League of Nations
The problem of nutrition.
vol.4. Statistics of food
production, consumption and
prices. 1936.
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[Communicated to the Assembly,
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Official No.: A. 12 (c). 1936. II. B
Geneva, June 24th. 1936.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
THE PROBLEM OF NUTRITION
VOLUME IV
STATISTICS OF FOOD PRODUCTION,
CONSUMPTION AND PRICES
DOCUMENTATION PREPARED
BY THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE
'PRESENTED TO THE MIXED COMMITTEE ON THE PROBLEM OF NUTRITION
AT ITS SECOND SESSION, JUNE 4™, 1936
Series of League of Nations Publications
II. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL
1936. n. B. 6.
PREFACE
The Mvced^omimtts£-Qn the Problem of Nutrition, at its first session in February
J956, set up a Sub-Committee on Food Statistics, the membership of which contained
representatives, not only of the Mixed Committee itself, but also of the Secretariat,
the International Labour O^ce, and the International Institute of Agriculture. The
task of the Sub-Committee was to examine and present the available statistical evidence
bearing on the subject of nutrition and to make suggestion for the improvement of sta-
tistical information in this field.
The Sub-Committee held a meeting in Rome, at the International Institute of
Agriculture on March ijth-idth, 1936, and drew up a Report (*).
The present volume has been prepared in accordance with certain recommendations
made in the Sub-Committee' s Report. It must be regarded as purely provisional and
preliminary .
In the short time available it has not been possible to make a complete revision
of the figures or to consult the Governments for the purpose of obtaining further infor-
mation and their views on some of the independent estimates now put. forward. The
Institute proposes to continue and complete the work which, in its present form,
constitutes merely a preliminary essay.
(*) See Volume I. pages 12 and 13: for text of Report see Volume III, in fine.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction 9
I. - Production, consumption and prices
OF THE protective AND OTHER
FOODSTUFFS lO
(a) General remarks lo
(6) Survey of production and con-
sujnption 13
(i) Production: —
Milk and Dairy Produce 14
Butter and Gieese 15
Meat 16
Eggs and Poultry 16
Fruit and Vegetables 17
Cereals and Sugar ^ 18
(2) Consumption: —
MJlk and Dairy Produce 20
Meat 22
Eggs and Poultry 23
Fruit 23
Vegetables 25
Wheat 25
Sugar 26
II. - WHOtESAI,E AND RETArL PRICES OF
PROTECTIVE AND OTHER FOOD
STUFFS 27
iii. - measures op financial assistance
to agriculture 29
Preliminary remarks 29
United States 29
Wheat 30
Hogs and Com 30
Dairy Products 31
Sugar 31
Rice 31
Peanuts 31
United Kingdom 32
Wheat 32
Milk 32
Cattle 32
Sugar 33
France 33
Wheat 33
Wine 33
Australia 33
Wheat 33
Belgium 34
Wheat and other cereals .... 34
Latvia 34
Wheat 34
Butter 34
Bacon and Lard 34
Sugar 34
Potatoes 34
Argentina 35
Cereals 35
Brazil 35
Coffee 35
Netherlands 35
Live Stock and Animal Products. 35
Cereals 35
Vegetables and Fruit 36
Union of South Africa 36
Dairy Products 36
Denmark 36
Cattle and Meat 36
Norway 36
Cereals 36
APPENDICES
Appendix I. — General tables of pro-
duction 39
Table I. - Production of Milk 39
;> II. - Production of Butter 35
,) III. - Production of Cheese 40
» IV. - Production of Beef and Veal . 40
» V. - ProductionofMutton and Lamb 41
VI. - Production of Pigmeat .... 41
» VII. - Production of Eggs 42
8 —
Appendix II. — Generai, tables of con-
sumption
Table I. - Consumption of Milk, includ-
ing Cream, Butter and Cheese
in terms of Milk
» II. - Consimiption of Milk and Cream
» III. - Consimiption of Butter . . .
» IV. - Consumption of Cheese . . .
» V. - Total Meat Consmnption . . .
» VI. - Consumption of Beef and Veal
» VII. - Consumption of Mutton and
Lamb
» VIII. - Consumptionof Pork and Bacon
» IX. - Consumption of Eggs ....
» X. - Consumption of imported Citrus
Fruits and Bananas ....
43
43
43
44
44
45
45
46
46
47
47
APPESSTDIX III. — SOXIRCES AND METHODS OF
compilation of the estimates of pro-
duction and consumption in each
country considered 48
Austria 48
Belgium 49
Bulgaria 51
Czechoslovakia 55
Denmark 58
Finland 61
France 64
Germany 66
Italy ,. 67
Netherlands 69
Norway 71
Poland 75
roumania 77
Sweden 79
Switzerland 83
United Kingdom 85
Canada 87
United States
Australia
New Zealand
Consumption in certain towns. .
Milk
Fresh Vegetables 96
Fruit 97
9
10
II
12,
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20,
21
88
90
92
95
95
PAGE
Appendix IV. — Index numbers of whole-
sale prices 98
Table I. - Austria 98
» II. - Belgium 98
» III. - Bulgaria 98
» rV. - Czechoslovakia 99
» V. - Denmark 99
» VI. - Finland 99
» VII. - France 99
» VIII. - Germany 100
» IX. - Italy 100
» X. - Netherlands 100
a XI. - Norway loi
0 XII. - Poland 101
» XIII. - Sweden loi
» XIV. - Switzerland loi
» XV. - United Kingdom 102
» XVI. - Canada 102
» XVII. - United States 102
» XVIII. - Australia 103
» XIX. - New Zealand 103
Appendix V. — Index numbers of retail
prices 104
Table I. - Austria 104
» II. - Belgium 104
» III. - Bulgaria 104
» rV. — Czechoslovakia 105
» V. - Denmark 105
» VI. - Finland 105
» VII. - France 106
» VIII. - Germany 106
» IX. - Italy 106
» X. - Netherlands 107
» XI. - Norway 107
» XII. - Poland 107
» XIII. - Roumania 108
» XIV. - Sweden 108
» XV. - Switzerland 108
» XVI. - United Kingdom 109
» XVII. - Canada 109
» XVIII. - United States 109
» XIX. - Australia no
» XX. - New Zealand no
INTRODUCTION
The Sub-Committee on Food Statistics of the Mixed Committee on the Problem of Nutntion,
at the meeting held in Rome last March, requested the International Institute of Agriculture:
(a) to furnish such information as exists on the consumption of cereals, sugar, meat,
milk and other dairy products, poultry and eggs, fresh vegetables and fruit;
(b) to show as far as possible the trends of production, consumption and prices of these
products in those countries for which reasonably complete statistics are available;
(c) to obtain municipal data on the quantities of milk and fresh vegetables entering
certain large cities and to utilize these data to supplement the information referred to under
{a) and {b);
(d) to continue its established policy of improving agricultural statistics, giving special
attention to the deficiencies in the material now available on the protective foods, and to draw
the attention of each Government to the particular directions in which improvement is desirable;
(e) to collect data bearing on the financial aspects of the assistance received by the
national agriculture of various countries, and on the effects of such assistance on the production,
imports and exports of foods;
(/) to collect and study wholesale and retail prices, particularly of the protective foods,
and to relate such price data to the trends in production and consumption in various countries.
The Institute proposes to pay particular attention to the recommendation {d) above in its
general endeavour to effect improvements in agricultural statistics but, meanwhile, it has at-
tempted in the time at its disposal to make a preliminary and necessarily incomplete and im-
perfect survey of the subject of food production and consumption and kindred matters on the
lines suggested in the requests of the Sub-Committee.
The present Report, which is submitted as a provisional document, contains the results
of this preliminary work. It consists mainly of a series of estimates of the production and
consumption of the commodities in which the Mixed Committee is particularly interested,
together with some comments as to their scope and significance. It is put forward not only
as a summary of the existing information on the subject, but also as an illustration of the
deficiences in the present material for the purpose of suggesting the directions in which the
statistical investigations of Governments and of the Institute might be turned in the future.
Of the further questions remitted to the Institute by the Sub-Committee on Food Statistics
of the Mixed Committee, figures have been assembled in respect of wholesale and retail prices
in a number or countries, but it has not been possible to do more than draw a few of the more
obvious inferences from these in relation to the trend of production and consumption.
The question of financial assistance, direct or indirect, given by Governments to the pro-
ducers of foodstuffs, may interest the Committee on Nutrition from two points of view. Firstly,
from the point of view of the actual or potential effects of such assistance upon the production
and consumption of certain foodstuffs, such as the protective foods, and, secondly, from the
point of view of the expense incurred by the State. The brief statement on this subject included
in the Report cannot pretend at giving anything like an exhaustive account of the situation
in this respect and has for its object to give, on the basis of available data, some outstanding
facts bearing upon the problem.
