 

f  tbe  roecbanical  injuries  a  child  may  nutiuu  during  the 

if  larturilion  or  immediately  afterwards. 

~       '      — Ree^oration,  at  already  atatcd,  ia  aometimes  pre- 

d  or  arretted  hj  accidentnl  causes  which  leave  no  murk  of 

>o  tliat  it  cannot  be  stated  ohether  the  child  fell  inlJ>  the 

n  of  danger,  «'ai  intentionally  placed  in  it.  or  waa  allnwed 

«in  there  when  it  inigbt  liave  been  retcued.    Thla  difliculty 

■*  itadf  in  »  cue  of  not  nncommon  occurrence.     &  child  is 

a  ptivy,  and  the  qu«tion  arises  whether  it  wai  aaftbcated 

{  tlirowD  into  it,  or  eKpelled  wblle  the  mother  waa  there 

a  fwlnral  jnirpose.      In  such  a  case,  if  reepinttion  is  found  tu 

'   D  place  eitenslvely  or  completely,  there  is  a  atroug  pre- 

a  against  accident;  while  very  imperfect  respicutiou  would 

d  an  eifoally  itrong  probnbiUt;  the  other  way. 

Isny  cuea  of  sudden  [wrtarition  in  inch  »ituatioos  are  on 

'  i  bat  tbey  arc  rare  in  wumea  wbo  have  not  previonily 

ID  children.    Jtirg  rclatua  tlw  cuse  of  a  pregnant  woman,  who 

if  a  dnini  to  evacuate  the  bowels,  went  to  tho 

■t-atoul,  and  bnni^hl  forth  utiiag  oa  thu,  witliaul  unj  pnln 


I 
I 


n.  •  lv«e  bt;,  «ba  tM.  ilisck  Oh  «b>. 


dUoodoB  the  Wt 
ate  ma&M  l&>  cmb  o(  ■  BMnd  U; 
k>BM^«oI.    H*MBMW«ntkb)v.brtp«DM4^< 
Balk  eUIdm  dM-f     It  w>t  W  MiniU^  Hhi^  m  r« 
'  ■  *  yity  nwff  l»«  fcw  wiliil;  ^ 


I 


tlcHth.  WlMtUrtlMfan(piiidiUDw«oatdhaTebi«Bdn«BiRl« 
tike  KKmth  iiiUi  tbe  bnatli,  or  «■»  iotantionallj  mtrodDcc^  HMt 
t«  ibterntiiMd  bj  iU  qantJilj  ami  am(w:toe». 

Inbnta  ■>■  maclinMi  raflbnital  lij  ralfing  the  toogai  bade 
lala  ttio  tlmtrt.  But  w  it  woolil  pnbaUj  resoDe  Bb  bm^  Btai- 
tlon.  It  \t  onlikcl;  tliat  tbii  nmE  trf  lUatli  viraU  l«  detteUd. 

Slrai^lalion, — A  eluld  tnaj  h<  ■ttnglod  bjr  ■  tori,  and  ]rct 
DO  marba  appnr  on  tks  nrck.  But  nan  wbco  Ukk  ■  a  db- 
roloared  lUpraaotRi  ronud  iIm  uak.  it  )■  not  sertuo  tbaC  tUa  ha* 
bam  laiuinl  tiy  tha  nuiClwr;  fiit  it  ml^t  iriae  tttias  tbe  tuMilig 
of  tliu  itatvl-alriag,  or  bj  tbc  [itiaiun:  of  the  Deck  of  tlia  wnBib. 
Tb«  ymtiaclUm  of  marks  of  itnuigliljilioD  bj  tlieia  tniua  hm 
been  dnildl.  Miudallj  b;  Klein,  obo  affirtniKl  tttat  he  bail  ncrar 
*IUiiuiii  prwItKwl  bjr  ihaorideadf 


Itrcat  III 


i,j  1 


Lli.iugh   h 


lad  k 


li  t)a-  iitx-lc  iif  tha  iii£uit  bad  html 

1  :.<  fiiriia  iiiiou  <ir  tA-icc  Iwlitcd  round  it,  aa  aa 

.    l^iioQ.  or  tu  rcDdar  it  iumiaeDL     Uat 

.    .liovi  lliat  tbc  ciperienca  of  S3aa  a 

I     -"  Tbc  narcl-atring  bad  heea  twbUsI 

1^1 1  hml  left  five  tOlcrablir  deep  r«d  in- 

-  ■    -'  r  rl  niaiM  of  Ibe  same  khul.I 

'  I  iDg;  ta  brood,  omticinun^ 
I. lit  •omalimca  n>ni!*ttii||  in 
iimtnwtion  of  tlia  n"  *"  ^" 
I  Uvid  atripc 
I  '.V  tJis  uarel-alring,  ii 
^>ni:i*,'p.1l<L 


THE    SKULl.  119 

nbnttsd  in  tbcxa  msa  in  whkb  tlie  cord  i»  vary  Hliortj  ror 
.  ttoogh  it  'a  luuiit'^  nbout  i.\w  k-ngtli  uf  tli<!  Wly  iui'ir(<iay  18 
I  IbcIws).  it  niHir  b«  u  ihort  ni  4},  atul  ua  long  m  69,  incbo. 
i  (Churchill.} 