10
I. — PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION AND PRICES
OF THE PROTECTIVE AND OTHER FOODSTUFFS
NOTE — The units employed in the following pages are the long ton of 2,240 Ih. and the
Imperial gallon.
{a) GENERAL REMARKS.
1. Statistics of production, in any country, of the protective foodstuffs - milk and its deri-
vatives, meat and fish, eggs, fruit and fresh vegetables - are notoriously unsatisfactory. Rela-
tively few countries even attempt to compile annual estimates of complete national production;
hardly any of those that do make the attempt would care to claim more than a very moderate
degree of accuracy in the figures they compile. Hence it follows that, except for those pro-
ducts for the supply of which a nation is mainly or entirely dependent upon imports (which
rarely include the protective foodstuffs), figures of annual consumption are equally lacking. Indeed
should exports constitute an appreciable proportion of production, the task of estimating domestic
consumption becomes well-nigh impossible. For, whereas it may be hoped to estimate national
production with an error of perhaps no more than 15 to 20 per cent, the export of as much as
one half of the production doubles the possible margin of error in the estimated quantity
left for home consumption.
2. The problem becomes even more diffictilt when it is sought to arrive, for example, at the
quantity of milk consumed in liquid form within any country. So large a part of the milk
supply is normally manufactured into butter, cheese and other products - in some countries the
proportion is well over 90 per cent - that any error in the estimate of the total rmlk output, or
in that of butter and cheese, or in the quantity of milk needed to produce a given weight of
butter or cheese, will be enormously magnified in the estimated balance of milk available for
consumption in liquid form.
3. Fortunately a few countries have compiled statistics of estimated production and con-
sumption of some of the foodstuffs with which this paper is concerned, and in such cases it may
be assumed that the fullest consideration has been given to all the difficulties involved. Some,
even, have attempted to compile annual consumption statistics, which they would no doubt wish
to be accepted with some reserve. But were the present effort to be limited to assembling
such data, the results would be so scanty and the picture of production and, particularly, of
consumption would be so blurred and indistinct, as to be of little value for the purpose for which
the figures are now needed.
4. The Institute has thought it desirable, therefore, to make an attempt to supplement
ofl&cial statistics of production and consumption by estimating production and consumption as
closely as the available material will permit, for those products and those years for which it can
reasonably be hoped to secure broadly accurate results. Each of the protective foodstuffs has
its own pectiliar characteristics, so far as production statistics are concerned, and these are dealt
with below. The mere recital of them affords an indication of the difficulties, and suggests
— II —
how great an error may be involved, in computing estimates of food supplies from country to
country and from year to year from imperfect data. Some of the figures in the following
pages rest on a fairly secure foundation; others, where more than a small element of conjecture
has been introduced, can be accepted only with considerable reserve; others again can hardly
be described as much more than intelligent guesses. But throughout it has been the aim to
check the estimates made by any knowledge that could be obtained regarding living conditions
in the countries concerned.
5. The time at the disposal of the Institute has been all too short for the preparation of
comparative statistics of this kind, and only a bare minimum of research has been possible
into the mass of Uterature which exists in all countries, bearing indirectly upon the problem
both of production and of consumption. Nor has it been possible to submit the results to auth-
orities in the countries concerned. Intensive research and direct enquiry from speciaUsts
and specialist associations would no doubt result in substantial amendments to some of the
figures and might also be expected to remedy deficiencies in a number of cases in which it has
been found impossible to hazard estimates. The present survey is submitted as a very tenta-
tive first attempt at providing material from which to gain a rough idea of the production
and consumption of the protective foods (together with cereals and sugar) in a number of
countries, and of the trend of production and consumption in the past decade. It is impor-
tant that the limitations of the material should be recognised, and that too much significance
should not be attached to relatively narrow differences in apparent per head consumption as
between country and country.
6. Milk. — A few countries publish statistics of total milk production either annually
or at more infrequent intervals, and rather fewer analyse the supply, according to method of
utilizatiott. It is possiblfe, when estimates of production have been made for one or two years,
to interpolate or extrapolate, on the basis of changes in the dairy herds from year to year, but
where an annual enumeration or estimate of the dairy herd, or of the number of cows is not
made, this becomes impossible. When the number of cows is known it is sometimes possible
to obtain an approximate indication from other sources (e. g. number of cows possessed by
co-operatives and milk delivered to co-operative dairies) of the yield of milk per cow, and of
changes over a period in the yields, but care has to be taken that the annual enumeration
is on a uniform basis and does not exclude calving heifers for one year and include them in
another. Care must also be taken to ensure that there is no omission of cows in towns from
the figures of the dairy herds. It may even be possible, knowing the number of cows and
the pastoral or agricultural characteristics of the country, to set limits above and below which
the milk yield is unlikely to lie: but figures obtained in this way must be treated with the
highest degree of reserve. Finally, account must be taken in some countries of the milk pro-
duced for human consumption by buffaloes, goats and ewes.
7. From these figures and those of external trade in milk products, it is reasonable to
deduce the quantity of milk remaining for consumption within the country, in the form of
milk, cream, butter or cheese, with some reservations respecting the consumption of skimmed
milk (as liquid or as cheese). Sometimes it is not possible to do more than this, but occasion-
ally figures of the production of butter and cheese in creameries are available, and it is then
possible to arrive at a maximum figure for milk and cream consumption subject to any deduc-
tion for milk used in farm production of butter and cheese.
8. For the purpose of securing additional information on the consumption of milk, the
Institute, in accordance with the suggestion of the Sub-committee on Food Statistics, ap-
proached about forty large European towns possessing municipal statistical ofliices. These
were requested to indicate, if possible, their annual intake of milk and the average number
I
— 12 —
of inhabitants over a series of years. From the replies received, it appeared that in most cases
the particulars required were not recorded or were too fragmentary to give an idea of the
total milk consumption or even of its trends. Nervertheless, some useful information was
received regarding a few of these cities. The data thus obtained (which, on the whole,
correspond broadly with the information secured from other sources) appear at the end of
Appendix III.
9. Butter and cheese. — For those few countries which publish estimates of national produc-
tion, per head consumption figures are relatively easy to obtain, although the question may
be complicated by variations in stocks from one year's end to another. For a few others,
where farm production is small or negligible, it is possible to make an estimate based on
factory production figures. In other cases, home consumption of butter and cheese can only
be regarded as part of the domestic supply of milk for all purposes.
10. Meat. — Most countries now publish statistics of slaughterings either purporting to
be complete, or limited to inspected slaughterings, or slaughterings in public abattoirs, or in
certain towns. Where annual figures of livestock are available (but examination is necessary
to ensure that the enumeration is complete and does not exclude, for example, cottagers' pigs),
it is possible to make a rough estimate of slaughterings of the different sorts of stock, on the
basis of normal births, natural deaths, imports and exports and changes in stock from one year
to another. These estimates can be used to check the probable completeness or otherwise
of the official slaughtering figures; calves, sheep and pigs are most extensively omitted. Ave-
rage carcass weights are sometimes obtainable from the slaughterhouse returns, but in other
cases they have to be obtained by indirect means and the possibility of error is then increa-
sed. Sometimes the average weight has to be very rougly estimated on the basis of averages
in neighbouring countries with approximately similar conditions; such figures can be put
forward only with the greatest reserve.
11. In a number of countries consumption per head is calculated officially. Comparison
of such figures needs to be made with care inasmuch as in some edible offals and fats (especially
lard) are included, in others excluded, while the figures for a number of States relate only to
the meat as sold in the retailers' shops, and others exclude some bone or waste and meat used
for canning. On the whole, however, it is probable that, imperfect as they may be, greater
reliance can be placed upon consumption figures for meat than upon those for any other of the
protective foodstuffs.
12. Eggs. — Few annual estimates of egg production are made and these must
usually be used with caution. Frequently it is found that there are only occasional enumerations
or estimates, and these may give the whole of the fowls, irrespective of age, or the adult
fowls only, or the number of laying hens. They are apt to vary from time to time in respect
of the date of the enumeration, and it is as a rule not easy to determine whether they relate
to all fowls or only to those on farms or in rural districts. Hence figures of egg production
and consumption are sparse and in most cases subject to a wide margin of error. In view of
the rapid changes in the poultry population it is not possible to interpolate for those years
in which no estimates of the poultry population are given.
13. Fruit. — The chief diffictdties in calculating fruit consumption are the lack of know-
ledge respecting (a) production in private gardens, {b) fruit used for distilling and (c) grapes con-
sumed fresh. Some countries publish annual estimates of fruit production, others only occasional
figures and yet others only an infrequent census of the number of trees, from which it may
be possible to infer figures of normal production, on the basis of yields in other countries.
Little information is available regarding fruit used for preserving and in general all fruit figures
must be accepted with reserve.
— 13 —
By means of statistics of imports it is possible to calculate the consumption of certain
kinds of fruits, such as bananas and oranges, in those countries which depend entirely on fo-
reign sources for their supplies.
14. As in the case of milk, an attempt was made to obtain data on the quantities of
fresh fruit entering a number of large European cities for the purpose of discovering whether
it was possible in this way to arrive at the average consumption per head in urban areas.
The information received covered only a few towns and, in some cases, was incomplete. The
results of these enquiries are given at the end of Appendix III.
15. Vegetables. — The task of estimating consumption per head of vegetables is almost
impossible. In general, only a few crops are shown in official returns of either acreage or out-
put, and the remainder are either grouped together under a heading of other food crops (which
may contain other things than vegetables) or market gardens, or are not shown separately at
all. Onions usually and cabbage frequently are separately distinguished, while a few countries
give annual statistics of several vegetables It is sometimes possible, within wide limits, to
estimate the yield of vegetables from the acreage of market gardens on the basis of yields per
acre in market gardens elsewhere. But, in any case, there is little justification for adding
into one total the weights of such diverse vegetables as onions, carrots, cabbage and the rest.
Vegetables are taken as including all sorts of vegetables, except peas and beans harvested ripe,
and also melons and pumpkins, which are excluded unless there is reason to believe that the
crop or part of it is used for food.
Even with all this, however, it is evident that a large part of the harvest of vegetables is
not included in the annual figures of acreage and yield. Private gardens attached to farms or
residences, agricultural workers' gardens, industrial workers' allotments and, in some cases,
holdings below a certain size, escape enumeration and they are important sources of vegetables.
It may give a rough indication of consumption if it be assumed that the output recorded offi-
cially is for the purpose of supplying the urban portion of the population (and exports if these
be important), and that that part of the population dependent upon agriculture for a livelihood
(farmers, peasants and workers) grow their own vegetables to an extent at least equal, on a
per head basis, to urban consumption. This method can afford only a very rough indication
of consumption per head of vegetables, but it is probably a nearer approximation to the
truth than could be obtained by spreading the commercially grown supply over the entire
population.
16. The enquiries addressed to the statistical offices of some of the larger European
towns with the object of ascertaining their receipts of fresh vegetables yielded little information
as, in most cases, records are not compiled or, at best, only in an incomplete form. The few
details which may be of interest are reproduced at the end of Appendix III.
{b) SURVEY OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION.
I. As already explained, the Institute feels that the available information in respect of
the protective foodstuffs is so fragmentary that the assembly of all that is available would
be almost valueless for the Committee's purpose and it has, therefore, attempted to supplement
the official statistics by approximate estimates. A selection of certain European countries
was made together with the United States and the Dominions of Canada, Australia and
New Zealand, but in a few cases it was found impossible, in the time at the Institute's
disposal, to collect sufficient information, direct or indirect, to warrant the inclusion of the
country in the comparative tables.
— 14 —
2. The countries finally selected, with their present population, were as follows:
COUNTRY
Population
(millions)
COUNTRY
Population
(millions)
Austria 7
Belgium 8
Bulgaria 6
Czechoslovakia 15
Denmark 4
Finland 4
France 42
Germany 66
Italy 43
Netherlands 8
Norway 3
Poland 33
Roumania 19
Sweden 6
Switzerland 4
United Kingdom 47
Canada 11
United States 126
Australia 7
New Zealand 2
(i) Production.
Milk and Dairy Produce.
3. In Appendix 1, Table I are shown estimated figures of milk production for those countries
which publish estimates, or for which it is possible to make reasonably close independent
estimates. In some cases, there is a fairly wide margin of error in the estimates, owing to lack
of authoritative information regarding milk yields, and absolute comparison between the figures
for different countries cannot be ventured. There has been an almost universal advance in
milk production during the past ten years, and the extent of the development may be illustrated
by the following summary table which shows average production in the two quinquennial periods
1925-29 and 1930-34. International comparisons are not strictly accurate, as in some cases,
milk fed to stock is included, in others, excluded. But the figures show the trend of pro-
duction with reasonable accuracy.
Tabi,e I. — Average production per annum of milk.
(million gallons).
COUNTRY
1925/29 1930/34 Production in 1934
(or 1933)
Austria (a
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Netherlands (c
Norway
Poland
Sweden
Switzerland
Great Britain
Canada
United States
Australia
New Zealand
() 442
(b) 545
559
604
651
665
980
1,200
1,180
580
620
633
2,940
3.150
3,350
4-277
5,096
5,214
-)835
970
980
270
290
296
1,870
1,990
1,980
920
980
980
598
607
638
1,350
1.474
1,550
1.450
1,580
1,630
9,760
10,380
10,177
795
1,049
1145
625
870
945
(a) 1923 and 1927. — (6) 1930 and 1934. — (c) Rough estimate based on 1921-1930 dairy herd.
— 15 —
There was some slight evidence of decline towards the end of the second quinquennium
among countries with a large export trade in dairy products - Denmark, Netherlands and New
Zealand all showed a fractional decline in 1934 - but other countries, producing mainly for
the home market, continued to expand their milk output.
Butter and Cheese.
4. It is not always possible to obtain a reasonably close estimate of total butter and
cheese production, especially in countries in which production on farms is still of importance.
The figures in Tables II and III in Appendix I give such figures as are available, complete where
possible, but otherwiseconfinedtofactory or creamery output. The trend of production is shown
in Table II below, giving quinquennial averages: —
Table II. — Average production per annum of btUier and cheese.
(thousand tons).
Butter Cheese
COUNTRY 1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34
Belgium 59 64 2 2
Denmark 157 185 25 26
Finland (a) 21 25 5 5
Germany 273 395 244 329
Italy 44 43 209 224
Netherlands 82 85 124 123
Norway (a) 3 7 13 15
Sweden (a) 40 53 23 27
Switzerland 14 22 66 52
Canada 119 143 67 51
United States .' 933 991 214 232
Australia 126 181 13 15
New Zealand 94 142 82 99
(a) Creamery or factory production only. Includes cheesefrom half cream and skimmed milk.
5. There has been a decidedly upward trend in the production of butter, nearly all countries
for which particulars are available showing an advance, but the rate of increase has been checked
during the past year or two. Production expanded in all countries during 1925-29 and conti-
nued to do so in the early years of the present decade, but for some countries the peak was
reached in 1931 or 1932; this was noticeably the case in Denmark, where the national butter
output has declined slightly in each year since 193 1, although it was still in 1934 above the
1929 level. On the other hand, there has been a continuous expansion in production on the
part of those countries which are normally importers of butter, and also on the part of
exporting countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, which are favoured in their markets.
6. The trend of cheese production is less definitely indicated, but shows much the same
features as butter production. Output in the Netherlands and Switzerland (two of the four
leading exporting countries) has declined heavily, that in the former country from 1930, pre-
— i6 —
vious to which there was a steady increase, while in Switzerland the decline set in as early as
1929. On the other hand, production in New Zealand has continued to increase, that country
steadily encroaching upon Canada's share of the United Kingdom cheese market, formerly
shared between the two.
Meat.
7. Annual figures of meat production are shown in Appendix I, Tables IV, V and VI,
and are summarized in Table III below: —
Table III. — Average production per annum of meat.
(thousand tons).
COUNTRY Beef & veal Mutton & lamb Pork
1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 IWO/34
Belgitun 117 123 4 3 127 157
Czechoslovakia .... 171 178 46 48 158 211
Denmark 140 141 — ^ 324 ~ 438
Finland [a] 51 (a) 57 (a) 12 (a) 8 (a) 44 (a) 49
France 856 839 100 91 (6) 273 [b) 34S
Germany 987 1,080 45 41 1.794 2,044
Italy 466 402 62 52 254 203
Netherlands 139 133 8 6 221 245
Norway 37 40 13 14 28 37
Poland 217 238 10 8 332 398
Sweden (a) loi (a) 93 (a) 7 (a) 4 (a) 138 (a) 150
Switzerland 94 96 2 2 68 83
United Kingdom ... 635 624 255 277 323 355
Canada 310 289 26 31 367 382
United States 3,396 3,280 291 378 4.971 5.580
Australia 516 371 216 306 49 55
New Zealand .... 117 117 202 273 26 31
(a) Rough estimate. — (6) Incomplete. '
8. Production in the five years 1930-34 in almost all countries exceeded that of the previous
quinquennium, the expansion in pork production being particularly noticeable. Comparison of
the figures for individual years in Appendix I shows, however, somewhat the same features
as have already been observed in the milk and dairy production figures.