Hulu  of  preMora  on  the  neck,  tliiirelare,  cannot  alwaji  ba 
■ttribnUd  ta  intcntioiul  violeiics;  but  as  a  murderer  gcuorally 
WW  ncm  taite  than  U  neodlul,  they  nic  too  distinct  to  be 
1  for  b/  the  icddantal  twisting  of  tbe  cord  rouud  the 
If  Ibe  cord  Itulf  were  used  tu  a  liguture,  it  would  probably 
IV  ^ipli«d  «itb  ondue  force.  Moreover,  tbe  roinpletu  eatabliali- 
~~~ '  of  reipiiilirni  would  afford  the  atrongeat  preaamption 
it  tbe  itnngulatioD  baviiig  been  produced  b.v  a  cauie  acting 
g  tktt  Urtb.  On  tbe  otber  band,  tbu  iib«nco  of  sign*  of 
"»  affords  ■  presumption  in  favour  of  tbe  Galialnction 
ten  doe  to  a  cauie  acting  before  tbe  birth. 
]t  be  well  to  ttate  that  tbe  twlattng  of  the  nnvel-strliig 
i  the  neeli  does  not  always  occasion  a  fiital  compreeiinn  :  for 
■•ppeat*  ftom  bet*  indaBtrioaalf  collected  in  Oennaiiy.  tbnt  tbe 
'la  attributable  to  tbit  cauw  fonn  abont  1  in  38  uf  tbe  cnsea 
|i  wbicb  it  il  prceent — reialti  in  itriking  contraat  to  thone  that 
»  prDtapse  of,  and  couMquent  preiEuro  on,  the  cord,  wbicb  in 
or«  than  half  the  aaet.  It  ought  nlao  to  bo  und^raUiod 
when  the  cord  ia  tightly  drawn  round  tbe  ueok,  death 
f  act  mult  from  aimple  Btrangnlation,  but  from  interruption 
'"MdreuUtion  through  tbe  oord.  This  intermption,  however 
"  i»  efforta  at  inapimtion  to  wbicb  Casper 
pibntM  the  eccb^imoaeB  of  the  lungs,  described  at  p.  91,  and  the 
g  of  the  ur  -tubes  with  liqnar  smuii.* 

^nUtion  nay  alio  be  effected  by  tbe  preasgro  of  tlic  fingera 
p  Um  throut,  leaving  bmiaee  corresponding  witb  tbe  cnnae. 
~  Idling. — Tbe  signs  of  this  form  of  death  are  the  aamu  as  in 
Tbey  will  be  described  in  a  future  chapter. 
vlar*  tf  lie  Stvll.—T\ui  may  happen:—!.  Within  tbe 
nh,  2,  During  Ubour.  3.  I)y  foils.  4.  By  oriniinnl  violence. 
"  "  SMS  raWd  by  Casper  (vol.  iii.  p.  lOtP)  it  miiy  be  inferred 
H  of  tliB  f'lital  •kail  may  be  ocCBHOned  by  Iklla  of  the 
im  a  ooniidcrable  height.  Such  fractures  Imvc,  liow- 
tb*  Ditate  of  tbe  cue,  no  nedioo-legal  interest. 
a  alioll  may  be  fractured  daring  labour  U  proved  by 
f  viU-aalhRitiaited  cues.  Siebold  relatei  tbe  nue  of  a 
la  witb  vmy  tuimw  pvlria  delivered,  witlinatauittuuce,  of  u 
1  (lin-biini  female  cliiUL  Oa  examining  tlie  bead,  a 
lltjr  of  blood  was  found  on  tbe  turface  of  the  cranium, 
•  Ste  Casiwfi  Umdliogli,  loL  Hi,  p.  lis. 


I 


ISO  ISFANTiaDE.  ^^H 

knd  Llioro  were  three  flnum  iu  the  Wft  pHrietal,  md  oii«  in  4t 
lull  half  of  the  fr<iiil>il.  bone.  Uichaeli*  of  Kiel  ilsa  repurU  tba 
CUM  iir  a  wimiun  with  it  weU'fonn«d  pelvia,  wlio  wm  delivered  of 
hiT  nnt  i-liitil  uftirr  i  natunl  labour.  Tha  child  bnatbiil  daring 
mid  iiiiiiicdlatrty  aflor  binb,  but  then  died.  Tlie  head  wo*  mach 
illili^iiii'il ;  mid  the  right  purWtal  butic,  nbich  during  birth  had 
bi'i'ii  i!iri.>rtrd  undcT  tli«  promontory  of  the  nonuu.  wai  eovend 
niiliriiirly  Hud  above  with  efluted  liUiod,  and  on  the  removal  of 
lliu  |H'riiMl>iiiiii  wan  rooiid  ft«ctnred  in  five  plucei.  The  whole  of 
tliit  biiiu'  wan  miiilinmonly  thin.  On  openinK  the  ikall  there  wai 
no  extrnvaMllau  boiMalb  tlic  tlaurea.  but  the  longitudinal  sinui 
WH*  ruptured,  and  tbers  wan  an  eitenuve  coagaluta  on  the  oet»- 
brum  oil  both  udei.  under  tbe  dura  inater,  and  on  the  tcDtoriam.* 
Thwa  two  ca«M  allow  bnw  great  an  amount  of  injuij  Ibe  bead 
liiajr  ■luliiin  Uuriii);  tnrtU.  But,  aa  a  ^iierat  rule,  fnivtareB  thai 
take  plan)  dnr'ing  iMrtaritioo  arc  niers  fiuarca,  moatly  lituate  on 
tbe  parietal  bone,  and  mnnins  at  right  angles  to  tbe  aagittjil 
BUturc.  Leu  frequently  tlic;  oemr  in  the  fiviital  bone,  and  run 
ill  a  Utnvliun  parallel  to  tbe  sulure.  They  are  not  attended  by 
ecohynnit  or  bmalion  of  tbe  enlp. 

It>il»Mii  t1i-'-i'  rnii'luri?  nf  the  ikuU  and  nich  as  are  tbe  resilt 
•if  '  ■  .'  ■  ■  '        .  ''..cw  a  tio  csBenlial  diflertnce,  except  in 

Tl  ::il  violcncv  is  UMt,  and  the  Iraclur*  i* 

iii<  1  urtuRipanieil  by  ilepmiiiiu ;  or  ii  cot 

1  I  '  )iiiit  witli  fiacturei  canted  by  pnatote 

.•(  ,  '.A  and  (WmUl  boots,  bat  eitoub  U* 

<.■!  .iiJ  eivn  to  thoce  ofthe  fitco.    Defective 

^'  . .  v>f  ibc  ncw-boni  infant  would  explain 

V  .  iiul  fijcturot  witlwol  tlic  nocoail}  of 

M  nauti  hy  (k!h  have  liMit  tllosttatcd 
1:;  '  ..iiiilaaiido^Hnvlkuis.  ChamKer  liamid 

If  J  .vn  tfi'l-buni  <^iUb«a  lt(  fall  6vm  a 

k< u.  H-iHtn  t<ar.  ana  «  botli  d  On  )aoirtal 

bi*n  hi.i  li  A.t..     Till!  »aa»  mmba  rf  frxtBWi  umuigd  iibea 
tbe  bttflht  nu  a  Icvt  end  a|n«rd^  and  ta  a  &«  tbe  ifgnj 
MMmUI  «■  tW  h-tal  beo>.t 
IhlTWa  *(4a  calbMcd  hj  Kldn  ttalv  U  doBbdU  -WUmt 


rKACTUBES  OF  THE  SKULL.  IS  I 

A  tluira  wag  not  a  lingle  destli  amnng  tliem,  nor  fraiHare  of  the 
llksll.  or  utlier  miKliief;  tbaagh  aome  of  tbe  dilldrea  bad  ikllea 
~n  bun  Umrda,  nod  aoam  an  the  pavement.  Tlie  teatoa  of  the 
ISkreiiee  betneen  Ctiouativr's  experiments  and  tbcic  cuaoa  ii 
oud  to  be  tbat,  in  the  latter,  the  bod;  of  the  hifant  ia  pro. 
Brtod*  abliquel^,  lo  as  to  breal:  the  &11.  But  casea  reported  by 
Jltprt  ihuw  that  tbe  luddeii  exjjuUive  power  of  the  ul«ru8  uiubC 
W  Hi  off  agiiuit  the  cannee  thut  tend  lo  break  the  fall.  In  no  lea 
IfaMi  &v«  imtauces  the  child  ii  desia'ihed  as  having  buen  ihol  from 
tlx  mother,  and  in  one  of  them  to  have  beenyStta/'y  injured.  Tliia 
poup  of  (*i«a  14  alio  intereating  as  proving  that,  in  rare  inataticea, 
Um  height  of  the  child's  fall  may  eacced  that  of  the  diitaaca 
Ifrmn  the  gcnititls  of  the  mother  lo  the  ifround.  Tlie  condusion 
VliSdi  Cujwr  draws  from  hU  reading  and  personal  obaervation  is 
~|i  fidluwi : — "  A  parturient  female  loBy  be  Bnrpriaed  by  tlie  iMt 
let  of  birlb  in  every  poation,  even  when  erect,  that  the  child 
Baj  be  tbiu  (brdbly  eipellcd  from  lier  geaitiiK  and  may  be 
'•3  itqared,  p^rUcularly  on  itt  bead,  and  tbut  even  fatally." 
Handbook,  vol.  ili.  p.  138.) 

From  eertain  facta  colluded  by  Dr.  Cohen  von  Baren,  it  may 

W  infmred  tbut  tbe  praaeuco  or  nbsence  of  (racluru  of  the  akull 

■  hrgdy  determined  by  the  state  of  tbe  cord.     Out  of  his  50 

wore  boru  while  the  mother  wan  itanding,  17  while 

IT  aitting,  and  3  while  bniwling.     Of  the  hO,  32  wero 

Alburn,  and  43  at  full  term.     Of  Vi  inAmU  horn  while  the 

>tlm  *M  ttanding,  one  only  bad  fracture  of  tlio  aknil,  aud  the 

•oae  of  tbia  waa  doubtful.      But  out  of  25  Caies  iu  which  tho 

Drd  waa  rupturetl,  6  prcaonted  fraclurea  of  tlie  ikQll.    Those 

kMtorca  occaiioned  by  falls  cun  alio  he  dintluguiahed  Irom  thoae 

In*  to  intentiaiwl  violcnio  only  by  the   comparatively  slight 

Bsonat  of  it^nry  coutnislcd  with  tlie  great  extent  of  that  in- 

•ntionaUy  inllictfld.     When  we  .£nd  eomniiiiuted  fracturea  of 

•Taal  Umea— tbe  parietal,  b^mtal,  and  ocdiutal^wearejuatiGed 

N  attrihuling  lliem  to  niurderooi  violenoe. 

Wb«n  tha  nmbltiral  cord  ii  torn,  it  i«  gencmlly  found  not  to 

•d,  or  GWD  to  (all  abort  of,  tbe  ttiiuil  length.    The  aeat  of  the 

tvra  ii  naoally  witbin  one  or  two  inchet  of  tbe  navel.     If  tho 

I,  inrtoad  uf  being  turn,  i«  found  cut  through,  it  may  be  in- 

■d  that  tlie   iujuriva  to  tbe  head  were  not  due  to  acddcnt. 

iny  caa«,  the  atate  of  Uie  uord  abould  be  aicertjiined. 

.  Fr«ctura  of  the  akull  by  intentioanl  violence  are  cbarac> 

utt,  aa  a  general  rule,  by  the  undue  force  einpioycd. 


obvrveil.  takf  •  f  iivjillon  to 
vf  SMa  am  AiuuJciI. 


I 

J 


MvarpccMalMhrabink;  ad  ■■  Ukj  an  aoteMadbf 

>b9d.rb.t' -      -  ■  ■■ 


bonw  in  mtnd,  Uwl  u  connwinn  of  the  IwmI  diriBf 
nwAnu  ■  B*id  (weffing,  lodi  an  ■ppcanns*  nmt  aet  be  atltt- 
bolsl  to  oipieal  nolenee. 

Ivittd  ami  Pmaetmnd  WbmaJt. — ThoB  is  BOlUBg  |iiiiiliw 
ia  thcv  mmiidi  whea  inflicted  «d  the  nnr-bani  imhUL  F<r  tb« 
dietiiirtiati  between  them  end  other  injuriea  '»***—*  dariag  lifc 
•nd  ifter  death,  the  reader  ii  referred  to  the  mt^ect  of  WniMda. 

Foitnung. — Tbti  a  a  laic  «Biir  of  desth  is  dcit-Ikiib  infrnle, 
thudgh  leTenl  oaa  of  hinnicidat  poimung  b;  the  miDeral  oada 
hare  oecorTEd  ia  foaiig  diiktren.  Tbey  toe  chKnetsrixsd  fa;  Uw 
a«ine  appeanncei  on  the  bodj'  and  dotha  as  mark  the  letioD  of 
thOH andi iu the idalt.  It  aboaU.howerar.bebonielBiiriiidtlHt 
in  D««  born  childien  the  alimeiitirj  cunl.  in  eommoa  irith  otbcr 
important  organic  ia  labject  Ui  diieaie.  Sometimes  Uie  Bning 
menihnne  of  the  aiophagm  preamta  red  ipoti.  toDgicoiliiial  linn, 
or  MinilloitJiiBi.  Tlieae,  if  amnged  tmrarenely,  mi^ht  be  iiu«- 
talun  for  the  eS^Cta  of  ■  lii^tnrc  appUed  to  the  neck.  Tie 
wtomack,  mia«o*n',  as  well  aa  other  parti  of  the  aliaentarr  eaiul, 
m»j  be  tb«  lEatof  uloentioiu  with  a  asngainoleDt,  dark-oaloared 
discharge.  The  niles  fur  the  tuamiiuitiaa  of  the  stomach  and 
inl^atiBM,  and  tb«ir  eonlents,  are  the  lame  for  the  infant  and 
■dnH  i  and  will  be  treated  under  ths  general  head  of  Ptnwning. 

J»/<tiaU«le  bg  Omittiom. — The  amission  to  tie  the  nrnlnlical 
cwd  ma;  proTc  Aial ;  and  there  can  be  no  donbt  that  it  b  iime- 
Ijmea  •  criminal  act.  Fodor^i  relate*  a  rase  in  which  the  chUd 
pMi)hed  ttitm  Ilia  Ugstare  bwuming  loiii«i*  and  Dr.  Campbdl 
T«p«rts  tno  fatal  easoi,  onx  from  the  acddtntal,  the  otlier 
111*  Inteational,  romoral  nf  tlie  ninLf 

Bat  the  icstimoujr    ol  Klein  and  other*  thnt  fatal 
thage  fiirtlj  fMlnwi  n'ptvrr  of  th''  ivjnl,  pnn«  that  i 


'alr«i^^ 


■■••;  the  paleneaa  of  elery 

.11  tiusniity  of  bbiod  la  ttM 

:.^u  (if  woBiids,  this  Moodlna 

V  rqjurdcd  m  lUe  piubublu  utftwlof  hmrnontBgefrom 


periah  b;  oth«T  Mta  oTomiaaiMi 

•  VoLlr-p  m- 
«  M  Uic  siiul;  aud  rnsUea  of  HU-U 


Til*  motlie 


1  hvio  /iiiled  to  praviJe  propur  ulothiog  or  fuod,  to 
in  a  potiUon  of  dnngcr,  uid  to  deiir  the  mouth  of 
■ther  aeuidcatal  impedimcnti  to  breathing.     Death  Tfoi 
tod  woulJ  balmy  itself  by  the  groat  emacmtion  of  tbo 
bmasi  ■ml  the  erapt;  gtato  of  the  adnientory  i 
I9  •tarratinn  &ad  mid  combined,  by  pallor  of  the  aurlkce, 
—       ''  a  of  the  internal  port*. 
^^  ifinRlnlJdde  by  omiiuian  arediiScultof  proof ;  nnd 

artwn  there  arc  wma  ouriu  of  violence  on  tlie  body,  the  in 
I  apt  toiMnme  n  oomplieated  a  ihape,  that  the  jury  cniic 
^^"--' — -4  Iq  retoTD  a  verdict  of  wilful  murder. 


KSL*SIIH*TIOS    0 


m 


.■■Dt  of 

B-bola 


The  flfat  inquiry  with  rDferanee  to  the  famiihi  suipcctisl  of 
iring  ^rim  birtb  to  the  child  ii, — Whetlior  she  bus  been  re- 
nUr  ileiirered,  and  if  to,  whethHr  the  period  of  bi^r  ddlirery 
_>oodt  with  the  time  at  whiah  tba  child  is  rapposcil  to  hnve 
bom.  (See  Delivery,  p.  6!).} 
Anotbet  imjuiry  ia  eomotimea  necc«mry ;  and  tbnt  is  into  the 
of  tbe  mother's  mind.  Puerperal  inaatiity  ia  nnt  n  rure 
tr>  and  it  may  talie  the  form  of  homicidal  maniu,  threatening 
life  of  the  child,  u  in  the  folloning  case  quoted  by  I'lirta  and 
nqiie.*  A  married  woman,  of  good  reputation,  was  do- 
iif  1  child,  and  not  having  tlopt  many  nights,  fell  into  a 
mporary  frenzy,  and  whilst  iloDo  killed  her  in^nt ;  but  com- 
ing oomilig  in,  she  told  them  that  aho  had  killed  it,  and  there 
by.  The  goifd  rqiatatiun  <be  bad  prcvioiuly  borne,  the  long 
tilt  of  (iMp.  and  tiio  entire  absence  of  the  uanal  motiree  to  bucIi 
ecime,  addnil  to  "  mnnj  eircnmstniicra  of  inaanitj  appearing," 
)  to  lier  afquittnl.  Dr.  Parii  observe*,  in  reference  to  this  ease, 
at  "had  tbii  woman  been  of  donbttui  clmracter,  lliougli  inno- 
Bt,  ihe  might  have  been  ciecDted  for  want  of  medical  evidence 
|ita*e  the  nature  and  frequency  of  puerperal  intaiiity." 
A  qnsUon  of  loma  imporlance  in  ita  bearing  on  infaatioido, 
id  having  reference  to  the  mother,  is  whether  a  femalo  recently 
iliterod,  haa  the  (trength  requinte  for  the  destruction  of  her 
lild.  The  nniirer  is  in  the  affirmative.  Thai,  Foderc  relntea 
we  of  a  French  widow,  wbn  being  teized  with  labour  p^ini 
raoriving  a  viiil  from  eight  of  her  ncighboum,  complained 
colic,  and  acBting  hcnelf  on  a  bucket  in  bed,  as  loon  tis  the 
bild'*  brad  pasted  the  vagina,  nquoezed  it  Hat  by  compreaaiug  it 
1th  her  thigba.  That  n  woman  has  atrength  enough  to  move 
xml  and  eiert  benelf  after  her  delivery,  is  protcd  by  the  ai 
•  -Mdikal  JurUi'iuJouco,"  loL  iU.  p.  IM. 


I 


121  INFiKTlCIDB. 

cessfiil  CODTOAlinoiit  of  ttio  fact  of  dellverf,  uid  of  tlie  imi 
inbnt.  in  tbe  mBJoritji  of  cniei  brought  lo  trial ;  u  well  ■■  bj 
well-aiithentlcatfd  inatiLnceg  uf  remale*  wnlkiog  wrenl  mils^  or 
resuming  laborioni  oecDpalions,  on  llie  verj  day  of  lh«r  deliTa}, 
This  Buliject  of  inbnticido  will  be  beit  brangbt  to  a  conclunoo 
by  the  RjUmi'ittg  ■aminnry  of  tba  cUief  pointi  La  be  attcDdeil  ta 

1.  Examine  tbe  body  of  tbe  child  to  determine  its  degree  of 
matnrit)' ;  for  thla  purpose  weigh  and  moaBure  it.  nscertibi  the 
position  of  tbe  centre  of  tbe  body,  nnd  attend  to  the  several  pmoU 
comjirised  in  the  description  of  tbe  growth  and  deTelopmant  of 
tbe  fiutus  (p.  73),  Hote  uhn  any  malformation  that  maj  be 
present. 

2.  Note  the  rereral  drcamstanoei  by  which  the  time  that  hu 
tbipsvd  liucD  the  death  of  Iho  child  ma]'  be  dotermiiied,  sucb  ai 
tbe  presence  ur  absence  of  nniinal  beat  and  rigidity,  the  exiilenas 
or  DOu-eiistencv  of  putrefdCtion,  and,  if  putrebi;tiou  be  preMOt, 
the  degree  to  which  it  hai  advanced. 

3.  Kiamine  thi-  entire  aur&ce  of  the  body  with  a  view  to  dil- 
covcr  tDariii  of  violence,  and,  iFany  be  pretent,  dctcriuine  wbclbet 
they  might  have  beco  produced  duriiig;  birtli,  or  by  acddental 
CHUMg  acting  nlterwada.  Eiamine  tbe  month  fbr  foreign  bwllM 
introduced  into  it.  and  tbe  fontunelles,  orlnli,  heart,  aud  nncbB, 
in  search  of  wounds  inflicted  by  pointed  inetrnments.  Note  the 
itate  of  the  umbilical  cord,  mttaiiure  it,  and  ascertuin  whetha 
it  baa  been  torn  or  cut  i  and  ob&erve  tbe  condition  of  the  akin, 

i.  Open  tlie  chest,  uid  remove  the  heart,  lungi,  and  thymni 
gland.  Separate  tbe  lungs,  and  carefully  inspect  their  aurfiice. 
Obaei'vo  whether  they  are  of  a  uniform  liver-colour  and  compact 
ooiuistence  througliout,  or  unifbrmly  spongy  lilie  the  adnll  lung, 
or  mottled  vith  developed  oir-cells,  aa  in  imperfect  respiration. 
If  there  am  parts  of  a  lighter  colour  than  the  rcet,  observe 
whether  the  tmturo  of  the  Inng  is  developed  in  those  parts,  and 
distinguish  tlie  developed  cells  ft\nn  air  the  product  of  indpieDt 
or  ndvaarvd  putrcraction,  by  applying  gentle  preaaure  with  the 
finger.  In  luiiga  free  from  putrefactii'n,  the  liydroststic  test 
may  be  resorted  to,  to  ascertido  their  degree  of  booyaucy,  ai  a 
rough  meuBure  of  the  quantity  of  ur  tlicy  contain. 

6.  Examine  tlie  be«rt  and  foramen  ovale ;  the  ductua  aitoriotu* 
and  vettosuB ;  and  the  umbilical  arteries  and  roin.  Obienre 
whether  tbcae  parla  are  contnuted,  and  to  what  extent,  or 
obliterated  ;  and  whether  they  contain  much  or  little  blood. 

6.  Examine  the  stomach  to  ascertain  whether  the  child  has 
been  fed,  using  toe  tbia  purpose  the  tetts  for  augar,  milk,  and 
'tandi ;  if  there  i»  any  appeoctmce  of  ui&amnuiAjiQn  m  tioa  al^- 


LEGITIMACT.  125 

nlarj  canal,  twt  its  contenU  with  a  view  lo  the  ciiBfovery  of 
■on.  Note  whether  the  intesfjnet  coalnin  meconmm  and  in 
at  qointity.  xnl  whether  the  arinnry  bindder  coiilnitia  urine. 

7.  Examine  the  bancg  or  the  ikuH  both  at  vvrtei  anil  ba<e,  in 
ittji  of  fnMnrei.  Intpeot  the  brain  and  its  tnombrance,  Btid 
to  anjr  efi^on  of  iHiioii  or  ■enun.  EiamiDe  the  ajMne  witli  s 
nr  to  tlie  iliKJOrer;  oT  iliiiocHtion  or  fracture  of  the  vert«hrai. 

8.  Eumioe  the  nugpectvd  female  in  order  to  McertHin  wbctlier 
B  hat  been  recentlji  delivered,  and  biiv,-  long.  In  ucrtain  caaea, 
Hiire  into  the  *tute  of  the  womau's  micd. 


LEGITIMACY. 

A  child  bom  in   wedlncl:  is  premiued  lo  have  tlie  mother'a 
[•band  for  itj  ^ther;  but  tliia  preaniDptiou  nia^  he  rebutted  hy 
tniihnce  of  Tion.aceeaa,  or  of  impotence. 

There  are  ■errral  rircnnutancea  ont  of  which  the  question  of 

|igitini«cy  may  spring.     1.  A  woman  may  bear  a  aliild  alter  her 

'  haa  bwR  abumt  more  thiin  nine  caleiidnr  monlbai  and 

case  the  qucation  iriwe.  Does  tbe  period  of  otero-gettatiun 

of  lieinfr  extended  beyond  tbla  the  utitatMtn  temjnu  pari- 

S,  A  woman  within  a  aliort  period  of  lier  marriage  may 

ehild  capable  of  being  reared,  and  here  tlie  question  ariiea, 

vInt  ia  tbo  cerlieat  period  at  which  a  viable  child  may  bo  bom  t 

A  voiDBn  before  the  expiration  of  nine  olendar  munthi  from 

(  Hate  of  her  marriage,  my  in  the  Tth  or  8th  mouth,  may  be 

iivfredof  a  child  having  the  size  and  nppearani-e  of  one  at  Full 

■ni ;  and  it  may  become  a  queftion  whether  being  apparently 

mature,  it  oould  have  been  of  tbe  aapposed  age.    4.  A  woman 

ly  give  Inrth  to  a  child  during  tlie  life-time,  or  after  the  death, 

of  bcr  htuband,  he  liaviug  been  at  the  date  of  the  conceptiGu  in 

Htch  a  atate  of  feeblenen  or  diseuse,  or  imperfect  eonvulesrence 

from  aome  •were  malady,  as  to  raise  thoqaeation  whether  he  could 

bave  be«D  the  father  of  the  child.     5.  A  hnsband  dies  auddenly 

health,  aud  shortly  after  bi>  death  his  wife  bciira  an 

ebild,  and  after  an  interval  a  second  at  full  term  or 

shing  maturity,  and  here  tlie  question  urlies  nliether  the 

child  was  the  Inue  of  a  iQperfictation.    A  quvation   of 

ay  also  arise,  where  there  is  no  doubt  of  tbo  ehild'a 

macy,  In  couaequeuce  of  tbe  mnrringe  of  the  mother  to  a 

d  hnaband  immediately  after  tbe  death  of  the  fint.     For 

of  diapntcd  legitimacy  turning  on  tlie  alleged  ii 


"  Impotane 


Tbe  questions  i 


this  place  aru  chiefly— 1.  TAa   Dura 


li  fall 


1.  Tht  I'iahitils  of   Childreti. 


Hiong-li  the  practice  of  oar  courts  of  Uw  is  to  ronaider  fortj 
weiiks  as  the  mare  naiul  darHtion,  evidence  is  allowed  to  be  giren 
tu  to  the  )K>B»l]ilitj  of  that  jieriod  l>eing  extended. 

The  period  of  ntoro-geatDtion  tu  the  human  suhject  i*  genentllj 
stilted  at  9  cnlendar  moiithi,  10  Innar  montlu,  40  weeks,  or  380 
diifS;  and  n'o  often  meet  with  tlw  Icsa  definite  eipramtm  "9 
months,  or  40  weelca."  Bat  there  ia  a  material  diflerGnco  be- 
tween U  calendar  months  on  the  one  hand,  &nd  10  lunar  months, 
40  weeks,  or  £S0  daja,  on  the  other ;  for  9  calendar  months  msj 
consist  either  of  S73,  274,  276,  or  27G  days,  foiling  short  of  £80 
by  from  4  to  7  days. 

Anntlicr  source  of  inaccuracy  springs  from  tbc   oticertainty 
attaching  to  more  tban  one  means  of  fixing  the  date  of  o 
tian.     These  means  are /our  innnmher.     ].  PeruUnr  Smut 
attending  conception,      it.   Ctttation  of  the  CalameHta.     3.  Tie 
Period  of  Quieteninff !  nod  4.  A  »ingle  Coitut. 

1.  Pecnliar  Seitialioiit  aiimdiiiy  Couivptioii, — Tills  mode  of 
reclcaning  is  open  to  the  olijei^tions  that  these  senutiuns  are  not 
so  defineil  ua  to  be  recognised  by  tbose  who  coBc<M\fij  for  tbe  flr« 
time  {  tliBt  they  are  not  constant  in  their  occurrence  in  tlie  aame 
female  ;  and  thnt  tliey  do  not  take  place  at  tbe  exact  time  of  the 
conceptioD. 

2.  Ceiiatioii  of  the  Caiamaila. — To  this  mode  of  reckonii^ 
there  are  the  obvious  objections,  1.  ThatthecataineDiamay  cease 
from  causes  other  than  conception ;  so  that  ■  woman  who,  from 
some  such  cause,  cease*  to  tnonstruatc,  and  cancelfcs  immediately 
Iiefbrc  or  after  the  next  suppressed  period,  may  date  the  concep- 
tion frcm  the  first  period.  2.  A  woman  niny  mcnstnuite  once,  or 
more  than  once,  after  conception.  In  the  first  casetlie  reckoning 
would  exceed,  in  tbe  second  it  wonld  fall  short  of,  the  trnc  dura- 
tion. 3,  Tliat  at  the  best  it  can  give  only  BU  approximative  result ; 
for  if  H'e  afsunie  £8  days  to  intervene  between  tbe  coinmencenieot 
of  one  mcostnuJ  period  and  tbat  of  the  next,  there  may  be  an  in- 
terval between  the  termination  of  one  period  and  the  beginning 
of  tbe  next  of  nearly  SS,  say  31,  days.  If  conception  be  assumed 
to  take  place  on  the  day /olloiriiis  the  cessation,  and  we  redion 
from  the  suppression,  tlie  enlculation  would  fall  short  of  tbe  real 
dnration  by  S4  days,  II',  on  the  other  hand,  we  assnme  cotMep- 
tion  to  take  place  on  tbe  day  precrdiim  the  cessation,  and  wa 
reckon  from  the  last  appearance  of  the  menses,  the  calcniated 


ncKAiios  or  fkegsasct. 


Ii7 


1  ciranl  tin  real  dontion  b;  tbe  mna  periol  of  24  daji. 
mid  Um  povn>te  prar  of  34  Say%,  the  pxpediebt  lua  bcm 
lad  la  of  dividiiw  Il>e  interval  into  two  pnrtt,  and  reekoimig 
t^  ili*tnan.  In  tbi*  w>;  the  pooible  error  U  reduced  to 
U  4a]n.  In  Umkb  aua  in  wbich  tbe  uiter*a]  ii  contracted,  eiih«r 
Hg  (Ik  mMMH  ccotUining  for  •etcral  diij«orr«cinTiDgp<ier;  three 
*  iiV  nvty  fntnight,  the  powible  error  would  be  len;  iniiit 
I  la  greitar  in  tbuw  iii  whicb  the  interTJil  a  pnJonged  to 


t.  ApwJ  ^  ^"'^'"'■V- — "HiU  (tuting'point  i*  eafficientlj 

tdmtaml  hj  tbe  (act  tbiit  qnickeiiiiig,  wben  it  i>  perccired, 

eon  at  Tcrir  variable  pcriodi,  barlDg  k  nage  of  at  leut  >ii 

(Mm  tlM  ISlh  to  f-he  IStb),  and  if  we  combuie  tbe  Mate- 

of  NVetsI  aathor*,  of  aitlAen  weeka,  dudcIj,  from  tb«  lOtb 


4,  J  fi^U  CWai. — Tlua  U  tbp  ml;  acmratemode  of  rodom- 

1l-iUal«l  fiicb  of  thli  clan  bavi  now  been  cuOeeted 

I  vnmber  to  pru>e  that  Ifac  dnntUn  of  pregnane  n 

to  a  marked  eie—  above  2S0 


I 


■irh  caM*  jiald  an  aTcnf^  of  SS4,  i 

Inunn  atSM  injt.     Tbe  range  vu  therefore  S3 
I  abofa  180  daj*  13,  and  IT  lo  £0  aboTe  9 


Tlia  urf«i«pw  ifaavn  from  cwea  in  which  Ibc  dDration  oTpreg- 
mrj  b  fiual  hjt  a  tinRle  rriitoa,  h  ■trengthened  bj  analcgooa 
m*t  In  wbieb  iba  awUva  daatli  of  a  hoihanil,  or  tlie  date  of 
if^rMioM  fnim  hi*  "if*,  i*  uaed  to  (hrlerroiue  not  the  eiact  bat 
Hit  BilninuiBi  dnralina  of  pnfjnaunr,  cDiiception  hang  aanuDed 
fc  kua  takn  pUor  on  the  icr;  di;  of  death  or  dei«rtin«.  £7 
im  ubieh  the  dDTatioii  *Bi  Uitu  flicil  \ij  nngle  otatiu,  or  b; 
a  4Mtb  or  dqjaTtnre  of  tioataind,  gare  an  BTersBe  of  384,  a 
■Dm  uf  sen,  intl  a  naiitnDm  uf  308  daji.*  The  rmge  wai 
bra  *8  ioyt,  the  »c«u  alwve  S80  daji  2B,  and  tbe  eucat 
Ibna  9  nltndar  mootba.  32  to  35  dujn. 

TbMa  K  tlin«fi>rc,  the  itrongEft  naaon  to  regard  tbe  petiod  of 
MO-gcitatim  at  rarnble  and  not  Sud ;  and  abo  (o  eipect  in- 
taad  dltenft'ta  *ilh  id  iiureaae  in  tbe  noinber  of  facU- 
Thaaa  tIv**  drrive  tbe  ttrongert  coolimiatjon  fnoD  the  analog; 
if  anisula.  Ktmnerly  thvlr  pcriud  of  gotatSoo  wm  al»  held  to  be 
bad ;  anil  It  >ai  ttatcd  to  be  1 1  calendar  wontbi  in  the  luaro. 


123  LEGiriXACT. 

and  9  in  the  oov.     Bat  tbia  ii  now  aacertAined  l<yl)*Te  beon  ■> 

Tlie  wcll-linown  observatiom  of  M.  Tewler,  whkh  extended  to 
lOS  mares  iind  160  don's,  give  the  Mlowiog  itriking  rsdICb  : — 
Shark^l: —         Mara  311  days.       Cow  211  d^^H 

LmiKeat     .     .     .     „  391    „  308  ^^H 

Itsnge 63     ,,  67  ^^| 

E.c™     above)  570^60..  .,      32  or  86   ^™ 

stated  periud  ( 
Average  period     .     „  11  mtli*.  10    „  „   9  mtlis.  10    „ 

Earl  Spencer  made  a  >til1  more  erlcnsive  soriel  uf  otHerrlliaTM 
on  764  cowi,"  with  these  resnils  !—  ^^^ 

Shortest  period  (cair  living) 220  Onyt.  ^^| 

ShorUsb  period  (oalf  reared) 312     „      ^^M 

Longeit  period 313     ,,     ^^H 

IUtige(i3tf  living) 93     „      ^^1 

Baiige  (calf  reared) .  71     „      ^^H 

Eiccu  beyond  S6U  days,  before  which  time  )      .„  ^^^| 

a  calf  wai  deemed  immntnre  ...      J  "      ^^^H 

Gxcoa  ubtn-G  9  calendar  montha      .    .  87  or  40     „      ^^^| 

Exceaa  above  10  Inniir  months 33     ,. 

Average  dnratioD 2S4or2b5     „ 

Tie  roajoritj  of  instanccj  of  gestation  protracted  beyond  the 
average  period,  occurred  in  tbe  cow  of  hull  cslvea,  the  onmbera 
being,  of  cow-calve«  90,  of  bnll-ralvea  152. 

These  obaervatioiu  of  M.  Teaaier  and  Lord  Spencer  prove  that 
the  period  of  geatation  ]n  the  cow  end  horw.  icbich,  like  that  of 
the  hnmnn  luhject,  waa  formerly  regarded  as  filed,  i»  not  only 
variahlc,  but  that  the  eilremea  are  widely  leparated.  and  the 
longest  period  iti  exceaa  of  the  avera^  by  considerably  more  than 
a  calendar  montb. 

The  rase  in  fnvourof  a  vnriable  period  in  the  hnniRii  anlject 
admits  of  being  strengthened  hy  otlier  argnmenta.  All  the  fhne- 
tiona  of  the  human  body  that  have  been  carefully  einmined,  snch 
*i  the  cutting  of  the  teeth,  the  pulse,  the  respiration,  are  fhund 
to  vary  within  wide  limits.  So  also  with  the  functions  more 
dlroetiy  connected  with  pregpianey :  the  catamenia  may  appear 
at  any  age,  from  9  years,  or  earlier,  up  to  23  or  2i,  or  later ;  and 
they  may  continne  np  to  any  age  from  36  to  B5,  or  even  later. 
They  may  also  recur  nt  intervali  of  a  month,  six  weeka,  or  a  fort- 
night, and  the  periods  may  comprise  a  variable  number  ol 
'  SMiJie'BryilihaiidForeiinMcillciilfteVitVloTlwvAavv 


or  PUOHAsct.  139 

TWl,  kcaift.  Uie  period  uf  qoidiciutig  varies  ftmn  thelDtbor  12Ui 
to  U>r  imh  cr  ^Jth  week,  or  eren  later ;  Bnd  child-beuing, 
utiA  bm  ivnall;  csacd  b;  46.  ma;  occur  ai  late  w  64,  and 
^■■blj  ■<  a  (till  mon  adraimd  ag«. 

IbbUmt  alfumMit  of  uo  uliKlit  fort«  in  &vonr  of  a  rariable 
fmia^  Wkd  of  iu  poalble  aiteoaiaD  bejond  the  liiDit  luuallj 
■riifBiiL  It  roand  in  Ibc  fiict  that  the  adrocatei  uf  n  fixed  pei-iod 
M*  Ht  >yiri  aaung  thnnwlvea  as  to  what  that  period  u.  Of 
Ih*  M*MrtB>a  moliail  mm  ptajnined  in  tbe  Oaidner  Peeragi 
■M^  A««  ailToratnl  ■  ftiml  periud,  and  oppcaol  the  idea  of  {jro- 
iHMad  ^italiiiii ;  but  all  of  them,  with  the  oicejjtinn  of  Sir 
TlhMll  OaAe,  who  fiied  U  at  10  wecka  or  2S0  d*y>,  atated  the 
fcnttiB  dlfcmlly,  and  were  forced  tc  admit  a  grailer  or  len 
darttllOB  htn  a  fiud  itandanl.  Dr.  Oooch  stated  it  at  from  a  day 
«>  no  b<faf>  to  a  daj  or  two  after  9  calendar  montlit,  and  Dr. 
r  two  DDdar  9  calendar  montlu ;  while  Dr.  Rleg- 
an  intvrra]  of  from  39  to  40,  and  Mr,  i'cfiaingtan 
37  (o  40  wMk*. 

•bo*  fi*a  ef  the  Mttnteen  medial  men  aapported  the 
Ibat  tlw  period  of  fcatatioa  wna  filed,  or  near!)'  to,  twelve 
ibat  11  miaht  be  protraeted  to  91.  Id,  or  11  calendar 
«r  (188— XOO)  (301—306)  (331 — 337)  dufs. 

of  autlioritjr.  both  ancient  and  malern,  aw;  be 

in  Mppurt  of  the  theor;  of  a   laiiable  period,  nnd 

of  prtgnancy  bejond  tbe  380  Jiiy>. 

ar^menta  may  be  (dded  tbe  fact,  that  Icftal 

ematrr  have  been  favour»ble  to  prolrucied  ges- 

maj  bo  Bid  of  tlie  dcriiioiiii  und  even 

itt  Mbar  oonntiM.    Tbua  the  Code  Mapiil«on  nllowt 

■^  lb*  Pnjuiaii  taw  SOS  daja,  and  Uierc  ha*  becu  a  deci- 

la  dM  I'siwd  OtaU*  In  Gtvour  of  SIT  daji.* 

parMof  ulorO'gistatiiHi.  tbenfbre,  being  lubjoctlovaria- 

bejmd  280  da  J*,  n  qaoation  now 

•■  ta  lb*  Itmit  el  thai  rxtcniioc.     What  i*  the  longest 


a  ^ngla  ooitoi  give,  it  wilt  he  wen.  x 

D  of  XS3da;f(,~  while  the  37  bawsl  jointly  on  a  .inplu 

^   soil  Mm  dMlh  or  abneim  of  the  butband,  extend  the 

a  l»  auS  daya.     One  of  two  n>ea  by  l*r»f.  Sinipwn  bring* 

0  313  daji.  and  two  oa«.  by  Morpby  up  to  3U 

1  XSt  daja  fa*p«tii«ly. 

"Dm  ^Miiliw.  iif  Ilw  iiliiil  to  wbieh  tbe  periodiif  ntero-gwla- 
»  ma)!  Wpraliaettd  bfjroBd  iSO  dtjrt  tMuiaeJ  a  dt6nitti  iba^ 
■^■rjmneaJMwe^'  lA-tolMT,  Utg. 


VIABILITT. 


131 


fruit  atmtatl  intnooon*  oa  the   SOtti   of  Jancaiy,  b^g  311 

1.  CooU  ■  duU  Inni  on  the  8th  of  Deecmber  have  been  the 
bint  of  Kiml  intarmnne  oa  the  7th  at  Pebni*r,v,  being  304  day>  ? 
S.  CbaM  a  dald  bom  on  tba  Stb  of  December,  aud  livingr  to 
■uibood,  bara  been  tbe  fruit  of  iviiwl  intercaune  on  or  after 
tha  Ittk  at  July,  ■  pniod  of  150  daji,  or  two  or  thrtw  daji  ibort 
rft*««al*adar  nwotlu? 

1W  <nl  t«o  qantuioa  oa;  be  redaded  to  one,  ao  u  to  give 
f  allonalifa ; — if  Che  child  were  legitimate,  he  mngt 
*  ISO  dayi*  •ihild.  or  a  304  or  31 1  da}^  child 
b  and  tiro  or  niiia  days  beyond  the  tuUalum 
Tim  bllcT  alteraatire,  nt.,  gntation  pro- 
is  lb*  30*  or  ail  da.vn,  WBi  the  one  chiellj  inu>t«d  ou  in 
lahMad  trial.     The  <su   vat  not   deoded  by  Che  modioli 
M  tat  by  the  adaltrrj  of  the  mother  of  Henry  Fenton 
m*   baring  been  proved,  tbc  daim  of  ibe  petitioner, 
■  Lma  Osdnvr,  waa  alloirod.* 

n,   TUBIUTT  Of    OHILDBEN. 

'   Tha  ^uaHaw.  What  ia  tba  ihortart  period  of geatation at  wliich 

')  ria>l»  ddld  majr  be  born  f  nai  rwied  in  the  Jardine  cau^ 

' '  '■,  Ihowgh  laa  known  titan  tbe  Gardner  Peerage  caie,  ia 

mIIj  iMm<^iBg,  a*  no  laa  than  14  medical  uien,  uid  u  itiU 

'     n-pra(^anonaI  witoeiae*  gave  their  evidenca. 

re  WM  great  difference  of  opinion  among  tbe 

li*  evidcDoe  of  Dra.  Aliaon  and  ChristiHiQ 

id  a  Lntorei*  on  Forenaic  Medidne,  vrhoae  attention 

B  finctad  to  Uw  qneatloo  involved  ;  and  it  may  be  aafcly 

L  thai  I>r.  (^wiatiion  threw  more  light  apon  the  caae  than 

■  pot  tofcether. 

'   Tka  fldlowliiK  la  a  ibort  abatrBct  of  thia  oaae  :— 

'    TW  dcfarianl  *aa  married  on  the  8rd  of  Uarrh,  1S35 ;  and 

B  lit*  Mtb  of  Aspiat  following,  bia  wifg  wu  delivered  of  a  girl. 

W  mpjUKitg  bar  to  have  baen  the  fiait  of  leiual  inlereonne  on 

•  ^joTUm  wanUga,  waaooly  ITldaya.or  5  calendar  muuthe 

d  Zl  Repaid.    Tba  infWot.  which  *■«  uiidmibtcdly  innnalnre, 

■^b  ta  what  irgrte  coold  not  be  determined,  died  on  Ihe  20l.h 

t  )lai4  USD,  baring  anrvived  about  leven  montlir. 

r  TW  DM  efaaigad  the  ilalpndant  with  having  a>Rimitted  fomi- 

'  n  wi(b  U*  <nfa  be.'ora  laarriage.     A  great  nianjr   witn^-- 


lesithuci. 


were  called,  aama  U>  prore  tho  ponibilitj  of  teiD]iI  lot 
Iwfore  amrriiige,  othen  to  lUow  tbat  tlie  child,  Ibaugh  BcnoU  tad 
Teeble,  was  not  Immittare,  or  at  least  not  to  innnatare  ac  tlie  date 
of  the  marriage  would  make  it ;  and  othera  to  [peak  to  the  ini' 
pOHifailit;  or  improbihility  of  a  child  sarriring  at  that  e<irl<r 
period,  Tbo  extent  to  which  the  sU^atiunB  of  Ilie  liW  were 
nude  good,  and  the  vague  iialnre  of  the  evidence  adduced  in 
thdr  support,  will  appear  hy  the  foUowing  eitract  Irom  the 
dediion  of  the  Prabyterj-,  November  7lb,  1838:— "That  the 
teatimon;  of  the  Hveral  witneuei,  both  with  reaped  to  mitten 
of  liut,  vii.,  the  appearance  of  the  child  at  birth,  ix^  and  alaa 
with  respect  to  the  opinions  of  medical  men  regarding  the  via- 
bilitv  of  anch  a  prainatare  child  aa  the  child  in  question  ii  wd  to 
be,  is  of  aacb  an  opposite  and  contradictor}  nature,  that  the 
Presbjter;,  with  tlieir  present  light,  have  great  diffiealty  in 
coming  to  an;  d«3»on  on  theae  points.  The  Prestrftery,  there- 
fore, agreeably  to  a  common  msjiini  of  law,  Saliiu  al  impHitiliim 
rfUnqiiifiKi»Hi  noeenlit  quaiH  inHacrtUem  damnari,  God  the  libel 
not  proven."* 

liie  principaJ  points  eatabliabed  faj  the  general  and  medical 
eriileuce  in  relation  to  Hra.  Jardine  and  ber  infant  were,  tbat 
she  bad  menstruated  as  uanal  the  week  preoions  to  her  marriage  i 
tliat  she  was,  both  before  and  after  her  marriage,  in  a  very  weak 
■tutc  of  liealtb  ;  that  she  was  herself  a  seven  months'  child  ;  tbat 
slie  had  a  second  (.'hlld,  a  duoghter,  which  ahc  believed  to  hare 
lieeu  bom  "just  about  the  commencemeut  of  the  cig;hth  month 
of  lier  pregnancy,"  and  tlwt  ahe  had  not  provided  bahy-linen  for 
this  child.  Ai  regards  the  infant,  the  evidence,  though  contra- 
dietory  on  many  pointa,  ahowed  that  it  was  Bmall  (it  weighed 
three  pounds  when  bom),  very  feeble,  and  devidedly  immature, 
though  no  data  were  addoced  to  show  the  degree  of  immatarity. 
■     '  "    '  1     -..         ;,  but  not  with  those  extreme 


precnutioni  for  preaerving  warmth,  whic! 
absolutely  neressary  in  the  cases  of  Drs.  Ri 
preaently  to  be  descrilii-d. 

The  apodal  qnestioa  raised  in  the  Jardine  case  was 
Could  a  child  born  174  daya,  or  five  calendar  months  and  t 
one  days,  nfter  marriage,  be  reared  to  the  ago  of  seven  m 
and  thn  general  question  suggeat«d  by  the  case  it — Wlial 
earliest  period  of  gestation  at  which  a  viable  child  may  be  bom  t 


m  and  Outrcpont, 


oiiths? 


dion  ia  (he  reftmiM  \>j  Iho  Sjaoel  gf  rife,  to  tirj 
!nibi]r  oTUii'  Cburcli  of  ^Scatlauil,  Id  Hh),  1b39.  of 


'    Edliibiii((b,  IBSB. 


Kifitr  viABn-iTY.  133 

Now  it  ia  nnivenallj  idmUUd  tliat  a  cliild  mnj  be  born  and 
mjed  to  nutihogd  u  earlj  u  Ihe  seventli  montli ;  and  as  gene- 
nUljr  beltercd  that  n  viable  child  c&anat  be  boni  biifore  five 
calendar  numtbi.  or  150  diji. 

To  teat  the  aonodneu  of  tbi«  opinion,  and  to  ascertain  the 
cariieat  date  at  which  ■  child  maj  be  born  alive  and  reared,  we 
mnat  ccwndar  two  diitioct  orders  of  feet*.  1.  Puets  which  afford 
a  preaamption  in  favour  of  earlj  viability  bj  showing  tluit  iufanu 
bom  alive  at  nn  enrjy  period  have  anrvised  a  fu*  hours  or  dava ; 
and  2.  Fact*  of  the  aainc  order  relating  to  inlknta  that  have  be«n 
reared  to  adalt  age,  or  tu  inch  an  age  aa  affnrda  reaaonahle  pre- 
•umption  in  fiiv one  of  their  having  attained  that  age. 

].  To  tbu  fint  claaa  belong  auch  esaet  aa  those  of  Mr.  Thom- 
•oo,"  in  whioh  BQ  infant  of  the  eslimated  age  of  G  montha,  aur- 
»h-ed  S^  houTBi  of  Christiwn.t  in  which  oua  of  167  days  old 
■urrived  8)  hours)  of  Buehottz,!  in  which  one  of  189  daj>  old 
nrviTSd  2  daja;  of  Koyip,5  in  which  one  of  18Z  day*  nirvived 
4^  iMJf.  and  of  n«aclimiinn,||  in  which  ono  of  168  da;s  aur- 
Tivod  B  daya. 

I>r.  Bonnar^  boa  compiled  a  table  comprising  no  Ibbb  than 

118  carcs  of  inCinta  born  alive  at  perinds  varjing  from  120  to 

Ho  days ;  and  if  from  this  collection  of  facta,  more  or  Icaa  well 

tkMtkated,  we  omit  39  caaea  of  Infants  bom  at  210  daja.  and 

It  obioh  there  need  be  no  diapate,  there  remain  73  infanta 

n  alive  at  various  agea  from  193  dawn  to  120  daya.     Of  these 

9  bad  atUined  aget  fi-om  191  to  198  days ;  i  Imd  reached  190 

ria^i  a  from  183  to  199;  3H  were  IBO  daja  old;  3  from  174  W 

ITSi  G  from  l(iS  tol68;  1,  IGSr  8  of  the  ageoflBOdayai  and 

^^A  vatioaa  aee*  from  ISO  to  147  days.     Out  of  the  large  group 

^^bf  infanta  bom  at  ISOdayt,  18aDrvived  their  birth  from  G  minntea 

^^MlSlioursi  6  lived  one  day;  3  ^nn  S  to  11  days;  1,  aiiweeka; 

^^Plt  taar  nwmlba  :  and  the  remaindur  (7  in  ninnber)  1  year,  2  yearii 

^Itd  lit  years  respectively.     Of  the  8  infanta  of  the  reputed  age 

«f  150  daya,  2  tiarely  lived,  two  lived  3  miontos;  one,  2  houn; 

MM,  S4  \ioan ;  one,  6  days ;  and  one,  19  yeara.     Tlie  gronp  of    ' 

flvc  raaai  born  prior  to  the  ISOib  day  comprises  one  of  120  born    i' 

leaf  185  surviving  ai»  bonrti  oncoif  147, living  12  houra  | 


loted  hj  B«k. 


Dr. 
^118  ES 
BtlOd. 
^KiUllM 
^BSwut  1 
^^bornai 


131  LEClTlltACT. 

ODD  of  133  (RodmtD'i  cue),  £1  montlu ;  lod  one  of  135  (Capti- 
ron's  case  of  Fi>rtDnki  Liceti),  Itriog  t«  BO  yatn  of  age  ! 

2.  The  gecoiu]  elm  comprisea  the  tliree  leading  cisea  bj  Rod- 
inui,  Outrepont,  and  Belloc.  wbich  will  preseutl;  be  more  closelj 
eiunined.  Of  the  beta  of  tlie  fint  order  it  mnj  anffii-e  to  atate 
that  Ibere  ii  nothing  in  the  accompinjiing  history  of  wragrhta  and 
miaunre*  to  militate  againat  the  authors'  eatimates  of  the  period 
of  gestation  at  which  tbe  aeverul  infdnta  had  arrived;  while,  on 
the  otiier  band,  in  the  Jirdiae  case,  Che  weight  of  3  lbs.  stated  Ui 
belong  to  a  child  boni  nt  174  daji,  or  belbre  the  eompletion  of 
the  6tli  month,  ia  a  ponnd  in  eiccu  of  the  higbeat  weight  of  any 
of  tlic  five  infants  in  the  first  gronp;  and  excceda  the  weights 
given  at  p.  77,  with  the  eiceptiuu  of  the  very  donbtful  inatance 
of  3  lbs.  13  oz. 

But  amall  length  and  weight  ore  bet  two  signs  of  immatnrity 
among  several  wliich  are  at  Lenet  equally  deserving  of  attention, 
such  as  the  high  position  of  the  centre  of  the  bod;,  the  dispro- 
portionate size  of  the  head,  and  wide  separation  of  the  fontanellea ; 
the  presence  of  the  meinbrana  piipillaria;  the  non-descent  of  the 
testicles ;  the  prouiinence  and  deep  red  colour  of  the  parts  of 
generation;  the  intense  red  colour,  mottled  appcuranoe,  and 
downy  covering  of  the  skin;  tlic  nails  not  formed;  the  scant; 
deposit,  or  total  absence,  of  tehaceous  matter  on  the  skin ;  the 
feeble  movements  and  cries;  the  inability  toanck  ;  the  nec«wly 
of  artiQrial  beat  j  the  almost  unbroken  sleep ;  the  rare  and  imper- 
fect discbargcs  of  nrine  and  meconiam ;  and  tbe  closed  stale  of 
the  cjellda.  month,  and  nostrils.  ' 

These,  on  Che  other  hand,  are  mgat  at  oijiturity  : — 
Strong  movements  and  cries  as  soon  as  the  cbild  is  bom ; 
the  body  of  a  clear  red  oolonr.  and  well  coated  with  seBaeoous 
matter ;  the  mooth,  nostrils,  eyelids,  and  ears  perfectly  open  ;  the 
skull  having  some  flrmness,  and  the  fontanclles  not  far  apoit ; 
the  hur,  eyebrows,  and  nails  perfectly  developed ;  the  testicles 
descended ;  the  free  dischurge  of  the  urine  end  meconium  •  few 
hours  after  birth ;  nnd  the  power  of  suction,  indicated  by  the 
seizure  of  the  nipple  or  a  finger  placed  in  the  mouth. 

By  comparing  these  descriptions  with  some  of  the  more  re- 
markable recorded  cawi,  we  shall  see  that  there  la  reason  to  be- 
lieve in  the  occasional  aurvivorship  of  very  immature  infants.  Of 
the  three  cases  mentioned  in  gronp  2,  the  coses  of  Urs.  Rodman 
and  Uutrepont  are  deserving  of  special  considenition. 

Dr.  Roduuin.  after  describing  the  mother  as  "  cautious," 
"  accurate,"  and  tmstworthy,  and  stating  Hut  she  had  borne  five 
children,  and  "  was  confident  that  tbe  period  of  her  gestation  was 


bodhan's  case.  135 

Um  than  nineleen  wmIeb,"  isj^g,  tbat  premature  labour  wan 
bniDglit  on  by  htigning  exertioDS,  and  that  aha  was  delivered 
of  R  liviog  male  infinl. 

Not  daring  to  wa«b  the  child,  it  wiu  quickly  wiped  and  wnipped 
in  fl«nnel,  witbonljan  opening  near  the  mouth  for  llie  admi'simi 
of  mir ;  and  it  wa»  takm  ialo  tbe  warni  bed  with  the  mother. 
TboDgb  the  child  wai  weiik,  no  feeding  wag  attempted  till  after 
tbe   Inpae   of  twelve  hour*.     "  The  noariibing  beat  with  tlie 
mntber  in  bed  wu  reliud  on."     Tbe  next  day,  the  bead,  bod;, 
»nd  citremitie*  were  surrounded  with  fine  cotton-wool,  pressed 
like  doth,  to  the  thickiieu  of  two  or  three  rolli,  and  over  that 
tbe  lUnnel  aa  before  j  aud  again  the  child  was  given  to  the  mother 
in   bed.     Even   with   this  dreas,  he  conld  not  be  kept  wanu 
enough ;  aud  as  he  *ood  became  weaker  when  eiposed  to  the  beat 
of  a  finv  H  bilat  the  wnrmth  of  the  mother  enlivened  and  atrength- 
ened   bim,  he  wu  kept  warm,  by  the  mother  and  two  other 
female  lyin^  in  bed  wilb  him  by  lumi  for   more  than  two 
nontbe.  it>er  thia  lie  could  bo  lefl  atone  from  time  to  time,  but 
w«»  iiill  undreteed  very  csutioualj.    It  waa  not  till  bo  waa  three 
•eeka  old  that   the  length  sod  weight  of  the  body  could  be 
hvert«iD«I.     Tbe  /ct^M  wbi  (bund  to  be  13  inchei,  the  wtight 
1  /*,  13  OS.  aroirdtipoi*.     It  wai  eitreuiely  difficult  to  get  tbe 
cSiMtoawal'ownoarifthnient  the  first  week;  tbe  joUdw  gam  soon 
mne  on    «nd  the  thruah  seized  him  severely  on  the  eighth  day, 
•bd  luted  till  tbe  end  of  the  third  week.    During  the  firat  week 
fce  Mi  fed  trith  two  or  three  teaspoanfulaof  toasted  bread  boiled 
Mtl  mtUr,  sweetened  «id  .trained  though  fine  linen;  in  the 
J™7*^  twenty  df«p.  of  beef-tea  «  ere  added  and  amnll  d™e. 
y^i  ""ri^  «d«.inistered.     At  tbe  end  of  three  weeks  he 
^f!"^'""   ,^t^in«<'"fi,ls  of  bis  ".other's  miUt.  and  two  day. 
b(g«,(Ofit«JIo*^'^^      -Pl,g   moiber-s   milk  wa.  gradually 
•fttf  maJe  uffbrt"  j,   which  waa  still   given  occa^onally 

"httitoUd  /■<"■   **     twTt  wine      Under  thi«  careful  manage- 
'hh  M  fr.r  dr^°l  Jl  „f  four  montha.  «.d  bis  health  jjnd 

«a»tary  fiuW*'*^     Ij^nd  paper  by  l>r.  Bodman.*  th^  ch.ld 
cr((«y  fn.       ^^^  ",     ,^;"  Lner  be  describes  the  mother  as 


Dr.  Jtunai  Hamilb 


that  this  iaruiit  Mvei  a  jear  and  i 


n  UU  evidence  in  tlie  Jardim 


DnthB ;  bnt  that  A 


circumstaacea  meationed  to  him  hj  Dr.  Rudinnn.  lie  bad  aim 


tlii>ji;ht  t 


it  there  w 


HDil  that  the  infant  wiia  a  diri 


liitako  in  the  w 


i«deniblj  iDuller  th 


those  pun;  iofiiata  bom  within  tho  six  months,  w 
seen  drug  on  a  miserable  oiiatcnce  for  four  or  five  daji. 

It  maat  be  ac!mitt«d  that,  in  this  inatani^,  an  eibreadiS 
feeble  and  innnnture  child  iras  reared  by  Tcrf  jndiciona  tiM^ 
ment,  and  that  the  mother's  estimBte  of  the  age  was  at  leMt  m 
IxVtij  tu  bo  correct  ai  such  estimates  erer  can  be.  Tbe  I«ngtb 
and  wwglit  of  the  child,  too,  are  in  keeping;  with  the  o^tr 
tenths  and  weights  given  at  p.  74,  and  they  will  be  iiniDd  to 
condde  with  the  extreme  weight  and  length  of  the  tables  at 
pp.  T7i  78.  The  absence  of  any  desmption  of  the  appearances 
presented  by  the  child  prerenta  us  from  determining  its  degne 
or  immaturity.  It  might  have  been  a  Svc  months'  child,  bat 
there  ii  no  ground  for  sappoung  it  to  have  been  bom  befor«  the 
completion  of  the  fifth  month. 

Tbe  cane  related  by  Dr.  Ontrepont,  of  EnmUTR,  is  very  vala- 
able,  Ibr  it  is  the  only  qnite  nneqaivocal  instanoe  on  record  of  the 
rearing  of  a  ail  months'  child.  The  particulars  are  pven  so 
fully,  and  with  such  precisian,  that  even  Hnnke,  who  prertoosly 
denied  the  posnbility  ofsoeh  an  incident,  candidly  admitted  that 
Ootrepoat's  case  is  an  unequivocal  oiaiuple.*  The  evidence  it 
complete  both  us  derived  from  the  date  of  inipregnalaon,  and 
from  the  structure  and  hiaUn-y  of  the  ehijd.  The  motlier,  a 
young  woman,  who  had  always  been  perfectly  regular,  man- 
struatcd  as  usnnl  ten  days  afler  her  marriage,  and  was  iubsa- 
quently  repeatedly  connected  with  her  husband.  Aboot  a  fort- 
night after  this  menstruation,  she  became  changed  in  appearance, 
and,  for  the  first  time  in  her  life,  had  frequent  attacks  of 
Tomiting  and  fainting.  These  symptoms  continaed.  but  tbe 
catamcnia  did  not  return  :  and  ntraat  twenty  weeks  after  thnr 
last  appearance,  she  felt  tbe  first  movements  of  the  child.  F^vg 
weeks  after  this  she  wna  seized  with  laboar-paius  and  hvmar- 
rlingfl ;  and  Dr.  Outrepoat,  having  ascertained  that  this  proceeded 
from  the  ptaoenta  being  attached  to  the  c«  nteri,  encouraged  the 
labour,  and  brought  it  to  a  prosperous  conclusioa.  The  evidenEe 
of  this  child  being  not  more  than  twenty-five  weeks  old,  ia  aa 
strong  as  it  ia  Teonmable  to  expect.  The  state  of  the  cUld  at 
birth  was  still  mure  unequivocal.     It  was  a  buy,  i 

•  'ZdlKhrilt.-Ti,  27. 


otTREPosTfl  CASE,    !trrEnriKT*TioN, 


VJ7 


imtatdStUilj  oa  baing  bora  ;  meuiired  thirteen  and  «  half  inebu«. 

and  wtighed  one  pound  and  n  half.     Iti  skin  wxi  covered  with 

•iDooth  lank  down,  and  wai  modi  wrinkled.     Tbo  eitremitioi 

nere  extremely  amiill  in  proporllon  to  the  trunk,  HtiJ  wem  kept 

comUuitlf  bent  over  tbe  bod;,  u  in  tbe  fistuB  in  Ibe  womb. 

The  null  of  the  flngera  and  toes  were  like  white  folda  of  skin, 

tbe  UB^cle*  were  still  witliin  tbe  belly,  nnd  tbe  pnpillarj  mem- 

bnne  wm  entire.    The  cbild  whined  but  oould  not  cr;  \  slept 

■Imoiit  ounitADtlj;  woke  Oulj   once  a  day;  aeldom  opcnod  it4 

1id«.  and  wu  obTiously  itnenHble  both  to  light  and  sound. 

tint  ditflurge  of  urine  took  plate  on  the  seventh  day,  and 

tint  eVBcnation  of  tbe  bowels  on  the  ninth.     Snluequently 

trine  was  vi^ded  once  in  fortj-eight  Lodts^  nnd  the  (oKfa 

two  or  three  day*.    Tbe  child  was  placed  in  n  hatket 

with  vDol,  kept  in  a  unifonn  temperatnre,  and  mOTed  with 

ore.     Pur  loino  time  it  was  fed  with  the  spoon  on  diluted 

Ik  and  sugar.     In  fbar  weeks  tbe  down  began  to  drop  ofl' 

the  skin.     In  fifteen  weeks  tbe  wrinkles  bad  disappeared 

the  ikin,  and  tbo  length  was  inireased  an  incb  and  three 

Prom  thil  time,  which  oarresponded  with  tbe  fortietb 

after  impregnation, — that  is,  with  tbo  full  period  of  nterO' 

_       don, — it  made  rapid  advanees;  sleeping  less,  eating  laoie, 

etjing  itmnfcly,  and  bccomiug  evidently  sensible  to  sound,  and 

pleued  with  Uie  light.     When  fbarteen  months  old,  it  was  of 

reight  and  stature  of  a  child  bora  at  full  term.     In  tbe 

.^gbteenth  month,  tbe  testicles  descended  intji  tbe  scnitum.    The 

.h  began  to  appear  early  in  his  third  year.     He  did  not  begin 

walk  till  half  a  ;ear  later)  and  then  differed  from  other  chil- 

of  the  tame  age,  not  only  in  site,  bnt  also  in  the  singularly 

of  hit  conntenantie.     When  Dr.  Ootrepont  saw 

fcisi  In  1616,  he  wa*  eleven  years  of  age.  was  as  big  as  a  boy  of 

•eren  or  nght,  and  had  jiut  begnn  to  read  and  write.* 

In  thU  ease  also  the  teni^h  and  weight  are  in  keeping  with 
tb«  Imgtlu  and  weights  given  at  p.  7^,  and  much  within  the 
IM  given  in  the  tables  at  pp.  77.  7S  ;  and  the  signs  of  im- 
ily  are  to  ■oil  nurked  and  so  miunlely  ditsCTib«l  as  to  be 
>B  of  the  pnnhility  of  nmriiig  »  child  bom  berore  tbe  end 
dttk  tail  montli,  or  2G  weeks. 


i 
I 

I 


^^  jlyhfamnl.h  mc 

H^h  began  t< 
^mto  walk  till  hi 
^HibeB  of  the  H 


at  tbe  conception  of  a  lecmd  embryo  during 
ftrst,  the  product*  o(  the  two  eoucoptioui 
ihn  aanie  ornt  diOerent  times. 


138 

Some  light  ii  thronn  upon  thU  queition  by  luoro  than  ow 
weU-iathenticBted  cue  in  nbicli  a  womcin  hna  been  delireml  of 
twini  of  different  oolonrs,  bolli  fallj  fomied.  The  MIoh-id^  tic 
taken  from  manj  mmilu'  ones  qnoted  or  referred  to  b;  Beck  : — 
A  fenule  nt  L'harleaton,  in  South  CuroIinB,  wai  delivered  in  1 711 
of  twins,  within  s  verj  short  time  of  each  other.  One  wb«  bhA, 
Hnd  the  other  vhite.  Slie  confesMHl  that  on  a  particular  dij, 
iniinodiat«l<f  after  her  hiubaiid  bad  left  hia  bed,  a  nc^o  entered 
ber  room,  and  hj  threaleiiing  tomardei- her,  had  connection  with 
her.  Thia  ease  is  related  on  tbe  authority  of  BufTon.  Dr.  Hoaetey 
montiona  tbe  following  as  occurring  within  bis  time  at  Shortwood 
eatate,  in  the  ialand  of  Jamaica  : — A  n^ro  woman  brought  forth 
two  children  at  a  birth,  botli  of  a  riie  ;  one  a  ifgro,  Ike  otkar  m 
nttalto.  She  explained  tbe  occan'ence  h;  ataUng  that  abe 
iuDlired  the  emhracea  of  a  white  man  belonging  to  the  estate 
directly  after  her  black  hualniiid  had  quitted  her.  A  cs«e  of  triplMi 
of  three  different  coloun  may  be  omitted  aa  reating  on  insufficient 
aulhonty. 

These  are  laaei  in  wliicb  the  two  mature  children  are  hroogbt 
into  the  world  differing  in  nothing  but  c»laur  from  children  of 
one  father  and  one  ooiicvption.  There  ia  another  cla«a  of  oaea 
equally  easy  to  believe  and  anderstand,  in  which  the  birth  of  two 
cbildren  is  separaled  by  a  short  interval,  or  by  an  inlerval  cloaely 
oorreaponding  te  their  relative  ate  nnd  development,  on  the  anp- 
pnntion  of  their  being  twins.  Of  the  former  class  of  caa»  the 
following,  dted  by  Beck,  from  tbe  Cotuilia  of  Zacchiai,  is  an 
example: — J.  N.  Sobrejua  lost  bia  life  in  a  qnarrel,  leaving  his 
wife  pregnant.  Eight  montlis  alter  his  death  sbe  was  delivered 
of  a  stjll-bom  deformed  i^hild.  Uer  abdomen  remained  large,  and 
waa  supposed  to  contain  a  second  infant,  bat  tbe  eflbrta  made  to 
procure  delivery  proved  fruitless.  One  mouth  and  n  day  there- 
after, tbe  widow  waa  again  taken  in  labour,  and  brnngbt  forth  a 
perfect  liriog  child.  Tlie  rolations  of  the  husband  contested  its 
legitiinaoy,  on  the  ground  tint  it  was  the  fhiit  of  a  supcrfceta- 
tion,  and  Zacchias  was  consulted.  He  ngre^  that  the  two  infanta 
could  not  have  been  tbe  pri-duet  of  one  conception,  since  the 
interval  between  their  birih  was  so  great:  but  gave  it  bi  hia 
opinion,  that  Oie  Jlrat  was  the  product  of  n  soperfietation,  ntul 
coni'eived  a  month  after  the  other.  As  the  hnsband  died  sud- 
denly while  in  a  state  of  perfect  bealth,  his  opinion  preeened  tbe 


.  child*  bom  iHet  ]7i  dax>  bdn^ 


•dlh  sltentlnns  and  aildltioiJ 


I  it  u  diffiralt  to  DDdentend  on  wlut 
Mdteoiriidm  that  theebild&nt  bom  wu  tbe  kit  con- 
s  an  n^  ifaatioot,  tbe  vinst  mnum  ii  to  prefer  tbit 
tioB  vtiicb  iBTOlTa  tb«  last  difficolt;,  and  U  most 
with  npcneoca.  Kow  tlie  eipalnoo  of  twini  at  dif- 
mt  m  alkrwcd  to  be  a  conimaa  irsnt,  of  wbicb  example* 
hni  in  mial  worki  on  fdidvirer;.  The  ont  feoaible 
MM,  «■«)■  to  be,  tint  thia  waa  a  case  of  twini  concaved 
■•  tiai^  bat  of  Mhlcb  one  died,  aad  iraa  discharged, 

■  a  III!  laaia  aliiili  do  not  admit  of  ao  eai;  an  eiplaoatioii, 
oartuoly  CDontenance  tbe  tbeorr  of  a  double  conception. 
ft  of  KajiDand  Villard,  of  Ljotu,  nuuried  at  tvent;- 
hfOBiw  pnpiant  at  Uie  end  of  Qve  jvait,  bat  hsd  on 
t  Iba  HTeolh  montb,  on  tbe  SOtb  of  May,  1779.  Slie 
agiia  within  a  mootbi  and  on  tbe  20tb  of  Janiur;, 
M  ttnntbi  after  ber  deliTery,  and  «even  montha  from 
I  aooMptioo,  *be  wa*  laddBnly  delivered  of  a  danghler. 
aj  wai  not,  bocever,  fallowed  by  tbe  umal  symploms — 
ippMnd,  tlie  lochia  were  wantiog,  and  tbe  abdomen 
iniiiiih  in  *iie.  It  vu  aroordingly  foand  Decenary  to 
Dsne  fbr  the  child.  Two  taTgeons  ttbo  vinted  the 
T*  at  a  loB  wilh  napect  to  her  utaation.  and  coDtnltcd 
M,  nho  declared  that  ibe  bad  a  secoad  child  in  tbe 
1hc«  weak*  aft<;r  her  delivery  the  again  felt  the  motioni 
i;  lb*  abdomen  agun  iucreaaed  in  tiie,  and  on  tlis  6th 
t  (ha  «Die  year.  1790  (five  montht  and  aiileen  daya 

tb),dM*.. 


no  LEGITIMiCy. 

Assuming  the  fiirtg  of  this  case  to  be  correctly  lUted.  it  mW 
be  adroitted  Co  be  nearly  omcluiivo  b>  to  the  poHibllit;  of  nipa- 
rcBtdtienj  for  if  wo  denj  thii,  and  aMume  both  cluldren  lo  hiT« 
been  the  product  of  »  aiinultBDeoiii  fonceptiOD,  and  the  last  child 
to  have  been  it  fbU  term,  the  lirat,  which,  be  it  observed,  in 
coDimoD  with  the  otlier  survived  its  birth  between  one  and  two 
yeun  at  the  least,  miut  liave  been  bom  alive  it  tliree  moatlu 
and  a  half:  or,  if  the  fint  child  be  adiiritlTd  to  be  (even  montiu 
old,  the  second  mast  have  been  born  alive  at  six  weeks.  The 
alternative  loppogition,  that  the  serand  child  was  the  frnit  of 
seinal  intercoarse  iiabBeqDent  to  the  delivery  of  the  Qrat,  is  alio 
in  the  highest  degree  improbable,  for  it  snppose*  a  child,  bflrn 
beCbre  the  completion  of  tho  flftb  month,  to  be  reared,  and  Uut 
without  an;  difficaltj.  The  onl;  remaining  aiippoiition,  uamelj, 
that  the  second  child  was  a  twin  born  atter  a  gesUtion  of  twelve 
months  and  a  half,  presents  equal  difficulties. 

Dr.  Maton  has  also  related  a  well -authenticated  case,  in  whieb 
two  male  children  (both  "  bom  perfect")  were  brought  fortb  at 
an  interval  of  uearlj  three  calendar  mqpths.  If  this  bad  becu 
a  case  of  limiiltaneaui  conception,  the  nge  of  the  one  would  bavo 
been  six  months  or  less,  that  of  the  other  nine  months  or  tern. 

Additional  coses  are  referred  to  hy  Beck,  in  three  of  wUcfa 
there  was  an  interval  of  one  month,  in  two  an  interval  of  two 
months,  and  in  one  an  iolfirvai  of  four  months;  and  Dr.  BomMr 
oibes  Teipean  for  a  case  in  which  an  infant  "  tboaght  to  be  at  filU 
time,"  was  bom  five  mouths  after  "  a  child  nt  fti^/Hll  timt," 

In  deciding  tins  queetion,  tlinse  esses  only  must  be  admitted 
to  have  any  weight  in  which  the  interval  between  tlie  births  is 
conudomble  i  tbr,  where  it  is  short,  if  we  suppose  the  cliild  last 
l»rn  to  be  mature,  the  first  may  hove  heen  eight  or  seven  montha 
old,  which  is  qnite  reconcilable  with  the  anpposiUan  of  it*  bring 
reared.  When,  however,  the  interval  is  of  four  months,  if  we 
assnme,  «s  before,  that  the  child  laat  boru  is  mature,  the  first 
cannot  bo  more  than  five  months  old,  an  age  at  which  it  is  m 
the  highest  degree  improljable  that  n  child  could  be  reared  at  all, 
and  certain  that  it  ooold  only  he  saved  hy  ingenious  and  ca[«tnl 
contrivances  of  which  mention  is  sure  lo  have  been  made. 

In  any  cases  that  may  hereafter  occur,  it  will  be  important  to 
observe  the  siie  and  development  of  tho  chiidrun.  Bat  it  must 
not  t>e  foi^ott^n  that  even  the  healthy  proilucts  of  the  same  con- 
ception may  differ  greutly  in  siae— a  fact  well  illuEtrated  hy  a 
esse  broagbt  under  my  notice  by  Mr.  Streeter,  in  which  female 
Iwinii  five  and  a  quarter  months  old,  were  born  enveloped  in  a 
commoo  chorion.     The  one  via*  more  tbau  t-«\te  tt«  «™  cS  Sob 


acrBWEunoa .  141 

Mkw.  iHt  Iba  imtOm  alcnc  hd  nnd*  toccoifu]  rflbrts  to 

ir  tlw  ai^  fM«  of  Um  irift  of  B>7iDcn>d  Vilkrd  be  <nrTCctl7 
ttaUd,  tb*  ilwlrin*  of  *Bp«rf(Ptaliiin  mnt  be  Bdmilted  to  be 
■jr  bi  lucful  to  m^inu  the  duef  ■ijoaiaiti 
rib;  the  niliiicitn  uid  opponenU  of  that  doctrine. 
Tht  un—iiiiti  ol  tupcrfixUtioii  allq^  that  the  oocafrenee  t* 
iBpndit^  koeaan  1.  ihvtJjt  ttUx  eimeejitioD  the  oi  tinoe,  m 
wM  m  Ik*  ialcnwl  Bpntan*  of  the  Fallopiui  tube*.  *re  doaed 
bf  >  tUA  uairinw  mneiu.  2.  Tbe  membnna  deculin,  which 
It  ■!■>  f-nftt*  ■•on  atliae  eouetpOioa,  lioee  the  atena,  uxl  udi  in 
(  the  apaiqn  into  it*  cavity.    3.  Wben  the  g 


A  Qpn  ■  bare  Mnnuption,  amd  nay 
llwirfae  b*  BBmeurilr  dl— uaad.  The  thiid  olgcctioD.  if  Tilid, 
BWt  prove  !klal  t«  lb«  deetnnc  of  npofolBtion ;  bat  thoogb 
lU*  ohrtarta  KMj  eiiat  ia  t^  foUj'deTekiiied  atcm.  the  onty 
bb4  TmBafmii  tsbe*  are  not  nwre  prefcoted  frotn  eoming  into 
I  laitai  I  villi  aadi  otbar  ia  the  aarlf  itage  c^  oteio-genation,  >t 
vhiA  alwwe  lapnfiiUtiaa  ia  aUaged  to  take  place,  than  in  the 
lad  aUtau     ~ 

t  Dawlj-fiKned 
Dt  *ith  Ihf  nificea  and  «dl>  of  the  olenu, 
D  trnHj  lo  it  aa  not  to  admit  the  paaagc  of  tlw  wnwD. 
«f  luawatiiiallijai  ia  DDtnerooa  cwa  occvrring  daring  a 
ha  Bbola  «f  pwgnanfj.  leama  to  prora  that  the  aJbaian 
Kit  fH*  I^Medoa  nnwB  and  of  tha  deddoa  ta  by  ao  meani  aa 
~         t  to  IfatUd  I)m  paiga  of  fluid  j  and  tin*  argoment  ia 
1  bj  Uw  ftaqaani  oeemTciiee  of  hwuuirhagc  in  the 
affw  ct  fngnancy  ia  Eooaaqoom  of  partial  detacb- 
t  of  tha  ylaiaaila.    The  argnmcnt*  adnneed  agwnrt  tha 
'  m  «f  amwifialalliai  are  thmfore  not  of  loOcient  *eight  la 
rbalanee  tha  InpNUUIitica  Mt  fcrth  b  tbe  eaae  of  Kajr- 
d  VUkrd  i  and  unl^  that  caaa  cao  ha  iho«D  to  be  antnul- 
■  to  ha  ao  altetnatiTr  bat  to  admit  the  troth 
irth>'4aalriiie. 

If,  than.  «■  admit  Ibe  pfMdUlltj  of  anpcriictatiaa.  the  qtietlitni 
'  •.  Cta  ••  aapUa  thk  ocGumm  >o  a*  to  arobl  Die  aVym- 
la  of  Ua  tmti^tf/    Tb»  atmUaa  of dpoUa  uteri,  aitd 


'  tvqaired  aplaitaUoa 


A 


LEGiTniAcr. 


I  tbe  reoordcd  catte  of  tbii  mnlfbnnation  w 

«iiperfiietRtion,  it  is  quite  poa^ble  that 
80D1B  of  the  Utter  mii;  be  eipl^nMl  li;  the  maUbrmution  in 
questiou.* 

That  tbii  maironnntioD  does  really  eiplain  nme  cnsea  of  mper- 
fmtationi  ifl  proTod  by  a  cau  related  by  Sahe[der  of  a  wornan  who, 
six  weeka  all^r  luaniage,  bore  a  four  montha'  child,  and  forty 
weeks  afl«r  marriage  mature  twios,  Od  eiamiaatioT].  tbe  uterna 
and  va)paa  were  both  found  double,  and  each  vagina  had  a 
■eporate  orifloe.t 

Dr.  Bonaar,  in  the  Essay  already  referred  to,  raisee  a  qotbI 
qaeation  of  mncb  interest  in  itself,  and  obviooaly  admitting  of 
praidjcal  applicatiou,  namely,  bow  soon  after  her  delivery  inay  a 
woman  again  beeome  pregnant.  Starting  from  the  common 
auumpliou  that  at  least  thirty  days  muat  elapse  before  tbe  oterDa 
can  T«BUnie  its  generative  fnaetion,  and  adding  from  374  to  390  days 
for  tbe  period  of  geatution,  it  would  follow  that  no  woman  could 
beu  a  mature  child  aooner  than  tbe  304tli,  or  from  that  to  the 
310th  day.  Dr.  Bonnar,  by  reforriDg  to  '  Lodge'*  Peerage  and 
Baronetagev'  ihnws  that  there  hare  been  at  leaat  lH  rerarded 
caaea,  in  wbicb  the  interval  between  one  birth  and  another  hna 
been  309  days  or  leia.  There  were  ten  catae  of  309  to  300  davs ; 
2  of  299  to  290 J  4  of  289  to  2B0j  1  of  373;  1  of  353;  l' of 
182  i  1  of  173 1  and  I  of  127  days.  Dr.  Bonnar,  taking  these 
oases  into  consideration,  and  weighing  the  facts  relatjng  to  tbe 
■late  of  the  vagina,  uterus,  and  locbial  discharge,  fixes  on  tbe 
fburieailh  day  alter  delivery  as  the  earheat  at  which  a  freaU 
impregnation  may  take  place. 

Having  discussed  at  length  tbe  three  leading  qneations  con- 
nected with  tbe  sahjcct  of  legitimacy,  it  will  be  necestary  to  say 
only  a  few  words  ooumequeationioflessmtereatandimpartance. 

Tbe  question  of  paternity,  as  already  stated,  may  arite  when  a 
woman,  soon  after  the  death  of  her  husband,  marries  again. 
Sometimes  this  question  aatumes  the  ihape  of  the  one  last  dis- 
CQiacd.  A  child  is  bom  within  five  months,  or  thereabouts,  of 
the  death  of  the  6nl  husband,  and  the  question  of  paternity 
bocomea  one  of  liability.  Where  the  child  is  of  moh  an  age  u 
that  it  might  have  had  either  husband  ffar  its  father,  the  pater- 
nity must  be  dedded  by  ■  reference  to  the  state  of  health  of  tbe 
deceased  huiband  at  the  presumed  time  of  conception, 

n  CIS  il'Vlinu  Double,  si  da  SBperAsts- 


1  UUln'i' 


4  II  etliBi,  IB  Uu«  of  whkb  Uit  vafina  n 
18,  and  *  LoaloB  Ksd,  Osa,' VI 


In  M«iBb7.  ma;  uin  in  (laTe-holfDf  ■■ 
■d  poaot*  at  a  dnid  an  of  diKnnt  o  ~ 


'fa  tlaa  OHe  k  di^  so  tha  daatb  </ Ut  w{ 
rUa  Bfcw  tonutf  bj  tlw  tmrto?  of  Eastai 
I  af  the  inaiMiai  lor*  afiM,  te  not  tba  mbb  i 
im  ot  inhntioJe.  It  tm  baen  deddad  Uiat  n 
qp  b;  tb*  auUtj,  uij  kind  of  taatkm,  wta  ' 

triad  b  1S06,  i<  beld  to  be  ndCaeat  endcn 


■e  a^»ble  at  a 
M,  ad  wawwad  bjr  BlaekAn^  wbo  at 
ItMili  hath  not  tbe  ibapa  of  nMnkiiid."  "I 
lUwd/*  bu  iC  in  ((il      


k         ™.ke 


LIFE-ASSURANCE.      FEIGNED    DISEASl 

LIFE-ASSUBANCE. 

MiDlciL  men  IiBve  to  perfomT  important  fQiir.tioTU  in  relatioa  to 
Ufe'MSurBTice.  Applicaota  for  iniuninn!  are  mbmittcd  to  tlis  ID- 
qiectioii  and  GiaminHUini  of  phyBlauis  or  curgeoan  lelectcd  for 
the  pirpocc,  uid  tbeir  ordinarj  medical  attendants  are  couultcd 
reipecting  the  diseaies  from  which  tlwy  may  have  enfiered.  Tho 
sen'irc*  of  the  med'cnl  man  are  eepecially  required  b;  tliow 
offices  which  undertake  the  innftanee  of  mnound  Urea,  or  which 
arc  in  the  habit  of  scoepting  livea  that  fiill  short  of  the  Btandard 
nf  robust  health ;  for  all  informHiJon  r«apeeting  ipecial  rislis  mmt 
be  drawn  from  rocdipnl  •onrfen.  In  the  beat  managed  oScn, 
ugoiu.  medical  men  of  standing  and  experience  occupy  places  on 
the  board,  and  by  afTording  information  respecting  the  meaning 
of  lemu,  and  the  tme  significance  of  i;tatcmenla  contained  in  the 
reports  anbrnitted,  arv  able  to  render  very  important  aervioe. 
Medical  men  are  alw  called  npon  to  report  on  iiyuriea  soitained 
by  pcr«ona  assured  against  accident,  and  tbvy  have  to  render 
aimilnr  sorvicoi  to  benefit  locietics,  and  %o  make  similar  personal 
examinationa  in  the  case  of  recruits,  emigrants,  pritonen,  and 
candidates  for  employment  in  all  public  officoi  In  wbich  strength, 
activity,  and  health  are  deemed  important. 

The  insurance  offices  provide  the  medical  examiner  with  a 
printed  list  of  qneationa,  prepared  under  niodiml  advini,  or  sog- 
gest«d  by  their  own  experience,  refuting  to  the  itate  of  health  of 
the  applicant,  his  family  and  personal  history,  his  occnpation  and 
hatuts,  the  diaeasea  which  he  has  luffi-Ted,  and  sach  other  partico- 
Urs  as  are  presumed  (o  affect  tbe  probable  duraUon  of  hia  life. 

Hence  the  duty  of  tlie  medical  examiner  resolves  itself  into  a 
work  of  inquiry  ai^d  a  uork  of  personal  inspection  and  elamlna- 
lion,  respecting  both  of  nhieh  a  few  pnictioil  suggestaoiia  may  be 
offered  with  advantage. 

].  The  Inquiries  which  tbe  meilical  examiner  la  eipect«d  lo 
mske  relate  [)artly  to  the  family,  and  partly  to  the  personal  hia- 


noKT.      PBBSOHAL  EIAUISATION.       liS    ■ 

iMnL  Tlie  flnt  cka  are  chiefly  directed  to  ■«- 
ralam  of  hovditwy  prediaposition,  wlietber  of  ■ 
raftTOorablB  diuacler.  Ai  a  general  rule,  tlie 
«  who  die  oil]  lire  to  he  old  i  wtiile  tlie  cliildreu 
dia  jroSBgue  ahort  lived.  Tbe  m^cal  examilier 
I,  aioerlaiti.  wiili  inpcct  to  the  parent*  of  tb« 
iag,  wbat  tgt  ttiejr  hire  attained;  if  deed.  »t 
Aedi  and  tie  ilmuld  eitund  this  iaquiry  to 
ten.  if  the  aniwers  rHpi-ctiag  tbuie  iiiur  rela- 
arabU,  it  Kill  not  be  neoeiaarji  to  extend  (he  in- 
Int  if  they  have  died  early,  or  if  tbej  appear  to 
Be  benditary  malady  anrirnuly  afiitcting  tbe  dura- 
k>  and  aunU.  and  even  a  larger  circle  of  telu- 
KKVU  tie  iudnded.  Haiiiig  aKertained  tbe  aga 
d  datMMHl  roeiabrr*  of  tlie  spplicant'i  fLimily,  the 
I  not  inquire  lato  tbe  nutei  of  death*  oi  then 
It*  »ba  hii*e  not  died  of  old  age.  If  one  or  mare 
lo  hare  died  of  (jalinoimry  ootunnplion,  utlima, 
Huer, heart  ditoiipnr acute  riienmatiam;  orMime 
■Adona  afliwtioa ;  or  uf  upapleiy  or  dmpjy  at  an 
bet.  maid  have  to  be  noted  at  more  or  lea* 
line  of  the  Hfej  and  aimiUr  importauce  woold 
e  of  any  of  tliete  diieaiei 
r»  of  the  ipp^Innt'i  famil)'. 
hiitary  of  Uw  applioiiit  mil  coinpriae  hit  age, 
rbether  nwnied  or  aiogle).  occnpution,  place  of 
>liiUor  Ufe  i  wbethei  he  bai  had  imall-poi.  or 
and  itw  iiiuaiiii  to  which  be  hu  been  especially 
kUw  diiaaiai  or  ■ymptonu  of  diseaao  to  whidi 
•  atUchw  may  be  mentioned  afritting  of 
g  probatniity  of  cooiiimipljon)  ;  Ront, 
lis.  and  aithma  (both  as  liable  to  recur 
n  fur  HTioD*  oi};auic  ihsuget)  i  dropsy 
lodicBllon  at  levere  organic  roinbicl']  j 
[I  (n  IcBTlng  bohiud  it  wme  uufuvourablB 
<jt  a*  being  tbe  direct  crmwqaenoe  of 
ril)]  Ota  (aa  betnying  aeriooB  le«ioa  of  tbe 
t  (aa  inTalring  danger  of  itrangohu 
r  (a*  obviotuly  tending  to  iborteli 

Fill  have  lo  be  conducted  with 


I 


LUE-ASSDEiSCE. 


grenter  or  lesa  a 


a  as  tbe  fnmily  ind 


ir  otheriviae  ibuDrDiHl,  ftod  tile 

e  ii  pale,  tbe  compleiion  un- 

;  and  eapraiallj  if  tlie  nppli- 


hlatory  have  proved  favourable  or  otherwiw.  If  favonrable,  a  cur- 
lory  inepection  and  examinaticm  will  mSce  :  and  if  the  applicant 
i>  well  fonued  ;  the  complexion  healthy  ;  the  pnlae  regnlar  and 
equal,  of  fair  force,  and  not  exceeding  TO  or  75,  or  bllini^  much 
below  60  (in  the  female  not  more  than  80) ;  and  if  tbe  breathing 
is  free  and  trauquil,  the  life  nuiy  W  ■afely  recommcndi^d  fnr 
aeceptsnce.  But  if  the  family  or  pcrKiual  history  ia  unmljsbc- 
tory ;  if  the  person  a  ill  tbnned  or  diBproportionwl,  emaciated  or 
bloated  ;  if  tbe  pnlse  a  frequeat  o  '  ~  ~ 
reapiradon  unnntnml  i  if  the  fact 
bealthy,  and  tbe  eipreauon  auiioi 

Quit  has  been  attacked  by  any  terioai  diieaso ;  a  more  minate 
examination  directed  to  tlie  (tate  of  tbe  nervuuB  tiystem,  of  t1j« 
longs,  of  tbe  heart,  aud  of  tbe  Drinary  orgaua,  will  be  required. 
Tbe  cheat  ihonld  he  examined  by  ptrcuamoD  and  auacultatiun, 
and  in  ■  few  caua  of  ditease  of  lung  the  reipiTAtion  may  be 
teatodby  tbe  »irirometcr  of  Dr.  Hutshinaon.*  In  tome  osKstbe 
nritie  will  have  to  be  tcalfd  for  albumen  or  sugar. 

To  tbeae  obaervstiona  on  the  duties  of  tlie  niedieal  examiner, 
we  add  a  brief  summary  of  our  knowledge  a(  the  iuRuence  on 
longevity,  of  place  of  re«deiicp,  change  of  climate,  occupatioa 
and  batata  of  life,  peculiarity  of  conititution,  hereditary  predi^ 
poiiUons,  and  pre-existing  disease. 

J'taee  of  Rttiiteaa. — Tbe  priiidpal  facta  tbit  have  been  as- 
certained respecting  pemoua  living  witbin  tbe  limits  of  their 
native  country  ire  tlic  following; — 1.  That  tbe  inhabilanla  of 
rural  districts  are  longer  lived  than  those  ot  towns.  2.  Tliat 
large  eitiea  arc  more  &tal  to  liFe  ttion  small  onca.  S.  Tbnt 
marahes,  and  low-lying  districts  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  are  leas 
healthy  than  more  elevated  apota.  4.  That  of  two  districts  of 
equal  elevation,  that  which  his  a  sandy  or  gravelly  soil  is  healthier 
than  that  which  conaistsof  clay  or  rich  allDviom.  5.  Tbatclose. 
damp,  and  ill-drained  hoiiaea  are  pncnliaily  fatal  to  life.  Such 
coiindenUons  as  these  ought,  in  extreme  cnseo,  to  iuflnenoe  tbe 
UBminer  In  seli'clin);  Uvea  for  assurance. 

Change  ijf  ClimaU. — Tbe  removal  tnm  a  temperate  or  cold 
cUmat*  to  a  but  an«  alTeiita  the  duration  of  life  much  mon> 
Mrioualy  than  any  cluing  of  rnidence  fVom  one  part  of  a  man's 
native  connlry  lii  mii'tfier.  Our  iDiarance  offices,  accordingly, 
wittadr  Ttfaw  to  Hsoiire  lives  at  all  in  extreme  cases,  or  demand 


•  Pocai 


a. 


n  nf  ihl>  li 


STITDTIOH. 

),  VHrf  mg  with  tlie  aaccrtnined 
Minwleil  incroue  of  risk.     Tlie  beat  information  we  potnea  in 
i  sobjert  in  drawu  (rom  tlie  report*  of  tbo  iDor- 
aiity  of  our  troojK  imd  mmen  employsd  in  difTuront  parts  of  tlie 
Id;  from  nhich  it  appears  that  while  tbe  itiB'ereni'e  between 
Pf  dmnp  wtomtioiii  and  drj  elevated  ones  prei-nils  everywhere, 
'ncreasea  nith  tlie   temperature,  sttiunin)c  iti 
Miimnm  within  the  tropica,  uid  fsJIint;  to  the  ntnndBrd  of  Eng- 
ir  eveii  belov  it,   in  coU  or  tetuperate  n^on^.     Some  aa- 
nnoe  offices,  acting  on  thia  general  prindptu,  allow  the  samrcd 
Id  mi<)e  without  eitni  cliarge  iu  any  part  of  tbe  wirld  beyond 
Ertj  ilt^reeB  fram  tbe  equator,  reqoiring  frain  those  who  tnkeap 
It  abode  withia  these  limit!  an  eitrs  pajmrnt,  roughly  pro- 
portioned to  the  additional  risk. 

Oetmpation. — The  occapation*    whicli    shorten  life  are  those 

tbat  Inil  to  excuB   ia  epirilaoui  liquors;   thow  that  combine 

J  liabits.  or  ■  mininiDm  of  exertion,  witli  eipoinre  to  a 

and  heated  ntmospbere;  those  that  entail  uiidne  eipoanre 

to  the  weather,  with  hat^ships  and  privations ;  thoso  tbat  reqnire 

long  bonn  of  work,  and  a  sacriBce  of  mtiiml  rest ;  those  that 

mr«  carried  on  in  cioaJ*  of  dnst ;  and  those  that  bring  men  into 

t  contact  with  poisonous  substnnres.     The  employments 

ibioh  demand  special  attention,  n>  belonging  to  these  «cvcm1 

lads,  are  licensed  victuHllers,  potboys,  and  brewers'  draymen ; 

tnponton,  tailors,  and  drapers'  asstetsuts;  soldier*  t^A  sailors 

nring  active   wnrbre;    Inkers;    knife  and    needle  grinders; 

le-paintera,  manuAictarers   of  cards  eusmellcd    with    lend, 

I  who  work  with    lead,  mercnnr,   phosphorus,  or  the 

ptitc  of  ineaic.    One  occupation  not  easily  brought  under  any 

t  tbase  heads  has  been  shown  to  sborten  life  without  cnusing 

if  sickness,  namely,  the  employment  of  the 

mportant  of  the  above  employrqents,  in  ita  hearing 
Vm  life  UBurance,  is  that  of  the  licensed  victiiHllcr,  wboau  life  is 
Vithraja  regarded  with  saapidoo,  and  even  deemod  uninsurable, 
Tl  the  ahaencc  of  ver;  diatanct  proof  of  temperate  hnbita. 

SabiUof  Life, — Lniury,  sloth,  £asipation,  and  intempurance, 

*    o  life  ;  bat  tbe  last  in  the  only  one  of  which  it  is 

!o  obtain  distinct  proof.     When  the  fact  of  intemperance  is 

wly  ntabliihed  it  aflbnls  ground  for  peremptory  ri^ei'tian,  It 

'  D  well  ascertaiued  that  onoaual  risk  attvuds  the  assuring  of 

.    hving  in  a  oontiniul   slate   of  pecuniary  uuibarraES- 

PiaUiarily  of  Coiw/ifafion.— Cnder  this  head  it  vnW  val&vt 


1 

U7       ^H 


J 


to  notice  the  urofiiloiu  <»iutitntian ;  the  long  nwti  and  t 
chut  lo  common  in  contamptiTe  patientai  and  tbe  abort  n 
florid  ronplexion.  Urge  cbot,  md  tendency  to  corpulenej  of  ti 
vii^im*  nf  Bpopleiy. 

Jlrreditaiy  Frrdiipotilioit. — The  moiit  important  iitcmte  i 
relation  to  life-awurancc  it  pnlnioniuy  ci)nntmption  ;  for  it  i 
■  pecnliar  mnaner  tbe  diieiw  of  grown-np  men,  and  eiperi 
of  yonng  men,  and  there  ii  no  doubt  thiit  it  rana  iu  ^ 
The  inqiiiria  of  the  medial  examiner  alionld,  Ibprefore,  1 
apecikllj  directed  to  ditrover  tnret  of  tbie  diiexe  in  the  H} 
hiatorj,  and  ht  ghoold  attach  great  importance  to  the  DCCDm 
of  Kveril  deathi  from  thii  cnuie  aaioiig  tbe  ueamt  relati 
Iniaiiit;,  goot,  nsthma,  nrinarj  ralculna,  liuart  djacaie,  droj 
iipupln;,  and  oncer,  et^pecinlly  when  tbey  appear  to  have  cat 
the  death  of  more  thnn  one  member  of  tbe  futuily  at  an  early 

Pre-axittiitg  Dittan. — The  medical  eiamiuer  will  hare  to  ronn 
liin  own  Mtimate  of  tbe  inRnence  which  previoua  attacks  of  diieaw 
niBjr  havD  hod  OD  the  health  of  tlie  appliant  and  the  valne  of  Ilia 
lifii.  Aa  B  rale,  mild  attacliE  of  tbe  febrile  exanthemata,  whtch 
occur  cliieflj  in  cbildhood,  and  of  l^^hua  or  tjphwd  fcier  in  the 
adult,  do  not  permanent];  alfect  the  valne  of  tile.  Bot  attocka 
of  etynpelaa.  gout,  acute  rbenmatiim,  aathma,  and  ooniomptioD 
(nhii'h  often  proves  &tal  after  icTeral  distinct  attacki)  must  be 
differvntlj'  viewed  on  ncooant  of  their  lialrility  to  re«nr.  Among 
•ymptoma,  that  of  ipittiiig  ot  blood,  taken  as  an  indication  of  con- 
tumjitioa,  ii  of  special  importance.  Tbe  expectoration  of  ■  cun- 
aidcnibla  quantity  of  verm ilioii<colou red  blood  would  alwaya 
wwnnt  tbe  rejection  of  a  life ;  but  even  a  tcenty  diioharge  of 
blOMI,  whether  light  or  dark  oDloured,  whatever  the  part  from 
iriildi  it  is  allegeil  to  have  oome.  mu«t  be  regarded  with  ■Dipidou, 
loullng  to  a  minute  and  careful  atamimitiun  of  the  cheat.  luflam- 
wilica  or  other  severe  diieaKi  of  the  luugi,  or  repeated  attacks 
at  troncbitl^  figuring  in  the  previous  hittory  of  the  applicant, 
wooU  alio  lead  (a  d  carehil  numination  of  tbe  chest;  lor  r- 
■re  important  in  tlwrnsolves,  and  .may  be  the  re 
""  '  tit,  or  lay  the  foundation  for  mort*l  Jisca» 
tmn. 

U  iha  apptiiaut'a  fatuily  and  personal  hUlor?,  and  e 
•tate  of  bolth,  prove  favoumbl^  bis  life  wonld  tie  reconii 
for  •Mumncc  on  ordinary  (enna ;  but  if  unfavoutabb!.  the  »o 
•ihat  difBcult  '|uiwiii>n  hHsbs  wbethor  the  life  riionld  be  a 
l^thM-  ntji'cicd.  or  accrpted  with  a  greater  or  1«^  addition  U> 
itfdlnsry  prcuiium  or  (ithnt  naounta  to  the  mme   thin^  on  [ 


OSUKAKCX  rOK  SHOUT   lEEKS. 


Hi 


m  laqairarf  Lt  ■  halUiy  pcnon  of  ■  nunc  iil- 
B^UtaMnti  otn  only  be  sifcl/  mnde  by 
LpriamaJ  meiUtsl  tncn.  Thiit  the  practical 
■r  their  ulTice  are  Btia&ctory  ma;  tw  uiferral 
t  of  iIm  Kiglo  InaannM  oSce  u  let  fbrtli 
>.  lJ»>rg«  Hitmtilirejri.  It  appears  that  aa 
r  ;e>n  fur  appUcauU  whote  penoo&l  or  fiunilv 
Ukj  la  diaBMCT  of  the  nrgina  uf  ropiralian. 
Ml  i«(n«d  mOdent,  aud  thnt  the  sine  addi- 

■  •■Sead  fcr  pcnooanf  intempcnto  huHita;  bUq  that  an 

■  af  9  jawa  Iwi  «tBo*d  fi>r  MUfncioiu  fdmil;  hiitarj  and 
^.  4  to  goola  >ad  3  for  bemia.     It  ahoalil,  liowcrer,  be 

Mn*  to  mbd  Uul  theu  ar«  aetrage  idilitioiu,  and   tbo  number 

f  J 11  mUoI  u  p«al«r  u  the  appUoiDt  ij  yoonicer.     Tbaa,  if 

M  taka  OD*  atom  of  addition  with  aDotbcr  the  figure*  for  looma- 

i— 1w  biciDDiDg  with  that  endijg  at  SO.  were  9.  8,  C,  6. 

MmI  S.     Aa  ■  (auTiil  rule  the  mure  Bdraoced  agea  demaud- 

»  tfcfjr  dc^  a  higher  praoiain,  require  a  •anller  adtUtion  of 

r  may  be  reqoired  to  giTe   adviiTe 

KUBDce  Da  BOaouad  Ut«  fiir  short 

_    t  the  t«nm  on  which  they  ought  (o  be 

f  ba  of  tha  nlinast  importance  to  effect  an  in- 

H  nr  t«D  yean  on  a  life  which  must  he  rejected  if 

ocw  tam.     A  yooog  person,  for  inUaoce,  icIki 

amplion,  and  whose 

nnvnind,  maj  deairs  lo  insure 

■nitier  maj  have  to  report  on 

J  uf  BDdarlaldnp  the  risk ;  in  wbidi  case  he  woatd 

■  HBlJai  bj  auoM  each  coowkrations  as  the  following : — Pul- 

mtaiftioa  may  prora  fatal  in  any  one  of  a  loug  «rieB 

Wj^ut,  and  tlie  cfaaBCa  a^inst  an  attuck  of  the  ditease  fallinf 

ar  ara  conaidErable  i  and  even  shoald  it  occur 

d  hj  the  aaiunnee,  then  is   the  fhvourable 

•  nf  tta  eoannvficinj;  at  a  Ute  paiiod  of  the  year,  and  atlwr 

g  IWtal  wtlluD  the  year,  or  (as  tha  difease  in  its  fsiU\ 

an  aTrrago  dimtion  of  nearly  two  yean)  not  having 

w  til]  long  after  the  pcriud  cuTere>l  hy  the  policy  has 

Smikr  rauunings  apply  lo  other  aeiera  diseaiea,  and, 

WKlifti^tinni  to  the  atauranco  of  all  unsound  liTes. 

nA  of  tha  tulgcGt,  too.  it  is  not  poariblE  to  lay  don-n 

'm,    Ta  term  ■  right  decision  larec  profeaiionnl 

*  hf  eomblDad  wltli  imnd  jmlsmv"^- 

g  on  the  aocepUno 


,1 

I 


W  150 


150  LI  FE>AS3U  BANCS.  ^^M 

tion  of  Hppliciuits  for  life  Mcnrance,  which  can  be  foil;  dUciuufl 
only  in  biioJa  wbDlly  deroted  to  that  sol^ect,"  or  in  mich  learned 
worka  »»  Wolford'*  '  lumrance  Cyclop^ia.'  But  BOnie  poinM 
of  prscticnl  importaace  may  be  noticed  with  advantage  in  such 
brip/  ■uinmaries  aa  those  nhicb  follow,  in  which  mme  lending 
fliuti  >ud  numerical  dotaila  arc  8Ct  Torth  nnder  diiUoct  heads. 

PvIiNonory  Consumption. — A  disenae  apt  to  be  concealed  under 
Bnch  vjorda  aa  BBthma,  broDchiti*.  pneomonia,  frequent  colda, 
and  liabitual  cough ;  and,  aa  a  eanae  of  death,  under  "  death  in 
childbed."  Fitlula  in  lao  juatifies  a  niapicion  of  it,  and  a  small, 
(luiek,  frequent  pnlae,  (pitting  of  blood,  and  nnuaual  lialrilit;  to 
attaclia  uf  oold,  iudigeation,  and  diarrhcca,  are  atnoDg  its  matt 
common  aiitecedenta.  It  is  an  hereditary  malady,  more  bo  ia 
fcmalea  than  in  malea.  Bud  variously  estimated  B«  allowing  itaelf 
in  from  25  to  GO  per  cent,  of  deacendnntu  and  near  relativea. 
The  class  oF  tubercuhir  diaeoses  to  which  it  belong  caaaes  Uttls 
leia  tlmli  one-seventh  of  nil  the  death'  in  England  and  Wales,  of 
both  Hexes  Bud  b1)  ages,  and  consuniption  itaelf  nearly  one-ninth. 

In  England,  futnales  of  all  ages  ore  somewhat  more  tiuhle  taoon- 

Bomption  thin  males ;  but,  attei  15,  admewluit  less  so,  and  they 
die  earlier.  In  London  they  arc  less  liabletoconsumptiou  Uun 
male*  :— st  all  agon  in  the  ratio  of  t)8  to  117 ;  above  15,  in  that 
of  162  to  213 ;  above  20,  in  that  of  157  to  211  j  and  tbey  attain 
their  msiimnm  mortality  later. 

Cancer. — Females  are  more  liable  (a  this  diaeue  than  males  in 
the  ratio  of  222  to  llT;  and  thcy  attain  tlieir  maximum  mortality 
earlier.  The  hereditary  tendency  lo  cancer  hai  been  variously 
I'titimated  at  from  20  to  30  per  cent. 

Goaf.— The  mortality  from  this  disease  is  small  in  men,  and 
still  Boiiiller  ia  women.  The  hereditary  t^ndenry  is  estimated  at 
60  per  cent. 

Aeute  EhetiiHatlim.—Tae  liability  to  this  diaeitte  ia  nearly 
equal  in  the  two  sexet,  and  the  maiimum  mortality  occurs  in 
both  in  the  decade  ending  at  26.  It  is  not  the  direct  canse  of 
many  deaths,  but  is  apt  to  recnr ;  anil  it  lays  the  foundation  of 
heart  disease.  Its  hereditary  tendency  has  bceti  estimated  at 
30  per  cent. 

heart  DUerae. — Females  ire  tomewbut  more  liable  to  heart 
diiease  than  males,  the  increased  liability  slioniiig  itaelf  chiefly 
aflor  50  years  of  age.  Diseases  of  the  heart  (aneurism  Bicludcd) 
occasion  about  1  in  20  of  the  deutlis  in  England  nt  all  ages. 

Attima. — There  are  more  thtui  cases  of  asthma  in  men  than 

•  BUEbuBrlDlon's'URUalSeKKtloD  of  Livu  Tor  Auaraun,'  or  Slctc- 
Ung*!  ■  Uedlcal  Adviser  b  Utv  Asiuran«.' 


It  19  tbe  cause  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  total  dentin  of 
DulMtgeil  35  ti>45,  knd  theinsiinium  mortality  isnttaiaedin  the 
decade  ending  at  65  ycui  of  age.     It  is  Dever  to  liigb  u  2J  ]>er 

BrtHHehilu. — Thii  dionue  a  somenliat  more  htal  to  females 

than  to  niili:*.  and  ocoiuons  9  per   cent,   of  tbe  ntDrtality  at  nil 

■tres-     Tlie  dmth.nte  from  thii  diiieoae,  which  i*  nearly  8  per 

cent,  nnder  15,  bnt  enly  1  per  cent,  in  the  interval  from  la  Ui 

.  tG.  increaaei  in  tbe  following  decades  at  the  numbers  2,  5,  10, 

Ll7.  and  16. 

B  IitKinitf, — Tbia  ii  the  ouse  of  a  somewhat  liif(her  mortality 
Hb  womm  tliNn  in  men ;  but  it  occuiona  in  both  eexea  bat  a 
■miall  portion  (leaa  than  a  half  per  c<?nt.)  of  the  total  mortality. 
The  higWt  proportion  of  deaths  (0'4l  in  men,  and  0'55  in 
women)  occurs  in  the  decade  ending-  at  65.  lit  hereditury  force 
bas  been  varionsly  estimated  sa  16  and  57  per  cent.,  and  it  is 
believed  to  be  much  more  decided  in  the  higher  than  in  tbe 

ri  Di*ortUr$, — Thete  museuBomewbat  higher  mortality 
a  than  in  females,  and  they  occasion  about  oiio-ci^hth  i^ 
le  eatira  mortality  at  all  ages.     Apojileiy  and  paralysis  are  the 

»  of  moat  interest  in  reference  to  life  osiaiancc. 
ApopUxg. — This  disease  is  more  fetal  to  females  thim  to  males 
B  tbe  pro)>ortion  of  abont  24  to  £1.     The  death-rate,  which  is 
'  1  per  cent,  for  tbe  decade  ending  at  26,   increateB.  as  tbo 
_         1^.  !^i  4.  6\i  and  Gin  the  succeeding  decades,  the  greatest 
Bortalit;  being  in  the  lOyears  ending  66. 

~       '     '        —       ■      -         Q  for  thia  caau  ia  also  somewhat 

I  in  males,  but  the  ex««i  shows 

lalify,  whidi  is  insigniRcnnt  Tor 

M  for  tbe  succeeding  decades  as 

l,3,3irB,and7.* 

On  the  purely  legal  bearinRS  of  the  subject  of  life  osjuranco 

~  le  Med  be  said.     It  ia  obvious  that  tbe  contract  entered  into 

■  policy  of  insurance  may  be  rendered  void  by  any  intentional 

wlment  or  omisiion  of  iucb  particalars  of  the  prerimis  hoaltb 

"ta  of  the  applicant  as,  if  lino*rn,  most  have  caused  Che  life 

Is  b«  Iqected,  or  accepted  only  on  more  onerous  t«rtDs ;  also  by 

Initting  to  name  tbe  medical  nien  wlio  have  attended  him  in  anj 

iB-ioai  illnesto.     But  even  where  there  lias  been  no  fraudulent 


I 
I 


PanUytU. — The  d«lh-ti 
higher  (S4  to  23)  in  females  tl 
haelf  chiefly  after  60.     The  i 


u  Ainim  hi  D»  forccolD^  alsteinanl 


■re  the  n 


IS3 


ooneealment,  qneitinTu  hive  been  railed  u  to  the  tendeney  n 
pkrtieuUr  diuaies,  such  lu  indigestion,  go^U  or  mental  unsound* 
nesi;  of  Bcoidetital  injuries,  such  as  frnctureg,  niul  of  paiticaUr 
hnbiCa,  auch  as  Biuaking  mid  opiuro -eating,  to  Bhortcn  life.  Od 
aU  «aoli  qaestiona  tbere  is  mnch  rooiD  Ibr  differeuce  of  o 
fining  even  well-in rormcd  medrcnl  men. 

Tlie  ilefinits  queatioiu   now    commonly    prepsidd 
guidanve  of  the  medioll  eiaminor,  itnd  the  experience  of  the 
suranoe  offices  of  the  difficnlty  of  obtaining  ■  verdict  in  lb 
favour,  eicapt  in  cases  or  Dndouhted  fraud,  tend  grentlj  to  limit 
tbe  namber  of  actiona  at  law,  end  to  deprive  this  aubject  of  tame 
l^iai  intereet  wliieh  it  formerly  possessed.     But  \U  importanoa 
in  every  other  point  of  view,  and  the  value  of  tiie  services  of  thfl 
medical  einminer  and  referee,  arc  increasing  with  the  growbf 
appreciation  of  tlie  value  of  the  assurance  of  life  and  heeltb,  i  ~' 
tlie  coiisequeat  extension  of  the  pructic 


I 

On 

far    i^H 
>lbnit 

DftlM 

1 


FEIGNED  DISEASES. 

Difeaws  and  disabilities  arc  feigned  from  s  grent  variety  of 
molivea :  the  loldier  or  sailor  to  escape  from  duty,  or  to  obtain 
bis  discbarge,  and  the  mendicant  to  avoid  labour,  obtain  pnroehiul 
relief,  or  impose  on  private  benevolence.  They  are  also  asaomed 
witli  a  view  of  defmndin^  benefit  tocjeties;  or  procuring  the 
comfort*  of  an  bospltnl  s  obtaining  compenaation  for  siine  pre- 
tended injury  :  prociirii^  a  releose  from  conHnement,  or  e 
tion  from  pnnishment ;  and  there  arc  persons,  p«rticularly  j 
oniiiarried  iemales,  wlio,  without  bnpe  of  gain,  feign  diseai 
order  to  eiiai«  pablic  interest  and  eiiriouty,  or  private  s^mpa 

Useasea  are  most  apt  to  be  feigned  by  tbuse  wlio  mnen^ 
moat}  n>  soldiers,  sailors,  prisoners,  be^iiars,  and  scboi'l  boys  m 
girli.  Rut  the  best  achool  for  Mgncd  diseases  is  the  army  ; 
Foder^,  tpeaking  of  the  tima  when  tbe  eonacriplion  wna  in 
force  in  Frani'e,  says  tint  malingering  "was  biooght  to 
perRtcUun,  hi  to  render  it  aa  difficult  to  detect  a  feigned  i 
«  to  cure  a  ml  one." 

In  trtsting  of  ftigned  diseases  a  claaaiHed  list  will  first  bl 
of  the  priaoipBl  dinatea  and  defects  which  have  been  un 
and  thii  will  b»  fiillownl  by  rules  for  their  detection. 

fHgned  ilisiMBCi  are  not  easily  eknifisd;  bat  the  most  nitill 

*  On  tha  mrdlro-Jni 
wKh  adtantiKc  M.  » 


D  m?ECT8  OBVIOUS  10  IHB  SENSES.        153 


itribatinn  i>  inla,  I 


Thin  cliM  <xnitiuiis  tbe  fbUowinR  niMiTuioni : — a.  Inaiiutd 
td  di»i»i*lud  lit*  of  parlt.  l.  Jla^omiaHoHi.  c,  WomuU, 
een,  and  npttfiaal  itfljiiaiitalioiu.  d.  Diich^r^a,  t.  Spat- 
odic  afftctioiu.    f.  Paraiiitic  affeeliom. 

a.  IiKreaied  and  diminUhed  Site  of  Parlt.—Ttmoun,     A 

roiirite  mode  of  produuing  tumann  n  b;  iojecting  ur  Into  Che 

lltilur  liHue — beiiuo'.li    tha   akin  of  tbe   abdomen    to    imilato 

riUt,  into  the  Mrutum  to  ImiCaM  hydrontJe  lod  kernia.  under 

I*  Kalp  to  gi>'e  tlie  njipoarance  of  hgdrocephaliH,  into  virions 

[rt*  of  the  limbi,  with  the  belp  of  liguturo),  to  imitate  loi'al 

rdling*.     Tbe  aperture  throngli  whioli  the  wr  haa  been  intnr- 

Kcd  ii  UMwlly   found  covered   by  »  amall   piece   of  plut«r. 

nmDun  are  alio  pralaced  by  [iruslure.     Swelling*  of  the  limbs, 

lamrva,  faricotf  aeint,  and  an  appearance  reaembling  elepAan- 

Mi*,  have  hena  cauaod  by  ligature* )  and  adtma  of  the  arm  by 

wgiag  the  liuib  over  thu  back  of  a  chiur.     Marki  of  the  prea- 

n  >M  ditooverable  on  carenil  unrcb.     Tt/inpinitri  lias  been 

■italed  b;  iwallawiiig  sir,  or  drinking  quaulitiea  of  chalk  and 

Bagar.    A  aolntiDn  of  QUuber'B  nita  iu  H-esk  toboceo-waler 

OTedTery  effieaeioin  in  the  hands  of  Dr.  O'Uim.     Abdomiiiul 

riDMra  have  been  imitateil  by  fbrdblo  protnuion  of  the  «pino. 

[^ical  diaeows  or*  Ibi*  d>uta  have  been  simnhitod   by  eitraneous 

■abatwiCM : — polyput  tff  Ike  not,  by  tbe  testes  of  a  cock,  or  the 

kidney*  uf  a  rabbit,  retaioed  in  tbe  nostril,  perhaps  iin]n-egnat«d 

witli  ttelid  jnic**.     Strolls'  sterautatorie*  unmask  tliene  cases. 

Samarrkoid*  have  hum  imitated  by  the  bladders  at  rats  or  small 

Hah  partly  introduced  liito  thu  rectam.    Prolapnt  am  by  the  gut 

of  an  oi  or  sheep,  or  by  tbe  everted  anal  extremity  of  the  bowel 

of  »  oolt  or  hog.      In  one  case  mentioned  by  Peri-y  and  Laurent, 

*  actually  pmdtKcd  by  passing   into  the  bowel  the 

al'iwp.  distending  it  witb  air,  and  forcibly  retracting 

■L     Prolapwas  nltri  has  been   imitated  by  simitar  means ;  kg- 

datid*  of  tbe  womb  by  veaicii'*  prepared  from  tha  iiitestines  of  a 

pig;  malifftutl  Iminonri  by  a  sponge  soaked  in  VHrioui  colouring 

mattcn;  and  iernia  by  the  injectioD  of  air,  or  the  forcible  re- 

tnetiwi  of  tbo  teaticlea  towards   the   rings.      Cancer  has  been 

Imitated  by  a  odw'*  iplceu,  and  by  a  sponge  tnoiiteued  with  milk 

Bieri  under  the  annpit.     SaielUngt  of  thr  joialt,  intended  (o  r 

prueitii   while  sweiiiiigs,   have  hfCn   pn.idoec<t   by  acrid  planl 


I 


ISi 

BU(^tl  as  the  ranniKniliia  acria  or  Hcuteratns.  applinl  to  tlie  jit^~ 
Enlnrgcmont  nf  the  nbdomen  in  the  female  bin  been  siaiulated 
bj  n  pad.     Partial  atrophy  may  be  proituce<l  by  prpMure, 

Tbe  frxads  coinpriicd  undsr  this  Iirad  require,  for  their  deter- 
tion,  a  careful  eutmiiutioii  of  tbe  put  by  the  eye  and  by  tbe 

ft.  May^rmatioHt, — Lateral  curoature  of  the  «j)iiw  hna  been 
imiutpd.  The  curve  ii  in  the  dorso-lqmbor  rpgion.and  tingle: 
the  convex  lide  not  gibbous.  The  skin  on  the  voncaro  aide  ia 
folded  once  or  twice ;  and  tlie  bauneb  of  thot  side  ia  ao  raised  *■ 
to  give  Clie  leg  the  appenrtuice  of  being  shorteDed.  Oiblotilif, 
or  elevalian  of  Ike  ihimlderi,  tpry  aeci.  Up  diteate,  and  eontrac- 
tione  of  tie  limtt  or  joint;  are  imitated  by  long-continued  ilelion. 
aidpd  by  inaction  and  the  uae  of  biglit  bandugea.  The  contrac- 
tion ii  uaually  attributed  to  a  previoua  attack  of  rheiimatiaai  i 
bnt  lometinies  to  a  Inim  or  previous  injnry.  In  t.heae  cases  ma- 
picion  ii  Bicited  by  the  hard-svollen  state  of  the  contracted 
niuaclea ;  and  tbe  abeonce  of  cicatrix,  and  of  atrophy  of 
the  limb.  Tbe  means  proposed  for  the  datKCtion  of  thesa  im- 
positions are:— pressure  on  the  necvei  supplying  the  eontmct^d 
mnacles;  application  of  a  wet  bandage  tightly  roand  the  limb, 
which,  when  dry,  may  conipresa  the  mnacles;  moying  the  Umb 
daring  natural  sleep  ;  examining  the  limb  during  tbe  cickneaa 
and  weakness  produced  by  au  emetic,  or  by  intoxication,  or, 
better  still,  ander  tbe  influence  of  chlorofbrm ;  the  electric  iboek ; 
gradual  snd  rejieBted  tension  by  a  pulley  or  weights;  making 
sodden  eitension  while  the  attention  la  engaged ;  the  actnat 
cautery,  if  that  remedy  he  indicated  in  the  rai  diaense;  or 
recommending  the  warm  climate  of  tbe  coast  of  Africa  as  a  cure. 
In  fome  casea  the  most  etfeclual  method  is  to  treat  the  dafonnlty 
importance,  not  reiiuiring  anrpcal  treatment. 
itiont,  especially  of  the  alioulder-jinnt  and  patella,  may  be 
Intentionally,  and  real  fraclurti  are  oonverUd  Into 
ti  by  frequent  motion. 
WotHiU,  Ulcere,  and  Superficial  Injlatiunalioiit, — Mulila- 
Man  b  a  common  practice  in  tlic  army,  especially  in  regiinenta 
anbmitled  to  very  strict  and  Imruanng  duties;  and  in  conutriea 
wliera  the  conscription  is  in  force.  ConvwiW  at  public  works  are 
•Im  adilictcd  to  placing  thinr  hands  under  the  wheels  of  waggoua. 
VMMuJf. — The  dirtinotion  betveen  wounds  aeir-iuflicttd,  inflicted 
fay  ath«n,  or  acaiilental,  will  be  comidereJ  under  thi>  butul  of 
Bmitei  have  been  imitated  by  colooring  materia]^ 


g  true  toni 


I,  an  eouly  diteetad  by  tlut  e 


I 


FACTlTlOnS   DISEA&ES   OF    IHE    ETE.  155 

'"rienoed  eje.  Uletrt,  wken  tiicy  exist  natnrally,  are  often 
'  tntentiooBllj  incTcnied ;  or  they  an  cauaed  bj'  tUe  applicalioii 
*  carrooTe  scids  and  alkalies,  caoBtica,  corroaire  Bnblimate, 
lenk.  and  its  aulphnreC,  copper  wire,  acetate  of  copper,  blia- 
iring  plaiter,  quicklime,  the  flame  of  burning  bodin.  tlie 
mIies  uid  chcnvil  leaves  of  tobncro,  siu^li  vcgetalile  acrid)  as 
tanuucnlns  acrii  and  sceleratus,  meiteroon,  eaphnrbium,  arum 
macnlatam,  and  juniper;  and  by  pmaure  or  rriction  wltli  aand. 
Ulcen  have  alao  been  imitated  by  a  partion  of  a  apleen  or  the 
•kin  of  a  frog  kept  moist  with  blood  and  water.  1'he  legs  are 
tlie  parta  usually  chosen  for  tbeae  tricks.  Factitiona  ulcers  may 
be  detected  by  rsrcful  tnipcctton  of  the  surface  and  dre«aing;s,  or 
close  eisminstion  vitli  the  lens.  Tbe  sodden  and  repeated  increase 
of  indaiomation  ronnd  the  part,  and  tbe  healthy  appearancu  of  tlia 
■dflerer.  naturjlly  eieite  suBpicton.  In  hospitals  and  prisoTis  the 
leg  may  be  enclosed  in  a  boi.  Fitlala  in  (ma  and  in  piriiieo 
hare  been  imitnted  by  inserting  a  tent  dipped  in  some  irritant, 
er  made  of  the  root  o(  tliu  milk  thistle,  or  white  hellebore,  into  a 
panctnre.  Factitioni  titix  lJuirasef  have  been  prodnced: — lapui 
by  pounded  garlic,  or  tbe  juice  of  the  eapborbinm ;  eryiiptlat,  by 
Uktsrs;  arfiearia,  by  eating  sliell-fishi  jMoriatit  and  impeligo, 
hj  atrong  rubefiideiita;  pompiofjfj,  by  blistering  plaster;  icabiei, 
Iq' )innclDres  initatoil  with  gunpowder;  porrigo,  by  nitric  acid 
dn^iped  on  the  hand,  or  by  a  paste  compoied  of  raucid  butter, 
booey,  salphnr,  and  powder  of  c^intluridcs.  Baidiieit  has  been 
effieted  by  nitric  acid.  Variola  in  its  ernptive  stiige  has  been 
iiDitated  by  bay-salt  and  gunpowder  rubbed  into  pcnctures. 
Jimiidin  has  been  imitated  by  aeverul  colouring  matters. 

Paotltiotu  diaenlei  of  the  eyes  are  not  nneommon.     Opklhalmia 

!■•  baun  cidled  by  gonorrtiiEal  matter,  nitric  acid,  corrosive 

'  Ihoats,  mlphate  of  capper,  nitrate  of  silver,  lime,  pepper,  aimfl', 

amcdia  and  jnice  of  tobacco,  salt.  alum,  tbe  powdered  root  of 

iboitdum.  ■  blast  of  cold  air,  cantliarides,  IVietion,  porticlcs  of 

and  bsgmcnts  of  cloth  or  muslin.     The  counterfeit  dinease 

genenlly  confined  to  the  conjunctiva  of  one  eye,  and  that  the 

[bt;  its  progrcHS  is  mpid,  and  it  stops  short  of  affecting  the 

Amung  soldiers  it  attacks  only  the  privates  and  non- 

ioned  olGcen.     llie  irritants  that  have  been  used  may 

be  detected,  aa  in  the  rase  of  ulcen,  by  aioiple  inspectiiin. 

OpAthaimia  tarti  is  simulated  by  strong  irritants,  or  tliu  eKtraction 

of  the  eyela»hcf.     A  healthy  aspect  of  countenance  would  eicite 

s  the  real  disease  rarely  occurs  but  in  the  scrofnlaus 

iifl.     OfOfity  t^  tie  conea  hns  been  caused  by  dropping 


■  -t-it^i,  i,r 

;t   niixiir 

p  .if  lini-^ar  .md  Imrat  ovfc,  bjr* 

-n    If  -™i.  .H-  inlpKat^ 

■rf     rno,   Lr   .lra«it   imr^es,  or  l^ 

«   |«»«i 

-ill.  -..Innd 

,.r  ilwy  «p  TOkrarai  .lu*  r«l  bir  log). 

.•r.--n  Irr  *t 

vi^  »n^ 

IJ«k   by  .Uep-tnioHTHi  >ih«a.      Iba 

-  ■li"*™!?™! 

c-lnw^stonl 

,  tlie  Imp^-tinn  .>f  ili«  liixn.  md  tfaa 

is>  .>f  i1*  »Hnnat«i  'yn 

>"n  clumnily 

liiiitHlMt  ii 

.yiiierat-ifrhreail.    A -^pKinaflizmL 

i's™rt  m  the  . 

eriim»\nr. 

1.,  In  ii  oiM  mlatod  by  Dr.  3|mbb>. 

t>-i  ^rpnriti 

!,«.>.  h«.r 

,   flmn.l  t«   ™n.irt  .,f  «n.l.  priifaia, 

IMMMry,  RTuIyicd.  Hmtatemftii  U  nmolated 
«  Hood  of  in  uiiuMd.  Olorrhaa,  liM  bran 
y,  pw  lanriil  txllow,  ainifiptiiia.  nr  old  chooe, 
tB^Uid  ntiUd  hj  eanthvide*,  or  b;  imlatiiig 
M  bj  limilar  mmii.  Falid  breath  and  pnr- 
sta  pradiKvd  b;  cdl  of  dipplr.  aoafietidB.  old 
f  flih,  Bud  tbr  nu>cid  oil  tVom  >  cart  wbefl. 
I,  iwl  elca*  wat^biug,  will  Hrve  to  detect  thoe 

ffttlum*. — T>)«e  an  freqnestl;  ind  lutccnfiill; 
r  SpiUpff,  vhich  hu  the  reomiineiidation  of 
(oniaiiml  tliDH.  In  ndilition  to  tlw  Tiotimt 
rhuBCtcrki  the  tiue  dbcue,  impoitors  icSict 
muni  u  pvidvncv  of  former  nttackri,  vomit  blood 
tei.  imitalti  llw  fnam  at  the  mouth  by  chewing 
I«  the  nriiie  u  if  involuiilMilj,  A*  in  the  true 
th«n  ii  m  eoUre  ■Umn  of  fcnnbilit;.  the 
.  nadlly  detected  by  the  un)  of  tonie  powerful 
■■  btftahura.  bamiog  ralpbur,  %aaS,  or  pepper, 
Katril;  B  few  dmpa  of  bIcoIioI  or  turpentine 
•ye  i  A  lUlatiDn  OC  niDitanl,  or  eommoo  ult, 
Doutli  1  IhA  watiT,  or  actual  HaiDc  applied  to  the 
nB  of  tlio  naked  feet  with  i  irti  lowct  or  band- 
irtjeotioiiaUe  and  highly  effvctual  teet.  Some 
tcata  BB  pricking  tlieir  Bkiu.  Oonmltiotu. — 
the  •Bi^ct  uf  iiiiulaiiury  imitation,  loinetimea 
nor*  ftcqo«Dt  in  wamcn  than  in 
between   real  and   (Signed    i 


158 


le  onueqitni^' 


reioediiw  for  impostara.  Hyteria. — Ic  ii  of  little  o 
whether  sn  atUck  of  hjglCTia  be  feit{ii«l  o. 
whiFh  is  the  bwt  remedy  fur  thu  real  diieme,  is  oot  •  pleaauit 
npplicatioD  in  ftrigncd  nttadcB.  Cnlaltpty.  ii  ver;  nre,  and  it* 
eiiiteace,  espediitly  in  a  male,  jnstiflei  siujncion.  PuwerlHil 
Btimulaata,  tjie  propotal  of  tlie  eclanl  cantery  while  the  finger  a 
on  the  puke,  appendii^  a  weight  to  the  extended  limb  and  oatting 
tlic  (tring  suddenly,  have  been  reannmendeil  and  practised  with 
eSect  in  feigned  cisaj.  Unsuccmibl  attempts  have  been  made 
to  fngn  Utaniu  and  hjidrophohta.  The  fingen  have  been 
Hircibly  coatncted,  and  the  nails  driven  into  the  palni  of  the 
hand.  By  wearying  the  inusotes  with  a  conical  piece  of  wood 
Uiis  impaction  is  readily  detected.  Slanmeriiig  is  often  feigned. 
The  best  distinction  ii  founded  ou  the  fiwt,  that  true  itammerera 
hesitate  little  or  not  at  all  in  repeiitine  wliat  they  know  by  heart, 
and  in  aingiiig.  Strabstmiu,  niclilaiion,  and  btepharotpamiu 
are  nniniportBut  aad  easily  pretended.  Dj/tphaffia,  when  feigned, 
may  bo  cared  by  the  penevoring  u»e  of  the  probang.  The  ans- 
peoted  person  should  be  narrowly  watched.  Stricture  of  the 
MTetkra  has  b<!en  feigned,  bot  aa  the  treatment  of  the  real  disease 
is  not  agreeable,  the  impoutlon  is  soon  abandoned. 

/.  Paralj/tic  AfftcHoiu  {Hemiplegia,  Faraple^a,  and  Local 
Paralalia). — In  tme  pnlsy,  the  alTecbed  parts  an  relaxed  and 
emaciated,  and  their  tempcnituie  is  loweroL  In  puraplegia,  the 
nrine  geuerally  undergoes  a  marked  change.  These  characters 
are  uot  present  in  the  Sctitions  malady.  Every  fimu  of  partial 
paralysis  has  been  feigned.  In  palsy  of  the  fore.arm  and  hand, 
the  discovcFry  of  a  blue  line  on  the  guma  would  be  a  reason  for 
believing  thB.pamlynis  real.  Faralgtii  affitant.^lt  is  eharac- 
leriitic  of  the  real  disease  that  the  patient  in  attempting  to  walk 
"ii  impelled  unwillingly  to  adapt  a  muning  pace."  Bnt  the 
pratandcr  hesitates  in  his  movementa  and  advances  with  diffi- 
culty. It  bapiicns  fortanately  that  the  remediea  proper  Ibr  real 
patay  are  not  agrwable  onesi  and  where  there  is  a  good  ground 
lor  suspicion,  low  diet  will  be  found  a  uaeful  auxiliary.  Jtoiit, — 
11x1  impostor  generally  minkea  attempts  to  prorent  the  raising  of 
the  eyelid,  and  ihus  bctnys  himself.  Feigned  i^tntililUf  may 
bt  dutacted  by  stitnnlanU,  and  otUn  by  inconaiBtnit  ilatementa 
U  to  the  oaosc.  Gtma  anil  lelkargj/  have  b«en  ■ueceufiilly 
feigned,  and  in  ono  or  two  instances  the  impoitor  has  rmislvd 
every  stimulant  that  could  be  thought  of.  In  ono  case  the  opera- 
Ikn  of  trvphiiui^  canscd  merely  a  nngle  groan,  The  treatment 
wbkli  wvalHMihl  bejusti&ed  in  resorting  to  if  the  oomplnintmrt 
iW  iTroves  •  Irjlng  duicipiiiiB  to  must  tmpostwra.      "  "^^^ 


AXD 


SESSAllOS. 


159 


i*  Narolj  adoiit*  «f  bciog  fanned,  for  if  the  impoitar  can 
■  to  gmw  taltw  be  onnot  Doritrol  tlie  action  of  tlie 
nd  Btaio.  Hon  Uisn  oae  cue.  bawever,  of  a  mlanterj 
onr  Uw  drcolatioo  ii  cm  record,  Tor  wbicb  the  reader  a 
d  to  lb«  dtajAer  on  Bod  aud  AppttreuC  Doatli.  Cues  of 
npoted  pntcming  will  be  soUced  onder  the  bead  of 
n<  of  traodnlent  ditpoaal  of  a  deud  body  w  m  that 
f«>r  to  h*Tii  beoi  due  to  banging  or  drawniag  will 
k  flmod  nadv  thow  baaiUnKi.  Amoi^  prumwrs  unreal  attempts 
■t  widdi  bj  «nip«n«op  or  itnu.guiation  are  unially  made  wben 
(■MsBOi  b  knmn  to  be  at  bund.  Tbe  feigned  inienubility 
■lUck  Mkma  k  bat  onmuked  by  the  electric  ihock. 


I 


J,  inereawii,  and  b, 

IB. — Faiit.     Tbii  is  easy  to  tuaiime  and 

L  to  dctMt.     Severe  oeiualgia  ofWa  occurs  in  persons 

k  to  all  appearance,   healthy ;  and  the  caiue  of  naiiy 

•  ia  utronaly  ohacure,  w  that  real  luflbrini;  hiu  been 

<  If  it  were  awmoed.     In  dealing  with  case*  of  tliii  class 

lion  aod  patimo:  are  ueoeuary  ;  for  nnne  malingermi 

■Itted  to  the  oiMt  acTere  and  trying  remedies,  and  even 

Mial  uftix  tirewts  and  limbs,  fcir  (imuliited  nenralgic 

Pain  ■■  Utt  ilnuf,  and  the  giddiness  which  olVen 

re  also  easily  feigned,  and  not  easily  prored  to 

TO*  of  riemtatK  paint  in  every  part  of 

ially  In  tb*  loins  and  thight,  inasmach  as  they 

m)anied  liy  any  change  in  the  parts  affected,  or  by 

il  CDaatitationat  lyinptoniB.      [n  idany  works  on 

s,  long  rul«*  are  given  for  detecting  feigned  jiain, 

lau  of  almost  every  diioue  accompanied  by  puin 

^dctalladi  hut  it  may  be  suced  u  a  general  rule 

■e  otKotv  feigned  diteaar*  can  be  detected  only  by 

10  b«*e  ntmsTe  experience  of  real  ones. 

■miMjW  mualion. — AmamnKtiM  is  s   favourite  feigned 

t,  pRKtnnKl  hy  tbe  juice  or  eilntrt  of  belladonnB  or  hyos- 

■V  tlM  diaUlled  valer  of  the  ipurge-laurel,  or  ntnff  mois- 

d  with  a  dacortjon  of  balladonaa.     It  disappean  if  tbe  im- 

irehtl;  Mlalad  and  wnUbad.     In  illaaLnUan  of  the 

*  witli  wbieh  the  pretence  of  biindness  is  sometimes 

,  •  au0  ia  related  by  SCahou.   A  recruit  fragned  bllnd- 

nm  all  ulbae  oaaos  bad  been  tried  without  locce 

«M  pteoed  on  the  hank  of  *  rirer,  and  ordered  to  walk  (i 


DISEASES. 


WHrd,  which  he  ilid.  Ilo  afterwards  ivinreised  the  inip<«tiinF 
Mgopia. — Shart-iigbtednew  bein(>  «  dinbiUty  hi  tlie  urmy  ft 
often  folfnicd.  Il  in>y  Iw  ilctwtcd  by  placing  an  open  bt»k  cloce 
to  tbo  flicO)  or  bj  requiring  Uio  «u»pwt«l  porwni  to  reaJ  priut  at 
■line  dlirtaiiM  by  thu  uid  o(  gLiiws  for  Ibe  near-uglited.  iV**- 
Infnpia  i*  rnrvly  taigneii,  Ibe  mode  of  detection  i>  tbe  convena 
□r  th«  pracndinit.  Jmtlgopia,  or  weak  light,  u  alto  rarei;  pre- 
tended. Ifgetalopia. — Nigtht-bliudaets.  Thii  diieue  ia  peculiar 
to  warm  dimnUia,  in  which  the  aun'i  ran  hare  {treat  power. 
Tliww  irc  00  MtlaTactory  Rie»na  of  distinguiEbing  the 
tliefin^pBd  di»aie.  aa  oppoute  states  of  pupil  may  exii 
real  ohm*.  Htmfratopia,  at  dHy-bliiiilne«,  i*  not  important;. 
i*  an  oceaidanal  ayinptoin  of  warm^  or  of  other  intestinal  irri. 
tlon.  The  diii([noni  will  depend  upon  our  kuowled^  of  the 
dJHuao  of  wliicb  itw  a  aymptoln.  In  the  army  tlteae  pretended 
dofoeta  are  beat  eared  by  employing  the  aolgicta  of  them  in  di*- 
taateflil  urviocalbr  which  the  real  defect  doeanot  unfit  them.  Drqf- 
•#M. — K*  thia  may  (Kcnr  witbont  chan^  in  the  external  ear,  it  ia 
%  IkTunrilii  inipoailiun.  A  watch  alioutd  be  set  on  the  siupecta4'< 
pnaou  day  and  night ;  and  it  baa  been  iccommeiideJ  to  place  Vbki 
flnfon  on  the  |iu1m  while  had  news,  or  a  threat  nf  punidhmeatt- 
ia  Mtig  nttcrsd ;  to  call  liim  aharply  or  nneipectedly  by  iwmt, 
or  In  a  whisper  i  to  iduw  blin  ttma  >teep  and  then  speak  to  him. 
or  to  let  a  place  of  money  Ml  dioe  t"  hiin.  Alt  such  leMs,  and 
•*»n  tba  londaat  nusea,  have  failed.  In  one  rne,  relatnl  by 
DutUfl|i,  a  pialul  wa*  fired  oK  close  lo  tbe  car  wlthont  eflfai't ; 
but  on  the  man  hsiiig  sont  to  sleep  hy  opitun.  the  imposition  was 
dvUctad  OD  the  repetition  of  tbe  tiring.  J}iim}>»ea. — This  ia 
sovrtinca  aBiitucd  with  great  porwvvrauns.  Aa  a  general  rule 
If  a  man  in'i  ilmf  mn  move  hit  tontciM  be  is  out  dumb.  Boms 
•ltd  I"  :   <  ■  ■■  U'ugttfi  matiUtkm  of  Ibe 

whii  1>  -.<  XmtM  into  the  throat,  and 

Init  i!  V  '""ggar  who  had  oieited  great 

mloT  i   iiscrihinp  hi*  (MplJvily 

Alp.'i  -     .1.  _    o-^  nnmaifcni  by  ■ 


TOGKED  DISEASES. 


I  In  the  preriatu  divinona  thoie  impontiona  liave  hwn  con- 
ired  wbi«ti  corubt  of  ■  siagle  antvanl  manirenlBtJan,  tau^ible 
er  viable;  or  of  a  nngle  alleged  symptom  or  dafect,  not  coid- 
bined  with  other  (jmptom)  to  coiutitDte  a  duesse.  It  now  re- 
naint  to  (p«>k  of  (ua  in  irbirh  whole  tnituofsymptoniii proper 
to  certain  diwaan  hare  been  Buomed,  with  mom  or  Im  lucnesa. 
Thia  dhinOD  EOiuist*  of  two  cUnei :  a,  DUeiuei  of  the  body, 
i.  J>itean$  of  lit  mind. 

a,  Dutai»  qf  lAf  Body. —  Eeetr.  Foder£  states,  tbat  he 
hM  often  iwn  intpoalarB  prodoce  an  eitraordinnry  frequency  of 
pniM,  atcompunieil  with  chattering-  of  the  teetb  and  pnrfbund 
^gha.  Febrile  lymptomi  maj  be  excited  bj  atrong  stimulants, 
•Mh  M  wine,  brand;,  or  ouitharideB;  also  by  the  introduction 
et  •  dore  of  garlic  into  the  reetnm.  Violent  exercise,  or  atroug 
cootnution  of  the  litnbs,  or  n  heap  of  bUnkcti  has  been  resorted 
to  M  ft  moui*  oT  imitating  ferer,  the  tongue  being  whitened  by 
idMdk,  pipeclay,  teap,  flour,  or  wbiting;  and  tinged  brown  by 
tobaooo,  hridf-dast,  liqaorioe,  or  gingerbread.  Pallor  of  the 
ikiabMbeen  imitaled  by  emetics,  by  smoking,  by  digitalis,  or  by 
drinking  lo  iofonon  of  cumin  seeds ;  and  a  flush  by  friction. 
n»  dMectiOD  of  casea  of  aimnhited  fever  is  eaiy.  The  ejects  are 
d««j*  aphemenil,  and  all  that  is  needed  Is  to  watch  the  patient 
Kr  a  few  honn.  Ague  Is  often  Fdgned,  but  not  witli  mnch 
Mno^  The  shivering  fit  is  not  followed  by  the  other  stages. 
Hm  •flbrt  to  imitate  the  rignn  throws  the  Impostor  into  a  per- 
tftnUaa,  which  lends  to  detection.  Tarions  cheat  ilTections  sre 
aaMOod.  Anmaaia. — In  one  iDstancomentionedby  Dr.  Gavin 
tfaii  WH  aMnmed,  but  nnsacfoiliilly.  Tbe  stetboeeope  terves  to 
pqn  Ha  Don-eiistnKe.  FMhUit. — It  is  difficult  to  deceive  a 
MmAI  otaerver,  sliilled  in  the  nw  ol'tbe  stethoscope;  but  many 
I  of  the  disease  have  been  successfully  assumed. 
COM  eipccloration  have  been  imitated  in  the 
«  already  dcKribed.  Emarintion  may  be  prodnced  by 
■UttMoiee.  by  drinking  vinegar,  or  by  sacking  a  ropper  coin ; 
SWIa  ^mptoms  by  tbe  means  just  pointed  out.  MlAm^  also, 
kaa  bMD  imitated,  bat  the  slethrwnpe  assists  in  the  detection. 
^pepUxy  caunol  be  mcecsafully  feigned.  The  l^ud  is  easily 
daUetod  by  steruulatoriea,  or  by  strong  stimulants.  Di/tpfpna. 
'Vomiting,  gaitralgia,  pyrous,  and  in  bet  all  the  symptoms  of 
hive  been  asaained,  and  the  imposition  has  been  de> 
only  by  careful  watching.  OoMlritii,  or  acute  dyspepsia. 
vomiting  and  bright.ttd  tongue  of  acute  gastritis 


ANwrsaa 

ran 


I 
I 


1G3  DEIGNED  DISEISES. 

■re  not  uuily  usnmcil  Peritonitit, — In  one  cose  in  whjdl  Q 
*••  a  pretence  of  great  pain  iDCreoscd  by  pressure,  &  Ante  oC 
Dplum  was  given,  uul  tlie  iDsn  bore  ver;  atroag  pressure  nitlunt 
being  roused  from  sleep.  Jltpalitit  in  iU  chranic  fonn  it  1 
iBTanrite  feigned  iliKue,  m  it  ii  vei;  prevalent  in  hot  climate^ 
and  is  Buppoted  to  be  commoD  in  tVa  cotmtiy.  The  doll  beitj 
pain  in  ttie  riglit  ude,  and  the  pain  in  the  abonlder  are  e 
BsBDnied.  Int  llie  discoloured  e;e  and  okin,  the  unhealthy  w_ 
of  thecDunteuanDe,  and  the  mental  deprevion  and  listlesmeH  lot 
readilj.  Jaandict  Iiai  boen  imitated  by  atmning  the  akin  with 
all  infiuion  of  the  root  of  carcuma  longa.  or  of  aaffron,  with 
tincture  of  rhubarb,  the  hruiKil  seeds  of  the  broom,  or  the 
■tamons  of  the  iris.  Claj-eolaDred  (tools  have  been  prodooed  bj 
taking  sinall  quantitica  of  muriatic  acid,  the  rolenr  of  the  mine 
has  been  heig-litcned  by  rhubarb,  and  atlenipta  have  been  mid* 
\o  pHW  oS'  pebbles  for  gnll-Bttiuei ;  but  it  ia  not  eaav  to  tinge  the 
CDiyunctivu  yelluw,  nor  to  combine  the  yellow  skin,  pale  stooU> 
and  liigh-roloured  orine.  Scurty. — l}ne  prominL'Dt  symptom  of 
this  affection,  the  spongy  and  bleeding  gnms,  ia  oflea  imitated 
by  the  Qse  of  irritating  anbatancea  or  l^  puncturing  the  game 
previous  to  the  vLiit.  The  other  aymptomi  are  Dot  easily  Adgtied. 
Jfephritii. — The  paia  ol  thia  disease  has  been  uaaunied,  and  son- 
firmed  by  producing  pebbles  or  f^gmenta  of  brick  ;  but  it  ii  not 
eaa;  to  aaaame  all  the  symptoms  of  nephritis. 

This  division  of  feigned  diieaaea  might  be  treated  at  great 
length,  and  minnte  rulea  for  diagnoaiabe  laid  down;  hnt  it  ii  not 
by  written  deaeription,  but  by  actual  experience  of  diseus*  that 
the  true  are  to  be  diatinguishcd  tVoin  the  falee.  lu  duiibtfiil  caaes, 
reference  must  be  mnde  to  the  best  description  of  the  disease  lop- 
poaed  to  be  assumed,  with  the  nndentanding  that  symptoms 
commonly  deemed  of  high  diagnoatic  value  may  be  abicnt  in  the 
real  aflection,  and  ao  lead  to  uigust  suspidons.  Tlioae  who  us 
familiar  with  treatises  on  this  subject  will  know  how  mndi  of 
false  dingnoais  tbey  contain. 

b,  DhfOif  of  the  Miml. — Feigned  insanity  will  be  treated  in 
tlie  natt  chapter  under  Unaonndnesa  of  Uind. 

The  following  gsneial  rules  may  render  some  luaiilaDce  in  dis- 
tinguishing s  feigned  disease  from  a  real  one. 


ves  for  deception.  Wil 
anything  he  deetrei^  a 
,  boworer,  be  bone  ii 


1.  Inquire  into  the  existence  ot 
the  suspected  person,  by  imposition, 
escape  anything  be  ilrc«deP     It  i 


BCL2S  FOE  THBia  DBTECTIOV. 


163 


mind  thkt  both  men  uid  women  Teign  diseases  fh>ni  othsr  motives 
thnu  liiiMe  of  gain  ;  and  tbat  there  may  be  ao  complete  tn  absence 
of  all  discoverable  niatiTcs,BS  to  force  as  to  believe  in  the  existence 
of  B  moral  iosnity  diapbjing  itself  in  this  way. 

2.  Inquire  into  the  prerioos  history  of  the  patient,  and  the 
cbaracter  be  bears  among  his  comrades  or  companions ;  and 
wbeUiet  lie  has  been  previously  noted  for  dishomaty  and  de- 
eeptioo.  Bat  men  wlio  have  for  years  borne  the  best  charucters, 
■nd  coodDcled  IbeiDselvca  with  propriety,  have  been  conviiHed  of 
maliiiKcring. 

3.  Wlicn  the  lusnnied  disease  is  eitornal  and  obvioDs  td  the 
WMet,  make  a  minnte  and  carefol  examination  both  by  eye  and 
band.  When  there  is  ■  ■□■pictoD  of  the  ose  of  some  irritating 
■obstance,  iiupcct  tlio  part  narrowly  with  the  lens,  search  the 
pockets,  boies,  or  bed  of  the  suspected  party,  and,  if  necessary, 
lidate  him  so  as  to  deprive  him  of  the  miistance  of  others,  and 
of  hit  nmns  of  deception.  Kiamine  subitaucea  alleged  lo  have 
bMO  dlsobar^ed,  if  necessary  by  the  mtonwcope  or  by  chemical 
tSNto,  Id  cases  of  rigidity,  anchytmis,  or  deformity,  place  the 
fl^y*^r^  [leraoD  nnder  the  influence  of  chloroforra. 

A.  Wben  KMne  defect,  or  disability  not  obvious  to  the  senses, 
fart  dependiiig  on  the  atsertion  of  the  person  himself,  as  pain, 
itiBfiliM.  ttc,  is  snppMed  to  be  asiuiDed,  try  to  take  him  by  aur- 
pnM.     Ajsnmed  dmlhea^  for  inslance,  ahuuld  be  tested  by  sudden 

'  I  ipaaliiDg  sharply  to  the  suspected  person  on  his  being 
'    n  his  solf-control  baa  been  impiiired  by 

!■  uf  fugned  diseases,  properli^  so  called,  ire  must  in- 

*]r  into  the  hialary  and  alleged  caoses.  and  compare 

M  present  with  gnid  descriptions  of  the  real  disease 

•  lusjiocted  ponou  should  be  visilcd  at  times  when  ho 

'  Id  be  seou ;  be  watched  by  those  whom  be  is  not 

I  and  bomislcd  into  the  assumption  of  symptoms 

g  nialady  ha  is  simnhLtiag.     By  coitcealtng  his  sds- 

1   fureliilling   the   advent  of  symptoms  which  do  not 

tbii  aiiuined  disease,  the  medical  man  may  lead  tho 

whatber  tlie  suspected  person  makes  use  of  the 

H  prescribed  for  his  relief 

ll  of  sn^pieions  casee.  no  measures  ought  to 

HOOld  not  be  jnstiflahle  if  the  disease  were 

ground  for  soapioion,  low  diet, 

may  be  resorted  to.      When  the 

a  not  daiii^nnius  (f .  g.,  s^tuamo^ 

«> 


I 


161  raai 

twitching  of  tbe  muKlee),  it  ebould  be  treated  vitb  indiSerenee,  ' 
and  ai  not  requirmg  medical  treatment,  Perwiu  waDtonly 
■iMtiiiiiing  from  food  geoerBlly  desist  iF  allusion  is  made,  in 
their  liearing,  to  cases  of  prolonged  abitinenra;  and  refusal  to 
take  eierdso  in»j  be  met  bj  slrikmg  off  the  best  menl  of  the  daj, 
u  unnecesfiar;  in  mch  cases.  Impostors  may  be  cauu-d  to  densC 
by  treating  their  sevend  sjmptonu  in  det^.  A  convict  pro* 
Teased  BxcraciBtiDg  besdache,  ofTenuve  discharge  from  tbe  ear, 
palsy  of  u)  arm,  and  veukDPfs  of  tbe  l^s.  The  pain  in  the  haul 
WRi  met  by  tbe  quiet  of  a  solitary  cell;  a  fragment  of  btDtting 
pBpsr  wat  placed  in  the  car,  wbicb  va«  covered  with  ndtaenve 
plaster,  so  tbat  the  natare  of  the  discbm^  might  be  ascertained. 
The  dropped  hand  n-as  snpported  by  a  splint,  and  the  eiteDsor 
muscles  strengtbened  bj  ^arp  electric  ihDCfas.  Hii  diet  was 
proportioned  to  the  exercise  he  coold  contrive  to  take.  Under 
ibis  treatment  be  improved  daily.  There  was  no  offenwve  di«- 
chargc  from  the  ear.  In  three  neeks  he  wag  strong  enoagh  to 
attempt  ao  es(«pe  from  prison,  in  which  attempt  be  displayed 
great  strength  and  activity. 

Closely  connected  with  tbii  mbject  is  that  of  disqnaiifjing 
diseases-  It  is  chiefly  interesting  to  military  and  navnl  anrgeons ; 
bat  the  services  of  tite  medical  man  are  occBiionslly  required  in 
civil  cases.  He  may  be  directed  to  ascertain  whether  a  |>enon  is 
fit  to  serve  on  a  jury,  or  to  attend  as  a  witness;  whether  be  is 
competent  to  take  on  him  certuin  offices  or  dntiea ;  or  can  bear 
bard  labour,  or  other  severe  puniahment.  Bo  may  also  have  to 
ascertwD  the  statu  of  health  of  children  presenting  themseives  for 
admiasion  into  pnblic  schools.  In  this  case,  ni  in  that  of  recrnit^. 
and  of  persons  desirous  of  insuring  their  lives,  attempts  are  made 
to  represent  the  health  as  better  than  it  really  is,  and  to  conceal 
defects  and  diseases  actually  existing.  Tbe  sulject  of  ditqualifi- 
cation  in  civil  and  criminal  cases  scarcely  reqnirea,  or  admits  of, 
any  predie  rules;  and  disquiliHcation  for  military  servico  is 
treated  in  works  which  the  miUtury  surgeon  is  required  to  pos- 
seaa.  The  foregwng  observations  on  fagned  and  fictiUc 
maladies  apply  to  maUngtrtri  in  the  army  and  ilnUktr*  il  " 
navy  no  len  than  Ut  imposton  in  civil  life. 


CHAPTER  V. 


TrNSOtlNDNESS  OF  MIND. 

I  ii  m  mtgeet  on  which  medicd  men  are  often  required  to 
giTB  rridenoe.  A  man  ntikos  a  will ;  its  validity  u  disputed : 
*«a  tha  ietUUiT,  wben  he  mwle  it,  in  full  posBeraion  of  his 
benlCieiP  Another  tquandera  his  property,  or  is  accased  of  lo 
doing:  ii  be  coinpelent  to  manage  bU  nffdiraP  A  tbird  oon- 
tneta  M  nnraitable  muriBge :  could  he  give  a  T»1id  aoaaeot  to 
the  antract  P  A  eiiminiil,  or  person  under  accusatioD,  makea  a 
•cnGMikni:  was  hi*  mind  aound  wLeo  be  made  it?  An  act  of 
greftt  atrocit;  ia  cooimittcd  :  was  the  perpetrator  reaponnble  for 
Ui  act }  A  criminal  a  auppn«ed  to  feign  insanitj  that  be  maj 
Msape  puniibnicnt :  a  be  renlly  of  anaound  mind  P  That  thew 
of  fluent  occnrrcntx  maj  be  inferred  from  the 

t  that  there  are  upvarda  of  50,000  permms  of  recognised 
anooiid  mind  in  England;  that  the  nnmber  of  certified  caaea 
bu  been  tor  maoj  jean  incroa^g  at  the  rate  of  1000  a  year ; 
■ad  that  the  number  of  inaone  persona  of  all  clanea  and  agei  oer- 
taisly  aG««da  tbc  full  eatiouted  proportion  for  Europe  genersllj 
«f  1  in  GOO  of  the  popalation. 

The  medical  man  may  be  Bommoned  to  give  hia  evidence  in 
mj  rf  onr  coorla  of  law,  civil,  rriminal,  or  ecclefflaatical :  before 
eomniaaiaiti  teebnically  deu^^nted  dt  tunatico  iiuptirendo :  in 
Um  cMe  of  criminala  brougbt  up  for  trial ;  and,  in  the  caie  of 
pmtp«r  InnaCica,  before  a  magiatrate.  He  may  also  be  called 
npgn  to  aign  certificates  of  unuoundnesa,  at  the  instance  of  private 
perwoa,  with  a  view  to  provide  for  the  aafe  cnatody  and  proper 
laiatiniiiil  of  those  in  whom  thej  are  interealfid. 

All  itiqiurica  into  the  state  of  the  mind  are  anrrounded  by 
p«CTliaf  difficultie« — difficulties  Inherent  in  the  aubject  itself,  or 
craatod  by  the  requiromenta  of  the  law.  and  pnblia  feeling  and 
prcgn^oe.  The  dilBcultiea  of  the  Srat  order  arise  out  of  the 
ai^sal  iodividaal  character  of  the  mind,  tlie  degree  in  which  it 

1y  hate  bten  developed  by  inatroctioa  and  education,  and  the 
idutoa  and  rcatraiut  to  wMob  it  ma;  have  been  ta\:^ec\«i&. 


OtbOT  difficnme*  inliorent  iu  the  9al:ject  are  to  be  fbimd  in  tht 
purelj  infetentjal  character  of  oar  knowledge  of  the  iniiKl,  in  Um 
inapplJcsbiJitj  to  it  of  the  method  of  eipcruoant,  i 


any  recogiuBed  BtoDdnrd  of  lani 
our  own  mental  eip*rience 
othen.     Minda  thus  diStiring 
knowledge  and  Labile,  are  varl 
and  moral  aw^,  and  subject 


ity,  and  ia  the  neceintii  of  erecting 
1  atimdaTd  for  the  mioda  of 
Iginal  power,  and  in  ncqiured 

iooily  affeated  by  the  eame  ptiysioil 
lanj  distinct  fonus  of  diaraae. 


diiplaying  themselves  in  Ungoage  and  acta  the  moat  varied. 
Some  part  of  the  difficalty  that  iiuroundi  thil  nibject  ii  alio  to 
be  traced  to  the  nadue  importance  formerlji  ^ven,  in  mctaphymeal 
treatiaes,  to  the  higher  ^ulties  of  the  mind.  Reason  and  imagi- 
nation were  pot  ao  pTominently  forward,  and  the  emotjona  and 
pasaons  made  to  play  so  anbordinate  s  part,  that  soandaeai  and 
uaaoundoea  of  mind  came  to  be  regarded  as  almost  aynonjmooi 
with  a  Bound  or  erring  reason ;  imagination  had  to  bear  dl  tbe 
blamo  of  nuBleading  the  judgment;  and  delusion  bouams  the 
fsTonrite  and  sole  test  of  iasanity. 

A  more  atmple  and  practical  theory  of  the  mind,  recognisiDg 
several  distinct  faculties,  has  now  taken  tlie  place  of  the  narton 
ipecuktioos  of  the  older  metaphy»ciaiis.  And  this  theory  of 
separate  ihcultie^  originally  of  different  power  in  diffcreot  per- 
BDus,  more  or  less  improred  by  instraction  and  education,  under 
greater  or  less  restraint  from  withoat  or  within,  sul^ect  to 
different  degrees  of  excitement  from  caoses  acting  witUn  the 
body  ar  external  to  it,  is  the  theory  that  agrees  best  with  reason 
and  Biporienoe,  o^ra  tbe  readiest  ci|iUnatiaii  of  the  inSnite 
variety  of  character,  the  endless  diversities  of  opinion,  and  the 
strange  eoceotridties  of  conduct  prevailing  among  mankind,  and 
U   moat  in    harmony   with    what   we    know  of   tbe  uosonud 

The  seoond  class  of  difficulties,  or  thoee  duo  to  legal  require- 
ments,  originate  in  part  from  the  hiwycr's  ineiperienoe  of  tbe 
onsonnd  mind,  tbe  narrow  views  handed  down  to  him,  and  the 
■election  of  testa  difflcnit,  if  not  imposaible,  of  appUeatiou :  also  in 
part  fniDi  lii>  looking  at  the  whole  qoestion,  mainly  as  it  affects 
individual  liberty,  or  the  safety  of  the  State. 

The  difficnttiea  of  the  third  clau,  or  those  that  arise  out  of  the 
■tate  of  public  feelinr,  are  partly  political  and  partly  rcligtous — 
politini,  ioosninch  as  tbe  vien'a  cipresud  with  respect  to  persona 
of  uiuouod  luind  are  regardnd,  not  *a  they  are  tmo  or  false,  but 
■I  th^y  are  thought  to  affect  the  aafety  and  well-being  of  society; 
"-■  -  'Mcaase  being  deeply  impressed  with  the  fallen  am] 
W  of  man,  the  moat  estimable  pcraoni  are  ever  ready 


_  a  tltODghU  tnJ  reroltiDg  acta  rather  to  that 
original  Uint  Ihan  to  djacaie. 

In  trMting;  of  the  nnBonnd  mind,  wo  nmat  premue  that  it  i* 
not  ptanblo  to  fnmt  ■  tdiigle  definition  of  that  rtatc,  nor  to  pre- 
Mnt  aJDit  view  of  it  in  one  de«criptioo;  for  mental  untcMjndnesa 
MMnet  rouij  ihnpea,  necMstating  maoj  divisiouB  ana  ^nb- 
diTimou,  vith  n  eormponding  nomeQclatare.  In  framing  a 
AtUng  cbuiileDttoii  and  nomenclatnre,  we  shnll  adopt,  at 
Ar  a*  praeticabli^  tbo  dlvinoni  and  Damn  tanctioneil  bj  legal 
oaage.  Where  Itio  law  deflniM  with  preduon  the  mraning  uf 
Unm,  tboae  terms  will  be  preferred  ;  but  whuro  it  has  failed  to 
do  wa,  tbcae  will  be  employed  which  bave  been  accepted  bj  the 
bwt  nwdial  Ruthoritic*. 

Iq  the  learcb  afler  appropriate  terms,  we  Grat  cnmanter  the 
word*  "mad"  snd  "inune,"  applied  to  the  person  alTeGtcdi 
"madneai"  and  "iniaailj,"  to  the  state  of  the  sufferer.  These 
temu  might  be  at  once  adopted  if  the;  were  comnunlj  ami  us 
the  OMt  Dpporitea  of  tlu  wordi  "sane"  and  "sanity."  But  as 
the]'  arc  gmerallj  employed  in  a  restricted  Kose,  and  apply  chiefly 
lomoh  drriatioin  from  the  healthy  state  of  the  mind  a>  consist  in 
vceBBTe  adivitT,  and  rarely,  if  ever,  to  those  cbaracteriied  by 
deficient  energy,  original  or  acquired,  ws  most  seek  for  terms  to 
which  we  may  attach  a  more  precise  meaning.  Such  are  "  Un- 
MODdnea*  of  mind"  applied  to  the  condition  of  the  mind  itself, 
and  "Non  compos  mentis''  to  the  prrsnu  whose  mind  is  aflected. 

But  of  ^>e*e  l«nn>,  tbe  lint — "  Unsoundness  of  mind"  is  not 
&«•  from  objection;  for  in  the  Portairouth  case  Lord  Eldon 
ip6kt  of  it  as  a  stale  rrquiring  to  be  diitinguishcd,  both  from 
idleoy  and  lanacy.  and  in  many  statutes  it  is  found  assodatcd 
with  the  words  Idiot  and  Lnnutic.  Still,  as  it  is  better  than 
"  Innnity,"  or  any  other  phrase  in  common  ose,  it  is  placed  at 
the  head  of  this  chsplfl'.  The  other  terra,  "Noncotnpoi  mentis," 
applied  to  penont  of  nnaonnd  mind,  has  been  more  consistently 
iiied  by  Ic^l  antboritica,  and  is  tlierefore  to  be  preferred  to  all 

Qaving  thus  chosen  a  term  coinpreheniive  enough  to  include 
all  deriitions  (rom  a  state  of  sanity,  we  must  next  imjuire  what 
tlia  lair  includes  under  thit  term,  noa  eompoi  nenlii,  what  forma 
of  nnvundnesi  it  recogniMa,  and  liow  fur  it  coiisists  with  oar 
Itoowledge  as  medical  men  to  adopt  a  tnbdlvisiau  in  acoordsnco 
■Hblt. 

Tha  Mmmon  law  of  England  originally  included  niider  this 
lenn  only  two  brms,  Idiocy  and  Lunacy,  but  the  highest  legal 
antboritlcs  hare  seen  tbe  neonnCy  of  more  m\Qal«  ta^l^v(nvnv. 


I 
I 

i 


N SOUNDNESS  or  utyn. 


Thus  Lord  Coke  recognised  fonr  aorta  of  Ran  compat  me^i*. — 
"  1.  Idiota,  wLicli  from  liii  oativity  by  ■  pcrpetml  infirrait}  a 
turn  conpiu  menlit.  2.  He  that  by  alcktiesi,  ^ef.  or  oUia 
■undent  "hollj  lowth  bii  memory  and  nndersMnding.  3.  A 
lunatic  tbit  bath  toiDetime  bii  uaderatandJDg.and  eoraetiniei  nut, 
aliqitaiido  gaitdtt  Itieidit  iitUrrallit,  and  therefore  be  a  cdled 
BOB  compoa  DHMfuiolDiigulie  hath  not  understanding.  Loftlj, 
be  that  by  hla  own  iridoat  act  for  a  time  deprivetb  hinuelf  of  lui 
memoiy  and  DDderstanding,  aa  be  that  U  druuken." 

Here  ce  bare  distinctly  recognised  three  forma  of  QOMiDDdneai, 
Idiocg,  Draatiia,  and  iMmtey ;  of  which  the  Srat  two  araia 
well  defined  u  la  admit  of  being  used  both  by  Uwyenand  docton 
in  the  nork  of  cbiHiflcatiini.  But  the  tfrm  I/tinacy  is  olgectioD- 
able,  as  implying  only  that  fonn  of  uiatua  which  a  choractoriied 
by  lucid  interval*. 

Since  Lord  Coke'*  Ume  little  ha«  been  done  towards  a  bettec 
dauification;  tbongh  Lord  Hale,  in  rrcotcniiing  a  distinction 
between  general,  or  total,  and  partial  unsoundueis,  may  be  laid  to 
justify  the  separadon  of  nionouiania  ftoai  mania.  If  thia  be  an, 
we  have  good  l^al  authority  for  at  least  four  forma  of  utuooiid- 
ae» — Idiocy,  Dementia,  Hania,  and  Honomania. 

These  four  sUtea,  taken  aa  varietiea  recognised  by  the  law,  may 
be  expanded  into  a  reasonable  and  useful  classification  by  adding 
the  forms  or  phases  of  unsoundness  recognised  by  the  beat  medical 
authoritiea.  Idiocy,  Imbecility,  and  CretiniKm,  may  be  made  to 
fall  under  the  one  heading,  AiifUia ,-  Dementia  to  tompriic  tbe 
acute  and  chronic,  or  primaiy  and  secondary,  forms  of  mental 
degeneracy,  as  well  aa  the  state  known  aa  General  Pjualy«a ;  and 
Mania,  not  aflections  of  the  intellect  only,  but  those  a1»o  of  the 
amotions,  recognising  in  both  a  general  and  a  parliiU  nnsound- 
ness.  The  fultowing  tabular  arrangemeDt  presents  the  leadiug 
farms  of  unsoundness  at  one  view  : — 

UNSOUNDNESS  OP  MIND.  ^ 

Amfittia.         Dementia.       I  Mania,  ^^H 


i.  Ocneral      Para- 


Tlita  ckaeiflmttou,  bo  it  understood,  \a 


{kiVosiiphy  of  the  ODtooad  mim),   bnt   ratlit'r  at  ■    , 


index  (MT  Uie  order  io  wMch  this  i 


bject  will  be  treated. 


a  mndition  wbicii  comprises  botli  Idiocy 
,  (im  mui  oorporaJ  defecta  and  roRUbnaatioiu  to 
raqnire  upanle  nutice ;  in  like  nmnner,  Seaile 
the  Oenrrd  PanijiU  of  tbe  IniaTie,  tboDgli  alike 
ital  d*ci7,  deiuftod  >  lepante  reco^itioD ;  vbile  thti 
HuuB  are  but  imperfectly  Mt  forth  id  the  table. 
■t  pbilonphicul  clunBcation  that  coald  be  proposed 
oa  the  recognition  of  three  leading  forms : — Che 
le  destmerali,  sud  tbe  duordered  mind — AmentiB, 
Muiia. 

.  Jkt  HMMUidoes  of  mind  i*  %  Urg:e  inlject,  embrBcing  manj 
•^•n^  ■  BBthodksl  amiigemBIit  of  it  i«  sbaolntel;  necexary. 
It  «{|]  aeeordii^lf  ba  treibed  uoder  tbe  following  heads ; — 1.  Of 
MVtiia  Matia  cf  nund  compatible  with  auiitj,  but  illniitrative  of 
■  "  -rit,  iUnaoai,  dreama,  uid  somnambiiligm.     S.  Of 

'  to  uunandneM,  and  caaaed  bj  diteaw,  or  tbe 
delirium,  delirium  tremuns,  and  drankeu- 
9.  Of  Um  atlent  form*  of  nntound  mind  treated  in  the 
«r4wbwUe)i  the;  itaod  in  tbe  foregoing  table.    4.  Of  tbe  more 
*~  *anct«ra  of  the  nnMmod  mind,aDd  of  itii  medicul  mid 

t.  Of  foigned  DnmiDdneu  of  mind.    6.  Rules  for 
ki  be  of  onionnd  miad,  imd  for 
at  tbe  modical  wilneai  in  theae  caaea. 


I 


I    in   Um    i 


a  half  a  dcm  cotmeiion  with,  and  direct  boar- 

,  MMiIal  uuioondnEaa.    Spectral  and  other  illmiaDi  are 

m;    dreamt   are  geBerallf   recognised    ai 

aiid  the  acta  of  tbe  •Dmnambuli^t  aaj  gi«e 

il  qoationa. 

■aoMtian  witlioat  ■  aorreaponding  eitental  object 

d  an  ilUmom.     ftliai  il  ia  doe  bo  an  aot  of  tbe  will,  it  la 

t  pmtflio*.     When  the  e;e  i*,  or  weQu  to  be, 

t  of  tbe  vtaaliCKi,  it  ia  ratted  a  ifentral  illation,  pAon- 

r  fiamtoM*.     In  the  well-koown  caae  of  Buivuelli,  tbs 

'   h1  aa  to  tlie  proper  meaning  of 

There  onght  to  have  liecn  no 

I  dofining  them.     Tbe  difference  i*   beat  aliown  bj 

]h  I — an  illnnoii  of  tbe  aeniea,  a  duliuion 

■  a  mocker; ,  falao  ibov 

Biwwa/  a  dalniiiMi  ■  cbimaiaU  (fjoiigbt.     Il  nuj  \m 

^  tAtt  aa  Ubmoa  of  tbe  wtiaet,  it  iMlievsd  to  be  » 


TIHBOTlllDNEas  0?  U 


reslity,  becomes  ■  delnsioD  nf  the  mind.  The  word  illnsion  miy 
be  applied,  with  equal  proiirlotit,  tn  a  BGDiation  nithoat  cor- 
reaponding  object,  to  a  tnmaformed  appearance  of  ■  real  otged. 
or  to  an  tntfmal  RensBtion  emggeratod  or  midinterprcted.  It  it 
improperlj  applied  to  real  teimtions,  aa  of  enlarged  ibadowa  piD- 
jected  onto  masiiea  of  oloads,  misinterpreted  for  s  time  throopli 
i^orance  and  niperstitian  into  the  "  Oiant  of  the  Brocken," 
sailing  ahipa,  and  fightjng  armies.  Those  who  wish  to  distingniib 
illnsians,  pnre  and  mmple,  from  what  may  be  called  "  illuiTe 
tmnsformationi,"  make  nw  of  the  term  tiaUiiciiiatiM.  Brierre  de 
Boismont,  for  instance,  nsea  tbc  term  to  deHig^iste  an  anrenl  sensa- 
tion wbollj  doe  to  the  Hction  of  the  hrain  ;  and  Ulvrion  to  designate 
a  real  sensation  eiaggeni(«d  or  disturtod  by  the  same  Dperation; 
and  Grieaingor,  quotinf;  Esqulrol  with  approval,  sanctions  auhgton- 
tially  the  same  distinction.  This  word,  as  the  French  use  it,  has 
indeed  the  same  meaning  as  oar  word  illuuon ;  bat  as  old  English 
wrilfira  nsed  it  in  Iho  sense  of  nn  error,  rDistabe.  or  blnudfr, 
and  medical  irriler«  sometimes  of  an  illaeion,  sometjiaes  of  a 
delasion,  it  oQgbt  to  be  allowed  to  fall  into  dieosc.  Whaterer 
teima,  however,  we  elect  to  nse — these  fonr  distinct  condition! — 
we  ought  not  to  confound  tbe  one  with  the  other ;  a  volunUr; 
representation  of  an  idea  on  an  organ  of  sense,  which  is  a  virid 
conception ;  a  sensation,  without  corresponding  eiternal  olgeoti 
whieb  is  an  iUution;  an  involantar;  transformation  of  a  realot^eet, 
which  is  alsa  an  illnsion ;  und  an  actual  vision  {e^.,  a  mlnge) 
aimpljr  misanderatood  nod  misinterpreted. 

Illusions  maj  occur  as  eorlj  as  four  yeara  of  age  j  in  jonng  and 
middle-nged  adults ;  nnd  in  octogenarians :  some  in  perfect  health, 
some  Buffering  from  trivial  and  transient  indispositions  curable  bj 
such  remedies  as  moderate  depletion  and  simple  aperients,  others 
in  the  fljat  onset  of  more  serious  diseases,  inflammatory  and  febrile, 
or  during  convaleacenc*.  Illusions  have  also  boon  prodocod  bj 
ever;  form  of  arrested  and  disordered  inrcalation  through  tbe 
brain,  b;  the  iuhaUtiou  of  carbonic  ncid,  or  its  generation  within 
the  body  itself,  and  by  many  poisons  of  the  narcotic  and  narcotico- 
acrid  class;  and  notably  by  opium,  oloihol,  Indian  hemp,  bella- 
donna, hyoscyamus,  and  atramoniuni.  lllnsions  of  sight  (spectral 
illusions)  nre  the  mmt  common;  those  of  bearing  come  next  in 
order ;  those  of  taste,  smell,  and  tonch,  are  more  rare.  In  spectral 
illusions,  which  have  been  most  slodiod,  there  are  diflbrcncea 
interesting  to  physiology,  but  of  little  practical  importance.* 


Lettera  OB  KstnnI  Msgii;,'  Sir  Walti 
sod  Bticrrc  de  BolimoDi '  On  HaUuci 


I  'Apporillfma.' 


B«t  tbsM  too  (iuiU  ma;  be  applied  with  advantage  in  tbe  itndy 
of  tlie  muoand  mind; — 1.  That  these  llluiiioDS  ocear  in  the  iire- 
roedtably  blind,  and  that,  in  thae  ouei,  they  muit  result  from 
ehaugea  in  tlie  cerebral  dreulation.  or  of  the  bnin-tiHne.  2.  That 
tboDgb,  in  some  cttMS,  they  follow  directly  an  an  eicited  emcition, 
•oeh  a»  miiety  or  fear,  and  may  he  attributed  to  an  imagination 
rttpotaavt  to  it,  in  the  gmter  nnmber  of  cnaes  they  are  ai 
inTolnntary  as  spurns  or  convalsioni. 

Ni>ir  apcctnl  and  other  iUomoiig  are  very  commnn  in  Bome 
Ibmu  of  UDSootidneBi,  and  they  eerve  to  eipUin,  in  part,  the 
otntinate  iMUef  by  which  the  mind  is  possessed.  Thas  a  religious 
maniac,  the  aatborof  a  most  interesting  autobiography,*  atrongly 
confiimed  by  itatementa  made  to  ns  by  persona  simiUrly  afflicted, 
wji,  in  reference  tn  one  of  his  many  spectral  illndons :  "  I 
imagined  I  was  really  present  to  ihrm ;  end  that  my  not 
•cknowledging  it  was  a  deluNon,  an  obstiuate  realstanco  of  thn 
Divine  will  on  niy  part.  That  of  tlie  two,  tbe  appearance  of 
the  bed,  walls,  and  fhmitDre  oas  fidse,  not  my  prctorDatnral 

Spactnl  illnrions,  then,  may  occnr  in  persons  of  sonnd  and  of 
immmd  mind,  the  difference  being,  tbnt  tbe  former  do  not  behere 
IB  their  reality,  tbe  latter  do.  The  sane  man  corrects  these  folse 
impTcsaions  by  comparing  them  with  those  springing  from  the 
other  sense*,  or  with  tbe  sensations  of  others ;  whiio  the  man  of 
VMatmd  mind  nt^lecta  these  simpte  meana^of  andecoiving  liimaclf, 
or  cannot  nse  them  ;  or,  if  be  entertain  any  donbt.  dispels  it  by 
ttw  help  of  hie  delusion.  Thus,  the  author  of  the  autobiography 
thoogbt  it  intpiom  to  doubt. 

Urtimit. — The  phenomena  of  dreaming  have  a  striking  auali^ 

to  tbOK  of  some  forms  of  unsound  mind.     The  eitenial  world 

being  shut  out,  and  the  higher  faroltiei  Inaetire,  ilhisioiu  and 

*  '    '   IS  have  tbe  vivid  impress  of  reality,  and  follow  each  other 

to  associations  over  which  we  liave  no  control.      Many 

«  directly  tracoabls  to  states  of  the  body,  which,  nben 

\  awake,  produce  pain  or  uneasiness,  ancb  as  fulness  of 

h,  distention  of  bladder,  or  irritation  of  skin.     The  alccper 

cioos  of  this  nneaay  sensation,  and  seems  to  be  aoeking 

in   mililiely  ways   and   places,   or   he  associates  it  with 

^nary  events.     Tbua  a  fit  of  indigestion  ia  cooverted  into  a 

nor*,  and  the  ruffled  dretslng  of  a  blister  on  the  bead  sug- 

■  droatn  of  being  scalped  by  savages.     In  other  instancei 

nauy  •ensation  gives  rise  to  a  dream  whicli  hu  no  other 

k  Namlttr  of  tlif  TrHlncnt  otpcrioiKd  \ij  i  Gvillcmun  Uuilng  s  state 


I 


17* 

while  Um  other  slqit ;  but  the  former  tMiog  tu\mp,  %nd  dmm- 
ing  that  lie  waa  pnnued,  shot  bis  compatiioD  throagh  the  hoTt. 
Aguin,  tliere  ii  the  ciue  of  the  jiedkr,  n'lio  h^Dg  redely  ranaed 
from  sleop  bj  a  pMBer-bj,  ran  liiiD  through  tlie  body  with  tlie 
blade  of  K  Bword-itick ;  aad  wa«  fDimd  g:ailty.*  If  these  oaiea 
tte  rightly  reported,  it  h  difficult  to  nadentond  bov  tbe  homi- 
ddal  Oft  iboald  be  deemed  crioiinal. 

Sotnnambitlijm. — This  le  a  funu  of  dreaming  in  which  the 
Koaes  and  voloalary  moBclee  bave  fiill  play;  tlie  one  eiCTciaed 
with  extraordinary  acuteaeas  on  the  gabjecC-matter  of  the  dream, 
the  other  obeying  the  maudates  of  the  sleeper's  will  with  un- 
wontnl  prBriiion,  The  mind  during  the  dream  is  so  concen. 
ttated  on  one  ot^ect,  that  tbo  reason  or  fancy  will  accomplish 
tasks  to  wlucb  it  is  unequal  during  the  waking  hoars;  and  this 
CDDoentirBlJOD  probably  accounts  for  that  eitraordiiiBij  acuteneas 
of  tbe  Msnsai,  tliat  precision  of  movement,  and  that  total  absence 
of  teni  which  nuulis  such  acts  u  iralking  on  the  edge  of  a  pre- 
cipice, swimming  a  rapid  stream,  ca  riding  at  full  g^op.  Some 
sleep-walkers,  at  each  recurrence  of  the  fit,  perform  some 
ronline  dnty  with  all  the  predion  of  their  waking  hours. 

In  some  cases,  so  complete  is  the  mind's  abstraction,  that  the 
loudest  noises  are  unheeded ;  in  others,  those  things  only  ore 
attended  to  which  liarmonise  with  the  existing  train  of  tbonght. 
After  the  fit,  there  is  cither  complete  anconsi'iousness  of  whst 
bos  occurred,  or  such  remsiubranGe  of  it  as  in  an  onUnety  dream. 
In  same  cases,  that  which  has  transpired  in  one  fit  only,  is  dis- 
tinctly remembered  in  subsequent  ones,  but  quite  forgotten  in  the 
intervals. 

Tile  aiiiilogy  already  pointed  out  between  dreaming  and  in- 
■uiity  extends  to  some  cases,  at  least,  of  sumuBmbalism  ;  Ibr  in 
some  madmen,  as  in  some  somnambulists,  tliere  is  a  remarkable 
iocreaae  of  talent,  in  others  a  complete  change  of  chuitctec;  in 
other  words,  there  lUny  be  an  intellectual  and  mornt  somnam- 
bulism, u  there  is  an  intellectual  and  moral  insanity.  The  fol- 
lowing casoi  support  this  view,  A  Cartbu^un  monk,  remorkabie 
Ibr  duplicity,  nndour,  and  proUbj,  walked  almost  every  night 
in  his  al^ep,  a  tbief,  and  a  plumlErer  nfthe  dead.  A  pious  clergy- 
«uui,  in  his  llta  of  aamnambulism,  would  steal  and  secrete  what- 
ever ho  couhl  lay  his  hands  ugiou.  and  even  plundered  his  own 
churoh.  A  suicidal  sumnumbalist  hod  (jts  every  ni^ht,  and 
m)lt!nfd  to  be  wntohed,  as  if  suffering  from  sn  scute  disFSse.  He 
always  tried  to  ewupei  and  un<>  iiighl  hsring  succeeded,  was 
■  Tbssa  duu  sn  quuW  bi  Dr.  FurbM  Wliiiluu  In  Lii  'Ftoaof  iDunllr 
In  Crtiaiwil  Ua-i,' >W  Oni  ftun  ill.  I^uu,  tUi  kit  trum  Uil>  'BrUUhana 
-Amtfli  iltilkral  Uirluw.' 


^%ond; 


DeUMVv.  176 

llangiBg  lij  the  feat  from  the  limb  of  a  higli  tree.*  llomi- 
ddal  toiQiiaoibDliBDi  i>  illmtrntcd  bjr  tlie  following  uiue.  ImM 
one  eTcniiii;  n  monk  entered  tbe  room  of  the  prior  of  tlie  cod- 
\eat,  his  eje«  open  and  fiiod,  a  frdwn  on  hi*  featnreB,  and  a  knife 
in  hii  hand,  lie  walked  Btroight  up  to  the  bed,  u  if  to  aicer- 
tuD  if  the  prior  wore  tliere,  and  then  gave  three  stalw,  which 
penetrated  the  bed'clathes  and  a  mat  that  lerred  the  pnrpoae  of 
a  mtttrsu.  He  then  returned  with  bis  featarea  relaxed,  and 
wearing  an  air  of  «ati»ftction.  The  ncit  day,  on  being  quea- 
t«nwd.  he  confested,  that  having  dreamed  that  iiii  mother  had 
be«n  murdered  by  tfae  prior,  and  that  her  spirit  bad  appeared  to 
him,  and  cried  for  vengeance,  bo  waa  tmiuparted  with  fur;,  and 
nu  direct];  to  «tab  her  auossin.  Shortly  after  he  awoke, 
ooverud  with  penpim^n,  rqoiced  to  find  that  it  waa  only  a 

£<yal  rtlaUoBt  of  lomitamhuliHn. — A  qaestion  hna  been 
Miaed  aa  to  the  responniiilit;  a(  the  ammumhuliat  Tor  acta  cxim- 
mitted  during  the  fit,  and  an  attempt  Uiu  been  made  to  show  that, 
•t  what  ii  dune  in  the  St  is  often  only  the  accompiiihmeiit  of  a 
prnjoct  formed  while  he  waa  awake,  ho  ought  to  be  held  respon- 
•ible.  Thin  ia  a  perfectly  gratajtooa  asEuinptiou,  tluit  cannot 
be  wHonsly  entertained  till  moe  fact  ahotl  have  been  udvaneud 
in  iti  iQpport.  If  such  a  qneation  of  teaponiihilit;  ahoiild  arise. 
it  ongbt  to  be  shown  that  the  sleep-walking  was  not  feigned,  and 
that  the  acciued  waa  mlyect  to  it. 
_  For  Bime  interesting  cases  of  adtasia,  or  cataleptic  aomnam- 
im,  which  is  iieurly  allied  to  hysteria,  and  almost  isivariubly 
'a  femalee,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Abercrombio  on  the 
d  Powers. 

a.   PSUEIITH,  lyELIBllTX  TBKMENB,  AITS  DBDKXeMKESg, 

ItcUriiim  occurs  in  most  severe  febrile  and  intlamm story 
iliiratra,  Bspecially  those  which  attack  the  inlemal  viscera  ;  ia  a 
cnminon  seqnr.nce  of  severe  accidents,  and  anneal  operaUons  i 
mdoBMi  naUeniD  the  &tal  termination  of  chronic  disorders. 

Febrile  delirinm  is  geucnilly  preceded  by  pain  and  throbbing 
in  the  head,  heat  of  scalp,  and  Hashing  of  facei  but  it  lome- 
times  tnaka<  its  attack  suddenly.     In  the  Grat  cIbbb  of  cases  it  is 

ItRea  pre<?«d«d  by  drennunK.  Hie  patient  talks  in  his  sleep,  and 
frakca  np  confused  and  forgetfu] ;  bnt  when  fully  roused,  ia 
;. 


I 
I 


ATiHtlHon 


cs)  Jurlipiai 


DKaonxmiEGS  of  hihd. 


coUed()d,  and  bo  rei 

tbia  disturbed  sleep 

liea  on  liis  bnck,  dull  and  liatlesa, 

•J}  himself,  nnconadoaa  of  pei 


im  till  the  aeit  riamliar.  By  degrtw 
'  waking  delirium.  Thif  patirat 
with  eyea  half  open,  mnttering 
[IB  or  things  around  him,  lod 
when  rouaed  icaroel;  recogninng  thrm.  As  the  disonler  in- 
nreues  and  the  atrength  rails,  the  >oice  hecomes  more  Indiitinct 
the  fingere  are  coiuUnCly  pioking  at  the  bi>d-clutfaea.  the  erwii^ 
tiana  pau  DnronxnonBlj',  and  the  patient  can  no  longer  be  romej 
to  an  eflbrt  of  attentiiHi. 

If  detiriuui  occun  et  au  earlier  stage  of  the  disenae,  or  befon 
the  itrength  has  been  much  impaired,  the  ajmploniB  are  aooie- 
what  modified.  The  i^es  are  bloodshot,  and  iuteutly  Gied  as  if 
on  some  object  really  present.  Tbe  patient  talks  loudly  and 
eoracBtly,  toues  rCBtlaaly  about,  makes  repeated  attempts  to 
leave  his  hed,  perhaps  escapes  from  the  attendanU,  displaya  gnat 
strength  and  activity,  and  may  even  commit  acts  of  faM  vio- 
la &tal  cues,  delirium  usually  passes  into  ootna,  but  ocouion- 
ally  it  disappear*  some  hoars  or  dnyi  before  death,  leaving  the 
patient  in  foil  poeseasion  of  his  faculties. 

In  some  cases,  again,  tbe  memory  of  things  long  past  revivea, 
and  langaagea  in  complete  disuse  are  recollected  and  spoken  with 
flnency. 

Delirium  Is  an  atmoat  constant  symptom  of  poisouing  by  betla- 
donna,  hyuocyamus,  and  Etramouium;  a  treqaont  result  of  poison- 
ing by  other  Darcotico.ai.'rids ;  an  occasional  one  in  poisoning  by 
the  pore  narcotic  and  irritant  poiaona. 

Delirinm  closely  reaemhIeB  that  form  of  unsound  mind  known 
as  inooherenis,  hut  ia  distJnguiahed  fram  it  by  its  history.  Deli- 
riuiDi  when  not  cansed  by  poiKin,  is  a  symptom  of  aome  well- 
marked  disease,  generally  febrile  or  inflammatory,  while  iuoo' 
bereoce  is  rarely  accompanied  by  bodily  disorder,  till  it  has  lasted 
long  iinougU  to  become  associated  with  paralysis. 

Lfgal  relatioiu  of  delirium. — Civil  acta  pertormed  during  an 
access  of  delirium  are  necessarily  void,  and  criminal  acta  entajl  no 
reaponribility.  The  validity  of  wills  made  by  patieota  labouring 
under  diseases  attended  with  delirium  is  uanally  decidud  less  Ir^ 
tbe  proved  eiistence  of  a  lucid  interval,  than  by  the  character  of 
the  will  itself.  If  in  koeinug  with  the  testator's  known 
cbaracter,  and  with  intenUona  expressed  or  instructions  given 
when  sound  in  mind  and  body  ;  if  the  several  parts  are  oonsiatent 
with  each  other ;  and  if  no  improper  infloence  was  brought  h> 
bear  upon  him ;  the  will  wonld  be  declared  valid,  even  thongh 
the  medical  evidence  tbrew   doabts  on  bii  capacity.     On  the 


^flBStnd,  ii 


DEUSieU    TREMENS.  17/ 


n  tb«  nbrance  of  these  coadiHons,  tLc  will  would 
generally  be  decUfed  invalid,  in  spite  nf  the  atrougcBt  evidenm 
of  the  tettalnr's  cajincit}'. 

Ii  ii  important  to  diiUngnUh  Ueliriam,  with  intervsU  of  per- 

'      I   tlie  dlmneu  of  dcmemumr  •ometime* 

BOMimvd  b;  pUienta  laboaring  under  itrnuge  deluslutiB,  the  result 

"  *  Bn»oiiiidin;»  of  mind  ehDwing  it»elf  in  the  first  stage  of  con' 

1   from    feier   or    other  scute  diseisii ;    or  as  part  of 

Ireinoni  broogbt  nu  \y  drinking.     Hero,  too,  the  biii- 

7  of  the  cue,  nod  the  >Ute  of  the  putieut.  will  have  to  be 

ftilly  considerad. 

IMirlam  IVramu, — The  delirium  of  drnnkards  is  easily  reeog- 

1  bjr  the  pecoliar  form    which   the   meotal    nnsouDdness 

•Muniet,   and   by   the   equally  eLaracteristic  bodily  syaiploms, 

aided  bir  tlie  previon*  history ;  and,  in  most  cases  V  llie  prompt 

rvr*  eflbcted  by  the  usual  remedies — alcoholic  stimuluuts  and 

«piat«a,  RDd  natriUous  food. 

The  patient  is  restleaa,  slecplen,  limid,  saipicioas,  and  cunning, 
"  ia  nitgect  lo  illusions  of  the  senses,  and  fancies  hiumelf  sur- 
ded  by  hideous  and  kiathaame  objects,  such  aa  toads,  ser- 
nta,  and  aeorpionB.  and  that  be  is  persecuted  by  stranife  sounds 
d  tbrMtening  voices ;  or  be  thinks  tliat  thieves  or  evil  spiriu 
we  breakioK  inlu  the  liousc  Wlieu  uudur  treatmt'nt  he  is  sns- 
pioiooa  of  the  attfoduDla,  is  coostiuitly  trying  to  esunpe;  and,  if 
MX  pcoptrly  watched,  may  do  violence  to  himself  or  others. 
l«  patients  display  a  painful  etigcraess  lo  t;i>  soiQeH-hiTe,  or  do 
in  which  their  miudi  are  bent.  In  eitrcme  cases  the 
■nt  eihibits  all  the  symptoms  of  acute  mania.  The  bodit,v 
sistof  the  bemorfrom  wbieb  the  diiease  derives  ils 
IL  with  a  pale,  sold,  clammy  skin,  a  moist,  while,  treniutous 
'  a  small  weak  pnlse.  The  history  of  the  case  is  tliat 
of  intempennco  terminited  by  a  short  supply  of 
•ome  eihanatiug  di«ease  or  surgtcnl  inj  iiry.  tjome' 
)waa  aiiiglc  debauch,  especially  in  men  who  have  bud 

Cvkius  attacks  of  mania,  or  of  cerebral  iiifbiminatiun,  or  who 
e  lulTercd  ftwn  Krcrc  fklls  or  blows  on  the  head. 
Jn  the  mlldn-forme  of  the  alTectiiKi,  the  patient  goes  about  as 
■Hal,  answer*  questions  coUecledly,  and  converses  ratiouully ; 

II  wlien  Ml  la  binuetf,  he  is  as  one  in  a  waking  dream,  spcuk- 
f  of  things  calcolated  itmngly  to  excite  (he  feelings  and  pu- 
Bi  with  a  manner perfeclly  free  from  eicitemcDti  e^.,  asking 
I  pwter  of  the  uut-patioDts  whether  he  did  not  say  that  be 
bU  kill  him. 
Pioton^  abilinsiice,  too  close  atlentioD  to  itud;f  or  ba»it«R. 


I 


m 

■nd  folitary  confinemeot,  sometime!  bring  on  a  state  rload;  lUitA 
to  dslirinni  tremeng,  and  dutrncterized  like  it  bj  illuaiona  of  tight 
and  hearing. 

Legal  Selaliotu  of  DiUrium  Trentn*. — As  deliriam  tremen* 
ia  ■  recogniBed  diteue,  with  mentBl  QnionndoeM  u  a  •jmpMm, 
the  potient  cannot  be  b«ld  rrapoDMblo  for  hia  acta.  Accordingly 
tliough  druiikenneu  bus  uu  effect  on  riiil  or  criminal  acti^ 
delirinm  treoieiiB  bas  tha  aamn  effect  an  inaanit;  itself. 

IffutikeniHiH, — The  excitement  which,  in  peraana  of  sODod 
mind,  ntt«nds  the  iiiitulgence  in  alcoholic  liquore,  is  concerted,  in 
tboae  of  unsonnd  mind,  iutii  maniacal  incoherence,  distinguishable 
from  mania  dne  to  other  rauaea  onlj  by  tha  history  of  the  case 
and  the  eviiieuceof  the  aense  of  amell.  A  craving  ufter  apirltuont  . 
liquors  IB  one  of  the  recognised  forma  of  nnsoucd  mitid  [diptOi 
mnnia);  while  in  others  it  is  merely  a  leading  ajmpUnn  of  ■ 
more  gtmeral  diaorder.  In  some  cases  the  craving  atlur  alcohulittl 
liquors  ahowB  itself  only  at  intenals. 

Ltgal  Relaliont  of  Dntitkmteti. — Tiiia  has  no  legal  eflect.  It 
nather  increasea  nor  mitigat«B  the  penalties  that  attach  to  crime, 
and  it  has  even  been  deemed  an  aggravaliun.  A  drunbard'a  acts 
are  theretbie  viilid,  unloi  it  can  bo  shoAii  that  the  dmnkenneu 
was  procnred  by  auotber  person  to  ohtuin  an  unfair  advuitage. 


I  of  »^H 
ohulitt^l 

it 

e, 
ts 

I 


Uimy. — Tlie  beat  legal  and  medical  writari 
\l\g  Idiocy  as  a  congenital  mitUdy,  and  the  idii 
Uam  tat  DBtlvlty  by  »  perpetual  infirmity  ia  noa 
■'  But  tDme  writera  of  both  profenions  have  oaed  tl 
precinon,  evidently  c    " 

The  time  for  aiu-b  mntitfiun  o 
V  ■  vicar  nndiTiitandiug  that  ic 
:-j  .111  defect  of  all  llie  mental  faeul 

1  -.  and,  like  other  fonua  of  uusv 

ii'      '  '   Mini  the  ntreme  ofbudily  dofon 

,n  i-iiili'tKi.'  [iiiH'Ji  ii'L^i'iuIivo.   Such  iiUoti  acem  devoid 
i«tKin,  anil  »oald  pcTuh  if  not  clcaely  attended  to. 


179 

wnewbat  higLcr  fonn  tfasre  are  «aaBitions  of  beat  nnd  cold,  ut 
K-lnrni^  and  thint,  mid  Jast  intelli^nce  enough  lo  iiidicute  tlie 
tneat  wuiU  by  iLgus.     A  atill  higUer  cUw  consisU  of  those 
who  hHve  aeuutiou  and  otuuduiuDew,  recognise  funiliiir 
a  and  ubjecla,  htb  niaceptihle  of  attanhment,  can  mow 
D  place  to  place,  are  able  to  make  known  Iheir  sante  bj  get- 
Niuiid*,  or  even  bj  wordi  imperfectly  articaktei>  am 
.0  acquire  habits  of  decency,  can  learn  to  hum  or  alnt;. 
n  to  perform  the  linipler  operatioui  of  BriChmeUc,  and  are 
itible  ut  aome  improvumetit  in  tboir  bodily  and  mental  con- 

>r  careful,  luaidiioiu,  anil  akjltul  teacbers. 
a  ral«,  idiot*  are  dcfarmed  in  body  as  well  as  stunted  in 
kllect.  The;  have  imall,  mitebapen  heads,  and  features  111- 
laed  and  intoned — squinting  eyes,  large  guping  mouths  with 
tliick  Upit,  irrei^ular  teeth,  and  aallaw  and  unhealthy  compleiioim. 
The  limbf  and  trunk  are  nlao  imperfectly  dovoloped,  and  their 
gait  ii  awkward  iind  unsteady.  Some  of  their  bensea  are  unnting. 
■nd  otben  very  imperfect. 

Fig.  21    (one   of  tbe  graphic  Kij.  ^i. 

Qlotuvtlons  of  the  lute  .Sir 
Alexander  Moriwin*)  shows  the 
>r  an  idiot  of  tbis  type, 
rs  old,  (our  feet  and  a  hil  t' 
,  Willi  flattened  furebead, 
I  li|M,  and  large  gaping, 
g  luoBth,  and  awkward 
ady  gait,  bis  fbvaurite 
■e  leaning  agait  ' 


I 
I 


C  gently  with  hii 
le  of  touch  ii  VBT\ 
te;  bi> 
I    munoyllable   lee, 
1   good,   aa 
If  diMurdoutly. 


ited 


;,  fig.  22.  i>   18  years  old;  h. 

'iDt  not  defurmed  i  liua  a  vaiaut  expreS' 
Hta  tbe  mooDiyllable  urn,  am,  and  will 
orda  giiod  dag,  good    i 


^B^H 

1 

^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^1 

180                                 UNSODKD 

„.    ■ 

find  of  »wecU,  u)d  pl«ued  ■ 

*ilb  Hnerj.     81ic  put*  ■  wabl  iato 

be,  inoatb.      Sbc   feed* 

^^/^ 

heneif,  but  cuinot  dr»a 
or  aiidre«.  and  doe*  not 

^^3Jfl^^ 

attend  to  the  tall!  of  ni- 

-^^St'^ 

TliB  cliild  wlio«  por- 
t«it  »  p.™  m  fig.  23 

Uloiiin   to    the  sm»rii!r 

.'   i^  d«n  "of  Idiol*  who  BK! 

Eri>c    from    cnnUI    and 

H^^^^^' 

■^^ 

fudal  deTorinitf.  Hiiase 

U  .U.     H«  »u  bom  ta 

^ 

idiot,  bul  ieem»  to  hiive 

•^ 

grown  worse  nfler  attack* 

of  meaalct  und  whooinng- 

/^^^ 

cDUgb  ill  bU  tbird  yenr. 
His   senses  are  perfect  i 
be  Ban  sav  a  few  word*. 

\         -^^^ 

b. 

<mcbtamoHer.a.aipoor 

K 

bag;  lai  afTeetion  fin  hia 

pareuta,  takea  ui  iater- 

x,-^ 

est  iu  walcbing  bia  father 
■t    work,   and   eibibiM 

■Vbt  power  or  iffiiUUmnriHsls  himself,  but  win  eut  iUli  lud  Beeb 

n>.n. 

I 

mw  ;  attend,  to  the  odl. 
of  nature  1  is  very  Teat- 
Uia,  and  keep*  op  B  eon- 
tiuual  whine. 

Idiots  at    the  age  of 
puberty  often  diaplay  Ibe 
•eiuat  psBsian  b;  offeusive 
features  anil  diigtuting 

fK^<^ 

N 

liahiu.  Me  aulyect  to  vio- 
lent ontbnrats  of  paadon. 

^Fv^ 

''~ 

aula  of  alrocioiw  cniellj. 
r4i>  Legal   StlaliuM 

.^^k  """^ 

0/  JdUs,   in  tUe  aeuu 
leronui^cdtotheterm. 

nt  obvious.    It  impUni 

cuniplcte  o:vIl  diMbUitv, 

^^■l          ^^'^'"■""C 

^^^^^k 

B 

;m*,W(;(y.-Thi.t-.r... 

IHBECILITT.  ISl 

P^lumiHd  Id  dnlgnnte  ■  msuUl  defect  muiirmtiDg  iUelf  in 

V  falkncf.  M  duUnguUliMl  fnim  that  which  ia  congenital. 

I       It)  (tnetoaa  of  hngiuge.  perlmpi,  idiocj  sod  imbeciUt.T  would 

f^ki  fqoalljr  cliiracWriwd  w  congeniUI  defect*,  of  which  the  more 

Urked  (hlioc}')  makei  iUelf  loODeA  known,  while  imhecilitf  i* 

~  t  raeopiiwd  till  the  ficaltiee  have  been  teal«d  hy  education, 

A  (bund  wiDling.     it  la  aim  obvioui  that  no  iharp  lin«  of  dia- 

ic«ion  ou  be  drawn  betweon  the  idiot  aitd  the  imbecile,  for  the 

inter  ahndra  of  loibedlitj  pan  into  the  lighter  tinia  at  idiocj. 

But  tlie  puaaauion  by  llie  imbecile  of  the  bcolty  of  speech,  ae 

atingniabcd  from  the  porroC-like  nttenince  of  the  few  words 

'ueh  (hfl  idiot  can  leam  ii  the  beat  line  of  di 


Uoat  imbecile*  are  intellectually  aa  well  u  morally  definent. 
~  limited  power  of  acquiring-  or  rBCaiaiiig  knowledge  ; 

■nnot  andontand  or  appreciate  the  cuitomi  of  locicly  or  lawa 
o  and  iltvine;  cannot  control  their  emotioni  and  panioni 
n  of  toond  mind  can  do.  But  tbrro  ia  ■  imall  eiccptionul 
wfaleh  eihibita  intellectual  defidency  vithout  aerloaaly 
"ag  againat  momllty,  and  a  larger  oue,  which  combines  lliu 
t  inlellectuol  endan'- 
»  with  ottar  incapncity  f'g-  2*. 

ig  tha  ooodiiet  of  life.  There 
h,  tlHnfore,  an  inlellKtual. 
m  moral,  and  a  funeral  im- 
Iwdlity,  aatheie  la  anintel- 
ItEtnal.  moral,  and  genentl 

TIm  flnt  of  the  anneicd 
UloMiii^oiu  (fin.  a)  rrpre- 
wnt*  an  imbucilo  thirty  yeara 
of  agc^  and  four  feet  nine 
Inijia  in  bnght.  who  ia  de- 
•etibed  u  having  a  very 
anall  hratl,  and  an  piprea- 
akm  of  tillineea  In  hia  coun- 
(•nante;  liia  eye,  luiwvter, 
i»  nlliar  llridy,  and  he  pot- 
•naca  more  intalligencc  than 
wa  ahould  cipcct  from  bis 
appmraneci  be  can  talk 
rationally  upon  common  anlijecta,  ai 
liaa  worketl  in  wrvlle  irfRciw, 

The  aubject  of  IIm  Ulualration  in  fig.  25,  tike  the  idiot  child  In 


I 


d  makei  himaelf  naeful.    tie 


IM  c^tsouxDXESs  or  xino. 

the  Goorta  «f  jaitice,  to  priwHU  vA  (caffoldi,  niars  mfjactt  tbu 
u  ganatiBj  tappaatd" — *  ■Catemcnt  the  trath  of  which  wetn 
■ble  to  cooSnu  bj  oar  curn  eiperimce.  (0.) 

Bat  iahfolitjr.  u  alreadT  poinled  oat,  n  not  alvmji  of  lUi 
Muied  <lMnct«r,  displijitipitHirattheuinetiiDe  in  the  iatdltM, 
norali.  and  amdnct.  It  a  tometima  partial,  afiectiai^  onlj  vt 
diiefiT  eitlifT  Uie  intrilectiutl  or  the  moral  character.  There  mjr 
be,  on  the  one  hai>d,  an  ioabilitj  la  ac?qiiire  aiul  >l'pl;  knowkdgo 
in  penoM  ttbo  bare  a  doe  tense  oftigbt,  act  willi  integiita,  and 
pcrfbriD  nerj  aodal  dutj  ;  and,  on  the  other,  an  nnoaoal  power 
of  acquiring  knowledge,  with  judgment,  laac;  and  refined  taal^ 
bat  combiMd  xilh  feeUmeaa  of  purpoae.  want  of  aelfHMDlnl, 
inaptitude  for  bovneat,  dimcard  uf  dnij,  and  want  of  comnMKl 
)ione*t;.  Such  pera^na  are  known  in  aociety  ai  weak,  KriV  WJi 
good-natured,  well-nteanin^,  good  tort  of  people,  and  ifpoMmnl 
of  brilliant  talenti,  aa  haiing  ever;  lentc  bat  coramoa  Ktae, 
lliey  are  too  eaijr  to  be  joat ;  too  tbougbtlea  to  be  honnt.  They 
bare  an  iiutiuctiTe  horror  of  bnilnen,  an  ■renkm  to  their  i«gal«T 
occnpatkRB,  and  «  di>taal«  for  ercrjibiog  that  wenn  the  alupo  of 
a  daljr.  Tht^  are  ntterl. t  ignorant  of  tlie  value  ormone;,  and  the 
Iwt  ute  the;  make  of  it  i»  to  pa;  their  debla.  Earh  man  ainong 
them  hat  hii  own  Rivouritc  form  of  eitrsvagance,  and  his  own 
mode  of  mining  himself.  Onecalli  an  architect  to  hit  aadataoce; 
anotlier  an  opholiterer;  a  third  collecti  utelul  things  which  be 
nerer  nw*.  or  displays  a  corioiu  laste  in  worthies  triBcsi  or 
(none  still)  beromca  the  incorrigible  patron  of  mendinnta  Mid 
mendicant- thieves.  Tlietepoople  arealwayafonningarqnaintanora 
with  onwortiij  personi,  who  find  it  worth  their  while  to  know 
and  to  flatter  them.  With  all  'heir  eaiinen  of  dirpowtion  they 
hare  moeh  «  srmth  of  temper  nad  strength  of  panion.  Tbey  are 
bad  children,  busljandf,  sod  tsthera,  becaucuin  these  relation*  thay 
have  duties  to  perform.  Thronghont  life  Ihej  are  neak,  wavering, 
Eckle,  and  telf-willeil  an  children ;  tbH  aunrce  of  conaUnt  anxiety 
and  misery  to  their  fainiliii;  the  prey  of  duugning  knaves;  the 
eipeded  iniiuites  of  gaols,  worklionws  nnd  lunatic  atylama. 

These  moral  imbeciiea  remain  at  large,  beomse  the  intellect 
being  annfleeted,  they  have  nn  diitinct  delwDona,  and  as  weakoeta 
of  intellect  i>  a  neceasary  ingredient  in  the  legal  idea  of  inbo- 
dtity,  the  attempt  1o  prove  Buch  persons  of  unsound  mind,  in  ■ 
court  of  law,  Detessnrily  fails.  That  abfeticc  of  moral  sense,  kml 
(Hirresponding  want  of  self-conlrol,  which  is  Iho  essence  of  their 
mmtsl  malady,  can  be  proved  only  by  thehigtory  of  thdr  daily  life j 
■  history  ofleu  hard  to  obtain,  and  generally  aludionsly  withheld. 

Imbvdlta   sre   sonielimei   as  bhic\i  iroiw  ft*  ft(jnnis««i  ift. 


LEGiL  BELATIOKS  QI  lUBEClIlTV.  185 

cbiliiiali  finriei  lu  iiiiiiuiai  are  of  deliuioni.  A  i-timmiuion  of 
Idiucj  wu  gnnliid  in  the  cat»  of  ■  jcmng  gentliiuisii,  aged  20, 
who  wu  the  ilave  of  ■  childititi  hmrf  for  windmilK  with  hii 
•Temon  njuall;  gtrung  to  vittn'iDilla.  Having  been  plsi^etl  under 
Fontrol  in  n  place  where  tbere  were  do  windmills,  be  ciit  the 
calvci  of  »  cbild'i  le^  through  to  the  bone,  and  atntpd  thnt  he 
■hunid  have  taken  awa;  il<  lir«,  that  he  might  be  tried  for  his 
set.  and  rrmoved  frota  >  piece  where  there  were  uo  windmills, 
d  always  bet^n  violent  when  thwarted  in  his  funcy,  had 
hia  keeper  and  memheri  of  hia  rnmily,  and  had  more 
n  once  made  preparation!  for  committiii|i  mnrdor.  VHieii  we 
^uiDced  to  tee  him  in  a  diitaat  ujlum,  he  was  expecting  to  bo 
mipointed  head  aiillur  to  a  maniac  who  alleged,  among  other 
«  claims  to  dignity  and  importance,  that  be  was  king  of 


-      L  (O.) 

Ltgal  Setatiomt  of  Jmbecilily. — In  respect  to  this  form  of 
mt«l  nmoundneta.  two  kinds  of  i|ueslionB  may  arise-— questions 
J,  and  queationa  of  rfipmuibilUi), 
tpelency  of  imhecilea  to  fomi  contracts,  and  their  tk* 
litjr  when  formed,  has  often  en);agcd  the  attention  of  our  law 
arts.  Pemns  of  weak  mind  have  been  brought  by  improper 
illUDOi  to  ally  tlwmselve*  in  marriage,  and  the  validity  of  such 
■nisges  lias  been  tuceesafnlly  disputed,  as  in  tbo  case  of  Porti- 
Bath  v.  Portsmouth,  in  nhich,  as  lu  other  Initnnces  that  might 
I  citsd,  the  proof  of  imbecility  was  rightly  drawn  not  from  n 
ir  iaoliltnl  Aicti,  but  from  an  inveatigallun  of  the  whole  life, 
hdiict,  and  character. 

The  competency  of  imbeciles  to  manage  their  a^rs   ia  often 

llod  Id  question.     As  tlie  condait  of  life  is  partly  dependent  on 

'knowtnlge  of  the  D>e  and  value  of  money,  partly  on  judgment 

dtscrvtion,  inquirii^s  of  this  class  may  aasume  a  very  aimple, 

tnj  complicated  ihape. 

n  rare  instances  men  have  been  pronounced  incapable  of 
aging  their  aSiiirs,  on  the  ground  not  so  mucli  of  general 
itDMs  of  intellect,  ss  of  deFectiie  knowledge  of  nambera  and 
Talue  of  money.  Two  such  cases  are  relaUd  by  Abercrombie, 
M  of  whish  tbcr*  was  a  "  total  insbillly  to  perform  the  moat 
lis  process  of  ■rithmetic,"  and  in  the  other  "  a  total  want  of 
paww  of  tnning  relationB  both  as  to  time  and  numbers."  In 
of  evidence  showing  that  they  bad  mnde  much  progress 
pronounced  in('ap.ible  of  managing 


I 


188  UNSOUSDSBSS   0?  MISD. 

or  how  mmj  ihillingi  in  >  •ovprtigo ;  oooli)  not  p 
easuMt  opentioii  of  nrithmetic ;  did  not  know  the  date,  uiontti, 
or  jear  i  or  the  name  of  the  reigning  moiuirch ;  nor  recognue 
perwni  with  whom  he  had  mnveneii  ouly  foqr  dttya  presiomlf. 
His  Btteatioa  was  rooied  with  the  utmost  difficulty,  and  coulil 
not  he  Sied  to  an;  one  snljwt.  DU  loot  wiu  vannt.  hi)  dreia 
paciilUr,  bis  pnit  SKkward,  his  motions  grotesque,  his  speech 
■low  and  heiilaCing.  He  used  tbe  eaine  words  and  expresdona 
iigain  and  agnin.  repeated  imperfectlf  the  tiiaka  and  prayers  of  his 
ohildhood,  and  imitated  the  contortions  of  peraons,  lito  hinueir, 
iubjrat  to  Bta.  Such  a  cane  could  present  no  difficulty  either  to 