Importing countries tended to maintain the increase in their output right up to 1934 but
those with substantial export surpluses reached a peak of production in 1931 or 1932 and have
since been compelled to limit their meat output. This is, of course, particularly apparent in the
pork figures as none of the countries shown in the table, except Australia and New Zealand,
is a prominent exporter of beef and mutton.
Eggs and Poultry.
9. Table VII of Appendix I gives figures of annual production of eggs, so far as these
are available. The figures do not admit of absolute comparison between country and country,
as it is uncertain to what extent they are comprehensive, but the trend of production can be
clearly observed.
Average
1934
1930/34
(or 1933)
435
—
2,211
2,070
) I.740
1.740
1,241
1.356
243
278
6,190
6,220
) 4.740
5,000
376
391
355
—
4.415
4.765
2,987
2,925
32,623
31,006
(d) 1926/30. •
— («) 1931/34.
• — 17 —
Tabi<e IV. — Production of eggs.
(millions)
COUNTRY Average
1925/29
Austria 382
Belgium 2,206
Czechoslovakia (a) 1,520 (a)
Denmark 1,091
Finland 130
Germany 4,980
Italy [d) 4,480 (e)
Norway 305
Switzerland 316
United Kingdom 3,i53
Canada 2,742
United States 30,924
(a) 1930 and 1934 respectively. — (6) 1929 — (c) 1927 and 1932 respectively.
10. For several countries figures are available only for isolated years; for others produc-
tion figures are not published and no more than a rough estimate of production can be made.
vSince the object of these figures is presumably to show trends of production, it has been
considered unnecessary to insert such estimates in the above table.
11. The table shows a clearly defined upward trend over the ten years as a whole, but
as with other products, there are signs of a check to the expansion during the course of the last
few years, expecially in " gold standard " countries with an export surplus, and also in the
United States which reached its maximum output in 1931.
12. The annual production of dressed poultry is largely a matter of surmise. A few
countries publish figures annually but they are not highly trustworthy. It is probably a suffi-
cient indication of increasing poultry output that the production of eggs has so materially
increased, for while some part of that increase is due to greater productivity of laying hens,
the major factor is an increase in the number of hens, and an increase in the fowl population
almost inevitably means an increase in dressed poultry, partly through the culling of old hens,
partly through the production of unwanted cockerels.
Fruit and Vegetables.
13. The trend of production of fruit and yet more of vegetables, cannot easily be indicated
statistically. Production is variable, not so much because the potential output, which depends
mainly upon the area under orchards and vegetable crops, fluctuates, as because the average
yield fluctuates through climatic conditions. This is especially so for fruit. The best indica-
tion of development, or the reverse, would be figures of acreage under orchards (or numbers
of orchard trees) and vegetable crops, including market and kitchen gardens. But such
figures are not available for more than a few countries, and it is usual, but not universal, for
private gardens and allotments to be excluded.
— i8 —
14. It is a matter of common knowledge that the commercial production of fruit is ex-
panding in almost all countries, and the same is true of vegetable production. The following
table gives such broad indications as are possible of the trend of production based upon quin-
quennial averages for 1925-29 and 1930-34.
Tabi,e V. — Production of fruit and vegetables.
Vegetables
COUNTRY Fruit (other than potatoes)
1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 " 1930/34
thousands thousands
Austria (a) 288 (a) 340 (6) 250 (b) 259
Bulgaria (c) 57 (c) 60 (6) 109 (b) 132
Czechoslovakia (rf) 671 (d) 604 (e) 481 (e) 479
France (c) 406 (c) 447 (/) 874 (/) 1,005
Germany (a) 1,472 (a) 1,876 (/) 2,742 (/) 2,932
Italy («) 791 («) 928 \b) 1,546 (6) 1,860
Netherlands (») 74 (t) 85 (k) 65 (A) 75
Norway {h) 2,513 (h) 2,810 — —
Sweden (w) 7,447 {«) 7,228 — —
Switzerland (d) 462 (d) 552 — —
United Kingdom (c) 402 (c) 438 (g) 147 (g) 191
United States (a) 273 (a) 353 — —
AustraUa (a) 388 («) 45i W 73 (0 ?»
New Zealand — — (A) 5.4 (A) 7.0
(a) Tons: recorded production of main fruits, except wine grapes. — (6) Tons: recorded production all vegetables except
potatoes. — (c) Tons: recorded production of all fruits except grapes. — (d) Tons: recorded production of all fruit. — (e) Tons:
recorded production of cabbage, cucumbers and onions. — (/) Tons: production of all vegetables except potatoes and artichokes
— ■ (g) Acres under vegetables other than potatoes (England and Wales only). — (A) Number of fruit trees in 1929 and 1934
respectively. — (i) Acres: area under commercial fruit. — (A) Acres: area of market gardens. — (t) Acres: recorded area under
vegetables. — (/) Acres: area under market gardens and truck crops.
15. — The expansion in the production of fruit and vegetables generally is clear from
the above table, and it has been accompanied, as is generally known, by a material develop-
ment in the production of sub-tropical fruits, especially oranges, grape-fruit and bananas.
Fruit growing, however, is not capable of very rapid development, and the greater production
in the years from 1930 onwards is in part the resiHt of the extension of orchards in the pre-
vious decade. It is mainly in importing countries that new plantings have been undertaken
since the depression began, and the output of these new plantations has not yet started. Germany,
for example, had in 1933 some 40 million fruit trees not yet bearing out of a total of 154
million fruit trees enumerated in the whole country.
Cereals and Sugar.
16. Figures of production of cereals and of sugar during the past ten years are given in
full in the International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics and have not been repeated in
the Appendix here. The quinquennial averages for wheat, rye and beet sugar for the
countries to which this memorandum relates are given in Table VI.
19
Table VI. — Production of wheat, rye and beet sugar.
(thousands of tons).
COUNTRY -^Z5!!L_-- ^^IL^-. Beet sugar (r.w)
1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34 1925-26/1929-30 1930-31/1934-35
Austria 303 338 503 567 98 172
Belgium 396 394 545 536 266 245
Bulgaria 1.084 1.416 183 242 27 30
Czechoslovakia 1-273 i-438 1,641 1.764 1,161 738
Denmark 278 298 283 239 147 156
Finland 25 49 300 344 3 6
France 7,804 8,178 891 801 820 i>037
Germany 3,208 4,559 7,476 7,688 1,730 1,643
Italy 6,139 6,766 163 156 314 347
Netherlands 161 316 396 392 277 235
Norway 17 22 15 ii — —
Poland 1,621 1,989 6,088 6,360 666 487
Roumania 2,827 2,771 267 343 145 116
Sweden 419 641 490 421 129 225
Switzerland 108 120 41 36 7 7
United Kingdom 1,389 1,371 20 13 184 447
Canada ii,537 9,337 323 227 34 59
United States 22,032 19,252 1,022 782 957 1,252
AustraUa 3,643 4,976 122 5
New Zealand 205 215 — — — —
17. The increase in production on the part of countries which normally import, and the
consequent compulsory limitation of production in exporting countries, are matters of common
knowledge.
(2) Consumption.
18. The figures in the immediately preceding section of this report have been designed to
show the trend of production of the protective foodstuffs, and also cereals and sugar, during
the five years up to the beginning of the economic depression and during the next five years.
In this section are shown corresponding figures of consumption so far as they are available, or
can be estimated with a fair degree of accurancy. The object is again to show trends and
to ascertain what has been the effect upon national consumption of the advent of the most
widespread industrial and agricultural depression that history records. But these consumption
figures have a further objective, namely, to enable comparisons to be drawn regarding the aver-
age per head consumption of the protective foodstuffs in different countries.
19. I/ittle trustworthy material is available for such comparisons, or for judging the trend
of consumption within individual countries. In a few cotmtries per caput consumption averages
are officially computed fot one or more of the protective foodstuffs and it is sometimes possi-
ble to make independent calculations based upon production estimates and imports and exports
but neglecting the question of carry-over of stocks from one year to another. Obviously
however, such estimates must be handled cautiously. Production figures, particularly of the
protective foodstuffs, are themselves usually subject to a fairly wide margin of error and fre-
— 20 —
quently relate only to a proportion varying from country to country of the total output. While
it may be permissible to deduce the trend of consumption from such figures within any one
country, the comparison of average consumption in one country with that in another is less
justifiable. The difficulties are intensified when domestic consumption constitutes only a small
proportion of production, as, for example, in most countries in the case of milk for consump-
tion in liquid form, or, in New Zealand, in the case of mutton and lamb, It is with consi-
derable hesitation that the figures in the following paragraph, and in Appendix II, Tables I-X
are submitted, and it is imperative that they should not be regarded as more than a first and
purely tentative essay, which further research might cause to be altered in several instances.
For the most part, the international comparisons are more or less in accordance with expecta-
tions, but in a few instances there are surprising differences which give rise to suspicion as to
the reliabihty of the figures.
Milk and Dairy Produce.
20. In Table VII are shown figures of average consumption per head of milk (including
cream), butter and cheese, together with figures representing the aggregate of these products
expressed in terms of their liquid milk equivalent. It should be explained that this last column
is inserted because, while it is usually possible to estimate with more or less accuracy the quan-
tity of milk remaining for home consumption after the demands of the export trade in dairy
products have been satisfied, statistics of utilization of the supply are lacking in a number of
countries.
Tabi,e VII. — Estimated consumption per head per annum of
milk, butter and cheese.
All dairy products
Milk (a) Butter Cheese (liquid
milk equivalent)
1923/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34
gallons gallons lb. lb. lb. lb. gallons gallons
Belgium i6 17 17 21 6 6 68 80
Denmark 25 36 13 18 11 12 68 92
France 21 23 10 13 11 12 58 69
Germany 26 23 14 16 11 13 74 79
Italy 5 7 2 2 10 II 21 23
Netherlands — 30 12 16 12 14 — 80
Norway — — — — — ■ — 94 98
Poland — — — — — — 40 50
Switzerland 59 58 12 14 22 19 iii 112
Great Britain (6) 22 (6) 23 16 22 89 73 89
Canada — — 28 31 4 4 — —
United States 37 39 18 18 5 4 81 81
Australia 22 22 30 29 5 4 102 102
New Zealand 28 28 33 38 5 8 115 127
(a) Including condensed and evaporated milk in Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom: consumption of
these products is unimportant elsewhere. — (6) 1924/25 and 1930/31 respectively.
— 21 —
21. The trend of consumption. — There is a slight but barely perceptible upward trend
in the consumption of liquid milk, with Denmark showing a very marked rise. Most coun-
tries have increased their consumption of butter, and in one or two countries the consumption
of cheese has increased. The general advance in the consumption per head of milk in all its
forms is rather misleading since it is due mainly to the greater consumption of butter.
22. The greatest changes in consumption shown in Table VII are in those countries with
an exportable surplus of dairy products. Thus Denmark and the Netherlands have increased
their consumption of milk and the Netherlands shows an increase in its consumption of cheese;
butter consumption has expanded in most exporting countries and also in a number of import-
ing countries.
23. It is not possible to make any estimate of variations in the consumption of milk, cheese
and butter respectively in Sweden, Norway, Finland or in Poland. The consumption of milk
in all its forms is calculated to have increased slightly in each of these countries but no adequate
details of trends of production are available.
24. Tables I to IV in Appendix II show the consumption figures from year to year. The
trends are not very clearly defined and it is difficult to draw any satisfactory conclusion, largely
perhaps because the figures of consumption are subject to a wide margin of error which may
itself be the cause of the yearly fluctuations in apparent consumption. However, the tables
appear to indicate a farly constant upward trend in liquid milk consumption throughout the
decade in Denmark, and an increase in the United States until 1931, when a decline set in.
Consumption of milk appears to have declined also in Switzerland since 1931 but the figures
are of too doubtful accuracy for the direction of the trend to be judged with safety.
25. International comparisons. — Comparison of the absolute figures of consumption
per head in different countries is also a matter of difficulty, especially so far as liquid milk
is concerned. In so many cases has it been necessary to estimate total milk supply from unsa-
tisfactory material that in no country is the margin of error in the milk production figures
negligible (and this is probably true even when official estimates are available) and in some coun-
tries it is considerable. Estimates of the quantity of milk left within the country and the
proportion of it used for consumption as liquid milk are generally highly conjectural, especially
in such countries as the Netherlands and New Zealand.
26. No figures are available of the consumption of liquid milk in Norway, Sweden and
Finland but it is known to be very high. Family budget enquiries conducted in Finland
in 1928 showed that town workers and their families consumed as much as 62 gallons per head
annually, together with about 24 lbs. of butter and small quantities of cream, while town
workers and their families were consuming something over 30 gallons per head in Sweden in
1932-33. Family budget figures relating to urban dwellers are not satisfactory as a guide to
a national average in countries in which the bulk of the population is rural but it is probable
that nearly one half of the intake of milk in all its forms is consumed as liquid milk in Norway,
Sweden and Finland.
27. In addition to the consumption of liquid milk, it is not impossible that the consumption
of skimmed milk is of importance in some countries, but particulars are lacking. Skimmed milk
seldom appears in family budget enquiries (mainly because these usually relate to urban dwel-
lers), but in most dairying countries the skimmed milk is perhaps retained, or returned to, the
farm and some part of it may well be utilized for human consumption by the farmer's family
or workers. Dr. Harald Faber in 1924 estimated that the rural population in Denmark
consumed about 27 gallons and urban dwellers 11 gallons of skimmed milk per head
annually.
— 22 —
Meat.
28. Figures of meat constunption are shown in Appendix II, Tables V-VIII and are
summarized in Table VTII below. The figures in most cases include offals, but occasionally
they are excluded from individual meats although included in the total of all meat.
Table VIII. — Estimated annual consumption per head of beef, mutton and pork.
Hutton and Pork, bacon and Total meat except
Beef and veal lamb lard poultry and game
COUNTRY \925/N mO/3A m5f29lm/34 l9257BMiW0/34 "mS/^Tlwo/si
lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb. lb.
Austria 35 30 — — — — — —
Belgium 43 39 (a) 6 (a) 5 36 45 85 90
Czechoslovakia 29 28 (a) 7 (a) 7 39 38 75 73
Denmark 45 53 {b) — (b) — 49 72 93 125
Finland (c) 33 (c) 34 (c) 8 (c) 5 (c) 29 (c) 29 (c) 70 (c) 68
France 48 46 6 6 18 20 72 72
Germany 39 38 2 i 66 71 107 no
Italy 26 22 4 3 14 II 44 35
Netherlands 41 39 (c) 2 (c) 2 42 50 85 91
Norway 32 32 12 12 24 28 68 73
Poland 15 16 I I 24 24 40 41
Sweden 42 (c) 34 (c) 2 (c) 3 42 (c) 46 86 (c) 82
Switzerland 56 56 i i 41 47 98 105
United Kingdom 69 64 27 31 41 46 138 140
Canada 68 61 6 7 78 77 152 144
United States 53 52 6 7 78 78 137 135
Australia 153 102 66 82 18 18 237 202
New Zealand 134 117 79 93 28 26 241 236
(a) Including " other meat ". — (6) Included with beef. — (c) Veiy rough estimate.
Meat consumption figures are on the whole more satisfactory than those for milk, eggs,
fruit or vegetables. But they are far from perfect and the above table cannot be unreservedly
accepted, since where it has been necessary to estimate domestic meat production there is
occasionally a wide margin of error. The more speculative of such estimates are indicated in
the table.
29. Trend of consumption. — The figures show a number of prominent features, all in
accordance with general experience. The downward trend in beef consumption and the up-
ward trend in pork are evident in almost all countries, Denmark's increased beef consumption
being exceptional. But, as regards meat consumption as a whole, the quinquennial averages
are inconclusive; there seems to be httle doubt that consumption in the second period was higher
than in the first in Denmark,and it was probably so in Belgium, Norway, the Netherlands
and Switzerland, while Australia's decreased consumption is also clearly indicated. But for the
rest the differences between the two periods are too slight and the estimates rest upon too
insecure a foundation for any conclusion to be safely drawn.
30. International comparison. — The international comparison affords no very striking
features not already well known. The margin of error in many of the estimates invalidates com-
parison except on very broad lines. It should be noted that poultry and game are excluded
from the meat consumption figures. The inclusion of such meats would add to the figures in
all the countries.
— 23 —
Poultry and Eggs.
31. Complete figures of egg production are scanty and it is often a matter of diflS-
culty to determine to what extent official figures of numbers of poultry and estimates of pro-
duction of eggs are deficient. Poultry keeping among cottagers is common in all countries and
there is some risk of erroneous conclusions being drawn, particularly in respect of international
comparisons, through this cause. Some of the low per caput consumption figures shown in
Appendix II, Table IX, and in Table IX below are probably understatements which need to be
checked by further research and enquiry.
^ Tabi<e IX. — Estimated annual consumption per head of eggs.