witne»  or  jury.  (0.) 

More  diflicolt  quHtiona  arise  in  respect  of  persona  who  though 
they  display  many  marks  of  imbecility,  in  chiliUih  wayt,  ecxsn- 
trlc  habits,  violent  passions,  nnd  cmel  diapoaiUoni,  are  yet  able 
to  perform  the  simple  operations  of  arithmetic,  know  the  value 
of  money,  and  can  comprehend  sudi  atatcmsnts  and  suggeaUona 
with  respect  to  their  affaire  as  are  anbmitletl  to  them.  In  aoiDa 
of  these  cases,  a  snccesstiil  appeal  lias  been  made  to  the  effident 
manner  in  which  the  party  bu  nctnally  conduclnl  his  own  afiiiin. 

The  proof  of  imbedlitj,  uimbined  ivith  undue  iiillaeni«,  hat, 
in  many  instances,  beeu  bcld  to  invalidate  a  wilt;  but,  in  the 
abiencc  of  such  influence,  all  that  is  required  to  ettablisb  tilt- 
wills  uf  people  of  weak  nnderslanding  i«,  that  they  should  hai* 
bven  capable  of  comprehending  their  uatnre  and  effect. 

Tlio  question  of  ntponnbiiUji  for  audi  acta  as  arwm  and 
murder,  can  only  he  answered  by  weighing  well  nil  the  lAnma- 
stnnvca  of  the  act,  the  motives  by  which  it  wn*  instij;at«d,  mi 
tlie  whole  tile  and  character  of  the  nocused.  This  iiilijeot  win 
ha  donsidered  when  all  llie  forms  of  onsonDd  miud  have  b»rai 

Several  interesting  and  iuitmctive  cases  of  imheeilet,  eoDcem- 
ing  whom  the  two  questions  of  cempflteney  nnd  reiponulriUlf 
hive  b(«n  raised,  are  given  In  detail,  and  mnde  ttie  lulyeot  <iif 
jodidoni  tnmmentary  in  Kny'a  'TrentJiK)  ou  the  Medical  J 
pradenoe  of  Insanity.' 

Ovf^i/M. — In  many  parts  of  the  continent  of  Burapc^  M_ 
in  vsllcya  lying  among  bills,  but  occasionally  in  unhealthj  n 
and  nrbiui  districts  in  all  parts  oT  the  world,  a  disease  pret 
which  combines  the  eitrcine  of  bodily  defonnity  and  degeneracy 
with  daficimcy  of  intcUeet.     In  Switierland  and  Savoy  pi 
sn  affidcJ  are  called  pmiai,  and  in  (Vance  ca^oti.     Tbe  n 
ftstnrs  by  which  Umy  ara  chiufly  distiiigiiiBhod  is  the  enlargi 
•it  llie  Uimnt.  known  as  yoifr*  or  hroai-hocitf ;  but  to  this  ai 


■  sulyeot  rf 

dial  Jld^H 

ISO  prev^^^^ 


toAlj  detMi  and  defomitin  are  (opcrndiled.  The  ttatnre  is 
dwaiffd,  tbe  betW  Urge,  the  Ug*  naaU.  the  hmd  conical,  thearcli 
rf  Ilia  ti»\ate  high  and  Barrow,  tLe  teeth  irregulnr,  the  mouth 
Itr^,  the  lipi  thick,  thu  complvuon  ullaw,  the  mice  hinh  and 
■brill,  the  apeerh  thick  sad  indistinct,  the  eyea  aqainting,  the  g-ait 
ft«ble  and  uniteady,  the  Kmal  power  weak,  or  wanting. 

Hie  beat  BatboriCies  represent  this  phyiical  dn^neracj,  with 
tbe  ooeriitinp  mentnl  deliciency,  ■>  commonly  dating,  with  rare 
•loeptkiiu.  from  >  period  Bnbseqneut  to  birth.  Abont  the  filth 
we  siilh  mODth,  tbe  bodily  ile*o1npment  seems  to  be  checked. 
The  child  looks  nnhealthy  and  seems  weak-,  the  head  is  Urge, 
and  it*  bones  widely  separated ;  the  bellj  swells  and  the  limbs 
Arink ;  teething  tTxt*  *"<  ^^y  slowly,  nnd  the  child  cannot  stAnd 
«r  tpeik  till  its  fifth  or  siith  year.  Some  cases  are  complicuted 
'  distortion,  some  with  hydrocepbilus. 
ims  of  this  ^ngalar  nlTuction  are  nsunlly  divided  into 
three  ekines — cretini,  semi.cretiDB,  and  the  cretinous,  or  cretins 
af  the  third  denree. 

-    Tbe  Br»t  dan  answer  to  the  description  of  idiocy  nlready  given, 

frith  the  addition  of  tbe  pccaliar  deformity  of  the  throat.     Their 

Mh  is  aotomalici   they  have  no  intelligence;  tbrar  tenses  are 

taM,  or  wlioily  wanting;  they  cannot  speak;  their  time  ie  spent 

in  baskrnti  in  the  «nn  or  ^tting-  bj  the  fire ;  and  only  the  moat 

Mils  of  natnrc  ronn  their  attention.     They  do  not  possess 

power  of  reproduction.    The  next  class,  or  temi-cretlnti,  sliow 

liigbar  lntcllig«ncF.     They  can  be  taught  to  resd  and  to  repeat 

lyen,  bat  without  nnderstaiiding  wliat  they  Isim;  they  have 

idea  of  nambers ;  they  note  what  pnraes  around  them,  and  use 

iUfpinge  to  eiproa  their  wants ;  they  remember  common  events. 

idenland  what  ia  said  to  them,  nnd  speak  intelligibly  on  com- 

00  niljeeta.  Cretins  of  the  third  degree  show  glimpnes  of  a  higher 
itnre,  and  can  attain  a  certain  degree  of  proficiency  in  mechu- 
eat  nnployments  and  contrivances,  in  drawing,  painting,  and 
siie;  bntBrithmetioisavery  rare  aeqiiimment.    Tliey  are  said  to 

1  acntely  alive  to  their  own  interest,  intrtmely  litigious,  unable 
muuge  their  alfain,  but  obstinate  and  unvrilling  to  be  advised. 
Cnttns  of  the  second  and  tblid  degrees,  if  removed  from  their 
rtb-pliee  early  in  lifi-,  and  put  under  jndicions  superintendence, 
ay  be  grostly  improved   both  in  body   and  mind,  and  bci'unie 

memliers  of  society. 


I 
I 


I 


becliity  it  shona  iUelf  in  enrly  liCui  but  in  Jenientii  it  fn|IIP> 
venei  slowly  or  luddeniy  in  «  inind  alrvoilj  (nllj  developed,  and 
in  ohildliood.  manliood,  or  old  age.  It  tli^vn  also  from  mDnin, 
fijr  it  consisM  in  eiliHnstion  nnd  torpor  of  the  &cultjei,  not  in 
violent  and  sustiiiued  Eunloraont. 

The  mental  state  in  deoieatia  ia  beat  described  by  the  word 
tncoberence.  There  is  also  a  form  of  mania  erjually  well  described 
by  the  snine  word  j  hut  tlie  incoherence  of  dementia  ii  marked  bj 
languor,  )bnt  of  mania  by  eicitement.  It  muat,  however,  be 
tmdorstood  tlist  the  dumcoted  are  liable  to  miinlacal  paioiysmi, 
and   muniRCB  to   remlsuona  of  com  para  tivdy   tranquil   iocohe- 

Dementia  is  divided  into  aeale,  or  primaiy,  and  cArtinic,  or 
tetnidaiy.  The  first  form  is  rare,  and  coruiaU  in  a  itatc  of  pro-, 
found  melancholy  or  stupor;  the  second  very  nommon,  Knd 
I'hHrHOtsriud  by  incoherence.  There  is  also  a  Senile  Dementia, 
nnd  H  furui  of  dementia  associated  with  Qeneral  Paralyus. 

There  are  al'o  degrees  or  stages  of  dementia,  which  Prlcluud 
indicated  by  the  worda  forgettulnesa,  irrationality.  iiicomprehen< 
sion,  and  inappetcncy,  A  patient  aulTeriiig  from  deinenUa,  w  1m 
pnHed  from  W  to  Worse,  would  Srst  eiiiihit  want  uf  menwry, 
then  loas  of  rcusoiiiag  power,  then  inability  to  comprehend,  wiU. 
lastly,  an  abolition  of  the  common  Instincts  and  of  voUtiotu 

1.  AaiU  DemeHlia.— TIM  form  of  demt1^lia  which  arise*  tntm 
audilen  menial  shuclii  often  presents  a  distinct  nnd  very  peculiar 
feature. — The  mind  ii,  as  it  were,  arrested  and  llxed  C>r  the  re- 
mainder of  life  in  sad  abstraction  on  the  one  event  which  hail 
occarioned  it :  or  the  shock  deatniys  all  mental  power,  nnd  bringi 
ou  a  state  limilnr  la  that  of  the  imboule  or  idiot. 

D.  ring  the  earthquniio  panic  of  IS')3,  we  saw  a  case  of  de- 
nieiitia  in  a  Ind  twelve  years  oF  age,  bronght  on  by  the  alamlng 
converaition  of  a  knot  of  Iriahmeu  in  the  diuk  of  the  evcnittf. 
The  poor  boy  seemed  deprived  of  all  his  Aicultiei,  was  dtdl  and 
llstloa,  and  answered  every  inquiry  by  a  vnciint  smile.  He  bad 
nn  DocBtional  iccesi  of  terror  and  eicitemmt,  hut  soon  relapsed 
into  stupor.  (U.) 

2.  cironie  liemenlia. — Tbia  form  may  generally  be  traced  to 
aouie  antervdent  acting  giBduully  on  the  mind,  sncli  aa  prolonged 
grief  or  siiiitty ;  to  severe  attacks  of  fever,  mania,  melancholia, 
npoplMy,  paralysis,  or  npcaled  6.\s  of  c]rilcpay.  In  all  these 
tasDt  it  may  depend  ou  soneniiig  or  other  chronic  disease  of  tlic 
brain.  It  may  b«  inftrred  from  two  melam-holy  cases  of  TMwnt  _ 
unmrrance  that  the  inhalution  of  one  poieuu^ius  VH|<anr  ■ 


methjl)  an  induce  in  liodthy  n» 

iDg  i^dualljr  into  tbe  most  hopeleo  dementia. 

.  SniU IltmeHtia,oi  tliHt  wbicli  19 incidental  tossed  persons. 

timple  and  well-marked  rarm  of  tlie  dsmcntiu  whicli  arises 

from  CBOset  acting  ilowlj  and  graJiialiy.      Tliu  firit  Hj-mptom 

ii  impuml  memorir  of  recent  event*,  with  dulness  of  pcroeptiini 

itmd  apprehcuuon,  and  an  inability  to  fli  tho  attention,  or  foliov,- 

anj  train  of  tliuught.     The  tbiiigs  heard  five  ininutifs  since  are 

Ibrgottcn,  and  the  same  qnestion  is  lepested  again  and  again. 

Bencc,  the  tntnsactioa  of  buaiuen  reqairing  sustaiued  attenUon 

become*  imposaible.     The  control  of  tl;e  will  over  the  thooghta 

brcoming  more  and  more  enfeebled,  the  rea«ming  powers  anffer ; 

lorsciireeljBre  the  preiniMcs  laid  down  before  tliey  are  forgotten, 

that  the  act  of  compuiiaon  bj  which  tbe  conclusion  it  arrived 

cannot  be  )>erformed;  and  ictrr  punning  the  same  topic  of 

nTcmtian  through  part  of  a  sentciiee,  tome  accidental  sng- 

stion  tanu  the  idcHi  aside.     Pertons  so  affected  know  their 

ktteadauta  and  i-ecoguisc  their  friends,  but  tlie;  seldom  display 

rigai  of  emotion  on  seeing  tliem  ;  and  they  can  ttill  employ  them- 

jelvea  mechanically,— mcu  in  writing,  and  wonioti  in  knitting  and 

.aeirrng.     Tbe  next  pbnsa  of  tbe  malady  is  one  of  complete  Inoom- 

lon.     Memory,  reason,  and  the  poner  of  BtteatiOD  are  eo- 

Hrely  lost;  but  tlie  muscular  force  remaias  intact,  and  displays 

perpetual  activity,  in  jampiug  or  running  lo  und  fro,  or 

ronrid  in  a  circle,  or  rocking  backwards  and  forwards  in 

ehair,  dandng,  singing,  ami  shouting,  or  in  lalking  or  muttering 

lecmntly.     Many,  liowever,  sit  sil«nt  and  tranquil,  or  with  a 

-■  -'-  '  g  (tnre,  for  Hceki,  monlhs,  or  even  years.    A  few 

in  one  nneasy  posture,  or  they  stand  erect  with 

neck  rigidly  Siod  at  right  angles  to  tbe  body.     Some  disphiy 

'     te  dolonona.     In  the  last  stage  of  all,  e\-en  thu  animal  in'- 

are  lost;  there  is  neither  sensation,  memory,  thought,  nor 

but  bate  physical  eiiitente;  with  occaoonally,  at  distant 

\t,  a  short  resuscitation  of  some  of  the  mental  powers. 

4.   Oferal  Paralftia  (farwu).— Tbe  wcikened  sUte  of  the 

tbia  interesting  form  of  dementia  shows  itself  in  niott 

dsluuona  of  unlimited  power  and  boundk-is  wealth  ;  in  all 

We  decay  of  bodily  and  mental  power.  Among  llie  surly 

ma  are  n^lect  of  duty,  a  restless  and  wandering  disposi. 

lU  commisBton  of  petty  thofta.  Indecent  eiposnre  of  tbv 

acts  of  citnivagancu,  and  a  andden  change  of  opinion  and 

tnonl  and  religious.     The  disease  is  rnre  in  womtn, 

I  of  «diiealion   and  position ;   and  it  generally 


c 


I 

i 


!90 


UNSOUND! 


9  or  Misn, 


ibowi  itself  iu  wliijta  oC  middle  age — tiom  tliitly  to  iixty.  Um 
taiuH  ure  iatcmpcraDce,  uiual  excsHOt,  tlio  uiiietiei  uid  undue 
mentid  liiboun  of  the  active  and  stirring  period  of  lite,  and 
bereditarjr  t^t.  ThR  mental  deTect  ii  lomelimea  recDgiuMd 
before  thL'  pnraljBie,  tomctimei  with  it,  and  tometinies  the  tpinal 
marroiT  i«  flrat  atfectcd,  IheD  tbe  itructnrc  and  fUnctiaiu  ef  the 
bnin.  ltd  dnrHtJim  i>  usaally  staled  Rt  from  a  few  mOBtlu  to 
ttiroe  yean.  The  paraljtiu  nymptoms  ihow  themu'Ivn  fint  in 
tbe  tongue,  lipi,  and  features.  The  articoUUkm  is  lie^tatin^  and 
indixtiact ;  the  lips,  tongue,  and  moHlea  of  tlie  face  are  tremu- 
lous and  quircring  ;  the  pupilaare  often  unequally  dilated.  TLen 
the  moKlis  of  the  UidIh  are  affected.  The  patient  tripa, 
dtumbtci,  and  itaggers,  and  cuii  iiii  longer  perforni  lucb  oom- 
hined  muecuhir  mavenientB  as  playing  on  musical  inatrumenU, 
writing,  and  lewiiig.  Thete  paralytic  aymptcmu  go  on  inareai- 
ing,  and,  ut  length,  the  iphinctera  cease  to  act.  and  it  ia  out  uu- 
eommon  for  death  to  happen  from  auflbcation  in  the  act  of 
Bwalloiting  food.  Oeouional  fits  of  violence  and  of  epilepsy 
occur  U)  vary  what  would  otherwise  generally  prove  a  gradual 
dncont  towards  death,  with  iucreasing  wenlcneuand  helplesaiiCH. 
At  the  lost,  sloughing  bed-aorea,  and  attacks  of  diarrheea  or 
piivamonia  cloae  the  weno.  One  ooCewortliy  and  cbaraeteriatic 
leuture  of  the  mohidy  ii  tbe  change  in  tlie  eiprenioo  of  tlie 
eunnlcnance  in  an  early  itage.  Tbningh  the  r^aulion  of  tlie 
muiclcii  the  wrinkles  of  the  face  disappear,  and  the  patient 
H^elns  to  liavc  grown  yonngor;  but  at  a  Inter  stage,  tbe  face 
beoomea  curiously  wanting  in  eiprvosioD.  fiot  to  the  last  tba 
menial  chamcl^i  istiM  remain  tUe  same,  and  the  last  multered 
winds  arc  about  "  gold,  and  carriages,  and  millions  of  money."* 
The  Ggurei  auneied  (see  neit  page)  represent  Uio  early  and 
udvsnnd  >tngc  of  General  l^rulyiis  in  a  gardener,  set.  38.  Tbe 
inisfoiiduGt  of  a  dnugbter  had  brought  on  a  vlate  of  molanduily 
which  lusted  for  ■  fhrtnight,  at  tbe  end  of  which  time  he  be^n 
to  uwiit  that  he  wu  the  king,  tliat  he  was  in  hie  palace,  wtJcb 
was  made  of  gold,  and  that  he  had  a  million  oT  money.  His 
memory  hiled  him,  he  did  not  know  the  month  or  year,  hia 
Kptoch  wu  alightly  impaired,  but  his  walk  was  lolerahly  ftm. 
Fig.  %7  was  taken  a  month  after  the  appeaiauce  of  tbeae  aylnp< 
toma,  and  Qg.  'iH  after  the  lapse  of  another  mouth,  when  Uie 
ditraie  liad  made  uiueb  progrcus,  as  was  shown  by  the  in 
emhanasamcut  of  hia  ipeoeb,  Ilie  nvBrly  utter  lou  of  a 
•  L.Utjrt:  qBM*4  by  Hsudsl*!  Inhu-  rbyunlogyu 


tottering  psit  (for  be  oould  icarrelf  wbIIc  at  nil),  saJ,  i 
iiitlniliDg  1  very  goud  appetite,  his  npiJ  emaciation. 


I 


Legal  Selatitnu  ofDenenlin, — Ilementui  iaa  comman  lut^ect 
f  the  inquiry  de  liuuilico.  A  dmiented  peraon  lapws  into 
'iil<  of  nuDCHK  eitnvagincc,  and  the  inquiry  liiu  for  its  object 
imrtiuii  wbethcr  he  ii  Me  to  nunuge  his  affitin,  and  if  not, 
«  vlwt  date  the  inrmpaidty  hiu  eiiated.  Tliia  iniguir;,  diffi- 
I  in  itcelf,  it  made  man  euibainimug  by  the  Etrong  nval 
iftita  which  alwBj*  gron  up  aroand  periaru  of  Ihis  ctiist. 
A  qanUon  frequently  rained  reepecting  this  fono  of  uimouni]' 
rtlatM  to  the  validity  of  iviUi  muda  or  alleml  by  penuns 
«d  tu  be  ■nfl'oriiig  From  leiiili  dpioenlja.  The  inquiry  ia 
^^^  mllj  one  of  considerable  difficulty ;  for  anch  perMiis  vary 
Jimtlj  from  dny  to  dxy,  aud  present  themaelvea  to  diffKrvat 
bnrrera  iu  difltrent  light*.  Accordingly  there  is  room  for  very 
Alcting  tntitnony,  and  wide  divergeuces  of  opinion,  both 
BIiNig  miskilled  and  iliilltid  witue^aea;  and  the  legal  deciiion 
'  'mataly  tumi  uiuch  moie  on  the  character  of  the  will  iticll 
ila  couaanimcj,  or  otherwibe,  with  the  known  intetitioua 
p*  of  the  tntalor  at  an  earlier  period  ofhia  life,  ind  with  the 
aatnnl  iMlinga  of  pcrmni  of  laund  intellect,  tlian  on  thi 
■Hdkal  or  other  evidenre  mpecting  hit  mentnl  condition. 

(iMicrBl  pukljaii.  in  any  degree,  afiordi  b  atrDDg  pTctnmplioi 
d^init  the  compelenrj  of  the  aatyvet  of  it,  implying,  aa  u  ver; 


ITJifiOUSDHESS  OP  HQiD. 


^eaersl  rale,  eniggrercted  ideu  of  wealtli,  and  indbility  to  nuke 
a  rensoDible  un  of  money. 

The  rcapoiiiibility  of  tbe  demented  fnr  acta  wliieh  In  the  unc 
arc  Crimea  will  be  coosiderod  presently. 


TbU  torro  Indudoa  all  the  forma  of  nnaoundQeas  tint  aro 
clinnKterixed  by  undue  excitement;  and  tberefore  di<tbn  in  a 
marked  manner  from  thosu  already  deacribed.  There  U  no  1eg!i1 
term  in  comman  me  which  properly  cluiracteriica  this  «Iat«i 
niid  one  of  its  moat  important  Idrmi,  moral  inaanity,  ia  ea  yet  un- 
recogniaed  by  the  law.  The  only  le^c-il  term  employed  in  a  eenie 
nnulngouB  to  that  of  mania  ia  Ittnacg,  which,  ai  alnnidy  re- 
marked, ia  otijectionahle  from  being  founded  on  a  variable  featnre 
of  the  dlaeaw. 

Tl'ere  are  three  forms  of  Mania  (lable,  p.  168]  ;  General,  la- 
ttlltelual,  and  Moral ;  and  eiieh  of  the  two  latter  has  two  anb- 
dlviaione — Qeneivt  and  Portia (. 

Gtnerrtl  Mama, — -Tbia  form  afibcta  the  iutelleet,  the  ema- 
tiona,  and  the  paaaiona,  and  throws  tbe  whole  miud  into  a  atate 
of  mingled  eiciument  and  confoaion.  It  ia  the  counterpart  of 
the  iuuoherence  of  dementia,  and  tho  form  which,  in  aome  catca. 
mania  aaanmea  tVom  tbe  very  fint  It  would  be  correctly  deag- 
liat*^  by  tbe  phraae  "raging  inooherencc."  Thero  la  another 
form  liable  to  be  confounded  a'ith  this,  on  the  one  bund,  and  with 
tuonomania  on  the  other,  but  which,  wheu  carefully  examined,  la 
foond  tJ)  be  a  gvnenil  □naoundneu,  t '  ' 
aome  predominant  emotion  or  paasion  that  takoa  tlie  li 
unioand,  a«  it  had  previously  done  in  the  sound  mind 
jifanja,  whatever  form  it  auumea,  uulea  it  be  the  i 
ronsoqacnce  of  injuries,  moral  ahocka,  intoxintioii,  ]im>ooing,  or 
Hoat«  disenae,  ia  commonly  preened  by  iaipiirtiint  bodily  and 
mental  clinngii,  which  take  place  gradnally.  oumpying^a  vanahio 
(leriad  of  time,  from  a  few  dnya,  to  IS  ur  £0  years,  and  ia  known 
U  the  period  of  iimlialian. 

When  the  period  is  abort,  tlio  diaeaac  ahows  itieK  at  the  end 
of  aome  honra  or  days  of  aniiety,  unoaalueas,  and  depre^DD.  by 
boulaebe,  aleepleasiien,  and  eicitemcnU  'I'lie  patient  bcgina  to 
babble,  cry,  aiid  «ug,  becomes  wild  and  ugitated.  and  appvon 
Ilka  s  petaou  iutoiicuud.  When  the  period  of  incubation  ia  «• 
toaded,  the  ditcBfe  generally  commence*  with  a  conaciouaMaa  on 
the  part  uf  tbe  fialient  of  tome  disorder  in  hla  mental  fknilttti^ 

d  changing  ar   "         ~    ~ 


la  TBiaed  at  tbe  cbaiig 


and  trie*  to  conceal  il 


■AKIA. 


193 


1  >Tiil,  like  It  man  in  tbe  Bnl  itage  of  ii 

makca  gnM  cffiHit  to  appear  r^awiiiable.     Meanwhile  Ilia  liealtli 

gtjet  WBj.     Hia  ilee)!  ia  diiturbed  ;  he  loses  tleth  aad  appi^titu  ; 

wad  mitten  from  indigntian   nnd  constipntioQ.      At  the  aame 

Ume,  >  great  cbiDge  takes  plere  in  his  tnatce,  hablU,  nOectioni, 

|>  end  cbnncter,  and  in  hU  BpUtado  for  busiueu.     If  he  wai  gay, 

r'tfnmmnnicBtive,  and  social,  he  becomes  «ad,  moroae,  and  nverK  to 

r  nciety ;  tear*  and  laughter  incccfil  each  other  withoat  apparent 

I  if  open  and  cauilid,  he  becomes  iuipicloui  and  jealcui ;  if 

f  nuderata  in  hia  political  and  religion!  opinioiii,  he  panes  to  nii 

J  extreme  exHj^ration  in  both  ;  if  alTuctuuiatoly  attacbod  to  wife, 

Wltiildren,  and  relations,  he  regnrde  them  witb  indifferencu  or  dia- 

i  if  he  was  order);  and  economical,  he  becoiuee  conFoaed  and 

'  i  if  correct  in  couveraation,  his  tangfuage  becomes  vio- 

It  uid  obareno ;  if  obaite,  or  muderaie  in  kiubI  indnlpence,  he 

a  of  iiiaatlable  desirea,  and   either  aeclu    to 

X  with  tbe  other  wx,  or  has  recourse  to  diigracefal  prac- 

a  first  attack,  the  nature  of  the  change  ia  migonder- 

jiut  to  bim  which  harass  and  pain  him,  or 

lie  is  irritated  by  offendre  iniinuatioiw  and  frivolous  accusations : 

d  when,Rt  Icnpb,  be  brents  out  into  Airioua  mania,  the  attack 

■  attribnted  to  lome  canse  quite  inadequate  to  produce  it. 

r  The  period  of  Incubation  pasted,  and  the  disfaie  full;  esta- 

~,  the  oieatul  and  physical  plienomena  nudergo  a  clinngi!. 

«  patient  ha>  faith  in  his  deluNons,  and  instead  of  concealing 

b  tbongbls,  openly  and  strenaonsl;  afoni  them,  except  when 

1  bj  powerful  motives   to   a   contrary  course.      When 

twuted  and  opposed  he  nses  the  most  violent,  obscene,  and  in- 

lUng  language.     Nor  doea  hi«  violence  always  spend  itaelf  in 

mis,  for  he  tear*  his  clothes  and  bedding  to  pieces,  and  inHicts 

£lj  Injury  on  himself  and  those  about  bim.     The  pbydcnl  de- 

it  displays  itself  in  a  fluabed  fac«,  a  wild  sparkling  eye, 

t,  wfigbl  and  faddiness  in  tbe  head,  rin^cing  in  the  ears,  re«t- 

Ms*  and  sl«epie«neas.     Tbe  pntieut  is  also  nngnlarly  inteti- 

i«  to  odd  and  beat,  and  either  abitaiaa  from  food  and  drink 

•tag  long  intervals  of  time,  or  eata  vorarionsly.     His  muscnlar 

«  i*  inonUnately  develuped,  and  hu  lostains  for  a  long  time. 

]  ilttf,  a  EUCc»sion  of  efforta  which  wonld  soon  utterly 

banat  a  ballthy  person.     Hit  habits  arc  olten  most  diiguating 

FThe  appearance  of  the  uwniac  duiing  the  fits,  and  in  coinpnra- 
«ly  Innqoil  anJ  IniU  intervals,  it  well  shown  in  the  nnneied 
1^  of  whieb  6g.  29  shows  nu  cnileplic  maniac,  set.  GU.  in  n 


Orttml  JfUlXtettial  3fr»ui.— The  opioion  is  gniniiig  ground 
tbat  BMiiU  it  in  lU  oues  primarilj  M)  euiotioiul  dlwaw,  lod  tliat 
tlio  iScclion  of  Uie  inlidlect  Lt  Kcondarjr.  But  there  is  certainljr 
one  clua  of  atet  iu  wbkb  the  diirue  appean  to  he  BlmiMt 
Itiuitcd  to  the  criuesi  whicli  irc  the  fporc  of  stnnge  ilIaBana,  oi 
to  the  intellectual  fncallir*,  proiierW  to  oallnd.  Of  the  fint  d 
HO  have  at  Iis-ist  thrtv  pi'A  eiainptet  iu  the  eaUmable  gi 
of  ArgOB,  iuiiiiortnliteil  by  IIoi 
"  Qui  M  cwMal  mil 


ulOBona,  or 

^hefimdovi    ., 
legeatlni^i 

n  his  fluiriBfl'^ 


in  itnather  at  Abido*  mmtioned  by  AririoCle.  %oA  in  t1i#  p 
iif  "rnltc^  rank"  wbmn  Kr  Henry  Ilalfjrd  nw  in  his  Auitaeif 
[iialrr>  ■ml  linnl  '  call  upon  Ut-  tiirrick  to  virrt  himtelf  in 
the  prribmwncc  of  UamlcL"  In  Uhso  laiu  it  ii  Ulinod  thai 
tbew  mixed  illiulanf  of  nght  aoit  bniing,  looked  Djnn  u  real, 
auislitnced  the  whole  of  the  nncoandoDB.  Of  tile  •eoonil  eloB  « 
bir  «au»plM  nifclil  aim  br  tonnd,  u  in  •  jfnitlcnua  aho  thuufifat 
MnHtU  wcrsUiy  lo  Ute  bkiod.  hot  does  net  Mm  to  haoe  <wT)e4 
In*  DBMiaailiKM  Isin  mbluniry  aSaln. 

Rqt  than  1*  aTtsUity  *  my  ilMiiicI  and  well-narl«il  ekM<  of 
(■M*  wroocly  regarded  m  inteUectual,  bot  ^   "     ' 


II VL 


lAJiU. 


105 


Ittieei 


em«at  oF  tome  strong  emo^D  or  panion,  ancb  ni  pride, 

«  mnbition.     Thai  Ur.  Ueid  telli  lu  oF  ■  vnin  j'onng 

■  mmliisl  Mudent,  ivIki,  expecting  Co  reiliie  a  tbrtune  by  sttiiiaing 

P'Wudcmical  honoora,  i^tereU  hiinulC  at  C4mbridge,  hiiU  »a  ii^^ircd 

'  *■  LMlf.h  by  FruiileM  iipplioiitioii  to  EtuJy,  na  at  lengtli  to  Fall 

to  >  liMto  of  ilucidnl  daniTi^meiiC,  alleiiing  tbut  be  was  the 

Lr&ae  Heraulea;  hud  wrilteii  Dr.  CUrlie's  Triiveli  iii  Uiiisla ; 

id  eompoMd  tbe  jCiioid  of  Virgil ;  hid  punted  oiiu  oF  tlie  mHi- 

M  of  Rafliielle,  >iid  knew  vierything . 

Ur.  Henry  Jahnun,  in  his  work  on  the  BTmnfement  anii 

Dciidattira  of  Menlil  Ulaorderi,  aUo  givea  tlie  highly  chnrac- 

pteriaLio  tntter  oF  bu  ambitiuiu  patient  who  cUimed  the  wnieivhRt 

titles  of  chmnpion  ami  king  uF  Euglaad,  aud  heir 

'    pmumplivR  to  the  crown,  at  tlie  tame  time  that  be  woitopuliuKi 

mil  Lhe  prindpul  officw  of  ttate. 

The  «ototeogm]ihy,  already  poferred  t",  of  i>  gontleuinn  who 
L  fcki]  racorered  Iruin  an  attaok  of  munia,  ahowe  how  gnaeral  waa 
I  tfaudiaturbmice  of  the  whole  intellectual  and  moral  lieing;  though 
a  religioua  ehsuai.'ter,  the  case 
Kadgbt  bare  been  desciibol  aa  one  of  Teli|^au»  luonoinunla. 

(imcnl  intellectual  mania  conaiala,  tlirn,  in  many  caaea,  in  a 
rat  diatarbance  of  all  the  iiitclleelnal  fiictilties  brought  about 
f  tlif  ovar-excitemeDt  of  eome  one  leading  eiuoUon  or  piiiaioD. 
farliat  lulelUctxat  Jfaaio.— This  wnt  ivllvd  mehiuclialia, 
M  miataluiti  noUon  tbut  auoh  partial  alTecliuna  of  the  intel- 
t  aliraya  of  a  gloamy  chnrictet.  Bat  Etquirol  ahowed 
bat  locb  peraoni  hare  often  eitremoly  gay  nnil  pluaaant  ideaa, 
nd  •nbatitnted  the  term  moooDinuia,  now  gunerally  renrived. 

Tike  aimplesC  fonn  oF  tbia  disorder  ia  that  in  which  the  patient 
takei  op  aoine  one  aotioa  opposed  to  common  aeiue  and  aniveraal 
•xptrience.  He  ia  aecretary  to  the  mogu,  lhe  Crysttil  hiUrv,  a 
gnlnof  wheat,  a  goose-pie,  a  pitcher  oF  oil,  a  wolf,  adng,  oracut. 
In  many  easea,  thia  tingle  delusive  idea  rektea  to,  or  is  occa- 
le  aanaatioii  or  disease,  which  the  monomaaiac,  like 
■Muciatea  Mitli  imaginary  nccompaniments,  and 
la  by  the  aid  of  b(a  delusion,  'iltoa.  Gequirol  lells  ds  oFa 
a  having  hydati<la  in  ':he  woinb,  who  insisted  that  she  was 
t  with  tbo  devil:  of  another,  wIk>  having  adheaions  of 
\\am  after  oiironic  peritonitis,  imsgined  that  a  regiuient 
t  ky  ounnaled  in  ber  belly,  straggling  and  fl^thting; 
*  third,  wbo,  BUlTiiring  io  the  same  way,  believed  that  the 
ea  and  evangeltaU  had  token  np  their  abodf  in  her  bowels, 
1  WON  occatioually  rl«it«d  by  the  Pjp«  aud  Ibv  patriurcliB  uF 
•  Old-" 


I 
I 


196 


h'shness  of  (okd. 


I 

u  wiM^^H 


It  ludi  deluuoDs  a»  these,  tbongh  ori^nallj  foauded  a 
ly  conliuDG  atler  the   beosittionB  themwlve 
paued  aws]-,  u  U  proved  by  ibc  curea  tLat  hnve  beeu  h 

bj  a  laudable  tpedei  of  deCTplioo.    Tliiii,  ■  patient,  t'     

tbnt  a  KTpeDt  had  been  extracted  from  hi)  bovek  by  a  prctcndad 
surpical  ojieration,  look  up  the  idea  tbat  the  creature  had  left  its 
ova  behind,  ready  to  b«  batched  into  a  brood  of  young  ones ;  but 
vat  reusured  by  the  deiteroni  reply,  that  the  make  na*  a  malt!. 

But  inch  cases  of  parlinl  intellectnol  inania  do  not  comptiie 
»\1  tliose  designated  as  moiioMaiuti,-  for  in  moat  inatanre*  the 
mentui  aSecUon  goes  beyond  a  ^gle  innne  idea,  and  influenrea 
more  or  le«  eitenovely  the  thooghti  and  the  conduct,  bdog 
marked  by  other  intellectual  and  moral  iDcoiuiitendn. 

Moral  Mania. — It  waa  Finel  who  Smt  recognised  tJiia  form  of 
inianily,  the  diieaw  having  been  previously  considered  ■■  either 
exclusively,  or  chiefly,  a  malady  of  the  reasoning  faculties.  He 
found,  to  bii  great  surprise,  tliat  theie  were  at  the  Biejtre  man; 
numiaca  "  who  betrayed  no  lesion  whatever  of  the  UDiierstaniUng, 
but  were  ander  the  dominion  of  initinclivu  and  abstruct  fury,  ai 
if  the  afTective  bcultie*  alone  hail  sustained  injury."  This  he 
called  DUHiie  ntnj  tUUn.  Tlje  reality  and  great  importance  of 
tills  distinction  between  inteilectnkl  and  moral  mania  are  now 
nniverMlly  reongiilaedj  and  with  it  tlie  further  fact  that  moral 
generally  precedes  inlellecttlal,  insanity.  Priehard,  an  able 
writer  on  this  subject,  deflnca  morn]  mania  <is  "  a  morbid  perver- 
nou  of  the  nntumi  ftelinfrr.  nffcetiuni,  inclinations,  temper,  habiti, 
and  moral  diii|ioiilJonE,  witlioul  any  notable  lesion  of  the  intellect, 
or  knowing  and  reasouiug  faculties,  and  particniarly  without  aiijr 
maniacal  hallucination." 

Mora)  mania,  like  ibe  intelleotnal  farm,  tniiy  be  either  gevrmi 

Oraeral  Moral  Mania, — Priehard  observes  that  there  are 
many  panous  living  at  htrge  in  sodety  who  are  reputed  to  be 
■ingnlar.  wayward,  and  eccentric.  An  attentive  obserrer  will 
neojpiitii  something  remarkable  in  thar  manners  and  habits, 
vhich  may  lend  iilm  to  doubt  their  unity ;  end  oncn  on  inituii; 
hi*  tn^idons  are  stmngtliened  by  Hnding  that  ui  hereditary 
tendinH^  U>  mudneu  wltta  in  the  family,  tliat  several  uf  the  rela- 
Uoiw  have  UUnirod  under  other  did'ases  o(  the  liniin,  or  that  the 
individual  hiiuwlf  has  fbrnicrly  bod  a  dcddcd  attack  of  madnasa. 
Ills  temper  and  (Uipasilian  are  found  t«  hnve  changed  j  to  b« 
nol  obal  they  were  prvtioua  to  a  certain  time ;  and  the  change 
nuy  [lorliipg  he  traced  to  a  t«riod  wUvn  hv  luid  o  reverie  of  fbr- 
luue,  or  lutt  >oui>  beloveil  reUtive.  or  siulxiiinl  sumo  surcrc  am- 


UOBAL  ISSlMtTY. 


■UtuttMul  ihoclc,  aome  Febrile  or  ioBftmniatorj  dinrder  aU't'ctinf 
the  bmin.  •  tlig:lit  attack  of  pnbv,  or  a  Ht  of  epilepsy.  Id  some 
CMC*,  the  nlteralion  in  temper  and  habit*  lina  been  gradnnl  and 
iitipiin'cpliblo,  and  waevta  to  have  consittot  merely  in  on  exalU- 
tiOD  or  increaae  of  psculiaritiei  alnraya  more  or  leM  natural  nilit 
lialritDiil.  Tliese  penoiu  are  capuble  of  raiBoning  or  inpportitig 
■n  argument  on  any  subject  withiu  their  sphere  of  Itnonledje; 
•Dd  tbey  often  diipUy  great  ingvnnity  in  justilying  nud  eipUiu- 
'~g  tliEir  feeling  nnd  conduct.  lu  one  sense,  indeed,  tlieir 
tellectual  feeultie*  muy  be  termed  unKnind ;  tbey  think  and 
t  niuler  the  inHaeacc  of  tiia  lame  «tronglj<>ex<nted  feelini^ 
ramler  »ne  pei»oni  proverbially  liable  to  error  bulh  in 
ent  and  conduct. 

rbaner,  too,  recogniica  thia  moral  form  of  mania.     "  It  is 

'   he  sayi,   "  that   mania  may   e^iat  anoom plicated  with 

I  deluwm;  it  ii,  in  fiiet,only  a  kind  of  Riental  eialtation 

■il),  a  ftate  in  wbieb  the  reston  ba»  lost  it>  empire  over  the 

u  and  the  actiooi  by  wliicb  tbey  are  manifected,  ia  such  a 

e^  that  Ibe  individoal  can  neither  rcprea*  the  fanner,  nor 

n  tfota  the  Utter.     It  don  not  follow  tliat  he  may  not  bu 

*  hi*  aeuK*,  and  even  of  his  umal  iotelligpnce, 

.a  order  to  reuit  the  impulses  of  the  puniun*,  it  i*  not  inffi- 

ll  tlut  the  reaaou  thotdd  iaipnrl  its  counsela, — ire  mmt  hate 

ceaMry  powar  to  obey  tliem."      Esqnirol  not  only  recog- 

;fai*  form  of  niuonndnera,  but  even  ivunt  ao  thr  ■■  to  declare 

i  Bllcnatiou  to  be  tiie  proper  cluinicleristic  of  menial  dc- 

additig  tbat  though  "  there  are  mndmen  In  nhoiti 

m  difficult  to  Snd  any  trace  of  halluciuatioo,  there  are  none 

irioni  and  moral  aOk^na  are  not  perverted  and 

i  Monl  inaanity  i*  illnstrated  In  the  worka  of  Prichard  and  Itiy, 
yiBvenlatriking-eaara;  the  moot  remarknUe.  perhnpi,  beine  that 
^n«deridt  William  of  Pruiaia,  father  of  Frederick  the  Qreut. 
n^and  imnking  hypocliondriae,  and  the  strange,  H'nywnrd, 
icl  tyrant  of  bis  fnmily  and  lionwhold.  Hii  religious 
iff,  hia  diagnating  and  brutal  bebuviooi  to  hia  children, 
imided  hatred  of  his  own  son,  iind  repeated  attempt*  ou 
a,  his  one  attempt  upon  hia  own  life,  hU  courae  of  tteady 
d  nnnterving  pcrK«ation  of  the  innocent  otijccta  of  hii  soapidon 
d  dialilie,  without  any  delualon  beyond  that  nhich  mi({1it  falrty 
I  rtfirdcd  »  the  oifiprlng  of  his  hate — present  a  itriking 
~    -e  of  gemiml  monl  mniils. 

iwlili^  givca  OB  aa  "  Ilie  eitremeit  cianiple  of  moral  in- 
•  Tlie*PhiilolegJWiilP«b(ilt«jo(il.i!M!ud.>.  ai7. 


I 

I 
I 


m 


rSSOl'SDNISS  OF  UJKD. 


uoitj"  hf  hnt  lecn,  the  case  of  nn  olil  man.  ict.  69,  vlio 
been  in  one  iu.vIriii  nr  uiiullier  far  SReea  >vHrB.  He  bud  ^ent 
intplleatnul  |>atrer,  cCiiild  compoie  wall,  write  tolerable  puetr; 
with  miifh  llcenc}',  anil  w»  an  ekcetlent  keeper  of  accouuU. 
He  hnd  no  delwioti,  bnl  "  tnorallj  he  wm  utterly  dqiraved."  He 
would  iteal  tiiiil  bide  wbut«ver  l>e  i-ouli),  mid  aeveml  timei  eicaped 
from  tliK  wylntD  with  miirvellDns  ingenuity.  Ha  then  pnwned 
wliat  be  li*d  stolen,  begged,  nnd  lied  with  such  pUnsibility  th*t 
be  deceived  iDRny  people,  until  he  got  int«  the  hnnds  of  the  police, 
nr  KM  Ibnnd  in  i  wretched  >tate  in  the  wont  einnpanv  in  tha 
wont  P*>'t  of  town,  Ito  had  been  teveral  times  in  priHm  Ibr 
BtcBliug.  In  tlie  nnylum  be  whs  most  troubleaome.  cunning, 
pUnwIile,  and  Ireacherons;  HliDBi%-e.  fDal,  nnd  blaephemDns  ia 
language;  drew  indecent  picturei,  and  ru  guilty  of  most  in- 
decent acta.  At  long  intcnnla.  cometinies  of  two  ycar«,  be  fell 
into  profound  inelnnchnl)'  for  two  or  three  months,  ri'fuicd  food. 
and  tvu  si  plainly  inuine  aa  any  patient  in  the  nsylum.  "  In 
short,  he  had  no  uioral  sense  whatever,  while  all  the  fanlt  that 
could  be  found  with  bia  very  acoIB  inteUect  was,  that  it  was  en- 
tirely ciit^cfJ  in  the  service  of  bia  depravity." 

Partial  Moral  Mania. — This  consisti  in  the  intense  nclivlty  of 
some  one  paraiou  or  propensity,  and  its  predaminmicc  or  I'oniplete 
mnstery  over  every  other.  The  jiemani  ao  nSecled  are  usually 
porfefttyciinsrious  of  their  mndition.  and  either  evince  the  utmost 
burror  at  the  conduct  to  wbirb  their  ruling  pHSsion  would  impd 
tbem,  ai'd  with  difficulty  restrain  ihemulre*,  or  they  give  way, 
R>  if  in  d«]ieratimi,  to  the  impulse. 

There  ia  no  strong  impulse  of  our  niiinre  tlint  may  not  be  that 
placed,  by  morbid  cucitrmi-nt,  beyond  the  restraii 
itnwdenre.  Tlie  fuUu»in^  forms  hib  now  gene 
and  have  rccrivvd  distini't  nHuiesi — Kleptoman 
l^rominia,  Dipconiania,  f!uiciilal  Mania,  Uoniiddal  Mania,  these 
Hvof  apcelil  intortnt  to  tlie  public  and  the  legislature  i  but  Uiei« 
■rv  many  othto'  distinct  vurielia,  tome  marked  by  extreme  de- 
pTmlDD,  and  otiien  by  grrat  exdtt>infut,  which  have  heva  rlaBcd 
UoAnt  the  two  lipads  of  MtlanrAolia  and  Etallalion,  the  Drat 
cnroprislng  the  Ilirco  ipedea,  hypochondriasis,  nostalgia,  and  r«- 
ligluus  doiatlr ;  the  accond.  cxccaave  pride,  vanity,  or  ambitjon. 

Klrplomania  or  propmrUy  to  ttr/l.—Titu  is  of  Common  occur- 
runc«  in  prnons  placed  bj  their  wealth  bejond  the  reach  of 
vulgnr  ttmjitalinn ;  women  Unng  wore  aulyect  to  it  than  men. 
[t  la  also  B  roinnion  fi'alun'  of  imlieoility  and  at  mauin,  and  rBi 
Inuideiil  of  innnlaiut  paruiytin*.      Ppichard  mL'itt 


4 

lud       I 


1119 

ruadman  wito  won]*!  ncv«t  est  )iis  food  unless  be  I141I 
•vionilj  atolen  it. 

~  '       r  dinonniji  noijimt. — ThU  iliBoue,  known   u 

WjTiwu  when    it  *tUcki  meni  und    Sgiaphomania   wben  it 

•  afflict*  v'  -      -         -       - 

d  pnHloni  with  hoimr  nnd  n 

•■a,  or  propmrily  to  iiweiidiariiin. — Thii,  in  common 

e  (VcijuGnt  in  women   than  in  men, 

iatif  in  jonng  girla  subject  to  meoatruHl  suppression  or  dU- 

It  is  also  very  common  in  the  imbecile  tramps  who 

Eeit  our  nr»\  <)iitticts. 

'0  ilerire  for  drink,  in  some  cases  enn. 

n  others  iutennittent,  is  a  well-rec<^i>ed  form  <tf  un- 

y  be  part  of  a  more  general  unsoundness,  or  the 

»  of  all  the  minlfcstBtians  of  ausoundneas   the  patient 

Ho  is  perfectly  rational  when  not  undur  the  inflaeace  of 

StiMal  iTonomaiHa. — There  it  mach  diSiTpnce  of  opinion 

ai  to  th«  n»l  mental  state  of  self-murderers.     Tlie  fuet  of  suicide 

fcariog  been  geuentllj'  practised  and  sonctioned  by  philosophers  and 

lai^vera  of  post  times,  and  of  being  still  in  common  use  in  nations 

vhiub  have  attained  in  nuny  respects  a  high  ciTiliiation.  sncti  as 

Cliiaa  and  Japan,  bns  led  some  to  the  belief  that  it  is  not  always 

tha  raanit  of  an  insane  impulse.    The  calm  and  delibomte  manner 

ia  which  the  act  is  ofteD  set  about,  anil  the  plausible  reasons 

nee,  have  led  some  to  doubt  whether  .suicide 

i  alwsli  an   act  of  madness.    Those  who  recognise  a  "  folie 

It  have  seen  coses  such  as  that  which  recently  came 

V  oar  own  notice,  of  ■  yonng  man  who  had  displayed  high 

rata,  Bod  achieved  great  distinction  both  at  school  and  college, 

■rnilig  a  series  of  abortive  attempts  at  suicide  with  one  success, 

aibJDg  his  own  mental  state  in  terms  of  singnUr  clearness,  as 

»  to   which  we   ran   attach  no  better  epithet  tlutn  mtntal 

f  (G.),  will  nnt  attach  much  importanoi  to  this  duubt ; 

il  th«y  will  find  a  better  renson  for  believing  it  to  be,  at  least 

nally,  independent  of  inanity  in  the  RwH,  that  in  France 

«  penont  often  cunihine  tat  the  porpoee  of  aelf-destmetion ; 

n  of  purpose  being  Hitremoly  rare  in  the  case  of  the 

Our  own  eipcricnce  of  snicide  lesrls  us  to  believe  tliat  it 

I*  oft«n  the  result  of  d  sudden  impulse,  on  very  slight  provocation, 

of  pmoDi  not  prcvionsly  depresed  in  mind.  (0.) 

Hm  Migument  diawn  from  national  nsage  in  andent  and 
*        "         •  -   -       ,  (jj^  ^jjQ  would  hatltij 


tbnrmtenui  un  Engliali  widoir  who  ahoQld  bam  LprMlf  on  t 
deatb  of  hor  busbund,  u  insane?  tbangh  sncli  wlf-ncriSca  * 
tiU  recentlj  a  Uiiditble  ciutom  in  India;  or  tboogh  mat 
HvngBs  Bit  bnmxu  lleab,  look  upon  the  «cC  of  the  French  womttl 
who  killed  ber  child,  cooked  nnd  ate  paxt  of  it,  nod  ofkreA  tba 
disli  to  her  husbnnd,  aa  anything  but  a  atrong  evidence  of  in- 

A  careful  conslderalion  of  recorded  casea  of  nticide  mait  lead 
to  thx  coQclniion,  tbat  very  many  are  the  result  of  iniuie  im- 
palie,  a  coucliuion  strengthened  by  the  frequent  attempts  at  kV- 
deatraction  made  by  some  inmate*  of  lunatic  luyliiras.  TIi* 
ilranga  modea  of  death  tometimes  selected  might  also  be  urged 
as  an  argoment  iu  favour  of  the  insane  origin  of  snidde.  It 
may  be  added,  that  anch  high  anthoritiea  aa  FoderS  aiid  Etqdral 
have  strongly  uuiintaiued  the  necessary  dependcnoe  of  aoidde  i 
insanity. 

Bomicidat  Sfaaia. — The  best  authorities,  botli  at  home  ai 
abroad,  have  rocoguiaed  this  fonn  of  mcutal  unsoundnea^  as 
having  an  eustence  independent  of  dvlnsion.  I'be  recorded  a 
are  now  very  numerous,  and  comprise  instances  of  sucoewAil 
reaiatanoe  M  the  impulse,  volnntary  gnhmiasioo  to  restraint^ 
ftilure.  Wameo  seem  to  be  more  liable  tbnn  men  to  tbia  fbrn  of 
moral  mania,  even  if  wo  ut  apart  soTiie  cases  of  infiinUcida  ai 
special  inalaucea  of  it.  Women  angering  from  grief  or  aniie^, 
from  hahitnal  discharges,  at  the  menstrual  period,  at  the  dunge 
of  life,  and  soon  after  delivery,  are  tlirawn  into  a  peci " 
nerrona  state,  known  as  nuRioni  inquiela,  uliii'h  is  sometimes 
accompanied  by  a  strong  impulse  to  crime,  with  an  overwhelm-  I 
ing  dread  of  giving  way  U>  It.  I 

Putrperal  3ta»ia. — This  is  named  after  ila  cause,  and  not  I 
after  any  leading  symptom.     It  attaclis  Kouiea  who  bave  been  I 
recently  conHned,  generally   at   some  period  between  the  Brat  1 
lodiliDg    of  the  cliilU   and  the  last  ahow  of  the  lochia,  aad  ia  | 
•omeCimn  occasioned  by  the  eupprcssion  of  the  secreljoua  of 
breust  or  womh,  but  sonetinies  also  in  consequence  of  ciceaalTa 
kctatioii  or  profuse  vn^nal  diachargp,  of  great  weakueas  how- 
ever induced,  or  of  want  of  sleep.     The  disease  ia  rare  before 
the  third  day,  and  meet  commoa  between  the  Itfth  and  Sfteeutb. 
The  sympttims  may  be  those  of  any  of  tlie  Icadiog  fbmu  of  un- 
sooodnew,-  in  many  case*  tbero  is  a  strong  homicidal  tendency, 
and  tlie  child  falls  n  victim  to  a  audden  impulse,  there  being  na 
awignable  or  imnginahle  motive,  no  concealment,  and  often  no 


KiXIA  WITH  LrClD  ISTEBVALS.  201 

atatsd,  three  principal  forms  of  meUncholio,  all  clisnicteriied  by 
profound  wdness :  hgpoeltoitilruuU,  conaiiting  in  a  itcBponding- 
view  of  tba  condition  of  the  bod;  nod  of  tbe  health,  ottcii,  bnt 
tMt  alwnyB,  bated  on  uncax;  bodilj  lenaatiooB  and  ilisord^rs  of 
th«  dimstiTe  organ* ;  iioitalgitt,  or  on  intcuie  longing  tor  coantry 
and  borne;  und  feligiout  detpair.  The  eitretne  tana  of  melao- 
diolii,  avociated  with  Bome  terrible  delaBion.  in  which  the 
patient  ia  Hied  in  one  poaltioa,  like  a  atatae,  liiu  been  distia- 
gmahed  *i  mtlanchotia  atlonila, 

EzaiUitioii. — Thia  opporite  »f  melancholia  prevails  ia  those 
who  exalt  in  the  belief  that  the;  are  pouessed  of  greiit  personnl 
■ttraetion,  gicat  power,  great  dignity,  great  iavanCivo  faculties, 
or  great  iirqoota  of  benevolence. 

Helaucholia  and  eiHltation  somotimes  alternate  in  the  state 
patient  with  some  approach  to  cvgnliuity,  conatitQting  the  form 
of  uiuoandneas  to  which  some  French  Nuthars  have  given  tbe 

Ca<»  also  abound,  both  inrido  and  ontnide  of  onr  nsylums, 
«liich  munuit  the  use  of  a  larger  voenbutory  of  terms — cases, 
fbr  iiutaun).  io  which  a  Ijing  or  begging  propensity,  or  a  strange 
pleunre  in  tbe  act  of  giving  or  spending  mono;,  is  quite  as 
I  dtnply  morked  as  n  thieving  propensity  iu  those  designate  as 
■.  Nor  a  it  possible  to  omit  the  remarliablD  re- 
if  lyynthropi/,  one  of  which  (that  of  the  soldiei' 
ad)  oocurreJ  not  many  yean  ilnce  in  France,  the  violation 
(  tlw  gmre  brang  with  him  an  inl«nnitt«nt  insane  passion, 
■Uch  no  lento  of  pcnonul  danger  was  allowod  lo  diHtppoint. 
,  The  longings  of  pr^nnt  nomon,  carried  to  a  strangi;  excess 
c  srha  kiiled  her  husband,  and  pictled  his  body,  to  ent  it 
dalty) ;  ■  peniatent  morbid  deure  to  be  haag^ ;  and  the 
g  of  children  by  th«r  fathers  or  mothers  with  tho  sincere 
IM  of  tending  them  to  heaven, — might  also  be  properly  de- 
Iribed  aadiitioctand  well-dell ned  fbrma  of  partial  moral  mania. 
I  Of  Maitia  »iY4  Lucid  /ii/'ira'/.— Mania,  in  many  cases, 
SM  a  tvcurrent  or  intermittent  form,  tbe  patient  in  tbe 
Tal  b«ng  in  hia  right  miud.  The  proportion  which  (heiB 
N  bear  to  those  of  coniplule  recovery  has  been  variously  stated 

[  Ttw  interval  la  varioiu.  Eaquiiul  has  seen  n  qnoUdioa,  tertian. 
~A  qautoo  type,  nt  well  as  tbe  intervals  of  a  month  and  of  a 
.  More  fl^nentty  tiie  intervals  and  durations  ol  attacks  ore 
nneertaiD.  Thii  reinrrent  mamo,  with  intervals  of  coin  pleto 
nl  bo  ponTonniM  with  tlioie  periods  of  enmpnrntiri 
KKlBilliC)'  which,  like  lulls  in  n  stonu,  occur  in  most  ciuvs  o. 


202  niisodNDSEss  o?  hind, 

nmnii,  With  regvd  to  mob  intervals  of  comparaUve  repiw 
HbiUhi  remarka  that,  "ma  conitant  observer  of  tijis  diaeue  ft* 
more  than  twenty-five  years,  ho  cannot  affirm  tbnt  the  Innalia^ 
with  wbom  he  had  daily  intercourw,  have  inBnile<t«d  altomatiOBi 
□f  imnnity  and  reason.  They  may  at  intorvali  become  nun 
tranquil,  and  le«a  diapmed  [o  obtrude  their  diitempered  ttwim 
iuto  DoHce.  For  a  time  their  minds  may  be  leu  active,  and  tlw 
■uccenion  of  thor  thonghta  conseqacmtly  more  deUbente;  tbqr 
ma;  endeavour  to  effect  tome  desirable  pnrpOK,  and  artfiillj  con- 
ceal their  real  opinions;  but  thej  have  not  abandoned  or  renounced 
tbeir  distempered  nationi." 

Tbe  law  generally  views  civil  acts  done  in  Inrid  intercalt  ai 
performed  by  a  person  In  a  pemianenlly  sonnd  state  of  mind;  it 
ncknowledgcs  the  validity  of  villa  mnde  during  auch  interval^ 
and  bat,  in  more  than  one  case,  admitted  the  reasonableneei  of 
the  will  as  prlior  of  a  Incid  interval.  With  regard  to  iriininal 
nets,  it  makes  a  ronsoimhle  distinction ;  for  it  justly  regards  tbe 
ulnditioD  of  uneouudueiB  as  one  readily  reproduced  by  pravoea- 
tioD  or  eicit«ment.  The  legal  rclatians  of  tbe  other  foniis  of 
maai*  will  be  fully  eonwdered  in  tbe  following  division. 

THE  DNBOOBD 

A  biionleage  of  tlie  leading  cbnracteriatica  of  mental  ansouiid- 
nen  is  of  the  tir>t  iDipartance  both  to  tbe  lawyer  and  to  the 
phyaiciaD,  Without  it  a  mere  description  of  it*  several  fomtt 
wonld  prennt  but  an  imperfect  view  of  the  aulgect.  It  a  pro- 
posed, thrrefDre,  to  cstablisb.  by  nppeali  to  facts,  the  mora 
remarkable  phenotneni  uf  inent4d  utisoundnesis  as  preliminary  ta 
the  discnnion  of  the  oliief  legal  questions  that  arise  out  of  that 
state ;  and  to  prescribe,  for  the  guidance  of  tlie  mEdicil  witness 
sncb  rules  as  these  phenomena  shall  be  found  to  sngfreet  fbr 
reci^ieiiig  it,  and  for  distinguisliing  it  from  its  counterfeit. 

0/  Ihe  Charact^t  itf  UmoviiJiie'i  of  Mimt  arUing  from 

Drfeclivt  Developmenl  or  Diminuhrd  JctMly. 
The  appearance  of  the  idiot  or  imbecile  ia  ao  peculiar  tbit  it 
scarcely  requires  to  be  conSrmed  by  an  act^ual  inquiry  into  hit 
mental  condition.  Difficulty  in  rousing  and  filing  tlie  attention ; 
slowness  of  apprebension ;  forgetblnota  of  recent  occnrrenca; 
ignorance  of  sodal  relations,  of  lucb  fimiliar  things  ns  liia  age, 
the  plnce  in  wbieh  he  lives,  the  mode  in  which  he  pnases  iua  time, 
the  year,  tbe  month,  the  day  of  the  month'and  week,  and  of  tboae 
pab)ic  persons  and  evenU  which  are  the  common  lo^iei  of  con- 


I 


CH4BACTEBIST1CS   OF   IMBECELITV.  203 

vtnaKon  *!th  tlio»e  wbo  tak^an  interest  in  tlie  caminon  oSain 
of  tifc,  «■  the  Dame  of  tlie  reigning  mouarch.  of  tlie  priino  minis- 
ter. &K.;  ■  acontj'  ucqanintBiice  wUti  arithmetio  and  the  value  of 
money  I  on  imperfnt  knowled^  of  right  anil  wrong,  and  of  thu 
Uv  relating  to  the  Dint  conimoa  and  Taaiiliar  crimes  j—mny  be 
menUcmeil  among  the  clmmetera  of  unsoundneBi  from  ilefectire 
develojiment. 

In  ordlnarf  and  citremc  ciuei  of  imbecility  there  can  be  no 
ASpuUj'  id  dedding  na  the  competeDCy  of  the  individual  to  take 
mie  of  liii  aSbim,  to  form  contractt,  to  devise  property;   bat 
(rhera  the  imbedlity  eii«t«  in  a  leu  degree,  the  quention  is  not 
4b  nmplei  and  npcdslly  when  the  subject  of  inquiry  lias  been 
■ntmaled  with,  or  eonsalled  about,  the  management  of  lili  Hff^ira. 
Id  all  tach  i-aie*,  n  compariwn  of  the  eiisting  with  the  fortnur 
■lAte  of  miud.  auppliei  a  simple  and  obvious  teat,  which  aeenig  tu 
hare  been  atrangely  orerlooked  by  medical  men,  (ill  thu  interest- 
IPS  case  of  Mr.  Edward  Davie!  gave  Dr.  Goocli  the  opportunity 
looting    it  nut,   and    insisting  npon    it*   imparlance.      (See 
irlerly  Review,'  1830,  and  tbe  first  edition  of  this  work.) 
'Bita  of  capacity  nioally  recouimended  in  cases  of  imbo- 
obviODsly  insi^ciant  to  determine  whether  or  not  a  man 
ipable  of  managing  bis  own  property.     The  arithmetisnl  test, 
"gh  so  much  strvas  has  been  bid,  is  a  test  of  knoivleilge, 
powifr.     A  man  muy  be  the  b»t  uccoanlant  in  the  world, 
may  labour  nnder  a  moral  imbecility,  and  huve  >q  mean  a 
of  right,  M  childish  a  fancy,  and  so  weak  a  will,  tliat  from 
ige  be  may  jield  to  everf  impnlse,  and  gratily  eiery 
mt  once  cnunting  the  cost.     A  patient  of  our  own, 
we  had  been  intimate  for  years,  oweil  pence  as  a  child, 
at  a  boy,  and  added  debt  to  debt  with  each  year  that 
orer  bis  heed,  UU  at  length   a  severe  disappiiintment 
distinct  attack  oF  mania,  of  which  a  benevolent  hut 
mission,    violent    ontbunta   of   {Husion,    and    fierce 
RRWigeinents  to  spend  a  year's  income  in  e  week,  and 
undcd  expectation  of  an  immense  fortune  on  Ihe  morrow, 
ranatitnent  parts.     Ho  cnrried  with  him  to  an  asylum  delu- 
l);h  to  furiiiiih  a  doien  madmen,  and  died  in  the  firm 
I  that  lie  was  the  Saviour  nf  mankind.      In  this  cate 
tlie  cultivated  and  rellned  intellect  of  s  man  with  more 
Wcaknes  nf  a  child  ;  but  no  lest  cmdd  have  proved  liitu 
if  managing  hlmtelf  and  hia  affairs,  save  only  Ihe  hit- 
life.  (G.) 

aiiial  acts  of  persons  of  week  intellect  arc  as  itronttly 
folly  a>  llieir  daily  words  and  acUuua.       Tliey  have  no 


301 


cssotsBNEss  or  stisD. 


surer  clunictera,  and  we  no  tiett«r  tesl.  But  in  thia  ate,  at  fa 
thnC  of  numaa,  tbc  In*  iniifU  apon  the  tot  of  m  knowledga  »l 
riglit  aud  wrong,  whicb  a  u  inauffinent  in  criminll,  M  tiw 
BrithmeticKl  ttat  in  civil  caiea.  It  ia  a  tat  oT  knowledge,  not  of 
power  {  and  tlie  knowledgu  of  right,  and  the  power  to  act  wigfaC. 
an  u  diiCinct  ns  idenco  and  srl. 

C^  Ike  Charaettn  of  Utuoa»dtiett  nf  Mind  from  Exemiee 
Activitg. 

In  tracing  the  marc  prominent  charanen  of  thia  iliviiian,  or, 
in  olhoT  words,  of  mania,  th«  term  will  be  tued  in  its  moat 
rat«nded  aense  as  applied  to  tboae  caeea  (and  the^  are  the  great 
mjgorily)  in  which  the  intellect,  the  affectiona,  and  the  paariom 
are  jiuntly  impiicuCed,  whether  there  be  one  delusion  or  many,  ur 
merely  aome  one  excited  emotion  or  paiuion,  the  nnrce  of  • 
thoaannd  changing  funciea.  Thi«  inquiry  will  prepare  the  way 
for  an  axomination  of  the  plea  of  insanity  in  criminal  caaea — a 
aufaject  of  great  intereat  and  importanw. 

1.  7«  tnaSKi,  coiHCioiifnets,  menmrg,  and  reato*  noy  rrmaim 
ialaet,  nen  in  the  midri  of  Ihe  mral  tiolent  paroxytmi. — The 
doctrine  that  mania  is  in  all  oiaea  primarily  an  emotional  discaae 
ia  quite  conaiatcnt  with  tliii  propoaition.  It  ia  qnite  eoncdvable 
that  the  emotiona  and  painona  may  be  aubject  to  the  most  aiotent 
excitement,  constant  or  interaiitteat,  and  yet  the  patient  retain 
tlie  oae  of  renaon,  a  perfect  consdoDaneaa  of  all  the  relatione  in 
wliich  he  Btandi  towards  othera,  and  a  rivid  recollection  of  every 
occnrreuce  in  which  he  hai  borne  a  port.  It  is  true  tliat  in  the 
actnal  paroxyam  of  maniacnl  excitement,  there  can  be  neither 
time  nor  place  for  acts  of  comparison  or  processes  of  reasoning, 
and  that  even  conadcnce  may  lose  all  reatraining  power ;  bnt  Ibat 
memory  remains  intact,  evsn  in  tbe  moat  violent  mniiiacal  ont- 
barsts,  there  is  no  room  to  doaht.  We  were  consnlted  in  the  c«d 
of  a  lady  who  had  been  «a<Tcring  from  mania  for  many  years,  with 
ti^uent  pnroiyema  of  entreme  violence ;  in  one  of  which  alia 
had  deatrayed  some  valuable  pnpers  belonging  lo  her  biubind ; 
and  yet  after  the  lapse  of  twenty  years,  during  an  interval  of 
tranqnillity,  alie  reverted  lo  the  occnrrence,  and  eipreased  ber 
regret  at  wliat  had  happened.  Wo  have  found  similar  evidence 
of  accurate  rccollectian  in  the  antahiograpbies  and  rird-roM 
hiatoriea  of  convnlescenta  from  mania.  (G.) 

Of  the  intact  ciudition  of  the  higliiM-  mental  flicalties  in  the 
maniac's  more  tranquil  momenta  no  medical  evidence  need  be 
tdduceil.  It  will  suEBce  to  qnnte  the  words  of  Erskine,  used  at 
le  triui  i>(  Hnilficld  for  shooting  at  Geovga  III.  in  Drarj  Lane 


cuia&CTEBisTJCs  ot  \ 


SOS 


Tb«atra  in  1800.  "  In  aU  tLe  cuie^"  be  uya,  "  whidj  liaie  fill.'J 
Wettminlter  H«U  with  thi-  taott.  complicated  EOnaiUeraliuns,  the 
lliDatin>  Uld  otlier  iiiaane  persons  who  luve  beeu  Ihe  eubjecta  of 
tbetn,  tiNV«  not  only  hid  mcmor;  i»  nyimueo/iheexpmtion, — 
tbejr  have  not  onlj  had  the  luott  pcrfeot  knowlodgc  nnit  Tecollec- 
tiou  oT  all  the  relatione  tbey  itood  in  toniirds  others,  uiid  uf  the 
>cts  *ud  circuraatance*  of  tholr  livei,  bnt  have,  in  gcnenil,  bccu 
mnBtLaUe  for  nlbtlet;  and  acuteDCo.  Defccta  in  their  Teaaon- 
'iBg  have  aetdodi  bran  tnuenblc^ — the  di*eMo  cmuiating  in  the 
ddnnve  teanxt  of  thought, — all  their  dedoctiom,  u-itbin  tbe 
•oopi  of  thrir  malady,  being  fhaiided  on  the  imiaoetalile  asaump- 
UoB  of  matten  ai  reoliUti,  either  trithoat  auy  foandation  n'hut. 
■rer,  or  iO  diilorted  and  ^iflgured  by  Guicy,  ai  to  be  nearly  tlie 
Muc  thing  a*  thdr  creation." 

The  madman,  then,  reasona  like  other  men,  with  tbia  difference, 

that  hij  drlunoni  being  atronger  than  the  imagiDationii  of  a  nnc 

tHO,  and  hU  panioni  more  violent,  reaaon  is  more  readily  made 

t  advocate  of  the  oni;  and  the  slave  of  the  other;  and  thia  ia 

ic  of  all  the  Sicnttiea  of  the  mind,  and  even  of  the  aennea.     Hii 

po  too  strong  even  for  them. 

^i.  The  teuKt  an  direrirtd  aiul  eoafouifled.—The   author  of 

•  aDtotriography  referred  to  at  p.  171,  auys : — "  Uy  acnies  were 
K  mocked  at  aud  deceived,     In  reading,  my  eyes  saw  words  an 

•  paper,  wliich,  when  1  looked  again,  nerc  not.  The  forma  of 
~  w  aronnd  me,  and  their  fcatnrea,  changed  eren  aa  1  Icxilied  on 

"I  beard  the  vmovs  of  invi^ble  agents,  and  iiotes  so 
dlriuc  ao  yon,  so  holy,  that  they  alone,  perhaps,  might  recom- 
|ictiai;  me  lor  many  anffeiings.  My  aenw  of  feeling  was  not  the 
■■mei  m)  ainell,  my  tuste,  gone  or  conroonded."  The  conversion 
at  bmiltar  sounds,  aiich  aa  tbe  towing  of  cattle,  the  falling  of 
water,  ibe  grating  of  a  chain,  tbe  iiiuse  of  footctepa,  into  articolate 
qMcch,  icaa  not  the  lout  remarkable  fcatare  of  thiantott  interest- 
ing and  itistmcUTS  case.  Ulaaions  of  sight  and  hearing,  and 
jllwdre  Iriuafurmalions  uf  real  eenmtioDs,  art;,  it  ia  well  known. 
among  Uie  ninat  gentm!  occoiiipiimmenta  of  mania. 

3.  Tit*  JfnuM  ^  ahirm  l^t  taatiiitau  it  mrrouitdtd  dtriee  their 
rilaraei wi  from  Him  dcluion. — In  the  eyei  of  tbe  autluir  of  the 
•tnobidgnphy  the  inmates  of  the  aaylam  and  bis  keepers  were 
•Dpennloral  bdngi.  Tliere  wua  a  maniac  there  whom  liis  spirita 
esiltfl  the  Lord  Jeluivul),  sniirtmel.v  omnipotent,  tbe  Ti'inity  in 
imity ;  and  he  took  onx  nf  tlie  kippers  to  he  the  Saviour  of  mun- 
IdluL  11ie«  same  pcmii*  nnderweut  tbe  alrHngeat  transtbnna- 
Uon.  and  according  to  tlie  atate  of  bis  mind,  were  cither  angels 


aofi 


UN  SOUNDS  EM  OF  MIND. 


4.  Seal  impreitiom  on  the  organi  of  teste  beeoma,  at  fa 
dreamt,  the  material*  r<f  imagino/y  trenei, — Thia  carjotw  pheiio- 
menoD,  alui.  ia  itrifcingly  illantrated  in  the  ButobiagTa|i1i.v. 
The  cold  uir  ))lo<*i  on  lum  u  be  ii  trjing  to  suffocate  himaelf,  in 
obedience  Co  the  spirits  that  tpeiik  withiu  him :  and  he  oonjuN* 
lip  the  Fpirit*  of  bb  »iste™  cooling  him  with  their  breath,  and  en- 
Wnngln^  him  to  go  through  with  his  taai.  The  bmiliar  Mnca- 
tioii  of  water  trickling  down  the  back  i>  mnverted  into  tbo  cijital 
tenrs  of  hii  flither,  whose  venerable  countenance  he  leea  bending 
over  him.  Hia  shaven  hi'ad  suggests  the  painful  notion  tint  li« 
has  received  the  tonsure  of  the  Roman  Catholts  prii>sthaod,  ■ 
mark  of  the  beast.  The  llaines  in  the  grate  become  the  otte- 
rnncc  of  his  father's  epirit,  nriving  within  him  to  save  him,  and 
obliged  to  return  to  bell-fire,  to  be  parified  from  the  eontamiok- 
tion  of  hia  foul  thoughts.  The  lowing  of  the  cattle  omifeya  to 
liim  arttcoUto  lonnds  and  sentences,  and  the  grating  of  the  ohur 
against  the  wail  speaks  to  him  in  his  father's  voice. 

6.  The  tirange  antiet  of  lie  madman  are  tie  rffrelt  of  JUi 
ittlvmiM. — The  following  paasagei  from  the  autobiography  fully 
Mtabliih  this  proportion:  "  I  expected  to  be  guided  to  pr«jer; 
bat  a  spirit  guided  me,  and  placed  me  in  ■  chiur,  In  s  conatmined 
position,  with  my  head  tnrned  to  look  at  tiie  clock,  the  hand  of 
which  1  saw  prac^inj;  lo  thi!  Hm  quarter ;  1  undoratood  I  waa 
to  leave  the  poaition  ivlien  it  came  to  the  quarter."  "Another 
deluuon  I  laboured  ntider  wns,  that  I  shoald  keqi  my  head  and 
licart  together,  and  so  serve  the  Lord,  by  throwing  myself 
head  over  beets  over  every  stile  or  gate  I  came  to;  the  condition 
here  was,  as  before,  on  its  being  done  in  jirfciaon  and  deciaitm'' 
A  krapcr,  in  atrugghng  with  a  patient,  throws  bim  down  and 
nearly  atraiigtei  him.  "  When  I  srw  his  bloated  and  inflamed 
checks,  and  the  eyta  aturttng  out  of  the  sockets,  I  oSbred  to  do 
anything  to  rescne  him.  Hy  tpiril*  desired  me  to  whirl  mysdf 
nmnd  and  round  as  fait  is  I  could,  which  I  did  till  1  alaf 
igiinat  llic  will,  and  nearly  fell  on  the  stone  pKvement." 
hut  quotation  suggests  the  corollary  thut 

0.  TAr  madtniin'i  /leU,  tht  rfttillt  of  hit  Mvaient,  am  M 
nv  latf  ma*  nvkU  MitmfilUd  lo  compni*  the  obfoti  in  vi 

7.  Tin  riolrnix  if  the  madmiin  u  oflen  Iht  sjferf  itol  ifl^ 
pattion  tvl  <f  Au  dtlinoa, — "  1   knew    no    malice,"  asys  * 
HBthor  of  the  autobiugraphy,  "no  rice.     1  imagined  Uiat  tbey 
(tbo  kcepcn)  loved  me,  bdiI  wore  nil  deeply  Inlereeted  Id  tha 
■Ivitlnnof  mj'sanl.Kud  I  iaiagined,  too,  (hat  I  loved  tbetodeM^-, 
Yet  I  vrmtlvrl  with  tbo  keepers,  and  offemi  to  do  so  with  at''  — '  ' 
uTid  atracb  niuny  hard  hluwsi  K>metime«,  as  one  Inrormad 


OF  DELUSIONS, 

it  difficult  for  three  strong;  men 

r  I  did  tbu.  I  wiu  oommanded,  tlint  the)'  wiblied  me 

1,  to  prove  iDjr  tnith  nnd  connige,  but  that  tlivy  were 

0  pTore  both  till  they  were  latiBfieU  or  my  lin- 

'   Mritj."     "It  wM  nl»a}'«  ■  greit  detight  to  me  to  get  nij  hand 

at  Ubertjr,  even  tor  ■  moment,  nnd  the  Bnt  ate  I  usunll;  made 

«f  it  WM  to  itrike  the  ker[>er  wiiu  untied  me;  directed  by  my 

■piriti  to  da  lo,  09  the  retaru  he  desired  abuve  all  Ihiuga  el>e, 

hMuDM  lie  knew  I  was  proving  my  ttrHtitndc  to  the  Lord  Jehovah 

at  the  mk  of  being  itruek  myKlf."     Doahtleio  the  keepen  re- 

gMiM  ttiia  u  mere  leiueteaa  nnd  motiveleu  violence.     Do  nc 

not  eqaill;  miitrndentand  the  criminal  acta  of  the  lunatic  ?* 

8.  r**  nuniiac.  if  qf  a  memcd  diipoiiHon,  or  mhen  impeltal 

'    If  a  tlrmig  motice,  can  noKctal  Ait  delatioa, — The  proef  of  this 

~  mfMMition  may  be  found  in  every  work  on  insanity  ;  and  a  re- 

■arkable  lltuatratian  of  it  was  given  b^  Enkine  in  liii  d> 

€  HadfleM.     A  pemrn  who  had  been  confined  in  on  aiylnm  piii- 

cnt«d  hii  brother  and  the  proprietor  for  imprisonment  and  fake 

:  Enkine  wsa  told  that  the  mau  was  undoahtcdly  incane ; 

bat  not  told  the  particular  form  which  the  malady  assumed. 

~  . .        .-        .  -^  lupport  of  the  iuilictmBnt, 

u  pat  into  the  witne<u-hoi  and  eiumined ;  and  when  Ertkine 

eame  to  crou-eiamine  him,  he  found  his  evidence  clear,  distinct. 

OoOected,  and  mtienal.     He  tried  to  discovur  tome  lurking  alien. 

•tioa  of  mind;  hut  during  a  cross-exam  inn  tion,  conducted  with 

H  tha  skill  and  lagacily  of  which  he  vas  mastm*,  for  nearly  an 

a  completely   foiled ;    the  annvera  were  perfectly 

re  wa>   not  the   atightest   appenrance    of  mental 

Jut  a  gentleman   who  had  been   aecideDtalty  de- 

intu  court,  and  whispered  in  Krikine'i  ear  that  the 

m  thuugbt  be  waa  Iho  Saviour  of  mankind.     On  reeeiviug 

m  hint,  Enkine  made  a  low  buw  to  the  witneta,  addressed  him 

u  of  great  reverence,  respectfully  bilged  to  upologize  for 

m  aneeramonious  manner  in  which  he  had  treated  n  person  of 

d  character,  nud  called  him  by  the  name  of  Christ.     The 

IKD   inmadiately  said,  "  Tliou  hast  spoken  truly :    I   am  tho 

*  ■  "■*      Pinel    reUtea   a   similar    case.      A    commission    iip- 

a   viut  the    IMlre,  eumineil   one  particular  patient 

•ttedi;  an  many  suc»wive  days ;  bnt  all  their  endenvoun  to 

e  failed.      They  aoiordinglj  ordered  a  cchtilicata 

0  be  pTDpat^d  lor  liii  release ;  and  placed  it  before  liim  for  his 


SOS 


rKSOt'KDNESS  OF  MI>*D. 


BignHtnre.  He  signed  ".Tesoe  Clu'Ut."  Id  a  case  towbichwa 
have  already  referred  (p.  £03).  we  bHve  reaaon  to  betieve  ttuit 
more  than  one  of  the  pntieat'*  deluaioni  vm  never  meotiont^ 
to  any  one  but  ouraclvci,  nnd  that  only  once ;  nor  could  lie  ba 
inducod  by  lonp;  converanlioiii  filmed  tor  the  pnrpoM  to  give  tb« 
Eligbtest  i[idication  of  Ihtm  to  third  partiea.  And  >  lady  who, 
unong  other  delu^ona,  believed  herself  Quera  of  England,  apoke 
on  the  lut^ect  only  to  one  of  bcr  uitert;  «a  that  it  was  only  by 
lUteniug  at  the  open  door  Chat  we  could  obtain  evideuee  of  tb« 
fkct.  {G.) 

d.  The  aeU  qf  Ike  atanUc  oftrm  miter  the  lame  foreiluiagkt 
and  prrparatioa  a>  thoie  of  the  tane. — A  patient  confined  in  the 
Maouheater  Lunatic  Asylum,  had  been  (.Taelty  treated  by  a 
keeper,  and  in  revenge  killed  hilu.  He  related  the  parricijan 
of  the  tmniaction  co  Dr-  Hailam  with  great  calmness  and  self- 
poMcaaion.  He  said:  "The  mnn  whom  I  slabbed  richly  de- 
aerved  it.  He  behaved  to  me  with  great  violence  and  cmelCy; 
be  degraded  my  nature  as  a  bnman  being';  he  tied  me  down, 
handcoCled  me,  and  confined  my  bands  much  liigher  than  my 
head,  with  a  leathern  thong;  he  atretchcd  me  on  the  bed  of 
tortnre ;  after  some  daya  lie  re!<ased  mc.  I  gave  hiin  warning ; 
for  I  told  hia  wife  I  would  have  justice  of  bim.  On  her  cotn> 
monicating  this  to  him,  be  came  to  me  in  a  rnrioos  pasaion, 
threw  me  down.  dragg;ed  me  through  the  court-yard,  thumped 
me  on  my  broaat,  and  conSncd  me  in  n  dark  and  dump  cell. 
Not  likmg  this  situation,  1  was  induced  to  pby  the  hypooitei, 
I  pretended  extreme  sorrow  for  haviag  threatened  him,  and,  by 
an  aSertation  of  repentance,  prevailed  on  bim  to  relnue  me. 
For  aeveral  dayg  I  paid  him  great  atMotion,  and  lent  him  every 
aaaiaCance.  He  seemed  much  pleased  with  the  flattery,  and  be- 
came vpry  frieDiIly  in  his  beluviour  towards  me.  Ooing  one  day 
into  the  kitchen,  where  his  wife  wob  busied,  I  nw  a  knife;  thia 
was  too  great  a  temptation  to  be  resiilcd :  1  concealed  it  about 
my  pvnoDi  and  cniried  it  with  me.  For  some  time  afterwards. 
the  same  friendly  inlcroourse  was  maiutaiocd  betweeu  na ;  bat 
■a  he  wu>  one  day  unlocking  his  garden  door,  I  seiicd  the  Dppor< 
Innity,  and  plunen)  the  knifn  up  to  tho  hilt  in  his  back." 

10,  The  tfOiaiui.  i»  rpitt  <if  hit  prorerbial  atiming,  u  taitig 
impond  nfwa. — Of  Ibis,  wliiuh  Ibrms  the  great  aiifcgunrd  of  lb» 
sue  in  their  dealing*  with  maniacs,  a  good  illustration  is  em- 
t^n«d  in  Lookbart'a  '  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.'  Henry  Weber, 
teitt'a  pmt#g^  and  aminuctisii,  bad  been  reproved  by  hiafiKk<  < 
bdolging  In  habit!  of  intoxintion.  which  injured  his  htill^^^' 
bitnlerad  with  hi*  lilerary  porauiti,     On  thr  evoniug  a" 


■  CB;lltACTEBISTICS   OF   UAKIA. 


p^^^Oilibiirgh,  Scott  oUened  Weber's  eyt  flied 
a  witL  un  anusuBl8o[eniiiit;f  of  oipreuion-  Oa  inquiring 
li  Iiolth,  Wehcr  rorc  bdiI  mid:  "Mr.  Scott,  ^ou  have 
Rllt«d  me,  and  1  can  bear  it  do  tongar.  I  Lave  brought 
of  [riitola  with  ido,  and  moit  iniiat  on  your  Inking  one 
D  iuxtantl;;"  nod  with  tliat  be  produces!  the  wvnpuna. 
bad  been  depouted  nnder  liia  oiiair,  and  laid  one  of  lliem 
if  ■  mBnuacript.  "  Von  arc  miBtaliea,  I  tbinl<."  auid 
'Id  your  nay  of  letljitg  about  tbis  aSair — but  no  muttiT. 
llow«ier,  be  no  part  of  your  object  to  Bnnoy  Mrs.  Scott 
ichildren;  therefore,  if  jod  pioaie,  we  will  put  the  pistol* 
t  drawer  till  after  dinner,  and  then  aminge  tti  gu  out  to- 
like  gentlemen."  Weber  answered  with  cqnal  coolness, 
tte  tbit  will  be  better,"  and  laid  tbe  second  pistol  alan 
hble.  Scott  locked  them  both  in  hie  desk,  and  uiid  :  '■  I 
d  yoo  b«»e  felt  the  propriety  of  wlrnt  I  suggested— let 
f  reqawt  farther  tint  natbing  may  occur  while  wo  are  at 
k<  gi'v  my  wife  any  suspician  of  wbnt  bu  been  pAwing." 
Il^ain  aweiiled,  and  Scott  withdrew  to  his  dressing- room, 
bed  ■  meaage  to  one  of  Weber's  intimate  companions,  and 
>  maniac  secured  and  phiced  in  eonSnement. 
Haifidef  iji  foitfin&iaeiii  are  often  conechvi  of  their  atate, 
MB  the  legai  relationi  in  lohieA  it  fitafiH  Ihevi, — An  tu- 
\,  unruly,  vicious  rondmau  was  dclvoled  with  a  piece  of 
Bob  be  bad  contrived  to  shape  like  a  dagger,  and  Gi  in  u 
Whan  tlie  wespoa  was  taken  from  him.  he  became  ei- 
r  abusive,  and  bad  to  be  placed  under  restrnint.  In  the 
fj  tbat  fbllownl,  he  ntl«red  the  moit  revolting  impre- 
■nd  ewUimed  to  the  keeper,  "  I'll  mHrdergov  gft .-  /  in 
»»,  and  thry  mntuif  ia^g  ne/or  it."  Wben  Mnrtln  set 
ITork  Uimter,  the  inniitei  of  a  neighbooring  mnilhouse 
1  Ibe  question  whether  Uartiti  would  suffer  the  rilrenie 
ft  tbe  law.  Tariou*  opinions  were  oipreeseil;  but  one 
■pparantly  ai  nud  as  tlio  rest,  exclaimed,  "He  (Martin) 
p  be  haugrti— of  eonrso  be  will  escape."  "For  wbnt 
'  aikcd  sevoml  voices-  " 'Ihey  cannot  hang  him," 
he  Innslic,  "  became  he  is  med. — A«  it  one  of  ourtehen  ."'• 
Iporlant  to  anderstand  that  tliit  cmisdiiiu'nosa  of  tlieir 
JDBg*  obi;  to  madmen  surrounded  by  madmen  in  lonsiic 
,  or  to  tliose  wbi>  have  been  nudor  treatment, 
(bregwng  are  some  of  tboK  Imding  diameters  of  mnnia 
HC  m  the  dedtioti  of  medico-legji  quett'ions.    'Iliey  sene 

'  WLnilos's  'Phu  otlssHiitr  In  Cnmiiial  Cases,'  pp.  IB.  17. 


SIO 


BNSOCrSBSESS  OF  UISD. 


to  throw  light  apoii  tha  phraomena  of  imanity,  and  ta  m 
■ome  of  the  arguments  adiancod  by  penons  ignonint  nf  tlie  red 
nature  of  tbU  atrange  condition  of  miiiii.*  To  tbc  better  in- 
fimned  thej  mij  be  usafiil  bj  setdng  forth  more  clearlj  thitn  injr 
genoni  dtnmption  could  do,  the  contrBdictiuoe  of  which  the  mad- 
mau  ii  the  tport.  It  i*  probably  beynni]  the  power  of  the  Mne 
miod  to  concnve  the  fonfnnon  which  rcigni  in  the  mind  of  the 
madtnati.  A  Bcriea  of  doliuiotta,  the  ofispring  of  »m«  oiie  eidted 
pasajon  or  emotion,  or  one  lingle  Jeluslou,  tlie  work  of  fiiney,  the 
interpreter  of  every  aeDHitiaD,  tbe  source  of  every  tbonght,  the 
mainspring  of  every  action  ;  holding  every  facally  in  atem  aDbjea- 
tioti,  making  tlie  ttuaes  its  dupe),  the  reason  it*  advocate,  the 
fancy  ita  sport,  the  will  its  ilave;  now  whispering  in  the  ear 
tbinga  nnepoken,  now  painting  on  the  eye  things  tmaeen; 
changing  haman  beings  at  will  into  fiends  or  aogels  ;  converting 
every  sensation  into  a  vision,  every  soand  into  articDlata  speech; 
tbe  nnroni  world  within  in  constant  conflict  with  the  real  world 
wilhont;  onderatood  of  no  one,  yet  believing  liimietf  to  be  com- 
prebendsd  by  all ;  poniihed  Ibr  the  very  acta  which  he  belierei 
his  tynmta  to  hiiva  commanded,  controlled  in  everything  which 
he  thinks  it  his  doty  to  perform.  There  is  no  wish  however  pro- 
Bumptaons.  no  fancy  however  monstroDB,  no  action  however 
alMurd.  no  crime  however  hnnous,  that  his  delusion  cannot  cr^aie, 
prompt,  and  justify. 

The  degive  of  confiision  existing  in  the  mind  of  the  madmu 
will,  of  course,  vary  with  tbe  nature  ond  extent  of  bis  delnsioiu. 
When  several  spring  from  One  excited  cmotian  or  pasaion,  such  M 
pride,  vanity,  or  religiona  veneratioo,  the  distraction  must  lie  greater 
than  when  one  single  deliiiion  takea  pceieaaion  of  the  mind. 

Lrgai  Ttlatiom  of  Mania. — There  is  a  diSereoce  between  the 
effect  of  mania  on  dvil  and  criminal  acta. 

Ill  all  civil  matters,  if  a  man  can  be  shown  "  to  be  non  riempot 
vmtit,  tbe  taw  avirids  his  act,  though  it  cannot  be  tnuHl  to,  OT 
connEOted  with  the  morbid  imagination  which  constitntta  liii 
dlteaie,  and  which  nuiy  be  extremely  partial  in  its  influence  an 
conduct."t  In  rrfiTence  to  teafamcnlary  cnpaoity,  however,  the 
■dminiitratlon  of  the  law  is  modified  uocording  as  the  individaal 
in  queatioD  ia  the  antiject  of  general  mental  nbermtion  or  only  of 
partial  insanity — monomania.  In  the  fonncr  case  Htttc  or  tio 
difficulty  Is  eiperienced.   In  the  latter,  however,  decisions  in  several 

*  FW  a  vny  sill*  (inflaltlaii  of  «kb>  of  lbs  ehsra(4*r*  af  tsinii,  mcUm- 
otmnMe.  ■  On  ihf  InlnlfHlual  powcn,'  e[h  fdillon,  pp.  SU  anii  aSO. 

t  KnVrH,  Id  U>  JrMu  uf  hii&M:  dIk  1<»  iuikiatui  vfSli^^^H 
Wild*  In  Uu  cws  of  Un.  Tbvsllf i,  AagssI,  1W7.  ^^^ 


LEBIL  KEUTIONS  OP  KANIA.  Sll 

M  distinctly  remgnUe  tlie  fact,  thitt  tlie  individBal  a 
KtOBtldtdteA  qnite  capable  of  makiug  ■  nill,  iinli»*  hu  u  uliOwu  to 
vlsfe  labcmretl  under  &  ddntion  witicb  would  iout«mlly  inlluence 
I'Ui  depmition. 

In  the  ouc  of  "  Bmlu  ».  Goodfellmr,"*  in  wliicb  thu  qaentioii 

e  wliether  a  deluaion  not  directly  ctktcalated  to  influence  llw 

of  (iroperty  aiioulil  be  considered  to  inraUdBte  the  will, 

C  J.,  Mid — "  We  are  of  ofrinion  that  »  jury  sliould  be 

1  tint  the  existence  of  a  delonon  compntible  witU  tlie  reten- 

in  of  the  general  ponen  of  tju  faculties  uf  tlie  mind  M'ilt  not  be 

nlWietit  to  overtbrour  the  will,  unlets  it  urns  oilcalated  to  iuAii- 

Partiil  iutdlertual  imanitj,  therefore,  need  not,  >e(.-ording  t« 
tin  t>ir,  deprive  a  laiu  of  bit  civil  capdty  ai  far  as  regard* 
bi*  power  lo  make  a  will.  In  other  Ciiws,  however,  the  capjcit; 
U  apparently  not  recognised. 

But  in  crinrinnl  eases  it  ii  not  enough  to  prove  ■  maa  dob 
MMifKW  M#»(w;  he  i«  liable  to  punishment  for  tranBgressiani  oC 
the  law,  unless  it  can  be  slionn  that  he  is  insane  uei'jn'ding  to 
wlut  the  law  choosea  to  la;  down  ai  a  practi«iil  (eat  of  iiiaanitv. 

Of  Mt  years  a  perpetual  contliet  bas  ciisted  bctwoea  the  legid 
md  medicsl  profession  on  the  sntgeeC  of  the  plen  of  inuinity  in 
(Diminnl  cuesi  the  law  bang  unwilling  toroi-ognise  tbeteachiugi 
oT  tnodern  mediml  p«ychoUigy  as  tending  to  subvert  the  doctrine 
of  BMiral  r«spon»bility,  and  defeat  the  olject  the  law  ha«  in  view 
—YiL,  to  deter  frmii  crime.  In  their  endeavoars  to  eatuUisb  a  teK 
of  ilUBiuty,  madicMl  paycholi^isti  have  not  nlwayi  in  disputed 
CMS*  etpivMud  their  views  with  tliat  degree  of  onaniuiity  which 
woold  jnsti^  a  radical  revinon  of  the  eijsting  legal  test,  nor  luve 
tlwjr  taken  into  ao.'ount  the  dllBcuIty  which  the  law,  as  a  pnic- 
tini  science,  eiperieoL-ea  in  laying  down  mice  wliich  will  in  all 
turn*  conform  to  the  strictly  acientific  view.  Uedical  men  will 
not  nnilertake  to  define  the  terms  sanity  and  insanitf.  An 
abrapt  line  of  demarcation  doe*  not  exist.  Yet  the  law  must 
■dept  «nno  elandaid  by  which  to  determine  the  eiiatenee  or  not 
«f  nvponsibility. 

To  fnune  a  standard  of  moral  reeponiibility  which  shall  at  the 
Wma  Ume  satisfy  the  reqniremenla  of  an  enlightened  piychuTogy. 

1  j<t  not  weilton  the  inHiience  of  the  law  in  its  main  object, 

>  prevention  of  crime  and  protection  of  society,  is  a  taslc  uf  no 
idinary   difflcolty.      So  much  so,  that  maoy  hnve    contended 

it  no  null  teat  is  poanble,  and  Ihat  each  case  should  be  decided 
I  merits  and  on  the  opinions  of  piychulogical  eirn 


I 


•  UwEe^.Ml.  T.Q,l).S. 


S4 


312 

lliU  propotitioD  la  obvionsly  oat  of  the  qnesUon  <rben  it 
[iractical  Hpplicatioii. 

The  difficnlty  which  ttie  law  itself  biu  DipeHenced  in  adaptiBg 
its  reqDirBmenU  lo  the  prt^resrive  knowWgc  of  the  true  lutoTC 
of  ineiitiJ  unBoundnecs.  uiil  of  its  mnn;  fanni  and  Tarietia.  it 
well  shown  in  tlie  moiliScatioM  which  hare  token  place  in  the 
legal  tests  of  intanity. 

The  pleti  of  TmuiHilg  in  nrimiTial  caiet. — 11  ii  necesMry  t« 
premise  [hat  the  pleu  of  inaanitj  uu;  be  raised  in  respect  of  meh 
grava  olTence*  ni  homicide,  >r>an,  and  theft ;  but  na  the  large 
Di^ority  hare  Ikcii  mca  of  homicide,  and  almort  all  the  legal  dis- 
cuMioDs  of  impoTtaau  haw  aruvii  out  of  them,  the  remarks  that 
follow  most  be  niiderstood  to  relate  primariW  to  hc'micide.  It 
should  also  be  borne  in  mind  that  though  the  plea  of  inutnitj  ipay 
he  set  np  in  rer^uoe  tt>  homiddal  acta  committed  in  a  mBDiacsl 
pnmxynn,  and  bj  persons  otlierwlao  ratioDal  alleged  M  be  n»ted 
with  an  uncontrollable  impubw,  the  greater  Dumber  of  cuei 
belong  to  the  clan  of  moiuu  with  ddiuion  In  which  the  homiddol 
let  ha«   been  careful);  pLuined,  and   carried  daliberutel;   into 

Oar  earliest  legal  antlioritiea  eridentlj  confonndcd  mania  with 
idiocy,  for  Bracttm  defines  a  madman  a*  one  who  "  dot*  not 
iinderatond  what  ho  is  dfung,  and,  wanting  mind  and  mann, 
ditTen  little  from  brutes ;"  and  when  the  attorney-general,  on  the 
trial  of  Hadfield,  in  the  first  jear  of  this  centory,  laid  down  th« 
law,  "  that  to  protect  a  man  IVom  sriminal  responubilit;  there 
most  he  a  lolal  de]iriv>tion  of  memory  and  underslandil^b" 
Knkinc  adniiltiHl  this  to  be  "  the  ver;  expTcaoon  useil  bnlli  bf 
Lord  Coke  and  by  Lord  Hnl«."  and  Uioogh  Lord  HaU  made  a 
■light  step  in  advance  by  distingniBlilng  lolid  fium  partial 
inaiinilj,  uilvBing  that  partial  insanity  was  no  Bicuwi  in  tlie  cow- 
niitsI'Mi  uC  uny  eipitul  olTence,  and  sn^eating  lu  a  niNunira  of 
ru>iKiii<il>ilU)'.  "  that  inch  a  person  as,  labonring  under  metoii- 
choly  itiitu!ii|>erB,  luth  yet  as  great  nndBTslnnding  as  ordinarily  ■ 
eliild  of  fonrteen  years  liath,  is  such  n  person  as  eon  be  guilty  nf 
trtwuD  and  rioiiy,"  we  find  Hr.  Jtutioe  Truey,  in  the  trial  of 
Amotil,  in  17^3,  ^r  ahonting  at  t^urtL  Onaluw,  stjll  under  tbo 
gnlilanrc  of  Kradon,  and  <ibiitr<ring :  "It  ii  not  every  kind  at 
fmntie  hnnii-nr.  or  sanotliin^  onaccnnntabla  iu  n   innn'a  aaU 

tli^ir  \ (»  IiIti)  out  to  be  raeh  a  mndntun  aa  is  ciempled  C 

{riLiil>l<iiK-i'i  '  it  ninst  bea  man  that  is  totally  deprived  (~ 
Tinii<'r>r.,[iiiiiiL'  und  memory,  and  doth  not  know  what  he  ' 
no  luuTv  ''  nn  tin  infant,  tlian  a  brute,  or  a  wihlbcoat:  ■ 
ii  aeTcr  Uiv  iJ^jvi-t  of  jiuulsliuienl." 


213 

Die  trial  nf  RiidiiiJd  ^re  the  doath-blow  iu  thrae  tibitow  Bad 
BDaoDiid  (loetrinea,  snd  eatoblti^ed  delusluti  ua  die  tmii  teat  of 
lBt«lleetuil  mania.  In  coodncting  the  dufence,  Rrsklne  sUowcd 
that  what  the  lair  had  «tjted  mndneai  wu  idiocy — the  idiocj 
i  aatinlatt  eet  ileaHilia  mUuralii  ot  Lord  Halo  hiin«lf— and 
lo  aoch  mndncH  ai  tbnt  inugiued  by  the  uldcr  written  had 
-*evaT  eiiatrd  in  tlie  world."  Ue  then  aucceeded  iu  showing 
"  deliuion.  when  there  is  no  frensy  or  raviTi^  mHdncafl,  ii  the 
la  eharacler  of  iotanity."  bat  added  the  very  queBtioiiahlo  pro- 
>  that  in  order  to  render  the  madman  irreepontrlfale  for  crime, 
lit  bo  aliown,  tbat  the  act  in  question  was  the  immediate 
■lifled  of&pring  of  the  diimse. 
Tfavae  Diw  doctrine*,  tlioogh  nlwnya  quoted  with  ap|>rabation, 
D  l«t  light  of,  snd  in  place  of  the  teat  of  deloaiun,  sprang 
f  tliat  of  "  right  and  wrong."  Thoa,  in  tite  cue  of  Uallingham 
~  A  at  the  Old  Bailey  for  the  raurdet  of  Mr.  PercCTill,  Mny  IS, 
91S,  Uana&ihl,  C.  J-,  ii  reported  to  hnTe  told  the  jury  tliaC  they 
■t  be  utiaAed,  in  order  to  acquit,  that  the  prisoner  waa  ipi- 
«  of  judging  between  right  and  wrong,  and  tlmt  at  the 
»  of  outamitting  the  atnwiaui  act  with  which  be  stood  chained, 
ot  conaider  tliat  murder  wiia  a  nrime  agaiast  the  laws  of 
I  yalurr.  In  a  ctiae  which  occurred  only  tMo  monthi 
T  (tliat  of  Bowler  tbr  ihooting  Mr.  Burrowea),  Mr,  Juaticc  Lo 
A  thi^  jury  tu  determine  whether  the  prisanur,  when 
he  oommitted  the  (dTence,  waa  incapable  of  diatiuf^ishing  between 
r^bt  and  wrong,  or  whether  he  was  under  any  illo^on  in  reajiect 
to  the  penon  be  alioC,  which  rendered  bia  mind  at  the  time  in- 
■mnble  to  the  nature  of  the  act  he  waa  about  to  commit  j  aince 
)■  tbab  CMS  he  would  not  be  legiilly  rciponiible  fbr  bis  condurt. 
Ib*  atiU  more  recent  cow  (Rex  it.  OfTbrd),  Lord  Lyndhurat  told 
tejor;  lo  wnjnit,  if  they  were  satisSed  that  tbe  priaoncr  did  not 
~  "  bin  act  any  crime  Hgiinat  the  laws  of  Qod  lUid  Salnre. 
ir  principle,  with  alight  nnd  unimportant  verbal  ruriatioiia, 
•  ifflnaid  in  the  trial  of  Oifurd  for  firing  at  the  Queen,  and  in 
■  MM  of  VNaa^'hten,  which  led  to  an  able  expocition  of  the 
W  by  the  lord  cbanecllor  in  the  House  of  Lordi,  nnd  elicited  tbe 
'  '  la  of  the  law  lorda,  and  cartfnlly  oonildereJ  aniwcn  to 
Uiti  qnsaliuns  addreaaed  Uithejudgea. 
U  Tb*  atate  of  the  llw  up  to  a  reoful;  date,  and,  indeed,  up  to 
«  pnsenl  lime,  may  be  inferred  from  the  anawera  of  tlie  fitteen 
jndg«a  to  the  quKtiuos  aoggeital  by  tlie  trial  of  M'Niiughttn, 
and  mbmicied  to  tbcm  by  the  House  of  Lorda.  The  iiniwen,  in 
wUoh  the  whule  bench,  witli  the  excepticHi  of  Mr.  Juitlce  MnuW, 
^HBDEUmid,  were  rvsd  to  the  IIuumj  by  Lord  Clkiuf  i\ui.\MTvuji).\ 


I 
I 


on  llie  19th  June,  1843.    Thoy  are  given  t"«  erlmua  below.*  ■nd 

it  will  l)e  Ken  from  tlram  tltat  before  tbe  pica  of  inmnitj-  oui  be 
allowed,  it  mnit  be  proved  in  evidence  Ihut  the  accused  vat  cf 
dijeaied  mind,  aiid  Ibnt  at  the  time  of  nunmittiiig  tlie  act  be  WM 
not  CDiucioua  of  right  and  wrong ;  that  thougli  delusion  be  taken 


toritlon 


.[lU. 


Iha  kllrgrd  crime  iba  iweiiMd  Xatw  bt  wu  kIIii(  eontm 
Uh  act  complihwd  of  wlib  Ou  ilmr,  andar  lb*  IoBbhii 
delnloii.  oT  ndnHbut  Br  avancfBC  Hniia  isppoHd  grl«TU»  or  li^ 
prodacinit IKH» npiUMd poMlg  bnMfltF~AiHwar.  naapimnigf  _ 

wot, Uial, naJmiAtmdimf  Otpar^r  mmmiltid  a  wnwf  h^  mMitt  fuBMHiy 
■■jW  A^  Ufa  Vutt  ie  Vtff  fgarMinJ  a  auppoatd  jfruvamee  er  injtKy,  or  vtdtr 
lit  impnnlmt  ^  MaMt^  •out  fthUs  or  prirali  hnf/U,  *•  vsi  litUt  M 


qoHllon  II,  Vkal  u 


a  be  nbmltUd  lo  (he  Juj, 


Tbe]BTT'">^"<iaki»H>ui  H 
■antmlnd  until  bfae  Dootnrr  wi 
plei  of  buuill]'  ibDold  be  allot 


ImtMde 


iJ  linuiulea 


u  qftigkl  «i  am^.    TUi  opinion  relat 

n>  oli>Tg«d  with  BD  lUtgil  Kt,  uid  ■  r'~~ 

-  tt  ivppottd  it  InwvMo^Uf  Zi 


iidiiJtwmrlfUfrcminvmg.  If  IhU  wu  not  ufiUheUirllj  DnvoSTUi* 
uHnued  wn  Hula  (a  puniahmcnt;  vul  it  wv  the  datr  oTtba  jaa,fe  »  to  tril 
""  J  jBrr  whm  mniBitag  up  the     "      -   ..i.-... — 

HrratloDI  which  tba  DUnn  i 

QiHl'rHi  ill.  In  wbal  terme  oaitht  Ihe  quntlon  lo  be  1(A  to 


THE   TEST   Of    EIOHT   AXJ>   WRONG. 

tt  the  teit  of  innnitf,  the  kooirledge  of  riglit  and  wrong  it  token 
u  tbe  crilerion  of  reaporiBibilit]-. 

To  make  detunon  the  aole  legal  teat  of  insanitj  in  criminal 
eaaes,  and  eapedaUj  iDca«>  of  homicide,  is  completely  at  vnriBnca 
witfa  tbe  well  ucertained  rarta  of  impuUive  inniuit;,  in  which  tlie 
exiateuce  of  delusion  can  be  distioctl;  negntiTed,  ua  well  M  in 
manj  forms  of  emotional  insanitjr,  in  wbiah  dDlogiona  ibrm  no 
necMrar;  feature  of  the  disease. 

On  the  other  band,  it  nppenra  at  Gnt  sight  very  absard  to 
make  the  linonloige  of  right  tnd  wrong  the  teat  of  responaibilitj ; 
for  a  great  manj  insane  patienta  have  a  dear  apprccimion  of  the 
two  ideal.  Indeed,  the  wiiole  manugement  of  aayimni  pre- 
suppose* a  knowledge  of  right  and  wrong  on  tbe  part  of  the 

There  it,  howerer,  a  vast  differcni^e  between  a  apecalative 
knowledge  of  n^ht  and  wrong  and  the  power  to  net  accordingly  ; 
^^fcr  a  man  may  be  fnlly  convinced  of  the  criminality  of  an  act, 
^Htad  yet  be  nnable  to  refrain  from  oimmittiDg  it.     From  some 
^^■■(ne  initinctiTe  impalse  apringing  fVom  within,  or  more  fre- 
^|k*ntly  *et  in  motion  by  (ome  eilemal  itimolas  (just  at  a  miucle 
^^1  made  to  contract  by  reflex  action),  he  may  be  impelled  to 
oomniit  an  set  of  homicide ;  and  yet  befbre  thii  initinctive  iinpulso 
■nM,  and,  as  freqnently  happeni,  ader  the  net  lins  been  com- 
mitted, he  may  haTo  as  lively  a  sense  of  the  criminality  of  tbe 
act,  and  of  tliegenenl  notions  of  right  and  wrong,  ai  any  perfectly 
■ne  man.     So  agiun  a  man  may  have  ■  general  sense  of  right 
•ad  wrong,  and  yet  be  impelled  by  some  delusion,  sneb  a£  a  super- 
DBtural  Toice,  to  commit  aome  crime.     In  this  case  the  knowledge 
of  right  and  wrong  hu  no  exi«teiice  in  reference  to  this  deed. 

The  mere  knowledge  of  right  and  wrong  must  therefore  be 
regarded  a>  a  defective  and  uruHtiafBctflry  test,  Mr.  Balfour 
Bniwne*  baa  ingeniously  poinled  out  that  the  legal  test  haa  been 
mtteb  mlaapprebended,  and  be  anggeate  a  way  !n  which  the 
'a  tome  measure  be  got  over.  He  soys  ! — "The 
li  of  tbe  Jodges"  answer  are  these :  '  That  before  a  plea  of 
Ulit;  (hould  be  allowed,  nndoubted  evidence  ought  to  be 
d  that  tbe  accnied  waa  of  diseased  mind,  and  that  al  the 
e  DDnmitted  the  act  he  was  not  conscioui  of  right  and 
,* "  t  think  that  any  one  who  reads  these  words  will  be 
Eed  that  it  ii  not  the  knowledge  of  right  and  wrong  which 
ly  spoenlalively  entertain  in  calm  moment*  which  is  monnt 
y  persons  » 


I 
I 


Kii  tbe  aotire  ides  of  riglit  and  w 


'  BespoDilbiUir  ud  DiHAse,'  j.  le. 


^18  iTNaocjiDjfESi  or  mihd. 

which  leeiiia  to  precloiie  r  saliafactory  uuwer. „  .^ 

lieio»  hinudf  to  have  heev  injured  by  gnotbur,  and  he  kill*  bin. 
If  the  injary  we™  real,  tlie  luurderer  woald  be  nsporuiUc^  oj 
so,  it  ii  contended,  ought  Ibe  maJmsn  to  be.  Thin  curiranl;  il- 
logial  ailment  igiDorea  the  aitnplo  fact  that  the  two  cuw  >■•• 
nothing  in  coinmoa  but  the  act  iUelf.    The  ima^narj  a 

has  imaginary  accoinpnnimantg,  and  every  thought  cont 

with  it  a  one  of  confusion.  To  aappotc  that  a  mind  which  an 
imagine  an  impouible  offence  ia  sound  in  all  other  reepecM  ■  to 
oatm^  eommon  sense,  and  set  at  nought  the  oipcrience  of  all 
wlio  bate  knowledge  of  the  insane,  who  with  one  consent  npo- 
diate  the  notion  of  a  mind  subject  to  lurh  a  delnsion  being  aonnd, 
and  free  t«  act  as  it  will,  bejuud  the  sphere  of  ita  inRneoc*.  Tb« 
more  closely  the  lictim  of  this  partial  delusion  Is  observe^  tht 
more  extensive  is  found  to  he  the  disorder  of  his  intellect.  Hi) 
actions  which  are  not  directly  prompted  by  his  delusion  iire  man 
strange,  and  hia  paasions  more  excitable  than  tliose  of  other  meo. 
The  theory  of  a  nngle  insAnc  idea,  unaccompoaied  by  any  other 
disordered  action  of  the  faculty  from  which  it  takes  its  riicv 
having  no  effect  on  the  rotnaining  faoultica,  and  showing  iliaU 
■imply  by  prompting  an  action  whicli,  once  suggested,  is  carried 
out  with  the  same  complete  consciousness  of  its  real  mUare  as 
exists  in  the  mind  of  a  sane  man  acting  nnder  the  suggestion  of  a 
corresponding  reality,  ia  loo  absurd  to  be  for  a  moment  enttr- 
tained.  Even  in  this  cose,  then,  the  question  of  rosponubiU^ 
cannot  be  decided  by  the  simple  test  of  a  knowledge  of  right  and 

wrong. 

But  there  is  another  case  allied  to  the  one  noir  nnder  con- 
nderulion  which  pre«onts  still  greater  difficulties.  A  man  re- 
cdva  a  ml  injury,  and  avenges  bimi^lf ;  but  it  is  allied  that 
he  was  not  of  sound  mind  when  lie  committed  the  acL  The  iin- 
tnundnias  of  his  mind  is  admitted,  but  he  is  deemed  rusponiible 
hmuao  he  was  initigsted  by  the  common  motive  of  revenge. 
"nie  obvious  answer  is,  that  the  real  injury  has  been  by  hi*  in- 
sane mind  raagnifled  to  undue  importance,  and  then  acted  Dpon 
just  as  if  it  had  been  altogether  imaginary  j  and  that  he  ia  there- 
fore neither  more  nor  less  re^ontihlo  for  his  act  thnn  the  man 
whose  motive  was  from  the  very  first  in  the  nature  of  a  delnuon. 
In  this  cose,  loo,  an  inquiry  into  the  state  of  the  mind,  eilending 
much  beyond  tlie  1^1  test,  will  be  necessary,  and  cannot  be 
refused)  aad  this,  once  granted,  most  result  in  showing  the  in- 
sufBciency  of  the  test.  Even  in  those  cases  where  the  criminal 
act  oinnol  be  traced  to  any  delusion  of  which  it  is  the  legitimate 
offering,  but  it  ii  simply  allied  iu  defence  that  the  party  is  of 


POWER   OF  SELF- 

DMOnnd  mind,  tbe  very  fiict  of  the  unKiniidDGBa  becomis  on  lire- 
tiitibleplM  in  mitigation.  It  would  lie  atrangc,  iu deed,  if  tlie 
cue  of  tht>  miuiliic  under  the  ocouaition  of  crime  wore  the  only 
one  in  which  such  »  plea  i>  ignored  and  rofuud. 

It  is  omiiuuitlj  abiard  to  oredit  a  mind  which  ii  alretdj 
ocmpied  bj  delnsioDii  with  an  otherwise  efficient  stuts  of  ita 
benltle*.  It  ii  in  the  highest  degree  iinprobable  thnt  a  mind  bo 
piiaMaed  la  able,  beyond  tho  i]iheTO  of  iti  deluBioDB,  to  think, 
dwl,  and  let  witli  tbe  cloarneH,  force,  and  freedom  of  the  aani:. 
And  llungh  theaberratjon  mtj  fbr  a  time  remain  oin Sued  within 
a  11niil«d  tfihere,  it  i(  alway*  very  oncertnin  whether  it  will  not 
nUimalely  perrert  the  wholeof  tbe  mental  fncultiea.  For  ronny 
prHCliml  pnrponei  it  may  be  well  to  roct^iiie  tbe  BBnity  of  tbe 
indiTiduai  in  other  respect)  i  but  great  ii^iiBtice  wdhU  be  done 
if  the  law  took  no  rogniinnpe  of  the  unoertaiu  condition  of  the 
inind  iutjrct  to  partial  deluHions.  Theoretirally  tbe  low  doei 
not,  bat  practicaUy  it  doe*  recogniae  it  in  ita  decisions;  for  it 
■lionri  itaeirin  sneb  cases  more  ready  to  accept  the  plia  of  iu- 
aanity  than  in  those  where  insanity  had  not  before  beea  bUowd  to 
nift.  Tlie  legal  testa  of  insanity  are  tlierrfore  subject  to  gmve 
otgcelaana  in  many  perticiiliin ;  bat  Hinsidering  the  difBimlty  of 
laying  down  any  rules  wliich  sbRll  be  cotuistent  at  once  with  tlie 
data  of  scianee  luid  practically  applicabUs  gieat  allowances  must 
ht  toAde;  and  until  medicail  paychologista  have  tbomtolvca 
atriied  at  a  itandard  which  shall  draw  a  sharp  line  between 
rMpooailnlily  and  irresponsibility,  law,  as  a  practical  sciuace, 
moat  adopt  a  standiird  i^  refponsibility  by  which  cases  mny  be 
tried.  liiaC  tbe  present  is  in  mnny  respects  unsotiafactory  moat 
be  admitted,  but  it  is  oaaier  to  raise  ot^eelious  than  remedy  them. 
Sotae  writers,  under  a  strong  sense  of  tbe  failure  of  tile  legal 
taat  of  a  knowledge  of  tight  and  wrung,  hare  souglit  to  set  up 
'd  its  place  (be  power  of  oantrol  or  reitraint.  The  test  baa  been 
luia  tniuiWred  (ram  tbe  intellect  to  the  will — from  tlie  knuw- 
[•  of  right  to  the  power  of  actiajc  aright.  But  thia  is  a  mere 
ig  of  the  difficulty;  for  it  is  obviously  not  more  easy  In 
iiD  a  nan's  abatnct  knowledge  of  right  and  wrong,  lawful 
I  Md  nDlawfal,  tlinn  to  measure  the  etact  amount  of  hja  aelf- 
Inptralut. 

Thia  IMt  appear*,  indeed,  to  have  one  advantage  over  tbe 

'  right  and  wrong.     The  very  mode  of  accoinpllih- 

leenu  to  supply  a  measure  of  tlie 

■  Tcalraint  or  self'UintrDt  wbicb  tbe  maniac  is  able  to  clert.     If 

p  Walebea  his  opportunity,  bides  bis  time,  prcpurrs  a  fitting  in- 

n  the  otdioary  way,  it  ti  Inferred  that  lie 


238  CS30UKDNESS   OY   KIKD. 

libert;  awaita  bim.  It  is  not  likely,  tlier^rore,  thiit  (oeii^t;  would 
iiiflur  an}  injanf  hj  the  Miioj)tion  of  tlie  cotine  presentl}'  to  be 
advocated  ;  and  we  may,  perLsps,  find  thiit  it  gaim  aomethuig  bjr 
opeiil;  altrlbating  to  diwauB  gome  of  the  nioiC  revolting  n't* 
wliiRh  degnde  and  debaie  oar  (wmmDn  nature. 

Since  the  last  edition  of  tbia  work  was  pablUhed,  nanelj.  in 
1  SliS,  1  bave  tubmitt«d  to  the  ordeiil  of  fart  the  important  quet- 
tion  on  the  solution  of  which  the  releatiDn  of  the  plea  of  inainitjr 
ma;  be  said  to  torn,  whether  the  admiuinn  of  tbu  plea  anil  tbe 
consequent  acquittal  of  notorious  homiclilea  tend*  in  any  wh}  or 
degree  to  the  enconrngement  of  crime.  The  inlwer  it  dialinetljr 
Id  the  n^^ntive:  for  "oa  tealing  the  triala  wliich  Imva  excited 
most  public  int«reat,  and  led  to  motit  discouloo,"  nnmel;,  tboae 
of  M'NuughCen  and  Dadd,  and  U  arlba  Briiey,  of  Ortbrd,  and  tbe 
equally  notorioua,  thongb  diflerent  caeei  of  Francii,  aud  Lieutenant 
Pate,  "by  the  figuroa  which  repreaent  either  inaane  bomiddn 
or  nne  murderen  in  the  year  or  yeaia  iminedUtely  following, 
there  are  no  ligns  cf  encouragement  when  the  penalty  at  death  is 
not  iiiflieted,  or  of  diacooragemeut  irhen  it  ia : — that  on  the  con> 
trary,  the  fignrea  would  aeem  to  joatify  the  inference  Chat  neither 
to  the  sane  nor  to  the  intnne  ciasi  among  onr  criininala  doei  the 
prospect  of  long  imprisonment,  or  detention  for  life  in  a  lonatic 
asylum,  offer  any  attraction  or  temptation;  nhile  the  pnuUh- 
mant  of  death  (perhap*  only  as  formerly  indicted)  seems  as  IT  il 
miglit  luve  eiercised  a  certain  attrHcUon  or  bscinstlon."* 

In  respect  to  tbe  retpDuslbility  of  madmen,  then,  the  hiw  sptnw 
to  be  in  thia  dilemma  j^it  mnat  either  insist  upon  a  teat  which  it 
ia  impoialble  to  apply,  or  it  must  uniformly  refuse  or  admit  the 
plea  of  insanity.  If  it  hold  to  a  test,  its  dedsions  will  want  that 
uniformity  which  ought  to  belong  to  them,  and  their  aauDdntaa 
will  he  constantly  liable  to  be  called  in  question  i  if  it  reject  tlie 
plea  of  inaanity,  it  ought  forthwith  to  do  away  with  ail  otbor 
pleaa  in  mitigation. 

In  the  case,  then,  of  the  class  of  maninca  now  under  CDuaiderB- 
tion,  who.  being  subject  to  delusion,  oommit  their  acta  at  Tiolence 
with  premeditation,  it  is  submitted  that  all  the  legal  and  muni 
tab  are  iuapplicable  and  useleu ;  and  that  tbe  btw  of  Kng'tand 
ought  to  be  assimilated  to  that  of  France — "  11  n'y  a  ni  arine  nl 
delit  lorsqne  le  prevenn  itaii  en  ilat  de  d^meuce  an  temp*  ife 
Taction." 

The  foregoing  obMrvutlons  apply  to  those  caies  only  in  which 

*  'OnlnunKt  aDdCriiP«:*vd  on  IhEPI 
Bj  WllUsm  A.  Uu,  M.H..  F.Kij,,  *e.  Ae.  V 
iti.  mil  p.  lU  (April,  IMB). 


ISBTISCTIVE,  OB  IMPULSIVE,  M^IA.  223 

pioof  hna  been  obtained  of  oiuouinln«s  of  mind,  cxiiting 

ily,  IB  iTvll  u  at  the  very  titni?  oT  the  crimiiinl  oc',  nii<l 

bnt  inslmclirp  inailiioa  wUicb  is  iilti>f(eIhi.T  independent 

of  tbo  intellect,  and  coonBia  merely  in  ancoatrutlable  impDlse. 

Tbi*  tana  of  midnen  is  now  generfilly  recognised  by  medical 

ED  u  inilitclhe  or  impuliint  mania,  and  hu  on  more  tban  one 

oecubm  led  la  the  acquittul  of  an  aecoHd  party. 

The  oriminal  acta  committed  uuder  ita  infiuonco  bave  most  or 
aH  of  the  ioUowing  chamuters :  Tbey  are  without  discovornble 
notiTe,  or  in  opporition  Ui  all  known  molivea.     A  man  killa  hia 
Wife,  to  whom  he  is  tenderly  attached;  a  brother  hii  aiitvrj  a 
Bother  her  intiint;  or  the  victim  is  one  whom  the  madman  never 
iw  before  in  the  conrae  of  hia  life,  and  againit  whom  it  is  im- 
poarible  that  be  can  bear  any  malice.     After  the  conimiiulon  of 
the  act,  be  doea  not  aeelc  to  escB[>e ;  he  often  pnbliaheB  what  he 
lone;   doea  not  couccal  the   body  from  view,  bnt  openly 
a  it;  delivers  HmKlf  up  to  justice^  describes  the  stale  of 
which  led  lo  the  act,  and  eitlier  remaina  atopid  and  indtf- 
t.  or  ii  orerwhi'lmed  by  remorse.     Ho  has  no  occompliires, 
nada  no  preparations,  aod  takes  nothing  from  bit  viotim. 
Bfrmetimn  be  bns  previonaly  spoken  of  hia  atrong  temptation, 
id  begged  to  be  prevented  from  dmng  mischief.     These  homi- 
dal  acts  are  generally  preceded  by  a  itriking  change  of  oondnct 
id  chamcter,  and,  on  inquiry,  the  accused  is  often  foimd  to  have 
■D  hereditary  tendency  to  insanity,  to  have  attempted  inicidc,  to 
imre  expressed  a  wish  for  death,  or  to  1>e  eieruled  as  a  criminal. 
b  this  claaa  of  cases,  it  ia  moat  important  that  all  the  I'acti 
lid  be  duly  weighed,  and  careful  search  made  after  those 
which  most  frequently  actuate  the  crimiTial. 
in  SDch  difficult  cases,  too,  that  a  caution  ii  eapednlly  neces- 
tujr  against  biung  a  deciaion  npon  one  or  tvio  alleged  cbiimet»- 
ViiUci.    AU  tbe  dreumstnuces  of  the  act  ought  to  be  duly  weiglicd, 
fel  the  spirit  of  the  worda  of  Lord  Hale :   "  leat,  on  the  one  side, 
"art  bo  a  kind  of  inhaminity  towards  the  defects  of  human 
Itire,  or,  on  the  other  side,  tiio  gn'at  an  indulgence  given  to 
'•at  Crimea."     Tbii  instinctive  madneaa  is  no  doubt  sometimoB 
looiat«d  with  delmdona,  the  criminal  act  itself  being  the  result 
■trong  eicitemeut  of  the  passions,  while  the  delusions  suggest 
«  motive.     To  this  daas  probably  belong  those  cases  of  whole- 
la  murder  in  which  the  father  of  a  family  destroys  hia  wife  and 
prevent  them  from  blling  v'    ' 
puu  an  end  to  hia  own  life;  the  idea  that  t 
lens  them  bring  inaane,  no  leM  tban  the  impulse  whiah 
iprom^la  aacli  a  mode  of  escape. 


I 


poBveiwd  nch  sd  HmoaQt  of  BVlf-contruI  bi  Doght  to  have  ] 
vented  the  murderous  ■L't.  Bat  tlie  miiwer  it  obvioiu.  I 
dimwn  from  the  nnalogy  of  the  mRdmsn's  sensitioiu  and  thoog^M. 
If  he  could  not  prevent  tbe  icngH  frcna  being  the  ajiort  of  ilia- 
■iona,  and  itu  uiubla  to  root  oat  delusion!  from  bis  mind,  it  a 
not  to  be  aapposed  that  lie  can  control  the  irre^Ur  impaleeiiDd 
pM»on8  which  are  to  the  will  what  illaaiona  are  to  the  wnaa 
or  delusiona  to  the  intellect.  And  if  it  be  alleged  that  tbe  Aill 
eiinced  in  planning  tbe  homicidal  net.  and  tbe  patience  ibown  in 
waiting  for  a  fBToarahle  opportunity,  onght  to  be  taken  ai 
evidence  of  lulequate  ulf  control,  appeal  may  again  be  made  to 
analog;.  The  acta  of  the  maniac  sre  iu  atrict  keeping  with  hit 
thoughta.  Hia  delnaiona,  even  whpn  thej  are  most  diatinctif 
prennt  to  hia  mind,  are  quite  compatible  with  tbe  eierciae  of  all 
Us  tacaltiei.  If  the;  are  attscked,  be  defenda  tbem  acutely,  tad 
joatifies  them  plnuaihly.  Tbey  have  not  deitroyed  his  Ricaltin 
tbey  have  merely  perverted  them  to  a  wrong  uae.  So  ia  it  with 
Ma  hmmicidal  net.  Tbe  impnlae  wbicfa  aeisca  upon  hia  amouiid 
mind  doea  not  deatroy  ita  powera,  it  merely  perverts  them. 

Accordingly,  if  a  muniao  is  under  the  delusion  that  his  keeper 
ii  a  flend,  or  if  he  believes  that  the  Deity  baa  commisaioned  him 
to  take  a<v*;  bis  life,  he  niU  aecrete  and  sharpen  a  knlft,  wateta 
hia  opportunity,  and  act  in  every  respect  as  a  aaue  criminal  would 
da  And,  if  prevented,  ha  will  wait  for  a  more  favoumble  ooca- 
non.  Nay,  tiie  merest  imbecile  knowa  that  n  knife  or  a  piatol 
ia  a  eommon  instrument  of  death;  ami  weak  aa  hia  mind  maybe, 
he  cunoeHls  hia  weapon,  not  becaDse  ho  ia  conscioaa  of  guilt,  but 
because  he  knows  that,  if  it  were  openly  displayed,  the  action  be 
coatempiates  would  be  prevented.  The  fact  la,  thiit  in  propoaing 
this  test,  as  in  the  general  diacnasion  of  thi>  question,  two  dis- 
tinct things  have  been  confounded — the  act  itself,  which  is  the 
result  of  the  debiaion,  and  tbe  mode  of  nccompUahing  it.  It  is 
the  deluxion  which  diatinguishea  the  inadmnn.  and  not  tbe  mode 
in  which  the  delosive  impnlse  ia  carried  into  effect. 

The  difficnity  of  devising  a  test  which  shall  not  be  open  to  l}ie 
mott  serious  objections,  has  led  aomc  peraona  b>  invent  sn  easy 
method  of  escape,  by  depriving  persona  of  unsound  mind  of  what 
they  call  the  privilege  of  insnuitj,  or,  in  other  words,  refunng 
to  entertain  the  question  of  the  state  of  tlie  mind  at  all.  This 
lO^estion  may  have  the  merit  of  niupUcity,  but  it  ia  open  to  tbs 
•erioua  olgection  that  it  could  be  acted  upon  only  once.  The 
tpectade  of  a  madman  on  the  scaffold  would  be  simply  intolerable. 
Mo  jury  eould  be  found  to  convict;  and  tbe  iudiaeriminating 
stitnte  would  prove  oi  compLeto  a  dead  teUAt  aa^,\k«  Mitute  vtludi 


tool  are,  ]ik»  otber  men,  infliuDCfd  bj  tnr,  the 
af  daUi  w  Uw  eonaeqaenee  of  ronrder,  ihauhl  be 
their  ejca,  TtM  theorj  maj  be  nid  to  lUTe  broken 
am  of  UCTiteiuDt  Pnte,  joat  refeired  to.  It  w  mmt 
ihat  Uiu  poof  imbedle  wai  ignmnt  of  tb«  degm^ne 
■mnM  b}  ■  rarmt  lUtate  to  penom  vbo  ibootd 
iinrcni|[n ;  but  the  threat  bod  no  effect  apaa  lun.  By 
tnaJBg.  it  •Mmt  moat  probable  that  Uie  thnatsMd 
of  ikalb  inHilil  prove  aqaallv  iDrffcctaal  in  eveij 
nva.  But,  in  mlitj,  the  natninin^  inflneiwe  of  Il« 
«f  ihath  i*  alnadj  brought  to  har ;  for  it  ibtrald  be 
■t  Hut  mm  who  hare  not  bero  MTtiSed  n*  masw^ 
:  in  lunatiR  aaylama,  <1d  sot  beline  Ui«DHl>a  lo  be 
>  are.  in  tb^  owu  Hght,  taae  men.  It  ia  otlj  after 
•at  laoght,  bj  coofinament  ai  aBdniea,  that  t^af  are 
M  bdk vcd  to  be  ID,  Uiat  the  tenor  at  tht  g~ 
the  ^trnMlire  terror  of  perpetaal  ud; 
■u  miunUiii  the  Uwoij  now  Boder  e 
d  il  b]r  onoipariug  penaot  at  nnacnnil 
lU,  alleging  tint,  a*  ilog*  can  ha  ircaiied  hj  p 
pnclion  dututofU  to  their  a 
ftnan  erime  by  teu  of  death. 
g  ttrvinl  thi*  argument  fron  analagj  t*"  ^ela  are 
-tW  hct  that  th«  aninul  ha*  been  {Hunihcd,  atid  ha* 
«nll«cUi>D  of  III*  |i^  indicted  iipuo  Um,  vhile  (he 
I  b«*n  Mrrotj  thrcaleacdi  and  tbefMt  that  tbov  an 
rbo  (annot  U  weaned  tn 
'  the  miBt  mum*  rttM'lm 


S36  UMSOUNDHESS  OF   MINS. 

■ud  auBtain ;  uxi  we  nw;  be  aiuated  in  out  diagnous  b;  ditcmec- 
ing  marks  of  Uie  form  of  panlyBU  whicli  attends  one  (brm  of 
cbronic  demeDtia,  Oar  chitf  dliBcnlty  id  dia^oni  mhj  triw  Oat 
of  tbe  rare  obstiiuie;  witb  wbich  a  prisoner — ■  tfemale  npedillj— 
will  maintain  h  *eak  expression  of  countenanm,  npmt  ■  few 
Billj  phrasM,  pass  the  excreta  ns  if  involuntaril^v,  >nd  milt 
every  tent  tbut  it  ii  posuble  to  apply.  Sucli  a  roaliogerer  nuy 
never  hive  deceived  tlie  medtcsl  ubserrer  for  ■  motneDt ;  but  be 
Buy  be  mmpelted  to  wait  patiently  for  a  confeMOn  of  the  fiuid. 

Mania. — As  it  ii  more  easy  to  aisnme  the  violence  of  maaii 
tiuiD  the  more  subdued  choroclen  of  th«  fbregoing-  fbrmt  of 
uiuouDdneaB.  nunia  ii  more  frequently  ffflgned.  Tbe  diitincttoit 
between  the  fictitious  and  the  true  disease,  tfaoogh  occaaianRlly  i 
work  oT  time  and  patient  observalDOn,  ia  not  difficalt  i  but  in  this, 
as  in  other  leigned  diaeasM,  tbe  impostor  often  obstinately  reaisti 
the  elTarla  of  tbe  medical  man  to  obtain  a  confesiion  of  bis  fraud. 

The  peculiar  intense  eipreuinn  of  coimteniuiDe,  the  marked 
altentiou  of  feature,  uid  the  wildness  of  eye  of  real  mikDia,  are 
very  bard  to  asiQme  and  maintain.  The  violent  exdtAmenl,  tlie 
loud  ahouts,  the  strong-  struggles  and  convulsive  moremeDta  of 
the  pnroiysms  also  scarcely  admit  of  imitatiOD,  and  cannaC  be 
■Upported  fbr  any  length  of  time.  The  real  oianlae  will  cODtinQe 
without  aleep  for  days,  and  even  weeks,  or.  If  he  steep  at  all,  his 
rest  will  bedialnrbed  and  ap'"'*^;  bnt  the  iiupcetorcan  scwcely 
keep  awake  beyond  one  or  two  daja,  and  a  dose  of  opium,  which 
would  prodnce  no  effect  whatever  on  the  madman,  would  inhl- 
libly  send  the  impostor  to  sleep.  Tbe  same  remark  appliei  lo 
other  remedies,  aouh  aa  emetics  and  pur^tives.  1'be  madnuui 
will  ah«  go  without  food  for  days  together  with  impunity,  and 
Kttlu  loss  of  slreDgth ;  and  is  so  insensible  to  external  imprasnona 
that  he  will  bear  the  most  intenaa  heat  or  cold,  and  gaze,  withont 
being  dnnled,  on  tbe  «trong  light  of  the  mn.  Other  lymptoau 
nf  less  importance  have  been  insisted  on,  such  as  tbe  torpid  atate 
of  tlie  bowels,  the  modereto  or  low  temperature  of  the  trunk  and 
limh)^  a  psenliar  gdoer  of  the  akin,  and  a  Ireqoeat  pnlse.* 

Tu  thia  account  of  tbe  phyncal  Mgus  of  mauia,  it  may  be  added 
that  tbe  impostor  will  overact  his  part  during  such  times  as  he 
is  watched ;  that  instead  of  becoming  more  quiet  and  raerred 
on  the  approadi  of  the  phyaiman,  his  riolenco  inoreaises ;  that  h» 
BMumes  a  want  of  inleltigence  instead   of  that  pcrreruon  cd' 


■  rn  lh>  I 


■I  oillUon  of  ihl*  irarli  ftpts  mate  sddaced  to  *him  lb 


LillttfiuHitit  ms] 


mark  hid  beta  tlii|t(craltd. 


;iA.  327 

reaaon  wMdi  ii  lo  cbancteristic  of  tbs  real  nOecLioDi  tint  liH 

obtrndet  initoul  of  conceiding  hb  HiougbtB  ;  that  be  protends  h 

defect  of  netnory  Bnil  apprebeniion  which  does  not  belong  to 

rail  iiuanit}-,  give*  fiiUe  laawers  to  queallom,  and  iSectJi  out  to 

raongnue  penona  whom  be  knOHi ;  thxt  he  does  Dot  recur  coa- 

itanllj'  lo  tbi  leading  idea;  that  he  betraifi  heaitation  in  the 

■Diibl  of  fail  aanimed  violeDce  i  that  be  boa  not  tiie  ateady  gsna 

of  the  nadoliui:  that   bii   fits  arae  auddanly  and   at  irregular 

and  convdiieat  intervalt,  inatoid  of  having  the  periodicity  of  m- 

tCTmitteiit  attacba  of  mania.     It  may  be  added,  that  matead  uf 

baring  a  periml  of  iocubntion   ao  general  in  true  mnnia,  the  first 

atuuik  of  bra  dlaonler  is  sudden.     That  pervenjon  of  the  moral 

fbdJOgi  which  causes    the   madman  to  dialike  erery   person  to 

n  he  was  pruviooily  atta«l]«l,  being  a  svmptom  little  kuovrn 

■  Id  the  vulgnr.  is  also  not  aasumed  by  the  impostor.      BaildeB  the 

K,dbgiio<tic  marka  to  be  gleuni.'d   thnn  the  foregoing  description. 

d  llie  precaoCiona  already  menliuned  onder  the  head  of  feigned 

e  spi-cia!  lest*  have  been  recommended,  sueli  as  tei- 

le  lUipcclud  peraon  a  series  oF  ideas  recently  uttered, 

Aen  the  real  maniac  will  introduce  new  tdeaB,  but  the  impostor 

II  repeat  the  same  words.     The  use  of  the  nhirllug  cliuir  baa 

n  beoi  reconunendcd,  as  producing  giddiness  and  nansea  in  the 

napoatoi. 

FaHial  luUUerlHat  Mania.— Moncmania.  MriaHcheUa.— 
ThcM  partial  (bmu  are  less  frequently  feigned  than  geiierel 
mania,  or  niTing  inEoherence,  and  rarely  with  aucccss.  Many 
oftlM  cbaracterm  of  mania  already  deacribnl,  are  present  In  casea 
of  iBt«Uectiial  mania  springing  out  of  some  eicited  emotion,  surh 
a*  loide  or  vanity.  Tliere  is  the  same  irritability  of  temper,  the 
le  Tiolent  prejodlcea,  the  Hme  unfounded  avernons  and  equally 
I  attachments,  the  wme  sleeplewneas,  the  aame  insvnsi- 
bilitj  to  iiDpmnons,  and  to  the  operation  of  mediuiiHM.  The 
prrlMded  monomaniac  makes  a  more  open  display  of  his  astuined 
daluioil  tban  thi  real  nonumuniiic  who  rarely  solicits  attention. 
n<  tnui  roononauiac  la  generally  reserved,  tacitaro,  and  in- 
but  ia  eHuly  excited  and  angered  by  oppoailjon  and 
Wlieu  hard  pressed,  msn  generally  take  refuge  in 
violenee,  and  women  in  teara. 

Tfaa  ffarma  of  intellerlual  insanity  moati  commonly  assumed, 
and  mont  difficult  to  distinguish,  aro  those  which  consist  in  the 
auumptloD  of  a  ain^-le  delnuon,  or  of  profound  melancholy ;  and 
it  <■  obnonsly  difficult  lo  lay  do*m  any  diagnostic  marks  by  which 
tlie  r<al  Jvieuc  can  be  ilistinguuhcd  trom  the  false. 

The  Jidlcutly  of  diagnosis  la  acriously  euhaiicod  when,  oa  soino- 


or  MIBI).  I 

tioiEs  huppeni,  tbo  malingerer  ie  a  good  actor,  and  niBkes  «  &Hb-    I 
ful  copy  of  tba  words  anil  acts  nf  a  madman  with  whom  he  hsi 
been  brought  in  contact  in  oi  oat  of  an  aajlum. 

Moral  Mania,  Ofneral  and  Partial.— Oenenl  mors!  innni^. 
roniisting  of  a  etrange  combination  of  fooliah,  obscene,  and  crrnl 
acts,  may  have  to  be  diBtingubhed  from  mere  wjcki^neas;  bat  it 
ii  not  apt  to  be  auumed.  To  dietingniah  moral  ioaanity  from 
vice  may  be  difficult ;  bot.  ae  ■  general  rule,  there  ia  a  itnoge- 
nca  and  variety  in  the  acta  of  the  miitman  which  do  not  bekif 
to  those  of  the  tane  criminal.  Aa  the  character  of  the  act  or  aOt 
committed  ia  tbe  chief  grotmd  for  believing  in  the  ciiatctice  of 
partial  mania,  there  ia  no  certnin  means  of  diatinguiiihing  the 
real  from  tbe  feigned  diaease.  It  a,  however,  ao  noliJiely  that  a 
«ana  man  would  be  guilty  of  an  act  for  which  no  moUve  cantw 
diicovered,  with  the  certainty  of  being  aeverelj  punished  if  fbnnd 
sane,  and  imprisoned  for  life  if  prunoanced  mad,  that  we  may 
fairly  anume  audi  an  act,  if  accompanied  by  all  or  many  of  the 
oharaotera  nlrendj  pointed  out,  to  have  been  the  result  of  real 
moral  iosaiiity.  The  personal  and  family  history  of  the  accnsed 
would  also  aflbrd  acme  preeumptioua  in  &vmir  of  or  against  the 
theory  of  iasnnity. 

CoHCtaled  huaniiy. — The  |Hnvcr  of  roncealing  his  delnaioDi, 
under  the  influence  of  some  strong  motive,  haa  nlreadj  been 
•hown  to  belong  to  the  madman  ;  and  long-continued  obcervatian, 
repeated  interrogations,  and  careful  Inqiurj  into  the  pntienfi 
previoua  history  may  be  uecessiry  to  bring  the  deluaiona  to  light 


The  main  |>(nnt!i  to  be  attended  to  in  the  levenil  eiamiuationi 
which  the  medicnl  man  may  be  required  to  institute,  are  the 
following : — 

1.  Observe  narrowly  the  general  appearance,  conformation,  atld 
ihape  of  tbe  bead  ;  the  comploiioo  and  eipreraion  of  the  conule- 
nance ;  the  ^it  and  movements,  and  the  speech. 

S.  Ascertain  the  stale  of  the  health,  of  the  appetite,  and 
^geation,  of  the  liowela,  of  the  tongue,  akin  and  pulee.  Note 
especially  the  presence  or  absence  of  febrile  symptoms,  ai  im- 
portant in  distingniahing  delirium  from  madness.  Ascertain 
whether  there  ia  sadneta  or  eicitement,  restlesEoes*  or  ■litlneaiv 
and  whether  the  steep  is  sound  and  continuous,  or  diaturbed  aud 
broken.  In  fcumlea.  Inquire  into  the  state  of  the  menstrual 
Asncttona. 

3.  t\it ftttfUs  Milury  should  be  traccil  out,  iti  order  to  ascertain 


■  BULBS  rOB  THE  BUUHATION  Of  THE  INSANE.      329 

■  ■faether  tbere  ii  any  hereditary  prediipMltioii  to  iDunity,  tnd 
whether  any  membera  of  the  family  have  been  subjoct  to  flta,  or    ' 
have  betrayed  marked  ecs^ntricity  ofbebavioar. 

4.  The  pertonal  hitlory  ahonld  be  ucerC&iDed  with  equal  care. 
If  the  toiad  apptnr  anmiind,  ucertain  whether  the  atitoundnca 
date*  from  birth,  from  infancy.  Or  from  what  time.  I(  tlie  nn. 
•DnndQeaa  have  «(ipervened  lator  in  life,  whether  it  followed 
urere  bodily  illiieu,  acddent,  mental  ahock,  long'-continiied 
•niicty  of  mind,  repeated  epileptic  flta,or  indulgence  la  habits  of 
intempennce. 

E.  Inquire  whether  the  present  state  of  mind  differs  materiallj 
team  that  which  eiiited  when  it  waa  reputed  to  be  sound ;  and 
wbetbcr  the  feeling*,  affections,  and  domestie  hahiti  have  under- 
,  (one  any  marked  change. 

6.  Aacertain  wliether  the  eiiating- nnaonndnen  is  a  Gnt  attack, 
d  if  Kk  whether  It  began  with  depression  or  eieitemrnt  j  if  not, 

ure  follow  a  period  of  nielnneliulj,  passing  into 
into  alow  oonvuleicence  P  I  f  any  signi  of  general 
nJjns  are  present   in   tlie  apeech  or   gait,  lina  the   pntient 
Wed   bifl   money,    grown    refltleaa,   and    wjindtrpd    aboat, 
d  hia  perioa,  ootnmitted  petty  thelta,  or  had  illuaiana  of 
.h  and  grandeur  ? 

7,  When  onr  object  ia  to  aacertaiii  the  aeiital  oapaoity,  it 
moat  be  t^ted  by  converaatlon  direeled  to  aoeh  mnttrra  na  age, 
the  Irirth-place,  profesaion,  or  occupation  of  psronta,  number  of 
hmtber*,  aiatera,  and  near  relationa,  common  events  remote  and 
leeevt,  the  year,  the  name  of  the  month,  and  the  day  nf  the  week, 
the  name  and  family  of  the  aoveroign,  and  of  peraons  best  known 
•nd  moat  talked  of.  Tbe  power  of  performing  limplD  operationa 
of  aiithmoCic,  and  the  knowledge  of  the  value  of  money  ahuuld 
Iw  taatcd,  and  the  memory  by  repealing  aimple  form*  of  worda  in 
ggneral  uae,anoh  as  the  Lord'a  Prayer  and  Creed.  In  testing  the 
power  of  attention,  merely  ne^tive  or  affirmative  answers  to 
leading  (|uections  should  be  diatinguiahcd  from  sui^h  repliei  as 
jDdieata  judgment  and  reflection.  If  the  inquiry  relate  not  to  tlie 
capadty  of  tlie  mind,  but  to  ita  aouiidnen  In  other  rvapects,  delu- 
■ona  should  be  songbt  for  by  conversations  directed  to  those 
topia  that  are  most  likely  to  interest  and  eicite  the  mind.  Tbe 
itata  of  tha  moral  feelings  will  bo  teated  by  conversHlion  directed 
li>  ralaUw  and  friend*.  In  cases  of  supposed  moral  insanity, 
^ligent  inqnirj  should  be  msde  into  the  motives  which  might 
)iai*e  led  to  the  oommisaion  of  the  act  of  wUicb  tbe  party  is 

■  B.  The  medical  niaa  should  insist  on  full  opporWnAj  ^Mnu^ 


1 


given  him  oF  fonamg  bti  opinion.   He  ■honid  rardj' 

self  wllh  ■  lingleviat;  and  in  eaavtot  great  dlill 

require  thit  tlie  partj  be  plaued  for  some  time  nndar  Ui  dtw^ 

vacion. 

y.  Wlien  aDdprgoinc  examiDHtion  in  a  court  of  Ibw,  tbemffitd 
wimen  it  recommended  1o  avoid  all  deRnitiDni  of  insanity,  <m  the 
plea  that  taentHl,  like  ijodilv  dieeabcs»  do  not  admit  of  detimtimit 
but  aretntyectB  for  diwcription. 

ID.  In  signing  ccrtitlratw  of  Innncj,  the  medical  man  ihoaM 
bear  in  mind  thai  he  ie  reqnircd  to  leo  tlic  patipiit  by  himidf.  lu 
fign  the  ccrtificaU  at  the  time  of  the  rint,  and  to  ungn  thi 
resKnu  wbii'h  hare  iui1iieni«d  liim  in  attaching  liia  u^natnrp  to  it. 

To  the  foragmng  directions  a  f^  practicul  «ugg«i>tioru  and 
hints  mny  be  add<:d  witli  advantRgo  relating  to  the  two  important 
and  reaponiible  dutiei  of  the  medical  man — imposing  resttwnt 
and  signing  tertiflcatss. 

Setlraini. — The  medical  man,  in  the  eierdse  of  hi*  profurinn, 
may  be  called  to  a  patient  mfferiog  from  fever,  delirium  tremait, 
or  mania,  and  may  Rod  him  in  a  state  of  excitement  dnngenni 
to  bimself  and  to  tlione  abont  bim.  It  seems  as  natural  to  biin 
to  order  the  patient  to  be  restrained  as  to  preKrilie  meihHne  fix 
him.  If  he  were  not  to  order  him  to  be  platwl  nnder  reatnint, 
and  the  [ntient  were  tu  destroy  biuisrlf  or  othera.  he  wonld  e>- 
poee  himself  to  the  indignant  censnre  of  tlie  nhoW  comnfanilj. 
Bnt  If,  in  the  exercise  of  his  discretion,  he  makes  arrangeraait* 
lor  restraining  the  patient,  and  the  patient,  ou  recovery,  !«■!  Or 
apparent,  pleases  to  ane  bim  for  dnmngcs,  he  may  indict  tipM 
bim  the  annoyance,  loss  of  time,  and  expense  of  a  trbal  by  joy. 
This  riak,  it  appears,  cannot  be  avoided ;  hut  it  may  be  i«dnetd 
by  tbe  medical  man  observing  the  precaution  of  obtaiiuiig  a 
written  anthority  from  tbe  neurest  relative  in  atteadaaoe  On  tl>« 
patient — from  husband  or  wife,  father  or  mother,  brother  oi 
water,  as  tbe  caso  may  be. 

CW-/i/!™(M.— In  the  case  of  paupers  One  medical  certificate 
only  is  T«quired,  with  an  order  signed  by  a  jUBtico  of  the  peace, 
or,  in  his  absence,  by  Uie  relieving  officer  or  overseer  and  tbe  offi- 
ciating rlerf yman  of  tbe  parish  in  h  hicb  thn  lonatic  js  at  the 
time.  In  all  other  case*  the  certilicates  of  two  medical  pracli- 
tionert  and  tlie  formal  demnnil  of  a  relation  or  Iriend.  Tbesc 
certificates,  to  be  valid,  must  be  sigiicil  by  l^ally  qualified  prac- 
titionen  having  no  intercut,  direct  or  indirect,  in  Uie  patient,  or 
In  the  estahlishment  to  which  he  is  to  be  sent ;  tbey  must  bear 
the  exact  address  of  the  potient,  and  tlie  date  of  the  eiamina- 
tioD    and    signature ;    the  visit  ovust  he  n  Wi'^umtA  liul  (ftch 


a  exkmining  tbo  patient  separutelj) ;  and  tliB  certili- 
mntt  set  fbrtb  ditliiicti;  tbo  ground)  of  the  opinion,  under 
M  diitinct  bMdi  of  bets  obierved  b;  himaeir,  and  facta  com- 
aiuoited  bj  otber*  (such  otben  to  b«  BpedGed) ;  and  be  aigonl 
with  lUDie.  addroH,  and  date.  It  rvm«iii9  valid  oal;  for  teyea 
daji.     If  defective  it  may  be  aioeDdcd. 

A  proper  printed  fonn  in  acoordance  with  the  >tatutcs  repi- 
Uting  tbe  custody  and  tmtmenb  of  tbe  inaane,  and  oonEaioiiig 
pkiu  marpnal  directioiia,  m*}  be  obtained  of  the  Inw  atationen. 
It  oampriK*  a  "  Notice  of  Admiaiion,"  to  be  signed  by  the 
nperintendent  or  proprietor  of  the  asjlam,  lo  be  forwarded  to 
tbe  CoDimiMkmen  of  Lunacy  witbin  one  clear  day  from  the 
patienfi  roceplJOn ;  an  "order  for  the  reception  of  n  private 
patient"  addretaed  to  tha  proprietflr  or  ntperintendent  of  the 
ntaUishment,  and  lifned  by  a  penon  who  ipei-ifiea  hii  "  deforce 
of  rslationihip  (if  any)"  with  a  "statement"  antaining  a 
datuled  account  of  the  patient  and  hia  history  ;  and,  lastly,  two 
idBnticnl  forms  of  "  Hedical  Certificate,"  of  which  we  append  a 
oopy(p.232). 

In  tbe  case  of  insane  persons  wandering  abroad,  without  proper 
oarc.  provision  is  made  fiir  their  protection  by  16  &,  IT  Vict. 
MM.  67, Strand  TO:  which  inllict  a  eoeoTlO/.  on  medical  officers  of 
pariiheii  as  well  as  on  overaeers  or  relieving  officers,  wbo,  liavitig 
kiKra1«dg«i  in  uny  way  obtained,  that  a  lonatic  Is  "  wondering  at 
lar([e"  er  "not  under  proper  care  and  control"  or  "cruelly 
traated  or  neglected"  does  not  take  meaauriw  to  bring  the  case 
bafore  a  niBgiBtrat&  Additional  protection  is  affiitded  lo  the 
inaano  person,  and  to  tbe  pohlic  by  sec.  68  of  this  Act,  which 
aaltee  it  "  lanfal  for  any  jnttioe,  upon  its  being  made  lo  appear 
to  bim  by  the  inforntation  npon  oath  of  any  peraon  wbonisoerer 
t  any  person  wandering  at  large  within  tbe  limits  of  hi» 
"  '  Ui  is  deemed  to  be  a  lunatic,  by  an  order  under  the 
i  seal  of  such  justice,  to  require  any  coniUhle  of  tbe 
jwrish  or  place,  or  relieving  offirer  or  overseer  of  the  parish  where 
aoeh  person  may  be  found,  to  apprehend  him  and  bring  him  bcfoTf 
■oeh  jnatiee,"  &c* 


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PART    11. 


KRSONS  POUND  DEAD— REAL  AND  APPA- 

EENT  DEATH— SUDDEN  DEATH— 

SURVIVUKSHIP. 


CKDn  tbe  generel  hauling  of  Periom  found  Dead  the  precaa- 
tion*  to  be  dIhotipcI  in  ooiulucting  inqniriea  oonoerDing;  tliou 
wboas  mode  ot  dcatli  i>  nnknowo,  will  be  diiearaod.  Aa  tbe  Hnt 
qiMstioi]  that  patunll;  iriiica  is  na  to  the  rmlitj  of  denth,  tbe 
(Direct  of  Seal  and  Apparent  Dialh  folloira  in  Order ;  thm 
fik^Jm  Death,  in  whicli  some  of  the  more  commoD  modei  of 
rlJMrilminn  arc  brietlj  roruidered  ;  and,  Untlj,  Sureioorthip. 

L  PKRSONS  FOUND  DEAD. 

^B  In  tmtir^  of  Medical  Evidence,  instractlonB  were  given  as  to 
Pvi  best  mode  of  atating  Suts  and  opiniona  in  a  court  of  law,  ao 
ta  to  giTG  th«ni  their  fnll  force,  and  lo  render  them  adminiblc  aa 
eridence.  In  thia  place,  dirretiooi  will  be  ^veo  for  observing  and 
edleeting  that  im|iortant  cUaa  of  fiicta  which  refcn  to  peraone 
foaod  dead :  in  other  worila,  Ra  diacharging,  in  feferenco  to  such 
penona,  the  fanctjona  of  a  common  and  of  a  ikilled  ttitncw.  If 
acnt  for  to  a  dying  msn,  or  to  one  Blready  dead,  the  medical 
man  nia«t  nnda  observe  many  things  connected  tiith  the  body 
itaelfi  ancb  aa  the  poaltion  in  which  it  ia  placed,  and  thu  objecta 
wUch  aurronnd  it,  that  might  aa  well  be  obaerved  and  stated  in 
nidenee  by  any  other  peraon ;  bnt  ■  poat-mottem  inapection  if 
Ft  be  entruited  to  bimwlf  or  to  aome  other  akilleJ 
anber  of  tbe  profwaion.  Hencs  the  present  inquiry  branches 
'  '  divlsiinu.  1.  Tke  relatio-i  ••/ the  bodg  to  i»rroand- 
n  otjectt.  S.  DiftetioaM  Jbr  Iht  ptr/ormanee  of  potl-morttm 
it  fbr  legal  pttrpotti. 


Th*  msdlol  man  it  • 
(uiIiIhi  d«th,  uid  lliu  hcecMura  one  nf  tbe  Grat,  aod  pnlali^  M 
tlw  bunt  «ddnt«d  miil  moit  intel1i|^nt  iiitnaws  af  tboM  u^ 
fiUU  •rhidii  in  nitnitiil  cuct,  Mnmtitate  the  pranoipliT*  or 
dminiiitantlil  tmiilmirr.  H«  ihoold  Uwrefort,  ccperuUj  hi 
■napIolDiu  mwi,  tw  iitlKiitivH  to  lU  tliit  i<  punn^  amond  Ud. 
that  no  oljuct,  howevvr  trifling,  otlcolated  ki  tlirow  Ufiht  oa  the 
rauH  Iff  dnith,  nnY  be  oTcrtoolled.  The  fiJIowing  are  nme  of 
tha jiriDFTpat  point*  which  ahuiild  engage  his  attentum : — 

Tht  pLum  i»  Kiiflh  llwhoify  it/oVKJ.— ThUUiiot>l<rBj«thit 
ill  wiilcli  (Until  tojk  yhtu ;  tor,  in  micidil  u  well  lu  bomtcidi] 
cue*,  p«noTu  wTer^l;  wnuntied  ma;  be  ubie  to  toove  nine  dhUnra 
tlmti  the  (pot  on  whicli  tlinr  injariea  Here  receiTed,  and  tbt 
marderor  miy  try  to  conceal  hia  crime  hj  earrjing  the  bod;  to  * 
plaeu  remote  IVam  the  Mene  dF  violence. 

Tit  potiliiiit  axd  altUudi  of  Ihe  Jorfy.— Thin  mOT  not  corre- 
•ponii  ulTli  Ihe  r«ti«.  of  .)«illi,  «.  when  (hp  Wv  "f  ii'  nwn  kilW 
by  a  blow  nn  the  liead  was  found  atunding  upright,  ropportcd  b; 
nwunden  fence  ;  and  mnrJercrn  often  udiBpofe  Cbe  bodiea  oT  their 
Tiotim*  ai  to  malie  it  uppcar  that  the;  had  committed  nikide. 
Thni,  peraonj  bavo  been  poisoned,  and  aflcrwardi  anapended  b; 
tba  reck,  or  thrown  into  the  water  i  and  the  hod;  of  6ir 
Edmnndhnr;  Oodfre;,  who  wai  proved  to  have  been  noient]; 
■tnngled,  wai  foand  lying  in  a  ditch,  pierced  with  hia  ownavord, 
■nd  with  hii  clothea  so  arraoged  tu  to  create  the  belief  tfaat  be 
died  b;  bla  own  band.  From  ohaervationa  made  on  the  field  of 
battle,  it  ia  inferred  that  men  killed  in  a  hand-to-haod  straggle 
often  wear  an  eipreaaion  of  rage,  contrasting  strongly  with  the 
Mhn  eipreation  of  thwe  killed  b;  gnnshot.  Some  Boldiera,  too, 
are  fonnd  in  the  very  attitude  in  vrhich  the;  CAtA.  If  we  findan 
MprMuon  of  angry  rcaiatance  on  the  face,  baoda,  and  body,  «• 
Bu;  infer  that  dnth  was  the  iasne  of  a  struggle. 

Tht  rpot  on  which  ihe  bodg  it  found. — In  cawa  of  fatal  injur; 
to  the  bead,  it  ia  aaoal  to  allege  that  the  death  was  cansed  by  a 
fall  on  aome  bard  reiiiting  bod;  ;  an  allegation  onl;  lo  be  rebatted 
b;  an  eiamination  of  the  spot.  Thus,  the  death  of  a  man  found 
lying  in  a  field  with  a  severe  bmise  on  the  head,  liaving  been 
■ttriboted  to  a  fall  on  a  atone  or  fragment  of  wood,  the  field  was 
earefnll;  aearchcd,  and  no  aiich  object  conld  be  fbond  near  the  apot 
on  which  the  bod;  la;.  In  anotlier  ease,  a  email  wound  of  the 
b^")  vhicb  had  penetrated  to  llic  brain,  and  bad  been  recared 
rderoua  atruggU,  w»a  aUributed  to  a  EaU  oa  «  ahar^ 


or  srBEouNDiNG  OBJECTS. 


335 


I 


oljject,  loch  u  a  nail  flied  in  the  floor ;  but  the  floor  bnving  been 
fsamlned,  and  na  luob  otfject  ruutiil,  it  folloned  tbat  tbu  vroaiid 
had  bMQ  iuflicteil  b;  a  ■mill-pranUd  uwtrniDeiit.  The  murderer, 
•fter  hi*  acquittal,  irbich  wu  dao  to  ^KfcctiTe  medinU  eTidence, 
coufenod  tbat  be  had  itruck  hU  victim  nitti  the  poiut  of  b  pnir  of 

Tit  mil  ur  *urfan  on  vkieh  the  bodif  lia, — Struggles  often 
leavK  OD  the  spot  tnweH  wbich  maj  becomppred  with  the  ciothefl 
of  tl'C  nispecl^d  miirderer  or  or  his  ficlim,  and  foot-priutB  in  tlie 
ninw,  or  on  the  loil,  have  ufleo  fiimiahed  important  evidence. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  giv»  an  aiKiiilDt  of  a  mtirdM'  discovered  bj  the 
piiat  of  the  iDorderer's  foot  oa  the  clay  floor  of  a  eotti^  in 
the  deatb'strngitle.  The  mciiiure  of  the  foot,  the  trend,  and  the 
mode  in  which  the  sole  of  one  oF  the  sboet  had  be«n  patched, 
mrmponded  oioiit  cto«ely  with  the  foot-mark  j  and  tbia  was  the 
«r»t  link  in  the  chaio  of  evidence  which  led  to  tho  conviction  of 
the  mnrderer.  In  oasei  of  mnrder,  folloKcd  b;  the  Euleide  of  tlie 
murderer,  important  light  Iiaa  been  thrown  on  the  tmnuction  hj 
flnding  stuns  of  blood  on  the  floor,  and  on  the  soles  of  tlie  feet  of 
the  perpetrator  of  the  Jonble  crime. 

Potition  of  mrotmditg  ohjnli, — In  aniddal  casen  the  instni- 

ofdmlh  is  generell;  found  near  the  body;  in  bomicidal  cues 

It  is  often  mnoted  and  concFuled.     In  death  b;  the  more  active 

poiMini,  the  vessel  which  contained  the  poison  is  often  found  on, 

the  person.     The  correspondence  of  wounds  or  bruises 

dead  bod;  with  tbe  objecte  immediately  am-ronnding 

soaictlneB  throws  great  light  on  the  canse  of  death.    Thus,  in 

M  of  the  Prince  de  Cond^.  who  was  fonnd  inspended  by  the 

In  his  bed-room,  tlic  eorreapondence  of  certain  ubrasions  on 

ga  with  s  hearj  chair  placed  close  to  them,  and  of  otbers  on 

shoulder  with  a  projecting  part  of  the  window  to  which  he  was 

"ided,  hnrmouiied  with  tlie  straggles  of  a  man  auspended 

life,  and  juBtifled  the  opinion  of  those  who  attributed  tbe 

o  snicide. 

Tit  Clolka. — Hiving  noted  tlie  pbce  and  spot  on  nhich  the 
ly  lias,  its  position,  snd  the  objects  by  which  it  is  (urrouDdcd. 
inspection  sbonld  be  made  of  the  body  itself.  Tbe 
;hc*uay  be  sinled  with  mud,  or  corroded  by  an  acid,  or  stained 
blood,  or  aomo  animal  secretJon  ;  or  they  may  be  torn  or  cut. 
cbaneter  uid  position  of  the  ataiiis,  and  the  direction  of  the 
I,  ahoold  be  carefully'nated  ;  and  cuts  which  truverse 
iits  than  one  should  I>e  compared  with  each  other,  and 
a  found  on  the  body  ;  for  a  mnrderer  may  try  to 
rime  by  cutting  the  clothes  alter  he  hat  wtawdfiii  VW 


I 


230  PERSOSS    POTISB    DEiD. 

bodj,  uid  that  tbe  voaDdi  aaJ  incisioaa  nuy  not  coiadde.    It  it 

scarce);  necsawT?  to  state  that  rriintaiili  are  bein;;  cnaittMj 
idedUAed  thrangb  tbedoMoorroajioiideaceof  thin){«  bondiathair 
powewion  with  those  osed  id  the  pcrpctraUaa  of  the  crime*  them- 
■elves.  The  bearing  nnd  conduct  of  tlio  parties  in  BttendBOoe  oa 
lick,  d;int(,  or  dead  ponona  ihoold  not  bo  ovrgrloakcd,  espcoillf 
in  caica  of  inspected  poiwnitig. 

To  what  baa  nair  hem  said  respecting  pemni  foand  dead,  ib 
may  be  well  to  add  that  neither  eiamplej  nor  rule*  can  do  moni 
than  suggest  the  sort  of  ini]uiric«  that  ma;  be  needed.  There  is 
alwaji  great  scope  for  individual  jndgmiint,  foreaight,  and  do- 
dsion.  The  sfrrice  which  an  intoliigent  medical  witnan  maj 
have  it  in  his  power  to  render  to  the  canse  of  jnstica  cannot  be 
better  illuitrated  than  bj  a  case,  for  which  the  aotbor  it  indebted 
to  the  Uto  Dr.  James  It«id.  It  is  given,  as  nearly  as  po*«ble,  in 
bis  own  wonis : — "  I  was  sent  for  one  daj  to  a  man  and  bii  wite, 
whom  I  found  tying  in  the  same  room  with  their  throat*  ent. 
The  woman  wai  on  the  floor,  with  her  right  am]  extended  onder 
the  bed,  and  a  nizor  close  to  her  right  baud,  tier  throat  was 
deeply  ent  tram  ear  to  ear,  atid  sbe  la;  in  a  oomplete  pool  of 
blood.  The  hnsband,  who  was  in  bed,  had  n  wound  in  the  throat, 
wbieb  bad  merely  divided  the  traohea  wiClioat  wounding  anj 
important  blootl.vessel,  and  without  causing  any  great  loaa  oC 
blood.  Wlien  questioned,  he  gave  the  following  accoant: — In 
the  middle  of  the  night  he  was  roused  from  sleep  by  recoTing 
a  wound  in  the  throat  from  the  hand  of  his  wife.  Tbe  shock,  the 
wound,  and  tbe  1o»b  of  blood  tt^etber,  bad  prevenUd  him  from 
makiog  any  resistance  Or  giving  any  aUrm.  My  suspicioiis  wen 
roused,  partly  hy  the  man's  manner,  and  partly  by  observing  the 
water  in  a  basin  standing  in  the  room  slijtbtly  Unged  with  blood. 
In  endeavouring  to  find  some  conlirmation  of  my  suspiinoa^  a 
thought  struck  me.  I  turned  up  thd  bed.clotbea,  and  fontid  tfaa 
soles  of  tbe  feet  coveted  with  dried  hlood.  This  (tct,  which  I 
stated  at  the  coroner's  inquest,  was  deemed  conclusive,  bat  the 
man  died  almost  at  tbe  moment  that  tbe  verdict  wat  piaseJ." 

n.   BIAHIIllTIOlf  aV  THE   BODY. P03T-MOBTiM   INBPBOnOH. 

The  medical  man,  having  discharged  tbe  duty  of  a  common 
witness  by  noting  all  tbose  paints  of  presumptive  or  ctrcnmatantial 
evidence  wbieb  may  throw  light  on  tbe  mode  and  cause  of  death, 
proceeds  to  the  examination  of  tbe  body  itself.  When  it  i>  that 
of  some  person  nnknown,  those  chsrueteristics  whicb  may  lead  to 
its  identiflcation  sboold  be  noted  &>«&,  iaaoccicdwuie  wiib  iMtrae- 


of  dsKtb, 


tion  ind  dreaUtioD,  cambine  to  prodoo 

and  to  create  temporaij  diffimlty  cren  fur  the  medical  n 

The  lubject  of  real  end  apparent  death  would  be  incomplete  if 
■amc  notice  vere  not  taken  of  thoae  cates  in  which  a  aUte  of 
■pporent  death  hu  b«en  brought  nbout  by  au  effort  oT  the  will. 
Tbe  ocduonal  occoirence  of  auch  casea  lias  boea  placed  beyund 
the  reicb  of  doubt;  and  >  minutely  described  and  well  authentl- 
eated  iTwtanee  of  thia  kind,  tbat  of  tbu  Honourable  Colonel 
Townahend,  ia  relnted  by  Cbeyne  in  hia  '  BngUah  Malady.' 

"  He  told  u  he  had  sent  for  ui  to  give  him  eame  acconnt  of 

an  odd  •cmktjoo  he  had  for  some  time  obaerred  and  felt  iti  biin- 

itit;  which  wat,  tbat  eompnung  himself,  he  conld  dje  or  expire 

when  be  pleucd,  and  yet,  by  an  elTort,  or  aomehow,  he  conld  come 

to  Ufe  again,  which,  it  seemi,  be  bad  lometimee  tried  befrire  he 

hftil  sent  for  \u.    We  all  three  felt  hii  pnlio  first ;  it  was  diatinct, 

tbcwgh  amall  and  thready,  and  hia  heart  bad  its  uamil  beating. 

Ha  oonpoaed   himself  on  his  bacli,  and  la;  in  a  stitl  pOHtnro  some 

time ;  while  I  held  his  right  baud,  Dr.  Barnard  laid  bis  band  au 

lu«  bnrl,  and  Mr.  Sbrinu  held  a  clean  looking-glass  to  hia  month. 

I  hnnd  hi*  poise  sink  gradually,  till  at  last  1  could  not  feel  any 

tf  the  meat  cuot  and  nice  loudi.     Dr.  liaynard  conld  not  feel 

^Btbe  lost  motion  iu  hia  heart,  nor  Mr.  Skriue  dlsceni  the  least 

^Bfoil  of  breath  on  the  bright  mirror  he  held  to  hia  lUDUth.     Then 

^^EmIi  of  us  by  tnros  eiaioined  his  arm,  bcarl,  and  breath,  hut 

^^B>a1d  not  by  tbe  niceat  scrutiny  discover  tbe  least  lyniptom  o(  life 

^B^  him.    This  contiuued  abont  half  an  hour.    As  we  were  going 

•way  (tbicking  him  dead),  we  observed  some  motion  aboat  the 

hndy,  and  upon  examination  found  hia  pulse  and  the  motion  of 

U«  heart  ^radnallj  returning;  he  began  to  breathe  gently,  and 

ipcak  sufUy."    Tbit  raperimcnt  was  made  in  the  morning,  and 

b«  died  in  the  crening.     On  opening  the  body  nothing  «as  dis' 

(Dnrcd  bat  disease  of  the  kidney,  for  which  he  had  long  been 

gndcrmediail  treatment,  all  tbe  other  visceia  being  perfectly  sound. 

This  ease  of  Colonel  Townaheiid  is  not  only  curious  but  initruc- 

E<,  fiir  it  allows  that  iberc  is  at  Uaat  one  state  of  ayal^m  so 
r]y  reecmbling  death  aa  even  U>  decdve  medical  men.  dis- 
fiuihuble  Trom  real  death  only  by  the  eontiouance  of  animal 
t,  tbe  afaaencr  of  rigidity,  and  the  suocen  of  the  meeni  of 
RHOIsUoUi  Kiiit  this  faet  aiUiiita  of  practical  application.  It 
leaches  us  that  n-e  should  not  hastily  abandon  tbe  attempt  tu 
nsMobiU  persons  who  have  sppeurcd  to  perish  by  synci'pc  or 
MphysSa,  by  hartnorrhage,  shock,  sun-ttruke,  drowning,  and  Uie 
'        iTti*!  forms  of  suflboatiun. 


I 
I 


SU  BEAL   1 

glfl-KS  OP  DsATn. — Of  the  sigat  of  dralh  inoalcd  upon  bj 
■utbora  Minie  ue  triTuil  and  inconclunre,  otben  of  coDBidenUc 
imporlauce,  both  us  ripu  and  u  meana  of  fbnniDg  a,  jud^oit 
of  the  time  that  life  has  b«en  eilinct.  To  the  fint  clis  b^ong 
the  OwfofiM  of  lie  Cirmlatioa  and  Selpiralitm  ,•  iA*  AtKnet  iff 
State  and  Motioin  lit  Fadti  Hippocralica ;  tie  Slate  i^  lU 
Eyi !  the  Slate  of  tie  Skin  i  and  lie  ErliKelian  of  Muxmiar 
IrritiJiililg.  To  the  latter  claia  bcloog  the  Exlinetian  of  Animal 
Stall  Cadavarie  Rigidih/ -,   &TiA  F^rrfaetlon. 

CettatioM  of  Ue  Circu'lation.—U  do  pulae  can  be  felt  U  t^ 
milt,  and  the  beat  of  tie  heart  can  neither  be  felt  nor  beard 
with  tbo  atAthowope,  it  may  lie  wanmed  that  the  drcnUtiaa  of 
the  blood  haa  cenavd,  tlioagh  it  is  puaaible  that  very  feeble  mme- 
meutaof  the  heart  might  eBi:iipe  obaervation.  Theabsolnte  ooaa- 
tion  of  the  heart's  ■etion  may  be  tdien  a*  ■  sure  eign  of  dcatli. 
The  great  difficulty,  however,  ia  to  atcertaiii  tlila  beyond  the 
mch  of  doobt.  It  ia  not  enough  merely  to  feel  the  pulae  at  tha 
iTTiat,  fi>r,  ai  in  Colonel  Toitnihend'i  cue,  even  eiperieneed 
medicul  men  might  be  unable  to  detect  pulsation*,  and  oonclode 
that  the  heart  lind  ceaaed  to  beat,  It  requiHa  the  appHcstkm  of 
the  atethdicope  by  ui  eiperieuced  perton  for  aevenl  aeeaDd^ 
repeated  at  abort  interval,  iiefore  it  can  lie  said  with  any  degree 
of  certainty  Uiat  the  heart  has  quite  rcaned  to  boat.  But  if  th« 
heart  doot  uot  beat  for  five  minutes  we  may  conclude  that  death 
ii  certain,  llie  cessation  of  the  heart's  action  for  a  much  lev 
period  than  thia  would  csuas  dmtlii  but  iti  cDanilion  Ibr  five 
minutea  would,  in  our  opinion,  be  conclualve.  The  apparent 
death  of  the  Indian  faliira  ia  much  more  remarkable  than  the 


e  of  Colonel  Townahend ;  but  there  i; 
that  in  them  the  lieart  ccetea  to  beat,  though  the  vitel  pi 
may  he  reduced  to  the  lowest  ebb. 

On  account  of  the  difficulty  attending  the  uae  of  the  atethoscope 
by  uninstructed  penons,  Magnoa  has  proposed  an  iugeniOQi 
method  of  aftcertaining  whether  the  circulation  hai  or  lias  not 
ceaaed.  He  recommenila  that  a  Ugatnre  bo  applied  to  a  finger, 
when,  if  there  ia  life,  a  ring  of  arterial  anaemia  showa  Itaelf  round 
the  aeat  of  the  ligature,  and  a  gradually  increaaing  rednen  and 
liiidity  in  the  part  beyond.  This  is  a  ample  plan  that  may  be 
prartised  by  the  iueiperienced. 

C^iaalio'  of  lie  SrtpiroliBH.—The  circulation  aod  the  reapi- 
ration  are  ao  rouncctcd,  that  what  ia  true  of  the  one  in  likely  to 
be  true  of  the  other.  I1ie  tests  of  respiration^ — the  looking-glaii, 
and  feather  held  to  the  mouth,  and  the  cup  of  water  placed  on  the 
client  or  nhilomen — are  at  Icaat  as  deiicate  us  those  by  wliich  vt 


r  THE  ZTE  AND  SKIN.  241 


Mek  to  determine  the  ronlinaniiee  of  the  heirt's  action.  It  ii 
•cintlj  poaaible  thut  respirution,  bowover  tecble,  ahoalil  take 
pimce,  tod  ;et  escape  detfction  bj  «ach  mmna ;  and  jet  to  tbe 
sue  or  Colanel  Townsbend,  the  glasa  remained  for  »  long  period 
niuDiled.  and  no  sign  of  reipiration  could  l>e  detected.  The 
•oapcniion  of  the  lapiration,   thCTCforo,   la  not  a  sure  agn  of 

dmtl). 

Bat  the  jwnt  cewitiaa  of  the  ropiration  and  cirealation, 
vben  pn)p«rly  Hicertaiaed,  woald  prOvB  the  fact  of  dealh. 

Then  (igiu  are  inpported  lif  the  rnllowing,  which,  though  not 
tt  tbemaelvea  ooncloaive,  anpport  each  other. 

Abtmi»  af  8ttt  amd  Jfoiion.— Thii  ii  common  to  BQipended 
anlmiUoii  and  rral  dcatb ;  and  therefore  anccrtain.  The  com- 
linstion  i«  nut  rare  in  h;>teric  femalca,  and  in  the  mesmeric 
dumbo-;  but  in  these  CBtea  the  fonctions  of  circulation  and 
nQnintt;iTnpledIf,nnen  combined  with  a  vibrating 
it  of  tbe  eyelid,  which  forms  an  exception  to  the  general 
rnlc  of  iminobllity. 

The  Faeiet  BippoenUiee. — This  pecoliar  eiprowion  of  count«- 

nanoe,  combiniDg  the  sonkea   eye,   aharp   no«e.   pointed   chin, 

bolloir    temple,    prominent    cheek -Inne,    projecting     ear,    and 

wrinkled  brow;  the  dry  liiid  skin,  and  the  wliite  powdered  hair 

I   df  the  DortriU  and  eyebrowi ;  i*  a  trivial  andnnaafe  lign  oF  death, 

t   open  to  tbe  icnons  objectioni : — 1.  Thnt  it  iinenrly  alwafanbscnC 

■  of  luddcn  death,  and  in  the  victims  of  acute  dlnease. 

''  %,  That  it  is  preHnt  in  tbe  dying  aa  well  aa  tbe  dead,  and  even 

9  tbat  hare  rMmvered.     3.  That  it  may  be  brought  aboat 

by  a  stnnig  impnasion  nf  danger,  the  appreheiMion  of  a  dreadfnl 

pumihment,  at  the  anticipation  of  certain  death.    And  4.  That 

.    when  it  etUta,  it  does  not  long  survive  tbe  extinction  of  life. 

I  a/the  Egi. — A  teoaciouB  glairy  mucos  on  the  corjunc- 
1,  earning;  ■  Ioh  of  tranaparency  in  tbe  eye,  and  a  collapsed 
■  nd  minkled  comea,  are  among  tbe  beet  and  eailieat  of  the  trivial 
IS  of  death.  But  they  are  not  concluure  ]  for,  on  the  one 
1,  tbe  conjunctiva  may  be  invested  by  a  miicona  Sim  and  the 
eye  may  Iom  i(a  briiliincy  in  tbe  living,  nnd,  on  tho  otlicr  hand, 
In  death  Irom  apoplrxg,  cariontc  add,  and  pruiric  and,  the  eyea 
nay  omitinne  brilliant  and  prominent  for  a  long  time.  Putre- 
hction,  too,  or  a  ferment  introdnced  into  the  stomach,  by  dis- 
tenifing  the  bod;  with  gaa,  rends  blood  la  the  head,  and  makes 
lb*  ejea  brilUant  and  prominent.     (Nyateu.) 

Stat*  «f  tht  alin. — Pallor,  owing  to  absence  of  circuhition  j 
Utid  (fucoIlKii'iDM,  doe  to  the  anbildence  of  the  blood ;  and 
Ion  tftlcHicilg,  have  been  mentioned  among  the  slgvia  of  dcaiU. 


i 

I 


KUL  AXn  irtAEXXt  BUTK. 

nd  be  abnot  m  M«an]  S 


«  KBhrMoc  Snd,  BBd  tban  k 


of  the  bo4;.     Bat  iM  of  iliililily  k  k  nOoaUe  ^i^ 
*ci7  carij  dnJBped. 

£rtiw*>M>  <  JbtcmUr  inritoWi^.— Thk  lot  aw  Cnt 
tiiMedb;N;alc(i;«aliiB«rtaangnafdeatli.  U>' 
bna  nd  tMtBd  b;  pmuttate  or  b]F  tb  ^ 
DO  coDlnrtka,  tbe  104;  >•  d<^i  bM  it* 
iwirf  other  rf  Efc<wwwnt  itwH  BoMatbd  hw  nvtMlj 
Toailcd  it  bothHao^  oTdntKaDd  umncu*  ofdcbn 
i^  HiiamJMtinlj  tb«  *rte  c<  the  deatk.  Be  itatc*  Ibtt 
electric  ciataliE^  aaj  eooliaaa  tbite  boon  after  death, 
the  notatafily  cuti,  it  tnfiatei  eithtr  &£■  or  ranat  dfatfc  j 
it  fbond  toeut  tman  than  ten  boon  after  life  ia  nf^ae» 
be  otiMt.  tt  iadkalaa  iti  fniatwim  Bj  lUe  method 
mat  death  hrtj-ttmr  Inan  aft« 


Aau^  the  trirlal  a^nB  ef  death,  the  lenre  of  tb*r  thaab 

aooB  the  poha  of  Ibe  band  h^  be  BeatiaBed.     It  eiw 

tUa  podlkD  hOa*  adnnie  rigifl;  temm  (^  bat  it  ia  uaabr^ 
eaaitnettd  dariag  Bfr  in  eattin  i^aBBeAe  aT    ' 

Till  fie  1^1  «i.  Hgne  do  not  Mppl}'  the  ■ 


t,  ii>apart.ar  ia  th*  « 
vMe  hodf.  nn  berans  nbL  Bmh  the  e 
«Uhtlbt>dMtbi  and  *>«a  the  tntend  perU  CDuI  do«B.'M  k 
4««»  ^thtfMldaiM  of  the  breath  i  aadu  Iiagtb,  »hn  liic  ie 
«MMt,  enn  part  bcnoa  mU.     Bot  ea.  eo  the  oa*  bu^ 


h  tbe  lulf  lAan  p 


1  the  other,  after  ntibn  and  liotaM 
•iih  it*  faMl  nfj  •k-l;.  the  tatae  at 
aaa^ahui  natanlka  of  brat.  «ilk. 
OulMjaU-rr  ^  <rf  B6^  bla  alao  bora  «hMrt^  lo  lak*  |lMi 
'       '     \hj  ckiteai  u4  Mr.  Sana;  bm  ehTaB  iktf  '«  ■ 


0»  THE  BOUT. 


343 


d  dug  Idlled  bj  (tnrrtuiii,  the  tcmperatari!  rose  one  or 
M  *A<T  life  WW  eitinct. 

liBCtioo   of  auiaial  heat  ■  gnre  m<»m   of  ile- 
leof  dmtbi  Tor  the  rate  of  cooling  of  tie  bodj- 
igc,  the  ODM  of  dejtii,  the  treatioent  of  the 
w  tUt«  of  the  ■un»pbeni ;  bo  thnt  Che  period 
f  Tirj  from  two  or  tliree  boura  lo  Sfleeii  or  twenty, 
I  extend  to  apmrdi  at  Gwr  ikj s. 
i  uoU  ilowlir  when  cloUied  niid  eipoaed  to  s  wttrm, 
B,  qiuekl;  nben  eipneed  naked  to  ■  draft  of  cold 
■  with  It*  bnt  more  ipeedlly  in  water  than  in  air. 
ii  «m1  dentfa  bj  hKoirirrhnge  or  clmmic  Uiseiun, 
idiiig;   jootb  uul  rienur,  corpoleaee,  aud   acate 
'j  death  retard  it.      In  peraona  dying  of  the  aame 
animal  heat  la,  «rtn-u  paribHi,  oa  the 
k  which  it  pnnea  fatal.     In  chroiiic  dUeitei,  the 
t*  wfUi  noA  of  ita  heat  durini;  lifr. 

It  medico>legiI  vian  wLidi  have  Intclj  occurred 
r.  iseo,  Doidge.  Uuxltivr  the  Sweep,  and  Jeasa 
t,  1862),  Irara  ■howD  the  necvaait/  of  eumioing  thia 
■•  daelj,  with  a  view,  if  pooaible,  of  determining  the 
ling  of  the  dead  bod;r.  and  the  time  of  death.  Ac- 
r  Dn.  Taylor  and  Wilka  bare  recorded  a  lerie*  of 
I  on  bodiea  tranaferred  traai  the  warda  of  Gny'a 
^Ib*  daod-booM.  Ont  of  100  obaenatlons  m  made,  TO 
a  philoaopbical  incjoirj,  and  the  Tacti,  when  aub- 
il  eiomiDation  and  iinalyaii,  are  found  to  jield 
e  mdta.  The  bodie*  when  lemorod  from  the 
I  dead-hoaae,  were  platied  in  on  open  ahell,  and 
a  aliitt,  ahitt,  or  ibL-et;  and  trom  the  tiuie  of 
ad-honae  the  terapfratore  of  the  akin  of  the 
nained  at  varioiia  auecVHive  inurvala,  by  the 
I  ooDiplete  ohaerratioua,  recording  the  tenipe- 
t  tbe  vonb  and  di«d-bauae,  oa  well  m  of  tlie  body,  mid 
r  llw  pniod  from  Febronry  to  Jane,  IB63,  gnve 
a  range  (ruoi  BO"  Ui  6B°  Falir.,  and  fur  the  dead- 
W  fM«B  3^  l«  fii^.  Though  aeveral  of  the  DbatrvdClooa 
■I  to  IVOB  16  le  so  boon,  the  body,  in  t»  oec,  fell  to  tlie 
«  of  tb*  oir.  the  uearfat  approach  to  it  being  in  the 
a  giri  Bt.  19.  who  died  uf  plilhuiia,  and  in  whoiD  lb  honra 
W  dtalh  the  temperature  of  tlia  body  bad  tkllen  lo  S^  ,  l\int 
"  "  " '  a>  bnng  48".  It  ii  tlair,  Ihon,  that  the  cooUnR 
a  wbta  eormd  oalj  ly  e  ainfflu  layvr  Ol   vMa,\\ 


V  piocrm,  Mud  t 


9M  DEAL   *ND   APPAIIEST  DEATH. 

dot hed,  or  in  bed,  and  id  *  room  of  roodent«  tampentiira.  it 
would  be  anmAonabte  to  rapwt  the  cooling  of  the  bod;  till  Iba 
UpM  of  upwurdi  of  2i  boura  at  tlie  very  \eaat.  It  dq^  iko 
to  be  unilentood  Clint  tbo  ttnuperature  of  the  bod;^,  when  Ant 
ascettAined  two  lioura  after  death,  in  18  instances  prowuled  ■ 
maiimum  of  88°,  »  miDimum  of  76°,  and  a  mean  of  aSP;  (ks 
that  on  an  average  the  rato  of  cooling  ii  about  one  degree  ptr 
boar.  If  then,  in  uij  case,  we  auiime  the  teniperataia  of  tbt 
abdomen  at  death  to  have  been  90°,  and  the  temperatora  of  At 
■if  60'',  it  would  not  be  reasonable  U>  expect  the  tempentOM  af 
the  abdomen  to  have  fallen  to  that  of  the  air  till  the  lapae  flf  at 
least  30  boura.  Theae  Btatcments  nre  the  result  of  an  am^ai 
which  we  have  made  of  the  facta  contained  in  tlie  tablea,'  Stt 
theto  facta  and  inferences  must  be  applied  to  iBdlTidnal  omcb 
with  great  cnution  ;  tor  not  only  have  wa  erery  varietj  of  ome 
of  death  (both  disease  and  accident),  hut  an  unuaiial  eipomra  of 
the  body;  and  a  rate  of  cooling,  which  thongh  on  an  arerage 
about  a  degree  an  hoar,  wai  in  some  caaca  as  low  as  }°,  and  in 
othera  HI  high  as  2^,  3°,  or  even  *". 

Bj  Bxtrsoting  from  the  tables  the  case*  of  death  by  « 
right  in  number,  asaaming  the  rute  of  cooling  from  the  p 
death  to  the  date  of  the  first  observation  to  Ildtc  been  eqnal  to 
thlt  nibuiiUGntly  ascertained,  and  disregarding  the  oscertallMd 
t«inpetatnra  of  the  dead-house,  I  bare  oblAined  the  following 
fljprei  as  applicable  to  death  by  violence,  followed  by  free  t\- 
posnre  of  the  body  to  the  air  with  a  single  light  covering : — 
average  temperature  of  abdomen  at  dcatli,  83°;  range  of  teinpe- 
ratnre  of  abdomen  at  death,  79°— 89°;  rate  of  cooling  per  hour, 
aboot  1",  or  Bpproiimalively  13°  in  11  hours,  Tliese  are  the 
ntoaTprecUc  data  wo  now  potoess  appUcahle  to  cases  of  violent 
death;  and  we  cannot  approilmalc  nearer  to  the  truth  than  bj 
aMoming  a  temperature  ut  deatb  of  83°,  and  a  rate  of  cooling 
per  hoar  of  more  thin  one  degree  if  the  body  is  eipoecd,  or  les* 
tban  one  degree  if  it  is  clothed. 

The  nse  of  the  thermometer  may  be  very  properly  imisted  on 
in  everj  case,  na  much  more  satisfactory  than  the  senrationa  of 
the  nbiervcr:  and  it  is  not  to  be  doubted  that  very  incorrect 
inferences  nmj  be  drawn  from  the  sensation  of  cold  at  imparted 
lo  the  band  of  an  observer  on  touching  the  hands  or  feet,  the 
nose  or  ears,  of  a  corpse  rwentlj  dead.  A  moii  must  have  little 
eiperience  of  living  bodies  who  docs  not  know  what  a  senntion 

•  'On  the  Cooling  of  tht  Hamm  Boflj  airr  Dwilh,-  Bj  I>r.  Alfttd  8. 
TMjIot  and  IM.  WUtoi '  Maft  HoiBlltl  a«vort»;  Ol\.  V«a,v.  W*. 


S4S 


le  after  Ufa 


Vf  icy  coldnMSmay  be  imparted  to  the  warm   baud  hj  c 
>l4th  tbe  linnds  or  feet  of  another. 

Ciulaptric  r^idilg — Bigor  nmrlit. — Fo 
a  sppureuUy   oitjuct,  tbe  miuclea  contiiv 
{timuUtod.     The  eiCreme  daratjon  of  thin  irrituUlity, 
tte  moKlee  of  TOlnntary  niotion.  does   not  exceed  tvo 

;  Bud  wben  it  ceawa,  caduTBnc  rigiditj  sets  in.  Tlie  ex- 
MrimBtit«of  Valpianand  BrowD-S^qiurd  abaw  tbat  this  irrita- 
Xolity  of  the  muicles  Uita  laager  in  a  low  temperature  thilii  iu  a 
fctgher  one  t  >nd  the  kit-oamoj  aothor  proved  by  cipcrjmeat 
'bat  both  the  contnctlllty  of  the  mnules  miglil  be  restored,  and 
■*  ligiiUly  of  the  corpse  be  destroyed  for  a  time  by  injecting  de- 
ed arterial  blood,  or  aerated  venooi  blood,  into  the  vesKlsi* 

^ it  the  rigor  mortis  may  be  hastened  by  ethunsting  the 

ttiiUnlity  of  tbe  mosclee  by  powerful  and  repeated  galvanic 
Hioclu. 

Thii  pbenomenon  occurs  in  ail  chuses  of  Koimolg  alike,  and  is 
^ba  Hnt  certaio  evidence  of  death.  It  malies  its  appearance 
ijoag  before  the  body  haa  cooled,  and  commcnL-ea  in  those  pnrtii 
rihat  low  their  heat  the  latest  It  mxj  even  set  in  before  the 
llwart  hat  eeaiad  to  beat  On  the  other  hand,  it  may  be  delayed 
t»Ofity-four  hours  or  more  1  and  it  may  lust  fori  few  minutes  or 
Jbr  aereral  days,  or  even  as  long  as  two  or  three  weeks.  Its 
1a  in  the  musciss,  and  it  is  dao  to  the  Eoagnlation  of  the 
ie  plaaiDa,  and  the  formatioD  of  myoHO,  or  muscle  fihrin. 

..ag  M  the  moaclei  remain  entire,  the  lia:ibt  eontinue  iu- 

flluble.  tuteiB  great  force  be  used;  bat  when  they  are  cut  or 
Ikmii  Ibe  rigidity  c«ues.  It  takea  ptacu  in  all  positions  of  the 
ilniik  tud  limbs,  without  cbanging  those  positions.  It  shows  . 
nwir  snceessively  io  the  muscles  of  the  bock,  of  the  bead  and  < 
lotrer  jan>.  iu  those  of  the  face,  in  those  of  the  neck  and  chest,  | 
la  tbe  utDS,  in  tho  tegs :  and  it  disappears  nearly  io  the  same  I 
OTderj  the  nuscles  of  the  lower  eitremity  oflen  remaining  rigid  j 
when  those  of  tlie  tmnk  and  upper  extremity  havo  rennmed  thor  • 
U  'jUate  of  rdaxHtiDn.  It  is  entirely  ind^ieadeiit  of  the  nervous 
fftam,  for  it  comes  on  after  the  uerves  have  ceaaed  to  be  excited 
jr  tb«  galvanic  fluid.  Adiviaon  of  the  nerves,  even  the  removiil 
if  tbe  brain,  doe*  not  prevent  it ;  and  in  death  from  npoplciy  or 
■  I,  the  paralysed  limb  is  affected  in  the  samo  way,  and 
Qe  Mtent,  as  the  sound  one.  It  is  strongly  markud 
n  luoscolar  sulrjeots,  and,  as  a  general  rule,  it 
it  seta  in  late.  In  death  by  lingering  diseasea, 
■  Btf  Brnnaft  Cuanh  Intom  on  ' Life  sad  Death'  fur  tmftui  fiuta  cllvd  la 


I 
f 


I 


KEAL  AND  4PPABEHT  DBATH, 


killed  kts^H 
mtucijlar  Coli- 


0  hoiira. 
■ninttla  OTer-driveo  or  haiited  to  death, 
&  battlo,  and  in  perioiM  eitiiuitad  by  cnnTalniani  (Sarorjr). 
mn;  even  set  in  iminedlatelj  after  deatb,  so  that  mtucijlar 
traction  pasaea  into  the  conilition  of  miucular  rigiditj,  witliont 
the  occnrrenoe  of  an  intermediate  itsge  of  relBxalion.  This  con- 
dition bu  been  termed  '  cadaveric  spasm."  The  Ki»*ni  of 
■trjrchnia  poisoning  ii  siud  to  para  thai  directly  into  eadiverio 
rigidity,  though  Mine  recngaiw  ■  abort  intervnl  of  n'UxatioD. 
It  is  not  an  unusual  occurrence  in  cases  of  violent  and  sudden 
death,  especially  where  there  lia»  been  great  nervouB  excitement. 
It  has  been  apecinlly  obiierved  in  some  ciues  of  death  in  battle, 
in  which  the  very  attitude  and  eipresHon  at  the  moment  of 
death  are  retained,  and  weapons  are  found  grasped  in  the  hand. 
And  as  the  soldier  will  he  tbnnd  grasping  bia  rttle  in  tbe  act  of 
taking  aim,  wo  will  the  suicide  or  murdered  penoD  be  found 
olatching  tbe  object  ho  held  tbe  moment  before.  Thia  fact  ia  of 
great  importance  in  a  medico-l^nl  point  of  view.  Thai,  n  ramr 
or  pistol  found  firmly  grasped  in  the  hand  of  a  dead  man  vogld 
aObrd  a  strong  presumption  of  suicide.  It  could  not  be  saceen- 
ftilly  imitated  by  a  mnrderer.  The  cause  of  tbia  sadden  trann- 
tioD  of  spasm  into  cadaveric  rigidity  is  not  tatiafactorQy  mada 
out.  On  the  other  hand,  in  death  by  acate  inflammation  of  the 
itomoch  or  viscera,  by  irriliint  piHsona,  whether  mineral,  vtge- 
table,  or  aerial  (provided  tboy  exert  no  apeci6c  inSuenee  on  tbe 
eontrat-tlle  powers  of  the  muscles),  tbe  rigidity  is  for  the  most 
part  slow  in  making  its  appearance,  strongly  developed,  and  laita 
for  a  considerable  time.  After  death  from  cholera  rigidity  is  mid 
to  oDmmence  very  early,  and  to  last  four  or  Hvc  days. 
alow  in  showing  itself  in  death  from  apoplexy,  lunno; 
wounds  of  the  heiirt,  decapitation.  Injury  of  the  spinal  ma) 
and  asphyxia.  lis  dumtion  in  poisoning  by  carbonic  acid  is 
considerable,  and  in  one  case  Nysten  found  that  it 
seven  days.  On  the  other  bond,  in  poisoning  by  sulpliuretted 
hydrogen,  rigidity  doea  not  occur;  and  Caiper  alleges  that  it 
other  does  not  tjike  place  after  narcotic  poiaoning,  or  las ta  a  veij 
short  time.  It  is  iligbtly  developed,  and  of  short  continoance, 
in  tbe  new-bom  inbnt.  A  low  temperatore,  and  recent  indul- 
gence in  spirits,  are  mentioned  by  Casper  as  bronrable  to  ths 
paraistenoe  of  cadaveric  rigidity ;  and  in  thou  cases  where  it 
laaU  longest  be  has  (bund  it  to  coexist  with  patraflictive  cbaogM, 
— ('  Handbook,'  vol.  i.  p.  CO.) 


itiD^^H 


B  CADAVEBIC  UTICTTl'.  !17 

CWhTBric  rigiditj  cannot  be  mistakun  Tor  the  stiffness  caused 
by  inteiue  cold,  nor  for  any  other  conclitioa  of  the  dead  body. 

The  muoular  rigiditj  present  during  lift;  in  saoh  diseases  as   i 
catalepsy  and  tetiiau',  is  readily  distinguUlicd  from  csdnvoric 
rigiditir  by  forcibly  bending  thelimb:  if  due  loa  litid  coatractlon, 
it  rciumes  its  portion,  which  docs  not  happen  in  tbe  rigidity  at  J 
dealh. 

Ri^dity,  then,  is  a  certain  sign  of  death,  and  not  to  be  con- 
founded  with  any  state  of  the  living  body,  and  as  it  sBpervenes 
ftlter  the  eitincliim  of  mnscnlar  irritability,  it  is  a  sure  indication 
of  the  hopelsasness  of  attempts  at  nanscitatiDn. 

Coiiaerrie  Lieidifif,  or  Sypoitiuii. — lliis,  too,  is  an  inriillible 
•igii  of  death,  not  requiring  to  be  distiDgoished  from  any  condition 
I  af  tbe  living  body. 

In  the  interval  bitween  tbe  citinction  of  life  and.  the  com- 

Deneement  of  palrernction,  tbe  body  foils  more  and  more  under 

r  tlie  influence  of  physicnl  laws.     The  tkin  loses  its  olastidty,  and 

ts  ArmuesB,  and  tlie  blood,  which  nas  equally  diatrihuteil 

I   tlirough  the  body,  now  gravitates  towards  the  most  depending 

irU.      Beno)  tlm  pslenesa  of  some  parts  and  the  deep  violet 

lit  of  others,  the  discoloration  of  tbe  occiput  and  back,  and  of 

e  lowsat  lying  parts  of  tbe  intestines,  lung>,  and  brain.     There 

■coloarcd  patches  begin  to  form,  on  the  average,  in  from  8  to 

i  hoars  after  death.    Tbe  seat  of  the  lividity  Is  determined  hj 

le  poaturs  of  the  body,  so  that  if  it  be  placed  on  the  face,  it  will 

I  'Donipy  the  anterior  part  of  the  body  and  of  tbe  viscera.     If  again, 

I  aner  disrolorations  have  formed  on  the  back,  the  body  be  turned 

I  while  stilt  warm,  and  before  the  blood  has  coagulated,  tbey  will 

■  Jiwppenr.     These  diicotorutions  are  often  very  extensive,   and 

1  vhen  the  body  lies  on  a  cmooth  snrbce,  nnifonn  in  tint ;  but  if 

I  the  tnriiKe    is    uneven,   the    disculorations   are  interrupted  and 

I  faregolar.     Tbe  pressure  of  tbe  clothes  prodnces  the  same  efiect ; 

I  ao  that  a  atrele>s  observer  might  mistake  tbe  marks  of  clolhea 

I  Ihftened  ronnd  tbe  neck  for  tbe  effect  of  strangulation,  or  isolated 

I  pttchea  for  severe  bruiics. 

1       The  extent  and  amount  of  discoloration  are  proportioned  to  tbe 

I  foanlity  of  the  blood,  so  that  its  prevalence  through  the  whole 

I    body  indicates  a  general  falness  of  the  vascular  system,  and  rice 

•rriif.    Sodden  death,  unattended  by  low  of  blond,  is  characteriied 

by  eitennTe  lividity  ;  but  lividity  is  not  al^ent  even  in  cases  of 

death  from  bmiuMTbage. 

This  mbsideuce  of  tbe  blood  explains  the  diminished  intennty 
I  of  colour  in  parts  which  had  been  tbe  seat  of  the  less  severe  and 
^  non*  iiSate  fbrma  oC  inOamniatioD.     Bat  tbe  appetnnoa  ^to- 


I 


SIS  REAL   AND   AFFARBXT   DEATH. 

doced  by  mcfa  amt«  inflammation  lu  foIk>ira  hanu 
blistera,  and  itrong  fTictioii,  and  the  action  of  the  more  r 
UTitant  pouoni  oa  the  intenml  paHA,  are  pcmuaeat,  ■ 
diatincl  in  the  dead  bodf  • 

I  Cadaveric  liiidity  must  oat  be  mistaken  for  ecchj 
1  eitravaaliini  into  the  ciitanemu  titcues.  the  mult  of  iijaj.  1 
I  The;  are  eaiil;  diitinguiahod  from  each  other  by  making  u  I 
tineiaioD  into  the  diieolonrcd  tpot.  In  hypotlaui  tkc  cnt  sm  * 
jwill  exhibit  a  lev  puHcia  crvrnta,  or  blixidy  points,  which  ai 
lopni  moatha  oT  naall  blood-veiaelB.  while  in  eeebymaoB  the 
anil  be  found  diffused  into  the  cutHncoui  tiisaet. 

A*  hypoatui*  con«iBt<  >iui[i1y  in  the  graritittion  of  the  blood, 
whether  extenuilly  in  the  ikin.  or  ioternally  in  the  viacera,  it  i> 
of  importaiioe  that  tbi>  vuKularity  of  the  internal  parti  ihould 
not  be  miatalien  for  the  tigm  of  iudamraation.  Mistukea  of  tliit 
Idnd  have  been  maile  in  reference  lo  the  brain,  lungi,  and 
intertinal  canal. 

In  Gonneiion  with  this  subject  of  the  luhridence  at  the  blood, 
it  will  be  neceanry  to  notice  the  foogulation  and  ccmieqiMit 
wpaiation  of  the  eonstituenta  of  the  blood  which  takes  platwaAw 
death.  Thii  subject  was  ably  treated  by  Sir  Jimce  Paget,  in  ■ 
paper  published  many  yean  nnce.*  He  there  abows  that  tiw 
blood  contained  in  any  cavity  or  tcskI  of  the  body  at  the  tima  rf 
death,  rosgoLites  as  it  would  do  if  drawn  into  a  bann,  or  ottNT 
Teasel,  daring;  life ;  that  the  part  of  tbe  blood  which  occnpiea  Iba 
bigbeat  position  in  the  body,  like  the  bnffy  mat  of  inSammatka 
*  luod  drawn  during  life,  is  leiut  coloured,  and  that  whidi  Vet 
St  the  mosti  that  such  highest  portion  may  lie  like  a  nearly 
urleas  jelly,  wliile  the  lowest  has  a  deep  blue  or  blnck  colour ; 
that  this  port-mortem  separatJon  is  distiagoishable  from  ainuhtr 
aeparations  during  Ufe,  inasmncli  as  the  Utter  adhere  in  lajen 
(as  in  tlie  sac  of  an  aneurism)  to  the  containing  cavity  or  veasel ; 
■nd  lastly,  tlut,  in  most  osca,  the  blood  does  not  congnlate  in 
the  body  till  the  lapic  of  tVom  four  to  sii.  eight,  or  more  Loon, 
but  yet  coa^lates  within  a  few  minutes  of  being  let  out  of  tha 
veawls.  Sir  James  farther  shows  that  these  phenomena  of  posl- 
mort«ni  ooagutatioD  may  have  a  pmctical  application  in  deter> 
mining  the  postnre  in  which  the  body  wns  left  for  some  time 
alter  death  ;  and  he  give*  in  illustration  the  case  of  n  man  riffer- 
ing  from  eicessivc  dyspncea,  who  died  sitUiig  up  with  hi*  head 
mling  on  bis  knees,  and  so  remained  for  three  or  four  hours 
after  death.     The  relative  position  of  the  constituents  of  the 


3  tbe  Cosvulatioi 
riJ.  p.  fl». 


of  the  BlDod  alter  Death ; '  LoaaoD  Medical  Gaii 


_  ik,  the  emet  rerene  of  that  ninally  obrerTed.  joBtified  the 

opinion  eipmud  before  the  fat-ts  of  the  caw  were  kuown  to 

r  Jouin,  that  the  bodj  had  not  b<ieD  laid  out  jn  the  aaviul 

B««idi9  tbe*e  diacotoratiaiu  cuuiied  by  the  blaodwhi«li  foUowa 

e  eoone  of  the  vevehi,  there  are  otben  due  to  truisurlBtiou. 

Wine  the  parts  in  contact  with  the  gBll-hladdBr  are  deeply  tinged 

iritb  bile ;   uid  the  eye  ihrints  from  the  tmngndatioa  of  the 

■ijueoiu  hooiour. 

Pulrefaetian. — The  chrODOlogical  aeqnence  of  the  phennmena 
cbaracterLilic  of  putrefkctioii,  both  cit«rnnlly  nnd  intornally,  hu 
'  lutoly  described  by  Ciisper,  and  may  alTord  lomu  indica- 
tion of  the  time  that  haa  etapaed  «nce  death. 

External  phfiomeHa.—The  Bnt  lign  in  point  of  time  is  the 
well-known  greeniab  ducoloration  of  the  abitoiDen.  This  may 
take  place  in  (rom  one  to  three  da^t  after  death.  Within  ihe 
le  period  the  eyeball  becomai  soft,  and  yielda  to  the  preunre 
tbe  finger.  After  three  to  Jlre  daye  the  green  coloration 
hu  become  deeper,  and  spread  orcr  the  catire  abdomen,  inch). 
of  the  geuitala,  on  which  the  coloor  ia  of  a  dtrty  brown, 
peen  appearanco.  At  the  aaaie  time  liLrgc  or  small  patches  of 
gnen  begin  to  make  their  appearance  on  other  parts,  p.irticuljrly 
OD  die  hack,  the  lower  ettremities,  the  neck,  and  ildct  of  the 
(dicst.  Ga*  i>  developed  in  the  abdomen,  and  in  consequence  a 
qnaotity  of  bloody  froth  begins  to  exude  from  tbe  month  end 
Id  about  eight  to  ten  dnye  the  discoloration  baa  become 
r.  and  tbe  strong  odonr  of  pntrefHCtion  is  well  developed. 
The  abdomen  is  distended  with  gs*.  The  cornea  hai  fallen  in 
oncave.  The  sphincter  aoi  ii  relBied.  In  certain 
jMrti  of  tbe  body  the  cntaneons  reins  are  seen  as  red  cotdi  in  the 
nidit  of  patches  of  paler  ooloor.  fiiurlem  to  twealy  daj/i  aller 
death,  the  body  has  become  greenish-brown  throughout.  Tbe 
vtHdermis  has  become  raised  and  peeled  off  io  palirhes,  Tbe 
and  thorax  are  blown  up.  Tbe  cellular  tissue  is  like- 
Inflated,  so  that  the  body  has  a  gigantic  uppearance.  The 
ires  arc  completely  oblitented.  Tlio  penis  is  enormously 
.#wonen.  Tbe  nails  are  loose  and  cnsily  ditachid.  The  hair  ia 
•1m  1uas«  and  easily  pulled  out. 

The  iDbseqaent  progress  of  the  pntrcfactire  changes  is  very 
ariable,  acoording  to  the  tempeintnre  and  the  medium  in  which 
IB  body  lies.  This  hct  is  recognised  by  Caiper,  who  states  that 
body  tti  odriuicnl  in  putrrfiiction,  "at  the  expiration  of  one 

I  wilb  certainty  be  diitinguishcd  from  one  (ea' 
iribtu)  U  the  endof  3-S  months." 


350  EBAL  AND  APFAKBKT  DBATD.  ^^H 

Theont  stage  ia  thiit  of  CuUiqaalive  Puirrfaelion.  ^^^^ 

Tlie  thorax  and  ubdainen  have  bnrst  open.  The  nitartB  of 
the  ikuU  jiuld.  TliB  orbit*  ate  empty,  and  the  tiasDc*  gencmllj 
have  lic|ii(:Sed,  and  Ufl  the  bonus  ripaaed.  TlieH  ultimately 
separate  tnna  destrndion  of  the  ligamenta. 

Infental. — The  inttmal  changes  Best  maniTest  themaelvei  in 
the  moooui  membrane  of  the  larynx  and  trachea,  which,  in  from 
3-B  dajs  in  summar,  and  6-8  day*  in  winter,  becomes  of  a  dirtj 
cherrjred  or  brawniBli-r^d  coloar,  and  nltiniately  an  olive-greea. 

The  varions  nrgaiis  putrefy  with  diflerent  degreei  of  rapidity. 

The  atomach  putrefies  at  an  carljr  period.  In  tioai/bTir  ta 
til  dnya  after  death  dirty-red  patches  appear  on  the  poaterior 
VfuU,  and  gradually  exleodover  the  whole  interior.  The  mnootu 
membrnno  becomes  soft  and  pulpy.  These  changes  are  soue- 
tiuira  mietulieu  for  tlie  etTects  of  corrosiie  poisoDs. 

Neit  follow  the  intcstiaea ;  then  the  apleenj  after  this,  Uie 
liver,  which,  however,  mny  reranin  firm  snii  compart  for  aome 
months  after  death.  Futrefdction  commencca  with  a  green 
eolonr  in  the  diaphragmalic  anrface.  Tlio  bnun  follows  next. 
It  collnpies  after  death,  and  putrefaction  commences  in  the  line 
of  the  vesaeli,  from  withoat  inwirdi,  proceeding  from  the  beae. 
In  lao  io  Ihree  weeks  it  Iwoamea  qnite  diffluent.  The  brain  ef 
children,  however,  is  the  first  organ  to  be  destroyed  by  pntrehe- 
tion.  The  henrt  and  Inngs  rcaat  putrefaction  for  n  long  period, 