1925/29 1930/34
No. per head No. per head
Austria 93 98
Belgium 241 236
Denmark 87 86
Finland (a) 35 («) 41
France — 149
Germany 123 129
Italy 112 119
Norway *. . . 106 124
Sweden 90 no
Switzerland 132 156
United Kingdom (6) 149 (6) 172
Canada 286 284
United States 197 199
(a) Probably [[underestimated. — (6) Including liquid and dried eggs.
32. An upward trend in the consumption of eggs is generally apparent in the above table
and it may be accepted as broadly true.
Rough calculations made for a number of other countries based on infrequent estimates
of poultry population and assuming a stable yield per hen give much the same results. In
Poland, for example, as will be seen from Appendix II, Table IX, it is roughly estimated that
the increase has been from 95 to no eggs per person and in Czechoslovakia similar figtires were
arrived at.
33. International comparisons cannot safely be made on the basis of the above figures
and those in the Appendix. It would appear that Canada and Belgium are the largest consumers
with the United States next, these three countries each consuming 200 or more eggs per head
of the population. France, Switzerland and the United Kingdom consmne about 150, and
those consuming between 100 and 150 include Germany, Italy, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland,
Sweden, Czechoslovakia and New Zealand.
Finland's average of 40 per head seems too low, although family budget enquiries in 1928
indicated that egg consumption by working-class householders in towns was below 50 per
head.
Fruit.
34. Few countries publish annual figures of fruit production, and for those that do so it
is impossible to decide to what extent the figures include fruit grown in private gardens.
— 24 —
whether attached to farm-houses or private dweUing-houses. Moreover, the task of estima-
ting fruit consumption is complicated by the utilization of wine grapes for consumption as
fruit and by the practice of distilling or drying other fruits, especially plums. Figures of
apple and pear production may include cider fruit to an unknown extent. All these difficul-
ties make it impossible to do more than indicate in very broad terms what appears to be the
comparative consumption of fruit in different countries.
35. As regards the trend of consumption, the question is rendered more complex by the
variations in the fruit harvests from year to year. Fluctuations in fruit consumption in any
country are due primarily to fluctuations in home crops, for Ught crops are not made good
to more than a minor extent by increased imports while heavy supplies arising from bumper
crops, though sometimes accompanied by greater exports, are not as a rule reduced more than
fractionally by that means.
36. It is common knowledge that the tendency towards increased fruit consumption is
almost universal. The interest taken in fruit planting and the steady expansion in imports
of sub-tropical fruit in countries in the temperate zone are sufficient evidence of this tendency.
Statistical evidence is more scanty but in Table X are shown such figures as can be assembled
respecting fruit consumption in 1925-29 and 1930-34, Separate columns are added showing
imports of citrus fruits and bananas expressed in terms of volume per head of the population.
Table X. — Estimated consumption per head of fruit.
Fresh fruit
Citrus fruit and bana-
nas, (included in pre-
vious columns)
Dried fruit
1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34 1925/29 1930/34
Austria —
Belgixun —
Bulgaria (b) ig
Czechaslovakia i'^) 75
Denmark —
France (<^) 30
Germany 73
Italy («) 37
Netherlands —
Norway (/) 56
Poland — ■
Roiimania —
Sweden ig) 55
Switzerland (h) 137
United Kingdom 75
United States -. . (i) 186
Australia (ft) no
New Zealand —
(a) 69
(6) 21
(c) 106
(d) 49
76
(e) 40
(/) 62
(g) 61
{h) 142
86
(i) 172
{k) 104
(I) 62
7
12
5
9
13
12
20
15
1-3
1-5
9
15
34
II
28
7
12
25
15
28
21
I.I
1.8
15
24
33
0.7
7
3
3
6
6
9
0.5
6
— 27
6
8
12
(a) Includes dates and figs. — (6) Excludes grapes, consumed as fruit, and melons, which represent up to 7 lb. per head.
— (c) Includes fruit used for distillation or drying, and may include cider fruit. — (rf) Excludes nuts (13 lb. and 10 lb.
respectively) and table grapes, consumption of which was estimated at 11 lb. per head in 1934. — (e) Excludes nuts (27 lb.
and 27 lb. respectively). — (/) Estimated normal consumption. — (g) Rough estimate, including nuts 1.2 lb. and 1.4 lb.
respectively. — (*) Rough estimate. — (<) Includes canned fruit in terms of fresh fruit, but excludes nuts (7 lb. and 6 lb.
respectively). — (ft) Includes canned fruit and jam (20 lb. and 16 lb. respectively in the two periods). — (/) Rough estimate,
as calculated by the New Zealand Statistical Office.
— 25 —
37- The upward trend in consumption of fruits is clearly indicated in this table, particu-
larly the increase in the consumption of bananas and citrus fruits. The figures are of too
doubtful a validity in the case of home-grown fruits for any trend in the consumption of these
to be seen, and, in any event, changes in consumption of home-grown fruit must be a matter
of time. Only if a country is prepared to import a large proportion of its fruit requirements
can it rapidly increase its fruit consumption.
38. The omission of nuts from the fruit consumption figures may be a matter of some
importance, since consumption of nuts is relatively heavy in some countries, notably Italy and
France. But, even with the addition of nuts and table grapes, the apparent consumption of
fruit in France at 70 lb. per head appears very low in comparison with some other coun-
tries while consumption in Switzerland is high, partly owing to the tourist trade, but may be
over-estimated. While no figures are available of production of home-grown fruit in certain
of the countries in the table, it is believed that Finland's and Poland's consumption is low,
as home production is not large and imports are small. Denmark, on the other hand, with a
recorded total of about 8.5 million fruit trees (apart from bushes) is likely to have a fairly high
consumption of fruit.
39. The trend of consumption of bananas and citrus fruits, as shown by year to year fig-
ures for those countries which are dependent entirely upon imports for their supplies, is shown
in Appendix II Table X. Although the average for the second quinquennium is almost inva-
riably above that for the first, there are very evident signs of a check to the expansion of con-
sumption of exotic fruits. In several countries the apparent consumption of both bananas and
citrus fruits was lower in 1934 than in 1930.
Vegetables.
40. The virtual impossibility of comparing the consumption of vegetables from country
to country or from year to year has already been emphasized. In the section dealing with
production it was sought to show that the acreage of vegetable crops and market gardens, and
the output of vegetables, had increased materially during the past decade. This, so far as it
goes, may be regarded also as evidence of increasing consumption, for international trade in
vegetables is of minor importance. Nor can much more than this be attempted. Consump-
tion in Italy is officially estimated at 93 lb. per head, but, if allowance is made for private pro-
duction, it is not unlikely that the figure would be doubled. In the U. S. A. the official figures
show a per head consumption of 149 lb. by urban residents. Rough calculations made on
the basis of recorded output of vegetables suggest that consumption is high (over 150 lb. per
annum) in Switzerland, and Czechoslovakia, but comparatively low in Norway, Germany and
New Zealand (but the evidence is very unsatisfactory). The family budget enquiry in Sweden
in 1932-33 suggested a consumption of vegetables of no more than 25-30 lb. per head among
urban residents.
Wheat.
41. The following comparative figures of average consumption of wheat are extracted
from the report on wheat consumption made by the Wheat Advisory Committee.
— 26
Table XI. — Average consumption of wheat per head.
(bushels of 60 lb.)
1922/3-1926/7 1927/8-1931/2 1932/3-1934/5
Austria 3.45 3.89 3.30
Belgium 5.86 5.40 5.15
Bulgaria 3.89 5.37 5.87
Czechoslovakia 3.56 4.13 3.50
Denmark 2.50 2.60 2.50
Finland 1.45 1.65 1.60
Prance 7.10 6.89 6.71
Germany 2.36 2.56 2.27
Italy 6.46 6.44 5.86
Netherlands 3.60 3.80 3.85
Norway 2.27 2.53 2.75
Poland 1.62 1.84 1.66
Roimiania 3.69 4.03 3.26
Sweden 2.30 2.60 2.80
Switzerland 4.60 4.96 4.88
United Kingdom 5.32 5.01 4.88
Canada 4.57 4.30 4.01
United States 4.24 4. 11 3.71
Australia 5.12 4.84 4.95
New Zealand 5.24 5.34 5.53
Sugar.
42. Per head consumption of sugar, according to the annual figures pubHshed in World
Sugar Statistics [a) are shown below:
Table XII. — Per head consumption of sugar {raw basis).
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Pinland
Prance
Germany '
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Roumania
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Canada {b)
United States {b)
Australia (b)
J25/29
1930/34
lb.
lb.
68
61
57
62
12
10
60
56
116
120
54
51
53
57
55
52
21
i8
72
68
67
70
27
23
14
12
81
95
88
98
104
no
98
94
114
103
117
107
(a) F. O. Licht G. m. b. H., Magdeburg. — (6) Average 1928-1929.
— 27 —
II. — WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PRICES
OF PROTECTIVE AND OTHER FOODSTUFFS
1. The foregoing sections of this Report have shown, so far as the available information
allows, the trend of production and of consumption of the various protective foodstuffs in a number
of countries in Europe and elsewhere. The Institute was also asked to assemble wholesale
and retail prices of the same foodstuffs in the various countries, with a view to showing the
relationships between such prices and production and consumption.
2. In Appendices IV and V are shown, for aU the countries considered, the following series
of prices: —
(a) Wholesale prices of each of the protective foodstuffs, and wheat, flour and sugar,
from 1925 to 1934, expressed as percentages of the price in 1928, together with the general index
number of wholesale prices adjusted to the same base.
(b) Retail prices of the protective foodstuffs, and flour, bread and sugar expressed as
indices on a 1928 base, with the index number of the cost of living adjusted to the same base.
(3) From these figures it may be possible to examine the interaction of prices and production,
and prices and consumption, but the problem is somewhat complex, and the Institute has not
found it possible, in the short time at its disposal, to do more than assemble the figures for the
information of the Committee. The variations in prices, both wholesale and retail, are funda-
mentally the result of changes in supply. The upward trend of consumption in exporting coun-
tries is the reflection of increased supply (frequently caused by the damming of the normal outlets
from exporting countries), and the increase in supply is to some extent the cause of falling
wholesale prices. For most of the protective foodstuffs, a check in export trade is not followed
immediately by an adjustment of production to meet the reduced purchases by foreign countries.
This is partly because adjustment in production can only be brought about by the immediate
sacrifice of capital - by the slaughter of productive stock or the destruction of trees. If it is
to be achieved less drastically it is a matter which must be spread over a fairly long period of
time.
4. Where interruption to export trade takes the form of rising import duties or merely of
declining prices in importing countries, there may indeed be a tendency to expand production and
exports in the hope of making up in quantity for the falling values, and this may continue until
enough producers have been driven out of business, or forced to contract their output, to counter-
balance the increased endeavour on the part of the remainder. Thereafter, production will begin
to decline. But where export trade is limited by the imposition of quotas, and the absolute regu-
lation of the volume of traffic, the only courses open to producers are to expand their exports to
any markets which may still be unregulated or to dispose of larger quantities in their domestic
market, or to control production. The first and second courses will inevitably lead to lower
prices and the ultimate effect is again likely to be a check to production, until the balance
between supply and demand is righted.
5. But, although this is theoretically the course that events may be expected to take, it is
not unusual for measures to be adopted to meet the situation in other ways. Production may
be subsidized, enabling it to be maintained at a higher level than market prices would normally
— 28 —
warrant; or exports may be subsidized with the same effect, provided that importing countries
do not control the volume of imports; or national consumption may be subsidized, in which case
the output may be maintained and the supplies retained at home instead of being exported.
6. Accompanying nearly all changes in the internal and export prices of foodstuffs during
the recent depression have been these questions of subsidy. In addition, the analysis of prices
in relation to production and consumption must take account of internal adjustments of costs,
of government measures of financial assistance, and of the relative profitablity of other forms of
agricultural enterprise.
7. Similarly, it is not practicable to examine adequately the relation between retail prices
and consumption without at the same time taking into consideration changes in incomes from
salaries and wages, the profits of industrial enterprise, and also the effect of changes in the prices
of alternative or competitive foodstuffs.
8. It is for these reasons that the prices in Appendices IV and V have been expressed as
indices of the prices in 1928 and that the indices of wholesale prices and of the cost of Uving have
also been inserted. A fall in wholesale prices of any group of products greater than the fall
in general prices may be expected ceteris paribus to lead to a diversion of production into other
channels, while a fall less than that of wholesale prices generally may be expected to result
in some increase in production as producers will tend to concentrate on the least unprofitable
lines. Similarly, if the retail price of any commodity declines to a greater extent than the cost
of living, there will be higher consumption of that commodity and vice versa.
9. Even such crude comparisons, however, cannot easily be made especially when informa-
tion is lacking in respect of other factors affecting production and consmnption. But this
assemblyof statistics in the Appendices is the first necessary step towards a study of the problem.
— 20
III. — MEASURES OF FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
TO AGRICULTURE
PREIvIMINARY REMARKS.
The question of financial assistance, direct or indirect, given by Governments to agriculture,
presents an interest for the Committee on Nutrition from two points of view. Its interest lies,
firstly, in the consideration of the actual and potential effects such assistance may have upon the
production and consumption of different foodstuffs, and more particularly, of protective foods,
and secondly, in ascertaining, at least approximately, the cost of the measures of assistance to
the State.
The present statement confines itself to some outstanding facts for a few countries and does
not pretend to be exhaustive. It is based upon such information as is at the moment
available and provides no comments. It often has to refer to provisions without giving
the actual figures of the expenditure incurred or budgeted for, with the result that the financial
cost of the measures cannot be ascertained or can only be roughly guessed at from circum-
stantial evidence. It is with these necessary qualifications that the data collected are given
here by way of examples of the nature and the costs of a policy of Government intervention
which would appear to be gaining ground continually.
The measures considered in the present statement are those involving financial assistance
to agricultural producers either direct from Government funds, or indirect, from the proceeds
of special contributions imposed upon certain groups of the community. These latter, of
which the deficiency payments under the British Wheat Act and the rental and benefit
payments under the Agricultural Adjustment Act in the United States are the outstanding exam-
ples, though they do not come from the regxilar Budget, must be considered as a special form
of Government financing, based on ad hoc taxation.
In view of the object pursued by this note, its scope is confined to measures of assistance
bearing upon the production and marketing of foodstuffs. Thus, for instance, rental and benefit
payments on cotton or tobacco in the United States are not included.
UNITED STATES.
The decision of the Supreme Court, by which the Agricultural Adjustment Act was declared
unconstitutional, rendered the situation in the United States very uncertain. Accordingly, one
can speak here only of what has been done under the A. A. A. roughly to the end of 1935, while
it was still in operation.
The measures of agricultural relief which interest us here consist mainly in the putting into
effect of adjustment programmes for the commodities produced in excess of the demand by
means of agreements stipulated by the Federal Government with the farmers; in the elimination
of surplus products from the market by purchase on account of the Federal Government or of
special relief agencies created and financed by it, and finally, in the steps taken by the Govern-
ment through the A. A. A. and relief organisations, to assist farmers stricken by the great drought
of 1934.
— 30 —
An interesting aspect of certain of these measures was that the commodities and the live
stock eUminated from the market with a view to relieving congestion or to improving the position
in the drought-stricken areas, were largely handed over to the organisations created for the relief
of imemployment, or otherwise were made available for improving the nutrition of school child-
ren, etc.
In this way the actual cost to the Federal Government of the measures taken with a view
to eliminating surplus products from the market was often greatly reduced, since in any case
assistance to the unemployed, for instance, would have to be given in some form or other.
Thus, from the setting up of the A. A. A. in 1933 up to November 1st 1935, the total amount
spent by it on the removal and conservation of agricultural commodities and on drought
relief reached $ 204,156,727, but of this total about $ 187,540,000 was in the nature of recover-
able advances to Government relief organisations. From this figure one can judge of the large
extent to which measures of agricultural assistance in the United States under the New Deal
were combined with measures of unemployment relief in its nutritional aspect.
The commodities purchased and handed over for unemployment relief included hog pro-
ducts, dairy products and sugar. • Under the drought relief scheme in 1934, cattle, sheep and
goats were similarly used.
Though complete figures concerning the total cost of these various measures for the whole
period of their application are not available, the following data will convey an idea of their im-
portance. As mentioned above, only the measures bearing upon the production of foodstuffs
will be dealt with here.
Wheat.
The wheat adjustment programme was first applied to the 1934 crop. The total amount
of benefit payments made on that crop was $ 98,600,000. The amount of benefit payments
on the 1935 crop, according to preliminary estimates, would be $ 101,600,000. The actual
payments for the first quarter of 1935-36 (July-September) reached $ 36,809,250.
The total amount of processing and related taxes collected in the course of the years 1933-34
and 1934-35 in connection with the wheat adjustment programme reached $ 234 millions.
Hogs and Corn.
An emergency hog-buying programme was put in operation in August 1933 and was
discontinued in May 1934. Between December 1933 and May 1934 hog products were also
purchased for relief purposes. A large part of the live hogs purchased was also converted
into dry salt pork for distribution to needy unemployed families.