nnd  traces  of  disease  arc  distjnipiiabahle  in  them  long  alter  other 
organs  are  quite  decomposed.  Orlila  detected  pneumonia  37, 
and  signs  of  pBrirarditi*  &7  days  nfterdeath.  The  kidneys  raslat 
patrefaction  for  a  long  time;  the  bUdder,  the  osophsgns,  anil 
pancreas  remain  still  longer.  Hie  diaphragm  may  be  lUatin- 
gaished  even  after  four  to  sii  months. 

The  otems  rctists  putrefaction  longest  of  all.  It  still  remaliu 
comparatitely  fit  for  eiamination  when  all  the  other  organs  ar* 
far  beyond  that  stHte.  It  cnahlea  us  to  distinguish  the  eei  oiler 
the  complete  ileatraction  of  all  the  other  soft  parts. 

Cas|«r  nilatea  a  case  where  afar  aiotilii  nfler  death  the  uterus 
woa  found  in  a  lit  itate  for  ciami nation,  so  that  he  could  antwoF 
the  question  whether  the  deceased  were  pregnant  at  the  time, 
and  this  after  all  the  other  vitcera  were  completely  gone,  and  the 
bonn  almost  arparated  from  each  other  hy  the  process  of  cnlU- 
quativii  pnlrefactinn. 

3/adifieolieiu  qf  tht  Futrrfaftive  Froctn. — I .  Ssponillcatian 
— Adipoccrc — Instead  of  passing  through  the  rnriouB    stages 
ahora  described,  the  lisfnea  mny  become  snponitied,  and  be  H 
KerteU  into  ibc  sahstance   known   us  adipocere,      Thb  W" 


d  Ur^I 


I 


PDTBE  FACTION.       ASIFOCEBE. 


asi 


lilT  tnnifonnntioD  of  dead  bodie*  wm  tirat  obscived  by  Four- 
cmy,  at  the  end  oT  the  lut  rcnturr,  during  t)ie  temaval  of 
bodies  from  the  Cemcti^rc  dc*  lonoceiu  at  Paris.  Adipocere  has 
an  appeanare  ioUmiediale  l^tween  fat  and  »n>,  and  hcuce  the 
nune  giTBn  lo  it.  It  ii  a  while  or  browoigh,  >ofl,  nnctuons  sab. 
■lance,  which  becomei  lighter  and  harder  when  dried.  It  con- 
idlta  of  a  Bliidn  of  fiitty  acid  with  ammonia,  ao  an  to  farni  an 
mmmonia^  ntap.  Occuionallj  the  aDHDoniacal  btue  may  be  re- 
placed l>v  calcium,  bo  a«  to  form  a  lime  aoap.  Thi*  occur*  espe- 
eiaU}  in  calcoreoiu  aoila,  aod  Doder  the  influence  of  watvr  oon- 
tainiiig  ■  large  proportion  of  lime  taltM.  It  is  aoppoBed  to  be 
Ibrmed  by  tlie  union  of  the  ammonia  given  off  by  the  decompori- 
tion  of  the  Uonei  with  the  htly  acida  of  the  decomposing  Tnta. 

There  ii  no  trace  of  ttmcture  in  ftilly  formed  adipocpre. 
though  fngments  of  unsaponiGed  liuue  may  be  mixed  with  it. 
II  remain!  for  many  jean  nnchanged. 

The  fbmution  of  udipocece  depends  on  the  presence  of  fat; 
and  hence  it  i*  found  more  particularly  in  the  fatter  parts  of  the 
body,  and  mora  readily  the  fatter  the  body.  The  bodies  of  chil- 
il«n  undergo  the  trauaformatiun  into  adipui'ora  more  ooailj  than 
of  idolt*. 

neceasarj  for  saponificaHon.  The 
only  takes  place  in  bodies  which  have  been  lying  in  water 
damp  soil.  The  time  required  for  saponification  of  a  body 
filed  rales  c»n  bo  laid  down  r^ard- 
rungty  supposed  tliat  a  period  of  thirty 
M;essary  to  causa  the  traiuromiation.  Devergie 
le  year  ia  rceesaary  to  came  the  taponiecation  of  a 
\j  lying  in  waler,  and  aWut  three  years  if  it  is  buried  in  a 
Dp  aoL  Casper  thinks  that  the  farmation  of  adipoeere  ia  not 
ily  to  OtOTlr  to  any  considcrahlB  eitent  in  leu  liian  three  to 
water  or  half  a  year  in  moist  earth,  though  it 
ly  hi*e  commenced  at  a  mocb  earlier  period.  In  souie  cases 
may  be  oUened  in  the  space  of  five  weeks  in  bodies  Boating 
niter  (Taylor). 

Rarely  doea  the  violr  body  bceome  saponified  j  but  many 
exatnplea  of  this  complete  tmntformution  were  found  among  the 
large  number  of  bodies  disinterred  while  Inyiug  the  foundations 
of  King'a  Collrge  Honpit 

■     jlhcr  condition  .   _         ^    

Instead   of  undergoing 

m  wlBqiiatiTa  putreAictian,  or  becoming  sapoidfied,  the  body  may 

IB  dried  up  or  mummiflpJ.     The  name  lufllcieiilly  indicates 


I 


r  eertain   perulUr 


>1. 
nulher  condition  nf  the   body  may   mult 


W  appesrauco  which  the  body  u 


.   The  whole  body  becomes 


I  I  HI       iir*— fct 


<^  1^  j«&*  kaaAi  Ai'aun  it^rsx  miib  or  anote  potn- 
>  ■&«««(.     A  T^  nmM  jtf  «>r  kH  tke  WW  cfcct  bj 


>>«ik«,  t«  raUi^iC  enponCiaa  a>  IcB  thu  bf 


Aeet*t  of  Air. — Thattlie  preunce  oT  atmospheric  nir  promotes 
palnJactimi  ia  bIiowd  bj  the  clow  deielopiuent  of  ^gaa  tluit  take* 
place  wben  blood  or  flab  U  introdooed  into  ■  veeel  throagh 
tncnmr^r,  to  m  to  eicloile  nil  the  air  which  iloea  not  attach  to  tha 
■obatance  introduced;  aba,  on  tiie  other  band,  b;  the  preservation 
I  of  Bob  in  atmoapberes  not  containiug  oij-geo,  Boch  aa  bydrogen 
nd  nitrogen  ;  leas  completely  in  ntmospherea  in  which  oi_vf;en  is 
Dhemically  comUned  Mith  lome  other  ^na,  na  in  carbonie  acidand 
Hntroiu  a^  ;  oUo  in  atmoapberei  Itllcd  with  vapoan  that  abtorb 
DBJgen,  iDch  u  turpentine.  Oijgen,  tnkeu  aepiiBtclj,  promotca 
t  pBtrefiictioii  more  than  an;  other  gas,  but  when  comtntied  with 
tftrogen,  si  in  the  stmosphere,  it*  actiiit;  is  greatly  incTesseO. 
Bat  It  must  be  rcmenibered  Chat  the  liree  iicceM  or  air  also  affords 
the  moat  fiivonrnble  condition  for  the  nccesii  to  the  body  of  the 
g«not,  which  are  now  generally  regarded  as  the  actire  agenta  in 
die  pntrsfactiTe  procen. 

Unt,  moiitare,  and  free  aeceas  of  air,  then,  are  tho  conditiona 
»o«t  faTonrahle  to  pntretaction  ;  and  in  judging  of  tho  time  at 
Wbich  death  took  place,  we  should  well  weigh  the  amount  of 
InfloBDce  neb  of  thise  agent*  baa  brongbt  to  bear  on  the  result. 
Prriod,  Plact,  and  Mode  of  /aiM-HWuf.—PerioJ.— Bodies 
intrtfT  much  more  speedily  in  «r  than  in  the  ground.  Uenrc 
"i«  longer  interment  is  dehiyed,  the  greater  the  cliangcs  they 
Thut.  Orflla  obierree,  that  if,  during  summer,  a  Imly 
eipoeed  for  Ave  or  ui  dajs,  and  then  interred,  it  will  h 
Mde^oue  at  the  end  of  ■  month  aa  much  ehange  aa  it  wonid 
''  '   ie  at  the  end  of  seven  months,  had  it  been  interred 

-In  dry  elevated  iitaationa,  pntrefiiction  goes  on  slowly  : 
■  low  awampj  grunods,  rapidly.  Soil. — ^A  dry  sbaorbent  toil 
retards,  a  moist  one  accelenites,  pntrefaction.  In  sand  or  grarel 
Uw  change  goes  on  slowly,  and  adipocere  is  mrely  met  n  ith  : 
marl  or  clay,  and  in  hxxa  mould,  especially  tliat  which  is  impre 
aatad  with  animal  or  vegetable  matter,  moreijuickly  (uiccpt  pvat, 
whiri  retards  putrefaction).  The  deeper  the  grave,  cattru 
fotibut,  and  tho  more  com[Jetely  the  body  is  defended  from 
air  by  clolhet  or  coffin,  the  slowor  the  pntrefaction.  It  Ii  rapid 
wb«ra  Iba  builj  is  in  contact  with  the  soil,  but  reiy  slow  wliirc 
it  is  buried  in  a  coffin  bermetiially  sealed.* 

.i^>.— Otber  things  bdng  equal,  the  bodies  of  children  putrefy 

■  Coanll  Orflla's  'TralU  dia  GihioutioDa  jDridlqen,'  snd  Dner 
-  XM^iDii  Ul|(al>,' which  coiilBlaa  (ha  marrow  of  (>rais'sobHr»ti>>n>. 

sM  lM|>«r-t  Huidbs«k,ivl,  I.  p,  30: 


tfil  BEJJ.  iSD  AFPIEEKT  DEATH.  ^H 

more  cpeedll;  than  those  of  adnlu  itni)  aged  pcnoni,  and  the 
bodJM  of  old  penoni  more  npidly  tbui  thou  of  adult*. 

Sex. — According  to  Orfllu,  piitrefactioD  U  more  npid  in  wotiieii 
than  in  men.  He  attribuW*  this  to  tha  greater  qoantity  of  &t 
which  they  conliJa.  an  eiplanation  vhicb,  though  not  quite 
utufsctory,  agrees  with  the  fact  thnt  the  corpulent  pntrety  more 
readily  thun  the  lean  and  emaciated.  Cnaper.  who  dispola  the 
inHuence  of  aei,  obicrvea  that  the  bodies  oF  women  dying  dnriog. 
or  soon  after  cliild-blrth,  putrefy  very  rapidly. 

Condiiion  of  Bodg  and  CauM  of  Drath. — Putreftction  takea 
pUce  moat  speedily  in  bodiea  filled  with  Ruid.  Acoordlnglj,  it  is 
very  rapid  after  sodden  death,  and  death  from  acute  diaeate 
(f^.  15  boura  in  a  woman  dying  from  hydrophobia  in  mid.wintcr 
— Sauvage) ;  slower  after  death  fronj  hiBtDnrrba^,  nod  froni 
(jirooie  diieaae,  nulesa  camp1ii»ted  with  dropaj,  or  extcuaira 
■truetural  cliange,  as  in  typhiu,  and  typhoid  forera,  amaU-pi)i, 
eryidpelu,  &c. 

What  ia  true  of  the  entire  frame,  i«  troo  alao  of  paiU  of  the 
body  ;  for  tboae  which  are  full  of  fluid  at  the  time  of  death, 
through  iaflammatJOn,  congestion,  or  dropsy,  woundti  or  bruiaea, 
pDtrety  more  rapidly  than  heal  t)tj  and  entire  structures.  In  some 
instances,  aa  in  low  fevers,  puticfactiun  atlacki  the  extremities 
beibre  the  trunk  hu  ceaied  to  live. 

II  wai  ftmnerly  believed  tliat  the  bodiea  of  porsoni  destroyed 
by  ptnaon  putrefied  very  rapidly  ;  but  this  is  now  known  to  be  a 
tnislnlie.  Caiper  specifies  phosphonia,  alcohol,  and  sulphuric  add, 
u  poiwna  that  retard  putieiiiotion,  and  though  be  daises  Emoke 
and  carbonic  add  with  sulpliurptted  hydrogen  and  nnrcolic  poiEon^ 
W  hMteniog  it,  it  nppeors  from  three  casei  reported  by  Devo^ie, 
tiut  in  death  by  carbonic  acid  tlio  process  u  decidedly  retarded. 
Arsenic^  and  the  utlier  mineral  polnnns,  act  aa  antiseptics.  Animal 
•nd  Tegetnble  potaona  have  probably  no  effect  either  way ;  but 
pefMDi  killed  hy  tliem  putrefy  rapidly,  as  in  other  cases  of  speedy 
daalb.  There  is  reaaon  to  believe  thnt  putrefactiou  takea  place 
with  nnunul  rapidity  in  animiUs  driven  soon  after  a  mcsl  and 
■lying  sudilvnly ;  in  men  dying  suddenly  during  violent  eiortioo 
•ltd  in  Kildien  killstl  Ute  in  battle.  i 

Fminfiudioa  in  Water. — Mure  dependence  is  to  be  placed  on 
tbo  cril«ria  laid  down  thr  deterinii]iiig  tho  period  of  death  uf 
bodies  which  Lavs  rcmxlned  in  the  water,  than  of  those  exposed 
to  Uu  air  or  interred,  for  the  obvious  rcssons,  that  tho  temiiera- 
iurs  of  tho  water  is  more  nniforni,  and  the  body,  nnles  when  ft 
l«  the  surfacv,  ia  prottctcd  from  the  air.  A*  Deveii' 
~  'al  poutiou  at  thu  I'ariti  Morgue  has  given  hiui  unM 


PUTEEFiCTIOH    IN    T 


taiu  of  obieTTRtion,  ploeei  much  rGliincc  on  the  algm  by  which 
I  period  of  death  li  determined  in  the  drowned,  the  foUoning 
Knint  bated  upon  hi«  de*cri)itiaD  a  mbjoimid : — 
Tb«  bodies  of  the  dniwDed  ire  sutiject,  like  those  who  periib 
Ib  other  ifRvi,  h>  lo»  of  heat  and  rigiditjr,  and  to  pulrefactioB, 
but  ia  *  moditled  form,  accompanied  bj  the  fbrmstion  of  sdipocere. 
Ooe  of  the  fint  chingea,  which  nmy  be  seen  us  tarl}  as  tlie  tiirii 
or  /ovrth  day,  eonaiBU  in  bleacbiog  of  the  Aia  of  the  bands. 
M  the  end  of  a  icetk  the  bod;  is  found  sopple,  and  the  sVin  of 
Ute  p&luu  of  the  handi  very  white.  A  msek  to  tiutlre  dayi  of 
lBimer«oii  bleaches  the  backi  of  the  hands,  and  suflens  and 
Uwiche*  the  fare.  At  tkumd  of  a  fortnight  the  bands  and  fwt 
wre  Uaiirbed  and  wrinkled,  the  fnce  alightlj'  awullea  witli  spota  of 
red,  and  the  middle  of  the  stemoui  hag  a  greenish  tinli.  At  Ike 
rn4  of  a  mon/h  Ihe  hands  and  fiwt  are  uompletely  bleached  and 
wrinkled  as  if  b,v  a  poultice,  the  ejelidi  and  Iip«  are  green,  the 
rt*t  of  the  face  reddiih-hrown,  and  the  front  of  the  chest  pruaents 
a  krge  patch  of  grecu  with  a  reddish -brown  spot  in  the  centre. 
At  lie  twi  cftao  moiif A«,  the  bee  is  awolten  and  brown,  and  the 
bun  an  bnt  aligbtl;  adherent:  mDcb  of  the  skin  of  the  hands 
■ad  leet  is  detached,  bat  the  nails  have  not  separated.  At  imo 
notUlU  omI  a  haif  the  skin  and  nuls  of  the  bands  are  detached, 
and  tlie  akin  of  the  feet,  bat  the  toe-oails  still  adhere.  In  the 
fcmaU,  teddlsh  discoloration  of  the  subcutaneous  cellular  (isauo 
«f  the  neck,  of  that  wbicb  surrounds  the  tmoheo,  and  of  the 
organ*  oootained  in  the  cavity  of  the  chest ;  partial  •npooificatioo 
of  Uie  eheeks  and  chin  ;  snperlldul  saponiScatJon  of  the  mammai, 
tttaaxUla,  and  the  anterior  |inrt  of  the  Ibigbi.  At  tkree  iHOHt/u 
and  a  kalf,  the  skin  and  noils  of  the  baud*  and  feet  eAmpletely 
MnoTod  i  part  of  the  hairy  scalp,  of  the  ej  elida,  and  of  tlio  nusc, 
and  tbt  ikiu  of  many  pnrLs  of  the  body  datroyed;  and  the  face 
and  Qpper  part  of  the  neck  and  axillie  pjirtially  tapatiiflcd.  At 
Jbur  montki  and  a  half,  nearly  total  saponification  of  the  fat  of 
Ihs  fcee,  of  the  Deck,  of  the  aiiltK,  and  of  the  anterior  part  of 
tbe  tllighl;  commencing  earthy  incrustation  of  the  tbigtui 
indpicnt  saponification  of  tbe  anterior  part  of  the  brain ;  opaline 
•taM  of  the  greater  psrt  of  the  skin  ;  almost  entire  separation 
■ad  deatniMion  of  the  hairy  sadp;  calirarium  denuded  and 
beginning  to  be  very  friable. 

Ai  to  more  remote  periods  n 
j^ten;  but  Derei^e  alleges  that  the  above  signs  have  been  ri 
peatedly  applied  with  complete  success  to  bodies  that  had  been 
in  the  waUr  Ibr  unknowu  periods. 

Ib*  lbr«g(niig  detcription  applies  to  bodies  luimL'rsed  during 


I 
I 


25S  etniDts  dbath. 


J 


winter.  Bodie*  immened  ia  tmmwr  nmlergo  tlte  m 
much  mora  rapidlj.  Tbu.  6  to  9  boon  in  mnlna 
to  8  to  6  diji  in  «int«r;  24  boon  to  1  to  8  dajraj 
8  to  12  dajri ;  i  daj*  to  IS  d>rt.  Tlim  oo  tbe  aTcr^e  tl 
chin^  JD  nmmer  take  pitce  Amid  tbi«e  to  Gre  a 
rapiiUj  u  in  vinter,  or  even  more  prompllj  thi 
cbangu  io  ipring  und  tatnicD  htiag  inUrmediate. 

That  ilevelopmmic  of  gas  witMn  the  bodj  vhtcb  cmoMi  it  to 
rise  to  the  (orbce.  takes  place  alowlf  in  iritit«-,  and  tbe  body 
rarely  floaU  in  Icai  than  nx  weeki  or  two  months.  Bat  tbe  aame 
change  take*  place  in  (ummer  from  the  l-Ub  to  tbe  16tb  day,  or 
even  earher.  In  lonie  inatancea  the  body  becomea  buoyant  at  a 
■nocb  earlier  period  tbau  either  of  thoK  now  indicated. 

Of  tbe  (nl^ect  of  pnb-efaction  geaeially,  u  a  meaiii  of  fixing 
the  period  of  death,  it  ihoald  be  obaerred  that  it  is,  &am  tbe 
natnre  of  thing*,  inrronnded  with  difficoltieo,  in  canwqDence  of 
the  nutny  elements  that  most  have  combined  to  produce  tbeae 
change*  in  tbe  body.  So  that  we  read  withoat  aarpriae  tbe 
following  atatcmenta:— "On  tbe  SOth  March,  18M,  I  euunined 
the  bodiea  of  foarteen  men,  almcat  all  ot  the  tame  aj/e.  24-30 
years,  preTiooalj  occupying  precisely  the  tame  tocial  potiliom 
(workmen  of  tbe  lowest  dau),  all  lying  together  in  the  tame 
pare  of  our  dead-house,  who  had  all  met  the  laaie  death, 
haling  been  shot  oo  the  barrindea  on  thi>  18tb  of  March,  and  had 
all  notonoosly  died  at  tbe  tame  time."  "And  yet  I  can  testify 
tint  in  no  one  case  did  the  ugna  of  pntre&ction  resemble  those 
of  another."  (Caaper'a  Handbook,  vol.  i.  p.  33.)  "  An  <dd 
coDpIc  of  aboot  the  came  age,  50-60  years,  were  su&orated  dar- 
ing the  night  by  carbonic  acid  ga«.  Up  to  the  time  of  our 
Biamination,  theae  bodies  bad  been  eipoaed  to  procisely  similiir 
inBoence*,  and  yet,  on  tbe  fourth  day  after  death  (in  Norember), 
tlie  body  of  tbe  man  waa  quite  green,  both  on  tbe  abdomen  and 
tha  back,  and  tbe  trachea  was  browniBh-icd  from  putridity,  Jte^ 
wbild  bi*  uncommonly  &t  wife  was  perfectly  fresh  both  ontaide 
■sd  in."  (Ibid.  p.  34.)  In  the  face  of  facta  like  tbcie,  we  find 
botb  Krencb  and  Uorman  autbara  cpcaking  with  much  confldenco 
III  the  *al<ia  of  tlie  signs  of  putrefncliou ;  and  Caiper  Mmaelf 
Muting  that  at  a  similar  average  Icmperntnn!  putrefaction  in  tb« 
ojion  air.  In  water,  and  in  a  coffin,  will  have  advsncod  eijoallT 
after  tha  lapae  of  onr,  two,  and  mgbt  month*  respectively. 

SODDEN  DEATH. 

Tliat  easM  of  sDddcn  or  apccdy  death  are  not  uncomnum  my 

U  inrt'irtd  froio  the  but,  tliat  upwards  of  UOUU  sudden  dtaths 


0AO8E8  or  81T0DFH    DEATH.  357 

ir  jua  by  year  in  England  and  Wolei  from  caiues  not  a^er- 
er  and  nbnve  Uio  13,000  returned  ta  duo  ta  viulcnt 
wliich  tlw  gr«ntor  Dumber  also  belong  to  Ma  cliiu. 
ui«j  not  nlnayi  be  p-jeible  to  ascertiiin  Ihe  true  cnuse 
of  deatli,  senile  advantsge  innjr  srue  from  a  ditciuBiiiu  of  taaw  of 
(be  oiainioD  chium  of  ludJen  nnd  *pei^y  dcnth,  coupled  witU 
Mttie  ucount  of  thi»e  appeamncea  In  the  boJy  whiob  are  moit 
abarwtrmtic  of  difierent  inodn  of  diaBululion. 

A  ttmporary  nitpennon  of  tbe  Uenrl'i  actioti  i*  thi  chiof  I'ign, 

pFiplitreiit  death  i  a  total  arrest  of  its  coutrtwtioiu  U  real  deatU. 

Lm*"*  "^  endowuienta  of  tbe  blood  and  moiclee  inrviie  this 

a  oT  the  circulation ;   and  llie  liiii(CTing   irritability   of 

a  brart  itnir.  and  opedally  of  tbe  right  aariele,  form)  our 

and  of  hope  in   lutng  inenn*  of  retoicitiktion.     Thi*  am- 

r  total  arreat  of  llie  bcort'i  action,  or,  in  other  words, 

or  real  denth.  inay  be  bronght  alHint  by  diSvrent  caoGsa 

le  act  directly  on  Uie  benrt,  olbsn  inilinwtly  Ibrough 


»  of  fuddcn  death  wliiab  act  directly  on  the  heart  are 
I-l.  Slrwtural  diiHU'i  of  iKe  irarl  ittelf,  and  of  the  large 
.  Nireou)  liocki  pnralgiiitg  iU  minelet,  3.  Caiurf 
^effiti  fpplt  of  hlooA.  1.  Camet  dfntroyinff  the  itinu- 
rf  propeHji  of  the  binod. 
[  1-  Tbe  (trarliiral  diieaw*  of  tbe  heart  nnd  brge  lestftt — 
irtropby,  valvular  dlteau,  iiieiiriMn,  and  OKtificnlicm  of  llie 
•art,  aorta,  or  coroiiary  arteri™ — are  reodily  diicovered  on  post- 
Hrten  examination.  But  there  ii  reiuou  to  believe  tliat 
trophj  and  Eitty  degeneration  of  the  muKular  tissues  of  the 
Mrl  ara  omHuiomlly  overloaked.  In  two  caaea  relaUd  by 
ir  Jane*  l^geli  death  reill;  due  to  btty  dcgeneratioti  was  be- 
~   '  "j>  have  been  rauied  by  piiinn. 

lie  nemma  thocli*  of  lufflcient  force  to  piral.vw  tbe  heart, 
oecMion  inatsnt  or  apecdy  deaih,  may  t>e  cnuBod  by  itrung 
Men  onotioni  of  fear  and  joy,  by  lightning  aud  tbo  sun- 
by  htavy  blowe  on  tbe  head  or  pit  of  tbe  KlomiKb,  by 
VKcrtion  cttiutni;  sodden  effusion  of  blood  on  the  bmin  (of 
9tM  e*ae  liai  rome  under  nor  notice),  by  large  di-afls  of  culd 
W  (wallowed  when  the  body  is  heated,  and  by  a  few  of  the 
«  aetlva  polioiis  in  fell  ibue*. 
I.  Ttic  npply  of  blood  ncceaary  for  the  licart'ii  action  may  be 

ffby  profuK  hieinorrhage. 
k  Thf  pn^per  rontlitutlon  of  tbe  blood  may  be  destroyed  me- 
nioUly   by   the  admiitore  of  air  intrmuircd   into  tbe  veini 
Bring  ojieiatiaiu  on  the  neck,  iboulder,  or  axiils ;  nod  cbeiiiuMUij 


i 
I 


» 


35  S  srsDEH  DUTff.  ^^H 

bj  pcuons  dirertl;  introduced  into  tlie  circnlatiim.    Thu  cosi^^^^ 
nation  af  tiie  blood  plBfa  an  intporliUit  pnrt  in  death  b;  all  icUve 
and  deadly  poitotu,  wbetlier  inhaled  or  snallowGd. 

Of  the  oiatet  of  sudden  or  ipcedy  death  whieli  *ct  indirect]; 
on  the  heart,  the  moat  mmmoD  a  that  arreit  of  drculntiou 
through  the  lim^  whii-h  atteitdi  (he  levenl  forma  of  mfibratioo. 
A  limilar  arrest  is  the  iutennediale  link  between  tb«  leia  aererc 
uerrous  aliocki,  and  the  nltimst^  arrest  of  the  hearl'K  nctiun. 

Serernl  of  the  forefcning  cnnses  of  sudden  deatli  are  at  once 
revealed  b;  a  careful  ioBpection  of  the  bodj- ;  but  those  iriueli 
have  not  giien  rite  to  inir  ttructunil  change  tna;  yet  ommJod 
nich  DiBrled  rbangii  in  the  diitribution  of  the  blood  ihroagli  the 
body,  and  in  and  abonC  the  btart,  as  to  aid  in  in  our  ioqairics 
into  the  trae  caoee  of  death.  Thoi,  death  fma  the  rapid  loo  of 
blood  would  be  indicated  by  pallor  of  the  inrfnce,  and  tlie  emptj 
and  eontnicled  state  of  all  tbe  ravltiea  of  the  heart ;  death  fraa 
abork  luddcnl;  arreatini:  the  rirculation,  by  a  distended  state  of 
all  the  ravitiea;  and  death  fmin  sufTm'BtiDn  by  violet  patehet  on 
the  lurlnce,  and  dtitenriciD  of  the  right  side  of  the  beml  with 
dark  bloud. 

The  caiuea  of  ffidden  death,  and  the  post-mortem  appeannm 
by  which  they  are  indicted,  may  be  more  fully  discuoed  by 
adoptiog  the  wcil-known  ctuuiflcaiinn  of  Bit-hat — namely,  death 
beginnit'g  at  the  htad,  ttmrl,  mid  lunffi  respectively. 

Sailtleti  Dealh  eommtnriiiff  at  the  Ileari. — Syieope.— Tbe 
pheRDDiEna  which  attend  tbii  form  of  death  ai« :— Pnllor  of  the 
Ace  and  lip.  cciUl  swents,  dl»ine>^  dimnesa  of  vision,  dilaM 
pu[Hb^  gasjitng  and  tighinj;  rnpirution,  n  sluw,  wcnk,  and  irrepi- 
iir  puW)  to  wliicti  arc  sometimes  added  nausea  and  vomiting, 
rntletsiicsa  and  toaing  of  the  limba,  tranment  delirium  and  Don- 
TulsioiiB.  On  inxpccting  the  body,  the  tetsela  generally  are  fbimd 
to  contain  little  blood,  and  the  heart  to  be  nearly  or  quite  empty, 
■nd  eontncled.  Thla  empty  tlnte  of  all  the  cavitin  of  the  Itcart 
Mntraits  alron^ly  with  their  dislendrd  state  in  the  rare  eases  of 
death  ori^uaIli>g  in  Ibe  brain,  and  acting  directly  upon  the 
lienrt ;  and  mil  k-sa  sttnngly  tvllh  the  distended  ciiiidilion  of  tho 
rigl.l  lAAr  at  the  liearl,  and  em]ily  flate  nf  the  lelt,  wbieb  occnra 
in  death  commencing  in  the  lungs. 

jSdrfrf-H  Death  roammcinff  al  He  J?end..— Injorlei  to  Iha 
DervTiTu  reiitres  irny  act  directly  on  the  heart,  and  stop  iti  onn- 
ttniliuii-:  or  they  may  Rrst  alTvct  th«  res{Hratioii  by  paralyaiag 
till'  rr.|il™ii'iy  niusotes.    What  the  heart  i«  dirwlly  affected,  tha 


tcriiivd  ita  m 


',  aisreted  ■ 
E',  corh  lido  of  I 


I     R>Lll     i 


t 


SUDDEN   DEiTD  COMBEKCIKQ  AT  T 


359 


proportion  of  blood,  and  ftU  tho  »vitie»  being  di«tendeil  from  its 

(uddeii  loH  of  power  to  propel  its  contenU.     Tb.it  mode  of  denth 

hu   Wu   derignated  mlietiui.     Wlim,   on   tbe   cootrary,   tbe 

iDiuc1«  of  reipiration  are  parulysod,  the  poat-morlem  appeannices 

will  be  thoee  prewDtl;  to  be  described  under  tbe  bend  uf  apaiEa. 

Suddfn  Death  imnuteaeiKg  at  the  Langt  {Atphnri<i).—T\ie 

tern  aspbjiia,  literally   taken,  means  pnlselcsaneai.    It   is  now 

luderftood  lo  mean  real  or  nppuront  deutb  duo  to  it  auipenaion  of 

la  fonction  of  respiration,— a  mode  of  death  mnch  better  defined 

y  the  term  apniea,*  of  which  tbe  fbUowing  are  the  cbief  eanses : 

i-1.  Cti^tum  of  i)n  aciioH  of  the  tanKtei  of  Rupiraiion.     2. 

Ttfatioa  of  the  action  of  the  Lmgi  Ihemeehai.    3.  Sxelanon  of 

Itfivm  the  Litp: 

'.   Cauaiioa  <^  Ihg  Aelio*  of  the  MatcUt  of  Eeij>iratio<naa.j 

lui  to  inertia  of  the  ninacles  themstlvhs,  Irom  cold  or  debility ! 

I  htt  of  nermna  iaJlueiKe,  »a  tVom  division  of  tho  upper  part 

t  tbe  spinal  cord,  or  of  tbe  pnenm<^atric  snd  phrenic  uerves; 

ED  tbe  lightning  stroke,  and  from  apoplectic  leiiures;  to  meeha- 

it  rttlraint,  as  by  pressure  on  the  cheat  or  abdomen;  or  to 

ie  tpatM,  at  in  death  Irom  Tetanos  or  Hydrophobia. 

2.  OetfaliQa  of  the  Action  of  the  Lung'  maj  be  dne  to  a  divi- 

if  tbe  eighth  pair  of  neriea  j  or  to  a  mucbanlcal  obstacle, 

di  u  the  admiisibn  of  air  into  the  ptenrro,  or  the  intmaion  of 

lO  ibdanuDal  Titcem  tbrongh  a  icound  in  the  diaphragm. 

'  9.  The  partial  or  compute  Exelurion  of  Atmotpheric  Air 

'    m  the  iMtgt  may  be  brangbt  about  by  the  entire  absetiee  of 

.  aa  io  a  racnom ;  or  by  its  extreme  rarefiiatioa,  as  on  tho  top 

rery  lofty  mnantaias.     Tbe  air,  again,  may  be  mechanically 

'  idM,  by  a  Ibreign  body  in  tbe  larynx,  by  sobmenion,  sufloca- 

stranguUtion,  or   suspennon.      Lastly,  tbe  place  of   tlie 

■phcric  idr  may  be  taken  by  an  irrespimble  gai,  inch  as 

or  hydrogen.    Tbcre  are  otijer  gases  which  cuerclse  a 

uinflnence,  independent  of  the  exclusion  of  nir.     Of  tbe^o 

«  are  intensely  irritating,  as  tbe  inlpburoos  add  gns,  chlorine, 

nnouia  i  otben,  tbuugh  leas  irritating,  are  not  less  fatal, 

I  onbotdc  add,   carbonic  oxide,  curbarettcd   hydrag(?n, 

aod,  hydroanlpburic  add,   liydrosulphale  of  ammonia, 

1   hydrogen,   and   tbe  vapoar  of  bydroryanic  acid. 

Thew,  a*  well  as  ll>a  umply  irritant  gases,  may  net  mechanically 

by  aanng  spasmodic  closure  of  the  glottis. 

To  tliii  list  of  the  cauKa  of  apnora  may  be  added  certain  dis- 


bern  siiplled  br  phTsLotog^Bts  to  th 

'   '   -  -  -  -  ripnijilsd  lij  uniflclal  Bit 

I  is  brre  nied  ia  th«  a\i 


I 


hi  blnod  ia  lii>l 


260  SUDDEN  DEATH.  ^^^H 

esBei  or  the  lntig»,  as  hi'piitlZHtion,  ndcmn,  or  tubercalar  i(ifiUn> 
tiun,  which  flU  tbe  air-cells,  and  prfveiit  reijHnttion. 

The  tyaploiHM  of  apnau  are  mare  oc  lest  itrang:!/  marktd 
■ccordiog  «■  the  uphyiiBting  caaio  icta  auddenly  or  sinwl;.  If 
tbe  air  is  saddeoly  exoluded,  at  by  mechanival  oomprcuion  of 
tbe  tnchea,  complete  wbtDeraioD,  or  tUe  iahnlation  of  «  gnt  whiob 
caam  Bpasmodic  contTBClioo  of  the  glotlia,  tbe  gymptoini  an 
argent,  and  mn  a  rapid  counc.  The  aiilTGrcr  itrnggli4  violeatl; 
for  breath,  and  iitea  alroag  efforts  to  remove  the  olxtruction. 
The  fdce  €uihe9,  and  >oon  growl  tnrgid  and  livid;  the  veins  of 
llie  head  aud  neck  swell ;  the  ej'ebnlU  aturt  from  thnr  iocketi ; 
aaU  the  swollen  tongne  protrndea  between  the  teeth,  A  abmt 
attack  of  giddinoia,  with  hnglit  spots  before  the  eyei,  and  ring- 
ing sounds  in  the  ears,  is  followed  by  loss  of  conudonsneu,  coD- 
Tulfions  of  tba  limbs,  and  relaution  of  the  sphincten,  wi^i 
eipaluon  of  the  pi'oitatie  flaid,  of  the  urine,  or  of  urine  ind 
fteces.  In  two  oi  three  minute^  if  relief  be  not  given,  life  it 
extinct. 

When  the  aaphyxiating  cnnse  nets  mora  bIowI;,  the  s^mphnni 
ue  modified,  aud  succeed  each  other  at  longer  iatervalt.  Thtire 
u>  nieling  of  oonitricliou  in  the  chest,  from  which  the  snITemr 
triu  to  free  himself  by  etroiig  rulonlAry  efTurta  to  intpire,  or  bj 
the  involuntary  eflbrU  of  yawning  or  sighing.  A  dull  heavjpvB 
in  the  forehead,  with  giddiness,  dimnes  of  sight,  and  torpor  of 
tbe  intellMt  anoceeds,  and  graduiil  lot*  of  sensation  and  Tolnnlnrji 
motion.  Still,  the  functions  of  reipiration  and  dri'nbtinn  nMitiaiie, 
as  shown  by  almost  imperreptiblc  movements  of  tbe  walls  of  the 
ebeet.  and  pulnitioiu  of  the  heart  scarcely  wnsible  to  the  hand. 
This  imperfnit  elate  of  reapiration  and  circulalioti  i>  folluwed  bf 
Ilie  entire  ce»Htion  of  those  functiom,  and  bj  conpleto  loss  it 
motion,  voluntary  and  involuntary.  At  this  pinnt  of  time  Ui* 
fblnes*  of  the  cupillary  system  begins  to  show  ilaelf,  by  a  den 
violet  discoloration  of  the  lace,  which  alio  extend*  tn  tba  hatii 
ami  feet.  Some  poitioas  of  tbe  trunk  and  extremilies  exhibit 
■pots  more  or  lata  eitensice,  of  the  same  colour.  At  lunglb, 
liie  capillary  circulation  ceases,  aud  the  state  of  uiido»  ■■  com- 

In  some  eases,  the  asphyxiating  cause,  acting  more  slowly  lUU, 
indoocs  a  sleep  which  terminates  witliout  ■offering,  in  death :  ia 
Other  inatauoea,  the  ■cnsatioDi  are  even  plcasumble,  consatiag. 
of  4  Ji*iila;  of  beintiful  colnurs  or  of  pleasant  laiidecapca  beftira 
tlio  ey«*.  Tbereisitillanotlierclntiof  cases  In  which  thetnOVrar. 
toddenly  ronictl  tmo  a  stnic  of  toi'por  to  a  vivid  and  pvinhil 
|i«vv]>tloD  of  bu  state,  trici  to  ocnpe  trota  the  death  wUcli 


TiraoRT  or  AFHiEA. 


thrrsteng 
grcniQ<l. 

Tlie  pent- mortem  npfciranco 


but    his   itrfogth  bils,   and   tio   falli  to  t 


I  the  following  :—Patchei  of 
ition  on  the  face  or  on  otiier 
piTta  of  the  body,  a*  much  on  the  le^it  aa  on  the  moat  depending 

The   eje»  nsunlly  prominent,  firm,  end  brillinal.     The. 

intonieouea  eiprcnive oF eHlinneM> in  othera  of  tufleriiig. 
I'ric  rigiility  ttrongly  nuirked  and  peniatent.  The  venoiu 
9  of  tlie  brain  commonly  full  of  blood,  hut  iti  substiuice 
tnttiig^,  *lien  divided,  few  bloody  point*.  Somctiroea  thu 
mtriela  contiiiD  lenim  ;  lonietinie*  blood  la  ctTuted  >t  the  biue, 
1  the  aub«titiir«,  or  on  the  lurftiee,  of  the  organ.  Tlie  bou.'  of 
»  tongus  ii  almost  alwajs  injected,  and  ita  paplllii!  are  strmgly 
'etop«d.  Ilie  liuing  mrmbiane  of  the  ejiigloltiii,  larynx,  and 
*  I  deep  red  coluur,  beiximiiig  more  intense  aa  we 
ub  the  lilt  nmiGcationa  of  the  air-tube*.  The  air-pR3ragel 
■  bloody  froth.  The  liingi  are  bo  much  distended 
1  wiUrgcd  a*  to  prnject  orer  and  coiicenl  tbo  pcricardiam. 
L  deep  violet  colour,  and  when  cut  into  SiUd  com- 
I,  large  drop*  of  blaok,  thick,  liquid  blood  exude.  The  Urer, 
,  (lid  kidneyi.  are  alto  gorged  with  blood.  The  veins  of 
heart  ai«  dirtinctty  tiaced  on  il>  sairace,  its  riglit  cuvitiei 
1  the  large  Tenoiu  trunk*  are  gorged  with  blnck,  thick,  liquid 
'  ;  but  it*  left  cnvltiee  are  found  nearly  or  qait«  empty. 

h  are  the  appcuriince*  ptetent  in  death  by  npncen  in  ite  nn- 

ni(C*l  form  ;  at  in  d«ntli  by  carbonic  icid.     But  they  are  not  all 
[■■went  in  every  caw,  nor,  if  prevent,  equally  marked  in  all. 

Tiitmy  of  Apnaa  (^jj><lyzia).-~~Wben  air  is  prevented  from 
rnehlng  tlie  lunga,  the  blood  does  not  undergo  it«  utuul  change 
(ton  venom  to  arterial  j  and  venous  blood  doet  not  support  the 
vital  funrtlona  of  the  Kvenil  ot^ni  so  romplelely  as  arterial 
blood  Uoca.  Some,  indeed,  hare  supposed  that  venoot  blood  la  a 
pDaitiv*  jioiivmj  to  thnt  it  ia  much  vnne  for  an  organ  to  he 
snppllid  eiclnuvtty  wilb  Tcnous  blood  than  to  reoeive  no  blood 
•It  alt. 

On  till*  Bsanmption,  the  eesaation  of  the  henrt'a  action  may  be 
dplained  in  one  of  three  wtyt: — By  tbe  circulation  of  venoue 
blood  IhrODgh  the  coronary  artcriea  in  pince  of  arterial  blood; 
by  the  TeiMHu  blood  failing  lo  eicite  the  left  cavities  of  the  heart 
to  ronttaclioii ;  or  by  the  iwrvoiit  centres,  in  coniequcnce  of  tbo 
rtrcnUtion  of  venoua  blood  throngh  them,  hiling  to  nipply  the 
reqalsitc  motite  power. 

Whether  vcnooa  blood  It  directly  poiaonoaa,  and  worie  than  no 
bUml  at  all,   baa  been  ibe  tubject  of  ntunetona  ex^cnmerA*. 


f 
I 


363  aCDOEN    DEATH. 

Kay  has  ■hown  thnt  it  bag  no  iluletenooi  influence  m  (be  m 
\i<f  compftring  the  contractiUtj'  of  a  timb  from  which  tho  lujiply 
of  arterial  blood  hu  been  cut  olT  with  that  of  a  limb  (applied  et- 
cluaivolj  with  Tenoiu  hlooil;  and  Edwardi  fontid  that  a  nild- 
bloudpd  inimal  livei  longer  in  an  aspiiyxiating  medium  than  one 
whose  heart  and  bulb  of  tbe  aorU  have  been  eidied. 

Ab  tbe  abseni'eorall  circnlation  throngb  tbe  veiscla  of  the  heart, 
or  through  those  of  tlie  hrain,  or  llirongh  the  nerves  tapptjing 
tbe  heart  with  vital  itimuliu.  wonld  certainly  and  tpeedilj  de- 
«truy  life,  ao  would  the  mccbaniMt  eiclnBion  of  arterial  blood 
from  the  reaaela  of  those  parts,  whether  b;  warm  water  or  bf 
Tenons  blood.  This  theory  of  eiclusion,  then,  is  adeqoate  to  the 
explanation  of  deatli  by  apnica.  But  whether  the  excess  of 
carbonic  acid,  or  absence  of  oxygen,  or  both  together,  be  tbe  true 
cause  of  the  nymptoms,  tbe  eaMntia)  character  of  this  fbna  of 
deatli  consiits  in  tho  aecDmaUtloa  of  blood  in  the  longs  and  right 
cavities  of  the  heart,  leading  to  a  diminished  supply  Ui  its  left  cavitin 
and  a  gradnal  ceaaatjoo  dl  tbe  eirculution.  Hence  in  death  by 
spDooi  the  left  vcntricls  is  found  oontmcted,  and  nenrly  or  alto- 
gether empty.  The  prodmato  cause  of  this  arrelt  of  eirculatum 
tiiroogb  the  long!  Is  of  little  importance;  the  fkct  it  all  witli 
which,  as  medical  jurists,  we  have  to  do. 

On  contrasting  tbe  past-mortein  apponrances  proper  to  the 
three  modes  of  death,  ayncope.  asthenia,  and  apncea  (asphytia), 
it  will  be  seen,  that  in  the  Arat,  all  the  cavities  of  the  beart  an 
empty,  or  contain  little  hlood ;  in  tho  Kcond  all  tho  cavities  are 
filil  1  and  in  the  third,  the  right  side  it  gorged  with  blood,  while 
the  left  veutriole  conlBiiis  litlto  or  none. 

It  should,  however,  ho  home  in  miud  thnt  the  chanicteriatio 
appBurancea  of  Buddi'n  death,  dne  primarily  to  the  beart,  the  langi, 
(FT  the  brain,  are  not  always  equally  marked ;  that  they  may  be 
combined  with  each  otlier  in  difli;rent  proportions:  and  that  a 
cnuse  saaBlly  productive  of  the  one  may  give  rise  to  the  other. 
Tliu^  a  man  may  be  tbrcat«ned  with  suffocation  (one  caose  of 
apnips).  and  (Hgbt  may  give  rise  U>  sadden  ij/ncope  ,-  or  a  viohml 
att«mpt  to  usuape  may  hunt  a  blood-vessel  in  the  brain,  and  cause 

The  felbwing  liieta  t«lating  la  sudden  death  are  taken  from 
the  IBth  Anntul  Report  of  the  ncgiitrnr-Goneral.  Of  4l6,4Ti} 
dmtttu  froTu  all  causM.  oocurring  in  England  and  Wales,  on  tha 
•vcngn  of  tho  Ave  year*  18Sa-GS.  13,711,  or  about  1  it  " 
*toWnt  doatlu,  of  which  904B  were  due  to  various 
chemlMl  iiyury,  3N2R  to  apncea  (atpbyila),  and  tbe  r 
DBiO  to  virloua   mecbanlcal   injuries,      Of  tbe   13,711  1 


1 


fpiimlc!. 


I,  XOflil  oooorred  in  malea.  ■od 

n  dcaitlis,  for  tbe  Brenge  of  the  aaaui  live  yean,  ure  Btatod 
C  3!I43  or  nearly  1  per  cent.  (1  in  lOD).     They  an  diatributed 

D  xalia  Had  reranles  in  the  proportion  of  aliout  3  to  2. 
I  Tba  micida  on  tbe  avero^  of  tlis  nine  Hve  yean  aniiiiueed 
B  1063.  of  whirh  777  were  mea  unil  306  women.  Of  lO-ki  ilue 
ft  sioertained  cnuaet,  6  >2  were  by  vnrioiu  fbrma  of  BiiitiicHtion, 
;I1  by  poiaou.  1  by  btirnlng,  uul  tlie  remainder  by  miwbiiilcHl 
J  '  .  HiDong  wliicli  210  EDt  tlinnts,  43  gan-abot  wound*, 
U  other  wonnda,  mid  SO  lalla.  The  «Qii.idea  by  piiion  of  mea 
d  womBQ  renpeolively  were  m  6  to  S.  by  npniea  a»  nbuut  3  to  1, 
A  by  mechaDicnl  itgurivs  Ha  nbout  4r  to  1.  Ttaegreatcut  number 
auicidi!*  in  both  lexet  occarred  between  ihe  ngm  of  ih  mid  !>5. 
The  reUtiVH  frequency  of  tbe  •ereml  forma  of  audilirn  doatb 
.tniMn,  froin  ■  work  of  Peirario  and  Soriuoni  on  iuddt'U  dentbE 
^OlS  in  number)  occnrring  in  Milan,  to  tw  hi  followa : — 
Bead   {ipopleiy.    cerel>nd   coQCDnion, 

verti^  inil  ooniii) 879  or  about  -l  in  6. 

Heart  (diaexw*  of  tbe   heart,   ansinn 

peetoria,  aneurisni,  iind  bieuiorrimge)     150  or  shonl  1  in  7  - 
Lniigi   (ujihyxiii.   luffociitiie   cutarrb. 
and  pulmonary  apoplexy)  ....      14  or  about  1  in  75. 

I  Difienit  luboun 5 

I- He  relative  frequency  ofthe  different  formi  of  andden  death 
'  acourding  te  tbeir  proiimata  cnusea  miut,  liowever,  be 
)d  to  diller  at  di9brent  periods  of  life.  Tlie  abjve  pro- 
are  obriously  those  th:it  obtain  cliiedy  amuii 
ID  deaths  in  infancy  and  childliood.  if  c1aa»ed 
I  tlwdr  ewuca,  would  reTerao  tbe  order  juat  itatMl.  Ily  far  tbe 
Ml  frequent  CBU>e  of  dentli  in  iuRinay  and  childhood  ia  to  be 
QDd  in  tba  Inngi,  and  the  leaat  common  in  the  bmin  i  t1ii>a)(h 
|t  foet  oreonruiaiani  being  very  common  in  early  life  might 
id  Wtheioferenae  that  tbe  m^ority  ofaoddeu  deatha  originate 
ithcbniik  and  not  in  the  lung*.  The  diaeoaea  of  tbe  Inngi  which 
ire  ri*e  to  audden  or  ipeedy  death  in  infiintt  and  young  obildrea 
n  (peimodio  iranp  or  laryngismua  (tridului,  CO  whieb  Ur.  West 
'bolei  three  out  of  four  of  the  sudden  deatlu  of  children 
IT  one  year,  imperfect  eipansion  uf  the  lang«  at  birth  (atelec- 
titta  pnlmonunx),  sudden  collapse  of  tbe  lung,  cuiuobdatiun  from 
pneamonio.  and  eodilen  aeraa]  effusion  into  tlie  pleara,  to  wblcli 
ought  to  be  added  a  diseaae  not  mentioned  in  tbe  pnpur  now 
Nfcned  to,  pnlmonnry  apoplexy.    A  not  nncomnon  cause  of 

ri  death  among  the  children  of  tbe  poor  ii  aoffociition,  m  a 
oenoa  of  drinliing  hot  water  tmrn  the  (pool  of  l.\w  ^l\\e. 


I 


iidulu  i 


2U 

Next  to  diwtiiea  of  tlia  lungs,  nidilea  d«ath  by  eiLanitiaa  f 
innifflpieut  food,  or  rhronic  dUrrlKca,  is  matt  commim,  w 
fntal  disorder*  of  llie  bniin  arc  verj  nmjly  to  be  wt  down  am 
Llie  CAUses  of  sudden  ileatli  in  inHinojf  and  cltildhood.*  Of 
snddea  deaths  entered  in  (lie  tabiei  of  the  Begiitra 
Dpwu^  of  one-third  occur  in  infancy. 


11  for  u 


SURVIVORSHIP. 

wa  or  more  penone  die  by  the  sb 
riie  a»  to  wLich  died  lirst;  for, 
.0  pTiiperty  woald  be  lecured  o 


me  Drcideot,  ■ 

in  certain  cuei,  tlie 

proof  of  snrvironhip 


Little  hBi  jiet  lieen  dane  towards  eatsblisbing  general  pria- 
ciple»  applicable  to  this  cIbm  of  inquiriea,  chiefly  from  want  of 
tlia  reqoiiite  materiati.  Some  of  ihe  more  accurate  resolta  vlwdl 
hBVe  boen  attiined  will  be  (bond  etated  under  the  following 
beadg: — 1.  Of  Ikt  ptohabilitiei  ajforded  h;/ age  am!  lex,  irrt- 
tpKtioe  of  the  itinde  of  death.  2.  Of  the  degree  in  teKicK  inch 
pnbabililf  it  affected  bg  the  mode  of  death. 


Age. — As  the  liodj  attains  its  full  growth  and  «trength  at 
about  27  yeiirs  of  h^-u,  or  (roai  SB  to  30,  and  liealtlijr  pemna 
continue  Uttaifi  and  vigorous  up  to  about  60,  there  will  be  no 
■ufficient  ground  fur  inferring  turvivorship  in  tlie  caw  of  adulta 
orcheiame  >e<,  whoK  Bgesraoge  betnrem  25  and  45,  or  eten 
between  20  and  50,  provided  the  form  of  doith  be  one  in  wliidi 
mare  streuffth  and  power  of  endarauce  is  concerned.  Before  and 
after  the  ages  epecitied,  Ihoie  will  be  less )  hut  still  within  Um 
limits  of  pnbert)'  snd  old  age  (say  15  and  60  yenn)  the  dilTtfrance 
will  probahiy  be  Incttniidenible.  The  probaUlity  of  surrivonhip, 
in  the  mu«  of  a  middle-aged  adult  perishing  with  one  nnder 
pubsrly  or  alxive  60,  will  ba  in  Rivonr  of  the  adult.  In  the  Msa 
of  one  under  m  und  one  above  60  peiuhing  together,  the  French 
law  assumrs  thut  the  runner  survived  r  when  hotb  are  under  15, 
UmL  tha  elder  oatlived  the  younger.  According  to  the  rivil  taw 
of  England,  if  parent  and  child  peiidi  by  n  oommon  death,  the 
child  i*  preumiKl  to  have  aurvlfcd  if  nhorei  and  to  ban  died 
flrit  if  Dndvr,  puhorty. 

In  the  null  of  a  mother  and  child  both  dying  in  childbed, 
witliOQt  aMlstanco,  the  pMsumpIinn  is.  Ibat  Uie  mother  snrvind  i 

■•MS  l*rlBri<  tit  Dr.  W••^  m  Paililm  I>uili  la  Inlkno 
In  th*  -HfiUcsl  TJnuiaad  eawlte,'  Sat.  Jd,  tM3l 


APNIEA.  265 

Ibr  llun  k  «  elianM  of  ttilt  birth,  and  a  Turther  probability  that 
Ibe  child,  if  ham  alive,  would  dia  befbre  tho  tDOther  could  render 
it  the  aniilanfe  nccewary.  A  Urge  child  would  be  glill  more 
likdy  to  peiiiU  first,  for,  a*  eliewhere  itnWd,  itill-bom  children 
■TMtty  eioecd  in  am  and  weight  thoiH  born  alive.  It  tUe  child's 
'  body  could  be  examined,  the  pranuiption  might  be  Btrensthened 
^r  the  ratxTa  of  h  diScalt  Ubonr,  or  the  alniyacp  of  the  nigni 
«f  TMpiraUon.  Lc^jt  decision!  have  not  ainsys  been  in  con- 
Ibrinily  nritb  the  principle  here  laid  down. 

Sex, — Ifa  mate  and  femBle  peritli  by  a  oominon  lecidenti  in 
'  %liich  ttrcngth  nad  mnmge  give  the  best  chnncc  of  snfoty, 
It  may  be  inferred  tliat  the  male,  being  the  stronger,  is  the  sur- 
vivor. But  fomalps,  being  sutject  Ui  prolonged  fainting  from 
.ftight,  msy  be,  by  that  very  circnnuUince,  iiicap.ieitated  from 
•e  struggles  wlilcb  in  ao  many  forma  of  death  may  be  prv- 
ned  to  iacreue  danger.  Wl^en,  then,  tliere  ii  safety  in  exer- 
n,  the  probability  of'sarvivurthip  nrill  be  with  the  innlu;  when 
]n  pamrs  endunnce  or  inseaiilMlity,  with  the  female. 


Under  this  bend  some  counntn  modes  ttf  death  wHl  be  ipeci- 
fled.  Mid  an  BtteinFt  will  bo-made  to  eBtibliiili  lome  gencml  prin- 
oiplca  with  rwpect  (o  them,  ■Hmning,  as  befure.  that  the  pncties 
Atoot  whom  the  question  ia  ruined  ara'pluced,  ai  nearly  aa  may 
n  Ibe  aame  ciicumstncce*. 

nt  [Atphgxia]. — Women  consaioe  less  oiygen  than  men ; 
le  ntme  qnnntiCy  of  air  will  last  them  for  s  looger  time ; 
d  of  ftdnlt  males  and  females  perithlng  together  by  atincco,  the 
nalea  may  be  presumed  ta  have  survived.  In  poisoning  by 
■rboaic  acid  giit,  h  bii-h  is  nearly  allied  Co  death  by  apno^a,  the 
lurvivorship  are  with  the  femnle.  Tliis  BtBtement 
Ea  on  the  authority  of  n  large  anmber  of  tnnta.  lo  19  out  of 
a  of  poiaoning  by  carbonic  Bcid,  which  took  plnce  in 
la  dnrlng  1834  and  1S3S,  a  man  and  woman  were  expoted 
)  Uw  ftamca  of  diarcoal  together :  of  these,  three  only  were 
lavod.  ami  tbeu  were  females.     In  solitary  casci  of 

D  of  death  the  result  is  also  favourable  to  the  female;  for 

It  out  of  73  females  were  restored,  and  only  19  oot  of  63  males, 

I  tbat  the  ehancM  for  the  female  aod  male  respectively  are 

mtlj  u  IS  and  14  (instead  of  6  and  4  as  Devergiu  rcpreutDts 

Hngia  caiei  are  in  onnformity  <vitb  this  remit.     Tims,  in  a 

»  quoted  by  Beck  bom  the  'Trantjlvanin  Junmal,'  a  man 

nen  eapOMd  in  a  naull  room  lo  Ute  gm  hoxa^nb 


2G6  STBTTVOBSirtP. 

Cfmls.  The  nuin  wa»  found  Head,  rigW,  and  contracted,  hut 
tbu  woman  was  atill  breathmg,  and  recavered.  Akuih,  iu  ■  m* 
reported  by  M.  Sardaillon,  a  man.  hii  wiro.  Mid  tliotr  child,  ifad 
■even  yean,  were  tupbyxiated  in  a  porter'i  lodge.  Thr  cbild 
died,  tbe  father  wu  very  ill,  and  with  difficulty  restored  to  life, 
while  the  wife  wu  able  to  cnll  Tor  help  and  to  uadit  botli 
husband  and  child.  In  these  casei  it  ia  neceaury  to  take 
into  account  the  position  which  the  pmtic«  occupied  io  the  num, 
whether  on  the  bed  or  on  the  door,  near  to  or  reinote  I'nim  an 
open  window,  Ik. 

Drawmng. — There  are  many  complicated  oinBidenktiaaa  con- 
nected with  this  mode  of  death,  la  sbipwrecka  men  are  more 
likely  to  be  in  a  ravonrable  situaUon  for  aaving  themselves,  as 
they  are  more  on  deck  than  women,  leaa  encainbered  by  dothing, 
more  likely  to  be  able  to  swim,  or  to  olint;  to  dmcing  pardons  of 
the  wreck.  When  the  compariMni  is  between  men  similarly  tt- 
posed  and  capable  of  the  lanie  eisrtion,  it  miiy  be  iwoeisary  (o 
inquire  whether  One  was  more  exposed  to  cold  by  bavini;  (ha 
body  half  immersed,  while  the  other  was  more  nadcr  water. 
iWrch  should  alto  be  made  for  severe  injuries  wbieh  may  har* 
prevelited  the  swimmer  from  using  bit  strength,  or  mny  have 
othorwiw  proved  fiital.  Apoplaiy  is  stated  by  Devergie  to  hi 
sooner  btol  than  apiima,  while  in  death  by  syncope  " 
beat  chance  of  recovery. 

Sujfoealion. — In  all  cases  of  snflbcation  depending  npon 
anfficient  quantity  of  mr,  or  upon  air  rendered  p.tTtially 
reapiraiCion,  it  may  be  preaumed  that  those  who  reqalre 
live  the  longest — women  longer  than  men,  children  thai 
In  suflboation  froto  the  falling  of  bouses  or  earth,  or  by 
means  in  general,  the  itronger  muy  be  presumed  to  survive  tna 
ireakar — men,  women  i  adults,  children  and  old  persons. 

Cold. — As  young  ehililren  bear  cold  worse  than  adults,  the 
pmbsbiUty  of  survivorship  in  exposure  to  the  same  degrea  of 
oiA  ia  in  favour  uf  the  latter.  Uen  bear  cold  better  than  womcn^ 
■dulls  better  than  the  aged.  It  [s  neceasary  also 
■OGOunt  the  clothing  of  the  exposed  penons.  and  t 
bvalth.      ftpiritnous  lik|Uon  in  eice^  increase  the  cfTrct  of  i 

Seat. — The  young  and  old,  as  they  aulfer 
do  the;  bear  heat  better.     The  relative  tolerance  of  heat 
two  loxei  ia  not  well  ascertained.     FodenS  relatM  the  case  or 
Engiiahiiisn  and  his  dsuRbier  aged  seven  yearn,  wbu,  in  the  yi 
18tl,onMi«I  th«d(B«r(ofayriato  the  Fcrtian  Oalf.     Bothn 
on  DBinebi,  ami  w*ra  placed  in  precisely  simUac  dreuoul 
bat  tlia  fatbur  died,  wiiile  the  child  arrived  iiLfe 


to  1m 

1 

aal^^ 


n  women. 
take  il^^^^ 

^ooU^H 

nt^r^^H 


HUNGER   iND   THIXaT.  807 

end.     Tb'i*  remit  might,  however,  be  eiplalned  bj  the  greater 
eiertion  whkb  the  parent  trould  be  called  apan  to  make. 

Hunger  and  Tkirtt.^-lhoie  who  hiive  not  rencbod  thdr  foil 
growth  require  more  noDriihincnt  thaii  adaUs,  nnd  adolta  more 
than  aged  persoiLS.  The  aged,  then,  if  health;  and  robust,  may 
be  presDmod  to  aarvive  both,  Hud  the  adult  to  live  longi^r  Ihan 
the  child.  Corpaleat  pcrvoiu  arc  thought  to  bear  hanger  better 
than  the  emaciated.  In  death  from  itarration,  tbue  who  have 
the  freeot  accsB  to  water  amy  be  preaameit  to  hve  the  longeit. 
Tboae  who  uie  the  greatest  eurtjniu  will  mffer  earUeat  in  thia  ai 
in  the  foregoing  toodei  of  death.  Thote  wbopoasen  mo«t  pawiTS 
endoraDce  Dwy  bs  eipected  to  live  the  longest. 

Such  are  aoma  of  the  principal  forma  of  death,  in  which  the 

mitulicc*  of  the  aeveml  victimi  are  likely  to  be  lo  aiinilar  aa 

mlt  of  the  appliiaition  of  general  rulea.     In  other  niodea  of 

I,  and  in  thcK  nnder  certain  drcumstancea,  there  may  be  no 

a  admittiDg  of  itrict  compariaon,  and   many  things  which 

erdie  a  marked  inSaence  on  the  resolt  will  liave  to  bs 

into   accoant.     The  reader  will   find   several   aucb  casea 

in   Beck'a  'Medical  Jariipmdencu ;'  but  aa  they  throw 

ght  npon  the  general  qncation,  and  eatabliah  no  filed  prin- 

they  are  not  quoted  here. 

u  been  auggeated  that  u  diatiuct  enactment  would  be  pre. 

to  the  preaeat  custom  of  deciding  each  case  on  its  own 

Such  an  enactment,  attending  to  thnt  targe  clsu  of 

n  which  the  ciicumataneea  of  the  death  are  but  imperfectly 

to  those  in  which  it  ia  in  the  very  niitura  of  things 

>  come  to  a  correct  deoimoD,  ia  certuuly  mach  to  be 


I 


CHAPTER  n. 


UROWNING— HANGING— STRANGULATION 

SUFFOCATION. 


DEATH  BY  DROWNrNQ. 

TLo  medira-lfgttl  importance  of  this  lulgect  maj  be  inTemA 
from  tlie  fact,  that  on  an  average  of  thu  fire  vean  1S52-SI>, 
S352  deatba  were  eniistH)  by  drowning,  of  which  1817  in  main 
aDd  S05  in  fenialn.  Of  tliis  number  164  (87  nii1«  and  77 
fvmnltB)  wets  ufcrtaioHl  acts  of  auii^ide.  In  1671  tlie  number* 
were  :— malcB,  2346 ;  femidea.  574.  Tutal,  S922,  Of  wliicb,  hj 
nicide: — malei,  173;  femnleB,  H-t. 

Death  by  drowning  ii  eomnionly  attrihulcd  tn  npncmj  bnt  m 
it  'a  not  llwa^i  due  ta  that  cnutc,  it  will  he  necesuiry  to  dctcribe 
tb4  Tiriana  mode*  in  whi:^h  a  man  who  has  died  in  the  water 
nay  have  nrnie  bj  hli  death, 

When  *  mnn  in  perfwt  pooenion  of  hi«  facnlties  falls  into  thit 
water,  he  ainki  to  »  greuter  or  lera  depth,  bat  immediately  rarm 
to  the  turfHce  again  ;  anil,  if  ho  is  a  ewimmer,  makes  effiirta  to 
Mf  R  blmKlf,  till  at  longlh  he  is  Tcdutcd  to  the  Dondition  of  on* 
who  cannot  awiin  at  all  i  with  th»  diffkrence,  thitt  be  has  alrckdy 
eilianated  the  atrcngth  wbieh  the  other  haa  in  reierve  Ibr  the 
iifUh-»lTn«g]K»  ouruuion  to  both.  These  atruggtr*  Liinsiil  of 
Irnvilbir  miivemFiita  nf  Ihe  nnai  and  1^^  and  griieiiings  of  the 
honda  at  all  objcrta  witlilu  reucb,  whether  Boating  in  the  watiff, 
flxed  at  the  bolumi,  or  growing  on  the  bank*,  lu  the  i-oante  of 
*  tbwr  Irrcgnlar  movDnient*  ho  rlKs  repeatodlir  to  the  lurfWco, 
tris  lo  brvnlhe,  aoil  takes  in  lir  anil  wnter.  The  oontact  of  Iho 
IT  with  Iba  windpigie  cannea  ■  t«ugh,  l<y  which  part  of  Iba 


""III  In  rijortwl,  i 


■iilh  it  ■> 


<  again  and  u|;alll,  till   the  body  n 


CiDSES  or  DEATH.  369 

kter  alone  ii  received  in  the  Tpin  effbrti  to  respire, 
while  fonable  involnntery  eipirotims  continue  w  expel  air  from 
the  chat.  At  lenirth  eII  tbe>e  cffurti  eeue,  tlie  bod;  linkB  lo 
the  bottom,  ml  bubbles  oC  air  ue  forced  rrom  tbe  cbeet  b;  the 
daftic  reaction  of  i!a  pirietcB.  The  gretiter  piirt  of  tlio  w.itet 
wluch  bu  entered  tbe  montb  tSnila  iti  way  into  the  iloiniiL'b,  tbe 
rMt  into  the  lnng«;  and  thia  refidne,  mixed  nith  tbe  H!cr(:tiolu 
of  the  month  and  air-punger,  nud  frothed  by  the  air  inipired 
and  expired,  fonni  tbe  foam  lo  conitanlly  met  with  in  pursoni 
who  bive  periabod  in  thii  way. 

In  these  cases  we  niaj  eipact  to  find  tbe  characteristic  marVs 

of  apDow,  coopleil  with  thoie  duo  to  the  nieilium  in  wlti<:h  the 

,   (leath  takes   phice.      In  the  case  of  the  swimmer  ilvatti  may 

'  e  phu»  from  eihaostian,  mth  le^  diatiact  signs  gf  desth 

But  tloith  may  take  place  in  the  water,  and  yet  be  cauaed 
intber  bj  sjiiiceH,  dot  by  exliauslion.  Tliere  may  be  complete 
Bat  of  ooiuciousiiess  at  the  very  moment  of  ituiuerHon.  This 
ny  happen  from  Iriitht,  from  dronkenDesi,  from  au  attack  of 
ir  of  catalepsy  (of  wliiiJi  wo  have  kuown  one  ioatauee) ; 
Fjind  in  this  cue  the  body  falls  to  the  bottom,  rises  s^nin  lo  a 
eirtain  hinght,  and  sinks  witlioot  a  straggle.  lu  theite  cases 
dMiil  is  due  to  shock,  or  to  syncope. 

Again,  a  man  may  hM,  or  throw  himself  into,  tbe  water  head 

Ibremoiit,  and,  strikiog  ogainit  a  rock  or  frngmenC  of  wood,  or 

•ren  against  the  water  itself,  (leriih  by  concnssioo  ;  at  tiilling,  or 

baing  thrown,  from  a  bfislit,  may   strike  tbe  water  with   the 

ehen  xul  pit  of  the  stonuch,  so  as  to  muse  instant  death  from 

■bock. 

^     Again,  cold,  eicitement,  or  the  first  violent  struggles,  may  occa- 

Ej{ki  apoplexy,  or  sudden  death  from  disease  of  the  beiirt.     Tliae 

^■VUen  deaths  by  diseases  of  tlie  brnin  and  heart  are  of  occsslonnl 

HientNiiM  in  pertona  bathing  in  cold  shaltuw  water. 

H[   DmUi  by  drowDiDg  may  also  l>e  of  a  mixed  character.    A  man 

^Hlla  into  tbe  water  in  full  poasetaion  of  all  bis  faciiltia,  which  be 

^KnMnes  tor  a  time,  till,  struck  with  horror  at  the  death  which 

^BiMHtMs  him,  he  bints,  and  thus  perishes. 

HT  It  appcan,  then,  that  death  by  drowning  may  he  doe  to  apncca, 

^b  nbanation,  l^shock^  syncopt^and  to  npopleiyi  or  psirtly 

^B)  ipiraB.  partly  to  one  of  the  other  oanses  just  specified.     'I'lia  * 

^hM*  In  which  there  edit  mnrka  of  apom  more  or  less  disUnct 

^■brndMl  with  those  proper  to  aome  other  form  of  death,  are  much 

HBm  moat  oommon  i  while  those  in  which  the  signs  of  apnos  are 

KwImU;  absent   form  ■  small  minority,  aiid  cnsc^  of  pure  uud 


DEATH    BT    DROWMIMC.  ^^^^^^ 

ilm>t  ^1*—  wtupT  "P  intermediate  place.     Derergk,  whoH 

I  'HfvnMKV  of  llie  drowned  has  btfua  already  allnded  to,  Mti- 

■  of  unmiiei)  apnos  ai  tieo  i»  right  of  the  vludit 

Uob  no  tracea  a(  upnica  eiUt  U  t>a«  in  eigU,  and 

W  tfivt-fi^ilia. 

'a  the  body  of  the  drowned  mtut  iii  i  iawii|j 
y  vM'ttw  loanner  and  csuse  af  deatb. 

Me  OUM  in  wbicli  dcatli  faaa  been  doe  to  apmaa,  tbt 
in»l  iiiiiiliiiii  appenrancct  nill  be  tlioao  proper  to  that  mod*  tf 
igtib  (Me  p.  SBl),  blended  witli  those  duo  to  the  mediula  it 
h  tlw  death  happened,  and  modified  by  the  time  the  body 
tnaincd  in  tbe  water,  as  well  ns  by  the  length  o(  luhnqoMt 
ra  to  tbe  air. 
If  tha  death  waa  dae  to  apncea.  and  the  eiaminalion  irai  wait 
t  the  death  and  removal  froin  the  WHl«r,  it  may  ba  tl- 
o  present  the  following  Bppeamnce* ;— The  ^ux  wd 
■1  mrfiux)  of  the  body  ure  either  pale  or  ilightly  Und,  wttt 
'  ■  deeper  tint.  The  eipreuion  of  the  lace  ia  geaenOj 
.  The  [oDgae  ia  swollen,  and  cliwely  applied  to  the  tttSb, 
J  protmded  betweeo  the  cloacd  jnw>,  and  ttill  more  rac^ 
*  *  1  bloody ;  and  there  ia  a  (rotby  (bam  at  the  moolfc. 
lUin  a  froth,  which  ia  soiuetimeB  tii^ 
;  and  the  trachea  and  larger  branchial  tubes  ooataia 
««lar,  wbloh  lometiiDe*  peaetrates  lo  their  mott  minute  nutdB- 
wMoM^  and  may  be  in  lach  qoautity  as  Ifl  fill  the  whole  of  tlw 
tdrfMNgaa.  The  water  occaaionally  carries  with  it  particoi  tt 
iAm  tr  mud,  or  fragmenta  of  aquatic  p!an1«.  The  lining  moB- 
immt  of  the  air.pataages  it  aometimca  conj^eated ;  the  lung*  ooo' 
Vk  a  hilgo  quantity  ef  hlack  fluid  blood,  which  also  diiteiidl 
ijh*  invM  caTR  and  right  tide  of  the  heart,  while  tbe  left  caiitiai 
fait«(t«  are  comparatively  empty.  'Mio  stomacli  almost  alwayi 
(HMHtM  water,  aouietimea  ia  conaiderablc  quantity.  The  iotM- 
tito«  hare  a  rosy  colour ;  tbe  liver,  splaeu,  and  kidaeya  an 
IMMil  with  blood  I  and  the  bladder  aomctimea  contains  bloodf 
iltflMkk  Hm  brain  pTexentit  the  same  spgieanuices  na  in  oUlcT 
(MN  vf  dsatb  by  apntn,  Sand  or  mud  is  often  fonnd  in  tlw 
Iftkhm  tt  tbr  nsila,  tbe  Sngers  are  sometiinei  abraded,  and  par- 
U/gIt  «f  plania  growing  !□  tbe  water,  or  on  the  banks  of  Um 
itlWUII-  May  be  found  Kraaped  in  the  hands.  Injnries  reccjvad  Id 
lli)U^  Wo  Ihe  water  daring  the  deatb  .struggles,  or  through  tba 
vlH^MiM  of  tbe  atreani,  may  also  leave  tlicir  marks  upon  the  bndy. 
1^  badMa  that  have  remained  in  the  water,  or  been  eipoaed 
lUltMAitfin  some  time,  the  pilid,  or  slightly  livid  hne  of  the 
tt^fitm  mij  Ik  eichuiiged  for  a  blout«d  s'^fBs.Ta.Dce,  and  large 


«U  BUXB  C&Si 


870  DEilU   BY    DROWKIKG. 

mnniied  apiKHi  occupy  nn  intermediate  pUce.  Dvrergie,  wiiom 
\Mige  eiperieDce  of  the  drowned  hag  been  ilreaily  illnded  to.  ttd- 
natca  tile  eua  of  umciied  Kpiiira  a>  two  in  right  of  the  wbolt, 
the  ciues  ia  wbidi  no  traces  ur  upniea  exist  at  ow  in  eighl,  md 
Uie  mixed  cuea  aa  fire-eiylilhi. 

The  ippearaaceB  in  tbe  body  of  the  drowned  miut  iii  i  i^iilj 
vary  with  the  nunner  >nd  cniue  of  death. 

In  those  cuei  in  which  death  has  befn  due  t«  apman,  tin 
poit-mor1«m  appninuicoa  will  bo  those  proper  to  that  mode  of 
death  (aee  p.  2Eil),  blended  with  those  due  to  tbe  medium  in 
which  the  death  happened,  and  modified  bj  the  time  the  body 
hiu  remained  in  the  water,  as  well  lu  by  the  length  of  ■uheequent 
eipoiare  to  the  )ur. 

If  the  death  was  duo  to  HptiiEa.  and  the  eiamioalion  was  made 
MOD  after  [be  deatti  and  removal  from  Uie  water,  it  may  be  ex- 
pected to  present  the  following  nppcarnDcea: — The  ftjx  and 
general  surface  of  the  body  ure  either  pale  or  iligbtly  livid,  with 
patches  of  s  deeper  tint.  Tlie  eiprcxsion  of  tbe  (iice  in  geoelalty 
calm.  The  tongue  ia  swollen,  and  closely  applied  to  Uie  taett, 
rarely  protruded  between  the  closed  jnw«,  and  still  more  nnlj 
wounded  and  bloody  ;  and  there  is  a  frothy  foam  at  tbe  moott. 
The  air-paxages  also  contain  >  froth,  which  ia  lometJmci  tingad 
with  hlood ;  and  thu  trachea  and  larger  bronchial  tabes  cnttdl 
water,  which  aometimes  penetrates  t«  their  most  mioate  rantl- 
ColJons,  and  may  be  in  such  quantity  ai  to  Gil  tbe  whole  of  Dw 
air-paraageo.  The  water  occasionally  carries  with  it  portioM  el 
slime  or  mnd,  or  fragments  of  aqnatie  plants.  Tbe  lining-  dmh- 
hnuie  o(  the  nir-paMnga  it  oometimea  congested;  the  longs  eOB- 
tain  a  large  quantity  of  black  fluid  blood,  wbicb  also  "liiifiiMlt 
the  venB!  cava  and  right  ude  of  the  heart,  while  the  left  eatttka 
and  aortd  are  comparatively  empty.  'I'he  stomaoh  olmoat  alwijn 
mntiuna  water,  sometimea  in  considerable  quantity.  The  ints- 
tines  have  a  rosy  colonri  tbe  liver,  ipleen,  and  kidneys  are 
gorged  with  hlood;  uud  the  bladder  sonii'iiiDea  contains  bloody 
urine.  Tbe  brain  presents  the  same  apiKiirances  as  in  otba' 
cases  of  death  by  apnms.  Sood  or  mud  is  often  fotind  in  tba 
hollow  of  the  nails,  the  fingers  arc  sometimea  abraded,  and  par* 
tions  of  plants  growing  in  the  water,  or  on  tbe  banks  of  tin 
stream,  may  be  found  grasped  in  the  hands.  Injuries  received  in 
'falling  into  the  water  during  tba  death-itrugglea,  or  tbroogfa  tllA 
violence  of  the  stream,  may  also  lenve  their  mnrki  apan  the  bndj. 

In  bodies  that  bave  remained  in  tbe  water,  or  been  eipwod 
to  tbe  air  for  some  time,  the  pnllid,  or  slightly  lii-id  hue  of  the 
features  may  be  excbauged  tur  »  Uoatxd  s,f >^ncQe,  oud  large 


WAS  DRiTH  C 


r    DROWNING  ? 


m 


Kvid  ipots  miy  ahOnr  themielvei  on  diflcrent  pnila  of  the  twdy 
u  in  otLer  catea  of  death  bj  apnixs. 

In  death  by  sliock,  ijncopB,  or  eihauation,  tliere  is  little  or  HO 
water  ia  the  nir-paiuges  or  stomach.  Tlic  CMvitiea  of  the  heart 
•nd  the  Urge  veneta  are  eqi»U;  dialcndcd  with  blood,  or  are 
Dearly  empty,  and  the  brain  and  internal  vigceni  are  in  their 
natnril  ttate. 

Death  by  eoDcuiaion  or  by  apoplexy,  or  by  disease  of  the  heart, 
nreals  itaelf  by  the  nsnal  post-mortem  appearances. 

In  miied  caiea,  the  appearaDccs  dae  to  Rpno>a  will  be  lets 
•bongly  marked.  There  wilt  bo  leu  froth  at  the  mouth,  less 
water  and  Troth  in  the  nir-pasuges  and  stomafh;  less  congestjon 
of  the  long*,  heart,  and  grvMt  vetseln,  and  intemsl  v'acen, 

SeTeml  medioo-lef^l  qnestions  Hnggeet  themselves  in  reference 
to  a  body  fonnd  in  the  water.  The  lint  in  order  is  the  rollowing : 
—  fFbi  drath  eauifd  bg  iroir-miig  T  In  tlio  caic  of  a  bod,v  foand 
in  the  water,  death  may  obvionily  have  hapiiened  prior  to  im- 
mcrtiOD  from  natural  enuses  or  from  intentional  Tiolcnce ;  and  in 
the  Utter  case  the  death  may  have  been  due  to  some  cause  pro- 
dndng  apncea,  and  giving  rise  to  the  characteristic  sppearaneea 
proper  U  tbat  mode  of  death.  In  other  words,  a  person  may  be 
•Uangled  or  lufTocated,  and  then  thrown  into  the  water  to  con- 
ceal the  true  caaw  of  death.  In  deciding  a  question  of  so  much 
diSicDity,  *<■  shall  have  U>  eonsider  whether  the  post-mortem  np- 
pearmncn  alleged  to  be  characteriitjc  of  death  by  drowning  might 
have  been  nccouoned  by  ransea  acting  before  immersion  i  also 
whether,  in  tile  case  of  bodies  remaining  in  the  water  some  lime 
•Act  death,  the  appearances  usually  attributed  to  tho  mode  nf 
dnth  may  not  be  eiplained  by  the  circumstances  of  tlie  im- 
merwNi  itself. 

Of  the  post-mortem  appearances  present  in  the  bodies  of  those 
who  h»»e  perished  by  drowning,  some  are  proper  to  that  mode  of 
<Uath,  Othen  common  to  deatb  by  other  forms  nf  apnos.  To  the 
>  daas  belong  the  paailjon  and  swollen  state  of  the  tangne ; 

lepallsT  with  rosy  or  violet  diacolontiims  of  certain  part*  of  the 
^ini  the  li^ectcd  state  of  the  brain;  the  congestion  of  the  in- 
alviacermi  the  greatly  increased  volume  of  the  lungs;  the 
H>  of  the  right  cavltiea  of  the  heart,  and  emptineu  of  tbe 
tcA;  tbe  fluid  sbite  of  the  blood;  and  tbv  piistencc  (very  rare) 
of  Uoody  urine  in  the  bUdder.  To  tho  former  cla»  belong : — ei- 
ooriattona  of  tbe  Angers,  with  sand  or  mud  in  the  hollow  nf  tbe 
nalltl  fyogmonla  of  plants  graaped  in  the  hand;  water  in  tbe 
■tDmaeh  i  froth  at  the  mouth  and  nostrils;  froth,  water,  mud,  or 
aaud  in  tba  air-pasaogesi  and  retraction  of  the  poiiis. 


I 


!«•■*■»•.««.  M  (Umm  tkM  tad   Urn  W-mdletki' 


r 

F 


fore,  coiuidereble ;  »nd  it  is  protmbte,  that  wbero  the  wnter  ii 
tttry  i^ni  it  may  roriu  the  pawage  of  Ule  osophagna,  even  thoiiph 
the  auiinal  itied  previoiul;  to  submcraaii.  But  it  has  bwn 
•hovD  by  rqKated  eiperiment*  ou  nninmla  tliat,  as  a  rule,  water 
4am  nut  ent«r  the  slomach  after  death.  It  appeari,  iDOreOTer, 
lh*t  water  may  eiitcr  the  itamach  when  the  timet  have  been 
njual  by  patrefactian.* 

It  ia  abvioua,  then,  that  water  in  tliD  Momacli  la  not  to  be  con- 
1  aa  concluiive  erideiioe  of  death  by  drowniug,  wheu  the 
qnm'  b  of  great  deptti,  or  wben  the  holy  ia  (at  advanced  in 
intrafiKtion.  It  miut  alao  be  admitted  to  be  pouible  thut  the 
■»«ter  night  iiave  bean  iwallowed  iramediately  previcnialy  to  im- 
uid  poaaible.  also,  thoogh  laost  improbable,  that  it  might, 
■led  by  Orfila,  be  mahdously  injected  after  death- 
Bat  though  water  in  the  gtomBcb  aflbrdB  a  preBamption  ot 
th  hf  drownlag,  iti  abaenoe  mutt  not  he  taken  as  evidence  to 
eoDlraryi  for  it  ig  not  present  in  death  by  drowning  due  to 
oUkr  than  apntca,  aueh  as  shook,  syocopc,  conriiBioD,  or 
The  leaduncy  Ui  cwidlow  umy  also  be  voluntarily  re- 
tha  body  mnj  lie.  in  some  wny  or  other,  prevented 
to  the  inrfaet. 
On  tba  other  liand,  water  may  have  entered  the  stomafh,  and 
be  Amnd  there  ntter  death  ;  for  if  the  head  be  idloired  to 
Ig  down,  the  wati^r  will  Barape.  This  Fact  also  whs  provr.nl  by 
Taylor's  eiperiments.  A^plin,  lengthened  eipo§ur«  uller 
'  &om  the  wster.  may  cause  the  fluid  in  the  stomach  to 
tiwuada  through  ita  coata,  and  disappear. 

Th«  abaanoB  of  vrutcr  trom  the  stomach,  therefore,  ii  not  con- 
d«H*a  agunat  death  by  drowning,  for  it  tuny  bavo  eutured  the 
ibaequmitly  dinppeared;  or  it  may  never  have 


■MBK  tm  ^Bi  ad  a<^  and  Wm  gf  poaU,  kiK  wit  mill 

■^mMAcM-.'I  ten  BERT  ri£led  to  cUab  t*JH—i> 
MMBBiri  ib1»  a  f«T  [art  rf  Uic  )««>.  (G.} 

>M  A*  nbt  itf  tUi  ■¥>  B  inpmvd  bj  ibc  fact  Art  V 
«ifi  «Mr  tia  hni|-   ef  ikuc  «b<k  ten  Iwa  Ukovb  in  ■ 
<kMk    (Mk  mJ  Fknj  lc«nd,  tltf  Ibc  qiMBtiljt  vkiA  a* 
■■■■4  ■^■aa^  ta  ite  Imgt,  noied  Mat^Tif  to  Ike  poalk 
W*  la^  IsBf  biE*   •l«v   ii   nauiHd  ^n^:   Icn  alM 

TW  i^iyi^kn  Hat  >kter  b*;  be  it^irtti  aAer  teitk  aa^  ta     ' 

MaMuI  sf  a  &Tici/iil  rcfiiKmeiit.  Hat  nICT  >a  oat  alnji 
praaiBE  in  ibelncpi  in  death  Lj  droicuinc;  for,  u  in  the  tatt  nt 

tkn  itie«t,  if  U:e  bead  la  p1«ci-d  doBiin-arfs,  tit  wtta  Ban 
Wk      Lk'Cf  n|<^™i^  too<  "ill  nDFe  it  to  trnimide  snd  be  lot. 

ftvli  at  lie  2l<mlA  and  yottriU.—lhit,  (oo,  is  a  ngn  of 
ilMtti  bv  Jionmng;  but  oitcn  lo  all  the  objections  jmt  dated  io 
iHi|)iiu<l  ut'  frvMh  in  the  air-|ui!!Hi^e<.  It  haf,  indeed,  >  doer  de- 
ftaiiiiai!t  oo  the  eiUtcnce  of  trutb  in  the  air-pnsafcs.  aided  by 
the  «bt<;ki<iiient  of  tLc  gicies  tf  putrefaction  lorciog  it  into  tbe 
tuteoi.     Ileuee  it  i»  more  couimon  in  summer  than  in  wintCT. 

CUitaurriiKi. — In  dvatli  from  drowning,  uhptber  in  rnminer 
«  s'lltNt.  tt^  twdj  eihihits  tijc  nppeamnce  known  as  "  f«ee- 
dtdi"  w«  i-ala  uueriua.  TliiH  is  cHU»oJ  bj  the  contracted  state  of 
1^  ii><>»t'ltfrTi  {»''•,  and  ii  eliioHy  necn  on  the  aaterior  snrfiwe  of 
^«ktnw*lH^  '^B  CDtU  auBctiDa  may,  however,  be  toand  in 
A  ftww  vtbrr  canaei,  and  particularly  in  caaea  of  tndden  death 


nerrom  vxmtenient.  Taken  hy  ttsoir,  it»  presence  does  ni 
e  dAlh  by  drowniTip,  bol  ili  nbsence  would  be  a  seriinift  ol 
on  to  llie  fut  of  dmth  bj  dronning  aali&BUthHriigiiBt 
unoniany  proRDiincinl  character. 

SitrafUoit  ^  the  Pritit. — Cin]wr  nllegeB  that,  in  men  *hn 
into  tlie  water  alive,  and  died  b^  ilrowning',  be  bnt 
r  fwled  to  End  tliia  ipixianinre,  while  be  lias  not  ob- 
rred  it  ao  oonitantif  after  any  other  kind  of  death. — (Handboolc. 

i.  p.  n^.) 

m  tbii  examinution  at  llin  ligna  of  death  b;  drowning,  it 

n  that  there  ia  uo  lingle  one  on  which  eiitiro  rclinnra  mn 

Iced.     Bat  when  eereral  signi  coiacide,  the  probAbiltty  ia 

J  itrengtbeDeil.      Like  the  eymptomB  of  disease,  they  maj- 

M  of  little  nilue  when  talcen  sepamtely,  hnt  when  comtnned  they 

»  cafe  dbgnosia.    Some  nnthon,  and  Orfila 

HMig  llie  nambcr,  have,  indeed,  tliought  tiuit  the  quoition.  Wan 

a  drowning?  admits  of  no  dedaion ;  bat  from  this 

c  Derergie  and  Caaper  very  properly  diMent. 

'lonld  atao  be  borne  in   mind,  that  the  moat  chniacteriBtic 

neei  of  death  by  drowning  are  not  jicrmam^n 

lyoootinucHller  the  body  hna  lain  ttom  Hflfeu  to  eighteen 

10  tha  water,  but  in  tummer  they  may  dtanppcar  aa  early 

«  Uurd  day.     Etpoaure  V}  the  air  alto  cauaea  them  rapidly 

Mppear,  and  in  ttie  height  of  anmrner  a  few  hoara  may  auffioe 

aipatc  tbem.     Advanced  putrefaction  lUraiputva  all  the  aijcns 

h  by  diawning. 

le  thai  the  body  haa  romnined  in  the  wutur  will  l*  At- 
wd  approiimatnly  by  the  «gi»  laid  down  iit  p.  251. 
i«  niiience  derived  fhim  the  tiRiia  of  death  by  drowning 
M  of  btinj;  ai'illrmed  or  invalidated  by  the  condition  of  the 
'y  In  other  rapecta.  eipcrially  by  the  presence  or  abneucc  of 
"«  qf  Vwlt-mr. — With  regard  to  injuriea  on  thebodiei 
» taaoA  in  the  water,  thri'e  qneitiona  arise  :— 
..  Wen  tbey  inlliclod  during  Ufe?     2.  If  ao,  are  tlicy  inch 
'B  kCODont   for  death  Iielbre  aubmeraiun  ?     3.    Were  they 
■ntal,  auiddul,  or  homicidal  ? 
t«  Srat  and  third  qucttlona  are  fully  din 
ronnda.     11ia  immcraion  of  the  t)odT  it 
10  decin'un  •<(  thcH  cjueationa,  only  in  ao  fttr  aa  iJiu 
'H  tliareby  altered  in  ajipeorunce. 

'  '    ■        irinu  U,  navunljiir  DraOi  bi-fort  Su'.. 


mT 


X  fire  waya  in  which  a  body  taken  from  the  « 
B  to  eihlbit  nurlu  of  violsnoe.    1.   &  vtan  ha^  >>« 


a76 

manlered,  and  thrown  into  tbe  water  dead ;  2.  He  may  n 
ferere  injury  from  the  lianda  of  others  or  hioadf,  nnd  maj  llw 
Iw  thrown  (Or  throw  blmtelf)  into  tbe  water  while' »tiU  aliie.   U 
tbo  ii^urica  aro  in  the  sbnpe  of  bruius,  the j  maj  lia«e  be«i  ca 
3.  Bjr  the  deatli  itmgglea ;  4,  By  nme  oUtscle  n^ainat  whidi  ibt 
body  Li  bomei  6.  In  the  irery  tuit  of  fulliii|;  intn  tbe  water. 

1.  In  a  uiiin  wbo  liaa  been  mnrdercd  and  tbrown  inlo  tin 
wat4ir  dead,  we  should  cipect  to  find  all  tbe  ugns  of  death  bj 
droA'niug  abient,  with  the  exception  of  auch  aa  may  have  ben 
taoaed  by  nnroninion  depth  of  water,  or  advatued  patrelaetua. 

S.  On  the  auppoutlou  that  a  man  foand  in  tbe  water  had  fint 
been  aeverely  injured  and  then  thrown  in  aliie,  ire  migbt  eipMt 
to  find  signs  of  drowning  proiiortioned  in  number  aud  dialinit- 
nea  to  tbe  strength  still  left  afler  tbe  violence  inAict«d. 

3.  The  bruises  caoeeJ  by  tlie  struggles  of  the  drowniDg  maa 
woold  not  be  ho  severe  ur  extenHVe  ai  to  endanger  life. 

4.  The  bruiaea  caused  by  tited  obetadee,  against  wliich  tbe  bodj 
might  be  borne  by  a  rnnuing  stream,  would  not  bo  F^trongljr 
tnarksd.  It  ia  not  likely  that  ineh  seven!  injariea  aa  dislocatioiu 
or  fractnrea  could  originate  in  thia  way,  nnleaa  the  obataele 
irere  in  motion — e.g.  a  water-wheel. 

B.  faUing  into  the  Water.—K  person  who  f.ills  or  thnnn 
bimself  from  ahi'ight  upon  a  hard  bunk  or  pier  of  a  bridgt^  may 
not  only  be  svveiely  bruised,  but  snniain  sucb  severe  injuriea  aa 
ftvcturea  of  the  skull  0t  limbs,  and  severe  lacerated  wounda. 

Uiilocatioii  of  tbe  limbs  is  a  pus«ble  consequence  of  falGng 
from  a  great  height.  Many  years  tinee,  »  stated  by  Dr.  Gordon 
Smith,  H  man  wlio  used  to  jump  fiom  tbe  parapet  of  LondoD 
Bridge  into  the  Thames  for  a  wager,  nnd  had  previonily  per- 
formed tbe  fiwt  with  impunity,  Bank  and  was  drowned.  Both 
arma  were  found  dialouitrd,  in  conseijuence,  it  is  thought,  of  bis 
having  fallen  with  them  stretched  out  instead  of  cloaa  to  bis 
aides,  na  wjs  liia  wont. 

Two  cases  are  also  recorded  (Sooth's  edition  of  Cheliua'a  Snr- 
icery,  vol.  i.  p.  533),  the  one  of  A'actaro  of  the  body  aud  arch  of 
the  fourth  i^rvical  sertebra,  tbe  other  of  fracture  of  tbe  body 
of  the  filth  vertebra,  caused  by  jumping  into  the  water.  Th« 
deaths  were  attributed  to  a  luddeu  retraction  of  the  head  to  avert 
collinon  with  the  botlom. 

The  medical  man  should,  therefore,  ascortain  whether  the 
drowned  man  fell  from  ■  height  i  whether  the  water  is  a  nitnd 
strcum;  and  whether  the  body  was  found  near  obstacles  fixed  or 
in  motiuD ;  and  if  there  are  no  such  causes  us  these  to  accmmt 
for  the  iigories  inataliied,  he  maj  fwtlj  trace  thein  to  sooie 


4CC1DEST,    SDICirE,    OR    HOUICIDE.  2(7 

K  preceding  tiie  immenioD.  In  liodiea  foiinii  in  itiallaw  atili 
tBter,  nutks  i>f  liolence  afford  atrang  preminiptlon  of  liamioide. 
AMnmJng  duntb  to  have  been  due  U  drawning,  inotber  qaea- 

ir  Monii- 


B  Ifat  the  Dnmiiitg  tit  rmll  of  Aeeldeat,  Buiei 

H    »Ut  t — TbiM  question  a  eicecdingly  difficult  to  atiswvr ,'  lOr  ir 
H    Mtare  an  tin  nmrka  of  fiolenee  on  tlie  body,  it  is  not  ponible  to 
r   mj  wliethar  ttie  inin  (tU  in,  vr  jniapod  in.  or  wu  pushed  in ; 
mod  in  nspcct  of  bodies  fouml  ia  running  Btrcnmi,  it  ma;  not  }ic 
(Kanblo  tOMCortain  BtiKbiit  point  tbey  entered  tbe  water, 

Kor  if  we  find  t)io  baud*  of  the  drowned  mnn  gpasping  \varpg 
or  gnn,  showing  Uint  be  had  itrcggled  hard  while  in  the  water, 
can  we  affirm  that  be  waa  thrown  or  pnihed  in  by  otiiert. 

Hot  a^n,  does  the  fact  of  a  nan  being  drowned  in  a  abnllow 
atream  of  vaUr  eiehido  the  idea  of  liomicide;  for  if  ii  strong 
mui  were  to  hold  the  head  of  a  weak  or  inflrni  one  in  a  liuain  of 
water,  h«  might  drown  himjost  bb  effBctually  a«  in  a  di>ep  stream. 
On  the  Mh«r  faand,  it  ahould  be  bomo  in  mind  tliat  cases  of 
raiiadal  drotrning  in  almllow  water,  or  in  very  nirrow  spui^es,  tucli 
M  nnall  honH-ciiterns,  ia  nccaaionally  ooeur. 

It  ii  evident,  fVom  wlint  lian  been  itnted,  that  where  there  are 
ilenee  on  the  body,  we  have  no  monni  of  dutennin- 
le  dmmung  was  the  remit  of  accideot,  luicide,  or 
i;  and  that  oitcrnal  injuries  to  throw  any  light  upon  the 
t  b«  Kch  a*  could  not  havi  been  inflicted  by  the 
I  hlmielf  prior  tu  iaimerBian.  or  by  the  acddcntal 
q  of  the  body  i^init  an  obstaolo  in  entering  the  water,  or 
g  the  death  atroggle. 

«  ii  Ane  case  wbicb  woald  at  firat  Hght  seem  conclnuve  of 

He,  namely,  where  a  body  ia  fouod  in  the  water  tjed  hand 

Dr.  Smith,  however,  relatea  the  following  caie: — In 

.A,  the  body  of  a  gauging-inttrument  maker,  who  had 

ring  for  Bonie  days,  was  diacovered  floating  down  tlie 

On  being  taken  out,  his  wrists  were  funad  tied  together 

I  fliit  to  hii  knees,  which  wero  in  like  mnnner  aecnred  to 

b  Atber.     He  had  bemi  detaoged  for  two  years.    The  cord 

fa  ■rbloh  bo  bad  tied  lumself  was  recognised  aa  the  one  with 

It  he  ni«d  to  raiM  himself  in  bed.     He  wai  a  good  iwimmeri 

pl  ptAablr  took  tbe  precaution  at  disabling  biuuelf.     The  rer- 

It  waa  *■  Found  dmwned."     Two  similar  casea  are  on  reconl, 

t  bjr  toStri,  in  whldi  the  handi  and  fingers  were  tied  together 

~ DBS  ft'ldai  and  another  in  tlie  ninth 


',  and  lUn  \ait^wci  c 


^^H 

^^^^^^^1 

^^^H 

^^H 

^Bi^^^l 

878                                     DBATU    BI    IIAKGUTG.                                                1 

umin^  (Vire.  Qoichard,  £c.)  m  the  o^ier,  gite  their  opmoo  ta 
favour  of  inldde.    In  inrh  raws  u  tlioe  it  would  be  neceiw;  to 
iletermme  wlioCber  the  knot)  or  folds  admitted  of  beiog  nudt 
wilJi  tliQ  l«eth,  or  by  toy  moyementt  of  the  buida  or  limla. 

treattnent  of  the  drowned,  it  miy  b«  »cU  to  reall  the  bot  tM 

^ 

iij  iii.M  (leiilb*  by  ilrowning  the  ciu<e  of  (li-alh  16  iipnce*,  cimple 
III'  ihivokl;  flnd  thqt  the  lOPiiiis  to  bo  Bc]o;kt4rJ  aro  iboao  wbjcb 
iMiiili)  \k  ]iresi'iilicd  in  oIIht  cnsi»  of  h-ulibciition,  with  certain 
ulvini?  iiimlilicutions  sn^^estcd  by  tile  d<>ntb  having  occurred  in 

:i'iii]>L*t  III  lire  of  llic  skin,  nnd  renders  necpisnry  more  prompt  and 
-<i>l»iiied  nttrmptA  to  restore  it.  TIig  lungs  nnd  stomach  iboold 
:i1m'  Ih>  ri'lievtil  of  the  water  which  had  entered  them. 

Tilt'  I'ullntving  roles  for  the  tre.itmont  of  the  drowned  are  in 
iuwinbim-e  with  the  mcthixl  of  Dr.  Henry  Silvester,  which  bai 
ii'-iv,  l^v  (rrnicrnl  comenl.  takeri  the  place  of  that  rerommended 
bv  Dr.' Marshal  Hull.  Send  immediately  for  bbnketa  and  dry 
I'tothii^i;,  liut  treat  the  patient  instantly  on  the  spot,  in  the  open 
,iir,  First  pluL-c  tite  body,  for  a  few  seconds,  with  the  face  dowa- 
niink  the  head  1o«-lt  than  the  feet,  the  month  open,  and  the 
:i>ii|r<i>'  drawn  furuardj  then  turn  the  l»dy  on  the  back,  place  it 
»ii  Ml  inclined  eurfacc,  oise  the  elioukler^  and  support  them,  and 
liv   Ihi'  («t.     Now  pratji  the   arms  ot  tlie  elboiv^.  draw  tlwio 


»  dcntfai.     In  tbs  wbale  tie  yetn  only  o 


1  deuM<  (of  a  ctiild 


r  flie  jcais  old)  was  Ht  down  na  an  act  of  bomicide,     In 

'  "I  males  aTid  1(X)  female*  oonimltted  tuicide  by  liantnng. 

came  of  detth  i»  the  sama  in  hanging,  ■trangulitimi. 

ation,  it  may  be  well  lo  uinke  a  fa*  prBllminnry  obser- 

a  tlMi«  modua  of  death  baiiire  proceeding  to  euktnine 

n  t»piiirately. 

r  Thongb  in  cainiuon  Ungaage,  death  fVom  any  of  theae  three 
doe  to  n^aeal ion,  this  term  liu  in  mediMhlegnl  Ungniigv 
meaning  of  iu  own.  1 1  menus  death  canisd  b;  some 
at  to  the  rojpiratioQ,  which  dm*  not  act  by  compreuin^ 
I  ur  tncUpa.  Tbna  ■  man  ia  said  b)  be  anSocatad  if 
ti  and  DMtrili  are  cloied.  or  if  be  !■  proventcd  from 
thing  by  prenure  on  tbe  ebest  oc  abdomen.  Certain  iioxioui 
to  deitra.*  life  by  niObcnUan,  The  aubjecl  of 
I,  then,  separate*  itself  ut  once  from  those  fiirmi  of 
4Mth  (hangin);,  atraagDlation,  and  throttling)  in  all  of  which 
proagre  ia  eatrciied  on  the  air-tubt  and  iJtroal. 

Tb*  moat  smple  oauu  of  death  is  throttUitg,  or  direct  prea- 

anra  on  the  tracbea  with  the  lingera.     Here  tlie  cauie  is  obvioua  > 

it  b  Uu)  nmc  as  in  many  cases  of  drowning;  the  same  ns  in 

— lit,  apmsa  (oipAy^ia).     Death  tukes  place  from  llio 

tanioal  hindrance  to  resplrutioo,     Bnt  the  cause  of  death  U 

ID  olnl'  when  tbe  entire  drcamferenee  of  the  nock  ia  snbject 

hlpnnnre;  Gir  in  tliis  cate  net  only  the  laryiii  or  tracliea,  but 

•  Uood-v«iHls  also  BuObr.     In  aome  initnne«a  both  nir-tnbe* 

d  blood-osHls  are  impliuiledi  in  others  the  sir-tubiH  auiTer 

I  and  the  resaela  escape;  In  others,  ngain,  tbe  nir- 

la  iiutiun  all  the  preaanre.     The  I'espi- 

a  attd  circulation  nre  mntt  completely  impeded  when  a  conl 

■t  TMind  tiie  hwor  part  of  the  neck,  so  ■■  lo  embrace  tlie 

ai  tlia  Urge  raaeli  at  their  entranoi  into  and  exit  from 

;  or  when  it  is  applied,  or  drawn  by  the  weight  of  the 

oatb  the  lower  jaw.     Both  fnuctioru  are  le»  iuteHercd 

in  tbtt  eunl  ia  lixed  directly  over  the  larym,  as  the  pro- 

M  tj  Uie  iM  byoideB  and  thyroid  eartikge  alTurd  some  pro- 

n  to  the  vludpip«  and  blood-veiHiU. 

\  TiS*  varhitJon  in  tlia  ponton  of  the  Hgnture.  and  in  the 

lercisue  on  the  origans  of  roupiration  and  circu- 

n  raapwtively,  eiplaini  the  dilference  in  the  len^h  of  time 

'  I*  dMtnr^  life  in  all  those  au»  in  which  death  does  not 

«  lliatantanaouslf  from  injury  to  the  spinal  card',  attd 


DEATH  BY   DANGiyC. 

1  of  the  « 


qtMBtion.  wbether  tbo  pre« 


«-  M  A#  H»ttl-riiwelg  ia  the  iroinediate  csnne  of  dealh, 
WoJfc  it  dntb  etD*ed  by  apnaa,  or  bj  apoplrjj/  ? 

It  ••■  tanaarlj  thn  general  belief  that  death  as  4 
^P^Im^:  and  thii  opinign  wi»  not  qnrenHinBble,  fbr  it  i 
kMN  dNl  nwre  proraute  with  the  fin^cn  on  the  earaljd 
vflltnMrictp,  by  checking  the  aupply  of  blood  to  the  bni 
ttal  iia^ei;  ii  on^ii  braught  an,  in  penoDg  prediquid  ta 
^mtt,  b;  l]be  prennre  of  a  crnvnt  impeding  the  return  of  1 

That  apopleiy,  therefore,  may  bo  hreifit 
tt  by  pcfure  on  the  large  bkod-vmclB  ia  not  to  ' 
'ion  atill  recun — in  those  caaes  of  at 
in  which  tbe  air-tube  and  blood-veiiaela  art  aiaik 
ly  conprEaKd,  to  which  of  the  two  pressures  i*  diatb  IsW 
Both  caiuei  dnubtlceaoontribute  u  the  fatal  radt. 
hiatoppageof  tbereapiratinn  ia  certainly  tbe  eBSeDtialcanHi 
■Ui  1^  apncea  would  be  mnch  more  speedily  and  eaUMj 
)d  by  a  aampleto  or  partial  stoppage  of  the  breathing,  tliB 
ll  apipleiy  by  the  eomplete  or  parlial  arreit  of  tbe  drcnUtiH. 
It  aa  appeal  may  be  made  to  actual  experiment  for  th<-  dttakai 
A  d(^  wm  suipendcd  by  the  neck  with  a  rod. 
f  having  been  prcvioualy  made  in  the  trachea  bdaw 
■e  tbe  curd  wns  applied.  After  hanging  for  aboid 
rs  of  an  hour,  during  which  time  the  circulation  aiid 
a  as  usual,  tbe  animal  wai  cut  don-n,  and  did 
lO  have  autTered  materially.  Tlie  cord  waa  thf  n  abifled 
M)W  tbe  opening  into  the  trachen,  id  aa  to  atop  the  ingress  of 
wr  lMi>  the  lungs;  and  the  animal  bang  i^in  suspended,  waa  b 
A  ttm  Hunutea  quite  dead.*  In  this  experiment  the  compreanon 
uf  tbii  nwels  was  probably  less  than  it  would  be  in  mxny  cnaeaof 
diiUtIt  (torn  hanging  in  the  human  anlijcct,  in  which  the  violenoe 
(HUl^ed.  iho  height  of  the  fall,  and  the  weight  of  the  body  com- 
t^oe  tu  tighten  the  cord,  and  thus  excrclae  the  strongest  pressure 
uu  lb«  vthIs  as  well  aa  on  the  air-tuhe. 

.V  aiaillar  operation  on  the  buman  subject  ia  described  by 
Stuitikt 

■'  .V  aun  of  the  name  of  Gordon  was  eiecuted  Bl  Tyhnm,  in 
A)irkl,  1T33.  Ur.  Chovet  having  by  IVequent  eiperimonts  on 
doip^  diaaivered  that  oiwning  the  windpipe  would  prevent  the 
fatul  ouusDiiavncea  of  Uiu  halter,  DudertoDk   Ui  save  Gordon,  wul 


dc  UHUclne,*  Ap]«ndli,  p 


•oKinlinpl]'  made  an  indiion  In  b!i  windpipe,  the  elTect  of  which 
mi,  thai  when  Gordoo  sMppeJ  hia  moutb,  noitrils,  imA  ran  fnr 
tmvit  tinit,  ur  enoiiich  came  tbroogh  tbe  opening  to  allow  of  the 
(Kmliniwncc  or  life.  Wbcn  hanged,  be  ma  obterved  lo  he  nlive 
■Rer  all  llic  rat  weru  dead ;  and  nbcn  he  had  hung  threa- 
quuten  nf  an  hour,  being  carried  lo  a  houw  in  the  Tyburn  road, 
he  opeiuiil  hia  mouth  wvcral  times  and  groaned;  andavein  bEing 
cqmied  he  bled  freely."  But  these  were  the  only  mgi»  of  life. 
,  Dr.  Smith  attribuleil  the  want  r>(  aacceu  to  the  great  weight  of 
n,  conpled  jwrhape  with  the  inniHlcieucy  of  tbe  openiai; 
told  the  tncbn.  It  ia  obvioaa  that  the  >ame  reinlti  wnnld 
Itopptn  if  an  equal  iiretaure  by  atraoguIaUati  were  lubttitutcd  liir 
"V  weifhtof  the  body. 

ippeanv  U>e"i  Chat  when  the  windpipe  and  the  large  blood- 
a  BOllhr  compreauon,  death  miiy  be  attribuU^  to  iipnira; 
m  the  teapiriition  ia  free,  or  but  (lighttj  affected,  pressure 
namla  may  caoie  deatli  by  apoplexy,  but  mure  dowly ; 
■  when  reapimtiun  and  cirealDtisn  are  both  impeded, 
Ji  may  coRlrihale  lo  the  filial  r»alt,  though  tbe  hindmuce  to 
»  RVplration  i*  the  more  effiaeat. 

•■  been  iiiggnted  that  tbe  immediate  cause  of  death  in 

(  inJ  (tnuigulntion   is  pressure  on   the   nerves    wliicli 

ftinetion  of  rtwpimlion;  \ut  as  sueh  pressure  does 

Ml  till  tbe  lapse  of  many  hours,  this  eiplnnation 

>*  njcclcd. 

"Ing  now  cnmined  the  qneationa  common  U>  dmtb  by 
'g  and  fay  ttraugulation,  the  sohject  of  death  l^  lunging 
K!  resumed. 
li  tabes  pbiro  irerj  luddenl;  in  certain  eaaea  of  mspensioii. 
>am  fear  jiroduciDg  ayiitape  as  in  some  eaaei  of  drowning, 
I  Injury  to  the  spinal  eord  by  Inia^n  of  tbe  rcrvi<«I 
*,  ttactDTO  of  the  odouUnd  process,  or  rupture  of  tlie 
rvint«br*I  substance.  Tbeao  iiguries  to  the  spine  beiug 
il  eitbrr  by  tbu  fall  of  thu  body  from  a  height,  or  by  a 
1  motion  giveu  to  Uie  body  al  the  moment  of  the  fell, 
b  by  lianging  taliet  place,  then,  iu  dllTcrent  jvsys  and  at 
t  iatermla  of  time.  The  more  speedy  dnitbs  may  he 
«  ii^ory  of  th«  spinal  mnrron  above  the  origin  of  Che 
ef  resjantion,  und,  more  larely,  to  syntopu  from  fright. 
■•xt  In  point  of  rapiility  will  Iw  ilealli  from  apaoM,  nnd  Ihc  least 
~  'A  that  by  apoplexy. 
Tt  m  Bol  without  Information  as  to  the  icnutions  that 
npMi;r  <l*»Hi  bj  hanging,  tiuieidea  saved  fnnn  denth,  mid 
kUluaophva  who  have  inslituifd  experimenls  ou  theuise Ives,  haw 


I 

I 


boUi  cDDtriba[«d  umethiug  c 
th«H  ictiHiIioiu  ue  nut  Bilw 
probibly  depeuiU  on  the  vari 
Had  bloud-reaiila  are  compnw 
Iwtkin  of  whftt  happened  In 
■uilden  lou  of  ■ 


I    lUNGIHG. 

our  knowledge.  II  appM 
'9  the  HUDe ;  and  the  i£f 
n  dcgreea  in  wLicli  Ibe  W 
1.  l^uiue  hiiTG  retuual  b 
theiD;  others  were  o 
ithen  a  deep  d 


inhered  in  by  fluahoi  of  light,  hy  a  blaiih  flame,  bj  1 
oirclca  of  colonra,  or  by  more  deGtiito  ocuhkr  illaa 
bj  biidng  or  anging  in  the  ear*.     Id  other  inatanctt  the'i 
tioni  are  stated   to  baie  bmn  oitromel.v  pleuurable,  tbmfhtf 
ihort  daration.    These  Mnsationa  resemble  those  that  oKsr  i> 
caaei  of  disordered  cerebral  drculation,  and  thoae  thut  luherii 
the  fit*  in  mmo  ca«i  of  epilepj. 

But  it  i>  ouly  in  ana  of  luicide  that  these  pleasarablc  aa*- 
tiodt  manifcit  themwives.  In  huiuicidul  casea,  when  uaeb  tn- 
tenco  ii  wal,  the  coanteaaace  eipreasea  sufl^ringi  the  era  4lt 
brilliant  aud  staring,  and  aeem  la  be  bncstinj;  from  their  ndelt; 
■nd  the  evelidi  open  and  injected ;  the  tongue,  snollen  am!  UrU. 
u  forced  aeruDat  the  teetb,  or  mare  or  Xena  protruiled  ftfm  ttw 
month,  and  coinpreued  or  toni  by  the  coiitracled  Jane;  tiM  li|a 
an  iirollen  and  thu  month  distortpd;  and  blooJ,  or  a  blmdjr 
froth,  tunfp  about  the  month  and  noatrils;  the  armi  art  stit 
the  band)  livid,  and  the  fin^ra  ao  fbrciblj  cloied  on  the  palm  m 
to  (btee  Che  nula  into  the  fleslij  and  the  convubioiu  are  m 
violent  aa  eron  to  cause  the  expulsion  of  the  oonteata  of  tlw 
boweU  and  to  produce  erection  of  the  penis,  with  ejpnliioa  rf 
the  nrine.  semen,  or  prostatic  duid.  The  circumacribed  raat  cr 
Tialet  disoolonttioni  on  the  trnuk  and  extremltiea  cotnnian  Is 
■II  cases  of  death  by  npnmi  are  strongly  developeJ  j  tbe  oonne 
nf  the  cord  ia  liiatinctlj  indicated  by  a  well  marked  braiie,  or  bj 
tome  of  tbe  appearsnoes  presently  to  be  doscribed ;  and,  on  dia- 
lecCion,  the  miisclei  and  ligaments  of  the  windpipe  are  foand 
strpteheil,  bruised,  or  torn,  and  the  ituier  coats  of  the  mrotid 
arteries  aometimes  (i:vided. 

Ttt  intemid  appearances  are  those  of  »fBll-mBrked  apnoa. 
Tlie  Innga  nra  sometimes  distcntted  with  air,  aometimns  oollapnd. 
Two  principal  medioo-legal  qnestions  arise  in  regard  to  persODS 
foond  hanged.  1.  Did  the  suspeaaloii  take  pLioe  during  lira,  or 
after  death  P  and,  S.  Was  the  hanging  Mvidcntal,  suicidal,  or 
homieidnl  P 

1,  Did  Itf  KUpentSon  tateplacf  during  lift,  or  after  dealt  t 

The  poitlls  most  worthy  of  attention  as  bearing  on  tbe  solatioa 

of  Ihisqpestionare!— r**  i«art  qf /*df  CDi^;    The  appmraaet 

^a»  eoaaXntanw;  T^  fotUiiM  awl  tUU  of  tke  Coagw ;  r** 


t  0/  tie  gmitrtl  orgaat;    and    TKe    expuli 


of   the 


n*  Mart  nf  tJui  Cord. — Tlie  appearancas  on  the  neck  Jlle  to 

ipeoaion  during  life  are  by  no  means  naifann.     The  homicuUl 

>ta  involving  rtroiig  strngglea,  tlie  neck  auitoiiu  gretit  injury, 

■rked  b;  Ihe  braited  <kiu.  Mid,  Llie  torn  itatu  of  tlie  subjacent 

rts;  but  jn  judicial  and  Euicidal  Imngiu^  mucii  less  ii^ury  ia 

oa  both  to  the  nirfkce  Dud  to  the  dw|ier-seiited  jiAtU, 

la  tlioM  cue*  (botb  judidal  ind  luictdnl),  in  whicb  tbo  pgHtiim 

4f  UiB  cord  u  miiDly  determined  h;  the  weigbt  of  tbe  body,  it 

fttllo**  prMt;  donelj  the  lino  of  tlie  jsw-bone,  ind  tbere  in  an 

obllqua  iudeuted  uurk,  ot  the  colour  of  n  recent  bruise,  an  the 

~       pan  of  tlie  ueck,  and  jelloHieb  broim,  as  if  tVom  a  unge, 

■rd(  tbo  angle  of  tlie  jaw.     llie  bruise  uiaj  correspond  with 

wbuli  br«»dth  of  UiB  ligature  j  or  there  may  bo  a  Jeep  groove, 

lered  bj  Iwu  discoloured  liaea.     The  mark  VHriei  with  the  size 

lesture  of  the  cord,  being  Icsa  dialjuct  wbeu  a  solt  iQateriai, 

I  ■■  a  handkerchief,  is  used,  tbun  when  a  bard  ligature,  such 

rope,  ti  empbyud.     Wlien  Ibe  material  is  hard  and  resiaCing, 

Dowbcr  of  liaies  Cbnt  tiie  ligature  has  been  pasted  round  the 

[,  and  the  duici'irI  of  vihich  it  consiuls,  ere  denrly  diaplajod. 

in  many  cue*  of  judicial  and  suicidal  banging,  the  mark  of 

1h«  tvpe  ouliutta  at  Hrst  of  a  simple  depreasiou  witbout  any  chaugc 

'  Mloar,  oblique  if  due  to  the  weight  of  the  body,  boriionul  if 

nly  Sied  round  lliu  iiuck.     Afler  the  lapse  uf  aovend  liuors, 

»  rope-mark  Bisumu  a  llf>lit-brownish  tint,  and  if  an  indsimi 

tbe  skin  tlie  eetlular  memhrdae  is  found  stronglj 

na  to  fbna  a  thiniug  white  band.     Sometimes  the 

■are  is  not  equal  on  the  two  side*,  or  the  back  of  tbe  nwk 

ipea.     i'omeltuies.  also,  the  prennre  is  lessened  by  the  beard.  . 

I  coantoBaiicr,  ni  will  be  presently  more  fully  stated,  iaal  brst 

I  and  its  eiprcsaion  natural,  and  it  it  not  till  several  hour*  have 

■odi  that  it  BsauiDta  a  Urid  tint,  and  still  longer  before  it  wears 

Uwt«l  appeannni. 

»  MM  of  jadidal  hanging,  in  which  the  curd  was  removed 
Acr  Ihe  body  luid  been  cut  down,  we  observed  merely  u 
■ed  drcls  on  tbe  foro  part  of  the  neck,  and  a  slight  oica. 
t,  with  ■  burnt  appearsnoe  over  the  angle  of  the  jaw.  In 
of  suicidal  banging  witli  a  small  rope  tied  firmly  round  the 
which  waa  removed  without  delay,  there  was  a  whitv 
line  deeper  at  the  h«eb  of  the  neck  tbnn  in  front,  and 
mlag  a  Juaky  hue  atirr  tbo  lapw  of  laveral  lumrs.  1'be 
inds  of  the  rope  were  diatinetly  marked,  but  there  was  nu 
kymoal*  on  any  part  uf  tbe  neck.     In  anothui  eue  u(  wl<^^M 


huDging  ■  hard  ilepressvd  cliDcolate-colonred  band  « 
flurranniled  [lie  neck,  uml  carreapondrd  lo  the  rope  of  o 
lind  Iweii  uied, 

'llie  appBHranc™,  thrni,  produced  by  Uie  cord  in  c 
ing  darine  life  are  not  alwoji  the  ntne :  in  aoniB  cues  thert  tl   \ 
n  well-marlied  bruise  or  ecchjmaiU,  in  otherisn  indmtnlioii  ■itt' 
nut   diicoloration,   and   a  oondenaed  atate  of  the  eubcntaMOiB 
tissUH,  mtembling  old   parcbmcntj   in  othen,   ■ 
depreued  rbdoolate-tsUinred  line;  and  tlicie  mitka  limited  lotbi 
fore  part  of  tlic  neck,  may  )«  combined  at  tbe  angle  of  (ba  jaB 
Willi  a  singed  appearance.     Tbe  cuticle  may  aim  be  abnJed  te« 
and  tliere. 

The  qoGstion.  wliether  the  appearaneei  oeeaiioiud  if  tie  M)J 
-/■rinj  fife  can  be  producfd  afier  death  ?  "  ' 
Ihc  affirmativo.  In  Che  Chapter  on  Woandi  and  HecbuuMl  Ifl- 
JiirieB.'it  H-ill  be  ^ovn  thnt  bruites  may  b«  prodnced  ftr  MM* 
time  atler  life  is  eitinctT  and  that  which  is  Croe  of  brDHt*  k 
general  will  of  eonrae  hold  KOod  with  raapn:!  In  tliU  partiffldar 
form  of  bruite.  Aceordinglir  Orfila  prmed,  by  eiperimciils  on 
the  dead  bodj,  that,  np  toeig-hteen  hounnflerdcslh.precistlftlM 


ntuie  ap|ictintncea  mav  be  produdid  aa  in  suspenuon  during  lifb ; 
Oevocgip  haa  produced  Che  parchment-like  condltioa  of  the  akin 
lUid  autjiiceut  celliihir  tiaaue,  iw  weli  as  tbe  ecclij^osed  appear- 
HDDe  hounding  the  deprension  ;  and  Casper  immi  up  tbe  resalta  of 
a  long  scriea  of  ciperimente  b;  the  remarkable  stalemcnt  "  that 
any  ligRture  with  which  any  body  may  be  ni»[Kiided  or  stranyled, 
not  only  within  a  few  hours,  but  even  dBj8a.ft«t  deatb,  eapecially 


STATE    OF    TUB    COUSrBNANCE.  385 

If  Ibo  body  be  forcibly  pulled  downwirdi,  may  (iroduce  a  mark 
prociuly  Bmilar  to  that  which  iiobiened  in  uiaicortliase banged 
while  Rlivui"  oud  he  add>  that  be  has  biieii  convinead  by  his 
UperiuiunU  Ibat  the  mart  of  Ihe  cord  U  a  pHnlf  Biuiaoerie 
fitnomenoH.     [Umdhook,  vol.  u.  p.  17S.} 

Bat  for  tbcu  confident  (Mtementi  of  Caiper,  based  upon 
«tvenl  rxperinieDta  and  large  ciperience,  1  >bould  have  attached 
Mne  nliw  to  tbe  dark  depreoiMl  cbaookte-coloured  line  which 
I  MicODiitered  in  one  case  of  suicide,  aceompdiiied  by  ■>  cod- 
denied  a  cuuditjoa  of  akin  that,  when  eat,  it  reeembied  closelyClw 
tODgheit  bnwu.  Tbe  appearoDce  of  the  ueck  is  well  ahown  iii 
tba  engraving  (Gg.  31)  tukeo  from  a  pholiigrnpb,  wbich  abu 
lUiplayi  tbe  miilb  of  an  experitoent  made  with  tUe  tame  cord 
tlutt  M>a<  lueil  in  tbe  atupeiuioa.  TbU  wa>  fuBtened  tightly  round 
the  neck  witbiu  an  hour  of  the   death  and  j.|     ^^ 

Ut  ftc  aboat  20  boun.     The  reiult  was 

■  iligbtly  depressed  mark  of  tbe  size  of 
the  <nfd.  aliDwiug  tbe  pnjacbing  itniods  lii 
white  dspressiaiu,  tbe  rest  in  liunb  roee- 
DOloarad  liuet.  This  mark  did  nob  deepen 
io  colMir  by  aipmare.  The  only  other 
appouanoe  worthy  of  note  was  the  deep 
imiigo  blue  oohinr  of  the  ears. 

llkB  suicide  had  altsobed  a  neckerchief  to 

■  hook,  and  through  the  loop  be  Lad 
Jawitd  a  small  rape  of  coir,  b;  which  be 
Hspcadod  himself.  He  had  climbed  on  tu 
m  table  which  he  kicked  from  under  him. 
Bis  fwt  nearly  tonebed  tbe  flour  of  the  cell, 
<rig.  33.)  (U.) 

Hat   even   in  tboae  casea  in  wliicb  the 

BUrk  of  the  cord  Is  Isb  distinct  and  not 

Is  itatlf  (uncliuive,  an  eumioatlon  of  the 

liarta  boDealb  the  skin  may  enable  lu  to 

i^iatk    with    cou&dauee.      A    ouoaideiuble 

~1lvam  of  Uuud,  »  rupture  uf  the  traHiea, 

■|«lalliiii  of  111  carlilagea,  n  dislocation 

ElM  s^ns,  a  dlriaioci  of  the  coatl  of  the 

iV—J^  oc,  indeed,  any  evidcuoe   of  greet 

vx,  mHild  fumiah  a  strong  probability 

IpWHiau  during  lifsi  of  ^  suspeiiuon 

MnriBlo  (tnuigutiition. 

Stat*  uf  ik*   (^ateiuiKW. — In  death  by  banging,  whether 

■uiddal,  the  couiitcuanuo  i^  usually  pale,  and  the  ex. 


I 
I 


r 


9SG  DEATH    BT    BANGING. 

preuion  nstoral.     But  tliiii  piillor  of  the  face  ii  Ibllowfd, 

Tew  boun,  by  i  livid  line  of  the  1i|K,  eyelids,  can,  and  beij 

rally  i  and,  after  a  atill  lonser  intervnj.  by  a  marked 

of  the  countenance.    There  i»  iiolhtDg  in  the  «i|ireBiOD  ori 

of  tlic  face  to  show  that  Buspenaian  took  place  during  life 

death  ;  hah  if  the  vewels  of  the  bead  and  face  are  fmnd  bigblj. 

congeated  in  a  body  recently  cnt  donn,  there  is  u  probibiUty  ntl 

mnpenainn  during  life;  for  laspension  after  death,  tliomrh 

produce  dixvloratinn  of  the  neck,  could  not  cause  turgeareme 
the  Teasels  of  the  head  nnd  ftce. 

J'tuitiim  and  Slate  of  the  Jbirjriie.— Tlie  some  injeclcd  Mid 
airollen  »tat«  of  the  base  of  the  tonf^ae,  with  or  wUhaat  protni' 
don,  which  ocmrs  in  other  fornii  of  death  bj'  apnrpe.  oeaa*  ato 
in  death  by  hnnging,  and  ufibrils  a  Btrong  probatillity  oF  anipen- 
■ion  during  life. 

Slate  of  the  GenUal  Orgnns.—The  genital  oi^na  of  botb  wm 
nre  aflected  in  deatli  )iy  hanging.  In  the  female,  rcdnen  of  the 
labia  and  discharge  of  blood  have  been  occanonally  noted,  md  in 
the  male  ■  more  or  led  eomplete  itnte  of  erection  of  tbe  poiii 
with  dischargG  of  urine,  of  inucui,  or  of  the  prostatic  flnid.  ■• 
present  iu  at  least  one  case  in  three.  There  may  abw  he  disriuup 
from  the  urethra  without  erection.  But  it  must  be  home  in  mind, 
that  these  appearances  in  the  genital  or^ns,  when  the;  do  occur, 
are  not  chatacteriitic  of  death  by  hanging  or  stianjrnlalJOD,  tv 
they  have  been  ob!iCTTe<l  in  other  formi  of  rioicnt  and  mrfdeu 
death,  as  in  fatal  gun-shot  wounda  of  the  bnuu,  and  of  the  large 
veaaeli,  and  in  poisoning  by  prussic  acid. 

This  Btgn  then,  when  present,  is  of  ctmrideralile  importance,  fir 
it  is  strictly  vital,  and  atTords  a  sure  proof  nf  violent  and  sudileu 
death ;  and  if  combined  with  characteristic  entemal  egta  and 
internal  appearancei,  of  death  by  hanging,  On  the  other  haad, 
the  ubKnee  of  erection  aud  cmiuion  is  no  evidence  that  death  wu 
not  doe  (o  this  cause. 

Expalnvn  of  the  Firce». — This  happens  ta  about  nne-focrtli  of 
the  catea  of  death  by  banging  ;  but  as  it  also  occurs  in  other  fortBs 
of  sudden  or  violent  death,  it  needs  to  be  confirmed  by  chanc- 
teristic  appearances,  eitemul  nnd  internal. 

2.  Aecideitl,  Hoiriile,  or  Homiciile. — Accidental  lianging  i»  *erj 
rare.  One  case  is  given  by  Gordon  Smith :— It  was  that  of  a 
girl  wbo  was  swinging  in  a  brewbouse,  and  near  the  ropv  uBpd  by 
her  for  that  purpose  Has  another  for  dran-ing  np  Ebinght«red  she^. 
In  the  course  of  the  cierciie  her  head  got  throngb  a  noose  oTthii 
wnd  rope,  by  wliich  she  was  pulled  ont  of  the  swing,  and  kept 
endedata  considerable belgbliUntiLttie^iai.    Dt.TajWabo 


1 


K  oua  OTiuiDimiatcJ  lo  him  hy  one  of  his  pnpilt  -, — A  hej 

n  oil]  hw]  biTii  amtutnf!  hiniwir  by  fnateniug  a  |Bcec  of 

n  to  ■  Lwp  i'l  ■  o"nl  fiupended  &i»m  a  tvBiti  in  tli«  raOD. 

c  Mt  cf  Ktinginit  lie  miani  mid  tamed  hlmwlf,   wben  the 

)   •iidit«nl]r  n)D)>lil  liiis   Duder  Ibc   chin,    iiu!    HK- 

«  ncrption  rf  ■  few  nuo  of  this  rliiH,  in  which  the 

r  dotlh   i*  obriinn,  Ihu  iiaetiioa   uiuliiT  coDMlentioD  ii 

~  (o  lld> :  ITiu  tti  katging  nifidal  or  koiKtdal  f     Tbc 

f  Uie  Bcgittiv-GeDeral  ihoir  ilut  the  pnibibilit;  ii 

otiglj  ID  taroar  of  tniciije ;  tnd,  far  otnkni  iiiBiiii. 

•  ■  DKide  of  doth  which  a  raordem'  it  not  likdj 

It   pftrngipnwi   b  gr«it    dl>|>iv]iorti(ni   of  tttKhgOi 

•  Uh  Durdem  and  liii  victim,  or  a  cmnhiuBtioii  of  two  Or 

I*  agiiiut  one.    Tlie  wlilij  uoertaiocd  cafe  of  homi- 

kSfa  }nn  1^2  to  ISsA,  waa  oiinaiitled  on  ■  jnmg 

»  vMiaig  m  the  appearance  of  the  bodj  itielf, 

T  (troggle,  to  dittiogniih  Uiv  bomi- 

but  if  a  man  were  foand  niBpefided 

a  thapmnd  ulikh  be  coqUdoI  b;  uij  pcaaibOitj 

1  nilb  uo  otjfct  Dear  on  >hkb  be  ooold  bne 

■t  conclDde  that  he  «■■  nupcDdcd  fair  another. 

n  fonnd  with  tbe  feet  tt  aaoie 

olj  toudiiiig  tba  grooDil  wa*  tniite  Hktij  to  bars 

'^  amiltieT  than  bf  hiiOB'lf  i  but  mrefbl  abaemtioD 

Ii  to  b*  ID  >TTnr,  fur  MiiiiHJn  Itare  been  foiiiid,  not 

B*C  (OBching  the  frnmnd,  but  vilb  tbe  kiuea  beat 

u  the  v'"'"^-  "  '"  ""''  pulaT*  tlot  dcatb  moit 

1  ptodturd  bj  kuiing  furoblj  furward  to  at  to  coo- 

*iiid|ap*.* 

It  uT  the  own  In  •bii'h  Ibe  bud;  tuucbes  the  groood 

il  Bould  Dot  be  u  putim  llio  ittttcb  aa  Ut  pve  it  ila  uoal 

m  {mailiQa.  Uiatv  would  ba  no  diObrenoe  bctweco  radi  aaea 

M  nt  atraopikliaa,  f  icepi,  perhaps  that  in  the  Uticr  tbe 

paid  be  mar*  diitinot,  ud  iroold  embtuc  a  gnatcr  por- 

-p>  t>Kk. 

t>i-l«tit  •trngglf*  oo  lb*  clAtlua  or  pRaca  of  the 

1,  ur  uf  icvcK  Injcliot,  woold  junih  a  tw\neioa  of  homi- 

'  •  hOnHca  have  been  kwiwQ  to  be 


Mfaft«Dd|ba4te 
■■•.toMtdaMUM 


J 


iCCIBENT,  SDICIDB,  Oil  HOMICIDE.  389 

•roold  mult  frani  iU  applicBtion  daring  lire;  aud  the  tnrgejcenra 
of  the  counlfiiaacv,  as  trell  m  the  characferiHttc  pont-morteni  ftp- 
peanocft,  tronld  be  wanting.  It  !■  onlj'.  tbererurf,  in  suicides, 
and  to  the  Karoetr  concdrable  cnte  of  slight  foTDe  being  uied  by 
tbe  murderer,  or  dcnth  taking  pinni  luddenly,  from  dinck  or 
(jncojw,  that  the  appearances  pi^idiieed  by  a  cord  applied  during 
Mh  onild  Tetenible  thne  dne  lo  iti  apphcation  after  denLh.  Tbe 
maie  obscrvitiona  apply  to  direct  pmaare  on  tbe  windpipe.     Ai, 

tbe  murderer  i*  not  Ukely  to  bide  the  real  mode  of  dentb  by 
(!nralat«l  ttrangnlation.  It  is  much  mora  probable  tiiat  liaving 
■tnngM  hi>  victim,  be  w(>nld  try  to  conceol  tlie  real  mode  of 
death,  by  mFpending  the  body  or  pluL-ing  it  in  a  piHitiuu  sQg- 
gaalire  ofiuiinde. 

In  the  well-knowD  oue  of  Bartholomew  Pourpre,  the  de«iu»d 
rtrangled  aud  tben  lOipeiidGd,  and  the  mark  of  tlie  cord 
d  it  Uie  kiirer  part  of  tlie  neck,  wbile  the  teetli  knocked 
,  and  tbe  bloody  month,  showed  the  violence  tliat  had  been  used. 
The  muideren  of  Sir  Edmondbary  aodfiey,  after  strnngliiig 
Somerset  lIouMi  with  a  twiated  handkerchief  applied 
great  forre^  concealed  the  body  for  o  time,  and  tlien  carried 
:io  Ulington,  threw  it  into  n  ditch,  puied  his  owo  aword  tbrougb 
aim,  and  laid  hi>  glove*  and  other  articles  of  di'css  on  ibe  bank, 
■oMloeieate  tbo  belief  that  be  had  i-ommittcd  (uicide.  The 
■baenea  of  bLiod  from  t1i«  wound,  though  the  sword  lind  passed 
tbe  heart,  eidted  nupieion,  which  was  fully  eoiitinncd 
ttheottrj  of  ■  brniw,  au  inch  broad,  eitending  round  the 
Bd  •  fractare  of  tbe  cervical  vcrtetiric,  wliieli  rendered  the 
I  Boible  that  it  evuld  be  turned  froui  otie  shoulder  to  the 
The  bre,  which  during  life  was  remarkably  pile,  was  tivid 
ftMd,  and  tlie  eyes  bloodaiiot. 
JeeUnt,  Sakidt,  or  Mopiiaidf.—Tlut  Btrangulation,  like 
n»s  be  occidental,  U  proved  by  tlie  follawing  ciwa  !^ 
miow  young  man,  havii^  nearly  lost  the  use  of  his  arms, 
le  habit  of  moving  a  hetiTy  w»ght  hy  a  cord  attnched  to 
poNed  lonnit  bit  neck.  One  morning,  sooii  after  having 
to  hb  rooni,  bia  liatcr  Ibnnd  him  nttiiig  in  a  diair  quite 
'itb  the  card  twisted  round  hU  neck.  The  deceaaed  must 
nptod  In  move  the  weight  in  Ibe  ueuhI  way,  but  it  had 
hind,  and  so  itranj^led  him.  (Smith.) 
p,  1S30,  Eliznbeth  Kenchan,  an  extremely  dinipated, 
tni  disorderly  woman,  went  to  bed  intoxicated,  with 
it  nn,  and  in  the  morning  was  foond  strangled  in  its 
Sbt  bad  falicp  out  of  hed,  her  bonnet  beciime  died 


la  ibM^  hJMiilf  bftk  ptauc  of  Ui  bodicmi  aitb  tfca 

ndcfa"  

to.  laaDcaMc(Orfl>)iti 
nmi  tkt  nek  j  ia  anotba  (Di^cf ),  a  lUte;  and  ■  ragill  (tWft 
ftr  tbe^M  F'na'i  <"  ■  >l->^  caw.  tW  ladp  of  ■  |io«  ■«■ 
la  iW  JMT  1B38  a  Hr.  Waboa,  (gcd  88,  ttras^id  Ub- 
■  poker  IbfOB^  Ike  tie  af  Lii  DcckcnUef  nd 


lljr  Ibe  Bant,  Md  frmgA  Mm  final' agaiart  a  nH  till  bcNaa 
^•i.  C%  cMMittlag  tkc  ba^.  tbe  bn  >m  Bxad  Ii*U  and 
'  iLe  feitora  fitofled;  aad  tkov  wm  OGaifaaUa 
■ad  iKfuiwuii  wten  the  g\  l— ]  t  bad  ttm  ^ifB»d. 
rHaaMa  to  te  act,  laid  tba  BU  vai  frat^  to  b« 
n  at  tke  Choter  Awtan,  *rnL  18)S.) 
laM  ttta«|«  bit  attribote  dMtk  to  acoOnrial  tfaot' 
1^  »ai  Mik  ia  1783.  ia  tU  wd-kamra  nua  af  BoUi^Add. 

Kama  (boad  4(bi]  ia  U*  btd-mnot,  and  Ut  vifc  and  nab 
MVfaat  wna  chaqfal  wiib  tfcc  nnadfr.  TW  meAia]  lialliiiMij 
arai  vcn*  iia^Ttifi  tuij,  aa  ao  &nctM&  bad  takao  pkn^  baft  il 
■aa  pnmd  tbat  Munc  wen  nurk*  en  the  axfc  imLBag  tb^ 
cf  la^m.  Ooa  iiuguia  skid  \hm  nrr  ^tts  of  a  tkanb  aad 
Ur*r  llB««n;  Ow  oUxi  </  a  tbamb  lad  /w  Jl^fn,-  vUb 
aai>»T  aitiMa  ■■  — Ij  taa,  -  vbifUiuknl  ■■  ertbeUoarfwaa 
a(  la  Ihe  itia,"  Tlu  ifatfw^  aa*  fuvnd  Idaf  aa  Ui  lb<«  oo 
tba  Im.  attb  <>■  Uad  ranad  Ui  Mvk.  Oae  of  tW  ninbMb 
aAw  laaAnaMiaD  OMAatd  1^  h.  favl  .OaagM  BiJIJlgtrfU 
la  Ida  (iHrp  tr  •B'^  >^  >^™*  «<t^  Ui  Ml  tndi  ori  tkat 


Thu  •ppnnnm  i»i»d  bj  tbmttfinv.  •ben  |T«at  wJiKaaCT  k 

o&n^  Ba;  U  iafirtad  hm  lb*  ntiat*  tt  Ht.  T.  WUhm  In 

<  MM  rf  Hrrtar  H'DLaaU.  (onM*!  of  Ik.  mvdw  of  fcla 

'it,  at  Uiwaij.  April.  l»T-     Timn  aat  aa  abaim  •■  aaA 


I 


8CW0CATIOM. 


291 


tide  of  the  windpipe,  fire  ibnuiuns  on  tbe  Ictl,  and  three  on  the 
rigbt  >mi ;  and  the  ikin  on  the  front  uid  «<li»  of  the  neuk,  and 
on  tbe  opper  pact  of  the  ohest  nriu  blsckcnod.  On  the  throat 
were  tlie  mariu  of  a  thnmb  and  throe  Sogers.  It  wu  inferred 
Uiat  the  throat  had  been  gmiped  bj  tbe  led,  hand,  of  which  the 
wrat  wu  prened  opon  the  che«t,  sod  that  tlie  right  hand  had 
giMpcd  the  left  arm  of  the  victim.  The  internal  appearan«a 
were  highlf  eharacteriittc  of  death  hy  apnoHi.  The  substance 
■lud  memtiraDe*  of  the  hniia  vers  injected ;  the  lungs  and  right 
dde  of  tbe  heart  contained  a  qonntit]'  of  darli  fluid  bloixl ;  the 
left  WBi  nanriy  empty.    All  tbe  internal  viscera  were  boalthy. 

Tb*  folloiring  i*  a  ceae  of  homicidal  itrangnhttinn  by  a  foreign 

body  introduced  into  tbo  ligature; — Dr.  Clench,  n  Iiondon  pby- 

'"  '  D,  wM  railed  out  of  bed  by  two  men  on  the  night  of  the 

of  Janoarf,  1692,  t«  viait  a  ack  friend.     Be  entered  a 

iney  enaeb  with  them,  and  waa  driven  about  aavenil  atreeta 

' «  Gty  for  nn  honr  nnd  n  quarter.     The  men  then  left  the 

I,  and  aent  the  driver  on  an  errand.     When  he  retncneU,  he 

(bvnd  Dr.  Clgncb  sitting  on  tbe  bottom  of  the  coach,  with  bi> 

tuad  on  the  cnihion  of  the  front  seat.    Thinhing  bim  in  liquor, 

b*  ahook  bim,  bat  obtained  no  nnswer.  He  then  called  the  watch. 

they  fcund  him  xtrangted  by  a  coal  wrapped  in  a  handker- 

t.  Mid  applied  directly  over  the  windpipe.    Tbe  couchman 

bnrd  no  ikmsb  while  driving  the  curinge. 


body! 
^btlie 


DEATH   BY  SUFFOCATION. 

y  Under  this  bead  are  comprised  all  cases  of  apn(en,not  produced 

jf  (Urvct  pressure  on  the  windpipe,  with  tbe  exception  of  drown- 

^L  wfaicb  has  already  been  treated  separately. 

jj^On  an  average  of  the  Hve  years  1853  to  1856.  708  death*  by 

~     ''  a  occurred,  of  which  137  in  males,  and  £81  in  femalei. 

•  whole  namber,  106  were  infanti  killed  by  overlying,  and 

o«t  160,  also  infants,  were  Enftbcated  by  bed-dotheii  G7,  of 

n  the  nujortty  were  joung  children,  were  Bu9(>cated  by  tbcir 

I,  S8  by   gaMS,  chiefly  carbonic  acid.      Two  luicidis.  hve 

me  mensUnghter  by  luSbcation  are  reported  to 

«  happennl  annually.      In  1871,  among  deathi  by  occiitent  or 

"J  in  males,  and  628  in  females,  are  attributed  to 

I  indication, 

SuSbciilion  msj  take  place  in  many  ways. 
1.  TAr  moalk  ami  moHrilt  mog  be  ttopped  accidentally  or  by 
on  iu  a  state  of  helptcaincas,  from  wUntvvcr  cauic, 
C4 


f  4h**  afMT 


liOf  williUiirlal<i«i^«Bthtladr.n««»    I 
C  tU  wU^pawKbtbehnd:  crcMtMi  '      " 
and  dalof  the  nwialh  and  Ptrtrik     fWfcEaticB 
Um  dMt  ean*maud  part  el  tte  fmw  >rfa  « 

■luiiiit  liw.    A  ruk  of  •oodmfaJ  MflnBlia  tyci— i«mi» 
tllMt  hubf«DinnirTediDlahin(<aMairithpb«(r«f  IWk, 

(>n  llie  IMIiof  Jnor,  1837,  no  la*  tt—  iiw^-Uum  yw 
Iwl  their  live*  at  llie  C1:*iiipt  <1(  Mar*  iij  fntmit  m  a  am 

iteatb  being  due  parti;  to  ■aJTocsUcd  and  farttj  t«  KToeiqi* 
lu  the  dual. 

8.  Clonre  n/tht  GloltU. — Tbn  tiua  no;  onv  wridadd}, 
*■  In  tlir  67  m*n  mmtioTieil  abore  of  lofliirstkiii  b;  food.  W)i« 
tliit  Iwiqwin  in  ulalta  thej  are  Binall;  intoxiralcd,  <ii  in  a  It. 
Thn*  INrii  ani)  Fnnblaitiiae  quote  tbc  (mc  of  ■  patient  «bo  iM 
In  an  opilrptu:  fit  nfLcr  ■  heaij'  mml  of  pork.  Tbe  tracbta  ai» 
talnad  ■  quaiitily  of  nwller,  reembling  the  peak  cat  irliidi  \» 
bad  rcnotlj  dliwd.  SuSbcation  bjr  f.Khd  k  not  an  iiiiiimiiiw 
tannltiatiDn  of  tlir  grnml  pnmljsii  of  the  inane. 

Among  liiiniljar  ciunpln  of  aoridnital  inSbcation  tnaj  be  olal 
tho  death  of  AnHTCon,  sttribnted  to  a  grape-tod ;  and  (if  Gilbert 
tha  poet  to  a  piece  of  mntton.  There  ii  •  cue  on  record  of  uf- 
foratton  from  (wallowing  n  bee  iti  tame  boneji  and  another  fran 
alaked  llniD  getting  into  tbe  Urjni.  ^neh  (mall  bodiea  ■•  ■ 
jiii-i'e  of  potato  p«l  have  been  found  impacted  in  the  riaia 
^lultldii,  aud  nnall  inorUd  fiowths,  and  the  prodacta  of  inflam- 
niutlon  have  often  lufficed  to  dote  lliia  narrow  pasnge. 

Kullbcalion  lia*  alM  been  often  tbreatcnEd  and  nmelinea 
brougllt  about  b;  bodira  impni.'tcd  in  the  upper  part  oF  the  gullet* 
Slave*,  botli  in  ancient  and  moilem  times,  are  alleged  to  have 
■wallowed  their  tungnvi.  Some  article  of  dretx,  aueh  as  a  hand- 
kiirclilnr,  liaa  lieen  awalloned.  and  one  dctennincd  suicide  ouMd 
A  fiital  hannorrliage  hy  awallowiug  a  corli  briatling  with  abarp 
|dni.    The  preparation  ii  in  the  niuteum  of  Kitig't  College. 

hnlridal  (uflbeation  by  the  vapours  of  chsrcoal  are  not  commoa 
in  Kngland  hut  verj  frequent  in  France. 

t^uHbration  b  not  a  mode  of  death  often  resorted  to  bjr  Bfl^^ 


in 


itren,  tn  the  (arc,  at  \eiat,  of  young  anit  vigorous  adult:a ;  for 
the  tone  reqaircd  U  tucli  u  to  reveal  the  cause  of  death  by  ex- 
t«nu]  iiurka  uid  inl«ni«l  ■ppvuninees ;  but  wlion  the  body  » 
very  ireak  from  tnj  o>u«e.  u  in   the   naw-boni  inrunt,  t)ie  old 
H^jMlu  or  the  intoxiiuhNl.  gulTacation  ii  not  very  difficnit  U>  cft^t. 
^bM  if  not  Ktteiidad  by  great  violetice,  might  not  betrny  it«lf  by 
^HK«  «tate  oT  the  body  eitKriiHlly  or  internally. 
^F    The  ptM-niorteiii  ajijieitranaei  pieient  in  weU-mirked  aam  of 
iMth  by  MiBbaation  nwy  be  inferred  from  Dr.  OIlivisr'B  iicconnt 
of  IboperKHuiialliicatvdia  theCbimpide  Man.     la  tbe twenty- 
three  ponooi,  witbont  cxeoiilioti,  the  skin  of  the  face  and  neck 
mu  of  k  anitbrni  viiilet  lint,  ipotLed  with  blucliith  eccliymosei. 
S  the  cyca  trsre  blondihut)  id  four,  >  bloody  froth  ran 
a  the  mmtb  and  DOilrilti  in  four,  blood  flowud  tVom  tlic 
iirib^  In  three,  from  tlie  annj  leven  bul  frectunHof  the  riba; 
utlta.  fnctura  ofthe  itemuni.     In  aixteeD  bodiestbet 
L  the  hloud  wxi  blu>k  and  fluid,  and  fiUedall  the  large 
IB  at  the  riKl>t  ude  of  the  hurt.    The  pohaonary  tieaue  wu 
uf  K  reddiah-bmwn,  and  in  three  qaarlers  of  each  lung, 
orly,  there  wii  a  conudemble  accumulation  of  black  and 
d  blood  i  bnl  there  wna  no  eoobyraosiii,  «tber  ou  the  lurfacs 
P   la  the  aubttance  of  the  lnngt,  eicopC  in  one  cnse.      In  all  the 
D  whirh  tile  eyee  were  hloodahot,  and  in  tboie  in  which 
lowed  from  Uic  ean,  the  veuela  of  the  |iia  mater  and  inb- 
IB  of  tlie  hnin  were  gorged. 
f  Stale  qf  /A*  Lung: — 'I'wo  uppearancee  frequently  occnr  in  I 
b  bjr  auffocatioa.   vii.,    partial   empliyteuia,  and  panctiforml 

K  Tbs  larrace  aC  the  langi  in  most  csnei  of  death  by  niBDCelion, 

d  of  bring  tmooth,  hat  an  uneven  or  tubercuUted  chiiracter. 

•  to  (ilo  occurrence  of  partial  vesicnlar  or  interetitial  emphyaemL 

I  one  of  theu  potchei  shows  thiit  the  pareiichyina  of 

■  limi^  U  alTected. 

Tbc  pDiKiilorm  ecehymaBes  (Tardinu'a  spots)  are  found  moA 
tamonly  In  children  whii  b»ve  died  of  satTociition,  but  they  may 
O  aocoT  iu  wlultB.  They  are  rainuU  apotson  the  pleura  (lisceral 
9  coM^).  but  ate  not  rcinHned  lo  the  surfoce  ot  the  lungi,  for 
f  «B»y  bo  oWrred  on  the  aorta,  the  heart,  or  the  diaphragni. 
kUo  on  tlw  eurfaee  of  tbu  abdominal  viscem,  as  well  u  on  the 
(iinuT  •otfiicBoflhe.calp.  TIib  "Lurfaca  of  the  long  lookn  as  if  it 
li.itl  been  BpHnhled  uith  drop,  of  .  d^rk  purple  fluid.  They  •"> 
diss  I'l  rnpliire  of  capillaries  ftmn  ovsr-di'lciuio".  and  occur. 
trdiug  lo  Likkomiliy,  wi,py  ^^^^^  j,^  e»pln  " 


I 
I 


mwiiwlj  iwng  Ibe  geocnl  blood 'prenotv-    TWiCn  ia 
tiat   Hkj   vac  dwpmtie  of  death  by  wilbdiiM  m  i 
gdAcd  fr^  otbrr  mode*  of  death  bj  apnmk.    Tkii«^ 
how«f«r,  ii  not  ccmfinned   b;   othn-  otaarrm,  br  tl  " 
ocmr  vliere  ■  amiUi  mndition  u  rcf^ard*  the  idaliM 
(he  re*pinl0i7  moremeats  and  tbf  blood-prcmire  mil 
oraar  in  children  from  Interraptian  of  the  plscentala 
Tbne  ipoti  indicate  dcsth  b;  aiphyxi*   id  fome  tiwm, 
dw  mode  in  which  It  wu  biuapht  mbont.  Thcj  •] 
with  in  the  ItiD^  of  Dcir-bom  inranti.     (Se«  p.  9L) 

From  the  alic^bt  injuHea  ciuted  by  tbe  nuSbcidaii  of  fa 
people,  this  mode  of  death  iru,  preriom  to  the  pai 
AtutocDj    Act,   Kle(-ti?d    by  (he  mnrderen   Barke  a 
Bark^  wi(])   hii   female  anwiitplice.    Mnedon^ll,   im  tik 
Edinbotfh  in   1B28,  and  Bishop,   vith   WiUimn   and   Ha 
LoDdoD.  in  1831. 

Borice  killed  Hirger;  Csinpbell,  br  gittii^  on  her  bodj.  • 
n^  her  mouth  and  nostrils  with  one  hand,  and  applTiog 
otb«r  ftirdblji  under  tbv  diin. 

Fifty-nine  bodrs  after  death,  tlie  eyeaarereclosed  ;  the  ft 
eompoied,  ai  in  deep  iteep,  red,  and  somewhat  swollen ;  tb>  S 
of  ■  dirl;  colonr ;  and  the  e}t%  bloodshot.  Tliere  iraia  IHdcll 
blood  on  the  left  cheek,  npporetilly  from  the  DoMrila;  tbato 
•mta  not  protruded  or  torn  liy  the  teeth,  hnl  there  « 
laceration  on  the  inside  of  the  upper  tip  op]u«ite  tbe  left  eye-to 
the  cntide  nnder  the  chin  was  mnch  ruffled,  and  tbe  mrfare  of 
th«  tma  ilcin,  when  laid  bare,  waq  dry  and  brairn ;  bnt  there  ni 
DO  braise.  The  integnroent*,  eici^it  on  Ilia  fiice,  were  perf»etlj 
fnw  from  liiridity.  The  joints  ■"etv  flacdd.  There  wia  no  edn- 
rion  of  blood  or  Uoeration  of  the  parts  aroand  tbe  nHndpipr^  and 
IM  ilijnrj  of  the  cartilai^,  bat  tlie  on  hyoida  and  thjnrid  car- 
tilage were  fiirthcr  apart  than  nsiinl,  in  conseijueDce  of  the  stretdl- 
ing  of  the  connecting  ligament.  The  following  were  the  mtemalap- 
ptarancca:  Tlie  membrane  of  tbe  windpipe  healthy,  witli  here  and 
theK  •oroe  longli  mucni,  not  frotliy,  and  a  few  points  of  Mood 
between  it  and  the  mcmbmne.  The  nr^ns  within  tha  «bMl 
ptrfeetlj  natarul ;  tbe  langn  re:narkflbly  so.  Tlie  blood  tbroi^- 
oat  the  body  was  hlsck  and  Ruid.  and  Hccnmnlated  in  tbe  larp 
ir«R^  and  in  the  right  cavities  of  the  heart.  The  nbdominal 
nsDPta,  with  the  eiception  of  incipient  disease  of  the  lirer,  wer* 
^Uttj.  The  brain  alw  was  qQite  healthy,  and  presented  a  tittlt 
■ot*  torpKence  thun  usnal  i  and  there  were  three  eitravawlaoaa 
•tHMi  Id  tbe  loalp.  bat  without  earrdFpoi)dit>g  extemnl  I: 
Ita*  wen  •omw  nnrkB  of  violence  on    '      "    * 


itemnl  bnuMs>  ^ 


rosT-KOBTEX  untx^scn.  393 

■  tt  blood  aiaoBg  Uie  Dtuscte  it  the  neck,  boek,  and  Icrini^ 
lb*  ahauh  of  Die  tpiod  oml.  Tbe  posterior  ligiaicntous 
ion  batvnB  tbe  thin]  tad  roortb  c«rvi<ial  vcrtebno  were 
TImw  iajurie*  to  Ib«  back  a-ere  ihown  In  have  been  ocot- 
■Act  dath  b)r  the  Ibpcible  dogbling  np  of  the  body.  It 
W  uUcd  thai  ■  **  budfill "  or  dotted  blood  w<s  foand 
.Wy. 

M  BM*  nf  Cm-Io  Ferrnri,  the  Tictim  of  Bishop  and  Williem*, 
^ainai  trom  wluch  mflbimtlon  might  bare  been  inlemA 
ri*  itm  (tranglj  onrked.  lie  Uec,  il  i*  tror,  wutmiEleii 
ig»it»J ;  the  eyn  Uoodihot,  and  tbe  Ijpi  tumid ;  irat  tha 
••ra  quite  healtlij  and  not  mngisted,  the  heart  mi 
te^M«d*UiUeaTiUe*i|i]i(eBnipt;.  Bat  these  eireptional 
nCM  wem  eipluniid,  by  tlie  fact,  tlut  the  niDrd>.'ren,  after 

flag  their  irietim  with  liijuur,  towered  bit  body  into  a  well 
■d  dmrnward^  taking  care  to  keep  the  mouth  below 
la  this  casa,  too.  there  was  saine  eitmraiated  blood 

'tbaKmlivatoDng  thnmn<elc«ortlie  ncd>,itnd  on  tbetpinal 
Tlw  IfbA  itate  of  the  body,  the  appturance  of  the 
MBaa^  and  a  wound  upon  the  left  temple,  combined  to 
iMfhlBli.  aod  led  to  the  eommittHl  and  roavictioQ  of  tbs 

Mil  (hcK  casea  dcatli  was  certainty  caused  t>y  suffoeation. 
It  the  appearance  of  the  bodies  wat  not  inch  la  to  lead  at 
I  tiM  <tine1ii9ion  (hat  death  had  happened  in  this  way.  The 
1  naisinen,  in  both  cam,  were  inclined  to  ainibe  tbe 
lo  the  Injui7  dona  to  the  apine,  which  ttu  afler<rard* 
to  hate  bevD  ocoinnned  after  deUb  tiy  tbe  forcible  iLoubling 
ha  bodia  in  parking  them. 

UoBOfi  to  the  opiniiM  Mprened  bj  aome  medical  men,  that 
IN  of  inSxation  are  so  stron)|;ly  marked  m  of  llmnHlra  to 
atlMitim,  Ut.  ChrtitisDn  nbiervH : — "  In  tbe  body  of  the 
■  CWspbell,  DO  peraon  of  iklll.whoaealtention  waspiunuidly 
i  ^  batnff  totd  that  from  i.-«inral  drcumsiaaeei  marder  wai 
U^  hit  th*  Buniwr  of  doth  unknown,  could  bare  fuiled  to 
fc  rigna  Hut  woold  ratic  a  sutpician  of  anSinitioD.  Bnt  if 
MIlOBhiJttOibaeBWnaedi  if,for  namplB.hehBdeumiited 
Iw  aBalflMioal  thxtte  of  an  ho^tal,  without  knowing  that 
kaa  ftoB  gananl  dreuimtanoM  were  enlertaltted  rcgjrdinft 
Might  buv  Itt^Klad  tl  *Ten  roinulaly.  and  yet  neglected 
mmmaem  in  qoertlon.  Say.  ■  psmo  of  akiU  and  eiperiencn 
I  hm  bMn  man  Ukriy  to  do  aa  than  another,  becaoM  erery 
rbo  k  omTerwDt  with  palbnIoK>nil  anatomy  mutlbcCamWui 


DEATH    E 


svrroCATtos. 


diKuei."  Dr.  Cliriatiaai]  then  draws  atteatimi  to  U 
reteniblaDce  botwe«n  the  apjKarBoces  present  in  the 
Campbell  anJ  those  oburved  in  thu  bodj'  of  a  man  aba 
djieiiterj,  adding  that  the  "  vascuhirity  of  the  conjnncU 
the  contoiions  on  the  legs  made  the  uniy  difference."' 


In  Medicftl  Jarlspnii 


■Ed.»aLl 


CHAPTEB  III, 

WOFSDS  AND   MECHANICAI.  INJURIES. 

b  ll»  ChapUr  all  iDJnrio  inflicted  bj  mechnnii^l  means  will 
ItatMl   of,    noipt    tbe    wreral  fbriDi  of  (leatU  bj  aiiifooa- 
■  (umiiMil  in  jimrioiu  cbapten.  and  injnriei  by  fire,  ond  bf 
rrod     for     acporvte   eumination    in    mixecding- 

I  inSida  upon   anotlwr, 

inRmmeDU,  bj  bit  own  pcnon, 

arle.  Kill  bava  to  b 

inigbinent  or  all  mch  ii 

uto  law  makaa  proviaion,  do  teaa  than 

[,  enlting,  (booting,  dmvaing,  itnngling,  and  aoffo- 

''•  inwrtiaii  of  ihe  worda  "or  iball  bj  anj  meaM 

id  or  eauw  inj  grieroni  bodil;  tunn  to  an; 

If  an;   Buraoi  MLei  than  tiune  ipecified,"  tx-, 

thout  %nj  weapon  or  inatmnieDt,"  Ac.  (§S  11. 


Mtrj.  Tha  diffuent  kinda  of  mechaoical  iifinrj 
ly  nmwiWrrd,  tbtn  tLe  c]D«tiana  commoa 
ni  the  way  in  whtcb  they  affect  the  more 


ii^iiriva  nut  niiiiilly  deiigimtiMl  u 

d  nrylcal  dednition  et  a  voaitif*  roakea  it  to  mniiit  in  n 
■  €j^  eomtmUf.  Hrcbanictl  injariu.  therefore,  amy  be 
IjriDTidid  luloaQshaaarovUAaiiljoIafuMa/'cmifiHiii'y 

I  a  lahnloa  of  axUlaulij  In  aor  put  •>'  tt»  t>o<l;  •uddnly 


u~~tUdurd  WIHmi 


'CtUniiVliBlTnaliMi,'  bwAi. 


mod  inch  h  tTtvUitolntioiiBfeaiUiiiaUf.     The  GntoiU  in 
nmtenow,  concMtiioiu,  timple  fraeturn,  ditloeaiiniu,  uni  f 
The  ■econd  cotupriaM  iiteitioia,  punrturea, 
pound  fiaelmrti,  tad  gun-iltoi  aoumii. 

Encb  clwa  of  injuries,  wliatevor  the  parts  a 
pointj  eommon  to  nil  tlie  furmi  of  violence  Indiubd  In  ll 
Thai,  ilmott  all  iigiiri<»  afleirtiiig  tbe  deeper-aaktsd  p 
»ocomi«nied  by  exltrnol  traces  of  the  force  OaX  pi    ' 
wlwther  it  cauMd  a  nolnlion  of  contiim'  _ 
m«l  c»e«  we  ihoU  have  traces  of  the  iiijary  on  the  nufaet,  n 
it  will  tlierefbro  be  newesiry  to  etnmine  minntely  the  nibJKt  it 
liruiMS  and  iuciijoni  idvolrin^  the  oiternil  parts  of  the  bod;. 

The  (nbject  will  be  best  eiaicined  under  the  following  head). — 
1.  TTie  chttTflCters  of  contosed  wonnda,  and  of  injariea  onaRaB- 
pnnied  by  KiliiCion  of  coDtiimity.  2.  The  characten  of  inciMl 
wound*,  and  of  tbiwe  Rccompsnied  by  tnlution  at  oontinait;. 
3.  The  rhiraften  of  gun-shot  wounds.  4.  The  qaeaLions  common 
tfl  alt  fbrmi  of  mechanical  ityary.  5.  Wounds  as  tliey  afi^l  tLt 
Mvaral  important  oi^ns  o(  the  econom]'.  G.  The  detectim  li 
blood-staiiu  on  clotliea,  weapona,  &c. 


A  blow  with  a  blunt  instmuicnt  causes  an  appearance  an  the 
■nrbce  commonly  known  as  a  bruise,  and,  in  leiGntitic^  longnnga. 
■a  an  tecipnotit.  It  cansists  in  a  discoloration  of  the  akin  pro- 
dnced  by  eitnvasatiou  of  blood  into  the  celiuUr  memhiaiie. 
When  this  happens  in  the  snperfictal  parts,  and  esperiilty  in  iu 
and  yielding  portiong  of  the  skin,  the  colour  mokes  its  appearanc* 
at  once ;  but  when  deeper  acoted,  days  rany  elapse  before  tlie  skin 
becomes  discoloured,  and  Ihen  it  is  not  blue,  as  in  superficial  partis 
bat  of  a  Tiolot,  grceuiih,  or  jrellowiab  hue;  nor  is  it  always  imme- 
diately over  the  extravasation. 

The  bine  oolonr  is  not  fnlly  developed  at  once,  bnt  it  continna 
to  deepen  for  five  or  six  houra.  When  blood  ceases  to  flow  tVoin 
the  broken  vessels,  serum  is  cfi\isod,and  inllnmmBtion  is  set  up,  and 
thus  the  bruise  is  enlarged.  lis  colour  also  undergoes  a  ehaogf, 
pasBing  from  deep  blue  through  shades  of  green,  yellow,  and  lemon 
rolour.  After  a  further  interval,  the  effused  fluids  are  absorbed, 
and  the  colours  first  fade  and  then  wholly  disappesr.  If  the 
injury  has  been  severe,  the  inflammation  runs  on  to  euppnraljon, 
forming  an  abscess  if  deep,  an  ulcer  if  superficial. 

The  change  of  colour  begioa  at  the  circumference,  when  jj 


BxriSES.  999 

d  flniik  ar*  teantj,  aiid  tnrel*  inirard*  townrd*  (he  centre, 
t«  Uk;  ar*  nbuiiiliiiit,  «nd  nben  Clia  deep  blue  colour  often 
Qf  Uie  brniM  hu  compl^tel}'  changed  iti 
ta  bndaa  of  bdj  oilcnt,  niul  in  |iarti  which  ooutain 
i,  aotgnla  ■«)  formed. 
I   n*  KUat  «f  Uw  liniiMi,  aod  the  rxptdit;  of  its  change  irill 
d  on  tte  Km  naal.  tlie  lite  and  chanrter  of  Che  wmpon, 
a,  aud  health  of  the  nfferer,  the  fall  or  empty 
I,  and  Uw  teniion  or  Iniitj  of  the  iliiii.     A 
hnor  ia  trdiiiag  would  nareelj  bo  marked  b;  a  blow  that  wmild 
"  *  'n  ordinary  beallh ;  and  In  seuerB  owub  of 

bMKb  caiue*  a  broiae  doielj  reacmbling  that 
ij  pnwn*  hj  greater  violence. 

'  r  ia  Duinly  detennined  by  the  shape 
t,  it  Dflrd  fbrniahn  ftrmiic  presumptive  evidence. 
m  hi*  '  Law  of  Evideoc?,'  nlaCo*  a  ca«e  in  which  a 
M  pTin  in  Mir-defmoe,  with  the  he;  of  the  hoate 
a  braiae  which  correiiponded  in  ihape  to  the  ward* 
o  Identify  the  man  who  bad  mmmitted 
Tb«  aobJMU  of  de«th  hy  banging,  itraiiguhition, 
1^  finalah  goud  oumpla  of  thii  oorreipondence  of 

»  which  conitilQtc  ■  bruiie  are  not  onnfined 
■nbcane,  but  intoUe  more  or  len  the  nibatance 
Bmiisa  are  thut  diithigaiilied  tVom  codaTeric 
(8n  p.  U7.) 
i  Mawi.  a*en  when  rery  ie*«re,  do  not  preduoe  mirin  of 
'    ^  if  tlie  parU  bineatb  are  soft  nnd  yicldiiitc. 
■•oo  tb*  •bdomon,  •ctfto  onongh  to  rnplani  the  visecni, 
Wnlw  lh»  akin,  though  thoj  (Ometlinea  Imd  to  tlie 
d  between  the  monelex.    Ou  tlie  other  band,  whrn 
d  partiv  ■0'^  *■  fnctura  of  bono,  are  unnt- 
thor*  la  a  tMag  pmamptLon  agidiut  their 
m  anaed  by  a  blow. 
m  tit  mfftmaaai  Iff  a  Bnut  i*  produeni  afiT  Dnlk  t 

b  •iMwtrwl  by  ChruitiMii'*  eiiicrimriHi,  from  -V 
h  that,  np  to  two  bonra  after  death,  and,  in 

qlurtfr,  appniraticoa  may  bn  prudnced  Ct\^iif  >M 

braina  indinted  daring;  lifai   blood  il  i,^^Jtr* 

■dJ  into  tin  etfflalar  tiinia,  on  the  unrfnce  </  tlie  niiia,  and 

m^  iBia  il*  «ubaUM>|  and  lb*  Hfiund  blnod  aiaguUt«a.         <*■*-•     fM- 

XUrtiBCMim  hfh>rr»    BrnUa  imjlinttd  daring  L\f»  and  after  */^/r''iJ 

M_ia  _t_  __4.i.  _.^  thia  dittinction  I*  faay.     If  Ihew  i*    i^^^^^ 


much  «weIl'iDg,  any  chingc  of  colanr,  or  injr  sign  of  ui 
tjon,  the  brnite  iniut  bnve  been  inllii'teil  during  life. 

If  on  cnttiug  into  the  bru'iM,  tUo  efiusion  of  b1fX>d  !*  fi> 
he  CODndenitit?,  aud  tbe  elota  large,  the  pretutapCion  ii 
in  favour  of  its  bav'mg;  been  inflietad  during  life.     So  aln  it  l| 
entU  M  diicoloareil  from  the  effiuion  of  blood  in(    "    '    '^ 
ThEi  last  is  a  viluable  diagnoiti<  mnrh,  except  ii 
bruiiea  inflicted  ■  few  iniiiutea  after  dratli,  when,  judging  fe 
the  Bnali^  at  incised  wonnds,  we  mny  eipect  the  nme  >)I(l■^ 
BDce«  u  in  Iboie  produced  during  life. 

Aa  the  lume  effusion  of  UwhI,  which,  on  the  mrface,  giiei  ili 
to  tbe  appcKi-suce  of  a  braise,  miif,  when  it  ovcura  in  Ihe  deqn 
seated  ijurls  leave  little  or  no  trnce  on  the  snrface,  it  is  impodlBt 
to  aiverlain  whether  boch  deeper  eOasiODs  of  blood  raaj  tik* 
place  att«t  death  as  well  as  during  life.  This  question  loo  ^ 
been  answered  in  the  nfflnnalive.  In  tbe  body  of  Hvga; 
Campbell,  tlie  victim  of  Burlie,  there  were  niiirlts  of  sssirt 
injnri'  to  the  hoclf,  to  whioh  Christison  wus  at  first  inrlinedta 
altribute  her  death  j  and  semi-Suld  blood  was  found  ondet  Um 
tnpeiius  mnscle,  neur  the  inferior  angle  of  tbe  tctipula,  and  ii 
the  cerrical,  dorsal,  aud  left  InmlMT  regions,  bat  there  wst  no 
conwponding  bruise  on  tbe  skin.  The  posterior  ligaments  of  tt* 
TBTtebras  were  rupture'),  but  there  was  no  fracture.  On  tlie 
■heath  of  the  tpinnl  cord  opposile  tbe  rupture,  there  was  a  m» 
of  s«aii-fluid  bluck  bluod  an  inch  in  diameter,  nnd  about  the 
tllickoesi  of  a  penny;  rmm  this  a  tliln  Injer  of  blood  eitendfd 
along  the  posterior  surroro  of  the  aheath,  ai  fiir  as  Ibe  lowol 
doml  vertebra.  The  spinal  cord  wns  uainjared,  and  there  was 
no  blood  under  iU  sheath.  Christiwin  proved  tluit  all  tl)^ 
matlu  of  violence  miglit  be  produced  seventeen  honn  aflar 
death,  b.v  hentdng  the  head  forcibly  on  the  cheat.  In  the  biidy 
of  Carlo  Ferrari,  also,  five  or  sii  ounces  of  coagulated  blood  wen) 
found  among  the  deep.sented  mutclea  of  tbe  neck,  from  lb* 
ocdpnt  to  Ihe  Isat  cerrlciil  vertebra;  and  there  was  a  large 
qaantity  of  fluid  hlood  in  the  upper  and  tower  part  of  the  spiiul 
canal,  exterior  to  the  iheath  of  tlje  cord,  bub  an  blood  wilhiu  tb* 
■bcatb,  nor  had  the  vertehree,  or  their  ligament*,  or  the  cord 
itself,  sufFeredsny  injur;.  Thu  canfiKsion  of  the  criminnlt  showed 
that  these  injorics  to  tbe  spine  were  produced  afler  death. 
(Bafar  to  p.  Z9C.) 

The  difficulty  of  determining  whether  a  bruise  was  inHicted 
during  life  or  soon  after  dcnth,  will  be  much  increased  iC  patre- 
faction  hni  set  in ;  for  it  piiii-scmtes  the  sppearance  of  injury, 
■ud  produces  great  alteratioas  aC  coimihiatx  ud.  cJau -, '«luie 


INCISKD  t 


301 
outpoiiriiigi 


the  preMan  of  the  guoi  eTolved  ma;  cuu* 

of  bluoii  tliruugh  rnjjtiireil  vcMeta.     This  v 

body  of  B  maa  who  hod  died  of  apoplioiy.    Tlie  whit  of  both 

■mu  hwl   been   opened,  but  no   blood  had  llowoci  dnring  life. 

Aftsr  dMLb,  however,  «&  abundBut  bieiuarriijiga  took  place  &um 

tha  wonuJeil  voieli.     (O.) 

Id  >  cMe  which  occiiirvd  at  Pmii,  the  eSaeion  of  hlooil  canied 
hy  strangulation  wai  diicoverctl  ii«  a  black  mass  tn-iiity  yean 
after  dealh.  But  tbe  eont  wai  tbund  round  the  neck,  nod 
Tomoved  tlie  difficolty  which  might  utherwiae  have  existed. 

Id  reaped  to  fracUrrt  the  «ini9  obaervationB  apply,  in  nearly 

tl)«  Mine  degree.     A  fracture  produced  wilbin  a  liiort  period 

•Aar  ileatb,  and  one  produced  during  life,  but  ipeediiy  folloived 

.   ij   death,   would  probably   present  very  nearly   tho  norne  ap- 

f  yMtraneei.      A  fracture  cauud  (ouio  time  before  death  woold  be 

k  ;9Midily  dUtinguUhed  by  the  inflauiniHtion  tet  up  about  it. 

FrBciurea  may  be  detected  long  lifter  death.  Tbui,  in  the 
body  of  Clarke,  the  Tii:tiin  of  EugCQe  Aram,  the  frnelure  and 
ladentation  of  the  tempoml  bone  were  plainly  duitingulahcd  after 
tha  lapae  of  thirteen  jrun. 

n,  tnciSKD  wooNBS,  inq  woo 


L  Under  thia  head  are  eompriaed  iuciaed,  punctured,  and  lacerated 
m-aliot  wound*  wilt  be  trratcd  of  lepurntely.  It  ii 
a  incbnl  wnuuda  that  the  (bllowing  ohaervatioiia  rbielly  apply, 
f  Hie  iumiediale  obvious  canaequencBi  of  wounds  with  »olulion  of 
Bntinuity  are  huemarrbiige,  and  retraution  of  their  ed^es:  the 
piole  eBeda  are  those  of  inflammation  and  ita  Kqneliu.  In  a 
t  inoiiied  wound.  inSlcted  during  lire,  there  is  copious  hoMnor- 
„  !.  Ilw  cdlnUr  time  ia  filled  with  blood,  there  are  ooagnla 
I '  JMtw«t>n  tbe  lipa  of  the  wound,  and  the  edges  ore  everted.  After 
li  tte  Upae  uf  from  eighteen  ia  twenty.lonr  houra  there  are  the 
of  uiRainnialion,  ioeienKd  rednoa,  awdling,  and  effusion  of 
l«1iU  lymph, 

[  Aaarnle  buued  wound*,  whcUiercaueed  by  cutting  or  slashing, 
e  fiuaforDi  in  «hB)w,  owing  to  the  retraction  of  the  tisauei  in  the 
iddlc.  and  eapeciiily  so  when  mnacular  flbm  have  been  divided 
iaT«rMty.  Incincd  wounds  UFually  LMmnieuee  abruptly  aiid 
minalc  gradually,  or  tail  off.  This  ofteu  iudicatea  the  direc- 
^n  in  which  llie  inttruaiciit  was  drawn. 
Ineiwrd  wownd*  do  not  uirreapond  in  ahnpa  to  tbe  weapon 
-b  which  tliey  were  iiiffictiil,  as  the  woQud  i»  alwuya  broader 
D  the  tnitling  cdgu. 


ran»r     ri  .  ,      ^  ™=*'n  for 
"«..      Hut  lHcera(<5d  unrf   .„ 

"P>nilag  Ih.  ri„"    '   ■  '  ■"■■ 


GDX-SHOT    WODSDS.  303 

woandi,  bnng  accompBiiiad  with  leiiB  bEemorrluige  than  the 

ler,  itnd  lew  diwoloraiion  than  the  Istter,     The  eilgea  are 

\</  tom,  bat,  u  Hbore  stated,  though   ceoBed  by  blunt 

I  or  falla,  they  did;  be  aametimes  tbarp  and  defined.   They 

cotTeBpand  in  ahape  with  the   instnimellt  Or  material 

wliirh  ciiued   them.      The  dUtiacl^oii    between  luch    woimda 

isSieted  during  life  uid  after  death  ii  lesi  eaaily  made. 

J'miietvred  woandH  are  iatermeiljate  betweea  incised  and 
laeenited  woniida,  retemblin)^  the  former  when  inflicted  with  a 
■harp  initrnnient,  and  being  often  accompanied  by  pnifiiEc 
hBroorrhagc;  but  when  mmic  with  i  blunt  oljjeet.  being  more 
like  lacerated  wounda,  and  ucouiuntng  little  torn  of  blood.  The 
fi>nn  depends  on  the  ehupi?  of  the  weapon  and  on  the  direction 
of  the  Tiolence.  Thcj  are  in  general  smaller  than  the  weapon. 
Tbey  may  reiemble  incited  wonndi  if  the  weapMi  by  which  they 
•re  inffi<Md  ii  ■  bmd,  two.edged  blade.  If  the  wonnd  waa 
made  by  a  perpendicular  ttroLie,  they  will  oorreipaud  to  the 
Invadth  of  the  weapon.  If  the  blow  waa  atmck  obliqnely,  the 
wDond  will  be  longer.  A  weapon  with  a  thick  back  and  a  aharp 
edge  will  eauae  a  correaponding:ly  abaped  wound.  Triangukr 
weapom,  fuch  ai  tnyoucta,  cause  triangular  wounds. 

It  mtHt  be  remembered,  however,  that  the  auoe  weapoii  may 

diffitrently  ahaped  woanda  on  different  pjrtii  of  the  body, 

' '     tiwoe  penetrated,  and  the  amount  of  retruution 

The  chief  danger   ii   trooi  injury  to   internal 

Urgaiu  or  penetration  of  internal  doled  caTities,  luch  as  the  pleom. 

Strord  wonndi  trnverBing  the  body,  have  a  Urge  depressed 

trifiee  of  entrani'e,  and  a  amnll  and  raised  orifice  of  eiitj  but 

Je   roveraed  when   the  weapon  is  drawn  out, 

if  it  ia  rough  from  rust  or  otherwise. 


^^eapooauy 
^H    Tliae 


Tliae  belong  to  the  cIbm  of  contused  or  lacerated  wounds ;  oF 
~  wound*  when  the  ihot  does  not  penetrate,  of  lacerated 
wound*  when  it  enteri  or  tnverscs  the  body.  Tliey  are,  ae  Wise- 
maB olMBrvca,  "the  moat  oom|>licale  sort  of  wonndi;"  they  com- 
Un«  "eontnuon,  nttriUon,  and  diluceraUon"  in  a  high  degree; 
UM7  oooMon  "  all  Borli  of  inictarei ;"  they  introduce  extraneons 
"*  "  and  they  give  rise  to  bamorrhagc,  inflammAtion,  ery- 
gangrene,  and  aphaceln*.  The  lips  of  a  gun-ahot  wonnd 
rid  or  blwkiah:"  they  become  the  arait  of  indiimmatiDu 
'■lUngi  and  "  blisten  fteqneutlj  rise  about  ttcm,"  coniuii- 
"a  'rpliil  imdl." 
ludi  caused  hy  discliui^ei  cloae  to  Ihu  perjun  are 


"  bnrnt  by  the  Same,"  and  tliey  tna;  eontkin  iMrtiel ^ 

■umcd  powder.  If(MTpr«l  bvelothes,the««  b1»o  niMj  be  Wtokencd 
or  bitmC,  Aj  «  general  rule  gaii-*bot  woandi,  uiilna  Ibej  ugare 
•nntti  ^gv  T^Hsel,  do  not  give  riHC  to  mncb  hKiDarrbngO »  1>ut 
the  dettruction  oT  purti  trom  tlie  alooghin^  *ad  soppuratiun  that 
tbllow  them,  often  occaiioni  profiue  and  fatal  diicliar^a  of  blood. 

the  ballet,  ihot^  or  wadding  difchargcd  from  fire-ums  at 
■bort  digtancei  sometime*  lodfiea  in  Ibo  bod.y,  wmetima  tn- 
reraea  it.  Wben  it  1odg»,  it  often  tumiihes  conctiuire  eridenee. 
The  bullet  may  prove  to  have  been  cait  in  a  moald,  or  tixt 
wndding  to  bo  formed  b;  printrd  i«peT  or  oth?r  mnterinl,  in  the 
poneraion  of  tlie  penon  who  flred  the  shot.  It  may  even  happen 
that  the  compoiition  oTthe  liuilet,  or  the  mode  of  mnking  it.  ii 
peentiar.  In  medico-legal  cows,  therefrire,  the  vnnUnts  of  a 
^n-slKit  wonnd  ahonld  be  carprally  riamined.  and  preaerved. 
When  the  billet*  traverse  the  body,  tbe  two  apertures  ahould  bo 
carefully  eiamincd.  The  npcrtare  of  entnnce  is  round  and  clean, 
thatnf  eiit  leu  r^|:ubr  in  sliaiio  and  jogged.  On  entering  tho 
bodif  "  the  hnllet  tbrces  the  Hesh  in  with  itv  and  the  place  by 
nhieh  it  entera  presently  roiitrscta  cloaer;  bat  tta  |)mng  out  i* 
more  Ini."  The  lame  diiferenre  of  entrance  and  exit  is  seen  in 
tlie  clotliea.  Such  la  generally  the  case,  but  tbe  rule  i*  by  no 
means  abulutc.  Uucli  depends  on  the  velodty  of  the  bullet  and 
the  amount  of  reustance  it  meets  with  in  its  passage  throogh  tbi> 
tissues.  And  in  reference  to  the  effect  of  cooimi  bulteta,  whicli 
are  now  generally  used,  a  distinction  between  the  aperture  of 
entfincc  and  that  of  eiit  is  extremely  difficult.  For,  lU  ■  general 
rule,  both  aperlurn  arc  of  much  the  aauio  siie  and  have  n  soma- 
what  triangolar  sliapc.  This  is  so  even  when  vci;  eitenuv* 
dMtruL-lion  of  deep  parts  bus  been  caused  by  the  paaiage  of  tlw 
projectile.  Bullets  that  ilrike  the  body  obliquely  produM  J 
tatvniar  wound, 

Bullets  which  ktdge  in  the  body  are  often 
direct  course  by  contact  with  a,  boue,  or  ol 
■tructure.     Thns  (lo  give  einmples  [rom  the  practiee  of  Bid. 
WWmiin)  a  bullet  entered  the  cheek  and  was  cut  out  IVnittJl 
back  of  tbe  neck  ;  a  second,  entered  tbe  outside  of  the  sms 
iJu)  leg. and  was  found  on  the  Inside  of  the  thigb  above  the  k) 
and  a  tliinl  mU-red  Ihu  outude  of  the  arm,  unii  was  cat  out  Is 
lbs  soapnU.     Ill  (Dine  dues,  ihe  bullet  has  struck  the  fan 
abdomen,  and  alter  trnierring  the  half-ctrcumference  of  tfae  ft 
liaa  been  found  lodged,  or  to  have  paiaed  oi 
point.     Again,  bullets  may  be  split  into  two 
by  sthklng  a  boDU,  and  these  fragmcnta  nay  dtber  traven*  tfas 


i 


bodj  or  loilge  in  it.     If  th?y  lodge,  Uu^  may  hf  round  to  hnve 

fabon  tbe  (mhu  eccmtric  cauree  lu  tlie  undivided  bullet  iu  the 

CMM  jmt  ciled:  if  tbcj  tinTerse  lliey  may  occasion  more  than 

e  wonnd  or  exit  FEMmblia^  tliat  cHnsed  bj  a  (ing-le  bullet. 

When  tbe  bullet  lalie*  ■  direct  conne  throngli  Uie  bodj  (tliBt 

to  aaj,  when  it  i*  not  deflected)  the  rfianicter  of  Hip  two  nper- 

m  onijded  with  tlu  dirmtlon  of  the  line  which  joini  tliem, 

ly  wrve  to  indieiil«  Ibe  posture  of  the  body  at  the  time  the 

>und  wn»  received.     So  nlw  when  a  bullet,  Mller  travening  ■ 

wooden    paling,  or  n  window,   itrikes  a   wall  bejond,  the   line 

of  flight,   and   ipot   froin  which  the   (hot  wiii   tired,  may  be 

dotermineid. 

Small  ahot  diwrharged  quite  close  to  the  body,  and  striking  it 

right  anglea,  may  caiue  a  round  tleao  wound  not  ea&il;  dis- 

igtUahed  rrom  one  prodiicxl  by  a  bullet ;  but  nt  the  liiatance  of 

'fcot  or  mor«  thu  iliot  scntter,  and  oeniNon  an  irrcguUr  woaod. 

tbe  diilam-e  of  thr«e  feet  the  ihot  are  so  mncli  tcattered  tbnt 

it  it  not  powible  to  cnnfound  the  injnry  with  one  nosed  by  a 

bullet,    la  theao  wounda  some  of  the  allot  lodge  in  the  body,  and 

when  Brad  cloee,  or  within  n  abort  diatoace,  there  will  be  marks 

of  barning  on  the  akin  and  clothing. 

Fire-unma  loaded  with  waddlni;,  and  fired  close  to  the  body,  or 
within  a  few  inches,  may  produce  severe,  and  even  fatal,  peno- 
tntii^  wouada,  and  eren  at  the  diitancu  of  a  foot  may  give  rite 
to  aitensivo  aaperlicial  injuriea.  Tbe  nnconsumod  powder,  when 
fire-aroii  loaded  only  with  ponder  are  diachargcd  close  to  the 
kody.  Day  produce  tl)e  anine  injuriea  aa  small  ahot. 

From  wbat  has  been  aaid  above  of  the  complicated  nature  of 
(OQ-abot  wounds,  it  is  obvunit  (hat  they  are  very  dungoroua  lo 
Hti>.  They  may  prove  fatal,  immedintcly,  or  within  a  short 
intarral,  by  ahock,  or  luDmorrhage,  and  after  a  longer  interval,  by 
irrhoge,  by  erysipelas,  by  tetanos,  or  by  the 
1  eiteniivs  suppuration  following  on  thedwth  of 
[puis. 

^t  medico-legal  questions,  anch  sa  tlic  more  or  leu 

cbHracter  of  the  wound,  tbe  effect  of  the  trciitment 

and  of  tbe  anlHequent  conduct  of  the  wounded  pcraiin. 

of  tlio  injnry,  and  the  amount  of  locomotion  pontblo 


ation  wbellier  the  ' 


was  the  result  of  afcidm 


H  ildBJi-tdf  may  alao  be  raised  rcapecttng  these  in 

>b  otbvr  wounda.   Aa  a  general  rule,  accidental  wounds,  whether 

"    td  by  tbe  wounded  person,  in  loading,  or  in  tbe  act  of  car- 

a  \imAtri  ineoe,  or  by  anotiier  petaou  pointing  at  him  a  jriece 


mppond  not  to  b«  loaded,  or  wnlkiog  or  ■hooting  \n  tii<  cDiBpnf 
huve  ttie  characlera  of  woiinil*  csuwd  b;  diacliargn  u«r  lU 
pfrton  1  but  {licH  tlnracteTB  thcj-  hnve  iu  romroon  with  t 
wonnili.  But  suit^idal  troutidi  hnve  tlie  clkmi^er  wbici 
denUl  WDUudi  otVen,  and  tiomicidal  voanili  (ometitnci.  Ud[,^ 
being  inflicted  in  front  on  tho  head  or  region  of  l)w  bnfl  Tg 
thii  ru1«,  lionever,  aame  miridvl  gun  shot  noonds  Torm  md  en 
tjnn,  Insainorb  a>  ttie  weapon  is  directnl  la  the  tniok  of  tlic  Iu 
Ai  ■  general  rule,  too,  the  iDieide  firei  only  one  shot  i  hut  mie 
have  been  known  to  Are  two  pistolK,  autl  evi^n  to  retorl  to  fire- 
anna  aner  the  fnilure  of  incisfd  wounds.  In  m»d«  rue*  tin 
aaieide  is  found  in  a  rooin  secured  frnm  within,  with  the  KSpos 
itill  gnuped  in  tho  hand,  and  when  tlie  priming  wu  of  poinltr, 
with  the  hand  ilained  by  it. 

Bouw  advantage  is  on»sional1i|  derived  from  sn  eiamlnslioB  tt 
the  gnn  or  piitol.  When  the  coniliuttion  of  the  powder  ia  inpar- 
ftct,  tbe  fi'iger  introduced  into  tlie  barrel  ii  bhickened  by  tlie 
ancongnmed  clinreoal ;  and  tho  reaidue  is  found  to  eonsist  of  tUi 
nncansnmcd  chnrroal  mixed  witli  sniphide  of  potaHinm.  Bat 
when  Ihe  combDBtion  ill  perfect  tlie  finger  is  not  blackened,  fiv 
the  residue  consists  of  the  white  sniphiite  and  oirbanate  of  potulk 
AfWr  no  intervnl  of  aotne  days,  varying  witli  the  qnanmy  of 
moisture  in  the  air,  the  mlied  reaiduo  of  charaMl  and  suljjiide 
of  potawuin  is  converted  into  nil))hBte,  which  B<ter  a  still  longer 
interval  mny  be  foimd  blended  with  the  mst  of  iron. 

IT.    QITESTIOKS  COMMOS  TO  ALt,  »OBUB  01  MECHiNrCiL  mjOBT. 

There  are  three  qnestiona  i-ommon  to  all  forms  nf  mechanital 
injory:—!.  Wo*. 7  M/(iW(rfrfi<m^ /./rf  2.  Was  it  the  e-mte  pf 
death  J  and  3.  Wai  U  accidental,  niMdal,  or  kontiridal  t  The 
flnt  queition  has  been  ah^dy  examined;  the  second  and  third 
remain  lo  be  discussed. 

Wat  the  Wound  lie  ra«ae  of  Bea(*7— TI.8  answer  to  this 
question  rarely  presenta  any  dlfBcully  when  a  man  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  perfect  lienlth  receives  a  sorere  injnry,  and  dies  b^ora 
snfllcient  time  has  elapsed  for  disease  to  set  in,  or  negleit,  or  nn- 
ikilltal  trcetnient  to  prove  iiijnriniu.  But  irhen  a  connidenble 
interval  elapses  between  the  receipt  of  the  injury  and  the  dial 
event,  such  complicatJonB  may  arise,  and  render  the  answer  to  the 
qnestion  difficult. 

To  the  lirstclau  of  cases  belong  the  abnormal  formalion  of  the 
parts  injured  (as  in  the  instance  of  a  boy  caaght  robbing  an 
orchard,  whose  death  was  caused  by  n  blow  intended  as  a  simple 
a  aknU  uretenuAMnll^  \,V\YLVui&\h«.T&bDatnal 


I 


iitnitloD  (u  in  the  nuniUir  mstaocea  of  an  ingainol  hemii  in- 
jnred  by  >  kick  ;  of  biRl  biciniiiThage  cauifd  by  a  blow  on  tba 
loini  over  tlie  teat  of  >  kidney  contamlng  n  jagged  calculua  ;  and 
■  lurgu  BbKen  behiad  the  car  ruptured  by  tlip  luaie  mesne). 
To  this  clast  *Uo  beloug  those  sudden  death*  whidi  rollow  fglli 
blows  too  alight  to  Hccount  for  the  fatal  result  by  the  direct 
fagnry  they  occuion,  death  being:  reolly  earned  by  the  ruptnre  or 
I  the  brain,  or  of  nn  nneoriini ;  in  both  which  caws  it 
bpoiBibleCo  sttribute  tbedenth  tolheeuitement  of  Ihestruggi* 
mi  well  HI  to  the  full  or  blow.  AUo  thoie  caan  of  Intent  clfusioD 
ou  the  brain  or  into  the  cavitiea  of  the  chest  which  might  pro«« 
(oddenly  futiil  even  in  the  abscnca  of  violence,  but  are  very  likely 
to  cauao  death  nnder  the  influenco  of  excitement  or  ahoclc. 

In  tbew  com  the  injury  ii  inflicted  in  ignorance  of  the  exis- 
tence of  any  caose  by  which,  though  eomparatively  slight,  it 
night  ba  rendered  mortal.    To  all  other  i-asca,  Buch  aa  thou  of 
ng,  feeble,  or  aged  persona,  and  pregnant  women,  the   Gng- 
fatw,  at  Uid  down  by  Lard  Hale,  will  apply :  "  it  is  sufficient 
prove  that  the  death  of  the  party  was  acetlerated  by  the 
tlioioai  ut  of  the  prisoner,  although  the  former  hiboared  under 
miorial  diwaao  at  tiio  lime  of  the  auddent." 
Tho  second  clau,  or  that  in  which  an  interral  elapses  before 
wound  proves  mortal,  comprisea  a  Ereator  number  of  special 
Ilefnre  trntiiig  of  these  in  delail,  it  it  iiceestnry  lo  pre- 
iie  that  even  when  the  interval  between  Ihe  injury  anil  the 
jktsl  t«sult  is  considerable.  It  may  be  quite  possible  to  attribute 
the  death  to  the  injury  without  any  misfiiTiog;  for  it  may  be 
•ocb  that  no  strength  of  constitution,  and  do  care  or  skill,  could 
■rrTt  a  fatal  tenninution.     In  fractures  or  dislncatiotis  of  the 
■ptae,    for   instance,  nnd  in  gnU'ihot  wounds  when  the  bullet 
]odgc«  in  the  bndy,  Imwever  long  the  fatal  retialt  may  be  pa«t< 
poned,  the  death  is  fairly  attribulablc  to  tlic  injury  alone.      Hut 
tboogh,  in  case*  of  this  kind,  no  dotibt  ran  eiist  either  respecting 
the  true  eauso  of  death,  or  the  guilt  attarbing  u>  (he  act  of  vin- 
lance,  the  Ispso  of  time  lias,  in  most  civiliMsI  countries,  been 
takan  into  account,  and  by  the  common  law  of  England,  if  the 
iqjiircd  yxty  survive  one  year  and  one  day,  tlie  crime  ceases  to 
ba  murder ;  and  Enaliih  juries  have  sometimes  shown  a  dispoai- 
tion  to  ahorteti  this  perinl  very  considerably. 

Witbin  thi>  perioil  of  3G6  dnyi  there  U  ample  oppartnnitj  for 

loine  of  tbe  ciruumtuncM  luiw  to  be  tpecified  to  come  into  pUy. 

1,  A   trifling  wound  or  injury  may  prove  fatal,  fvom  ilie  in- 

part  taking  oa  an  onhcaltby  cbuscter,  such  au  si-rafulau* 


I 


irouiTDS. 


inflimmBtion  dae  ta  pecntUritj  of  conBtitutJon,  or  eryrip^ 
inflammntion  from  expoaore  to  eonta^on. 

2.  To  tiic  aame  elus  of  eaaa  biAonif  attack*  of  Rital  tetsotu, 
or  of  delirium  treinetu  from  iliglit  iqjurios,  a)  veil  ■«  rare  in- 
lUncea  of  pyicniU  froin  Uteot  abscns  brought  into  actiTity  by  a 
fall  or  blow,  and  fiiEal  diseuM  of  iDternal  orgaua  arising  inijo- 
pendent  oF,  but  soon  after,  the  injuiy. 

8.  Aootiier  circumitance  bearing  on  tlie  queiticm.  Was  the 
ironnd  the  eaiuc  Ot  death  ?  a  thu  improper  managsment  of  tlio 
wounded  parly;  whether  conuating  ia  tlie  n^leot  of  medical 
a—utuDce,  or  ofmedicsl  inBtructioaa ;  or  in  the  resort  toi^nnrant 
and  Doqiulifled  practitionera ;  or  in  irregrularlties,  miBgOrem- 
ment,  and  recklcea  expoaure  to  cold,  fntigue,  or  freih  injury,  or 
to  intoiication,  on  the  part  of  the  patient  himgelf  j  or  in  mala 
praxis  on  the  part  of  a  qualifled  medieid  attendant. 

Wai  lie  W^OHtd  Acddaital,  Suicidal,  or  Soaueidal  ?— Aod- 
dental  death  ia  a  common  occurrence  in  crowda,  and  in  wrestling! 
and  flghta,  when  the  droeDsed  penon  fulls,  or  i«  thrown,  or  itrocL 
■gainit,  hnrd  reaiiting  ohjecta,  in  which  GaBe  on  examinution  of 
the  ipot  will  help  to  determine  the  queation. 

There  is  always  a  probability  of  BJ^dent  wben  a  body  iifonnd 
in  ■  daogeroiia  rituation,  aa  at  the  foot  of  a  predpice,  or  in  a 
river  with  ateep  bank* :  nud  the  probability  ia  inoreaaed  when  the 
deceased  ia  proved  to  have  been  drinking.  In  nil  doubtfnl  coaa 
the  character  of  the  injnriea  will  go  lar  to  dctcnnine  the  olaia  to 
which  the  death  belongs.  Broiies.  fractures,  and  didooatioiu, 
for  inalance,  are  more  conaiateat  with  the  theory  of  death  by 
accident  than  inciaed,  panctnntd,  or  lacerated  wounda. 

If  we  anppoae  the  alternative  of  accident  to  be  eiclnded  by  the 
nature  of  the  oue.  the  original  qneation  la  narrowed  to  this,  Wat 
tie  MKyund  tuicidal  or  Aomicidal  ? 

Ai  tnicido  ia  much  mure  common  than  homicide,  there  ia 
kiwny*  a  prim4-^neit  probability  in  favour  of  loieide,  especially  iu 
middle-aged  peragna;  but  this  probability  will  be  msteriallf 
modiflcd  by  auch  conbidentiona  aa,  the  place  in  which  the  t   ' 


if  found:  tlie 


le  number  of  wounda. 


and  direction  of  the  n 


Plaai  Klum  the  Body  u  /nund. — Tlie  finding  of  a  oarpn  ■ 
■  room   with  the  windon-a  and  duura  faitvued  on   the  i 
eonclnaive  of  anidde.     Tliu  absence  of  the  iaatmment  of 
ODDoluf've  m  le  murder.    So  also,  if  the  blood  from  a 
woond  haa  been  wiabed  (torn  the  body  or  Boor,  or  the  body  Uj 
bu  Van  pbccd  in  «  podtioa  Inoootialcot  with  Um  mode  of  4| 


or  covorad,  or  buried. 


DIBKCTIOI'    OF   THE   WOUND.  309 

nature  of  lie  Waved, — Conttiied  tanmdi  an  rsrelj  raicidal, 
I  though  HtteiD^U  at  Klf-ileiCractlon  by  knocking  the  hendagilnat 
~     wilII  are  not  ancornmon.     Bovere  contuaionB,  then.>ror«,  are 

it  probntily  liomicitUl,  unleia  the  Uodj  it  lying  □eur  s  height 

n  which  it  might  have  hllen,  or  from  which  the  decewed 
might  have  thrown  himielf.  Incited  teomtdi  are  as  likely  to  be 
•ak idal  Bs  hoinicidul,  and  it  a  not  easy  ta  infer  rrom  the  character 
of  the  wound  to  ivhich  dun  it  belongs.  The  cteannen  anil  even- 
DEM  of  an  inciud  wound  fauvc,  iniieed,  been  thought  to  afford  « 
probability  in  IkToor  of  bomicide,  but  withoot  sufficient  rauioa ; 
tbr  ■  reaoluta  (iiidde  a  more  likely  to  have  a  ateody  hsnd  than  a 
murderer  to  meet  with  no  reiialanM ;  and  aome  of  the  deupeet 
•ad  deansat  wounds  of  the  throat  are  certainly  suicidal. 

In  a  few  inatonces  the  ikape  at  an  incised  wound  help*  Qs  to 
determine  the  quotion  of  tuicide  or  homicide,  by  indicating  the 
kind  of  instrument  with  whicb  it  was  inflicted,  und  the  occupatJOQ 

I  of  the  murderer.  Tbns,  a  man  with  hii  throat  cnt  from  within 
to  without,  as  butchers  slanghter  aheep,  was  found  to  have  been 
Murdered  by  a  bntclier ;  and  in  the  case  of  a  lindy  divided  into 
tmo  parts  by  a  cutting  iurtrometit  fussed  into  the  fibro-cartilage 
iMiitinit  the  third  aud  fourth  lumbar  vertebrtc,  lo  as  to  divide  the 
ttrtiriilsUng  processes  trunsversi'ly,  as  batchers  cut  through  the 
(fdnes  of  animsla.  u  butcher  was  proved  to  bave  been  the  mnrderer. 
lOrBl.). 
Situation  of  tie  Woiiitd. — It  may  be  laid  down  as  a  general 
nie,  that  if  u  wound  is  lo  utnatcd  that  the  initmment  of  dcoth, 
when  placed  in  the  hand  of  the  deceased,  cannot  be  made  to  reach 
it,  whether  by  the  motion  of  the  hand  iUelf,  or  by  that  of  the 
jart  injured,  or  by  both  jmntlj,  it  was  not  self-iofliclcd.  Wounds 
oa  aoneealed  pans  of  the  peraon,  as  within  the  labia,  and  beneath 
the  breast  of  the  female,  are  in  nil  pn)l»bility  homiddal.  It 
moat,  liowpver.  be  borne  in  mind  timt  while  mordercn  sometime* 
Inflict  il^ariea  of  a  kind  to  appear  luiddnl,  many  amcldea  are 
d  by  very  tcceiitrir  impulses. 
ErtenI  ijf  Ike  HeB*/.— It  lias  beeu  thought  that  a  micide 
OoM  Uvt  have  courugH  or  strength  lo  indict  a  very  eitenaive 
wnd  upon  hiroaelf  j  bat  etp«rieac«  is  opposed  to  this  view. 
Suicidal  wounds  of  the  throat,  for  imtancc,  ore  usnslly  deep  and 
1  and  nothing  is  more  common  Ibnn  to  read  of  the  head 
being  nearly  aevered  from  the  body.  But  aupcrflciul  wounda  of 
"  B  throat  are  among   the  moat   comman  forms  of  pretended 

Dirtetion  of  Ike   Wimitd. — Suicidal  wounds  generally  follow 
'  It  nMural  morement  of  the  arm  from  left,  to  t\^1,  aii&,  fatstt.    | 


310  WOUVDS.  ^M 

kboTe  to  birlni*.  Rat  in  the  CMe  of  left-handed  pemmt,  1^^ 
direction  would  l>«  reversed.  WouniU  of  tbe  throat,  whether 
nicidat  or  hmnicidul.  are.  Lowever.  gi'iiernlijr  trvniverH.  When 
petwni  of  diir^rent  etalurca  light  toiiether,  a  wound  inflicted  by 
the  tnllor  man  would  pau  from  above  dawuwards  and  the  rerena 
if  giren  by  the  Ghorter,  snppowng  both  combatants  to  maintaia 
the  erect  pmture.  Id  wounds  inflicted  by  a  snord,  or  hj  Are- 
■Tins,  it  ii  alwiya  importaat  to  Dotice  both  their  direction  and  the 
orifirea  of  entroncie  and  eiit. 

Number  of  Woumii, — The  coeiiitenee  of  several  mortal  woondi 
kflbrd*  a  preiuniption  against  eiudde,  but  only  a  premniptian; 
for  after  Inflicting  on  themselTea  wound*  necesHrily  mortal, 
■aicide*  have  retained  etrei^h  and  dctcnniiutioD  to  indict  other*. 
Thn*  Orflla  reUtea  tbe  caw  of  n  gentlemaD  at  Rouen  foand  ilead 
ID  hli  chanilier,  with  two  pistols  lying;,  one  near  the  bodf,  tbe 
other  on  the  bed,  at  lorae  distance  from  iL  He  had  «ho(  bim- 
aelf  in  two  pUco,  One  wound,  apparently  made  while  he  waa 
Dn  the  bed,  had  tniiened  tho  lell  aide  of  the  cheat,  breaking  a 
rib  before  and  Iwbind,  perforating  the  middle  portion  of  the  Inn^ 
utd  pauing  near  the  roots  of  the  pulmoniuy  Teins.  A  Urge 
quan^tj  of  blood  was  oitrariuated  in  the  chest.  After  inflicting 
on  himaeirtbia  teriout  iiijuiy,  tbe  deceased  must  bare  rUcn  &om 
the  bed,  walked  to  a  closet  to  get  another  pistol,  with  which  he 
produced  a  teoand  wound  that  innat  hate  killed  him  instaoUj. 
The  ball  had  entered  tho  frontal  bone,  and,  after  travening  the 
left  hemisphere  of  tlie  brnin,  had  lodged  n^inst  the  os  ootipiUa. 
There  was  no  doabt  of  this  having  been  n  delibeiate  loiade. 

Wiitaon  gives  a  case  of  inicide  in  which  no  lew  than  ten  woundi 
irera  inflicted  on  the  throat. 

It  is  scarcely  nerestary  to  observe  that  moat  of  the  probabili^n 
jiut  eatablished  may  lead  to  error  if  too  implicitly  relied  upon  ;  IWfl 
that  in  doubtful  casea  we  must  gnnrd  agaiust  ralMinfereneesflnMM 
droamstdnces  purely  accidental  «  well  u  from  arTaugeuM^H 
made  to  decoire  us.  J^l 

Nor  is  il  always  Safe  to  aanuDe  thnt  ■  severe  injary,  ■('MfijH 
lafllcled  by  another,  is  the  rcnl  caiiae  of  death  ;  for,  as  in  a  0^^| 
ntotcd  by  Wildberg,  a  death  occurring  during  a  cluistiaai8M^| 
may,  on  ouminatian,  be  Ibund  to  fanre  been  due  to  poison.       ^H 

Tlio  rireinntlanlirit  nidentv  in  death  by  wonnda  is  of  gr^^| 
impurtance.  Hr*  "  |ivr«nn  found  dmd"  (p.  334).  Ttios  SvUUl^H 
Mrvant  of  the  Dnke  of  CuinbrrUnd,  alterwunU  King  of  Hniwtil^| 
WM  rmnd  dead  on  hi>  bed  wltli  hi*  Ihmat  rut,  while  Ilia  nMl^H 
wrtrrly  wounded  in  the  head  and  luiid,  nxa  under  th*  calO^^^^ 
&r  Evoranl  llume.    Ths  Duke  stated  that  he  au  lOuacd  h^^H 


SUBTIVOMHIP. 


311 


blow  on  the  hmd,  followed  by  iB»eral  otters,  one  of 

licb  caiued  an  iEnmeaM  effnsiaQDl'  blood;   Lliat  he  ieaped  out  oT 

mil  fulloH'cd  his  BsaniUnt,  wlio  repeatedly  Blriick  nl  him, 

would  doulitles*  have  murdered  biin,  but  tli.it  the  inon  pro- 

bvtetl  hii  perioa  from  ■omo  of  the  blows.     Evury  jiiirt  of  ttiU 

■tktement  wu  eonflrmiid  b;  tbe  cirvumatnntial  evidence.     The 

oolonred  dropory  at  Ihe  heiid  of  the  Diike'd  bei  wiu  apriokled 

with  blood ;  there  were  tiflces  of  blood  on  the  piiwigeB  nod  atnir- 

the  doon  of  all  tlio  ilute  ajmrtiiieiitti ;  iiiid  Sellia's 

id  on  a  oliair  out  of  reauli  of  blood  Irani  b»  bed,  but 

rith  the  (leeve  cpriakled  from  ilioulder  to  wriit  "  with  bluud, 

lito  dry.  and  criiUnlly  from  &  wounded  nrtcry." 

Lord  WillUm  KumbU,  the  »letain  of  Courvoi*ier,  wna  found 

■d  in  bed  with  bii  throat  cat ;  the  instrameut  of  ileHtli  did  nut 

I  netir  the  body,  and  a  nnpltin  vraa  placed  over  (lie  (ace.     A 

Kuan  of  the  name  of  Norkott  wat  found  dead  iu  bed  with  her 

KMt  cut.  and  od  her  Irfl  >ia»d  a  bloody  murli  of  n  Iffl  lta»d. 

I  both  tbue  ones  tliit  evidonce  of  murder  was  eoinplute. 

Tliera  am  ttiU  other  quotioni  that  miiy  have  to  be  ciiniidered. 

'a  may  be  asked  wliether  a  given  wound  is  ilaiigerous  to  life, 

id,  of  many  wounds,  which  was  mortal.     It  nmy  ulso  be  im- 

Mant   to  know  how  Iduk  the  wounded  person  lurvivod  tlie 

qjury,  nnd  U>  fli  the  pwnt  of  time  at   wMdi  a  wound  wa» 

Bieted. 

It  (i*  Wound  dangertnu  lo  Z-ift?— Tliis 
■wered  in  the  case  of  injuries  to  la 
irluiC  viscera,  bat  lesi  easily  in  the  ci 
Ik  rather  by  their  extent  than  tiie  ioiportnnre  nf  tljs  {iart< 
iplkBted;  for  niiile,  on  the  oiie  hand,  alight  injariea  to  porta 
ItOKother  auimpurtuat  may,  in  peculiar  itales  of  eonatil  utjon, 
the  otiier,  recovery  may  take  place  (rum  injuriea 
e  ai>d  eit«iis>ve,  as  in  the  neil-known  m>e  of  Ur. 
sa  pinned  against  a  itable.door  by  the  abiilt  of  a 
;  travening  the  cheat. 

The  danger  attending  itynrioa  of  tho  levernl  important  pirta  of 
ba  body  will  be  found  diteused  under  the  neit  heading. 
Qf  uutKg  IFoKcfa,  miiei  aat  mortal  t — It  ii  eusy  to  under- 
lod  how  tliia  question  niay  become  important.  A  mortal 
uggla  may  Ih^o  with  bloMi  and  end  with  the  use  of  a  stjibbing 
cutting  iuatrnment ;  and  the  crime  would  h.<ve  a  very  tlilferent 
aocording  as  the  deitb  was  nttriltutiibte  to  tlie  bbiiva  or  to 
bi  or  cuts,  Tho  question  ia  of  ao  general  a  nattirs  that  il 
ut  tofflee  to  indicate  itn  itnpCFrlti 
SoK  long  did  the  aauaded  jf«i"»o»  nniceJ — Tliii  i^mM^sm, 


plained  of  heafliiclio,  but  wu  not  otherwise  ill,     Fevenih 
totes  then  cinie  on,  faUowed  by  dlgbt  delirium  uiil  i 
■bo  divd  two  months  afVer  tlie  falL     Distension  of  tlie 
with  wrma  flnid  was  llie  only  morbid  «ppe«raiK*. 

Cempreision, — Tbit  may  be  caiued  bj  depressed  bi 
effused  blood  or  terum.  The  symptoms  come  on  auddeol;  w 
gnduilly,  Eccordinj;  to  the  nataro  of  tbe  compreHing  came,  «t 
the  fulfil  retnlt  follows  in  vnrying  interraU  of  lime,  lu  oa- 
pmaiOD  due  to  depressed  bone,  the  caose  of  death  a  obnttf; 
bat  when  it  arises  from  effusion  of  blood  or  Bemm  foUawinga 
il^ury,  it  may  be  alleged  that  the  effnaion  and  ooiu«)nent  (iMl 
resnlt  wen-  due,  not  to  the  injury  ii«elf,  but  to  some  cudcodjIivi 
dn^initance.  Tbut,  If  in  the  course  of  a  Btruggle  a  loaa  ii 
tbrowa  down  or  struck,  and  dies  Kwn  after,  with  ■ymptmi 
of  compression,  and  ui  eTnsinn  of  blood  has  taJicn  plsa^ 
this  mny  be  attribute  to  the  excitement  of  tbe  contest,  and  hi 
to  tlie  injury  itself;  and  tliii  is  more  likely  to  be  the  cue  if  it* 
deoeated  was  given  to  habits  of  intoiicatton,  or  waa  of  a  pletlxnc 
lisbit  and  HpopW'tic  mHke,  or  of  an  advanced  a^.  Tbe  inquiry 
will  be  still  more  dilGcuIt,  If  on  dissection  t^e  vcesdi  of  the  bnia 
are  found  diseased ;  but  as  sanguineous  eSuiion  mrcl;  takes  plsn 
OH  the  Murface  of  the  brain  fnim  diseaK,  Ibo  difGcult;  will  onl; 
attach  to  effusions  at  the  base,  in  tbe  Tcntridia,  or  into  it* 
■abatnnte. 

Wotmdt. — These  prcwnt  considerable  difficulty  in  a  medico- 
legal p<rint  of  view — a  difficulty  well  set  forth  in  tbe  wotdi  of 
Hiulisrd  Wiseman.  He  says,  "tbe  greater  aymptoms  that  an 
usually  said  ta  attend  tbe  wounds  of  the  brain  do  show  theia- 
selves  more  uncurlninly  than  a  ipeculntive  chirurgi.'on  would 
imagine  i  and  in  cnts  and  wounds  made  by  sharp  weapmu  or 
sudden  strong  force,  more  uncertainly  than  in  contuiions,  hhicbi- 
nans,  and  depressiotid  of  tbe  skull;  tliu  blf:best  of  tbcm,  vis, 
Tomitiiig.  stupor,  loss  orsplHIa,  with  a  paralysis  of  tegs  and  tnni, 
arising  mare  suddenly  in  these  latter  cases  than  in  the  former." 
"Nay,  we  see  many  die  suddenly  from  a  box  ou  tlie  ear,  and 
from  small  bloit's  or  wounds.  In  some  whereof,  npon  opening 
the  cranium,  there  lixth  been  much  blood  citravasated :  in  othen 
Done  at  all,  ur  aught  cite  that  mi>y  be  thought  to  have  killed  the 
patienL"  "Others  1  have  been  called  ou  to  see  opened,  when 
there  bad  preceded  only  a  cnutuaion  of  the  calvaria,  without  any 
fionirc,  or  more  eitravusated  blood  than  is  usually  seen  in  every 
opening  on  taking  off  the  cranium  ;  yet  the  patient  Uy.  as  I  am 
infaim>-d,  under  all  those  symptoms  o(  delirium,  coma,  kc 
again,  1  have  droKt  muny  that  have  been  cut  through  tbe 


1 


IXJURIES   TO  THE    HEiD,  31B 

ic  aliWen  of  bones  lying  poslit  witb  the  fi»h  and  hair  upon  tlie 
a  mater :  j'ot  tbe  patient  hath  been  widiuut  an;  fymptomsof 
b  a  vDund ;  which  I  topposo  liappvnei]  h;  reosan  of  the  bona 
|]ring  looseupon  the  DiembrBne." 

Of  tevere  tymplomi  qnicklj'  foUowiDg  ■  alight  iiyiiry  the  fol' 
lowing  i)  vt  etample: — A  young  man  rorcived  u  blow  on  the 
fbrebnid  from  ■  eudget,  loon  took  to  hi>  bed  and  became  deli- 
rioos :  ■  topor  followed,  and  aHirr  H>me  dnyt  he  died.  A  euihU 
hair- like  fLKaare  wu  found  mnning  from  the  groat  uinthua  of  the 
«j«  Qpwird.  On  remoTini;  the  aknll  and  dura  mater  but  little 
blood  vrat  found  cxtniviHitcd,  and  the  pia  mater  little  altered. 
Of  oompntalivelj  ilighl  symptom*  following  very  eavere  injuries, 
the  tblluwiiig  ii  an  etimple  of  the  opposite  kind  from  the  >Bmg 
aatbor : — A  soldier  was  shot  in  the  face  h;  a  oue-sliot,  ani)  had 
"  hia  face,  with  bia  eyea,  luxe,  inauth,  and  forepart  of  llic  jaws, 
irith  the  chin  aliot  away,  and  the  remaining  ports  of  them  driren 
In.    One  part  of  the  jaw  bung  downbjr  hi»  tliront,  and  the  other 

IjMrt  pnihed  int«  it,  I  aaw  Ibe  brain  n-orking  out  undurneatb 
Dm  Iseerated  acalp  on  both  >idi-s  botwmn  bis  eyes  and  brows." 
Tet  thia  man,  after  being  carried  off  as  dead,  was  Itannd  next 
'Vomini;  knocking  against  the  door  of  the  loom  in  whieli  he  had 
bacn  pUcod,  and  wa»  teen  (landing  by  Ilia  door.  He  was  qnite 
wnaible.  implored  help  by  sigiia.  and  assisted  himself  to  drink. 
I^ia  wounds  were  drased,  and  lie  remained  under  Wiseman's 
■ve  til  or  seven  days,  being  left  alive  at  tbe  end  of  thut  time. 
An  equally  lemarknhle  case,  illustrating  the  power  of  loroniotion 
that  msj  survive  very  severe  injuries  of  the  hrain,  is  reluted  in 
tbe  toyHge*  of  the  gi  eat  I'renuh  surgeon,  Ambnite  I'urf.  "A 
•cildier  in  my  presence  gave  to  one  of  his  fellows  a  Mroke  with  an 
halUid  npon  tbe  head,  penetrating  even  to  the  left  ventricle  of 
Iha  brain,  without  falling  to  the  groand."  After  being  dreitcd 
"  ba  retomed  all  alone  to  his  lodgiuga,  which  was  ut  loa»t  200 
paeea  ^stant."  The  third  day  he  came  staggering  to  l*ar£'i 
lent  to  be  dressed,  but  died  nnder  his  bauds  in  a  coninlsion. 
Pind  say* :  "  I  have  rcdied  this  history  as  a  mcnalrous  tiling, 
that  the  soldier  Fell  not  t«  the  ground  when  be  had  received  this 
peat  stroke,  and  was  in  good  sense*  even  till  death." 
Otber  striking  C4sas  of  the  samo  kind  are  to  be  found  ir 


I 


ii  of  I 


Tlie  folloi 


Thomas  t'otliergill  was  charged  before  Mr.  Justice 

rUleaat  Newcastle  with  the  wilful  murder  of  John  Smith.    Tlie 

oner  knocked  tbe  deceased  down  by  *  blow  an  Iho  head  nith 

■  pcksxe.  and  then  struck  liim  again  with  the  plfknic  on   the 

'    e  the  deceased  hiii>  ubio  to  n-ulktu  UiaWic- 


316  WOTTHDS. 

inga.  nheneo  lie  trM  ttken  to  t1iD  Newoutle  InGrmar;,  wliere  lie 
died  ten  dii;>  nfter.  Thu  temporal  bone  bad  been  driven  in  and 
hud  lucemted  the  brain ;  and  the  spleen  wm  (band  torn.  Kilher 
injur;  wu  nufGcient  to  cansedeitb. 

InfinmmadoM. — This  may  fallow  iiyuries,  not  only  to  the  rrrfaa 
itself,  bnt  lo  tbe  scalp,  and  tbe  parta  most  ueiu't]'  connected  with 
the  lirun,  such  as  the  orbit  and  ear.  Its  Bererity  is  not  alwajs 
proportioned  to  the  tnjnry  received.  A  iligbt  iiynry  may  ^ta 
rise  to  very  aevero  inflammation,  a  serere  irynry  to  very  iHgbt 
elTecta,  The  period  nt  which  iDitainmatiDn  seta  in  i>  also  very 
variable.  Aa  a  general  rule,  it  doei  not  directly  followt  the 
Injury,  bnt  eereral  hoon,  some  days,  or  even  weeks  may  elapse 
belbre  it  taVes  place. 

IiijBriea  of  the  head,  then,  hnve  tfai«  pecDlierity,  that  at  fint 
tlicy  oflen  seem  of  little  consequence,  but  after  va  interval  often 
eonsiderahle,  dangerous  aymptdnis  may  arise  and  end  &taUy, 
Railway  nccidents  oflcu  pve  risD  to  difficult  questjons  relating  to 
this  class  of  injuries,  'llie  symptoms  of  injury  to  the  nsrvoos 
system  have  not  shown  themselves  st  once,  hut  the  tolkming  day, 
or  alter  a  still  longer  interval,  and  much  difficolty  hss  been 
experienced  by  the  jury  in  awarding  damHges.  in  cnnseqnenoe  of 
confiioting  medical  opinions.  In  the  interval  between  the  rectipt 
□f  the  injury  and  the  aoeession  of  dungeroua  symptoins,  there  ia 
room  fbr  neglect  or  miBinsnagement,  on  tbe  part  of  the  patient, 
bis  fKenda.  or  llie  medics)  attendant,  which  nuy  materially  afTect 
tbe  queaUon, — Was  the  injur;  the  cause  of  death  ? 

Injnriti  to  tie  ^tnal  Cord.— Thii,  like  tbe  brain  itielf.  ia 
■ulijcct  to  concnsaiou  ;  to  compreasion,  from  clfiuian  of  hiood  on 
iUaurfluwor  in  ita  snhstance;  and  to  wonnds  IWim  f^etured 
vertebm.  Cunentsion  and  compreawon  may  follow  levvrc  sIkuIii^ 
M  in  railway  awidents:  the  mora  severe  injuries  arise  from  fidia 
or  blnwo.  or  snddeo  twiding  movements  iif  tbe  neck.  Iiijnries 
lo  the  substance  of  the  cord  genemlly  prove  fatal,  Ilie  interval 
varying  according  to  tbe  degree  of  violence  and  the  part  of  the 
apiue  tbflt  has  been  ii^ured.  Seriuns  ii^ury  to  tbe  npper  part  of 
tbe  cord  provea  imiDodiatcly  or  sj-xwdily  fhlul  by  paratysinn  the 
muscli'S  of  respiration  ;  injuries  to  tlie  rord  oppuato  Ibe  h>wer 
cenienl  vertchrw  (the  tourtli,  Hllh,  siith,  and  aeventh)  provH 
fatal  in  (Von  four  or  five  hours  to  as  many  weeks  or  months :  !u 
tar«  instances  not  till  the  lB]iao  of  years.  In  tbe  case  of  John 
Carter,  of  Coi^cabBll  in  Uact,  lUsplacenicnt  of  llic  last  Uwm 
vcrlebrB  with  presauro  on  the  cord  opposite  the  seventh  vortebn, 
did  not  prove  fatal  for  fburteen  yivra.  When  the  ounl  ii  ininnd 
in  the  dunal  or  lumbar  region  there  is  toas  uf  pousr  and  m 


8  or  THE  THHOiT. 


317 


In  tbe  put*  below  tba  teat  of  injury,  with  n 
lou  of  power  in  the  aphinctt^r  ant,  requiring  conBtHnt  iDcdical  aid 
Vii  (»rrrul  Duniu{-.  With  theie  aids  life  maj  be  prolonged  for 
jeaTD.  Mid;  injnriw  to  tlie  brain  principiillj  aSect  ita  Imse.  and 
hj  caming  prsMors  on  the  tnedulhi  ohiongiitii  impair  tbe  functiona 
of  tbe  nerves  iiippl;iiag  tbe  maiclas  of  reBpintioa.* 

Wourndt  of  tht  Face. — Tliew  iojurici  not  only  occaaion  ^- 
fignremcnt.  but,  in  nmseqneDce  of  Ibe  frte  diitiibntlon  of  im- 
portant nerre*  over  the  Rice,  atill  more  grave  inconTenieoce. 
From  the  near  proiimit;  of  the  principal  fenturea  to  Ibe  brain, 
there  ia  alao  a  ri<lt  of  injury  to  tliat  organ,  aa  well  as  of  inflnm- 
Blalioa  eitendin)!:  from  tbe  (eat  of  the  wound.  Id  this  respect 
wound*  of  the  fucu  rank  next  in  importance  to  tboeit  of  tbe 

WouwU  of  iht  Throat. — TheeB  are  imporlont  from  their  fre- 

qnencji      Tliey   are   the  chosen    niixlu   of  death   witli    a  great 

minority  of  aaiciilet,  and  aomctimea  a  murderer  infliets  a  wound 

pn  the  tame  part,  hoping  that  liia  victim  will  be  auppoaed  to 

hare  coninitted  niicide.     Tbe  degree  of  danger  dependa  on  the 

futt  inplicaled.     Wounda  of  the  miteriur  part  of  the  throat  are 

baa  dangeroua  tlian  tboae  of  the  aide  of  tbe  neck;  tbuae  of  the 

lower  part  of  the  tliroat,  leas  ao  than  Ibnae  of  the  upper  part.     A 

W  Criuon  of  the  enrotid  artery  ia  almost  neceaaatily  Gital,  and  that 

I  tf  the  internal  jugular  vein  attended  with  great  d]ingi:r  from 

kwiiorrbage,  Ironi  the  introduction  of  air  into  the  circulation, 

'    and  from    phlebitis.      Wounda   of  tbe  loryni  or  tiachea  are 

attended   with   coaiparatively  little  danger,   and   tboee  of  the 

trachea  are  leas  important  than  tboae  of  the  Uryni. 

The  queation,  Waa  the  wound  the  causa  of  death  ?  ia  eaall] 
BUawered,  but  the  qneation,  Wai  the  wound  suicidal  or  homiddnl  ? 
ii  leaa  eaty  of  noiatiau.  There  ia  also  a  qneation  uf  eonsiderable 
intarcat  relating  to  wound*  of  the  throat,  namely,  What  anionnt 
of  voluntary  motion  ia  poanble  after  the  receipt  of  a  ncrere 


»The  qi 
(alnntary 
•ereniai 
IWtyof 


The  qneationa  of  anicide  or  homicide,  and  of  the  amoant  of 
Inntarj  motiaii  potublc  after  a  aevere  HOuiid  in  the  throat, 
i^en  niaed  in  tlie  cue  of  Captain  WHgbt,  xho  shared  the  cap- 
tivity of  Sir  Stducy  Smith  and  hia  celebrated  cacape  from  the 
Temple,  and  who  bad  the  miiifortune  to  be  taken  ■  second  time 
and  impritoned  in  the  tame  place.  He  wai  found  dead  in  bii 
bed  with  his  throat  cut,  and  tbe  raior  clriaed  in  bia  right  hand. 


I 


wai  Ml  eiten^Te  tntnirem  w  nnd  on    he  an  enor  toA 

parti        til      liroa        bo         h     boo  w  ndpipa, 

;   hrough   h    tk        h    mtnc  *•    h    w  nd   pe  gnUMt 

b  ood    eatt  i,      il  p  Dg  to    h     cerr  ra      erIebnBL 

til    case    re  m  ol  ed   n »  m        aifiUry 

o  determ       I7   he  ende  ce  co  etted  witil 


being 

K     ogainst 

f.     In 

d 

1.  with 

a 

doubt 

b  d 

b 

m  the 

g 

ind  on 

m   d 

•^ 

ore  he 
wil^a 

d 

d 

^rotid 
e  nde, 

d     h. 

d 

to  hi* 

dead 

n 

h 

;ment. 

d 

d 

od 

i32by 

lantUl 

d 

liTidt^ 

■  «on»ris  or  the  heart.  310 

qnance  of  thetc  injuries.  The  blood  may  be  diwiwi^ed  by  tlifl 
wound,  or  bj  eipwtorntion,  or  it  mny  ■rcumuUte  in  tbe  cavitj 
of  tbe  pleura,  cnuaing  icreat  iJiffiirulty  of  breathing.  When  tbe 
la^eveawlB  nre  wonndeil  Iba  bieiuorrbiigB  i»  TOpiou)  and  "peedjlj 
fatal.  Injnries  b>  the  mbitBiice  of  tbe  lung  itself  are  not  neoes- 
Mrily  fatnl,  for  pntienla  have  recorered  after  rcmovnl  of  a  portioa 
of  the  Inng;  and,  in  rare  iiutancv,  foreign  bodies,  tncli  r>  bullets, 
have  remauied  in  the  long  for  jemt,  ani  have  been  inc^lcHed  in  a 
ejat.  liiHammation  ii  a  cominoa  consequence  or  these  wounds, 
eapeeially  when  a  foreign  anlBtaace  liBi  been  introduced,  na 
happf  ni  in  injuries  wilh  flrc-Brnii.  Cnan  of  n-ounda  of  tbe  Inngs 
Nqnire  oircrul  man^ement,  and  long:-eontinned  rest,  »'ithont 
»hieh  injuries  that  have  been  repaired  muy  be  reprodueed. 
EmphyMma  is  a  familiar  elTeot  of  llicw  woundtj  but  when 
jadicioaily  treated  it  doet  not  materially  increase  the  danger. 

Woundi  of  thf  fienrf.^Penetiatiui;  wounds  of  tbe  lieart  are 
apeedily  futoJ  from  Immorrbage,  unless  they  puts  so  oliliqaely 
through  the  parietea  that  the  Hap  aets  like  a  valve,  or  a  foreign 
body  happen  to  plofc  tbe  orifice.  Death  may  be  dpliyed  in  these 
cam,  for  some  hours  or  even  days.  The  date  of  the  death  will 
depend  on  the  situation  of  tbe  wound,  woundg  of  the  base  proving 
more  speedily  fatal  than  thoao  of  the  apex,  and  Bupcrfinul  wonudi 
dividing  ita  nutrient  vessels  less  promptiji  than  those  timt  peiie- 
trale  its  caviUea.  John  Bell  gives  the  case  of  a.  soldier,  in  wliom 
tbe  apex  of  tbe  heart  was  out  with  the  polut  of  a  very  long  and 
•lender  swoni;  and  yet  this  soldier  lived  twelve  hours,  during 
which  time,  as  appeared  after  his  death,  the  heart  had,  at  every 
•trohe,  been  losine  a  small  quantity  of  blood,  till  it  entirely  Ull^ 
the  chest,  and  the  patient  died  riSbcated.  Another  man  was 
wounded  with  a  sword,  tbe  point  of  which  cut  the  coronary 
artery ;  but  it  was  two  hours  before  tbe  pericardluni  filled  with 
blood,  and  then,  after  ^eat  anxiety,  the  patient  died.*  In  very 
rare  instances,  when  the  wound  does  not  prove  fatal  by  lucmor- 
ihage,  complete  recovery  takea  place ;  na  in  a  case  ralaled  by 
Foamier,  and  autlieDticated  by  M.  Hanren,  chief  sargwm  to  tbe 
bo^tal  at  Orleans,  of  a  parent  who  died  after  tbe  lapse  of  ni 
;taT«  fVmn  the  date  of  a  gun-shot  woand,  from  disease  nncon- 
neeted  with  it,  and  the  ball  was  found  embedded  in  the  heart. 
MM.  Ollivier  and  Sxnson  have  colleeted  n  nnmbnr  of  cases  of 
penetrating  wounds  of  [be  heart,  with  a  view  of  determining  the 
pnihable  period  at  wbicli  lliay  prove  fhtal.  Out  of  twenty-nine 
tkaaa  of  wounds  of  the  cavities  only  two  were  fatal  within  forty> 


I 
I 


■  Princlpln  of  Snrgefj,'  i 


l.i.li,« 


320  WDUNDfi. 

^ht  honn.     In  Uie  remamiler,  dentli  took  placa  ii 

variriDit  iTom  four  U>  twentf-eight  diiyi.* 

k'ouHdi  of  tie  Aorta  and  Palmonary  Artery  ■: 
iktul ;  btit  piitienta  hHVe  lived  k  few  ilijt  ■fin'  small  pone 
wonndi  6veu  of  the  aorta. 

WoKndt  of  the  (Eaophagtu  and  Thoracic  Jhtel. — Soch  'v 
arc  nwxxnril;  isrt  from  the  great  depth  at  vhich  than  parttfe 
Tliey  wnutd  be  dangerout  from  the  eitnruAtion  of  tbt«r  uniTirt 
Orfila,  however,  uieDtiani  a  caie  of  recovery  Iram  a  bajonet-xiwi 
of  tho  (MopIiBgns. 

Waasdi  of  tie  Diapiragm, — Ponctared  wontids  of  thi*  part 
donol  appear  to  be  attended  with  great  diinger,  when  they  do  tnt 
involve  iiijur;  Iji  the  part*  above  or  below.  Hernia  of  the  Btomarli 
(in  occaiional  remit)  ha*  proved  Iktal.  ItupCura  of  the  dtaphngn 
from  aevGn)  blowa  or  Ihlli  la  not  unrammon;  and  in  iD«t  caan 
is  attended  by  fatal  abock  to  the  nervous  ajitein,  aod  luddn 
death.  Bat  death  may  take  place  after  a  long  intervnl  from  the 
protnuion  of  the  viatera  of  the  abdomen  into  the  cliest,  and  the 
consequent  diitni  banco  of  the  function)  of  the  displaced  organa, 

H'imndt  of  the  Abdomfn. — Incised  wounda  of  the  abdomiiul 
Willi  miy  divide  the  epigastric  artery,  ind  ao  prove  &ta].  In 
woundf  of  the  tendona  as  In  acalp  wounda,  danger  may  arue  frau 
the  Rccamulstion  of  matter  benea'.b  them.  Ventral  hernia  is  a  re- 
mote eoDaeqoence  of  wounds  of  the  walla  of  the  abdomeo.  Sevsit 
blowB  oRea  prove  fatal  by  shnek,  hemorrhage  from  raptured 
viscera,  or  inflammaljan.  The  liver  and  spleen  ar«  the  oi^uia 
moat  liable  to  rupture. 

Wovndi  of  the  Liner. — Deep  penetrating  wounds  of  tbia  orfcan 
are  apt  to  prove  btal  by  i^viding  the  Urge  vcssela.  In  other 
cases  dangeraua  inflammation  follows.  Woouda  of  the  gall- 
bladder prove  Rital  by  cauaiog  efluaion  of  bile,  and  eooseqnect 
peritonnal  inAiunmitJon. 

ffoundi  of  tie  SpUen. — Deep  woniids  are  fatal  by  hamor- 
Tbage;  hot  recovery  rony  take  place  from  superfidul  wonnda. 
Rupture  of  the  spleen  from  blows  proves  fatal,  acoording  to  the 
anonnt  of  ii^ury,  in  from  a  few  hours  to  sevcml  daya  In  n  ooB- 
vileaeent  patient,  a  kick  over  in  enlarged  and  eitremely  soft 
spleen  canaed  the  eltiuion  of  several  ounces  of  blood,  and  death 
in  a  fow  minnl«s.t 

WoKndt  of  the  Stomach.— These  kill  by  shoclt ;  by  haemor- 
rhage from  the  large  vessels ;  by  the  extravasation  of  the  contenta 
infiummstion;  and   by  iaSammatioa 


iLlL^tTO. 


LETICTIOS  or  SPOTS  OF  BLOOD. 


^■■f  the  vUcns  itielf.     But  they  are  not  alwnfg  t^tnl,  and  min; 

^^nuM  af  recovery  are  reoorded,  even  when  the  wannd  vrag  ox- 

^BlviiiTD,  and  hilliet«d  oa  a  ■Mmsch  dulendcd  with  tooS, 

^f       Wotimit  of  Ike  /afntijHW.— 'rheM  prove  fiital  like  those  of 

the  itoouch  hy  hioinorriuige,  by  <li»cliargo  of  contents,  and  con- 

■eqnenC  peritoDJCia,  or  bj  inOaaiinabion  of  the  part  itself.     The 

danger  U  g:reater  in  tlie  small  than  in  the  large  inteatmet,  and 

greatest  in  the  diioileDiim,  from  the  more  fluid  state  of  their 

contenta,  and  greater  risk  of  eltraTatatiaii.      In  the  ahienee  of 

aitraraiation,  wounds  of  tlie  intestine*  sametimes  heal  by  the 

eH'tisioo  and  organiutioD  of  coagulable  lymph  abont  their  edges. 

WtmiHl4  of  the  Kidtttgt. — The  kidneys  may  bo  injured  by 

bkw*  and  itaba  in  the  loiru.     Penetrating  wonnds  niuy  cause 

fhtat  hBmorrhnge,  eitrarasation  of  urine,  or  inflBmnwtioti.     If 

Iho  arino  can  be  provcnted  &om  being  cffiuied  into  the  peritonanl 

oarily,  recovery  may  take  place, 

K'oimU  of  tlie  Bladder  occaiuan  dnngerous  eitnivniatlon  of 
urine,  cspedall;  when  the  organ  is  distended ;  or  they  prove 
fiital  hy  the  inlhimmalion  Ut  which  they  lead.  After  rupture  of 
the  hUdder,  the  sufferer  may  be  nblo  to  walk  wrnie  distaiiee;  hut 
the  a«idmt  pravtn  nltimiitely,  though  not  sprcdily,  fhtal. 

WimiuU  tjf  Iha  Oenital  Organi. — A  removal  of  the  penis,  if 
Dot  bUl  by  hninorrhagc,  ia  not  dnngerous  ;  but  an  indaed  wound 
uf  the  urethra  entail*  the  risk  of  extrnvdntiou  of  urine  and  fttal 
alDughing.  The  removal  of  the  tcsljclea  is  attended  with  leas 
danger  than  a  coutuuon,  which  somctiDieB  proies  btnl  by  shock. 
Wounds  of  the  spvmiatic  cord  occasion  dangerous  ha!tnnrriiBge. 
The  oomplala  removnl  of  ull  the  parte  of  genenUou  of  the  male 
taay  lead  to  do  bad  result.  Deep  wounds  of  the  labia  of  the 
female  are  dangeroua  from  hnmorrhage.  Fetal  ii^nrie*  have 
heen  inflicted  on  the  utems,  bladder,  or  rectum,  or  on  the  large 
naael*  of  the  pelvis,  by  instruments  introduced  into  tlie  vagina. 
Cousolt  Watson's  '  Mediealegal  Treatise  on  Homi<nde.' 


The  medical  jurist  may  have  to  eiaraine  rvd  ipots  supposed 
I  to  be  oauaed  by  hlood  ou  wearing  appnrel,  on  cutting  icstrumentt,  - 
I  on  Uoort  or  turmture.  or  wherever  they  may  liave  blleu;  alio. 
same  uses,  to  examine  eolations  of  blood  in  wnltjr  :  ami  he 
ly  be  asked  to  ai^gti  the  soiircu  whence  the  hlood,  if  linman, 
I  Sowed,  and  to  distinguish  humnn  blood  (t<ia\  the  blood  nf 
f  animali. 

hen  the  hlood-spst  is  recent,  and  the  nuantAt^  tmtt\\iiiniJ*» 


ntioua,  aud  t| 


Weir  resctiuna  and  imtia 
deteotjon  orttuna. 

1.  Tie  ChimiaU  leiU.—Tbeae  h» 
which  fornn  the  coloqring  nutter  of 
ni«ttCT  ia  mnipletelj  mluble  in  cold  « 
^^)btained  liu  a  red  colour.  Thi.  fat 
"Oged  into  R  dirt,  akte  colomvl 
i(<«»<r  diMolvd  the  clot,  and  yUtt 
Qy  ""f^-  "n**  ^  by  tranjoiitteS 
)to  made   to   reappear    bj   the  add 

I  lU*  .V«.^cb«,ged  m  «,lour  hy  the  additiwJ 

■  -Ui^    i-K*-.    f,"'*"'*-     No  other  red  soluUoni  b 

f.  *.X>'w    /°*"^  P'"''-  <"■  ««'let  inlWion.  rfl 
^^,»<«>.W   jni«,orfn,it,^a™rf„,^^  JM 

,;J^,   i,^  ,S.  cochineal  to  crimwra.    The  red  nlatioi 

■-'.'<:-.   *•      "^r  yiel^  "itf  the  „me  reagent  Vt 

,  and  thepink  solution  ory*™ai^( 


.         ,  W  iron 


I  red  prea'piti 


3  "''™n.yi«litadaiJ<.b!naprwipit*„.  , 
"■'*'*,  AnothET  t«t  of  conademble  deluu 
,  ,^  liy  Sonnenaohdn .•  A  «oluticm  of  («m3 
with  acetic  or  phoiphoric  add.  t-ivra.  nil 
ing  matter  of  blood,  a  red  p™Hpit.U  .S 
lorming  a  dichrine,  groeai^.red  fluid.  1 
bj  oddfc  The  precipitate,  «-hc.,  fa  ' 
nitr^  le>n»  an  insoluble  residap  of  oi 


foxlS 


I 


BMiaS  TEST. 

it  othyAiogen,  m  rich,  upphire-blae  colonr  result«.    TbU 
K  iaditcctl;  applicable  to  Uaini  on  lioon,  wliicli,  ivtitm  muiatensd 
'h  liwtnre  of  gauanD.  uul  tbeo  vitb  peraiiUe  af  byilrogeii 
•  o(  a   bloa  colour.      Thia  l«*t  ii  very  dHticatf, 
xadaite,  u  certain  otber  >ubat«ncet  ti 
•  bav*  tb*  powar  of  onilinTig  ganiiciim  in  ■  ■luiilar  mm 
_        ~      la  t»*t, — Of  all  the  teita  lor  blood  colourinf  matter  tliis 
i*  tb*  miat  cotain.    Bat  ■■  there  are  eertaiB  coailitioiiB  in  whicli  '^   ^  -. 
it  Mk,  •ocb  biloM  vmtt  not  b«  taken  to  prove  thr  absence  o(i,^tt*2  iM 
Ueod.    If  Uie  tat  iDOMeiU,  it  it  nbsolotelj  ixindiinve  ofthe  pre-'^    (•'    ^j 
••aw  ef  bbod.  To  apply  tbii  leat,  we  miul  tuc  the  blood  aolulion  ^  ^  ^^  ' 
HHMil<iil  to  drjUVM^  Ot  a  amall  portion  of  dried  blood  from  a  J<-  "*.'/'" 
Main.    Tbt  AntA  iWdue  of  tho  mlutkin  in  a  wattb-glasa,  or  a   j^Jei/ 
pvtian  cf  dried  Uood  uii  •  micTTHicope  alide,  ia  to  be  covered  nitti  ' 

ghdal  trnMn  aod,  a  r^ital  of  cbloriile  of  todiDin  added,  and  then 
c«M<Uly  b^atad  to  bailing  over  a  sidrit-hunp.     It   ii  well  lu 
nfart  tha  addition  of  aoMic  acid  once  or  twice,  npeciailf  if  tlie 
(MMtH  li  aooddcted  on  a  lUde.     On  allowing  the  inua  to  cool, 
•nadnritai  with  the  micTowope  *ill  reveal,  alung  with  oryituU 
of  Mdnidaand  aoriste  of  aodiuni, 
t  oT    dark'browu 
B  rtenUc  [nhilialic  erjAaUof  bcnii 
I'M  IB  tg.  U,  in  ■bich  (1)  ifaa 
■teig**  eiTMala  after  Virchow,  a 
■illir  erjratab  from  a 
itqvtefilwq/tUood,     Thejr 
7  mch  in  atai  aooonling  to  the  >  soo  ^imeien.       v  1M. 

'  fit;  rfeijitnirimiuiii 

I  m^mUU  are  a  mnpoand  of  hjdroehlDric  acid  with 

\  «Ucb  k  ODc  of  the  pmdurle  of  the  dccompodtinn  oF 

Hn;  are  knourn  a*  IMrlmsii'i  CrytlaU. 

if  common  nit  (1 

■J  to  add  tho  chloride  of  todtuoi. 

e  Irtl. — tiolBtioni  of  the  colouring  matter  of  the 

d  Ihrough  llie  apeutroacapc,  give  a  (pectrum 

1  faj   the  prewnfe  of  dcHnitc  ab»urplioD  bindi.     If 

n  ie  too  eonnnlttalvd,  only  the  reil  end  of  the  Bpectrnm 

Bi'1*  tMIiU.    Wban  of  the  proper  degree  of  cnnccntntion,  two  durk 

*n  the  apecttani  in  the  (trwn  between 

H  D  aiHl  a>  Tbf  Hr«l  BtaurptioD  band— >■*,,  from  left,  la  nar- 

y  dfllnrd  than  the  wcond,  wliirli  ia  ie]n- 

D  U  bjr  ■  gr«en  inlcrapace.    In  very  dilute  aolution*  the 

I  lb*  OM  to  ^aippear,     Ttie  apeclrum,  with  the  two 

b  b  ttari  of  oiidiied  httunigloUn  (2,  %,%.  Vi\ 


Jit  worxDS. 

VVIien  a  mincing  agent  ia  ndded  to  tht  miiHk 
nium  or  lodinni  nilphidc,  the  twQ  bnnda  diappar ;  and  ii  lUr  1 
stead  (me  band  only  a  wen,  dark  in  the  middle,  and  ntb  *■ 
out  edge*,  occopjinf;  what  was  ronnetl;  the  greo  iala 
between  tlie  two  banda  of  oiidiied  batmag-IolKi).  "Dna  i 
tpwtnun  of  rcdoeed  hmuglobia.  (3.  Fig.  34).  Bj  altakiag  tkt 
wlatiao  nitl)  uc  it  if  agun  reoitdized,  and  givsa  the  ngtitna 
niUi  the  two  Hum  t»  before. 

A  ltd  aoliitiaii  fnwranid  of  the  ibore  chnnu'tcri  esn  onljp  W  a 
wdution  of  blood  ctlDuring  nuLtn.     (Murr  ml  soloticiit^  mtii  m 


llie  ipBctrum,  nor  an 
Ihejr  o^mUc  of  rednc- 
tion  aod   reoiidatioi 
ia    the    manner    dr- 
The  reduc' 
tjon  teM  abmld,  there- 
fore,  alwayi   be   had 
1.  BolH-BpertroDi,     t.   OiWiied  PenagWiln.   I*^"?"^!,    .■.'"     ^' 
|yiM<l  I'!  uHdt.    i.  H«iiaglabiii  de«iiop«al  by  aeope  whether  a  giTen 
•i^^"-  eolation    ia    b    blood 

■ololion  or  ooL  HuimnglqWn,  on  the  other  hand,  ia  liable  to 
rradergo  dorompoait.ion  qmnlaneooily  and  under  the  ioflueiice 
of  TBrions  roigenta,  uid  tbe  epeclruin  nndei^oea  eorreaponding 
alUrationa. 

For  a  ramplcl^  aciimnt  of  tbsse  niriona  modiflationa  referenn 
Aoald  be  made  to  Ptcjer'a  work  on  '  Die  Dlutcr^iatoUe/  One  of 
the  moat  cuiuinon  alCerntiona  to  be  fonnd  in  old  ataina  it  tb« 
ftmnation  of  bieniiiliD.  wbich  gives  a  band  in  tbo  orange  or  yellow 
aKciding  KB  the  blood  baa  been  decompoaed  by  addi  or  alkaliea. 
If  ibe  whole  of  tlio  hmmaglobin  hna  been  decompwed,  only  the 
AM  bawl  of  hffimntin  is  aeen ;  but  frequently  a  miiture  of  unde- 
rattcmd  hwnuiglobin  nilli  lucniatin  glvea  the  conjoint  banda  of 
ng^Mmaglobin  and  hwmatin.  The  band  of  acid  bEwatin  cun. 
riiW  lowly  >f  ith  Frauenhofer'a  line  c  in  the  coiifinea  of  the  orange 
tni  t*J-     (*■  ''¥■  **■)     ^^  '''*  ''l'*^  l""  ''«n  deconiporad  by 


EXAII1NATI0H  or  ELOOD  ST41NS. 

drmUr,  large  apota  appronch  the  drcnlar  form ;  large  and 
■mall  alike  have  ■  defined  and  ibnipt  margin. 

Arterial  blood  bas  a  briglit  red  colour,  and  venoaa  btood  a  diu-k 
or  purple  hue,  but  becomeBartcrial  on  expoaore  to  the  sir.  After 
tbe  lapae  of  a  few  boDra  lK>th  hindi  of  blood  low  thrir  brlgbt 
colour  and  aanime  a  reddisb-brown  Lup,  whicb  maj  remain  nu- 
dianged  for  years. 

Certain  of  tlie  abore-ineatiODed  tests  nre  at  onee  applicable  to 
the  itaina,  and  (he;  may  be  applied  bcforo  proceeding  to  tlis 
oUien.  A  amall  (tain  or  a  minnte  fragment  of  a  Btuin.  if  only 
on«  eiiita,  may  b«  rut  out  und  tested  finl  with  liipior  ammoaur. 
nil  will  at  once  diatinguish  between  blood  and  Teget:ible  colour- 
ing matters.  To  a  liroilar  frsgraent  {a  few  fibres  will  do)  a  drop 
of  tjnctare  of  gnuiacnm  and  a  drop  of  poroiido  of  liydrt^cen  ahimld 
be  added  on  a  slide.  If  blood  colouring  mutter  ia  present  the 
reaalt  will  be  tbo  production  of  ■  sapphire  blue  eolouf.  If  tlio 
(tain  ii  very  old*  and  dry  this  reaction  does  not  lake  place  at 
ODoe,  and  not  until  tbe  texture  has  become  thoroughly  moistened. 
Tbe  other  testa,  with  tbe  eiception  of  the  hannin  test,  reqnire  tlie 
■olntion  of  the  oolonring  matter.  The  bicmin  teat  is  perhaps 
more  ranreniently  applied  before  the  solution  is  made.  For  this 
pnrpoac  a  small  acraping  of  the  stain  is  t«  bo  laid  on  a  slide,  a 
dTstal  of  chloride  oF  sodium  added,  and  then  bulled  with  glacial 
acetic  add  in  the  manner  before  described.  As  already  stated, 
the  demonstration  of  bannin  crjstals  is  proof  poiitive  of  the 
eaiatence  of  blood.  The  solotioa  of  the  stain  is  best  made  in  a 
•olution  of  common  salt  (1  in  200).  The  lUin  U  lo  bo  cut  out 
■nd  suspended  bj  a  thread  in  a  tot  tube  or  watch-glass  con- 
tiihnnfr  n  imall  quantity  of  the  sntt  solution.  A  TScenC  stain  so 
treated,  generally  yields  a  rcddiah  or  reddish-brown  solution,  the 
colour  being  most  intense  io  the  deeper  strata.  If  the  stain  is 
old,  it  gi*ea  up  it*  colour  very  slowly  and  imperfectly,  the  process 
taking  many  boun.  The  solution  may  be  aided  by  tearing  the 
fibres  of  the  doth  and  by  agitation. 

When  the  aolatlon  has  been  effected,  the  cloth  may  he  ei- 
■mined  with  a  lens  tat  the  presence  of  threads  of  insoluble  fibrin 
wbicli  remain  after  the  colooring  matter  has  been  entirety  dis- 
■olvrd.     (See  Bg.  38.) 

When  the  solution  has  been  allowed  to  settle,  the  superfidnl 


I 


^m-  When  the  solut 

^^K).    Ha  tiMwht  U 


—Dr.  flsffhos  iiitrEeiled  aiototloi 
Q  sftfl  hy  the  <iiilrlur  qi 
n  proiriuog  propoul. 


iqalicd         ^^^J 


mQ 


TouKng. 


Iron.  A  drop  of  hydrochloinc  add  pUced  on  tbe  spot  of  rn^Ai 
salves  it,  ind  \etnca  tbe  meUl  tleta,  >ud  on  dilating  tbe  nMh 
with  distilled  water,  evidence  of  tbo  eiutcDce  of  iron  a*r4 
obtained  by  ippropriBte  teila. 

Spoil  qf  leiMm-juire  bave  been  mutalcen  for  tboM  of  H 
A  man.  as  in  a  ease  related  hj  OrGla,  wai  nupedcd  (fT  ta 
murdered  moCber,  and  a  knife,  appiiTentl)-  covered  witli  k 
wu  found  in  hii  powesaioDi  but  od  eiunining  tbe  kiuf^  ibt 
■poti  were  found  to  be  due  Ui  citric  arid.  Tbe  inatmnienl  M 
been  used  aomu  dayi  befbre  ftir  catting  a  lemon,  Mud  bad  beat 
pat  by  without  being  wiped. 

The  thioncr  ipate  prodoced  in  this  way  have  a  reddJah-y^ow, 
the  thicker  a  reddish-brown,  colonr,  nearly  resembling  thai  of 
blood,  and  they  separate,  like  blood-spot*,  n'ben  niddenteiy 
beiatej.  When  heated  in  a  tnbe  tbcy  give  i^  ■  volatile  natUr.n 
which  hai  ao  acid  reaction — apoti  of  blood  have  an  altaliiie  nJ, 
action.  Hie  solution  In  distilled  water  is  ligM  f/elloiB — that  of 
blood  is  red;  it  sometiDies  has  an  acid  reautian — that  of  Uood 
is  neuiral,  or  Jaintlg  alkaline ;  with  infusion  of  gilla  it  yiddl 
a  bUKk  precipitate,  a  bl<u  with  ferrocyanate  of  potash,  and  a 
rich  cherry  red  with  the  inlphocyaniile  of  pataagiaiD.  EQoad 
yields  a  red  predpitate  with  the  flrat  test,  aod  is  annfiected  bj 
the  others.     The  oxide  of  iron  is  thrown  diiwn  by  alkalies. 

It  having  been  clearly  made  out  that  the  stun  we  have  been 
exuniaing  is  a  hlood-Btain,  three  qneations  may  arise:  1.  /i  if 
human  blood,  or  thai  of  an  animal  I  2.  Prom  Khat  part  of  lie 
body  diditJloK?     3.    What  ie  lie  age  of  Ihe  ttaini 

1.  Saman  blood  and  tial  of  anmaft. — Two  memos  of  iUag< 
nosis  liBio  been  proposed,  the  one  niicinsaipic,  the  other  cbrmiol. 

Diagitont  hy  the  mieroseope. — The  only  means  of  distiuctinn 
under  the  mieroseope  is  sfforded  by  certain  well-known  diffe- 
rences in  the  shape  and  size  of  tbe  corpuscles.  Tbe  human  blood- 
corpuscle,  depicted  in  Sg.  36,  p.  3S6,  Is  a  circular  Rattened  disc ; 
and  that  of  mammalB,  with  a  single  unimportant  elceptiou,  bai 
tbe  same  form.  The  only  appreciable  difference  is  in  the  «ie  of 
tbe  globules.  In  man  tbey  measure  on  an  average  yj^  of  an 
inch ;  in  nnitnals  the  diameters  vary  from  j-^^  to  n^'g,-  But 
these  are  only  BTemges;  and  the  extreme  measurements  which 
in  man  may  be  stated  at  Yr,'„g  and  ^  A^,  lie,  in  some  auimali, 
still  wider  apiirt.  When  it  is  borne  in  mind  that,  in  moM  in- 
stances, we  huve  to  examine  a  blood-solution  obtained  from  dried 
blood,  made  to  approximate  U>  tbe  average  ilcnslty  of  blood  by 
the  addition  of  syrup,  glycerine,  or  a  saline  solution:  that  the 

riobulea  Is  materially  affected  by  tbe  dettuty  of  U^^ 


» 


LOOS    COBPnSCLES   OF   KEN    AND   ANIUALS.  Slil 

I  wh'ich  tbey  float;  and  Oat  in  the  blood  itself  the 
di*meler  of  oue  globule  may  be  twice  a»  gnilt  as  tlint  of  aoother, 
it  if  not  [o  be  expected  that  the  most  akilful  and  pructiaed  per- 
■on  should  be  able  to  dislin^ish  hnman  blood  from  that  of  other 
mammals.  But  tbo  blood-corpiucles  of  birdi,  reptiles,  and  fishea 
differ  ao  widely  in  nze  and  shajw  from  tho«e  of  mna  and  hdi- 
nulla,  ai  to  enable  nsto  state  positively  that  the  blood  in  a  given 
cue  19  dtUer  that  of  a  mammnl,  or  belongs  to  one  of  the  three 
claaiei  of  creatures  just  apecified.  The  diOercncea  of  elie  and 
■hspe  are  shown  in  the  auoeied  woodcut,  in  which  (1)  is  liumaa 


i,  (2>  the  blood  of  the  common  fowl,  (3)  the  Wood  of  the 
tng,  and  (i)  the  blood  of  a  flili.  (For  some  minute  deUils  of 
meamrvmenta  in  Mnmnialin,  >ee  '  Micrograpbic  Dictionary,'  Art. 
BVnd,  as  well  aa  Plate  39.) 

Chemiral  Diaymuit. — It  was  Barruel  who  first  proposed  to 
llUtin^iidi  the  blood  of  dilferent  animals  by  the  cliaroctcriatie 
odour  given  oiT  on  adding  inlphurie  add.  If  this  ncid,  diluted 
with  hair  its  bulk  of  water,  la  added  to  the  blood  of  an  animal, 
■n  odour  it  perceived  wblcb  closely  resembles  that  of  iU  perapini- 
tjon ;  and  probably  persona  would  recognise  the  odour  if  informed 
of  its  existence,  and  equally  probable  that  they  would  be  mistaken 
if  asked  to  name  the  animal  which  had  supplied  the  blood. 

I  make  thii  statement  aa  the  result  of  experiments  with  (Venh 
blood  of  diSereot  animals,  in  such  quantity  as  a  drachm  or  more, 
made  in  the  class-roora  for  aeveral  years  in  succeraion.  The 
majority  have  always  been  wrong  in  their  gneiaea ;  bnt  on  one 
occasion,  a  momber  of  my  class  was  uniformly  right  in  hi*  opinion, 
thoogh  the  eiperiment  was  so  devised  as  to  preclude  mere  gnos- 
inse.  As  a  means  of  distingnishing  spoti  of  blood,  or  aolutions 
obtained  froin  them,  Ibia  lest  must  certainly  be  disallownl.  It 
has  utterly  liiiled  in  the  bands  of  very  competent  persons.  (O.) 

In  1844,  Professor  Toddei  published  at  tnorence  a  treatise,  in 
which  be  propoasd  to  distingnish  the  blood  of  man  from  that  of 
atnrcsby  ■  method  as  remarkable  for  its  niinnte  com- 
as   for    its   eniinontly  unctrtain  resulti,     Briand.  iwi 


I 

I 
I 


I 


E.  Kiir  of  I'll.    F.  olVUbUi.    «.  oV  VIik.    \.  u« 
K.  qrCnt,    L.  oTDog.  ,     ^       ,    .    ,,> 


CIIAPTEK  IV. 

t  DEATH  BY  FIBE-SPONTANEODS  COMBUS- 
TION—DEATH BY  LIGHTNING— BY 
COLD— BY  STARVATION. 

DEATH  BY  FIRE. 

I  Dir  tlie  avenge  o(  the  fire  yarn  1863-^,  2623  dnths  >n 
EngUad  uid  VV'bIh  vers  sttributed  Ui  the  Hijeucy  of  heat.  Of 
Hum  number  4S3  wora  bums,  of  which  43*3  were  by  clothes  catch- 
ing Hra,  16  by  oonSagratioua,  24  by  gunpowder  nnd  flreworki, 
lad  T  by  exploave  gma.  46  deaths  were  caused  by  driukiug  hot 
ud  611  deaths  by  sculdiug  liquids,  i^utered  under  "  liurua 
ds."  1548  deaths  were  less  accurately  defined.  In  tlie 
e  years,  2  ■niddos,  1  murder,  nod  4  maoslauglilera  were 
tributed  to  burning,  and  S  manshiugbters  to  suilds.  In  18TI, 
«  dcathi  by  bnma  and  scalds  were  2612. 

le  of  death  by  burning  is  noC  always  tlic  samv.     Some 

«d  by  smoko ;  othen  die  frightened,  or  by  hlowt  fVooi 

Uing  bodies;  otben  by  the  ibock  thut  follawi  eitenaive  inJDry 

llie  tissues ;  Bud  others,  again,  at  periods  more  Dr  less  reiooCo 

n  tbo  bnToing,  by  collapse,  or  the  elTecti  oF  inflammatioD. 

The  appearoncer  produced  by  barning  consist  of  blisters,  entire 

Bw  burst,  rinitod  patches,  sooty  spoU  and   marks  from  burnt 

Ittidea  of  clothing,  and  singed  hair. 

The  meiliou-legal  qnestiouB  tbat  arise  in  reference  to  death  by 

Ijbv  are  lltose  reliicing  to  other  forms  of  eilemal  injury,  eieept 

■  tittt  the  altemalives  of  suicide  and  homicide  rarely  prcaent  tbem- 

I  wives;  for  most  deaths  by  Bre  ore  accidental.   In  these,  and  in  the 

rare  Cvhs  of  laicide  and  murder,  the  buniilig  would  leave  inarkt 

on  the  buily  showing  tlut  it  was  inHieted  during  life;  but  as  tbc 

baming  of  the  dead  body  is  sometiinea  resorted  to  by  a  murderer 

to  conceal  the  real  mode  and  cause  of  death,  wc  may  buve  to  dis- 

^H' tdngnisb  bnnii  taking  place  dnriug  life  Item  those  occurriag  alter 

^^Bteath.    AgaiDj  when  a  body  'n  found  vvltb  vaK/*»  f&  ^»u\t»i%V«s 


I 


i 


sroMTASEona  combcjtiom.  337 

Cisper  tarns  op  the  resnlu  of  yery  nuintrouB  eiperimenlt  by 
■talJog  thnt  "  voicatiuiu  em  be  producnl  on  Llic  ili'nc!  body,"  and 
"  ttml  it  i*  quite  impowble  to  confound  a  bum  inflicled  during 
life  witb  one  inflicted  afier  deitli."  He  oIki  illegn  that  ••  every 
Teneation  produced  by  burning"  during  life  "  Im  a  img^le.rod 
bonndTT  line,  be  it  BTer  lO  nnrmwr.  pprTi-pl.lY  Tiwiilg  la  tlia  nuliod 

tion  >re  mdily  disUoguiaiied  by  tbe  sbsence  uf  these  nppearuncea, 
the  opowd  triie  bIeiu  b«iig,  iike  that  of  adjacent  purte,  ooknirleu 

The  nppcannces  jn>t  described  ai  due  to  the  appliration  of 
heat  to  the  liring  body  are  common  to  all  intenie  inRiiminntionK 
of  tbe  akin,  whctlier  dne  to  diaease,  or  prodored  by  the  npplim- 
tion  of  eantharides  and  other  rtrving  itimulanti,  bjr  pressure,  or 
hj  friction.  1  hure  teen,  on  the  snklee  of  a  yonng  mau  n'bo  bad 
died  of  acnto  pbthiiii,  two  patches  of  inflnnimatioii  of  »  deep  led 
coUnir  not  rrmoi-ible  by  preaiure,  and  with  vell-deHned  niBrgini, 
on  one  of  which  Here  large  vesicles  eontainiog  (erom.  t  nKcr- 
tajoed  bt-yoiid  doubt  that  the  apota,  which  had  been  olwerrcd 
during  1if«^  were  not  caused  by  tbe  appl'icatloD  of  any  heatoil 
body.  (0.) 

Id  all  these  eases  of  acute  cutanecui  inflprnmation,  a  tliiu 
vertical  section  of  the  inftamed  sliin  and  underlying  Iubum  di»- 
playi,  eren  to  the  naked  eye,  distinct  red  patebet,  cmilrestiiig 
TOry  strikingly  wLlh  Mmilar  sectioDB  of  akui  diBaih>nred  by  the 
mere  anbsidence  of  the  blood. 

It  is  scarcely  neetsnry  to  add  that  redneia  bllmrs  instantly  on 
the  npplioition  of  heat,  and  that  vencles  show  themielves  afier 
the  interval  of  a  lew  suninds.  Tlie  results  just  itatnl  have  n 
direct  betiring  on  tlinse  rare  casea  iu  which,  as  io  tljat  nf  Bulnoi, 
tried  at  Newcastle  in  l&'Mi.  arsmi  is  resorted  Co  loctmccal  the  true 
csnse  oF  death.  Of  tbe  qoestion  of  aeadeat,  nicide,  or  homicide, 
it  moat  sulRco  to  observe  that  suicide*  and  homiddea  by  fire  are 
of  Tcry  rare  occnrrence,  Ihu  great  nnjurity  of  i«bc«  bt'iiie  ae- 
eideutal.  The  suiddal  cues  occar  vhielly  among  pi;rsuus  ot  uu- 
sound  mind. 

SPONTANEOUS  COMBUSTION. 

Tbe  fbllowing  case,  whicb  reals  on  the  authority  ol  Le  Cat,  a 
finn  believer  iii  tpontaneotis  combiution,  furms  a  fittlnji  introduc- 
tion to  this  tnbjrct.     It  is  said  to  hare  Uken  place  in  ITZ5: — 

One  Millet,  of  Ithrimc,  was  charged  witb  the  murder  of  his 
tfiSe,  tbe  rcm^iiiiB  of  whose  body  were  found   Ijing  d»u  U.\« 


I 


33S  spoxujczorG  anceusnax. 

kitdMB  hmnk.     Put  of  Uie  bad,  partionc  «f  tlte  h 
trWTHr^  mad  m  trw  of  the  teitebrK,  Iiad  euped  cot 
Tbe  float  beoMth  ttie  bodj  wu  pirtUUj  bant.    MiUct  ■ 
ttMt  be  and  lui  wife  had  refired  b  ' 

Uat  iliMnt  bang  bUc  to  ileqi.  g^ 

u  be  mppoeed  tti  aum  btovelfi  Unt  b>  vw  roandbj  Lb*M 
of  fire,  aod  goidg  dovn  lo  tbe  kitdieii.  Cnuid  Uw  dem^d  l*^<V 
new  tb«  bautb,  in  tte  meuiMr  cuted.  Ik  innacr  niioo- 
iematd  U>  doUi,  bat,  no  iqipcal  to  ■  higber  ooort.  Ilw  w^ttiiBa 
WM  TCTokod,  md  it 


KaA.     Tbe  haa« 

liiiL  [I '     Ti  I  ilirtliiii  m   irmi,'lif  liiilj  ■ iii     ilj 

It  iitklj  of  fBTHtetv  Mttnda^  ftavr  o^Bswdj 

n*  ailk  and  ftnhnc  «n  eowred  ntli  ■  tUA  gnutj 

■BCanJ  tW  «ir  i»  Imprepfd  »tUi  ■      ~ 


I  ^KaMl  iiMilMMtiMtiij  i'  iW  tod;,  tiwim;  )■  at*  ti^ir   ■ 


L   dadww  ^hl  itrr-   at  ivfanr)  Xnt  filBJnufc   .^^^w^i 


»  better  aulbeDtioted,  and  more  acenrately  reportrf,  we  mnrt 
conteDt  oiinelvei  nith  this  iDioant  of  knowledge,  not  forgetting', 
meanwhile,  that  nich  men  ai  Liebig  mid  Ciuper  trent  the  very 
notion  of  ipontaneoQi  combuftion  as  an  idle  fable,  itampnl  with 
the  brand  of  •heor  crcdaUtj,  and  one  opposed  to  Biich  simple  fiicti, 
among  others,  u  that  the  bmnsa  body  eontuns  TS  per  cent,  at 


ft 


DEATH    ni   LIGUTXING. 


From  the  Report*  of  the  R*gi«tnir-QcnBral  for  the  five  jeara 
IB5S-66,  we  leara  tbut  about  21  death;  by  lightning  Oi-cur,  one 
year  with  another,  in  England  and  Walee;  18  in  males  and  3  in 
females.  This  mode  of  dealb  rarely  gives  rise  to  medico-legal 
qneotiOD* ;  bnt  at  tbe  effects  of  lightning  on  the  body  often  re- 
semble those  cansed  by  mechanical  violence,  a  qoestion  might 
■rise,  whether  a  pcraon  found  deul,  nnder  unknown  circnm- 
ttances,  had  periihed  by  lightning  or  had  been  murdered. 

In  moat  ciues  we  havs  a  clue  to  the  canse  of  cleatb  in  tbe  fact 
Ibat  a  thnniler-stariu  hsa  taken  place,  and  tbac  the  corpse  is 
found  in  inch  a  sitaatlon,  and  with  snch  surroundings,  as  is  cun- 
dstant  with  its  having  been  struck  by  li);hCning. 

As  K  general  rale  it  nay  be  stated,  that  the  electric  fluid 
prefbra  and  seehs  out  good  iiondnctors;  and  as  the  hnmon  body 
il  a  very  good  condoctor,  it  is  as  likely  to  be  struck  many  objeet 
rimilarly  utiuted.  unleia,  perhaps,  that  object  be  of  metsL 

it  a  general  rule,  too,  lofty  ol^ects  are  tbe  most  likely  to  be 
(buck ;  bnt  tliis  rule  is  snbject  to  many  exceptions,  for  persona 
have  been  struck  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood  of  lofty  trees 
which  have  been  uninjured ;  and  in  woods  it  is  not  alwayi  the 
talleat  trees  that  ore  stnick. 

The  electric  fluid  is  often  conducted  to  the  body  by  lofty 
objecta  in  its  proiimily,  such  as  trees,  maats,  the  rigging  of 
sbipi,  and  the  moiit  strings  of  kites.  Tbe  danger  of  remaining 
mder  *  tree  doting  a  storm  is  proverbial. 

It  has  be«n  thaoght  that  a  person  is  tolerably  safe  in  an  open 
space  far  from  any  olject  which  could  attract  the  electric  fluid  ; 
bat  this  is  an  error.  The  human  body  may  be,  in  these  circum- 
■tances^  the  most  prominent  object  and  also  the  best  couduetor. 

Death  may  be  caused  by  an  electric  shock,  other  than  the 
.rake.     This  happens  when  n  cloud  near  the  earth  is 

ItJllvcIj  elcctrifled,  while  the  earth  is  positive,  and  the  Unumi 


8*0  CAUSE  OF  DB&TH- 

body  KrVM  M  tin  conductor,  by  trhipb  the  eqnilibriain  i>  rMtorvd. 
Tlii'i  ii  railed  tbo  atcewliig  or  retaniag  ttroke. 

Tlie  Tiulent  mnban^cal  efTecU  pradac«il  b.v  the  electric  discbarge 
-^ibe  dianiption  of  buil^ngi  and  remoiBl  of  parta  of  tb^m  Ui 
X  diaUnca  j  the  rending  of  the  traiik*  of  treM  into  latbi ;  Uie 
•eparBttOD  of  good  coudacCnn  from  bad  ones ;  the  fiuion  of  ineUUie 
•ubftsncei;  the  ignition  of  iD6aiiiiDab)e  ones;  tbe  mimetic  pn>- 
pertin  oommonicatoj  touiiclei  of  iron  and  iteel — are  bmiliarlj 

The  Pott-morleiH  appetwaaces  in  bodie*  itrock  bj  lightning 
nre  very  Tsrioiu.  Sometime*  no  nurkt  of  iqury  erv  foond,  and 
thi«  i«  said  to  occnr  meat  coininoiilj  in  death  by  the  rtlurniitg 
ttroke.  In  other  raiei  tlie  body  ii  bmiied  or  torn  at  the  ijioi 
where  tbe  etectrlr  Said  biu  entered ;  or  there  is  merely  ■  (mail 
round  hole  at  tbe  point  of  eiiL  Eitenure  brniaea  are  HHnetimei 
preterit,  most  frecgaently  on  the  back,  the  electric  fioid  sppenrinir 
to  prefer  the  track  of  the  ■{nnal  cord.  Frecturt*  of  the  boiiea 
nreisre:  they  may  occur,  a«  Ambnxe  P«r^  atatea,  vilhoat  et 
tamal  wonnd.  A  eaie  of  exteuaive  fracture  of  4he  bonea  of  the 
•kali  is  relaled  by  Pouitlet.  Slnrks  of  bum*  are  tonietiinet  pre- 
lent.  They  may  occur  uven  when  the  clothes  huie  pot  been  wt 
oufire. 

The  Btat«  of  the  blood  (alleged  by  some  ■uthoritiea  to  be  fluid, 
by  othcra  coagnlated),  the  atnte  of  the  limbs  (aKirted  by  •omo  to 
be  relaxed,  but  by  othora,  with  better  renson,  to  be  rijrid.  and 
aometimea  even  to  broome  qnickly  nud  eicessively  so),  and  the 
pulrnfactive  prooese  (stnted  by  Pari  snd  others  to  be  retarded, 
linf  by  utlien  to  be  bsitened) — are  ngn*  of  little  medieO'legftl 
ImjiorUnce.  Theae  points  aia  worthy  of  noto:  bnt  even  eliouM 
(he  blood  be  fluid,  rigidity  absmt,  and  pntrcfluition  hnalened, 
these  »ro  not  pBCuliar  M>  death  by  lightning,  for  they  » 
ooiucide  ill  other  mmloof  anddan  dentb. 

In  some  ease*  the  alnte  of  the  nbfecta  found  on 
belonging  tv  it,  niniinh  eomplefe  erideuee  of  the  o 
The  elothea  may  ha  torn  and  burnt ;  the  shoes  strDch  fb 
feet;  mstalllc  bodies  fusnl  and  forcibly  cunicd  b 
anil  articles  of  iron  or  steel,  such  a>  the  steel  of  the  stays,  a 
mnin-spnng  uf  a  watch,  renilrrrd  strongly  muiinetii!.* 

r<>iuii^/>«i(A.— Tlie  electric  fluid  aotii  oliieHy  thr 
nervfiiia  iiyatntn,  and  thv  causn  uT  deuUi  is  the  shoiik  •ui>taiti« 
It.     WliHo  not   fatal,  Itt  action  on  the  bmln,  spinal  nisrrcn*,-4 

II  drunplleB  nt  V\,  ttHnU  nt  U(btD[o|  will  In   Ibuad  ttS 


DEATH  FBOU  COLD. 


DEATH  FROM  COLD. 

Tliii  U  >n  oncomiuon  event  io  thia  conntrj,  though  ^mtb  bjt 
nrid  and  innniticni  combiaed  ii  not  tevj  rare  in  severe  wiiitcn. 

The  lint  effeet  of  intenie  cold  ib  b  >ense  of  nnmbnew  and  ■tJIT- 
MB  in  tbe  muiclH  of  tho  timbi  and  fare.  TLii  ii  khu  rollowed 
b;  torpor  and  pn>rouad  >!iiep,  putiiig  into  eomu  and  death. 

The  effect  of  cold  on  tba  droulation  »  to  drive  the  blood  from 
tha  anrfiuie  to  the  intenor  or  the  body,  co  iw  lo  gorf^o  Ihu  spleen, 
liver,  lungi,  and  brain.  TIib  geuiul  organs  are  similaTly  nfTectod, 
ttnd  priRpism  sometimes  reaults  from  congHtion  of  the  penis. 
The  tempentnre  »f  till' blood  itself  is  louervd;  the  heart  contiacts 
■lowly  and  fnbly,  canting  a  small,  weak  pnlse.  The  congestion 
of  ihe  nervoiu  ventres  occasions  nnnibneBS,  torpor,  somnolency, 
giddiness,  dimnen  of  sight,  tetanns,  and  paralysis;  and  Ihe  con- 
gtitian  of  the  br*in  sometimes  occasions  a  species  of  delirium,  as 
happened  to  Edwnrd  Jenner,  or  llie  nppearauce  of  intoxication,  as 
witncand  by  Captain  Party  and  others  in  the  cxpediUoos  to  the 
Mortb  Pole. 

Tlie  effect  nf  cold  varies  in  intenaty  with  tei,  aure,  and  strength  : 
the  very  joQiig-,  the  aged,  the  infirm,  penonn  worn  out  by  disease 
•nd  fiiljgne,  and  those  addicted  to  the  use  of  intoxicnting  liqaors, 
pemh  soonest.  Some  perHni,  too,  liavr  a  great  advantage  over 
Othera  in  their  power  or  r«usling  cold — h  fact  frequently  observed 
bj  Tojragers  and  Crarellen  in  the  Arclir  regions. 

In  eatiinating  the  effect  of  oold  on  the  body,  it  should  be  borne 

in  mind  that  the    bod;  is  cooled  in  three  ways — hy  eutaneous 

Fnbablion;  by  conduction  of  the  ^  in  contact  with  it;  snd  by 

liatioD, 

«enu  friatafien  i*  increased  by  dry  and  diminished 
■,     Hence  the  body  parts  with  its  heat  more  mpidly 

a  dry  inunspliere.     On  the  other  hand,  tho  boily  is  eo'  lucl  hy 

daeliiMi,  when  theair  is  moist;  so  that  the  body  itcMxilid  nliko 
ijr  dry  cold  air  and  by  cold  moist  air.  Cold  humid  windu  lower 
'  lU  temperature  of  the  body  in  ■  verv  striking  degree.      A  rapid 

tewal  of  tlie  air,  as  in  a  brisk  cold  wind,  lowers  the  tempeta- 

«  of  the  body,  botli  bj  evaporation  and  by  conduction.     The 

>et  of  a  slight  breeae  in  increa»ng  the  feeling  of  cold  was  !«• 
I  Markably  shown  In  the  expeditions  to  tho  polar  seas. 

^att-mortem  Jpptaraarat.—A*  a  rule,  the  tnrfiice  is  pale,  bnt, 
iceptional  mta,  Borid.     Tire  vi«era  of  the  head,  chrat,  and 

MDca  an  oongtrted.    Then  if  ctmgcUiou  oE  \^uB  lea^  (A  >^ 


840 

'I!. 

-  11-.. 

pi-r: ' 

kn-'- 
'I 
ar«' 

r 

t 


;r   '".f  : 

•  ■  • 


.\    -    . 


•.•■•  v..i"cr  V. ..^  '.  v::.^  :•  .; 


C!  M   MAKVATIOX. 

■  •'    •.:•.:':•..■. i-i-'.*       (.\;*  -.      i'  '..  •., 
•r  ■  ••'•.i»!  1; .'  ■  •■  •  :  :■.-    .     ;  •'. 


'  V      I  . : 


'•n.i'b  ]:■>*,  ;  ll.t.'  ir.-  v.'l;  !:\  i;  i  ]•..»;  ":  •  ;. 
■  ■"*  :i  1(1  *itl  !■•!'  'ir.  !;.••  )'  '.:■  ".*  !::<.■'.:.''  r.  '..t  " 
1  :i:i.l  itfl  !:iir'!,  :;'.  >\  •:..■:!!  t  ;kr'«  ;'l.'.o  1:. 

.  or  ill  li'  ri '■■'.'  I  ■•'.  '.  nW:  ■:«■. 
■i~i-iiti_\   t"  li.-  (•••f.i.  ;i::.i  til,.  >ta*»?i!,ti.:~ 

■■■.ii:::ir:!y  .il-.t;i':i,,-,l.  i?    :<vj«  :'r<  ili.i:  :!.. 
..r*iii    .ill  .iir    ll.r.r    t';i\<.  :i:ivl   M;.;T    ll-.i. 

V. — 'I'lu'  l"'il\   i<  iii'.i.-h  1  us.iriaTril.  -.n..'. 

'■•.I'   rv<s   ;iiv   itil   lu.il    Kj.fi).  till'  >k!n. 

•  •    'I.iii!  irli   :u:(l    iiiti-' li'.i'-;    i-nn»lv   .;: -.j 

■"...'.'  i"*  »li»!.iMliil   vi!i!    liilo  ;    liio  ln'nrt. 

i'lVi  I -I  il.  !i!'l  «!r-?  :'!'.!■.■ '.t' M  .".il :  a:iil 

.  ,:n'M'.      I  ln-i-  ;'.|';-i  ir.i:;-!-^  :iri' Mi't  •'.• 

..-ivr  <'t'lljr  111'  'l'-  lit    'It.ltli  ;    Init    ill  til" 

l'i-!"'\i^  .if   i>\;rr;iK'   I'iiMcia'ii.'.i,  >ijfh   ;: 

■  <r!.-M.r  iir.-r.nii'li-ii  uf  lii.Mtli  l.iv  -.tar- 

•   ".vTli'l,  that  tlii-rc  aiv  iiuil.ulio  such  a- 


CLAssincATios  c 


313 


Itrietare  of  the  cesopluiguti,  and  organic  disesw  of  the  atomncli, 
which  prove  &tii1  bjr  Bturvatian.  S«ucb  glioDld,  lliurefore,  be 
made  fur  auvh  cbuhs  oT  deotb. 

The  piBl- mortem  nppeiinincea  ware  taUlifnlly  dewribed  by  Mr. 
B'ggt  in  ■  cue  of  murder  bj  lUrvntkm  »nd  exposure -,  tUat  of 
Mull  CornUh,  aMrvedb;  liistiithiir  and  ilep-mother.*  He  atated 
at  the  corO'icr'*  inqaest  that  the  decotsed  wu  so  wutod  that  hu 
bad  K*K«]y  any  muscle  left,  and  no  fat;  that  be  looked  like  a 
(keletoa  with  the  skia  ttghily  itretched  i»er  him ;  that  be  could 
not  Dol;  tee  eocb  bone  but  its  peeuliaritjci  j  that  hII  the  orgaiii 
were  b«lthy,  though  the  heart  and  itomacfa  were  smull ;  tliat  the 
omeHlum  wu  at  cU'[ir  as  gbiM;  that  there  wiu  uo  1'ood  in  the 
nomach^  aod  that  the  auull  inteadne«  vere  nearly  empty;  and 
that  there  was  no  ippeurauce  of  chyle. 

The  period  at  which  death  hnppciia  varies  with  nge,  ici,  and 
■trcngth,  the  amoanC  of  eiertiuu,  and  mpecinlly  with  the  anpply 
otwtter. 

The  time  that  a  person  may  reranin  without  food,  or  with  a 

Wrj  acHBty  anpply  of  it,  niay  become  a  qnestjon  of  aome  iropor- 

tRDOCvai  will  appear  from  thecaicof  ESlimbeth  Canning-.  qunTe<l  by 

Dr.  Cncnuiing  in  hia  Lecture*  in  the  '  Medical  Gazette.'  vol.  six. 

Tlie  qocation  rai«d  in  thi»  case  was,  whether  a  girl  of  eighteen 

oonld  be  confined,  in  the  depth  of  wiutcr,  twenty-eight  days, 

■t  fire,  with  ahoat  n  gallon  of  water  in  a  piteber,  and  with 

i  but  aome  pieces  of  bread,  amounting  altogether  M  about 

k  qmrtom  IobC  i>nd  a  sniall  mince  pie  which  ahe  happened  to 

'a  her  pocket,  and  at  the  eipiratlon  of  the  period  retain 

leirnt  ttrength  to  break  down  a  window -shutter  fastened  with 

Hit,  get  out  of  the  KJndow  on  to  ■  aort  of  pent-houM,  thence 

ip  to  the  graniid,  nine  or  ten  feet  below ;  and  Gniali  by  walking 

n  Rnlleid  Wash  to  Aiacrnuuibury. 

wTo  this  i|Ue>tii>n  we  could  not  but  rctnrD  an  answer  in  the 

iliYe.    The  cue*  preiently  te  he  cited  give  lu  good  groniid 

P  belieting,  that  life  might  liaro  been  piotongcd  for  t»entv- 

^^ght  daya,  or  even  more,  on  tbia  acanty  supply  of  nouriiliinent  i 

*>ot  it  ia  extremely  improbable  that,  at  the  end  of  thia  time, 

^linibeth  Canning  would  have  hud  alrength  enough  left  ra  elTcot 

i«er  oainpe.     This  caae  is  also  curioua  in  il«  hearing  on  the  qnee. 

ClJoti  of  iilmtity.     A  freih  iul«regt  hna  been  given  to  this  question 

^*  I*rxilonged  nbatinence  from  food  by  the  case  of  Surah  Jacob, 

*■■■   Welah  fasting  girl. 

^^«re  am  (onr  distinct  chuses  of  case*  which  may  be  used  to 

*  'Momiog  OminlEle,'  FolitURrj.  M,  1653. 


I 

I 
I 

I 


314  DEAIH  ?B011  SIAHTATIOH. 

tbrow  light  on  the  quulion  of  the  duration  of  Bfe  po) 

ODin pinto,  or  nearly  complete  deptivMloD   of  food.      1.  Cuarfn 

ineehaniciil  obitracticiD  lo  the  p,iMHgo  of  food  throngb  the  pilM. 

2.  CuH  of  ihipwnirked  persons  aubj^ct  to  eipasiire  and  tuigtt. 

3.  Cnwi  of  penons  impriwncd,  riuI  rendered  inactive,  bj  ■  ' 
obetructioiia  as  fulling  urth  in  mines.     4.  Cbki  of  ; 
■tain'mg  fnim  food  of  their  own  accord,  geiierallj  on 
stancttt  damanding  litUe  eiertioo  of  mind  or  bodj. 

1.  For  an  inlcrtstlug  caaa  of  Ihi*  cUa  H-e  are  indelilFd  la  Dt. 
Currie,  of  Liverpool.  A  man,  66  ;ean  of  age,  CQt-rived  s 
plete  ohsCruction  of  the  gullet  (with  (he  uid  of  natritiooi  cl 
and  batliB  of  milk -nod- water  ndmmiatored  during  32  day*)  fbr  t6 
days.  Thv  man,  wlio  wh  tall  and  corpulent,  wu  reduced  from 
an  ascertained  weight  of  240  lbs.  down  to  138  lbs. — a  \tm  of 
102  lbs.,  of  which  two-fiftba  took  place  in  the  spw^e  of  38  daji, 
for  his  weight  before  the  complete  obstruction  of  the  gullot  «m 
170  lbs.  In  the  last  twelve  dnys  be  lost  IG  lbs.,  or^t  the  faU  oi 
IJ  lb.  per  diem  ;  and  this  loea  the  alreadj^  waited  fmmA  sutiUixd 
ill  spile  of  tliD  uonrisbmeDt  Bdmiiiislered  in  the  mode  just 
describeil.  WImt  Ibe  unchecked  rate  of  waste  would  have  been 
we  have  no  meiina  uf  ascertaining ;  but  we  know  that  death  took 
place  when  the  bod;  had  lost  102  Ibn.  out  of  £10,  or  little  idots 
thsn  two  parts  in  five  of  its  original  weight.  Now  UiU  redac- 
tion  of  two-Gftha  ouncflpunils  moet  closely  to  the  reiulla  of 
Cboesut'i  eiperiments  ou  aoinuUs.  He  laid  it  down  ai  ■  broad 
priuriple  derived  from  eiperiments  on  idbdj  different  living 
creatiiren  that  Ufd  erases  when  an  animal  loses  t«o-fiAbs  uf  ita 
WHiglit.  Ho  llinl  an  animal  weighing  100  lbs.  would  die  when  ila 
weight  was  reduced  to  60  lbs.  Tbuugh  life  may  cease  before 
Ihii  point  is  atUincd,  it  aa>  rarely  extend  beyond  it.  The  time 
dnrinc  which  the  destruetiie  rhange  iigtnng  on  may  vary  greatly 
in  dlflereut  alasses  of  animals,  but  the  limit  it  the  same  in  all. 
The  daily  loss  amounts  to  one-twcnty-fonrth  of  the  entire 
weight : — H  statement  in  harmony  with  the  Condntlon  of  Bidder 
and  Schmidt,  that  an  animal,  to  maintain  ita  weight,  ought  to 
Mke  one- twenty  .third  part  of  it  daily,  in  the  abape  of  food  sos- 
ruptible  of  btMQg  assimilated,  water  of  course  indndcd.  liut,  if 
we  asb-ume  a  man  to  weigh  S3D  Iba.,  the  daily  supply  will  r«ach 
tJie  moit  unlikely  qusntity  of  10  lU. 

The  progrcsaive  and  rapid  waste  of  the  body,  and  the  eitine- 
linn  of  life  at  or  about  the  point  at  which  un  animnl  loses  two- 
filllu  of  ita  weight,  may  tbororore  be  taken  hs  data  soffidently 
eitablisheil,  as  also  the  fact,  long  since  estiihUsbed  by  Kedii  tl 


kDln»l>  lire  moch  longin  (binli  more  Iban  twice  aa  long)  wben 
they  havB  free  aocew  (o  water. 

S.  Of  tbs  praloDgBttoa  af  life  under  the  rntignes,  eipmnire,  totsl 
priTation  of  food,  and  want  of  IVeih  wiiter  {except  mcb  aa  may 
have  bnn  aupplied  by  dew  or  ruin)  incidental  to  aliipwrecka.  we 
Imts  mne  well  autbcntinted  cam.  A  namtive  of  ■  ihipwreck 
oil  tbs  CMlcuttM  ooMt  wbich  hu  been  plated  at  my  diapoaal  ahoini 
tlwt  out  oF  13  men  wlllioat  food  or  water  12  dayi,  three  died, 
tbo  nat  Cfcaped  and  reeovuriMl.  (O.j  And  a  very  detailed  and 
•ridontly  faitliful  icconnt  of  the  picking  ap  at  aea  of  Cuptun 
Vtacy,  Comtnindcr  of  the  Jane  Lotirden,  timber  reuel.  aliowi  that 
oat  of  18  men,  indailing  the  captain  himself,  wholly  without 
prorisonaand  freshwater,  one  survived  11  da}'*,on«  12  daya,  on* 
14  daya,  two  15  daya,  one  18  daya,  and  the  captain  himael^  who 
raCDTered,  SS  daya.  Two  men  ap|>e<tr  (o  hare  died  early,  furioody 
dvUrloU,  one  (a  lad,  ait.lS)  wliodiedonthe  ISth  da] ,  wni  quietly 
deliriou^  mj^  apectral  itlnaona  :  two  other*  were  ddirioua,  and 
CaplaitaCaMy  had  illiuiou  of  bearing.* 

3<  Of  ODiiflnenwnt  In  (rati  minea,  we  bare  instances  of  men  and 
boyi  aarriving  G  and  8  dnyt,  und  one  nau  23  lUys.     Tlils  wai 
caaa   publuhed   by    Dr,    Slain  ('Med.  Oaz.'  vol.   irii.   pp.  It 
knd  S8S).     There  waa loten  to  water  for  the  tlNt  ten  days. 

4.  Tha  loiigut  abatinence  of  food,  with  free  acceia  to  water,  of 
wliitb  I  have  had  etperience  among  pri»ocra.  is  ten  diyt.  In  two 
nen  and  on«  woman  euniplet<  abstineiic«  from  food  during  thia 
period  wai  futlownl  by  no  hnd  aymptom,  and  the  ordinnry  priaon 
dift  waa  reanuied  witlioat  iifjory  to  health.  The  priaoDen  wcra 
weakened,  bot  by  no  meana  cihanaled.  (G.)  tn  the  caae  of  ten 
daya*  atarvalJon  ol'  a  pruuner  reported  by  Caaper,  acarcely  nny 
liijaid  WM  taken,  and  the  eibniution  was  much  greater. — (Hand- 
book, vol.  n.  p.  2N.) 

The  nue  of  Bcmanl  Cavanngh,  thongh  nut  one  of  complete 
■Intiiwncei  may  be  litirly  adilwl  to  the  lorei^oiug.  Having  biyn 
DiHuUiittrd  tu  gaol  for  three  monthi,  be  waa  placed  in  a  eell 
uudar  tbs  Oricleat  aurvoiltance,  sud  refnaed  to  cat  or  driok. 
'Hiii  coiilinaed,  ai  il  waa  alleged,  nine  daya,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  be  waa  rtported  to  be  in  "perfert  bodily  health."'  But  on 
the  13th  lUy,  it  waa  renwrkcd  that  tlie  gruel  aupplied  U 
came  lauk  the  aame  in  ijuiinlity,  bnt  mucli  thinner.  Tbii  trick 
bdne  diKo«<^r«d,  ami  tbe  man'i  health  having  by  tbii  timo 
•ufferrd,  ha  waa  aupplird  with,  and  rery  gUdly  receivi  ' 
iiig  foul.  (■  Medial  llnea,'  Itecember  4.  mtt.) 

Uut  tre  have  well-autbeuticatDd  cas-i  cxteiuliDg  much  beifoud 
•  Tbt  ■riawa.'  KcbnuBT  7,\Wa. 


I 
I 

1 


THE   liSTlNQ    V 


3ir  ■ 


mlTerlnga,  he  lingered  till  tlip  fi[t;-(^i^bth  day,  vrben  be  eiplrad, 
■fW  itraggling  fUir  hourt  in  convQiriona.* 

From  the  bat  lulhenticaUd  run  of  prolonged  abtpnce  from 
food,  wliHber  voluntary  or  involuntarj',  we  inri^  Ibnt  thoiu;b  lif« 
DMj  be  prolonged  up  (o  the  limit  of  >hoat  two  month*,  lucli 
■bttinenoe  i>  Bttended  by  progrewTe  aud  rapid  lou  of  weight. 
Mid  M  length  by  pitreme  cmieiitjon.  If,  then,  it  were  ilieged 
bjr,  or  on  behalf  of,  aoine  man,  woman,  or  child,  that  there  had 
bsen  ■  total  al»tiDence  from  fbod  for  tome  period  eiceedji^ 
two  monChi;  or  abstinence,  oot  from  food  only,  bat  Irinn  wal 
alB,  for  wme  lucti  period  ai  ono  montli.  we  iliould  be  jnitified 
looking  op  the  ease  with  the  utmo*t  pooible  luspidon,  eapeciRlljr 
if  the  penon  m>  alnlaining,  having  snjihiiig  approaching  the 
plUTUpnt^s  and  Ireah  coloor  belonging  to  health,  were  to  nawrt 
that  no  action  of  the  bowela  or  bladder  had  taken  place.  If  these 
thiiip  were  pretent  to  juitify  tbentrongest  niipicion,  the  malting 
tnch  penon  the  lulgeet  of  c:(hihit40n,  and  itill  wane,  of  gain, 
would  add  indignBtion  to  doubt,  and  leare  u>  no  alternative  but 
to  demand  Ihe  dediivg  teat  of  the  cloaent  aarveillance. 

Two  Engliah  cuea,  in  which  thia  aovere  teat  waa  applied,  arg 
on  record.  The  one  ia  that  of  the  FasUng  Woman  of  Tatbury, 
the  other  of  the  Faating  Oirl  of  Wale*  ;  (or  we  posa  over  all  caiei 
not  thoa  teated.  Ann  Moore,  the  Paating  Woman  of  Totbnry, 
wti  58  yntn  of  egg  in  IS08,  when  aho  HBurlud  that  the  hod  gone 
twenty  muntbi  without  food.  She  alleged  that  fonr  yean  before 
that  dat«  (he  had  a  aerere  attack  of  illnesi  which  Uated  thirteen 
WBcLi,  and  that  ber  recovety  «at  not  complete;  for  ahe  waa  rab- 
Ject  for  month*  afterwirda  to  violent  fits  and  ipaem*  at  freqnent 
■od  irregular  ioterral*.  A  year  later  ibo  had  another  aevere 
illnes  thai  laited  eleven  weeks,  and  whi  followed  only  by  loii  of 
appetite  and  indigettion,  incrcaaed  in  1806  by  naraing  a  boy 
■Siictol  with  a  repulsve  diaeoae.  From  October  in  that  year  to 
Kfbruary,  ISOT.  ahe  ate  a  penny  loaf  in  a  (brtnight,  and  drank 
•  little  tea  witbont  milk  or  aagar.  From  that  tine  till  November, 
180S.ehDlived,  ahe  Hid.  only  on  water  and  tea.  The  oiae  having 
been  publiallad  in  tbs  '  Monthly  Haga^na '  early  in  1809,  created 
a  gmt  aeuaation,  and  led  to  donationa  of  money,  on  which  the 
woman  lived  four  yean.  Bnt,  in  1813,  a  few  adentiac  difd  in 
tha  neighbourhood  detonuined  to  lift  the  matter  to  the  bottom. 
Tlicy  got  her  to  eonacnt  to  have  her  room  guarded  and  watched. 
Thii  WB*  done  during  nine  daya,  at  the  end  of  which  time  she 
garo  in,  being  terribly  emaciated,  and  now  really  almost  itarvcd 
ta  d«Lth.     She  tilled  for  food,  recovered  her  atrength,  and  let 


I 


DEATU  rsail  STAKVITION. 


QDfessioi 


faumblf  uiliel  panloa  of  Gud  and  mui  for  Uie  nicked  deopliin 
■be  bad  pmctbed. 

Tliii  hiatorj  of  Ann  Moore  ii  a  furtber  abbrenation  of  \it 
■batmct  gi\BO  in  'All  the  Year  Bouod.'  The  ncoouut  of  Uk 
Welih  Futing  Girl  !■  Ukeii  froin  Dr.  FoHler's  work,  whicli  deiini 
a  RpEcial  interest  fVoin  the  prumiaent  part  plajed  by  it*  aiiUuiT 
in  the  oue  from  flnt  to  last,* 

Sarsh  Jnixib,  daughter  of  Evnn  Jacob,  n  respectable  and  nilmil 
tenant  farmer,  wan  tbe  third  diild  of  a  heulthy  fomily  of  Hmn, 
living  lu  a  mean-Icxiking  himse,  with  thatched  roof  and  claj  Boor, 
in  which  the  ^irl  and  her  parents  occnpied  the  same  small  bed- 
room. She  was  born  May  12, 1867  ;  ber  case  bcgMi  to  atlnct 
public  attentim  in  1S67,  when  »he  was  more  than  ten  ;e«TS  (Si  i 
Slid  iho  dinl  December  T,  1969,  little  more  than  12^  f  em  of 
age.  She  was  ■  fur,  good-li»kin^  child,  intelligent  and  preooama. 
impreinDnablG  and  emotional,  fond  of  finery,  and  addicted  to  tbe 
rending  of  i-cligioua  booki,  aud  the  reciting  and  amiponog  of 
verso.  In  Febtunr}',  18G6,  wlien  nearly  niii(i  ye^n  old,  she  had 
■n  sttiick  of  scarlet  Fever,  followed  by  acute  piin  of  stonucb  and 
vomiting  of  blood;  and  from  thia  time,  as  it  is  alleged,  she  kept 
her  bcxl.  The  pain  and  vomiting  were  mod  followed  by  atrong 
eonvulsioni,  with  arching  backward  of  the  body,  and  tjmplonu 
of  plouriny.  The  body  remained  li^  for  a  month,  the  took 
little  food,  and  grew  thin.  In  April,  1867,  abe  ten  treated  for 
infl.<maiation  of  the  brain,  and  sbont  this  time  is  stated  to  bare 
taken  no  food  for  a  month,  though  the  lips  were  moislened  fhim 
time  to  time  with  baer,  and  only  scanty  evacoalions  of  eitber 
kind  wtire  passed.  After  tlie  inflammatory  attack  she  k«t  her  hair. 
Tlie  fila,  which  bad  been  convnlsive,  now  changed  to  sliort  lones 
of  oonsnonsness,  with  sudden  wakings  aiid  throwing  aboot  of  the 
ormii  and  the  left  leg  was  staled  to  be  rigid.  On  tbe  10th 
October  uf  this  year  (ISOT),  she  is  tud  to  have  ceased  to  take  any 
kind  of  food,  on  the  0th  of  the  following  month  to  have  had  the 
last  dischai^  from  the  bowels  and  at  the  end  of  it  to  have 
passed  nrine  for  the  last  time. 

We  glean  from  the  detnilcd  accounts  of  the  case  that  the 
Iktbec  laserted,  and  the  public  were  aaked  to  believe,  that  this 

•  '  A  Complete  RirtoiT  of  the  Case  or  the  Welsh  PsHIng  Glri  (Ssrah  Jacoh), 
Willi  Comircnta  Tb«noD ;  and  ObarrviUona  on  Death  ttaa  Staivstian.'    B; 


kM  tnt  Wlnliiii  for  two  \e»n  ind  two  moiitlis,  and 
:  (nd  neverlhrlw,  during  llic  fint 
.bstin«nce,  the  bond!  w«re  iiot  odI; 

, jij  rcltned   (possibly   of  itmlleru  tiilleMcd 

i^'JitntlUt  Uu  tmui  qoaatitt  of  vBter  una  pnKsnl  for 

I  iamal  ircdu,  tbit  the  bur   wbtcb   hsd  fUlen  off  grew  agaiu, 

I  lUck  km!  bBg,  that  her  naturally  health;  look  wxi  more  tban 

iwd.  aad  ber  bulk  ap|ArtD(lj  incmaed. 

H  at  the  period  to  vhlcb  we  ars  raTemnp  (October,  1967) 

!   ttat  tUla  ef  (vrioutir  oommeneed,  aod  aoon  bevami?  coiDmon, 

'"      pd  bjr  tfaor  nalaral   (onieqiHmn — prewnti  of  moni!;  and 

lyM);  Rli|poaa.     The  girl  wai  gail;  and  fnnlailifally 

i,  and  gut  up  (or  iliow,  aomcnhat  after  the  fanhiuri  of  a 

Br  Dm  and  of  tbs  jeir  1SK6.   th«  nw  braiine  w 

na  tlud  virita  grew  more  and  more  nomcroua,  miJna.TS 

■»!  pndoa  coining  into  requUitioti.     A  local  reporter  and 

riaadbal  roitora  noir  appnr  on  the  stage.      In  thu  spring 

maeting  <rai  held,  and  a  natcbing  committee 

incBcienc^  and   f-iilure   are  dnly  reporteid  at 

lar'a  irork.     Other  imtt  of  inquiring  uiid  intel- 

Iknnd.  and  on  the  7th  September,  l»fS9,  Dr. 

r  <mle  a  Mtar  to  the  'llinaa,'  giving  the  rciulta  of  n 

il  Bid  jndieioiM  inquirj  carried  at  f,ir  ■>  the  parent!  would 

It,  and  ftiring  it  aa  hiii  opinion   thnt  Sarab  Jacob  »u  de- 

if[  W  partnta,  and  that  it  waa  not  pouible  to  atatc  what 

pan  of  tbt  tflnjAaiBt  reaultcd  froni  "  a  morbid  pervuTHoa  of 

rill,"  and  whiit  tma  "intentional  dccoit." 

The  cnmplate  pablirit;  tfaua  giren  to  the  eaie  ted,  by  itepa 
ant  ntwuary  la  dBcribe,  to  the  aelMition  of  four  traiiic-d  nanwt 
from  Ony'>  lloaintal,  to  flult  and  keep  ooiutint  watch  urer 
Sarah  Janils  In  order  to  ascertain  wliether  ibe  got  food  and 
4rtnk,  ur  not>  (.'(rtain  medical  men  were  alao  (elected  e>  viutora. 
An  aarly  ranlt  of  thi>  procedure  waa  to  diaprore  one  of  the  aa- 
HTtioDa  made  by  the  parent*  to  the  eSt-ct  that  tlie  uiubI  dia- 
(kargea  from  the  bowel*  and  btadili-r  were  abacnt.  Tiie  liiatorj 
«f  (ha  caae  fram  d>y  to  day  ia  una  or  gradual  hna  of  alrengtii, 
4aralopB*nt  of  feiarklinets,  reatleamienii,  and  oocaiional  dotiriaui, 
fn^nrntt  quickening  of  the  pulie,  and  the  eihnlatioii  from 
tha  body  aiid  breath  of  a  Tery  pacntlar  and  higltly  uffeuuve 
•door.  In  apit«  of  tb*  warning!  giten  to  the  htber.  no  food  or 
drink  vB*  aupplio],  and  on  the  cdghth  day  the  ^1  diod  ex- 
haaXed  and  Inwnaible. 

On  tha  Sin  Uaamber.  IBfig,  an  inrineat  wa>  huld.  and  cvi- 
dna  giian  aa  lo  Ihealato  of  the  body  after  deulh.     \tviut  v^vimi) 


I 


360 


DEITH  PBOM  ST1BT1T105. 


hC^^ 


>nd  veil  fDrmed,  and  covered  with  fat  from  half  an  im 
inch  tbick,  there  wu  no  obatraction  in  ■.□;  part  of  the  ■timt 
tor;  canal,  and  all  the  importsnt  orgaiu  of  the  body  irera  •om 
The  body  wu  perfectly  free  ftom  diseoBe.     The  Jot;  brmght 
a  verdict  ta  the  aSect  that  Sarah  Jacob  died 
caiued  hj  the  father's  neglecting  to  induce  the  child 
food.     The  father  was  aonrdingly  coiDmitted  for 
bnt  admitted  to  bul.     The  cue  was  then   taken  up  l^ 
Oovemmciit,  and  on  tlic  S6th  Fehmary,  ISTO,  an 
wrved  on  the  five  medical  aon  who  bad  been 
daring  the  ititcMag,  and  on  the  parents  of  the  ipH  ;  anil  a  ten 
dnyi'  inquiry   wu  held  before   the  bench   of  magiitralis,  *d- 
joarned,   and    resomed.      The    resnit    of    the   inquiry    waj  the 
acquittal  of  the  metUcel  men,  bnt  the  committal  for  trial  at  the 
next  anizea  of  tbe  parente,  Kvan  and  Hannah  Jacob.     Od  the 
IStb  July,  1870,  the  grand  jury  found  a  true  bill, '  and  the  fol- 
loving  day  the  trial  took   pUco,  tvliich  iasaed  in  a  cerdict  of 
guilty  agaiuBt  both  parenta,  with  a  recommendatjoii  to  mercy  of 
the  mother. 

Sarah  Jacob  evidently  anccumbed  to  the  eamo  form  of  atarva- 
tion  that  proved  fatal  to  the  three  who  died  among  the  thirtevu 
abipwrecked  buIotb  wbose  caies  are  given  above,  and  to  tbow 
who  perished  aooneat  among  the  eighteen,  of  whom  Captain 
Casey  was  tbc  aolitai?  lurvivor  on  the  2Bth  day.  Tbe  death, 
certainly  not  duo  to  diieave  of  any  vital  organ,  or  to  obstructJon 
of  the  alimentary  canal,  took  place  by  eibaoiition  before  there 
had  been  time  for  that  loDg-coutinued  and  progreaave  absorption 
of  the  fat  and  tiMuea  of  tbe  body  whieh  occurred  in  the  caact 
reported  by  Currie  and  Willan.  Tu  these  quicker  deaths 
attended  by  only  aligbt  losa  of  anbatance,  the  analogy  of  medical 
nomenclature  jiiBlilieii  oe  in  applying  tbe  term  "Amte  Slarralion." 
In  the  instances  jiiBt  adverted  to  we  have  cases  of  death  in  men 
under  combined  privation  aud  eipoaare  in  Ie«  than  tveire  davl 
(in  one  instance  in  eleven) ;  and  to  these  we  have  now  to  add 
tbe  death  of  a  girl  of  twelve  and  a  half  years  of  age,  apparently 
healthy,  but  ill-prepared  for  t<ital  atatinence  from  food  and  drink 
by  more  than  two  years  spent  chiefly  in  bed,  datjug  from  a  re- 
eorery  not  complete  from  a  aeries  of  maladies,  oompriung  scarlet 
fever,  acute  gastric  derangement,  symptoms  attributed  to  inflam' 
motion  of  tbe  brain,  pleoriay,  and  anomalous  rigid  spLisma  of 

If  the  term  omfe  ttarralim  be  areepted  as  descriptive  of  the 
case*  just  referred  to,  and  the  limit  of  siirvivorsbip  be  Ijiken  at 
two  mrrkt,  we  shall   be  juatiftad   in    da«iii^  undor  the    bead 


n  which  tLe  abstinence  from 
ftod  (eoupbte,  or  aaizij  ao)  hu  extendod  to  the  citreme  limit 
of  tm0  mmbUi.  In  tbc  flnt  cUa  of  ouea,  the  body  hibv  he  fouad 
vdl  Doarahad;  in  the  latter  ledaced  to  the  eitnime  of  tbinneas, 
dwerilTd  bj'  Dr.  Willm  w  ■'  emaciated  to  a  most  aBtoniahing 
itgnt,"  iaa  whole  apponnco  tnggeitiiig  "  tlie  ides  of  a  akeluton 
praparad  bj  drying  the  mnsclea  opon  it  in  thoir  natural 
A  repeat  the  vordi  of  Mr.  Bigg*  (p.  313),  look- 
"  UIm  ■  ikeloton  with  the  akin  tightly  itretched  over  him  ;" 
hat  "  be  ooold  not  oul;  lee  each  bone  but  its  pecuUaritiee." 


PART  m. 


TOXICOLOGY. 


■   ul    11-u  ■tilyu't  of   poboniiig   » 
I,  Id  llirra  tcpniU'  cbupUrt,  bving 
■  rf   (In   priiiciiKl   tohjiKi  of  VuBiiSi 


CUAPTEE  I. 

DEFINITION  OP  A  POISON  r  ACTION  AND 
CLASSIFICATION  OP   POISONS. 

1.  IJtfiitition  of  a  Fuiton. — Tho  meaHi'itff  which  ought  to 
■Uoch  to  the  word  paixm  U  beat  Hscerlaioed  by  n  simple  proceii 
of  cxclaman.  A  lalntaDee  ichich  nfii^ta  one  penon  through 
pecnlUHty  uT  oonititution,  but  bus  uo  effect  on  athL>r!>,  in  not  a 
poison  i  a  ftubfltHDce  whlcb  owes  its  effect  to  wnne  temporary  con- 
ditjoli  of  (ystem,  ai  wben  cold  water  is  iwiilow^  bj  a  penon 
)mt«d  bjreierciH,  i«  not  a  poiaon:  inbitBDoes  which  mochinicallj 
iqjoTiB  uhI  iaflmne  the  intenuil  porta,  such  as  pioa  sad  needtea, 
mild  partieln  of  ateel  or  gkaa,  are  not  poiaona :  agaio,  hot  wattn-, 
the  water  being  merelj  a  vehicle  for  beat,  ia  not  a  poiioti.  Sub- 
atincet,  tberefore,  which  owe  their  actiou  to  aame  peculiarity  of 
MnttltnlioD,  or  unusoul  condition  of  the  body ;  anil  mechanical 
irriUnla,  and  harmleaa  aubatancea  rendered  iujarioua  by  eitnineous 
mMm,  u*  not  properly  termed  poiaona.  Nor  does  the  mode  of 
application  to  the  body  form  aoy  port  of  the  detinltion  of  the  word 
putoQ,  Whether  applied  to  the  akia,  or  inhaled,  or  awallowed, 
or  introdoced  into  the  anna  or  rsgina,  or  into  the  ear,  it  la  sUU  a 
poiann.  Again,  the  ijnoDtit;  that  may  prove  tiital,  or  the  time 
reqiured  to  deatroy  life,  cannot  enter  into  the  definition;  for  in 
both  thae  raapect*  undoubted  ptnaona  diflcr  widely  from  each 
other.  Laatly,  tho  form  of  the  aubBtance  or  matter,  whether 
■olid,  Hqnid,  or  gaaeou),  moat  be  hold  to  be  immateriBl.  These 
eicltUDona  hDTU  narrowed  the  ponible  deHnition  of  a  poison,  so 
that  the  following  may  be  ireepted  ai  snSlcient  for  <;very  prac- 
I  tiai  purpose. — A  poison  is  any  aulatance  or  matter  (nolid.  Uquid, 
I  or  pueoua)  which,  when  applied  to  the  body  outwardly,  or  in  any 
■ay  introdoced  into  it,  without  acting  mecbaaicsllj,  bat  by  ilf 
nm  iaherenc  qoaUtiea,  can  destroy  life. 
In  the  gmt  msjorit;  of  cues  poiaona  are  swallowed.  They 
I,  "  admimiitirrd  lo,"  or  "  taien  &y"  the  person  injured 
V  killed ;  but  they  ban  been  introduced  into  the  body  through 
»  longa,  rectom,  Tagina,  or  ear,  and  they  might  be  ioserWd 


3S4  ON  FOISONS  IN  OENEKAL. 

into  the  naitril.  Thej  have  alio  beun  applicil  to  the  ikin  nnbrok■^^ 
or  iibruil«1.  Now  tbou|[h  tlie  worda  "  admiitirtrr  to''  and 
•'  takm  bg"  are  uwil  in  $|  11,  11.  S3,  S4,  of  the  "  Act  to  ton- 
toliittte  ktitl  Htnend  lli«  Statute  Lkw  of  Kngtruid  and  Ireland 
folaling  tn  otTi-nroi  R|piin«l  the  penon,"  Si  and  S&  Vict.  1S6I, 
the  word  "  apftji"  {'•  npjilj  or  adminiEter  to")  U  Qaod  only  in 
5  2S,  in  nfinwiOD  to  "  chlcnifonn,  landanaui,  or  otlicr  atuprF^ini; 
or  overpowering  drug,  matter,  or  thing."  It  is  to  Ik:  rt^rultvd 
that  tbu  aaniH  full  and  eipliclt  phraaeulogy  wiu  nut  «m)ilDyed  in 
tM  tlie  Mctioni  of  t1>e  Act. 

The  word  "jmlaoa"  ia  often  qualified  hysnch  terin»a«"'»cti»«," 
"tiralcol,"  "deadly,"  and  the  List  of  thete  lenna  ia  rorjr  geas- 
nlljr  uaed  in  indiotmeuta. 

A  "deHdIy"  poiauD  nia;  mean  one  thnt  ii  fatal  in  a  tmtiX  dcM, 
or  kilU  quirltly  in  ■  larj^  one.  or  wlileh,  itreapectivH  of  tlia 
doM,  i*  room  dangaroua  or  dilGcult  to  counteract  tlian  others. 
Strychnin  and  nulic  nnd,  fat  inntimce,  are  Inth  "  dendly  paiaonii'' 
bnt  wliile  len  than  a  grain  oFthe  ons  may  dntroy  tifcabant  liaU 
■n  ounce  or  Die  other  i*  a  fiitHl  doae;  yet  a  full  dow  of  oxalic  add 
nwy  kill  nini'li  luuia  quickly  than  «ven  a  latge  doae  of  atrydinia. 
On  tlin  other  banil,  tjit  Altai  doae  nf  Epxini  ulte  or  aalphate  of 
potirih  l>  Iwii  or  tlirwuuncoa,  and  enn  tboK  qnantittca  nould 
ivl  ;  li'Mlj&Uli  M  that  it  would  be  incormt 

I'   '  iliiiUly  poinns."    Mor  would  the  t«nii 

II  sulphate  of  line,  which 


■inrllr   ii 


•  nr  I. 


™,,k 


irludf  a 


leit  l)e  conriderod.     Tliesc  lire, — Tkair  mode  of  aptioii,  snil  The 
■uutitt  whiei  modij^  l/irir  action. 
2.  llodf  of  aeliom  tif  i'owu.— Thii  is  twofold,  Wal  3D<I  r^ 


chemiciil  decom-  »"  _ji" 


rOCO 

ponlion,  u  when  a  itning  add,  a  pure 
ii  applixl  extoniBU.y  or  taken  inlarnally:  ia  ia/tamraaiji 
lowed  by  Kilhation,  snppunitiun,  ulrnintioD,  or  ginerene,  whm 
lucb  irrituiU  u  anenic,  tartar-anietic,  or  ia<alli«riJ<»,  nre  eimi- 
lirljr  takm  or  ipplied  t  and  la«tly,  id  bu  effect  on  the  nerves  oT 
seuMtion  or  motion.  The  Dnmbnoa  Bud  tioaling  nf  the  lijis, 
tongue,  and  throat,  aeciMioned  hjr  cliewin);  moululioitd,  the  sharp 
prioking  aciMitton  in  the  tijngue  cnosed  bj  the  arum  macu- 
Utum,  and  tha  oonibDen  of  the  ikin  obicb  enanee  on  tlie  appli- 
oition  of  pnunc  acid,  ehloroform,  or  temtria,  are  instancvs  of 
lootL  aoliuii  on  tbe  nerves  of  senution  ;  wliile  the  paity.  due  to 
Uie  direct  a|»pUcilJoa  of  opiam,  ticiiOHi,  or  pru>«c  icid  to  [he 
muscle*,  the  dilaUtion  of  the  pupil  from  tlie  application  of  belU- 
dmuu,  and  ita  contraction  under  the  use  of  the  Calnbar  baan, 
lUnatnto  Ih*  nme  locul  action  on  the  tisauea  of  tbe  iris. 

Vh  rrmott  action  uf  [AoUans  is  also  twofoU,  cammou  and 
Wftetfir.  Thiitr  Mnamaa  cIToct  is  that  which  would  result  from 
e  liyUI7  to  Iho  same  part;  tlieir  apedfie  i>0iKt  snch  as 
lakuecan  prDjaec,  The  two  eReola,  or  modes  of  action, 
ly  ba  nabcd  in  the  ajr mptouu  rausod  by  sach  a  poison  hi  arsenic, 
oeb  when  swallowHl,  and  so  applied  to  the  lining  membrane  of 
•  alimeiitary  canal,  gives  rise  to  tlia  aame  et«m]»  in  the  eitre- 
■K  preiaut  iu  cholera,  English  and  Auatic,  and  in  all 
"  u  of  the  nmo  membrane  1  but  the  same  poison, 
hi  a  wound,  applied  to  tii«  skin,  or  inhaled,  inltamoa 
t  (urfiew  with  which  it  dnes  not  oume  into  immo- 
.  This  is  ila  ipi^cilic  action.  Again,  oxalic  ncid, 
a  tha  stoBuuh  as  a  oormdve  and  violent  irritant. 
ne  eottstiiutloaal  shock  ivhich  attends  all  severe  loial 
'  ll^nrirs:  this  is  its  remote  rommon  ofeot;  but  it  biu  iilso  • 
ntmate  tpm^f  eflt'ot  on  tbe'  liriirtnndnervouBiyfteni.  Tlie  purest 
•Xampiv  ut  a  remote  amititutioiuil  slTiNit  of  a  couinion  kind  is 
•flbrdeil  by  Ibii  mineral  acida,  uiiU  the  alkalis  and  their  carbonutea, 
which,  by  the  Incsl  dcalrurtiiin  tlioy  oecaaUin,  give  rise  to  the 
■ynptoois  of  eollapsD  prasant  in  ntensive  burns  and  spuldi.  Tbia 
•bssnro  of  mnotH  spcdfle  cAcrta  baa  led  tome  luthora  to  doubt 
iriety  <if  eUsnng  tlivM  chemicala  among  poisoni. 

apedlle  wfliKts  uf  puismis  may  alio  Iv  diatinTuished 
il  partial — thai  is  to  say,  us  prududns  a  general 


M  mmit  IK  «aiiHui. 

«  \\i*  v,\\<At  tfmr,  m  « |«ftW  ilM  w  ■  pnttakr  ct|M 

"H^^>^  *^  i(  t<n<i>H  mwlitw  tM  to  MIm  Dm  dMi  to 

,,   .:.    .,-■....  ..    Xsv...vV,  ..Jw.v.-.  i-i^nEf. 


I 


ABSOKfTlOS  0 


pagtW  to  the  Derroiu  centrei,  ind  thcnoe  reRocfcd  od  the 
OTg^tu  remotely  nSbcteJ.  Now  there  la  abaudunt  proof  of 
the  >bsor|ilJan  of  poisoiu,  and  their  circulation  through  the 
iystem,  and  eiperrmenlB  an  aaimalB  hive  ahawii  that  UiU  takei 
place  in  whatever  viajr  the  poison  is  applied  or  introduced.  By 
the  wwlyiii  of  the  blood,  lecretioni,  and  xalid  tcxturei,  tlie  poiioui 
are  fhrthcT  proved  to  have  aircala ted  with  the  blood  j  and  tbe 
Uit  of  poitoni  tbuB  detected  iacludea  every  eubatanco  which  caa 
be  recopiised  by  ita  odonr  or  colonr,  or  which,  not  having  been 
completely  decomposed,  can  be  submitted  to  chemical  reagents, 
Tbe  flut  of  tbe  abearption  of  poiaona  li  therefore  establiabed  and 
admitted;  hut  the  qneation  aritea— U  the  fatal  action  of  poisoni 
doe  to  tbinr  abtorption  ?  This  qnvitiou  will  bo  atiBwerod  in  the 
affirmaUvo  if  it  can  be  shown,  on  the  one  hnud,  that  poisons 
continue  to  act  so  long  as  the  blood  piisaes  ireely  from  the  point 
of  insertion  to  tbe  tisiiics  or  organs  aflbctcd,  and  that,  on  the 
othor,  thdr  action  is  stopped  or  postponed  when  tlie  circulation 

Uagendia'i  well-known  experiment  in  which  a  poisoned  limb 
was  conitected  with  the  body  only  by  quUls  introduced  into 
ita  latK«  veiaels,  and  yet  the  poison  continued  to  act,  establiibea 
the  Bnt  propoaltian  aa  true  of  wonndsi  nhilo  Mr.  Blake's  ei- 
periment  with  pmsiic  acid  introduced  into  the  itomacb  through 
an  opening  in  it*  wilts,  the  pmson  producing  no  effL-ct  so  long  as 
tbe  TBisds  pasnng  from  the  stomach  to  the  liver  were  secnred  by 
ligature,  but  beginning  to  act  within  one  minute  of  it«  removal,* 
provea  the  second  propoation  as  true  of  poisons  thnt  are  swal- 
lowed. That  (be  great  nervoua  trunlta  cannot  transmit  the 
poisonoos  iudoence,  is  proved  by  tbe  fwitM  that  poisons  inserted 
into  B  limb  connected  with  the  body  by  nerves  only  are  inactive; 
that  divinon  of  the  rpinsi  marrow  docs  not  prevent  tbe  action  of 
thoie  pcriaons  which  prove  iaial  by  attacking  that  part ;  and  that 
the  direct  oonCact  of  ptMsooa  with  tbe  substance  of  the  br^n  itself 

It  appeart,  then,  that  pcuaona,  whether  inserted  into  wounds  or 
IntroduoecJ  into  the  stomach,  act  by  absorption,  and  that,  when 
■haorption  is  prevented,  and  the  circulation  arreited,  they  eease 
to  act.  it  is  only  indeed  when  it  enten  Uie  circulation  Ibat  the 
poUon  can  be  truly  said  to  bo  Introdnced  into  the  body.  A 
polaofioiu  Bubatonce  taken  into  the  stomach  is  as  much  outside 
llie  qiMan  u  if  it  were  applied  to  the  akin. 

The  iinedion  now  arises — In  what  tvay  do  poisons,  circulating 

■  'Ed.  HtlandSarg.  JDannl,'TD\,m.^.tt. 


35S  OK   POISO\-S  IX  GCSEBAL. 

Ihrougb  the  ijilroi,  produce  their  bul  eflecta  ?    On  wImI  Si 

and  Orgini  do  tfaejr  act  ? 

It  is  plain  that  all  poisoci  do  not  dotroy  life  in  the  tune  «ij. 
Some  panlTse  the  heart,  otiien  act  directlj  on  the  iKDgi,  ud 
mflbcate;  a  third  data  attnck  tlie  bnin;  b  fonrtli  Uw  ^dnd 
marrow ;  and  a  fifth  apptiar  to  affect  the  entire  cafrillat;  dit^ 
lion.  Mdi^id  and  Addimn  tried  to  prove  that  tbeae  diflenU 
tuodet  of  death  were  doe  to  aome  potrerfol  inflaeoce  tmafemd 
to  tbe  argnD  or  tiuoe  affected,  Ihron^b  the  nervca  of  the  Uooi- 
T««el9  theniKlTei;  but  an  experiment  by  Mr.  Blake,  id  m)aA 
binod  poisoned  with  woorara  continued  to  trairene  the  artcris 
and  veins  of  the  sbdomioi)  vifreis  for  tevecsl  minuta  beftrenf 
effort  monireried  itaelf,  aflbrda  a  anfficient  refiitatioii  of  tUi 
hypotheiii.  ImportaDt  addiliona  have  been  nude  to  onr  knar- 
ledge  of  tbe  action  of  pintonii,  and  of  the  pniiiniate  caue  at 
death  in  piHsoning,  b;  M.  Clande  Bernard.  He  showed  bj  nail* 
devisod  eiperimenta  on  animala  that  tbe  more  active  poiaoia  IdU 
by  Bttw'king  particnlar  tiaanes  or  orgaiu — that  woorars  paraljtMi 
the  motor  nervei;  ihat  atrrchnia  nttacka  the  spinal  cord,  and 
eicilea  fatal  reflex  actions ;  that  digitalis,  apaa  atitiar,  oorroiiil, 
and  vao,  veratria,  and  aeTerel  other  poiaoni,  act  on  the  muacnkr 
tinoe  throngbout  the  hod;,  and  on  the  heart  as  a  niuacle.* 

There  remaini.  then,  hot  th»  cx^tanajioii -Of  JJie_&t!l...ltfua 
of  poisons — that  thej  are  carried  wittithe  hWidjtn^th*  ffty^iw  <« 
fisauea  on  which  tbey  act :  some'  Tiy  Ihe  coronary  arteries  to  tbe 
'heart,  wtiTcb^bey  paralyse;  others  (o  the  spinal  marrow,  eroUng 
fatal  tetanic  spasms  in  tbe  respiratory  ninicleii  otbcn  to  tbe 
brain,  proving  fatal  by  an  indirect  action  on  rhe  respiration  t  and 
otbcn,  again,  to  the  longs,  arrvstiDg  the  eapillarjr  circulation,  and 
killing  by  saUiK-ation. 

This  theory,  of  the  necesaity  oT  ahaorptjon  to  the  actioti  of 
ponons,  had  to  encounter  a  difficulty  in  tbe  rapidity  with  whtdi 
certvn  poisons,  mch  at  pmsaic  acid,  prove  fatal ;  but  this  was 
removed  by  Blake's  iDgeniously  contrived  and  carefully.perlbrmed 
eiperiinentc.  Having  providrd  u  delicate  mcnsaie  of  the  state  of 
tbe  corcuUtlon  by  inserting  into  the  femoral  artery  of  tbe  animal 
experimented  on  the  hsma dynamometer  of  PoiseoiUe,  he  inbo- 
doccd  directly  into  tbe  vesteli  vniious  substances  previously  known 
to  paralyse  the  heart,  and  notrd  tbe  instant  of  time  at  which  the 
Brat  effects  of  the  poison  showed  tLenuelvea,  and  at  which  the 
heart  ceased  to  beat.  Ue  found  that  a  poison  pasied  fnnn  tbe 
jugular  vein  to  the  lungs  of  a  dog  in  Irom  four  to  aii  seconds;  to 
tbe  coronary  art«rici  of  tbe  heart  in  seven  ;  to  the  carotid  artery 
•  LMlurei  hi 'Medical  Times  uiiGiiioWe;  \%*n.iiA.'4-1ia«.B!n~^>«A^- 


qnicE  AssoBPTioN  of  poisoks. 


^^H  from  five  to  seven ;  and  from  the  norta  to  tbe  Fapillarics  in 
^^Bnr  BecondB.  A  poi«an  introduced  into  the  jugulur  vein  vtas  dli- 
^^Hbated  through  the  whole  bodj  id  nine  senmda.  In  the  borae, 
^^M*  drcnktion  wan  completed  rii  from  twelve  to  twetitj'  uconds, 
or  ■omewhat  le»  thnn  the  twentj-flve  second!  deduced  by  Bering 
of  Stotti^rdt  from  hia  experimoot. 

'Dioe  eiperiment*  nre  conGrmcd  by  the  more  nx'ent  onca  of 
CUodu  Beriinrd.  A  BitDrBted  eolation  of  sulphuretted  bydro^n, 
introdnoKl  into  tlie  jngolar  vein  of  ■  dog,  bcgnn  to  be  eliminbted 
from  tbe  Inni^  in  three  aecond* ;  and  when  injected  into  the 
femoral  vein  of  the  sime  dog.  in  six  wcands. 

Tbe  time  reqair*d  for  the  cirenlation  ol  a  poiion  throutrh  the 
bodj  of  k  dog  being  taken  et  nine  aeconda,  it  follows  thnt  if  pd- 
■one  applieil  to  tbe  dog*!  tongue  do  not  tel  In  bo  abort  a  apace  of 
tinw,  mbaorption  may  tflke  place,  and  tlie  blood  may  he  diatri. 
bgled  to  tbe  organ  on  wMcfa  it  producea  iti  futnl  eflecti.  Sow, 
Blake  fimnd  that  strong  bydrocjanic  acid  applied  to  the  tongne 
of  >  dog  dii  not  begin  to  act  till  eleven  eecondi.  and  did  not 
kill  till  tbirty-tbree  aeconils;  and  when  a  tube  was  previansly 
Immdoecd  into  the  laryni,  ao  that  tbe  vaponr  of  the  acid  did  not 
tMei  0)6  Inngi,  tbe  flrat  tymptoin*  did  not  show  themselves  till 
ond  death  did  not  take  place  till  after  the  lapsa 
I  af  brtf-Bve  Mconds.  Nicotine,  the  eaaential  prindple  oftubaFCO, 
"  '  to  tba  tongne  of  tbe  same  unimnl,  did  not  kill  till  twenty 
Tbeae  eiperimenla  would  niUice  to  prove  the  neceaaity 
I  to  the  fatal  action  of  poiaona,  bnt  for  a  small  gronp 
lanlicatcd  otaes  in  which  prntons  bave  dealToyed  life 
ily.  or  moch  nwre  promptly  than  in  any  of  Btako's 
Thus  Cbrirtiaon  atotw  that  an  animal  has  been 
d  outright  by  pruano  acid  in  fbar  semnda;*  and  caees  are 
1  hy  the  aame  aotbor,  and  by  Dr.  Tajlor.f  in  which  the 
n  killed  in  three,  and  even  in  two.  secondi ;  iiiiil  in  tbe 
U  of  Kr  Benjamin  Brodie,  abnhol  and  tbe  eaaential 
t  bUt«r  almonda  ie«m  to  have  had  tbe  la 


i  In  proMiice  of  tlifW  fiicU,  and  with  the  knowledge  we  have 
""     "  "  iprwiion,  or  shock,  produced  by  eiteosive 

.  or  chomicsl  injuries,  it  uiuitt  be  ndmitlcd  timt  the 

0  jmixjna  titken  in  largo  doses  may  dealTOj  life  by  a 

«_nnrvi)us  (hoeS. 

t  reporlcd  by  Sir  B.  Brodie  renders  it  prubabte  that 

t  '  Fbjalsloiilctl  BoiuvliM.'  p.  136. 


3G0  OK  POl&OKS  IN  GIHZBJkL. 

poixmi  mK;  act  tbnnigh  footinuitj  of  tj«ae.  A  hud  wi*  Utlai 
in  the  hmid  bj  a  rattlesnake.  InflaniiDatton,  ilongbing,  ui 
Bnpputatiou  of  the  cellalar  tiEsne  of  the  arm  (bDa«ed>  *ltll 
copiooi  and  citeiuiTe  extraraaitinii  of  blood  beneath  the  tiaad 
the  cheit  and  bock,  limited  to  the  ii^ured  nde  of  the  bodj. 

The  theory  of  absoqition  findi  a  pnctieal  applioatian  i>  tlM 
lue  of  ligBtnrcB,  cnppioij-gluaeB,  and  Up-aocUoii,  in  the  caw  of 
pmaoiu  inserted  intc  woanda. 

3.  2%e  mxei  vhuk  modi/g  tie  aclioM  ofpoUtmt  are  Unt*  b 
number: — 1.  Their  quantity  aitd  form.  2.  VhtparitomtiA 
they  are  applied.     3,   The  andUiaii  of  iht  body  tttelf. 

1.  (^nantilg  aad  F->rm QiuMlilg. — As  a  ^neral  nila,  tite 

larger  the  quanUt;  of  ■  poison  the  more  prompt  anil  seien  ill 
action  i  bot  when  poiaotu  are  swallowod,  a  large  Joce  niajr  ba 
immoiliatel;  and  oomplelelj  di«ch«rg«l   by   romitin^,  while  s 
smaller  dose  will  temun  on  the  stomach,  and  prove  btnl.     The 
action  of  aome  poiMini  also  rariei  remarkably  in  kind  as  irell  H 
in  degree  with  the  qninlity  taken.     Tbiu  a  tar^  doae  of  oulicjl 
>cid  may  kill  almost  iostsntly  fay  shock ;  a  smaller  doae  may  still  U 
prove  fatal  by  ae^ng;  on  tbe  heart ;  a  yet  amaller  dow  affiEtiJ| 
chieBy  the  spinal  cord;  and  a  more  minate  dose  still,  the  tmin. 
Again,  small  repeated  doses  will  developo  other  symptoma  than 
a  lingle   Ui^   dose.     Of  tbe   whole  class  of   narcotie(^«and 
ptnaons,  it  may  be  affirmed,  tbat  in  large  doaei  they  act  cluedf 
OQ  the  nerroBi  system,  in  smaller  doses  on  tlie  alimentary  catuL 

.fbrm. — Under  this  head  will  have  to  he  coondered — a,  SM* 
(^Aggrvgationt.     b.   Chemical  Combinalio*.     e.  Mixlurr. 

a.  State  of  A.ggregalHin. — Solution  increases  the  acting  of 
pwaons,  both  by  promoting  abaorptioD  and  by  applying  them  to 
■  larger  surlaee.  Soluble  piusoiu,  therefore,  are  the  most  actire, 
aoluble  salts  more  actiTe  than  their  less  solnble  bases,  and  volatile 
ptriaont  act  with  great  enei^y  on  the  lungi  and  skin. 

b.  Chemical  eomiianfioii. — Such  poisana  ai  the  mineral  adda 
and  the  alkalis  lose  their  active  properties  when  neutralliadi 
and,  as  a  mki,  the  salt  reaulting  fVom  tlie  union  of  acid  and  ban 
ti  more  or  leai  actiro  aa  it  is  more  or  less  soluble.  Aeid  poiam^ 
in  oambining  with  liaies,  or  basic  poisans  combining  with  addi, 
conlbrmto  the  same  rule,  and  the  resulting  compounds,  if  w>lah|e^ 
retain  tbe  spedliG  chamctere  of  their  nctive  ingredient.  Thm  all 
tbe  soluble  silts  of  morphia  have  tbe  same  action ;  and  the  aame 
it  tme  of  all  the  soluble  compoonds  of  oxalio  acid.  When  twn 
pinsonouG  substances  combine  (as  arscnioui  acid  with  oopp«r,  OF 
pnuHC  aail  with  mercury  or  silver),  the  resulting  compound  nuqr 
pre  riae  to  tbu  a^rmptoms  of  tbe  more  active,  to  tbe  m  ~ 


CAUSES  WHICH   M0D1?T  THBIR  ACTIOS. 


of  the  two,  or  to  ijmptoDU  pecuUor  to  itself.  Lastly,  >ome 
{Xriioni  uudloble  in  water,  u  ■rwalto  or  copper,  anA  cnrbonite  of 
lead  or  barjUi,  may  ba  renderad  soluble  and  active  bj  Ibe  acid 
jnicei  of  the  ftoraacb,  or  by  llie  lecrctioiu  of  the  akin. 

p.  JfixfHrs. — All  adraiitnre*  wbieh  render  a  poiioa  more 
■alablc  make  it  mare  ifCiie  :  all  othcrt  have  a  coDtnry  effvct. 
Tbu*  acida  increaae  tbo  aetirity  of  opigm,  and  of  tho  aalla  of 
copper,  Biid  water  of  anenic ;  bnt  oily,  mucilaginoiu,  Hlbaminoiu, 
and  alarchj-  liquida  retard  the  action  of  poiaons  by  protecting 
the  coats  ol  the  ttonuu^,  by  involving  the  poison,  if  in  lub. 
atance  or  powder,  or  oven  by  acting  aa  antidotca.  Henoe  the 
IVeqaent  SKape  of  thDM  who  Lave  taken  large  doses  of  ursenii:  or 
oonuvve  sablimate  witb,  or  direotly  after  food.  Much  alao 
depends  on  the  chorBcter  of  the  food.  Thns  araeoic  in  a  solid 
dumpling  would  act  much  more  ilowly  than  in  porridge,  and  in 
porridge  than  iu  the  liquids  in  common  use  ;  and  strychnia  iu  a 
1^11  wiMid  act  more  slowly  than  in  a  miitare.  We  aviul  oar- 
■elKea  of  the  protective  eJTeot  of  the  thick  liquids  just  mcotiuned 
in  the  treatment  of  cases  of  poisoning,  and  we  administer  sub- 
■  that  have  tittle  po<<^r  a*  antidotes,  because  they  have  the 
rty  of  withdrawing  and  holding  in  (uspcnaion  certain 
a.  Powdered  charcoal  is  the  best  example  of  this  clnss  j 
[  and  nagnoria  and  tho  sesquioxide  of  iron  owe  thcdr  repute,  as 
Utidotes  to  ancnic,  aliielly  to  this  property. 

8.  Pari  to  KhicS  the  PoUon  u  applitd.—l^ie  effect  of  a 
Mison  on  Afferent  parts  of  the  body  is  directly  aa  thdr  absorb- 
ing power.  ThuB  poinna  act  moat  promptly  when  inserted  into 
a  woond ;  the  serous  surfaces  hold  the  neit  place;  then  the 
stomach;  then  the  unbroken  akin.  Injection  into  a  vein  in- 
•urea  the  qDiebcat  action ;  but  volatUo  poiioni  introduced  into 
the  bingt  act  with  nearly  as  greut  rapidity.  Tiie  oorroaivo 
pCBBOna  and  stronger  irritants  prodnoe  an  effect  proportioned 
to  the  importance  of  the  part  to  which  they  are  applied.  Thuii, 
the  miMrnl  aclda  prove  speedily  Ritnl  when  they  attack  the 
windpipe ;  Icb  speedily  when  they  act  on  the  gullet  and  stomach, 
and  thuy  must  destroy  a  large  surfaee  of  akin  iu  onlur  to 
kill  quickly.  Many  animal  poisons,  such  ai  the  poiton  of  the 
tiper  or  mad  dog.  and  also  curara,  introduced  into  the  system  in 
^L  ninnle  quantity,  by  puncture  of  the  skin,  kill  very  quickly, 
^Wfeoagh  tha  some  small  quantity,  and  even  a  much  Urgur  doM^ 
^■■■y  be  Bwallowod  with  ImpuBicy. 

^B  This  remarkable  bet  oan  naw  be  explained  on  phyNoIogiod 
^HlBoands.  A  certain  quantity  of  tho  pulion  must  bo  present  i 
^^VW  circalalioa  belure  it  nan  maiiit<.it  its  «ff<>iiU.    U  V'u«  um«- 


I 
I 


\ 


iva  M  the  abtaTption.  no  «tttst  will  b«  pnisai. 
Dn  like  cnnirn,  taken  into  Ihe  (tomieh.  i<  dm  ib- 
nickly  thnn  it  ii  ^t  rid  of  by  the  eirretorj' orgm 
—,  tLe  fimrtion   of  eicretioD  ii  impeded  by  tifcitiM 

Of   U.i>  iriGry,  lliu  introdactiiKi    of  the    po'uun  into  >ht 

ftomach  wm  devdofie  the  ■ymplmoa  of  poisoiiiiig  jurt  «*  nr- 
t«!nly  n«  if  it  were  eonveyed  into  tlie  drculation  by  b  wtiaai. 

3.  Cooditien  0/  tlu  Boig  ilwIf.—VaAvr  Was  hnid  rill  buc 
to  lie  cODMdored^ — a.  Habil.     b.  Idirnyncratji.     e.  Di*t»m, 

a.  Rahit. — No  lirosd  gi-nenl  role  ran  be  laid  dnwn  in  nts 
Knee  to  the  influence  of  habit.  Snvae  vegeUlile  pmaon^  nek 
H  opium,  hIcoIioI,  Bnd  tolMrco,  lose  their  eHWt  by  repcthko, 
ud  may  Ht  lenffth  be  lAlten  in  iom  v\Ack  would  poiton  •  nm 
Dot  Bixartomed  to  tLeir  use ;  and  tlie  Ices  deadly  mtaHri 
piriBOiis,  such  u  tlie  tnlplintee  of  una  ond  irun,  may  b> 
talcon  by  henithy  iiersoas  in  continually  increostng  daw* ;  bat 
■neaic,  mcrcory,  nod  phoupboras,  when  used  ia  the  srta, 
mnd  gndually  introdoeed  into  tlic  syitem,  appear,  like  the  at- 
honale  oT  le«d,  to  be  n>ore  dangeTOni  the  loc^r  thejr  >k  oted. 
Kor  du  men  ind  wnmen  who  work  with  arsenite  of  oopper  gnnr 
more  Ifllcrant  nf  the  poiton.     The  same  cffecta  nro  reprodond 

bowcver,  become  nccuBtoined  to  poison,  nnd  grow  nearly  insen- 
uble  to  it,  as  happens  with  ttii^  spirit-dritilier.  It  slionld,  how- 
ever, be  l»me  in  mind  thnt  even  tliosc  poisons  to  which  the 
aystem  most  readily  sdnpti  itwlf,  produce  permanently  injnriooa 
effects.  Thug  alcohol  causes  disense  oT  the  lungs,  liver.  liidneyB, 
and  brain {  tobacco  quirkens  the  pulse;  and  opium  injures  the 
digestion,  emaciate-^  the  boily,  nnd  enfeeh1i>B  the  mind. 

b.  Idioitincrax^. —  Under  this  term  are  included  certain  pecn- 
liaritiea  of  constitution,  of  the  true  nature  of  wliich  we  are  igno- 
rant. Soma  of  tliem  inoy  he  ei(ilai"ed  by  the  phyaiologieal 
relation  between  tlie  two  processes  of  absorption  and  excretion  ; 
but  there  are  others  of  wliinli  we  can  give  no  satisfactory  ex- 
planatioii.  Peculiurity  of  constitntton  may  show  itself  in  two 
ways — 1.  By  a  greater  or  less  susceptibility  without  difference  of 
action.  Thus,  a  few  grains  of  mercury  sliull  salivate  one  man, 
but  as  many  draclimi  or  ounces  shnll  not  affect  another.  2.  By 
eii«ptional  action.  Thus,  Kpsum  stilts  linve  been  known  to  act 
Lke  opium,  and  opium  (a  have  a  purgatire  effect ;  and  a  simple 
article  of  diet,  which  is  tlie  daily  food  of  other  men,  shall  act 
like  a  poison  on  a  few  individuals.  Thus,  certain  kinds  of  meat, 
flsh,  fruit,  and   vegetables  act  tike   irritant  poisons    on  some 


CLASSinCATION  OV  POISOVS.  363 

|«nnnr.     Kven  matton  hai  been  knoim  to  act  iDramblj  in  tbii 

VAT. 

r.  />iVa«^.— Tbif^  u  ft  general  rule,  renders  the  body  less 
Rioeptilile  of  potMii.  Thns  patients  reduced  to  extreme  weak- 
ne^M  l-T  fever  or  otber  causes,  are  «carcelv  affl'cted  bv  stimulants 
whit  h  wuuld  overpriwer  the  strong.  In  cotitinnc4  and  in  ycl!c>ir 
fi'itT  there  is  increased  tolerance  of  mercury,  but  iu  paralytic 
affccti'ii:!!,  and  auonnic  statv»,  an  opposite  comlition  ]>revax'.$ ;  in 
ana  mia,  larje  dn.4e8  of  preitanitions  of  steel  are  rea>iily  K>rae ; 
and  in  #«rer«  dvaeiitery,  c)io]fra,  and  baMnorrhAsre.  laree  quan- 
titieih  of  i^pinm ;  in  all  the  more  se^'ere  nffLt-tioniC  of  the  nerrcos 
itytttm,  i-%'cry  remeily,  but  e«^Hi>ially  the  nrinvTii-  ]->.'. <<in»,  kst 
be  e'wvn  in  ^nvatlv  incri-aiied  closer.  Dtrlirium  tremtrcs  may  he 
Mfrlv  ami  succcMffuUv  treated  bv  half-ounce  df'se^  of  r:nc:'jre  '.f 
diffitaKfi,  and  opium  may  he  given  in  one  form  of  c:an:3  in  re- 
{ i-uted  itrscs  of  two  scruple*.  The  only  exception  to  the  ^T.eral 
raltf  \»  in  tlio  case  of  {wtiMiu  which  give  ri!*e  t'^  5yiuj<:am.«  ^:■J::Ur 
t'l  th'''4e  ai-:n:iliy  I'xihtiiip.  Thus,  the  irritant j  vi'ju'.i  :r.c-rya»e 
^■ifclril:*.  d':anhii.i,  ur  dysentery  ;  and  the  i:.irr».::>  txa.*ptrale  a 
detenninatiiiu  nf  hhxicl  to  the  bruin,  or  un  alt.u-k  i.-f  cni-Tn:.i. 

Th#-rf  in  still  nno  rnndititm  of  livstem  which  d^-^+rves  s.tr.ti.a 
a.-*  tending*  li»  ini]Kiir  the  t'tftft  of  juiisr^:;.-* — viz..  ^'.wp.  Ir.  ti.L* 
••tate  all  the  fumtiuns  arc  carried  on  niorv  Lnizc:<llv,  niA  :lr  U<Jv 
14  liE>>i>  alivf  to  the  action  of  uicdiiincs  :ind  y  In^n*.  Ti::o  ia  Izi:- 
*A  *lii-}i  anificially  induce<l,  wj  that  narL-oT:!-  j.  \^'jv.*  ^'.^t'.  »:!:. 
>  r  («-f'.re  oilier  jNiiiion-,  mii»t  wi-aki-n  nr  co-i.tt-mct  ti.trir  t?ei?tp. 
0|  i  :iii,  f.ir  example,  when  given  with  ar-t:.:c,  n  t  -.i/.y  ir-^!.*.* 
the  hMiijitoms  prujier  to  that  pciiK»n,  Lut  ajjit-ars  tv  r^rari  :i? 
c}n:raii<>ii. 

4.  ^7*;jr«#7?«'a/iOA  ^.f /'••iV./ijr. — Tliere  are  or/.v  two  i-rlr.?": '=*» 
iif  t'.jViticalion  which  commind  ll.enr.-HrSes  to  ti.e  y.\z*i^'Z.\  t* 
V^iriniry  m 'ind  and  pmctically  u^ttul.  The  '^r.o  jrr-.i.je!  tj.t 
{■iiinijnA  arc>rdiu(;  to  their  feourco,  the  'thtr  in  ar-*-- rliLt.-ir  v.::;. 
their  action  on  the  M>tem.  When  the  i^t<  priijcij '•••  :-  a:  J'^-i, 
|-»;-«.n*  are  arrur^rctl  as  inrrgani<'  anil  i.  rj";iT:i..- ;  .r  ::.  ti.rw: 
le:tdirig  claHM^* — niiiieral,  v^||^rtahle,  iii.il  u:..:i:i!;  ■«:.•-;.  t:.e 
iK^vind  isi  pri'fi-rred,  it  i»  u>ual  t^i  arrai:se  tl.tni  •,.\<f  It.  ti.rt.e 
I  la«M^  irritantj-,  nan-otics,  and  n.'ir«"lici>-:rr:*.a:.T*.  Ti.i-  :ir-t 
c-:u.»iricatii.n  ia  o|ien  to  the  uhviniis  o:  j»'Ct;<in  that  :;.■■•.::•.  a!::,  i-t 
all  the  jMiiitr>ns  fruui  I  lie  mint  ml  and  frfix:i  the  :i:.i::.:i'.  ii. !:.;.":  ore  9 
are  irritants,  th*7«e  from  the  vi-j'tahle  kli-irl-n.  "/n.j  r.*<-.  in 
uil'tilion  to  Hn)ple  irritantN  a  rrreat  i;unjliT  *•{  ['•■>■:..'*  ^«j.'.(.-h, 
uiidrr  any  ounceivable  arrangement ,   uiu»t   he  d.5*wr;'Mited  intfi 


ON  POISONS  m  GENEBIL. 


iflntion  '>*i^^| 

■tm  the  nM^^I 


mui;  diitinct  groaps.  On  tbe  other  band,  ■  clwillnlioii  bi 
on  the  mode  of  action  of  puiaooa  U  subject  to  the  iaoonieaii 
of  aeparatiog  from  each  other  poiaona  derived  froin  the  ■ 
kingdom  of  nature,  and,  for  that  rauon,  presenting  uuJogiea 
and  contresta  of  chemiod  compoaition  wlueh  render  their  juxl»> 
position  eitremelj  conienient. 

By  no  pcaaible  clxuAeation,  therefiire,  can  <re  reconcile  the 
conflicting  reqnirementa  of  phjnolog;  and  natural  hiabori.  or 
satisfy  tho«  who  wek  in  all  auch  arraneementa  the  higbeat 
sdentiAo  aecnrapy.  But  thoae  nrho  nee  in  cluaification  rather  an 
inatmment  of  oonreniancEi  than  an  exprennon  of  abatiact  trulb, 
will  be  ready  to  oojiiiesce  in  any  grouping  which  bringi  into 
closest  contact  those  objecla  that  can  be  best  studied  when  they 
prvoode  or  follow  cnch  oUier,  and  concerning  which,  when  u 
plaa.<d,  certain  |;EDenil  principles  can  be  laid  down.  The  acbeme 
nhicb  be<t  fulfils  these  conditiona  n-ill  be  set  Ibrth  and  explained 
when  some  of  the  extating  claa^5caUoni  have  been  diocribed  and 
eutnined. 

Tbe  division  first  proposed  by  Poder^  into  irritault,  norcotiei, 
mareotico-acricU.  and  ifptia,  reat*  on  a  physiotofical  basis,  ss  doea 
also  the  more  generally  accepted  triple  division  irbich  eiclndea 
tbe  hat,  and  retains  the  other  tbree.     But  the  beat  toueologial 
writen  have  groim  diaaatisfied  with  the  third  group  of  narcoticD- 
•erids,  as  oflending  againat  every  sound  logical  principle,  and  hare 
mdcavoured  to  reconstniet  tbe  claaiificncion  of  poisons  on  a  aonnd 
phyaiologinil  hasia.     Tbe  meat  ambitious,  hut  least  ■noceasTuI, 
attempt  is  that  of  Ikrdieu  :■  that  of  Casper  ia  acucely  an  im< 
pnivenitnt  iipjo  it  t  'he  scheme  of  Dr.  Tajhir  is  leis  open  la 
'     I'lamintng  these  scheme*,  and  A^H 
'    ir'ire  tiie,  id  preTer  a  iiiinpiiiiJ|^B 
'^ ^y  and  natural  history.     We  8|^H 


CLUsaiarms  oi  i 


mptwtaBt  dbtt  produced  on  Uie  nwaoi 
.  ET  OD  the  Jangi.    Hm  duHfisatiDa,  m  flu 
7  tit  ci|i)wa  it  in  ttui  plao^  will  thereto*  bt  ■ 


«  kadiiiK  duMi  of  inorginie  ud  orgnnie  pouona  fignre 

L  h  tlw  bilU  at  mortaUt;  ftir  ISS£-6  a*  noung  respeetirel;  7?  ud 

LsSl  dcMlii  ont  <r  tiie  8f%  do«  to  prntoru  dialinctly  tpadSed.    133 

d  bjr  paiioa*  not  identified,  bciog  added,  makes  np  ■ 

ll  llf  Mil  ilwlln  M  Mill  laiiii 111  to  luve  been  produced  by  poi*an 

»al  them  jaum.     It  will  be  leen  that  out  of  100 

g  ditBl,  Stf  would  be  iDorganic,  and  71  orgBOic.    Tlio 

at  pnatm*  of  tlie  two  duiea  are  bIiowd  by  tbe  fol- 

g  fijtiirea ; — IiwrgaHic :  atwnk  S7,  nits  of  lead  S3,  mineral 

15,   laU*  oT  nKTcarj    10.       Organic:    laudanum,   opium, 

_     _     a,  ami  Gudfrej'i  onrdial  lit,  pnuuo  acid,  ownCiBl  oil  of 

UUci   dmood*.  and   cyanide  of  potaaaium  34,  oxalic  add  IS, 


■aliject  of  claaaiflcatiDn,  it  niaj  ba  well 

ic  of  tlie  r»alt«  of  tbe  plin  now  adopted  u  com- 

irf  wllb  that  preferred  in  former  editiona  of  tbia  nork.    Oulie 

I,  wbtdi  followed  the  contwve  mineral  aeidi,  and  resembled 

n  tn  Uw  dfatmctire  elTedii  of  it*  itronger  aotutionn,  i*  now 

I   grouped  witb  {muaie  add,  wbidi  it  aa  nearly  rcsemblea  in  tlie 

. •  :. .;.g  mj  mnriicd  effect  on  the  nervous  centre*  ; 

ita  actire  prindple,  cantlmridiDe,  with  aonie 

r  Impinlaiit  patait,  aro  removed  from  tbe  irntant  to  the 

iliich   will  now  be  found   every  active  prio- 

^in;    BO   that  these   principles  lony    now  be 


I 


I  llurit  diachBtiuation  the  one  from  the  others  and  the  ioorganic 
pusana  ou  b«  nmilarly  treated  with  like  adtantnge.  Tbe  illus- 
tntlolH  of  tbe  pdaonona  phuili  will  ako  be  found  ude  bj  aide 


CHAPTER  rr. 

EVIDENCE  OF  POISONING. 


UxDEa  the  title  nl  the  head  of  this  cl 
tlie  drcumstsncea  wbicli  would  lead  oi 


IB  been  taken. 


bate  moat  direct!}'  la  the  fonnation  of  on  opinion  are  the  SjfK^lomi 
and  jKwi-morimi  appearaitret :  expvrinituU  om  oninafi ;  elu- 
mical  anaU/iU;  and  condMct  iff  itupevltd  pertoiu.  VatoaUe 
eridence  ia  also  Hffi>rded  by  Me  ii/mplupit  atiH  poit-iiorUm 
vppearancfM  proper  lo  the  differmt  olmm  of  poUonj. 

1.  St/Mptomt. — In  romt  cuea  (•(  poianiiing  tlie  symptomi  ip- 
pear  laddeiilj,  in  a  penoti  in  good  healtb,  ttxm  after  tuking  food, 
drink,  or  medidne ;  and  in  Moat  fatal  cage^  dentil  kappeni  io  « 
few  minulei,  hoora,  or  dajt 

The  tadden  appearaneg  qf  tke  ij/n^lovu  aflbnis  a  presnmptiim 
in  fWvour  of  poiBoning ;  for,  in  full  imet,  poiaoni  act  prampl];. 
On  the  other  hand,  when  given  in  rduII  und  repeHted  dom^  tha 
iavHuon  of  the  lymplotna  nmj  bo  jcrailaflL  It  must  alio  be 
recollected  that  manj  diaeaie*  of  the  vital  o^ani — the  bru&, 
heart,  and  lungs— perrorntion  of  the  iloniMh  or  inteatjnei,  and 
«evcre  epidemic  maladiei,  tucih  aa  plague,  chotera.  jrelloir  rever, 
continued  fovur,  the  febrile  exaiithenialji,  •mall-poi,  acarlaUna, 
and  measles,   set  in  sudden];  with  severe  ajinptonia    of  iniUt. 

TAb  oecHivenee  of  thf  ii/mptotm  in  a  pmon  in  gwd  htalli, 
also  uiTords  a  presumjitiou  iu  fuvour  of  ptnsoning;  but  as  many 
Mate  diieaaea  anddenly  attaek  healthy  persons,  and  msuj  (udden 
deaths  occur  in  peraonn  aecmingly  in  rude  health,  loo  much  stren 
must  not  be  laid  on  thii  sign.  It  should  also  be  borne  in  mind 
that  poisons  nre  cometimea  ^ven  to  tho  aiek,  and  tlisl  after  the 
healtli  bus  been  alowlf  Dudermiueil  b;  repeated  dosei  of  some  leas 
BCUve  nihslanee,  i:nch  as  tartar  emetic,  death  lins  been  andden]; 
brought  about  b;  a  deadly  iwicon,  aucli  at  morphta,  strychnia,  or 
veralria.  Witness  the  French  csw  of  Castaign,  and  the  Bnglbfa 
eaaaa  of  Palmer,  Dove,  and  Friteliard. 


BM  «f  l[l|liiiyit^t  nptmaf  tb>  aorti  af  tte  « 
■MMrf  by  |W»»  «Mr,  v(-a^  l-k.  ptwt  -Mb  th« 
■PB  ■  iaal  I  *iU  faal:  iimt  B^fGA  Adas  ^  b« 
mm^  t)  >>{,.  IMh  P«ra  -Mk  «r  " 
■null    aililMt«ltfpilrMBU«fcohl  a 


MfoTiW. 


e  wnl  m  amilarij  »SteuH :  bal  too  maeh  ii 
I  BoC  b*  <ttl«rlirf  to  On  alaeiwe  of  (odi  <&cU  ia 
nlfcmi.  6*  tkcpcmwia  vboa  the  ijmptau  har*  ibovs  Iham- 
«ilw  a«iy  Imo  partaken  el  nme  dnh,  or  part  of  a  didi,  or  of 
■^  vioa  or  drink,  whidi  tha  Uliaia  had  not  buted. 
.  naaUaik  of  aerfnl  penasi  bf  amUar  amen  BfmpbiaiK  aUD 

'^  afto'  a  aval  of  vhich  all  bare  partakto,  aSiird*  the  ilioofot 
piariUa  pfwmptlon  nf  pcManinf;  ntbar  bjr  the  (bod  iudf,  or  by 
aOB*  aectdanlal  or  intcBtional  a^iitiire.  If  the  ^tnptomf  are 
tbaR  «f  MiBidr  irntant  puuotiiDg.  we  cauoot  dutermina  bjr  tbo 
HMyliUUi  alOD*  •bkb  of  Uwaa  allamatinn  it  Ihe  Iidc  one;  but 
Wtj  ^tj  fc*  M  diarularBtJe  ai  not  only  to  prove  tlie  adminiatn- 
Dm  af  *  foitnt,  but  to  iodiiate  Ibe  ver;  ptnaon  iUtXf. 

Th«  tfmalCaacoai  fatal  atladl  of  wtctbI  prrsaiis  in  tba  «n» 

plan,  or  no  tbe  mido  miiaion.  in  tbo  abgenra  of  pnwf  that  thrj 

iMd  ]iu1«km  of  tbe  nme  food,  onald  also  ftiruiali  a  ilrong  prc- 

•otaplHiii  of  pcuaonm^.    Tlins,  tli«  death  in  oiio  night  of  four  of 

I''      Um  ogbt  p««n  winkled  to  rejireteut  tlie  SlnIti^<ll  nation  at  the 

■■   MpUala  at  Queen  Uarj  with  Uw  Dauphin  of  Fnncr,  in  ISiM 

H   pi«n]  rkmb^  at  Parla,  Biabop  iJdd,  tbo  Karl  of  Rotlico,  and 

IT   tlw  Rarl  «f  CaHilin  at  Dieppe)  I'ertaiiil;  juatiSed  the  suBjiiriou  of 

polaaninft,  lor  whirh  tba  rafqiol  of  the  Scotliah  d.-'pnties  (o  Rrnnt 

th«  sraan  uatriinuiiial  to  the  bridegroom  bad  fomishvd  a  niutive, 

bjr  (Mug  yrtat  olTanoo  to  the  Frenob  Court.* 

A  lafplcian  of  poinmiBg  is  oflcn  Bnccc«rnlly  rebutted  by  tbe 
bet  that  no  ftiod,  drink,  ur  mediome  had  been  taken  for  haun 
bnfare  the  oointuencunient  of  an  illueu  sttribnted  [o  a  i]iue)ily 
aallng  prawn.  TLu  loreronce  woold  be  Bonu'whiit  wnk<med  if 
tlavp  bad  oocunvd  ili  tbg  intvrial.     In  tbia  p!ace  it  may  b«  well 


I 


I '  Pnmge'— lUuqnii 


[AilH. 


POISONDtO. 

lO  advert  to  the  fact  that  piueong  hate  been  introdDccd  intafl 

IS  or  vngnDR,  poariKl  down  the  tbnxtt  of  a  dmnkeD  or  di 
penon.  or  inaerted  into  the  ear  ;  and  that  tlie  bypodennic  a 
cf  BdiDiniiteiing  native  mcdiciiiGs  is  not  unlikelj  ti 
bj  the  better  inFbnned  ehias  of  poUonera. 

The  rapid  noum  i^  the  lympttmu  toipardt  a  fatal  U 
afbrda  bnt  a  weak  presumption  of  poitouing;  for  many  a 
powoning  ond  fatollj  afler  a  ooiuiderable  inttrvol,  utd  hudj  anla 
diaeaMi  run  a  very  quick  ooarae. 

All  the  c1uu^eb>n  now  mentioned  are,  therefore,  to  he  reeeif  b1 
with  cantion.  and  carefnUy  weighed.  Hie  joint  occurrence  of  twn 
or  mors  of  tliem  would  aSbrd  a  atrong  presamption ;  and  Ha 
coinddence  nf  all,  thoDg;h  not  decinre,  would  jnatifj  a  very  itroag 
aoBpieion.  IliuH,  if  a  penon  in  perfect  health,  30oa  after  taking 
food,  were  attacked  with  aevere  and  eontiniied  vomiting  and 
purging,  nnd  died  within  twenty-fiiar  hoars,  a  strong  dufodoa 
would  naturally  arise  that  the  food  had  coutained  some  pfHsonoig 
flubetancei  and  the  niBpiciDn  would  be  greatly  atrengtbened  if 
other  persons  who  had  partaken  of  the  ume  food  were  limilariy 
afffccled.  The  fbod  itself  might  have  had  poiaonona  properties  ur 
the  poiBOD  might  have  been  addnl  to  it ;  but  the  probability  of 
puisoniug  in  one  of  these  two  waya  is  very  atrong ;  and  the  in- 
feienca  would  he  almost  irresiatihle  if  it  could  bo  shewn  that  the 
person  affected  had  never  sniTered  in  the  same  way  before,  and 
that  neither  Engliab  nor  Aaintic  cholera  prevuled  at  the  time. 

2.  Pait-mortem  Apfearaaeei. — There  are  certain  praeorta  and 
classes  of  poisons  which  leave  in  the  dead  body  nnmistakeahle 
ngm  of  their  action.  Mineral  acids  stain  and  corrode  the  patta 
with  which  they  come  in  contact,  nnd  oxahc  acid  in  ttmng  soln- 
Ijon,  as  well  as  one  or  two  mineral  corrowres.  destroy  the  lining 
membrane  of  the  gullet  and  stomach.  Other  paisous  yield  highly 
characleristic'dcpoeits.  Thoa  eorrodvo  anblimnte,  denimposed  by 
the  Kcretions  and  mcmhrane  of  the  itomoch,  or  by  its  albnminons 
CDDtcnla,  leaves  a  >lat«-eoloured  depo«t  of  finely-divided  mercury ; 
and  Brsenions  acid  in  sobstance  a  white  palish  clinging  to  the 
inflamed  membrane,  which  may  he  changed  into  the  yellow  anl- 
phide  by  rolpburetled  hydrogen,  the  prodnct  of  pntrefaction. 
Orpiment  and  Scheelc's  green,  canthorides,  and  nnx  vomica,  and 
tbe  spores  of  ptrisonous  muthrooins,  also  leave  a  coating  of  chaise- 
teristic  colour ;  pbocphorua  belraya  Lt«elf  by  ahiuing  in  the  dark ; 
and  vegetable  poisons  are  aomettmes  identified  by  seedi^  or  ft 
menta  of  leaves  left  in  the  ahmentary  ranaj. 

Other  poisons,  again,  whether  inorganic  or  organic,  both  tl 
which  have  a  limple  Irritant  action,  and  those  formerly  c1 


EirEKIKESn  0 


3C3 


tc  ■  nian  intsnfe  inflmunullaD  in  the  lUmacb 
thU  due  to  diwuc.  A  Itt*  degree  of  inflim. 
ion  in  tbon  who  die  >  natunil  death,  woald 
a  of  ptimmiag;  and  the  nmo  remirk  ■ppiiei 
of  vaagtatina  in  the  hnin  which  ire  commoD 
ll  tin  irtkw  at  tlw  nmotici  umI  nareotieo-acridi,  and  Co  muj 
■nbnl  tteuai  awl  dianrdsr*. 

Orcat  tnqwtaiice  natnrall;  attachn  to  the  negative  cndemv 
bwB  poat-awrtrMi  appeanifcea ;  tneh  aa  the  abaenoe  of  conoikni 
ii  alla^rf  aaa  of  pcuming  b;  eorninTea,  aod  of  iattaniination. 
ifttr  lk«  alleged  adminiatntioo  of  an  irritant  or  uareoticn- irritant 
■alBon.  The  abnnce  of  ooT^^tioD  of  the  brain,  in  a  eaie  of 
■BpoMd  nvmtic  pmioaing,  ■oold  aObrd  a  lower  prenimptiao. 

Th»  attimi  of  chanctcriMic  poat-moitf  m  appearaneea  migfit 

aln  bnooM  important  in  the  rer;  imptubable  event  of  ptuon 

le  bodj  after  death,  with  a  liew  to  ineol- 


1 
I 


Ftmncrij  undue  impartane 
or  Liiriitj  of  the  ikin,  and  to 
fefl  valance  of  iwiauriiitif;.      Ik 


f  wu  attaebed  to  nnuaual  blacknai 
the  earlj  oocnrrence  of  putrcfactioD 
it  there  ii  no  reaaoQ  to  believe  that 
uiamon  after  death  bj  poiaoti  than 
alia'  stbat  brm  of  nidden  or  •pevdj'  death ;  and  it  ii  now  wtfi 
ha0wn  ihait  Mm*  of  tbe  tDineml  pcuoni — for  iiafoce,  anemooa 
trill.  CMTodM  ablinute,  and  ebloride  of  lioc — pruerre  the  putt 
•tUk  wUeh  tbe?  onm*  Id  contMt. 

nM-owften  appMranee*  Mmilar  to  tboie  prodoeed  bj  paboo. 
mn  thmasfa  cooflraed  bjr  the  diacoirery  of  the  poiaeo  itidf. 
vookl  ool  pm*  liiat  daath  baa  bmn  caoaKl  bjr  poiaon;  ftr  it 
■ifM  W  4m  t«  aome  Moie  antidpatlag  it*  &tal  aetioo.  On  tbe 
adm  hnd,  a  diMl  bud;  mtj  baar  narka  of  tema  aUnmi 
tnjoiy.  «r  al«D^e  dIaeM*  of  tbe  inUmal  oe^gan^  and  jtt  tbe 
iwl  mmt  el  daath  ba  poJMn. 

1W  pait  natteni  atiparaneaa,  then,  Iboogh  thaj'  fnmiah  eeo- 
lio^et  imlepanJHit  eridnM*  in  tbe  eaae  ofleTeml  r"-*",  a&nl 
on);  •  rfifht  pnoamptiuD  to  a  higer  miMiba-:  bat  eitn  when 
ixunntln^n  In  tbemMlraa,  the;  maj  atrangthta,  bj  Ifaeir  pr»- 


— Theae  are  reiy  nhuUe  boUi  aa 
>BuiJbi||'  erfdaoM  of  [vriaoning,  aod  a*  iUaatniing  the  moda  of 
•yoalkin  of  polaona.  KipeHment*,  mnBrmad  b;  bapp;  aoddenta 
(aa  wbM  doMPatlc  aldaaUa  and  ponltr?  have  partaken  of  tb* 


IL-wm  ftiod  M  1 


37D 

mMmm 

^- .  ^'J"  "troDff      w,    "  """nifwiKsi  of  ,k       "  "«  dia.ll 


■"•  •'«•  been 


EXPERIMENTS  ON  ANIMALS.  371 

poitonoiM.     DnrinfT  the  fiimoiu  retreat  of  tbe  10,CmX)  ncder 

ion,  the  army  toffered  KvereW  by  eating:  the  hi^ney  col- 

0d  from  tbe  azalea  pontiea.    Tbe  milk  as  well  as  tbe  flesh,  of 

bfft>w«Bg  oa  lome  of  the  herbage  in  Soath  America  has 

poiioaoBa ;  as  hai  the  fleth  of  harei  that  bad  eaten  tbe 

chiyHntbemnm,  tliat  of  pbeaMntf  that  had  fed  on 

bfoda  and  ibooU  of  tbe  calmia  latifolia.  and  that  of  partridzet 

bad  partaken  of  certain  berries  daring  tbe  Canadian  winter, 

kad  been  imported  into  this  country  ]iacked  in  ice;  and  as 

lairiy  aa  September,  1862,  Mr.  F.  Taykn-,  of  Romsey,  reported 

two  oaaea  of  great  severity  from  eating  the  Canadian  partridge, 

the  ease  of  a  cat  sickened  and  paralysed  by  the  same  cause. 

tine  sinee,  levenil  persons  near  Tookrase  were  poinned  by 

a  <Uah  of  snails  which  had  been  fattened  on  the  leaves  and  sbo'^ts 

of  cofftaria  myrtifolia.* 

It  nay  be  safely  conceded,  therefore,  that  certain  pouoos 
balooging  to  the  vegetable  kingdom  may  be  consumed  with 
inipniuty  by  insects,  birds,  and  animals,  and  yet  tbe  boner 
cuUcct«d  by  bees,  tbe  flesh  of  birds,  and  tbe  milk  and  flesh  of 
aaiinab,  if  consumed  by  human  beings,  may  occasion  distinct,  and 
dangcstms*  and  ewn  fatal,  symptoms  of  poisoning. 

To  the  evidenfO  drawn  from    eiperiments  on  animals   with 
matters  rejected  from  the  human  stomach,  or  collected  from  the 
utomacli  and  intestines  after  death,  it  has  been  objec'ti-d  that  tLe 
animal    secretions  may  be  so  vitiated  as  tbem««lve!t   to    j-riv^ 
poisonnos,  und  the  obj««tion  has  been  eiiforctd  by  a  wf-r.-k^.^wr. 
cxperinH-nt  nf  Mor)r:i$;ni.     TlielMle  from  the  st'.>xMch  '/  ft  •■'i'-'ii. 
wIk>  died  in  ronvulsii mi*  from  tertian  ague,  mixed  with  Vrr^i  «:.-: 
given  to  a  rock.  oinM-d  ooiiviilMons  and  dvath  in  a  f<:w  ::.!:  •r.p«. 
and  tbe  same  eflVct  fallowed  in  two  pigeon*  iri'ini-a*^  w!*'.  :t. 
Hut  it  is  obvious  that  cxiierimeiits  wiih  the  hiierf  a  d.-^^^^^.-' 
ifahjcct  c»n  liave  no  projier  application  to  csttv*  ::i  u:.!".  !    ■: 
rtjected  fnmi  a  healthy  fitoroach  ha*  prov(*(l  |i»iR'.n  ■':«  v.  a;:>r.  -I- 
It  is  aran-elv  nii*eMarv  to  state  that  the  neL'H':v']r  r«r-':!:  ■  f  ^i* 
periments  with  KnlMt:inces  rtjected  from  the  *•'..!;  :'K.  t  r  •:•.: 
then*  after  di-ath,  is  not  crnirloMve  RL^ain-t  ji  ■-":.. r./.  f«r  •.:> 
{«iiaijnous  ftulistaniv  may  have  been  e\'a|»>rjted.  ■  !•.-<'  m*^;-.-!,  3th- 
iMirlied,  or  previously  nJiTted. 

When  there  i*  reason  to  helie^'e  that  ^e  ^r**  d'/.i!!r .»  %'.•.'.  a 
small  quantity  of  ]ViiKm,  small  aniuu!->.  f^\*-)i  a?  r:*-  't  "  ><•. 
should  be  rln»M.'n  (or  eX|ieriHU-nt ;  or  the  inrj,  hi  j-ir*'.-  If.v 
adaptt^  for  ex  fieri  ini'nt  witli  tn'.nnto  qunn^'i*':''-  '•!'  -t..  ;,  y.\~i.}.^ 
ii^  tlr^chnifi.  J^eei'hi-H  have  uWi  l>een  su^'l:* »*■"':  -•■'  a;  ,...<-i'j|<.'  ij 
*  '  If  Ml.  Tfoir*  and  Usu.,'  M-pt.  Is,  j-«  i. 

h  V.  i 


r 


3/8 

tliD  nme  pnrpoie.     The  bypodennic  isMbod  of  ■ 
■Dch  nrtire  niedidim  ■■  morpbia  and  «    '       ~     ' 
(if  uitenuon   to  the  identiAntioti  ot  f 
oxiii  tu  ■uScimt  dais  luve  be«i  coUartad  hf  m 
IHirimenUi,*     Thoae  who  desin  to  tbllHr  gji  lUtdMitt  il 
UU4IU  ihmild  ulect  Tw  their  pmpiMe  o  ■  •     - 

roooe  the  dog. 

Id  d»liiig  with  brgin-  animaU  tha 
with  fioiKini  trhich  act  speedilv,  the  ^idlct   aboold  be  » 
with  a  li^ture. 

Tlie  iKWPwt,T  of  eiperimi 
■nltd   iiy  oheiiiical  urialjiisi   but  b>  the  tcMi   far  « 
Tff^tabla   poiuiu  are   oncertaiD,  auch   nprrimaiti,  f 
with  caiv,  *rc  valuable,  and  have  been  admitted  ai 

Whon  aipvrimmU  on  auimals  are  reported  to,  in  ordm 
tiato  the  nrode  ot  opciation 
portant  igimtiun,  inch  «■  the  aharteit  ti 
of  iM-nuii:  «dd  ma;  [irare  fatal,  or  the  posnble  abaoioe  ol 
of  inflimmatioa  in  tlie  eloniach  sfler  poisoning  bt  b 
■wb  ni  nimnive  suhlimate,  chince  Bhould  be  made  of  the  dj 
the  aninnl  of  which  we  liuve  the  Inrgoit  eipcriencc- 

4  Climital  Analyiii. — Thii  form  of  evidence,  tboii^  n 
•olutely  iiece«f«rj  wlien  tho  BymptoiDa,  poat-mort«m  ■ 
and  circumstantial  evideoce  coaGrm  each  otlier,  or 
two  of  the  tliree  coincide,  is  always  of  the  tint  ii 
piriaim  may  be  discovcTEd  in  the  living  person  b j  t< 
the  arine,  to  tUo  blood  ab<tract«d  by  bleeding,  copping,  or  k 
or  Ui  the  Acrnm  of  a  bliitorcd  turfaoe ;  or  it  may  be  detMUd  h 
Uio  deud  body  in  the  blood,  flesh.  viKen,  and  ■ucretkoa.  In 
either  caie  the  dUcovery  of  the  poison  aflbrdi  coaduaTe  eridmn 
nfila  admin  intuition. 

When  we  are  deHliug  with  gohatanos  r^eeted  from  the 
■tomach  or  voided  by  tlie  boweli,  with  the  contonta  of  the 
ttHOHuh  and  buweU  after  death,  or  with  food  or  medicine  of 
which  tho  sufferer  liu  |Mrtaken,  the  evidence  is  obviously  Icb 
CMh-luaiVB.  for  objuctlons  uiny  be  raised  on  each  of  the  thiw 
■Bi^aBition*.  tUnt  poinon  is  detected,  tliat  it  it  not  detected,  or 
that  It  U  found  In  very  imall  quantity. 

Whan  ■  pmmm  itfmnd  in  the  matters  discliai^cd  during  lile, 
or  Ml  in  the  alimentary  omal  sfler  ileath,  or  in  food  ur  medi- 
dM.  It  may  be  ol^ected  that  it  might  Imve  been  acddentally 
wlsfd  witli  it,  or  fraudulently,  in  order  to  incnlpate  an  innocent 

*  Kr.ldiB  narlij't  QulitoDlui  lictum  giTcn  it  the  CnllSfe  nf  Phjitelaas 


^i^ 


tn  wtiicih  cue  t)ie  evidence  inusl  lis  lapported  b;  proof 
tnat  this  eouM  nat  ha<e  bAppeiied. 

Bat  wbea  a  pdiaon  if  miljiHiiml  in  aaj  of  the  (ubattincefl  sub- 
mitted In  aiialytii,  it  doo  not  follow  that  nonu  iiiu  heon  taken  ; 
(or,  in  the  rate  ofa  meal  sctnall;  containing  piMSon,  nnil  fallowed 
bj  aymptoma  of  pmioning,  the  articlm  aubmilted  tn  atutlyiig  may 
not  GOntain  Che  poiKin,  tboofih  tome  other  portion  or  the  meal 
ma;.  The  poison  may  even  be  so  unoqoally  diitribiileil  througti 
a  aiiigle  di<h  that  the  part  examined  may  not  oootnin  it,  thoug-h 
otbera  paria  of  it  do.  The  poiHan  may  be  Id  the  gravy,  and  not 
in  the  meat,  or  it  may  have  been  sprinkled  only  on  the  ouCado 
of  the  joint.  A^in,  we  may  bil  to  detect  pmaon  in  the  contenta 
of  the  atomach  and  Inteatinn,  becaoae  it  had  been  rejected,  or 
evaOUBt«d,  abaorbod,  ilwompowd,  or  evaporated;  or  became  it 
btlone:*  to  thatlnr^  olua  of  vegetable  poisons  nhiebwehave  not 
j«t  foond  the  meHii«  nf  diacovering  with  certainty.  Poiaons  are 
moat  likely  to  be  rejected  or  evacuated  when  thej  belong  to  the 
claaa  of  irritants,  abaorbed  when  they  are  in  a  floid  tliiie  or 
•oIdUo,  dccompoKd  when  they  belong  to  the  animal  or  vege- 
tabla  kitlgdom.  Poiaona  which  are  inaoluble,  or  sparingly  aoluble. 
anch  aa  an«iic,  may  uftea  be  detected  in  the  stomach,  and  some- 
in  tho  Intestines,  alter  repeated  vomitioj;  anil  purging, 
glaed  to  the  mucous  coat  by  the  teoaciooa  produirts  of 
mition. 

■n  the  oiaininaUon  of  the  body  i*  delayed,  and  in  cases  of 

ilii(«rtnent,  we  may  fail  to  discover  a  polaon  which  was  In  the 

'j  at  the  time  of  death,  from  ita  having  duded  through  the 

ntnrw,  eniporat«d,  or  been  decompoMd.     ThisoliservHtion  does 

.apply   to  mineral  poisona;  Ibr  though  aubject  to  chauge  by 

la  decay  of  the  teiturer,  they  are  trAnsronne<1,  not  destroyed. 

It  arsaniona  acid  may  be  converted  into  the  yellow  tutphide ; 

corroaive  niblimite  may  be  changed  into  the  binck  suJphide 

■Of  msnniry,  or  to  cakimel,  by  contact  with  the  mocDui  menv- 

h  may  depont  finely  divided  mercnry.     Among  animal 

poiaiuM,  ointharide*,  nod,  among  vegetable  poison*,  strychnia, 

may  be  monUoned  aa  tmdieigoing  little  change  from  the  decay  of 

tlio  tea  tare*. 

It  iatoarcely  necetaary  to  add  that  maliciona  or  miilflken  Im- 
patatioiit  uf  poisoning  may  be  aliOHU  to  be  unfonnded  by  the 
IKin-ditcovHTy  of  polsiai  in  the  matters  allGgvd  to  contain  it. 

Wlien  yiAtoa  ia  found  in  cm/  imall  qaatilUt/,  the  objection  ia 
mre  to  bo  adranood  that  il  was  not  tiiffldent  to  account  ftir 
daitb  I  but  the  ol^Mtioa  is  met  by  the  obvious  reply  that  th* 
quantity  found  moat  needa  fall  tbort  oE  UuA  uAueWj  tjCfceavVit 


CONDUCT  OF  SCSPECTED  PERSOVS. 


375 

a  feurUon  grami,  nhilo   the   latter   coutaincd  obIj  five 
^(nuiu,  totbe  ounce.* 

Smnuel  WhsUey  wu  iiiJietrf  Rt  Tork  Spring  Amubi.  in  1881, 

iniitmng  ursentc  to  Hnrlha  King,  urlio  was  pregnant  b; 

I.     But  it  appeared  tittt,  of  the  tarts  in  whicli  the  arnnic 

I  alleged  to  have  been  adminietered.  the  portiani  eaten  conid 

i  hive  tontained  more  than  ten  g[nina,  wbilc  th«   matten 

Uegcd  to  have  been  vomited,   containod,  even  aflei  repeated 

sttadu  of  vomiting,  fifteen  grains. 

S.  Coiuiacl  of  ivtperled  persotit. — Oreat  iraportaiice  If  verj' 
properly  attached,  in  triuU  for  puiaoning,  to  tlie  conduct  of  the 
priKmcr,  before,  during,  and  afttr  the  illneaa  of  the  decGai«d. 
He  ii  oft«n  prored,  without  adequate  motive,  to  have  made  a 
ttudy  of  polaons  and  their  properties  j  to  have  pnrcliased  poison 
under  blae  pretences;  Xo  bare  compounded  mediCToe.  or  pre- 
pared rood  for  the  deceased;  to  have  aanght  opportanitiea  of 
■dmiuialering  medicine  or  food  ;  to  have  made  biinseir  the  sole 
Rttendant  on  the  decoued ;  to  have  hastily  diaposed  of  mntten 
irhl(4i  might  have  been  oiamined ;  to  have  placed  olxlacles  in 
the  way  of  oblaining  proper  medical  assistatice ;  to  have  kept 
new  rdativea,  and  otijcr  inconvenient  witnesses  at  a  distance; 
to  have  made  harried  arraogemeata  for  the  l^inural ;  to  have 
opposed  the  examination  uf  the  body  j  to  have  tampered  with  the 
nulteri  reserved  for  analyut.  Such  acts  ns  linage,  aoiae  of  which 
■n  likely  lo  fall  under  the  notice  of  a  medical  nttcndant,  will 
have  to  be  cartfUly  weighed  by  the  jury,  together  with  such 
Other  itema  of  geoenil  or  circunutanUol  evidence  as  point  to  the 
uiiteneeofan  obvious  motive  or  inducement  to  the  crime,  or 
Indicate  the  previous  state  of  mind  of  the  deceased,  ai  affording 
.  K  probability,  or  the  reverse,  of  suicide. 

L       8.   SgnploBU  and   poil-mortrm    appranmeet   proper  to    the 

mt^^trfHt  eUuttt  of  poitom. — The  foregoing  obscrvationi  will  be 

^Wldentoud  lo  apply  la  p(risons  in  general.     The  symptoms  and 

■torn  appearances  proper  to  the  principal  classes  of  poisons 

F  be  described,  both  as  giving  completeness  to  the  pre- 

It  chapter,  and  as  supplying   information   applicable  to   the 

dal  poisons  both  of  the  inorganic  and  organic  divisions.  There 

a  of  pi^iis  which  present  both  symptoms  and  posl- 

'  a  well-deBned  character — the  eomvives 

rritants — and  a  third  class,  divided  into  Impirtniit  sub- 

I,  icccirdlng  aa  they  affect   the  brain,  the  spinal  cord,  the 

''     *  '       "'  "te  symptoms  are  well  marked,  bat 


I 

I 
I 


afuU 


it  lalsnttUiB  csw  lec  tli 


sorTENiKS  or  the  mccous  membrane.  377 


t,  ofteii  black  from  blood  eit»va«ted  into  tlie  cellalHr 
«  beneatb,  or  iajecCian  of  tbe  vesaeU  with  dork  blood.  Some  - 
timet  the  tiwuea  are  found  (oftened,  aometime*  faard«ied  and 
•hrivelled.  The«e  poiiooa  often  produce  in  the  EUllet  ■  peeulinr 
wrinkled  and  worm-raUtn  appennmce,  due  to  tbe  contrai-tioa  of 
the  longitudinal  and  traasTene  flbres,  and  tbe  remoial  of  patchea 
of  epitheUmn.     (See  flgs.  7a,  73.  and  71.  p.  428.) 

As  these  effecU  of  the  coirouva  putwmi  may  ponibly  be  inis- 
tafcen  for  p«t-mortera  appearances  due  to  otiior  caniei,  it  niay 
ba  well  to  point  oat  more  particularly  tbe  cbanLut«rs  by  which 
tbe  one  may  be  diatingoiibed  from  the  other. 

Sijfleiaiig  of  tbe  mucoiis  mcmbiBne  dne  to  tbe  corroaiTes  is 
attended  by  chiogea  of  colour  ariaing,  in  tbe  case  of  tbe  mineral 
acids,  from  tbdr  direct  action  on  the  tiMues,  in  tbe  cate  of 
'e  auUimato,  from  the  depoait  of  the  tiiiely  divided  metal 
U  anlpUide.  In  tbe  ole  at  aome  other  corroiive  poiiona  we 
not  udited  by  these  changes,  Init  must  be  guided  by  the 
e  of  tlie  gullet,  and  tbe  action  on  tbe  ekin  auil  clothes.  Tlie 
impBd  atalc  of  the  parts  with  which  the  corroiiTe 
ea  in  contact  \t  eminently  chancteriatic ;  it  la  never  present 
JMase.  The  Ulnck  injection  of  the  veiiela  ia  not  concluuve, 
it  may  be  produced  by  the  action  of  any  add  liquid  or  acid 
1  of  tbe  stomacb  itwlf.  Oangmu  U  a  rare  result  of 
ditoue,  and  the  black  inljltratjon  into  tbe  tubDiucoua  tissue  for 
vbioh  it  is  sometimrs  mlaUkeu  is  equally  uncommon.  UlcenUioa 
and  rooaequeut  perforalioji,  the  result  of  the  action  of  the  cor- 
rfiuvea,  is  to  be  diaUngnisbed,  in  tbo  cue  of  moat  of  them,  by 
ehatacteristie  colonn ;  and  this  it  true  both  of  small  ulcers  and  of 
oteusiTe  destmcliou  of  the  tissues.  The  cbnmcterB  uf  ulcers 
bom  disease  will  be  presently  described,  when  speaking  of  irritant 
primia.  That  eitensive  destruction  of  tlie  coats  that  sometimes 
Rtisa  from  tlie  edion  of  tbe  gastric  juice  alter  death  belongs  to 
tlui  place. 

Tkt  diitmeliw  action  of  IS*  gatirie  Juice  after  death  «a» 
acrly  a  subject  of  controvorsj ;  but  thu  fact  of  iis  sometimes 
g  place  bos  been  placed  beyond  a  doubt,  by  obeerTatious  in 
u  aiul  eiperiments  on  snioials.  The  usual  seat  of  the  opening 
he  posterior  part  ol  the  stomach,  but  it  varies  with  the  poai- 
m  of  the  body.  The  aperture  may  be  us  small  as  a  shilling  or  ns 
e  as  tbe  palm  of  Uie  band  i  and  it  bos  even  been  found  to 
py  ooe-balf  of  the  stomach.  It  may  assume  any  abapej  its 
9  ore  fringed, safUned,  and  smearnl  with  a  dark  pulpy  moss; 
'te  vesKcIs  of  tbe  stomach  are  often  found  injected  with  dark 
action,  m  already  sUtcd,  oC  add  fluids.    The 


I 


nRgtibonring  viscera  (cniftiiDei  anilerg^  ■  Rinilirduiigfi  On*'  I 
ikmill;  there  u  more  Iban  one  npertDre.  A«  tbeta  n 
niftlioii  ttroQtid  the  opming,  it  ifl  not  povible  to  oot 
poM-ntarlein  rhunfe  with  the  effect  of  an  irritant  [kudd,  «tU  1 
would  be  attended  by  marka  of  acute  inflaniinattoiii,  and  b;  dai  1 
taotariitic  FtainB  and  depoaila.  When  the  gaatric  juice  aeb  9^  I 
OD  the  mucoui  membrano  of  tlie  Hlomach  it  prtt  it  a  oi  | 
gdatinooa  appeanuice  of  a  black  or  dark  brown  colonr. 

PerforatioL  of  the  intritinti  it  very  rare  in  case*  of  IniM 
poiKniiiig,  and  perforaUon  of  the  ffulUt  itiU  leas  oommini.  lUI 
may  occur  trDDi  diMasea  not  diScult  to  recognise  tttrr  death. 

b.  Irrilanl  Fotioni. — SnbataiiCEs  that  mflnme  the  paiti  l» 
which  they  are  applied  are  aud  la  act  as  irritant!  to  thote  parbi 
and  tliose  which  produce  the  aame  etRct  on  the  olinienlary  odmI 
are  also  termed  irritanCi ;  &nd,  with  the  exreptiona  indinled 
wben  defimng  the  tertn  poiton,  of  bot  and  cold  water,  and  neb 
artielea  aa  pina,  needlea,  and  powdered  gbas,  may  daini  to  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  lilt  of  irritant  poinna,  if  they  prcjre  in  any 
inatance  fatal  to  life,  or  prodoctite  of  aymptoms  of  great  Hre- 

The  daaa  of  jrritunla  mmpHaei  mineral,  animal,  and  'rfgetabk 
■nhatances ;  it  contains  S  greater  nonibcr  of  individual  pdRma 
than  all  the  lenuining  clastea  put  together;  tind  it  alao  conlri- 
bnlca  Urgely  to  tbo  list  of  raw*  oF  poianning.  It  acconnU  for 
nearly  one-lonrtb  (88  in  268)  of  the  annual  deathe  fhnu  aacer- 
t^ned  pOTBOOB ;  of  which  the  great  migority  (61  in  90)  were 
metallic  irritanti.  , 

Of  thia  considerable  cliaa  two  groups  admit  of  diatitiction  *od|l 
sepanlion ;  one.  tlie  memhera  of  which  dntroy  life  by  the  irritB- 11 
tion  they  eet  up  in  the  parti  to  which  thi^  are  applied ;  the  other,  1 1 
by  adding  to  local  irrilation  pwuliar  or  aperific  remote  effecta.'/ 
To  the  flrat  group  belong  the  princiinl  vegetable  irrilnnta,  some 
of  tbo  nlkallne  salts  used  in  mc<!icine,  the  leas  active  metallic 
pdsons,  aome  producte  of  deatructive  diatillation,  and  the  irritant 
gnsea.  The  second  gronp  comprises  Ihe  metallic  irritantm,  arsenic, 
mert-ury,  antimony,  lead  aod  copper ;  the  mctalliudal  elemontt, 
phospboruB,  and  iodine ;  and  one  product  of  the  animnl  kingdom, 
cantbaridea. 

Tbe  fi/tHflrmtt  <  anted  by  irritnnt  puitona,  as  a  class,  are  burn- 
ing pain  and  conatriction  in  tbe  throat  and  gnllet ;  aliarp  pain, 
increaaed  by  prcaanre,  in  the  pit  of  the  stomach;  intenae  thirst  j 
nauKa  and  vomiting,  folloned  by  pain,  tension  and  lendcmeaa  of 
the  entire  abdomen;  and  purging  Htleiided  with  tenouiut, 
frequently  witb  dymria.     Tbe  cQnslitiitiun»l  ajmiitoma  tsij 


1^^ 


3S0 


EXTDBKCE  or  POtSOXIKfi. 
D  »eat«  infiaininatioD  of  Ihe  il 


A>i»tic  dwlen,  ii 

in  rnptore  of  these  porta,  «■  of  other  raMnl  of  the  tMeoKB. 
TUej  mty  tito  be  prodomd  h;  drinliing  hot  er  oald  «l«r ;  lod 
antbon  hare  been  tit  tome  paint  ti  ihcm  that  nnple  di«t«taaa 
of  the  itDniKfa,  ramititig  >Dd  purging  of  Mooitt  eulif.  atrai- 
goUtcd  henuk,  obatmctioa  of  tbr  bovek,  dturhiEa,  and  dfleo- 

irntant  [xuoiuog,  aad  naj  itill  eior«  oeul;  loemUs  enti^ 
eueptiooel  cuea.  Though  •ome  of  the  otj^dkoi  ftranded  «■ 
tin*  poaobla  raeenbhDCs  of  diaeue  to  pa'aocDng  ufl  of  WSa 
tan».  U  iMf  b«  no  ts  poiBt  out  nmr  Inding  faUnm  in  wUdi 
thedNMMa  in  miialiiii  differ  froa  the  DHial  effect*  of  initaiit 

1b  Sa^lttk  tJbhr«,  Uw  natation  tctt  mnJ?  aootaio  bloo^ 
and  tWe  it  nn  puo  and  oonrtrirtion  in  the  Ihraet,  tbongk  IbCM 
ma;  be  «>aw  nrene*  m  the  ranit  of  ccnMant  ctlbrti  to  nMb. 
TW  illwer  pr«Tuk  ^trfj  'm  nnnner  uul  uniutnn.  *&d  it  rwvlj' 
IhtaL  In  Jnatie  tlmttrm,  loo,  diKbi^  of  blond  it  •  rtrr  ni« 
awuireiKie.  tbongh  the  eneutioai  eometinua  h*l«  a  {airt-atee 
tisl ;  auiI  the  j^o  and  autrictioo  of  the  thnat  an  «airiiB|'. 
Id  bath  likeatM  tlM  patgnif  fcUe«*  ttw  vomLHsg  hbi^  b«« 
rafidi;  tbaa  ia  cmb  il  (lOMnwng.  Thare  >i  oh  graqi  of  cawi 
of  piiitcsiiig  bj  aneBic.  in  wlucb  the  ajsplM*  aa  pari;  re- 
'  '■  of  the  two  liinB.  of  rbdL«n.  that  mudiol  men  hM« 
r  witkeat  terlodtlj  tlfrrling  thor  npotatioo. 
•  a^Or  ^mikJu  Dat|«  ■  th«  mit  «f  drink- 
'  fdwt  of  mne  trritant  lahetaaa 
^  )•  n*7  lUT.  and !«  not  •noilad  t?  (wb 
I  •  ■'■  inill   n      -.         'j    --'■  Jateoflaat- 

■  ■ril*  tMBfc  ^M»  their  pirilpniBl  o^mnf.  and  it 
-  -    --         "    "         J>iA.miam  of  Or  riaieaB*.  th^gh 


I. 


IBKlTAliTS P0«<T-VOKTEII  APrEiRASCr 


331 


l«!lli  eicraciatiiig  p^Oi  anil  eitrsmi)  teDdemew  of  the  atxtomen, 
cold  skin,  fteble  puW,  ud  lymptoms  of  callHpae.  with  death 
witbiu  twenty-four  hours.  The  effect  of  drinking  Ac/  water 
diffura  from  that  of  the  aiiople  corrosives,  chieflj  in  the  absence 
of  ebaracterSstic  Mains,  and  the  negative  nsult  of  an  nnalytU. 
The  drinking  of  eold  tiquidi  sometime!  eansee  Tomiting  aod 
porging,  and  other  ijniptoms  allied  to  those  of  irriUnt  ptHson- 
iDg  ;  and,  in  the  abeeiice  of  n  complete  hiatorj  of  the  case,  we 
maj  have  to  rvaort  la  the  n^itive  evidence  afforded  b;  the 
result  of  an  analysis. 

Of  womitmg  and  frging  of  blood  it  will  lie  sufficient  to 
remark  that  thoy  are  not  iioocmipanied  by  argent  i/mptoms  log- 
geMiva  of  the  action  of  poiion  ;  of  diarrhaa  aud  dgKnlerg  that, 

I  in  the  (frcat  majoKt;  of  cases  of  poitooing  diuihargoa  froio  the 
boweU  are  aMociated  with  vomiting ;  and  of  co'jc,  ttfangidated 
Jkraic,  and  ohilrvetio*  of  tkt  hmceU,  that  they  are  attenJed  by 
constipation,  and  that  the  yomited  matters  are  often  feculent. 
'tiit  pott'Oarlem  appearamni  in  irritant  pmsoning  are  not  al- 
waya  ehatncteristic;  and  it  is  true  of  themorecoDimon  appear- 
■DHik  u  of  aome  of  the  more  nsaal  symptoms,  that  they  may  be 
.(Mxadoned  by  disease.  TI104  oinally  specified  are  Scdntu,  Qat- 
grtf  Ba<'  Lifiditii,  Sofleniag,  Clceratiow,  and  Perferation  nf 
tk*  maoaiu  memliraHe. 

Bai*rM  of  (Ab  oHicoia  mtmbrow  may  he  produced  by  colour- 
ing uiall«T :  bat  when  it  is  doe  to  blood  contained  in  the  leuoU, 
it  may  be  traeed  to  iubaideDce  after  deatb ;  to  repletion  of  the 
■mall  vEMels  hy  the  contruction  of  large  arteries;  to  trnnsn- 
daCion  tlimugh  tbe  peritoneal  covering  of  the  liver  or  ejilcen ;  to 
oungalioD  in  cases  of  ludden  death,  especially  if  cansed  by 
■pnin,  when  it  often  oomrs  in  large  briglit  patches;  of  lastly. 
It  may  rvaiilt  from  (bu  (low  of  Mood  to  the  stomach  which  takes 
place  daring  digmtinn.  Sometimes,  too,  a  remarkable  redness  of 
the  iloiDac^  is  fiiuod  after  death  wilhoiit  any  symptoms  huvint; 
uccarriMl  daring  life  U>  account  for  it.  Hence,  mere  roduess  of 
tlio  mucous  Dnt  of  the  itomacb  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  a  proof 
of  mflummattcm  I  bat  when  it  is  eomtnned  with  softening,  putre- 
faelion  lint  luvini;  Ml  in  1  when  tbe  membrane  iC«elf  is  covered 
^tliwk  and  tenaciOBsmueaa;  wbcn  it  is  opaque,  so  that 
d  olf  it  hides  the  Soger  over  which  it  is  stretched, 
kvMJT  oettainly  be  attributed  to  inflammatian ;  aud 
'[>  apply  to  the  intesUnes. 
I  Liadilg, — Oaagrent  at  the  mucous  membrane 
■rn  eonsHjuimee  of  obitrocted  drcalnljon  in  cases  of 
d  coustriclioD,  and  Authors  i>(  reputation 


I 


BTmEscx  or  poiumsa. 


>itfa  ii 

LiteidUg. — W1i«ii   tliii  oRare  u  ■  ainiite   i 
(weU  wirb  blxcb  blood  (Ggt.  7l  and  75,  pfk  4 
may  be  the  molt  of  the  action  of  an  acid  inlrndar 
out.  or  gcttcratifl  vitliiii  the  bodj;  and  it  can  be 
death  bjr  poanng  an;  of  the  minenl  acid*  into 
Lividitj'  tlifn,  or  blackncn,  of  tlie  memlmtw.  • 
caiued  by  gan^iir,  U  an  appeamoce  not  directly  do*  to  dl 
bat  tbe  pSect  of  •ome  ai-id,  (wallowed  or  tevretod. 
ncM  aametimei  met  with  in  tbe  inteatinn  in  acute  djt 
ontoritia,  if  not  gnngrenoua,  a  probably  due  to  tbe  a 
The  depcHt  of  black  pigment  known  as  iceUaoaia,  U  dn 
by  being  arranged  in  r^^Ur,  well-defloed  spot^  vitbont  tl 
iug  of  tbe  memhrane,  or  aifnu  of  nrnHutduig  inflaataatian. 

5M/I«iij^.~Tbe  mntoiu  memlHtttie  Buy  be  •ofUned  or  b 
deneil  by  the  action  of  poiioaB,  or  ai  tbe  reault  of  i<  ~ 
cButed  by  tbcm,  or  it  rpmlta  from  dbeaae.  Bal  it  b  a  t« 
common  effect  of  the  action  of  tbe  gaitric  juice  after  death.  J 
tbiit  orauioiied  by  tbe  non-corroNTe  irriUnt*  la  attended  I 
nurki  of  initc  inSBmnintiua,  the  true  canie  wiil  be  readily  neq 
niied  i  and  the  fact  that  morbid  aoftening  ia  not  preceded  bf  ■ 
chanicleriBtio  aymptoiiu  will  greatly  asoA  the  diagnoiia. 

Ulreratio».—X^Ven  of  the  itomacli  may  arise  from  ifiiii  aai .  1 
from  the  action  of  poiton.  The  &rmer  are  the  result  of  eaut 
of  the  itumacb,  which  is  radily  recognised,  or  they  oecnr  I 
Btoiiiuchs  which,  in  other  parta,  preaent  ■  healthy  appcaraM 
Opeii  nicer*,  or  tbe  scars  of  ulcers,  are  present  in  aboat  one  dfl 
body  ill  ten,  and  in  about  one-Glth  of  the  eaK>  there  ia  mor*  tb| 
one  ulcer.  Tbe  ulcer  Is  rarely  much  smaHer  than  >  foarpen 
piece,  or  larger  than  a  crown,  but  it  may  tiXjia  a  lUameter 
five  or  ni  inchea.  II  is  usnally  round  or  ornl ;  and  preaenia  tl 
appearance  of  a  ahalloR  but  level  pit,  with  a  sharp,  mool 
vertical  edge,  as  though  it  had  been  punched  out;  and  «a  tl 
opeiiiiig  in  the  submucoui  areolar  tisane  Is  smaller,  and  tbe  apt 
ture  in  the  [leritoneum,  if  tbe  ulcer  perforates,  still  more  minnl 
it  has  tlie  appeiirBUce  of  a  cone,  with  tbe  base  directed  iiiwari 
Tbe  uiQcous  membrane  and  tbe  nreolar  ttasue  are  Mimewll 
tliickennl  by  exudation  of  lymph  \  and  it  ii  not  uunsnal  to  A) 
adhe«otu  to  auiTounding  purts.  lu  some  caaes  there  is  little  ' 
no  appenrance  of  Inflammstion  around  tbe  nliier ;  in  most  ll 
edges  are  thickened  and  riiied,  and  the  tbickeiiinK  may  eitei 


pKEroaATios  OF  the  stokach. 

Wm  ft  drole  of  half  in  iuEh  or  an  Inch;  aud  n 

TOODiliog  ports  are  da^cribtd  aa  "  a  tbick  brawny  masa,"  Or  aa 
bdag  blackened.  These  sppearancei  hare  beea  miaUkan  (or 
eaaoer.  Mare  than  a  tliird  of  the  nteers  iMcup;^  the  posterior 
aurliwe  of  the  atonuch.  and  mare  than  three-fgnrthi  either  that 
part,  the  lener  oorvalure,  or  the  neiglibourhood  of  tbe  pf  lonii. 
The  nlcera  cau<ed  by  pwioiun^  are  tbe  reault  of  a  more  iutenn 
inflamioatioii ;  and  they  are  often  foand  dUcoloored,  aa  in  the 
cue  of  pouoning  by  nitric  add  anil  iodine ;  or  coin^red  with  a 
white  povdur,  aa  in  tbe  case  of  poiaoning  by  arsenic ;  or  Coaled 
with  the  decompoaed  poiun,  aai'b  aa  the  bladi  powder  (minutely 
divided  mercury),  farmed  by  the  decompoution  of  curroaive  sul)- 
limatOiOr  thejellow  tulphldearaneDicfonnad  during  the  prooeas 
of  pntrefactiou  afUr  death. 

FerfonUUm  of  tht  Stomaeh  may  ante,  from  1,  CarranoD ;  i, 
InflammaUoa,  followed  by  nIceraUon;  3,  Softening  daring  lifei 
and  4,  The  artion  of  the  gastric  juioe  after  deatb. 

1.  Pufomtion  from  Corroho*. — It  is  impouible,  as  already 
atated,  to  cnnrooiid  a  perforatiaD  due  to  the  direct  corroiict  action 
of  all  irrititut  jioisoa  with  any  perroratlon  arising  fruin  natnnil 
canses  acLing  either  during  life  or  niter  death.  Tbe  stAte  of  the 
moath,  throat,  and  gallct,  and  aCtca  of  the  akin  and  clothe*  of 
tbe  deceaMd,  rcnden  the  distinction  pnay ;  and  in  many  ouea  Uu 
oootenta  of  the  atomach  or  bowela  escape  into  the  onvitjr  of  the 
ibdomeOi  and  leave  truoea  of  their  action  on  otiicr  viiK-era. 

2.  Adoration  /riim  CUrralim  a  very  rare.  When  Canaed 
by  idinjMthic  inllainmation,  the  sarroundiDg  mocoos  membrane  ia 
lesa  highly  inOamed,  and  neither  i(«Ded  nor  covered  with 
depcait,  aa  in  poUonlng  hy  thv  Irritants, 

3.  Paforation  fron  Stiflming  of  tl;e  coata  of  the  atomaeh 
daring  life  la  not  a  rare  occurrence.  It  moat  freqaently  happens 
in  yoang  fcmale»,  from  lllleen  to  twenty.flye  yeara  ol'  age,  and 
often  after  ali^jhl  symptoms  of  indiipoidtion.  The  rupture  gene- 
rally («kes  place  loan  alter  a  meal,  mare  rarely  as  a  conaequeiice  of 
Buddcn  cMTtioQ,  and  it  ia  instantly  foUowcd  by  iharp  puin  of  tlic 
abdomen,  ud  aymplonii  of  acute  inSamnution  af  the  peritoneum. 
There  S«  titttc  vomiting,  and  no  purpng,  but  the  patient  die*  in 
•  atJile  of  CoUapie  in  fram  eighlMn  to  tliirty-wi  hoiira;  but  in 
■iniie  coios,  whsu  the  stomach  la  nearly  empty,  tbe  fatal  event  ia 
poatpoucd,  lo  that  tbe  inflammation  is  of  limited  extent,  or  tab- 
acute  in  character.  The  opcjiing  in  tbe  pcribmeom  is  generally 
tmall.  and  the  ulcer  has  thu  pecaliar  charocten  just  described. 
In  one-tliinl  of  the  cuscb  the  perforation  has  been  in  the  Iehot 

[  survature ;  iu  one-t«ulli  at  the  pyluric  eitremity ;  in  about  one- 


384  BTisnrrE  or  foisoktcg. 

twcnlitth  on  tbe  posterior  inrfitce ;  in  the  nnie  nmnber,  at  tt* 

cardiac  eilromit j ;  while  in  DDe->%bth  of  the  oues  two  jUan 
bave  been  foDud  oppoaite  laieh  otlier  on  the  anterior  and  pceI«riDi 
Biirra(»s  or  tbe  organ,  tbe  liret  being  tbe  wat  ot  the  perfmatian* 
The  absence  of  marki  of  iculc  inHamniBtioii,  and  of  chuvcteriMu 
diamlorations ;  the  non-detection  of  poison  in  the  staniarb,  nr  in 
the  contents  of  the  abdomen ;  the  snilden  occairence  of  pain  in 
the  betif  »■  tbe  first  ajmptani ;  tbe  slight  Tomiting;  isd  the 
absence  of  diarrbon,  distiugniah  this  form  of  perfoiaUiKi  frm 
that  doe  to  polaon. 

4.  Tbe  destruction,  and  consequent  perforation  ronrnJ  Ijf  lie 
gaiirie  j¥iix  aftin-  dtafh,  bns  already  been  epolten  of  at  p.  377. 

Tbe  poisons  which  ure  neither  corroaiiea  nor  irritants,  or 
which,  if  tbej  act  in  either  of  tbeee  ways,  prove  btal  hy  thrir 
effect  on  the  nervous  centreSi  and,  through  them,  on  the  brain, 
heart,  or  longs,  were  fonnerlj  comprised  under  the  two  beads  of 
tiareotict  and  nai-cottco-acndt,  oxalic  ncid  (a  corrouve  in  strong 
solution)  bring  the  prindpal  eiceptiun.  These  two  classes  m 
now  more  convcaieutly  treated  in  different  sections  ■rccrding  u 
their  most  obvious  and  striking  svmptouis,  when  given  in  folT 
doses  and  acting  in  thrar  osual  manner,  are  thcne  of  tbe  brwn. 
spinal  cord,  heart,  or  longs.  These  will  be  drsignnted.  for  the 
sake  of  convenience,  IS  affecting  tbe  brain,  ipiKol  eord,  heart,  and 
lungs  respectively.  It  may  be  well  to  repeat  that  this  anrnnge- 
ment  is  based  on  some  notable  prevailing  symptom  or  graap  of 
symptoms,  not  on  the  predse  mod¥t  operandi,  or  proumate 
and  real  cause  of  death. 

1.  The  poisons  which  affect  the  hralH  may  be  djitribnted  into 
three  leading  sub-clssses :  one  group,  of  which  opium  is  tbe 
type,  cat:BiEg  sleep  more  or  less  profoondj  a  smind,  of  which 
belladonHa  is  the  type,  pnidacing  deliriom,  with  illusdons ;  and  S 
third,  of  which  alrohoi  is  the  type,  giving  rise  to  eibilaration 
followed  by  deiirinni  or  sleep,  or  both  soccssHvelj  or  alterualelj-. 
according  to  tbe  dnse  and  tbe  eonstitntion  ot  the  inditidoaL 

The  graup  of  poisons  of  which  opium  is  the  most  conapicmos 
member  owes  il<  Importance  lees  to  tbe  numbtpr  of  individuals 
which  it  comprises  (for  they  are  few),  tlian  to  the  habitnoJ  uae 
made  of  them  by  large  clsswa  of  penons,  their  constant  employ- 
ment in  the  treatment  oF  medical  and  surgical  mals^ea,  the 
many  accidents  to  which  they  give  rise,  and  the  many  occasions 
on  whicb  they  are  employed  by  the  suicide  end  morderer.  0]hudi 

*  CoDmlt  Brbitoa '  On  the  I>allioli^,  Simplnnx,  snd  Tmlniint 
of  the  Slumscb ;'  scd  Tajhn")  Eiwj  in  '  Onj'a  Hmidul  Brporli,'  S 


r 


3S5 


■  prepnnlUoni  alona  are  tnken  in  nearly  hnlf  the  cue*  in 
which  tlie  poima  »n  be  iduDtifled. 

The  pouoni  of  thii  lub-alua  preaeiit  dlfflmltiu  which  do  not 
oconr  in  the  oue  of  irriUnU.  Tlieir  ayniploma  more  iirarl;  re- 
Mtmble  thoM  of  diaeuo,  ind  tbo  pMt-njartem  appeargnces  are 
oflen  Jay  iiiiliatinct,  and,  even  when  bist  marked,  not  highlj 
obanrteristic.  The  chemical  analjM*  alto  i*  lew  sure  and  ralia- 
flwlorythan  in  Uio  cue  of  irritant  poiioning.  Tlie  tjmplomt 
propor  to  tliii  claa*  are  giddinew,  headache,  dinnea  of  sight, 
mtnine  ooutractiou  of  Ihu  pupil,  noiae*  in  the  ears,  drowBinwa 
and  ODnruiiini  of  mind,  paanng  into  imeiwibiliCj  more  or  lent 
eoinplate.  Delirinm  ia  T«m,  and  paralysii,  conmlaioiu,  and 
totanlc  ■paami  only  of  ocoaaioiial  occurrence.  There  ia  no 
direct  Initation  of  the  itomach  and  howela,  bnt  nsDMa  and 
vomiting  may  ocoiir,  not  at  the  commenMmeiit  (aa  in  the  eaie 
ofirritanta),  but  when  the  patient  begiiuto  recovur.  Diarrhtca, 
■Ian,  ia  a  rare  ineidvnt.  'Die  patl-morltm  appearaitett  eon«at 
ill  fulnaaa  of  the  vdu*  and  ainuaa  of  the  brain,  dftiaion  of  aeram 
bcneatli  the  mcmhranea,  at  the  baw,  or  into  the  vontriclca ;  and, 
ill  ■  f«w  cues,  oxtnviUBtion  of  hlood. 

Tbare  are  avreral  diNaava  of  the  nerroiu  centre*  wbicb,  in  rota- 
mnn  witli  oiiium  and  in  pr^imrationa,  have  ooma  more  or  ten  pro. 
found,  and  inaeniihiltty  more  or  lea*  oomplet«,  aa  prominent 
■ymptoma.  Apoplcly,  cerebral  cffuaion  and  turgeacencv,  hydro- 
uphalna,  blow*  and  li^uric*  of  the  head,  fcbnle  nffeciioni  In 
certain  atigo*,  untnuia,  the  olute  of  an  epileptic  6t,  expniure  to 
extreme  cold,  and  m:iny  poiwna  in  cerlAin  lUigsa  of  tUeir  action. 
■re  aUendwl  by  a  prormmd  aleep,  from  which  the  patient  i>  not 
wnly  luuaed,  or  even  with  cainaandinienaibility.  The diagnoaia 
of  diteaaeand  poiaoning  duilng  life  will,  Ihereforn,  aometimea  be 
difBcnIt,  aqMOially  in  infanla  and  young  children;  and  after 
the  appearannn  of  the  limin  may  prove  ineoncluaive^  Tlie 
of  4iavB»«  nf  the  kitlney  woold  fumiah  a  prohalnlity  of 
orannia,  atul  inflanimation  or  chronic  diaeaae  of  the  brain,  or  any 
eunaiiltiyUa  collccthni  oC  aiiraui  upon  or  within  it,  would  supply 
■  anAtclent  oiiilanation  of  d«th. 

Thi  atlh-dM*  of  poitona,  of  which  belludonnn  ii  the  beat  namplr, 
ia  ttrMiglyehanoterlivd  bj  iJ«linuin,ap(>d.rHl  illurian«,andB  hirgaly 
d)hit«d  pnpili  with  dryncaa  of  tcoulii  nul  tbnat,  and  Ihirat,  witli- 
out  any  cliaractarlitlu  poat-morlvm  nppearance.  T«tAniu  !.paania, 
hoi);hlgncd  aaiialbillly,  pantly^  of  the  motor  and  acnnCiva  nerxi, 
eouiB,  and  inaenublUly,  are  Bmong  the  raccptional  aymplom*. 
Hut  great  diDbrence  is  dtgrct.  and  alran^  varietlaa  in  the  eou- 


I 
I 


POISONS  THAT  ACT  OH  THE  L17N6S. 


887 


shock,  or  by  syncope  or  collapse  less  rapidly  indooed.  The  first 
diyision  comprises  hydrocyanic  add  and  the  snbstanoes  that  con- 
tain it,  and  oxalic  acid  and  its  salts.  The  second  embraces 
aconite,  digitalis,  tobacco^  lobelia  inflata,  and  hemlock,  and  some 
poisons  of  less  importance.  A  knowledge  of  their  characteristic 
symptoms  may  be  important  in  cases  of  sndden  and  speedy  death. 
In  the  case  <^  hydrocyanic  acid  we  are  happily  greatly  asnsted 
by  its  characteristic  odour;  in  poisoning  by  oxalic  add  by  its 
corrosive  action  on  the  gnllet  and  stomach ;  and  in  that  of  aconite 
by  its  pecaliar  effect  on  the  lips,  tongue,  and  palate. 

4.  The  poisons  which  act  on  the  Inngs,  and  so  destroy  life,  have 
for  their  type  carbonic-acid  gas,  which  occasions  the  symptoms  and 
post-mortem  appearances  present  in  death  by  apnoBa,  however 
brought  about.  The  operation  of  this  class  may  have  to  be  distin- 
gnbhed  from  apncsa  produced  by  other  causes ;  and  it  should  be 
well  nnderetood  that  in  poisoning  by  many  of  the  more  active 
poisons,  and  notably  by  pmssic  add  in  doses  short  of  a  quickly 
fotal  one,  life  may  be  destroyed  by  a  remote  action  on  the  lungs 
prodacing  fiital  apnooa. 


GQ  ^ 


CHAPTER  IIL 

MBTHODS   OF  PROCEDURE   IN   CASES  01^ 
rOISONING. 

Tirs  fectn  and  disenHinoDB  or  the  preceding  cbapler  Lave  pi 

ttie  WSJ'  for  a  more  direct  eiaiomHtion  of  the  doUea  Uut  detain 

OD  the  medical  uinn  in  CMca  of  alleged  pmoniiiig. 

Suspicion  of  pMHming  moj  ari«  under  very  different  d 
Btaoces.  It  miy  ipring  up  in  the  mlmU  of  prrun*  igtmrwitof 
thenBtnreuid  action  of  poiwna,  inggested  by  iDine  leTiniD- 
nera,  or  (odden  or  speedy  death,  conpled  with  Uia  miqndciiii 
condnct  of  some  rrliitive  or  friend;  or  it  mRy  occur  to  Uie 
medical  nun  bimielf  during  bi>  attendancG  on  a  palieut;  or, 
again,  it  may  be  ibe  ntlerly  gronndlen  fancy  of  >  pemon  of  tm- 
•onnd  mind,  >ncli  fancy  constituting  the  leading  features  of  hit 
nilUdy,  or  one  only  of  h\t  many  deluuuDS.  Bat,  in  whaterQ 
way  tbe  mcdicul  man  may  be  brought  to  entertain  and  consider 
■  auipicion  of  puiicnlng,  it  oidbI  be  an  advintage  to  him  lo  be 
reminded  of  tbe  points  to  wbich  bis  attention  should  he  directed. 
The  following  it  a  aummnry  of  the  leading  cimmulaQcea  to  be 
attended  to,  and  noted  down : — 

1.  The  itBte  of  the  patient  before  (he  commeu cement  of  the 
Bjmptonia,  whether  in  Kood  health  or  ciiQering  from  iilneo— the 
time  at  which  the  symptoma  b^iin,  and  at  what  inlurvul  ntlet  a 
meal,  or  after  taVing  food,  drink,  or  medicine — their  nature,  and 
order,  and  Ume  of  occurrence,  and  t/ie  ]>eriod  of  the  commence- 
ment of  any  new  aymplom  or  train  of  lymptoma;  nhetlier  Ihey 
increaaed  eteadily  iu  acverity,  or  alternated  with  intervala  tj 
ease,  and  whether  the  eiaceibationa  correaponded  with  a  repeti- 
tion of  food  or  medicine,  or  followed  tbe  n»e  of  any  new  orticJe 
of  food  or  medicine — also  tbe  chiiracter  of  any  anbilanoes  which 
may  have  been  njected  from  the  atomach,  or  paased  from  the 
bowula.  .  The  etncl.  time  of  tlie  dcnth  iboulil  be  notpd  down,  and 
if  the  pcnou  b  found  dead,  tlie  tim'3  wfacn  he  wai  loat  teen 

2.  If  the  Fymptoma  of  poisoning  showed  themselres  aoan  after 
a  meal,  minute  iiii[uirles  ibould  be  made  as  tu  the  cooling  ll 


IMT«I*I  diihta;  the  leawli  nied  in  tlie  prpparation  of  the  tbod 
■honld  be  iuipBCted,  iiiiil  their  mnU'iita.  if  iietitiary,  pmervudi 
mpieioui  powJen  or  liqiiidi  faaiul  in  tbe  houso  should  nlco  be 
•Kiled  aad  kept,  irierentl  penoiii  bare  pirUkoti  of  l.he  Hma 
liKal,  ore  itaoiiUI  be  taken  to  atcertain  what  Brlic1«  urers  tukrn 
bj  thoM  who  iDlTervd,  and  by  tbow  who  ocaped.  and  in  what 
qoantjtin,  and  ivhether  the  nme  articles  of  food  bad  been  pre- 
vionilj  taken  without  bad  effect  by  tha  p^iani  attacked. 

3.  The  vomited  matCen  mu>t  be  carefully  oollMted,  and  re- 
moved from  clothing,  fnmitnre,  &£.,  on  which  they  bad  beun  re- 
jeot«di  and  portioao  of  the  dreu.  furnitaro,  or  UDoriug  may,  if 
necanary,  be  reierreil  for  einmiimlion. 

But  iiu|Mcioni  of  potaoiiiug  may  fint  occur  lo  tha  medical 
man  during  tlio  ]ierfc<rmaace  of  a  poat-mortttin  eiamimitlon,  or 
he  may  ba  Tn|mred  to  make  aucb  au  eximiiiatioD  in  oonicqueDce 
of  anapidona  having  already  arisen  In  the  minda  of  nlativai,  or 
in  the  oouna  of  an  inqair;  in  the  coroner**  ooorl.  In  certain 
rami,  too,  be  may  be  required  to  conduct  at  tlie  tame  time  iho 
diMntarment  and  the  post.mortem  eiaminution  of  a  body  aiippoged 
to  contain  poiion.  Hence  the  importunce  to  the  medical  man  of 
being  fbrniabed  with  a  like  aummary  of  mlra  and  auggeallona  to 
guide  him  in  thia  important  and  responiible  daty. 

Hariiig  obaerved  the  precantiona  inaiited  on  at  p.  £37  u 
oommon  la  all  pott-mortem  cuminatioua  for  legal  purpnaea,  cer- 
tain other  precautions  proper  to  eaiea  of  luipected  poiaoning 
will  havo  to  be  luken.  These  arise  oat  of  the  fiict  that  while 
foaanM  tluimMlves,  aa  well  ai  their  moat  notable  effects,  are 
fonad  in  the  ■limealory  canal,  they,  and  certain  of  their  weondary 
effitcta,  ars  lo  he  aoufht  iifter  in  the  orpciiD*  and  tiunei  into 
which  they  are  cani«l  by  the  blood.  The  alimentary  cnnal 
and  tha  principal  viicera  or  parts  of  them,  and,  in  aome  cases, 
blood,  or  portiona  of  nmacle,  wiU  have  to  be  prcMrved  for  the 
minute  etamination  and  chemical  rewarcb  of  the  penon  making 
tbe  inapKlion,  or  of  aoioe  akjlful  cbcmiit  to  whom  tbey  must  ba 
forwarded. 

Prior  to  the  Inipectimi,  one  Urge  widc-monthed  jar,  of  gUaa  or 
eartbenwarc.  and  a  fcir  imailcr  ones  abould  be  got  ready,  which, 
if  not  new,  should  be  repntedly  wnahcd  out  with  wntrr  and 
drained,  au  u  to  be  quite  clean.  Tliey  ahoald  he  furnished  >vith 
elenu  gronnd'gUaa  ■tappo'a,  or  with  new  eur^s,  or  other  nuo- 
metalUc  meani  of  elnaura.  The  Urgur  jar  ii  for  the  itileitinal 
Mual  and  Urn  eotttcnta,  th«  unallcr  fhr  tlic  otbnr  viteent.  or  parts 
^  ef  them.  Tho  mrthod  of  procedure,  us  far  as  it  reliiiea  ta  th 
ol  miul.  nuat  bo  governed  bj  hucU  ci'ui\doio.<.uni&  u  ^,^: 


I 
I 


Ukra  *■  mrdJcis*,  or  tnnuact  tai  ptta  at  m  ptBaco,  ud 
pawTalj  mdlACdied  comsTc  wMinatf,  «  uBptrieeUj  c&aidtcd 
ciTiuJs,  BT  of  oialif  acid. 

W(  K>T  iLw  ncDgiiiie  tbe  euitaiie  actioa  ud  chaiBctviatie 
d>K«lmtt«ii  of  tbc  miDcnl  »di,  and,  sbcn  tbc  (bNmch  ii  ttr 
■drsDcnl  in  patrc&ctuo,  xbe  nlpludiii  of  ttw  nwtak  (anouc 
Teiio*.  uiuiij«]]i  oruigT,  menxaj  bladi)  or  Gadj  diridad  ma- 
cary  w  a  dark  gnj  coaung;  ai  alio  Ilw  grrca  aceto-anaiile 
of  ot'PpH',  the  thioing  green  and  gold  ^Hcki  of  ranlharidt^  the 
brOHii  pocder  of  nai  lomlu,  the  blae  of  Baltic'*  rermiD  killer; 
u>d,  a*  leea  in  tlie  dark.  Ibe  phaapbor«sc«i[  light  of  pbo^khoroa. 

Tbe  ccdoor  and  coniiKence  of  Ihe  conlait<  of  tbe  uomacb  >U1 
afford  important  indications.  The  black,  dark  brovn,  or  greeniih 
brown  gramoni  mall«T  reuniting  from  tbe  action  of  tbe  mlncnl 
add*  and  oullc  add  on  tbc  blood,  food,  and  tiasnea;  aixl  the 
green  matter  reaalting  from  tlie  eating  of  green  lea«ea  from  ths 
hedge*  are  alio  characttriitic :  and  Bometimea  we  maj  find  tng- 
menu  of  leaves  large  enoogli  (or  idsnlilication. 

When  the  fruitii  of  jioisouoUB  plaots  are  ealen  by  children  iro 
IMj  find  in  the  etonmch  or  inteatines  the  leeda  which  tbej  con- 

'  For  rhechinctfri'iic  fomi  referred  toin  the  teil,oaiuallthe 'Uiero 
fragile  Uictiooar;'  of  Uiiffitb  aad  UcDfte}-. 


rv 


MlCBOGCOPIi:  EIlHtHltlOlr.  393 

Iain.  Those  of  tlie  pUnta  wLirJi  require  the  mlcrowtipe  far 
(hoir  identifinlioii  aru  ilimtn  in  llie  iiiiiened  ligUTC.  in  whieb — 
1.  Shows  tbe  seed  of  BelUdonnai  Z.  Tlint  of  Hjoecyainoi ; 
3.  Tbatof  the  Papaver  aomnifpruin ;  4.  That  of  Digit«li»j  and 
5.  That  of  the  Lobelia  indeta. 


I 


I 


)  b«  idcnliSul  b; 


Portion!  of  tbe  larger  polio 
i  Mleliicmn,  aoonile,  Qutor,  and  eroton.  maj 
the  colooT  and  markiugi  of  their  cuticle*. 

The  advantage  that  may  acLToe  fruin  a  tborough  eiaminaUini 
of  the  cont«uta  of  tbe  itonucb  ii  well  ahoivn  by  a  nue  girea 
bj  Tardieu.  A  child  toelve  year*  old  dirni  at  acbool  niter 
f  aeatfl  luflering  on  the  day  on  which  iU  itepmollicr 
d  brought  it  Kvcral  good  tbingi  to  eat.  Among  the  ctinUmti 
bTthe  atomach  there  were  found  certain  fragmenti  of  crumb  and 
it  of  bread,  which,  when  eMmined  by  the  microMOpe.  «i>re 
band  oorered  with  fungoua  growtb,  showing  tbat  the  bread  »u 
Duldy.  ArHntoaaacid.in  powder,  wis  elao  found  in  large  qaantity. 
'  le  fact  of  the  monldjr  brnkd  wia  noted  down,  but  no  importance 
mod  lo  atUrh  to  it,  till,  at  the  trikl,  ono  of  tbe  witncnea,  a 
I  MtTWit  of  liiv  (teiimuUier,  atalcd  that  h«r  ni>tire«  wu  In  tbe 
habit  of  carrying  to  the  child  tUi:«a  of  bread  Hod  jam,  but  that  On 
tha  day  of  the  drath  *he  laid  llut  she  would  not  take  it,  beoauae 
the  bread  wti  mouldy.     It  bad  been  in  that  itate  for  one  or  two 

^K     Uiving  indicated  tlic  pmauliou 


I  (u  be  tuken  in  tcoTching  tho 


r  PBOCEOTTVB. 

portiona  of  the  iJiineDtarj  ciit*l  lUHi  lOil  witli  tiwir  t 
coDtenU  Tor  cbemir*)  eumiDBtion,  m  few  binUwUI  now  I 
(u  remioden  to  those  who  paacs  practinl  eiperiam,iill 

nrifirj  imtrnction  to  Uie  Inmer)  nnder  tbe  ttistjul  bi 
ng^eitcd  by  tbe  following  oouiiderBtioiia. 

The  piHaonaiu  snlxtanas  ■ubmitled  to  tbe  cbeotirt  '"B 
unination  ma;  be  in  their  pure  nnmiTed  farm,  whetber  «" 
liquid,  often  in  larpe  quinlitiet ;  or  tb^  mi;  be  KnaQ  Ki 
q(  powder  or  ojital  iidheriiig  to  papen  fiam  wfaidi  tbijai 
taken,  or  lo  ciipt  or  glanei  out  ef  which  tbej  were  " 
other  inaUncea  tbe  ptriaon  i>  di<«oWed  id  some  too 
tt  beer,  bruidj,  rnoi,  tea,  or  coflbe.  In  other  cuei.  >g>iti.  it  t* 
to  be  aonght  for  id  the  urine;  orln  tbewrain  of  a  bliitmdtaitK 
or  of  a  ■eroni  inc  after  death ;  or  laitif ,  it  mav  be  cmitained  It 
mixed  articles  of  food  of  ■ome  coniioteuce,  (piiled  in  the  atet 
Bwallowing,  voided  during  life  from  the  itomacU  and  bovala," 
fbond  in  tbem  after  death  ;  or  iu  aocb  thick  tiadd  mattoa  *■  Ibl 
blood  1  or  even  in  the  aolid  Btmctiirei  of  the  body. 

Coaee  in  which  the  poiKiD  exiala  in  a  pare  itate  and  in  kip 
quantity  mtj  be  disregarded  for  tbepment,  aa  belonging  ntbwii 
the  domun  of  chemistry  than  of  toxicology,  atlention  being  giia 
to  tbe  detection  and  identification  ofanch  minnteqiiantjtiea  ■*•» 
extracted  ftom  the  body  itwlfan  ultimate  reaulta  of  long  and  eom- 
plicated  proceiact  of  analyna.  The  metboda  of  dealing  with  tb« 
minute  quanUtiea  lo  obtained  are,  however,  eqaally  applicable  to 
all  the  more  delicate  operationi  of  toxicology ;  (o  that  one  dm- 
■ion  of  onr  lubject  will  be  luefQlly  devoted  to  ■  de<cription  of 
thoae  tnetboda.  Another  division  will  comprite  tbo«e  metbodt 
by  which  we  aucceod  in  reducing  tbick  miied  o^anic  liquida^  or 
the  solid  teitnrea.  to  ■  etate  to  pass  the  filter  and  become 
HmcnDblo  to  chemical  testa.  A  third  diTiiiou  aboold  treat  of  tlie 
method  of  procedure  in  those  rare  caiea  in  which  au  organic  liquid 
is  presented  lo  the  cbemiat  for  iinalyiU  in  tbe  belief  tliat  it  cm- 
taina  aome  poiaon,  bnt  iu  ignorance  of  what  that  poiam  ia. 

The  aabjeet  of  cheuicii.  fbocedubes  will  therefore  be  trvated 
under  tbe  following  distinct  lieade: — 1.  Themctboda  of  obtainiiig 
a  dear  liquid  from  an  organic  mixture  or  lubatance.  2.  The 
method  of  procedure  when  tbe  poison  contained  in  an  organic 
mixture  orsubataiice  ia  wholly  unknown.  3.  The  methods  ot  de- 
tectiog  and  ideutifying  minute  qnantilies  of  pcoaon. 

1.  There  are  four  methods  of  obtainiDg  clear  solution*^ 
a.  Simple  filtration  i  b.  Dialysis  ;  c,  Filtration  following  tbe  pre- 
liminary coagulation  of  organic  matter ;  d.  titration  following 
its  deatruction. 


395 

a.  Ot filtration,  m  twmmnal]'  pnctiud  in  the  Inboratorf ,  it  il 
o  (pnk :  hnt  it  uiBy  be  well  to  point  out   thst, 

^'■rlMn  we  iro  dealing  with  iinnll  qainlitiea  of  liquid,  we  may 
,>t  with  Kdvintagc  a  mctliDd  twommcnded  by  t'liristiion.  A 
iBiid  of  fllteriag  piper  ia  rolled  up  mid  bent  into  the  Torm  of  ■ 
nphon,  the  abort  leg  of  whirh  dips  \ato  ■  wBtcb>gli>as,  or  other 
imatl  veml  contniniDg  tbe  ptriaoo,  and  the  long  lei;  into  a  geomd 
nmiUr  nnel  pbiocd  benenlh  it.  Tlie  pnper  being  moialcned  with 
dirtiltvd  WBter,  will  be  Toand  to  traiufer  tbe  tbinaer  porljon  of 
the  mixed  liquid  from  th>:  one  rewel  to  the  other. 

b.  The  method  of  dialgtii  of  Oruhaio  ia  foonded  on  the  fact 
Ibat  \t  a  mixed  liquid  connoting  of  aibomiiiooA.  gtlHtinoni, 
cueoiu.  or  fiuinin;  matters,  on  the  one  hand,  and  crjnlalUne 
luatten,  tnth  u  arMnioua  acid,  or  itrycbaia,  on  tbe  other,  be 
pgnred  into  a  aliort  cylinder  fitted  with  ■  aaitable  Dietobrane 
after  the  manner  of  a  t«mboiirine,  and  then  floated  on  the  aurFace 
of  diitllled  water,  the  crystalline  matter  will  pass  into  the  wstvr, 
and  the  other  matters  remain  behind.  Tbe  tmnbonrine-like  Boat 
ia  called  tbe  dialiatr  i  tbe  natten  which  pas»  through  lo  the  <Iii- 
tilled  water  arc  termed  erstlalloidi,  and  tbe  mutters  that  remain 
tpsbiiul  foUoid*.  The  dinlyaing  mcmbracH  recommended  for 
the  polpow  ia  tbe  rmgelabU  parfhrnr*!  uf  commerce.  Tbii 
dmpte  and  ingeniona  method,  poaaeased  as  it  ia  of  the  obTioiig 
■drantage  that  il  ititrodncea  into  the  orgaiiii.'  liquid  no  imparity, 
Ina  not  teallied  tbe  etpi'dotioni  that  were  formed  of  it.    Tardiea, 

t,  aaya  of  it  that  ita  '*  remits  have  not  been  so  saticfac- 
■>  he  had  wislicd ;"  that  cryatalline  matten,  meh  hs  arveniona 
i  UhI  atrjchnia.  pau  through  tmly  In  small  [(uantity,  and 
A  with  a  proportion  of  organic  mntter;  that  tbe  method 
irith  thr  Mita  of  mercnry  and  copper,  and  that  it  ia  only 
n  the  quantity  of  tbe  poiton  ia  very  large,  not  combined  with 
PitiS  tiianea,  or  become  inaoloble  throngb  patrefaction,  that  the 
ulate  a  small  portion  of  it;  bat  that  even 
lial  uin  arrive  at  the  tame  result  by  other 
•  This  statement,  jnatifled  as  it  ii  by  eiperimenta,*  may  be 
(■ken  M  a  fUr  tipreacntalian  of  the  truth.  It  limit*  the  use  of 
Uw  netiiod  of  dialyiia  to  tboae  casca  in  which  we  know  that  we 
■re  dealing  with  conaiderahle  qnintities  of  pcaion,  in  wbieh  diln. 
tion  with  distilled  WBler  would  not  interfere  with  our  fatnrc 
operatiinis,  and  in  wTikh  alto  tbe  loss  of  several  honn  of  time  is 
unimportant,  If,  for  instance,  a  chemist  receives  b  substance  for 
analysii  in  the  after  part  of  the  day,  be  may  find  it  advantageous 


I 


TsidJcD.   'fucL'imiol 


itnt,'  p.  100. 


iVe^Ut    I 


7I«.43. 


f  FKOCEDUBK. 

to  fubmit  It  to  diiljsiB  during  the  oigbt.  Anmnini 
Che  iDetbnd  of  dkly^La  will  Siiil  occaiiaiial  ■gjpliiati'ii 
well  to  indiiste  one  or  two  liuiple  farms  of  ■ppartitiu 
the  purpoie.     For  mnt  pnrpowa  ■  common  funtHsl  re 

'a  tumblar  b*lf  Full  of  witter  will  •ofGoc.  Tbe  i 
parchincnt,  cot  and  folded  a*  for  a  cannnon  lilt«r,  bdcig  ii 
miked  ill  distilled  water,  i<  to  ba  applied  to  tbe  ade  of  tti 
funnel,  tlie  matterg  \a  be  operated  nn  are  to  be  ponied  intath 
and  the  fanoel  imnieraed  to  nearly  tbe  opper  ed^  of  the  fltur. 
~  *  it  i*  ihown  in  fig.  43,     A  cooveniont  modiGcilaM 

i-onaiati  of  ■  funnel  to  the  uteiii  of  which  a  gka 
tul>«  dravD  ont  to  a  fine  point  ia  attaiJMd  bj 
Tnlranized  I  adia-mbbar  controlled  bj  a  ^iting. 
A  filto'  huldi  the  matter  to  be  dial;aed.the  (mod 
itaeir  containi  the  distilled  water,  aod  t^nim 
it  ao  long  a«  the  spring  ia  in  action :  nrbm  it  it 
loosened  tbe  dialj'ied  Ikjuid  can  be  made  to  bU 
drop  by  drop  on  a  gluts  disk,  witbont  waale,  ht 
eraparaled  &«m  time  to  time,  and  examhied  b; 
the  microacope,  and  bj  eheminl  teata.  Or  we  maj 
apply  the  nietiiod  on  a  Buiitler  acale,  nbatitot- 
ing  a  watch-glan  for  the  tombler,  tbe  dialncr 
folded  aa  a  liltor.reatingon  an  eitemporu«d  (op- 
itof  aaqaurcof  itout  cardboard  truncated  at  the  an- 
ear  the  four  eoraen,  and  with  a  circular  bole  puncbed 
I.  The  curd  bent  at  right  angles  at  tbe  created  linei 
DnTenient  support  for  the  filter,  whicli  is  nippowd  to 
dip  to  the  bottom  of  Ibe  watub-glaaa  filled  with  water.  Again, 
we  may  opsTAte  on  a  atitl  smaller  scale  by  reating  a  piece  of  vrgt- 
table  parchment  the  siie  of  a  liipenoe  on  ■  large  drop  of  diitilled 
water  standing  on  a  disk  of  glaat.  The  piece  of  parchment  moiit- 
ened  in  distilled  wntar,  and  moulded  into  a  small  cup  by  preasarc, 
containa  tbe  speck  of  matter  to  be  operated  on,  and  ill  cryitalloida 
puss  throQgh  to  the  drop  of  liquid  on  the  glass  disk. 

c.  CoagKlalioit  i)f  orgaiis  mofier.^Thii  simple  method,  which 
also  dom  not  inlt^UCs  any  foreign  mutter  into  the  analyua,  might 
bo  very  lately  carried  out  by  licutiug  tbe  orgBnie  matters  ta 
dryness  over  a  \Tater  bath,  were  it  not  that  some  volatile  liqoid 
poisons,  fcveral  of  tbe  poiionons  alkaloids,  and  one  metallic  ault  at 
least,  are  dimipated  by  a  temperature  much  below  £12°.  When, 
as  is  the  caie  with  moat  metallic  poisons,  and  some  of  the  matt 
important  alkabidi,  the  subliming  lempemture  eiceodt  SI2°,  tbia 
simple  method  may  be  advantagcouily  adopted.  It  is  a1»  appli- 
cable, with  like  leitrictions  in  respeet  of  ^olioaa  ^bid^  volaS^aa 


DESTBBCTION   ' 


r  OBGUilC  XATTER. 


397 


'    nnder  180°,  t«  >eroi»  Ouitk,  and  to  pouons  mixed  with  gretae  or 

tSllDB-, 

d.    De'lneliOM  of  Orgiaie   Matter. — Sernral    method*  ha*« 
been  recommended  for  tbis  porpoBo,  of  which  two  only  oeod  b« 
,  fc«c«   deK^ribed— the   firM   aa  pmciiBBl  diicflj  b  France,  the 

TliB  flnt  nietbod,  a»  Kcomnieiidcd  and  practised  by  Tardim 

Lontun.  was  fine  pro;>oa«l  bj   KUndiD  and  Dnnger.     The 

0  mnllen  bnraght  to  tUe  coDHst*rco  of  B  soil  eitract  (by 

I  ■taporatio*  over  a  nater-bulh  if  iieeei»ary),  are  lienleU  with  a 


■^^^ 

ftmrlh  part  of  llifir  weigljl  of  pare  Ci.nceiilratfd  suljitiuric  arid 
in  a  rotort  placed  over  a  nnd-liath,  and  atlaetied  to  a  remvcr  in 
the  manlier  Indicatnl  above.  When  the  acid  vsjunia  are  no 
longer  giren  cdT,  the  organic  tnntters  are  foand  to  be  rednt-ed  to 
a  drj  and  friable  charcoal,  whifh  is  to  be  pondered  and  treated 
with  atrong  nitric  add.  The  acid  liqnor,  which  haUi  the  inorgsnie 
tnattet*  in  MilDtion,  ia  to  be  decanted  or  filtered,  and  cvopo- 
taled  to  drynew.  Tbia  dry  reaidue  ia  then  diiMilred  in  distilled 
water.  Tlii*  aquemu  aoluiion  is  free  from  organic  matter,  and 
ronlnina  all  tlie  metali  of  which  the  nitrntea  are  lolnble  in  walfr, 
blended,  Iiowever,  witli  the  intirgHnio  constitnenta  of  the  food 
and  animal  fluid*  and  tisoei  tbenitelvca — lime,  maguisia,  alum, 
iron.  >uda,  bydiocbloric  and  pboaphDric  acida. 

In  the  acrond  metbnd,  the  orgtuiic  matters,  cat  into  amall 
intyveyA*.  or  rcdoeed  to  the  oonuatence  of  a  totV  ntract,  are 
hintird  for  alKint  an  hour  in  a  poraclain  diih,  over  a  nater-batb, 
willi  ■  miitura  of  one  put  hyitrocbloiic  acid  to  ati  water,  and 
chlorate  of  poluh  is  then  stirred  into  thu  miiture  by  degfeet  till 


gw!^^ft»itwti*     I  r  T]    ■   r  I     ii  iiNiHi 


•^ved  in  a  imall  qtuntit;  of  dUtiUed  water,  ia  teited  lu  fulloiva: — 
Dropped  ancoppur  full,  it  prodacei a  white  lUio  disupated 
(mtraiiy),  or  it  caiuea  s  rod  aCniD  on  an  iron  plate,  wliich  eoloiir* 
■mmonia  bins  (copper),  or  it  gives  a  yeUow  precipitate  with 
iodide  of  palauiam  mid  a  wbite  with  mlphatc  of  soda  (Uad).  If 
the  solpharctted  hvdrc^en  cauud  no  preciiHtatc,  the  liquid,  enpo- 
nt«d  to  ■  tenth  of  it*  voluiue,  i>  introduced  into  Uanh'«  appK- 
ntti*,  when,  if  it  fields  metallic  ipota  Holuble  in  hjrpuchtorite  of 
•oda,  it  contained  arienic.  If  it  vieldi  no  metallic  apota,  recoarie 
b  again  bad  to  the  carbouaeeoiu  man  on  the  tiller,  which  i* 
dinded  into  two  parts.  The  fint  ia  boiled  for  Italf  an  honr  with 
a  aftlution  of  earbouiite  of  soda,  and  then  Hltered,  tlis  trharciiBl 
wuhed  with  dilute  nitric  add,  and  tiie  liquids  miicd.  The  add 
Uquor,  evaporated  to  a  convenient  qiutntitj,  givei  with  anlpha- 
retted  hydrogen  a  black,  aud  with  iodide  of  potassinm  a  yellow 
pro(!i[atate  {lead).  The  aeoand  part  of  the  cliarcoal  i*  txHled 
with  a  aolntion  of  tartario  acid,  and  the  mnmn^  liquid  filtered, 
and  reduced  bj  eraporition.  This,  tested  by  Uursli'a  ptweaa, 
jielda  metallic  ataina,  soluble  in  nitric  add,  and  iosolable  In  bjpo- 
^lorit«  of  aoda  (amlimony). 

B.  Searci/or  Orgatiie  i^iuou.— The  apparatus  (Hg.  41,  p.  3^} 
,  bnra^ficd  thos: — Tlie  beak  of  the  retort  is  introduced  into  a 
t  tube,  and  this  into  a  reodrer  containing  a  solution  of 
latv  of  nlver,  and  au  arraD^ment  ismude  for  passing  a  current 
ir  through  the  npparatua.  Tbe  organic  liquid,  hrought  by  One 
lion  of  tJie  solid  matters  to  the  condition  of  a  tliin  aonp,  is 
pMKd  into  the  retort,  which  is  heated  over  a  aand-liath,  and  the 
Tapoor  tnioatnitt«i  through  the  porcelain  tube  hmted  to  red- 
DMi.  If  the  ulver  solution  shows  a  white  precipitate,  toloble  in 
UBnuniiai  bihI  insoluble  in  ImiliDg  nitric  add,  the  puson  waa 
oitlorffbra.  If  no  preripiute  is  lormed  the  cunii.-nts  of  tbe  reliirt 
■re  treated  by  Stas's  luelhad,  and  the  resnltant  of  hia  process,  if 
a  alticinK  alkalltis  liquid,  with  the  odour  of  tobacco,  is  sirofia* .-  if 
soUd  a  part  uf  it  is  introduced  into  au  incinon  in  the  thigh  of  a 
fVog.  If  it  greatly  dilates  tbe  pupil,  and  the  residue  readily  dia> 
solves  in  water,  giving  a  atrongly  alkaline  aulution,  precipitated 
brawn  by  iodine,  nnd  eaaily  aaauming  a  nauaeoua  odnur,  it  is  atro. 
piu.  If  the  frog  it  smed  with  t«tanic  canvulaiuaa,  and  the 
residue  reaponda  to  the  well-known  colour  teal,  it  Is  'tryekaia. 
If  the  Irog  grows  very  weak,  and  baa  irregular,  and  intermittent 
bmts  of  the  Imrt,  am]  if  Ihe  residne  dissolves  in  warm  water, 
and  yirlds  a  suIdUmi  wbidi  is  nut  alkaline,  but  gives  a  pnicl]Nlale 
with  laimin,  and  if  Um  residue  itielf  ia  coloured  grvun  by  hydro- 
elilorlc  add,  it  ia  difilatiiu.     It  the  frug  prineuta  coujplei  phjno- 


399 

I 


UBTUoi: 


Ot    PBOCBDtU 


logical  phenomeTi*,  >nd  the  roidae  U  OTitaUIne,  iM>ri* 
in  water  uid  ether,  ■olublo  iu  caustic  poUib,  and  nt 
iMognised  t«t«  for  niorpliii.  il  »  opium. 

3.  Dtteelion  a-nJ  Jdentifieatiim  qf  mimuU  fmmlilii 
—  When  such  minute  qoantities  of  pmsoD   «•    the 
t«a  thouianiltb.  hnndred  tboiuniidth,  or  mra  milliont 
arc  ipokcn  of  at  eaiy  or  poinhle  of  detection,  inexperi«Dcal 
•on*  are  apt  to  he  incredaioiu  throngh 
buJk  of  BiHlteT  wlijeh  a  gnun  represent*. 

Tlie  beat  way  to  correct  tliii  mi 
DQiDber  of  (Itstiiiot  visible  particlei  of 
ranied  tbii  to  bo  ilone  in  tlie  caw  of  certaio  iniali  aeeda,  and 
found  that  those  of  ditjttalis  nomber  1126  to  the  grsiD,  mui 
of  lobdm  inflnU  3176,  while  the  fen  seedi  of  the  shops  e 
oouDted  to  the  nomber  of  50,900.  I  hare  aloa  b; 
division*  and  sabdivisioTu  of  a  grain  of  strjdinia.  the  allrtlriM 
being  strewn  on  a  sorfsce  of  bliek  glass,  aniTed  at  tba  ^  ttA(iB<fc 
of  a  grain  risible  us  a  1>rigbt  speck  \>y  tlie  naked  eye.  I  h«n 
elsewhere  shown*  that  crjilsJi  of  arsepiom  acid,  weighing  as 
Utile  M  the  itosiBTiirath  of  a  grain,  may  be  seen  and  ncogniaed 
under  the  micraseope.  When,  therefiire,  we  speak  of  the  ready 
identiHcalioil  of  the  tbonsandtb  of  a  graiu  of  arsenic,  and  the 
possible  recognition  of  the  live  thoussndtJi  or  ten  tbausaiKltli,  we 
are  slJU  speaking  of  viuble  particles.  When,  agiun,  ko  spaak  of 
meUllic  crusts  obtained  by  Uanh'i  apparatus,  from  the  half- 
millionth  or  millionth  of  a  grain  of  arsenic^  i^  is  only  neoeaary  to 
revert  to  the  fact,  that  a  single  grain  of  gold  can  be  nieclniiiolly 
divided  into  400,000  visible  pieces ;  and  into  the  almott  incredible 
niiniber  of  4.900,000,000  fragments  vinble  by  the  micnaDC^.t 
Of  the  recognition  of  minute  qnaatidcs  of  matter  by  other 
senses,  ciamplea  are  given  in  the  distinct  imprenioD  on  the  sense 
of  smell  caused  by  j^nn''^  "^  sulpliuretted  bydrogEU,  ^^g^h 
of  bromine,  TTiriBSa'^  "'  "''  °^  resin,  and  a  still  leia  quanUty  of 

or  the  methods  of  detecting  such  minute  quantitic*  of  pidaon 
sa  are  here  spoken  of,  some  are  of  partial  application  (Marsh's 
apparatus  to  arsenic  and  antimony,  Iteiosch's  method  chieSy  to 
ind  antimony,  the  redaction  by  line  mainly  lo 
lead,  tin,  and  silver,  tbe  bluw-pipe  end  bonii  bead  to  metals  and 
ihtir  sails),  others  of  moat  eitensivs  use.  Of  these  the  micro. 
mpi.  the  meiivd  iff  precipitalioB,  the  meliod  of  ni/inoliva, 
the  mtiiad  of  l^nid  reactim  oh  drg  tfoU,  cryitatlinefonn,  and 


Ine,'  No.  1 


J 


THE  MICROSCOFE. 


(^  JficnMrope,— The  neceMitj  of  re«ortin( 

In  coaei  of  rape  and  woonda,  ta  identi^  ipermatroi 

Clak*,  bos  lo      ' 
bM 


■"I 

U)Dg  been  recogiiued,  but  it  U  onl;  very  reOEntly 
Id  lo  pin;  a  promlneut  pnrt  in  toiicology.  But 
f  its  ^ipliMUotu  ore  very  eitsniive.  tod  promUe  soaa  to 
t  ilill  more  lo.  One  of  itt  reoogniaed  uses  ia  to  muka  a 
llMTj  eiaioinatian  of  gabstaiices  suppiMad  to  bo  poisoiioua, 
IDnt^n  poboii;  iiDOtlicr  to  watcli  tlid  progresa  and  miilate 
of  thoK  chemical  clunRes  which  nre  known  ua  pnvlpi- 
cH  M  to  wcertiuii  the  cryitalline  or  other  (brau  which 
le  whan  the  chemical  rescLloii  it  comptcte ;  a  third  to 
ke  (TyBUIlinii  and  other  foniis  of  Bublimatea  obtalnoi!  hy 
well  u  the  effect  of  reagrnU  upon  tliem.  By  the  io- 
adaptntion  of  the  spectroscope  t«  the  mieroieupe  the 
of  the  iaitrument  ia  giwtly  iucreased  itnd  ouhirged,  Ai, 
i*  probable  that  the  microscope  will  be  most  largely 
lining;  tbe  Girnu  of  cryBlHl«  alitained  by  lablinialion, 
Ktiuns  oil  anblimatei,  and  by  drop-precipitation ;  and 
lUy  in  watching  the  whole  count;  of  these  chemical  changes  i 
•ar  that,  for  medico-legal  purposes,  tha  farm  of  micruscupe 
ommended  is  tlmt  vrhleh  atone  cuahla  us  to  view  Ilieio 
I  thsir  entirety — not  only  M  see  the  dry  result  of  u 
>r  reartion  in  full  relief,  hut  to  appreciate  fully  all 
that  take  plHce  on  the  snrrace  as  well  as  in  the 
of  tha  Uquid.  All  tliit  prcmpiioses  the  ura  of  a  good 
IT  mioruaaope;  and  as  good  light  nod  clear  defiuition  is 
■t  «t*irj  oaM  ta  more  important  than  mars  eulargemanl, 
inch  otgeet-glnis.  with  a  deep  eye-picoe,  will  bu  fonnd  to 
in  the  nqnirementa  of  the  great  inqority  of  rases;  and 
)  MBOnlingly  rwommcDd  with  the  confidence  arising  uut  ol 
largs  eipanence.  (Q.)  The  combinacion  of  tin  Inch  ohjact- 
RUb  a  Ko.  1  eye-pieco  of  our  best  maken,  givo»  a  lUKg- 
t  power  of  50  dlamelsTS.  , 

r/m  airtiorf  1^  prtriyHaiioii.—The  methoa  here  spoksi. 
lot  tliat  which  rcqulriB  the  tise  of  the  test-tube,  hut  that 
is  perfhrmcd  nniler  tha  field  of  the  microscope  wbeti  a  iliop 
liiuiil  supposed  to  eontoin  a  poi«m  ia  treatwl  with  another 
t  a  liquid  mgciit.  It  is  one  that  presupposes  some  deli- 
tt  niunipulRtioa.  tcrupuloua  cleoDliness,  and  the  use  of 
-airrveil  and  ajiplied  aa  to  be  free  from  impurity, 
idemtum  is  Inl  nccoinpHshcd  hy  nsini^  a  lonn  of 


Ttc  fipttt^  dma  M  a^  |i 


McfcoftlM  hottk  B*  a  a^^ 
■WBtkof  ttcbaodispcli  ito« 


m  tib»  Eqmd,  vhicb  mO  lav  tM«  it  m  ^  fh*    ' 


BV&tt  (T^i^aa  ailah 


a  trimgolar  picee  of  « 

B  «dgai,   (tunntd  at  the  pnott.  a^  iMNiri 

■  wooden  bandla.  ai  ibowii  ia  %.  ««.  «g|li 

Afmatdferj  •cntoable.  Tlie  anMBnt  fafltetf 
■  limp  of  liquid  nuj  be  takea  op  fiiM  tk 
drip  of  tlia  pipette,  aiid  the  adaa  mif  h 
tiMil  tA  en»h  (ouiil  crydaU,  ■■  well  ■>  to  dnw  &o»  tha  WfeM 
■if  ■  ru[uid  coDtaininp  ndiment  i  portion  of  ciar  liqaid.  i  pan 
■>r  pUcinnm  wire  iiuerted  in  a  bandies  and  gnmnd  t»  a  foiat,  amj 
)m  ■ubititi.Ud  for  a  «t«el  needle  ai  being  mora  dfanlj,  and  tta 
cirrvtd  brua  forerpa  may  be  comiDended  ■*  the  btat  bni  fa 
tbew  and  ■imilar  nie*.  A  drop  of  tbe  liquid  iiiiiixgad  to  ontain 
jioiiKiii  ia  to  be  placed  on  a  gUu  ilide,  or  the  omtre  of  the  glai 
■Ibk  pmently  to  be  recommended  tor  iDiiTaeco[HC  rablimalca,  and 
mrofullj  examined :  tUe  reagent  is  tlien  to  be  added  sitbant  dk- 
liirbing  the  (lidc  or  diak,  and  the  immediate  effect  obNne^  n 
well  uii  tlioee  changea  wliich  lake  pUce  more  ilowlj ;  and  la^j, 
Ibe  licgaid  having  been  atkiwrd  to  drj  nndiiT  cover,  ia  i^un  aol^ 
milleil  to  vinminallon.  The  reactioai  tbai  produoed  may  take 
plnm  initinlaiieouil;,  quickly,  or  alovlj,  Rod  they  may  ehow  tbetn- 
•I'lve*  oTi  the  iurfhce  of  liic  gla«i  or  liquid,  or  in  tbe  body  of  the 
liipiid  Itaclr  If  oryntalt  are  formed  tliey  may  Hoat,  lie  flat  on 
tbe  glan,  or  etand  op  in  the  fluid  xa  com  on  tha  gronnd.  In  the 
dry  aputi,  alao,  they  mny  be  found  on  the  glaia,  or  prqecting 
I'rom  it.  It  is  Ihia  vuricty  of  plice  and  poailJOD  that  rendwa  the 
binocular  micnwcope  ao  importunt,  and  even  eaMnliat]  Ar  it  ii 
1KI  eiaggerutioD  to  uy  tbut  a  microacopic  cryatsl  ii  not  fallj  wen 
till  it  Ii  viewed  bj  tUU  iutUumoA.    W  mmsi^  ym^mit  -K^it^ 


\ 


SDBLItUTIOK. 

la  >alDlioni,  two  moet  important  precxuliona  ibould 
never  he  iii!glecl«d.    The  salutioD  Bbonld  be  of 
&  deflneil  ■trci>g;th,  and  the  fariD  af  tba  CTjalals 
which  it  luves  00  evBponlJDD  liiould  be  |ire- 
vionlly  aicCrtaiQed,     Tbem  ery»l«l»,  with  very 
me  exc^eptioDB,  will  be   found  furining   part 
of  the  dried  ipot.     For  most  teat-wlutione 
put  bjr  wdght  in  100  it  a  auiUble  atrength. 
Id  loino  eiues,  perbapa,  it  nu;   be  well   to   J 
eoYsr  tbo  drop  oT  liquid  witli  ■  diik  of  thio  / 
glui,  and  to  apply  the  reagent  U>  tbe  margin.  ^ 

8.     The   method    of  «J>limaiwn.  ~  -  ' 
method,   nlwBya    largely  uwd    in  letting    for 
pnioiu,  ioM  lately  acquired    a  new  and 
ereaaed  importance   from  the  iutfresting 
MTBry    of   Dr.  Helwig,  of  Mayaiice,' 
tbe  alkaloidi,  wheii  aublimed  in  the  mannur 
[  trhich  I  recommended  some  yean  siai'et  for  ar- 
e,  and  other  inorgaiiie 
I,  alio  yield  lublimntea,  some  of  whioli 
re  eminently  cluractcriitic  in  tlieir  micmwopic 
III  tttlcmpt- 
Ing  to  veriQ'  thestatomentaof  Ilelwi);,  I  have 
■wia  reuou  to  modijy  his  method,  and  U>  ei- 
ttnd  it  to  a  mnch  tnrger  clasa  of  objects.  (G.)^ 

The  aimpleaC  form  of  sublimntiDD  is  with  the  ipirit-lamp  and 
pUtinun  foil.  It  deali  with  amall  quintitiea  of  matter,  and 
■Obrd*  many  nsuful  imUcatJona.  Some  puitona,  aa  araenioui  odd, 
oonouTe  tubrimato,  oialio  acid,  and  i»ntUaridiiie,  are  aublimed 
withoat  reeidao;  otiien,  inch  as  the  alkaloids,  change  oolonr, 
melt  aiiddepoiit  carboD,  andaomeotheranndergonooharacteristJc 
chanite.  Another  method  of  aaUimation  commonly  practised 
oonB>t4  i  a  the  me  of  the  ipirit-lamp  and  tcit-tube,  and  thit.  iu 
eerUiin  cawe,  as  in  thoM  of  anenious  acid,  corroKve  sublimiti', 
le  metala  anenic  and  mercnry,  baa  the  twofold  advantage  of 
I  eihibitingtbe  changetcanied  by  heat  in  tbe  poison  itself  a«  well 
I  M  the  character  of  tbe  niblimate  depoiited  on  tbe  higher  part  of 
When  thia  method  is  practised,  greet  care  ihould  be 
n  lo  avnd  soiling  the  inside  of  the  tube  in  introdudng  tbe 
This  may  bo  done  either  by  using 


Dm  Mikmkap  In  ia  ToiikalD^'  1BQ5. 
t  Bain's '  ArshlTO.'  Ko.  iil,  IS6B. 
-'   " ■■  "Jiw  to  0«olwr,  we7i  anil '  JounuJ  gf 


^^^B^^^^l 

Ml                      VETHODS  or  PKOCKDrUE.                    ^^| 

a  aaaRer  tnbc  vitli  fo 

nnelled  montli,  or  b?  jblding  &  nura^^H 

ofpgiwr  ltnsth«»js. 

pUcicig  tbe  lubatimce  at  a«  cod  t4^H 

Fig.  *7. 

grooie.  introdaring  Uia  I»|>v^^H 

fnllf   into   the   tube  b«U  tot^KT 

U.\\J.  and  then  nuamg  it  vitLflV" 

\\ 

plHD  conaista   iu   ptaang   tlu  ak  V- 

stance  in    n    abort    inner  tnbih  Ml    l' 

dn^iping   ttaii    inU.   the   n)(lac«»     1' 

tube,  u  in  Rg.  47.    To  thia  metU     1 

\     \ 

there  U  the  obviana  aljectiaa  Ite 

inner  .urfiice  of   a  Pound  tnhe^  il 

tiou  l«i  uie  to  propose  the  mcdbW 

k         plan  A^red  in  the  •SDezol  n^m-      > 

\       ing,      Txke  .  emali.  cleMl.  drj  41*.      | 

S,^  %      cimen-tnbe,    n,    alntit      twios   di       ' 

V^     tetigth  and  aiie    diowti   In  SgL « 

^^     place  it  in  a  l»le  in  a  alab  of  »M. 

UJn  or  hnm,  h,  and  hold  !t  npriRht.     Place  the  subtU^to 

W  inUimed   at  the  bottom  of  tka 

Fig.W. 

lobe.     Then  hold  a  disk,  e,  of  thro 

/     (o^ 

-V  .      crown  glaa  of  the  siu  of  ■  MSiag 

\*        in  the  name  of  tbe  apirit-Ump  till  il 

ta  quite  i!rj  .-  place  it  over  tbe  mouth 

tlie  pmnt  of  tbe  flame  of  tba  bop 

tieadily  to  the  bottom  of  tbe  tube. 

tiU  the  lower  rarfi.ce  of  the  elw 

draw   the   lamp,    and    repeat   the 

wnodpD  bolder  ns  b  fiif.  49,  Bud  enmiiie  tbem  undo-  tbe  micni- 

X'opc.  n«ng  reagents 

if  desimhle.    Another  method,  lo  which 

liTen  great  iroporlBnce,  conriat*  in  the  dm 

aubstanre  to  be  erami 

ed  ia  placed  on  tbe  ilab   (o).  fig.  60.  in 

tliei'eiitroofariiigof 

glasB  (i).  tiifl  glaaa  diak   (e)   dried  in  tbe 

llBini-  i.  o.aiie  to  re.t 

n  the  ring ;  the  flame  of  tbe  lamp  U  llien 

Btendily  applied  to  the 

nnder  aiirfiico  of  (be  porcelain,  and  the 

Bnbiiiunte  \a   received 

□n  the  uudei   iutCws  -if  Ma.^  Hilt.     The 

■iririt-Iainp  U  th«a  irithilnwTi.  >  fmh  iliak  nppli 
operation  npeated.  Wlwn  this  aitnple  operaUon 
ii  carefully  performed,  do  part  of  tbe  aubUiiiule 
escapes.  But  u  it  nujr  be  well  to  giurij  ngainst 
racli  escape  when  (le.iUng'  with  very  smill  quan- 
titie*  of  mutter,  and  some  operators  Hcciutomod  to 
the  tast-tube  may  prefer  eome  modificntioa  of  it, 
the  followio;;  is  suggested : — •Draw  out  a  smuU 
tobe  of  green  glass  a  a*  into  tbe  form  slioiva 
in  fig.  51  i  drj  tUe  tube  by  pusdng  it  repeatedly 
tbrongli  tbe  Same  of  the  spirit-lamp,  latroduce 
the  substance  to  be  sublimed  into  one  of  the  open 
ends  of  tlie  tatw,  as  at  b.  Seal  the  tube  at  a, 
and  shake  the  slips  down  to  the  sealHl  end.  Pliu-u 
the  tntie  in  a  good  side  light,  and,  after  beating  the 
capillary  portion,  Hpply  the  Sumeof  the  lamp  sliadity 
to  the  end.  Wheutbe  suUimate  ahowi  itself,  as  at  c, 
U  the  rapiUarv  tobe  at  if 

•  -.for  the  ^'•f'"- 


tg.  62, 

notDon  glass  eliite 
central    Npirrture 
bysidecnta.  Tliu  mpiUary  tube  r; 
gmuned  to  the  back  of  tbe  card,  and  ii 


P 


I 


the  slips  ofgommed  paper  a  a.  Write  a  memonuidum  of  the  date 

andciccnmstaocesof  theredudioD  on  the  card.  As  the  sid«  of  the 

«pl11arj  lobe  e  d  are  eiccedlngly  thin,  they  offer  no  impediment 

~'o  an  uamiDatioii  of  the  itiln  b,  with  tbe  higher  powers  of  thi> 

krrosoape,  espedilly  if  far  the  roond  glass  tube  we  snbttitute  a 

httened   glaa  tube  with  long  oral  sectioii.    But  the  simple 

Mhod  of  piDcedniv  dewrnwd  above  (Gg.  GO)  a  the  one  that  has 

te  greataat  ralut  aa  a  rocan*  of  diaguosis ;  for  it  combines  the 

tavantoge  of  tbe  plstinnni  faO  with  that  of  the  reduction  tuhe, 

imnch   at  the  white  snrfBee  of  porcelain  teen  tbrongh  tlie 

B  disk  shows  dearly  tbe  direct  effect  of  hent,  while  tbe  disk 

■ »  tbe  rablimate  in  a  form  admirably  adapUd  to  microscopic 

ikaminaUon,  and  the  anbacgnent  use  of  reagents.     To  tUow  tbe 


V  and 


SDDLIMATIOS. 


0.  Sfr^dnia. — No  thsngo  of  form  or  colour  till  BobliiiiatioEi 
•t  346°  J  at  430°  melU,  darkeiu,  and  de|)osiU  carbon,  *lill  jielU- 
ing  »Qbliinal«.      ilorpkia,  no  chntiga 
of  form  or  colour  till  330°,  when  it  n?.  m. 

'      niblime*,  melts  at  340°,  darkens  and  ^ 

^^depnaitt  carbon,   still  jriddiiig  lubli- 

nguia 

P  ''' 
Fmlti 
~  tit  1 


IS". 


4.  Digitaline.  —  Darkens,  tben 
Belts  and  snbliuiei  at  310°.  AeuHi. 
melt*  at  140°,  cliiiiigea  colnur 
at  iBO°,  lablinica  at  400°.  Atro- 
pit  melU  at  150°,  sablinics  at  280^. 
Vmarint  melts  at  200°,  lubltinEii  at 
360°,  yielding  isolated  crystals. 

or  tlie  method  of  snbliinstion  con- 

doeted  in  the  manner  jnst  describeil. 

with  or  without  the  tbcrmomcter,  it 

\j  be  abaerred  fortber  tbut  it  a  ap- 

to  tbe  following  distinct  piir- 

-Th«      direct    mblimutiou    of 

rtiita  pooden  or  colourless  crystnls  ; 

aabllmalion    of    deposits    from 

adutioDi;    the  aApntation 

ToUtihi  pinaonous  prindptes  from  pnw- 

deta  whicb  contain  tbem    as  oousli- 

toents  or  ■dmiitann.     Tbe  following 

■n  gifen   aa  Qluitrations : — Take    i> 

llina  apeck  of  strj-chnia.   It  will 

distinct  white  sublimate.  Tnke 

,  quantitj  as  the  j^th  groin. 

I  yield  several  suecesfflve  sobli- 

bvfore  and  atler  melting.  From 

ickaat  of  thcac  proceed  to  obtain 

idar;r  anbliniatea.  Disaolve  a  gnin 

ious  aad  in  an  ounce  of  distillpd 

ampunito  a  drop  on  a  slab  of 

n  and  sublime  the  dry  midnc. 

e  tlie  i^th  grain  of   poi 

intharides.     It  will  yield  ■  wcU- 

r  distinct  if  noisiennl  witli 


TUB  OCTAHEnEON. 


to  be  founil  in  aliuoBt  ererj  groqp  of  crystal*,  oi«y  be  •dvan- 
t>igeou»ly  oouudertJ. 

The  ivguLir  ootuliedron  is  sbown  in  outline  iii  fig.  M;  m  it 


tji^em  vlien  >  ^Insa  model  of  it  ii  eecn  witb  a  trinngtiUr  fitcette 

in  advitiiEe,  in  Bg.  55 ;  and  W  cleft  by  a  pUne  parallel  to  two  of 

ita  tide*  in  flp.  6G.     It  conaiits  of  eight  equilatprul  iriauglce 

joined  Rt  tlieir  edge*;  and  a  wcCion  passing  through  four  fdge^ 

>o  ■•  to  ^vide  the  orystal  into  two  equal  pnrts.  «huwB  a  perfect 

Minare.     Tlie  «ection  ihoKn  in   fig.  66  also  divides  the  crjital 

into  two  equal  parti,  eicli  of  whii;h  bus  an  equilateral  triangle 

fbr  one  ^ce  and  ■  beisgon  for  the  other.     The  entire  crrstal 

I     presents  itself  under  diflVrent  aspect*,  arcording  bi  it  adheres  by 

b«D  angle,  face,  or  edge,  and  tho  light  tniverBps,  or  la  reflected 

^B  6am  it.    In  opaque  niedeU,  or  in  granps  of  LrjBtals  seen  b;  re- 

.▼  uo^ 

W<  fictMl  li|;lit,  two,  three,  or  four  aiOen  onl)'  ore  displayed  it  in  the 
I,,    anneud  UluatrsUDns  (Sg.  57j.     liut  ulien  the  light  is  trans- 
Fig.  M, 

■ittwl  ihrongh  the  crvstala,  these  fortos  nre  modified  and  dis- 
d  by  such  shadows  at  those  shown  in  Hg.  S8.    It  is  not  ollcn 


;  70JUIS. 
D  foTiDi  eiw.  and  IblclLdcn  are  alio  vcn;  o 


I   OAD OOz 

^0  rbOnUC  dodei^hwlp^n     in   rim   VDn/ino    TuwiTinna 

be  fint  bur  of  tbe  I 


The  rbomUe  dodBOhedron,  in  tbe  varioos  poutioni  iliown  'm 
tbe  fint  bur  of  tbe  figure*  iDDeiod  (%.  66),  and  tlie  maclet,  ur 


twio-trjftAli,  depicted  in  the  tiab  and  aiub,  go  fur  u>  uimplelc 
tbe  huiorj  of  the  crj-Btal  of  arseiiioM  «eid  toVeQ  as  an  eMmple 
of  ■  GTjaUl  of  definite  form,  pnlling  on  appeirancee  tho  most 
virioDa  through  difference  of  ponition,  imperfect  dovclopmenl. 
rotation  of  half  cr;aUU,  and  roodiflcationa  of  form  in  harmony 
with  the  enfaical  lyatein  lo  which  it  belongs.* 


I 


Aootber  crystal  which  baa  a  certain  incdica>lcgal  interest. 
ftom  bang  preeent  in  aome  deponta  from  eolutions  of  tartar 
emetie,  ii  tbe  tetrahedron,  abawn  In  outline  in  (1)  lig,  (37.  together 
with  tbe  alternative  form,  coneiating  of  a  cube  with  it*  edges 
remoTecl,  ai  at  3. 

Tbe  tetrahedron  consiile  of  four  equilateral  triang lea,  joined 
at  their  edge*,  and  prornta  itielf  Tery  conatantly  in  the  manner 
ahown  in  tbe  abaded  cryaljd  (2,  fig.  67). 


■  TbOH 


111  h-Jd.  *1u>ii7d  otQdj  I  hem  on  tbe  lare 
knd  bailiff  tbe  biDoeolmr  Bdcrratope^ 


mIj  to  MFWn.  Ui'  erjiHalt 


&PECT&I;  K-A>IlLTStS,  413 

reeogniml  that  the  amaller  tbe  qimntit;  the  more  defined  thu 
crrataU;  of  itrengtK  of  lalatioa,  that  this  will  of  itsulf  tamt- 
timea  dBtermitie  tlie  form  of  coiopannd  crritikli,  »r,  in  the  cate  at 
bichroRiRte  of  potash,  whicli,  in  itrong  eolution,  fields  a  dcpnsic 
of  deep  pUtes  and  prums,  in  weak  nolution,  of  a  deticatu  urbo- 
reacencc.  {Sue  Btchramate  of  Potaali.)  So  important  is  thi* 
cause  of  miation,  that  I  hare  tLoaght  it  eipedienc  thronghoDt 
this  work  to  bdicHte  tbe  itrength  of  the  Mtlation  to  be  t«*teil,  aa 
well  ■>  of  tbe  reagent,  adopting  fi>r  both,  as  matt  conienient,  tbe 
aaiue  (raction  of  one  pet  cent.  This  precoutian  in,  at  leait,  as 
necemrj  u  affixing  10  microecopic  oljjecte  the  scale  of  eolarge- 
meat.  (G.)  In  the  case  of  crjatalB  rorniiiig  nnder  tbe  mien- 
acope,  different  fonni  of  crystal  n-iU  develope  themselves  in  a 
deep  nndiatorbed  drop  and  in  a  thin  Uyer. 

6.  SpaclTHm-analjitu, — This  elegant  and  doticato  inctliod  of 
detesting  and  identifving  iDinat«  ijUDntitias  of  matter  has  already 
been  described  (p.  3'ih)  and  applied  to  diitinguiBh  the  dissolved 
oolonriog  matter  of  tlia  blood,  whether  pure,  or  acted  on  by 
reagent^  trom  colouring  mutters  having  the  same  tint.  Of  the 
titrcniB  dellcaef  of  this  method  there  can  be  nn  dnubt ;  hot  it  is 
DUO  roqairing  (br  its  JUOceaiAil  and  afe  application  prartiaod  skill 
and  great  care,  and  caiea  most  be  eiCremely  rare  in  which  other 
mora  woplc  and  ready  methods  having  fsUod,  we  should  feci 
OotDp«Ued  to  resort  to  this.* 

'to  eanpletii  the  accoant  here  given  of  the  methods  of  analysis 
applicable  to  the  detection  of  minute  quantities  of  poison,  some 
notice  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  taken  of  the  ose  of  palariad  ligttt. 
and  of  tbe  fWcts  relsting  tajtuorescenee.  Of  the  eitrema  ddlitacy 
of  the  t«ita  artRng  oat  of  Uie  application  of  these  phenomena,  and 
of  thor  high  ratue  whan  applied  by  skilfnl  and  practised  persons, 
there  can  tie  no  ikmbt;  but  the  descriptions  and  e>plnnationi 
ntrcoMry  to  enable  tha  student  to  apply  them  with  safety  wonM 
occapy  moi«  spaco  than  it  conristent  nith  tbe  plan  of  this  work. 
For  clear  explanations  of  then)  optical  phenomena,  the  reader  is 
rvferrad  1<i  Miller's  '  Elements  of  Chemiitry,'  Fart  I. 

*  Tbii  iMdn  l>  ntaiii  to  PnliwiT  Bnle'i  'How  to  WoA  wllb  tliD 
V1vr«Map*.'4th  nlll.i>.Il>i.ttir  sp^KTb;  Mr. !h>rbf  UmscU.  Aboin'Tho 
KlcnawpSb  lu  HlIlDtt,  CoiiitRNUoD,  and  ApplkaUim.'  bf  Jibci  Hon, 
•iith  ndlUan.  p.  I  III  and  p.  7U,  bi  1  [oil  dHciJrrilon  of  thr  InitruBuni.  See 
alia  lh( '  Procndlngs  nt  tbs  Korsl  Sndct]!,'  rol.  iv.  Ni>.  H,  For  ■  papw  h} 
Mr.  Suitif.upUiBlnrbbKala  of  meanmneDl:  sod  the  ■  Ph»nrsr««ll«a 
J^miud,'  fib.  ISM.  for  a  linAtm  ua  BpMtmm  Anal)(U,  bi  Pror,  W.  A. 
liKllot,  M.II..V.P.tl.t,,(nrai»iidnissdhliWtjaf  tbt  ungln  snd  pni||ms  at 


I 

I 


DS.  415 

The  Stiiieral  Aeidi  havD  tlie  fbllowing  faimliar  prt)porti«s : — 
tbey  cbur  and  dettroj  orgnulc  amHers;  disoolnar,  aQi3  rarriKie,  or 
injure,  llio  texture  or  bUch  clnlb;  reddeu  viigsUbU  bluea;  nad 
klter  or  diicbBrgu  tbe  colour  of  fifed  arliclM  of  dreta. 

Tbe  tifiaplOBU  oamoion  to  these  Rcub  are : — n  aoHr  taate  aad 
boruing  pniu  in  the  mouth,  tbront,  and  giiUot,  f/gngjj^jfjjjjjjfi 
■wallowiiig  tb«  acid,  followed  by  eicruduting  pain  lii  the  itoaiacb, 
emctBtioiii,  conitnnt  retching,  anil  vomitmjji  of  a  brovnuh  or 
blackuh  mutter  coatainiug  blood,  coagulattnl  raucna,  fbtkei  of 
epitheUmn,  or  portion*  of  the  lining  membrane  or  tlie  gaHet  and 
■tfflnach.  Tlte  act  of  (wallowing  ii  painful,  or  even  imposribic, 
and  theifl  i«  inleiue  thiraL  The  bo*eli  are  ooative,  the  urine  «amty 
or  rapprcued.  and  tbo  patient  ii  teaied  with  conitant  teucimiu  and 
dyturia.  Tlie  pulte  it  generally  amall  and  &fqaent,  tbe  reapiritioQ 
cmtcbing,  and  sometimM  laborioua,  and  the  conntenance  eipreesei 
intcnie  anxiety.  In  aoma  roie*  the  add  pouea  Into  tlie  windpipe, 
•nd  caaaei  a  haraicing  cough,  with  cronpy  rcipiration  and  honrae 
viMC*,  and  the  awnmolalion  of  tenacioua  inucui  diacharged  with  dif. 
ficolly,  and  threatening  inatant  lullbcal ion.  Tbe  lips  art- ihrivolled, 
and  blialured  or  eicomted,  or  tbey  prtaent  spata  of  the  charac- 
tfrirtje  EOlour  of  the  add  bordered  with  red;  the  cheelu  and  chin 
ue  alto  ipottcd,  and  ducoloured  itri^ks  run  from  the  anglea  of 
tbe  month.  Tbo  inside  of  tlie  Dioutb  ia  white,  ahrivelled,  and  cor- 
loded,  brown  or  yellow,  and  the  teeth  toote  and  diacoloiircd.  Tiie 
tongue  ii  aometimes  while  and  poltahed,  aoinetimes  diucloured. 
Uatinct  marka  of  the  acid  are  abio  commani;  fbund  on  tbe  neck 
or  finger*,  and  on  the  ckitbesi  and  tlie  vomited  mattrra,  if  rejected 
on  a  iimeatone  pavement,  cnpae  efleTTCKonco.  In  fiitul  caaest 
dmih  u  generally  preceded  by  ■jmptonu  of  collapw,  the  intel- 
lectual ftuoltiei  leuinining  clear  to  the  laat.  Some  patienta  die 
convnlacd,  others  mfibcated.  Severe  nervoup  ayoiptoma,  aucb  bi 
trinnni,  tetanus,  epilepay,  and  deliriam  ore  ocouiunally  present, 
■ud  rathe*  aometiuiea  appear  on  tbe  ikin, 

Th«e  poiaont  may  destroy  life  in  lucb  small  qunntitiea  as  one 
or  two  drachma,  and  in  luch  short  periods  aa  two  houre  or  less. 
Rut  the  patient  may  linger  for  dayi,  weeka,  or  months.  In 
cbronio  cue*  be  iifeireriib)  has  a  dry  akin  and  frequent  poise; 
•MciaioDiUy  romita  liis  food  miied  with  ihikn  of  lalae  mem- 
brane, or  portions  of  the  lining  membrane  of  tbe  gullet  and 
atuDHcli,  similar  flnkn  bdng  somelimei  ilischsr^ed  from  the 
buwcli:  anil  suBbn  from  ulivntion  nith  fiElor  of  the  breath. 
I'bo  holly  Ii  U-lise;  tlie  breathing  short  and  difficult;  there  are 
tains  and  cmmpa  of  the  limbaj  digestion  u  impaired;  nil  tbo 
fUDCtions  of  the  body  Jaiiguiab;  eitreine  emncintlon  luperTenes; 


I 


I 

I 


416  THE  KIXeKAL  ACIDS. 

and  death  bappeoB  in  a  period  vu^ng  ftom  a  Ibrtiufbl  to  n 
monUu. 

Other  patienti  recover  imperfectly,  to  become  djipepdi-  tiW 
djoariant  for  life.  RatLer  tew  thaa  half  the  number  oT  ultlli 
rccnver  oonipleteiy. 

Tliu  at- id  miiy  cot  reocli  the  otomneh,  but  kSM  tbt  UmA 
(Hillcl,  and  Vmdpipe ;  or  it  maf  act  only  on  tbe  windiripe,  aaiif 
death  by  sufibcadon. 

Tlie  mineral  arid*  have  boen  injected  into  tbe  boirela  oi  ra^ 
or  poured  into  tbe  ear ;  and  in  all  tbeae  nays  Iiave  prored  (UaL 
Tbe  poit-atortem  apptamneet  eommon  to  the  mineral  wait 
are  the  foltowing : — Tbe  bpa,  chiu,  and  other  parti  of  tbe  tn^ 
are  miirked  by  tbe  acid  in  the  manner  jiut  dearribed.  Tbe  UoDg 
maaibnoe  of  tbe  moath.  tongue,  and  tbroat  u  wlute,  yeflcnr.tr 
lirown,  ihriTelled  and  cmToded;  and  aometimea  coated  ai  «ilk 
wbite  paint.  Portion*  of  the  tinuea  are  highly  inflanted;  i 
tiuiai  they  are  gangrenous,  Bametimea  corrodod.  The  ejHgWta  | 
may  be  cotitraeted  or  luoUeD.  tlie  rima  glottidia  contraMeil,  ud  I 
the  larynx  inflamed.  The  gullet  preaenta  tbe  niDe  appaarWMM 
aa  the  mouth  and  thro«t,  iuid  it  it  commou  to  End  its  Wat 
membrane  more  or  leu  eiteaaively  dotaclied.  (Set-  Sg.  7%  p. 
42S )  Sometimea  it  prcceitti  the  peculiar  vriultled  and  woni' 
eaten  appearance  shomi  in  6g.  71.  In  tare  cue*  it  bpconui  the 
seat  of  nIceratioD,  and  la  perfonted.  Occaaiooally  it  ealn«ly 
escupes.  The  atoiuach  is  usually  distended  vith  giis,  and  filM 
with  a  yellow,  brown,  or  black  glatinoos  liquid,  nbieb  also  eitesdi 
into  the  gnllet  and  comramcement  of  the  noall  inteatines.  Tlif 
lining  membrane  ii  hig:bly  ioHamed.  its  v«aKla  are  miautel) 
injected  with  black  blood ;  'at  in  Bg.  73,  p.  128,  or  black  blood  U 
eitrAFBiBted  into  ita  aabatance;  the  rugsa  are  loftened,  and  cl- 
ave deitructiou  of  its  coal*.  uU'eration,  nnrt  perToration,  are  el 
freqnent  oceurreooe.  The  pylorus  is  commonly  contradeL 
When  pcrforadon  takes  place,  the  apertures  are  generallj  drcnlir, 
sitnated  at  the  posterior  part  of  the  organ,  and  mmunded  \ij 
inflnniination  and  black  eitrnvantion.  The  duodenum  praents 
nppctiraDcea  lumilar  tu  those  fbund  in  tbe  stomach.  The  periloonl 
surface  of  the  vijjcera,  even  where  there  is  no  perfiiratioD  of  the 
imach,  is  highly  inflamed,  and  coated  with  coagulaUe  lympli. 
When  tlie  cout«iita  of  the  atomnuh  eiicnpe  into  tbe  cavity  of  the 
abdomen  they  net  upon  tbe  viicera,  sncl  impart  to  them  a  peraliar 
tuons  feel.  Tbe  inSaiDmation  may  citcud  into  the  cheat,  and 
tlio  tliuracic  surlace  of  tlie  duipbragm  become  eoaled  with  lymph. 
Tlie  blood  in  the  largo  vesselB  is  oS\sn  found  firmly  coagt' 
'  ariiiary  bladder  is  genvrallj  em^lj  txA  inntnicted. 


suLFHcaic  *ciii.  417 

Eiceplinns  to  tbe  general  rule  of  the  past-nior(<iD  ipprarniicei 
nro  iiiiineroui,  arising  Eitbor  rroni  tbo  atre»|trLh  and  quMititji  of 
the  acid,  tlic  fnll  or  emptf  Btate  of  the  itnoisch  at  tbe  time,  nr 
th«  piirt  of  the  alimentary  canal  which  the  pcrison  reaches.  It 
may  not  pui  U'fond  the  mouth,  it  ma;  not  enter  or  pa»  th« 
ttoinach.  and  ita  action  mn;  b«  limited  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
windpipe. 

The  dioffrntiit  of  pii»oning  hj  the  mineral  adds  i>  ea»y.  The 
•oar  tait«,  tbe  iiHmediaIr  commencement  of  tbe  iiimiitoma,  tbo 
eitmiivc  (liiiuvaniiatioD  of  all  the  parts  with  which  the  acid 
oonwa  in  contact,  the  kbvuce  of  diarrhosi,  tbe  itaini  on  tbe  akin, 
and  the  iiyury  to  the  clotbra,  furm  a  combiastion  not  to  be  attii- 
balml  to  any  other  cauK.  la  tbo  great  majority  of  cues,  both 
ajnlptonM  and  post-mortem  appearaucM  are  clei'iiive  of  Uienuelrea, 
bat  when  cooiUned  they  leave  no  room  for  donbt.  to  almost  evmj 
inataiMo  additionnl  evidence  ia  aAuriled  by  chemical  amilytii. 

TrtotmfiU, — The  beat  antidote  would  lie  cnlcin^  mHgnciia,  or 
the  oarbonaiti.  mixed  with  water,  or  with  milkaudniitfr.  liutaa 
theae  ara  not  likely  Id  he  at  band,  chalk  or  wliiting,  tbe  platter 
trma  the  ceiling  or  wall  of  an  apai-tment,  milk,  nil.  or  aoHp-iada, 
or  aoda  or  potaahes,  mlird  freely  with  water,  ehoold  be  given 
without  delay,  Uilk,  mucilaginaui  and  oily  drinki,  and  dilote 
alkali'w  noliiliun*,  should  bo  given  frKly  and  fr«)Ucntly  for 
BUrcral  t>niir»  Ur  days. 

Tbe  corroded  and  wftened  state  of  the  part*  wonld  forbid  the 
on  of  tlis  stamarh-pamp.  even  if  it  were  pottibte  to  introiluce  it. 
If  tbe  patient  is  quite  nnablo  to  swalloir,  a  cautiout  attempt  may 
be  madtf  Id  introduce  the  tube  into  tbe  oeophagiii  beyond  tbe 
obstruolioo.  The  sabsequent  treatmeot  must  depend  ou  the 
nalnra  and  itveritj  of  the  syniptonu.  Lcocbe*  to  the  pit  of  the 
nvmach  are  likely  to  afford  relief,  and,  if  gralcfal  to  tbe  {xlient, 
ie*  in  cufaatauc*.  or  livd  drink*  may  bt  prewribcd.  Tlie  bowels 
Unat  be  kvpt  open  at  flrit  by  iiyections  ol  thin  gruel  and  ■■  loon 
•■  kperianta  ■pprar  sale,  by  mtor  fft,  previoualy  well-miicd  with 
ubout  twice  ita  quantity  of  hot  milk,  and  given  cold.  Eicori- 
BtiiHiB  on  the  aurhoe  must  be  trsatcd  as  bums. 

I.  iiTLMirwo  xcm.    (Oil  of  r.lriol.) 
In  the  Arc  yran  1A52-SC,  sulphnric  acid  wat  crvdileil  with  73 
out  of  tl»  77  dmlhi  attributed  to  tbo  mincinl  aciits.  and  it  t^kea 
Uit  Bfth  place  among  tbe  poisons  in  order  of  frcqurncv. 

Mig  acid  is  aold  by  druggists  and  oilmen  aa  "oil  of 

"     •;  and  the  dilute  add   aa  "vitriol," 

inc«  of  Titriol,"  for  cli^auiog  'ilennls  of 


I 


I'esFy  oily  liqny^ 


*'"'    "WW    tnniina 

'hcrate,  iodine  /ren^ 

*r       ■■«  or  tli«  allaioid.    , 

'     .  coionr  is  iinniediatel.  n 

•den  ivamwd  &  clf»r  bl 


''"^T  coltectwl, 
enleJon  char, 
iiverted  into  t 


0.  *I9 

b;  approprialu  trmU.  WormUy  rcoomniGiiiU  veratrinc  m  the 
be<t  Uat  for  the  free  acid,  and  one  in  every  mpect  niperioT  lo 
Rnngs'i  cane-sngir  lent.  If  ■  fragmant  of  tbe  alkaloid  be 
dropped  inUi  ■  llqaid  Mutaining  ai  iittle  u  tite  one-thouMndth  of 
s  grain  or  the  tree  acid,  and  i^aaolved  by  tlis  aid  of  beai,  it  fomu 
a  oalonrlms  miitnre,  which,  evaporateU  to  ilryneaa,  leaves  a  Ja- 
pont  with  a  fine  crimaon  border. 

a.  Slaiiu  an  Oath. 

The  atroDg  acid  atuna  black  doth,  flrat  red.  then  hrowD,  and 

coTTodn  it.    The  itain  oootiuan  nuriit  for  moDth*  cir  jean,  and 

b**  an  add  reaction.     Tbe  dilute  add  produm  the  same  change 

of  eotoor,  and  le«  oomnion ;  but  the  fpot«  nre  dry. 

To  detect  the  add,  tlie  atuined  fragmenl  of  rloth  nmat  be 
boiled  in  H  uniall  ijuantity  of  distilled  water,  the  liqnid  filtered, 
and  tested  for  the  free  acid.  A  drop  of  the  filtrate  should  be 
•nponted  on  a  glass  slide,  and  if  a  viiiblu  staia  rcmaini^  it 
_  fboold  be  eiainined  for  saliiie  matten,  and  au  unstained  purtiou 
If  tlie  same  cloth  should  be  exacoined  in  the  ennie  nay. 
'  Clean  linen  and  cotton  fabrics  corroded  bj  the  add  may  be 
~  Innitted  to  deatmctire  distillation  in  a  reduction-tnbc^  in  tbe 
oath  of  whicb  a  slip  of  filtering  paper,  moiatenad  with  solution 
t  itatdi.  and  sprinkled  with  iodic  acid,  ii  placed.  Tbe  releaaad 
idine  revcala  iU  preaenoe  by  the  blue  iodide  of  farina.  This 
B  la  not  applicabto  to  woollco  tvxtures,  which  oonttun  sdI- 
hatea,  to  tbe  coats  of  the  stoouch,  or  to  ita  coutenta.  A  parallel 
niment  «hoald  always  be  made  with  an  unttdioed  portion  nf 
-  rial. 

4.  Organie  Mitturtt. 
Aiuing  organic  mnttor,  luch  as  tea  and  colTce,  Iwcr 
d  porter,  if  tliieli  or  larbid,  uiut  be  bulled  with  diatiUed  water. 
d  filtered  tbraagh  paper  eapported  by  muslin;  if  cleur,  they 
ly  b«  ffltcred  at  once.  The  oolanred  precipitate  thrown  down 
ie  add  and  nitrate  of  hiryla  is  to  be  cotlncted,  boiled  in 
%  nitric  acid,  to  destroy  the  oi^anic  matter,  and  conTerted 
ID  anlphlde  of  bariam,  at  abore. 

ti  of  the  atoinBdii  or  tbe  vomited  malten,  will  ba>e 
rcMtion  if  no  antidote  hns  heca  given ;  but  if  the 
oaae  bas  received  mwliail  treatment,  or  the  pntient  has  aurrived 
some  tiinc,  they  may  he  neiitnl  or  even  alkaline. 

a.  Ifihey  liaveat)  acid  nactioii,  it  is  probable  that  they  contain 
a  free  add,  wlilcli  may  be  the  sulphuric  or  one  of  the  two  acidi 
ally  found  in  the  atomai^b.  the  acetic  and  bydniebloric.   Tbesi' 
Hi 


120  MUEKtL  ACDS. 

•ridi  in^li*i^>nUd  brdUiffiiv  Iteillfmd  Eq«d  (awH)** 
•:itlnnc  Add).  liD  H  hM  tbe  mnriMBtt  of  a  thim  fn^f.     U  M^    ■ 
txat>  fur  bjdradilone  and  acctie'aada  give  ■  ncgatii*  m^^  ^  J 
|].|ui.l  10  th*  ntort  imnt  Ic  iQiiUd.  UUttd.  and  U^tt  ^'^1 

phurir  khL  If,  bnmer,  tl^  probo  of  duiHIatiaa  tmitii  I 
rHtliT  aod,  wa  dilate  Uia  Uqoid.  ami  oootimc  the  £M3lrtll4|.  1 
adding  fttah  wHer  U  ammaj,  dli  all  tnce  of  theac  ad*  te  I 
nppKir*.     Tba  fliud  reoisiniDc'  in  tbc  reUnt  is  Uten  lo  be  tcMf  ^ 


asalln. 


i->uHordiM 


■.-..    till  .-fflTVCvt 


uftlll 


es  that  tlie  fnt 
:  'kalirjr  tkhtr  "ilh  a  tupennlpbaWv 
i)i:ite.  Hucli  lu  Epsom  salts,  combjoed 

n  tlic  Uiltor  nii«,  Ke  add  carboDatfl  of 
tj,  anii  calciUtc  llic  qnuDtitjr  of  free 
sulpliale  ot  baryta. 


■  have 


alLalln. 


aiid  Sltend;  tlic 


■t  lie  bollvd  in  il»til1ed  « 
lug  jjililicil  to  the  dltercil  liquid. 
:.rl-,nati!  i.f  lime  lias  Urn  piven  a*  an  anlidote,  the 
:■  nnliiliHte  miut  be  iliit^ilvcd  hy  boiling  witli  nitric  add. 
1^  i|iianti1v  of  at'id  dlKcverfnl  bv  any  of  the»e  proowsea  il 
mil,  Ihcru  in  no  prixfrthiit  it  litis  bevn  EnalluHni  ;  fur  the 
>t  till-  ht'iiiiurb  a1^  ny»  roiituln  a  aiuall  (jUMUIity  of  tien- 
nilpliBte, 


QuaittUatim  Analfi/ii. — Uso  for  this  parpnse  tlie  preripltiiled 
■olplute  of  barjta,  bcnlBd  in  pure  mtric  add.  waahed  sad  dried. 
100  ports  of  the  salpbite  CDnUin  41 J  ofthe  Strang  acid. 


Symplowu.—ThoK  alrendy  dewribcd  nt  p.  US,  but  seiera  in 
pniportion  to  the  strength  and  aorroaWo  prapvrtiiu  of  the  acid. 

ISerere  nertoiu  ajmptanu  are  tianietiiiies  present,  aiich  u  locked- 
J»w,  rigid  apasiDa  of  the  eitreiDitiea,  epilKpsy,  aod  dBlirium. 
Diagnotif. — The  darfc-brown  «taiiu  ou  tlie  ikiu,  and  the  moist 
brown  corroded  staiiia  on  black  cloth,  are  oharacteriatic 
Pott-morlem  appeanncet. — 1'boae  diucribed  at  p.  416;  bnt 
tbi'  diaorganiutiim  gnMter,  and  perfbmtion  more  (requeet  (about 
>  tbird  of  the  cues),  than  in  paiaaniog  by  the  otber  mineral 
acidi.  The  oolODT  of  the  epitlietiam  and  mucous  membrane 
dark-brown  or  bliu-k,  u  if  diorreil ;  while  in  casea  of  poiaoning 
bif  nitric  •cid  it  ia  more  commonly  yellow  or  green.  Wbou 
tbickljr  coated  with  mucui.  the  lining  mouibrane  of  the  mouth 
>nd  ■limenlary  oinal  seems  amcared  with  white  paint.  This  is 
the  efleot  of  the  acid  on  the  secretions  of  the  canal  after  death 
(Dr.  Chowne).  Tlie  poat-mortem  cttect  on  the  mucous  membrane 
itself  is  to  render  it  yellowish  and  brittle,  to  bleach  Lbo  muacular 
■nd  peritoneal  coat,  and  to  char  the  blood  in  the  reaaela  (Orfila). 
Falitl  JoM.—la  the  ndalt,  one  drachm:  in  an  infant  Ave 
weeks  old,  half  ■  drachm.  Foar  ouncea  have  been  swallowed  by 
tat  adult  without  htal  conteqaeocca. 

Fatal  ptriod. — Shorinl  one  hour :  in  a  child  "  atmoil  intme- 
diateli/."  Life  may  be  prolonged  for  several  days,  weeks,  or 
months,  op  to  the  limit  of  two  jiars.  Aceragt. — In  ea&ea  that 
prove  fatal  in  24  hours,  about  10  boors. 

Mortalitji. — Almost  all  infants  and  ; Don g  children.  Inadulfs. 
two-thinla  of  Che  cases.* 

ZWofMflif.— That  alraidy  dewTibed  at  p.  417. 

■  The  Mlowin  J  an  the  naolti  s(  tcnni  turn  raporlcd  In  Uib  EngUib  md 

Uf  M  DW  (Ui*  mKiMr  hoi^Hl— W  uttti  tatal  (all  the  obUdmi  aod  18 
adnlUt,  sDd  10  nantni  (kU  aduUi). 

Of  SI  fam^lniir(psnl(ililil.a  baoiridB]  (all  touoe  dilUnm).  and  8  ani- 
dmUl  a  it  IhtiD  elilldmi). 

AiBDiut  adults,  both  In  aedilmlal  and  nldilBl  twlsuning.  Uion  was  1  rsDO- 
TSTTieidssUis. 

or  tb«  n  fttal  MUs,  10  hwbM  s  da;  ot  leu  1  e  non  thin  adST  and  IcH  Una 
awstki  SlaHlhsoslDrUiltihli  1  rmn a forlnigtil  to  IhrH  estks;  1  axua 
tlun  t)ineir«1ii>i  andS  rIsdiM  rVan  STeto  Umj.&tt  weeks. 

Xks  lead  dunlion  In  S  cihlldrea  was  tbiM  and  a  tialf  bMis,  the  yiafnt 


m 


MINEBAL  ACIDS. 


r  dktiifa^ 


3.  Slamt  <m  CUtlX. 
Boil  tbe  &nginent  of  doth  in  a  imall  qwuititj  of  d 
wntcr.  The  preaenK  of  an  acid  will  be  indicalal  bj  teat-fipMfi^ 
and  tliat  of  nitric  acid  b;  the  appeanuice  of  tbc  Mjiin.  Kcotill&M  * 
with  cubouate  of  potub,  and  filter.  The  dry  filter  bam  lOAj 
toticli-iiaper.  Bv^iotat«  the  liquid  eollcct  and  uamhie  ikm 
rryi'tuU  by  Ihe  micnwvipe,  and  apply  the  bmcia  test  u  aborat 

'[■1  ili^tingiiiib  st;iin»  of  nitric  acid  from  tho«  Closed  by  iodine 
•IT  \i\  bile,  text  nilh  a  nmk  Biilution  of  (3U!^tic  potash.  The 
iiiih  IlIjIi;  nitric  and  gtuin  aMtimon  a  ch'ar oranf;c  tint;  that  catued 
Iry  irjiline  iniintdiatcly  disiippearj;  thi!  bile-^biin  ifl  uncbaoged. 

.(,  Organw  ilirtare,. 

If  the  liqnht  is  visritl,  dilute  with  distilled  water,  \)tB,  and 
liil<  r.  If  it  hus  an  acid  reaction,  neutralize  with  carbonate  of 
j"Fl.i-h,  iTvstalli/c,  and  aiijilv  tbo  tests  jiiat  dcsjTii>«l. 

II  nntidotes,  siicli  as  clialk  or  magiieaia,  have  been  given,  the 
lii]iiiil,  instcHJ  of  hnvin)c  an  acid  reuction,  tnay  be  neatral  or 
li't'bly  :ilk»Unc.  In  this  case,  also,  tbn  tillered  liquid  ia  to  be 
tir  Micrl  with  carhon;itc  of  potash  ;  soluble  nitrate  of  potash  will  be 
foniii'il.  and  insolnble  carbonate  of  lime  or  nia^neiia  thrown  down, 
t  lii-'  III  Inj;  separated  by  &eel<  liltration.  The  tittered  liquid  ig  eva* 
"  HI  tested  for  nitnite  of  potash. 


NITRIC  ACID. 


■re  cfa&racteristic  of  thi*  said, 
3  the  penon  and  dreu  of  rm 


jeUmi  cantdon*  on  tbe  drtm. 
The  dlMnvery  of  the*e  ataitu  i 
Mx-DWil  [leraan  hiu  W  to  liii  ninviccioa. 

PtHl-morltn  appearaaeet. — Thow  ■Irendj'  de«crib«d  (p.  Uti). 
The  colour  of  tbe  murooa  tcembrane  jiellow,  or  green  in  pirt*  of 
theiLotDtcb  ond  inteitinn  containing  bile  Tbo  degree  of  corro- 
don  l«a,  uid  perforation  more  rare,  than  in  the  caae  of  Bulpbnrio 

filial  doM.—Two  drachnifl.  (Tsjlor.)  In  infimta  leu.  Re- 
MV8T7  hu  taken  place  after  half  an  onnce,*  or  more. 

Fatal  period  [tSorlHl). — In  the  adult  an  boor  and  tbree- 
quarteri :  In  the  infant  a  few  minutea. 

Aetrage. — In  tfae  m^ority  of  faUl  eoua  death  takea  place 
within  twenty-fbnr  houraj  but  life  may  ba  prolonged  to  aevcral 
d«ja,  weeks,  or  niontha. 

MoHalilS- — About  hHlf  tbe  caKe. 

lVtalment.—h»  for  tbo  mineral  acidi  generally  (p.  417)t 

Kitric  add  haa  bc«i  poured  into  the  ear,  and  caused  iloughing, 
•bnndant  hunnorrhtige.  parnljiis  jactitana,  extreme  debility,  and 
death  in  about  tiitrlven  weeks-t 

The  orange  fumea  given  off  when  nitric  acid  is  poarvd  upon 
eopper  or  mcrcorj  (and  commonly  known  ai  nitroua  acid  gai)  art> 
prmluad  iu  large  qnantity  in  lome  proceaiea  of  the  arte,  (neb  W 
<nt«r-gilding  and  braat-button  making.  They  irritate  the  eyet 
■lid  lungs,  and  gire  rice  to  a  Iroubleaeme  oougli,  renewed  by  each 
Mpetition  of  tbe  proceu ;  and  at  length  becoming  habitual.  In 
Bore  than  oncinMancc  it  biia  prared  fatal  iu  periods  T8i7ing  from 
;tMent;.<e*en  honrs  to  two  dnyt.l  The  lymptomt  are  burning 
JNat  in  the  tbroat;  tightncsi  at  the  chest  and  pit  of  tbe  stomach) 
•itrenie lUslention  and  acute  pain  of  the  abdomen;  nausea  and 
vomiting  ;  pnrging  of  n  yellow  matter ;  acanty  aecrelion  of  urine 
and  dyaiiria;  cough,  at  fint  dry,  then  attended  by  scanty  orange 
aipcetontioD.  with  extreme  dytpnim,  and  feeling  of  impending 
■nllbcation ;  transient  delirium;  extreme  debility;  incxprenible 
anxiety ;  and  death  after  convnluons.  The  potl-vtorifii  apjiear- 
tmtrtt  conaiat  In  rigna  of  acnte  inflammation  and  ita  cuiiaequcncH 
in  the  air-paaaagea  and  lung*,  and  in  the  alimentary  canal,  engargc- 
nteiit  of  the  lungs  and  heart  with  black  liquid  blood,  distcnrioo  of 
the  atomadi  and  intestines  with  gas,  and  a  yellow  colour  of  the 


4!S         ^^k 


—  lo^ 


•Ed.  itU.  p.  *U  laWtTDKinJ  1  ■  liluflvw  Htd.  Job 


□  iiT-i  llMplUI 


II1BBB4L  i.ciaa. 


Tlie  blaoiideordnutoiide  of  nitrofren  gives  ri«e  it 
tameB  by  combining  wilh  air  in  thu  langt.     Ao 
H,  Davy  Hiflered  very  Wferely  when  be  tried   to  iahitlt  Ik   1 
biuoiidtt. 

m,  HTDBOCHi^aiC  iciD  {Muna/ie  Acid.  Spirit  of  SM^. 

Tlioagli  mariHtic  add  ia  loiDewhBt  Urgrel;  employed  i>  0* 
Brta,  it  ia  Dot  (Aim  uted  na  >  poiwm.  No  caie  of  poiHuiiq;  bj  t 
wu  reporlcd  in  the  jeura  1837-38;  only  two  ctaea  iotluhl 
yean  1852-56.  The  poiEOn  may  have  Ui  br  eiamineil  u--*  "'  '' 
ilrons  Ofid.  2.  I'lltfttlHtni  oiHif.  3.  Initaiiu  im  elalk. 
organie  nuxtum. 

L  Strong  Bi/drorhloric  Acid. 

The  add  of  commerce  la  of  a  yellow  ooloor,  fuming  L 
air,  and  yielding  denae  white  vaponn  with  Bmnxiaia. 
ducei  s  dry  green  itoin  on  blsd;  olutb,  bat  dof  not  oomdaiti 
or  the  itaiii  is  flrat  red  and  then  greea.  It  a  dartingoiiltad  im 
aulpharic  acid  by  ita  colonr,  and  fVom  lutric  acid  by  the  ahamt 
of  orange  fiiniea  when  poured  on  copper.  When  bntcd  with  ptP 
oxide  of  manguieae,  chlorine  ia  girea  off,  known  aa  sodi  bf  itt 
colour,  odoar,  and  bleaching  propertiea. 

2.  DiUlf  Bydrorliloric  Acid. 

The  liquid  ia  proved  to  contain  an  add  by  the  ose  of  htmu 
paper.  Tlic  nitric  acid  and  nitrate  of  baryta  teat  cauaea  no  \n- 
dpitate.  It  iaprobablo.  therefor^  that  the  add  isdther  nitric  or 
bydrochloric.  If  a  (olution  of  nitrate  of  silver  yieidi  a  deoie  white 
pittdpitate  inaolnhle  in  nitric  add,  and  in  canntic  potaah,  but 
Tcry  aolublo  in  amtoDnlai  and  which,  when  dried  and  beat«d, 
fnaea  into  a  yellow  liquid,  cooling  to  a  loll  boru;  maaa,  the  acU 
IB  certainly  bydrochloric. 

Aa  a  ditoride  (auch  a»  common  aalt)  wilb  a  free  add  would 
bave  an  add  reaction,  and  yield  the  same  white  pcedpitale  with 
□itrate  of  ailver,  a  drop  of  the  liquid  slioald  be  eTsporated,  wheo, 
if  there  is  a  cryaUlline  residue,  the  add  should  be  diatiUed  o*ac 
and  the  cryitAllioereiidae  examined  by  the  microacopcuid  UMed. 

3.  Staint  on  Cloth, 
GmX  the  atained  doth  in  diatilled  water,  Rlter,  teit  with  idtall^ 


wai 


HYDEOCHLOftlC  ACID. 


*.  Organie  SKxlurei. 

iioA  orgnmu  lujmili  cootain  bjdrocblarii;  acid  free  or  oomliiiied, 

md  moft  organic  matton  yield  ■  precipitate  with  nitrata  of  silver. 

■  la  tlie  GOiit«Dta  of  the  itomBcli,  the  acid  may  either  eiiiC  in  Che 

lfi«e  state,  jielding  a  itrong  ndd  reaction,  or  it  uu;  be  combined 

(ifitb  an  antidote,  the  liquid  bi.'iiig  neatrel. 

If  the  liquid  hiu  a  tUoag  acid  reaction,  wc  diatil  it  at  a  tow 

mperatare,  b;   immoniog  the  retort  in  a  boiling  loliition  of 

Ihlorids  of  (sidnm  (two  parts  to  one  dF  water),  the  diitilhitioD 

^  repeated  bj  adding  distilled  water  to  the  drv  retidne.   The 

BqDid  in  the  rec^vei  ma;  be  treated  a»  pure  dilute  add. 

The  detection  of  a  minute  quantity  of  Tree  hydrochloric  acid  in 
the  contents  of  the  stomach  dua  not  prove  its  exbitution  at  a  poison, 
fiir  the  gastric  juice  ilself  cnntaiui  »  minate  proportion  (1  part 
in  1500)  of  the  free  hydrochloric  acid.  But  when  the  acid  is  fonnd 
in  appreoable  quButitji  in  the  stomach  of  one  in  whom  the  symp- 
toma  and  tbs  poft-moTtem  appearance*  were  such  as  a  mineral 
acid  would  prodocc,  the  cause  of  death  admits  of  no  doubt. 
If  the  organic  Hqaid  is  neutral,  it  may  either  contain  no 
I  fc}pdroaUoric  add.  or  the  add  may  be  combined  with  ao  Botidote — 
«iai  lime,  soda,  or  potash.  In  this  case  «u  evaporate  to 
■  and  calcine,  diaolre  the  tcaidae,  and  lest  the  solution 
W  of  silver. 

If  the  rnidne  coDsist  of  common  salt,  it  may  hare  resulted 

ion  of  cBrhonate  of  soda  as  aii  antidote,  or  it 

imj  ba<ra  formed  part  of  the  lixtd.    In  ihis  case  also  the  chemical 

oufirmed  by  the  syinpUiniB  and  poBt-mortem  ap- 

F  stains  which  we  may  discover  on  tho  clothes. 

QMnrtKafive  Analfti*. — Use  fiir  this  purpose  the  dried  pred- 

A  chloride  of  silver,  of  which  100  grains  are  equivalent  to 

'  HI  of  liquid  hydro^loric  add, 

'        — Tliow  already  described  (p.  415). 

tearamcei. — Those  already  described  (p.  416). 
1  which  a  large  quantity  of  the  strong;  add 
^^_  d  In  laal  than  twenty-fcNir  hours,  the  epithelium  of  the 
Hltd  ffBllet  was  ileatroyed  iu  patches,  and  the  stomach  con- 
i  m  la^t*  quantity  of  black  gramoui  matter,  Hdberiiig  to 
•  lurfsoe  H<  as  l«  admit  of  being  prawrvcd,  1'he  prcpim- 
1  (prtHuted  by  Hr.  Bowman),  with  a  drawing  uf  Uib  gullet 
I  stomach,  is  tn  the  Hnseum  at  King's  College.  As  the  ap- 
piraiices  in  thia  case,  especially  the  shrivelled  and  wonn^ealen 


I 

I 

t 


430  TUE   ALiiLTES    4SD    THXIB    CABBONtTES. 

Tbe  nuDcnl  atiit  hkre  >Iio  besn  taken  in  ■  tttlt  d  m 
with  ulber  mbaUoeet — nitric  itdd  with  UndaDum,  alon.  it. 
hjdrodilorii'  acid,  in  oombiluitioii  vitb  tincture  of  ino  ai  al 
ronve  wblimiite,  ii  in  nimmoii  OM  for  browning  gna-bontj^iSM^' 
liu  been  takoo  u  a  poiHiQ  in  oue  caie.* 

II.  THE  ALKALIES  AND  THEIR  CABBOKATBl    \ 
Thi  alkalie*  and  tbrar  carbonata  share  with  tbe  p* 
of  irritnnt*.  the  minenl   acidi.  tbe  property   of  Jtitiujiig  4! 
nnimal  Unuei  bjr  tbe  violence  of  their  aclioo.  witlmat  pri>t  di 
lo  BprdGc  remnte  eO^ti :  also  tliat  of  acting   as  cono^ni  ^  .1 
whon  awallaned  in  a  nineentnited  fona  (in  luhalaDce,  ir  «n^  I 
■olntion). 

The  iIlHlies  and  their  carbonntea,  in  oonimon  with  Ihe  lUabt    1 
earthy   are  dislingmiihed  from   one  clam    of   tbe  metalt  In  Ih    ' 
negatire  eOect  of  nilphidr  of  amraoninm.  from  another  daw  brbi    ' 
negalire  elfeet  of  hjdnmlpharic  acid  and  anlpbide  of  ammiiaiB 
Tliv)'  resemble  tbe  alkaUne  eartlii  in  hannp  an  alkaline  tfttta 
bat  thej  differ  tma  tbein  in  yielding  do  prudpiute  wilh  (■ 
bonato  of  amnuniia. 

Tliough  thej  are  in  common  use  for  bootehfild  piuposta,  <t  ■ 
1,  thcj  are  seldom  taken  as  poisons. 


Canlic  Folaih,  aa  nsfil  in  the  laboralor; ,  la  in  tli 
Kra]rieh  maasea,  preaenting  an  imperfect  crjntalllQe  teitare.    I 
i>  aoap;  to  the  tancb.  acrid  to  the  taste,  bighl;  drjiqoe 
fniblo  bj  heat,  rapidl;  absorbs  carbonic  acid  from  tbe  u 
is  very  Balnhle  in  water.   When  fused  in  nnall  (ylindrical  n 
It  is  till-  pataiiajiua  of  the  ihopi. 

In  solution  as  Uqtior  potonit  tt  has  a  strong  alkaline  n 
changes  tbe  colour  of  black  cloth  lo  brawn ;  is  not  preapital 
by  carlioaic  or  SQlphnric   arid,  but  jieids  with  a  solutdon  of  II 
chloride  of  platinom  a  yellow  precipitate. 

The  carboaale  i^f  polatk,  birarbonale  of  poUufi,  at  tati  A 
tartar,  is  sold  by  oilmen  in  two  forms.  1.  Aj  a  inottlcd  d 
queaeent  maM— grey,  yellon,  brown,  and  black — with  a 
feel,  nriDons  laate,  and  stronfr  alkaline  reaction.  In  this  fbrm  it 
is  known  at  A)bu)  or  Polathii,  and  is  neal  chiefly  for  cleaning 
oil  lampa.  2.  In  laall  white  graina,  or  at  a  nbite  aemi-crydal- 
line  nuus  {Fearl<u\)  baring:  similar  detergent  propertiw,  mt  ' 
Ditd  for  wwhtog  and  other  clcaiudng  purpones. 

■  *  Midinl  Gu«tle.'  Noi.  1B». 


^m  uxiuei  L«3 


hi 


<iiaTiKttr  of  llw  »Jw  i"^  tlw  t*i>  »lki«tw,  *\  ben  ronvertei 
(ritralf  bv  dOBlf  nitric  ■ctd,  fc^  etjttiUiiw  u  rLombic  j 
and  potath  u  prinu. 

S.  /•  Orgaaie  JtUtmrvt. 
The  [irorea  ii  tlw  nunc  at  fnr  cirbooatv  of  potash. 


433 


THB  JU.E&LIES  AXD  TBSIR  CUIBCUJkTBa. 


iW-wor(flB  appearancet, — Th«  liuingmembnoeaf  tk. 
and  gullet  ii  (oneDHl  and  corroded;  the  oaiplugii^  i) 

and  iaUtXioa  are  inflimal,  with  abniBun  and  nlcentioaa 
lining  ■Dembnnc,  smI  dark  spot*  or  pntuhes  oiund  bjr  tM 
nied  blood.  SiHDetiinei  the  mflanmiBtJoii  extendi  to  thfrlL 
or  lungs.*  Id  chronic  cues,  large  portions  of  epitlidiiimV 
mneoii*  uiembrnae  are  found  remavul,  and  Ihc  gullet  and  ilnM 
are  contnelw].  Pcrforalion  ha«  nut  taken  plaM  in  aoj  of  Ih  ] 
recorded  i-ases. 

Fatal  q»aalUg.—Ua\{  m  otiniM. 

Fatal  pfriod. — Skortrtt,  three  lioura.     Artrvge,  in  Uwd^    ' 
ritjr  of  cusea,  witliin  twentj-four  huun.     In  clironic  ouot,  Ifet 
fatal  event  may  be  delayed  for  days,  ireeka.  niontli^  m  wen  )eBi. 

Tnattatal. — Ai  an  antidote,  Tinegnr,  largely  dilated  «ttl 
water,  or  lemon-juice  and  water.  Acidulated  deuuliciit  drinks 
and  the  Joice  of  orangei  and  ripe  fruits  muj  then  be  fndi 
adniniiteted.  and  almnnd  or  oUve  oil.  Inflannnatioii  nu>  bt  D«( 
bv  giving  ice  in  luhntance,  or  cold  liquids;  pain  by  prtyt  '' 
(tX  upiuui  i  and  colUpie,  if  present,  by  ntiumlautj.  llie  il 
pump  hIioqU  not  be  oied. 


Cauttic  toda  baa  uo  medico- lefral  iutereit.  Carltmafa  t^wttb 
is  sold  by  oiltnen  for  clennaiiig  purposes,  in  two  faring  h  wdk 
and  liettmda — the  soda  in  a  dirty  crystalline  man,  tbe  bcatag^ 
in  msHcs  of  a  purer  white.  Carboinito  of  aoda  may  ban  to  bl 
identified  in  subitatiiM,  in  solution,  and  in  organic  miitam. 

1.  In  SMbataim. 

Carbonate  of  toda  lias  an  alkulino  reaction ;  efrorveace*  and 
give*  out  ruibonic  acid  wbeu  treiiled  witli  an  arid  ;  readily  aji- 
talUzcs ;  is  efflorescent ;  and  imparts  a  yellow  tint  to  the  flame  of 
tlie  blowpipe, 

2.  Ja  SoUlion. 

Carbonate  of  soda  differs  from  carboiiit^  of  potash  by  yielding 
no  precipitate  with  bichloride  of  platinum,  or  with  turtaric  ai-id  - 
while  it  gives  witli  anttmoniate  of  potHBh  a  white  cryatuUine  pre- 
cipitate. Further  disljuctions  miglit  be  founiled  on  the  form  and 
character  of  the  salts  of  the  two  alkaliea.  When  i-oaterted  IbIa 
nitrate  by  dilute  nitric  icid,  suda  cryelallins  as  rhombic  n 
and  potash  as  prisma. 


!l.  In  Orgaa 


"Ai*ld*d.U(Jlk.']. 


'  JUixlum. 

'4rl>onate  ol 


t,  Patl-merlfm  AppeanuKti,  and  Trealmeat. — Tliofe 
g  hj  carUmate  of  poluU;  the  lyniptonu  lea  levere, 
■  Um  pcM-mortciil  appeuciMCB  leu  inarkcil. 

IKKOSLi    Aim   CISBOB-ITE    OI    XXiSOSlX. 

inionU.  diMolved  In  vBt«r,  as  the  Vtqvor  anvunitr, 
nUncd  irith  carbonic  add  u  Clie  Htquicarbomsit,  ii  largely 
ri  ID  nxiBdiK  and  llw  arts,  and  octasiuiull;  taken  as  a  pinson, 
'all/  I17  accident.    Tbe  inoatiooa  n>e  of  the  vnponr,  to  tddm 
~    '   m  fiuDting  fita,  liu  al»  raiual  death  by  loffocatian  or 

a  of  tbe  air-paingga. 
■  nponr  of  ammomi  ii  readilj  recogniud  b;  its  pnn^nt 
■r.  aad  bj  tb*  change  it  prodacea  in  legclaUc  colours  being 
IpMad  fay  beat.  Tbe  itiqiiearionaU  (ralgarly  known  u 
kbat^  nilatUa  mIi,  or  Huelling  ulti)  ig  nxogsited  bj  iti 
(■rt  fldoor,  and  diitinguiabed  Itma  tbe  carbonatcB  of  potiuli 
.  Mda  hf  Wng  Eompletely  dUaipnted  when  beated  on  plminam 
,  tl  b  iliilliiltiiiihi  <\  from  liquid  ainniaiiia  b;  efferreacin);  with 
Midi  afld  jicUing  ■  wbite  preci)ntate  with  the  aaltc  of  lime. 

(  i«  aat  tne  Etdid  ita  lalts  when  they  bto  heated  nilh 
'w,  the  nponr  bving  identitled  by  iti 
ion,  and  b;  tbe  denie  tamtt  furmct 
with  bjdnicbloriG  acid.  Ammonia  ii 
it  flnt  be  Mparatad  by  i^Cillation  and  Lben 
MvliStd  tj  I(>  appropriate  tcaU.  of  which  the  moat  delicate  ia 
VtaiWi  iw^liiil.  vbich  prei  a  reddiih-brown  colour  witb  tnicea 

fyiifiiwl — Theacs  ai  tiv  aa  they  are  doe  to  contact,  are  the 
■ID*  a*  Ibow  caoMd  bj  potaab  and  aoda,  and  tbeir  cartioiiateai 
bat  ban  ita  olrcme  ndatilitj  it  gaina  acceaa  lo  tbe  ur.paaaagea, 
■nd  haa  Utua  proved  fatal  in  lO  dutt  a  time  a* /oar  niMifer. 

Ad-awrffiB  AppeoriuuM. — Sign  of  violoub  influoimation  in 
tL«  aSmrstary  uDal  with  teparation  of  the  epithelium  of  the 
■Doatb.  and  Inflainmiitorj  appeanuuxa  in  the  air-|xuBagei. 

Fatal  Dot*. — One  drachm  of  the  ilrong  Lii].  AiniuoniiB  baa 
pnived  EitaL*  A  caie  of  death  by  SO  gTamaica.t  and  another  by 
to  iiMiiiiia.  baa  been  Tepart«d.t 

AiaJ  i^triod.— From  ■  few  mlnataa  to  fevera]  honra  (8. 4,  11). 
IVMClMat. — Ttnrgar  and  water  aa  an  antidote,  aiid  the  attur- 
V  to  Ibed 


I 
I 


■Oar'*  floavUat  bportiu'  *.  itH.  p.  W  (HIotodhii). 
t  ■  J«D.  4*  flKm.  MM.'  Jolj,  1MB. 
t'JaM,d>CtuB.IU<L,'M>j,  laaS. 


i 


CHAPTER  V, 

IKRITANTS. 

SALTS  OF  THE  ALKALIES  AND  EABTHS. 

ThK  carbonates  of  potasli,  wrfn,  and  nmniOQia  have  been  >In»i^ 
treated  of  (p.  430).  Tha  binmulute  of  potash  will  be  exsoiiacd 
witli  oxalic  acid;  and  the  iodide  of  poUusium  with  iodicie.  TtK 
poisons,  thwefore,  which  remain  are: — 

I.  Nitrate  of  Potash.  2.  Sulphato  of  Potash.  3.  Ktartntt 
of  Fatash.  4.  SulplAte  of  Alumina  Bud  Potash.  6.  Sulphoretrf 
Polo^um.  6.  Chloride  of  Sodium.  T.  Chlorides  of  Lime,  SaiM, 
and  Potash.     S.  Sxlts  of  Baryta. 

Tho  nitnte,  lolphatc,  and  Intartrate  of  potash,  t^  mlphMc  of 
elatQioa  and  potasli,  and  the  chloKde  of  sodium,  act  ai  poiioD^ 
only  in  large  doses.  As  they  are  not  deemed  p<n*oi>ciii,  tkf 
liBve  I>eeD  preti  to  discharge  n'Ormt  or  to  procure  abortkiD.  Bttt 
thu  snlphuret  of  potsseium,  comhining  the  irritant  action  of  Uh 
base  witli  tlie  narcotic  property  of  tho  tulphm'etted  hj-drogen  gs^ 
is  an  ai'tivc  and  fatal  poison. 

I.  MiTSiTB  or  POTABH  (Ifitre.  Sallpelre.  Sal  PruneOe). 
Poisoning  with  nitre  is  genemUy  Rfxidtntal,  b^ng  mifltaltea  &r 
sulphate  of  soda  or  sulphate  of  inagneua. 

Fmpertiti. — -It  is  sold  as  colourless  or  nearly  colonrlen  trji- 

tala,  or  as  crystalline  niasseij  and  in  uhito  epherical  or  cin^lit 

cakes  (sal  prunelle).     It  has  a  salt  cool  taste,  and  the  lamiliai 

property  of  earning  matters  with  which  it  is  miied  to  defl>gnt«. 

Tuli.— See  nitnc  acid  {p.  433}. 

f^M^jfonu.—Nitre  may  be  ^ven  in  sncli  doses  as  a  aeraple, 
two  or  three  scrnplcs,  and  even  half  an  ounce,  withont  injariooa 
eirects.  In  larger  doses  of  one  or  two  ouuees  it  has  acted  only 
as  a  strong  emetic  or  purgative.  But  seveml  case*  are  on  Koxd 
in  which  doses  of  an  onnce  and  upwards  hav«  prodaced  symptoms 
of  acute  irritant  pwaonicg,  with  profuae  dtschargea  of  blood  by 
vomiting  and  purging,  and  bloody  urine.  There  ii  extreme  pros- 
of  strength,  accompaoicd  or  fallowed  in  some  instancea  1^ 
<  sytnptouis,  snch  as  convulnious,  (light  trismus,  ti 


BULPHATB  AND  BITASTRATE  OF  fOTABil. 


135 


and  itopor,  loa  of  apeech,  Bcmotioti,  >th1  Toluntary  motion,  uid 
illumoDB  of  thi)  Kauei.  In  one  case  th»ra  wbe  cbotts  of  tvo 
monlLa'  dumtion. 

Fatal  Date.— Oae  oanoe  ot  the  suit  has  prm-ed  fatal.  A  cuo 
of  btal  poiioriiiig  by  25  gr.immes  (about  37fi  grains)  is  reported 
by  Clievftllier.*  On  the  otber  band,  Bnileyt  report*  a  oiue  of 
recover;  after  4  oimc««,  tiilieQ  bj  luiBtike  for  anlpliate  of  nuig- 

Fatal  Period. — Duath  bag  taken  place  in  thne  honn. 

Poit-tnortan  Aypearaneti, — Acute  iaflauiniatiDn  in  tlie  (to- 
inach  and  naall  inte4tini»,  with  black  patclics  in  llie  atomacb, 
naambling  gangrene,  la  ons  cue,  a  imiUl  opening  id  the 
■totnieh. 

TreatmaU. — Vomiting,  if  nbaent,  to  be  promotud  by  emeticE, 

followed  by  the  abandant  use  of  dilaenti:  or  tbe  stomach-pninp 

tnaj  be  nied.      ADtiphlogistic  remodiia   nuiy  be   rei]uired   ti> 

combat  bigb  inflanimntorj  action,  tedatives  if  nervoua  aymptomE 

I    an  proKnt,  and  atimulanta  in  case  of  GoUapac. 

n.  IDLFHATB  OF  POTASH  (Sal  de  duoba;  Sal  Polychreel). 
Thil  adt  has  proved  Mai  when  given  in  large  doses.  Ten 
imi  given,  in  divided  doiea,  to  a  Frencli  lady  witbin  a  week 
f  confiDemeDt  were  btal  in  two  hanrB,  with  tbe  lymptams 
d  poat-noTtem  sppeoninoes  of  inilant  poisoning.  In  a  niiddul 
ca  ODOoe  and  a  half  csiued  marlied  appearances  of  irritation 
■tomach  end  amall  inteatinei.  (Lethebj.) 
It.— Tiie  nit  ia  readllj  idcntincd  by  nitrate  of  hnrytn,  na  a 
It  tar  the  acid,  and  bicbloiide  of  platinum  ii  a  teat  for  tlie  haw, 
Trtatmnl. — Aa  for  nitrate  of  potash, 

,   BITlSTBtTB  oj  P0TA3H  (CVeaM  nf  Tartar,  Argol). 
In  (Dch  large  doaca  la  two  onncea  and  upwards,  tliis  «alt  i>  a 
It  baa  proved  fatal  to  an  adoU  male  in  forty- 
Lb  tbe  aymptoDta  and  post-mortem  appearances  of 
It  poiaoning.     It  ia  generally  fonnd  aa  a  sparingly  soluble 
powder.     The  solution  liaa  a  feeble  acid  reaction.     Tht 
■  converted  by  beat  iuto  carbon  and  cnrbooate  of  potash, 
h-htter  efi>iTTnCOi  with   acida.     Tbe  base  may  be  identJUed 
t  platlnam.     It  may  be  obtained  as  a  aedimeot 
]1lhla.     Tlie  irealmnt  'a  by  copiooa  demulcents. 
nntdies  approiiriute  to  the  condition  of  the  lystem. 
n  of  tLti  IncnrlioDate  of  potash  nisy  be  given  with 


I 


IT.  de  Cbi 


^  MM.-  Feb.  H 


■t  '  Phil,  HnL  wid  Surir.  iKpV  Jlma,  1<I}1, 


S  OF  THE  AIIUUKS  iXD  I 


'  ALJumx  Aid)  poTiaa  {dbtm). 


I 


Pmp^fiai. — It  u  found  in  (3>mmeive  u  a  colottrlMi 
line  mui,  or  in  the  oalcined  state  bb  a.  whit«  niMa  orpowdv.  U 
IB  also  met  with  u  iron-Blum.  It  hni  a  sonr  t^ite,  «id  ;i«UiN 
idd  lolntion,  readily  dinin^iahed  frani  dilate  free  acidibf  an- 
poration.  If  b  drop  of  the  lolnticm  be  placed  on  ■  slip  of  fj^ 
it  commonly  leaves  on  evaporation  a  beaatifiil  ooaipoiuld  eijMll 
consititlag  of  atrniglit  parallel  columns  crosaed  at  right  anglt*  tj 
short  line^  and  Bnrroanded  by  reetangolar  CTjitaUine  fao^ 
blended  with  regalar  octahodra.  From  ntursted  or  iliDDguti- 
tioTu  of  alum  the  crystuli  are  deposited  nther  M  octabedra  V  N 
cubes,  and  large  msBaes  of  crystals,  consiiting  of  pUea  of  ocUtwte 
either  colourless  or  coloared,  are  ftmiliar  objeels  in  the  ^upL 

Teili. — The  snlphnric  acid  may  be  detected  fay  the  adntte  rf 
nitrate  of  baryta ;  the  alumina  is  thrown  down  by  liq.  potasa^M 
a  white  preci[ntate,  soluble  in  so  exceis  of  the  preciiutant;  ^ 
the  potash  may  be  detected  by  (he  chloride  of  platinum. 

Symptonu.— Those  of  simple  irritant  poisoning  (p.  878). 

TrtatneiU. — That  of  simple  irritant  pirisoning.  ASler  ew^ 
iag  the  stomach  by  tbe  stomach-pump  or  by  emeUca,  lime-wala 
may  be  given  with  advantage. 

T.  BCIPUUBET   OF   POTAsaiCM  (Lifer  o/ SWpiw). 

The  alkaline  BUlphorets  are  active  pcrisons,  coabmung  an  irri- 
tant base  with  a  narcotic  gaseons  acid. 

Pnpertifi, — It  is  found  in  tbe  shops  in  dirty-^reen  nusae^  uc 
in  powder  of  the  same  coloar.  It  yields  a  yellow  eolation,  and 
has  a  strong  odour  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

TetU. — On  adding  an  add  the  gas  is  disengaged,  and  plo> 
duces  its  characteristic  effect  on  paper  mtniteaed  wilii  acaUle  d 
lead. 

SsfptoBu. — Those  of  acute  irritant  poisoning,  with  the  ad£- 
tion  o(  convulsioDS,  or  of  stupor.  The  breath,  and  the  matten 
discharged  from  the  stomach  and  bowels,  have  the  odoor  of  iha 
gas.      Death  may  oocur  in  so  short  a  time  as  a  quarter  of  sn 

Poit-mortem  Apfearaneei. — Redness  of  (he  stomach  and  dno- 
denmn,  and  deposit  oF  sulphar  on  the  mncous  membrane.  The 
■nrfiue  of  the  body  very  livid.     Tbe  lungs  gorged  with  dark 


SALTS   OF   BAST  T A. 


»l. — Dilute  BolulJaiu  of  cbloride  of  soda  or 
(bliMching  liqaiJa)  ihonld  be  imnipdlatel;  administered. 
ntnuDder  ef  the  treatment  la  that  of  irritant  poiioning. 


OP  BODiim  {Cotnmon  Salt). 

Froptrtiei  a»d  Ttttt. — The  salt  ia  aoluble  in  water,  and  the 
KktiOD  on  eVBpontioti  field)  cable  cryalals.  'Ilie  acid  ii  de- 
tected b;  the  luluLioD  of  nitrnte  of  mlver,  which  throiri  down  the 
white  chloride ;  aod  the  boae  by  the  negative  reitctioa  wjtb  the 
bichloride  of  phitiimm. 

Bj/vtptotiu. — Those  of  irritant  poiaoDing  (p.  3TB). 

Treatmml.—iit  for  nitnte  of  potash  (p.  435). 


FtncdfTi  and  Liquidt). 


I   ( BleacMog 


The  chloride  or  hypochlorite  of  lime  (common  hleaFhing 
powder)  j  of  aoda  ( LnbamqDe'a  or  Fincham'a  Uquid) ;  and  of 
potwb  (Ebu  de  Javelle),  ant  all  poinonoiu. 

Fropurliet. — Thne  sebiituKeB  and  aolutiona  ;ie1d  chlorine 
^niitaneoD<l<r,  or  on  adding  an  add ;  and  the;  have  a  strong 
odoor  of  the  gas ;  and  powcrAil  bleaching  iirop«rties. 

Tha  Bjrmptoms,  post- mortem  appeurancoi,  and  treatment  would 
ba  thoae  proper  to  the  olau  of  irritants. 


Trofertiet. — The  chloride  of  bariom  is  irregaUrlj  crjatalliied 
In  tables,  It  is  permanent  in  the  air,  soluble  in  water,  and  has 
III  acrid  taste.  Tlie  carbonate  ia  a  line  white  powder,  iniolable 
in  water,  bat  aoloblc  with  eHervescence  in  dilnte  adds,  and 
readily  docompoaed  b;  the  free  acids  of  the  stomach. 

Tiil». — Baryta  ia  precipitated  (roiD  its  aolntlona  as  a  vhite 
carbonate  by  caibonate  of  potash,  and  ai  an  inaotiiblo  white 
nlpbate  fay  nilplinric  add  or  the  alkaline  sulphates.  Oulic  aoid 
doea  not  predpitate  baryta  ttma  dilate  solutiona.  The  adds  in 
eombinatjon  with  the  hue  are  easily  distinguished :  carbonic  add 
by  effenesdng  with  dilute  adds ;  muriatic  add  by  nitrate  ot 
ritver;  nitric  acid  by  predpitating  tlic  base  with  aulphate  ot 
potash,  when  uitre  will  remain  in  solation  ;  and  acelrc  acid  by 
tbe  odonr  of  the  vapoor  disengaged  oa  adding  dilute  salphoric 
add. 


438 


Salts  o?  tub  alkalies  axu  unas. 


debllitj,  dimness  of  ligbl  and  double  v 
and  violent  be&ting  at  tbe  heart, 

Poii-miM'lem    Appearaticei. — Those     of     irritant    lf«'»i^    | 
(p.  378).     In  one  case,  in  which  death  todi  pkoe  ii 
the  itomacb  wu  found  perforited. 

liital  Dow.^Tiiit  hiu  not  been  oacprtained;  fa< 
teresUng  CHM  rejrorted  by  Dr.  Tidj.*  vrbere  "green  Sre"  wii 
given  bj  mistake  for  flowers  of  anliihor,  death  took  place  in  Bj 
houra.  'rbe  quantity  talcen  would  be  equivalent  to  lOiDeirlal 
more  than  a  qiuirter  of  an  ounne  of  nitrate  of  baryta. 

Tivalmnt. — The  tree  tue  of  the  «u!pha[«  of  soda  or  of  Mf 
nesla  ae  an  antidote,  emeties.  and  the  stomacb-pump,     nwift«k 
It  is  that  proper  U)  tlie  iirilanta  as  a  claai. 

'  ■  Ucd,  Prai  uid  Clreulu,'  IMS,  p.  U7. 


CHAPTER   VI. 

rREITANT   GASES. 


1.  Nltniui-aold  Oas.     (Sa>  p.  425.) 

2.  Snlphuroiu-add  Qas. 

3.  Ujdn>i-hlaric->i^d  Gas. 

4.  Chloriue. 

5.  AmmoniiL    (See  p.  433.) 

9bM  initant  guc*  faive  the  common  propert;  of  irriUCing  nnd 
hming  tlia  tjt%,  thnwt,  aod  wbola  extent  of  tbe  air-pawaget, 
d  ia  m  oOneeatnUd  farm  mif  caiue  fatid  Bpuim  (if  tie  glaltia. 

2.  Salpi»mu-acid  Oaa. 

This  gM  ii  on*  of  tbo  prodncta  of  the  combaation  of  commoo 

•Ml,  and  ixntribates  to  tUc  latal  result  nrhen  con!  m  burnt  in 

■pBTtmedts.    It  i*  alao  the  chief  csase  of  the  imtiiting 

which  iaae  from  the  baker'i  oTea.  aiul  contributes  to  pro- 

the  diKuc*  of  tbe  cbeat  to  which  the  London  bakers  ure 


3.  Hsdrochlonc-aeid  Oat. 

nuule  on  plants  by  Drf.  Turner  and 
Cfaristison,  anil  from  csperitncnta  on  small  anioinls  h;  Mcwn. 
BOfCTSoa  (we  chapter  on  Poinnous  Graa  in  CbriBtiMm  '  Oa 
~  '  ']^  It  is  evident  Ibat  this  gHS  is  posseued  of  highly  irri- 
tiOL,  and  that  if  inhaled  by  the  iiomnn  lubject  it 
lif^  ■■  certainly  as  any  other  of  the  irritant  gaie*. 
4.  Chlorine. 
{«  largelj  used  in  bleaching,  and,  in  the  aick  room,  as 
It  prodqcei  violent  irritation  in  tlie  eyes,  nostrils, 
I,  and  throat.  In  a  rate  ated  by  Christison,  grcst 
tf  WM  obtuned  by  the  inhalation  of  a  small  quantity  of  sul- 
pbar«tt«d  hydrogen  gu. 

From  ioformation  collected  by  Chriatisno,  it  appears  that  men 
wIki  are  in  tbe  habit  of  inhaling  air  imprognftled  with  iihloHno 
Ucoma  gradually  afvnstomed  to  its  use,  tliougb  they  tuffer  from 
dyspeptic  oomplninM  and  acidity,  and  lose  Heib )  bnt  nevertbelcM 
uaaj  of  them  attain  to  an  advanced  age. 


CSAPtBE  TIL 

IBRITiSTS. 


rnospROBua.  441        ^^M 

ovfT-doMit  it  veej  often  Ukeo  in  Prunes,  and  aomrtimM  in 
EngUnd,  u  It  eiiiEa  on  lacifer  nntchQi ;  and  hiu  bwn  given  in  ' 

■ulataiKEi  uid  liquiJa  of  itrong  colcrar  and  ttarour  as  a  poiton,  or 
M  in  ai^TodisiRc. 

Sifmploiiui. — Poiaonlng  by  phoaphnra*  ia  characterized  hy  tlie 
rariety  of  ita  ijmpCom*,  and  often  b;  thnr  obtcuro  and  iiiaidioa* 
character.     It  ma;  ocouion  three  well-deHned  groups  of  eymp-  itrJittj^ 
toma — a.  Irrilaml ,-  b.  Stnott ,-  e.  Urtmorrhagie. 

a.  At  the  mooieiit  uf  awalluwing  the  poison  B  digagr^islile '^ 
tote  and  odtnu  are  often  perceived,  comiisrcd  by  aome  to  garlic,  I/. 

bj  other*  to  bnmiug  solpbur.    There  ii  hent  and  pain  in  the  ^****A*I 
throat,  swelling  of  the  tongui!,  and  ■ametimn  pniu  In  the  pit  of    ^\i^  , 
thostomichiWitb  discomfort  and  exritement,  and  DHUseg.  followed      / 
often  after  a  considerable  interval,  by  Tomitiii);  of  inatl«rs  mo-  ^^H 

eons  or  trilSunsi  rarely  bloody  %  ■omatimes  shining-  in  the  dxrk.  ^^| 

Vomiting,  when  it  oecnrs,  afibrdi  rvlief,  but  it  ii  often  absent.  ^^H 

Colic  paiiu  and  diarrborn,  with  some  tendome»  of  the  belly,  ^^H 

■MDetimm  folloir.  The  countrnsnco  undergoes  little  change  of 
expraaion,  and  the  mind  is  intact.  At  the  end  of  tweuty-four 
or  tturty-sii  boors  the  vomitings  cease,  the  patient  goes  uboat  as 
(MOal,  complaining  of  vandering  puns  in  the  limbs  and  loins. 
The  pulse  is  (mall,  nit,  and  slow.  Thta  treacheroas  calm  ma; 
last  far  two,  three,  or  four  days,  or  evon  more,  and  wL«i  the 
patient  seems  to  bave  recorered,  he  may  die  suddenly  without 
pTcaenting  any  new  symptoms.  Bat  generally,  on  the  second  or 
fldrd  day,  jaundice  shows  itself  with  headache  and  sleeplettness  and 
retention  of  urine,  whicb,  when  drawn  off  by  the  catheter,  is 
fbnnd  tinged  with  bile,  and  perhaps  albuminous.  Vomitings 
Rbo  occur  ftom  time  to  time,  and  painftil,  sometimes  Involnntary, 
dachargei  ttma  the  bowels.  Acute  deliriom,  followed  by  Gttat 
eoma,  tasting  from  ui  to  twelve  honn,  terminate  the  case.  In 
man;  young  infants,  vomiting,  folkiwed  by  somnolence  and  con- 
valsions,  ore  the  leading  symptoms,  and  death  takes  place  in  from 
fbur  hours  to  two  days. 

b.  In  this  form  tJie  symptoms  in  the  throat  and  stomach  are 
attended  by  iTceping  tenntions  in  Ibe  limbs,  painfol  cramps,  and 
repeated  fsinlings,  with  extreme  prostration  and  somnolence,  but 
DO  feter.  and  no  venereal  excitement.  The  skin  is  dry,  yellow, 
and  marked  by  erythematous  spots.  About  the  fifth  or  sixth 
day,  lomctima  later,  acute  delirium  suddenly  breaks  out,  with 
ripd  contraction  of  the  jaw,  and  conTnlMons,  folkiwed  by  coma, 
and  death  in  from  a  week  to  a  fortnight,  rarely  later. 

^^     c.  The  symptoQU  set  in  as  in  the  previous  varieties,  bnt  the 
^Bttmtten  vonuted  often  comist  of  pure  blood,  and  are  succcedod  by 


J 


PH  OSFBOKUB— THE  ATMES  I. 


I 


•t. — One  ^io  or  leM. 
I  Frriod. — In  acute  aaa  bi  little  as  Toar  bonra.  In 
I,  Iir«  miy  be  pralmigiHl  Tor  Berersl  moatlia. 
— H'ben  odled  to  >  rsM  of  poisoning  supiioeeil  to  ba 
1.  tlie  nediml  man  may  be  able  (a  au-'ertain  llie  fnct 
ll  bj  doiitig  the  doon  and  windowB,  and  eimniuing 
d  DOitrilt,  penon  and  dotbea  of  the  patient,  ub  well 
«  reeded  from  the  attimBch  Or  bonclB,  oc  things  □□ 
BWajr  have  been  discbargcd. 

C  br   nbttphony    TeiBp|blM   in    miinv    rwnwlj.    thp 

-p  1  aente  t>1L«>  Klmnt..  if  l.h»  livw      There  arc, 

lain  point*  of  difference.     lu  acute  yetlow  atrophy 

i  ngn*  of  unite  gaitritia  vhich  in  phospboma  polwa. 

■  the  jaundice,  are  nantingi  and  cerebral  ajmptoms 
B  prediiiainant ;  and  thongb  in  both  condition*  there  ie 

Btion  of  the  liver  and  internal  org:an>,  in  phoepborua 

I  lifer  ii  anully  Tound  enUi^ei],  and  tbe  lobulea 

l^irtula   in  scale   jellow  Blropliy  the   liver  \t  greatly 

e,  greaay  on  the  mrtace,  and  with  the  lobnlel 

rated. 

■  jellov  atropby  lendn  anil  t}iro«ii  are  fonnJ  abnn- 
n  Qm  nriiie ;  while  in  phoapbunu  poisoning  thete  pioductc 

e  twIt  if  erer  found,  thmr  place  being  taken  by  eertoiD  pep- 
'"  e  bodUa  along  with  Hrcotaotic  acid.  From  the  rciearchca 
of  Vat  and  Batter  (we  '  Joum.  of  tbe  Chem.  Soc.,'  vol.  xxir. 
f,  MA)  it  wmld  appCBr,  however,  tbat  theru  is  no  easential  dilTe- 
I  MMin  halwrnn  the  eflecta  of  pboipliorui  poisoning  ami  acute  yellow 
atnftbj  I  tbe  differencet  obwrvablo  being  dae  more  to  the  fiut 
lh«t  lh«  dvuigei  tatie  place  more  rapidly  in  acDte  yellow  atrophy 
tlm  ba  pdnnuig  by  pboaphonu.  Tbe  latty  degenerBtioii  canaed 
bj  pbMi^Ninu  ia  atbibal«d  to  dimiBiabed  oxidation  of  fat  and 
JBuraMid  tiuuTormatioD  of  tbe  nitrogeainu  tiaaaea. 

TW»<irnt. — AHlidolt. — Tbe   recent    reeearchea    of    Kobler,     , 
TMtcv,  and  othera  leem  to  prove  that  in  oil  of  turpentine  we  fill    ff\ 
pMBm  Ml  ettdent  antidote  for  pluMpbonu,  provided  it  be  given  \        ,\j  j 
hi  tia«>    Tbate  ia  aonw  difference  of  opinion  an  to  tbe  kind  of  <Hi  Jw  vp>*W' 
«f  tarpcilUiM  which  ii  moat  effectual.     It  would  appear  that  oil 
«pf  terpentine  whivb  ba*  not  been  rectified,  and  which  baa  become 
if^t'*"*  by  long  ftnoding,  i>  tbe  bent.    Vetter  recomineada  Da  tn 
bafin  tti*  treatnimt  with  an  emetic  of  aalpbate  of  copper  (regarded 
m  a  powNfnl  aotidote  by  Bamberger).    After  tbe  action  of  the 


L 


4i4  PaOSFHOBUS  USD  lODIKS. 

emetic,  oil  of  tnrpentine  »  to  be  giren  in  M-misini 
muetUge,  everj  15  minutea  Tor  an  honr.     Next  itj, 
ahould  be  given  in  miicilngiiioai  driotu,  and  lata  _ 
held.     The  reat  of  tbo  treatment  will  vary  with  tbe 
present.* 

Detection  tf  Fhoiphomt. — Tlie  cLaracteriitie  odo 
phoms  may  often  be  perceired  in  tbe  contents  of  tl 
If  phospboniB  bai  been  token  in  aabstance;  nicb  M  h 
nuilcUet,  it  will  be  seen  on  inipectioD.  It  maj  Im  «_ 
solid  •ediroent,  whicb  will  become  luminom,  or  bum,  a 
bested.  If  we  do  not  find  any  pbotpbonu  i 
BtoDiiicli,  spread  out  on  a  plate,  taken  into  a  A»A  f 
wormed,  may  become  InmiaouB,  at  tbe  fiume  tii 
tcrifttic  odour  ii^vea  oat.  Patrrfuctlon  doe»  m 
noutyi  but  it  la  concealed  by  turpentine,  etber,  ■ 
kmiDonia.  Anatber  metliod  of  procedure  eoniisti  in  s^titing  tkt 
on^nic  nutter  with  biinlphide  of  carbon.  Tbe  liquid  on  eripm- 
tion  may  leave  globules  of  phoapborna,  wbicb  will  inflame  is  Ihl 
application  of  a  hot  wire. 

If  DO  reaiilt»  are  obtained  by  tbe  above  motboda,  before  preoel- 
Ing-  to  more  minute  analysia,  we  may  apply  Scbener**  trial  tiA 
It  con«iat«  in  iiupending  in  tbe  montb  of  tbe  Qiub  whicb  i*  np- 
pa«ed  to  contain  the  matter  impregnated  with  phofpbarav  a  ittip 
of  tbin  filtering  piipt^r  aoaked  in  a  uolutjoa  <rf'  nitrate  of  vlvir. 
On  wanning  the  iWk,  if  photpborui  be  present  tlie  paper  «ill 
become  blackened  by  tbe  reduction  of  tbe  lilver  and  formation  of 
pboaphide.  But  oa  blackcuinic  may  likewiaa  be  earned  by  «nl- 
phuretled  hydrogen,  it  ia  recommended  to  loapend  along  with  llie 
nitmte  of  silver  paper  a  paper  aoturated  with  acetate  of  lead.  If 
tbe  silver  paper  ia  blackened,  and  tbe  lead  paper  not,  pboipbcra 
ia  present. 

Mittc^iiicKt  'Meihod. — Tbia  is  one  of  the  moat  delicate  tnta 
fbr  pboaphonu.  "  To  the  organic  matter  dilated  with  *at«  a 
small  quantity  of  lulpburio  acid  ia  added,  to  neutraliie  any 
ammonia  that  may  be  present,  llila  ia  diatiUed  in  the  dark  born 
a  dask,  tfarongb  a  tube  kept  cool  by  a  stream  of  water.  At  rtA. 
condensation  of  tbe  vapoura  in  tbe  tube  a  luminons  apiieanmw  ii 
perceived.  The  appanlus  is  limilar  to  that  figured  at  p.  396,  but 
tbot.  in  lien  of  tlie  cenlral  tube,  a  long  glaaa  tube  of  tmall  diameter, 
enclosed  in  an  outer  tube  nmlaining  ronning  water,  ia  snlMi- 
tnted,  and  the  vessel  of  water  ii  dispensed  witb."t     It  ia  wit 

*  For  (s>pIfmB  tnnorls  or  tefWDl  rsuanhes  iu  r^atstt  to  phoapbami  Kt 

•oolb?.  tn  thp  Sjdcnhom  Socictj-i  Y™  B«)Ik.  IBtB-IST!.  _ 


PHOSPUOKi:*— CHKOSIC  POUOSING. 


^Mom^ft  3f^ji))<f.— Thn  ii  bawd  on  the  tact  discovered  by 
bat  pluwphorat  aai  its  lower  oxidntion  prodncta  in  pte- 
ttcmt  hjrditigcn  CDTpbine  to  fonn  pliospborettcd  bjdro- 
I,  vhb^  barni  with  an  emerald-green  flmne.  Tbe  Hjiplication 
',  reqqirea  tn  ippinttiB  limilar  to  tbsC  uud  in 
MM  for  tbedetectioD  of  arsenic  (See  fig.  SS,  p.  461.) 
n  M  generfli^d  with  pore  nae  and  dilate  aulpbaric  acid| 
<l  th*  dnitl  material  rappoted  to  contun  pbDnphoma  i«  then  iatro- 
a  (bnncL  K  phospbonn  ia  prewnt,  the  ga»  isniing 
p  tbf  appantu  bums  nith  an  emerald -greeo  fiame.  Two  or 
'[HU  are  to  be  observed  in  refereDcu  to  tbis.  It  li 
te  uonle  made  of  plaUoum,  alt  sucb  metala  as  copper 
g  Bfoiitcil  A  glaia  nmile  ipeedilji  becumes  no  hot  that  tbe 
•h  ann  tluiogh  phoaphorua  ii  preaent,  does  not  eibibit  a  fjeea 
Tbt  green  oolout  may  be  brought  out  in  groat  brilliancy 
Bag  the  Same  from  the  direct  ninli^ht,  and  pressing  on  ^t 
■  odU  pncelaju  lid.  I'be  pretence  of  certain  vapoura,  sncb 
■■  thorn  <d  akobol  and  ether,  ranoeal  the  colonr  of  Ibe  flame. 
Kvm  (vIpfaDnUcd  bydrogeo  *u  said  to  do  so.  Itlondlot,  tborefore, 
Inataai  of  igniting  tbe  hydrogen  inning  from  the  aimplo  arrange- 
nMDt  dwnibiil,  recommends  that  the  pa  should  be  made  to  ptisa 
into  a  vtanl  eonUining  a  solntioo  of  nitratu  of  ailver.  If  plion- 
pbena  ia  preaent,  a  brownish-black  preci[ntale  of  silver  in  combi- 
natioD  «ith  pboapbonu  is  thrown  do«n.  This  pret'lpilate  is  tiicn 
to  ba  introditccd  into  a  Uanh'i  apparatus  as  befure,  when  the 
■BWraU-graen  colour  will  be  obtained  with  great  distioctDeei. 

All  tbaaa  mettiDds  for  the  detection  of  pluHphorus  are  adapted 
to  the  discover;  of  phoapboroi  itself  or  ita  lowest  oxidation  pro- 
dMta.  Tie  pretence  of  photphoric  acid  would  be  no  indication 
'  «nia  baviog  been  taken  as  ■  poison ;  far  phosphoric  scid 
ii  a  BOrtoal  coMtilneot  of  tlia  body,  and  of  maDy  arljclus  of  food. 

Cironie  FoaoKing  by  Fieipiorut. 
.   TIm  tD*ktn  of  phoaphoma,  the  manobctnrers  of  congrcvo 
Hatftiea,  the  makera  of  soma  kind*  of  verm  in -paste,  and  pliarma- 
J  cbcmiata,  are  more  or  lesa  eipnaed   to  the  vapour*  of 
TboM  who  niffer  from  such  exposure  waste  away 


lODIIlK  OJ  POTASSIUK.  44? 

»  or  its  prcpBistioiu  In  medicinal  doses,  addsd  to  irrita- 
b  of  the  klitneiitirj  ennat.  are  catnrrhal  ii<;mploniB,  emaciatinn, 
,  palpitation,  gradual  atisorptiaii  of  the  tegticlcs,  matninv, 
r  glandaUr  itructum,  ptjaliim,  increase  of  luret  of  the 
m,  ptiapimi,  and  enlar^emeDt  and  tendernese  of  the  liver. 
■  •j-atptoma  hive  been  more  than  once  produced  bj  udbII 
•  admilurtered  for  a  few  dajrs  at  a  time. 
W<  mtrrtrm  Jpptaraaeet, — Tliose  of  icnte  irritant  pcHsonitig, 
I  corrcaum  (p.  379).  EnhirgeniDnt  of  the  liver. 
|VaatB«B(. — After  the  ttomach-puiiip,  the  free  nse  of  a  weak 
Akm  of  orbouale  of  aodo,  nod  of  dilnenta  containing  starch, 

hJJM  »  Organic  Miziurtt. — The  polaon  ia  readily  identiflod 

Um  tJtwacten  abore  ^ven.     Biiulphidc  of  cartnn  which  dii- 

B  it  rewlil<r,  peldiog  a  piuk  aolution,  luta  alto  the  property 

r|Mn*if|f  it  fnta  iome  of  ita  eoladoos,  aud  drposiljug  it 


:C 


lODIDI  0»  rvuSBUm  {Ugdriodale  of  Puiash). 
tpwriiu. — A  crjitallioe  anbitnnce,  having  a   pecahir  faint 
;    white  when  pore,  pennanent  in   the  air,    and 
T«r;  Mhible  in  wntcr  and  alcohol ;  hut  wf       ' 
t  %  jdbnrah   cohnir,   and    dellquHcent. 
bna  a  cnbo  (fig.  T5). 

Titt$. — Strong   nitric   or  »Qlphiiric   acid  tnms   the  ' 
(firatala  brown,  and  liberate*  the  iodiae,  which,  o 
idjiog  l""**"  ™"  '"  violet  vaponra. 

tm  SaliliiM  it  has  the  following  reactioiu :— Corroeive   aabU. 
Bate    thmwa   down   a   fins  carmine-red    iodide  of   mercury; 
Elat*  of  load,  the  yellow  iodide  of  lend  j  the  inbnitrate  of  mer- 
ry, Uw  ye)k>w  gobiodide  of  mercury,  which  gradnully  changce 
a  dirty  bmwn  j  aniphnric  aud  nitric  adds  change  the  solution 
a  brown;  and,  on  the  addition  of  slarch,  lo  a  churiicteristio 
It.    The  base  m«j  be  detected  by  the  bichloride  of  platinum. 
In     OryaKic     Uixtvrt: — Trarumlt   aulphuretted    hydrogen 
throqgb  the  nuxlnre  to  convert  free  iodine  into  hydriodjc  acid. 
Kxpd  tbe  eiceaa  of  gas  by  a  i;entlti  heat,   add  potash  in  excess, 
fllter,  and  evaporate  to  dryneai.     Plitra  the  residue  in  a  covered 
trsoiUfc  and  char  it  at  a  low  red  beat  j  reduce  the  charred  mass 
to  powder,  treat  it  with  diitillud  water,  and  Biter;  coucentnte 
ky  •rapotnlion  ;  and  apply  the  lest  of  starch  and  sulphuric  add. 
*,ii  tbia  way  minute  quHntiliin  of  the  poison  mBir  be  detected. 

fcy»y(on«.^Mlicn  given  as  a  mtdicini-,   In  small  doses,  the 
bydriiMlate  of  potash  sometlmca  acts  injuriously,  Ilimugh  pecu- 


te^Vafaa^ 


i^M 


4  that  BO  ynpnation  of  awnnt;  U 
an  (f  narcaiial  Baliraiion  no*  p* 
Kd  iiImiJiHiII  I    csnes  the  pbour 


rv 


CHAPTER    Vm. 
METALLIC  IBRITAKTS. 

I.  AESKNIC.  II.  ANTIMONY.  III.  MERCURY.  IV.  LEAD. 

V.  COPPER.     VI.  ZIKC.  TLN,  SILVER,  IKON. 

BISMCTH,  AND  CHKOME. 


Aumo  u  by  Ik  tlia  most  importnnt  of  t\w  metallic  poiwina. 
Whether  mouurMl  by  the  eilent  to  vhich  it  In  diffuied,  ita  many 
■pplicationi  In  medicine  unci  Che  irta,  ur  its  lue  u  ■  pinton. 

Anonie  and  it«  cumpaands  enter  Iiu^ly  into  tbe  corapoutMn 
of  the  oirlh'i  enut,  u  motallic  snenic,  nneniwia  leld,  the  two 
•nlphido,  TMlgitr  Slid  orpimont,  or  u  a  oonititiient  of  aeveral 
CTM  of  iran.  copper,  gilvDr,  tin,  liun,  nickel,  and  cobalt.  Most  nf 
4m  uMniuui  a^  of  commaree  it  prepared  from  an  nneiiiisl  inl- 
•fblda  of  iron,  known  u  miapicbal,  or  nmmiical  pyritv*  ;  the  rc- 
'  M>lnilef  fVom  the  routing  of  oret,  cbieQy  of  capper  nod  cobalt. 

Ananie  hai  aoojnlitigly  been  fonnd  in  Hierai  ■oiti,  and  in 
~*  '  wn  in  tliem,  aiiil  in  aoaie  mineral  wntera  and  running 
■ma.  Anenioiu  adit  ii  largely  difliiseJ  tbraugb  tbe  air  ear- 
foanding  aome  viiwItinK  IWnacu,  and  arsenic  acid  and  tlio  alka- 
line MionRtee  are  nx-d  aa  niDrdaat*,  in  lonie  dye-work*  to  anch  on 
•xtoot  aa  lo  puiwD  the  stream*  into  which  they  dtacharge  tliclr 
nfoM  1  and  even  to  tunt  the  water^upply  of  towni. 

Aa  tha  iron  pyrites,  or  rnimdic,  largely  tuvd  in  the  manufac- 
tnra  of  (nl  of  vitriol,  contains  imenie,  much  of  the  aulphuriu  acid 
of  eommetco  is  twnMd  with  it;  and  this  bein^,  in  it*  turn,  used 
in  the  manidiieUirQ  of  nitHc,  hydrochloric,  und  other  *olatile 
amda^  of  mlphate  ol  aodn,  a*  a  preliminary  to  the  making  of  thi- 
rarlxinat«,  and  for  other  pnrpoiea,  many  liquid  aud  solid  anli- 
atHUCus  in  common  uau  in  niedkina  and  tbe  nrts  are  iinjirepuitvd 
with  anciiio.  'llin  two  metals,  iine  aud  cogiper,  tbe  two  addt, 
the  mlphurio  and  hydroehlnricv  and  the  sulphide  of  iron  nsed  in 
In^  far  tnenie,  have  all  been  found  to  mnlnin  it. 

Araeaiooa    auid,   the  moat  iinportant  compound  of  arKiiic,  i> 


ACis.  4S1 


Tbt  mtUU  uwnie  i>  «(>Ud  to  niblimo  it  S56°  Fubr.;  but  I 
haTO  round  thftt  imatl  qnniititieg  ofthe  mctitl  lublinie  St  330°- 
(O.)  The  aubiiniation  givoa  rUe  to  tbe  oiloar  of  garlic  Wli«o 
tbe  procen  U  conducted  in  clme  reuels,  in  an  atmoapfaere  of  oar- 
bonic  acid,  it  Kttlea  on  cooler  lurfacei  uiichaogedi  but  irbeD 
heated  in  tfaa  air,  it  ii  depoaited  aa  wliite  cnide,  or  anenious  acid, 
or  ai  a  mixture  of  the  aoid  with  tbe  lurtn!.  In  eommoD  with 
anlimon;  it  combioes  with  naaotmt  liydrogea  to  fDnn  arseniuretted 
bjdrogSDi  irhicb  gaa,  wben  heated  or  bnrned,  girea  up  the  pure 
metnl  to  cooler  anrbuna ;  and  it  iharei  with  teveral  other  metali 
tbe  propert;  of  bting  reduced  and  depoaited  on  copper  hnled  in 
■n  acid  liquor  ooDtaining  any  of  its  prcpantiona. 

All  thne  properties  of  melnllic  anenic  are  displayed  in  opera- 
l  Hoiu  on  tlie  luiall  scale  with  the  Bpirit-hunp  and  reductioa-tnbe. 
BiXhe  vapour  of  tbe  metal  baa  the  garlic  odoar :  it  ii  depaait«d  aa 
minua  acid,  when  the  tnbe  contain*  atmoapberic  urj  and  u 
e  metal  when  it  ii  filled  with  oarbonic  acid  ga« :  it  fbrmi  a 
iaiag  metallic  cruit,  or  stain,  an  white  ponwtiin  when  the 
niing  jot  of  aneuiuiotted  bjdrogen  U  directed  upon  it  fivm 
mli'i  appuatua;  it  leaves  a  aimilar  itain  in  the  tube  through 
lAich  the  gaa  ii  transmitted,  when  it  is  heated  by  tlie 

d  it  give*  a  melallic  coutiug  to  copper  "^'B'  ^' 
a  bmled  in  liqulda  acidubited  with  liydrochloric  acid.  ^ • 
1  Itoinsdi's  process.  The  vapour  of  tbe  pure  un-  ^^''^ 
d  metal  is  depoaitcd  on  cooled  surfaces  at  minnte  ^1*1 
'gkbnlM.  which  sliine  by  reflected  light  like  those  of  •  •  * 
mercury  (fig.  7fi)  1  but  when  there  is  euongh  air  present 
to  oiidiie  part  of  the  vapour,  the  globulea  of  metal  iro  blendvl 
irith  the  white  powder  or  brilliant  crystals  of  arsenious  acid.' 

iMiWTOcS  iClD  {Oridr  of  Arim'ie,  StiJuioxiiU  tff  Arimie, 

JTiife  Oxide  of  Athihc,  iVUti  Armie,  Arsei^.f) 
In  tbe  two  ynrs  18.17-S9,  irsenioos  add  was  Ihe  aieertained 
OKBan  of  IS5  deaths,  beinj;  as  many  u  tbrae  attributed  ta  all  the 
prBparations  of  opium,  and  many  more  than  those  eanaad  by  all 
oMier  poison*.  Of  lb«M  18.')  dsath*,  113  were  ascerbdned  lo 
liHre  been  suicidal,  21  icddantat,  and  12  homiodal;  but  the  laat 
^Sure  is  ecrtaiiilj  too  loir. 

Sin<«  the  act  of  1861  {14  Viet,  cap.  ilii.),  which  restficted  tbe 
^'•■la  of  aneniCi  and  pnaoribed  its  admixture  with  soot  or  indigo 


I 


a  |iap«r  hy  Dr.  Oaj, '  I 


II  Prnienlon  uii]  IdsatilcaUun  <. 


452  iBaEKtC  AND  ITS  PMPiRiTIOllB. 

if  (old  in  small  qanntities,  polnnlng  by  unetiiaiu  acid  hu  UoSH 
less  frequent,  b^lli  nlnalutely  mid  relatively  to  other  poiicoi.  Ii 
the  Ave  jt»n  1852-o(l,  it  ^ve  rise  to  27  only  of  tbe  laootl 
■veiage  ot  268  deatbi  by  uccrtuinnl  poiMac  In  tiK  first  frnai. 
tli(Tcfi>Te,  the  proportiou  nu  1  in  3,  or  31  per  c«nt^  in  tlie  Mcoii 
period  1  in  10,  or  10  per  cent.  In  Prance  aneoiou  acid  Ida 
Btill  hif^ber  nak  u  a  poiwm. 

Tbii  mmtnon  ii>e  oT  arscniooi  acid  as  a  poison  will  eralcM 
■urpriM ;  for  it  i>  01  vhit«  ai  floor,  is  Is^telpaa  or  Deariy  WB,  nq 
be  mixed  with  article*  of  food  orithout  undergoing  or  cmaaft^ 
cb*oge,  ii  ver^  cheap,  and  is  largely  uaed.  as  alreadj  atatd  Ibra 
great  Toriety  of  porpows. 

Arteoicmii  acid  ia  faoad  in  commenw  ns  R  coke,  and  aa  a  aUb 
pander.  The  eake,  when  fir>t  sublitDMl,  ii  nearly  trauqann^ 
but  in  time  becoinee  opaque,  reumbliuf;  a  white  enamel  with  lU* 
trantparent  stris.  It  ii  the  ponder  that  ia  oommutily  Died  m  t 
poiaon.  Ar»eniau>  arid,  in  both  tbeae  fomu,  bfta  wetl-marked  idij- 
aical  properiiea,  and  inay  he  readily  identified  by  cbimirat  ivU. 

Proptrtitt. — I.  Sparingly  aotubte  in  water,  hot  or  cold.  S.  Vm 
nlutioa  hai  a  very  lUght  acid  leiclJott.  3.  In  sabstauoe  tMr- 
leas,  but  ite  loliitlon  or  vapour  lia>  a  very  fkint  iweet  taUc* 

4.  The  aqueoni  aolalion  alowly  evaporated  depoaita  octabcdnl 
cryitala.  5.  Very  suluhte  in  atnmoDia,  bydrochlorie  arid,  and  car- 
bunate  of  potatb ;  and  deposited  front  its  aolulJoiDS  in  uamm 
and  hydrwhloric  arid,  also  ai  oetohcdra.  6.  Combioa  <ritk 
aUaliea,  forming:  wluble  arnenitea.  One  of  tbeae  properties  tU 
talMbilitg,  muat  be  more  minutely  eiamineil. 

SoUtbUitg. — All  011DFC  of  cold  viaUx  disnlvea  from  half  ■ 
grain  to  a  groin  j  boiling  water  pnured  on  tlie  poiion  retain  m 
uuling  a  grain  and  a  quarter  to  the  onncei  and  water  bnlol  Ii* 
an  hour  on  tlie  pon-der  12  gtaini  to  the  ounce.  The  preieac*  d 
organic  mattcir  renders  the  poiaon  len  lulublc.     (Tnylur.) 

Tiatt. — We  may  liave  to  identify  the  puiiion — 1.  /■  nAi 

5.  ia  (D^Hlioa.  3.  /■  oryanie  Uquidi.  4.  /■  lir  JtuidM  a»l 
t.,lid,  0/ Ibr  tody. 

1.  ArteMouM  Jeid  in  SKbttmce. 


n  much  anmlDiu  leid  a>  mM 


J.  453 

depoul«d  as  an  amorpbotu  powdor.  or  u  octahedrnl  cr^iUI*. 

c.  Moistened  by  liquor  potoaaw  tt  nadeT^Doa  no  cban^  of  colour. 

d.  Hoiatened  bj  sulphide  ot  ainmoninm,  no  immediiite  cliunge 
takes  pUoe ;  but  wlien  the  eiceas  of  aiumonia  hu  evaporated,  been 
diuipkted  by  beat,  or  neiitnliied  by  aceljc  und,  u  canary -coloured 
Bolphide  of  areenic  renuuoi.  e.  Wben  amnious  ucid  mixed  with 
cbarroal  i»  dropped  into  a  reduction  .tube  and  healal,  tbe  metal  ii 
reduced  and  volatilized,  and  depoaited  on  the  cooler  part  of  the 
CqIw  ai  a  thiDing  metallic  crust.  _f.  The  sublimed  metal  has  tbe 
odour  of  garlic. 

The  two  teat*  of  aublimiitlou  and  reduction  most  be  more 
exactly  deacribed,  and  their  results  miuotely  ernmined. 

SublmalioH. — It  hfta  just  been  stated  tbat  anenians  acid 
dropped  into  a  mdoctlou-tabe  and  heated  by  the  flame  of  a 
qnrit-lamp,  becoiaes  a  while  vaponr,  which  deposila  on  the  cooler 
part  of  the  tube  an  amorplioui  powder,  or  octabedral  crystals. 
But  as  tbe  crystals  are  cbaracterigtic  of  tbe  poison,  uoC  the  white 
luitorpbouH  depout,  it  should  be  well  auderstood  tbat  in  order  to 
get  characteristic  crystals  the  white  vapour  must  be  rceeiTed  on  a 
heated  iurbce.  On  a  cool  surlacv  it  is  deponted  as  an  amorphous 
powder. 

The  process  of  tuhlimatioa  is  osuoUy  performed  in  a  reduction- 
tube  of  aboDt  the  uxe  and  length  shown  iu  6g,  79,  p.  455.  After 
drying  tbe  tnbe  by  paadng  it  repeatedly  tliroogh  tbe  flame  of  the 
lamp,  the  anenions  acid,  placed  in  s  short  tulxi  of  smaller  size,  la 
dropped  in,  and  tlip  flame  of  the  lamp  applied,  so  as  to  envelope 
tbe  lower  third  of  the  lube.  By  the  time  that  the  inner  tube  is 
to  bonCnl  as  to  aublime  its  contimla,  the  temperature  of  the  outer 
tnbe  will  be  fiivourable  to  the  depout  of  distioot  orystals. 

The  subliming  teniperature  of  ameoioaa  add  is  variously  sUt«d 

tt  370°  to  400^  Fahr.,  but  I  have  uoertaioed,  both  by  the  method 

I     MphuDed  at  p.  106,  and  by  pUicing  fragmentc  of  anenioua  acid 

\   In  nnall  reduction- tabes  and  plunging  thoin  into  n  sand-bath 

with  tbe  tbenoometer,  that  the  real  subliming  piunt  is  at  or 

about  S80°  Fahr.  (G.) 

The  crystals  of  arsenions  acid  obtuned  by  this  coarse  method 
of  aublitnation  alu  mult  from  the  oxidation  of  the  metal  arsenic, 
•■  a  constituent  part  of  teats  yet  to  be  described ;  und  as  these 
crystals  always  furnish  a  very  important  means  of  ideutiScatiun, 
their  shape  and  characteristic  properUes  should  be  well  under- 
«o>d. 

TJif  CryitaU  of  A  mmou*  Acid  an  remarkable  for  brilllaDcy 

d  ppnuaneDce.  Tliey  are  almost  always  distinct  and  separate, 
1  superimposed ;   occastoiMlly   they   are   groaped  In 


AHT>  ITS  FBEFAStTtOli. 


(probalilj  from  iimilHi  iwl 
heat)  >11  tbe  er^iUb  uaoaie  irregulu'  md  cviifam]  btn^  irf 
■ame  few  Bpeaoiens  conaist  alniort  wholly  of  tfae  deep  triaagilit 
plates  which  faiTs  been  mutaben  for  leir<A«ira  (a  form  that  iietR 
occars),  white  in  otherB  »gain  plaUa  of  eTaiy  roe,  ibipe,  and  tlikk- 
ncu  aboDnd. 

>e  of  the  many  forms  which  the  ert- 


F«.7i 


tala  of  a 


^    ^  "a-  7S,  ox  well  as  in  Gga.  81  ami  82,  i 

*     ^J/Sfc/7   ''"T  "™  miied  with  scattered  globnlgi  rf 


^^[^^QV  bj  reflected  light  in  fig,  BO. 


oe> 


•nioQB  acid,  well  mixed 
with  about  four  times  its  bnik  of  finely  pow- 
dered reeently  ignited  cbarcoal,  is  intra- 
dneed  into  the  tubu.  (ig.  79,  at;  a,  with  tlie 
precantions  desorllied  in  speaking  of  the  process  of  soblimation,  oolj 
tluttitis  not  necessary  to  heat  the  middle  portiou  of  the  tube.  The 
tube  being  hetdaten  angle,  and  the  flame  of  thetplrit-tainpn«Bclilf 
applied  at  o,  the  metal  rises  in  yaponr,  with  the  odourof  garlic,  and 
iidepouted  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  Inch  above  the  miitnre,  as  a 
dork  brown  or  blitek  ring,  k.  As  the  vapour  qmckly  attracts 
oiygen  from  the  air,  it  is  readily  oxidized :  ao  that  the  ring  is 
aiwa;*  a  mjitare,  in  variable  proportions,  of  metallic  anenie  and 
nrsenioDs  Bcidi  the  metal  chietlj  at  the  lower  part  of  the  ting 
wearing  the  appeuianca  of  n  mirror;  the  middle  portion  cou- 
taining  a  Urge  admixture  of  arsenious  acid ;  and  tbu  upper  part 
oousiBting  almost  whollj  of  it.     By  cautiaoaly  applying  the  A 


of  the  Ump  to  the  lower  part  of  the  rltig.  it  may  bo  rendered 
mars  compact  and  more  diitinctly  metsllici  and  by  driving  the 
crust  npcatcillj  up  nod  down  t)ie  tube,  it  stg.  TV. 

nuj    b«  wholly  oouvorted  Into  cryitola  "f  d~ 

When  tbis  reduction  is  pcrfDrnied  with 
proper  precaution*  (oeing  n  tabe  of  green  or 
Oennaa  glau*),  taking  care  tbst  the  mil- 
tare  of  arutiiuiu  acid  md  cbircoal,  ami  tbc 
tobg  itwlf,  are  tree  from  moiiture,  to  that 
the  miitnrD  inay  not  be  driven  a|>  into  the 
tube  i  lulling  equal  care  lo  introduce  tbe 
milture  (o  w  not  to  mil  the  tube;  very 
Htiafaclcry  rnulta  are  obtwned.  Theuiiiod 
cmsia  Dunnot  he  miitalicn  Ibr  glubula  of 
luvrcur;  j  nnr  for  tluj  crutt  obtniiied  hy  Ilia 
nme  proceia  front  llie  while  hydnl«l  uidu 
of  cadmium,  ai  the  anhydrous  uxido  of 
cadmiam  blended  with  the  cnut  has  n  brown, 
green,  or  jrellow  eolonr. 

Bat  a*  it  nugbt  be  alleged  that  the  onut  obtained  by  thi>  pro- 
oeM  of  redudioa  doe>  not  pracnC  socb  diatlnct  elinrMtten  lu  to 
ju*ti(y  ■  wIlneB  in  affirming  that  ll  ii  due  to  anwnic  and  to  nutbing 
ebe,  «•  pnMead  to  obtain  the  crystal*  of  amenioii*  acid  in  one  of 
two  way*.  The  «ealal  end  of  tbu  tube  containing  the  reaidne  of 
the  charcoal  i*  dnwn  ofT,  nnd  the  inetatlio  cnut  driven  up  and 
down  the  tah«  till  it  ia  wholly  changed  into  cryital*  of  tile  lutde  i 
or  the  aealed  end  of  tlie  Inbe.  ■*  well  ai  the  part  free  from  dcpoiit, 
•r*  filed  o/T,  and  tlie  part  cuntaioing  the  crnti,  being  folded  in 
papar,  i>  broken  into  imall  (Vagnienta,  which  are  intrn>lu''ed.  with 
like  prDcautiOD*.  Into  a  inwud  reduction -tube,  and  tlw  crust  con- 
Terted  into  araentuiu  aoid  by  beat. 

Bnt  this  moilo  of  procoring  a  crurt  of  metallic  anenie  ttom 
■nenioiw  acid  and  charcoal,  and  crjitalaofaneniooiacid  from  the 
cnut  IMIf.  ia  open  to  two  claMea  of  oljectious.  The  method 
itanlf  la  wanting  In  ddlcacy,  and  encnmhcred  by  precnutionai  and 
the  Tcauita  pnnent  themarlvee  in  a  farm  very  unfavourable  tor 
namina^un  by  the  Irn*  and  microscope,  etpecislly  when  we  are 
dealing  with  very  amall  quantities  of  the  metal  or  il«  oKide. 
Thew  ohjeclion*  are  nlniatnl  by  the  use  of  the  slaiple  aiiiiHrutui 
(fig.  Wl  diMTibed  at  p.  4U4. 

The  mixture  of  arMDlrtoa  add  and  chnrcoiil  is  flnt  dropped  Into 


^BBixed  me 
■onetlinra 


mierotoope  tbe  sppeamion  shown  in  Qg.  83,  nioy  be  reidity 
obtained  by  covering  tbe  mUlure  of  BrMnlutu  acid  and  charcoal 
with  a  Ujcr  of  dried  biarbannle  of  ooda,  »  ai  to  fill  the  tube 
with  an  Btmoiphcre  of   carbonia   add  gas.      S«)  alio  fig.  76, 

Tbe  appoarnncei  ehown  In  fi^rci  SO,  81,  and  83,  prove  COO- 
ively  th«  presence  of  arsenic.  Thooe  presented  by  Ibo  nn- 
metai  in  fig.  83  are  l«i  conclusive,  a*  the  globults  ars 
be  disUnguialied  fiun  those  of  mercury.  Hence 
it  my  be  ncoeisry  in  tbe  case  of  tbe  purer  cnuti  of  arsenic, 
and  expedient  iii  other  cases,  to  confirm  the  evidence  afibrded  by 
the  miiTOaOOpic  eharBcters  of  the  metallic  or  miicd  emit,  by  con- 
verting tbe  metal  into  arsenious  acid.  With  thin  view  the  por- 
tion of  glau  hearing  the  crust  ahoutd  be  nit  into  narrow  ahps 
with  a  initjng  ^amond,  and  the  alipa  being  dropped  inUi  a 
^>edmen-tabe  (fig.  46),  must  b«  treated  in  tbe  manner  just  de- 
scribed. The  gUis  disk  will  he  covered  with  glittering  crjatslg, 
nr  with  a  mist  which  can  be  rc»lved,  under  the  higlier  powers  of 
the  microscope,  into  groups  of  ocUhedra. 

It  nay  be  well  to  state  thnt  the  metals  aidmlum,  seleninin, 
■od  tolturium  btb  alio  iDblimed  by  tbe  heat  of  a  spirit-lamp ; 
itenium  is  deposited  as  globule^  and  teUuriom  sometimes 
'  d  into  crvstats  of  telluric  acid.     But  crngte  of  leknium 
!  ooluur  of  port  wine,  the  crystals  of  tellnric  acid  are 
and  the  metallic  cruita  of  cadmium  and  (ctlnrium  are 
globular :  BO  that  tbe  mixed  cmsts  of  nrsenic  cnnnat  bo  oon- 
■  ad  with  any  other  rwult  of  HiblimntioD, 
ire  ia  ttill  one  method  of  procedure  specially  aj'plicable  U> 
V  qoantittcs  ofameDUKis  acid.   If,  on  evnpi>rsliDg  on  a  porce. 
lab  a  dmp  of  liquid   anpinised  to  hold  anenious  acid  in 
m,  a  while  amorphous,  or  obscure  crystnUinc  ilain  it  tefl, 
ly  test  it  in  one  of  two  ways. 
By  the  simple  praooM  dcacribed  In  p.  405  (fig.  50). 
bvating  tbe  porcelain  (lab.  a  mist  will  settle  on  the  healed 
nipoMd  diak  al  glass,  which,  when  euuiined  by  the  micro- 
will  be  found  to  condst  nf  crystals  of  arsenious  acid.  In  this 
^Vrn  f^  arsciiioDs  add  moy  be  iden^fied  without  difficulty, 
von  m^  grain  he  found  to  yield  characteristic  rctulta. 
IVk*  a  fragment  uf  microseo[MC  glass,  and  mark  it  with  a 
diamond,  an  Hut  when  broken  it  may  yield  narrow  slips, 
drop  uf  tb«  solnlion  on  the  gliua,  let  it  dry,  and  then 
lie  glan.     lulroduoe  t 


I 


rnctioiu  given. 


ir  described,  and  proceed  afcordlng  t 


Thaui 


r  part  vf  tbo  lube  will  o 


the 


crjotali  of  arudioDi  ooiil.     In  tliis  way,  Um,  nieh  inmn  qi 

of  tbe  poison  a*  tbe  -uf^^  gttxn  may  In  iletfict«i]  • 

Rnd  leu  than  ^^  grun  whox  tho  redoetion   ii  rarwAillj  inl 

ikil  fully  perfonnei].* 

Tlieu)  two  roethala  nf  proi.-edare  nte  njoally  «pplliailil*  to  tte 
redoetion  of  the  metol :  the  flnt  to  the  stnio  of  tnetalllr  mnmie 
obtained  by  Uanh'i  method  on  the  ilab  of  white  pOTMiaia ;  iW 
second  to  tUo  mixturo  of  uneniuDS  odil  and  clurconl.  By  tlie  6t^ 
method  tho  ataln  will  be  lubliined  and  de|iMit«il  la  ancsiina 
acid  1  by  the  ucond  a  cruil  will  be  ohtnineil ;  the  llnl  put  d 
wbicb  will  gencrnlly  be  found  la  oansiit  of  metallic  glabale^  Ha 
Kcuud  of  c^ry^tals  of  aiwiibiis  add. 


i.  Ariff 


u  Aeid  in  SoMioi 


n  aolution : — Thiw 


Tliere  ore  nevural  Wit«  for  a 
applied  us  Itijuid,  and  known  aa  li^ 
guiihed  OB  tbu.7iuinnM  fcff ;  a  fifth  is  the  well-known   Manlii 
tetl ;  and  a  sixth  the  now  equally  well  known  le«t  of  SWateL 

1.  The  Liquid  7^(»,— TheM  Me  three  in  nnmbnri— th» 
am  mo  nio- nitrate  of  «it*er,  the  immDnlo-inlphata  of  cO)iper,  and 
mlphiiretted  hydrogen  wnter.  a.  Ammonio-nilnite  of  nlnr-t 
Thii  tbrow*  down  a  rich  yellow  nruuitH  of  aillcT,  whirb,  ea  il> 
poaure  tn  light,  chtnget  to  dingy  brown,  b.  Ammoniii'^talpliito 
of  copper^  cauiei  »  preclpltita  of  the  bright  gnen  knenit*  cf 
copper,  c.  Sulphuretted  hydrogen  water  throwsdownlheydlow 
Bulpliide  of  urBonic  Tho  lulpbido  of  niuinonium  pnxliioea  DO 
imniedinte  oHbct,  but  utter  a  loug  inUrval,  or  on  the  addltlM 
of  a  lew  drap»  af  acetic  acid,  CDiuei  the  aame  proclpitute. 

Thoe  t«tg  are  suppotid  to  be  applied  in  BnnKsaion  to  ■  clear 
coloartew  liquid  believed  to  contpiB  araenions  arid,  iTid  so  appllld, 
ure  free  Irom  objection;  but  it  aliould  be  uiiderit{ind  lliub  a  eola- 
tion of  phoaphoric  arad  yields  with  iimmouia- citrate  of  nilrw  ■ 
yelhiw  prwipilnle,  Ha  nn  alVnline  iihrmphiit. 


nimte; 


c.  469 

and  that  ■  deooctiDn  of  onioru  (rim  with  the  coppec  nolution  > 
green  prnripitatc.  Al  thue  tiquidi  ini  only  meil  ai  trinl  l«U,  or 
to  prnve  llial  ■  white  powdor  or  oolourleai  cryital*  abt«inod  Irom 
the  oiitlaCion  of  a  ring  of  motal  renlly  cnmiuit  of  aneBiniu  add, 
thcM  IkcEi  <b)  not  oonatitntfl  an  olgcction  ta  the  t«<ti. 

OoHinu  Tttt, — Thia  tfil.  too.  ia  auppoaed  to  be  applied  to  k 
clnr  colonrkaa  liquid.  UaTing  ftKertained  thnt  it  liaa  no  dedded 
Mill  or  alkaline  reaction,  we  aligiitly  acidulate  with  acetic  acid, 
■nd  tmiumit  tlie  lulphnretted  h;ilr(^u  gut  through  the  liquid. 
If  it  eonUina  aneniouB  add.  it  won  aaiumea  a  rich  golden  jellair 
tint.  If  llie  qnnnlitj  oT  the  piuaan  ia  cooaidenble,  a  preci[Nlate 
of  the  mme  colour  ia  fonucd ;  hut  if  it  ii  in  small  quantity,  the 
precipitate  I>  not  fonned  till  the  ex«»  of  gu  hua  been  expelled 
by  heat,  and  the  liquid  haa  been  left  at  reat  for  tevenl  hours. 
The  only  other  aubatanccs  which  jield  with  culphuretled  hydrogen 
*  yellow  precipitate  are  the  peroiiilcaoftin  and  cadminm,  both  of 
rare  occurrence,  and  eaaily  diitinguished.  Tbv  aalphide  of  anti- 
mnay  it  orange-coloured.  The  pretumption,  therefore,  ia  attong 
in  laTOiir  of  anenic,  and  may  be  converted  into  certainty  by  col- 
lecting and  tcating  the  prccipilate,  or  by  applying  the  ammonio- 
nitrate  of  ailver  aud  the  auiuionio-mlphate  of  copper  to  other 
porliooi  of  the  aaiue  liquid. 

The  predpitated  nilphide  of  anenic  having  been  allowed  to 

•nbaide,  ia  to  be  caretUly  collected,  washed,  and  dried,  and  lub- 

mitt«d  to  a  proocB  of  reduction  differing   from  that  already 

dsKribed  when  apeaking  of  anenioua  acid  only  in  the  aobatitnlion 

fbr  charcoal  of  a  Uoi  containing  an  alkaU.    That  uaually  employed 

i(  tbe  blaekfita  formed  by  incinerating  a  iniiCure  of  onp  port  of 

nitrate  of  potaib  with  two  of  the  bitartratc.     But  incinerated 

acetate  of  aoda,  or  a  mixture  of  one  part  of  cyanide  of  potaawnm 

«^Ui  three  parti  of  carbonate  of  loda,  preriouitly  well  dried,  ia  to 

I   i»  preferr«d.     If  thia  lait  fim  is  used  it  should  be  in  the  propor- 

'   Hm  of  one  of  the  sulphide  to  tweWe  of  the  llnx.    The  metalllo 

I  (mat  obtained  by  this  proceaa  of  reduction  i*  found  to  be  a 

I  nUtnre  of  metallic  arunic,  anenious  add.  and  undeoomposed 

1  Mlphiile. 

[  Id  dealing  with  minnte  qnantitia  of  the  mlphide,  the  method 
of  reduction  by  the  catulhu?  tube  (lig,  51,  p.  Wh)  should  be  em- 
ployed. fatlnWKl,  if  Uia  qnantitj  h«  mfficicttt,  by  that  described 
al  p.  «H  (fl«.  M). 

ilw  aulphidei  of  cadminm  and  tin  arc  thrown  down  imme- 
diately by  oBlphula  of  ammoniam,  but  the  sulphide  of  araeulc  not 
Etha  amminiia  hai  been  dii«ip«tcd,  or  neulraliied  by  nn  add. 
aniphida  of  anoolc   i*   very  aolnhle  in  ammonia,   those  of 


In  thi«  ippitmiu!!    hydrogen  is  gBDeriiE«d  by  pure  xmc  kod 

I   ffllato  ■uliiliuric  Bcld,  uid  ths  action  i<  continued  till  the  Btma- 

I   9hMn<^  aic  i*  cmnplctel;  eipellcd,  und  all  riali  of  an  eiploBion 

I    BTi^iJed.     Tbp  dime  of  b  ipirit-lamp  is  then  iteodily  applied  fur 

[  ten  OF  fifteen  minntn  to  tbe  liorizoDtal  tube.     If  lliere  ii  no 

it  we  nmcliiile  th»t  the  linc  and  snlphoric  acid  do  not  them- 

I   mIvw  eontiin  artenic.    Having  ascertained  (liia,  we  poor  into  the 

1  tnbe  part  of  tbe  liquid  rappoaed  tn  contain  anenions 

d,  nnd  intmediatcly  reapply  the  apirit-lanlp  to  the  horizontal 

If  tbe  licjuid  contain  aramiooa  acid,  a  mi'tillia  deposit 

place  iD  tbe  tube  balf  an  incb  or  mors  fmm  tbe  pxrt 

licb  tliB  llame  is  applied.     Tbe  boriiontal  tube  sbould  be 

IT  HI  incbea  long,  ao  tbst  we  may  obtain  two  anvh  omits 

ut.     Bavins  procared  tlicse,  we  light  tbe  bydrogoa  as  it 

■uea  from  tbe  end  of  tbe  tnbe,  and  obtain  one  or  two  depouta 

n  sUpa  of  poreelain,  and  othon  on  diaka  of  crown  glaai.    A  very 

'      le  ijuantity  of  arsenic  luffinea  for  botb  tbeae  purposes.      We 

:ben  continae  to  apply  tha  Usme  of  the  Innip  to  the  honKontal 

c  till  the  ■bsonaa  of  slain  fnim  ■  fragment  of  glau  bcld  before 

let   provM  that  the  metal  Is  eihansted.     The  ■]>ata  tbos 

ned  connit  eitlivr  of  arii-nie  or  of  antimony. 

«  aridenw  aflimted  by  the  stains  tbm  oblained  may  be  eon- 

med  by  bending  the  horiaontal  tnbe  at  right  nnglm  and  holding 

ibc  over  the  flame  (fig.  86).   Hie  tube  will  he  coated 

la  add  nanlting  fWim  the  oiidiiUrin  of  tlie  mctil,  and 

In  coiilonta,  di»al(«d  In  ■  small  quantity  of  distilled  wjil«r,  we 

jr  apply  tliB  liquid  tat'. 


The  round  lUriuon  tlie  nrfnce  of  poiceUio  hare  Ibefol 
[littiiirtive  properties : — 

0.  The  BiMniol  itain  baa  crefy  TBriet;  of   t 
D  tiiitt  of  copper  to  llut  of  iteej,  but  it  iwTeT  » 

appcsrsDce  proper  to  moat  crntla  of  antiinonir.     i,  Tbta 
■Uiii  it  mach  more  rewlil;  diinpaled  by  the  heat  of  tk' 
il  gives  out  the  garlic  odour.*     e.  Tbe  Ivo  4 
cb«ncteriiticii]l<r  aOeclHl  bj  wrenl  liquid  aod  g 
fnna  which  we  leXeM  three,  Ibe  tint  two  ■«  t«ta  bj  m 
tioo,  Iha  laat  at  a  lest  bj  aolutiqn  followed  by  ■ 
The  Gm  of  tliue  Irata  wu 
HiKhoS;  the  ac-ond  by  Dr.  Ooy  ('  M«dusl  Timet,'  j 
the  third  alto  by  Dr.  Guj  in  a  former  edition  of  tbi»  w 

1,  Tbe  arMuical  itaiii  u  mpidly  diuolvpl  by  ■ 
chloride  of  lime  {bteadung  liquid),  whicli  due*  aut  itBtct  Iht  ttt- 
moainl  ataia.  2.  The  antJiiioiual  (taia  is  le«  spredilj,  bat  it 
length  completely  diatolved  by  a  aolntJoti  of  tlie  prutuddiltidi  rf 
tJn,  wliieh  doe*  not  dinolve  the  aneniisl  (nin.  a.  "At  iMi- 
monial  (tain  ii  rapidly  dinolved  by  the  adlphido  of  antDOdoBl 
the  anenicol  itain  ikiwly  aod  imperfectly.  Tfa«  lolttlica  of  Ut 
Butimontal  staiu,  wben  dry,  leave*  nu  onngc-oolonnd  ^ot  W 
Rilphiile  of  BUtimony,  wliile  the  imperfuctly-diuolvid  arawiial 
■lain  preaents  a  light  lemon-yellow  apot  of  anlpbide  at  inaic 
miied  with  port^oni  of  anditaolved  metal. 

Should  the  itain  coatiun  both  antid-.ony  nad  Brtenic  tba  chlo- 
ride of  lime  will  diaaoWe  out  Ihe  araenic,  and  leave  the  notiniaiiy. 
80,  on  the  other  hnnd,  the  protochloriile  of  tiii  will  disKlni  th 
antimony,  anil  leave  the  arsenic. 

Tbe  anoDioil  atain,  aa  it  uaaally  conlaina  •oma  aratniun*  arid. 
may  be  teatcd  directly  by  the  ammonio-nidate  of  ■il*i!r  iu  ttrn 
following  limplc  way  : — Add  to  the  itiln  a  drop  of  nitrate  of  lilicr 
aolutlon,  with  a  glaaa  rod  (alightly  stirring),  and  then  blow  the 
vapour  of  ammonia  upon  it.  The  lemon-yeikw  arsenite  uf  lilTcr 
will  be  immediately  fiirmed. 

The  larger  and  thicker  atsina  of  araenic  may  alaa  Im  rmdily 
identided.  Globules  of  metallie  srsenio  may  be  Hen  by  Hit 
higher  ponera  of  the  microecopu  on  the  diska  of  glaaa  (dg.  tU\ 
or  tho;  may  be  transferred  from  tbe  slab  of  poreelun  to  b  glala 

•  Thli  ttstnubanipUsd  tslblloiit:— Pi 

of  antiiDDU  on  tMandaar  mo  obJunK  iniu  1 1 
tha  Dlkersida  oftba  alabalhim  tfa«ll.|iii<i  ' 
San*  of  Ibe  arirtt-laiHp  ateadllr  to  Iha  iri  <  [ 

Oa  D()iH,  Ibe  a»lii1llaoaiiceD([u(Diii<i'i  [l.>  ''    '    '>-'  - 

pasr,  bsRin  Uie  othv  ahomaDi  aiKuiof  Man  itTw 


marsh's  test. 

disk  by  the  method  dooribed  it  p,  40H,  and  itloatratcd  in  tig.  GO). 
Tlie  gi»m  disk  will  be  found  covered  witli  octabednil  crjilab; 
ta,  if  the  eoU  is  lerj  ahBliow,  with  (tlobnles  of  tlie  metal,  or  tlie 
two  cmnbined. 

The  atuina  of  antimony  and  anenie  in  the  tnbe  alao  present 
■one  remirkalilc  differcnon.  Tbe  sntimony  ii  deposited  doea  to 
tlie  point  to  whicli  tlie  heat  ta  ■pplii'd.  anil  on  botb  liclea  of  the 
fljuii«  (A,  %,  87) ;  the  anrauc  at  aome  distunve  fram  it  (B,  fig.  88). 
When  lieated.  the  antimon}'  volatiliiea  very  slowly,  tbH  araenio 
qoickly ;  the  nnenic  hai  often  a  nut-brown  or  copper  rotnnr,  tbe 
antimony  the  luatre  of  tin.  Of  these  prapertiea  the  firat  and 
■ecoDc]  are  highly  eharactcristli: ;  but  tlie  colanr  of  Iho  cruala  ia 
kM  conatant ;  for  thongh  antimoiiy  rarely  pr«aenta  the  diatinot 

r 

^Haopper  coioor  of  aiwnic,  nor  anenic  the   tin-liltc  luatre  that 

^^■iWlongs  to  moat  crusts  of  antimony,  cruita   of  antimony  and 

^^EHsenic  ma;  happen  to  rewnibie  eaali  other  in  coUmr.  Ihnngh  not 

^^  Id  aliape  or  poaition.     The  effect  of  heat  ia  dcciaive;  for  wbile 

tbo  crilat  of  antimony  motea  alowly  under  tbe  flamo  of  the  apirit- 

lampi  and  undergpva  no  remarkable  cbanjce,  tbe  oroat  of  araenie 

is  taiiily  dienpnted,   and   readily  conferted   into  chami'terialio 

Ioryalalt  of  itneniouB  acid.  The  cmata  of  arsenic  and  antimony 
aiay  alio  tic  rmdiiy  diitinguished  by  delacliing  the  horiiontal 
tube,  traiumitting  a  stream  of  dry  aulphurelted  liydrogea  f;n 
tlirongh  it,  and  chodni:  the  metal,  by  the  flame  of  tlie  lamp,  in  a 
direction  oppoaile  to  the  stTeaQi  of  gaa.  The  antimouiul  ccnst 
•haiigea  it>  place  very  alowly,  and  gnidnally  aaanniri,  but  only  in 
put,  the  cbaraeteTiaUc  orange  hue  of  the  aulpliide:  while  the 
(tain  of  tnmic  is  really  driven  from  point  to  pcHnt  aa  a  light 
lenwa-yellow  cmatof  anlphide, 
Somf  pnvantiona  are  necessary  in  oring  Marsh's  t«t.  To 
fnard  Sfi^Hinat  exphaion,  the  gaa  shonld  be  ^encntid  freely  at 
Snt,  bat  Iraa  bri^ly  wlicn  adding  the  anapcctcd  liqaid ;  for  the 
■maUert  addition  of  another  meliil  occaiions  ■  viuVnt  ettriration 
wf  gas.  The  flnt  violent  aetion  hnritig  aubaided.  Iho  jet  thoold 
'•ht  llglitcd  i  and  the  abacim  uf  araeiiiL-  (in  other  worde  the  purilj 


i 


t  i»»  ra  -: — — ^_, 


db,ti.bviy.>»«^i  ^  w  I  Till  I 


•Ma^>B«*U«ah* 


An^^  V  BmUj  eatet  tor  WM« 
ri)  ii  tin  M  ta  iimlwl  ■!■  (ha  «yKn    ' 


arihi.    Ki|«rii 

dip.  up  10  *  an 


le   mttbod  figorfd    tad   d 

.   --aU  of  u _ 

¥  reaJit}'  ti^mined  bj  Ibe  microscope. 

K  mellHaii  gatitbctorj  resolu  iboold  be  db- 
ij  gnuQ  of  arscDic,  uid  in  (kitfol  and  pnc- 
'  .-„',in  Rrain-' 

uiui-i  be  taken  in  emploj-ing  this  test.  Ai 
acid  maij  o  " 
my  i>(  tbOK  tbrowQ  donrn  by  the  electrotype  proces.  ■!» 
it,  llio  cuppnr  dimM  be  fint  boUed  in  the  dilnu  bydi«- 
ncirl.  If  it  i«  untarnislied,  the  Bcid  may  be  considend 
ml  if  the  cnpper  itacir,  when  bcriled  in  tbcscid  liquor  np- 
>  euntuln  ■nenic,  is  nnt  disaolved,  and  does  not  impart  i 
ilour  to  the  liquid,  the  copper  may  be  uwd  Kith  saftlr. 

btilDllinearnBllaiuDlilin  rarFincHmmL  ditduk  thMand  nsd] 

CDlmui  irid.     TIh 
would  atrj  rf,. 


0JU.T&K1C  TEST.  465 

It  U  anl;  whea  tlie  liquid  which  ii  being  Ueted  diwolTet  tli* 
coii)>er,  that  tba  impurit;  of  the  metal  can  interrero  witli  the 
rctult.  In  onler.  howover,  U>  ^ruinl  sgiinat  both  fulluciei  and 
ol^octioiu.  a  oopp«r  of  ascertaiood  puritjr  Bhould  he  luvi]. 

Tli«  procww  of  labliioBtion  wbich  conititotes  the  secoiid  part 
oTthatMtb  necaury  beaiaM  other  metala  at  well  aa  irkeuie 
jield  mdallic  depoaits:  •oiutiou*  ountaiaiiig  mercuij  and  Nlver 
witlioot  boiling,  and  Cbow  containing  antimony,  )ri*iuotli,  tin,  and 
t\,  on  applyii^  lieaL  AlkalLue  lulphides  alsu  tamiih  the  m«lal. 
,   TbcH  mutallic  deposits  differ  iu  appearance;  but  not  >o  ai  to 

HI  with  the  n»  o(  furlhitr  teit*. 

I   Tliat  Ume  and  Minilor  itatenienls  reaperling  the  detfction  of 

XI  quantities  ofnraenic,  or  of  other  ptHaoiii.  may  not  be  dii- 

idited.  refer  to  what  is  laid  on  this  inbject  at  page  WO. 

GitlmiH  fill. — Onr  colleagoe,  Profi»s.ir  Bloinm,  advocates 

^^_lw  method  of  eleclrolyus  a*  tbe  lead  objectiouable  means  of 

ft{|wvratii%  atioainretted    hydrogen    and    procuriofi   onuts   of 

PjMtallio  arsenic.     He  lint  made  use  of  a  simple  modification  of 

~  s  J-tntie  tig,  84,  p.  -160,  but  alterwurds  pterrared  an  appa- 

■s  of  tlie  bnn  iliuwn  in  tlie  nunciHl  engraving,  in  which  m 


4 


e  bottia,  tlie  bottom  of  wliicb  is  repkeed  bj  »ag«. 

loWu  jMTcliiuait  4,  sDCnred  bj  thin  pbtiixna  wire.     Tbe  cork  a. 

carric*  a  fliaiieiled  tube  c.  a  imail  tube  d,  bent  at  rigiit  uigics. 

and  cotinoctcd  hj  a  raoulvhoiio  tubu  «,  with  a  dmwn-out  reduction- 

I  ■blbn/;  auil  it  is  pierced  bj  n  piatinum  wire  i,  sutjicnding  ■ 

"^-^tflofphitinuin.fiiil  /.    The  wlte  is  conncotnl  with  ilie  negnlivu 

ofa  galvanic  hatterj.    Iliis  bottle  u  placed  in  ■  gbtai  a,  n 

B  liiTgn  than  llseir,  and   into  whiob  tlie  pontite  plate  >. 

Udud  to  Uw  H-lro  It,  of  tba  batter;  is  iiitroduued.     Ttie 

a  placvd  in  a  lurgei  vtsMd,  e  o,  ItUed  with  eold  w< 


» 


ASSBKIOUS  ACID  IN  THE  nS3U£S.  467 

poison  ii  coniidenible.  In  other  cues  tbe  procen  prsKntly  to  be 
dcKribod  mnit  be  emplojed.  Tbe  solid  matters  Chat  remalD  on 
the  Hlter  mnit  be  prewr*ed,  ao  that  if  we  fail  to  procure 
evideim  of  arsenic  from  tbe  filtered  liquid,  it  may  be  treuCed  by 
tbe  metbodji  now  to  be  described  a*  applicable  to  the  tolida  and 
Bnidi  of  the  bod;. 

i.  ArtrnifKH  Aeid  in  llu  Solid*  or  FCmuii  of  the  Bodg. 
As  there  ar«  caiea  of  poisoning  by  itraeaic,  in  which  the  poiron 
is  entirely  eipelled  during  life,  w  tfajit  no  trace  of  it  cnn  be  found 
ia  the  sUiinacb  after  dcalh,  it  ia  most  important  to  be  able  to 
detect  it  in  the  fluids  or  solids  to  which  it  bus  been  conveyed  by 
ftbiorption. 

All  tlie  methods  which  hate  bv«n  proposed  for  effecting  this 
otgect  conust  of  three  euential  parts : — The  deatmction  of  the 
Animal  matter  so  ■■  lo  ohlwD  a  liijnid  which  will  pais  Ibe  lilUr  ; 
tlie  redaction  of  the  poison  to  the  metallic  statp  by  Keinscb'a  or 
Manh's  method,  or  by  electrolysis,  and  tbe  complete  identilicB- 
tion  of  tlie  metal. 

For  the  destruction  of  tbe  animal  matter  four  principal  methods 
IB  been  proposed — by  oitrste  of  potash;  by  nitric  acid;  by 
Iphoric  acid  j  and  by  hydrochloric  acid.  The  lust  of  these  me> 
tbods  is  recommended  by  its  nmplicltj,  as  well  as  by  the  fact 
tbit  the  luid  employed  is  the  same  that  is  used  in  lUinscb's  test. 
.  The  fUiowing  process,  proposed  by  Freseuius  and  recniomendcd 
hj  ProfsssoT  Bloxam,  has  the  ^cat  advanUge  of  presenting  the 
puiann  in  tlie  Miiveuient  and  muisgCBble  form  of  areenious  ainil. 

If  the  or^uic  matters  are  solid,  they  must  be  finely  divided 
•ad  bconght  to  the  oonslslcnce  of  thicli  gruel  by  mixture  with 
If  already  in  a  liquid  stale,  we  proceed  at  once  U>  digest 
fbr  an  boor,  in  a  porcelain  dish  over  a  water-buth  with 
hair  aa  ounce  of  bydrocliloric  add,  adding  powdered  cblo- 
Wte  of  potash  oocanonally  till  the  organic  matten  are  diainte- 
ftitod.  The  rcaalUng  oulonred  liquid  ia  then  to  be  filtered  otT, 
tmporated  over  tbe  water-bath  to  about  an  ounce,  poured  into  n 
4>sk,  and  a  few  drop*  of  a  strong  solution  of  trisnlpbite  of  toila 
added  tilt  it  smtdls  stroiigly  of  anlphnroDs  acid.  The  flitslc  is  then 
'  'a  waler.bath  until  this  odour  ceases.  Tbe  resulting 
mixod  with  at  least  an  equal  hulk  of  water,  may  be 
for  arsenic  by  the  methods  already  deactibed, 
lalier  Analftit. — llie  quunUty  of  arscoious  acid  ia  best 
by  the  use  of  the  pure  tulphldo  obtained  from  > 
portion  of  the  Altered  llqnid:  liX)  graius  of  tnlpbide 


ff>MaetaJ.rrf>]i«n—wT|Diii  ki  tem 
«  |<ifin»M«  ultnmc,  ■  iBiiili  trrt  fartfct 
knd  th*  |Mw«  i>  <MMtad  ta  tte  ■tn.—ili.  !■'  iW 

or  n  U*  toA  at  tW  budj.  it  U 

MWBk  iwitrinrf  tn  Ibr  nmawCnf 

mmt  eaimjyti  into  the  bodjr.     To  nu 

■wvwif;  10  anl^  ■  p-«tioa  of  tb*  Md.     U«b 

M«  flm  tnat«d  irith  hoUitig  wmbr,  wnl  '     ~ 

kg  wpgrrtka  to  ■  oneienicnt   quuMilj,  ia  tarfcd 

[■uni.     lrUiitgi*nna  iBiBmiion  ot  ttic  _ 

wH  h  WwioJ  vltli  one  jmn  of  hydrodilorie  acid  to 

tbr  lin*  HhI  iniD  diacdirid  b;  tbii 

tidaif  tufsrhonic  of  potuli  in  ettcw,  and  tlu 

Bi«nd  and  mlocnl  h  More,  i>  eiuniaed  bt   ~ 

11«  fiiUasing  fitcU  hcariog  OD  tbc   ralne  to  be 
ii*»»timi  oT  ammtit  in  the  dtad  bodj'  reqairv  I 

«.  An«^  nar  be  detected  In  t)i«  dead  body  aR«r 
iMw^iali  cf  tiw(  aa  aeven  and  leu  ynra.  i.  An 
■■■^T  fand  Ultited  to  tba  raata  of  Uie  meet  ■ 
«tM*  jialir  or  pul«^  u  tou-rettei  iotu  tlie  yellow  Klpkl 
tk  nlfJntittad  bjidtoem  generated  hy  foUeUetioo. 
paiWii— «f  awwric  fraanc  dead  aniniil  malter,  d.  Tbttiti  ' 
foad  RHja  tm  bcUning  that  OHlla  «aa  mUtakoi  whM  1« 
attrvad  that  annuo  b  ■  nataial  coiulUuent  of  Uie  linaiBn  bail. 
•>  Aniaic  whan  cmtaimd  in  the  tail  of  cciiieterie*  U  frntnilj, 
U  Bol  a)«8ir^  IB  an  liwilllUc  form,  in  romlHUatioii  nilh  irao  > 
Bar.  /.  h*r*'*'^<*'*  °f  <m«nie.  ntliotlitr  laken  in  aini^le  kttc 
ttanx  or  In  rnicatcd  miall  nr-m,  ire  alsiirU-d  into  tbe  bluid.  u4 
■•j^  hp  futtiid  in  IIk  Icxlum  and  >c(Tblicinii  anil  they  an  Ml; 
atoal.i  eKnimtnl  rmm  ifaa  budy.  The  limit  unwlly  ttmttdli 
tbr  cuait>Irte  diaunallon  of  sncuic  fhnn  llio  bunaau  lioity  ii  lima 
««)l>  ;  but  It  hai  Ivea  mleodcil  to  a  monlli  by  M.  Uonjoui.* 

SgimflvmM. — lu  unit  <aaca  tbe  ^it>|>louu  tet  in  witLra  an  hmr 
artI>r»aUu«)U|;uI  Uio  yiusun,  witli  burning  ]wiii  at  tbe  {ntoTtba 
•toDUK'b  iwraMil  br  |in»ai*k  with  nautni,  aud  iomittDg,nvMnl 
b;  the  aot  of  a*  b1L»  iu^.  llie  pHiu  toon  beomea  mora  diffiai^ 
and  llvrc  i*  iwrllint:  aud  UDdeniea*  el  llie  bdlj,  nilh  diarrbm^ 
IwtMniim,  and  dynina.  Alter  Uie  ■rtltnit  in  oT  vomitjug.  ir  Dol 
IMvioualy.  ihair  'a  a  tniac  oV  eouvlrirtiuii  In  the  throat.  »<ib 
iiiti'iue  ihln:.  ludBmuiation  and  amarting  of  tin)  eya,  lioadacb^ 

*  IiuLinf*i'tIiU'-V(atlj  Abunici,' tel.iii.  ^^| 


StJtPTOMS, 


109 


Tiolmt  ^tlng-  of  tha  heirt,  fmqiient  palw,  quick  catchiug 
reapintinii,  eitruino  reatleuneu,  great  ilcbility,  cruuipB  in  tbe 
Ug»,  and  couvDiiiive  twitcliin^  ill  tlie  eilremitits.  In  Ihu 
llii\fanty  of  cue*  tbe  mitul  ia  iotnct.  Wlien  tlie  puiton  (irare* 
.n^itdly  tiltal,  deatb  oommanly  bikes  plica  by  collapw,  or  by  oomii : 
b  more  cbraiilc  eatm,  tbe  intient  cliea  eilmusted  by  tho  violcnw 
at  tbe  irritative  fever,  or  after  n  long  train  of  nervuiu  (fiiiptoma 
terminaled  by  couvuluona.  PatienU  wbo  recover  »ru  eilber 
reiiMred  to  perfect  lieattb.  or  tliey  inffer  troui  inill^Btiou,  Iroin 
prolnnged  vfeakueas  or  paliy  of  tbe  limbs,  or  Trum  epltcplic 
flu. 

>  of  poisoning  by  nrwiiic  present  tlia  preeteat  poiaible 
variety  in  tbe  cbiiracUr,  oumbi nation,  hiiiI  severity  of  tbe  symp- 
^tomi,  and  vxoeptioiiB  ami  luiouiultii  of  tbe  moet  per)i1eiiiig  kind. 
I  In  one  coiuiilvralile  elnai  of  cans,  the  BymptomB  are  tliose  just 
'detailed  in  an  aggniviiled  form.  The  vomiting  i«  ini-emntj  tlie 
pain  in  tbe  pit  of  the  stomach  moat  ncnte,  nnd  increii>e<l  by  tbe 
alighteat  presnirc!  the  mouth,  ton^^e,  and  thnut  arc  rul,  hot, 
and  (woliun:  tbe  eyes  hloodsboti  tlie  rountenance  flittlicd;  tbe 
thint  euMHie;  ihediarrbaH  profuse,  and  attended  ulUi  lenesmna 
and  dUcbargei  of  blood;  the  belly  acutely  paiiiiiil  and  tender, 
and  much  swollen;  tlie  nrine  suppreswil  or  piua.il  with  pain  Hnd 
diffloulty  i  the  pn]<e  Full,  qoiok,  >n<l  frequent ;  and  the  reapinitioii 
laborious  ami  painful ;  tliera  ii  a  sense  of  fulness  and  oppression 
it  tha  bsHrt  with  violent  piilpitaUon;  intense  lienducbe,  with 
[iddinea^  ineeiiBnt  reatlaianesa,  and  severe  crampa  in  tbe  legs  and 
red,  if  lil'e  ia  prtilouged.  by  oonvuirions,  letniiic  gpasmB, 
llcptic  flta,  dclirinm,  coma— a  gronp  of  nervons  symptoms  vary- 
'  .h  each  case,  nnd  terminatiiig  iti  various  n-uys,  and  at  various 
lis,  in  recovery  or  deatli. 

I  nennul  closa,  the  symptoini  are  tliose  of  colUpw.  There 
little  or  no  pain,  mmiUi^,  or  diarrhixa;  a  cold  and  clumoiy 
In :  eitrame  prottrntiun  of  atren^tb  ;  very  frequuiit  and  almost 
iptlble  pnlse,  nr  one  as  low  as  thirty  or  forty  benta  in  the 
,  The  mind,  as  in  nrnt  csaei  of  arsenical  jHiiKining.  is  un- 
ipairtd,  bat  there  i*  soma  appioacb  to  coma.  tli|{ht  crimps  or 
iTulaioai,  and  death  witboot  reaction,  uaunlly  in  four  or  five 
rarely  beyond  twenty  hours.  Sometimes  this  atato  of  cul' 
is  accompanied  by  constant   vomiting  nnd  profuw  piirg- 

d  dus  of  eaiies  the  pntient  flill*  into  a  profound  sleep, 
into  ooiDB,  and  dies  in  a  few  hours  wiiliuut  rallying. 
B  ia  reported  by  Mr.  T.  Wright,  uf  Uiiblia.     Uealli 
It  place  iu  toDT  hours,  nnd  fulbwed  upon  auuud  sleep  i  and  aner 


I 


1.)    Tie 


SYMPTOMS . 


vntj  oUmt  inkrk«d  ijmpUmi.  biu  been  wholly  i 
vomilfd  maittri  totutatoA,  in  3  cMes,  at  blwxl ;  in  S.  of  muciu 
tinged  with  blood;  in  1,  oF  mnoiu  onijr;  in  1,  of  valet  ooDlaining 
snenic  ;  In  1,  of  bile,  w\A  in  1.  of  bile  and  Tnjcea.  (The  romiteJ 
nult«rg  are  Mtoietinie)  dewribed  aa  jellov  or  brown.)  Diarrkaa 
present  in  II  cates.  bnC  ftbseiiC  in  ii  in  T  caie*  eiceuive.  The 
malltrt  patied  by  ttool  oonnited,  in  3  otwa  of  blood,  and  in  2 
of  B  material  clowly  rewinbling  green  puint.  Pain,  pretent  in 
19.  and  altngetber  absent  in  1 ;  in  2  Inttancds  it  subsided  alter  a 
abort  time,  and  It  li  stated  not  to  bave  been  increnaed  by  pmanre 
in  2  inatanees.  Tbe  foajr»  and  throat  sore,  constrictvd,  hot, 
painfal,  and  tense,  in  9  cases.  TMrtl  -.  preaent  in  15,  and  absent 
in  2 ;  in  13,  deatiribed  ai  intense.  Tbe  coii»(«iaivv  fliuhed  and 
awdlen  in  7  caaea  ;  pale  and  aniious  in  5  i  the  facies  liippooratica 
infseut  in  1-  The  eyei  inflamed,  swollen,  or  smarting  in  7 
cases.  Tbe  <JttN  hot  and  dry  in  6  case* ;  covered  with  oold  per- 
spiration in  4 ;  profusely  perspiring,  with  pctecbie,  in  3;  nni- 
Tersal  desqaHmaUiHi  in  1;  oovered  with  an  edematous  eruption 
in  I.  Btadac\e  in  9  cases,  absent  in  1 ;  deacribed  ta  intense  in 
4.  Violent  palpilafio*  In  2  oues.  PuUe  generally  very  fre- 
quent, but  of  rariablo  character,  ranging  from  90  to  140,  or 
more ;  In  one  ease  30  to  19.  Janndlee,  luppreaion  of  arine, 
atnngnry,  and  saliration  must  be  added  to  this  list  of  symptoms. 
JV«rnHu  SfmploBu. — Eitnme  reilUmrit  in  S  ciueei  extreme 
dtbilUg  in  10;  coma  in  3  cases;  dtUnum  in  3.  Tlie  ntiiui  nn- 
imp^red  in  6  case* ;  cram/a  in  the  l^s  in  9  caae^  in  4  extend- 
ing to  the  arms;  wnnifiKnu  in  6  cases |  paralytu  of  ton^e 
•od  ^Uet  in  3  cases ;  letaiuu  in  2  cases ;  chorea  in  1 ;  igileria 
in  1 1  epitejHy  In  2.  Tetanus,  oodib,  Knd  delirium  soccessiTely  in 
2  coses.  Death  took  plac«  in  3  casM  in  tbe  midst  of  convnisions, 
■nd  in  one  after  a  horrible  lit  of  convulsive  laughter  followed  by 
rigid  spasms  of  the  whole  body. 

Locked  jaw  lusbcen  observed  among  the  early  lymptomi— -in 
one  ouo  so  early  as  three-quarters  of  an  hour.     (Orftle.)* 

■  Til*  taadsr  l>  rrftmd  U  Iha  IbllawlDi  cases  l— Kissrs.  Temer,  and  Hi. 
OsdsilsB.  poluned  b;  Eliss  rsnnini.  Id  Mr.  r 
Uuss  aTlh*  MUcbflb.  nfM  b}  Ur.  » ' 
■nd  Son.  Joamal,' < 
HcUod,  IB  tbs 

Dosltstkmi  ol  _ — 

■  1-lld.Ilid.aDdlii-. _.,  ..  _.,  „.. 

t.' Joljrll.MVi  Aug.  U,  IMBi  Oct.  31,  IIMtILIHi  On.e,  18Ui 

'—    —A  do*.  It,  WW.     '  MeUal  Osiitle,'  ».  «l :  U,  f—    — 

-"    —   "—  ".ondonlWlcalKaTlow.MT.laei.^.™^ 

»i-.  and  sobsaqiisnl  lolamia.    8m.  slso. 


r.Hsnhlll'tKenisrhs 


1.  npurlfd  b]  Mr.  j 

-ai.  svUi-p.  147,  sna  inmtriuv  i^iin 

Joonisl,  lot.  IV.  p.  SK.    Thsst  « 
isrrass  •jiDpums  ohk-h  I  " 
\tag.  JontnsI,'  >.  aW|  Ul. 


T.  AWunder 


pears  Hoipllal  lUpHta, 

[■LwK«i.-|««,ILp,»«.rL 

- a  marksd  bslote. 


472 


A&SENIC  kSD  ITS  FKEFARATIOns. 


Tlie  lonp  pcTBUtenec  oTnenoD)  (^rnptoini  u  wellillnlntedl^  I 
the  MM  oT  Mr.  Gadsden,  one  of  the  victinu  ot  Klin  fraa^  I 
Ho  wit  smed  witli  epilepBT  on  the  fintdny  ;  lull  fhatelticttM   I 
tbe  tecand,  tbtn  >  fit  ev?rj  evening  nt  the  tatnu  lioor,  (br  tmt-    ' 
teen  ntcrotsiTe  evening  ;  then  »n  interval  of  *even  or  «glHdt}%    i 
lollowed  by  ■nothor  reUpK,  nnd  thiit  b;  RiKither  intend  rf  " 
weeki> ;  at  the  end  oF  thrpe  tnontha  the  fit  (till  rtunnl ' 
twelve  boon,  or  tbtee  or  fotir  times  in  two  daji  i  imd  ht  «•■ 
liDued,  eveu  after  the  lapse  at  two  je*n,  to  bvsat^ertlornqa 
■tuck*.      In   tbe  ease  of  Helen   Mitchell,  then  «m  aHa 
debititj  of  the  limbs  fiir  three  month*. 

Pott-mtrtem  App'aranert.—Tiio  Btonmch  la  the  trtt  of  Mdi 
inflammation,  *preadiiig  over  the  entire  larfoce.  or  oonlEud  ta 
the  rugn  in  well-defined  jntebei,  or  atreak*.  Sometime),  ra  ta 
of  the  bright  tint  of  inflammatioa  the  membtBDe  hai  tbe  dcif 
hue  of  rongestioD.  When  the  poiaon  ii  laken  in  aiibalana^  6k 
mcHt  common  and  cberaototiitie  appearance  is  that  (if  odc  a 
more  patchea,  from  the  liie  of  a  ibillint;  to  tliat  of  a  fToam.  mb- 
aiating  of  a  tongh  white  or  yellowiah  paste  of  arvemoua  loi 
uiied  with  ooagulnble  Ijtnph,  Hrmly  adherent  to  the  inflimri 
mucoui  membmne,  and  formilif;  to  manj  centrei  of  intena*  ii- 
llammHtton.  White  apoti  of  ■rwnious  acid  are  alio  often  hmi 
between  tha  rugn.    The  annexed  enpraring  abowa  ■  gnmf  d 


ng.W. 


ajiol 
Hamed  bate,  and  ninnniM 
by  deop  dnaky  red  itmbk 
tliTniiian  i«  <»mi«raUr(lf 
rare,  and  pn-roration  itOl  Iw 

rureotTurrencn  jbut  tlirdatt 
■wollcD  a]]pcar«iicc  pradnoed 
by  eti  niTaaation  of  Uood  InU 
tbr  giibmaniii*  tUiae  b  bfUn 
luet  with.  The  elomach  «M- 
nll;  notaina  a  brown  pn>- 
moui  matter,  oocauonallj 
linped  with  blood  i  but  Eometimei  Ihe  colour  b  yellow,  trom  iHt 
portiul  convulsion  of  tbe  ptijaon  into  ealphide ;  and  tbe  mnnxH 
mat  has  U-en  found  ameared  aa  with  yellow  paint.  The 
iiiiloaimation  generally  cxtonda  to  the  duodenum  and  com- 
ravnci'Dient  of  Ihe  other  tmall  inteatincB,  and  oceauonally 
alTects  the  whole  length  of  the  inti'stinal  canal,  being  moM 
coniipicuouii  in  the  lower  bowel.  The  lesopliagus,  alio,  b  lotne- 
llmi's  the  scut  of  iiillumiualion,  and  in  rare  iutiiucei  (lie  month. 


*T3 

t,  md  windpipe  liavs  heea  itiiolved  in  the  influm- 

I.     Tbc  peritoncHl  eomring  of  tUe  itomBoh  or  of 

pabdonen  i*  somelimea  fbnnd  in  ■  state  of  inHamnia- 

4tli«  intdtioil  gtsDcls  >re  swollen.      Aninng  ocduional 

ipcaranm  may  bo  mentioned,  inflBmrnation  or  the 

;nta  on  tlie  skin,  and  roni^Htion  of  the  brain  with 

)   bat  the  most  renurkublo  post-murtem  appear- 

ncefroiD  the  lining  membrane  of  the  atomncli  of  nil 

t  tsBammation,  and  of  every  otber  charBCtfristic  chanm. 

umaaij  ii  not  due  to  death  hiving  taken  place  before  in- 

liaa  Ronld  be  wt  up ;  for  vell-mBrked  tnHammitarf  ap- 

ea  hare  barn  preient  in  the  moat  rapidly -f'^tal  cgsifs. 

lio.  like  phosphorus,  hat  been  found,  bolli  by  eiperimenCa 

bbU*  and  by  clinital  ohacrvation,  to  cause  a  futty  de- 

iiNi  of  the  njoKlea  and  of  rarioiu  argsna,  especially  the 

Im  kidneya,  and  tlie  t;1and«  of  the  stouiuh.     A  fact  of 

hftitilti|pcal  than  toiicological  inlertat  bns  likewise  been 

It  by  Saikuwiki — vii.,  thatin  ani mills  poisoned  byanenio 

~  lialea  cannot  be  caused  by  the  uaual  method. 

■  ftirtunately  for  tbo  endi  of  justice  that  arsenic  not 

El  the  stomach  M'hea  surronndin);  parla  are  in  a  state 

d  decay,  hot  tbut  even  tlie  chnracteristic  appearancea 

a  may  be  present  after  the  body  haa  been  boried 

.—In  a  mlution,  as  amall  u  tjuantity  na  tvia  graiiu 
Ml.  Tico  gnUiu  and  a  half,  coDtuined  in  two 
!y-wat«r,  killed  a  strong  healthy  girl  cetat.  19,  in  36 
baby).  Uncb  imallra'  tjaantities  have  ^ven  rise  to 
mptomt.  On  tbe  other  hand,  recovery  haa  taken 
aet  of  half  an  ounce,  nn  onnce,  and  even  an  ounce 
t  the  pinson  in  subatance.  Tlicse  larger  dose*  are 
on  a  full  ttomach,  and  are  promptly  rgeol«d  with  the 
rried  acay  by  the  brisk  action  of  tbe  bowels. 
'rriod. — Tlie  poison  has  proved  tatjl  in  tvo  hmiTt,  in 
r  fcor  instance*  (one  by  Mr.  Foster,  of  Huntingdon,  and 
00*  bjr  Hr.  Hacaulay,  of  Leiceater),  but  Mr.  Tliompson  communi- 
OUad  to  Dr.  Taylor  a  case  fatal  with  tetanic  symptoms  in  tarnls 
mtmi'T  On  Ibe  other  band,  casea  may  prove  fat«l  after  three, 
fear,  Ave.  aii.  or  seven  dayi,  or  even  as  late  as  tlie  second  or  third 
whIi.  and  from  setoudiiry  iyni[)Uiiiis,  in  two  or  three  yean.  The 
■TBafc  durslion  of  fatal  cases  is  20  hours,  of  those  whicli  tcr- 
■ioate  within  21  hours,  leia  than  7  hours.  As  many  as  85  io  the 
100  dia  within  £1  hours.  More  than  half  llie 
t.  suit. 


1 


I 


S   FKWAXi.TICtn. 


474  Aunic  1 

witlnB  6  boon,  t*o-Aiidi  wiibia  right  hoan,  sad  i 
thiB«fautli»  vitMn  U  bom.* 

JftmEoUy.— About  b^  of  the  a 
of  rtoDrcTj  w  Si  to  48. 

iVsporftM  of  SnciJal,  HamiMti,  aid  ^ 
la  100  cue*,  iboat  46  ■»  imcidal,  87  Ixrauddal.  and  8  * 
TUa  rtatemcnt  u  bMcd  On  92  cuH.    The  omb  el  adi 
equally  dinded  between  meo  and  mman. 

OHiHKanvHat  o^  SfviplomM, — In  lonie  iiMtmnoa^  ten  nmMM 
after  Ukiug  the  pnuoo ;  and  thej  have  bMn  deamlMd  m  mHIoi 
in  immediatelj.  But  thej  may  be  delayed  for  acTsnl  boan  ()■ 
one  caw  tea  bmui).  It  ii  EvtoFal  to  foppow  that  tlM)i  anadd 
dalay  &£  opeiatioo  of  tbe  praaon. 

2V«<ifmn{. — .K»  anenioDs  arid  itaelf  la  a  powecfml  ematn  it 
li  ■omrttiDe*.  opeoally  vhen  swdlowed  with,  or  aooo  ofto'  a 
meal.  cniDpletelj  rgected  (rata  the  atomaeb.  In  Other  raira.  !■ 
tbe  eiklbicioa  of  an  eoiecic.  or  tba  ^>in)d(i]t  aie  of  diluent^  tfat 
content*  of  the  itomaeh  are  dUcharged,  and  iriUi  tbem  tbe  poiana. 
When,  on  the  otlier  hand,  it  ia  takea  on  au  mnpty  atoiMfii,  il 
attache*  iuelf  lo  the  mncoiu  coat,  excito*  violent  intUmniaUoo, 
and  the  fomutum  of  a  tenanoas  aecretiOD,  whii^  gluea  it  (o  li* 
■nrbce,  and  protect)  it  froni  tbe  action  both  of  emetia  and 
aDtidntei.  In  tlie  first  clan  of  es«et  recovery  ii  often  attribotad 
to  aome  aobataoee  which  ii  thOQght  to  poaaeai  the  lirtoea  of  aa 
antidote.  Araenie,  alao,  by  iti  pnrgatiie  action,  otay  imarioa  m 
trtt  an  eTanualum  of  tbe  bowel*  u  to  carry  off  Ibe  poiaoa  parti) 
by  this  channel. 

The  lint  step  in  the  treatment  coniitt*  in  remoring  tbe  pcuoa 
ai  pramptly  ai  poaiible  from  tbe  ttomach.  If  the  ftonucb-paai|i 
U  at  hand  it  (lionlcl  be  naed  without  delay.  If  not,  and  tbe  pdMB 
itMlf  ia  acting  Ireely  ai  an  emetic;  vomiting  iboald  be  promotad 
by  copiom  draughta  of  warm  milk  and  water,  and  tickling  lb* 
throat  with  ■  futfaer.  If  the  putimt  ia  not  Mk,  emetin  nf 
ipccaeoanha,  mustard,  or  ooniman  nit,  aided  by  limilar  oopiooi 
draoglitt  of  warm  milk  and  water,  ihnald  be  given.  When  tbe 
itomacb  baa  been  emptied  by  these  means,  utllk,  nr  tnilk  bcatsn 
Dp  with  ef^^  or  a  miitnre  of  milk,  lime  water,  and  white  of  tgg. 
■himld  be  given  Eroety  at  iburt  intervala. 

Tbe  rest  of  the  tre4(inent  will  be  determined  by  lb«  symiitma* 


id  iMi  Ihui  a  iaj,  3 


n;  lb 


or  T  wlilDb  lui>il  taan  ituu  ■  du,  I  *M  (Uil  (nJ^ 

'  dkji  uit  k  hiir  I  I  Id  t  <!>;■  and  a  halt)  1  la  tt 


JUtTIDOTES.  476 

wtiich  Iwppen  to  b«  niort  nrgent.  If  the  inflammatory  sjmptflma 
run  bigh,  blood  ma;  be  taken  bj  leechea  froin  the  pit  of  the 
■tsmacb,  When  coma  tbrestena,  blood  niaj  alto  be  removed 
with  aitvanlngo.  The  atate  of  oolUpse  mast  bo  met  by  itiinu- 
laoti,  and  the  nerrotu  lymptDm*  bjr  aooilynea.  Totanic  ipanoa 
woold  be  beat  relieved  by  chloroTorni.  Tlie  intenie  Ihirat  mij 
be  mtiated  with  small  qonntitie*  of  iced  water;  the  tenetmni 
■nd  djiuria  by  injtvtiona  of  gn>e\  containing  landaDnm ;  the 
diarrbipa,  if  incRectmil  and  painliil.  b;  caalor  oil  tniicd  with  milk. 
Anlimonj  mint  not  be  giten  ai  an  emetic ;  for  the  rcierobUnoo 
of  the  cmiti  orantiinoiiy  to  tboee  of  anenic  would  give  rite  to  an 
objection  to  tbe  chemical  evidence.  The  snlphatra  of  uuc  and 
copper,  and  antidote*  containing  iron  onght  also  to  be  arinded,  teat 
it  ihould  be  alleged  that  ar«nic  eiiated  in  them  as  an  imparity. 

Aulidoltt, — Several  prepanitiona  of  iron,  of  which  the  bydrated 
Maqiuoiide  ia  the  best,  the  bydnted  oiide  of  mngnnta,  calcined 
Blagneaia,  and  animal  clurcnal,  have  been  reoommended  m  antidotea 
applicable  to  araenions  acid  in  aolation.  1'he  hydraled  lesqnioiide 
of  iron,  formed  b;  precipitiiting  the  tinctnra  ferri  muriatia  of  the 
ahopa  witb  excen  of  ammonia,  rendcn  a  aolation  of  artenioui  acid 

k  wholly  or  nearly  inert,  and  aomc  eiporiments  on  dc^  made  by 
Dr.  W.  Watt  prove  that,  a«  an  antidote  for  arsenioiu  add  in 
•dntioa,  it  is  really  elGcietit-*  It  sltonld  be  (reely  given  in  the 
ncMSt  atate.  Tbe  hydrated  oiide  of  mBgneaia  precipitated  Irom 
■  atroDg  anlDtion  of  the  snipbate  by  liq.  potame,  and  well  vaahed, 
baa  been  also  shown  to  be  ellectnal.  and  i«  free  from  objection 
■honld  tlio  patient  die,  and  an  analyais  of  tbe  ronteuta  of  the 
■lomach  be  requlred.t  When  the  poiaon  ii  given  in  tbe  solid 
form  theae  antidotes  are  much  less  eftkacious;  and  still  leaa  >o 
when  it  adhere*  to  Ibe  lining  membrane. 

While  treating  a  case  of  poisoning  by  anenious  acid,  or  by 
,  Otber  prepanUions  of  arsenic,  it  should  be  liorn«  in  mind  that 
I  i  evidence  of  poiaoning  mair  be  obtained  by  examining  the  anne, 
I  'llle  semm  trom  a  blistered  snrfiice,  or  tbe  blood,  as  well  as  from 
I  tbe  mattera  vomilM  oi  paued  Irom  the  bowels. 

ArsBoioDi  acid  has  been  introdaced  into  tbe  body  otberwiae 
a  by  the  month.  It  hai  been  in»crted  into  llie  vagina,  pro- 
|<  dncing  intense  local  Inflammation,  and  the  characteriBtic  gcnrral 
I'lyniplonu  of  arMnieal  poksoniiig.  It  lias  been  applied  to  the  akin 
■>jb  the  (brm  of  a  mixed  powder  and  of  <rintmeDt,  with  similar  local 

•  WonDtiT's  ■  Mkro-CbsmlstiT  of  Poimis'  p.  MJ. 
mbiiniHilllfrCAnD,  d.  Mjntiii/  in)  on  ibr  EBmcj  of  Irr" 
h  ia  Potioahi;  bj  AtscdIc.    1  be  Iruu  heetat  tcj  hav«  |ir  ~  ~ ' 


I 


I 


476  ASSBXIC  ASD  ITS  PKBFJlBATIORa. 

nd  conititutioniil  rttaltt  (eqjecially  in  the  band*  of '(■ 
doctors") ;  aud  it  hsi  been  iuhalcd  u  viipour,  tod  u  aTWDiarCttid 
hydragen.  The  amoke  of  eiadlu  coutaiuiOK  ■rwnie  lu«  iIm  pi* 
duoed  Mvera  iiidupaaitiua- 


Armiit  of  Polaih. — ^The  nrtivo  principle  of  i'oviet't  mlalioii  •- 
in  whiulj  it  may  be  readily  detect^  \ij  any  of  tlie  matliods  di- 
aeribad  for  arMnioue  add.  

Ar»enic  Acid.—T\iis  aold,  thotgli  a  pun-srfal  f 
medico-lfgal  interest  excvpt  aa  lieing  fonneil  in 
fbr  detecting  anenioui  acid.  It  U  a  uliite  dcliquaKent  ai 
coinpUtely  Tolotilized  by  liMt,  very  lolubla  in  water,  bdiI 
a  strong  aoid  raction.  It  yiebli  a  metallic  mblioMt*  « 
duced  with  charcoal,  and  a  metaUic  crnat  when  trtatml  bj 
or  BcinKh's  method ;  and  gives  a  yellon  precipluta  « 
pburett4sl  bj'drogen,  on  btnting.  It  i>  precipitated  »  b 
by  nitrate  of  ailvia-,  and  by  the  nmoionio-nitnite. 

The  salts  of  urseoic  araii  (inenstes)  give  tbe  aatne  n 

Aranile  0/  Copper  (Scbecla'i  Green).— This  is  «  fii 
powder,  contuiiiing  one  part  of  arsenioua  aind  to  two  of 
copper.  It  yieldi  diatlnet  crystals  of  araenjous  acid  wbei 
and  ■  residue  of  oiida  of  ooppeir  1  and  is  soluble  bi>th  in 
■nd  in  nitric  acid. 

Aeelo-Arienile  of  Coppar. — This  is  a  bright  |[i«en  [ 
known  as  mineral,  Subwdiifurt,  Bniaswicb.  or  '^~ 
in  England  usemeraJd  green,  or  "emerald," 
by  pBper-Etninere,  fin-  hncj  and  for  wall-papen^  botli  a 
impart  a  fiill  green  colour,  and  mixed  with  oiide  Ot  »i 
powder,  or  whiting,  to  give  more  delicate  tints  of  givcl 
naed  to  give  a  greeu  colour  to  gweetinents  and  a 
wafers,  toys  and  c»ges,  cukes  of  water  colour,  laX  colourii  w 
of  dren,  and  papers  used  oa  wrappers  for  fruits  and  awcetiw 

Ttii: — The  powder  roniiata  ot  arscnirai  add  l!  paHa;  j 
of  rapper  S  parts ;  and  acetic  acid  I  port.     Arx 
for«  constitutn  two-thirds  oF  Its  bulk.     It  is  rcailUj  klentiflU 
giving  aS  wbcn  heated  ilroD^  fumes  of  acetic  <udd  and  di 
crystala  of  nrsenious  avid,  with  n  residue  of  oxide  of 
papers  and  other  ntattera  ailiiiired  with  emerald  gnssn 
midily  iletecled  by  scraping  oft'  Ihe  surface  aud  ai 
powder  lliua  dctactiird^  ur.  by  dropping  a  tVagmont  of  the  ft 
natsrinl  Into  a  tot-tuba  containing  a  wcilc  suktinu  of  H 
•mtnonin.    The  matcHal  will  be  blracbrd;  a  bluo  anluUoa' 
show  ibe  pmcnce  of  vuppir ;  nod  if  a  I'nigmuut  uf  ni 


ACETO-iHSESlTE   or   COFPtR.  477 

ii  dropped  into  it,  a  precipitate  of  tiie  <felli)v  inenito  ot  lilvar 
will  be  rormed.  If  ■  poper  rttuinHl  with  emeruld  green  bs 
touched  with  liq.  ammoaia',  Ibo  spot  mad  the  liquid  turn  bine. 

Sgrnploau. — Thaw  of  tho  acute  form  of  paiauninj;  luny  b«  in- 
ferreil  from  the  caee  of  a  priut-colourer  admitted  into  King'i 
CuDege  McHpitsl,  June,  185S.  Uaitb  wnn  ciuaed  I);  au  ounce  of 
Uie  poiann  in  Bevaa  boun,  under  symptami  iKloiigliig  to  tba 
B«oand  variety  of  anenical  poiiotiing  dvncribod  at  p,  4139.  Ho 
did  not  vomit  till  an  emetic  wa>  givuii,  and  diarrboaL  did  not  farm 
a  jiromineat  ayftptom.  He  wa>  pale,  eictteil,  raiiit.  and  anxious 
witb  a  atnall  feeble  pnlae,  aligbt  epigastric  tonderaeH,  intense 
tbint,  profiuu)  oold  aweatt.  lerere  erampa  in  tbe  calves  of  tbe 
lege,  and  in  tbe  Itands,  with  twitchingl  of  the  lpg»  and  arma. 
"  tiiiTer  rallied,  and  died  eibauited.  Tbe  tongue  wiu  tinged 
en,  and  tbe  matt«rt  rejected  from  Ibe  etoinacb  and  bowell 
■e  of  tbe  lame  colonr.  Tbe  stomach  puuip  was  <u«d,  and  the 
l^^drfltcd  leaquioiido  of  iroo  freely  g^ven.  Tbe  port-mortcm 
arances  were  a  dircy  green  tongue)  in  the  itomjcb  a  large 
itity  of  tba  antidote  ajieckled  witli  greent  congtitioa  of  its 
Mu  coat,  and  of  tlut  of  tbe  amall  intnitiiiea;  deep  clia.-oliiIo 
ir  of  the  fold*  of  the  stoumcb,  and  dot*  of  exinvasatvd  blood 
Piwer  tbe  •urftw'e,  eapedsllj  near  the  pyloriM.  Lung*  greatly  crni- 
|eal«l ;  limin  wid  kidoeya  eound. 

It  may  be  ilatad  generally  thiit  tbe  ajmptomi,  poat-mortem 
ippearauOM,  and  treatment  of  puiwning  by  tbe  anenilo  of  euppel 
md  by  llie  aeeto-iinDnitc,  are  tboae  uf  poiMiiing  by  iirii:ii;uus 
Kid.  [n  two  cans  the  lymptom  of  jaun^ce  stiowixl  it«elf  us  if 
Ihe  copper  bad  proved  active. 

Tefy  lovere,  and  even  filial,  aymptoms  of  irritant   poiioning 
kkve  been  iuduced  by  eiting  gabatAnces  ooloured  nilb  amenite  of 
boopper. 

\  Tlie  aymptmni  of  tbe  chronic  form  of  poiMniog  by  iulmllng  and 
i:mllowing  the  powder  detached  from  the  wiille  of  room*  have 
I  sot  bmn  uniform.  They  have  cooBiatud  of  aeveral  of  tbe  following 
L.^mptonu  TariouEly  gronped  : — The  tneoing  and  tHchrymation  of 
Ls  coniiuon  cold  j  cough ;  nunacB  and  lou  of  appetite,  sickueu  and 
fcidiarrlKDa,  colic  paini,  cninpa,  and  ipaiml,  dryneaa  of  llie  tongot 
[-and  tlirOHl,  and  tliint;  depreniou  and  weakneu,  lieadauhe, 
ixKM,  anil  eitreme  wealiueH,  or  actual  |ial>y  of  the  ealre- 
(In  one  uue  tbe  dropped  bund,  at  in  iwisoulng  hy  lead, 
\  In  anutbu-  great  weakneai  and  uiiatexdineis  of  uU  the  limtu.J 

Wbau  tba  powder  i>  largely  diQ'iucd  through  tbo  air,  ai  in 
'  ■  "        '"  may  abow  t!ieniBflv«   in  a 

uud  tbey  coiuiauuly  u^'paat  i^ 


I 


.brOi 


47s  aBSSMC  aKD  m  FXEFAKATlOliS. 

one  or  two  boon  iu  the  *h«pe  of  ■evere  ratarrhal  *jvt\ 
headache  uul  bleeding  at  Uie  noatb  foUoiied  aner  ■  t 
mfa  pretentlj  to  be  dncnbeiL 

The  penoDi  employed  ia  making  artificUI  learei.  ■ 
•nd  flaven,  chiefly  joong  woman,  mfier  f 
and  lore  tliroat  j  the  raah  on  (lie  oeek,  face,  ean,  head,  H 
pudenda;   thlnt,  nsoiea,   aooreiui.  pun   i 
vomiting,  colic  pune  and  cnmp,  pal^HCatioo  and  ■ 
hraath  J  gnat  weaknen,  fever,  headache,  dtmoeg*  of  Bgkt,  a 
HEM,  reetleanen,  tremUingi,  and  coovuUive  twitchioga. 
One  fatal  cue,  at  least,  hu  occumd  tiaoag  fooug  w 
lowing  thii  occapation.     In  tba  one  faUl  cue  with  whii 
inqiurica  made  me  acqoBiiited,  the  occupation  had  beea  0 
on   for  aghttua  months,  and  ihe  died  in  coi 
DCCnired  every  five  minuta  Ibr  seven  boon  and  a  half. 

Anenite  ot  copper  mixed  with  warm  fiie  ii  largely  Died  b 
making  tint«d  paper*  aad 
^     '  paper-haiigingt,  and  '»  m 

Imd  onaitocomcintocoo- 
tact  with  the  hanb  of  th« 
workmen.  Alter  one  <v 
two  day*  the  men  begin  I9 
toBcT,  andareao 
t4>  abandon  their  e 
mcnt.  The  Snt  ^ 
is  a  pajiular  n 


oT  tirt  B 
the  bock  of  tlie  M 
bendi  of  th«  dbo 
the  inwde  n 
BafTer  in  order  f  andfl 


tbex 


often  «een  sprinkled  with  niperlkial  cimiUr  ol 
of  a  ipUt  pea  to  that  of  a  fuurpenny  piece,  kwking  n 
pimi^h.     Sometimes  the  fingers  are  iullanied.  nnd  th«  d 
off.     The  pnl«  ii  sometime*  qnielwued,  and  owwoiiaJly  ti 
■martandtheepgastriomistMidw.    On  abatidoniogf*-- 
wimu  the  efftcu  aoon  pa»  awayj  and  tbej  might  0 
BVindod  by  acrupulous  clamboaa  and  ample  [iTBcaatw 
contact  with  the  poi*on.  . 

ni«  BfTort  of  the  p<a»on  on  the  serotum  u  wen  m  fig.  91,  w 
•llow.  both  the  rircular  nlcen  just  d«cf  ibod.  and  the  diffused  m 
™«Bod  ulcerations  (ijjurcd  hj  Or,  Venwb   in   the   paper  i^ 


their  edgra.  Dr. 
Fietn  SuntB,  ia 
ilea  d'Hjrgiine,' 
\&S,  p.  339,  gives 
■ccouDt    of   the 

■per   by    M.  A, 

iu  the 
aly,  1S59 ;  > 
»r.  VemoU  in  the 
I'Hygii-ne.'  jeer 
6;«nil  Dr.Oiiy'a 
■AUiged    FaUl 

Poisoning  by 
rreon,  icj  in  the 
ort  of  the  Madical 
be  Pri*y  Council,' 
>  Kbo  an  intemting  paper  on  poinonlng  ^m  vall- 
Dr.  Kirchgiiier,  in  the  ■  Viertcljahrschria  f.  Gericlit. 
p.  06,  of  which  there  is  aba  a  full  alwtrnct  In  the 
Hetroapcct  of  the  Sjilenham  80^61/  for  1867-68, 
'  ptHKming  hRVB  occurred  in  aniline  dje  niRDufactoriea, 
eczemalou*  affectionri  bave  been  obaerved  as  resulting 
rearing  of  undor-clothing  dyed  with  theae  materiala. 
ii  largely  oied  in  the  pTeparation  of  the  anilme  coloun, 
often  contain  a  large  proportion  of  arsenic  arid  is  in 
;(&«  •  Pbarm.  Journ.,'  1868,  Oct. ;  ■  Brit.  Med.  Journ.,' 
) 

«  and  Binarifnatf  of  PolaA, — Theae  are  actiye  poison* 
in  this  country.  The  arsenate  is  while,  deliqaeacent, 
ninble,  with  the  reactions  of  "  arsenic  add."  The 
I  is  known  as  "  Hacquer'i  neutral  anenieal  nit." 
muile  uf  Soda  a  used  as  a  medicine  in  France.  A 
e  salt  to  an  ounce  of  water  constitula  "  Feursoa's  soln- 
1  paper  soaked  in  a  solution  of  one  part  of  arsenate  of 
wo  of  sngaraDd  twenty  of  water,  is  in  use  for  poisoning 
c  "papier  BWii™"  owea   lis  poisonous  properties  to 

ti  <tf  Arirmc. — Realgar,  or  red  nisenic,  andaT^vmn&, 


pM  Tvicinble*  tlioM  nre  intUncei  of  anenicftl  poiianm^  in 
JHMtif^  ■j'iDpl'iiiii  nre  TOry  pramineiil.  Such  wu  tho  cbancl«r 
if  ■  CUD  uf  poiHDiiiit  by  anenie  uid  liuitiuinm  wbicb  occurred 
(MM  ;e>n  dncr  in  Kiog^a  CoUrge  UoapitaL 

II.   AKnUOHI  AITD 

I  A  few  jGsn  aince  polioning  by  antimony  wu  m>  rare  that  the 
Mbon  i«  not  ■pt'cified  iu  tbe  liit  of  tnbitancea  that  |inwe(l  fstal 
I  ibe  Ave  yam  1852-66.  BdI  ^om  tbe  trials  of  l^mcr,  Dove, 
KoMiiIleii.  H*rilm>ii,  FReman,  Smethurtt,  WinalDw.iDd  Pritcbard, 
r  which  the  three  flnt  took  pUce  in  1856  and  tbe  la 
Ti,  the  lalgijin  of  poiioning  by  antimony.  Hud  espedally  by  nuall 
_aaled  Joaca  of  tartir  emetic,  hag  aunnied  graat  importauoe. 
I  Tlie  preparatiaua  of  antintony  wliich  are  important  iD  i 
idioo-legil  pmnt  of  view,  are  tartar-emetic  and  the  chloride. 
M  precipitated  lulpbide  !■  of  intereat  from  being  developed  in 
■ting  for  tbe  ptuon. 

KTIh  mrlat  antimony  aiiaret  with  anenic  the  property  of  com- 
dog  with  DBKent  bydrogiin,  and  of  being  depoaited  in  the 
tallio  furm  on  baraing  tbe  jet  of  gaa,  nr  heating  the  glut  tnbe 
migh  vtuch  it  ii  pouing.  It  ditfera  from  anumic  In  not  being 
ihtilited,  when  in  the  maaa,  by  the  bent  of  the  tpirit-Ump,  and 
"b  diSenlty  wlien  ia  tbe  fotm  of  thin  Hlma.  In  oomtnon  with 
aoit^  ineraury,  and  Kvenii  other  metala,  it  ia  depouted  in  tbe 
Ullk  Rtu)  on  copper  vrben  it*  lolntiooi  are  treated  after  tbe 
nhod  of  Relnich.   Tbe  metti  antimony  often  containa  a  minute 


lO  precipitated  ■alpbide,  formod  by  transmitting  a  itmm  of 
bborettsd  hydrogen  through  a  aolulionuf  a  aaltof  antimony,  or 
mting  metaUicntaioa  of  antimony  witliaulphidiiafaBimoninai, 
a  ebainictcrisUc  onnge-red  ctilour.  and  like  the  blacli  pte- 
i  lolphido  yield*  metallic  aaUmony  when  heated  in  a  cunvnt 
BrdiDgBngaa. 

aanc  (TariariuJ  Aiilimom/,  Slihialtd  Tartar, 

PoloMia-TartTaii'  of  AMtmOHy). 

ic«  ia  found  in  the  ahop*  aa  a  whit«  poH-dor.  or  ii 

liali-wbila  rflorweent  erytlal*.    In  common  witli  aiitlioonial 

|id  Jama*'*  powdar,  it  may  motain  minate  tracw  »t'  arienio, 

■  •Itbcr  from  tlw  mclal  antimony,  or  tVom  tba  *ulphurio 

d  in  iu  Dianuhctiir*. 

—Tartar  ametia  i*  lolable  in  about  three  port*  of 
d  lUU«n  uf  cold  watar,  but  inmiluble  in  alouboii  and  11 
ulj  nwlaUn  luta,  and  fnint  add  rcuction. 


iKU  ITS  putrAiunovs. 

ntti.—'We  maj  have  to  lot  tbr  the  poiaoa  tB  n 
leUlioa,  in  organic  rnielurn,  and  in  Hhi  fluid*  ttud  M 
1.  /■  SthtUme*. 

a.  Heated  bj  the  Ikme  of  n  Bpirit'lanip  it 
ind  if  tbe  bluivpipe  a  used,  the  metai  ii  reduced.  L  HIm 
hested  in  tlie  maimer  described  at  p.  -I07,  it  is  (bund  to  dcoc 
piUta  at  3B0°,  to  mbllme  ilowl;  and  Manttl;  (jieUinf  a 
iinoTphaiu  depoeit  on  tbe  gbn  disk)  at  ^fP,  and  li>  nlartf 
&»/'.  s.  When  treated  nith  inlphurettcd  fa; drAgen,  ur  ealliUi 
of  Bnunomam,  the  ebaniotoruitic  orange-Ted  ■olptude  b  fomid. 

2.  la  SoUliaa. 

a.  A  drop  of  a  lolation  of  tartar  emetic  evnponted  ua  i  <Gp  gf 
glass  leB«e9  a  crfbtaHine  deporit.  which,  when  Fuminkl  \i]  lis 
or  niicroscnpp,  is  Foand  to  contain  woll-CoriDed  crystoli  tliil  in 
either  tetmbedra  (1  and  i,  fig.  67,  p.  411),  or  ciil>««  witi  Ol 
ed^es  removed  (3),  or  (ome  modification  of  the  cabe.  SoalU^ 
all  the  crjBtaU  aisumis  the  one  slinpe.  aometimea  tha  olbvi  M 
in  manjr  caaes  both  bindi  are  to  be  found  in  the  nine  tpl^itm, 
~ ' ;  tugether  with  the  branched  "y^BlIlfw  flvBi  ■ 
commcm  in  dapodll  taB 
nline  •olntimn.  IteM 
crjFBtnli  are  olttaiiul  |t« 
boE  Bolntiotu. 

b.  TheioIi)tJaBi(r» 

ni  to  oontsin  a  ah  «f 

untimonjr  hj  ^xiBg  tt 

omnge-eolomreJ    pndpi- 

tats    with    8ulpbai«tM 

bydmj^eu,  or  aotpbldto' 

nrnmoninm.      Tlli*  prtd- 

pitiitu  is  Boloble  JneaaMii 

1^  In  ■  largo  axcen  of  iinmonia,  and  in  utiong  hjdnAkri> 

•  aolattan  in  bydrochioriu-  acid  Laa  tUu  ebani     ' "" 

[yiifloUiDB  fall  a  white  prcdpitute  when  Ur^/ 

TliB  nilpbide  ii  alu  de«inipn*ed  vtMn  r 

e  arid,  lulpborttted  bfdrogon  being  (Hvta 

■f  ■ntiniuiiy  nnniiningin  Hiliitiun;  and  it  tDaftvi 

ill'  liy  liiiating  it  in  a  current  oTlifdl 

jTi  iilTordcd  b;  tbii  teit  it  ooiiftruied  bf 

Uiroft  dilnta  minoral  adda  throw  down 

L  IB  mtinuUed  lij  the  add  lu  txctm, 

ieacld.  Of  Uiwwadil 


obicctian 


ANTIUONr   1 


C  LIQCIIW. 


483 


e  three  conjoiotlj  ore  conclnsive.  3.  A  ilrong 
iDtUsiun  of  gnll-nuU  gives  a  ilirty  jellon'isti'H'iiite  predpitate. 
3.  FonKjitiiilc  of  patBBUiim  caiuea  no  preci[utHCe. 

J.  Inlroiluce  a  portion  of  the  lolntion  into  n  Mnrafa'a  appanita*, 
and  prOFeeduin  IhacaMofnTMnic  (p.  460).  Thecni«l<  ublaiDsd 
bji  inflaiaing  the  jet  genmll;  po«e»  ■  leu  distinct  metallic  laitre 
unit  a  more  atnoky  appearance  tlian  tlioae  of  anenii^  but  cnuta 
ma;  be  obtalued  wbicli  migbt  be  miitaken  for  those  of  tlie  latter 
metaL  Tbe  cruats  in  tbe  borisontal  tabe  hare  B  charaiieristic 
■bape  (fig.  S7.  p.  463)  and  tin-like  luitre.  For  tlie  mode  of  die- 
tiDguithing  tbe  crusts  of  tho  two  metali,  >ec  p,  463. 

:  Trent  tbe  mlulion  after  the  method  of  Reiiucb  (p.  46-1). 
taking  cnre  to  nn  nipper  free  fVom  uttimon;  u  ncll  a>  arsenic. 
The  antLuioti}!  depoiit  li  generally  of  a  violet  tint,  and  does  not 
yield  a  erjHtrflline  lubliiuHte.  It  maj'  be  lUiaolved  olT  from  the 
copper,  either,  1,  by  bdiUng  the  metal  io  a  neak  uiution  of  per- 
manganate  of  Jhitaih  rendered  slightly  allialine  by  liquor  potasto 
(Odluig) ;  or.  2.  by  a  weak  tolDtioo  of  potaiih  and  Ihe  lieijaent 
expaaanofttiemeUl  to  tbeairfMr.  Wat»on,of  UoutUm).  If  the 
Brut  proffu  U  adopted,  the  Mlntion  of  antimony  must  be  freed 
fnim  tbe  brown  depoait  of  the  bydrated  peroxide  of  manganeaa 
by  filtration,  aligbtly  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid,  and 
treated  with  mlpboretted  hydrogen  gaj.  If  tlia  second  procesa 
is  adopted,  the  solution  of  tbe  metal  a  filtered,  auiiiulited  with 
bydroehloric  acid,  and  treated  with  sulpharetted  hydro):;<!D. 
S,  Tbe  metal  may  be  separaled  from  liquids  containing  it  by 
•  praeaai  of  electrolysis  Jcecribed  at  p.  46&.  It  U  depoaitedan 
^  platinoin  plate  connected  with  the  n^ative  pole  of  the 
r,  and  may  be  identified  either  by  waabing  it  with  «ul- 
Q,  and  evaporating  the  solntiou,  or  by  either 
M  BBlhoda  just  describod- 

3.  J»  Organie  Liquids. 
Il  All  Tcgetable  mhstuicei  containing  lunnln  decompose  tbe  salts 
of  antiinony,  and  milk  is  coagulated  by  their  strong  solutions. 
iSrvetal  other  vegetable  aebitRncei  nflect  the  action  of  tlie  testa. 
(_'<iIotiTeJ  flaid*.  Iboogh  they  modify  the  action  of  the  other  teats, 
have  little  fOcct  on  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  the  sulphide  rdaiO' 
ing  itt  characl eristic  colour.  If  no  antidote  bas  been  given,  and 
tho  poiaon  hu  not  been  wbolly  rgected  by  vooiitiiig,  it  may  re- 
maio  in  I  he  ilunacb  DuoIiangMi.  In  this  case  we  dilute.  tUter, 
■oijnhito  with  tartanc  aod,  tmlumit  lulphuntted  hyilrogen  gas, 

K obtain  tha  cUaractcrtatle  orang«  aulphidc  of  antimony.     If 
ptoeeaa  bOa,  «c  adopt  for  tho  aohd  coiiUnitg  vf  the  itomaelx 


I 
1 


184  ANTIMOIIT  kKD  ITS  r 

and  the  coati  of  tlic  viiciu  tbe  Hme  mcLbod  as  for  Uie  orguk 

The  diBCdvery  oFsntimonj,  b;  either  tnctbod,  in  tile  eontoA 
of  the  itonuicii  proves  that  one  of  iU  prpparntioiu  hu  been  ttim, 
either  u  medicine,  or  a>  a  pramn  ;  and  iT  the  qnuitiljr  ooMdi 
that  of  an  ordinarT  niadicinal  doae^  there  is  atraiig  pr««iniptiM  i4 
pcnaoDing ;  but  nhen  the  quanlJty  ii  nuall,  we  cannot  MtU  that 
it  baa  boia  adminietered  u  a  poiaou,  nnlen  ve  can  prove  that  It 
was  not  giren  aa  a  medicine.  Antimoninl  emetioi  are  of  toam 
inadmisaible  in  cues  of  poisocing. 

4.  In  the  TUnea. 
Antimonj  is  ahtorbed,  and  may  be  fornid  in  the  *«ct«tiaii. 
blood,  and  solid  liaceni  of  tbe  body.  The  proccM  for  detecttnc 
the  ptnjoD  in  the  blood  or  aolid  visoera  ii  that  already  rsMOu 
mended  (or  srienlo  (p.  466).  The  resultJOB  add  liqaor  «n«f  b» 
treated  afW  the  method  of  Reimch  (p.  4B4),  or  that  of  Manb 
(p.  460).  DC  by  electTDlyns  (p.  465).  If  by  BnnKh'a  mtbod 
thu  metal  mutt  ba  identified  in  the  tnaQHer  jost  deaoribiAi  If 
by  Manh'a  method,  by  the  characters  describi^  at  p.  48S. 

Quanlitathe  Ana/yiit, — Use  the  precipitated  aulphid^  im^ 
fnlly  wnabed  and  dried.  One  hnndred  parts  eorresponda  te  M 
of  erystulUzed  tartar  emetic. 

SipfrimetiU  on  Animali. 

Iiargc  doBM  of  tnrlnr  emelic,  aniili  as  half  an  ounce,  may  le 
given  to  dogs  with  impunity  if  they  are  alloved  to  vomit ;  bat  « 
few  grains  prove  fatal  (then  the  gullet  ia  tied.  Wlien  i[|jal«d 
into  Ibe  vein^  it  gives  riae  to  vomiting  and  pnrging,  and  loam 
marks  of  acute  intlaminalion  in  the  alimentary  canal  and  in  tt< 
lang).  In  some  inatancea  of  speedy  death  there  waa  no  infltB> 
matlon  in  any  organ  of  the  body. 

An  interesting  aeries  of  eiperimenla  on  alow  poiaonfalf  I7 
antimony  haa  been  made  by  Dr.  Nevins  ('Liverpool  KadtaK 
Cbinirgical  Journal.'  No.  1),  In  iUostration  of  the  d«Klb  tt 
M'MuUen,  attributed  to  tlie  repeated  admluistrvtion  of  mmB 
dOMS  of  tartar  emetic  by  his  wife.  Tbe  animala  (elected  fot  •!• 
perimeiit  were  rabbitf,  eleven  in  number,  lo  wLteh  lartarcmMk 
in  powder  was  given  four  timea  a  duy,  in  doae«  of  lialf  a  f^nin,  a 
pain,  and  two  pnina.  The  <in»ntity  niiiiireii  to  deatmy  lifnin* 
twelve  gmina  in  a  feeble  rabbit,  and  ceveuly-two  in  the  Imgal 
survivor.  Five  of  the  rabtntt  died,  the  Dnt  alter  ibar.  tba  iMt 
•ftar  seventeen  davs.  I'hrea  aiirvived  ntlcr  biking  tbap' 
menlrva  days ;  tai  thri«  were  killed,  afier  one,  Uirei^  u 


1 


FOST-HOIltKU 


4S6 


imjt  n»peiMye\y,  two  itter  an  intorvul  of  roorteeii  dsjB,  and  one 
tbirtj-one  days  after  (Bk'mg  the  U»t  dose. 

The  tymplomt  were  Ioh  of  apptiiU,  Imi  ufspiril,  and,  >ft«r 
the  liitb  dajf,  grtal  emaeialiuit.  None  of  the  rabbiti  vomited  ; 
■nd  diarrhaa  wu  ibniit  in  five  oat  of  eig)it.  TUoro  were  no 
orampt ;  but  tbree  of  the  five  Chat  died  of  tbo  poiion  were  rio- 
lantly  eonBuUtd  a  few  miimtfs  before  deatb,  and  a  fourtb  alightly 
■o.  Several  of  the  animals  had  fUxratioK  of  the  month,  where 
tbe  powder  came  in  contact  with  the  lining  membrane.  One  of 
tiie  rabbiti,  being  with  jonng,  aborted. 

The  poiUmorUm  apptaraneel  confflsted  id  coigation  of  Ika 
lioer  in  all  the  rabbits,  tieid  rfdiu**  of  aome  part  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  the  ilomach  in  most,  ulmralian  in  two ;  and  carti- 
laginong  hardneu  of  Che  pylorus  in  aome.  Tbe  tmnll  inttttinel'ia 
tome  of  the  animali  prennted  patcbea  of  inflammation  thToughout, 
and,  in  two,  the  lolilaiy  glandi,  throoglioot  the  bowcla,  were 
enlarged,  promioeDt,  of  a  bright-yellow  colour,  and  loaded  with 
anUmooy.  The  colon  and  ret^tom  were  nearly  always  hejilthy. 
In  two  initancei  tbe  mncna  of  tbe  stomach  or  boivela  had  a 
browiiiali  eolonr,  attributed  to  the  fonnatlon  of  the  aulphide.  The 
Udmeyt  were  generally  more  or  loB  congested,  and  the  bladder 
TBseiiUr,  and  diatended  with  urine.  Tbii  waa  not  tbe  case,  how- 
erer,  in  the  animals  that  were  killed  after  a  few  days,  or  aome 
time  after  tbe  diaamtinaance  of  the  poison.  Ilie  brain,  h^art,  and 
spleen  were  alwayi  healthy,  but  the  Ifigt  in  many  caies  were 
deeply  Oongcatcd,  and  in  wme  acutely  inflamed,  somctimea  hepa- 
tiied,  and  gorged  with  blood,  the  air-tubea  being  of  a  bright-red 
oolmir.  Bloody  extrarasatluna  (or  euudatiaus)  were  found  in  the 
{mritiea  of  lbs  I'heat  and  abdomen,  and  also  between  tbe  mnacnlar 
and  moeoui  coat  of  the  cecum,  in  more  than  one  inBtance. 

The  poiaan  was  fonnd,  by  means  of  Beinsch's  t«t,  in  every  pert 
of  the  body — o/ieayi  in  great  abundance  in  the  tieer;  in  amaller 
qnonUty  in  tbe  tpUen  ;  at  tbo  earliest  period  in  the  tissues  of  tbe 
ilomach  i  at  a  later  period  in  the  tidnegt,  and  in  tbe  nrcvm.  Tbe 
liDcea  always  contained  tbe  poison — in  one  rabbit  killed  fourteen 
daya,  in  another  twenty-one  diys  after  the  lait  dose.  Antimony 
was  also  found  in  the  Iki^  trom  on  eatly  period.  In  tbe  rmudet 
and  in  the  ilood  it  wu  difficult  to  detect;  but  it  was  found  in  the 
bonri  on  the  fifteenth  duy,  and  thirty-one  dayi  a^er  tbe  poiion 
bad  been  diacontinned.  It  was  also  found  in  tbe  frntal  rabbit*, 
of  which  one  of  tbe  p<M*cmed  animals  thorted. 

The  polaon  was  being  conitantly  eUminated  by  the  kidney*.    It 

bwos  diaoatsrable  in  tbe  oHne  afUr  the  twelfth  dose ;  and  in  that 
voided  tweniy-oiwxUyi  after  the  pwMn  hod  boon  soatntvled.    TUk  i 


j  but  that  tlw  Utal  qiwntitj  n 
ud  kin  Uw  IcDgtlt  of  time  nqnired.  are  ivijr  onaUt  ia  OBK 
ca«ii  tliUU>eT«ukci>nnilenbkgnirralijvaari[7tntte)T^ 
toon  and  mcrtiid  ippeanDca  pndaetd,  bat  hj  mi  wsb*  ^Bfan 
aaiformitT:  that  Uw  poiion  permeates  alnvat  all  tht  Simmil 
Um  body.  iDd  ei«i  thne  of  the  aobom  oflspn^  if  ite  adaliM* 
tkn  <■  amtiniicd  long  enon^b,  wbOit,  at  tke  ^ne  lia^  ti  b  l» 
atanU;  beiog  eUrainatcd  from  the  ^«Um  bj  lb  klA^^ 
bowek  i  and  lutlr,  that  the  ratal  cfleeU  are  cAmi  dfafmfMtlMlt 
t«  the  appaimt  dwDgfa  fboiid  after  death." 

Tbeaa  oondimai*  are  generatl;  in  banncnqr  with  the  nmUt^ 
the  experimenta  of  M(«n.  Uillon  Bod  l^tTrsB,  mde  ia  IM 
('  Annalca  d'Hjgifaie,'  toL  uiTi.  p.  221.) 

■rm-TOKB,  roar-MOBTsM  AFru&uicBt.  ua>  nutrxm, 
Sfmplom*. — The  ajmptomi  of  acnle  ^mtotdog  iu  iba  hoMa 
lubjeet  are:— A  alroog  meUllia  taate  percdtnl  in  tin  uA  d 
(irallawiDiE,  aith  heat,  intulriction,  and  ■iriiiiiwi  of  Uie  moath  nj 
throat,  folloirrd  by  naiuea.  vomiling,  pwn  abd  iMuIernm  cf  Ik 
cpigaatrium.  eittmdiiig  to  tlie  wb<^  abdomen,  icon  folloaBlIiJ 
repeated  and  protiue  diBrrluEa,  wilb  severe  erampa  of  the  ft- 
teemitits,  and  ■jinploim  of  coUipw  ; — cold  akin,  cUmmy  anaUi 
■  (inall  ijckli  pulie,  nud  groit  weakius.  D«tli  aiay  happen  l« 
UlU  itate  of  coIlapM  i  but  it  ii  aoinetiiDca  pmrdEvI  b^  deUnOh 
•Dnndaiooa,  and  toUnic  tpaann.  Large  donea  eoiuetiDiai  oooadia 
inun-ibilili,  ti9  ODD  of  tbcar  earlieat  effect*.     In   raori)  than  au 

• ■' .   .  Iinrieteriittc  piutalar  raah  hu  been  jitwnit  oa  th« 

'  <  iliioat.  In  aomo  Mceptimal  am  Ihvni  lia*  h**D 
..(I  no  purging  Mil  otter  emetita  were  (dmiitiftaNd. 
—In  an  adult,  turn  gniui ;  in  a  diild,  j  of  ■  gnlm. 
_  t  HmpXM  Report*.'  Oct.  1667.)  One  dnobn  rf 
^Ull«d  t  bealihjr  adult  in  ten  haun.  A  praia  and  « 
''\  Itfteen  (gniia  ut  ipencunnlia  two  duya  rnoninc 
^jm,  purpi>B>  praatntjiin,  ami  daath  in  a  healt^j 
javt  ii<Wi  lier  oanRnenient.  (■  UmL  I'iinis  and  Qaa.' 
n  liiTn  been  killrd  by  tim  frmot  bt  * 
Unnd,  Mch  lar)(o  doaea  u  y  liaTo  bacs 
iisputiiljr,  in  euiHiioam  ot  Ita  {ironpt 
I.  nr  iMovery  tuH  laliKi  plus  wlllioal 
t,  but  with  pnifuH  diairbuia,  aftat  the 


CBROKIC    POISONiKO. 

opcomncc  of  ^erj  il"ngcrt>DB   symptom,   ,     y 
bive  \Bcn  ptodnced  by  to  ■mall  a  <lo9^  ^    :        *.*T  Wvoro  effecU 
beta  giveu  in  inflaminatioii  of  the  lun„_   in^"^'      ^'  ''"  °*^°" 
repnted  at  short  interval,    withoiat   nrnil..^-      "    '""^  K™"", 
cfibcta.  '^  "8   "°y   injuriou. 

JWoI  PmoiJ.— Tartar  emetic,  fa  n  g,  ^  , 
in  a  r«w  bouts  {in  «a  (dult  female,  4tt,ntit„  „"^*  ''<»«.  w»y  lUU 
—Wonokj);  bnt.  on  the  otl.er  hu^d,  ,  „«"= ,," """^  '"  '  '"'"^" 
five  day!  the  tilting  of  forty  gtiiiiu.    ,nj  ,  •crunl"'7""^  nearlj- 
proved  fctal  to  a  womnn  ■fter  a  year  of  luOeriaa  poi»ou 

JfoWoWy.— Some*h»t  Itm  th«n  half  the  en^' 

Tart«r  emetic  appliwl  citernallj  ;„  lotion  o   '  ■ 
InaaminHtiou  of  tbe  ikin  and  n  crop  of  puatnlag, '  "'"'"""'t  can»e^ 
Dmy  prodnco  ilonghing.     Nam™  «aj  vomitin   "h  '''''"'*^»» 

attended  tlii«  eilcnwl  uie  of  the  paison.  ^        *  sometimes^ 

Fott-morlen,  Jppfantwe..— InflanimatioD  of  th 
Inane  of  tbe  itoniacii  eilending  somolim^  to  ih        """^"n  mom 
rarely  to  tbe  thrtmt  «nd  gullet.     Sometimoi  ;„«'"'"  '•>^tine»   ^ 
Inngii,  and  in  the  br.m.     After  death  hv  rerZ!'^"'*"''''  '"  '''■^* 
qMd.1  attenllon  .honld  be  paid  to  the  .Uto*^^  '"■""   <'<-''<^ 
large  iDteetina-f  aec-um  an  ^^^ 

lW<ttm0U.—ThB  bert  antidote  i,  tinctore  of  .i,,,^         ,.        ^^ 
Wlien  thu  i»  not  at  hand,  the  JewHon  or  ao«./         ™    '*"'W. 
rtituM.    or   Uqnid.  containing   teonin.  auch  „I  .r  """^  '"'  ""^  - 
deoootfon  of  oak  b«rL     In  the  aheence  of  the  anlid'"''^^  ***'   '^^  ""~^ 
it  ii  bdng  prepured,  ramitiiig  >houId  be  promoted  blL '  "^  "^'-  ^  ^^^^ 
milk,  or  nmcilapinoo.  drinki.  and  by  tickling  the  tl      ?  *'-'*'**=X^^9s, 
ftather;  or   the  nomaeh   piirap  may  ba  emi.loyeJ    '^    ""JL^    ^'^ 
trestment  mnit  be  dcwrniined  by  tbe  BjaiBtoinM  '  f  i-      "^-^^      ^^ 
be  prwmbed  with  advantage.  "^        '     ^""n  ^tC^?'^^ 

Ciramie  Pouomng. — The  cipepiment*  of  Dr   N     ■  ^^^  --.I!! 

dMailed  have  remored  anv  doobt  whioh  mav  !««»??    . '^^'•*.  "^ 

»ea.t  mediw-legal  ««»,  o  to  the  paweTi^un  '"'"«>'?^^-*^ 
rep»t«d  -nail  d«»«.  to  d-traj  lift-  It  givL  r  ^  ,'""  *^  ^^ 
vomiUng.  and  purging,  eitmne  debility,  anj  f-t,,  *f  ,IL>*.^  ^ 
and  Ih.  like  aymptom.  h.«  o^nrred  in  m"  V  ^n  "f^„lI^  ^^^^^ 

p,;,r •"*• ''  "'■  """"^  '"""■"^'  'Hi^r^w.,,,'"  "p,^    '^^ 


^~I8m 


Oat  Dr.  OaoiAciiu'i  paper  Jihi 


4SS  uEHctmi  ASD  r 

yonng  children,  etpeeutll;  when  to&ring  from  iHfritoi  locii  u 
croup,  there  leeniB  lo  be  gie^t  tolerance  of  tiirtar  emetic;  at  m 
proved  b;  ■evernl  ctaet  teltteil  at  qnoted  faj  Dr.  EUiolaon.  Bnl 
in  these  caKS  tetanic  lymptomt  Here  praeiit  x  in  kkh  am 
of  iMiUoning  in  the  lululC.  (' Hed.  Timea  >ud  OataCte.' Jalf  6, 
1856.) 

C&loride  qf  Aniimotiy  {Bttiler  of  Antimoaf ). 

A  corto«vB  liquid,  of  n  liglit-jcllow  or  dark-red  coloor,  wbfch 
!iiu  been  taken  bj  ntlstalce  Iot  ginger-beer,  and  for  ■ntinHoiial 
wina.  When  hirgelj  dilnUd  with  water  the  white  <n;chlorid>  rf 
antimonj  bill  down,  and  the  cleat  liquid  ii  pmred  to  ooDtain 
muriatic  arad  bj  the  addiUon  of  nitnte  of  aiUer.  The  labudiAV 
of  n  white  precipitate  an  ndding  water  in  eicca  also  occnn  «Itb 
■olutiouB  of  the  bb1(b  of  hiamutb  :  but  wltti  aalpharetted  bydngvn 
biunutb  jieldi  a  black,  and  antimony  an  orange-red  proaiutaliV- 

Sj/niptoTiu. — The  action  of  the  chloride  ia  both  prompt  tnl 
violent.  Id  One  Ritiil  case,  death  took  place  in  ten  bour*  and  a 
half  after  awallowing  between  two  and  three  onneea  of  the  liifaid. 
^lareotic  bympComs  were  added  to  thoae  of  riolent  itritatiao  of 
the  nlimentar;  canal,  ami  after  death  the  i 
tbe  entire  canal  pn^enled  a  charred  appearmnca.  and  WM  k 
and  abraded.  Kecovery  luu  taken  place  afler  a 
oance  of  the  poivao. 

Treattnent. — That   of    poisoning   by   tarfar   r 
draughta  of  warm  water  Bhoald  be  promptly  admiiiii 
lowed  by  tincture  of  bnrk. 


Tlieae  are  in  common  uw  in  the  arts  and  in  medicine,  • 
are  occaiiocallj  uied  bb  poitnni.     They  take  tlii<  aevnith^ 
namag  the  ascertained  muses  of  death  by  paiMin.  uiuinff  n 
aflrr  oxalic  acid,  and  they  are  creililed  by  the  ncgi^tmr^cnEtal 
with  ten  deatba  a  year,  on  the  Bveni);ii  of  the  flv«  yeun  l>iEi! 
Cnrrorive  mblimate,  the  [irepimlion  uanally  taken  or  glv 
poiaoii,  was  the  cautc  of  twclie  duI  of  543  deathi  from  or 
1S3T  and  IsaS;  of  which  twelve  auet  two 


trial  m  Dr  Wlchi 


T-ln-lifl 


ID  nfuilm]  doMVn 


COBBOSTTi;  SCBUUATE. 


Metallic  mercorv,  sj  umA  in  the  arts,  giro  rim 
to  •erereaudvrelUdeSnedmiladin.aDd  the  medicinal  prvpanljona 
uionKll;  prore  Bital  when  given  in  ■□  ovprdose,  or 
in  u)  ordiunry  ioae  to  penom  vcr;  wuceptible  to  their  nction. 
Tbe  netol  itwtf  ii  inert,  and  ma;  be  given  in  largn  qauiUties 
withoot  injury  ;  but  ila  oxide  when  diffused  througli  the  tit,  or 
brought  into  conatunt  oontnct  with  the  altin,  ii  well  known  to 
prodoee  iiijiinaua  eSects. 

One  iaijiorlant  property  of  metallic  mercury  requires  to  be 
Daticod,  u  it  ia  made  use  of  in  medico-legnl  iaqnirieg.  It  aubUmoa 
unchanged  at  660°,  and  when  the  HulillmatiDU  la  conducted  in  a 
g]aat  tube,  a  ring  uf  luiill  metallic  globulin  is  dopoiitod.  Wlien 
more  laJDutely  divided,  it  baa  tlic  appearance  of  a  black 
powder;  in  which  form  it  ia  thrown  down  from  aolutiona  of 
iUnlta. 

Tbe  moat  important  preparations  of  mercnrj-  are  : — the  cbloride 
or  oomxive  Bubiiinnta;  the  snb-eblurido,  or  calomel;  the  am- 
nioaio-cliloridc^  or  white  precipitate ;  the  red  oiide,  nitrin  oxide, 
ornd  precitntale;  the  sulphide,  cinnabar,  or  vermilioD;  the  sab- 
anlphate  of  the  oiiite,  or  Tnrpeth  mineral;  the  bicjoniile,  or 
pnunate;  and  the  two  nitrates.    The  bhiclc  lulMiiide,  aud  snb- 

rlphide  UN  lam  important. 
Of  these,  oarroslve  lablimate  is  by  far  the  most  important. 
OObsObitb  suuuuiix  {Oiymuriate.  Corrotlfe  Muriate, 
Biehloride,  more  properly  CMoride,  of  Mercury). 
Tba  subatatice  is  used  for  preacrring  the  feethcra  of  birds 
and  ikini  of  animals  from  moth ;  for  deatroying  bugs  and  killing 
Uoe  and  maggots  in  man  and  in  animals;  and  when  disaoired  in 
■|Nrits  of  sweet  nitre  ai  a  popuhir  remedy  for  gonorrhcea  and 
ijphilU. 

Pmperiiri. — A  very  heary  cryitalline  mass,  or  white  powder, 
of  a  pecoliarly  nauseous  taate,  prrman^nt  in  air.  but  slowly  <le- 
compoaed  in  anosliine,  an  insoluble  grey  powder  being  formed. 
It  is  salable  in  twenty  parta  of  cold,  and  two  of  boilin|r,  water; 
and  more  silubla  in  ntcobol  and  other,  for  which  reason  ether  ia 
nsed  to  remove  it  tram  its  aqoaoos  solutions.  Common  salt,  *1*<^ 
liKire«Ka  its  stdaUlity . 
[  Ttttt. — We  may  encounter  tlio  poison  in  nttlaiiee,  in  lolulion, 
■In  orgtuue  Uqaid;  and  in  the  tUtiMt  mirf  orgam  of  the  bodg. 

■  1.  /•  Subitanet. 

W     When  hoatcd  do  platinum  foil  It  is  wholly  dij^pulf<J  in  whlt« 


mscuBT  ixn  m 


Rt  one  or  both  mda,  and  tAeo  ndiatiiiK 

■  point.     1%.  M  libowt  a  earn*,  ud  Bg.  96 

•pbsmm,  the  lut  iroa  a  photograph.     ~ 

liqaidi.  If  t  fabUmata  doa  not  ]u|qMi 
minate  drop  of  liqnw  potuMi  applied  to  on*  purl  al  ii,mmt<d 
nlotioii  of  iodide  of  paianam  to  uioUter,  will  adenti^  it  b]t  Ai 
jraUoT  and  tai\*t  fcaetioDa.  Hihc  toti  ar«  oondas**.  Tii 
Stnat  nlubilitj  of  cammre  nMioute  in 
'   u  add  ind  calomeL 


K^n. 


I 


'nie  addition  of  ■  few  drapa  of  liquor  potan*  plww  Uw  DatoN  gf 

tbo  uniMtuice  iMjand  a  doabt.     It  tiin<>  yelloK,  wtiil*  ancBic 

andergna  no  tliinge,  and  calomel  h  hbckeoed.     Wa  miij  oblan 

■till  farther  aHDnnce  b;  the  following  tecUi  1.  SnlpUide  of  am- 

mORiam  blickeosthe  powder.     2-  A  MilDtianof  iidid«  of  polaa- 

dam  turnt  it  to  ■  bright  tcarlcl.     S.  Mottten  i  <ii(«ti  ng  wiib 

dDuto  lijrdrorhlorio  add.  iprinkle  llie  piwdn-  npon  it.  and  rah  It 

on  ■  cl&in  (lUite  of  mpper  •■  il  prodoen  a  nWtry  itain  rradDj 

Tolaliliitiil  \,y  haat.     4.  Jlix  one  part  of  the  poiion  <rilU  four 

["irii  ,jf  i-ali-;.!!-!!  hicirhoiutH  of  todD ;  place  the  miiiun  in  a  drj 

>     U){.  i~.  Ik  lot),  or  in  the  abort  tube  (Ag.  48.  p. 

'  .011^5  ■PI''!'  *-^i*  hul  of  a  (pirit-Ump  i  a  rin^  id 

<  rumwd  on  the  cool  lidi*  of  the  tul«,  ur  on  the 

I  ..'il  met  ita  moutEu 

2.  7-  SoMiot. 

a,  Od  Ilia  Rippodtion  that  ««  an  ignorant  of  the  oond 
'ia'M  labiuilcd  to  analjK^  wo  majr  uatrtaln  th 


■  ojitBlUnc  tkit  by  eTHporating  ■  drop  of  it  on  ■  glut  ilidfl,  ud 
Kaumining  the  dry  apot  under  tbe  microscope. 
^'iCoTTonTe  «nbliinat«  is  depo«it«I,  in  long  lingla 
I,  pXttet  branched  or  ■tellite,  is  iii  fl|;iirai 
S4,  95,  or  in  panllel  gronpa  of  needlei  nr  plitM, 
■I  in  flg.  96.  i.  Or  we  U«t  for  ■  ban  by  nil. 
phmettad  hydrogen,  wbich  yields  witb  rarro- 
«ve  soblimnte  >  black  procipitate.  Bnt  p\-iiig  ■ 
milky  ippeBrsiKe  to  tbe  liquid,  e.  Sulphide 
of  ammoniam  alio  gives  a  black  precipitate,  d.  With  liqnoF 
unnioinai  it  yielda,  in  comnion  with  lead  and  bi.imnth,  ■  white 
pTMipiUtD,  bat  with  liquor  potusiD  ■  yellov  (tbe  hydrated 
oxide).  By  thia  we  recognlBe  a  per-salt  of  uiercnry.  Tlie 
aapenatant  liquor  cotibiiiu  ciilondeorpotaseium,  and  if  ice  add  to 
It  nitrate  oT  lilTer  we  obtain  the  while  chloride,  which  pm*ei 
that  tbe  Milt  of  mercury  is  a  chluride.  t,  Tbii  yellow  precipitate 
being  oollected,  waehed,  and  dried,  and  heated  in  a  rcduction- 
tnba.  ^rea  a  wdl-deSned  ring  of  oiercory.  The  galpbide  pre- 
cipitated by  iulphuretled  hydrogen,  or  by  sulphide  of  ammoDiam, 
when  dried  and  heated  with  bicarbonate  of  sodn,  alM  yield*  a 
ling  of  mercnry. 

Additional  teati :  I.  Protachloride  of  tin.  A  mlitlionnrthiitub- 
•hiDOe  tbrowi  dowu  a  white  precipitate.tuming  rapidly  to  grey, and 
ftvni  grey  t«  bhick,  Tbe  black  depoiit  ii  minutely  divided  mercury. 
The  tnpernatant  liquor  being  decanted  or  leparatcd  by  filtration, 
and  tbe  depoNt  dried,  the  globuiea  coaleKe.  2.  Metallic  teat. 
Acidulate  the  liquid  with  a  few  drop^  of  hydrochloric  add, 
■sd  lotroduoe  a  narrow  tlip  of  clean  copper.  A  grey  film  will 
be  fimned  on  its  mrftce.  Tlii*  being  carefully  drli-d,  placed  in  a 
ndnction'tube,  and  heatad  by  the  Bjnrit-Ump,  yivlda  a  ring  of 
.  aMl'llic  globulet.  Pare  tin,  dug,  or  ailrer  may  be  subaUtnted 
I  Ibr  coppn-i  bnt  tbe  latter  ii  to  be  preferred.  3.  Oalvanic  t«>t. 
I  Thke  a  narrow  Mrip  of  nnc  ftnl,  and  coat  it  with  gold  leaf;  drop 
ttik  into  the  Mlution  iligblly  acidulated  with  hydrochloric  acid ; 
tbe  gold  will  lODii  be  covered  with  a  grey  film.  Remove  it  fhim 
the  lolatjon,  dry  it  carefnlly,  introduce  it  into  n  rcductioo-tube. 
and  heat  it,  A  ring  of  metallic  globula  will  be  formed.  Thia 
teat  ia  applicable  to  very  minute  qunntitiea.  Tbe  metallic  depoiit 
naj  be  readily  oblaiued  by  placing  a  drop  of  the  acidnlated 
wtntiaD  on  ■  RirAce  of  clean  copper  or  gold,  and  touching  the 
VHiiatcnvl  mrlal  with  a  fVvgmcnt  of  linc  or  iron.  Woliaston 
once  ahowed  tbia  reaction,  in  court,  with  a  key  and  a  aovereign. 
Mercury  ia  one  of  the  motala  dcponited  on  copper  wfa 
«  treated  alter  tbe  BiBntier  of  Heiiucb  (j.  464). 


I 
I 


^K      Mercury  la  m 
KirtBtiODa  ar«  tra 


ereign.  j 

when  ill       ^^^M 
i].    The     ^^H 


492  UBBCURT    V 

copper,  dried  uid  hesteu  i 
metsUic  moivary. 

The  acid  in  combination  i' 
bj  Uiting  the  fluid  from  wl 
foregoing  methods,  been  ]in»' 
jisldi  a  white  precijutatfi  of 


en  telling. 


I  and  the  breilhiitg  is  q 
^■r*  itowKj  iulervala  of  coi 
~|Upicadeepeiu  iatocomB.  Nervons  njmptomH, 
fe  twitchingi,  uid  GonvulBitnu  of  )tie  limbs,  htm 
Baa  Ktrly  peiiodi  and  occasiuiuilly  tbere  ic  , 
nUlw  place  daring  a  fiiint,  in  tbe  mii 
V  daring  protracted  inHDubility.  To 
a  wbich  do  Dot  prove  rapidly  foUl,  b 
|lnd  ttiu  paioful  tmin  of  nerroui  ijmpla 
~  il  af  luercor;  on  tbe  ayilflm. 
e  b;  no  meaue  uniform,  iior  i>  tlic  mod 
Tbne  vnrieties  of  a 

II  of  the  atoumch  and  bowdi 


I  peculiar  r<etor  of  t 
J  of  til  a  mtouth, 
motHu  gQma,  an  inaeased  fluw  o(  saliTi, 
r  with  bat  >kin  imd  other  Hymptoms  of 
aK>  the  ealivaliou  is  profmc;  the  fafe, 
n  ;  the  inside  of  the  month  nlcerated  or 

t  of  thia  ■ympCom  of 

■  the  ■mallest  da»  that  will 

t  (BliTBtion  be  prodticmi   by  other 

~mi*h  it  from  the  eflveta  of  mor- 

(  period  at  which  sativatiaii  may 

i.  Con  atlivalian  ocase  and 

ktb*  n«teurial  preparation  'f    /.  Is 

a  of  the  mouth,  tbe  caoct  of 

e  to  Dtber  cauua  ? 

■  BlDeh  difference  betvcen  indivi- 

^n  in  the  same 

t  of  the  quantity  of  mercury 

tl  rule,  children  are  less  aua- 

lan  adults,  tbe  robust  than  the 

n  ber  ordiniiry  ilate  of  health 

1^  «rlwn  auSFTing  from  suannis,  be 

In  scrofnhk  and  Bright'i 

ooi  system,  very  marked 


MEBCCKI  AND  I' 


i  PBSPlSATtOKB. 


copper,  dried  sad  lioated  in  k  redndJon-tub^  jieldi  ■  tiag  <l 
metallic  mercarj. 

The  acid  in  combination  mv/  be  thovn  to  tw  tlie  hjdtacUade 

by  t«iting  the  flaid  from  which  the  metcary  hu,  bf  uf  of  tti 

fbr^oitjg  methodi,  been  precipitated,  with  nitrnW  of  dnr,  wUA 

fields  ft  white  precipitate  oT  ijiloride  of  silver. 

3.  In  Organic  Liquid: 

CmrosiTe  mbiimate  ia  aometimaa  ivraliDwed  i' 
impurfoctly  dicoived ;  and  though  very  tolDbls,  maj  be  ft 
the  itonacb  in  a  Hilid  fomi,  and  mnv  be  aeprirated  by  ^atiif 
the  viscid  content)  with  distilled  water,  stirring  them,  tOomi^ 
the  heavy  corroaive  gubUnmte  to  subside,  and  quickly  pmuHng  off 
the  supernatant  liquor.  More  eommanly  the  poiaon  is  giran  &■ 
solved  ia  water  or  in  aome  liqnid  aalted  to  disgniae  iu  taaMi 
and,  when  lo  gfiven,  nia;  be  decooipoaed  by  the  contenta  at  tha 
itomarJi,  or  by  the  mucous  meuibmne  Itaelf.  The  poiaon  BiaT, 
tberefore,  eiist  in  the  stomach  pnrtly  in  solution  nndeootapcasd, 
partly  in  combiDatioD  with  its  conteuta,  partly  in  union  irith  ill 

If  any  of  the  poison  eiiata  in  the  free  state,  it  may  be  nulily 
aepuDt^^  by  tliluting  the  contents  of  the  itomach  with  distillad 
water,  obtwoliig  a  oteu'  liquid  by  flUralion,  shaking  it  ia  » 
stoppered  bottle  with  an  equal  bulk  of  ether,  and  drawing  off  thi 
etheresl  solDtion  with  the  piputte.  By  uriporatiDg  a  drop  of  tbt 
BolutioD  on  a  gUm  slide,  the  crystak  depicted  in  fig.  9S  will 
remnin,  aod  mny  be  tested  by  minute  drops  of  the  n 

The  solid  coutents  of  the  stomach  may  be  examiDod  bjaj 
same  method  as  for  the  orgaaio  lissDea. 

4.  In  iht  Organic  Tiirufi. 

Bring  the  organic  matters  into  a  state  to  pssi  the  flU«r  Iq 
tnethod  described  at  p.  396;  and  test  the  liquid  h;lhBQi 
Beiasch  {p.  4C1].     I[  the  copper  receives  a  grey  c( 
in  distilled  water,  dry  it,  and  beat  it  in  a  reduetion-labe  (fig 
p.  404),     Globnles  of  metallic  mercury  will  be  depoaitad  a 
oool  side  of  the  tube,  or  on  the  gtm  disk  (fig.  48,  p.  4M>.  T 

■  aa  in  eiumitiing  the  tissues,  we  have  to  denl  with  nuUl 
H         of  mercury,  we  shmild  employ  tlie  fbrm  of  reduetion-tc 

■  at  p.  40S.  This  lest  is  a  very  delicate  one.  The  five-Ui« 
^B        a  grain  can  be  readily  sublimed  and  identified.    The  M\  _ 
^1        of  a  group  of  globules  obtained  IVom  this  tmall  quantity  ul 
^1        metal  it  shown  in  a,  llg.  97.  whore  they  are  magnifled  TO9 
^B        metcn  wid  measure  j^  inch.    Sometimes  the  meUl  Sa  in  ' 


493 


.-A 


d  tben  presenU  tbe  appesranrea  dirpicted  in  b 
■pola   of   no  Tery  defined  tbape  arc 
frnnd  >  nnmtwr    of   priimalic    crja- 

•ome  scarcely  longer  Ihan  tbeir  ,'* 

bmdtb.  while  athcnare  long Decdlca.        ''^ , 
It  anenic  depoaitcd  on  coppsr  by  •  • 

Dicb's  procev,  aod  gobliTned  in  tbe      •  *  * 
le  way,  ma;  alto  yield  dtatinvt  glo-      .  *  •  ^ 
e*  (fig.  7(>>  p.  Ulj.bavingaBtrang 
metallic  llutrc,  it  will  be  iieceusry  ta  iliitinguigli  the  one  &am 
ibe  other. 

Tlie  diitincUon  is  rendered  ea»y  by  Ibe  fact  tfant  the  globalea 
of  anmic  nbUined  in  thii  way  are  alwuyit  mixed  witli  tbe 
diaractariitic  octahedral  cryatala  of  arseniouB  acid,  while  tho»  of 
Dry  are  either  unmixed,  or  blended  with  the  anmll  oeedlca 
Jmt  deaeribed  and  Ggured. 

When  ■  liquid  fuuad  in  the  Etomach,  or  obtained  by  simple 
iKuling,  yields  nierCQiy  by  any  of  the  proceasea  now  described,  wo 
evidence  of  a  soluble  salt  of  mercury,  and  a  strong  presnmp- 
in  favoar  of  corrosive  lublimate ;  but  when  tbe  aolid  matlOTi 
after  cvaporDUon  to  dryneaa  are  treated  witli  hydrochloric  acid, 
e  havu  no  evidence  li  a  soluble  salt,  be<auHe  even  an  iuaoluble 
Jt,  thni  treated,  would  be  converted  into  comwive  sublimate. 
This  process,  then,  a  open  to  the  objection  that  the  mercury 
which  it  is  tbe  means  of  discovering  may  have  been  adminia. 
1  as  a  medicine  in  the  form  of  eulomel.  blue  pill  or  grey 
powder.  Thii  objection  could  only  be  ananered  by  distinct  evi- 
X  at  inch  lubitances  not  having  been  given  as  m^llclue,  or 
by  the  cbaracleristic  symptoms  and  poat-morteni  apptiamncos  duo 
to  eorrouve  lobllmBte  being  preseut. 

Curruaive  soblimale,  like  ammic  and  other  active  poisons,  may 
be  rejected  ft-om  the  stomach  ao  as  not  to  be  detected  niter  death. 
~»anlUatitt  AkoIsiu.— Tbe  qaantity  of  tbe  [raiKin  is  best 
determined  by  means  of  the  protochloride  of  tin.  Tbe  proto- 
chlaride  ilionld  be  added  to  the  liquid  coutAJiiing  tbe  poison  so 
n*  any  precipitate  blli,  wbirh  shonld  then  be  hhsIiisI,  dried, 
and  wdgbed.  Of  the  metallic  mercury  thus  thrown  down  100 
grains  correspond  to  13&)  of  corrorive  sublimate. 

When  there  Is  rvaioo  to  believe  that  the  quuntit;! 
is  oontidenble,  we  may  follow  with  advantage  the  snmmary  pro- 
cess recommended  by  Chrlitison.  Tbe  solid  motlert  are  to  ba 
triturated  irith  protochloride  of  tin,  when  tlie  miitare  will  atrama 
I  sbt«-grey  colonr,  and  separate  readily  into  a  liquid  and  coaga. 
lum.    llie  liquid  may  be  rejected,  hot  ttiv  congulum,  having  been   I 


4U1  MERCUBI    AKD    ITS    PBBFABATIOSa. 


wuliud  on  a  filter,  mnat  be  coTeTully  reuiored  and  bdled  In  t 
moderetetj  itroni;  lolutiaii  of  caiutjc  paCub  trntU  all  tho  Inmp 
^nppear.  The  oiida  of  tin  vith  tbe  xnuiwl  and  vspcUUi 
nUten  are  t)ius  diaaotved.  sud  tbe  nlutjon,  on  rrnnliiing  at  nM. 
depouta  ■  heavy  gn;  powder,  comistinEt  ohielty  of  Hnvly  diild«l 
lnercai7.  To  avptirnte  tbe  rnvreury  completely,  tbe  •olutlon  miat 
be  alloned  to  rcmnin  at  rrat,  nt  ■  tempanttOTG  Itttln  abort  d 
bt^ling,  for  ibout  twenty  miniitef.  Tlie  Mipvniebtnt  liquor  mi> 
Iheo  be  drawn  off,  ancl  the  Ranining  hlaok  powilor.  aft«r  fnfitl'ai 
wubii^a,  may  be  removed,  boated,  and  (ublimed. 

EaferimnUt  on  AitimaU. 

The  eiperimenl*  of  Sir  Setijamin  BrodJo  ahow  that  ei 
■abUmate  ii  a  very  active  puiaan.     8li  grainii  diaaolved  I 
draclima  of  water  killed  a  rabbit  in  4}  mlnuto^  and  ■ 
praied  btal  to  I  cat  ID  Zb  miiintM.    The  rabbit  becaini 
aibla  in  three  mirmtei,  and  wai  convulsed:  and  o 
obeat  the  beart  had  reaied  to  beat,  aud  it«  Irft  tav' 
■carlet  blood.     Tlie  mncoui  membrane  at  the  «anliie  «Dd  j 
itomaoh  waa  of  a  diirk-i;reif  oolour,  much  aofleoed  and  n 
detached;  but  similar  eBixti  wore  prodoced  by  tbe  poix 
death.     Sir  B.  Brodie  nttriliutcd  ita  fatal  elTecta  to  this  d 
acUon.     Dr.  Boitock  and  other  eiperimentera,  by  glvinf;  m 
dow^  produced  the  common  lymptoma  of  irritant  pidamiq 
lowed  by  death  after  aome  honrsi  and  on  diasictiau  tba  n 
membrane  of  the  stomach  was  found  iuUained, 

BTUfTOUg,  FOST-KCniTEM  AFFSABISCEB,  UfD  TKUlU 

l^tmplonu. — Iinmodintcly,  or  within  one  or  two  mil 
awnllowinf'  a  snbgtanie  or  hquld  of  a  peculiarly  nnnaeou 
alyptio  taalc,  then)  \a  a  sense  of  tighCnea  and  bum 
Uunet  and  gnllct,  greatly  increased  by  pretsure,  and  b; 
to  airallow,  tpeedily  followed  by  burning  pain  in  the  1% 
alaa  inoreiiKd  by  pronire:.     Vomiting  and  purging  of  ■ 
It*  or  oF  bilioos  tnatter  alien  containing  blood  enatM^  H 
V  abduaiira  becouin  diatimdi-d  and  uiquiaitoly  painfWI.  M 
hee  I*  generally  Uuahed  aud  iwollen  and  Ilia  <^«a  *]«rtHaH 
'"    "   r  caaoi  ib«  uHuiteuunce  ia  [ale  aodaDiiiias,  tlMUpifl 
'Itellrd,  and  tliu  eyte  dull  but  eajirestiTe  of  grwt  *nl 
irrluiia  is  BCDampanled  with  toncamua,  and  dyauria  la^ 
b  tlw  aeeretion  of  nriuo  Iwing  uunty  or  nltogetbn 
*>   The  pulse  ia  IVill,  quick,  and  frequent,  or  anuikli  tttt 
nitlMit,  acoonliag  «a  tba  ijntpttinui  aft  tf 


fcSSTITDT10KiL  EF7ECTS.  405 

uid  tbo  brestbing  a  quivk  and  catcLing. 
re  drowi;  iDterralt  or  compnrKtive  oaiH),  aod 
mes  deepeiu  into  cODii.  Ntrvonn  Bymptootg, 
twilchingt,  and  oaoTiituona  of  the  limbs,  ura 
in  early  period;  mid  omaiioiuilly  there  is 
les  plac«  daring  a  bint,  in  the  midat  of 
'WDvaiuoui,  or  daring  protracted  iiuenubility.  To  theae 
Mna.  iu  uioat  caiea  which  do  not  prove  rapidly  fatal,  aolivn- 
i  aaperadded,  and  tlio  paioful  train  of  nerroai  ajniptoaiB 
It?  tha  ipecifia  effect  of  mercury  on  the  syiteni. 
I  tlie  iijiiipHmii  are  b;  no  meana  uniforni,  nor  is  the  mode 
fth  altnya  the  nine.  Three  Tarietiea  of  caixa  at  ieait  maj 
Bpiiwd : — 1.  Violent  irritation  of  the  itoniach  and  bonoli. 
Bdapte.  3.  SaUvaUoD  and  other  remote  efleets,  with  little 
vllriUliou  of  the  alimeutarj  caoaL  3.  Irritation  of  the 
ih  and  bowel^  followed  by  Mlivation  and  remote  conttita- 
[tfecta. 

aliMioiial  EffivU of  Mennry. — 1.  Themoatchnracteriitie 
[  the  amititDtioaal  eflecta  of  mercury  is  nercarial  laliBa- 
Iharacteriied  by  a  hrasiy  taate,  a  peculiar  ftetar  of  the 
L  Ivnderneaa  tnd  iwelling  of  the  mouth,  inAammaLian, 
m,  and  Dlceration  of  the  goait,  an  inneaied  flow  of  saliva, 
^pulie,  together  with  hot  skin  and  other  aymptomt  of 
,  In  th«  wont  eaiei  the  aalivBtiau  is  pruriuc;  tbe  face, 
fad  tongne  awoUea  j  the  ioside  of  the  month  nlcerated  or 

lk«l  intereitiag  qneation*  aciae  out  of  thii  sympl«m  of 
I — a.  Wlutt  is  the  imalleat  dose  that  will 
6.  Can  aalivuUoD  be  prodaced  by  other 
Land  if  ao,  can  we  diatitigaisb  it  from  the  effects  of  msr- 
[  e.  What  it  the  earliest  period  at  which  salivation  may 
f  d.  How  long  may  it  last  ?  e.  Can  ulivation  cesse  and 
Mtfaout  a  renewed  use  of  the  mercnrial  preiMmtion  P  y,  Is 
pbla  to  distinguish  gaagrcne  of  the  mouth,  the  effect  of 
tj,  firom  tliO  same  diiease  due  to  other  oaiues  P 
MDnileat  dose.  There  u  much  difference  between  indivi- 
betwevii  peraoDs  of  •Vfl'creat  agea,  and  even  in  t)ie  Hme 
i  It  dilTerent  timoa,  in  respect  of  the  qoantity  of  mercury 
ICBcbeborne.  As  a  general  rule,  children  are  less  sua- 
it  of  the  aetioQ  of  mercury  than  adullt,  the  rohuat  than  the 
bi  The  same  female  who  in  her  urdinary  ilate  of  health 
lied  with  difficulty,  shall,  when  suSering  from  anaemia,  be 

r.  atitb  a  few  doses  of  bine  pill.      In  scrolula  and  Uright'a 
and  in  KSectiona  of  the  ntrcons  syateio,  very  marked 


CANCBUU  OIUS. 

tihe  SKKt  violent  nercnriiil  Hliv>tion.  snd  wh  accompnn'iGd  by 
ftelor,  Buperflrial  ukemtitni  of  the  mouth,  piutnles  on  tlie  tongtu-, 
relauitjon  of  the  gunu,  and  loasaDea  of  tlie  t«cth.  (CtiriBtiaon.) 

B.  EarlieBt  pfriod.  Mcrcnriul  uJivtitloa  rarely  aeU  in  oniler 
twenly-four  haora)  but  in  Dr.  Bright'g  caw  alrenily  cited,  it 
appeared  in  three  houn.  In  a  case  of  poiaoiiiug  by  two  drachma 
of  corroaive  iDblinwIe,  it  begun  in  fonr  hnun.  (Tnylor.)  Tlie 
■hortat  period,  tberefbre,  ni»y  probably  be  itated  at  tliree  hoan. 
It  would  leem  that  wlicre  talivatiun  cxtnin  very  rapidly,  tJie 
■S^t  i»  rather  due  to  reflex  excitation  of  tlie  wliTary  gland  ttoai 
local  action  of  the  pniaon  on  the  moath  than  to  any  specific  action 
of  the  sbaorbed  meivDry. 

d.  Doratioc.  Thi«  ii  very  vBriable,  and  may  be  very  conndeT- 
able.  It  may  eontioue  from  any  period  from  B  few  daya  to  at 
many  ynn.  In  one  imtancc  it  it  alleged  to  have  luted  au 
year*.  "(•  Lancet,'  No.  453,) 

*.  Intermittent  salivation.      Dr.   Robert  Williama  ('  Eleni«nti 
of  Medicine,'  vol.  ii.  p.  623)  givee  a  c*m  on  the  authority  of  Dr. 
Daniel,  in  wbidi  laUvation  waa  auipended  for  eight  or  nine  daya 
nnder  nn  attack  of  remittent  fever,  and  then  returned,  though 
DO  menmry  had  been  triven  after  the  fever  came  on.     instauoei  of 
nourrenre  of  talivation  after  three  and  even  four  moiiUia  are  on 
I  iMord  i  but  in  one  ewe  at  Icait,  quoted  by   Christiaon,    the  re- 
ft Mrreiit  aalivalion  was  unattended  by  r<ctor,  rednen,  ulceration, 
I    or  ipoii^neat  of  tbe  ^ma,    Tlie  poaailHUty  of  recorrcnt  mercurial 
Mlivation  ii  alio  confirmed  by  analogy  ;  for  in  the  eaae  referred 
to  in  the  foot-note  to  page  4SS,  tbe  Mlivntion  la  proved  to  have 
talirD  plaee  after  the  iodide  of  polaamuni  had  been  auipended  for 
(Bvera]  weeki. 

y.  [laiigTCne  of  the  month.     Caaes  of  ennmm  orie  following 

—  nttliaiutiug  maladiaa,  or  occurring  in  children  badly  lodged  and 

I  %Bdly  fod,  are  not  of  very  rare  occurrence.     Id  inch  caaea  it  very 

■  ilicMmn  happen*  that  nereiiry  in  some  fiirm  hai  mit  been  given. 

Hence  «  difflonit  queation  as  to  tbe  cause  of  the  disoaac.     In  tbe 

•baniee  of  any  eurt  meana  of  diacriminalion.  it  may  be  anffioient 

to  alAta  that  extreme  debility,  brought  od  by  any  of  the  caoaea 

just  mentioned,  ia  a  inffirient  cautv ;  and  that  even  if  the  mer- 

oivy  which  may  have  been  given  hna  contributed  to  the  fatal 

rHull,  the  medical  nun  ia  not  to  be  blamed  for  tbe  nn  of  a 

IS  of  gral  rains  in  tlic  diH'nua  of  cbildrcn.  and  which  leu 

m  ftvquently  eaiuea  salitation  in  them  than  in  adall*.     It  is  gune- 

~  "y  staled  that  gangrene,  tbe  effect  of  mercury,  may  be  dlitin- 

■hed  by  its  begtauing  in  the  mncous  membraDC  of  the  mouth 

d  throat,  while  the  sucrum  oris  b^iu*  in  the  ikin  oC  U>e 


I 


193 

m 


or  rhin.     Tbi*  (UttrmBnt  it  wittioat  foimiUtioii 

of  mercDriBl  Mlivatton  that  oeoorred  andcr  tlM  on  rf 
John  Bright,  of  the  WeMmin*t«r  Haspilal,  tht 

.  atniiU  black  spot  between  the  kiwv  Up  ud  lik 
of  tbe  same  kind  are  on  recard. 

9.  Ittnmrial  Tremort,  S/uttiag  Falty.  TVnilevol  JTM- 
lifue. — Tbia  diaease  occnn  in  men  wh«e  work  eipCM*  tbiB  K 
the  fnine*  of  loercary,  or  csiues  them  to  hanJle  Uie  oxiit  m 
■baorb  it  by  th«  akin ;  mc3\  u  qnickaiiver  miDen,  ntn  pUA 
mirror  ailvcrera,  lad  huoineter  m&ken.  It  (ometimaa  br^ 
anddenlj,  aomcljiDea  cornea  on  gradiuU;  ;  and  maj-  ot  umJ  if 
be  ntlended  b;  udivation.  The  upper  eitreioitiea  are  oosaoaf 
Itiat  affected,  and  then,  by  degnia,  all  the  miuolea  of  Oia  laij. 
Id  the  wont  caaea,  the  patient  can  neither  apeak,  niatti«I#,  M 
walk.  The  nn>leadin«  of  the  *ruia  prerenta  hiin  tram  gmptf 
an;  object,  and  the  muaolea  oT  the  legi  are  to  cooruUed  Uiit  tt 
cannot  pUnt  bia  foot  Bnnl;  on  the  gronnd,  hot  *ben  he  trinla 
walk,  bia  gait  becomea  an  anitesdy  dancinft  trot.  In  aoawaai 
paralytic  affections  occur,  chivtiy  aSecting  the  opper 
like  leadj  but  aomeliniea  alao  the  laryngeal  inoac 
aphonia.  Paychical  aymptomi  generally  maiiifeat 
The  pntient  bcnimea  iiritahlo  and  melniicholic,  and  eDoatbaa 
demented  or  inaDiai.'al.  If  tbe  pntient  dors  not  give  n|>  bbavk. 
be  loan  hi>  memory,  ia  nnable  (s  aloep,  betxiuiet  dcliriam,  and  t) 
diet.  On  leaving  off  bia  work  be  generally  get*  well,  bnl  lla 
recovery  may  occupy  aome  week*  or  moulha.  Sotiietimfa  tin 
diaeaae  la  incnrible.  Tbe  abwirption  of  tbe  poiarin  U  KonMiaa 
indicated  by  a  bine  mark  on  tbe  gunu.  aa  in  lead  pouomot;  Int 
more  commonly  by  a  dufc  red  tbe;  and  a  ourioiu  syinptMB  iil« 
geufrally  recogniaed,  though  very  commonly  prMent,  ia  a  bhull 
iitate  of  Ibe  teeth,  csuung  thein  lo  chip.  The  prcventita  ^^^ 
meat  of  thia  aOuction  conxlata  in  clbinlineea  and  TentilitiakJ^H 
tbo  awallowing  of  white  of  egg  in  water  three  or  foor  H^^H 
day  may  be  reoommcnded.  ^^| 

In  two  inatoncei,  an  eipoaura  of  aome  days'  dnratioa  mH 
VBpnun  oF  mercuric  methyl  iu  eourae  ol  preparation  in  tha  Ut> 
ralory  of  a  medical  achoal,  gave  riae  to  cerebral  aympMUi 
ending  after  prolonged  anfferingiu  ntteranuiliilalion  of  intdlafft-* 

Potl-mortem  Appeoraitcrt. — Corroalve  (Bblimate  and  ttt 
lolnble  aalta  of  mercury 


400 

Coirmion,  •ofcenin^;,  and  alonghmg  ulcenttian  of  tlie 
aUmDcb  Bnd  iutaUnei  *ro  of  freqoent  occurreore,  and  tlie  yicH- 
tancuin  ia  often  iuflanwd.  Tlie  ilonglii  liave  been  fbund  lo  field 
laljiaia.  Sometimei  tlie  amnll  inteatinea  (-lUBpe, 
«Dd  tlie  poiaon  acta  only  on  the  stomach  and  on  tho  nictum.  or 
tlie  Urge  int«>tjnes  generally.  The  decooi position  o1'  iLe  wilt 
oantoot  with  tlie  mucoiie  nioinbrmne,  with  the  cantenta  of  the 
'■tomnch,  or  with  antidolea,  and  the  iniuequent  de|HMitiMi  of 
nunutel;  divided  mcrourj  on  the  lining  mcinbntne,  u  a  tliiu 
almte-oolonreil  ooverii^.  sometimes  aerves  to  idenUf;^  the  piMson. 
When  the  Iwiiy  i»  in  a  itate  of  dcay,  >  limilar  nppeamnca  of  Ihe 
mncona  membrane  may  be  caat<-(t  by  the  action  of  inilpharetCed 
hyitrc^en,  giring  rite  to  the  formation  of  the  black  aiilphlde. 
When  mercurial  aaliTation  ha>  existed  during  lif^  we  find  the 
mueoiu  menibraite  of  the  moath  inBmued  or  aloughin^. 

One  post-mortem  appeiiTsnce  which  bos  been  more  freqaeutly 

•DCOuntered  in  poisoning  with  corroriTe  sublimnte  than  in  poison- 

tng  with  araenic,  ia  the  highly  inflamed  stale  of  the  nrinarj 

'of  the  bladder,  corresfionding  to  the 

itj  aecretioD  of  urine  durinti:  life. 

Intense  inlbimiiuitioii  and  ulceration,  and  eren  tlonghing  of 
■ISM  atoom  and  large  iiiteatine*.  ia  also  ■  marked  oceurreuce  in 
nsisoning  bj  eorrauve  aublimste — more  oouimon  th.in  in  poiaon- 
iBg  by  Uutar  emollc  and  arsenic.  Tbeae  appcarancea,  in  llii!  case 
liable  to  decompowtion  by  Ihe  conlenta  and  tiaeiies 
of  dM  alimentary  miial,  are  possibly  duo  (o  the  eliminaliou  of  Ihe 
poiaon  by  the  glmida  of  the  large  intestines. 

Corronite   tublimate  applied  to  Ihe  mucous   membrane  after 
death  batileiis  it,  and  cnnaes  it  to  uaume  a  dead  while,  wriiikk'd, 
gtinnlatcd 


nit.     These 


ippnirani- 


.lend  to  the 


e  produced 


tl  CMta,     Sir  B.  Brodlo  found  the  tame  efl'ect  to  I 

^  tba  livini;  and  dead  mucous  membrane. 

F  liiliil    Datt. — Tknt  graina   have    proved    btal    to    a    child. 

HTery   Uige  doaei  hare  been  awatlowed  with   iinpiiiiily,  luring 

'  n  rqcotcd  by  vomiting,  or  decompoied  by  the  prompt  use  of 


'  Faint  Prriod. — The  shorteat  period  o 
a  case  reported  by  Mr.  Welch  to 
n  tnour  Ibree  boon  ate  not  n 


Dr.  Taylor.     Cu*. 


H  proved  fatal  in  two  bourt  iind  a  half.     In  the  c^ae  ofDorroMve 
jkfalliuate,  u  in  that  of  aiMDic,  the  period  ia  extremely  variable.* 


Till-  MlnwlDi  prrlada  an  on  mnnl  :- 


mat  i  hoDN;  on*  i 


SCO  ur.RccKT  tXD  vn  rs,xFii.sATKaii. 

ilorlaliig. — More  th»n  liiilf  the  aiu>«. 

Trtatmeitl. — The  hwt  antidote  to  comtvn  nblinnU  '•*  «!>» 
men.  Gluten,  or  whrat  Hoar,  milk,  iron  filinjt*,  ■  mnm  rf 
pold  ilnst  mod  iron  Blinp  impended  in  f:aiD  wilcr.  Ih>  hjdnlrf 
lirototulptaide  of  iron,  the  oirbonttci  of  the  alkntin,  (mi  dik^ 
arid,  have  ■)»  b«cn  mfn-estol.  Tbow  ni«t  milll;  proaari 
■re  the  white  of  tgg  mi  glatcn.  Tbe  wb'rt«  of  egg  dcddta 
^veo  freely  mixed  with  wHter,  «■  iang  Ks  nrgent  •^j ' 
pr«*nt,  aconDiianied,  if  necetniy,  by  cmiiticB  and  dilu 
ev^  cannot  be  )rrociired,  fioor  iiiii{4  wUb  nalcr,  or  c 
be  iobsUlnled,  While  of  egg  hui  been  proTeil  lo  be  *i 
■utidolu  in  »  manr  cu«e.  tbat  wbere  it  ia  at  hand  it  ii 
siry  to  re*ort  to  an;  other. 

Thi:  rest  of  the  trentoient  is  thai  proper  tn  poLtunicp  ij  lit 
irrilanta  geaenlly.  Where  nlivation  ia  pntpiil,  rool  ^.oM 
drinha,  arid  gentle  aperient},  wilb  ^r^lea  of  alom  nr  aaam 
Nilt.  lumt  be  Died.  Acetate  of  Irad,  reivmmcnded  in  onUn*; 
mnlinl  treatment,  would  be  oljectionable  in  modieo-legal  <■> 
Oceauonall;,  when  the  inflaniTnatDry  ajniplums   run   blgl^  lodi 

general  blond-letting  maj  be  reanrted  tu. 

Curroiive  sublimate  acts  hi  bd  irritant,  and  pRdocs  ib  d» 
ncleriatic  efiecta  in  whatever  ■  sj-  it  may  be  introdood  iBlD  lla 
ejitem.     Death  ha*  happened  througli  tie  enlaneou*  afamtitial 
of  corruaive  sublimate. 
CALOMtL  {Svbckloride  0/  Mercury,  Prolochloride  ofS/trmy). 

Propertie:—K  henvj  wLito  or  jellowish-nhite  pondiT,  in- 
soluble in  water,  altohul,  and  etber,  but  soluble  in  lltthc  Mai 
hydrocliloric  adds. 

IVf/t.— On  the  anppontion  that  ve  arc  ignoiant  of  tbe  satna 
of  the  powder,  we  Bnt  teat  it  bj  beat.  I.Ike  conoaiTe  ■ubGnsti 
and  anenic,  it  Tnlaliliies,  but  as  an  amorphoua  pondrr,  and  at  1 
lcn>perHtiireof  240°FBhr.  Its  insolubility  in  water  dlilinpwtm 
it  (rum  corrosive  nibltmate,  but  not  ftoni  araanioua  add.  It  is 
turned  blaelc  by  «Dl)ibide  of  amuiouintn,  liquor  palaiai^  and  Uqvo 
amniouiiB.  ll  reacts  lilie  corrouve  snbiimate  willi  protoddmids 
of  till  I  lieated  with  carbonate  of  soda,  it  jields 
metnllic  mercury,  and  it  givea  a  <ilrer;  slain  wben  1 
with  dilute  muriatic  add  end  rubbed  on  copper  fUL 
iMjt  tMptrtlTelj.    Of 


\g  halt  in  a  prriud  ^tsyhug  tr 


ll  11.  U4i  IIU.4M;  ItiU. 


^^^B  KBD   PRECIPITATE.  501 

I  Qdonel,  thouKh  ^nemlly  a  nte  medicine,  and  one  tliat  iiiHy 
M  gi\-<in  in  niHiiy  diseam  in  large  duaes  oFtun  repeated,  aomu- 
phnetacU  u  ■  strong  irriUut  p^iiaun,  ordHatroya  life  b;  produring 
nngrene  of  the  monUi  and  tliniat-  Ca!«s  are  on  record  of  latal 
rcaulU  f'lllowiiig  a  ungle  dnu  at  a  Kruple,  tifteeii,  eight,  and  aiK 
g;nliiu.  On  the  other  hand,  doses  of  three  di-arhina,  and  of  one 
ounoH  have  been  taken  with  im)iuiiity.  In  Auitic  rlioli-m,  imd  in 
tha  aevere  feven  ot  Uot  clitnatea,  calnmel  lu  repeal«d  duaea  of  one 
■ample  baa  appeared  la  be  beoelidfil. 

Tbese  eiccptional  elTecta  of  cnloniel  bare  been  attributed  to  iU 
partial  eonver>iua  into  eorroaive  mblimale  by  tbe  free  liydmchloric 
■eld  ot  the  itomacb,  or  by  cootiict  v/'ith  chloride  of  sodinm  or 
■DuriaU  of  nminouiH.  The  qnantity  of  corroaive  auliliuMto 
ft>rmcd  by  either  of  tbene  rcHctioru  baa  been  ahown  to  be  ei- 
Inulely  atiull,  A  minute  quantity  of  coironvs  aublimate,  nacli 
M  tbaCOOth  of  iU  weight,  ii  (tametimea  fooud  mixed  with  ealoinel. 
.  Tha  other  componnds  and  pre|Mriitioiu  of  meieury  ixncesa 
ftdaoDiiaa  propertiea ;  but  at  they  are  very  nirely  taken  a*  poiaona, 
||  brief  deacripljon  of  them  will  aoffiee. 

,iW  PiYcipilala  (i-ed  oxide  of  oiercury).— Thin,  mUed  with 
krd  or  gteaae,  ia  largely  uaed  for  deatroying  vennln.  tig  cryatala 
M«  amill,  brilliant,  anil  of  a  soirlet  or  deep  orange  eotour  j  the 
powder  i)  orangC'Coloared.  It  i>  very  heavy,  insoluble  in  wat«r, 
tab  aolable  in  vrnrm  hydrodilorie  acid,  wblcb  canvcrta  it  into 
■NTodre  lahlimate.  HeaUd  in  a  reduction-tube  it  la  entirely  dia- 
■jpaUd,  metallie  glol>u!ei  nre  aublimed,  and  oiygen  gaa  given  otl. 
I  CiMHOiar,  rerautiom  (bisulphide  of  mercury). — Cinnuhnr  ia 
■and  in  commerce  as  a  dark  red  ■ami-cryatHllme  innta,  iind  Ver- 
ptliUQ  aa  a  Hue  red  powder.  As  thrown  down  fnim  a  aalntion 
W  a  pcr-ault  of  mercory  by  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  it  ia  black; 
nt.  when  tablimed,  red.  It  ii  heavy,  insoluble  in  wnti^r  nnd 
nariatU  aoidi  entirely  ^Mpated  by  heat,  bnt  collfctB  on  the  aide* 
ft  the  tube  unehanged.  When  mixed  with  carbonate  of  soda. 
Qind  heated  in  a  tttluctiiin-tuba,  globntca  of  mercury  are  aublinivtl ; 
^KmI  "It  adding  ■  inliienl  add  to  the  reaidno,  suljihuTetted  hydro- 
igm  U  i!ivgn  uS,  shnwing  the  presence  ot  fulphar. 

mUe  Pntifiiat*  (ammonlcMibloride  of  niercory)< — A  whit« 
iBcavy  puwder,  inuluble  in  water,  and  entirely  dLiai[at«i  by  heat. 
Ett  yield*  with  mrbonaM  of  soda  a  metallie  anblimate.  When 
&nil«l  with  llqaiir  potaMU,  ammonia  ia  givvn  I'ff,  and  chlorido  of 
hptHsaiuin  formed,  «hich  may  be  detected  by  the  nitrate  of  ulver 
End  bichloride  of  platinain  k«t« :  tha  yellow  peroxide  of  nercury 

K    T<trpeth  Hiiural  (oxytulpliiite  of  iiiiiix-ury).— A  bmvy  jeUoit 


502 


■EEC  CRT  tXB  ITS  FHBFAB^nOXR. 


pOKilcT,  ipiringly  salable  in  water,  and  vieldiDg,  'Kbn  In 
metallic  Hibliniiite,  with  fames  uf  «alp1ian)Qi  acid, 
in  ■  lolutkRi  of  potoih,  the  yellaw  permtiile  ii  thnn 
a  tdlphiit«  of  potiub  fbrmed,  which  may  bi^  identified  M  <t 

Silralet  of  ifrmtry  (uitrate  and  tubnitntv).—  ^^ 

mercury  U  in  the  fonn  of  nhite  cryst^lt,  very  acdnblc  ia  MlB  I 
and  yirlding  ■  highly  acid  uid  eonvava  colDtion.  When  balri. 
the  cryitaU  give  off  ultrous  add  gaa,  and  yield  metallic  ^nbnln 
Mixed  with  carbnwle  of  sadii  and  hwled,  the  meUl  i«  nUiiMi 
LiigtiM-  potauK  throw*  down  a  yellaw  preci]iitatti  from  ita  idalia 
in  wRter,  Imving  dilate  nitric  add,  lendUy  dctecteil  by  «ddiIlg(i^ 
boDBtc  of  polub  till  eSerresceim  enues.  and  so  forming  aUW 
of  pouuh.  Tlie  rabnitratu  diffen  from  the  nitrate  ia  jUfiif 
with  liquor  potawB  a  bLmt  prcaspitate. 

Bicganide  of  Menury  (prudiate  of  mercury). — Tbii  nmatt 
of  wliitu,  heavy,  inodnnnu  crystati,  which  have  a  aliwig  mdalSl 
taile.  are  soluble  in  hot  and  cold  water,  bnt  nearly  iniolDUe  io 
alcohol.  When  bented.  the  rryitaU  yield  melallic  roercarr  nl 
cyanogea  gnu,  recognised  by  the  ebaract^rUtic  purple  cnlimr  ntili 
tUme.  Wheu  heated  with  hydrochloric  acid,  bydrocyanic  adil  >( 
given  a<T.  The  solution  yields  with  snlpburetted  hydn^oi.  mi 
sulphide  of  ammoDium,  a  block  predpitate,  hot  it  gives  DO  pri' 
cipitate  with  liquor  potaaice. 

All  the  foregoing  prepamtions  of  mercnry  have,  in  rut  lo- 
atancea.  been  taken  as  poiaoni.  Their  activity  is  proportioiKd  to 
tliinr  soluUlity,  the  soluble  iiitratea  and  the  bicyanide,  ens  is 
mnidl  dusea,  being  extremely  active  poisons,  while  tlie  whitt  and 
red  precipitate,  tuqieth  mineral,  and  vermilion  act  mneh  Ieb 
powerfully.  The  soluble  snlta  net  as  corroaireo,  the  inolaUe 
coTDpouuds  as  irritHutsi  but  both  produce  the  tpecifie  (4e(1«<if 
mercory.  Ilie  aymptoma  of  the  lii-yaiiide  are  those  of  poiMola^ 
by  a  soluble  utt  of  nienmry ;  the  eomliined  cj'ungeti  not  semiuiig 
to  modify  the  actiim  in  any  mnrked  degree. 

Two  cases  of  piSfianing  by  red  precipitate  occurred  in  tlif 
practice  of  Hr.  A.  Prince,  and  are  reported  in  the  '  Ucdinl 
'I'ioies  nnd  Qaiette,'  Kovember,  18S9.  In  one  of  Uicm.  tlie  ayiep- 
toms  of  acute  irritant  poiaoning  were  followed  on  the  third  di(. 
(the  dose  being  two  drarhmi.)  by  violent  salivation,  with  eltrn- 
sive  destruction  of  the  soft  parts.     But  in  h  cose  related  if 

Orohnm  {'Brit,  Med.  Ja urn.,' April,  1863).  where  twod 

of  fcAifa  pretipilale  were  taken,  the 
pure  irritant,  witliODt  any  of  the  usual  a 


TESTS  ?0B  LEAD. 


Acute  poisan'mi;  with  tbe  milU  oF  leid  is  rare.  One  cue  only 
I  (by  Gonlanl's  eitract)  occurred  in  the  two  yean  1837-Bi  Rnd 
tbongh  no  les«  than  twentj-lhree  denlhi  from  Che  "  lalt*  cf  Irad" 
are  returned  by  the  BeguIrHr'Gencral  fur  the  average  of  the  five 
yean  18E2-56.  it  is  abviauii  that  they  neru  chroiili-  nuira.  for  do 
one  of  lead  poiaoniDg  occiin  in  the  liiti  of  auieiilea.  mnrilers,  aod 
naustaoghtere.  Prom  the  great  use  mnde  of  lead  in  the  arts, 
~ti  elTecta  a>  a  ilow  poiaon  tre  well  known. 

The  metal  ittelf  ia  not  poitonoua;  but  »■  it  ia  readily  Hcted  on 
'jp  addi^  it  BMy  impart  iKdaotwiu  |iniperti«  to  Buch  liquida  u 
■  wine,  vin^ar,  and  cyder,  when  Died  (ai  formerly  in  Dcvoiuhire] 
In  making  or  repairing  the  cyder  pmeea.  When  entpla^  ed  to  hne 
acking-casc*  for  muff  and  other  commoditiea  it  may  contnminute 
lecDateote.  Tlie  metal  mny  become  poiionoDa  by  oombiiiiug  with 
^^le  contBDti  of  the  ttmnacb. 

The  preparntiou*  of  Iciid  med  in  medicine  or  tbe  arti,  are  the 

o  oxides  the  oirbonatc,  the  acetate  and  tuhawtate,  tbe  aal- 

bate,  the  chloride,  and  the  nitrate;  of  which  the  carboniite  and 

it  important  in  a  medico-legal  point  of  view. 

T»*l*. — On  the  anppoeition  that  ws  are  ignorant  of  the  baae 

contuned  in  a  eolation  preaented  far  analyaia,  we  drat  tntnunlb 

tnlpburettrd  byilrogen  through  it,  or  add  a  few  drops  of  the  aul- 

phlda  of  ammonium.     Lesil  i*  one  of  tlioee  baaea  which  give  with 

Uiia  reagent  a  black  or  deep  brown  precipitate:  and  liqnor  am- 

"        JK,  liquor  potasar,  iinU  dilute  milphnric  ucid  throw  down  a 

\e  pmcipJlBte.     Uy  this  auecetHou  of  trial  test«,  we  Infer  that 

le  wlulion  contuina  a  aalt  of  lead. 

beae  ia  completely  identified  by  the  following  teati:  L 
M  of  pataab  tbrowa 
a  gambogc-yelloiv 
dtromale  of  lead,  3.  Iodide 
tl  patnaiam  yieldi  an  iodide 
f  lead  of  tliu  aame  colour. 
I,  If  a  fraguieDtuT  zinc  the 
'  ]  of  a  pin'a  point  be 
a  dropof  tbeaoln- 
,  tW  lead  ia  depuutod 
le  of  tlie  anneied  formt. 

levd'trw  i«  developed  very  rapidly,  and  ahoutd  be  euuiined 
the  micrfHC^    before   it    h»   become  obscured   by  (lie 


I 
I 


nthite  orbonata.    Thia  teat  ai 


I  ehancteriatically  o 


le  of  lead  in  fbur  ouuces  ol  distilled  «atet. 


one  ^Tain 


60« 


LEAD  AXD  ITS  rBltPAKAnon. 


Oxidtt  of  Lead, — There  kre  tliroa  oiidM  of  Indi  * 
oxide,  red  lead,  and  the  peroildr.     Tlie  pnUaiilt.  m  l ; 
•emi-rryrtciliae  glaM,  U  the  iMarge  of  oommcpo 
powder,  it  U  Mimical.     A  combination   of  the  p 
pemiide  U  the  roiniam,  or  rrd  lead 
peroxide  it  Utile  Imowa  ont  of  tbe  Isborawr;. 

Lit}tars«   (protoiide  of  ImuI).— Thi»   i«  in 
painters  and  gluiiin.     It  fornu  ■  cheap  gilaxe  (or  th*  o 
kindi  of  eartlieowarei  and  tcrioni  arcidenU  lui*(  tva 
its  beinj;  kMA  on  by  adda.     Litbu^  hu  iln  bcra  % 
impart  >  iweet  tul«  to  toai  wine*,  aiid  it  ie  n  omttii 
hair-djea   in  commoa  use  (p.   9).      It  (xBuisIa  of 
jellosUb  scaln.  volatile  nt  a  red  beat,  ineolnble  ii 
perfeell;  (Olnblp,  wlieii  pare,  in  nitric  acid,  tbe  aolnlic 
the  pnipertiei  of  nitrate  of  lead,  and  tbe  bue  giving  (he  n 
already  dewribed.     It  i<  reodilf  mtuced  on  charooal  b]r  th*  hi 
of  the  blow-pipe. 

Miai%m,  or  Red  Lvad. — TLia  la  tbe  rolonring  matter  rfsl  1 
nafera  ;  andisMnnetiuieainiied  withanntf.  It  ia ■  rich  red pialt  ' 
inioluble  in  water,  and  i>  aomeliiDM  partially  diatolreil  bj  riM 
arid.  When  healed,  it  gives  olT  oxygen,  and  ia  reduced  to&l 
orange-yellow  proCoiidc.  It  is  readily  rcdared  under  the  MMh 
pipe;  and  on  burning  the  warm  that  contain  it,  imall  glotaki 
of  lead  form  on  the  edges,  mixed  with  the  nnredaoed  jdba 
protfliide. 

White  Lead  (cemse,  carbonate  of  lead).— TbU  is  Urgrij  Ml 
in  the  arU,  chiefly  as  the  basil  of  coloun,  and  for  enamel  cafdb 
and  thus  becomes  a  common  caoie  ofcolicapictonQin  and  ateUtt 
forma  of  chronic  poisoning  by  lend.  It  ia  aold  in  white  mui^ 
or  u  B  heavy  white  powder,  and  has  tbe  following  properties: — 
When  boated  to  redness,  it  loses  its  earbonic  acid,  and  it  duaint 
to  the  jellon  protoxide.  It  is  inaoliible  in  water,  but  afabk 
with  eSvrveacenm  in  nitrii;  acid.  In  large  dose*  it  ma;  ad  Mk 
poison,  thongb  very  insoluble  in  water,  unless  it  is  chafed  <ritl 
free  carbonic  acid. 

Sugar  of  Lead  (acetate  of  lead). — This  substance  la  mAA  ml 
crytlalliae  mass  resembling  lump  eugnr,  or  as  a  glistening,  bany, 
white  powder,  vei?  soluble  in  water,  with  a  slight  odoOT  «( 
vinegar,  and  a  awtetiali  astringent  tiute.  Wlieo  heated,  it  ilil- 
solves  in  iti  water  of  crystallization,  gives  off  some  of  its  ««i^ 
chars,  and  is  partly  rednced  to  the  metallic  state,  n^ien  boslfd 
in  the  mouth  of  a  giuH  tnbe  under  the  blow. pipe,  diatinrl  ^*. 
butesof  lead  sre  Formed.     If  boiled  with  dilute  aulphnrie  add. 

ic  add  ia  given  off,  wiiich  may  he  known  by  its  odoor.     Till 


»c^-  ijJiMii  ^f.  ■»  a>  tfl«f  rf       ■  ■■■■■;  ■*  a  A* 

.^.■^.Tidc  k  Ac  KHas,  or  ic4  loA  if  Mi^Bow.     tte  kHaa 
;cr  i^  k  fink  Iwn  <al  <rtl«  U«B*«r. 

->  >-^   ir'uxrt-      It  f  r=a  ■  (>«p  ^mte  »>■  ^  <aB«i 


L.d  i,  TfljC^  to  tl» 
i.-ed  under  the  Wo*- 
■i:n  it.  smil!  globolei 


IN  ORGAXIC  LIQUIDS 


505 


powder  is  b1>o  blackeneil  bj  nilphido  of  iininoniTini,  and  clinngcd 
to  >  fine  yellow  bj  iodide  of  potnarinni  Bml  chromnto  of  poinsh. 
In  wtulion,  iL  girei  the  chlTBcUriaUo  reactions  uf  all  the  »luble 
nlU  of  l«ad. 

Goulanl'i  Retract  (BntieeetBtO  of  lead).— ThU  is  >  jellowUli- 
whiM  iIIcbDiib  •olnCion,  diaLingaiihed  tVom  a  ulutlon  o(  the 
■octiite  bj  the  ooploui  precipitate  of  carbonate  of  lend,  forioed 
by  trnoimitting  n  ■trenm  or  carbonic  acid  gu  tbraugli  it.  It  is 
■n  active  pcdson.  and  bai  mare  tluin  once  proved  fatal. 

Svlpialr:  tif  Lrad,—A  he»vj  while  powder,  insoluble  in  water 
•nd  in  MCiiti.  unchangeil  bj  beat,  and  blnckenud  bjr  tbe  ealpbide 


of  lulphuretted  bydro^n  ^i,  the  block  aulphide  of  lead  Ii 
formed,  the  sulphuric  acid  remaining  in  the  aupcrnatant  liquor, 
w  ^wn  hj  tbe  nitrate  of  hirjta  tat.  This  salt  of  lead,  bciitg 
extremely  insoluble,  is  stated  not  to  bo  p<iisououB;  but  if  given  in 
■  very  lor^  dose  miglil  not  prove  quite  iaaotive. 

Chlorvle  of  Lfod. — A  white  powder,  eparingly  aolnble  In  cold, 

mt  more  soluble  in  hot  water,  soluble  in  dilate  nitric  acid,  but 

\  Imidable  in  atcoiiol.     It  bns  a  sweetish  taste.     At  a  heat  below 

fntw  into  a  semi-lransparent  homy  mass  {pUmbvm 

fwin],  bat  ia  Tolatilizvd  by  an  intense  beat.     Its  solutions  Iiava 

reaotioas  of  a  salt  of  lead. 

A  yellow  otychkiride  of  lend  is  nsed  as  a  pigment  under  tho 

una  of  mintral,  or  potent  j/fllov,  and  Tarner'i  gillow.     Like 

M  chlolide,  it  is  funble,  and  Qied  wbcn  mt'Ued. 

r   yUralt  Iff  Zend. — This  is  a  crjalallinc  salt,  soluble  In  w«t«r. 

W  b  Ikrguty  used  in  calico-printing,  and  fonns  the  basii  of  Le- 

en'i  diiinfecting  Huid.     When  heated  iu  a  (!UBS-tiibe,  nitrous 

d  ra|)Our  is  giTBii  off,  and  the  yellow  pro!«iiide  reniaioa  behind. 

K  Bolattnn  givus  the  cbaractaristic  reactions  of  a  salt  of  lead  j 

d  Altering  paper  dipped  in  it  and  dried,  bums  lilce  touch  paper. 

SulU  Iff  trad  w  Orgme  J,iq*idi.~~XiiA  to  the  sasprated 

"a  little  nitric  acid ;  boil,  filter,  and  trauimit  snlpburettcd 

j<FU  gas.     If  a  salt  of  lead  be  present,  a  black  precipitate 

rill  be  formed.     If  no  preeipitat«  Falls  from  the  liqnid  tlioa 

Mied,   ooUect  the  snlid  matters  from   the   Rltet,   indnaia1«, 

•olve  tbe  ash  in  nitric  vid.  dilute,  filter  the  reaultiog  liquid, 

A  transmit  the  sQlphutctted  hydrogen  gas  as  before. 

'    If  by  either  or  both  of  these  processes  a  blocL  precipitate  la 

liied,  it  may  be  proved  to  contain  lead  in  two  ways : — 

y  placing  the  dried  precipitate  on  a  fragmeot  of  charcoal, 

d  mlodng  the  metal  by  the  blowpipe.     2.  By  eipoaing  the 

jlpUde  to  a  red  beat  in  a  tube  of  Ocrman  gtasa  open  at  both 


I 


d 


I   UTKIKISCES,  A. 

H  if  lad.  *illi  the  eiocptiM,  p 
■■^■■^■MMwak  imtsBt  piiacau,  dJOerinK  bi 
fca^^te^lte  il   .ILL  at  SnAa^m  ' 
E*ai  the  n 


•■1  ^^aag  pM  in  the  Umat  and  pB*i    ' 
"        '  of  llMUi;,«d 


TWaaalmMUtt  ^  B»inMti«t  Ibnn  of  lead  pi 

Oitt  «IUi  b  teMgta  «■  I7  tike  lo^-oatioaed  «■ 

mSmm  <f  iMi.  M  M&3M.  in  tke  am.  or  in  canamM 

I^Bid  l^a«Cia±iB  <f  aala.  bmngn.  or  ai 


e<ru* 


(Mrwmi  Xaad  Miiaaiaf. — TWifBptonu  do  not  alavpfii 
tk  an*  aaant:  bat  paoalh  tha  ifmal  alKctioaa  n«  pnttM 
SwMitaatF  Ctadand  Ji^uUta  and  laalaaej  to  rooMJ[^n. 
n«gma«itaa  kacaaaanoAn  a«d  find.  TW  akin  ii  1^7  ud 
a»  ui a^ill rii ■  tae^c<k.  Tha  (kIm  i>  dmr  and  t»nL  On«(f 
A*  MNM  dtaaMoMic  ikaMHEaa  rf  bad  poaiimiig  utheXMJ 
CMr,  fWialw'*  CMi«,  v  fUmi  i>M«i«a,  ao  nUad  iftn 
•  ^  modnrn  timca)  it  «w 
Tidi  iftrtici  k  vaiked  b;  eumcialiiig  [ala  rf 
~  ~j  in  iW  jHt  of  the  itaaiaeh  and  amud  tbt 
nja  lalicvad  bj  preHnre.  The  bell;  ii  baid.  tb 
wwdw  <f  A*  lUNaM  (titmiJ;  cntitiaelcd,  and  the  nard  dn<n 
iw— ijfc  TW  Wvrii  are  cttbcr  obctiiuUl;  oouHncd  or  kuiIj 
DiiirrbcBa  ti  rsre,  hB 
a  caDt;,  u>d  pa>a«<l  tcith  diS- 
(allj.  Tin  amitenHioe  i«  doll  uid  anuoB*,  the  tkia  bedawcd 
«Ui  enld  pttiptatiaa,  the  pnUe  ii  triue  and  hard,  loroetinta  of 
Ikt  aataral  firtiatoej,  often  ibnaniulljr  tloir,  bnt  iiiiaMaiiHj 
amltnt«d.  Id  nre  cawa  febrile  (jmptoDU  are  pnseut.  He 
r  moj'  pus  into  furlhet  ^W^H 


II 


A  very  commnn  «quence  U  the  orcnrrence  of  neurtlgic  pftin< 
(aatnrDme  BrUirnlgia)  aBwting  vmiona  porta  or  thi!  body,  mch  n 
tbe  bones,  tlie  inusclM,aiiil  tbin.  Sometimei  there  ii  aimsthetiii. 
Another  (iiecial  feature  o  Fell  niuic  lead  poitoninf*  i>  tlie  occurrence  of 
Ztad  Palf/.  TbU  U  (omBtimn  the  t«miiUBtioD  of  ■  lingle  atUck 
of  ralic,  bat  more  comiDanlj  it  sapcrvenes  ifter  repnted  •eiiuret. 
Id  aome  catcs,  igain,  it  comn  on  without  anj  previous  attneli  of 
colic.  Tile  diaeue  aSbcta  cfaiell]'  the  extenKir  ninaclei  of  the  Ibreami, 
K>  that  whun  the  ann  u  niaed,  the  hand  fall*  by  iu  own  weight. 
Hcnca  tbe  etpreawoD  "dropped  wriat."  Tbe  paralyris  ia  luiiall; 
preoedcd  hj  tremori  in  the  ■ffbrtod  miuclei.  It  ocMalDnall} 
Utacki  the  Inrjngeal  muaclH,  and  eauaes  aphonia.  The  more 
admxml  kjmptoma  of  cUrmiic  Iwd  poiaoning  ujunst  in  aflecHooa 
~  *  "■  brtio  and  narvoiu  ajatem.  Delirium  ia  common,  and 
til  of  th«  mind  either  of  a  meknchollc  or  muniacal  nnture. 
other  caiet,  epileptiform  coiivulaiona  occur  with  orwitliout  Inn 
L  The  progrcaB  of  l«d  poiaoning  ia  toward*  death 
nnleaa  Oit  an&erer  ia  withdrawn  at  an  early  period  from  the  in- 
flnoDoea  at  worlf.  A  wtamiDe  cacheiia  ia  devoloped,  oharaeteriied 
bj  ^reat  proatratinn  of  atrength,  muacalar  atrophy,  a  dull  earthy 
oompleiion,  ioa  of  appetite,  and  obalinate  ooiutipation,  and  death 
at  leoittb  bappeiii  from  cachectic  dropay,  or  from  aome  inter- 
carrent  acute  ioflaminatory  attsck.  Diaoue  of  the  kidney*,  with 
klbamimma,  ia  aaid  to  occur  ai  tbe  occnaional  rcautt  of  lead 
tKNaoningi  and  gout  ii  a  frequent  conic(iieDce  of  it. 

The  peraoDI  moat  aubjeet  to  clironic  lead  poisoning  are  those 

iloynd  at  Aimaces  for  amelting  lead  ore,  manDraetorvn  of 

irge,  and  of  rad  and  white  lead,  houae-painl era,  colour- uiuk era, 

ibcra,  and  workera  in  lead,  glaaa-bloivera,  gUiiera,   pottcra, 

maDDhctnrera  of  glaxed  eatda.     It  occur  occasionally  in 

who    make  comparatively    little    use    of   load,   aa  in 

lort  from  the  handling  of  the  typei,  in  flahmougera  from 

of  lead  eoDiiten  oorered  with  brine.*     Id  other  caaea, 

men  and  anlmala,it  it  traced  to  Iho  uaeof  drlnliitig  water 

■d  in  leaden  pipea  or  ciitenia,   under  the  cireunutnncea 

itiy  to  b<  mentioned.      In  the  aeveral  employment*  juat 

lead  findi  ita  way  into  the  «yat«m  utber  by  the  akin. 


J 


I 


le  chief  pracllial  rule  A>r  tlie  prevention  ofdlaease  conriala  In 
K  atrlct  mforacnmnt  of  elHinliiivT*.  A  great  amount  of  diaeaao 
*  been  pmonted  by  the  lubstitution  of  moiat  for  dry  grinding. 
A  bItM  lino  on  the  fum*  at  the  margin  of  the  t«rth  BfD>rdi 
Utiable  io^calion  of  lead  poiaoning.  It  ia  rarely  absent 
T  tbtca  eau*  unaei  Ibla  eUti  oT ' 


t«rth  affi>rd»  ■         J 

jr  absent  where       ^^^fl 


nan,  611 

Mtntnon  we  in  tbe  artt.      The  bjdrRtcd  peroxide,  the  csTboute, 
tbu  sullilMte.  iinil  the  luetatei,  muat  be  brieHj  noticed. 

TiU!  IInHralcd  Peroxide. — Tlii<  i«  met  with  as  mineral  green 
and  us  vcrdiCer.  Mineral  green  formerly  consisteil  of  atnenite 
of  capper,  but  ii  now  formed  by  a  combination  of  the  hydrnted 
peroxide  with  pare  iime  or  chalk,  potaih,  uidiiluniina.  Vcrditer 
cocrisU  of  the  winie  conatituenta  in  different  proportion. 

Tbe  anliydruus  peroxide  of  copper  is  ■  brownish  blncb  powder 
wLicli  is  reudily  diwolved  bj  nitric  acid,  tlie  ealatiOD  assuming 
on  the  tiddition  of  auHaonia  in  excess,  a  deep  bltie  colour,  Tlia 
lu/draled  peroxide  of  copper  may  be  procured  by  adding  liquor 
pcHMMte  to  a  •olnlion  of  any  of  the  soluble  ults  of  the  metal. 

me   of  the  salts  of  copper   uamue  the  importance  of 

I  acid  or  eorro«ive  sublimate,  it  will  suffice  to  cotiaider 

a  for  copper  genemily,  and  then  to  describe  and  distia- 

im  eac1>  other  thi«e  salts  which  are  in  cummon  use. 

— The  salts  of  copper  are  diatingniihed  Irom  moat  other 

•  by  being  eitbor  blue  or  green,     Sulphate  of  iron  and 

{  Dickel  are  ulso  ^ccn,  and  will,  therefore,  have  to  be 

1  fVom  the  green  salla  of  copper.     In  rcry  dilute 

le  oalonr  of  the  salts  of  copper  disappears,  or  ia  ■□ 

to  iiHiiid   no  cine  to  tlie  nature  of  the  sabsUnce  with 

e  hare  to  dml.     On  the  anppoaition  that  we  have  no  clue 

M  of  the  solution,  we  first  lett  the  liquid  with  sul- 

id  hydrogen,  which  occations  ■  deep  brown  or  black  pre- 

Sulpliide  of  nnimonium  yields  the  same  precipitate. 

og  liqnur  imnioiiiw  to  the  solntion,  tbe  liydratnl  peroxide 

thrown   down,   bnt  ia   redissolved  on  the  addition  of 

a  in  exmas,  Ihe  resulting  liquid  baring  the  clinmctcriiitic 

la  colcniT  at  the  hydratcd  peroxide. 

■a  talta  of  copper  Id  sotntion  inny  be  fiirtlier  identified  by  the 

wing  testa; — 1.  Ferrocyaiiideof  |>ataBaium  yields  a  One  hair- 

)  MlatiiHina  prmintata ;    i.  Poliibed  iron  (■  nepdle  nu' 

id  Djr  a  ihrwiil)  pl^icod  in  tba  solution  is  soon  coiitnl  with  a 

"D  nf  ths  nutalj  8.  A  drop  of  the  solution  placed  on 

0  MX,  slightly  ariduiatol,  and  touched  with  a  strip  of 


10  metallic  deposit ;  4.  It  a 

a  drop  of  0  solution  of  a  salt  of  copper  on  ■ 


t  gl*Mi  the  coppsr  is  depoaitcd  i 

WiusiiliBbvd  by  Its  L-oloor, 

m  asll*  of  copper  may  luve  to  be  diitingulthed  fron 


IJlT  OippT  (Mtaml  verdigris), — This  1>  the  greenish 
did  «n  th«  surface  of  copper  and  i'.>  alloys  by  tt 


corns  un  m  fbetaxatioxv. 


■ctioo  of  atr  and  *r«t«r.     It  n  nadilr  il 

vtacing  with  aad*.    Ilia  rcBetion*  of  Uai  laae  ■!«  Ifa 

«lU  of  Cl>tl|MT. 

Sulphalt  of  Copptr  (bine  titrldl,  blac-««Br,  Boa 


B  rilraO. 


—The  b>ie   mnjr  be  detcctrd   bj  the  tctu  Jnmdj  il 
By  addiDg  ■  few  dn^  of  liquor  umntoam,  mi  >  oolDCia 
■TKnioo*  >cidi  peen  anenite  of  copper  ■•  tbniwa  dovn. 
*iad  in  combiiMtioa  ia  iboim  to  be  inlphutie  bjr  tke  Mtrie 
■od  nitrate  of  birjrta  tetl. 

,  Siibacelatt  of  Copper  (artifirial  indigria), — Tbe  l«rt»  artU 
'■  U  kpiilud  eilher  to  tbe  miDiiipd  ndacctate,  er  1 
lUoD   of  tbi*  with   the  neotnJ  »c«tate   and  e 
b  eoionr  ueordiagi;  Taries,  braog-  HHnctiinoa  blof.  • 

The  labecetete  u  knovQ  by  the  ellrct  of  heat.  Wlaa 
B  tot-tubc  by  tbe  Home  of  a  (iiirit'Unip  part  of  tb 
il  ie  giTcn  off;  end  the  nrnaitider  b^U);  Ai  iiiiniHaNl, 

filie*  carbon  to  deoxidize  t)ie  copper  j  w>  tliit  a  6tui  lit  nwlil 
_^  1  tbe  lide  of  tbe  tube.     Acetic  arid  k  alan  diai 

wben  tlie  Kit  it  bcdled  with  dilate  nilphiiric  acid. 

XilraU  of  Copper. — Tbii  conriiti  of  deliqneicnit  Uae  ■ 
Tbe  acid  in  eoEnhination  ma;  be  delected  bj  the  t! 
precipitate  with  Dilrate  of  bnr;li,B»d  with  nittataof 
hy  tlio  rnddy  f\iiiini  of  nitrooa  aoid  gM  evolfod  Ott 
(Tj><a1i  wilb  tin  Blingi  in  a  few  drop!  of  diitUlcd  < 
Hildini;  lii|uor  potuuD  to  tbe  tnlution,  iiitnt«  of  potaab  i 
whicb  may  be  i'lmtlHed  by  appropriate  teste  (p,  423). 

Chloridf  ^f  Copper. — Tlicrc  i>  a  bright  green,  aoli 
qnaicaiit  cbluridp,  and  a  white  iiuolablo  mbcblorida  of  J 
An  Diyelilnride  ie  known  ta  Bruntwick  Unwii. 

The  lata  fur  the  \»te  iire  tbe  Mme  a*  for  other  lalta  of  j 
Tbe  l^dmeblorii-  arid  in  conibinatiun  may  lie  drteotcd,  il 
of  tba  KilablD  chloride,  by  the  addition  of  nitrate  of  ulven 
Inaolnbht  aalicbloridi:  muil  be  converted  into  a  aolublo  lalt  j| 
purpMM  of  wuminatiun. 

ArtmUt  qf  Cepprr. — See  Uio  cliaptcr  on  Arwmic  [p.  4i 

Coffer  ia  Organic  lAqiiidt. — Solutions  of  a 
poaeil  by  wvithI  of  the  voiiiiuun  rnntenle  of  tbe  il 
aa  allninim,  filrtin,  milk,  ten,  colTeo,  Ac,  nod  by  the  i 
nrnmbrane  of  the  (toniadi,  tbe  auboiida  Iwiu);  tbtown  dowd 
thouill  uf  wpper  la  not  alwaji  completely  deM,m)NMdafl 
often  W  riblninrd  ip  niflldi'nt  qiinntity  for  anaiyMa  by  r 
■rilli  iliatiUcrl  water  md  pmiing  Ibe  aolntloo  Ibraagh  ^ 
Tlie  iiuwluhle  mbalanwe  ninel  W  reincnl  for  furtiiar  c 
Uua.     B]r  ilighlly  oelduUtini;  <.\«i  liquiil,  anil  then  p 


>l]|PTOVB   ASD   FOST-UOKTEU   IFFEAKANCZS.  513 

m  <d  lolpburetlcd  hydrogen,  tbe  bron-niiili-bliick  ealphide 

1.     This  mqgt  be  collected,  naabed.  and  dried ;  and 

t  gbiM  tabe,  n  «8  to  free  it  from  niltiHrent  oi^oaic 

Bulplude  nuy  now  be  conTerted  into  sulpliate  by 

f  U  with  a  few  droin  of  nitric  acid.     Tbe  boIuUod  atrikes 

il  daep  bine  eoliHir  witb  an  Gteeai  af  ammonia. 

rr  i*  Dot  hj  tbii  nmns  di'taoted  in  tbe  liquid  wtiich  bu 
1  tb«  filtc,  tbe  ioiolnble  gabstances  which  remain  an  the 
I  coatHined  in  the  ttomach,  mti>t  be  ilriod  and  beatfd 
D  a  cnxable,  till  tboj  art'  complett'lj  cbiirred.  The 
wiu  metallic  a>pper,  and  mast  be  gently  be&ted  in 
ll  pttfta  of  nitric  acid  and  water.  Nitrate  of  copper  ia  thoB 
Md,  vhich  ma;  be  identified  by  the  naoal  tetie. 
e  Otfiper  ha*  been  detected  in  the  solid  organs  of  the  bodj,  bal 
M  lardj  in  tbe  KcretioDi,  in  cawa  of  poiaonlng  by  ita  nlte. 
tt  it  baa  been  aaaerted  to  be  a  normal  cunatitucnt  of  the  oniDial 
nil  orteferal  vegetable  substances  usul  as  food.  M.  Bou- 
u  tniced  it  to  the  manure  naed  in  raisitig  those  sub- 
It*  preocnce  an  a  nstunl  coniitituent  of  the  baman 
1^  bonferer,  been  rendered  doubtful  by  the  negativo 
I  of  aperiments  performed  by  Cbristiaon  and  Chevreal. 
I  Um  qoantity   of  copper  eiinting  naturall]'   in  animal   and 


any  c 


410,000.  tnd  il  in  lome  instances  so  little  as  one  purt  in  1,600,000, 
IKma  give  rise  to  no  tallscy  orcn  where  lai^e  partiona  of  the 
■fill  Aontmta  of  the  stomach  or  of  tbe  body  itself  are  gnbmitted 

\  QtmiUalin  Amalytit. — Use  for  this  purpose  the  precipitated 
pd^id*,  digest  it  in  nitric  acid,  and  precipitate  the  oiide  (torn 
A*  ntatimi  by  potash.  One  Imndred  ports  of  the  black  oiidc 
d  to  312  of  cryitollizcd  solpbate. 


u. — Tlie  syinptoiiiB  set  in  from  a  qnnrtep  to  half  uii 
hMr  aftfr  swallowing  tbe  poison,  with  paina  in  the  abdomen  re- 
pBillliiiH  <alic,  naoKB,  eructationi,  TomitJng  of  matters  of  a  bluish 
V  tliai  oolonr,  purging  and  cramp*.  Nervous  symptoms,  inch 
M  ooatakion^  ja\tj,  teUnui.  and  insensibility .  have  liecn  present 
k  ltlll»<iiit  eaaca.  As  in  poisoning  by  arsenic  and  mercorj,  tbe 
mwptana  m«  Toriaaily  grouped  in  different  cases.  One  symptom 
VlMqiMat  occorrenco  is  jaundice. 

~    "         "         '  — The  mncDiu  membrane  of   the 

I    nil    tntesline*   has  beon    found   indnmed.  uloerated. 

□r,  and  iu  parts   apparently  gan- 


0  ITS  PKEPiRATIOJla. 


I       51ft  c 

^^^HIM.    Tlie  Mlt  of  iwppeT  aOTnetitnFs  adbcra  to  Ubm 
^^^■MI  ■rp«nw!«a  oocauauill;  extenti  to  thr  gxtOti.    1 
^^^^Uln  been  found  pmfonted.    The  sidii  ia  jvUm.  '. 
^^^^benvm  ^ipcanncci  ire  not  cbaracterutlc^ 
^^^^^ratimrmi. — Tbe    pn^wr   ■ntidotei    are    oJbuiML  . 
SUngs.     The  Gnrt  ia  to  be  preferred.     The  In 
(be  In*  iiliiiiiiiitriitiDn  of  Uie  while  of  ^^,  tuBam^hjm 
pBoiu  ilrinlu.     [f  vomitinp  u  not   preseot   the  ■ 
hMj  be  ua«L    Tlie  rett  of  the  treatmrut   i 


Fitlat  Dot. — III  *  cue  meDtioned  hj  Dr.  I 

we»e  (Kafianed  bv  two  drachm*  of  blae  vitriol. 

fiiUU  Arwf. — The  lalU  of  copper  har«  p 
A  prl  ttfx'i  lintcen  monlhi  died  in  Jbur  hotm  aflwii 
Mrml  rni^enla  at  Hue  iloiie  (Tajrlor).  Hut  deMh  li 
pUoe  after  lon^  intervals,  aueh  as  12, 13,  60,  72,  a; 

.Arviitrulal  Peitoninf  h/  Copper. — -Scrioiu  and  ) 
dmtf  hare  occarred  Itom  llie  itae  of  copper  vcol- 
Tlie  inmatea  of  a  iDonwler};  auflkred  aevKrelj-  fivm  ol 
aevere  colic,  retching,  and  biliaus  vomiting,  oactirenci^  fli_ 
bumiiig  pain  in  the  pit  of  the  itomai^,  in  the  kidnera  u 
trpmitieti,  and  panljtic  weiknfBii  in  the  arnia.      Gutliii  k 
these  (jinptonia  to  the  fact,  "  that  everj  vessel  in  (lie  kilcib 
pota  and  pant,  and  evL>n  the  milk  paili  and  bnlt«r  i 
jtoring  the  butter,  were  made  of  copper,"     Wurkvri  lu  o 
fuSrr  from  catairb  of  the  mDcau*  memhnne  witii  whitba 
in  tbe  ronn  of  dust,  cornea  in  contact,  liz^  catarrh  uf  t) 
juneUvs,  bmnchial  irritation,  anorexia  and  tendnnry  to 
A  liue  defcHbed  b;  Conigon  as  porple-red,  and  in  C. 
green,  U  wtmetjaiei  observed  at  the  edge  of  th«  gunu.     ti 
beeom«a  Ereeniah,  and  occniionnll]'  liio  ctnie  rolimr  haa  h 
MTVed  in  tliB  penpiration-t 

Thi-prindpal  fact*  established  inrcTercnee  to  the  Itnn« 
of  various  flnida  and  artjdea  of  food  witb  copper,  i 
of  hciii^  prcpnTcd  or  kept  in  cop|»r  veaaeli,  aro  itie  foHenria 
Distilled  nnter  kept  lu  eoDlnct  wilb  clean  cugiiier  !a  ont  ii 
tuted  with  it.     Solutiona  of  aevtral  mIIdo  niitterv,  > 
«lt.  alum,  nitro.  and  EpBOm  spill.',  "lien  lin.lf.t  in  ,-oj,pi 
are  foiiml  inro'itain  tbepois.-.ii     ■   ''      .  ''    ■        ,i  , ;-, 
e«p«iiill.v  nlicii  rancid. net   ■.:■-' 


Klluia U)d  tiiutt*,'  Juir,  1; 


Tt  fflBtvn 


Zixc. — Two  prcpuftUon*  ol 


I  aulplute 


IINC    AND   ITS    PaEPAIliTIOHS.  515 

gonen!  principle  Rppliw  to  ntl  tfaese  substances — namelf.  tbat 
they  may  be  bulled  in  clean  veueli  with  comprirative  lufuCy.  but 
*  CamiDt  be  illoweil  to  stuid  in  tbem  withant  danger.  Tlia  contact 
of  air  witli  tlie  moisteoed  copper  ieidd  to  tbe  fbnantlon  of  the 
lijdrated  curbouate,  wbicb  ii  diuulred  by  nny  mHd  tb&t  tbe  sub- 
ttaoce  umy  Imppm  tocontiin.  As  co[}per  vcsauU  cannot  bemfely 
used  in  cooking  withont  precautions  lliat  nre  spt  to  be  ucglected, 
it  wonld  be  well  to  let  them  Ml  into  diiuse. 

h  ^ 

^^    Zixc- 

^^SutpluiUi  <!f  Zi<u>,  WluU  rUHol.  WAite  Coppenu.—Thii  uib- 

^^Hntce  is  ill  common  me  u  ta  emetic,  but   is  nniniportant  u  a 

^^Bbon.     It  ii  found  in  Ibe  form  of  colonrlen,  or  neu-ty  coloorletn, 

^^pUmitic  crystolt.  Tery  soluble  in  water,  and  or  •  atyptin  taate. 

It  rvKmblea  oinlic  acid  and  sulphate  of  magneeia,     From  tbe 

former  it  is  iliitinguiahed  by  tetti,  for  which  sea  oiatic  acid ;  and 

from  the  Utter  by  tbe  addition  of  salphnrettcd  hydrogen  or  fol- 

phide  of  ammoniom.     The  lulphate  of  nnc  yieldi  a  white  prcd- 

pitate,  bat  tbe  sulphate  of  msgnesia  none. 

Sniphateoriincin  aolation  poucatcs  the  fallowing  propertiei: — 
1.  It  is  prpripilated  as  white  salpbide  by  anlpburctled  hydrogen 
and  sulphide  of  ammoniom,  provided  tbe  sulntion  does  not  oontain 
an  excew  of  scid.  2.  Liqnor  ammoniaa  and  the  seaqnicarbonate 
tlirow  down  a  white  precipitkte  soluble  in  an  e>cen  of  the  preci- 
pitant. 3.  FerrocyinidL'  of  potassium  causes  a  while  precipitate. 
If  the  aulphiite  of  xino  oontains  iron,  the  precipilatca  will  not  be 
a  pnte  whiw. 

/■  Orytuie  iijw'd*.— Snlpliale  of  sine  is  decomposed  by  alba- 
nun  and  milk,  xlucb  fonn  with  tbe  oxide  an  iniolable  oompound; 
and  alio  by  tabituse*  oonUuning  tannin.  The  first  atep  of  tbe 
prooeaa  conuatB  in  addulaling  with  accUc  acid,  which  diwilvea 
e  that  may  be  thrown  down  in  union  with  animal 
The  miitore  most  then  be  Ullered,  a[id  iniphide  of 
noniam  added.  A  while  lulphide  if  thrown  down,  which 
it  be  wasbed,  coUeetfld,  dried,  and  heoted  to  rrdnesa  in  a  glou 
idue  ia  thim  to  be  icleil  on  by  strong  nitric  acid, 
b  diawlve*  tlie  lino ;  and  tlie  sold  lolutioii,  being  ncutruliaed 
f  Mrknul*  ofainmoniaii*  ready  for  the  npplieation  of  tbe  testa. 
B  ouboiute  of  ^Dc  which  results  from  tbig  divomposition 
!•  jelliiw  when  faealfd,  and  while  oguin  on  cuoliiig.  *  ' 
lolvcd  b;  eicm  of  tbe  pred^ntaut. 


613 


ZmC,  TIS,  &C.,  AMD  TBBIB  PtLKFUUTIOSS. 


^/mplomt, — Snlpbkte  at  dnc  tuu  a  itiNgteekble  bitUr  talc, 
Bnd  caana.  in  Ini^e  dmes,  drjtiCH  of  the  llinwt,  tliint,  Totuili^ 
purging,  and  psiii  of  the  abdomen.  In  eoiueqnracD  of  iu  fCra^ 
emetic  prapertiea,  it  it.  in  mcatt  cbki,  mud  r^eetol  fna  it* 
alomncii;  bat  in  aaae  reported  hj  Dr.  Oibb,  in  *P|ich  STgnnw 
contitined  in  a  lation,  were  iwaUowed  b;  an  adult  fHrnali^  thmt 
•raa  no  romiting,  and  aome  difficulty  in  reliering  the  nocoaoh  bt 
emctin.  It  hu  been  admininered  mediriuailj  in  doaea  at  tn 
«(Tirp1ei  three  timea  a  da;  for  wveral  nrecka,  irithuut  iaJBticw 
conaequeDco.     (Ht,  Babingtoti.) 

T&e  Putt-mortem  Appearaacet  are  those  of  riruple  influnma- 
tion  of  the  rnucoai  membrane  of  tlio  atomach  and  intcatiim. 

Triatnienl. — A  dilute  iolation  of  carbonate  of  pot^diof  acda 
aa  an  nntidate.  foUoired  by  the  &ce  admiBiitnitiaii  of  inllk,  tt  tbt 
white  of  egg  in  Urge  quantjtj,  and  of  liqqidi  DontainuiK  tiirfat 
eucb  aa  tea,  and  decoctiomi  of  oolc  or  Peruviaa  bwk.  Hm  nM  tl 
the  treatment  ia  that  cnnnion  to  the  irritant  poiaotn. 

Chloride  of  Zinr.—X  coDcentmted  aqiieoos  aolnttoo  «f  tU 
aubstance  (about  200  grains  to  the  o 
known  ns  ■•  Bumetfa  Fluid."  I  ' 
and  produces  the  (ymptanisDnd  paat-mortem  appmnoc 
to  the  claaa  of  corroaivea ;  aametimei  vrjtb  the  adilStioii  of  iwriM* 
«7mpt«ms.  It  baa  more  than  onoo  proved  htal,  nod  deatfa  te 
occurred  in  ra  little  as  four  houn. 

Tiv.^Cliloridet  of  Tin. — There  are  two  chloridm  of  ti^  ihi 
protochloride  and  the  perchloHdi',  in  the  form  of  ydloirisb-vhil* 
adculnr  erfstnli.  A  miitare  of  th»e  two  «a1u  in  aolatioB  li 
known  as  dj/er/  tpiril.  These  are  tlie  only  proparaliiMu  of  lis 
nhich  require  notice. 

Tatt. — The  protuchloridt  hag  the   fullawiiig   propertieii 

1.  Snlphuivtted  bydrogon  Uirava 
down  ■  preciintatc  of  a  d.irk  ■bueo- 
lat«  oolonr ;  alto  tb«  sulpbido  of  ^. 
tlie  preripiuio  beiug  aolnUa 
III  Binw  (if  the  reagent.  3.  "Ilia 
liiclilnride  of  mercnry  ^vc«  ■  gnt 
precipiute  of  (ImIj  divided  »((. 
euTy.  'i.  Chlorid*  of  frold  gIVM  a 
dei'p  purple  prcdpltats  (the  ptirplaetf 
CHMiii.).  4.  A  firaguieni  of  max 
pliicLiI  in  a  drop  of  thn  anloljoB 
Ulrowa  down  tlui  niislal  in  an  arUirtwcnt  fortD,  chaTiHteriMd 
thaagb  not  diatiiiguiibcd.  by  the  rvctaugulur  arnuii^vinenta  tf  I 
brancbaa  (Gg.  V&).     One  grain  of  the  protocblnride  in  t«<i<    ~ 


P!K». 


aiLVBE.  317 

of  ^(tilled  witer  pre*  chimcUmticrESulls.  The  acid  iadetected 
bjr  tbe  white  pri!cipiUiU>  ituolublo  in  nitrlo  acid,  thrown  dowD  by 
nitrale  oFgilver. 

Tbc  fie  rehluridt  a  predpitatod  yellow  b;  satphuretted  liydro- 
gen,  and  BDlpliido  of  nmrnDninm.  tbe  precipitaCe  beini;  •oloble  in 
ftD  eicsH  of  the  sulphide.  In  colour,  therefore,  Che  precipitntetl 
iolpliide  resemblea  the  aolphides  of  oreenic  iind  of  cadmiuni.  It 
diffan  From  tbe  former  in  being  ineoluhlu  in  ammonia,  and  from 
the  latter  in  being  iu»olnbIe  in  bydrocliloric  acid.  CorroHve  nub- 
linute  and  chloride  of  gold  give  no  precipitate  with  the  per- 
cblorida.     The  acid  of  the  aait  ia  detected  by  nitrate  of  tilrer. 

The  ulta  of  tin  produce  tbe  commoa  ■ymptomi  of  irritant 
poiaoniiig.  which  must  be  met  by  tlie  free  nse  of  albumen  or  milk. 
Bud  of  diluent*.  Emetiot,  or  the  itomach-pump  may  be  em- 
ployed if  necemiry. 

Sn.yKa.~yitraU  of  Silver  (Lnnar  Cnaatic).— This  rabitance 
ODcara  id  tbe  forni  of  tabuUr  cryatali,  or  fused  idIa  iuibII  cylin- 
der*. It  hn*  the  following  propertiee: — It  i*  very  solnhle  in 
diitilled  water.  Ita  solution  ha*  an  add  reaction,  and  a  itronf; 
styptic,  metallic  taite.  It  ia  ■  very  poivurful  corrosive;  and, 
wbeD  miied  with  organic  matter,  ig  blackened  by  light.  The 
fauaii  detected  by  the  following  teat*  : — I.  Sulphuretted  hydrog^en 
at  nlpbide  of  ammouiam  yields  a  black  precipitate.  2.  Liquor 
Mnmonin  throwi  down  tbe  brown  oiide,  which  ii  diwolved  by  tbe 
prectptant  io  eiccaa.  3.  Hydrochloric  add  yields  a  whitoclotted 
precipitale,  the  chloride  of  ulver.  which  ia  inaolable  in  nitrlo  add, 
and  when  hwted  ou  ptatinum-foil  liueeintoshoraj  Dia«9.  i.  On 
adding     to     the     aolntion     liqaor 

■  3.  nntil  the  brown  i   ' "   "  ■ ' 


I 

I 


r«diiaolved,  and  then  anenioo*  add, 

tbe  yellow   araenite  of    lilrer   a 

tbrown  down.   S.  A  strip  of  copper 

Introduced  into     the     uilaliou  is 

(ptedily  coated  wilh  nlrer.     6.  If 

ninutfl  fragment  of  linc  ta  placed 

a  drop  uf  lbs  solation,  the  mc- 

lic  silver  is  deposited  in  an  or- 

rm   (fig.  100).     Thia 

t  is   very  di^licale,  a  distinct  tree  ^n«rally  in  the  shape  of 

I  shaded  flgure)  being  obtained  from  a  grain  in  eight  onnctt 

water.    The  add  is  detected  by  adding  to  the  Glterod  liquid 

nnaining  after  the  application  of  tbe  testa,  carbonaU  of  potash, 

*—  -''-itc  of  potash  ia  formed, 

g  by  ulnte  of  «lver  U  n  nre  occurrence.     Scalier- 


SIS 


\  &c..  . 


a  THsm  frbpaXatidks. 


good  (Brit  Mei.  Journ..  ISTl,  p.  527)  telat«a  ft  cue  id  sUi 
ht^  pouoning  multed  tfora  the  >odd«itil  slipping  of  ■  [liac  rf 
Cauatio  down  tbe  tbniat  or  a  child  aged  15  moQtLi.  The  fax 
wia  aboat  J  of  rd  inch  in  length.  Vomiting  of  tlie  coausli 
of  the  itomiclj  almoat  ioimefliaUl;  msueil.  Chlurid?  oT  nCa 
vu  admlniiternl,  bat  repeatAl  vamiting'  atiil  (onnlilfiu 
occurred  during  Clie  flnt  two  honn.  Then  tdOowai  ditniiaa. 
Collapse  came  on.  aod  dralh  oocurrcd  in  violent  codtuIsuiui  m 
Aourt  after  tbe  poium  had  been  loallowed. 

Poit-mortem  Apjiearomrs, — 'ITie  ]irini.'ii>al  eSieta  cltrwi 
were  erogioni  of  tbe  i£sa]ibagD>,  and  of  the  stonuiob  miaag  thi 
greater  ciirvntart^  and  similar  plicnomena  ia  the  daodcBss 
and  opper  part  of  the  jejonum.  Particle*  of  th«  Curdjr  cUcridl 
of  silver  adhered  to  the  snrface  of  the  mocou  mombtalifti  Ik 
nitrate  bad  been  entirely  decompoied. 

The  Irealment  cnnriati  in  cliBnging  the  soluble  nitnte  of  hNt 
to  tbe  insoluble  chloride,  bjr  the  fi-ee  nse  of  a  aoltitiun  uf  t^imp" 
salt. 

Ibon.— The  sulphate  of  iron  (green  vitriol,  oopperM)  ud  ik 
chloride,  or  muriate,  of  iron  pflssess  sufficientlj  votive  propotlM 
to  entitle  tbem  to  rank  hb  pcnaons.  The  bue  may  be  dftMW 
bj  Uie  folloivliig  t«9ti : — I.  Snlphoretted  byilrogen  girei  m 
precipitate,  bat  tbe  snlpbide  of  BmmoDiuni  throws  down  »  bWk 
snipliide.  S.  Iiiibsion  of  galli  alio  given  n 
8.  Ferrocyanide  of  pataasiom  throws  down  a  bine  p 
which  deepens  by  exposure  to  the  air.  4.  Sii1pbix;y«d(k  it 
potaaium  givesn  deep  blood-red  predpitale.  He  acid  ntcoa- 
bination  in  the  sulphate  and  murinte,  respe<4jve1y,  maj  W  d^ 
tected  bj  tlie  nitrate  of  barfta  and  nitrate  of  silver  ttttl. 

The  taiphaU  of  iron,  and  the  ehlarUlf  in  tlie  fonn  of  ti 
have  both  proved  fatal,  and  have  in  one  or  two  other  it 
produced  sotere  eflects.    The  oymptoms  and  post-otorl 
ances   in   one  case  of  poisoning  hy  the  tincture  i 
ChrivtiKin,  were  those  of  a  strong  Irritant.    Tbe  tr«*tai 
coniist  in  the  free  Use  at  emetics  and  diluents. 

BiSUrTH. — Trunitrale,  miiilrale.  or  Bilrale  qf  SUt 
Thia  inlHtiiiice  has  proved  fatal  in  a  large  dose,  i>illi  t 
toma  and  i>OBt-lnort(;ia  oppearatiees  proper  to  i    ~ 
It  is  found  in  tbe  form  of  a  white,  insoluble  powder,  < 
blackened  by  lulplinrcttcd  hydrogvn,  and  sulphide  of  i 
It  is  salable  in  nitric  acid,  hot  it  is  agnin  tfarovn  i 
tbe  soluCioa  is  largely  diluted  with  water.     His  « 
semhles  that  of  Uiu  ulta  of  lead  in  being  precipitated  w 
licjuor  sniiiiiHiiiv  ond  liquor  potossm.  but  differs  horn  tt  ii 


619 

t  giva  DO  prveipitate  vritii  dilate  >ulp)iaric  acid.  It  gtvea  a 
p-broVD  precipiUlc  with  iodide  oF  patHSsiam. 
I  Chbomk. — Two  mlt*  of  chrome — tlie  neutral  cbromal*,  and 
«  bichrooiate  of  potiub — 4rc  ninniiFflctnreil  on  a  large  Kale  sod 
■itensivel;  used  u  dy«.  Tlie  ckromate  of  potiah  liiu  a  bright 
yeltov  colour,  and  diaagrtMable  bitter  taste.  It  ii  the  common 
•oorra  of  the  other  romponnds  of  cbrame.  The  bickronaU  of 
polaih,  known  also  u  red  cironait,  it  mnch  oaed  at  a  dye.  It 
ooraiil*  of  deep  ornngc-coloured  cry«tali,  of  the  form 
uineied,  or  hi  long  Hatteoed  prisma.  It  i«  yerj  »o- 
luble,  and  jicldg,  according  to  quaotity,  a  rich  orauge  or  < 
a  yoUow  lolaUou,  with  nn  acid  reaction.  With  the  talta 
of  lead  it  give*  a  jellow,  nud  with  those  of  Bilver  a  deep-  V 
red  precipitate.  Experiment*  on  animals  show  chat  it  has 
Che  propeitieiofaatrang  irritant  poison;  and  it  has  more  than  once 
proved  fatal  to  roan,  lu  one  case,  commanicated  to  Dr.  Taylor  by 
Hr.  Wood  of  St.  Bartholomew'a  Uoaintnl,  two  drachm*  killed  ■ 
woman  in  four  hoors,  with  symptoms  of  violent  irritation,  and 
the  post-mortem  appearancet  of  a  oorrosive  poison.  The  nppro- 
priale  treatment  would  be  by  diluenti  and  demnlcenti.  In 
MlotioDS  of  moderate  strength  the  btohroraate  assumes  thn  form* 
1.  Sg.  101.     Ill  dilate  Mtutions  {^^)  it  takes  on  the 


arborescent  form  ihoirn  in  Bg.  102.  The  orjitals  from  strong  solo- 
tioDS  are  eonne  square  plates  and  Suttened  prism*.  The  crystuiline 
form  of  the  weaker  sointion  is  Important,  inaamuch  a*  this  solution 
eonatilutes  a  rery  ralnable  t«t  for  atrychnia  and  aoine  other 
■Uialoida. 

Workmen  engaged  in  the  manii&ctnro  of  the  bichromate  of 
potash  anffer  much  (ram  ohroaio  sores  on  the  liand,  and  occasion- 
ally on  the  (ect  and  slioulden.  The  foundation  for  the  sores  is 
~  "  '     some  Ifuon  of  the  ikin,  on  which  the  poison  act*  as  a 


aid 


'aC,   ID,  to,   UB   „,!„    PHUAIUIIO,,. 


li"ileMiJ  cDp-liB  bordw     AfJS.  ,J?™*?'  V  ■«  nio*  mil 


i 


NAECOTICa. 
OPIUM  AND  ITS  PREPARATIONS. 


Thb  imtrgtmic  poitent  bnve  been  trait«l  of  ii 
cbnptera,  tlie  Tamuwler  of  thii  work  will  hv  devoted  to  tlix 
organic  poiioni,  beginiiing  with  the  roost  importBiit  of  their 
nnuiber.  opium.  Of  the  513  aeae*  ot  paiaaniiig  inT«tigAted  io 
tha  Coroner's  court  in  Rnglaail  and  Wales,  during  1837-38,  200 
wen  cues  of  poiwmitigbj  opium  BndiCt  pre[iar>tiana,  either  nloae 
or  in  tuiion  with  other  poiMHui  184  liNcing  been  the  number  of 
(Mwa  of  poisoning  by  anenir.'.  Of  the*e200caiss,42  weruby  oplom, 
IBS  hj  LiildiininD,  21  b;  other  prepUBtJuiis  containiug  opiom,  2 
IjFf  aratale  of  morpliui,  itnd  2  by  Inudnniim  and  prn^^io  add.  and 
laadanum  nod  aquafortis  reepectively  :  64  of  the  20U  occurred  in 
eUldren.  the  remainder  in  ndults;  and  of  thew  64.  41,  or  n  fillh 
0f  all  the  vases,  were  from  over-duses  of  oordials  or  mediinuei, 
gliven  to  infknU  and  young  children  by  mothers  or  nurses. 

Sinoe  the  yenn  1837-3S,  in  conwqaeuco  partly  of  the  legal 
•nactmeat  reaCricting  Ihe  tale  of  arsenic,  partly  of  tlie  increased 
knowledge  of  the  properties  of  otlier  poisons,  opium  and  its  prc- 
patBtious,  which  then  Agnred  ai  Four  in  eleven  of  all  the  recorded 
pmsons,  eonsljtuted  on  tbo  arrrage  of  the  five  yeart  1S52-dS 
BKire  than  one-half.  The  annual  avem^  of  deaths  by  ascertained 
poiaant  being  268,  no  leas  than  141  were  attributed  (O  opium  and 
It*  prepaiationa  (opium  34,  laudanuui  89.  Godfrey's  cordial  16, 
norpbia  2),  while  prUHio  acid  and  its  eomponnds  accounted  for 
U  deaths,  and  ancDic  and  ild  prepnmtioni  for  only  27  deaths. 

lu  thes«  five  yotrs,  18e2'56,  the  ugea  of  the  victims  were 

■wertHiued  in  377  instaDOn ;  and  it  wai  found  tliat  170,  or  nearly 

bilf,  occiiiredin  iiifiints  amlerone  year  of  age,  and  203  in  children 

.lllldi.T  Sva  yrars  aid.    Only  one  niurdur  and  one  munslaughlcr 

R,0ij  lattdanum)  are  trforlM  in  t)ia  whole  five  yMis.     B^it  opium 

1   It*  prcpamioti*.  atid  Uudannm   especially,  are  tomctimn 


I 
I 


n  to  fluiUlat«  the  commiBiur 


zriuie',  <uch  ai  tlielt 


I  LSD  ITS  pmxrASATims. 


g\fA(a. 


n*  coffee  uid  Ibe  Kiue  of 

Tbe  rap—dea  at  the  PifiiTer  KmnilSniB  («bil4  «t|l 
poppj)   (fig-   lt»)   f 
pantiont  to  tbe  Briljih  I 

— «  decoctioD  Ibr  uternal  nt,  ( 
pyea  chleflj  to  in&nU,  ami  u 

eitnrt  (titracbuo   papareru). 
tion  to   the  iti^in>t«I  jaioe  k 
opium.     A  dcooctJOD  oT  the  of 
poppj   lieadii,    not    aatboriied  I7  ^ 
PharmKopo^,    u    •ometims  gilta  I 
infiinU  vitb  fatal  effect.      At  Iktm 
from  the  capnile   hare    been  foot  k   i 
the  Btomaeb,  aixl  a«  the  sc«di  lata  tf 
theoxcKn  ire  alleged 
to  have  provBl  fiital  io  ^^  "* 

tome  ioiUnret  abroiu],  . • 1 

their   nze    and  micro- 
Koplc      character     are  {•  G^ 

■hovn  Id  fig,  104.  Thej  [    '  *        «  , 
weigh  abant  £30  lo  the  I*  •'  .      ^ 

grain.   Some  are  white,   | '     | 

I  grey. 
Opitm,  the  inipissated  jniee  of  the  unripe  capeuln.  b*  •• 
wing  Tainiliar  properties: — It  t>  of  a  nddUh  .brown  cnlMF.*' 
a  atroDg  and  p«culiaF  odour,  and  iuu  a  bitter  and  rather  wril 
taate.  Different  specimens  of  the  drug  nr;  in  physical  pnfis^ 
tie^  and  in  activit;,  with  the  place  and  year  of  gnivth,  tlie 
matarity  of  the  capeulee,  tha  greater  or  less  rare  bestowed  on  tb 
maimfiiclarc,  and  the  presence  or  abaence  of  ndutteratioii.  At 
drag  coniiits  of  a  number  of  diitinct  prioeiplei  ronibined  with  ( 
peculiar  acid,  and  tniied  with  redn  and  excractire  matter. 
Thaw  prindplea  are  diasolTed  bj  wabn  at  ordinary  lemperahirei, 
b;  aleohol,  and  by  miDoral  and  vegetable  acid*. 

Tbe  prepnratioDB  of  opium  in  the  BriUeh  Pharmacopoia  aM : — 
The  tincture,  or  Lamiaiiiiiii,  which  oontaioB  ane  grain  in  aboul 
flftKn  minima;  the  ammoniated  tincture  (five  grains  to  tbi 
oance) ;  the  rompoaud  tincture  of  camphor,  or  Paregoric  (oue 
grain  in  tbe  half  ounce);  the  extract  and  liquid  extract  of 
apiiinii  the  compoand  jnu'der,  of  which  one-tenth  part  ii  opmni 
the  confection  (about  one  gruin  in  forty) ;  the  compound  ipers- 
cuanhn,  or  Dover's  powder  (one  grain  in  ten] ; 
powder  of  chHlk  and  opinm  (one  grain  in  forty); 


i 


OPIUM,  523 

poand  kino  powder  (one  gjiin  in  twenty};  tlio  coaiponnd  aoBp 
pill  {one  part  In  five)  i  the  lead  and  opium  pill  (ona  part  in 
eight)  i  the  ipecacDaDha  and  iqaill  pill  (one  part  in  sixteen  and  a 
half):  and  the  ofiaia  loteagea,  which  have  -jlg  gnin  of  the 
extTMt  in  Mch.  The  vioniD  opii  (twenty-two  graiiu  of  the 
extract  to  the  oaoc«) ;  the  Ettemn  opii  (thirty  dropa  of  ttio  (Juo- 
tore  in  3'j  *>f  starch);  the  emplaitnim  o)ni  (one  in  ten);  the 
IiDpientuiii  gallra  c.  opio  (gr.  thirtj-two  to  Jj) ;  complete  the 
long  liat  of  pharmacapiEial  preparaCiooa  which  contiiin  opinm. 

The  llaek  dn/p  (aid  to  contain  two,  three,  or  font  times  *a 
nnch  fpinm  ai  the  tincture,  and  Battloy'i  liquor  opii  ledativut, 
of  which  twenty  dropi  aro  aaid  to  be  eqnal  (o  thirty  uT  laudanum, 
are  alio  in  common  uk.  The  first  ia  made  with  veijnice  and 
■romatic^  the  lecond  ia  helieved  to  be  an  aquwna  aolution. 
Oodlrey'a  cordial,  Dalby's  cnnninative,  cliildrcu't  quictnen,  iinil 
■everal  miitarec  improperly  given  to  cbilitren  to  procare  sleep, 
contain  tandauam,  in  variable  quantity,  as  their  chief  ingredient, 
In  oombination  with  lyrup,  stomachio,  and  magnesia. 

Opium  oonluiu  Bereral  active  principles.  Morphia,  nam- 
tine,  narceine,  mecanine  or  opiauyl,  tliebain  or  pammorphia, 
tttHtaae,  papaverine,  and  cryptopla,  have  been  aqiruvtcdi  but  the 
moat  important,  in  a  medico-legal  paint  of  view,  arc  morphiaaoA 
■wcHtr  aeid,  rambiDeil  in  opium  a>  a  menmatt  i^f  morphit. 
Opium  may  be  recogniaed  by  the  rNotioni  of  tbew  two  sab- 
■tancei,  aa  well  as  by  iia  odoor  and  otber  pbyEucal  prupertiiw. 

Tbe  morpliia  and  meconic  acid  are  extracted  and  sepantcd  by 
Ibe  fbilowing  proceaa  : — The  opinm  ia  infuted  in  aucceuire  por- 
of  cold  water.     Tbia  aquemis  •nintion.  holding  tliu  active 

inciplea  of  the  drug  diaaolvod,  ia  boiled  with  magncaia,  which 
[.'Hsmbinea  witli  the  invconie  acid  and  carries  down  with  it  the 
ItelJVB  principlea.  This  mixed  precipitate  ia  waalied  and  dried, 
Wid  bciled  with  proof  npirit,  which  disaolvcs  the  narcotinc  and 
I,  leaving  tbe  morphia  and  mecodato  of  magneua  ba- 
Mnd. 

To  iaparato  the  morpliia  the  precipitate  is  boiled  in  strong 
•loahol,  which  diwilm  it  mixed  with  aoine  reiin.  From  this 
•otulion  the  morphia  may  be  obtaiued  pure  by  repealed  cryatal- 
liaatiou. 

To  separata  tbe  aeemie  acid,  the  impure  mcponate  of  mag- 

neda  ia  bolted  in  dilute  aalpburie  add,  and  tho  lolitare  partially 

evaporated.    Tho  sediment  that  falla  on  cooling  is  dissolved  in 

«at«r,  and  acetate  of  lead  added.     A  meconate  of  lead  ia  thos 

Ijiftmied,  whirh  ii  waihed  al 

'  anlpliuretted  hydn^n  | 


I 


bio  OFrcm  LSB  ITS  rHtPAiunoxB 

emrbon.  The  niblimaU  ofleD  aaramM  tbe  tarm  of  vfaitccia 
ipoU,  obiviiul;  eniUll'iDe  (Sg.  lOS),  and  dupUjing  nda 
mirnnct^  Muted  carved  linei  m  in  6g.  107.  Botrta 
tCDipentiire  of  the  gUn  d'uk  BpproBL'facs  that  of  tbe  la 
poneUin,  tbe  ubUinita  csOHit  of  prinnatic  crjttil^  Ha 
gnmped  u  id  fig.  lOG.  At  lower  tempera  tnres  tLej  v»  i 
flf  dlstJDCC  §triml«d  globules  Or  wit^fred  pattern^  ud  n 
the;  conbuQ  diHc  ftalberj  cryital*-  liie  Etiiated  gkb 
ihawn  in  fig.  108.  Tbe  bat  results  ore  obljuDed  with  qi 
of  tbe  lULalold  not  exc««diiig  the  on^bandredlli  of  a  gnii 
wQl  ;ieM  mao;  euoceenTe  mlilimatcs  cliaracteriitic  in  lit 
and  Kactimu.  Theee,  whatever  shape  thej  uanni^  m  I 
■alable  in  aevenl  reagent*,  and  yield  with  theta  trjtttlttt 
beautiful  and  characIeTiitic  forma. 

The  figures  annexed  repreeent  ibiir  of  the«  forma.    Rg 
shows  a  margitial  group  of  ncedlca  &om  a  lublimate  b    ' 


ililulf  hjdrochlarie  acid  (^).    fig.  110  ibowi  II 
3)iirita  of  wiuei  Og.  Ill  ttlat  with  liq.  amnionv 


Uw  «'iB(C«d  (l|y  like)  nyitali  often  mnltiDg  from  (La  trot 
of  an  amoiiiliou*  mblimale  with  distilled  wbIlt.    Thcw 
ahnold  bt  witdud  u  lli«;  occur  under  the  mimiecopi 


ID    OHGUIIC   lUXTURZB.  527 

»  almott  alwH}'*  quick  in  ihowing  ttiemselvei,  and  are  »ome- 

MbcoMO  Acid. — Tliia  coiiBii>ti  at  sriily  crjatnLt,  whicl)  •rhen 
e  are  duik;  reO,  when  purer  a  piile  follow ;  i\ben  qnite 
pare,  colouritaa.  Under  the  microscapc  they  arc  neta  a>  mottled 
plata  of  varioiu  tiza,  ihapei,  and  tliickniw.  Tbcy  are  (alable 
in  mtm,  and  the  eolation  liai  k  strong  acid  reaction.  Wlien 
heated  on  white  porculeju  tbey  readily  melt,  and  aHurne  tho 
tbrm  of  coarse  wLite  plates,  aad  under  ■  greater  beat  dBrken, 
smoke,  and  melt,  jiclding  a  white  amorphoun  tubliraate,  ami 
IcaTiiig  a  icant;  black  deposit.  Tho  Bcid  i>  tbronn  down  from 
it*  wlatknii  by  acctjt«  of  lead  ai  a  nhito  me»iiiutc,  inaolubtc  ia 
acetic  uiiil.  Thii  labiitDnce  ia  nut  poisonoiu.  The  only  teat  of 
anj  value  for  mAcanlc  acid,  whether  in  cryatala  or  in  aolution,  ia 
slao  one  of  the  teiU  for  morphia,  viz. : — 

Ftnrhloride  of  Iron. — Thi*  itrikea  with  meconic  acid  an  In- 
tenie  cherry-red  coloor,  Jiacharged  by  lolulion  of  protocliloride  of 
tin,  bat  not  bj  the  dilate  mineral  acida.  or  by  tliu  aolutiooi  of 
hicbloride  of  marcnry  and  cblorida  of  gold. 

ThH  teat  givM  a  umilar  reactioo  with  aulphocjanido  of  pnlas- 
rinm,  with  aHliva  which  contain!  tliat  aalt,  with  comniim  miutaril 
in  Kilatimi,  and  with  the  atknlinc  noetatcs;  but  this  fact  docs  nut 
conititute  an  objection  to  the  teat  for  meconic  arid  when  obUined 
fivm  t  wlatiuD  of  o[riam,  or  from  an  oigunic  fluid  by  the  procew 
now  to  be  dewribed. 

Tbi»  teat   Kir  uieconic  add  atrODgl;  ciRiGroia  (he  teste  for 
«  of  the  preamce  of  opium  in  the  liquid  frum 
LvUcb  tbey  WCTa  both  obtained. 

Opten  in  Organia  Uixturei. — Tho  presence  of  opium  in  an 

'a  inittnre  may  be  inferred  ^om  ita  yielding  with  nitric 

le  orange  coloar  dne  to  tbc  presence  of  morphia,  and  with 

'laof  iron  (he  red  colour  dne  to  the  mecouic  acid.    Tbete 

«  may  be  obtained  by  dilating  the  orgHnic  liquid  till  it< 

la  not  to  intvrrere  with  tho  reactiona. 

rpuc  miitnros  abonld  obiloualy  be  one  which 
IkaliM  and  the  adiL  A  aolution  of  opium  itMlf 
a  a  napeution  of  it*  active  principles  in  an 
r  opium,  ia  additioD  lo  tlioae  principlea,  con- 
it  (^  ruin  and  extractive  matters.     The  pro- 
0  dclcclion  of  the  morphia  and  uicconic  acid  in  the 
f  the  ■toawch  U  aa  foUowa:— Tbc  aolid  maltera.  if 
ttto  Iw  cat  into  fnialt  fragment*,  and  well  mixed  with  the 
il  water  b»inii  added  if  necestar;.     The  miituro 

'i  BcMic  add,  and  treated  witb  a    i 


1(1 


mmm' 


.'■"C, 


532  OFIDJI  AND 

■oliil  opium  arc  often  taken  in  the  dsy  by  c 
De  QuinivT,  tbe  EngUsli  opium-eater,  bnmgrh 
nine  onnces  ol  laudanum,  equivalent  to  333  i^raim  of  (oBd  Ofi^ 
ID  tbe  day.  Mr.  Image,  of  Itarj  St.  Edmand'a,  hai  sipfM  ■ 
nith  the  particalara  of  t»a  caiea  thai  canne  under  Ui  Jkm- 
ntJDn,  in  which  tbe  enormoui  quaatit;  of  aixCeeo  e 
bnilannm  por  diem  «u  cootumed.  Yet  both  the* 
lived  to  an  ad*aaeed  age.  Tliara  is  icarcelj  a  dm^cgift  m  Leate 
Kho  h.11  not  ieea  laudanum  Bwallowed  by  the  wineglashlt  mi 
1  am  inrormed  that  the  Lascar  begg»r«  punduae  half  IB  «MB  ' 
of  opium  a  da;,  from  which  they  jmiCDre  a  wtMrj  c 
smoke  with  taboeou.  {G.) 

Opium,  thus  taken  habituatl;  in  large  qoantitiei,  and  be  Im 
periodt,  cauMi  emadatian  and  Iom  of  Tigour,  loss  of  uppetiM^  M 
OHwtipaliDn,  Ion  of  mental  vigour,  severe  neuralgic  paim,  |n*Mi 
tore  old  age.  and  early  death.     Habhouw  deacribes  (he  opm- 
■aters  of  Cotatantinople  as  "  ptie,  emaciated,  and  rickety,  lot    | 
into  a  profound  atapar,  or  agitated  by  the  grimaoes  of  deHriia.'    I 
Mr.  Madden  awl  Dr.  Oppealieim  congrm  this  aooooBt.    lb 
former    adds,  that   a  ret^alar   apiam.eater  aeldom   tivOT  tifal    j 
tiiirty  years,  if  be  commence!  the  practice   early ;  and  lbs  bM    1 
tells  us  that  sncli  personi  sclddm  ittain  the  age  of  40.  I 

In  the  face  of  these  stalcmcDCs,  and  of  the  extreme  iinpral» 
bility  that  a  habit  so  nnnatunil  should  not  affect  Ibe  dnnli^  cf 
life,  it  has  been  denied  that  the  practice  of  ofunn 
shorten  it.  There  is  no  donbt  that  many  persona  ar 
it  (but  in  a  leei  degree  than  in  tbe  caaes  referred  to  by  HobluuM. 
Madden,  and  Oppenbeim),  live  to  a  good  age;  bat  it  is  pfukaU] 
with  opium  aa  with  ipirita  and  tobacco: — those  who  indolgs  b 
them  and  live  long  would  attain  a  much  greater  age  if  tbar 
babiti  of  life  were  other  than  tbey  are.* 

Opium  applied  to  the  ikin.and  especially  to  an  abraded  tvfa^ 
or  nied  ai  an  ii^ection,  or  Lntrodiioed  into  the  ooatril  or  ear,  atj 
produce  dangerous  or  fatal  results.  M.  Tonrnon,  of  Bonisan. 
rcUtea  a  esse  in  which  death  was  attiibuted  to  four  grwa*  d 

Trealmeml. — The  treatment  must  begin  with  the  nas  of  Its 
ttomicb-pump.  and  warm  water  hhould  be  fredj  injected  aad 
wilhdrawD  till  it  is  discharged  without  odour  and  colour.  If  tb 
stuinucli'pump  cannot  be  Immedintely  applied,  an  emetiaof  nd- 
phato  of  tine  sbonld  be  given  i  or,  if  this  is  not  at  hand,  a  tMi- 
■pooiil'ul  of  mustard,  mixed  with  water.  At  the  same  time  rooiU^ 
thould  be  euoouraged  by  the  free'usc  of  warm  water,  aat  tf 
».  see  ChiistligB  on  the  ouo  of  Ibe  K>tl  i 


1 


TRUTKENT. 


;  tbe  throat  wilh  ■  feather,     tf  the  patient 


G33       ^M 


r  iboald  be  fredy  duhed  otct  tfae  fjce,  iieiil.  end  neck, 
■  is  •mnewbat  nnued  ftmn  the  stapor,  and  be  mnst  then  be 
rake  fa;  cannag  him  to  walk  rapidly  between  two  asuii- 
t,  lAiakiDf  bim  and  ihonting  to  him.     In  small  Bpnrlmenta 
J  be  k*pt  roowd  fa;  flecking  the  hands  and  Teet  with  a 
Wbea   he   begini  to  teeover,   strong    ouflbe  aliould  bo 
*a  by  the  mouth  do  not  set,  tliey  may  be 
il  iDtothe  bawela,and,  in  bopelisa  cues,  a  soletion  of  tartar 
Bight  be  inlrodaced  into  a  vein.     A  cocrunt  of  magneto- 
sly  passed  irnm  the  spine  through  the  cliett,  and  artificial 
■  a»B  been  ased  in  eitreme  cases.     When  the  symptoms 
c  those  of  collipse,  aminonia  may  be  freely  given  <n- 
■I  applied  totbe  nostrils;  when  those  of  apncea,  warmth 
a  the  BUrfsce  are  indicated  ;  when  those  of  cerebral 
«  moderate  abstraction  of  blood  by  leeches.     In  the 
•  which  follows  recovery,  as  well  as  in  the  early  stage, 
■  has  been  practised  with  excellent  effect. 
''«  reagents  which  precipitate  morphia  from  its  soln- 
k  Iwen   proposed   as  antidotes.     Orfila  recommended 
"t  and  solutions  of  iodine  and  bromine  have   been 
The  proposal  to  administer  iodine  In  dilute  solution 
"    d  by  Dr.  Fuller.     ('Lancet/ March  21.  1868.) 
n  (the  Dommon  elfect  of  opium)  and  delirium  (tbe 
torn  of  beUodonna  poixming}  are  strongly  contrasted 
It  been  inferred  that  the  one  poison  wonld  prove 
ttfiir  tbe  other.     Accordingly  two  American  physicians, 
d  Norris,  have  published  cuses  of  recovery  from 
If  o;nom  which  have  seemed  to  be  due  to  the  use  of 
d  of  pcnsoning  by  belindonna  thongbt  to  be  equally 
t  of  opinm.      Dr.  John   Harley  concludes 
■  that  morphia  and  atropia,  so  far  from  ci- 
'c  influence  on  each  olher.  increase  each 
«  have  been 
seem  to  show  that  the  subcutaneous  injection  of 
ved  beneficial,  and  that  within  certain  limits  the 
etcrt  a  physiological  antngoniim.     The  aubcn. 
m  of  atropia  in  cnses  of  opium  poisoning  is  there* 
worthy  of  triaL     On  this  subject  tbe  reader  may 
V  totbe  following; — A  case  of  successful  antagonism  reported 
~  .  Wilson,    of   rhiladelphia    ('  Lancet,'    1861,   i.  478) ;    a 
os«  by  Dr.  Carter  ('Phil.  Med.  Times,'  I8T1.p.  S7T)| 
of  antagonism  reported  by  Dr.  Finuy  ("  Dublin  Jonm. 
Utd-  Sc'  July,  1873,  p.  3S] ;  and  reports  of  similar  treatment 


I 


■  employment  o 


■  aotagonittic  ii 


HKH   a»  twm  FBKPABATIORft. 

IL  &K.'  197S,  p.  818.  BDd  S2T.  lli*  n^ 
.  }»^  ud  S>rs.  Rcfk,'  uir.  p.  U4)|l 
KA.  9k.-  IxL  [K  133) :  md  Prwer  rTaMk-l 


"^  — —  -— -       -  -mwmk,w,^impmftciij6Mmd 

—  ■  •  «Uu  powder,  Kii 

■  ter  lb*  pppfrf 
(klu   bare  tti 

The  ipip' 


gnim  of  tW  a=rut(>  of  loonikk,  it 

if  tW  rtinMui.  snd  occmoo^  coonl- 

by  Ortli,  a&tl   dted  bj  CArat^a 

hmTc  (bllowid  ib 


tkrt  Aagnte  Bmllet,  the  pfManud 
■  Id^itHtVOTathCPhumaotatiiBlJoBUl,' 


ITS  SILTS.  535 

Btim  of  Cutung,  had,  in  kddiliaa  to  vomiting  mil  pargirig, 
nralaionii  looked  jaw,  rigid  (pums  of  the  neck  and  abdomen, 
ibilit;  to  ■wnlluw.  Ion  ol  umibiUC;  ia  the  lega,  coiitraoUd 
piU,  and  ■tertoroiu  brutliing  -,  and  tliat  CmUing,  wlio  pre^ 
ribed  for  Uallet,  uid  gave  blm  fuod  iiid  medicine,  wiu  proved 
<  havB  recently  pnrahued  tvelvc  graiiu  of  Urtuc  emelic,  itnd 
[«nt]r-iii  grains  of  icetatD  of  morpbia. 

Jolin  Parson*  Onli,  the  rictim  of  William  Palmer,  touk  two 
Ui  eontaining  half  >  grain  of  acetate  of  morphia  on  eacli  of  the 
rn  n'tghta  preceding  kin  fint  attack  ;  and  on  the  uight  o(  the 
tack  itM'lr  two  jrillB  wen)  given  by  Palmer,  and  again  twu  pilli 
1  tba  ooOurrencB  of  the  tetanic  aymptoou.  On  the  Biicoeeding 
gfat,  which  RU  the  night  of  hia  death.  Cook  also  t«ok  two  pUli 
Who  him  bf  Palmer,  who  had  previously  obtwned  the  acetate  of 
;ihU  [ulla  from  the  medieal  attendant  j  and  dnriug  tbe  fatal 
!k  two  otiier  pQls,  taid  to  contain  ammonia.  If  all  th«e  pilia 
lined  awtate  of  morpliia  in   the  duw  Srit  prescribed,  an 

of  three  giaini  would  have  been  given  within  three 

Ijt,  o(  wLii^h  qnantity  two  graiaa  were  administered  in  little 
tbao  twenty.four  bonra.     As  tbe  lady  attended  by   Dr. 
man  waa  severely  attacked  with  lympComa  of  tetanui  from 
tUngtbrte  doses  of  half  a  grain  of  acetate  of  morphia  within 
I  bcmn,  <t  it  quite  piijsible  that  tbe  same  drug  la  the  same 
and  in  tbe  aggregate  three  gniiiu  in  the   apace  of  seventj- 
luars,  may  have  proved  fatal  to  a  patient  previonsly  redni»d 
irtar  emetic^     It  la  not  intended  by  these  obaorvationi  to 
any  dirabt  of  the  goitt  of  Rilmer,  but  merely  to  siiggeit  the 
gaiUUty  of  the  death  of  Cook  having  been  occaaiaoed  by  ueclate 
r  morphia  and  nut  by  strychnia.  (0.) 
F»tiU  DoM. — In  the  case  of  this,  as  of  most  other  active 
iMDS,  >«ry  tarue  doses  have  been  taken  with  impunity,  and 
ry  small  onea.tn  certain  states   of  system,  have  been  followed 
dangennu  symptama.     In  one  case  half  a  grain  of  the  iicelate 
morpbU  given  a*  ■  medicine  to  a  female  in  HI  health  was  sup- 
Mil  u>  hav*  [iroved  fatal,*  and  it  is  probable  that  less  thnn  a 
tin  ginn)  in  one  June  wuulil  kill  nn  adult.     One  grain  iiuecl«d 
tlHr  tti*  skin  in  three  doiies  of  one-third  of  a  grain  each,  within 
oat  twelle  boura,  eppaors  tu  have  proved  fatal  to  a  man  under 
ears  of  Hr.  do  Uorgui.f 

Vaatawaf. — Tliat  proper  to  poisoning  hy  opiaoi  and  its  pre- 
1mm.  Tbe  stumsdi.pnTnp  should  he  empluycl  without 
t    If  not  M  hand,  finely  divided  animal  charcoal  siupended 

Tkflw'>'t'>ii>'l|<I»ao 


i 
I 


536  ativn  abb  m  r&iriiuTioiii. 

in  wtirt  mighl  be  kdnunkMred  wixh  miniMp,  it  iW 
mntaiiiini;  tannH!  mai,  u  itrong  gT*ea  to.  cr  tinom  d  t 
lu^j  dilnUd  with  waier. 

£rprrimnU  oa  Amwtali. — The  eBecti  at  nfom  a 
and  the  lower  utioiali  exhibit  some  poiau  nT  fift 
Mitcbell  hu  dunm  U»t  pigeons  are  atmnt  iDtmnpillt 

men*  eipecullj  tr>  pradnccd  hif  opium  ;  aud  ocmicBil; 
KiDt'ulnoTO  arc  unong  U>e  tDon  pTDDiiiMDt  iTopbiDi. 
(Hvif  to  depend  m  llae  (quilibriutn  of  runctkiii  betsmi 
brill  and  spinal  centra.  Opiam  irts  od  botb  ;  aixl  nm 
anomalirs  in  the  tnin  of  Q-mptmis  an  explicable  on  Uic 
tion  Ibat  at  ooe  time  Ike  spiual  eikel  is  mcsl  marked,  it 
the  eflect  on  tbe  (opropc  mtte  eenlia. 

According  1«  BemriL  Uw  active  priudptn  of  opoB 
tbcir  cS^cU  oD  the  btwn  and  ipinal  cord.  Up  cbiMM 
oatioH.  narcni),  ntorphia,  and  rodeia.  and  ai  criiiiriilnnt 
papayeriii,  muttilin.  codeiH,  and  morphia.  Their  reJati' 
ii  iailicattd  bj  the  trdvr  in  nliich  they  are  named.  Ci 
morphia  hare  both  a  narcotic  and  eons  uliiie  action. 


^ 


CHAPTER  X. 

DKLIBIANTS. 

1.  HTOeCTXMCa. 
J-STBAMOXIUM 

*.  SOLASITM  SIGKCM. 

6.  BOLANUM  DDLCAMAItA- 

Cumn.      «  <E. 
W.  LoLin  Tin 

:sii""i"-i^i.'rr;.',"' 

KKB  beloiigiii^  b>  thii  group  ore  riurBcterizcd  t^  the 
property  ot  caoimg  delirium,  witb  illoiioiii  of  tbo  ndms; 
diUution  of  the  pg[Hl.  OtLer  po' 
u  ceotm  »lher  ilo  Dot  give  rin  t 
or  tlMf  prndnee  it  oolj  eiceptioiulljr ;  uid.  if  tliey  dilate 
fmfiX,  it  ia  1aneon«timllj.  and  io  a  Um  di^ee.  InitutiDn  of 
(loaaeh  nd  bowali,  ami  djnrift,  or  inpprBHioa  of  Drinu, 
|reMOI  in  m  oeriiin  naniber  of  caio.  The  6nt  tliree  poisons 
tta  rarat  uDportant  of  tbdr  du* ;  the  otben  have  iMa  in. 
•ml  (M  more  hriell;  noticed;  tl>«  reader  being  ntmed 
r*  tmfit  detail*  retpeoting  them  to  treatiwi  on  loxioologir. 

ti.  XWIXmOtntA  (Almpa  Belladonna,  Deadig  SighUhadt). 

InU*  (Juit  if  of  the  Linnmn  clan  lud  order,  Pentaitdrit, 
thaoffafa,  and  natnrst  onler,  Alrapacra.  It  it  iridigrnoos, 
lil  powi  in  mite  ihadj  (poti  in  aome  paiU  uf  Eni;1>ad,  tlower- 
I  in  Jam  and  July,  and  jitlding  ripe  berric*  in  September. 
p.  Iia  ihowa  a  cntting  of  the  phiiit  in  RoKer.  and  a  b«tT.t, 
'  in  Ktiion.  The  plant  bui  a  iorid  buo,  and  wlien  bruited, 
a  fiiint  fcetid  odour.  C»tet  of  patsoiiing  by  tho  root, 
4  herriit,  and  hj  the  mediri  nal  extract,  are  on  rei 
whirb  pmrd  faliil.  A  decoction  of  tbo  root,  givi 
',  faae  aUo  niucd  death ;  and  ■eriona  if mptomt  have 
ttia  eitomal  applifation  of  the  extract  to  a  blistered 
The  learet  and  root  uf  the  plant  are  iidmittL-d  inU 


W    under  ■  F™,"    "  ""'"mti.re.     ^^  "»?  la 


1 


BTItPTOMS   A 


539 


MM  of  tb«m  wilt  be  t 

■n  rrjeclcd  by  Ibe  ilouucb,  c 


s  of  poiioninB.  in  Iho 

rrotn  the  boweb. 

Drjoen  of  tbe  Upi.  manth,  and  tlirvat,  with  <lilH- 

of  (Wkllowiug,  or  even  total  ianbiUby  to  gwallaw,  nnd  im- 

loM  of  voice:    tbiratj   gidilinem;  nnmbaess 

'limlHi  aUg^riiig gut ;  great  mentitl  [»citempnt;deliHuiii, 

f\irioaB,  wilh  apMlral  illiulans,  ending  in  cama,  or  alter- 

with  iti  tbe  pulu  accelerated  {  tbe  ouanunanca  fliuhed 

Vollen  i  tlie  pupila  largely  dil.it«d;  Ibe  eye)  pruminent  and 

ig;  tbe  viiion  indiatinet  or  lost.     In  btal  nan,  deutb  ii 

in  by  romntoio  lymptoms,  rarely  by  coavuInoiiB.     In-ita- 

th«  alimentiry  cannl,  beyond  drynra  and  coiutriction  of 

St,  ii  rare;  but  nnuaea  and  nniucce^aful  pfforU  to  romit 

dnlod  in  Mme  ouea,  and  npbthooi  inflamniation  of  tbe 

swelling  of  the  abdoineti,  and  diaolwrge  of  btooil  by  itool,  in 

tono  initance.  Violent  ■tnngory.aappreraioii  Or  involantary 

of  uriiie,  with  enatemBBt  of  Iha  genitals,  and  lianna- 

i  an  triiptioD  on  tbe  ekin,  aaid  to  r«iemble  tbit  uf 

,  h**e  abo  been  reported. 

laymptoms  may  «et  in  within  bnlf  an  hoar;  but  tbey  rarely 

namlvea  till  two  or  Uirce  hoon  alter  iwallowiug  the 

llie    fatal    cases    bear   a    small    proportion   to  case)  nf 

.     Death,  when  It  ocean,  takes  place  within  twenty. four 

In  oat  case  it  happened  in  fifteen,  in  another  in  twelire 

In  favoanble  cuses  tbe  effeota  oR«u  last  fur  several  dayi ; 

BO  of  the  lading  fymptomi,  such  u  ioipjired  riaion.  and 

dilatoj  papll,  aurvive  tbe  patient'i  recovery. 

riiHB  ia  gouenlly  a  very  marked  symptom.     It  L*  soioe- 

llraaiiig,  aMompanied  by  nncontroUable  Uagbt«r.  or   by 

It  talking,  sonetimas  only  by  ririoeleai  motions  of  the  lips  i 

if  fay  apactral  iUiuHoni.     In  aame  initnneeg  Ibe  itute  of 

liont  cloaaly  rcaemblea  somnambuliam,  in  othi-n  iniotica- 

I  oUmtb  bydraphoUa ;  tbe  extreme  dilatation  of  tbe  pupil  ta 

lied  by  indiatinet  or  double  viuoo,  or  by  blindiieu.     He 

Uy  nnauiKiinia,  Slid,  on  recovery,  does  not  recollect  what 

Th«  delirtam  minmordy  precedes  tbe  sopor  or 

I  order  ii  revenod,  or  the  two  itatei 

irmut  and  mttttUnt  temdinmm  are  of  ocoiaional 

Afft<trmtii9t — Theso  Bi«  neither  strongly  marked 
Ic  The  cerebral  vvswls  are  congealed,  aud  lher« 
patehea  Id  the  pbaryni  and  o^•aphagat,  and  at  the  cardiac 
lb*  almnach.  Tlu>  uiuoiliu  membrane  has  been  fnand  of  a 
Mtour  tbroQglioiit,  or  in  patehei,  and  portiona  of  tb* 


Ule(dil««ttlti 


o40 

bfliriei  nnd  some  of  the  wedi  hava 
tiiul  ouial  or  in  1  tie  ilools. 

TrtatmrTit, — After  tbe  prompt  Dw  of  ernvt 
^Siuc.l  tuTCDgb  wnter,  or  diluted  liquor  pai 
intcnnl,  ■  full  ilow  of  caitor  oil-  Id  otber 
detei  mined  hj  the  ijmptonu  ictmill^  pre«Dt, 
pnctiaed  with  adiriintage. 

What  bag  been  sail]  reepecling  upnin  U  ■pjilicBbti  lo  bdk- 
doniui,  namelj,  that  there  ii  reason  to  believe  that  mnlii  pal 
may  be  done  by  tbe  oae  of  the  one  drag  a  ■    .        • 

other.      In    helladoniui   poiKniing,   tberefoi 
injecLioD  of  marphia  mnj  be  recommended. 

EsprrimenU  on  Animaii. — lielladonna  aetji  iliOmmllr  • 
differuit  auimali.  It  aeli  powerfull]'  •*  a  polaon  ou  the  earatfini 
while  mairj    berbi«DroaB  anlniali,  weh   a>   the  ox.  the  an,  <b 


rabtit,  I 

umilar  to  that  observed  on  aa 
peculiar  manner.  According  t 
Suinul  ]s  firat  paralyied,  ati<l  s 


;  but  it  acls  on  tile  In^  ia 
the  rnearcfaei  of  Fmwt  i- 
bonra after  the  ;i.i' 


of  the  poiBOD  ippura  quite  dead,  mnacular  ii 
action  of  the  heart  bnnt;  tbe  onlj'  Ngns  of  life.  \: 
of  l¥om  48-72  hours  the  lore  limbs  are  aeiatd  >> 
ipaima,  which  graduallj  derelope  into  complete  tetimnx.  diw'jr 
remnbling  that  cauaed  ^  iCry cliaia.  The  ijiDptoini  in  mm  an 
iu  some  reipects  eipUiued  by  the  eSecti  okwred  oii  anuub. 
The  mode  in  which  it  act*  on  the  brain  to  cauae  dHlirism  it 
obecDre.  Frater  thinks  the  action  on  tbe  spinal  ootd  U  flnt 
paralleling  and  then  exciting.  Belladonmi  pamtjies  the  wtTclarf 
eervea;  bence  tbe  drjneae  of  tlie  month  wliieb  is  so  channtt- 
ristle  nn  effect  of  the  pcasoo.  It  alw  paralyses  tlw  ragi,  (bt 
inhibitory  nerves  of  the  heart  j  partly  eiplaining  tbe  ( 
rapii^ly  of  tlie  pulie  in  bcllndonDa  ptuoning.  The  interfli 
with  viuon  is  due  both  to  the  dilatation  of  the  pi 
paralysis  of  the  muscles  of  aecomniod«tioD.  Tbe  entt 
tbsM  phenomena  is  still  a  tuiitter  of  dispute. 

Tbe  Jiagnotlt  'a  not  free  tVom  diflli-ulty  ;  for  similar  q 
■ra  present  in  puimning  by  hyoscyaaiw  and  btramonluin.  itik 
whenwe  dlscotcr  some  portion  of  the  pUiiit  Iticll'in  them' 
ngaetedlVom  thcetouiaeh.orpaisGd  from  the  howola;  ■ 
•rant.  In  tlieconicntaof  the  alimentary  canal,  that  w«  n 
oonlldeiicD  which  p^usun  baa  lieun  taken.     Tliv  ilociiptiMt  1 
of  Iha  part  of  tha  plant  awallowMl  may,  hewsver,  prove  di 
Tba  berry  !•  easy  t(>  n!e(^gn1H).     It  hiippcna  fortunately  Ui 
klkalobl  atropia  i*  eliininatcd  fivni  Uie  kidneys,  and  uu  ■ 


I 


HTOSCTAUCS.  541 

by  lU  Rction  on  tUe  pnpil.  Dr.  John  Hurley  hu  repeatedly 
'ed  the  presence  of  atropia  in  the  arine  by  thb  means  wilbm 
nty  mlnutet  uf  tlic  injeetioti  Qnder  tho  akin  of  -^g  or  ^j  graia 
the  solpliate.  Twelve  drapi  out  o(  eiglit  ounces  of  urine 
reted  in  2|  boars  by  a  patSont  ander  tbs  iufluenot  of  ^  gmin 
II  largely  dilaM  the  pupil,  and  malatain  it  in  tliat  (lata  for 
'eral  hoara.  One  or  two  drop*  of  urine  are  to  be  introduced 
the  eyelids  every  quarter  of  an  hour  till  the  effect  is 

Atropii  {Airopine), — Tbie  alkaloid,  wben  pore,  consiita  of 
white  «Uiy  crystals,  which,  when  riewed  under  the  mivroscupe, 
M«  foar-iided  priauu.  It  belong!  to  the  g^oup  of  nlluloidi  which 
does  not  change  colour  when  treated  with  cold  sulphuric  acid. 
It  alio  undergoei  no  change  when  the  acid  in  warmed,  but 
jummea  a  deep  brown  tint  when  heated.  It«  colour  is  nut  changed 
by  nitric  amd.  Whea  heated  on  porcelain  it  melts  easily  into  a 
pale  Vqnid,  yields  a  vaponr  which  has  an  odour  aa  of  singed  wool, 
mnd  leaiet  a  light  brown  stain.  It  mella  at  the  low  temperature 
of  ISO^  Fahr.,  and  sublimei  at  2S0°.  the  aabllmate  is  eryilfll- 
lins,  but  leas  constant  and  chnracteriitio  than  those  of  stryohnia 
and  morphia.  It  is  s-ilable  in  water,  aloohot,  etbcr,  cbloroform, 
amd  beniole;  also  in  dilute  acids,  with  which  it  forms  crystalti- 
mble  aalta.  With  liqnid  reagents  it  yield*  few  characteristic  pre- 
dpitutca.  With  carbaxotic  acid  and  chloride  of  tS"\d  it  yields 
•bnndant  predintatea,  which  assume  rcapectively  the  Corinl  of 
beaatiful  eloaters  of  plates,  and  distinct  foliated  groupa.* 

II.  HToacTlMiTa  (^Hgottt/artMU  nigir.  Henbane), 

This,  too,  ii  a  plant  of  the  Linnnan  dan  and  order  Pmlaiuiria 
MoMig^ia,  and  natnral  order  Atropateai.  It  is  itidigetioui.  and 
grows  on  poor  watte  lands,  and  on  the  sea-aborc.  i"\g.  115  shows 
•  catting  of  the  plant,  a  Uower.  sad  a  seed-tessel.  All  part*  of 
the  plant  are  poiaonona ;  and  the  seeda,  root,  leaves,  and  young 
shoots  have  been  taken  a*  poisons. 

Tbc  poiKjnoDB  property  of  the  plant  is  attribntcd  to  an  alkaloid, 
hjfony'tmia,  and  a  peenliar  volatile  principle. 

The  tnivea  are  in  the  British  Phsnnaoopuii*,  and  famish  two 
preparations — an  extract  and  a  iinclitTt, 

liiH  several  parts  of  the  plant  are  eusily  recogniaed.  The  tted* 
are  about  the  liio  and  shape  of  those  of  Belladonna,  but  lea 
rounded ;  about  an  eighteenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  wrigh> 
big  110  to  ^e  giun.     They  are  thickly  covered  with  ridgei 

I  *  Worml*},  PI.  lUL  flg>.  1  uid  I.  I 


I 


""'"  Wb^  "On 
"'"■an*  1- 


Tbe  iDost  chHrRcterutio  ajmpUiTm  a 


rfe/iri 


■nd  [filafod 


Part-acrlem  Aftpeantneet. — CnngMtion  of  the  brain  and  laiigi. 

Treaiwtenl. — That  of  puitoumg  bjr  bellndonnB. 

ExptrimmU  On  Aitinalt. — Chi  wme  ■nimili,  luch  u  the  ahwp, 
tba  coir,  and  Ihe  pig,  hyoxtjainiii  imudb  to  biix-e  little  or  no  eSb:t. 
OdIjt  qnilt  mently  the  tctioD  of  the  paiaun  has  b«cn  itnilied  by 
Oalmoot  uid  Lamnrt  and  Boehni  on  frags,  rabbits,  Oainea  pijn, 
call,  and  dogs.  The  effects  are  DiDilsr  to  thorn  on  men,  etpeciDllji 
in  Qie  parcMi  nr  parolyiis  of  the  lower  eilromitiea.  In  othtr 
reaperts  the  action  is  nm^br  totbit  of  belhidonna. 

A  ponltirc  of  tlie  lenves  applied  to  the  ibdumen,  and  a  deoneUon 
DMd  u  ft  cljtter  luve  prodjred  pcnaonons  efiecte. 

Htobctamia  (UjOBCyamiue). — M.  Staa  appears  to  have  nio- 
•ndediD  obtaining  this  alkaloid;  but  tbo  beet  manufiictiiring 
diemliti,  and  ootablj  Ur.  Monon,  liave  been  nnencueeifRL  It  is 
Mdd  to  be  either  atnorphaai,  or  to  miuiat  of  while  lilky  oyaUlB ; 
te  b«  wHhont  odour  whea  pure;  but,  ai  geaerall;  obtaineJ,  tu 
IwTO  •  rerj  diMjireealile  odoor.  lilie  that  of  tobacco,  and  an  acrid 
taite.  A  ipeoiuien  kindly  aent  to  me  b;  Dr.  John  tlarlcf  ia  a 
palg,  nwB'Eoluurcd.  deliquescent  extract,  little  uhanited  bj 
iolpharie  acid,  hiit  turned  to  a  red-brown  when  the  add  tolution 
■a  warned.  Heated  on  pott«Uin,  it  darkens,  amokei,  and  yields 
K  bulky  black  aih  ;  and  a  sublimato  containing  uumerooa  delicate 
ftathered  eryitalt.  Dr.  Hurley  liiids  that  it  quickly  pnasei  into 
tb«  urine,  from  which  it  may  be  separated  by  ilutking  it  with 
gtilorofbnn,  and  idantiGcd  by  its  action  on  tliapnpil.'  (0.) 

m.  STftAMOKlUH  {Daiura  Slranionium,  Thon-AppU). 
Thk  alto  is  a  plant  of  tbo  LinnanD  cIbfs  and  order  Pentaadria 
JfiMUgiyina.  and  natural  order  Alroparr/e ;  growing  in  waite 
plaesa  and  on  dnng-heapa  in  all  parts  of  Europe.  Ilie  annexed 
flpire  shows  a  cutting  of  the  plant  with  mliont  of  tbo  Sower 
and  fruiL  The  entire  plant  biia  a  rank  odour.  The  flowcrv, 
luMtever,  arc  sweet-acented.  The  Iruiw  are  of  a  dull  green 
ooUmt,  large,  sharply  and  irregularly  cut  at  the  edges,  cmuotb, 
ribbed,  and  veined.  Every  part  of  the  plnut  ii  pirisouoiia ;  but 
the  fruit  and  seeds  are  believed  to  be  the  ninit  aotive.  The 
Taponi  of  tbv  flower*  is  atwerled  to  have  produced  palannona 
■Skit*.  In  France  anil  Orrmaay.  ns  alia  in  Indiu,  and  the 
I  Eastern  Archipelago,  tlie  Beeds  of  this  or  uf  other  tpooiea  are 


I 
I 


SOLiSUM  KIORltM, 

i«  hnin,  >nd  in  one  bstance  redneu  of  the  cardiac 
■tomncb. 

tt, — Tliii  conaUta  in  tlie  prninpt  dm  of  i'ni«tii^  fol- 
yill  doMi  of  castor  (nl ;  aiid  wlierc  lliere  i«  mui'h 
fuc,  tbe  Rbatniclion  at  blood  from  the  Bnn.  or  1>; 
be  tcmpla,  In  ana  aue  reported  in  '  Ituat's  Mnga- 
Ing  Dpiiean  to  hmrc  ■Sbrded  great  relief,  and  irould 
oqnally  applicable  in  poiioiiing  by  hmbuw  and  deadly 
and  in  ciuet  oF  poiaoning  geuenlly  wbvre  ttie  fnco  is 
the  eyas  prominent  and  bHlliant.  The  nae  of  mor- 
intidote  ia  worthy  of  trial,  aa  iu  poinniog  by  bulla- 


— Thia  allniloid  i*  believed  to  difliir  very  liUlu  in  ita 
I  and  properties  from  atiopia  ;  like  it,  it  ii  found  in 
all,  which  are  Ibnr-sided   prisma.      It  produce*  the 

on  the  pupil  of  the  eye  aa  the  alkalaida  stropin  and 
.     SchrotT  atatct  Ibat  datariu  ia  more  powerful  thau 

nwm  of  polaoning  by  atramonium  ia  effected  by  tbe 
f  portiona  of  tbe  plant  in  tbe  alimentary  canal,  or  in 
I  vmnited  or  diacUarged  from  the  boweta. 

Jtxint  rnanvx  (BUct.  or  Oardm  Nighlthajf), 
D  annual  plant,  common  in  punlens,  by  rotdudes,  and 
rt-faeapa,  growing  to  a  height  of  one  or  two  Teet, 
(  amall  white  tlowcra,  and  Itcrriea  wbicb,  when  ripe. 
Pig.  119  abowa  n  catting  of  the  plant,  with  Hovori 
,  "tbe  borrlea  and  leave*  of  thia  plant  hiivc  been  eaten 
t,  and  have  given  riae  io  aymploma  allied  tu  thoie  uf 
fDuOBt  plaoed  il  the  bead  of  thia  chnpter — ayroptoma 
J  Irrilotiuo  (nnnaoa,  romiting,  colic  |uiii»  and  intenw 
1  eonbtitl  aymptoma  (delirium,  reatleuneu,  couiu!- 
Ae  apaama,  and  extnimn  dilatation  of  the  pupil). 
ptoaa*  ar*  well  deacribed  In  two  c*«>  died  by  Tardini 
ngDA  who  laoertainod  beyond  donbt  that  tbey  were 
)•■*«•  at  the  wiUnum  aigmm. 

Urns  batwwii  S  and  7  F.h.,  two  clllldren,  3J  ynar*  'if 
•  laava^  and  about  aght  o'clock  began  to  abow  aynip* 
iMuing.  One  child  ^od,  the  other  recovered,  in  thn 
Jiod  thcic  waa  pain  Id  tba  belly,  gridoally  Inereaainit, 
Ui  by  name*  withont  vomiting,  tliea  reatbBHicBa 
J  detb^um.  Thoae  aymptomi  iiicnM««il  tilt  (owanla 
whon  UiH  chilli  w«a  ao  rcHtlcwi  and  doliriuua  a*  [u  be 
illy  ktpl  ia  bviL     When  aeeii  by  M.  iXagnt,  lie  funnd 


f  "  -n  '  ■-■  i;;:; 


*»•»<*, 


■ajnit  rited  U  not  ttee  ttnm  tbs  auBpicion  tli 
Uuk    barrita  of   tbe  «>!uinra    nigrum 
e  eaten  nt  tbe 

TT.  BOUICTX  TCDKROSVX   (Ika  Polalo). 

The  berriei  oT  tbi*  plant,  and  ^ oung 
•hoot^  poKaw  poiHrnoiu  iiTDparlau,  and 
Ibe  berries  hnvu  proreil  blul.  In  lliu 
MN  of  ■  joun^t  lidy  )uc.  li,  reported  I ly 
Mr.  Horrii,  of  Merfard.*  there  wm  greiit 
rertUanieai,  mxiaty,  and  jactitatiaD;  the 
■kin  wig  lirid  and  covared  with  ■  cold, 
olammjr  penpira^on,  tbe  reapjraliuti  linr- 
ried,  tlw  pulse  verj  qaick  and  weak,  I 
j«w«  oontraclcd,  the  tpeech  Inat,  the  ( 
tODpie  covered  with  a  dark  brown  innis 
ftiri  and  tba  patient  coiutaiitl  j  ipnt  a  vlacid 
l_fcth  tbrough  tbe  dowd  tmth.    She  diud 

,   Sotuili  {Sola»iiu). — This  alkaloid,  Dot  being  u>ed  aa  a  medi- 

*  «  or  pnion,  is  chieU;  interestiog  as  tbe  actire  principle  of  the 

liigram   and  dulcamara,  and  of  tbe  potato,  from  the 

■  and  young  ■I100I1  of  which  it  is  obtained.     It  is  sold  ai  11 

R  pewdcr;  bat  mny  be  extnicUd  in  the  farm  of  deljcattt 

r  crjrttals.     It  belong  to  tbe  group  of  olkalinili  which 

'a  oolour  by  cold  (ulphoric  aoid.     It  sisamei,  with 

a  briifht  jellow   tint,  chsngiog   to  broivn  when 

I,  and  anumii^g  a  darper  tint  of  brown   when  heated. 

chuiged  in  eoloitr  b;  nitric  acid.    When  heated  on 

Un.    It   diaeolours,   melti    slowly.  ^^^  ^^^ 

alt  a  demo  ripour  whlcb  hat  the 

ir  of  bsknl  apples,  aiid  awelli  into 

jdaiit  mbon.     It  inUime*  at  4! 

ir.,  and  dwpodts  on  tbe  glass  disc  the 

BduracterisUe     long    needlei,    virioiul^ 

«d  and  lutorlun],  ■bowo  in  the  in 

i  fignre.     It  it  iparingly  soluble  ii 

r,   bat  Mluble   in  aeid*;    whihle  ir 

I,  but  liuuluhle  or  sparingly  sain- 

I    In  beniole,  ether,  chbmliirni,  1 

inflltHilaohDL     lu  liquid  rsactuios  are  *  '"' 

itiy  of  •  negative  eluneter ;  it  yield*  no  precipitate  with  nuwt 
f  the  reagent*  tliat    gi*e  nbumlant   und  often   chaiacteriiljc 


I 


'  •BrlliibMrilLo! 


».  V.  1 


5-(S  c&SfmoB.  \ 

iryttali  with  Mvcral  oUieT  kikalcridi.  Froni  iU  Bloihiilic  nlititt, 
uid  u  mliilnt*,  it  it  dcponted  u  delicate  ii««dl(«  i  ii—iil  iiJ 
JDlirUFtd,  or  ranting  frtmi  a  pmnt.* 

EtfftimeaU  m  Animal*. — The  BCtioii  of  ■aUmnc  i^  nqoM 
iDvatimiiati.  Accflr^ng  to  the  rvMsrchc*  of  Clann  and  aHm 
Urge  dowi  of  nlamne  now  TOmitiiig,  qaickenlng  of  Uk  rafn> 
tioo  and  drcoUtioii,  and  B  parcai  of  the  lower  eiMriliK. 
Dealb  oocon  with  eimtivelv  wf«k  atul  npid  pal*,  al 
oconotull}  witli  oonmlsoiu.  EipeiimcuU  OD  man  han  Aon 
that  it  hw  ■  dtDilar  rSict  od  the  drralatioD  uul  reiiunlic^Ml 
aiwHdrr  (kin.  nusea,  tnd  ^nat  prostrstltm.  It  doMDDtlMt 
diUtatko  of  ilw  pnpiL 


TfaU  RUtSDcr  ii  deddeill;  jhbiodoiu,  bnt  baa  unl;  promt  bid 


iVoprrfin. — It  a  a  calouiioi,  tracilucfnt,  i 
RtbdAur^  of  a  tough  teitore,  strong  and  peculiar  odooT.  »i 
imogral  yet  (not  taitc.  It  llaaU  on  water,  in  utiidi  it  il 
ifaringl;  lolDUe,  eraponlta  at  eommon  t^mperaUm:^  ad  it 
depoottd  on  [ml  Hiriucs  (u  oa  the  iiuide  1:^"  bottle*)  in  rtjitA 
tl  i>  naiU}t  diocilred  h;  alcohol,  ather,  dilorcJoiin,  anil  tt« 
TolatiW  and  fiinl  •»]).  II  imparts  Ha  peculiar  odour  to  ^  b«lL 
WImd  taken  ai  a  poiaon  it  it  ntnallj  in  Ingnuaita,  aod  kiif 
fparinglj  (dohle  iu  tb«  contetila  of  the  itmimcli,  wtnild  be  wi^ 
identifird.  If  Hmhui  in  fpirit,  it  may  be  lepanted  by  tU& 
lation,  and  tlinnrn  down  bj  the  idibtloii  of  water. 

Sftrpiomt.—Jhttt  be^  with  langaar,  gid^ne^  rtimiiiw  rf 
viBoD.  aDd  eoDfbuoii  of  itittJkct.  followed  bj  deprfjcu,  intnikf 
tioD,  or  violent  ^llriam.  CoDTnlmoiti  alio  oocnr,  apeuaOjt  ■ 
cUldiao  j  Rud  tbvre  is  moch  fidteroent  of  the  drcnlalki^  with 
beat  uf  aliiii.  fluihni  bee,  buiried  pnlae,  and  £Ut«l  pt^ 
BeMraj  takta  plMe  after  a  lonjc  deep  litep. 

In  a  can  pviai  by  lOingcIUiffer  (abatiwX  in  •  Lonl  JUL 
Recn'  *ol.  i.  p.  C6i\  a  woman  took  30  gimua  of  ouuphor,  ai 
inunediatelT  oampUned  of  giddiness,  nliidi  rapidly  liii  iwarf. 
feDowcd  by  beadacbft  boming  pain  in  the  itomach,  — ~-fnlH^ 
ad  gT«at  thirst,  and  Ibmucatian  in  the  eitremitiea.  Six  howa 
afler  ibo  nil  eeen  with  pallor  and  mldncv  ol  tb«  6k«  i^ 
tnitiea,  and  uoaS  and  irrrguUr  palae.  The  gidiSniv  ani 
IT  had  pasKil  awaj,  hut  tbcrG  »»  caoMant  moTeoMnt  rf  iW 
^      Xeit   da;,  troder   the    iutlueniv    at   t 


isskSTue  CB0C1T4. 


540 


r.  J.  C,  Bellamy,  of  Plyroontb,  aiiomunicalad  to  ms  the  follow, 
int  of  tlie  edict  on  bimsulf  of  twentj  grains  nf  inmphar 
.  in  apirib.  Uiddltiem  name  an  olioagb  innaeJ'iBtel;,  be 
»  chair,  had  a  wriea  of  Bta  of  nDi.initroIliib1e  laugbter, 
Uiow^  bj  eitreme  fiiintneH  and  crnrnpi.  Tlieu  ensued  nmrly 
oooiplete  paraljriii.  tbe  roice  beini;  reduced  to  tlie  fainteat  whiaper. 
Ttiia  itate  contioned  Kreml  hoar«,iLnd  loft  bebind  it  groat  debility. 
The  miud  niu  Dot  affected.     (0.) 

Poif-morlem  Appearanrei. — Theae,  aa  obaerred  in  aniauili, 
an  iDflamaiatioii  of  tbe  atoniRcb  and  bowels,  injecCioa  of  the 
■nemfaranei  of  tbe  btaio,  and  inSaniiniitiDn  of  tbe  ariuary  piuagea. 
Tbe  odotir  of  tbe  poison  pervade*  the  whole  body. 
.  SmatUit  fatal  dmt, — Twenty  ^mina  have  produced  aerious 
~  BiplDmB  in  ui  adatt  main,  and  thirty  gtaioi  have  lulled  un 

frat  eigbteva  mouthaold,  in  aeven  boiin. 
I  JVwafmmf, — Thii  condats  in  the  prompt  use  ofemetica,  roUoH-cd 
a  a  purgative.    The  discliarge  of  the  o 
ii  atomnch  ii  generally  followed  b;  spoedy  relief. 


I 


LOUim   TBMVLENTUU. 

with  hjdnwhlorio  add,  and  tlien  ihituig  the  liquid  with  ether 

which  halJs  the   poimn  In  aaliitiaD,  and  deposits  it  u  crystal*. 

Thii  methoil  )>u  boCD  pnctiietl  witli  tatx^a  by  Mr.  Langlej.* 

ExptrimaUi  o*  AnimaU. — The  leading  lymptoini  caused  ia 

imsli  b;  pierataiine  ore  vamiting  and  cooTutiioiu.     In  Tablrita 

It  rebirdi  Che  pulle,  quiclfiiis  the  breathioK,  and  caiuo  opia- 

nnd  coavaliloiis.     Roebe  bu  carefully  inreetigiited  itt 

frogi.      In  tliem.  afWr  a  abort   interval  of  gtiUiieaa,  it 

itanic  ipaiias,  imil  then  clonic  CDDVultious  of  a  moit 

marked  obaractvr.     A  peculiar  inflated  condition  of  the  luogi  ii 

produced,  due  to  a  sort  of  inspiratory  telanm, 

ittribnted  to  irritaUija  of  Ilia  medulla  oblangalo. 


The  aeedg  of  tliii  pbinC 
liied  with 
used  (or 
4i*UUatiDD,  or  ground 
o  door  for  making 
nuL  Whvn  to  used, 
Dy  may  produce  marked 
nplomi  of  poiuning, 
dodiag  beat  of  throat, 
idaehe,  giddinets,  stag- 
ring  aa  if  bom  intoxi- 
ilou,  itroag  tremulona 
mamU  of  the  Umbi, 
paired  *I«lan,iymptoau 
odlapK,  and  Tomiting. 
4  anneied  eagraving 
lw«  a  cutting 
iHl,  with  an  enlarged 
irer  (c)  and  vertical  lec- 
n  of  thif  toed  (c). 

I.  roiBOiiors  FCNtti. 

riu  fVingi  coiutitate  ■ 

ge  daa  of   plant*,  of 

ileb  wme  an  vaUin  with  imimnity,  except  by  a  few  penoua  of 
Iteuliar  onutitntiun  j  and  many  more,  habitually  eaten  on  tlio 
JoDtinMit,  ar«  now  recuiumeudal  for  use  in  England ;  while  othen 
'i  loutai  DiuDaroo)  are  srtccmcd,  or  known  to  be,  [loiionoiu. 

Tlw  ijmpUmt  of  poiaoning  by  fungi  ore  very  variable  in  the 
'  '  PlunBa»iiUii»l  Jgumal,'  ISiSt,  p.  277. 


time  at  which  tboj  appear ;  aometiniea  coming;  i 
them,  in  otlier  coMa,  after  aa  interval  of  einile  haw.  Mid  I 
Litea]li(aiity-fbur,oreTCiitliirt;-»i,haun.  Noraretli 
alwajrt  developed  in  the  tune  order.  Car  sytaptonu  of  i 
the  DlitaeDtarj  canal  tometimes  precede  the  nerroa 
•omotime*  follow  them ;  uid  in  the  Mme  group  of  i 
will  (oSer  from  inteatinal  irritntioD,  other*  from  Dmoni  i 
toin».  The  lymptonu  of  irntatioa  cantis 
throat,  nanwa,  heat  and  pain  of  itomach,  painfnl  rt 
vomiting  iritli  or  without  purging ;  and  the  nerrooi 
headache,  ^ddinen,  dimnew  of  right,  illuuon*  of  (M  matt, 
duliriuin,  and  coma.  The  qfrnptomi  caused  bj  moat  of  the  poiBBda 
fnngi  oRen  ran  a  mpid  course,  without  intenttiaBOD  or  rditt  ad 
death  miy  take  place  tvltliin  Iwenty-fbur  honrs.  One  [uitoBaw 
fiiiigac  (ninanita  muicarin)  appears  to  prodaee  tht  p'i-""f  '*■ 
loiicatioa  of  Uie  Uagliing  gu,  and  ta  in  oee  amcvg  ttt 
native*  of  Kauucliatka.  TLu  urine  contains  the  actire  priac^l^ 
and  when  drank  hy  others  cnnses  the  Uke  feeling  oT  intniiatiab 
From  this  Aingvs  Schniedeberg  hiu  iwlated  an  olkalcdd  odd 
nrntarM,  wliioli  i»  aolable  in  water  and  ilcohol.  anil  spariii|l;  '■ 
chloroform, but  not  at  all  in  ether.  This  alkaloid,  when  gitm  tonB 
in  pinioaoDS  doses  ((MXJS  to  0*004  grama)  cause*  incrowed  turn  rf 
tears  and  nliva,  expnlnon  of  eicreta,  contraction  of  the  paf% 
a  slow  pnls^  dyspiura,  and  death  with  slight  con¥ixUons,  D 
exerts  a  specinl  action  on  the  heart,  cauaing  it  to  stop  in  theMtf* 
of  diastole.  This  effect  is  attributed  to  irritation  of  the  inhiUMj 
sppanitus  of  the  heart  itself;  and  this  effect  is  coontenetsd^ 

Tlie  pojl-mortfpt  appearanfti  coDsst  in  inflammation  ud  its 
ronsequonon  in  the  stomach  and  bowels,  and  of  cougeatiaa  cf  lbs 
Imln  with  wiftening  of  ports  of  it. 

The  IrraimrHi  consists  in  the  prompt  use  of  em^tia  of  eanglM 
salt,  followed  bj  a  lull  dose  of  castor  nl,  and  the  free  "*■="«— 
of  mudbginous  drinks. 

Diagnotii, — The  distinction  of  pirisanoas  and  esculent  An^  is 
less  easy  thso  might  bo  n-ished.  With  the  eiceptioo  of  tba 
common  Seld  muihroom  [agaricut  eampeilrit)  and  of  the  palT 
hall  itgeoperdon  giganlemn)  in  its  early  growth,  while 
a  oonipBct  whitu  t«aturo  througbool,  tlicrc  ore  few,  if  > 

ioDfp  which   the  common  people  can  be  trusted  to , 

fl'om  poisoiiotig  ones.  Even  when  the  two  kinds  are  coninsted  in 
charts  faithfully  drawn  snd  eoloarcd,  some  care  is  needed  to  ifis- 
tingiush  ea«  or  two  of  the  speiies  from  olhera  which  naemUe 
them.     Nor  can  the  g«nmiJ  rules  that  have  been  laid  down  tat 


roiaONOUs  f 


GS3 


m  diitinatian  at  the  one  ckus  from  the  other  be  dopenilcd  on. 

lulgLir  test  of  the  tllvor  ipoan  wbiuh  U  suppcMod  la  be  ilU- 

1   when   boiled   with  po'Kanom   ftingi.  is  quite  uwlon; 

it  mH]'  nnre  to  indinkte  deoonipoiiUon,  and  the  fonniitioD 

'  aDlphureltnl   hydrogen.     The  IbllowiiiB  goaenil    preamdoiw 

ny.  howerer,  be  obecrred  with  advantige : — RigectiDg.  to  b«^a 

~i,  bI]  fangi  that  liitvs  in  omineiitly  olTenuve  and  repuluTO 

,  and  tlnse  wtacli  present  green  or  icHrlet  oolonn  of  uniuunl 

iritliBnejr.  those  aba  should  he  diMllowed  which  have  a  Intter. 

Ktyplic  ta*ta.  burning  and  parching  the  throat;  thoie,  too,  that 

liHVi-  *  liiHd   hne,  and   ainune  Tarioug  colonrs  wb«n   broken  Or 

farui*ad ;  thoie  again  which  rapidly  deliqueace,  or  yield  a  "  ipioad 

whatever  hue,  and  whether  changing  colour  or  not. 

I    Hiae  mtc«  aboqld  be  obterved  by  the  ignorant,  tuul  not  bo  broken 

rilbout  cnntion  by  tho  bettor  informed.*     In  the  cooking  of 

L  Aingi  the  Tree  uie  of  ult  and  vinegar  ii  recommended.     Some 

^sohitita  poiaonon*  Diuttera  are  also  dispelled  at  the  bcriliog  tem- 

ratnre^    It  may  be  well  to  add  that  wholeaome  faugi  liave  been 

d  throiTgh  pr^ndicHi  or  in  coowquence  of  tlic  occorional 

^^  itiou  of  (ymptonii   of  indigistion  by  stale   fiingi,  or  by 

PlhoM   which   oalte  ■  compnct    texture   with   tho   ptoHnce  of 

■itrogen.     The  onmmoii  mushroom,  so  liirgrly  euton  in  Euglaud, 

"it  r^ttotrd  in  Italy. 


of  Umkiler 

)d  tbo  uoluured  cliiirts 


J 


ou. — Cbtarafami  whetlier  awnllowod  or  inhided  pro- 
mpUnnB  roaeoibUiig  those  cmucd  b^  ether.  In  the 
ue  it  niao  Aiuve  gjmptoiiu  of  irriUut  poiauiiiiig.  The 
of  the  f  upour  cause*  >t  first  a  eondition  or  ■tupebction, 
and  then  a  kind  of  delirium  characteriied  bj  ihoating,  laoghing, 
■inging,  and  violent  itriiggliiig.  The  circulation  and  reipiration 
are  quickeii«d,  tho  &ca  Suihed,  and  Cho  pupils  contracted.  After 
this  stage  of  cx^^iUnieat  sleep  conies  on  wilh  muscular  prostration 
and  aoffiatheua,  slow  pulse  uid  rcsptr«tiQn,  and  pole  face. 
The  miucolar  relaialion  tlien  hccomps  mure  complete,  the 
anasthena  more  proround,  and  rellcx  eicitabiiity  is  abulishml. 
The  palse  is  slow  and  irregular,  the  rcepirstion  stertorous,  the 
face  livid,  and  aolcus  the  administratian  ii  stopped,  death  ensues. 
The  rapiTHtion  usuiilljr  ceasea  first,  while  the  heart  oontluues  to 
best  a  little  longer. 

'^tb,  boweier,  in  manj  cases  occnrs  quite  suddenly  at  an 

']  the  administration,  either  before  or  just  at  the 

tt  of,   ■  surgical  operation.     The  modes  of  death 

t  cbkmfonn   inlmlation   have   been  the    subject   of  much 

Higation,  anil  still  rvquirv  cluoidation, 

o»  Aximali. — On  aninmU  chlnroform   produces 
Ilinie  ill  man.      Death  uppenra  to  nsnit  from  its 
J   «BM     on    the    centres   of   rc3[HrBtiau    or    uirca- 
SoDMtiniea  the  heart  is  Grit   aOiKted,  at   othor  times 
is  the  first  to  oeasc.     ParalyHS  of  the  heart  seems 
ur  when  tbe  rapour  is  adminiBtercd  not  sufficiently 
d  witb  air.     U  baa  been  ebown  bj  eiperiments  that  ether 
■  tmdimey  to  affect  tbe  benrC  than  chloroform,  and  Ihere- 
t  ha*  been  preferred  as  a  safer  ansMthetic.    Sodden  dcalli 
■  dltorafami  is  probohlj  due  to  reflex  stoppage  of  tho  heart 
ji.     Tbis  may  be  broogbt  about  by  irritation  of 
J  br«tichM  of  tlw  fiflb,  caused  by  the  vapour  (Hering), 
I  nay  be  nsated  by  irritatiuu  of  sensorj'  nerves  when  an 
'ion  V  wmnienml  before  reBei  excitability  ia  sufficiently 
4  or  Kiinlllilatad  (ISranton,  liicbardson). 

t  Appearmea. — In  many   cases  the  appcarancta 

^nae  of  aspbyliiu     The  odoar  of  clilorofurm  is  percoptibla  on 

■ng  the  body.     It  is  especially  observable  in  the  oerebrnl 

~  p  heart   is  frequently  collapsed  and   flabby.      In 

^  of  sudden  dcatli  the  heut  may  be  found  in  a  state  of  fatty 

tknuetimes  bubbles  of  gas  are  observed  in  the 

Tlieir  Moct  nature  is  not  determined.     The  pcat-mortcm 


■ 


F    B  TUB  ATE    0 


503 


bfrOMW 


HI  or  the  rtipirittion,  orcircaltilion.  orfmm 
nnrcoai*.  or  in  taino  aaea  »  ihort  Cime  after  taking  tfae 
Bi  (udden  itoppngo  of  the  hcnrt. 
tmemU  tm  Animal'. — Hydrate  oF  chloral  prodacai 
ffMti  ritnilnr  to  those  in  inan.  In  t«xic  dosoB  it  cnu 
coma  uiil  luuntbniR,  and  L-ads  to  diutb.hj'  paralj^si* 
htion  "nd  reipimtion.  ll  lower*  thii  toinpmatnrB  ii 
lie  degree. 

Mrtnn  Aj>pfarmcf$. — These  exhibit  nothing  rli»r«««r- 
taiQBlljr  tlicrc  i*  congMlion  r>(  tlio  laugi  and  moningee  of 
ki  The  blood  ii  uiil  \sy  Richanlean  to  roa|(ulit«  Im 
hin  luiutL    Tlie  oduur  uf  the  drng  inaji  bu  jivmivvd  ia 

'3}ot*. — (Jnnudcrable  unccrtaint;  cxiiti  at  U>  what  naj 
|>d  a*  a  pdwmcnii  daw,  on  account  of  aouia  unexplained 
b?  In  the  action  of  the  drug.  A  eaae  i«  reported  hj 
H'Fhil.  Hcd.  nnit  Snri;.  Kfp.,'  1871)  wliorc  3  grain* 
kdiiatbora  diildaycer  old  in  10  lioiin.  Tiiirtj  gTsina 
■Id  alann!ng(]rmpton»anddegth  in  the  case  of  a  wumau 
ity  (rnll*r,  •  Uncet,'  March.  ISTl,  p.  S2G).  Beynuldi 
btwr,'  Maieli.  1870)  rcUla  a  cnw  of  nearly  fklal 
|fton  45  gniiiii.  Wntaon  ('Phil.  Med.  and  Snrg. 
«  when!  80  (Erain*,  given  in  lO-grain  daee^  orer 
If  8B  hoaiK  nearly  pmred  laUI.  Jolly  ('  Cvntialblatt  f. 
■  ■  ~  ^  p.  304,)  givei  two  Kitil  iimm  of 
f  lij  S  graminra  (77  gralni).  Iloch  patieuta  had  heeu  in 
>  of  taking  tha  ainie  do«  fbr  »vcral  evsningi  pre- 
I  both  died  in  n  fuw  minulra  afbcr  tlio  lait  dau. 
land,  mceb  larger  doaei  haie  bren  pvtu  without 
1  eSect*.  Aiidie  ('  Pracliiioner.'  1871,  p.  127) 
iCi,  one  of  doliriucn  treuivnh  where  lOO  and  ISO 
r«  rIvmii  and  MnolhcT  of  miinin.  where  130  grainii  wure 
b  Uw  only  (ffccc  of  inducing  prolonged  ■twp. 

a  ate  paperi  by  BiclMrdaHi  ('  Ued.  Tlia«  and 
|kun)l  Himtnnd  Watkina  CUrit.  U«d.  Jonm.,' Feb. 
"^     ■    --         -•(■eUIS7I). 

a  quartar  of  an  boar  to  tm  lioun,  oi 


ar.--Tlia   treiliuat  li 

mncli   the 

■mo 

a*  tbat  of 

»nini(.     He.... 

•bonld 

be 

BlloptfC 

of 

routing    tbo 

■tiDnUnta.  Ac 

Arl-flcial 

r«tiinl 

y  tw  necca- 

njccllw. 

of 

l^V<-lll>i 

liai. 

U'm  ri-oom- 

*^tmm.w^lF^M 


m  a^yrMBa  rfa 


ft  a  aad  in  MifaMft.  aMh  ftr  A.  10. 


CARBOLIC   ACID.  5G5 

B  medidul  dose  produc«  irritiilian  of  the  itamich 
,  with  giJdinen,  headache,  nuil  drawiiaoss,  Two 
a  nogk  dote  har«  killed  an  sdult  in  ihirtjr-gi):  hours. 

tl  or  S^—tl  oil  (amjrlic  aloobol,  potato- apirit,  oil  or  grain) 

'1,  diitingiiiihcd  b;  iU  pocoliar  and  diaagrceable  odour, 
latc^  nod  irriUtiag  vapour,  acts  at  an  inebriunt,  whether 
or  inhaled,  caoiiiig  headache,  gidiUuesa,  and  uta^geriiig 

f  Dipptl. — This  aDimal  oil  is  the  product  or  the  ileitrnc- 

&aa  of  hartibom.  bones,  and  other  animal  mattera. 

•  proved  fotal  in  the  human  snbject,  bat  ander  cir- 

>  wfaieti  have  prevented  a  ftil]  dneription  being  given 

ims  oGcsatoned  by  it.     Vomiting  was  present,  and, 

in  of  the  bodj,  thi?re  were  nmrka  of  irritation  at  Iha 

h  and  bowel*,  and  of  atrong  cuirosive  uutiou  in  the  month 

ir(.a<ipJ/io.— Thi»  ranlt  of  the  distillation  of  ooal-tar  has 
'stal  to  ■  bo;  twelre  years  of  age.  It  waa  taken  in  tbp 
«  at  three  uanres,  vvi  death  happened  in  less  than  tbrec 
The  finl  symptoms  were  those  of  intoxicatioD  and  furiaux 
I,  aoon  folloHed  by  insensibility,  sturtorons  breathing,  and 
to  I  then,  alter  partial  recovery,  following  vomiting,  freah 
>*  of  collapse.  Four  dsy*  al\er  death  the  body  was  per- 
*ie  peculiar  odoDT  of  the  poison.* 
\e  And — Phniol. — The  widvapreud  use  of  carbolio  acid 
!■  knd  as  a  diwnfeetsnC  has  given  rise  to  many  cases  of 
poisoning  from  internal  administration,  as 
r  fatal  result*  ^m  cutaneous  absorption 
n  or  woanda  dressed  with  carbrJio  acid  lotions, 
dd  is  met  with  in  commerce  in  a  crude 
m  of  a  dark  liquid  of  a  peculiar  odour,  and  contain- 
iportion  of  lylic  and  cresylic  acids.  In  the  pare 
le  Girm  of  colourless  acicular  crystals,  which  flue  at 
Blj  delii|ue*ce  on  eipoanro  to  the  air.  It  is  slightly 
Br,  to  which  it  comrounicates  its  charocturistic 
II  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  glycerine. 
tacbolio  aud  is  recognised  by  its  odonr.  When 
'  ■  slip  of  deal  dipped  in  it,  and  iflerwardi  in  hydro- 
'  exposed  to  the  light,  becomes  of  a  greenish-blue 
ion*  perchloride  of  iron  strikes  a  violet  bluo 
:e  teat  U  the  pule  blue  colour  which  is  pro- 
in  is  treated  with  a  qunrter  of  its  volume 
id  a  dot  of  chloride  of  lime  added.     This 


I 


■'LaaECt,'l(i£«,  |i-!30. 


J 


Sjfmplontt. — When  the  poUon  is  n 
anitia  eflccts  and  ■  bnming  minlioii  1 
ilomseb,  followed  rspidly  bj  vertigo  and 
Thii  pnasea  into  n  atate  of  dqcodsc" 
with  complete  mmcular  proatntiai 
res|ii  ration,  raplil  and  fecUe  puke,  uid  lo« 
Vomiting;  ii  rare,  and  convnUioni  are  e» 
U  marked  contraetion  of  tbe  pnpil.  T( 
perceptible  in  the  aecretiooi  of  the  Doa 

Potl'taorletn  AppearanetM, — The 
iDontb,  (^«r7pbl^ftu,  and  atomaeh  are  pal^ 
parliall;  dcUcbed,  and  nmrbeil  by  local 
capillarj  bsmoirhage.     The  mailu  of  I 
the  lipi  and  chio.    There  is  coageitioD  ■ 
brutes,  congation  and  icdenui  (v  eiii[A 
congestion  of  the  abdamiDBl  viac«TB.    Tiu 
at  other  times  empt^  ;  or  the  right  nda  I 
Tlie  blood  is  dark  ami  lemUBuid,  or 
The  organs  of  tie  bodj  eihale  the  o 
particalart;  eriilent  tn  the  anbarachmnd 
tricles.     The  nrine  in  the  bUdder  ii  0 
tbt,  and  baa  the  odoar  of  the  add. 
Tirine  U  due  to  oxidation  product*  of  ca 

Jbinl  Don. — Dangeroui  ■ymptomi  ht 


a-BENEOLE. 


JVWoJ.— A  few  miDutd  (Tajlor).  8  li 
I  (Oiploii),  ility  boun  (Zimm). 

Imeni. — The  itanuirh  shDnld  be  emptied  by  emetica  or 
ifc>iaeeh.[)niDp.  Olive  tnl  hu  been  reonmmendeil  ai  ui  anti- 
HiuenMn  itoMa  Cb*t  the  moaC  eSdenC  anUilott  u  tbe 
irafa  </  Imh,  nude  b;r  dinalving  16  parts  of  lu^r  in  40 
tar,  awl  Mlilltig  5  part*  of  omatic  lime.  After  three  ilaji' 
ion  tJie  miitiire  ii  to  be  eTaporsted.     It  is  to  be  given  in 

■Bofa  or  Btmiite. — Thii  is  ■  iimpid.  coloarleas  liquid,  of  low 
le  pwity  (0-85).  with  a  peculinr  and  not  unplcaiant  odour, 
fit  ITT',  and  giving  off  a  hLglily  inflttrnmaf 
Maolnbleiii  water,  and  bang  nn  excellent  aolvent  for  utrj'cbnia, 
Wd  (owpareteit  from  ita  tolutloas.  Ueing  nt»o  n  aiilTent  of  fita 
I  oil^  it  ii  largely  naed  for  romoTiiig  greday  ataini.      Both  tlie 
IT  posaeM  poisoooiu  properties. 
U  (iiiCn>-benzmc,e»enoe  of  mirbanc). — Thli  product 
ie  M)d  nitric  acid  i«  a  tlitn  cdly  liquid  of  a  pale  yellow 
k  with  ■  (weet  taata,  and  in  odour  lo  nearly  reveinbling  that 
T  ■Itaonde,  that  it  ii  olten  anlntituted  for  it  in  amfec- 
.     It  ii  alio  largely  uted  under  tbe  above  title  of  casenc^c 
itirbaiu,  in  peTfamery.     It  ii  distin^ished  from  tnl  of  bitter 
1«  by  atroag  ■□Iphuric  add,  whieli  givea  «ith  it  no  change 
or.  but  with  the  oil  a  fine  crinuon.     It  baa  been  shown  to 
•  vtty  active  and  fiital  poison  both  by  etperimenta  on  animali, 
rf  by  WTeml  dealba  in  the  hnman  aubject,  ranied  by  awnllowing 
■  Uqoid,  by  inhaling  tbe  vapoar.  or  by  the  two  combinnl. 
t.  Lctbeby,  in  1SG3,  commonicated  tt>  the  Royal  Society  a  vnry 
ttlng  paper  on   puiioniDg   by  thii  liquid  and  by  aniline,* 
D  wbicb  wu  learn  that  both  liquid  and  vapour  are  moat  active 
1  MlergetJe,  yet  imidiaiia  poiaotti.      In    anlmtiK  the   poiMn 
rapid    cuma.   or    paralyiia  and    romn  after   a 
f  period  of  inaction.     lu  the  human  nilgect,  the  inbalation 
f  Um  diluleil  vaponra  (aa  in  manuractoriea  of  nitro-Uinnine  and 
la)  giiei  riae  to  headache  and  drowaiuesa;  but  when  the 
ir  ia  leaf  dilul«l  or  the  poiaon  ia  iwallowed,  there  is  flrat 
lllir—.  then,  after  a  time,  flmhing  of  tho  facf,  a  itnpid  ex- 
■KMiou.  and  all  unateady  ^t,  aa   if  from  drinking,  followed  t>y 
Bmvaiing  drowriueaa  and  then   by  coma,  sudden  as  in  a  tit  of 
ay,  and  continaing  till  death.      From  the  taking  or  inhaling 
Ktf  tbe  puiaon  to  the  coma  about  four  boon  clapae,  and  Hve  bonra 


56S 


VIIBO-GII 


from  IhU  till  ihe  acatli.  ARm 
Urid  lip,  geoeral  falmas  of  iba  va 
•nd  SiiA,  tlw  livET  of  ■  pnupW 
that  niCio-betiiine  and  uiiUiw 
etcrting  UUle  irritant  actioo  od 
time*  acting  and  killing  qnicklj 
(br  a  long  time  ;  that  bj  oxidaA 
oWigcd  in  Uie  bodj  iuU>  aniliM 
mauve  or  maKeiita.  Ttiia  lottar 
the  mrbCG  of  the  body ;  and  it 
Tlie  chBrncterialic  odour  and  cim 
m  identlfj-ing  tbe  ptnson  ai  ll 
beimne  a  separated  hj  ilialiUat 
aUghtlf  acidulated  with  sulphnrii 
tho  inetliod  of  procedure  oonn 
ceutlcat  Journal.' 

HUro-gfycerim-. — This  rabttM 
pnrxmnca,  is  n  powerful  poiton. 
nesB,  uncoDEcioasneia,  general  inni 
coDrulstona, 

It  nmy  be  obserrcd  of  all  the  1 
tint  they  poBBns  hi);hly  cbarac 
umong  tbem  an  odonr  which  ena 
La  the  oontenta  oT  the  alimeatai] 


w 


^Hrf^l 

^fl 

CIUPTER                                   ^^^^^H 

CONVULSIVE  S.                   ^^T^^l 

NCX  VOMICA 

STRYCHNIA.  AND  URUCIA,                      ^H 

■  klknloid  f  trychuia 

U  tbe  chief  actiTO  inaicdieot  in  tereml            ^H 

it*  that  Iwve  the  comoKui  property  of  giving  rlie  to  BymptoniB           ^^| 

Uv  to  tba*e  of  teta 

nu.     It  ia  (Mnorallj  found  iritb  auother           ^H 

-*'""■=■               1 

■  of  hot  dimate. 

be  SCiTchno*  uui 

dci.S.  ]^i>tiii.S. 

W,     8.     toiifcm. 

ReolutrinH.  Tlie 

irduKB       DUX       Vfl. 

^^^            1 

V  parla  of  IdiUh.  J 

ID   CvyluDi   U» 
IgnatU    ill    llifl 
Upptna       ItlxtUb, 

^^F       1 

■■  ■  tree ;  tlie  S. 

t^  ill  JaVD.  nil  > 

BcUnibiDgabnib; 

""^^C  VByJn                  ^^H 

S.   toiiAin  i*  . 

re     oT    Guiana; 

^^   ,  „   ■ 

the  8.  colubriM 

m  u   >   treo   Id 

ly  part*  °f  ^^*'>- 

^j^^N^J  ^  L*^^       ^^1 

catting     of    tlio 

ina  vwni™.  with 

■eeiiun     of     th« 

1     dujwing     th* 

127. 

^^^^ 

>  th«iiiii nnJ    liliikh^M 


•MM^    ^^wmOmmti^^  amy   m    hi|    I  a^^Kij 


■  -  -     -   ■    ■    -^ '  -■-■-  -■ 


M*  ^Bt  >f  irM?  1  i-nii   -a-  ;sn  ir:^^^  iBi  »  • 

f*  |i«ralf  Ire  nltnaiiint,  ml  is  voe  *iia-  A^aa 
fml'ii  WM  1 1 ■»•■  lA  ilnlh  ia  tcnc  ia^iBtii. 


sulounJ  froit  or  the  site  aud  shape  of  a  lui^  appli 
J  kiecirviiUr  ioontljae,  aad  var;  id  thiekoeBa,  anil  iasiw  Irom 
:  of  ■  ihiirmg  to  that  Of  a  florin.  Tbuir  edges  ne  nmiided ; 
•  •tirfBte  is  conc«ve,  the  other  oonvei,  or  oonVPJi  in  the  centre 
S  daepljr  grooied  near  tbe  mnrgiti  oi  in  lig.  123.  A  liorizontul 
B  bw  the  ippeonnce  nhowQ  in  Bg.  129,  and  n  vertical  leo- 


VOMICA. 


671     H 
uri?e  hodIb.        ^* 


m^- 


I 


D  diipUji  a  circular  eentrnl  cavity  and  licart-iUaped  oinbrjo.  ai 

B  Mg.  ISO.     ]iy  intrudurinic  a  slmrp  knife  at  the  projecting  point 

hiMrii  in   Eg.   1S8.  tbe  sved  mi;  be  e»aily  deft  so  ■■  to  dUpla; 

tta  aahtjo.    Tlw  aeecU  have  an  eitvrnal  coating:  of  liglit  bronn 

f  hurt,  ntliating  From  the  centre.     Tbey  are  lo  hard  tliat 

I  cnlj  be  reduced  to  povticr  hj  nuping  or  tiling.  Wlirn 
■  tlM  lathe  tbej  jield  a  white  ibaving.  The  interior  of 
pii  vhit«  or  ilato-coloured,  and  of  a  waxy  cnnsistcnw 

II  ■  rich  orange  colour  with  a  drop  of  nitric  add,  and 
•la  the  perchloride  of  iron. 

B  powder  of  the  seeds  hna  tbe  colour  of  jalnp  powder,  a 
;  odoor,  and  an  intense  and  peraiitent  bitter  taste.  The 
m  siOty  Gbm  whicli  coat  tlie  not  are  seen  in  large  numbcn 
>r  Ifae  miiTosnipe,  and  aro  very  ditdnctly  defined  when  treated 
I  '■rith  a  drop  of  itrong  nitric  add.  Tbe  watery  aolution  of  the 
I  pe»<br  i*  rendered  pink  by  nitric  acid,  and  green  by  the 
I  pwehlotide  of  iron.  The  powder  contains  tlie  alkaloids  strychnia 
I  and  faruda  in  onion  with  itrycbnic  or  igamric  acid.  The  quantity 
of  •tijclmia  bai  been  varioudy  estimated  at  -t  and  at  10  parte  in 
■  1000. 

Tlie  Mtmcl  ii  readily    recogniaed   by  tlie  rich  orange  colour 
iparlfld  by  nitric  iiciii,  the  lake  coloitr  iIi'veIo|>eil  by  salplinrio 
Id,  and  the  transient  blue  tint  given  by  tuipburic  ai^id  and 
bichromate  of  potaab. 

Sfmplami. — Tboae  of  poiaoning  by  rtryclinia  j    comluDed   in 
■onw  nun  with  irritation  of  the  alimentary  canal. 

Commmieemrnt  <ff  tij/mplonu. — FroBi  five  minnles  to  an  boor, 
or  area  more,  according  to  tbe  fonn  in  which  it  is  given. 


iTi 


obliqnc  pTines.  Whon  obtained  from  Bolutinae  of  its  soils  bj 
addltitiQ  of  lii|iii>r  ammaniio,  or,  iCilt  better,  by  expo«uru  to  ita 
vapour,  thej  proetit  nnder  tlie  lem  or  -pie.  ini. 

microsoope  threv  lending  farma — the 
long  rectHngular  prism,  tbe  ghort  lieift- 
gtmal  prinn,  or  the  regular  octahedron. 
From  a  gronp  of  cryitala  obtaiued  bj 
eupoiing  a  drop  of   a  «olotion  of  the 

BOetat^  of  strychnia  to  the  vapour  of  ammoniti,  tlie  forms  ahown 
in  tig*.  132  nnd  133  have  been  telocted.'  The  crystals  in  tig. 
133  are  long  foar^ided  pritiais.  itolated  or  in  stellate  groupx,  with 
B  single  ootithedroD  shown  in  onntact  with  one  of  the  prisms. 
The  crystals  in  %■  133areeJCber  tegalar  octahedra  or  modilicaUoni 
Dftbe  same,  or  short  iii-iided  prisms  i  nnd  there  are  one  or  tucodo- 
iecnbedm,  rhombcndal  and  peatagunal.ai  wcU  as  plates  of  difierent 


R^lSJ, 


t,  and  among  them  one  of  the  deep  trian^Iar  plates  lo  com- 
non  insorocspedmensofnrspnionsiicid.  TheoctabBlra»fillbere- 
logniswl  in  the  several  points  of  view  in  rliich  they  preaant 
^liemselioa,  on  referring  to  the  account  given  of  the  crystals  of 
irvenioua  acid  at  p.  409. 

Slryehnia  has  an  intcnael;  Utter  aod  very  penittent  taste, 
vhicli  is  stated  to  be  distinctly  perceptible  in  solntioni  eontainiilK 
me  grain  of  tho  alkaloid  in  a  gallon  (70,000  gruins]  of  water. 


1  require  fi 


a  aolntion 


itryolinia  ii  so  iototuble  v 

ipwards  of  7000  times  ita  weight,  Dt  6tl^"(onB  pr«in  in  abool 

iinrteeii  lueiuured  oodcqii),  and  2500  times  its  weight  at  213^. 

iVomilej  givea,  as  the  reault  of  many  experiments,  one  in  8833 

la  of  water.     Bat  it  i*  more  or  leai  solable  in  etber,  alcohol. 


TWT*.  676 

(mrplc  of  tho  lunlWr; :  wul  3.  The  brig:ht  clear  r«d  of  the  awcet 
orimico.  or  thcto  culuun,  wlicn  tb«  T«aetion  it  Dormal.  and  tlio 
colonr-ilovcluping  lulaUintK  U  at  once  (tirred  into  Ihe  tuiA 
lii|Uor.  tlio  Amt  biU  fnmi  Iwir  ■  miunte  to  rorty-fiva  leciiuil^  llie 
icooiiil  (titi'iir  0111%  two.  or  three  ininulo,  mid  Ihe  lliirti  fur  MViiral 
bCHin  ur  liujk.  So  Unt  it  it  not  of  ■  were  fliwh  of  ootour  tliat  wo 
(peak  when  dewriloDe  the  cohrar-toti.  but  of  s  mccwuvo  chui)^ 
c^  roloiiT  that  can  be  delibnvtely  watched  and  rekdily  tvcagaUrd. 
Tha«  tati  all  give  high);  aaliiliicloi^  rMolt*,  bat  the  mut 
delicate  it  the  pemuiigmmite  of  puluh.*  SoinwiuolieiD  rernm- 
manda  tlie  weiiiiiiixiJe  of  oerium  and  luiphurlu  a<ail  u  a  teat  for 
ttijrehiiia  of  grcKl  dclieac;.  Employed  in  tika  niDe  manner  at  the 
I  «bw«  teat*  It  oKum  a  baantiftil  bloc,  whleh  pMaea  tlowl;  iuto 
L«Icditt,  and  Itually  into  a  vlierry-rvd,  whid)  laata  ■  hmg  time 
^Ardii*  der  PharniKne,'  ncili.  268). 

,    TbD  coloar  teMa  ti«  equally  applicable  to  erpUlUDa  apota 
~"  lined  by  evaporating  aoliitioni  of  the  alkaloid,  or  of  ita  aalti; 
met  with  the  grealat  delicflpy  aixl  oertainty  od  tlia 
la  [irwenUy  t«  be  dawrihed. 
I.  (klnuki  ColoQr  Teal.— I'liU  alia  is  appticDble  to  a  cryMal 
I*  of  alrj'ohnia,  or  tu  a  depont  of  tbe  alkalirid  fV«iii  Ita 
>     Flam  a  ilruji  of  a  ■oliitiiiii  of  itrjchnia  [my  one  part 
Ikabiid  in  10,000,  or  ev<-n  SO.OOll.  of  water)  into  a  nip- 
1  dipraaaioD  in  a  piece  of  platinum  foil,  and  allow  it  to 
Whm  dry,  tnoliilen  tho  aput  with  a  drop  of  conran- 
^mric  acid.     Conncvt  the  fbil  with  the  pnillre  pole  of 
It  cell  of  Orore'aoT  Smee*!  battery,  and  then  tounh  the  arid 
h  Uie  jdatinum  terminal  of  the  nqtatinE  pole,     iu  an  iiuttunt 
*  t  oulODr  will  ftub  out,  and  on  reoioritig  tlie  palu  IVum 
Uie  tint  will  remain.     (I^>eby.) 
*  IM  ^  S»blimatitni.—T\iJ*  taat  alio  la  one  of  extreme 
easy,  ■ncrardlntt  beat  with   aueb   minute  iiuantiUea  hb  the 
lb  ilawn  to  the  y^J^nt  '^  '  srain.    The  larger  ijuantiiy  will 
1  llfl«ni  or  mote  aiHWCMive  lubiitnatiai  the  imillcr,  at  Imt 
Utdlatinel  tablininte.     The  luimrr  iiihlimala  fmm  the  laritrr 
inlJly  will  aliiu  yield  ehanuiterielie  •econdary  ■iibliinalw.    Liko 
t  nkiar  lata,  thl>  ia  appllnble  to  the  ulkalmd  aa  de|xitit«d 
n  Ua  aalQtioiw. 

I  of  proMdnre  la  tbnt  daerlbed  and  figured  at  p.  405, 
f,  SO.     A  fhiginvnl  ufcrjatal,  oraapockofpowdiT,  iipUivdona 


I 


I 
I 


HiolUIevllulk|ii1dC<tnia 
ir '  PhanntnnillDal  Jiititnal. 
«AaaBluiniiiUT«pap*ib;  lOr. 


ti  nw  ■tryvhnlt.  Bod  re 


STETCHNU. 

clan  drj  tmcible  oover,  in  the  centre  of  ■  ring  of  gba.  I 
gU»  duk,  or  micTOcopiE  lUde.  U  ^ried  anil  heated  is  Uw  (n 
of  tbe  >|UTit-laaip,  ind  placed  tni  tlie  ring.  Th*  flan  k  tha 
applied  to  the  porcelain  till  its  temperatnre  U  ooiuiilaiUf  nad 
when  a  mist  will  a|>prar  n  lh«  ^ 
''  <Ii«k,  and  upon  tfaia,  uoe  bj  nw,  mm 

mitk-vhiti'   tarcDlar  spot*,   mBBii 
dittinc^  orciiBl«9dDg,  ar«  Mm  to  fan 
,    Tliew  are  of1«n  crjktaUine,  u  ■■) 
tbe  naked  eye.  Bud  in  gnod  FpMM 
hiiva    ttic   appesnDoe  ihomi  m  I 
1:11.        Similar      ^ipeimira    «i 
itliough    ka»  uniformly)  in  th* 
iiiatn  of  moiphia,  and  thtj  al 
'    alrODg  premmptiaii  of  the  prM 
stri-ditiiii.     To  mich  a  mliliinate  u  is  here  ihoim,  an^  ■ 
lo  mblimatta  thit  are  matii  lea  cbanetPriaUc,  the  a 
HA  well  u  all  the   Uqnid    tests   which    give    good  n 
strychaii,  or  ita  nluUoiu,  may  be  applieil  with   conSdefW*.  1 
parta  of  liie  mblimate  which  are  lea^t  chantcteriitic  ibja 
chiMcn,  and  to  thcw  the  KTenl  reagent*  ahoold  be  appG 
anccevicm  onder  the  inicrcs^ope,  the  more  cluractfriatic  er 


When  Ihii  rablimation  ii  condaeted  after  thp  manner  iaaV 
at  p.  407,  ttrjchniH  ii  fooDd  to  remniii  UDCbanged  op  b>i  ■(•' 
peratnre  of  aboat  315",  when  it  will  begin  to  yield  (abTaU 
At  130^  it  melte,  and  rontinuea  to  yield  subUmatM  tiU  ll  fe 
uihinuted,  and  reduced  to  a  rnrbonaceoiiB  flim. 

The  lublimatei,  emmlned  under  the  mjcroacope,  * 
fbrmi.    The;  may  oonoft  of  draps,  or  warioK  pattom^  a 
or  diicoloorcd.  u  if  imoked;  but  tbe  greater  number  wrt  ■ 
or  len  crystalline. 

Fl«.  IK.  Hg.  1» 


StrfiLIMAtES.  S77 


ably  )ieDt«it.  amiitt  of  characteriitic  iwlited  cry itnls,  suirh  lu  ue 
olitflineil  from  liquid  •olatidni  (Gg.  IK&J,  or  tliej  muy  coutMiD  Boob 
cryitalliiie  forms  at  are  depict^  at  a  and  b,  6g.  136. 

An  Bmorphons  centre,  with  pcnni- 
(prm  or  UtticS'BliBjied  border  in  not 
QDConimon,  und  it  nuy  be  atatcd 
generally  th«t  whils  the  inblimatei  of 
morphia  (Rg.  107,  p.  525)  arc  inude  , 
up  of  carved  lines,  those  of  strychnia  , 
eooaist  (aa  in  %  137)  of  lines  either  | 
ttrufcbt  or  alightly  cnrred,  with  pu- 
nllsl  featbery  lines  at  right  anglei. 

In  the    coarser   erIUt^   the  dark 
■poffl,  or  feathered  crystals,  mentioned 
M  oooairiiig    in   the   iublimate*    of 
BOtpUa  (p.  6W),  are  oflea  to  be  seen  lying  on  the  slide,  or 
prqjacting  trom   it.      They  preaeut  inch  fortas  as  are  ahoirn  in 

Tbe  inblimiites  of  stryelinia,   then,  as- 

miw  m>  many  forms*  that  they  are  not  in  '__ 

UMmselrsscoiicliuiveof  its  presence  j  but  it 
■tiiBatety  happens  that  tiivre  it  no  foroi 
Udoes  not  give  with  certain   liqaid   tc- 
mta  Hsnlt*  which   prove  the   eiistence 
Jrfti^clinla  beyond  tbe  reach  of  doubt. 
f  In  t]ie  flnt  place,  as  already  slated,  tbe 
;  on  the  sublimate  with  ci 
I  so  that  to  a  small  spot  am 
itiDg  of  the  xnia,>  °^  '  K™"  ""  ""'■' 
-"»  may  be  applicid  with  ease  and  ccnainly,  uiiuiiuum  drope  of 


1 

I 

I 


Fig.  in. 


pig-  no. 


ID  of  like  dolioaey 
i  by  toocbing  tome  jioc- 
tun  of  the  sublimata  vbicb  hsp- 
pWM  to  pttBcnt  the  laait  clinrau. 
UrUtio  qipeBranee  with  a  minimum 
drop  of  an  aqueous  •oIdUiiii  of 
wrbatotlcarid  (gJT)).  Imuicdlatrly, 
or  Id  a  tew  scconils  or  roliiutes, 
nnall  round  greenish  bnwn  spots 
ibow  thumaalrea,  which  spread  and  oflen  coilesee,  and  beinme  tbe 


^SS 


BHilMetUwSajalllkaoaeoplaal  Soelft] 


STBTCaxii. 

of  delicate  irhnrcaceiit  erystaliine  groaps,  rad  m  m 
_    j-.a-- J delicacy    in   figi.  139,  \4(^^ 

It  wm  ba  ahmmi  tM 
the  elemeDtvy  Ibrin  in  lO 
lh?w  figurn  iBihookixha. 
or  large  lectiaii  of  ■  mill  as 
rle.  Thii  ii  a  rare  lin.irf 
ut  emia^ntly  chknctnA 
rsBction;  anil  it  ii  on*  «tiA 
I  propora  with  moUoia  ■ 
K  Icat  foi  atrycbnia  )*A  fe 
liCHte  Bod  ttfe,  ud  pnM^ 
pvculiar  to  thia  alkiloil    It 

■lured   with    very    tew  Mk( 
Bubitiuieet. 

A  third  reaction,  alifki 
botli  delicate  and  of  unifonn  oeenrrtmai,  ii  that  a-ilh  th«  Nlbr 
mate  of  pabuli.  Ad  aquemu  (olutioo  of  tbii  tmluuitt  jL 
[whicli,  when  dry.  diipUys  llj»  tf 
rate  arboreiceiit  &yna  dc^tW  B 
Ge-  102.  p.  619)  oftea  iniwal^ 
ouaty,  alwajj  ipeedily,  derdopa» 
lated  jellow  plates,  g^unllf  tqan 
OT  oblong,  or  groupa  ■neli  u  «l 
shoflniufig.  148. 

lliij  reaction,  t«o.  a  eJUus  peds 
to  etryclinia,  or   likely  to  be  ftart 
wilh  Ttry  few  other  mbMaMa,* 
^^        jj     ^V^K         Thew  itBtemont*,    tbo«^  wit 

&I^^39bA*    with  caution  ttud   ■■« 

mV^r  ■  VV    theliM  (ouudL-d   on  e 

lamo  iu«tiiuce«  orten  rej 
a  Inrge  nuniber  of  alkaliNds  and  analogous  acUvs 
Bat  it  Bhoold  be  borne  in  mind  ttiat  tike  (tibl^ 
tba  alkalmdi  mnat  needs  resemble  tlioao  of  tb«  itrapK 
pdsoDi  as  well  as  cryitals  deponted  rnim  solutions,  in  bsilf  N^ 
jvot  (o  groat  variety  of  fomi,  u  well  us  to  success  and  bUm^  II 
should  lUso  be  underrtood  that  the  evidence  of  tbe 
poisons  is  alwsj's  camuLitive,  and  that  objevtiona 
to  almost  ei  '      '" 


Fig.  1*1 


» 


m  soLCTtoa. 


In  the  COM  of  this  test  of  BublimatioD,  the  evidence  would  bo 
of  this  kind.  A  spock  of  a  white  powder  ur  crystal  believed  to 
be  itTjicliiun,  or  a  minuto  deposit  rrom  a  Bitlatioa  in  chlorafonn  or 
brnmU.  or  from  a  lolutlDli  of  a  wilt  uf  itrychuia  oeutralized  by 
the  viipours  of  annnoDia,  \$  tublimed  in  the  minner  deKribcd  at 
p.  vy?.  The  temjipnitiirs  of  the  tburidomaUT  riKt  gmdiully 
beyond  £00°,  S1Z°,  210°.  and  £H0^,  at  which  ovmaive  >ublimBte, 
caiithnriditu^,  calamal,  and  uuiiiou*  add,  reapectirely  sublliiie; 
■nd  bejond  the  melting  point  of  tho  other  poisonoas  allialaida, 
tlU  at  or  about  3i5'  it  yield*  a  auhlimato  or  aubtimatcs,  mclta 
«t  480°  and  >till  yidili  mblltnitw  till  ut  length  it  i>  oihnuited 
and  raduoed  io  a  obarooNl  iput.  Now  all  the  alkalaids,  and 
uwlogou*  active  prindplei,  liqaefj  atid  tablime,  nod  leuvc  a 
depoait  of  carbon;  but  no  other  among  the  poiMinoaa  nlkaloidi 

morphia.  But  thi*  tabitanca  under  oxperiineut  yieltti  the  white 
tied  (oblitnate  deicribed,  and  dcjuctcd  in  fig.  Vii,  and  in  Uiia 
ritb  Either  ■trychnia  or  marphli;  and,  when 
by  the  microecupe,  *how6  the  cryatalline  formi  that 
ber  to  tiie  fcrmor  than  to  the  Utter.  If  now  we 
I  «ibliniat«  to  the  colour  te«ta  fur  ■trychmu,  it  diiplayi 
typical  Mcceuion  of  oolouni  and  if  the  ilighteit  doubt  or 
iving  oonld  remain,  there  would  itill  b«  in  nuerro  the  rcmark- 
.  and  probably  quit«  cbaraeteristic,  rcaationi  with  carbazotic 
■ad  bidironiatc  uf  polnih. 

£.  in  SotuUoa. 
I  for  extnu.'tiiig  ttrychnia  from  orgniiiE  miiturei 
aiwn  not  aa  aii  iiquoiHU  tolution,  but  diMiilted  in 
or  chlorafonn.  The  itrychnia  ao  held  in  aohition 
b^nowed  to  depoiit  itaelf  on  a  glua  diik  or  alido.  cumiued  b; 
w  iidemoup«.  and  tben  mbmilted  to  tlic  aciiaD  of  the  variuna 
me  or  mure  of  tliaao  deponita  bo  Ireateil  with  dilutv 
a  (oluhla  amtats  uf  ttrjcbnta  ia  fonned  to  whii>b  the 
a  may  be  ap|ilied.  Auuniing  this  ]irocedure  to  be 
1,  tbo  form  uf  th<  dtipoeita  fhjm  the  aolutions  of  nrychnia 
6  rther.  twn*o(c  ond  chlorofbnn  will  flnrt  be  di-acribed.  and  then 
'  "bt^iuical  twta  on  the  aolution. 

,    hrtuaU,   and  cktortfform.^-a.  /a   ttitr. 

•-■■  UDually  luaatno  dviidritic  turmat  but  it 

:>  and  funrHuded  priimi.     h.  In  bntole, 

-.  <  iiiiia  in  bmiaule  aomHImea  leavea  on  avapoi 

^imt  brilliancy,  dittinetnea*.  and  pBrtnanenM- 

a  abort  ilx-aidvd  jiriiin  ti  the  provailbg  form  \  but  Uiangulai 


I 


PUTSIOLOGICIL  TEST. 


SSI 


whivh  fietils  K 


Fie.  i«. 


1  many  well-niirkwl  reactions  nith  the  manj  ti 
uiai    [inve    at   different   timm  boeo   reuom- 
mended.* 

Aa  Uie  tcaU  for  >ti7Clinm  aro  nlso  (esia  for 
tbe  alkiiluiila  and  Analogouk  urtiTfl  principl^i 
it  niAy  be  well  to  *taC«  what  tb«H!  testa  are. 
ThaK  nanally  named  aii  indioiting  the  pre- 
MHOe  of  an  alkalmd  bj  throwing  down  ■  |ire- 
dptete  fnna  ita  aolution,  are — tannic  add, 
the  iodu-iodide  and  iodo-hjdmrgjTate  of  po- 
taantun,  and  the  phoiphO'mDlybdate  and 
nitro-praaalde  of  KidiDm.  The  nilpbocjauide,  chroraate  and 
Uchromate,  (errocyaliiile  and  ferricjftnide  of  potaa»ium ;  the 
dikiridB  of  mercorj  (lYn-rOBive  aabiimati!),  the  terchlnride  of  goid, 
and  the  biohlarida  of  platinum,  with  the  teKgniclilaride  of  iroD;  also 
bnnuns  in  bromohjdtlo  acid,  are  largaly  nted  b;  thoK  who  endea- 
T  to  dntmg;ui)b  the  alkalindi,  and  their  BnaIo)fuee,  the 
" '  1,  bjr  li[|uid  reactioni. 
■  With  nolntions  of  the  lalta  of  (trjchaia  thcw  reagents,  without 
ion,  yield  distinct  predpitatei,  laoit  of  which  auuino,  either 
speedily,  crjatalline  fonns.  SometimeB  the 
la  allow  themulvn  aa  the  fint  cSeot  of  the  oontavt  of  the 
O  Uqoida;  bat  sometimea  they  are  developed  oot  uf  Hooculent 
_  («lalinnua  mawea. 

I  All  theae  reactions  of  atrychnia,  ai  of  the  other  alkaloids,  may 
be  otadled  with  Bdnuita^  in  tingle  drops  of  their  aolutions  placed 
on  glaai  slide*  or  disks,  and  touched  with  smaller  dropa  of  the 
raaganta: — a  rimple  and  delinte  method  which  ought  to  super- 
Md*  th«  cusner  procednre  of  the  teat-tube ;  and  which  haa  the 
a  advantage  orer  it.  of  presenting  evory  change  of  form 
ihle  for  microicopic  eianiiinaUon. 
ig  tbo  foregoing  tcila  it  ilionld  be  borne  m  mind  that 
■  oyatalUna  fimn*  dcacribul  or  depicted  arc  not  nnifbrm  in 
;  and  that  differences  in  temperature,  in  the 
b  of  the  solntion  of  atrychnia,  nnd  in  tbe  itrragth  and 
rf  tbe  reag«nt«,  a*  well  as  in  the  quantity  of  tbe  reagent 
a  to  uodiSeations  in  the  fbmu  of  tlie 

«  PSjItiologiatl  r«f.^This  nunc  hna  betin  given  to  a  lot 
d  by  the  late  Or.  Matsball  Hall,  who  directed  that 
kOr  tonapen  bi  Dt.  Latlub;  In '  IjuihI.'  June  M  isd  Jul;  tl,  ISM, 
«<Tani)a,-a  ■  Jftcrn-Oirailrtlj  of  Pnlieiii.' 

'L^'"  vorlhiFarnDU.sslKBrlnianitiiiinlilwI.lhsI  th>  d^lfaof  a 
""'"*'  "'"  -'iIonniM  Uw  fonn  of  ihe  <ir7i»>  'l>i™ll«d  bj  i;. 


ItmaXi 


VOUDf  ■  onn  «ia  ■  fsn  pcnanicd  to  >uaw  tM  pM^    ' 
ptpMM  nd  1^  ttA.    the  Aia  ot  Om  bog  ibiaU  k> 

tf  anbtfiBaf  oaaaf  thcMlUof  Mi-jctuiia,  or  ■  nktiao  it 


MiiBnof  a— af  thcMlUof  Mi-jctuiia,  or  ■  MDB 
. .  O*  abliid  itarif,  bj  ^^  P>°t  of  Uu  piprtto  u.  — 
tbeba^  lasfcnud  </  tima  mTvng  fiomoa  vMn 
■  to  a  qnutacf  an  boarormnre,  tbe  cbaiacteriftie  Mnb 
aam  wUI  ■)»«  tbcnud*e^  and  will  remr  evoy  tilM  fli 
staakm,  or  tlia  frog  toncbtd  with  tbe  gUt  rod.  In  Vaj 
le  (rag  ottns  a  AtiA  or  oj  njirasie  of  pun.  Wki 
i>  UT^e^  Uk  tifmptaam  dwir  thetnaelTea  almott  IBM*' 
mi  death  takv  plK«  ia  a  lew  miiiDtea.  Wbeo  the  im 
T,  tha  ■rmptona  come  en  afta  bd  interval  of  •  qovto 
ar  or  half  >□  boor,  and  the  animal  nmj  reoaTer.  Tin 
qimplom  ii  gnetallj  whercd  in  bj  a  itiu  </ 
B,  iritfi  panting  ia|nration  ud  pratnu^g  eje. 


3.  In  Orgamc  Svhataneet. 
Tbe  procaM  beat  adapted  to  tbe  detection  of  itTTchnia  in  Ihc 
rantenti  of  tbe  stomach,  or  in  tbe  animal  flaidi  and  tinnra, » 
tbat  origiiullr  rnxmnnonded  b;  8tss,  Ijul  nnn  modifiaj  b< 
the  mbnitBtion  of  hjdrocliloric  add  for  tartaric  add,  ud  ii 
cbloroAxm  or  beniole  for  etber.  Tbe  orgauio  matten  art  fint 
diverted  with  about  a  lenCb  pxrC  of  their  bulk  of  hydrochloric  %oi 
orer  a  wttter-batb,  till  the;  aro  reduird  to  a  fluid  slate.    Thu 


■Lu«l 


.Tuii  19^  ISM. 
n,'  Aiorii  16.  IMO. 


IS  OBGASIC  6CBSTASCBB,  393 

thou  fllt«reil,  and  the  (ulwtBiice  remBiiiing'  on  the  filter 

led  witlj  diatilled  natcr  lo  long  si  it  hoi  an  «iHJ  mction,  the 

infcs  being  added  to  the   filLrstc.     The  liquid  u  then  to  be 

Mliat  conceDtnited  by  emporation,  and  carbonate  of  loda  li 

added  in  tlight  eicns.    The  Uqiitd  it  oovr  Id  be  itrongl; 

«■  Air  HvenI  miuuti;*  in  *  bottle  or  long  tube  with  abont 

ID  dance  of  chlorofonn  (Moan.  Rodgen  nod  Uird«uod)  or 

benxale  (Profenor  Bloxam).     The  ehlorofomi  iMving  been 

lowed  to  eubalde,  or  the  benzole  to  cotlei-t  on  the  (urfiice,  it 

olT  by  a  pipette,  Imnifeired  to  an  ecaporating  barin,  and 

>Ter  a  waler-bnth.     If  the  reridne  left  in  Ihe  buin  it 

colour,  it  maf  be  at  once  teited  for  ttrychnia ;  hnt  if 

mart  be  tnouteiied  with  coocentrated  lalphnrii)  acid,  and 

1  for  tome  boun  to  Ihe  temperature  uF  a  wat«r-b«th,  by 

procedare   all    organic    naatter   eirept    the   elrychiiin    is 

ed.     The  charred  ibbss  ii  then  treated  with  wxter,  and 

on  filtered  to  separate  the  carhoa.     Ammonia  ia  added 

•nd  the  tolution  again  thaken  nith  about  a  drachm  of 

If  on  evaporating  a  miall  portion  of  tijii  chloroform 

acting  on  the  nsudne  with  itrong  talpharic  add,  an; 

take*  place,  the  aanie  proc«st  muat  be  repealed.     The 

Bolntiiin   nltlmatelj  obtained   aflbrda  alrychnia  anf- 

re  fhr  the  applicition  of  the  teet«.    The  colonr  teata 

^ed  to  the  depout  led  on  the  porcelain  alab  after 

;   the  depoaiC  on  glaw  may  he  euinincd  under  the 

I  a  Hilntiun  of  the  deposited  matter  In  dilute  acetic 

he  namincd  by  ttie  aeteral  teats  juit  deacribed ;  and  if 

t  It  at  ail  roiuideralile  (lay  the  tbonaandth  of  a  grain) 

■nhlliued.     By  thi*  prootaa  «er;  tatiafactorj  rcaulti  are 

I  nwdko-legnl  case  cinmincd  by  Pmttaaor  Bktiam,  he 
iolv  lor  chlotofarm,  and  obtained  beaatifal  crjs- 
na  iimilar  to  thow  described  at  p.  579  at  cliaractvrixing 
t  from  a  aululion  of  ktrychnia  in  beoinle.  Benzole. 
Imi  perfect  aolveiit  than  chloroform,  lias  the  twofohl 
intaga  of  being  tighter  than  water,  and  leaving  a  crystaUine 
't  of  a  iDorc  marknl  cbiracter. 

|rdini»  has  now  U-cn  ilctccted  in  the  contenta  of  the  alimen- 

Mimli  in  the  muaclM  and  riacem,  and  in  the  blood  and 

Oay  (•  Cmlnlbialt  f.  die  Med.  Wigeenvh.,'  1867,  p.  40} 

M  atita  to  dirtwt  It  in  the  pona  Varolii,  medulla  oblonplla. 


at  tba  partlmlan  of  an  ■nilnla  b* 


,, ,  _  .—    e»p(*mlwr  M.  ia«>. 

H,'  Anfaal  1,  lM».  In  nbhih  ■  (Unltar  frtxa*  w»  iidu|it«d. 


r*u  of  BcdaMiUir 
«>.  and  'Br,  Ht£ 


h%i  ST&TCHMA. 

■ad  cpiul  cord.     Musil  Bodgers  and  Glrdwood  >bD  ril 
Uuy  ieUdted  it  in  the  btmei.      There  ia  no  longn  u;  n. 
dmbt  that  Krrdiaia,  like  urMale^  Bntimonj,  aad  macnrj^M 
gos  Docbsnge  in  Uip  nliineotsrj  canal,  in  tbe  ti 
or  in  Uie  wnMii^  oi^nu;  bat  that  it  can  be  delected  iSH 
fluid*  aad  titioe*  bjr  a  pn^ier  method  of  atialjwi  anfo^ai 
dcilfdllj  oandncled. 

Strjdtoia  doM  nut  appfar  to  anfier  dfcompontimi  lo  bi^  ' 
which  b»e  luider^oDe  pnMeSutioii ;  Ibr  Itiecliher  obti^anl  oi' 
denoe  of  Uie  pmeoDe  of  itrydiDia  in  ti«ucs  mixed  with  obI 
qiuntJtie*  of  the  paitoa  after  eleven  ;«ara'  decompontioo  aefm 
M !■  1»  {5m  Falck,  'Die  Wirknnpen  dea  Strjrduiiiu,'  'Stamr 
lung  Klin,  Tortrttge,"  No.  69.  p.  562.)  I 

Erperimenlt  on  Amiaiait. 
The  effect  of  itrjicIiaiA  on  animaU  variea  with  the  diM  nl 
the  state  in  whivh  it  is  giTeo.  A  Inr^  date  of  a  mlt  of  itTydiB 
in  ■oIntiOD  may  be^n  tn  art  alnuMt  immediutelj,  and  kiD  a  > 
minnte  and  a  half.  A  gmalleT  diKe  may  not  prodnce  as*  dbl 
for  soveral  tDiDutes,  and  death  may  not  eniue  for  twenty  iniintB 
or  half  an  boiir;  or  tevere  symplams  may  be  developed,  uil}« 
the  anlmnl  recover.  The  sjinptoau  that  occur  in  aaiDab  n 
well  showu  in  tlie  foUowbg  inrtuure : — To  a  fall-grown  ha^ 
rablut,  recently  fed,  a  qiurter  of  a  grain  of  aolphate  of  »t«yeli^ 
dlBBalced  in  a  few  drops  of  diatjlled  water  was  giTeo.  ilUi  tb 
lapse  of  fifteen  minntea  the  animal  appeared  eaiily  startled,  ml 
was  trcmnlens,  and  unsteady  on  its  legs.  Soon  afterward!  il 
trembled  violently,  or  ■tart«d  when  touebed;  and  slight  Iml^ 
iugs  occurred  in  the  limbs  on  its  attempting  to  move,  or  wlm  i 
uoise  waa  made.  After  the  lapse  of  eighteen  minntea.  wka 
gently  lifted  by  the  eart  from  the  table  to  the  floor,  it  was  seari 
with  a  violoot  convulaire  paroiyioi.  The  bind  and  fore  \tft  wm 
rigidly  itretched  ant;  the  eyes  protruded;  the  breathing  ■■ 
ilifilcult:  the  pulsntions  of  the  heart  nmld  not  be  (minted;  li* 
lieail  and  tail  were  drawn  barkwanls,  a>  if  by  a  tight«nrd  bo*- 
■tring,  » itb  ovcasioual  slight  inlervalt  of  relaxation ;  and  in  tUt 
■Cata  it  died,  two  minates  niter  the  commeoMment  of  the  omnl- 
■Inni,  ami  twenty  minutee  alier  taking  the  pcuson.  Immadiaidj 
after  dMth  tile  whole  body  wns  flaccid ;  but  it  speedily  itilhDecl, 
■lut  the  (bra  iimba  altered  tbeir  position,  and  were  rigidly  atrattM 
oat.  In  vi^bt  niiaatea,  nhite  the  body  was  ctill  wann,  tl* 
uusohi  w»p»  rigid  over  the  greater  part  of  the  trunk.  On 
laqwdtintc  tlie  body,  tb«  Innga  were  found  collapied,  and  (f » 
bligbt  r»l  colour;  ttu  heart  oontained  blood,  chiefly  a      ""^^^ 


STMPTOMS.  685 

h  mdm ;  tbe  blood  in  bU  oClier  parti  of  tbe  body  wu  liqaid, 
d  UbtIc  Doloured.* 

nrljall  ani  mail  are  iflvcted  by  atrrclinia  in  a  similar  mumer. 
)   kards,   and    purticnlarly   bens,  are  less   iuai;pptible  to  ita 
n;  and  a  apenea  ofBloth  (Chala-pna  HoSuiaDnii)  leems  to  be 
■  m&cted  by  it  (Patera,  in  Kelcbert  and  Dn  Boia-Kuymoad'a 
1,  p.  755).      It  is  aaid    ttidt  Home  monlioyB  enjoy 
nity  hvm  tbe  paiionoai  cffecta  of  atrycbiiia. 
P  Vh]g*>  aa  ha*  heea  itated,  are  very  aeo^itive  to  tbo  action  ai 
~   '    '   ;  b«iire  Uwy  are  commoiily  luDd  as  delicate  pbyaiological 

a  ipeciaDy  aflecta  tbe  apinal  oord,  tbe  reflcr  exdtli- 
^■hich  it  mormoiuly  increuaea.  To  Oiia  i<  to  bs  attri- 
■•uilalion  of  the  tetanic  ipninia  on  tbe  alighteat  aeniotj 
Iso  Kema  to  stimulate  tbe  Tnao-motor  centre, 
u  or  ibe  TiMela  aod  increaaed  blood  preasnre. 
Hflw  remit  either  of  aapbyila  froia  the  flutiou  of  tbe 
jff  Um  cbwt  and  interference  with  respiration,  or  of  the 
■  cf  tbe  nene  centrca  from  eiceaaive  activity. 

"     in  and  Fraaer  have  ibown  tliat  tbe  action  of 

li  entirely  altered  when  it  is  converted  into  ethyl  and 

*  ititatian  compounda.     These  oiuse  general  njoacular 

ply  spedfloJIy  acting  on  tbe  ends  of  tbe  motor  nervea, 

»  uactly  the  same  effect  aa  corara. 

■ntrroHS,  rosT-uonTsu  iffeasikoes,  and  trbatubht. 

Sfrnptmu-^ia  a  few  minutes  to  an  hour  or  more  aAer 
'lowing  ■  Hiibstancu  whicl],  if  in  solotlon,  nonld  have  a  bot 
MkI  inlenatiijr  billet  taate,  tbs  aymptomt  of  poisoning  set  in  with 
•  t^eHog  at  suflbration  and  compbiint  of  want  of  air.  Tbeae  feel- 
laga  H«  soon  followed  by  twitcbinga  of  the  muKlea,  with  ctampa 
•ad  Jerking  movemeota  of  tbe  bead  and  limbs,  which  shortly 
beeonia  hmghtened  into  tetanic  eonvotuooa.  The  arms  are  fleied 
■•d  tightly  drawn  acroaa  tbe  chest,  tbe  leg!  fombly  extended  and 
widaty  tepuated,  and  tbo  feet  often  turned  eilber  inwardi  or 
ootwuda,  the  bead  bent  back,  and  tbe  whole  body  arched  so  aa 
lo  raat  on  tbe  bead  and  becla  (opUliotoHot),  The  moaclea  of  tbe 
■hiVnnTti  are  rigidly  contracted,  respiration  ii  suspend^,  the  pulM 
b  rtrj  rapid,  tbe  face  is  livid  and  congested,  the  pupil  (in  tbe  dt) 
i*  omiiiUy  dilated,  the  oym  prominent  aiul  staring,  and  the  features 

■  Far  an  ■cconnt  of  tfata  nperiment  on  animals,  and  a  CDlketion  of  •STSrsl 
OBC*  In  tlic  hDmaa  sulyHt.  wlib  an  nuninatloo  uf  Ihn  cue  of  Falma,  ass 
Vt.  Trior's  Ea«7,  n[riliiicd  Dnm  Iba'Sni's  Hospital  Baporti.' 


\J 


Dat  in  tbonhs  f*d.    D«Mb  from  hyMeria 


ktrjrdnua.  It  ondergM*  do  diange  when  tba  tdd  lolatioD  a 
ed,  but  wbcD  heated,  it  Ksume*  «  deeper  tint  oT  jellow 
•trychnin.  It  is  >t  once  diitinguiihed  from  4<r<fchDik  by 
it«nic  red  ouUiuT  which  it  ttriluv  with  nitric  acid — ■  colour 
down  to  a  bint  toKe  tint  wbeo  tbu  brucia  or  tbo  utric 
add  it  preteot  in  vin^  nnall  qnuititj. 

Brnda,  when  bested  on  white  porcelain,  melts  eaolj  into  spile 
liquid,  darken*,  yields  a  deiue  vapoar,  and  awell*  Into  a  moderatelj 
■bondant  carbon.  It  givea  an  odour  ai  of  burnt  horn.  When 
toeatod  in  the  manner  described  at  p.  407,  it  molu  at  itCP  Pahr, 
■ad  ntiUmei  at  VXf.  The  lublimata  are  rarely  crjatalliue,  and 
am  not  Bharvcteriatic.  A  lolulion  or  carbaioijc  acid  (r^) 
dviehipea  in  tbe  anbliniatee  root-Uko  forma.  It  a  more  ■alnble  in 
«at«c  tlian  MrychniD.  liightl;  aoluble  in  ether,  very  lolnbla  in 
■leob^  chloroform,  and  benzole.  Ita  aqneoui  ulution  hu  an 
Ibtoiady  bitter  taate.     With  adds  it  ronni  aiiita. 

TitU. — a.  Kitric  add,  ai  juiC  itated,  imparta  to  brucin  and  it* 
Mlta  •  rich  red  colour.  This  red  aolatian,  it'  warmed  and  allowed 
to  oool,  i>  changed  to  purple  by  protochloride  of  tin,  and  bleached 
ij  an  rtrraa  of  Ihe  aalution.  l.  Sulphuric  aciil.  followed  by 
bmlKmate  of  potash,  dnvlapes  a  red  or  reddish-brown  colour. 


la  lbs  qnlckneaa  aud  beauty 
of  ItlMMCtiinia  wilh  li<]<iid  tesU 
iinly  to  atrycb- 
;.  148  shows  H  gtonp 
la  nndsr  a  low  power 
wlcroaooiic  IVom  an  acid 
a  of  brnoB  with  a  Kdo- 

sublimite      ;f' 
I,).     Boalt*  of  rare  bcautj 
"  '    4  with  red  iiroiuate 


Fit- 1»- 


prflceilod  by 

I  J  in  otban 
IT  th»  njutclM  uilnuling  to  tiime  of  n 
Itb  bj  ■lilii«tt, 

)^, Urynen    and        •  «■  '- 

^/'ehethroot.hOBcl-  [^  "     ^Tl 
^OM^    UlUtcU  ind  p»       ^^  I 

«:,^«- in  II.-  ....  ^         ^ 

_Evsv      Into  n^fn't.  %3    ^ 


I   IntermtttiDg,   . 

k  «  ptitce  luaaUjt  Dun  pornlyBii  vf  tlic  mpinitofy 

^B>«ni!1<r  {iTOOmled  by  amvnlnions.   (llicjrwMnm'il 

ca*«l<a,  poidmed  b;  the  Kwnioy  of  the  A' ' 

imJwliUily  tliii  s 

JuuTtiil'  timn  Janmi]  lu 


t  m*  fmg.  imt^'  »«V    AAb  * 


"— --f--ir1rf1r>— r-f  ■iffliiTiiii  i 
iiir^iiin^l»iilnii*mia^iah»»ii 


navMca^rii*  iatel,md  C 


«  ol  to  nmra  lb*  pciMB  ftnt  U*  hmb ;  fcBMrf 


i(C«. 


..). 


Sif^rimeali  on  AnimaU. — Etperimenta  ao  animala  lisvc  been 
■aide  with  Coaia,  the  propertiei  of  which  are  given  below, 
CodU  acta  on  all  olmM  of  Bninuili  u  n  mott  eoergctic  pdioQ. 
Tho  lymptonu  ilifler  in  cotil  and  warm  bloodod  atumiili.  In  froga 
it  caiuea  nniveiwl  poralysU  mid  death  without  couTntsions.  Id 
warm  blooded  oniauUi  the  gait  bwomes  insecure,  and  genenl 
paralyii*  eniuei.  Death  i*  preceded  by  ctunic  convuluoDS.  In 
MW  <rf  Wormlcj'*  eiperiineula,  a  single  drop  wai  placed  on  the 
*  a  lar^  healthy  cat.  In  a  Tciv  sccondi  the  animal  stood 
1,  and  ahowed  an  uniteadj  gait  when  disturbed.  In  two 
'  ea  and  a  half  it  fell  on  its  ^de,  vraded  nrine,  had  strong 
uoua  and  nnireml  tremor,  nnd  died  in  throe  minutes. 
)  mode  of  nctiOD  is  somewhat  dispnicd.  Like  cimra  it 
I  the  ends  of  the  motor  nerves  nod  ofterwardt  their 
It  also  leems  to  have  a  direct  action  ou  the  iiMiial  cord 
[o  which  the  convnlaioas  aud  paralysis  are  in  some  measure 
It  bat  DO  direct  effect  on  the  brain  or  sensory  ncrvea.  In 
le  eapoHments  on  aiiimaU,  conia  hae  been  found  to  occa«ian 
Ic  spasms.     The  pnpils  have  been  diwribed  as  dilattd  and 

b  CbfHis^iVopertiM. — When  pnre,  it  is  an  oily,  »oUtJle,  coloorleai 
~ ;  hut  luina  yellow  and  darkens  by  kecpiug.      It  has  a 
r,  as  of  stole  tobacco ;  gives  a  greasy  [nnk  stain  to 
iring  papa ;  is  very  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  cliloroform ; 

ti  water.     With  acids  it  forms  salts.     It  (nmes 

htli  the  vaixmrs  uf  nitric,  hydroi'liloric,  and  aurtic  aoids.     Like 
■  flted  alkaloids,  it  deposits  carbon  when  healed,  and  yields 
s  with  the  iodide  of  potastian 
rif.lGl. 


504  FHTS0STIQ3U  VBaSMOSnH. 

Teilt. — a.  Sulpiiuric  aoid  catuM  no  immed 
Nitric  add  ileepena  its  colonr,  ami  giva  oat  witb  It  d 
fbmn.     i^.  Strang  bydrovhlorio   RciJ  impurta  a  pale  nd  fUt, 
which  deepen*,  and  learea  groups  of  needle*,     (f.  Iti  * 
Bcting  on  a  drop  of  a  uituliou  of  enrlniDtJc  iciil  (r(B)i  di 
the  crjitnline  forms,  ttg.  152,  contrmted  with  th«  <Ielur'" 
u-Uing  Itoid  ■  (iniilir  reaeUon  with  nicotine  (Sg.  1S3). 
ndd  fortaa  with  it  a  oryitalllne  oxalate  of  ooiiia. 

H.  PKIBOSTIGMA  TBHKHOSDII  (lit  Ordeal  Beam  nf  O 

Thu  Ked  or  bean  of  ths  l^uminoua  plant  Plijaoatigi 
noBum  it  now  imported  from  Weal«ni  Africa,  and  ii  ailnuUl 

the  British   PbarmacoptEia,  to  which  it  sappliea  tbo  eiti 

phj'MMtigmatia.  Its  chief  ate  is  in  ophthahnie  mrgei;,  M  Bb' 
elGcient  means  of  contnutting  tlie  pupil.  We  faaiv  bseon 
acquainted  witb  ita  acticni  as  a  poisou  through  the  r 
Christiaon,  Qeorge  Hwlcy,  NnuDele)',  and  Fnuer. 
wrote  on  the  subject  aa  earlj  as  1855,  and  Dr.  Pm 
liihnl  an  ediauslive  essaj  upon  it  so  lately  ai  1867.* 

1'he  buan  is  ubout  the  siie  oF  a  pigeon's  egj,  and  1 
ahape  of  a  kidney.     It  bus  u  hard,  ihining  shell  of  a  ' 
,,.  oolour,   and   contain 

'*■  ^^        cotjlcdona,   hollowirf  bimI  t 

§^^^^^    as  in  the  HimexMl  il 
^  I  ^^B    1^),   which    sbaw*   Um   ) 
m  I    i^H    'ts  Dutanil  uie  and  with  s 
J 


■ubstunt«  oT  the  bnui  i*  A 
bitterness,  acrimaDy 
obsence  of  any  pro 
attract  atteDtim  or  provB  K 
l>  Buffiviently  sliowo  b;  ■' 
'  Ehat,  ill  the  summer  of  IM 
children  ate  the  b 
pool,  of  whom  one  d 

wild)  lonohed  with  oltTie  m 
a  yeUowisli  browo  wtun  d 
HJih  jieroturiate  of  Iron.  '~ 
a  activity  t 


principle  to  wbich  the   ntmo  trf  phgmut^vii 


>I.  S«.  KillDb.'  'oL  u 


n 


Eirtcn  OK  isiuiLs. 


503 

hich  Uia  cbemica]  properties  Uave  yet  to  be  examined. 

'n  coDtnetiog  the  pupil  is  eminently  cliaracteriBtic. 

nnU  OH  AmiiHaU. — -Dr.  Fraier  doiuribes  Cbtt  eUei.'t  of  a 

of  «  Urge  ito*e  in  terms  of  wbiuli  this  is  Hti  abbrs- 

A  imatl/alal  dote,  given  to  odd  of  tbo  lower  uniuiikli, 

osioni  ■  sllj[bt  tremor,  eitondlng  from  tlie  hitid-quarteri 

I   fore-limb*  Ktil    head,  and   then  paralyiHB  wid  mnscnlar 

_  n  in  the  suna  order.    The  rectum  and  bUdder 

a  emptied.     The  pupils  genemlly  caainu^,  the  breathing 

irreguUr,   and    atertoroui,    and    frothy    mncas 

B  mouth.     Muicdlar  tnitchinga  orour,  uid  ofteu 

H  allet  reipintioii  hiu  ceued,     ReSei  action  ctDnot  be 

St  the  parts  aboat  the  eye  are  inaenaible,  and  on  lifting 

||t|f  the  Ban  the  limbs  bang  inert,  and  a  few  gasping 

ID  death.      Immediately  after  death  the  pupils 

seas  is  evidently  proserred.     Od  opening  the 

are  foand  li>  contract  when  cot,  the  heart  acts 

inteatinee  Ktaia  their  Termieolar  action.     The 

il;  engorged.     A  large  fatal  don  almoet  im- 

■  tlte  hind  legs;  the  animal  falls,  lieu  llaccidi 

cular  power  only  by  a  few  twitches.     The  pupils 

aeretloni  of  the  eyea  and  mouth  are  increased. 

a  cannot  be  produced,  and,  after  a  few  gasps,  respire- 

The  pupils  dilate  after  death.     On  opening  the  body 

r  twitching!  occur,   the    heart  is   found  diBteadcd.  and 

•  irritability  for  abont  ten  minutes.     The  vermicular 
n  ot  the  inteMinei  ia  scarcely  perceptible. 

«  poiaon  has  proved  &tal  to  every  living  creature  on  which 
*  been  tried,  except  the  Esire  moth;  it  is  ■  ptnaon  of  the 
o  which  belong  conia  and  cnrara. 

i«  ellMU  of  doses  abort  of  pirisonous  are  well  shown  in  the 
erimenia  made  by  Cliriitiaon  on  bis  own  person. 
•  of  the  seed,  (ihewcd  nod  iwalluwcd,  acled  In 
jr  minnlsi,  causing  giddiness  and  torpor.  Alter  emptying 
;h  by  an  emetic,  the  giddiueas  sod  wGHkneiu  continued 
a  oblige  bim  to  lie  down.  He  was  found  pale  and 
rata,  with  a  weak  and  very  irregular  putse,  but  tlie  menta! 
■  intact.  Two  hours  afler  taking  the  pcnson,  ho  felt 
',  tod  for  otbei  two  bonrt  fell  into  a  tort  of  conBCioua 
Tlie  symptoms  then  gradually  went  olT,  and  next  day  he 
"  I  well.*     In  the  children  who  atu  the  hcans  at  LiverpoD), 

*  of  internal  irritabon  were  present,  with  coutractod 
1,  pale  faoe,  and  itaggering  gait. 

.'  t^s,  p.  «*. 

^•^1 


I 


UJ  ni-rjuunui.  iieuiv  lu  Miimniui  Dmpwya 
tetanoi.     Cltimitelv  it  aiinitiilat«s  the 
nnd  motor  oerrn.     Bciidca  it*  otiier  eSut 
A  pecniiar  influence  on  tbe  hnrt,  tbe 
wliich  it  (CiiDaliitea.     The  action  ia  ooun 
The  treatment  of  pcusoniiig  by  the  ca 
in  the  prompt  oce  of  emetics,  foUowed  hj 
the  state  of  npiiiE*.    The  ebbonte  eiperi] 
untaganiam  between  phjiBOstigmin  and 
Edin.,'  1873,  uvi.)  indicate  that  atroiua  i 
a  complete  phjsiologioLl  antidote  to  ijie  k 
beat).     Along  with  other  traatmcDt,  then 
injection  of  amail  dosa  of  atiapia  u 
poisoning  with  tlie  bean  which  ma;  pi 

Tlic  Niwtiana  tahacam,  or  Virginian  to) 
nmnj  of  our  chief  poisoni — h  josejamna,  b( " 
to  [he  artificial  das  and  order  Ftntc 
natural  order  AtropaceiB  (fig.  15G). 

Tobaoco  contains,  as  tbe  source  of  iti  aa 
allialoid,  and  a  concrete  rohitite  oil,  knowl 
These  active   ingredients  are  obUinabla  : 
plant,  and  are  contained  in  tiie  iulnuon 
amoke,  blended  with  carbonate  and  acet 


Ho  pnlae  iDtenniti^  Rod  deaUi  takes  place  preceded  hy  rioiiit 
cnnvulaiong.  OccuioiuUf ,  if  the  iluae  in  very  lor^,  deatb  maj 
occur  under  mddea  pniitnition  nod  witbout  couvalatoas. 

The  poimiiiig  n»j  roanlt  from  the  imoking  of  tobacco,  u  well 
Bs  fVom  iu  nbiorpttim  in  nib- 
Btauce.     Muibull  Hall  reUtea  ^'iS'  '»■ 

th«  Clue  of  a  young  man  who 
•moked  two  pi[wa  for  his  Gr«t 
debauch,  mid  visa  *eized,  in 
OMurqnence,  with  naiuea, 
vomiting,  and  ijanpc,  Chen 
with  atupor  and  Btertanma 
breathing,  general  spaims,  mid 
Inieiinble  pupil.  Nett  day 
the  tendcne;  to  fuut  con' 
tinned,  and  in  the  evening  tlie 
■■taipor,  itcrtor,  and  ■pann* 
'nnudi  but  from  that  time 

flOTered      BteadUy-        Otfaer 
Intlion  hare  reported  casea  i 
ice**ive  ■moking-. 
D  edWta  of    tflbacoo   imoke 
e  been  gcnorally  attributed 
he  niootine  itliieh   it  con> 
i  but  Vohl  and  Gulenbarg 
■Itribnte   them  rather  to   the 
final  prodocti  of  cotnbiution — 
via.,  pyridin  and  picolin  ba«n. 
But  Uenbel  hiu  more  reoently 
(tpported    the    gHoerally    re- 
I   that   DDdecom- 
d  nicotine  ic  really  contained  in  the  emoke.  Fatal  reinlti  also  - 
M  Totlow  Uie  introdnotioii  of  tha  lafation  or  smoke  into 
■  bowdsi  and  acrere  efl^cti  have  alto  faUowed  the  abuH  of 
I  application  of  tobafoo,  and  alecping  lurroundvd  by 
Ma  of  the  we«l ;  or  by  nnugglcn  carrying  tobacco  ue>t  the 

a  for  porpowe  of  concealment, 
i   OmiiuiinHnanf  of  Sj/taploiia, — After  a  few  mlnntea. 
I  faliU  Prriod, — Shortest,  eighteen  minutes. 
I  JWol  Dow.— Haifa  drachm  (Copland). 
I  AMf>Mt>r(«iH   AppeaTaHaa. — Not  very  characteriittc.     Tur- 
e  at  the  veaael*  of  the  brain,  and  inlLammation  of  the 
h  llave  been  [bund. 
TWalmtnl, — If  taken  in  subttnnce,  an4  MiA  0;\M;\i«ittA  \(V   1 


I 


^Uw  two 
Wither 
mgenta 
7M4. 


tbst  of  «fa!B  tolaeco.  Nlcotino  is  rolnble  in  wiitcr  anil  in  sltobnl, 
ether,  and  chloroform ^iti  liest  solvent.  Tbe  tbrei^  miner;il  HCidit 
change  tlie  oolour  of  thi>  slkuloid.  With  tlie  vaponn  of 
tbe  two  Tolitile  uidi,  it  yield*  wliite  fumea  leaa  dcnM  th;in  thote 
Vith  coniii.    Tbeaqneoiui  Bolation  Iju  a  ilmried  alkalitie  re 

lUi   ickb,  the  alkaloid   fonna   fixed   inlts,  and  witU   wvenl 
chararteristic  □rj'Btalliable  cmnpannda. 

TnU. — o.  Nicotine  resemblsa  conix  and  tho  fixed  alkaloldi  in 
tbe  eflbet  of  beat,  and  'm  tba  precipitates  which  ic  jicldn  with 
tbe  Bolntion  of  iodine  in  iodide  of  pataaiiuoi,  and 
■oid.  b.  SulpUuric  acid  oamhines  with  it  withont  change  of 
eoloar.  e.  Nitric  acid  alio  does  not  diange  the  colour  of  the 
■]kBloid.  d.  Curroaive  aublimate  throwa  doivn  a  white  depoait, 
wbicb  ii  foond  to  eoniiat  of  well  defined  group*  of  tnuiiparent 
plate*,  arranged  u  fioocra,  winged  inunti^  and  roKttea.  e.  Bi- 
idiloride  of  platinnm  yivlda  a  well-marked  precipitate.  ^.  Carba- 
laHc  acid  aba  fields  a  diatioct  crjritalline  precipitate,  g.  Oinlic 
Bcid  girea  with  the  albalDiiI  ciystiila  of  oxalate  of  nicotine. 

In  aomD  of  theae  renccions  nicotine  rcKmblrs  ammonia.     It  is 
■nSdentl;   diitingniahed   from   it   b;  the  fact,  that   iinnonia 

' '  -Bt  tannic  acid,  and  givea  h  itb  tho  lotution  of  iodine  in  iodide 

potaiainm  a  dark-green  predpitate. 


a  belong*  to  the  artificial  clui  and  order  Pen- 
«  moaagifma,  and  natnnil  order  Lubeliaera.  ft  i>  a  Dative 
f  North  Ameri<a.  and  hai  long  been  mod  bj  the  aboriginea :  it 
tt  leoKtli  became  n  quack  medicine  amgng  the  Amcncan  irregular 
|««titloncr«,  wni  the  mliiect  of  favonnible  notice  by  n  clergyman 
(Dr.  Cutler),  and  of  a  work  by  an  Eugliab  phjciclaii.  Dr.  Kecce, 
is  the  jear  1829,  in  which  work  it  wai  highly  commeodod  aa  an 
fKti-mlhvuilie, 

«  herb  u  nsnallj  imported  in  compreued  oblong  eakea  weigh, 
poand  or  a  ponnd  each.  The  lecd*,  ant  a  powder  of 
'e  iold  by  all  tko  herbalists.  Both  hire  proved  Ailal 
a  in  Ameiidk  and  in  England. 

1  herb  i*  of  a  pale  green  eoloar;  it  ha*  ■  nanaeonl 

id  acrid  burning  ta-te.  cliuely  reaembliiig  ttiat  of  tobacco. 

I  and  odour  ara  believed  to  be  due  to  a  voIaUle  oil,  to  a 

It  alknloid  (lobelin),  and  to  a  peculiar  acid. 

ic  dried  herb  ha*  n  place  in  tlie  British  Pliarmioopona,  and 

1  two  tincture* — the  tiDctura  lobeliie,  and  tinctun  lnba£s> 


I 


I 


ThsKedBua 

8176  to  k  gnin. 

-  inictoKopic  chai 

LobeUa  ii  an 


^  do<e. 


St/nplonn, — ^poeiiy  roniiling  i 
with  beadache,  giddincH,  and  tra 
treinc  depresaion.  are  the  Uadiq 

KB  a  conwquence  of  iU  depn 
IdIbI  event  ii  aahered  in  by  couth 
it  iii'ta  as  tobiicco  does,  cailong  t 
to  faint. 

Fatal  Dow. — A  mm  of  pdaonia 
leave*  occurred  in  England  in  18* 

Fatal  Period.— In  thiioue 

Foil-aiorlem   Appearaaeei. 
etoninch  iatcusely  inflamed,  and  ti 

TreatmfHl.—Tbu  coniilU 


i  (ff'iM 


Cnrara  i»  the  South 
be  prepared  from  tome  tpecies  < 
hrittle,  brovniah-lnokilig  extract. 
It  ii  oosilji  soluble  in  water. 
(I'rejer),  a  cryitntliiablo  alkaloid 
alcolml.  Corara  and  curarin  have 
Sj/mplovH. — Tlie  lyraptonu  of  pi 
been  recanted.  ITbea  iigected  mb 
causes  paralysis  of  nli  tbs  volnntaiy 
mencea  in  tbe  hinder  rartremitica 
lies  ae  if  dead,  tbe  heart  alone  ooi 
diwes  the  lieartaUg  becomes  paralya 


^v,    .      ^ 


\  * 


S;. 


-* 


N. 


N^- 


w 


^^. 


< 


»Uc],  ,S  ,""•  M.r  2;  n™'-"'"  ««.  »  „. 


■IlDl 


"'    "'■   "■hioh 


O   leiflnJes^ 


"Mribated  t. 


■  ■""'«  «>e  olh„ 


003 

I  Tniirdot  <m\j,  and  that  by  the  esMiitUI  nil  o(  almnijds. 
I  remainder  of  tbi:  death*  wero  luidilal  or  ncciilental ;  and  TG 
ik'  auid,  Gl  by  rucntinl  oil  of  nlinonds,  andl  by  cyanide 
rinm  verv  oKcrlained  taiddnl  acta. 
Tbe  quick  and  fatal  elTect  of  tlii*  poUou,  couptod  with  t.lie 
frequent  u«e  of  tbo  euen^al  oil  in  cookery,  and  of  the  oyunide  of 
poUsnavo  in  tlie  art*,  renden  it  a  favonritc  instrument  at  luicide. 
For  niHliclnal  pnrpnH*,  tbe  acid  ii  formod  bv  a  coinploi  D]jeniii.'iil 
proem,  or  by  tbe  dovoinponUon  of  talta  wbicli  contain  it ;  but  its 
Blomtnta  hIk>  eiiat  in  the  loivea,  Bowera,  and  fruit-kcrncli  of 
Diiny  pbinti  belonging  to  tbe  natural  order  Koauccie.  Tiio  bitter 
■Iniond,  Fherry-laurcl,  peach,  cluitcr  cherry,  and  mountain  aili; 
tbo  kemelf  of  poachea,  plutni,  chcrrici,  and  tbe  pip  uf  applet  ron- 
lain  the  acid,  wliicb,  mixed  with  un  essential  oil,  diatik  with  it. 
Tb»  elierry-taure]  watvr  una  given  ai  a  paiion  in  the  well-known 
eaat  of  Sir  rheodMins  Ileuglitoui  and  a  bitter  almond  vutor 
ImpnqNirty  kept  in  the  nhopi  of  very  variable  atreuf^tb,  and  incaa- 
tioiial;  pre»rrit>rd,  lie*  alao  prorcd  ^tal. 

Tbo  piMKHl  eiint*  in  two  Ibmu:  aa  the  pore  anhydrous  acid, 

■nd  diluted  with  vater.     Both  are  eoloarlea.    'I'be  first  ha*  an 

Maid  pnngent  Uutcand  ■  peculiar  odonr;  la  highly  intlnnimabU : 

boUa  at  80^,  fraciea  at  6°.  and  at  eommon  teiuperature*  by  it« 

own  ovapontion-     Eipuauro  to  light  noon  draomjKMcs  and  tuma 

ft  brown.     Tbo  pure  arid  haa  no  inodico-legal  inl«riil:  it  ia  the 

dilate  Beid  of  tliu  abopa  tint  i>  comtnoiily  used  aa  a  poiaon. 

DUmtt  Ifyiroeyanir  Add. 

Prcptrtiei- — 1^'  dilute  baa  tlio  same  Bppeamncc,  odour,  and 

^— jj.  Bi  tbo  UraiifC  aciil.  but  if  kept  froin  the  light  a  leaa  apt  to 

^gffomw—.     '^  '*  ^'>''*'>'*i  ood  l«ca  itrength  by  etpmure.    Ilio 

•ti«Delli  of  tlio  arid  difTent  with  It*  apt,  and  the  mode  of  prepara- 

ST^ftwn  1-a  to  e-6  Yn  cM>t.  (Taylor.)    That  rwulting  from  the 

ry^j,„i„,iilHrn  of  a  lolotloii  of  fcrrocyonldo  of  potasiium  by  lul- 

-IliarJc  "cid   i»   '""''''  fn™*  atable,  and  may  be  kept  for  jeeis 

J*^^_e<|  to  ditfuaed  light  witliout  change. 

^•E^  ,trcn(ctH  "'  the  odd,  at  uud  in  differ-nt  countrioa,  *»rie« 

tlT      "Hic  ■c'"'  "f  'ho  Hritlah  Pbannai'op'Dia  ab.nilil  oontain 

Bt  S.  '•I'"*  "*  Vaoquelin  33.  and  tl.it  of  Srheele  S.  per  cent. 

ArtaoiW  '*""  propartiea  of  pnuaic  nnid  Just  dwrribed,  there  la 

->  charMt'"''"''''  and  dalicnla  a*  Ifl  oonatituto  n  teat,  namely— 

«  odour. — Thia  i*  per«eplible  e»en  in  weak  (pecimona ;  haa 

int*g«  of  ""'  domandin{t  cbemiail  knowledge  or  akill  in 

I  and  when  perceived  by  tcrcml  pcraonaiieoncluiifa. 

I,  twen  •ilesed  that  nltro-beii^tiue,  a  product  uT  Mai- 


tlie  dried  itaio  ww  found  to  ooDtaii 
Cfanide.  The  renilU  obtained  wit] 
meata  made  under  eiucUjr  aimilw 
ntiitBTtory.  Three  ipple-pip*  wa 
placed  iu  cliree  mtch-gluan ;  mod  I 
tbe  manner  alread;  deacribcd  for  ten 
minnWa  eacii.  Tbo  nitrata  of  ailra 
all ;  Ibe  Pmuvin  blno  test  eucceedc^ 
in  one.  Bat  in  the  laat  eiperiment  I 
was  whiteniid  by  the  sulphide  of  ■ 
yielded  n  while  gtaio,  having  a  cbaf 
pcr-aalt  of  iron.  (G.) 

St/droeyofie  Add  a  Or\ 

The  Bcid  being  high];  volatile,  Qm 
liqoide  and  labstanocB  suppoaed  to  i 
without  delny. 

For  tbe  deUcUon  of  hydrocyanic  | 
and  liquid!  Ke  resort  In  a  procas*  of 
to  doing  ao,  we  niny  ■pp'l'  ^^^  '°'"'  ^ 
The  process  of  dintillatiou  is  condncteJ 

The  filtered  liquid,  if  alkalins,  is  nl 
which  will  Gx  any  ammonia  generat 
then  (o  be  dittiUed  tnmt  a  «Bter-batl 
about  an  eighth  part  baa  paned  in| 
may  then  be  tested  by  the  reagents  jt 

It  has  been  otyected  to  this,  and  a 
heat  is  employed,  that  hydrocyBnic  I 


605 

W  icid  idd  a  f^  drop*  of  inlphide  of  unmoDiam ;  lieat  the  liquid 
tatiy  till  it  becomes  pore  white  or  colourleasi  then  eraponte 
m\j.  Awbite  Rimirphoiu  mlpboryuiide  of  amiDOTiiuin  nuiiBins, 
(Mamcsan  iutetuw  cherry-red  colour  wlien  touched  nith  a 
n  of  pvrchloride  of  inm :  t  colour  wliich  it  diuhHrged  bjr 
ro  Bublimnte,  and  ao  dUCiognubed  (rom  k  almilar  colour 
«d  wiLli  meconic  acid. 

eu  tlietc  Uata  are  applied  to  detect  the  add  by  iti  vapour, 
the  following  method  of  procedure  U  to  b«  obterved  : — 

PUce  the  Auijl  or  iub<lane«  yielding  the  vapour  In  u  watch- 
gUn;  nxuaton  a  large  Hut  diik  of  glaw  with  tho  teat;  invert  it 
evsr  tlin  watcb-gUua,  with  the  moistened  enrfaoe  dowDwaidi,  and 
'  IT  it  to  remain  till  a  distinct  reaction  ii  perooptible  thrODgh 

•  of  the  copper  leit  mcriatcn  the  glue  diik  with  a 
p  of  a  HTMk  aolntion  of  aulphatfi  of  copper  (1  grain  to  the 
rendered  (lightly  nlkaline  by  liquor  potoiae ;  and  after 
■u  adil  a  drop  of  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.     Coiupar*  the 
id  ataio  with  that  Ihnn  a  drop  of  Ihs  copper  eolution. 
n  tb*  ease  of  the  iili>er  fetl,  moiiten  the  glau  diik  with  a 
li  ftwihly  made  aolation  of  nitrate  of  ailver  (gr.  1  to  f^) 
M)  it  to  thu  vttponr.    The  tpot 
mam  upala*ceiiti  and  when  Arj, 
,    while   atHin.  which,  eiamined  r 
t  Uie  Miern*cop<^  i*  found  to  eon«it  of 
'iimi,  or  long  plntea.  more  or 
1  btciloccd  (flg.  1S7).    Com- 
*n  with  that  left  hj  a  drop 
Itia  faintly  wbito 
10  diitinct  crj'ttalllna  fomi. 


I 
I 


Fl(  ICT. 


k  tiw  tf  f«r  aulution. 


f  th#  i 
I  lUak  with  a  drop  of  liquo 
utd  after  due  cipoaani  uid  a 
tha  fnih  loliilian  of  thu  lulxed  sulphate*  of  iron. 
Ihn  i'niMiiin  blue  by  diliile  hydrochloric  acid.  Com- 
li  i!iii  i'ruuiuii  hill*  tho  brown  oiide  of  iron  thrown 
I  hy  addiitK  liquor  poUiwP  to  tha  UM  liquid. 

if  tho    lulphur   tatt,  inoiitoD   the  glaia    lUdi 
■nunoniuni.  allow  the  while  atain  of  cyanide 
dry,   and   leit   with  a  drop   of  iierchlorlde 
MlatluD.  au  weak  •■   to   bo  nmrly  oolourlcai.       Com- 
H|i   of  tJie  tulplieuyaiiide    with    tho   yellow 
paroliloride.     At   tho  liquid    in   the 
a  of  the   vapour   of   the  lulphiJe    of 


I 


fffffff/rz/fi 


** 


fiftfw  oft,,: 


[leriment  are  not  well  tnu-kcd.   The  brain  h»  gpncrallj'  «  iialural 

■fipciTiutra.  ttiongh  iU  vaKli  Iibvf  been  found  tiir^d,  and  in  one 

iiutanM  (in  tlio  lione)  there  mis  extnvanlian  of  blood  between 

it>  pstvrnHl  niemlirsnea.     Tlia  heart  *ud  gTuat  veuels  differ  in 

T  lUU  uid  coiitcnU,  aocurdiog  ai  death  ooeura  qnickl;  or 

Mrlj.     In  cue*  or  ludden  death,  the  left  nile  of  tli«  heart  U,  in 

t»t  every  eaio,  pcrfoctlj  emptv  ind  rigidly  contracted,  while 

I   right   ooutaiiu  blood,   sotnetiinea   in   Ui^  qBinlJty.      In 

t,  both  sidea  of  the  heart  are  distended  with  bladi 

■d  (NuDDeley).    Sametiinw  the  bluod  ia  Uorid  ;  but  usually  it 

■  tb«  dark  colour  of  the  blood  in  naphjiia.      In  frogs  poUoued 

b  pnuaio  u^,  tlis  heart  ia  fonnd  dilated,  and  tilled  with  bright 

1  This  Mlour  of  the  blood  is  attributable  to  an  alteration 

tm  of  the  eor]iiucl«,  to  that  thoj  redact  light  more 

According  to  Magendie,  the  pure  add  bo  completely 

«  tha  irritaUlily  of  the  heart  and  voluntary  muacles.  that 

n  U»  itnmaiUe  even  to  lh«  ■timnlus  of  j^lTaniim.      llut  "  in 

pit  cnpariilienls  on  cata  and  rabbita  with  the  pore  add  the 

rt  MOtractcd  spontancoutty,  us  well  at  under  itimiiU,  for  some 

la  iftor  death,  eioopt  In  the  instance  of  the  rabbit  killed  with 

jr-flve  gnun^  and  one  of  tlia  rata  killed  by  three  drop*  ap- 

*ie  t«ngua.     In  Uie  lut  two  the  pnlaitiun  of  the  heart 

d  witb  tbe  ihort  at  of  tetanus  whieb  preceded  deatli;  and 

■  tlwnbblt,  whoau  cheat  waa  hiid  optm  instantly  after  datth, 

t  gorgod,   and   ita   irritability   utterly    extinct." 

n.)     Thv  lun^  are  loinctimeB  empty,  bat  more  fre- 

ly  gotf^  with  blood.     The  membrane  to  which  the  oeid  i* 

d  ia  namJIjr  iinind  eongeated.     The  corpae  ia  generally  voiy 

d  nf  praane  acid  Is  not  yet  In  all  rcapects  aatiaAic. 
ly  datariutnad.  Kor  a  very  ethauative  memmr  on  the  aubject 
'  k  Nfomid  U>  the  recant  work  of  Prcyer,  '  Die 
'  Pniaaic  acid  la  a  Dtiiv«r«tl  poison  both  to  planta 
d  Id  111*  animal  tisuea  ami  orguiu.  Prayer  attribatc*  the  chief 
to  action  on  the  tagu>,  and  inlerfvroiioe  with  the  rp. 
gmtmt.  The  «6n*iihiion*  he  r^ards  aa  being  eiaau- 
mat  aaphyila. 


I 
I 
i 
I 


roiffcpi 


n  ntu.TttBVT, 


—The  Nymiitoma  of  p(««oni"g  by  |ini«ic  acid  ialhe 
ibi«al  tary,  ai  xiiHiriuivnta  on  aniuial*  wonld  lead  us  to 
'Ik  ths  dose,  and  with  the  age,  itrcngth,  and  state  of 
L  When  the  d«c  1>  large,  the  tymptoma  begin  in  a 
w  miuntcs,     Tborc  is  probably,  in  all  caaea,  a  tburt 


D  tbe  bnuD,  wtiare  no  tulHUnire  contuiaiag  pnuiic  aoA  hu 

[  Trralmemt  (Atli<to{*t).—Ch]oTiDe  and  the  miied  oiidea  of 
u  antidotis  to  priuaic  add,  the  one  by  irithilranitig  the 
_  n  of  the  poison,  tbe  otlier  by  forming  with  it  the  in- 
JUuble  Prunian  bine.  Bat  tliere  are  few  caUB.in  the  buitian 
bisect  in  nhich  an  uitidoU  can  l>e  applied,  and  none  in  which 
0  prepare  an  antidote  would  not  be  to  low  valuable  time.  In 
tbe  great  majority  of  caae*  the  medical  man  u«Ued  to  a  suicide 
already  d«d,  or  Ja  arliailii  morlii ;  and  when  tlw  patient  is 
■till  alive,  the  jaw  ii  to  firmly  cloaed  as  to  render  the  iulniduc- 
lion  of  ao  antidote  very  diffloilt,  if  not  impoaible. 

The  flmt  step  to  be  taken  is  to  adminutter  tbe  cold  affiuton  ta 
a  ihoelc.  by  water  dashed  into  tbe  face,  or  freely  poured  on  the 
bead  and  back.  As  aoon  ai  the  patient  a  routed,  though  sljll 
buonubls,  and  perhaps  iu  convuliioaa,  he  must  be  nndressod, 
wiped  dry,  and  put  to  bed.  An  attempt  may  now  be  made  to 
pBia  a  featlwr  to  tbe  b.ick  of  tbe  throat  to  promote  vomitiiii:,  nod 
•  qwngv  or  rag  sprinkled  with  disinfecting  Quid  may  be  bi-ld  to 
the  nostrili,  the  surface  being  kept  warm  by  hot  cloths  or  llan- 
ndk  and  by  frictions  with  the  hand  or  Beshbronb.  As  soon  as 
tbe  jaw*  can  be  opened,  and  tbe  patient  be  made  lo  swallow,  an 
•motic  of  salpbaU  of  zinc,  of  mnalnrd.  or  of  common  salt,  should 
be  Kiveii ;  or  the  stomach-pamp  may  be  employed.a 

lUal  Dote. — This  may  be  alated  Gtr  the  adult  at  somewhat 
Imt  than  a  grain  ol  the  pore  acid,  or  about  15  minims  of  tbe  acid 
«iri)ie  Hritiah  ['barmacopiria.  Very  eevere  symptoms  bare  been 
nuaad  by  about  half  a  drachm  of  this  acid,  but  recorery  has  taken 
place  Inm  doaca  of  seventy  or  eighty  drops. 

OommimMment  iff  tht  Sj/inflomi. — 1'hora  are  no  case*  on 
neorA  of  that  iiisUntaneoos  action  in  the  human  iiihject  which 
hM  WcD  noted  in  csperimeat*  ou  animals.  But  wlien  the  dose 
of  thO  aeid  <s  large  tha  symptoms  set  in  rery  toon,  und  death 
In  a  eaao  reported  by  Hufelond  a  quantity 
^ti^cnt  tu  forty  gnins  of  the  pure  acid  was  taken,  llie  man 
How  the  puisvn,  was  olaerred  to  utaiiger  a  few 
a  sink  without  a  gronD.  apparently  lifelcit.  But 
U  mailer  fslal  doeea,  or  duses  productive  of  serere  eflecte,  a 
■  ort  ilitor*al  e1a)iMs  between  the  taking  of  the  poison  and  tbe 
H  and  |>awer.  The  voluntary  acts  Ihnl  can  be  per- 
4  Id  llii)  hitarral  will  bo  preaeutty  ascertained  by  aa  appal 

■niU  llw  •ubentuimis  Injertlm  of  slropls  ss  a  phjrioht- 
saUoaef  biJiwrauleaeldou  lheis(ut. 

R  b2 


I 


Fatal  Pcnod. — Aft«r  a  I 
.wo  lo  five  tnimitea.  But  it 
luilf  ui  hour,  thnv-qaHrterv  of 


Volantary  Ad:— T\io  qned 
doM  of  pmuic  urid,  Uie  patia 
lime,  CO  u  to  be  Me  to  perfol 
ituportant  one.  In  fkvour  of 
linve  the  distinct  atctement  d 
prewntlj  ciled  (O.) :  anJ  that 
farmed  in  thi«  anMiou*  inten 
coMs.  Tbe  oiedico-legal  impor 
stood  from  the  following  caaa  i— 

An  BpotbD«ar)''s  maid-wrvuil 


with  prnHsic  acid.  The  aiiprenl 
■cceisory  la  her  death ;  but,  M 
liul  made  prepamtioiu  for  ef 
takeu  tlie  poiHin  of  Uer  own  h 
bomiddc  couM  be  nDsvered  onlj 
Id  which  the  body  nu  found. 
that  the  body  Uy  at  fall  length 
R  little  on  one  lide.  tbe  irma  ( 
ulothei  pnllod  nDoatblj  np  ti 
her  right  aide,  U;  >  corkad  ph 
in^  threu  dracliiog  and  a  half  i 
•tring:  nbicb  bad  futen«d  the  a 
vene].*  It  vat  probable,  tit 
dracbma  of  the  jKrison  had  t 
■row,  Conld  the  irirl,  after  ti 
htve  corked  the  bottle,  wrappi 
olotbeaP 

Thii  question  can  be  a 
miicidiil  caata  in  which  limilar 
formed ,-  or  b;  coinpaHug  tbe  i 
Hcerlained  intorva^  of  coiun 
auioudl  perfonoed  bj  (Dme  of  i 
Lhii  cue,  tbough  ui^l  M 

Ilia  following  beta  ma;  | 
■pothecaiy'i  aaHiUnt  ia  Oennan 
the  Baririan  PhannacopiBiii.  and 
empty  two-ounce  pliiol  on  each  4 

•  S*e  thti  cue  Tny  ftiUj  rcporlfd,  H 


TOLUBTAKI  ICn. 


613 


la  higb  M  tbe  brout,  tbe  right  arm  utended  bunaath 

mV^  vul   the  left  mna  bent  at  the  elboir.     In  i  fuicid«l  cms 

■«ipOTted  bj  Mr.  Newbam,  the  bed-clotbu  were  inioothl;  dnwn 

O  the  ahoalden:  uul  oa  ■  tbair  clon  to  tbe  buk  of  tbe  bed 

a  phial  with  the  urk  in  it.     A  tbird  cue  of  tbe  nine  kind 

oummunioted  to  Dr.  Tajkir  bj  a  pnpU.     A  man  hnnddead 

B  tilt  Mat  of  a  Hater-closet,  had  the  bottle  (ram  which  the 

a  wa*  taken  corked  in  hb  podiet.     Id  a  cnriiNU  c«*e  of 

Mble  anidile  reported  b;  Dl.  Letlieby,  tbe  bodie*  wciv  found  in 

V'pOMCioiu  which  impUcd  a  lactveBOti  of  liight  Tolantar;  more- 

Thote  liKts  prove  tbe  po«bilitj  of  iligbt  volDQtarj  eSbtta 
Ixing  made  after  a  large  dose  of  pmanc  acid  ;  and  the;  JaMif*. 
u  br  as  this  qncstioa  it  eoncerued,  tbe  verdict  of  acquittal  pni- 
noanoed  Id  faToor  of  Freeman. 

But  the  voloatar;  acta  that  may  be  dotie  after  fatal  or  highly 
dtn^emn*  doaes  of  thia  pdeoD  go  oiDch  beyond  thoee  iaferred 
from  Uie  pctftion  of  the  boiliea  in  theae  initancea.  In  tbe 
wiehlal  cau  preaenlly  lo  be  more  minately  deecribed.  ai  one  of 
Mcorwrj  mitat  aix  boora  ot  iininincnt  danger,  tbe  lad  took  a  lu^ 
•  of  tho  poiMD  in  bed  i  but  be  got  ont  of  bed,  walked  roood 
(  of  it  to  a  c^<st  of  driwen  distant  two  or  three  <rBnla. 
1  tbe  iMpper  firmly  in  tlH?  plual,  and  retnnied  to  the  side 
■  bad  thna  which  be  fell  unaeleaa. 
Jl  anaUier  obua  of  caaea  tbe  imidde,  bcvdca  other  movements 
|lljUiK  voUtimi,  has  been  able  lo  cry  liir  help  and  even   to 

a  Bpotbesiry't  sgiproDtice  sent  from  the  shop  la  the  cellar 

i  only  bwu  a  faw  minulet  away  when  he  was  beikrd  to  cry,  in 

"  liartalioml  harlabom!''     On  mihing  dQWDstain, 

u  Aniuil  liim  lying  on  the  lower  Mep,  gtaaping  the 

;  and  lis  bad  acarosly  tiine  to  mutter,  "  Prnaiic  acidr'  when 

A  mure  Uuu  Atb  niinatca  after  luning  the  abop.     He 

•  drvlim  of  tbe  Bavarian  acid,  had  tried  to  get  at  tbe 

bat  bad  not  itraii^b  to  anoorer  the  bottle. 

tasiM  reportwl  by  Ur.  Niinneley,  tbe  paliEnIs  not  only 

'    '  ipokn  and  ainwered  qneatiuna,  after  taking,  the 

a  large  ilceu  of  tbe  imison.    The  anbject  of 

il  a  qnaatioD  xmhc  miantcs  after  he  had 

tbe  man  who  rccorcrcd  retained  the  nse  of 

Tfldnally  olMed. 

'otleman,  hating  locked  blmself  in  his  re 


I 
I 


'  pnudc  Hcid  of  the  1 


jn«t«d  (Inmictb  of 


Ait  aboat  ■  minnte  he  unlocked  tliu  dour. 


*in  b*  MEM  V  tt«  t«n 

n  tte  'Btna  HMiab'  fcr 


*tK&*aw.  Ti«*«B^M 


H.  Vaaqnelio,  (ud  after  m  iat«nal  rf  «  fcw  laaailt  ^itek 
Thii  new  prrpustiM  tHUd  k  fitlle  itriiw.  aod  Ih-.  B^ 
Ksurkcd  tittt  -  it  h^  not  tmt  bbn  ^  bn,  ^  ar^kiaf  Mrf 
the  ibop,  be  felt  id  BbrvDli^  ilJituit—  ia  h»  hei^  n4« 
KtcrninK,  uttered  »  few  nijrt^tmm  ^  fesr,  iW  fri  deal  m3 
(track  bji  ligtitinng.  The  teath  ware  bmij  tiomi,  thai*  *■ 
amtiniBllj-iiKTraBiiK  djapooa,  witk  Doaaf  tattGng  myinCB^ 
cold  atnmitie*,  fiilation  of  the  raootli,  redaeN  and  tartl^f  rf 
Un  face  and  otA,  fixed  and  dilitfd  popil,  and  ■  polM  BfH^ 
ceptible  in  tlia  left,  and  verj  Dnatl  id  tbe  ty^  —     .  . 

becaniemire  marked,  a  ibort  and  vioUot 
the  abdomeD,  tpedall;  aboaC  tfat 
diateodcd.  AttempU  were  now  made  to  nraae  him  hj 
frictiona  with  Btmnonia  and  antfaaride*,  v>d  bj  otfaar  atimMK 
applicatioDa ;  and  on  tickling  Ibe  throat  with  >  teafhv,  a)«t 
dark-raloored  inai-ai  wu  diicfaa^fd.  After  remuning  fa  Iks 
atste  for  two  boura  and  a  hair,  he  ihowcd  •igna  of  rctDmlDg-  Ml- 
■douanaa,  and  recogoited  tbou  Bronnd  him.  The  menial  AmI- 
tte*  wan  gradoally  raloml,  but  mnuderable  dlfGcnlt;  of  hreatUBt 
aitd  very  didicct  ratlle  remnined,  with  occanonal  eipectontin 
oTjellowiali  black  DiDcaa.     During  Ibe  whole  of  tbia  lime  tiw 

breath  imelt  itronglf  of  pnmic  HCid.     Dr.  B wa*  thblem 

daji  before  he  cvolj  go  out  tu  aee  Lii  patient*,  dnriDK  vbldi 
time  the  d^tpncea  wan  ft-eqnentlv  dittrewinK,  particululj  vba 
he  turned  in  bed,  and  when  ho  awoke  in  the  norning.  At  Utl 
he  qnile  recovered.     During  Ihf  flnt  four  daj»  rclj  littfc  urine 

•  nirirwi.rrpnrlcdbfnt.etwcllonfoiiMal.    For  ftiU  dttaila  <f  aMH    i 


4i!Ucdii:ilS(dsi«a,'niLa|i,ail 


■iiiMii    ■■m  Ti  II     iiTi ill iIm 1 1 n "i  r  >ii|iinmi 

fe^nl  iT  Or  falAv  Md  lyprartM^  that  te 

■  T    I  liii^i       iiITi  TiifTii  \aUm   IT. 


hw<W»>rt)>«|ii  wn 

^^w  ■pphutiw  ii  WBMll  Md  Matin  (II  tk  (ac 
MOsidMawlT  iafijtal  hytfce  «»twwe  \  Ummtl^ 
I  tliM      nf  a>hali»J6^  IhtkkwRiVMvi- 

■  (Dod  ithMtabuB  el  th*  lotvnl  of  pstal 

f  b(  B  Uip  doM  af  i»  iml  i  abd 

ilof  lucbBrMtaiatk  c&iAi:  bdI  tt  bkiaj 

■  daa (if  ABi/ iVEidc  IB ■  Udi  the inpaba 

B  cf  iW  K«  innsda  tbc  Ml  iWlF  bf  ■  f<q 

^  dnnai  s  Innpmrj  ndtMoaM  of 

M  nUdi  lane  lN*a  Mbvd  ii 


;  bj  pnuuc  neid  liavc  itill  to  be  considered.     To 

>  of  thuG  noma    iiDportaace   waa   nttuclied   in  the  laiae  of 

I    Bart,    tbe    nctJm    or   Tawell.      1.  !□    poisoning    by 

I   Bcid,   ii  tbrni  any  death-cry  or  •crenra  which   would 

n  of  the  poi»on  ?     2.  Are  convnl- 

iniverwl  occurrenoe  ?     3.  la  pruuie  acid  a 

innlutive  poiaan?     1.  In  anawur  to  the  first  qui-atiou  it  may 

o  itatcd  that  a  patient  who  a  conaciooa  of  haring  awallowed 

nay  call  ODt  for  aanBtatice :  bat  the  plaintive  cry,  or 

■cnam,  aoinetimea  beard  in  enimnla,  haa  not  yet  been  recorded  in 

any  caio  of  p<M>oniug  in  man.     S.  It  is  probablo  that  convuliions 

aro  not  of  more  frequent  occiuTcnni  in  poinoning  by  pruuie  acid 

^  Uuu)  Id  other  forma  of  aadden  death.     TbeexpuLiion  of  the  urine 

i  fwvB,  obierved  in  certtuii  casea,  waa  probably  Hcoompauied 

gt  abort  oonToleioaa,  and  io  aome  caaes  (aa  in  one  reported  by 

■,  Hidia)  there  tiave  been  eOiirU  eipreaMve  of  inl«nae  anxiety 

'  '  want  of  breath ;  but  tlie  cldibomte  movemeDti  of  the 

i  the  nilm  nnil  easy  attitude  of  the  dead  body  in 

f  tliat  convuluuna  aru  utlier  abaeut 

r  or  abort  and  transient.     !l.  The  qucation,  ia  pmuio 

e  pdson,   may  be  raiaed  wlieD  a  patient    dies 

la  taking  a  aeriei  nf  medicinal  doaca  of  the  acid  at  intervals  of 

V  hmin.     It  ia  renaonabie  to  inppoce  that  the  previuua  dotes 

rt  not  spent  their  force  upon  the  body,  and  ttiat  the  addition 

"m  iMt  doae  detenninea  the  fnUl  raiilt.     In  the  cnw  of  to 

■  juMoa,  and  one  ao  readily  eliminated.  It  acems  hi|{bly 

tblo  tliat  a  mollcinal  doee  (generally  a  amall  faction  of 

t  tiitul  uue),  or  even  a  aeries  of  anch  doaea,  would 

a  reaidnal  elfect  aa  lo  prove  lutal  on  the  nddilion  of 

w.     [lilt  doMB  that  exceed  the  proper  mcUicinal  limit 

to  prove   btal,  though  simiUir  previoui  onea  have 

iuce  of  a  cbiiiige  in  the  itate 

jr  itaelfi  fur  there  ia  no  dunbt  thut  the  line  which 

1  Itarmlcsi  from  a  fatul  doee  is  not  very  widi.'.     For. 

it  qnestioUf  so  difficult  of  sotntion,  ia  not  one  of  gT^t 


Tss  ctahidks. 
la  eyat^ea  of  poUiaaium  and  of  mercury  have  deitrojed  tile. 
"  ir  with  Bymptami  allied  to  tluMe  «t  polaoning  by  corro- 
llmal*  (see  p.  503),  the  former  with  aymptoma  of  poiion- 
_   ly  tha  acid  itaelf. 
t  CSraiiiila^i^fiMiHHii. — This  sabstanou  is  now  largely  ni 
^  uU,  botit  in  electrotfpbg  and  in  photograpby.     It  ii 


OtL   OF   BITTER  ALHONDS.  G19 

tcfa,  Ulter  almondi  cannot  be  ufbly  uitt^n  nor  tbo  biUer 

td  cake,  nhioh  remuni  alter  tlic  eiprcssiun  of  the  fixed  oil. 

oil,    its  altoholie  mlntian  (almoiH)  Suvonring),  and  bitter 

id   water,  are  active  poiiona,  and  have  proved  fatal.     Of 

three  preparation!  tlie  flnt  la  bj  hr  the  moat  important,  aa 

L  very  active,  and  n  very  favourite,  polaon. 

JCnenmor  0'7  o/5(Uer^faNo«<f(.— This  i<  tlio  prodact  of  the 

^llUtion  of  the  pnip  or  enialalou  of  the  bittw  almond.     It 

laina,  in   uddition  t«  hjdrocjaDio  asid.  hydride  of  benzoic, 

tain,  and  bonaoic  acid.      Tbe  acid,  to  which  it  chiellj  owes  ita 

moui  propertiea,  may  be  aeparated  &om  it,  and  the  etitenco 

pariR^,  and  rendered  comparatively  hannleca,  is  aold  for 

■ij  patpoaea.    The  eaarate,  or  oil,  previom  to  thia  aepnni- 

.  conlaini  from  S^  to  llj  per  cent,  of  tlie  anhydrona  add. 

ta,  therefore,  from  four  lo  aeven  Umca  aa  strong  as  the  acid  of 

PharmacDpiEiB.     A  liquid  varioiialy  known  as  almond  fiavoor, 

'~  of  almondi,  or  eMence  of  peach  kemela,  cooiiata  of  the  oil 

ved  in  aeven  or  eight  timea  it*  rgmmtit)'  of  spirit. 

irlitt. — Ordinary  ipecimeni  of  the  oil  have  the  oolonr  of 
tr,  a  pecnliar,  pungent  odour,  due  in  part  to  the  prusuc  add 
h  it  oonbuna,  and  a  Utter,  aromatic  taste.  It  is  heavier 
water,  which  dinolvea  only  ■  small  fraction  of  it ;  but  it  ii 
!•  in  alcohol  and  ether.  It  producea  a  ^nsy  stain  an  paper, 
baa  N  slight  arid  reaction.  Strong  sulphuric  acid  TL-ddens  it. 
tit. — Those  oF  hydrocyanic  add.  Pour  drops  of  the  oil 
a  serie*  of  watch-glaaaes,  add  a  few  drops  of  distilled  water, 
overt  over  them  disks  of  glass  moistened  with  the  several 
(p,e(H).  Or,  phice  a  few  drops  of  tbe  oil  in  a  t«l-tnbe, 
>  diBchm  of  distilled  water,  mix  well  by  shaking;  poor  the 
nr*  on  a  wot  Alter,  and  teat  tbe  liquid  that  paasea  throogh 
hydrocyanic  acid. 

TLoae  of  poisoning  by  hydrocyanic  add  (p.  609)  ; 
Uie  aymptoms  begin  later,  and  last  lonKn;  present  similar 
1^  i  nxl  wmilur  acts  of  voliUon  occupy  the  interval  between 
fon'tng  the  poison  and  the  commeDcement  of  the  symptoms. 
Mf.Mor'nit  Appforanert. — Tliose  of  piHsoning  by  prostic 
(p.  010],  the  odour  of  the  oil  taking  the  place  of  that  of 


7 

I 


, — That  of  poisoning  by  hydrocyanic  acid  {p.  611). 

lot  Dott. — About  twenty  drups.     As  strong  tpedmena  of 

«tl  liave  from  four  to  seven  times  the  strength  of  tlie  acid  of 

Pbaraacopaia,  and  a  less  quantity  of  the  acid  than  fifty 

pmvtd  fulal,  it  ia  probable  that  ten  or  twelve  dropa 

n  adult 


Dtrahon. — From  k  (vie  mintit* 
i^Aroj  Uf«  u  vpccdil;  as  pnusic  M 

BiltBT  MmamJ  ITadT.— Thu  ia 
ttux  tippwwny  the  Bmd  riL  Itia 
ftroagUi.  from  m  ([narteT  per  cent,  i 
Dcnr  ba  nwd  u  ■  medidne.  It  « 
tk«  pn^e  Mid  it  Mntmntj  and  n 


■•  Two  u 


»  after  I 


inspected  I 


muublr,  with  ttie  eje*  fixe 
Li.niDg  on  E  of  his  ntonth, 
and  pirg-ting  in  bit  tlin 
.-■Jluwiog  the  dnu);b 
ilaii  nRtT  dtntb,  bat 


OIALIC    iCIO.  021 

o  light  on  iLe  cuue  of  deutb.  The  odour  of  the  draught, 
t  (S|nd  occumnee  of  rrmptotns  «o  clotelj'  resembling  those 
•Kit  in  tixarded  met  of  poUoning  by  pnutk  acid,  and  the 
idj  doth  of  the  sufferer  at  nn  age  wheu  npopleiy  it  »  rare, 
«  leave  no  nrasonable  doubt  of  the  rnd  lause  of  lieatb. 

n.  Olilic  «C1D  (AM  qf  S.,.r).  , 

%!■  labrtance,  under  the  name  of  add  of  nigar,  lb  largely 
1  bir  bookbituleri.  ihoeinHkeTB,  and  worken  in  leather,  b; 
T-bonnet  maken  and  workers  in  straw ;  and  bj  workers  iu 
j>  take  ink-staina  out  of  Imen.  It  Is  sold  bolb  by 
i  by  penoni  who  suppi;  the  trades  osing  it.  Its 
■  (24.  per  Oonce),  oomtnon  employtnent,  nnd  known 
mnmeiid  it  to  the  auidde ;  its  rtscmblnnce  to  Epsom  salts 
!■  to  acddoats;  tut  ita  sharp  sour  taste  unlils  it  for  tbe  pur- 
la  of  the  murderer,  unless  luixHd  witb  some  stronglj.flaToored 
aieh  ai  gin,  brandy,  ram,  porter,  or  strong  tea  or  coffee. 
c  acid  take*  the  sixth  place  among  the  poisons.  Id  tbe 
«  jmn,  1832-56,  it  was  credited  with  13  denthi  per  annum,  or 
gat  1  In  21  of  Ibu  ascerUiued  poisons.  Of  these  13  deaths,  i 
II  Bud  a  in  women,  and  10  of  tbe  13  were  suicidal 


I.  In  Sfbilance. 
TV  PFTflnls  are  transparent,  eolourlaja  or  nenrlj  so,  not  deli- 
IflMMnt.  *ery  tmir  in  tiutc,  solable  in  their  own  neigiit  of  hot, 
1   in  abunt  eight  times  their  wngbt  of  cold  waleri  also  in 
itKd.     When  heated  on  platlnniD  foil,  they  are  wholly  dii- 
tttd.    When  hc*led  on  a  pUte  of  white  poreelain,  they  yield 
rhUe  nblimate  nt  1S0°.  and  melt  at  280°  Fsl.r. 
Hey  are  flattoned  fonr-aiJcd  priami,  with  dihedral  or  tetn- 
badnl  snmmlt*  (fig.  159)  ;  and.  when  depoutod  from  aolatioris  of 
tbe  acid,  ba*e  the  foTins  shown  in  fig. 
180.     They  resemble  the  crystals  of  *ul-  Fig.  IN. 

|d>ateof  roagneiiasnd  snlphateof  line,  so     _^  w 

a*  to   be  occasionally   confounded   with    /  *       "  j/ 

tbem.       Bui    they   are    easily     distin- 
guished. 

Oulie  add  has  a  iharp  tour  tatte;  tbe  two  salli  are  hitter: 
tbe  M^atioD  ofosalicBcid  hat  n  strong  acid  reaction!  that  of  ml- 
plute  of  magnesia  i*  neutral,  and  that  of  sulphite  of  linc  lUghtly 
add:  oiajic  acid  is  entirelydiisipated  by  heat,  or,  if  impure.  ItDTcs 


I 
I 


\fi  ''iPi4^  ^T.r  -  "^Ty^jM 


f  bv  iitovii  tc  jncv.  bia  cf  act, 
•atiT,  liluw  -Jie  An^-.d  ai  musd  Tiir  x  one,  fliir. 


i 


i  ware  °»«-..«^,t^4^ 

"^uin  ani)  .J^  ""^  ■'Ms. .™.      "ff  wtwh      f  ■wT^' 

E"?sr '■!°"  "■«  "bjvc,  ^         '"" 

ru™  -  ;„^'  ""*  '"wiff  roeinhJl      en*inU  into  ft  *^""" 


■  ,"■  P-   428.)      Tl,„  ',■"  ■"  "Otm-oiti--  „       '"^  'ohe  «_ 


ACOsriE. 

beuatifiil  titnlit,  fiom  tvo  to  ni  feet   in  belght.  i 
:a    leBTFi.  (if  verj  dianicteristic  rorrii,  and  i  Unnnal  ^fkl 
„     _^_  of  ridi   blue  fiowiru 

on  hitlj-  ^rcraiid  in  wtnj 
Kvrope,  it  soppowd  iahtM^ 
oai,  and  »  often  caltirtMd  m  i 
gsnleii  anu-er.  f1s-161ikMit 
cutting  of  the  (ilnut. 

All  parU  nr  Ibe  flut  n 
poisonous,  bnt  the  runtullwBM 
Bcrtive.  Both  root  and  IMM 
bave  bren  Kvenl  limra  Ulna 
poiHinti  aiid  tha  atrtet  ■! 
limrlure  tinvc  ■!•(>  jmnal  huL 

llie  Invn  Bna  rootw*  n  Ik 
Britiih  PhimiBivpai'U.  HiifttA 
Icavet  aiid  Itiwertog  ttfi*  }M1 
an  rilrart  oT  which  Ih*  to*  ■ 
fttxa  1  toS  fn*irisi  arid  tbrdrM 
TtxA  a  fiacftrv  (Sj  ouimi  tn  * 
pint — doKv  &  ta  la  ninJMi) 
Bui]  I  liiuniGiit  (L  mmee  ta  ■ 
fluid  ounc«). 

Tlin  leajftM  tn-  tDmpitttJj  &■ 
ridrd  to  the  bas«  intq  6<tt  «nt|«- 
lUiipcd  iahet,  wliidi  al«  ig^i 
dividnl  iiito  three,  the  «_ 
being  limier.  They  are  not  to  be  miatatua  (or  the  hsm  of  laj 
other  plant. 

The  lenlt  rts  numeroiu,  thrm-aided,  itrqtularljr  twW«4al 
wrinllcd,of  a  black  ordark-hrovnroloar,  kaiithof  aniR^lcafi 
wetgbing  S5  to  tlir  ^laln.    n^. 
162  thDH'i  their  dxc  and  iliaic, 

.   ^    ^P  IH^^H   ^^'"'  tarrafe,  ai  wen  nnder  IIm 

I    *^        _  ^^9^B    )»ienHcope.     A  mngle  ««d  foo- 

^  ^  I  KHI^H  tains  enougb  of  the  active  foiiy 
dpie  of  the  plant  to  prolun 
naoibaiat  and  lingliogf  of  the 
ILjM,  tongae,  and  throat. 
■  btpii  (naped  and  nt«n  bflead 
tml  occnrnd  in  1S36  to  a  Ur. 
nluwc  caM*  are  iuiDaIt|)r  d 
n  Ifldj  rending  i '   "      * " 


Flj.  ISS. 


<#* 


iinatcqr  «r      . 


ESFESIXEMa   C 


629 


(Taylor) ;  la  tbe  vioter  of  I9S3  to  t>o  bcothen,  of  irboui  oaa 
"  d  lud  tbe  other  ToearetnA.  Still  store  recently,  in  tbe  winter 
of  1856,  the  pmnn  kUkd  twi  prioti  at  Hingwnll.  and  a  tliin] 
|Mnan  oal  of  Ate  who  were  aflected  at  a  ilinner  thorc.  tn  tlie 
«nt  year,  ISuT,  a  cue  occnmd  io  LaaJan.  Tlu  recorded  vaw* 
tfa  now  tor;  noiDenms.  Tbe  root  boi  also  been  given  inten- 
lloaaU;  in  one  bntanee  at  lout. 
Jt  b  not  «av  lo  awlmtaiDl  bow  the  root  of  monkihood  (bould 
'  im  mutaken  fiir  that  4f  Uhi  honf-rBdiih,  eren  if  tlie  resperdve 

elta  were  ivit  attiuHuyl  to  tLje  rooti ;  for  tlubi^h  the  wcdoa  of 
b  n>Dta  ia  while  wbon  &c*h,  tbe  wrapingi  of  mankahood  are 
lo  and  iDccuknt,  thoae  a'  the  horae-nJiib  too^b  and  atriDgy, 
tdra  Snt  aoan  aoqaire  a  pink  hoe  irhile  tbe  teraod  remain 
irliite.  The  two  ruoti  differ  in  ib.->pe,  coiour,  and  tatte.  The 
root  uf  iDonkaliood  i*  cmicil,  and  throws  nff  ■  large  niunlwr  of 
curlint;  QhreA,  and  it  ia  not  unnnul  to  flud  ane  ur  mure  pcar- 
(hxtieil  Inliert,  attai^ied  bj  narrow  iieekt  to  tlic  upper  pHrt  or  llie 
-  -<>vlniena  aliown  In  fig.  Kil,  which,  with  llie 
e  tclected  out  of  a  \itsb  number  of 
i>  napellod,  as  preHnting  Ibo  lEoatchanie- 
II-  The  tisnra  we  al  Uw  liie  of  tlie  route 
1^1.  be  nmlemood  Uut  tbe  Hin;jl«  mot  may 
•\rt  the  «iic  depicted  in  ig.  163.  On  the 
r  band,  iliu  ^■>t.  or,  u  it  i«  eominonly  called,  tbe  (tick  of 
riuli.li  (i1^.  IGOJiUejlindticmlinaU  itakrger  branchei, 
<  oil' >'ri.t:'it  ruotlMt.  Tbe  culour  of  the  toonkilKud- 
"oii  eitnnaUy,  that  of  the  borsa-rodijib  ia 
'  <i.  of  tliH  monkihood  irtieu  chewed  booo 
.1^-  and  nniobing  Mueitioa  in  the  Upa,  with 
.nt.  luid  a  unular  tenutian  in  the  throaC, 
1  tbo  lipi  and  throat  con- 
«  at  tbe  horte-radieb  !•  pungent 
•iiig  pruAu*  UcluTOutton,   but  not  being  very 


ibncH  and  t'ingUng  uf  the  lipa  it  productid  by 
,  and.  iiid.iJ,  by  ovcry  part  of  iho  plant. 
Jwuw.iU. — Thaw   Wo    boon    niide   with 
aclive  i>rinri|>le  aeonitina.  by  Bruihu,  Urilla. 

11.1   .ii.ir,i  ri-iviiily  liy   i>ni.  neiaidf  and 
..iti,  when  iotroduoad 


03!) 


Aoovrd 


Incifsniig  dtfllculty  of  bnuhingl 
tuilrliH,  dculb  by  aipkgria.  Ol 
duUljr  nftcT  df»th.  tlie  \u.vr\  a  ft 

iiftion  of  tbe  intoti 
voliintHrjr  muadei  is  impaired  Im| 
gviirr*]  reoun*  congertitm,  with  £d 
bmrt  and  large  veiiu.  Mid  veDOU 
left  nrilin  of  tbe  bcirt,  and  in  \ 
at  Ibe  brain  is  often  gorged  with  | 
in  foate  of  his  eiperimeDts  there  % 
meiit*.  uid,  in  two  iaitaiir««,  dittin 
ral  tb«  pDpil  wa*  more  or  leta 
bemmc  waker  and  len  fi«qacat( 
ap]Kar  to  gina  riw  to  auj  local  irriii 
of  Dr.  Flemio^a  it  woold  appear  tl 
re^tablea. 

Atonitv  eicrta  a  very  dwiJeil  ■ 
]>oliita  uf  difference  exist  nmong  i 
iiiKuciicc.  Apparently  there  is  at 
tlie  lieart'a  action  by  Btimulation 
nruioil  mpldily  with  lom  of  pow 
t,vu>  in  n  sutc  of  aiastole.  The  \ 
for  llje  dyspnoia  and  convnlaon*  wl 
tl;e  action  of  acouitu  on  tbe  oervo 
^eniory  fnnetioni,  it  ii  itated  by  ao 
on  ttie  Bpinnl  centrei,  by  olbcrs  t1 
on  the  peripheral  cenaory  nnd  mote 
'>!'  the  cardiac  paralyiit,  wliicb  may 
iritli  dyipoccn  and  convuliioni. 

Tlie  irympionf  of  poiaoning  by  i 
ject  are: — nnmbneas,  tingling,  bdc 
throiit,  and  ilomacli,  followed  by  n: 
and  IcnderneH  of  the  cpigattriom. 
Epci-dity  beoonic  general,  with  dim 
fnce,  vertigo,  dimness  of  »i»uin,  ca 
anrium,  and  occnsionHlly  deafnen; 
of  constriction  iu  the  tbroat,  witli 
Inrgement  of  various  parts  of  the  b 
nnd  can;  great  innwular  feeblenee 

.      .  ortxisFd  Ic  Dr.  Hn 
■murt;  Morili  Sfl,  I6«.)    Btci 


fi3i 

i  brandy  {twice  repeated  itlthin  an  hour),  conijilele  recovery 
ok  plncv.  This  cue  aSordi  ^ood  rauon  for  tlio  ^ture  cmptoy- 
ant  of  dwitolit  in  paiuning  by  aconite. 

Diasnotu, — [n  some  instancea  we  are  able  Ui  identJIy  portdoni 
Die  pUiit  it«eir  in  the  alimentary  csnlL  An  alcnholii:  extract 
~  the  oonlents  of  the  Btomach,  nppUeil  to  the  lipi,  produce*  the 
EuliflT  nuinbnen  nod  tingling  alrouly  desiribed,  and  if  given  to 
ne  Mnall  nniunl  would  b«  identified  by  it<  fttal  cSMa. 
AcoimiKB. — This  Hikaloiil  U  ao  nftlve  a  pmson  that,  according 
Htaillaud'i  eijierinienta  j^ofa  grain  will  kilt  a  mouaei  xns> 
•mall  turd  in  a  fbw  nuDntea,  and  -^  almost  inatantaneoaily ; 
a  cat.  and  ^  or  h  (train  the  mme  animal  in  tneiity 
iir  an  hour.  Dr.  HcadUnd  is  of  opinion  that  -j^f  of 
grain  would  kill  an  adult  mnn.  and  Dr.  Henipntii  performed  an 
olyn*  ia  a  cam  at  Brlitol,  from  wiiich  ho  inferred  that  ^  of  a 
lis  hid  prored  fkM.  ,  J„^  of  a  ([rain  cautes  Angling  and  numb- 
■aof  tbe  tJporUietoneue,  and  j^of  ai^adisaalved  inspirit, 
A  nbbed  into  the  skia,  niuea  Ins  of  fiteling.  Luting  for  some 
PM.  AconltlnB  may  be  separated  from  organic  liquidi  by  Che 
Kbod  of  Staa,  or  by  a  aitnikr  method  si^geatcd  by  Dr.  Hcodtaud. 
I  tlM  frad)  root,  the  alkaloid  i*  cmlalned  in  the  proportjan  of  a 
nrtn  to  tlirm-ijusriers  of  a  gmtn  in  the  ounce,  and  in  tlic  dried 
Vta  of  tweWa  to  tUtrly-nx  giaini  to  the  pound. 
JVujiei iU$, — Aronilina  is  generally  aold  at  a  wfail«  aniorphooi 
tdar;  but  it  auij  bv  obtained  in  nuall  crystalline  muMS,  or 
n  In  HclJ. formal  nolouibia  crysUli.  It  belongs  to  the  ^ctoap 
alkaloids  »lilch  arc  Dot  changed  in  colour  by  cold  sulphuric 
t  it  i>  clinrnctcrizcd  by  onuniing  n  deep  brown  tint  when 
Nilrit'  mid  dioolves  it  without  change  of  ooluor. 
Winn  lufBtiHl  on  loin-eUin,  it  readily  melts  into  a  yellow  liquid, 
M*  oD'  4  light  VHtMur,  and  ipreada  into  an  ahandant  carbo- 
Whcn  heatwl  in  the  manner  described  at  p.  407, 
in  eharacteristleaUy  low  temperature  of  140°  Fahr., 

1  ar*  not  cryatallLno. 

lie  in  water,  and  hus  a  strong 

n  alcoliol,  vtlier,  and  benzole. 

Id  In  clilon/bmi.    It  is  also  soluble  in  add^  but  its 

kerTatalllne.    It  has  the  laslr,  and  prodncra  the  pccu- 

lii'  lips,  tongue,  and  piUtc  described  above, 

<<  i:idinr  (0<xt  on  the  lips,  tongue,  and  palate, 

h  iiilpbDric  soid,     e.  The  aUeuoe  etf  change 

.  'I  lie  low  teoiperaturi!  at  which  it  melts,  and 

I'  Hi  wliitL  it  siihlinits,  with  the  unprtinonncfd 

l>]iiiiat«,     r.  The  ultfcnce  of  precilutate  with 


I 


Tim  vrrirlnm  olitM,  of 
MehinlhiuiMl  ia  Dot  bd  ilulii* 
In  tbc  mniDtalD  dbUieU  of  tk 


n<ai  it.  bai  Lvt'D  ux«t  roruino' 
hu  uenrly  (Iwwlpur  ofpoirdi 
■1>.I  ttiuu^l;  trrutm  the  do 

tiprh.  ju  KQ  rrHiiw ;  but  iU 
ita  <W  skin  or  h«ir. 

a    »U>    r.«nd    in 

■he  cebid 

■oi«,iin»  (iiri!i=ii  n,«m.,  p.  a 

TiBiiniA. 


G35 


«  rni^entom  rprstii^  (8  gtsin*  to  1  ounce).     Wlion  pnre  it  is 
I  m  wbi[«  nmorphoiu  powdrr,  withoat  odour,  but  higljly  in-itating 
K.to  llw  noalriU,  nixi  of  sn  intenael)'  Intler  and  highly  acrid  tnite. 
tit  i>  imnlubli!  in  water;  bnt  more  or  Ifh  reaililj  diHoUed  by 
bol,   eltier,  chlorofonu,   beuude,   and   fuwl  oil.     It   haa  a 
[bUy  ilkkline  reaction,  and  forms  nlable  talta  with  the  acidi. 
mlpbiiric  acid  fint  tarni  it  yellaw,  th«n  a  ticb  criinion, 
M«bwig«  taking  place  iiiBtiiutaiieoDsly 
bontbciHiid  iigmitly  heated.  When  Mg-lM. 

t'kat«d  on  a  porcelaiii  «lsb  it  darkens 
B  readily   into    a  yeUow   liquid, 
I,  and  ipreedi  into  an  ahnn- 
atftoOBTTOua  layer.     The  VB|xiiir 
tun    a  diagrtnblc   pungent   odunr ; 
and,  vben  reccivFil  ou  a  clean  diak, 
depiMit*  delaelied  crjEtuUoidn,  i 
tab   daMribed    lu    ihmnUndal,    but 
■Boog   which  several   octahedm    cun    be   diuovered.      These 
ijyrtalfc  in  two  degrea  of  enUrgement,  are  shown  in  Sg.  169. 
When  baled  on  pbitinnm-roil,  tbe  alkaloid  is  entirely  cousomed. 
The  tj/apUmii  of  poisoning  by  reratnim  album  and  vcratria 
I  in  iJI  topecta  aimilar. 

^/mploau. — Lorally  applied  the  powder  and  alkaloid  irritate 
oncnoi  membniDes  i4  tlic  nose  and  mouth,  cauiing  violent 
Ing  and  nliTHtion.  Wlien  swallowed  they  Dtuse  a  borniDg 
the  stomach,  with  iiioiea,  Tomiting,  and  diorrhiBii. 
Th>  conntilutionai  elfi-cts  are  a  renjarkable  deprewon  of  the 
heart'*  action,  the  poUebeoomos  imperceptible,  the  skin  pale  and 
cold,  and  dtath  tidies  place  usually  id  a  stats  of  insensilrility  with 
cunvulfBous. 

SiprritimU  OB  Atiinab. — Two  grains  of  veratria  in  tolntion 
grivva  to  a  nt,  began  to  aet  immeduitely,  causing  frothing  at  tbo 
■Doatb  and  eoUnpsii,  and  duatli  in  Ivas  than  a  minute.  Three 
giren  lu  a  yoi>i^  dug,  oioseil  immnliate  and  repnited 
ig^  iavolnnlary  discbaqje  of  urine,  grenl  pmatniliun,  iitid 
lalwobaurs. 

of  veratria  do  tbe  Iwnrt  and  circutition  iaafiparenUy 

bcttonwnau  in  all  nnimsli.     It  lowers  the  (nUsc  aud 

of  tbe  Uenrt,  In  tbe  tri<ii.  the  heart  is  brougbt  to  a  atand- 

ilk  a  »tal«  of  punlysis,  and  is  no  longer  capable  of  being 

'  br  icalTanic  stinmUtion.     The  iufluenre  on  the  heart  is 

■   '  '  tbo  cardiac  nervow 


I 


B»Mai> 


I,  bring  parti}  d 
at.  and  partly  U 


a  the 


iiutculsr  tiaue  of 


G3Q  DioiTjti.tf<. 

Pusl-mortem  Apptaraiisct. — Umrks  of  uatc  biftiaaifat  B 
tliB  ndimentarj  cuiml. 

TnaimeHl. — Tlie  prompt  Htc  or  tlie  stcmuch-piinp, «. 'a  A 
abunce  of  vomiting,  eiuetk*  of  aotpLnte  of  iiik.  Vrpuik  ft 
Fiuioni  ontahiing  tauDia,  u  BQ  aul;<]ote,  or  finelj-iCnUtha 
cokU  The  calUtHe  to  b«  met  by  diffVirible  mmobMi  ■!  t 
apiani,  wliinh  wiiiu  to  iutre  been  nirfiil  in  toaa  ohm. 

Fatal  Dot. — A  fniL'tioa  nf  a  gnin,  A  oitsnitli  rfl  |Ni 
has  protluovl  *  state  of  dtngeroiii  oullBpie.  (TajlOT.) 

Fatal  Ptriod. — It  ntny  be  iafEired  fmm  i  niii'mwri  i 
inimnh.  thut  dcatti  would  b>pp«n  •p«nlily. 

The  veratrnm  tnridt,  at  iptea  lieltebare  (Rg.  168),  po^ 
po'isonooii  propcrlde*  rcKiiibling  thoH  of  the  veratmm  albo*. 
fomiMbea  to  the  Britub  PhDmiacopoeia  a  Uncture  of  vhiri  I 
dose  i«  froia  5  to  20  minimi.     It  apppan  alta  to  ba  a  pa>k 
oommoD  use  in  Nortb  America,  wliere  it  is  knova  u  'loAa 
poki!."    It  prodaca  in  poitonous  dixes  the  same  dcproaitc  rfM 
en  the  heart  and  drcuiation,  and  may  camu  dmth  from  fiUil  Mb 
lapse.     It  is  said  te  be  less  irritating  to  tlie  nltmtmtarir  canL 

Bnllnck  has  obtained  from  It  two  alkaloiJi,  eimfii  nl 
vtTotroidia,  the  Hctloa  of  whiiji  hu  been  eipnimigtil^ 
inveitigBted  on  aoimali  by  Wood  (■  Amer.  Jooni.  of  Usd.  St' 
(BTiiJ.  Both  act  on  the  lirnt,  but  veratraidia  appean  fa  tan ) 
more  marlced  irritiuit  «eUaa  tlian  tiridia. 

T.  DiSlTiLls  {DijilaU*  parpana — Fa^lore,  f^ 
Faxyhet), 

This  ia  an  indig^enom  phint.  cnmmna  ibM 
tniika  anJ  hedgerow<k  and  .in  piutiirai,(ni 
^mvelly  or  Hmly  sail.  It  ia  aUo  c>tllin<«< 
fur  iu  slfgnnt  shapu  anil  purple  dotta 
duweri  (fig,  170). 

It  belongs  to  the  l.iiiiUHin  f!l»a  an 
onler  iiufyamiita  aHgiotpcmiia,  and  nalui 
order  SeropAe/arinee*.  nr  figwoita. 

All  piirts  of  the  pUut  *tp  beliaired  to  I 
iniumoui,  and  the  leiivra  hxva  nturo  than  laic 
dotrojred  life. 

It  owes  its  poisiinoui  property  to  the  alki 
\oiidigiiolinf,  which  ealsta  in  tlie  iVeah  lean 
u  the  iiroportinn  of  Iw*  than  one  per  «ea 
The  dried  tenves  bale  ■  place  in  Ihu  Brilii 
rhamticoptrie ;  ond  yield  an  inftMiaB  (I 
g^rains   to    lU    ouncei;     dOM^   tM 


STMFTOMS. 


637 
»  and  a  lioirto  a  pint;  iIoh!, 


Kolinu)  ftDd  » tincture  (two  a 
n  to  thlrt;  miuima). 
The  rmil  couiutt  of  nnmeroos  lon^  itendfr  ftbrca,  nnil  U  not 
toly  to  be  cooToondBiI  with  miy  of  the  common  eilihie  roots. 
The  ttaitt  %nr  amte,  naiTowt'd  >t  thu  bat^  creiiHte.  ragooB, 
id  Tmnod,  downf,  specially  on  tlie  under  turface.     The  dried 
tvci  hire  a  dull  grecu  colour,  ■  fiiint  odour,  and  a  iHtlcr,  tinu- 

The  fedr  »re   of   the  imiill  «»  shown  lu         Ft«.lTl. 

[.  171,  ind   «eigh  obont   IIBB  to  ■  gniin.  ;  ; 

t^  are  of  a  l%ht  hmwu  oolour,  cylindrical,  \fS0^.        I 
laid,  at  couiFsl  in  ihapc,  niid,  wlien  viewed    IP^^B^.   ! 
r  tlw  leni  or  niierosivpo,  prwent  a  pitted  ap-       ^" 
■mice.    They  rmfmble   the    K-ed>   of  the 
gball*  iollata  in  colinr,  hut   ure  emu 
tgVi  and  dlffn  wiiteXf  in  microacotiii 

Aitimali. — In  uiodcnit«  dose*  digiUilis  csdk* 
ing,  gld^Snai,  langMor,  and  death  in  tuL^nty-four  hdim. 
JM  duRM.  in  addition  to  the«e  syinptoma,  tremora,  conTul- 
.  Hnpor,  Mil  o»B»i.  Injected  inio  the  T.eina,  it  kills  in  a 
nr  tMonda,  bj  aHlng  on  the  heart  and  palmoDjirj  Eiri'uUtion. 
'OM  of  Mr.  Blake's  experiments,  en  infiuiion  of  three  dniohnu 
Iha  Imvm  tigeetcd  into  tlic  jugaUr  vein  iirrc*ted  the  action 
tbt  heart  In  Bvc  eccondc,  that  organ  after  death  being  ntoUau- 
^  ttn^d,  leirrilahlff,  »nd  il«  left  cnvitie*  full  of  florid  blooiL 
^fWflen*. — In  the  hnniin  labject,  a  tingle  fatal  d»e  acca> 
M '. — Vomiting,  purging,  and  tevere  colicky  pains  j  psin  in  the 
lAt  clddhMea,  and  dlmuna  of  virion,  or  actual  hlindnesaj  ■ 
■tad  and  initnuhlcpapili  a  iluw,  weak,  and  irr^ular,  or  inter. 
Umt  pallet  naunni  and  fiintuen,  with  occatiunal  syncope  i  the 
il  voeeiMt  with  a  cold  penpiration ;  the  patient  ii  much  worse 
Mn  b«  aaaume*  the  npright  posture.  Salivation  ie  a  common 
nnwei.  TheuruieiasuppRisedicouvulsionsocuisiunailyocrtir) 
I  patient  wnnetinies  continues  for  s  long  time  in  u  al«ta  of 
In  tiro  faiol  easca  ilcolh  took  plan  in  twenty-two  hoar*, 
he  poison  i*  nut  faUl,  the  rcouvery  occupice  sevcmtl  daya, 
diODlation  il  el'iwljr  reMoreii  to  lis  iiormal  state. 

oppntraaett  arc  tar^OH'Cuee  of  the  vrnchi 
inn*  nf  ihc  menibraue  of  the  tlomacfa. 
lio  pradice  of  medicine,  scrkiua  eyniplomB 
lb  wiUiooi  terminnting  fatally.    Tlicre  ore  dryne 


I 


d  thirst  J 


Biiftai  hendacbe;  anlivi 


1  giddi- 


a  of  lighti  Kn  ap|>earnoce  of  eiuirka  hefoto  the 


r 


ojH,  and  B  teling  of  promre  oa  the  ejrebiUii  irili  vab 
U>e  limbe,  tnd  a  ««>k  and  rapid  polae. 

The  lympUnni  aiuing  from  tbe  gntdoal  «cai»aliBf 
{Muon  are  nausea,  (lijii«n  of  the  rooatti.  Ion  of  ij^il^ ' 
mg.  and  inteue  thint ;  giddinetti,  aai  thrublihig  d!  tin  ta 
natieMMM  and  ileq>le*niew ;  ■  hot  and  minrt  adda;  p>Ml»   I 
gncr  and  dtptfJont  witli,  in  moat  caaea,  a  bIo*  priiliE.    IliiiiWt   1 
aaliintiao.  an  increaaid  fio«  of  nrine,  delirium,  qMctnl  iDo^ 
MnnUooa.  and  cnma,  are  occasional  tyraptoMia. 

PkUl  i>aM.— Tbia  hu  not  been  iiMvrUiiied.  No  pcfaa  ■ 
fftniBT  tm  U  of  mora  Bocertaiii  opemtian  i  aiul  in  Uk  twi— > 
of  inflamaUot;  iliMBwa,  la  well  ai  in  deJiriom  trancan.  il  ■ 
atbeu  adnituaUrvd  in  dMOi  which  woold  be  very  iintaf^  in  t  Mtt 
(t  ImlUi.  Pereira  diet  seversl  casM,  both  in  dtildxa  ■ 
hIiiIIb.  in  wtudi  the  tinrtore  of  digitalis  irai  gitai  in  tttk  it 
■*  Iwenl;  ^xops  three  tima  ■  day  to  an  infant,  and  fram  btV  > 
vonre  to  an  oaucc  to  au  adult ;  but  in  theae  man  tbe 
optratioo  of  the  poiaon  waa  coDotencted  by  diaeaae  aeeiM 
b;  dedded  febriJa  action,  or  by  intoiicatiao  attended  li;  pt» 
adteaieat  of  the  rirralation. 

Tha  frtalmml  wilt  fonaUt  In  tlie  use  of  emetica,  follnwol  1; 
tnd  by  the  free  uw  of  vegetable  infosons  oni 

'uinu  of  natgalla,  or  of  oak'bark.  Tbcatin 
(  of  rendering  the  alkaloid  digilaHa  toirt 
"  e  may  aUo  be  i^ven  willi  ultialapi 
inn,  and  brandy,  •hoold  alai  U 
•dMinktered,  and  the  recumbent  puatuiv  be  atrictl;  [iMinal 
TliMMO  to  tha  spine,  tliough  1cm  iiidiotled  than  in  prtaaidif  b 
Kouite,  or  when  uphyiia  ia  imminent,  inigbt  tw  oud  <rilfc  tt 
nnta^a ;  and,  in  <lispe»t«  ciues,  artiflctal  reapiratioo,  ud  ft 
lanic  tbocka  tlirou^h  Ihe  heart. 

DlOITiXIA  (digilaliiie). — PropeHut.~~'Wbra  pan,  Oat  alki- 
Ind  >•  white  and  amorphuua ;  wken  It**  purs,  of  ■  light  itUcn  | 
a  brown  eoloiir.  It  belong*  lo  the  group  of  alkaloida  ahidi  i> 
dNDgcd  in  uolimr  by  raid  Rulphuric  acid.  Tlie  ooloor  it  *  nd- 
hon,  which  devpena  wb«n  tbe  acid  la  warmed,  and  KiU  ncR 
«)mb  beatcd.      Its  colour  li  not  changed  by  nitric  acid. 

Vben  beatcd  on  porculain,  it  darkeDa,  mdta  aknrly  into  a 
^n»  liquid,  yields  an  abuiidaut  Ihicl:  vapour,  and  awelli  iulc  a 
yjw  UKk  ask     The  vapour  luu  the  odour  of  the  drag.    Wbn   ' 
^Ui  in  ■)«  inaiiner  docribed  at  p.  407,  it  melts  and  Jobfinea  ; 
^JiSf  Fahr.     The  sublimate  is  not  rliaracteriatic.  • 

gi^dlne  isipariugly  aaluble  in  cold  or  hot  water,  and' 


maiTiuxr.. 

intetiHly  bttUr  Urte.     It  does  not  rorm  crjstultiuble  ralU  wi 
ntitlai  and  u  solable  in  alcohol,  and  iu  beniole. 

Tettt. — a.  The  elTect  of  lulpburic  acid  just  lUiicciboJ.  b. 
Motive  eOect  of  nitric  icid.  c.  Oa  adding  b  solutiau  of  biclico- 
nMtc  of  pataih  to  the  recent  tolntioD  in  lulphuric  acid,  the  liquid 
become*  lint  jullow,  then  green,  d.  Hydrochturic  acid  tumi  ' 
jelluw,  oliBDging  qaicU^f  to  gr«en.  e.  It*  iolntian  evsponted 
dryneu.  end  trusted  with  inlpliuric  acid,  yield*  a  itne  colour, 
changed  to  maiiDe  on  oiposuro  to  bromine  go*. 

KiptrimeHttoit  Aaimalt. — Digilaliuuactdipectally  antb?h«u^i 
and  vucnlor  ifitcm.  The  heart's  action  is  at  drat  strengtlii 
and  thv  polae  retarded,  vhile  the  blood  presauru  in  raised  by 
tnotiud  of  the  blood-veaeel*.  Lat«r  a  paralytic  condition  botl 
of  Uie  hsjirt  and  blood'VeoeU  emuei.  In  very  Urge  doaea  pai»> 
1yds  of  the  heart'*  action  comes  on  rapidly  without  a  preriont' 
rt«gB  of  Uimnlation. 

The  iuteresCing  experiment*  of  Dn.  Fogge  and  SterenioD* 
bave  shown  that  the  enbatance  ahore*  with  the  veratrum  viride, 
■qoiU,  and  one  or  two  other  poiaon*,  the  power  of  acting  on  the 
tee^t  liuart  in  a  characteristic  manner,  causing  a  pecnliar  form  of 
■tngnlarity  in  its  beat*,  the  stoppage  of  tlie  ventricle  in  the  whit^ 
eontncted  stute,  und  iho  retention  of  tbe  volnntary  power  when 
the  bsart  stops,  and  fiir  at  least  16  to  20  minutes  afterward*. 

The  quantity  uf  the  alliaiaid  in  the  lea«es  is  less  than  one  per 
oenl ;  and  It  is  beliered  tliat  a  dose  of  ^  grain  would  produM 
•f  mptim*  of  iHiiiwning  iu  an  adult. 

Sifmptonu  ia  ifaH, — One  celebrated  oaae  of  poisoning  by  di^- 
taUne  I*  on  iccorrl;  luunely,  that  of  the  woman  Punw,  poiaoned 
by  Br.  D*  la  l"tnDmorBi«  in  ISGi.  Tlie  ajmptonii  agreed  with 
tSoM  pvcn  aboro;  and  MU- Tardiea  and  Kousaio,  wLi 
tigaUd  the  case,  arrived  at  the  concloiion  that  digitalj 
tba  pcAsMi  tin  ployed. 


-I 

witbfl 
Thai 

lico-^ 

id 

4 


CHAPTER  XV. 
ASTHYXIANTS. 

Cahsokic    oxide,  uid  Uic  i<n^iia  st 


it;"  pW«d  at  tbe  head  of  tiik  iki|*«, 
ued  in  the  sstue  mdw  a*  the  WDrd>"&Brcotics,"  "deliriBit^* 
nebrimits,"  which  distinguuh  otber  cbapten  The  fm  *» 
IE  agents  applied  lu  the  ^•pauagea,  and  ciiuaitiE  nAo- 
a  leadiDf;  and  coiiipicuout  aymptom,  bnl,  at  Uii>  laH 
Ume,  giving  rite  to  hcadaclic,  giddineas,  drowdiiMn.  iiueomlUil}, 
and  titilure  of  mnsculiir  power,  and,  in  irxrepllaual  owcu.  U 
■pectin)  illasions.  delirium,  and  maniacal  niuUnce,  dunrlng  ihar 
direct  action  on  the  nemias  Ejatem.  In  a  state  of  conmalniUia 
the«e  ga>ea  vmy  cniue  spasm  of  the  glottis,  and  conMqneat  doll 
by  Mtflivattou ;  but,  as  usdbU;  ioapired,  they  are  lar^j  ibinttd 
with  atmoipberic  air,  and  not  uncommonly  miinl  viUi  mW 
purely  irritant  or  othemise  deieteriooi  gnacs. 

1.  CIBBOKIC  ACtD  oia. 
Qu'bonic  acid  gai  is  geneTated  in  manj  difltrcnt  va^  It  li 
tbe  pTiudpal  product  of  tbe  comboition  of  tac\ ;  U  giTM  oat 
Inrgctj  in  the  proceai  of  fcrmentution,  and  in  tbe  bomiag  of 
lime  i  anlmnlit  expire  it,  and  pliuta  exhale  it  freely  at  night  i  and 
it  (ollecta  in  mines,  OBTCa,  coal-piti,  grates,  and  wella.  Hw  fM 
prodaccd  in  any  of  tbeae  navs  may  give  rise  to  fatal  Mddtnfc 
Tbu  question  of  uccidcnt,  suidde,  or  bomidde,  ia  raji^  laiad 
in  poisoning  by  Ibis  gas.  The  place  in  which  a  body  it  Ibts^ 
■Dd  the  aonvunding  dmDistancei,  are  generally  decinra  M  la 
tlie  eniue.  vhieb,  in  tliis  ooDiitr^'.  ii  commonly  accidental.  Sai- 
ddn  rarely  retort  to  it,  though  the  practice  ia  very  <<»aiiian  in 
Frauce;  audit  it  not  a  likely  inslrument  of  murder, 


1 


BYarroMs.  641 

•»  relaUd  by  Devsrgie  wem  to  jmtir;  tbe  luipicion  that 
la  been  so  Mnptoyod. 
ial  thoagfa  tbe  taoie  of  daktli  in  polioning;  by  carbonic  add 
gnienU;  be  inrerrod  from  tbe  plare  Had  ciminutsDces  in 
h  a  bod;  in  fuund,  mapiciODi  of  foul  plaj  have  been  <gno- 
iy  entertaiDed ;  and  tbe  dangeroiu  or  fatal  remit*  bare  been 
1  to  iDCcbapical  mflbcalion  (Reporti  of  Ambrow  Par^ 
le  polaon  adminiitcreil  by  the  moutb  (Cbriitimi). 
■ocauonally  tbe  tnie  itttt«  of  thing*  ia  not  luipected  till 
md  peraoni  hare  Buffered  or  periibed ;  aa  when  tbe  wood- 
k  of  houaea  ii  carbonized  by  heated  tinea,  or  the  prodocta  of 
'  e  tbeir  way  trna  one  apartment  to  another. 
-A  mloarleoa  gui,  inodorotu,  but  pungent  to  tbe 
It  is  much  heikvieF  tban  atmospberic  air,  with  which  it 
■  alowly.  It  ia  aoluble  in  water,  baa  the  reaction  and  other 
rtJM  <rf'  an  acid,  and  combiDGs  with  lime  ts  form  cluilk. 

I.  It  pTodncea  a  mllkinota,  followed  by  a  white  pre- 
tela,  in  lime  water,    b.  It  doee  not  rapport  combaitioD ;  and 

0  i^icd  with  air,  in  tba  proportion  of  finnn  ten  or  twelve  to 
I   or  twenty  per  cent.,  eiUngaiahea  flume.     For  >  imall 

M  a»  little  aa  ten  or  twelte  per  cent,  will  antBce.  e.  Litmua 
V  mriatened  with  hletuhing  liquid  i>  Bnt  reddened,  and  then 
ebad  by  the  go*  at  it  cxitl*  in  tlie  air.    A  jet  of  carhonio 

1  ll  Mail;  reoogniwd  by  its  pungent  effect  on  the  noatrila. 
~1ia  ptojiertj  of  combining  with  lime  ia  turned  to  pnctical 

ut  in  purifying  U>e  air  of  nelta  or  pita.  A  Teasel  of  lime, 
|4  up  with  water  into  a  lliin  paste,  ii  louen'd  into  the 
lun  of  gM.  The  same  rfcult  may  be  obtained  by  a,  corrent 
Ir  or  jet  of  Iteam. 

JmttUiriive  Analynt. — The  qnantitj  of  carbonic  acid  in  the 
nuqr  be  determinol  by  the  amount  of  ahaorption  that  take* 


eonlidning  it.  The  quantity  of  charcoal  that  baa  been 
1  in  an;  t'aae  may  br  estimated  at  from  twenty  to  twenty- 
b»ca  tlie  weigbt  of  aah. 


^mjifonj. — Carbonic  acid  gns,  pure  and  nnmiied,  acts  u  an 
int.  cnuiring  ipaam  of  the  glottis,  and  death  by  apntoa.  In 
to  of  dilution,  whether  pare  or  mixed  with  other  product* 
nboaUcni,  it  may  be  breathed  G>r  a  conudenhle  period ;  tbe 
on*  varying  in  intCDiaty  with  the  qnantit;  of  the  g:  ' 

nctn  iritb  tba  giaea  that  happen  to  be  miied  witb  ii 


I 
I 

a*,  and        ^^1 
t.  Tb«       ^^H 


643 

il  bMt  ii  retaioeil  longer  tlian  uiunl,  caikveron*  ri^ditj 

o  ibow  itielf,  Buil  putwlBctioQ  is  rutarded.     The  intftluil 

■neM  are  ■«  fuIlowB : — the  largo  teltia  and  right  cnitiej  of 

t  gorged  with  bUck  blood,  Hnd  ths  laaga  and  limng 

le  of  cbe  lir-punges  congMted.     The  base  of  tbe  tongue 

1,  uid  eechyoHMed  patche*  nre  aoTnetimeB  foand  in  the 

The   ■bdnininal   viscera    (and   notablj  the 

A  theucending  cava  are  also  grvatly  cungcated.    The 

'        ■  are  injected,  the  veioB   and  nnaisB 

Il  found  in  the  ventrielea,  anil  at  the  baae  ; 

nt  Bu;  be  efltadoni  of  blood  on  the  lorface  of  the  brun 

I  ventridea. 

i  tbcM  appearancea  bear  a  dole  rwembUnce  to  thoM 

s  death  b;  apnoa;  bat  the  turgescenoe  of  the  brain  ii 

ire  ramu'luble,  and  it  baa  been  proved  experimentalljr 

le  gai  doc*  not  net  merelj  aa  an  aspli^ilating  agent,  bat  a« 

'« immtic  piHion.* 

tl. — Thii  con»i»ti  in  prompt  removiil  to  a  pnre  air, 

M  of  cold  afliuion  aa  a  aliock,  and,  when  the  face  ia  bloated 

lU  of  bluud-lettiug.     Friction  and  warmth  to  the  aurbce 

sted,  aa  in  cases  of  apnirai.     Artificial  respiration,  galva- 

d  tlie  inhalation  of  oijgen  gas  may   be   rewrted  to  in 


B  JTrmnm. — The  prevention  of  accidentol  pi 
onic  acid  must  nait  in  a  great  degree  on  the  poatewioa  bj 
lo  of  correot  iDformation  reapecUng  comboation  and  ita 

.  .  r  tlw  po<t-inort«m  apMaiwiFn  wh  ■  nbltct  sT 

n  an  mtjoincd  ttma  a  paper  ij  Dr.  Goldlsg  uird^  'Gsj'i 
,.. .  .    .  ■Ha.-  inl.  tUl.  p.75. 

M  «j/mita«  ^rtuiiiruai^i  wh  nottd  In  IIoiihe  II  woi  pil>  and  calm 
■  •1  HoaUd  la  7.  VamHiifhMd  occumdin  Itaife  cam,  ajid  wualMmt  bt 
*ls«Ud)lb*  )7Bi^D  wai  netioed.  1  hne  vai  yVof *  of  U>  onirik  la  a 
NHa  1  tt  aai  abscal  in  4.  Thera  *■■  finn  mil  imii  at  lbs  imuUi  In  < 
M<tfctT*irgUiHd«ilbbU<kmiiculD  >.  The  »a  >«•  ii«|ecled  in  t| 
MaM4,nnitunt,and>hlBlngbiBi  cU)»d  and  doll  IB  S.  Tb«Hia>wn« 
■laMial)  Oeilblelnl.  The  toa*Mt  waipnilndad  aDdRrMped  WIlHlMtt 
la<i  drawn  la  and  fcneealttl  in  1.  Than  ni*  livid  Mtilus  oa  UhiUbIb 
UcHasj  Ibei  urneabteotlDl.  The  sWxwa  wai  dluindad  Id  Si  DM  dla- 
^iitnl  in  4.  Tb*  HBtrsiM  of  M>  Inta  we»  Injaalad  with  bhudln  »,  and 
toaribed  an  Hmgvtrd  In  « i  tbtie  was  nnw  HTwiM  bOMMfa  tba  anttocM 
kl.uidtailiiaootbibrtfBlaai  aadimiH  tfiutailD3.  Tha a—hand 
iDtrldln  allltMBHslB  whlthtboae  paid  are  lanittoiiMl.  l1w 
t  t|i«  b*«ln  was  InjRttd  In  B.  Blood  waa  aOMad  oo  tht  inftM 
B  lb*  mtricla  tfOt  »raia  b.  »i  abamt  b>  1.    Bload  m 


I 


and  rijridlli.  aad  Ih 


1 


o'dii>ck  It  nU.'ht.  tail  c«\t  mirs-.tf  vu 
f^toe,  iri'.h  bU  fn>c  ilvat  >  vard  tr.-s  ' 
lamer  tbao  bl«  body.  Jlnch  toiui«<1  f> 
war  liii  mouth.     Tbe  cborrh  wm  h>  fii 


SDLFHDEETTZD  HTDBCWBH.  Gi7 

an  open  chimney ;  or,  ■gun,  it  may  bo  tbrccd  into  »  ptTiioalBr 
'lireclion  by  purrcnt*  of  air.  i.  In  ta  k|iBrtmcDt  wilbmt 
ctiimncj,  ot  other  vent,  uid  with  uo  currGiiti  or  dnttU  of  air,  or 
only  very  rreblB  onrs,  the  g*i  will  be  diffused  abundiuitly,  ihoagli 
naeqaally.  aruand  the  uurce  or  rapply. 

Other  FrodHcU  of  Combiution. — Cu-bonic  acid,  thoogfa  Dm 
ebicf,  ia  not  the  only  product  of  tlie  combuttion  a!  charcoal  or 
Cual.  Id  the  com  or  burning  ehnrcoal,  carbonic  oiido  ii  givsn 
off  in  large  qniintity  by  the  redocCiou  of  tbe  carbonic  add  ■■  it 
pmmrt  over  tbe  heated  charcoal. 

Carbouic  oiide  ii  ■  mocb  more  active  poiaon  than  carbonic 
ta  not  only  by  takiog  tlie  place  of  oxygen,  but  by 
.h  the  blood,  and  rendering  it  incapable  of  the 
H  interebange  neceiaary  to  life.  Warm-hlooJcd  aniinali  die 
nqiidly  in  an  atmosphere  oonUining  only  1  per  cent,  of  carbonic 
Oiide.  T)>ey  die  with  ayoiptonu  of  dyapniea  paning  into  convnl- 
^ooa  and  aiphytia.  After  death  the  hUxid  hat  a  Bond  oaloar,  due 
to  the  compound  which  the  poiaon  forma  with  hraniigtobin.* 

During  the  oombnition  of  coal  not  only  cirboiue  add  and 
srbonlo  oxide  are  given  off,  but  also  sulphuroui  add,  and  tb* 

'pburettoJ  and  carhuretled  hydrogen  gasea. 

It.  BDLPSffBEmii  HTDBOOEN  {HydTBnipSvric  Acid.) 

y  Thla  gaa  nnlct  neit  in  importance  to  carbonic  odd.     It  it 

Oaly  lea*  guneniUy   diflhu'd.  but  it(  otTenaiie  odour   give* 

'  ig  of  ita  prc*ni<«.     It  ia  an  oitremely  active  poiaon,  tta 

■ding  lo  Thinard  atmoapherie  air  which  contnina  tVbo'*'  "' 

M  voloma  will  deatroy  a  hirdi  when  ^^th  of  ita  volante  it  will 

*"  a  dog;  and  jloth  provci  btal  In  ■  borae.     Itgedcd  Into  the 

'    't  apcedily  deabvya  lifej   and  it  provea  fktal  wbon  in- 

a  any  ot  the  cavitiea  of  the  body,  or  even  when 

ppUtd  to  the  anbroken  akin. 

—Tlii*  gu  haa  a  peculiarly  offen^vo  odour — that 
■r  reU«ii  «ci*  i  and  it  ia  remarkable  for  the  variety  of  iti  rMO> 
thXH  *ltk  ttw  nMtoUic  baua.     It  combine  with  ammonia  to 
a  dripUiU  of  ammonium,  which  baa  a  aimilar  offennve 
V  aMfd  la  the  pungency  of  hnrlahom,  and  aimilar  chemical 
lettooh     Tba  pnaeMe  of  ammonia  is  indicated  by  the  ftinua 
a  ml  miint  a  Rid  dipped  in  bydrochlorio  add  la  hdd  in 

"»**«. — Tba  ■anal  Imt  for  th"a  gaa  is  aretate  of  1(»J,  whicb 
I  toown  ot  blodi  pnid|iitat«,  aooording  t 


I 


MtM&BBd 


SUXrHOSKITED  BTDROGKa. 


Dialioii  of  tight 
n  at  the  pit  of  dw  si 
■oMea  vcaknen,  tnd  bm  of  cense  Bud  moti 
tttumi,  mud  aouTolnan,  ■  wU  ikin.  n  iirv^Ur  u>d  fay  b»- 
qamX  pnlae,  md  Uboriutu  respiration,  are  occaikniUj  pmmt. 
J^t(-s»rlm  ..IppMiwH.— The  body  hw  a  hi^;  oSea 
odosr,  luil  qaicUjt  nodopiA  deconipantion.  Tbc  DMda 
duk,  and  iucnntile  to  tha  fdmnlna  of  golTuuiin.  Tbt  1i 
nawb  and  all  the  intava]  naoan  ar«  ^Mended  »ieh  Uak 
liqud  Uaod. 

TrratmtHL — Tin*  wmiMa  ia  prompt  ramoiral  (o 
the  use  of  nimnUnta.  and  tbe  tBpinitkiii  of  eiiorme  £«**■  (iid 
off  &om  bleacliing  powder  BaiateDad  with  a  dilate  fiJ,  «  ' 
■n;  oF  t!ie  bleaching  lii(iiid(.    Aa  ditarinc  w  a  powvfol  in 
it  shoald  Dot  be  Bdmiaistacd  in  loo  oooemtnted  a  fam. 

Sulphnrett«d  Iifdra^ten  nrdj  oiita  in  a  iqantc  Mat* 
pnsorii  bat  ii  most  cominonly  met  with  in  iiaiooiritltattvi 
in  priiiea,  cesspools,  and  commoo  sewan. 

Feculent  matter  iu  a  state  of  pntTetnetion  ^rs  am  to  I 
prindpil  gnsca — su1pharett«d  hjidnigeD,  sulphide  of 
and  nitrogen.     The  firrt  two  are  eicaedin^j   "  " 
btter  possesBei  negative  ptopertiea.      They  i    ' 
tomhioed  in  the  auil  of  priiiea.    SomeUmes  : 

diaagre*Bblo  odour  is  given  ontj  neither  the 

tha  ■□Iphnrettvd  hydrogen,  nor  the  irritatiDg  and  tnmgoit 
odour  of  the  sulphide  of  ainmouiam,  bat  still  the  air  i>  raD> 
taminated.  In  these  coses  thn  gmes  twn^t  of  (^arbonie  add  and 
nitngeu,  with  a  vary  small  proportion  of  oxy^o. 

The  Bymploms  and  post-mortem  appearanon  canacd 

Buml  gases  do  not  differ  much  from  those  doe  I 

af  (olphnretted  bjdrofccn  alone.     The  rapidity  with  trhkli  tha 

^mptoas  take  plaoe  wilt  be  proportioned  Xa  the  degTt«  il  no- 

cenUation  of  the  gia.     The  moat  reinurkablt!  lymptonu  pmliiad 

IB  llmse  who  have  been  luddenly  and  stron;:ty  nS^cted  and  nib- 

SEqiKntl;  ronnered  (such  as  the  inen  employed  to  cnptj  tha 

eatnon  •owera  iu  Paris),  are,  a  feeling  of  violent 

MfUtriuiu,  and  round  the  head. 

to  fori^  the  air,  as  well  as  to  recover  penoea  aq^hyiiated  bf 

ff/tt  gua^  chlorine  is  tha  proper  ngent. 

^pMa  arising  (Tom  Ibe  stagnant  wBter  ofiewen  ore  similar 

u4H  t'**"  ^^  ^y  privies  aud  cei!<pools ;  bat  they  an  pinlj 


mxovB  oxxDi^  649 

dhntved  by  ike  water.  In  lewers  with  a  good  fall  and  Hberal 
Kpplj  of  water  no  gaiei  are  given  off;  bnt  there  it  a  pecnUar 
odour  doe  to  thdr  feculent  oontente.  This  does  not 
to  afEect  the  health  of  the  men  who  work  in  sewera. 


m.  CABBtrBXTTSD  HTDSOOEX. 

Tlie  chief  comtitaent  of  ooal  gas  is  the  combination  of  carbon 
and  hydrogen,  known  as  light  carbnretted  hydrogen,  snb-carba- 
litlad  hydrogen,  manh  gas,  or  fire  damp.  In  ooal  gas  the  light 
flwhuretted  hydrog^  is  mixed  with  defiant  gas,  and  nnleas  of 
wnwoal  purity  contains  ammonia,  snlphoretted  hydrogen,  car- 
bone  add,  and  carbomc  ozide^  with  free  hydrojren  and  nitrogen. 

Properties, — ^These  mixed  gases  have  a  peculiarly  offimnve 
odour.  They  bnm  with  a  yellowish-white  flame,  yielding  chiefly 
water  and  carbonic  acid,  and  forming,  with  certain  proportions  of 
atnospharic  ur,  a  dangerons  explosive  mixture. 

Coal  gas  is  not  so  active  as  carbonic  and  or  snlphoretted 
bydrogen ;  bnt  when  mixed  with  an  eqoal  balk  of  atmospheric 
wir  it  cannot  be  breathed  without  producing  very  serioas  efiects. 
If  greatly  diluted,  as  in  ooal  mines,  no  bad  effects  follow. 

Sjfmptcmt, — Very  few  cases  of  poiaoning  by  ooal  gas,  or  its 
principal  constituents,  are  recorded.  In  a  cane  described  by 
DvTcrgie,  there  were  foaming  at  the  mouth,  vomiting,  violent 
eoDvnlsions,  tetanic  spasms,  stertorous  respiration,  bloated  face, 
and  dilated  pupil. 

Potl-mortem  Appearaiieet. — From  two  cases  reported  by  Mr. 
Teaks,*  it  seems  that  the  principal  morbid  appearances  are  the 
fioQowing : — Pallor  of  the  integuments,  and  of  the  internal  tissues 
generally,  with  the  exception  of  some  portions  of  the  mucous 
membrane;  florid  discoloration  of  the  nock  and  back;  light 
florid  colour  of  the  muscles ;  absence  of  all  indications  of  venous 
congestion ;  the  blood  fluid  and  florid ;  infiltration  of  t)ie  lun^s ; 
iiyection  and  cccliymosis  of  the  small  intestinmi,  and  of  the  air- 
pa  wages.     Kigidity  rapidly  supervenes. 

IVwMtwieni. — This  consists  in  prompt  remo%'al  into  tlie  air,  and 
the  cold  affusion,  followed  by  diffusible  and  other  stimuhints. 

IV.  NiTBOrs  OXIDE  (Lamgking  Oaa). 

Nitrous  oxide,  prepared  by  the  distillation  of  ammonium  nitrate, 
is  now  largely  used  as  an  antusthetic ;  and  so  used  it  has  proved 
fital  in  one  or  two  cases. 

SjfmptomM. — When  nitrous  oxide  is  inhale<],  it  gives  rise  to  a 
peculiar  state  of  intoxication  often  of  a  hilarious  nature  (hence 

'  '  Gay's  Hospital  Beports,'  No.  Tiil.  p.  106. 


VmOCS  OXIDB. 

tor  a  lunato  at  two  ■  itats  of  inMOwUlity  tann  ta.  In 
■rUdt  «lwrt  opmtioD^  ndi  w  the  otnctioo  o(  UmK  ob 
HwJuiuwl  wWioat  lain.  Danog  this  itatv  of  uiM<iBli&] 
fioa  bcoonn  tirid  wd  Uie  popib  dilated.  It  tbe  '-'-'■'^ 
pfaNM  of  Mphj^ ! 

o  breathe  an  atntoqihera  «f  Mtnoaad 
witli  all  tlie  qrmpbmi  of  nphjiia.  The  i 
by  nition*  oxide  Kppean  to  be  diieflj  dm 
uphjiiuit,  and  oot  to  an;  ^)eoial  Daroobe  pmrer,  Uisajh 
f»eling  of  eihikratioa  caoaed  b;  it  may  indicate  that  jt  ii 
to  be  regarded  merely  u  a  painTC  agmt. 

Parcell  (■  PliiL  Ued.  and  Snr^-  Kepoct.-  IBTl.  p.  US)  n| 
a  ctae  of  death  from  t}wDi«  of  lutKni*  oxide  bi  denbttij'.  T 
na  nidileD,  bat  it  «M  doobtAd  bo*  moeh  of  Uw  btal  randl 
doe  lo  uphjiia  and  bo«  modi  to  (hock.  A  dmilar  caae  oca 
■t  Eieler  in  1S73  (■  Brit.  Med.  Jour,'  Feb.,  p.  1X6).  w^k 
ri«  to  much  diipute  at  to  the  eeiiw  of  daitl).  Aa  a  port-tM 
emnination  wu  not  allowed,  it  ii  impoenUc  to  mj  what  i 
the  lulxoni  oiidc  mHy  had  in  the  imtainrd  molt. 

Tivtfmral.—Tbe   traati       ■    ■       -    ■    - 
St*  CBioaoFOBii,  p.  562. 


CHAPTER   XVr. 
VEGETABLE   lERITiJUTS. 


1 


U  FtnOATTTES. — Alora,  (olocjnth,  gamboge,  jslap,  scammonj, 
—  "koT  the<wtor-oil  plant,  crotonoil,  elaterinm:  the  belle- 
■  mnd  eolchiEnm. 
I  X  AaosTivsB, — Savin,  uid  ergot  of  rye. 
I  1>  ImaiTAKn,  with  mbtocb  stvptohb. — Cieni*  viroM,  pbel- 
I  bndriDiD  ■qiuticum,  slbnsa  cjnapiuni,  yew,  and  Ubarnani. 

|4>  SlltrLi   iBBiTiKM. — Arum,   meisreon,   niiunoular,   bryony 
I  (ntbite  and  black),  &c.  &c. 

I  B.  DtnuED  a: 


I  Txn  group  cmnprun  both  the  marc  urti*e  pargmtives  novr  uaed 

J  fa  medidoe,  or  b;  tbe  vendon  of  aperii'iit  pilli,  nnd  tbe  now 

I  tfjaniart  hellebore,  wLich  wsB  in  earlier  titnea  to  1ar);elv  ^ven  for 

L  Ik*  eon  of  melanchcdic  diaorden.     Of  the  {lurgatives  now  in  use 

''  ~  Sloe  to  (tate  that,  when  given  in  large  doeet,  or  to  old 

n  prraont,  they  mBy  act  as  pi^Bon).     All  thoae  cnume- 

d  at  the  head  of  the  chapter,  given  atone  or  in  combination, 

B  prored  ftUL     Their  poiiODOUt  property  laiica  chiefly  ia 

BBtnoiia  conatltuenU.     Aloui  and  jnlnp  yield  active 

prmopJea — atoime  trndjalapine,  and  colcbicum,  calchteinf. 

The  tgmpirimt  produced  by  Cbia  chuB  oF  poitona  are  thoae  of 
britalioa  of  tbe  ilimentary  caonl — vomiting  and  purtpNg.  with 
pain  in  the  abdomen,  crampa,  tenennui,  and  ttrangnry.  Tho 
patunt  falls  into  a  itale  of  collnpie,  attended  aometimea  with 
drowiinaw  and  (light  nervoui  Bymptoma. 

Tbit  pott- mortem  appearmai  are  those  of  inflamination  of  the 
■linaDtary  canal  in  vsrioog  degrees  and  stages — redoeas,  ulcera- 
Uon,  Bbfteniug,  and  effusion  of  dark  blood  into  the  submaooua 

tiNOt. 

The  irralmfmt  contists  in  tbe  free  u»0  of  dilnents,  with  Opinin 
to  relieve  pain,  snd  ftlmnlsnU  to  i-oontersct  collapse. 

Some    medicines    belonging    to    this    group    deserve    ipedal 


Axon, — Tliis  drug  iFwes  its  importsnc 


ill 

I 


•  «(■(•  of  iiuciuibilitf  amt 
wMcb  dnct  apmaSaoK"^  ■>  the  eitncHea  aft 
ptffomai  witkoat  fiia.  Dunng  thii  alBlcsf  !■■ 
bee  Ikcdbh*  livid  Mtd  tlM  pvpib  <UUUd.  IT  thai 
oDnlinoel,  duigenn^  loi  cren  GUal,  lymptooB  of  M( 
bit  theniKlTM. 

Aninub  madi  to  braatbe  an  ktmoapbnv  of  nto 
with  ■!!  Um  frmptomi  of  aqiliyiB.  TIm  UMatM 
bjr  mtmoi  oxide  a^mtt  to  b*  chiefl;  doe  lo  iti  i 
Hpbjiant,  md  not  to  utf  ipadil  nareolic  ponr^ 
beting  of  nbihiBliin  'WBwd  by  it  ia>T  indicate  l| 
to  bt  raguded  novlj  u  a  paaan  ngeac. 

PonsO  ('  PbU.  Hcd.  and  Sorg.  Report,'  18T1,  pM 
a  an  of  daatli  fitim  the  lue  cf  nitzous  oiide  in  dcnll 
n>  rodden,  but  U  wu  doolitfiil  how  smdi  of  ttw  bj 
das  to  uphjiU  and  how  much  to  ihock.  A  QroDar  t 
It  Exatcr  in  1873  ['  Brit.  Med,  Joor^"  Feb„  p.  126). 
riw  1o  mDcli  diapDie  u  to  the  caate  uf  dcalh.  A>  i  ] 
eumination  wsi  not  alloirad,  it  ii  impwaible  to  iq 
the  nilrooi  oiide  nallj  hid  in  the  nntovird  reult. 

7Vfj(ii*-ii(.— The  tTwiCment  ii  that  for  »»phjd 
S«  Cblobofobji,  p.  562. 


t  im-^i^^m 


■  IB    ^H 


'  Ti  1^  —  ito  jycfTaiBT  tf  ^  ^V 


tbe  teavo,  a  ftiTOBiil 

wilb  the  nlgv. 

The  ^t^pioa*. 
*<^'««  appramutm 
trtatmtMl.  mre  thm 
per  to  irriunt  p 
K™ct»IIv  (p.  878), 
violent  actkn  on 
bowels,  am]  g^ 
^mptonu  of  odltpa 
d«aictioi)  of  the  rao 
dartroyed  life  in  Im  _ 
two  hooi^  after  fn 
tag   voqulii^ 


,.     ,_  The  Mblontfyt 

(Be-  1(6),  itinking  hullebore,  boirefbot,  or  fettw  -      -   ■     -^ 
»err  linilent  poLmn.  lutviog  t  limilor  «elian  to  the 
more  pcwerfd-       U  i»  kiHxrn  b  n-ettmoreland,  BfaCTe  it  n 
»bnn<kntlj,  »MfeU.».gnu,.    It  L«  long  been  Ju  bh.  «  m  tft< 

CoLCHTCUM  (Cofrainrm  airfHiHu^,  Meadom  laffrvt).-— 
pl«nt  gro»(  in  moUt  meadow*  id  every  p«rt  tuf  ^nrow 
ai>wpr»  m  ■atmna,  ud  throws  out  iU  Inres  in  ipniur  ■  ~ 
ha*  ■  fibroo*  root  attwhed  to  tie  under  tide  ofr 
Blem  or  <xwm.  The  frnit,  which  ripeiu  about  id 
Uins  mnmy  bud  round  hmnI^  rigure  177  »bow»  Uie  'pi 
(*^  the  flower  (B),  and  the  aipn.U(c).  The  oorro  ind  wwIm 
died  iDiiulunpKveral|i(«paTtilioiiiof  the  BHlish  " 

—the  &t»h  atna  for  the  eitiact,  uid  iMtir 

<ttin  fcr  the  wbx^  and  the  eerdi  br  the 


IBOKTtTES. 


IL  ABOBTtTES. 

SlTts  {Jatipenit  i/Jtiaa). — A  snuill  indigcDog 
3'ielding  a  round  pnrpk   fruit  abuat   the   ciie  of 
179).     It  liu  >  pu'Dliar,  Btrang  odour,  and  tas  acrid  Me| 
"  '  "  n  cbiefly  to  an  aaeotul  nl      ~ 


owe*  its  irritant 


(Mtiei  fnmi  the  fresh  topt  of  ths  plant  hy  diatillitiai  vi^  i 
Thi)  oil.  auil  un  oiiitmeDt  Irom  the  Treililj-  hniited  plant,  i 
the  British  PhBrmaoapiEia.     Tlie  dose  of  the  (m1  !■  fron  c 

The  ieaT«i  ID  powder  or  infusion,  and  the  dO,  ire  cAn 
to  procare  nborlion;  but  it  is  toore  fnqiientljr  liital  to  then 
than  efiectoiil  in  deitrojing  the  child.  Savin  it  alM  oocni 
uied  ta  n  vemufiige. 

SjrMpCoai.— Thote  of  irritation  of  the  sEinsntarr  ' 
Severe  ptaa  in  tho  hellj  niitl  Tomiting.  and  aamelinie*  Una 
hot  diarrhm  nre.  Salimtiua  and  iiuennbility  arc  oeci 
Bjrmptonis. 

Pott-morlm  Jppeannca,~-'IhOK  of  k 


1^ k- 


EBeoT  or  I 

arj  cantU.  The  green  powder  is  oOeu  fDunil  imong 
On  drying  snil  robbing  tliia  powder,  it  umita  tbe 
or  at  tbe  plant,  and  tbe  hiird  thick  parbi  aC  the  twigi 
T  the  inicromipe  the  onliiiurj  cbii™eleriitic»  of  com- 
,    WtlCTj  Bolutiona  of  uviii  strite  a  deep  green  with 


■1. — Tlut  proper    1 


the   wliole   clau    of  irritant* 


f  Rtb  {Spurred  ryf,  SteaU  eomitlum). — Thii  ie  the 

K  diteate  atlaeking  the  gmin  of  uveral  pluiiti,  inch 

I,  bariej,  out!,  ind  rye,  In  wet  itcasuni,  and  in  ill-drained 

rhe  ear  of  the  plant  ii  ortupied  wholly,  or  in  part,  bji  the 

d  grains,  eii^h  of  which  ia  of  a  deep   pnrple  colour,   elon- 

\,  dighll;  curved,  and  projecting,  lo  ai  to  bvar  some  reaem- 

o  a  cock'i  ipur.     Thrtc  diseuud  graini,  collected,  dried, 

'demi,  r.irtn  the  ergo!  of  tbe  ihopi,  uted  by  the  accouchenr 

ate  contmctiim  of  the  uterus,  and  lonietimiv  crimiluU; 

1   to  procure  ibortion.     Fig.  180  ahowa  dde  by  (ide  tbe 

Iky  (1)  and  diieawd  plant  (2),  an  enlai^  apibelet  {d).  a  i«o- 

g  the  sporidla  (it),  the  iporulee  {l),  and  two  entire  and 

nmplas  of  tbe  ergot  {g  and  k). 

'». — The  et^ot,  when  entire,  variai  in  length  from  a 
in  inch  to  two  inches,  nnd  in  thickness  from  ■  with 
•f  Bu  inch.  Its  mrfHCe  is  black,  with  lighter  dotted 
1  iti  lubslance  reddish-grey.  It  is  liffbtto'  tbun  water, 
ft  dingrceabte  odour,  and  somewliat  acrid  teste. 

:.  Liq.  potaisa:  gives  it  a  lake-red  tint,  snd  derelopes 

Tutic  odour,     h.  Tlic  filtered  allialiae  liquid  baa  the 

I*  oolonr,  and  lets  full  the  same  coloured  precipitate,  on  the 

~  ric  acid,  or  a  aolntjon  of  alum  in  vteeia. 
SxperinnUt  on  Anitnith. — The  symptonis  prodaced  in  aniiUBli 
'  t  la^(e  DDglu  doses,  or  by  smaller  doses  frequently  repeated, 
r*  pai^y  Ibose  of  inlatinal  irritation,  pirtly  those  indicative  of 
~Bcliim  of  the  nervous  u^ntres.  To  the  Hrst  belong  diarrluEU,  to 
I  last  giddiness,  dilated  pupil,  drowilness,  convuluoaa.  and 
ralyn*.  Suppurating  tumoun,  and  gangrene  of  the  utremi. 
t,  are  also  among  the  aymplaina. 

In  tbe  hnman  subject  a  single  full  dose  gives  rise  to  irritation 

I'  tf  Ilie  staniaeh  and  bowela,  giddiness,  headnche,  and  flushing  of 

'ice,  with   great  lasutudo  and  weariness.      The   Dtcnu   ii 

d  to  oontracUoD,  and  in  a  pregnsut  female  abortion  nay 

No  csaes  of  acute  poiaoiiing  with  ergot  are  on  record. 

When  the  spurred  rye.  or  other  grain  similarly  diseased,  is 

1  with  Sour  and  loade  into  bread,  it  gives  rise  to  an  e^nde- 


The  cicnta  viroaa  luu  bmm  Jeicribed  in  "  by  fur  the  moat 
ire  of  the  polaonous  planU  of  Great  UritiiQi"  miil  rensoni 
•e  hna  ungned  for  the  belief  tbat  it  auppliinl  tlio  "  celi^bnited 

In  naiiiia/f  tlie  root  giro)  rite  lo  tetanni.     In  man  well-msrlieil 
Itanic  ipunu  are  also  among  tlii!  pniiniiwiit  «jin)itainii.  together 
pitb    dilated  pupil,  inuiulbility.  uinu,    trnmea,    Toniitiiig.  and 
brrbiBt.     Duath  ma;  take  place  witbin  au  boar  of  tbo  awnllonr- 
tf  of  the  poUon. 
WcpTer  ipve*  the  caiei  of  two  bnyg  and  ilx  ifirli  who  ate  mora 
•  lar^l;  of  tbe  root*.     Tlie  boji  -*bo  took  a  large  quiintitj 
■000  «eited  witb  acute  pain  in  tbe  »t«inai'h,  1«h  of  ipotteli, 
hHmibilil;,  and  terrible  coavnlaioos.     Tbe  Ufralh  wai  so  closely 
'mt  tiMt  it  could  not  be  opened,  blooil  Ugived  fmin  the  lira,  and 
m  ej**  vere  liorribly  diatorteil.     Disith  took   place  in  half  au 
m.     The  girli  inffered  fixmi  epileptj. 
Tbe  caaea  of  three  Odrman  toU 
m*  related  by  Boerbaave   alio*  Fig.  IM. 

■at   the    poH-mortem     apjirar- 
NHt  irera  well  marked.    Ttiey, 
,lBtt  died   in    Ian  tban   hull'  an 
:  and  tbe  BtonuL-h  of  one  naa 


rniLI.AK'DBIUll    AQCITIOUV 

iFi<u-ltand  Waitr  Hfmhck). 
Thia,  too,  U  an  indiganoai 
nmbcllifamu  pUot,  growing  in 
iiiniUr  oitaation*  with  tbe  fore- 
gdng,  and  of  which  tbe  tapering 
root  aalen  by  miitake  for  paro- 
nefM  haa  prodoccd  pfMaoDOnt 
oSMo.  Tbe  plant  growa  to  about 
tlim  feet  iu  heigi-t,  and  ia  fur- 
nabed  with  amiiU  Hnely-divlded 
^riE^greeo  l>«va>.    (Fig.  1B2.) 


PariUy). 

Tba  loaitoa  of  thla  plant,  ai  iti 

BUM    impliai,   have  boon  eateu 


1^ 


—  ~^^. 


M 


_  iwd,  compoaed  of  two 

iHthin  tlie  auL     The  plant  hr 

'  rix  of  the  berriis  tre 
to  pmdurawrioiu  cSccM.  The 
1  ingredient  in  Che  compnuud 
or  «VM|nrilln  of  the  liritisli 
^nii,  and  it  tlw  lnui*  of  tU« 
Btntet  of  mexermii.  'I1ia 
poit-morlim    appearaum, 

(p.  878). 

CFH-'B  (CVo*/oo/,  butlmvp). 
ire  110  Icae  then  fifteen  species 
or  crawfoot.  natives  of 

jHttoree.  and  ino<t  of  tliem 
or  Itw  irrilnting  preperliea. 
ih  we  vMeamed  mmt  jioiaon- 
tbtt  rinuncului  Uainmiili, 
and  iMlcntuii  the  ][.  acria 
being  lc«  deli.'toriouK. 
B  plant  of  tlie  nmuncu- 
Ernry  part  of  the  freeb 
'   *  b;  kn  loriil  prinoiple, 


ityiMlom 
ighly  irritating  pro- 
Fig.  IM, 


dlM^patod  bv  hcKl.  or  wlicn 
I  m  dried.  Water  d>itilt«l 
^r*ah  pluili  coiitiin*  the  nrrid 
M  ii  (hown  bj  tlio  iliiicin^ 
WDM  of  beet  in  iLe  ■liiiiiiii')>. 
id  imtar  of  tlin  It.  uxtmiiui 
tabt  Tlw  Jdee  of  the  plant) 
rftd  vwLcant,  md  prior  (o 
dnoticni  of  mothuirlia  «-■> 
i«diwl  men  for  thii  purpoti^ 
W  VMd  to  produce  ulnr*  on 
^  nendlcanU  and  ouUId- 
"«tilU-d  mitor  of  the  It. 
I  eBoctual  nnil  ipceily 
nd  wai  greatly  coiuinvndiil 
iRg  M  prafenblo  to  anii  otiier 
AJMt  b  to  [irDdiioe  ■  t\a,w\ 
il  the  ttomnoh.  Tlio  briUMd 
,  us  Qicd  >i  renmnla. 


Tti«    »f»ftomt,  perl-autrUm   appraraiiert.   aid  b 

poUonioK  bj  the  nuancoii  irt  tlto«e  of  irrilaiit  poiiomng  {p.l7B^ 

BBTOirr, — Tbe  two  plinU  wliicli   bear  the  OMBDanBOHal 

Bryony,  tum-  a  Mrtaia  importance  as   piuin*.  put);  on  M»Mt 

of  thiar  itrong  irritant  iction,  and    jutrtly  frmo  iiamr  ObbI 

r  Koodi  >nil  bedi^oH-ft.     Thongb  they  bar  A 

e  EngUib  naine.  Ihej  da  uol  even  belong  to  tbe  bim  mU 

order,  the  Wlut«  Brjronj  beioe  tb«  unlitafj  repnamlati**  mmat 

wild  pUntB  of  the  Coi-urbitscne,  while  tb*  Un 

bryoDj  brIoDg*  to  the  DioacoTMCMe. 

The  Whilt  Brjong  (Brjonia  dioici.  or  wDil  viDe)  i*  *■ 
cotnniaa  iQ  oor  iroijda  ■ 
hedge*,  twininp  ataoag  bi 
and  biialie^  aud  rlisgin^  bf  ] 
teodriU.  The  !<■*■■  an  n 
the  flovert  eidbU  aitd  i 
fnint  7r«en  oolour;  the  b«tl 
clattered,  aiiil  nbea  ripe,  n 
filled  with  s  foetid  ouplMi 
jaice,  and  conlaiiuiif' <u  «■ 
and  the  root,  ^Indle^tiapi 
fl«hj,  and  pjle  ii 


thicknni.  FV- 188  ihowt 
catting  Bt  the  plant,  willi 
imall  clnit«r  of  benwi^ 

The  root  of  thi>  pUot 
ftrmerly  in  om  ai  a  sediriB 
ood  VB*  known  to  ora 
vomiting  and  pgr^og,  ' 
■yniptoRiaarcollapK,K)nHt 
endiiig  falall;.  Th«  benil 
when  eaten  bjr  cluldia 


The  Atari'  Bryot^f  {Ika 

commanii)  la  abo  (er;  oonn 

in  woods  and  hedirn,  twining,  withflot  the  ud  of  tendril^  ■ 

contRutinir  itrongly  with  the  white  bryony  in  ita  learea,  *  ~ 

t->bapeil,  pointed,  imooth,  and  >hioin>;i  in  ita  ba 
which  are  ovoiil)  and  in  the  colour  of  iti  root,  which  ii  hi 
Tbe  berriei  are  ia  clnstera,  and  when  ripe,  are  like  thoaa  of  tl 
while  bryony,  of  a  red  coluar.  A  catting  of  Uie  pUnt,  with 
cliuter    of   berries,  ia  ibown  in   lig.   169.      Th«   root    of  tt 


**  the    ITot 


■    !»!< 


MaMortiK  plul.  in  ttj 
•«  there  en  .  Km. i  . 


I 


ZT^"^,".!"     P^^nni*.    and 

•£^'a  Ci?.  isn,  .hid, 

™    »ix*d  wmptooa    (^  i 
liwl  imtation  ,„d  „„^i^ 

to  be  pU«d  ,roMg  the  bmtw 
5-^  oeiBD?  I!nd-d  (ire.  dtr  too™,  .« Jl^ 


CHAPTEE    XVII. 

ANIMAL     IBBITANT3. 

I.  C4NTHAEIDES. 


1. 

it  veikatoria,  Spaniah  fly.  or  bliiter  beetle,  ii  du> 
1(1  by  the  ibiniiig  metallic  grata  colour  of  tbe  head,  legi, 
ing'cues.  It  coutaiiu  a  ■trong  iiritunt  po]>on,  cbnrac- 
1  by  its  mergetic  wtion  on  the  urinary  Rnd  generatiTe 
otgani,  and  a  tbe  HClive  ingredient  of  eevera]  prepiratioiiB  of  the 
BfitUb  Phurmiicopoiia.*  Thu  povder  and  tiui^tuiu  have  been 
^T«i  to  procure  abortion,  for  loKivioaa  purponca,  or  merely  for 
■  joke;  and  both  powder  and  plaster  Uave  been  tnketi  by  mi*- 
take.  lt«  prepomtlons  have  albo  producud  severe  eflecle  on  the 
orimiry  and  genital  organ*  when  applied  eilemilty.  The  dy 
'  ■  poiaonous  propurly  to  an  active  cryatalline  primiple, 
panlkaridiHe,  of  wliich  hall' an  oiini-e  of  tbe  jiowdi^r  cuntaini  one 
grain,  ami  the  hundredth  part  of  a  grain  will  raiiia  a  bliiter  on 

TliB  powder  and  plaiter  are  readily  idpotJfied  by  tbe  imall 
■billing  golden  or  green  particle*;  and  the  powder  by  tbe  umpla 
tot  of  beat.  If  H)  nnall  a  quantity  ■«  the  hundredth  part  of  a 
(train  be  treated  in  the  manner  docribed  at  p.  407  {6g.  63),  h 
pern ture  i*  railed  to  about  212°  >'abr.,  a  white 
Mblimate  appear*  on  the  glrni  diik  j  and  tbi*.  wlien  examined 
Bnder  tbe  microscope,  i*  found  to  coiiaiat  of  oryttal*  of  can- 
tliandine.     If,  however,  tbe  eobliinate  ahonld  bo  amorpboua,  or 


bnruiog  KdHtioa  in  tbc  moatb  umI 
k  like  aermtuni  in  tbe  pit  oT  the  (ton 
eitmd'itig  at  length  orer  the  whole 
b;  eiresuie  pain  in  swallowing,  d: 
thirtt,  copioM  diicharge  of  blood 
itomKcb.  mixed  willi  ibiiiing  greeo  p 
titv,  frixD  the  boweli;  tcneuniu,  pa 
•tnngiirj,  blood;  itodi  and  Drine,  m 
and  inflajninatioD  of  the  gvnital  oi^ai 
reittcn.  the  bmthiiig  laboriotu,  and 
SomKims  badidie,  detiriam,  and  < 
■jnnptoat  allied  to  tboae  of  hjdrop 
added. 

Anmi^  tht  maaaoti  aymptoma 
Baliratioo,  romitinj;  of  temcioni  moo 
or  of  the  msmH  membraae  itself  ret 
mation,  and  alboiiiiDon*  urine. 

The  tioetan,  in  imall  doen  of  fon 
marked  effect  on  the  nrinaij  organa, 
aometimei  vithoat  eannnic  pain.  Oi 
qoantitio,  at  tii  oancea  of  the  tiacti 
powder,  baie  been  taken  wiLhoat  ba 
moouted  for  bj  the  badnea  of  tbe  p 

Fttal  Dote. — Of  the  Uncture,  one 
nacertuned.  Two  doaea  of  twent;-fc 
loterml  of  a  da  j,  hare  dntroyed  lifi^ 

Falal  Period. — Unullj  from  Iwei 


ACQ 

._  tlv  nra;  be  det«ct«d  in  th«  eonlmU  of  llie  itaoiMli  bjr  lb* 
-:<-niiip  go]ilea  m  green  ctJmr  of  Ihe  (Mrtidn,  wliich  tniv  ba 
.  lAj  HFD  b)t  the  IcTU  or  oucroNnp'-  '^^X  °"J  *"  niUcPUd, 
'-xilvnl  ia  cthpr  or  ehloTofgrnii  FTuponited  to  tlic  tliicknaa  of 
in  vilnrt.  itid  iU  btuUrrinc  property  tat«]  b;  application  to 
thi^  U[i.  By  tboe  two  lerta  Kamrl  ckticl«d  csnUuride*  in  KiBia 
nket  at  cbucoUte  nultdooily  giveu  tJ>  leretal  penum.  TiM 
tuhlinnthni  by  bolt  i<  tUll  more  •■ti>bctii>7. 

n'brn  tlic  itiiiDKb  )u«  bceu  divbargHl  bjr  Tomitin^  or  th« 
boKBli  nDptial  by  •perimt*.  the  fniwoa  iiuy  *tiU  Hlbcre  to  the 
oiaU  uf  thv  ouial.  In  tliiii  our  we  fullow  the  pUn  rsconnwDdnl 
hy  Puanet.*  Tlie  intntiial  taiul  biiin|;  Lmh  diitarbal.  U 
ioflslnl  und  cirin]  j  tin]  portNiiu  of  it  *n  pUeed  oa  ibaeti  of  |;laa, 
and  (TirirfDllT  ciunitwd  for  Ibe  ihlBiDg  grUD  qnU.  H.  n>qaMt 
Lu  (li-io'i  ril  tlicni  (rvcn  mootlu  iner  intament. 

7^r.il.M--ar. — Tber*  a  ubtiuoajy  no  autjijotc  to  tfaii  poiida. 
VniiTiiiiic  la  to  be  Diciinl  and  encmngeO  by  emetics  idiI  n-irm 
ln]utiU  i  mul  tbe  poiion  to  be  removal  ttaa  U>e  lunrrli  by  foD 
diaa  of  uulor  oiL  Tbe  Iree  ok  of  diloenti,  with  oily  or  ileaal- 
eent  IiijcaioD*  bto  the  rectum  end  bUddrr,  end  bcdiei  «r  bleed- 
ing, if  the  inftnnmiitory  eymptomi  run  bij^b.  cvmtiliii*  tbe 
~~  tdnder  of  tlie  tn-elinent-  LamUnain  nwy  be  xlHol  to  the 
K,  or  opinm  (DppoBloriM  introdoeed  into  Ibe  nxtDm. 
iiiar, — Tfai*  i*  xdd  in  tl>e 
pof  •peAIhig  mlaarka  cryalela,  Fls.  lie. 

■  ■     J  by  the  mk  

nut  of  pUt«  ol 
I   Inm,   lengthy  end    tJitck- 

f.149  it  taken  fMm  ■  good  raai- 

il  ipedinen.     It  rctwn*  snilar 

Acne^  bnt  mm  driiate,  nd   with 

a  nriety  of  gnopjng,  ha  dcpoatU 

n  ile  mcdalimt  in  rthrr  and  ebloro- 

d  in  it*  nUiimtf*.   Tbe  de- 

I  ploto.  ttuM  fnXD   cblnrolbns   nfoarr  pUt«*  end 

p  rtilnrm,      Kl^.  ISM  ihowa  the  two  fnrmt  moit  comnwD  in 

■/■  '''•  •*"■'  jUjiIw  (a)  end  tbe  long  plalea 

ii  tiki'D  from  pbotoKrapb*. 

■aridinr,  ttben  bnleid  in  tbe  maima  devribad  at 

,  uUllDaB  wiiliont  midiu',  a-  leifine  ■  fiunt  italai' 

«  ^-Uie  diak  in  niob  tami  at  IhcH  ibaw« 


PW  J 


I 

1 

I 


"^     rs^'^^a 

i     ^-*-'— ^'^ 

1      *."U.JSST,*J 

m    ■■J  ■  ■  ■       1  .-Ja« 

■  iiz^'::;rrj 

■   ^AA-d  i.i4.av>< 

•,  I-»  —  —r-  .fc*  l-J 

^a-l'"-^  — 

^^  -B          X.. ».»«.  ™i 

W          <■        3_  &«   „    „»a.tl,   , 

H             ^m    v^«^>n  <f  ikc-..ct» 

^^_^P    -  — K^  r-~  -ir-  -n-  ■ 

^m^W     ^a- '  a— if  a.  __ 

1    UTi                    M        1    ■rfl..ihi»TUihita». 

3E*M«   tf  ^  M^Hk   ■■  B^  Kiwmjl    ptOBIi.   lull 

11        ia^h—               |H^Mtii«pt.rftiie 

mi  niMin       ll&CTaRhpTta*ithwlT>i.U9c^ 

B    1        i»«T— ^■■liic»>oj*tfr^.wb..nd«h 

liiiii  i'lj      iniBwl     Tl>iic^nG>hiiKibati<tia]I] 

^-^^          -    M 

lo  difficDit  medico-legil  qnettioni  nite  out  of  the  poiBonou* 

>  prodnced    bj   the   inBertion  of    the  vBiinm  »ocretioii»  of 

unmil*  into  wocnds,  wbcther  inflicted  by  the  fangs  of  m 
tbe  itingi  of  inncta,  or  the  daws  of  mcb  creature*  u  the  omi- 
UunyDclnu,  or  (u  in  the  cue  of  tlio  cutineoQa  Kcretion  of 
tbe  common  to«d)  inoculated  for  the  puipoae  of  eipnriment,  thii 
■Direct  vfill  be  Tery  brieflj  noticed. 

Jn  England  we  hare  but  one  venomong  make,  the  common 
viper,  or  adder  (Vlpcra  benu).  It  is  aliout  two  feet  long,  ha*  a 
brown  body,  slnte-colonred  bollj,  rhomboidal  dorul  acules,  witb  » 
imr  of  black  spoti  on  tacb  tide,  head  covered  with  rough  acalci, 
■nd  poJBODOUB  Isuga  ia  the  npper  JRw.  1 1  appcsn,  howerer,  that 
the  colour  ia  not  alwajt  the  same;  for  Dr.  :iiephe[uan  (' Mediol 
Zoologj  and  Mmcrslop)','  p.  66],  Bgurrs  two  adders  fonnd  near 
Harrow -on- the- bill,  tlie  one  brown,  the  other  bluc-bUick. 

Tbe  Myv^iosu  cnuwd  bj  the  bite  of  tbe  adder  are  iliarp  piiia 
in  the  wound,  swelling,  rednen  passing  into  a  livid  bue,  and 
npidl<r  extending  to  adjoining  parts.  Blisters  form  round  the 
voond,  like  tboae  of  ■  hnm.  The  pain  soon  ebatcs,  tbe  parta 
aflectcd  beoome  u.-denuitoui  and  livid,  uid  targe  livid  spoti 
appear  on  tbe  nirAioc.  Tbe  general  lymptomn,  which  oommoolj 
■how  tbemsclrea  within  forty  minntea  of  the  btte,  com'  ' 
■niictj.  proslntion,  cold  nweala,  and  feeling  of  giddine 
faintnesi  bilioui  vomiting  and  diarrhiEti;  quiek.  amill,  and  ir- 
regolar  poise,  and  difficult  breathing;  to  which  are  mmotimea 
added  nmvuliioni,  and  disturbance  of  tho  mind. 

The  treatment  coniials  in  the  immediate  a[rplication  of  a  liga- 
tore  between  the  wonnd  and  tbe  heart,  and  the  removal  of  tbe 
piHson  by  auction.  Ammonia  ebould  be  applied  lo  tlie  wonnd 
and  girvn  intemsliy.  Tincture  of  iodine  is  a  uaef^il  applioation 
to  tbe  Blingi  of  venonions  in>ecl<,  and  might  be  luefullj  applle*! 
to  the  wound  of  the  viper. 

Tbe  venom  of  the  cobra  di  capello  surpaaaci  that  of  all  other 
snakea  in  viniloncc.  Ilie  local  s.Tniptomi  are  of  a  aimilar  cha- 
racter to  thoee  above  deacrihed,  but  mom  intense,  the  bittm 
part  seeming  to  andergo  ni[ud  decomposition.  The  couatitutional 
efTeds  manifest  themselrea  fay  depresiion,  nausea,  fsintneo,  and 
vomiting.  Parelyiua  of  locomotion  ensuea,  and  before  d«tb, 
which  1;  generally  preceded  by  convulsion*,  there  are  involuntary 
diachartECi  of  a  sangnineoua  character. 

Dn.  Bronton  and  Fayrer  have  proved  that  the  ptrison  pan- 
I   tlie   spinal  cord,  motor  oerves,  and  muscles.      Death  is 


r 


CHAPTEK  XVIII. 


DIAGNOSIS  OF  THE  POISONOUS  ALKALOIDS, 
JlSD  ASALOGGUS  active  PEINCIPLES. 

[h  the  litvr  cbapten  of  tliii  work,  wMch  tnat  of  the  orgaoio 
pouou^  wvenl  t^TS  prindplcs  (UriTsd  from  organic  nutten 
have  h»ea  deacribol ;  but  the?  have  not  jet  been  lo  annpttred 
with  each  otiier  ai  to  bring  into  relief  thmr  raipeetive  properties. 
Thia  will  unw  be  dono  in  the  cue  of  tbo  actirs  principle*  that 
are  most  important  aa  piuioni. 

Thoau  aetectcd   fiir  omiiiariKin   are    Cantharidine  fWim   the 
animal  kingdom;   uul  Atropine,   Aoonltiue,   Itnidne,   ConilDO, 
■  IHgitflline,  Morphine,  Klootioe,  Picmtoiiue,  Solanine,  Strjchnino, 
~  d  Teratrinc,  froiu  the  ve^tetabte  hingdom.     Of  Iheacv  ten  are 
"a  compoundi,  and   two  onljr  (Coniine  and  Nicotine) 
volaUle.     If  grouped  in  accordanoe  with  their  olti- 
Hte  Bhemical  oompoution,  thej  will  be  found  to  cuunst  of  three 
— namel;,  thoe«  that  eontain — 
I.  Carbon,  Hjdnigen,  and  llijgeii. 
S.  Carbon,  Hydrogen,  and  Niirogm. 
^^^  S.  Carbon,  Hydrogen,  Oiygco,  and  Xitrogen. 
^^^■jKl  the  fint  elan  beloug  the  aniiiuU  product,  Cantharidine,  and 
^^^^^bo  OlitctmUi,*  Fivrotoiine  and  Digitaliue ;  to  tlie  aecond 
^^^^^^k  and  Nicotine  i   to  the  third,  the  aikaloidt.  Atropine, 
^^^^^^b^  Bnidnc,  Morphinei  SoUnlne,  Strychnine,  and  Vera- 

^^^^^■diH 

L 


I 


linl  compoaitjon  of  ttieaa  nihatanon  doe*  not  m«- 

lence  Lheit  reaction! ;    t<a  Llie  unimal  prodnct  can- 

ditfcn  in  thla   respect   tnm  the  Tegetsble  glnconde 

ich  Bi  the  nllnloidt  >tr)cliniQe  and  Tetacrine 

;   tboagh  cantharidine  ii  disiingniabed   from 

y  luntwning,  in  100  parla,  one  more  of  hydro- 


c  of  BtucuH,  ar  cn^  n<ar*  ■ 


A 


SOLtBIUTT  IN  TABIOVa  UENSTBVA. 


1 

eolptinrioAcU. 

Mlerio 

Add. 

OM. 

V„rm. 

iro«. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

^ 

0 

0 
0 

0 

0 
0 

jelbwi 
jellow' 
lirown 
bruwu" 

1 

0 

jollow 

blKk 
brawn 

0 

p 

jetlow* 

Kwlct          claret 
hroini'        brown" 

0 
0 
0 

mUtaDces  when  mmply  bented;  and  tbey  are  moM 

Ulity  of  thete  pdiBOns  in  the  tcTernl  meriBtnu  whila 
idft  to  omtnbute  to  their  dingnoau,  may  also  aiuit 
it  uetbodi  of  procedure  in  order  to  eitnet 
fcSqoidi.      In  the  fidlowing  summariet  the 
*ia  miei  oF  their  lolDbilit;,  beginning  with 
Tbe  flgnrea  {trtna   Wormley)  thow  Uic 
la  ■eroral  menitnia  required  for  aolatJOD. 
"  jrebnlnt  (S333J  -.  reratrin*  (TSW) ;  mor- 
•  (i;B3}:  acJanim-(l760}i  brariae(9O0) ; 
Kine  (160)  i  digitnline  vary  »Mb\e. 
(9000):     morphine    (7725)  i    rtnchnine 
i  tneine  (440);  Tcratrine  (lOS);  ■tra- 
"■line  *er;  lobiblH. 
£_(50,000);motpUne  (6550);  itrjch- 

w  tiuolable  j  brudne  aolnble, 
I  (1061) ;   ilitritnUne   (ptringlj 
iIm  (12S]i  ventriiif^  brudn^   J 
a,  frecl;  (oluble. 
hhe  mmiilndEr  frMly  wlublr. 

M  DlkaloMi  wllb  oliUh  I  li 

.*  lull  dOurlDOt  tnaUtJ 
-  -  ID  oiL<^r  rcannfaUDif  vlli 
r  biKUd  alruptiu  iIdh  not  » 


CBTSTiiLLlSE  FEECiriTAtEa.  6S1 

M  wel]  u  to  operate  witli  the  nnillett  qnantitie),  the  proper 

wune  u  to  pLi«  ■  drap  of  tlie  liqaid  coDtaining  the  alkalnd  on 
:  R  gluB  disk  or  ilide,  to  add  a.  drop  of  the  liquid  reagent,  and  to 
note  tint  the  imumdinM  or  proximate  cITwt ;  then  the  change 
tint  take*  place  tfter  locb  an  interval  u  half  an  hoar  Op  bo  honr  ; 
and,  lastly,  the  rharactcr  of  the  di^  apot  left  by  eraporation  ;  these 
Kveral  obaerratioiu  to  be  mode  under  the  micruscape.  But  betbre 
we  proceed  lo  apply  the  teal«,  ne  ought  to  hnva  a  more  deSnite 
notion  than  U  generally  entertained  of  the  clinracteni  uf  crystal- 
line depoiita,  and  of  the  features  hy  which  they  nu;  be  identi- 
fied. 

When  a  drop  of  a  Mlution  of  nu  nlkaloid  ii  placed  on  a  glau 
disk  or  alide,  and  treatal  with  a  liquid  rcngcnt,  the  immediate 
affect  ii  a  precipitnto,  more  or  leu  dense,  or  a  slight  opaloecence ; 
or  theaolutton  msj  retain  it«  transparency.  The  dense  predpilatea, 
when  examined  by  the  microscope,  are  either  amorphons  and  so 
continue  till  dry,  or  they  consist  of  a  ^lalinous  or  curdy  matter, 
oat  of  which  well-deSned  crystal*  more  or  less  qniekly  develope 
thenuelvu,  some  Beating  on  the  lurfbco,  some  attaching  them- 
lelvea  to  the  glass,  eome  occupying  the  depth  of  the  liquid.  The 
OpalAcent  liquid,  when  examined  by  the  microscopet  is  found  to 
owe  its  changed  appearance  to  iJie  instantaneoos  development  of 
cryitali,  which,  bonerer,  may  form  in  a  drop  which  does  not 
■e«m  to  have  nndcrgone  any  change.  If  the  spots  are  eianiineil 
■fter  the  lapse  oT  an  hour  or  lesi,  some  precipitatus  are  found  lo 
have  undergone  no  change,  others  to  lukve  paned  from  the 
amorphons  to  the  crystalline  Ibrra ;  and  sometime*  the  drop, 
which  was  quite  clear  at  fint,  growi  more  or  less  turbid  bosa  the 
■low  formation  of  crystals.  If,  laitly,  we  examine  the  dry  ipot, 
ws  may  find  it  to  Conuat  of  the  unchanged  amorphous  preciiHtale  ; 
I  •fir  of  crystallinu  forms,  central,  marginal,  or  both,  mixed,  when 
I  the  liquid  reagent  is  a  saline  solution,  and  does  not  happen  to 
[  bave  hiien  well  proportioned  bo  the  solution  of  the  alkalcdi],  villi 
f  eryalali  of  the  unexpended  resgeut. 

Now  ■  very  slight  fitmiliarity  with  microrcopic  cryilab  teachiH 

the  somewhat  lUiEOurnging  lea»n  tliat,  obtain  them  as  we  will — 

fay  sublimation,  by  liquid  applications  to  dry  spots,  or  by  r 

tinn  of  liquid  with  liqnid^we  lannot  secure  uniTorniity  of  ap- 

I    pearanee,  or  even  the  certain  pro<luction  of  the  cryatallioe  tbnn> 

0  extended  experience,  however,  remove*  port  of  the  difi> 

1   tnlty  by  teaching  us  that  many  perpUilng  diSercnoa 

I   uue  out  of  the  various  groupings  of  the  nme  elementary  cryrtaL    i 

[    8a  that  if  we  can  awertnin  hy  repeated  experiment  and  mioiv- 

;  eiaminatioa  what  that  elementary  crystal  is,  oar  diflionltf  it 


THE   FIXED  IXKALOHW. 


na  end.     The  leading  cryatatline  fomta  whidi  «e  ti 
amiDiDK  DTgunic  poisons  are  brought  together  in  Gg.  tXl 


Formi  1,  2,  uid  S  have  been  ulrendj  dMcribed  (p,  579)  m 
occorring  m  deposils  &om  a  aolution  of  ilryekitint  in  bRudd 
The  iqawe  plate  (4),  often  modified  by  indentation  and  mm 
marking,  is  in  tlie  imall  eaeloK<l  Bgarea,  oraDd^g  witli 
variouily  rnrmed  group*  of  platee  and  needlca  (it),  an  qint* 
cUnratteriitic  of  tbe  inrlanlaneomt  raacCion  nt  birhroDulc  uf 
potaili  and  tfiyehnine,  and  of  the  slower  metian  of  the  tftiWd 
with  bicbloride  of  pUtiniim,  The  long  rectangular  pitta  ^ 
varioualy  crossed  and  grcnped  are  equally  chancteristie  of  th* 
itufimtoHfotu  reaction  of  itiychnine  and  the  solpboiyuude  at 
potassium ;  and  alto  of  morphine  with  tannic  icid — the  fanott 
in  gnmpi  of  rare  Uo^h  and  benuC;,  the  latter  moch  ratsUeT, 
and  nsnally  detached.  The  wide  oblong  plate  varionaly  trancald 
(5),  and  disposed  in  groups,  belongs  to  the  reactions  of  bTodM 
with  Bulphocyanide  of  potassium,  and  with  comwre  RiUimatCf 
wlille  the  luaf-hke  or  winged  fbnn  (6)  bleoiled  witli  obliu 
plates  (5)  marka  the  qnick  reaction  of  tnteiiu  and  ferricyanidl 
of  potiHium,  in  which  the  irideseenl  colours  of  tbe  tbin  com^ 
plates  projecting  into  tbe  liquid  at  every  angle,  retail  to  tba 
mind  sonie  of  tbe  most  delicate  aud  beautiful  of  insect  fonna 
Tho  square  prisma  (7),  and  the  heiagunal  prism  (S),  beloi^  U 
strychnine  and  morp1iii;e  respectively ;  and  tbe  flattened  piiai 
(7)  to  oialic  add.  The  pirinted  crjrtala  (10)  a 
fection  in  Uh)  reaction  of  atrychninc  and  the  q~ 


10)  m  «^  b.  „ 


'  IS  OKGiXIC  MIITCBES.  fiS3 

"fadinewith  nilphuriD  Bdd.     Tlie  donble  group  of  needleinidi- 

^  Min^  froia  a  jioitit  (11)  occurring,  ti>  it  does,  with  cnrMulB  of 

■tnigbt  and  cnned  aatline  (5  and  6)  in  the  resction  of  bradne 

^Vilb  the  red   prnauate  of  poluh.  it  eminentlf  cbiimvteTiitic. 

~  ~    \  torm»  radiating  from  >  pdnt  are  common  in  nnny  nwr- 

_      d  crjritulB— e.g.,  ifryrAmM  witli  i«lo-iodide  of  potaniam,  and 

■  •aorpAuu  with  hydrochloric  add.    Tafta  (IS)  are  coduddii  in 

dr(^,  when  in  ihallower  onei  (fTOupB  of  needle*  or  fine 

•  abonnd.      The  disks  TaiDtly   marked    (13),   thicker  and 

T  (li),  and  with  curved  edge*  (15),  are  blended  with  other 

K«i;r>Ulliiie  fonnli  thoae  of  (15)  being  common  in  the  reaction  of 

tTTchnino  with  perchloride  of  iron.     The  atar-Bih  cryital  (16)  it 

Mn,  large  and  perfect,  la   the  reaction  of  bmcine  with  nitro- 

pmnide  of  sodium.    The  dendritic  or  arboreiceDt  form  (17)  oc- 

cun  in  the  reaction  of  //rycJniw  with  terchloride  of  gold,  and 

in  a  marked  manner  with  carhazotic  acid,  the  elcmcntnry  form 

vhich  apedaUji  marks  that  mctJoD  being  the  curved  cUw.like 

figure  (16).     Dendritic  fonni  are  also  comnton  in  depoaita  Irom 

erjitalliDe  wilationi.     Several  of  the*e  reactioiu  were  deicribed 

in  the  last  edition  oTthis  work  for  the  Gnt  tine;  aA«r  repeated 

experiment  and  frequent  compariaon  with  other  reectioni. 

The  reactions  of  strychnine  with  bichromate  of  potaah  and 
ferridcyanide  of  potaauum  admit  of  the  strongest  eooflrmation  by 
■  simple  modidcation  of  the  cnlour  teat.  Bichromate  of  potash 
and  ferHdcyanide  of  potasainm  Iteing  two  of  the  colour-dereloping 
mbiitanres  lumed  at  p.  GTl,  the  addition  of  strong  lulpburic 
acid  to  the  cryatahi  is  all  that  ii  required  to  oomplete  the  colour 
t«at.  If  then  a  droplet  of  sulphuric  acid  be  pUcod  at  the  margin 
of  the  crusts  the  cliaracteriatic  rich  blue  tint  passing  to  nial- 
berry  and  light  red  will  be  developed  as  each  group  of  crystals. 
Or  porliuD  of  the  spot,  is  touched  by  the  arid  ;  snd  if  this  Teaction 
be  watched  nnder  the  microerope.  It  ia  fbnnd  to  continne  for 
Kvcral  minuUa.  When  the  dry  »pot  of  bmcine  i«  simihu'ly 
treated,  the  acid  brings  out  an  orange  tint  Aiding  to  light  yellow, 
while  the  dry  spot  of  morphine  sliowa  no  immeiliate  change  of 
tint,  llie  colour  teita  for  strychuine  csnnot  be  applied  in  a  more 
oonclunve  uunner. 

3,  In  OBoiinc  MiiTrsH. — Most  of  the  methods  which  have 
been  employed  for  extracting  the  alkaloids  from  organic  miiturea 
are  founded  on  tbe  principles  first  *et  forth  by  Kl.  Stai,  of 
Brnisel*,  in  the  year  18G1— principle*  that  hsd  already  been 
practically  applied  in  separating  the  alkaloids  from  the  vegetable 
ince*  of  which  they  form  part.  The  alkaloids  unite  with 
•Ji  form  alts  aolablo  in  water  snd  in  alcohol  i  tbete  salts  ace 


I 


ts  OBoutic  laxTcsEs. 


f 

^^L  naditj  iemaifotei  bj  tbv  fixed  KlkitlieB  or  Uwir 

^H  idd*  eombiDing  with  tiu  n«<*  tWMV  and  the  -t-u- 1. 

^H  free  ID  tlx  •Dlation.     Etiier  diwotvei  the  allukiul  tin 

^H  tH^t  DwtlMd   ■■  applied  tn  llie   Oxcd   ■llnloid^  nwka  w  ri 

^B  tboe  propolua.     In  ^itraetiru;  the  two  vi^talc  i 

^H  inaolBHVitv  of  their  m^  alt*  iii  etliitr  !■  tarDed  lo 

^H  etbei  Mug  aaplnjcd  to  nnnore  such  organic  iaintiliB  m  m 

^1  talable  in  it,  tlioi  Wviog  tbe  nit  of  the  alkaloid  pa*  ■  At 

I  " 

■ 

f  I 


The  method  fiiandcd  on  tiiete  princjplea   coaattt  of 
diitinet  opcntioni.     1.  The  organic  matter  treaUd  wit! 

weight  of  tbaolute  ilcolial,  ind  from  ten    to   tLirtj  gi 

taric  or  atwMc  add,  i>  heated  in  a  Hask  to  aboat  lliO'  Mr. 
^  brought  h>  ■  atate  to  pau  ths  filter.  Thia  ilaDluBr  irtl 
onitor^  being  allowed  lo  coo!,  ia  filtered,  and  tbc  flltrau  rr. 
rated  la  drfneu^  2.  Tbii  drj  reaidae,  diaaolvnl  in  ■  littk  &- 
ii  then  trutfd  with  tur-.ai'haiute  <if  uida.  and  ti 
alluldd  act  ftre.  3.  The  reaultiog  Uqiiid,  holdlns  the  ilbki 
aniproded,  ia  poured  into  a  long  ttiho  witb  fcvri 
ita  balk  of  ether,  brUklj  shaken,  and  Oum  bA  at 
reat.  Tbe  etiier  floaMon  tbe  inriiMe  boldii^  the  alkaloid  dvalni 
4.  A  part  of  tliii  ethereal  aalDtian  ii  now  ponred  Into  a 
gla»  and  allowed  loeraporate.  It  ma;  hare  ajataiiud  a  ralttih 
or  tjiitd  alkuloiJ.  If  toUUIe,  oiljr  atreaka  w31  apprar  on  tte 
g\a»;  if  fixed,  a  dqxwt  with  aome  traces  of  a  crjvtailiDe  fcrsa- 
tion.  From  tbii  point  tbc  procodure  rarles  iritli  tha  JodlwlinM 
thus  obtained. 

For  Ibe  tmlaUle  liquid  altalaidt  the  procedure  ia  aa  ffanewi  :— 
From  6[tem  to  thirty  (rnui*  of  ■  atnin^  aolntion  of  caoatio  p4aA 
ur  loda  are  added  to  the  liquid  in  the  tube,  wliid)  ta  agaia  toiiUf 
sluiien,  and  again  allowed  to  atand.  The  etbercal  icJnlk*  '■ 
next  drawn  off  b;  a  pipette,  and  abakea  leith  a  liulc  «atar 
arldilicd  with  aulpliiiHc  add.  The  ether  ia  again  dnw«  ct, 
Iniring  the  alkaloid  u  anljibate  in  the  walo-,  ta  be  Iraatid  witl 
cioess  of  cnuatir  potaah  or  aoda.  The  dkaldd  ia  thua  fM  Am,  W 
br  ag-iin  stiakea  up  with  ether  and  diwlied  by  ic  On  alowti 
evH|iflraliDg  the  ethereal  solntion,  th«  alkalmd  tnaj  bs  ii  III  a  had 
in  a  alila  of  aoffidrat  porit;. 

)''or  the  Jlrrd  aUnUnidt  the  proceaa  oonnala  in  tmtii^  Ik* 
coui*n(i  ol  the  tube  with  tbe  nine  ijuantilT  of  a  atnia^  ■atntia 
of  oinflie  polath  nr  aoda,  afaaking  briJily,  oanoDg  it  to  atand  till 
the  ethnral  •nlnlion  riiea  to  the  iurfice,  drawing  tlua  itf  arilk 
ihe  ]ii|vi<c.  ai»l  ullKM-ing:  it  lo  cTiporate.  Tbe  midlM  arUek  i> 
iiiilii'i  ^'I'-i  or  .1  il::tL  uiilkf  liquid,  if  treated  with  ■  few  drepa 


APPENDIX.  6S7 

(iicceeded  to  the  Wonulcy  in  1S3I,  and  died  in  1846,  Inring 
HI  dangliten,  bat  no  ton.  He  «a*  aacceeded  b;  hit  brother 
Edwanl,  xha  bad  taken  Urge  Mtatea  under  the  will  ot  a  Miu 
Doughty,  obow  name  he  uiomcd.  He  died  ia  1B63,  leaving  > 
iridov  and  one  daughter — the  Lad;^  imd  MLn  Katherine  Doughty 
(afterwuda  Lad;  HttdcUSe)  who  piajed  lo  important  a  part  in 
this  long  UtigHtioD.  Sir  Edirard  was  aacceeded  bj  hi«  brother 
Jamca,  who,  up  to  that  time  had  lived  in  Parii ;  to  which  city, 
after  hii  death  in  1862,  hii  widoor  retnrned.  She  was  ■ 
deweadant  of  the  old  French  fkmily  of  Bourtion  Conti,  by  an 
EngUih  &tber,  Ur.  Seymour,  of  Kooyie.  By  her  Jamea 
Tichbanw  bad  two  daoghten  who  died  janng,  uid  two  niu, 
Boger  Charloa  and  Alfred  Joacph.  Roger  wai  believed  w  have 
periahed  at  aes  in  18S1 ;  and  wad  nicoeeded  by  hia  brothei  Alfred. 
He  married,  and  died  in  18G6,  leading  one  ion,  wbixe  righta  the 
defendant  aaaailed.  The  trutteet  to  tbe  infant  heir,  having  let 
Ttebbome  Park  to  a  Colonel  Lashiogton,  he  was  aerved  with  a 
writ  of  ^ectment ;  and  in  this  WBy  the  iaiuc  was  niiwd  in  the 
Common  Ploaa. 

The  Ticliborne  ca>e  could  bavo  hnd  no  eilitence  bat  for  the 
Knngii  ehanu;ter  of  the  mother  of  Roger  Charlei  Tichbotoe. 
She  vm  discribed  by  her  huibnnd,  in  a  letter  U>  her  bther,  aa  a 
pervoTM,  tiuicling  wooian,  a  ■latum,  and  a  tcold;  fretting  her 
aon  Koger  with  mitplai-ed  aoiieliet ;  hating,  miarspnwenting, 
and  atnulng  her  huaband's  rolntivea,  and  everything  Eogliih ; 
Mid  treating  her  huiband'i  younger  brother,  their  goeat,  with 
nowomanl^r  rodeness.  French  priest*,  who  knew  her  well,  bore 
]  hor  idee  JLie  and  lite  malaiU,  and  the  letter  joat 
a  (onppreanog  some  circumnlAnues  which  would  aatoniih 
la  like  tbe  deacription  of  a  caw  of  moral  mania. 
It  Hchbome  •boweJ  that  her  uiiaaundneae  hud  col- 
Mndonal  ioaanity.  She  atwd  alono  in  the  atnuige 
"W  am  Roger  liad  not  been  drowned  off  the  aiaat  of 
'  1  18Gi>  but  bad  been  picked  op  and  ouried  la 
la  fad  Uiia  fancy  with  tale*  ol  iliipwrcck  told 
On  her  return  lo  Pari*,  after  hot 
IS  nuied  idvertiwuienta  to  be  inaeiteil  in  the 
n  pnpm.  ivhicli  were  brought  to  the  kuow- 
.  iiTiii  uTDto  letters  that  inaured  the  o>- 

ttt.Ti  itaggered  even  thii  poor 

thrm  tlie  handwriting  or  the 

notUng  whatever  of  a  brovD 

danw  which  be  aid  ha  bad 


bad  wben  ■  chUd ;  orof  ■  Brighum  atnl  caw,  ■Ueb.Uli^ 
luppened,  ihe  mntt  have  kiiown  about,  ■nd  ooold  M  bi 
foTBOltcn.  Slie  knew,  too.  tint  Roger  Lad  ncier  »eu  (kp# 
htUer  or  pvndmotber  about  Kbom  tbi*  mui  msib  jtfir^ 
At  that  time  Ilia  igncMnoc  of  all  that  relaUd  to  bv.i/i^ 
ererj  tact  and  incidi^t  lu  th«  lift  of  Bog«r  Tiehbom^  •«■» 
plel*.  He  did  not  know  her  Chrutian  namra ;  and  Iw  ilwtM 
W.  wbo  Tnt  leannoa  itnlf. »  n  Ul\,  tartre.  (tout  iranMO.  BtM 
ignonut  of  the  fart  tlat  both  Ro^er  ;ind  l>ii  brntlicr  AIM  hi 
born  at  Pariai  did  not  know  at  vhat  age  Roger  leA  Fmc^lW 
he  wu  (tdocated  at  Stonjburtl,  aiid  became  an  offitw  it  tti 
Csrabincfn;  knew  notbiiig  of  the  fimilj  propRtT,  of  ttx  qM 
who  nuiuged  it,  or  the  name  of  the  lavjer  who'  maile  B<««t 
will.  For  knowledge  of  theie  and  such  like  niatten,  Im  Nk 
«itut«d  guenes  Indicraoal;  vide  of  the  uurt — hi»  own  jim^ 
pecoliaritiei,  and  fiicta  in  Arthur  Orion's  bislory;  or  ftataattt 
revealing  the  same  knowledge  of  peraona  and  erenta,  plwvMl 
dates,  as  he  wa«  proved  to  have  bad.  Iq  Anrtralia  be  tt^ 
naturally  to  the  trade  of  hulcher,  to  which  Arthor  Orion  •» 
bred,  or  the  congenial  pnnuit*  of  atoi'h-keeper  and  nngh-tkkri 
counrted  with  the  scum  of  tlie  popalatiun,  and  married  a  won* 
of  low  origin.  Hot  Ladj  Tichbome  was  proof  againit  hctt  «d 
probabililiw,  argumpntg  and  remonrtrancra.  She  intirffd  ta 
acknowledging  Ibe  claimant  as  her  son,  and  made  tbt  nndid 
arrangemenl*  for  bringing  him  to  England.  He  left  Aoilnte 
in  company  with  Bogle,  a  black,  who  bad  been  aerrant  at  'ndi- 
borne  Park;  and  in  England,  aBodated  will,  hia&df  dm* 
common  roldiera.  two  of  whom  had  been  Roger'a  military  acrvanw, 
aecnred  the  services  of  a  Hampshire  antiqoaiy  nnd  arcbinj^ta. 
nbtnined  the  command  of  money,  procured  efficirut  Iteal  amt- 
tance  j  and  with  liala  of  the  teaching  staff  at  Sttuiybnm,  papcn 
from  the  Horse  Onatda  and  Lloyds',  with  the  diaries.  letteii,snd 
clothes  of  Roger 'ncbbome,  and  constant  inlenxmrse  with  BoHr't 
tnotber  to  help  him,  prepared  hiniEelf  for  the  work  of  psaoualioik 
All  hit  early  proceedhigs  in  Kngtand  were  as  consatent  with  th* 
theory  that  he  was  Arthur  Orion  na  tbey  were  iocoDaiUcnt  with 
the  suppowtjon  that  he  might  l«  Koger  Tichbome.  Be  nwa- 
noitred  Wapping,  and  aubndized  lueiuben  of  the  Orton  famDyi 
hot  he  avoided  Roger's  relative!  and  intimntea,  as  bnig  uid  at 
mnclina  he  could;  nncl.when  beaaw  Eham,  did  not  rerognise  than, 
not  even  the  ccoan  whom  Hogtr  had  IovhI,  and  whom  he  olb^ 
that  he  bad  scdwcd ;  and  be  mistook  nno  relative  for  another.aad 
an  uncle  of  70  for  a  aenrant  of  30.  He  did  not 
tlie  baudwriting  of  Roger's  father.      He  waa  in 


AFFEKSIX.  QS9 

e  Ud;  lie  called  hit  mother  in  Psrli;  end  when  there. 

h1  of  hutening  U>  meet  her,  be  pivtendod  Ulneu,  >nd  received 

*  ralnetantl;  it  his  lodgint^  iii  a  dnrliened  room,  lying  oo  tba 

'  b  hi)  clothes  on,  lud  hii  faoe  tonml  to  the  walL     He  did 

iend  to  recogniie  Aer ;  but  she  fouad  hia  fiice  to  be  like 

er'a.  and  his  can  like  hia  uncle's.     WLile  in  Eagland,  the* 

diDt  itenlthilj  Tinted  the  localitiei  in  whicb  he  wu  int«- 

1,  ind  piek«l  up  ktmpb  of  inromiKtion  chiefly  from  coididod 

in  who  hid  koowa  Ho^er  in  tho  Curubineers.  and  tnua 

ir  porsani  !□  the  aame  rank  of  lifb;  >nd  with  iubmiilioa  bo 

_  lired  narpriied  and  convinced  miiny  common  peogilc^  and  ■ 

w  penone  of  higher  rank.    But  moet  of  Roger's  many  reiatirei^ 

.  B  Pari*  tulon,  the  old  family  aervants,  hia  fellow-popili  at  Stony- 

VltOTit,  Kvcral  offleen,  and  aomo  privat«  loMiers  of  the  CarabiDcert, 

T'fiw  agent  of  the  family  eatates  (Etoger'a  friend  and  coDSdaut), 

I  Ud,  abaie  all,  the  couain  (o  whom  Boger  wna  tenderly  attoched, 

r  mother  on  her  death-bed,  teitiSed  that  the  defendant 

t    Roger   Tichbome.      Their    testimony,   bowoyer,  wu 

■butted  b]r  that  of  vitneiHi  aa  nnDieroui,  but  !«■  intimately 

■  acquainted  with  Roger.     On  the  other  liand,  tho  young  woman 

I  to  whom  Arthur  Orton,  when  a  young  man,  had  made  love,  and 

apwiirdi  of  forty   neigbboura  of  tbe  Ortona,  identifled  bim  ai 

Ottoii.      Rut  witnCHMB  nearly  a*  numtroua,  but  lesa  eoniiaCent  in 

their  la^mony,  and.  on  tbe  whole,  leu  entitled  to  credit,  affirmed 

that  he  waa  not  Arthur  Orion. 

The  evidence  that  ho  waa  not  Roger  Ticbbome  recflivcd  the 
(troD^t  ponilite  aupport  from  the  petaooai  appearancs  and  con- 
duct of  the  defendant,  hia  want  of  culture  and  atrange  ignomnco 
of  all  that  gentlemen,  educated  men,  and  officers  in  the  army  come 
to  know,  which  Koger  Tichbonie  muat  have  learnt,  and  couM  not 
haie  forgotten.  It  is  impcaaihle  to  imagrae  evidence  more  com- 
plete than  that  which  the  letters,  and  stutcmenta  under  croai- 
eiamination  of  the  defendant,  afford  of  low  culture,  grow  igotb 
ranca  of  things  and  names  which  to  edocated  men  are  as  liouschold 
words,  and  vulgar  deiimrity.  And  though  he  ointrived  to  keep 
his  own  secret,  and  oocauonally  displayed  a  reiidy  wit,  and  conld 
unime  tbe  mannen  and  hearing  irf  a  gentleman,  be  exhibited  a 
cnrioua  abwnce  of  that  power  of  acquiring  kriowtedge  which  col- 
tnre  luppliea,  blended  with  a  negligent  and  blovenly  maoagement 
of  that  part  of  his  own  case  which  devolved  upon  himaclf. 

A  minute  accuvnt  of  this  itrango  case,  so  liumiliating  yot  lO 

instructive,  and  ao  suggestive  of  important  legal  reforms,  must  he 

I     nught  in  the  current  pnbbealions  of  the  day.     Its  uiedicu-lvgal 

■    baaripga  will  be  undcrttood  from  what  fullowi. 


"■    ll  \-      -  - 
■^filiiliiiBi  riiiliijiini     II  I  B  ■!  iirmi'l  J     'l   Vs4i 

X.  VvftM^w  tbe  jnvtk  AitfaB   Orta  vaoU  W  A^M 


bM.     Upoa  Iboe  bete  tbe  qoeitioD  BriMi — Opold  ibc  lEa. 

MthTBatic.  Bagcr  TicUnrae  <:<  IftM,  then  ■  fiifl-gnms  ma.  In 

'    <mki|»«l  IB    U  ymr*  inta   Out   huge  AuattsKui  dmwaWf 

ndiaK,  not  ignoriog  tlw  ea«i  in  vUd 

•  bat  MMbrmet,  and  odicraiM  bemlthj,  joang  moa  tm 

oone  of  tiBM  inOTTB  otnniriy  itoat,  iiid  not  onrtmtinf 

Al  hct  tLU  ttiere  wh  UuIb  diflb^nre  in  etatnra,  and  not  tmeh 

in  ft  brtnco  Bcfo'  umI  tbe  defembnt,  there  cbd  be  bat  cm* 


Wwer  to  the  qaMtian.    Tlio  tnniformation  ii  incretlible,  iC  not 
npoulble. 

,  A.  Uager  Tirlibome't  now  vu  not  aqiiiliue,  wu  But  mod  broad 
It  tin)  end,  witb  large  open  iioatrili,  and  bad  a  decidoil  twut  U> 
'j:ht.  Hit  can.  of  average  mte,  tupered  below,  and  wne 
it  p«nilubii»  lobe*.  Hi>  ejet  were  blue,  with  long;  black 
twbes.     Hii  bail  wai  Itink,  and  dark  brown  rerging  on  block, 


1  Lia  oomplex 


1  (allow.      Tbe  eipreaaon   of  his  face  was 


variouslj  dewribed  ai  penuve,  woo-begmic,  and  wearing  a  look  of 

(urpriie  and  alarm.     He  hada  weali  but  pleasaut  voice.     Id  face, 

aa  in  peraon,  he  reiembli'd  bii  motb^r,  not  tlio  Tichbornct,  and 

hid  a  FreDch  look,  and  alwa;i  wkva  lie  tpdke  a  Freocb  accent. 

'  '    '  n  the  other  band,  baa  a  aligbtl;  aquiline  atraigbt 

with    well-roTined   nostrila,  and  rounded  end;    Inrge  ean 

d  long  detached  loboa ;  brown    e;e«,  and  hair  of  tlie  laine 

IT,  and  diapoaed  to  curl;   bit  voice  hoi  been  described  aa 

h,  boano,  or  gruff;  and  he  speaks  vernacular  English  without 

W  of  French  aecent.     Uia  whole  aapect  and  iletucanour  are  as 

aglith  aa  thoM  of  Ro)^  vrirre  Frenob,  and  while  Koger  resembled 

1  tnothar,  be  bean  aoiue  resemblance  ti>  tbe  Tidibornea.  but 

e  oompariaon  of  face  with  face  we  ore  awiited  b;  two 
It  dBgocrraitjpe*  of  Itoger  Ticbbornc  taken  at  Chili  in 
id  pbolograidu  of  tbe  defendant  dated  IBTt ;  and  we  are 
}  Mr.  Ilercj,*  the  portrut  pointer,  (killed  in  varioui 
«,  pliotdgraph;  aiunng  the  number,  for  ao  handling 
K  two  portruU  01  to  be  able  to  compare  the  fcnturea  of  the  one 
»  with  thoaa  of  tlio  other.  This  waa  done  by  creating  tWini 
I  origlnali  two  untouched  tranapBrencies  on  glau,  in  which  the 
angle  of  tbe  eye  to  tbe  porting 
•n  tb«  lii»  are  eqoal.f  Tbe  point  at  view  of  the  two  pur- 
ia  BU  naarljr  Uie  aame  aa  to  justify  the  aaaertian  that  "  it  ia 
allj  [inpoaalbla  that  tliej  <»uld  have  been  taken  fVom  the 
ponnn :"  that,  *  in  Gut,  the  facea  are  bo  far  fi«m  buing 
tke,  that  tbey  am  of  opponid  tjpw."  Tlii*  dedded  eipreaiion 
it  by  n  detailed  eiaininatioii  of  the  ejea. 


dniM*  Ixkim  in  ounjunctioi 
^■^r. — lliB   bpow»  of  Roger  a: 
K^vdiieil.  and  the  cfea  tend  i 


iMaat  DUpuIullOcBlItT,  vllh  UUutndoni 
a  fnlraltViiliitR.    im. 

•I  mar  be  adTuituKKiilr  •mplornl  In  Fotan  ■•■«    , 
I  laltic  It  anl  «<rioa>l)r  Impaired  b)  tha  hcAOa 

AT*  bwionv  ovqaokiLvd. 


»>rt-—a..^rfi 


The  ai  qf  liie  defnuluit  ii  longer  bj  nw  lliiiil.  tka  c 
*  TVa  vmdruu  hm  bos  ««gtt«il  mdcr  tbr  ^  ii  liw  «(  Mr.  fto 


Imgth  beiDg  largely  dae  to  tlie  deUolied  penilulaui  lobe,  wbicti 
in  Boger  liad  do  eiuUiu».  Tbo  dotted  lines  of  the  two  ears 
Duke  thi*  differenre  very  apparent.* 

The  DDtei  and  montha,  tnkea  bother,  dUplny  diflerences 
•carcel;  lew  markud.  The  now  of  the  defendBnt,  with  whicll  tbr 
lip*  ma;  be  laid  to  luniioaiie,  i<  "  a  narroir  one  in  a  tU  tiee;" 
that  of  Roger,  "  a  broad  one,  witb  inflated  noatrili.  in  a  Uiin 
bee."     Tlie  ceatral  gnxnre  wbich  joioi  the  dom  Co 


ii  narrow  in  the  defendant,  wide  in  Roger — a  difference  well 
■bowo  b]r  the  dotted  circle*  in  the  Sgare*  annexed.  The  two 
BaMtha  are  alio  quite  diffnrent  In  character. 

I(  tbOD,  we  compare  the  form  and  fitce  of  Roger  with  tholo 
ot  the  defendant,  there  arc  good  groundi  fi>r  anaireriag  the  Ant 
qntation  in  the  negative.  The  perwnal  appcurance  of  the 
dafmdant  ia  tut  mch  as  lEoger  Tithborne  would  have  presented 
after  tlie  bipae  of  20  yean. 

2.  Arthor  Orton,  when  ha  pmentnl  himself  nt  the  Shipping 
Begiiter  office,  a  growing  lad  of  14,  wai  entered  on  the  books  a* 
having  hloe  eyei,  a  fair  vomptexion,  and  light  hair,  and  aa  being 
free  from  pcnonal  uiarki.  When  he  agiun  pnsented  himacll  at 
18.  he  wai  mcaiurei)  in  hii  Hhoe«,  and  found  to  be  6  fcot  !)^  inchet. 
Thii  wiu  the  only  addition  madetotho  RegiaUr,  tliougb  theontrie* 
preceding  and  following  take  note  of  penoiial  marlu,  and  of 
imall-pox  mark*  among  tlic  number.  It  ii  a  juil  infurence, 
iJMTefore,  Ihiit  nt  18  yean  u(  age  he  had  no  pantmal  marki  that 
■ttnoted  attention — that  he  wjs  not  pitted  with  imall-poi,  did 
not  wear  earringa,  anil  had  no  conipicnoua  tcon  on  hnnila  or  fBce.f 


1^  hj  t]u  pnbUahvd  pholAifnpba.  the  vt 


{ 


^UihIt 


n^  bj  Uu  j«il>U«ht 

In  itu  and  •hapa  Hut  or  OtOTKC  Orton, 

I^Kiia  iliali I  rainirtalriliif  fnr  mjirrlfrTiithnr  Arthur iMon  vunua- 

■MatlnUa  ibOM,  I  <i«it  U  tha  offln  at  Iba  RaclaDBi^QcDaroJ  of  SUppinr, 
■d  Baaoas,  ml  ' "—  --"-— ' '  ■-  --— 


_      e  defeodiuit  witt  Arlbor  6 
d»ll,  aa  bfAir*,  lake  Qnt  Uk  penon,  tben  the  bct^ 
In  pensH  tti«  lad  AiUmr  Orton,  accardiit^  to  t)^  M 
>  big.  (kt,  awkwarf  b 


anindfccdwe^he  roeaniTed  at  18  what  thedi 
BOW — E  feet  9  incbca.  Tbe  kd  tif  18  wu,  therEfine,  for  Im  ^ 
w  mnuisble  for  nie  a*  the  deteailBat  la  now.  At  to  lUUn.  s 
most  be  admitted  (u  Mated  at  p.  8)  tlmt  tLe  fict  oT  mot,  taka 
one  wiQi  aDotber,  growing  two  inches  after  18,  nMl«  a  diScolij 
in  adButUng  the  tdeati^  of  the  two  persooB.  Bat  at  that  in 
■1MU17  jroatlu  who  Mop  growing  even  before  18,  it  ia  pcaihb  tU 
Anhor  Ortoo  brionged  to  Ihiit  eiceptioioal  group.  It  ii  aln  [n- 
nUe  tfaat  the  aloocUng  gait  of  the  lad  may  bare  been  aBftml 
with  age,  and  tlie  altered  circunatuKBa  of  the  defendait,  «l> 
for  8  jeais  ha>  been  acting  the  part  of  a  gentlemaii. 

In/nee  oitdftabtn  the  dcfeodaDt  ii  what  the  woDdrat*  r| 
K&C  him  to  be.    The  pbotogiai^i  frota  which  tfa«*c  om  ti 
hare  an   nnmiitakeable  reHmblanix  to   meaiboi  of  ttw  OMt 
bmil; — a   roentUauee  Rioiigij  inaicted  Qpon  b;    most  of  Ite 
witnoawa  for  the  prosecntiia,  and  admittod   bj  leietal  witM 
fcr  the  defence.   That  Artbw  Orton  had  light  hair  may  b»  U 
u  an  nndoabted  fact,  and  that  he  bad  a  light  eye  or  a  Um< 
at  acaioely  lev  cartaiiL*     Tlie  defmdaot'a  hur  and  eya  are  «r> 
tainly  not  hght :  tbej  are  aume  shade  of  brown,  dacrib^  b;  a 
AnitniUaa  witoen  u  daa-cnlMirrd.      In  compleilos  the**  >B) 
diffiireDce ;  and   there   i»  no  bet  better  establialied  'I— a  Iht 
Arthur  Orton  wu  not  pitted  trith  amall-poi,  axc^t  pertHp*  Art 
other  bet  that  he  bad  St.  Titni'i  dnnw  when  a  chiU.  and  dal 
the  dixaae  left  bebind  it  a  baUt  of  twilching  the  eyefamw,  sUcb 
the  defendant  also  hu.     It  ahonld  be  addfd  that  almoat  all  tbi 
witneaaea  for  the  defence  gave  Arthut  Orton  lug  hand*  and  feet, 
«nd  aereral  of  tbem  a  big  head  alra.     The  defendant's  hands  nail 
feet  are  Dot  large,  nor  his  head  disproportioned  to  his  nae.     Bat 


I 


A^reiiDix.  695 

it  ii  pooiUe  that  ia  Iha  big,  >toat,  imgaiDly  boj,  curjing  hu  fat 
chiefly  oil  hia  limbi,  not  on  his  body,  tbe  hanib  ud  feet  may 
h»e  appeared  large.  Be  tbii  at  it  ma;,  tbo  fact  reraaina  that 
tbe  light  hair  and  eye  at  Arthur  Orton  must  bave  changed  to 
bruwn  in  order  that  Arthur  Ortan  and  the  defeiiilBat  may  be 
accepted  ai  identicaL  Tbeae  changes,  taken  together,  mait  be 
prouDunced  improbable.  That  tbey  are  impooible  cannot  be 
afllrmed  till  the  attention  of  uientific  men  haa  been  dittinctly 
drawn  to  tbe  qoeition,  and  time  ha»  been  alliiwed  for  the  oollec- 
Uoo  of  facta  beariag  apon  it. 

If  now  we  take  the  figure  and  face  togetbcr,  we  infer  tliat  tbe 
youth  Arthur  Urton  might  liave  developed  into  tbe  defendant  if 
he  stopped  growinK  at  18 ;  if  his  bnndi  and  feet  caine  to  appeor 
leaa  out  of  proportion  to  the  rest  of  bis  body ;  if  he  itnpnneil  in 
gait  and  bearing)  and  if  tbe  liglit  hur  and  aye  nndvrweDt  a 
change  of  colour,  and  aaumed  a  darker  tint.  But  it  is  much 
easier  to  beliere  that  these  changes  <M  happen,  than  il  ii  to 
doabt  the  reality  of  tbe  rccogQilion  of  tbe  defendant  as  Arthur 
Orton  by  upward)  of  40  witneocs  (among  whom  Mary  Ann  Lodcr 
from  Wapjung,  Donna  Hayley  from  MBl1pil1a,nnd  Mn-  McAlisttr 
from  Aaitralia,  are  specially  deserving  of  mention),  whose  firm, 
dcciaive,  and  nnthaken  testimony  niaat  be  admitted  greatly  to 
ontwaigh  tbe  balance  of  adverse  testimony  borne  by  the  amaller 
number  of  wicneaM*  for  the  detence  remaining  after  the  subtrac- 
tion of  tltoae  wliose  eipenaes  were  disallowed,  or  who  were  other- 
witB  discrwlited. 

3.  Rogor  Tichboma  had  no  congenital  marki;  bat  he  mnsl 
have  had  (can  of  an  inue  on  the  left  shoulder,  of  repented  bleed- 
ings on  the  anni,  and  of  ringle  lancet  cut*  on  tho  ankles  and 
temple;  as  well  as  tattoo  marka  on  the  left  arm  of  a  heart,  croa, 
and  anobur,  to  wbicb  Lord  Bellew  alleged  that  be  added  the 
Initials  B.  C.  T.  None  of  these  marks  are  to  be  fonnd  on  the 
dsfbndant,  who,  on  the  other  hand,  addnced  as  proof  of  identity 
«  congenital  brown  mark  on  the  Ictt  side,  of  which  Koger't  mother 
knew  notbing;  and  he  had  a  twitcliing  of  the  eyebrows,  such  as 
fbltowed  Arllinr  Orion's  attack  of  St.  Vitns'i  dance,  fVom  wbicb 
Roger  I'ichburna  was  prored  to  bo  free.  Tliew  hxU  are  fatal  to 
the  defeiHlaut's  claim  to  identity  with  Boger  'Hchbonie.* 

Ou  tho  4UCStion  whether  liu  unil  Artlinr  Orion  are  one  and 
the  same  person  much  light  ia  thrown  by  the  physical  marks. 
The  defondant  baa  a  well-marked  lineai  soar  c' 


I 


I 


•M  APPEXDIX. 

«i  dntaAaf  thtbcad,  Rmwering  ki  a  eat  from  iikt^s^M 
«tiAa  wibM» fer llw ddsnce ■>»  inflicted;  ■  taxaa^tft 
«j«fag».M»l>«M  th»  Dou^wbich  wems  to  hnve  ben  Mat 
mi  tkamrcf  k  «at  m  the  left  atiUe.  Otfaer  kui  (OM  Wb 
on  the  vnn  and  hvkM 
the  *kiii  wu  ^4  loha 
(for  the  eWdcDTO  on  tboe  pd«b 
*V7  wliettag).  that  be  bad  taav  on   th«  left  haad,  ud  M 

or  Ik*  Lag,  DWTOW.  l^ht-bnwn  mark  on  the  1^  Mt  SOv 
iif  a*  Km  «r  the  nb«,  it  ■bcmld  be  observed  thit  Am*  >  ■• 
haltw  MUDB  fat  bt£eTiBg  it  to  be  congenital  thai  the  aastiB 
af  the  defavknt.  It  ha»  tuK  the  deep,  distinct  colmr  of  ■■! 
il  nnfa^  bnt  mdi  ■  tint  u  the  skin  often  aatm^ui 
t.  far  DKnths  or  even  years,  afltr  terwM  MnA 
r  the  ippliratiou  of  bliXei*  er  aMbrf 
1.  It  BDglil  bin  bdfd  bvm  a  brighter  colaor  ill  iJiililh*! 
«  haw*  iiaakiid  kats  in  life  from  the  premue  or  ftktigt  i< 
^MaitideafAw.* 

Bm  thtte  awt^  aaikato  whidi  ■  peculiar  intam  *llad«; 
ftr  like  Mtate*  ptofcau  ignonnre  oT  tlie  wav  in  otudi  litj 
T  Waa^  ahaat.  IV  om  ii  above  tb>!  lefl'wriiti  Ibtctbs 
—irthe^iwtiwafthahJldellmdaiiucle.  The  mark  abate  th 
«>i^  «ia  pvtaUf  pmdoccd  b;  cBaitie,  and  it  qoitv  aaaiMil 


lW«.     noan  H^lc;  «w  the  ti 


L.  O.    I 

«  letlas  A.  O.  aboot  tb  ai 
i  and  Ms. 
t  Ihey  oaaaAa 
■ant  1W  aatkM  tbctqipaam,  tbeneef  aiEM^iaa 
pM^rf  iMMdann^vtt  ialtrfakijr  bealtbjr  dnwaadba^ 
•  aw  B  xrtl  W  pa^Md  tr  naipe  tpD|A  iwited  at  Mfaol 


APPEMHS.  m 

n  to  Roger  Ticlibame.     Of  tbii  there  is  no  eridenoe 
If  we  could  assHnie  the  literal  troth  of  Ibe  im- 
nbable  uid  ioeonnitent  tMr/  of  tli»  reacae  (rom  shipwreck,  it 
r  tliRt  the  very  dxj  after  he  landed  in  Auttrnlia,  tlie 
Andant  obtained  emploj'ment,  and  diacharged  with  intelligeiioe 
(Uw  duties  he  nndertook ;  and  hi*  later  carrespondence  with  the 
0  of   Melipillu,   whoee   nBme  he  liod  auamcd,  exhibit*  ■ 
ft  rfngolarl;  tenadoo*  memorj  of  the  uaniei  and  peraona  of  thoM 
I  wliii  ohoni  lie  bad  spent  ^gbteen   months  Toao;  j'eara  heforu. 
I  Jl,  tben,  the  qncatioa  i«  made  to  assume  tbia  form — Were  the 
r  dafimdant's  misstatements  respecting;  the  whole  life  of  Koger 
f  ^chboniB  the  re«nlt  of  ignomiice,  or  lapse  of  memory  ?  there  i« 
it  one  ponhle  Boiwer :  what  ban  been  represeatedonhiabetialf 
m-tt  not  of  mcmor;  oould  bare  been  nothing  less  than  sheer 
p  Inonnce  of  the  Facta  and  events  referred  to.     The  aame  Diemory 
I  ttat  claimed  to  recollect  the  name  of  a  di^,  or  the  nmnber  of  a 
T  faooper'i  horse,   conld   not  have  failed  when  tested  with  the 
I   CbriitiBn  namei  of  hia  mother,  the  handwriting  of  his  father,  bU 
placa  of  birth,  bis  Paris  roudences,  the  oompmiions  of  his  cbild- 
bood  and  youth,  the  college  where  he  wu  educated,  the  Studies 
be  parnied,  the  examinHtiou  he  passed,  the  relatives  in  whose 
bouse*  be  wu  always  a  welcome  gnest,  the  agent  with  whom  he 
was  in  conatAnt  corTeapoudimce,  the  lawyer  who  made  hia  will, 
the  IVieDds  who  helped  him,  the  gallant  soldier  who  gave  him  his 
,  and  the  long,  painful  correspondence  which  passed 
himself  and  the  mother  of  the  lady  wham  he  would 
le  his  wife.    Nor  ought  the  hct  to  bo  overlooked  that 
dant  never  profened  to  have  forgotten  any  circnmituice 
oonoHcted  with  the  liiea  of  Boger  Tichbome  and  his  relatives- 
Roger's  mother  signs  her  Australian  letter  H.  F.  Tii^bbome.     He 
doe*  not  say  that  be  has  forgotten  her  Cbriatian  names,  which 
Roger  knew  well ;  but  lur  Ilnrv-ttt  Ftlicita  he  >ubititnl«  the 
homely  English  nnmee.  HaimaA  Frauci,     lloger  took  leave  of 
bii  dying  grandfather,  Hr.  Seymour,  at  Bath.     The  defendant 
does  not  pretend  to  have  fo^^leo  the  lyent,  bat  shilte  thescene 
to   Knojle.       It   was  therefore   of   tlio  very   essence   of   the 
claimant's  case  that  be  should  display  a  tenacious  and  accurate 
memory-     It  was  by  the  pretended  eiercise  of  it  that  he  gained 
all  his  adherents.     To  admit  the  loss  of  it  would  have  been  fatal 
b>  hii  case. 

Boger  Tichhorne'*  native  language  was  French.  He  continued 
to  speak  it  in  Vrauce  up  to  the  age  of  17,  and  frequently  in  EngUnd 
np  to  the  age  of  25.  Ue  aoqnired  Bnglisb  later,  and  spoke  it 
to  tbe  bst  with  a  Prench  aoccnt.    Th«  djitttvlAit^  imci'A  -o^ 


I 


INDEX. 


A. 

▲bdooMD,  woaikb  of,  390. 
▲bortkm,  erimiiul,  79. 
AbortiTM,  866. 

ad,  ttraenic,  476. 

,,    arMmioos,  451. 

M    citrio,627. 

„    faydrooTAiuo,  002. 

„    maristlc,  4M. 

,,    nitric,  4S2. 

„    oxalic,  621. 

„    MilphiiruL^7. 
tartaric,  627. 


▲cida, 


mineral,  p 
TCffetabia, 


Aconite,  _ 
Acouitina,  teste  foir,  633. 
Adipocere,  formation  oC  860. 
JBthnaa  ejnapiom,  poiMoinf  hj,  660. 
Afe,  of  the  dead,  32. 

„   of  tbefcetas,  73. 

„   ofUieHving,  19. 

.,   the  teeth  m  a  tett  of,  20. 
Air-eeUt,  derekrped.  90. 
Alcohol,  poieoning  bj,  666. 
Alkaliee,  poisoning  bj,430. 
Alkaloida,  Ac.,  diajpioeie  of,  676. 
Alnm,  poisoning  l^,  436. 
Amentia,  178. 

A"*"*****^  poisoning  hj,  433. 
Androgrni  and  androgyna,  24, 25. 
ABimaTheat,  extinction  of;  242. 
„      irritaats.  poisoning  bj,  667 
„      matter,  aiseased,  670. 
Ana  Moore,  case  of,  347. 

AntimooTt  poi*ooing  bjt  ^  1* 

Apnoa,  260. 

Areas  senilis,  21. 

Afsenates  of  potash  and  soda,  479. 

Aneoie,  metallic,  properties  of,  451. 

„      sulphides  of,  479. 
AfMoie  acid,  476. 

w  acid,  poisoning  bj,  461. 
I  of  potash,  476. 
ff      Of  ooppep,  476. 
AiiMJimtUJydrogen,  4B0. 
,  poitosiBg  hff  669  • 


Asphjxia,  269. 

Asphjxiaats,  640. 

Asthenics,  602. 

Atelectssis  polmonom,  116. 

Atropia,  tests  for,  Ml. 

Aothorities,  medical,  citation  of,  xxt. 

B. 

Banbury  peers^  case,  36. 
Barfta,  poisoning  bj,  437. 
Beliadonna,  poisoning  by,  537. 
Bensole,  poisoning  by,  667. 
Bichromate  of  potash,  519. 
Bicyanide  of  xneroury,  603. 
Binoxalate  of  potash,  620. 
Bismuth,  poisoninj;  bjr,  518. 
Bitter  almond,  poisoning  by,  619. 
Bladder,  woonas  of,  3:21. 
Bleaching  liq^nids,  poisoning  by,  437. 
Blindness,  feigned,  159. 
Blood,  spectrum  of,  323. 

„     spots,  tests  for.  321. 
Bom  alive,  meaning  of  term,  87. 
Bou^ton,  Sir  Tbeodoaiav.  case  of,  620. 
Brain,  inflammation  of,  310. 

„     ix)^nriee  of,  313. 

„     tissue  on  weapons,  333. 
Breasts  in  pre|n>*ncy,  60. 
Bmcia,  tests  for,  548. 
Bruises,  298. 

Bryony,  poisoning  by,  664. 
Bums,  336. 

C. 

Calabar  bean,  591 
Calomel,  poisoning  b?,  500. 
Camphor,  poisoning  by,  548. 
Cancrnm  oris,  497.  ^ 

Cantharides,  poiaoning  by,  §67. 
Cantharidine,  669. 
Carbolic  acidL  poisoning  by,  565. 
Carbonic  acid  gas,  poiitoning  by,  640. 
Carburetted  hrdro^n,  049. 
Castor  oil  seeas,  poisoning  by,  662. 
Catamenia,  suppression  o(^(ll. 


ll^UtborH,  the.  poitr-DlDg  bjj  6 


Lvgilimvj,  125^ 

Legg*  0.  Bdujodda^  OHe  o(  41. 

Lemanjalc*,  tpaUof,  od  t1«ei,3M. 

U^ittVliMibeaded  for  fdeatifldklioBj  I 
UgtUnliic.  d»th  bl  <*" 
Li«hlrtE,pr"'^-' 


I5DEX. 


703 


._, ,54. 

'fniiM,  iojoriet  of,  810. 

Byltuii,  wooada  of,  390. 

feontaiieoaa  oombuitioa,  837. 
^ota  of  blood,  58. 321. 

8tarT»tion,  deiUh  bv,  S4S. 
BtM,  M.,  his  method,  683. 
Stetore,  oaloal*tion  of,  10. 

„      idcntafloation  bj,  8. 
SterilitT.  43. 
Btomadi,  fceUl,  contents  of,  106. 

„        wounds  of,  380. 
Btrsmoninm,  poisoning  by,  543. 
StrangnlAtion,  288. 

„  of  new-bom  child,  118. 

StiychnU,  poisoning  bj,  578. 
,,         iublimatee  <€,  575. 
Sublimfttion,  methods  oL  403. 

At  •soertamed  temp«rft> 
tnres,407. 
Sue,  H.,  on  the  skeleton,  10. 
Suffocation,  death  by,  291. 
.,  of  infants,  117. 

Suieiaal  monomania,  199. 
Sulphuretted  hrdrogen,  647. 
Sulphuric  acid,  poisoning  bj,  417. 
Sulpburet  of  potasaium,  436. 
SuperfcBtation,  137. 
SurriTonhip,  264. 
Sjnoope,  dea^  bj,  268. 

T. 

Tar,  oa  of,  665. 

Tartar  emetic,  poisoning  bj,  4B1. 

Tattoo  marks,  7. 

Teeth  aa  a  test  of  age,  20. 

Testicles,  diseaae  and  defect  of,  30. 

Throat,  wounds  of,  317. 

Tlchbome  case  (Appendix),  686. 

Tin,  poisoning  Inr,  616. 

Tobacco,  poisoning  bj,  606. 

Townshend,  Col.,  case  of,  280. 

Toxicologj,  353. 

Trichiniasis,  071. 

Trickej,  James,  caaeof,  644. 


Tumours,  feigned,  158. 
Turpentine,  poiaoning  b j,  564. 

U. 

nioen.  feigned,  154. 
Umbilioal  reaaels,  obliteration  of.  111. 
Umbilical  oord,cbanges  after  birth,112 
Unsoundness  of  mind,  165. 
„  foiled,  225. 

Uterus,  ohangea  m,  in  pregnancy,  60. 

„       appearance  of,  after  death,  63. 
Uterine  maceration,  89. 

„       respiration,  107. 

V. 

Vaginal  respiration^  107. 
Vegetable  aiDida,  poisoning  by,  621. 
Vegetable  irritants,  poisoning  by,  651 . 
Vegetablea,  decayed,  poisoning  by ,666. 
Venomous  reptiles  and  insects,  673. 
Veratria,  poisoning  by,  634. 
Veratrum  album,  poisoning  by,  634. 

„         Tiilde,  636. 
Viability  of  children,  131. 
Violation  during  sleep,  57. 
Virginity,  signs  of,  4?. 

W. 

Welsh  fkstaag  girl,  348. 
White  precipitate,  poisoning  by,  601. 
Wills,  drafting  of,  zxvii. 
Witnesses,  medical,  duties  of,  xxir. 
Wounds,  297. 

ss  means  of  identification,  8. 

contused,  298. 

incised,  301. 

gnn-shot,  308. 


$» 

»» 
»♦ 
»» 


Y. 

Yew,  poisoning  by,  660. 

Z. 

Zinc,  poisoning  by,  615. 


THE   END. 


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