The total cost of the hogs (approximately 1,400,000 heads) and of hog products (equi-
valent to about 600,000 hogs) to the Government amounted to about $ 13,500,000. Of this,
about $ II millions came from the proceeds of the processing tax, and the rest out of the
funds of the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation.
The corn-hog adjustment programme was put in operation in 1934. It involved a 20 to 30
per cent, reduction in the corn acreage and a 25 per cent, reduction in the number of hogs,
as compared with the average figures for the years 1932 and 1933.
The total payments to farmers under the corn adjustment programme up to the end
of the fiscal year 1934-35 reached $ 111,838,933 and under the hog adjustment programme
— 31 —
I 203,696,300. In the first quarter of the current fiscal year (July-September 1935) another
$ 57,313,078 was added to the outlay.
The total amount of processing tax collected in connection with the corn-hog adjustment
programme reached about $ 265 millions.
Dairy Products.
A programme for the removal of surplus butter and cheese was put in operation in August
1934. The necessary funds to the amount of $ 11,250,000 were advanced by the Govern-
ment, subject to later repayment out of the processing tax to be imposed. The butter thus
pturchased was distributed through reUef organisations to the unemployed. Besides this, addi-
tional purchases were made for such distribution by the Federal Emergency ReUef Admini-
stration out of its funds.
The Jones-ConeUy Cattle Act of 7 April 1934 authorised the appropriation of $ 200
millions for the adjustment of the dairy and beef cattle industry and the removal of surplus.
Of the amount authorised by the Act, $ 100 millions were actually appropriated.
The La Follette amendment to the Jones-Connelly Act authorised the additional appro-
priation of $ 50 millions for advances to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation for the pur-
chase of dairy and beef products for relief purposes and for the elimination of diseased stock.
The whole simi was appropriated.
Sugar.
The benefit payments to sugar-beet growers covered the 1934 and 1935 crops. Sugar-cane
adjustment programmes were also put in operation in Louisiana and Florida, but no figures as
to the total expenditure incurred in benefit payments on these agreements are available. The
total benefit payments made on both beet and cane sugar up to the end of the fiscal year 1935
amounted to $ 17,844,145, and another $ 14,599,171 was added to it during the first quarter
of the current fiscal year (July -September 1935). The total amount of processing tax and
related taxes collected in connection with the sugar adjustment programmes up to the end
of May 1935 reached $61.5 millions.
Rice.
The adjustment programme for the rice industry was announced in March 1935. The
amount collected in processing and related taxes for the financing of the programme up to
the end of May 1935 was I 17.8 millions. The figures of actual expenditure in benefit payments
to growers are not available.
Peanuts.
An adjustment programme was offered to growers late in 1934 to cover the 1935 crop.
The payments to growers on this programme and the diversions scheme associated with it
were expected to total over $ 5 millions. The amount levied in the form of processing tax in
connection with this measure up to the end of May 1935 reached about $ 3.4 millions.
— 32 —
UNITED KINGDOM.
Wheat
The assistance given to wheat growers under the Wheat Act, 1932, in the form of deficiency
payments making up for the difference between the standard price of 45 shiUings a quarter
and the average market price obtained, resulted in a considerable increase in the cultivation
and sales of wheat and a consequent proportionate reduction of deficiency payments. The
payments to farmers are made out of the so-called Wheat Fund formed by the quota pay-
ments levied from millers in respect of their output of flour.
The total amounts of deficiency payments reached £ 7,178,500 in respect to the 1933
crop and £ 6,813,000 in respect of the 1934 crop.
Milk.
In virtue of the Milk Marketing Act, 1934, from April ist 1934 advances have been
made out of pubUc funds to the Milk Marketing Board for England and Wales for supple-
menting prices received by farmers for the milk sold for manufacturing purposes. The total
advances made to the Milk Marketing Board for England and Wales in respect of milk sold
for manufacture into cheese and of milk manufactured into cheese on the farm amounted to
a total of £ 1,842,787 up to 15 March 1936. Similar advances are made to the Scottish Milk
Marketing Board, as well as to the Milk Marketing Board for Northern Ireland, but exact
figures as to the total of these advances are not at the moment available.
The Government, in virtue of the Milk Act, 1934, contributes on a pound per pound basis
to a milk pubhcity fund for a period of two years, within the limit of £ 500,000 a year, sharing
the expenses with the Milk Marketing Board. A condition of the grant was the submission by
the Milk Marketing Board of an approved scheme of milk supply to children in schools at
a reduced price.
The scheme for England and Wales came into operation in October 1934, school children
being enabled to obtain milk at 1 Y^ d. per pint. The amount spent on this scheme up to
November 1935 reached £ 491,268.
A similar scheme for supplying milk to school children was put in operation within the
area covered by the Scottish milk marketing scheme in November 1934.
Cattle.
The Cattle Industry (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1934, passed with a view to assisting
the home cattle breeder pending agreement with the Dominions and Argentina for a restriction
of their imports of meat to the United Kingdom, provided for the constitution of a special
Cattle Fund. The object of the Fund was that of paying subsidies to producers for live
cattle and carcases sold. The application of the Act, originally limited to a short period, was
extended by a further enactment in 1935. As it now stands, it is extended to the end of
June 1936.
Up to August 1935 payments out of the Fund were made in respect of a total of 1,395,659
animals and reached the figure of £ 3,326,820.
33
Sugar.
The original Act, under which a subsidy was given on home grown beet sugar, lapsed in
September 1934, and a new British Sugar (Subsidy) Act, 1934, extended the subsidy until the
end of August 1935. In 1935, the subsidy was again extended. The total amount paid in
subsidies in 1933-34 reached £ 3,388,692 and in 1934-35, £ 4,445,000.
FRANCE.
In France, direct subsidies to agriculture play a relatively unimportant part. The Govern-
ment mostly relies on regulating imports and on the control of production and marketing.
Measures of direct financial assistance are in force in the case of wheat and wine. Those
actually in operation are described below.
Wheat.
With regard to wheat, assistance is given in the absorption of surpluses, for which purpose
a special fund was constituted in 1933, formed of the proceeds of a levy on millers (I^aw of
10 July 1933) and of a special tax paid by the producers themselves (I^aw of 28 December
1933), as well as of some other contributions of minor importance. The fund is used for con-
troUing the supply throughout the agricultural year and for eliminating from the market the
carry-over before the new crop comes to market. The fund, the figure of which is not at the
moment available, remained after the change in the wheat market regvdations brought about
by the I<aw of 24 December 1934, and was increased by a supplementary grant of 1,500,000,000
francs.
The new system of wheat market control introduced by the law of 24 December 1934 also
authorised the Government to grant subsidies to the French colonies, if that was necessary
to prevent excessive exports of their wheat to France.
Though these measures obviously involve considerable expense, their actual cost cannot
at present be given.
Wine.
The situation was dealt with by the Decree-Law of 30 July 1935, which provided for the
" voluntary " reduction of the total area of vineyards by 150,000 hectares, an indemnity being
given to the growers at the rate of 7,000 francs per hectare destroyed. If the area provided
for were not destroyed voluntarily by i March 1936, the reduction would become compulsory
and the indemnity would be reduced by 50 per cent. The decree also sought to raise the prices
of wine by fixing the prices of alcohol derived from wine and from residues of pressed grapes,
and by providing for State purchases at these prices of 325,000 hectolitres of the former and
300,000 hectolitres of the latter.
AUSTRALIA.
Wheat.
Following upon the recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Wheat, Flovu: and
Bread Industries, which presented its final report in February 1935, a sum amounting to
£ 4,000,000 was allocated by the Commonwealth Government for financial assistance to wheat
growers. The sum was formed in part by contributions out of general revenue and in part
out of the proceeds of an excise duty on flour.
34
BELGIUM.
Wheat and Other Cereals.
The Royal Order of 24 August 1935 gave wheat growers a premium of 550 francs per hectare
and growers of spelt, rye, meslin, and barley one of 200 francs per hectare. The total cost of
this subsidy is unknown, but for wheat alone, of which about 150,000 hectares were sown in 1934,
the amount of the subsidy, even should there be no increase in the area, should be well over
80 million francs: a sum which may be considered as an absolute minimum.
IvATVIA.
Wheat.
Since 1930, the Goveriunent has bought all the crop from the farmers at fixed prices,
varying according to season, but calculated so as to make wheat growing pay. This naturally
involves considerable expense from pubhc funds, but the actual cost of such assistance cannot
be ascertained.
Butter.
The Government, also since 1930, fixes the prices of butter, and the maintenance of these
prices involves considerable expense for the Treasury.
Bacon and Lard.
With regard to these, the Bacon Export Company, created in 1934 and controlled by the
Government, buys bacon and lard from the producers at fixed prices, generally above those
current on the export markets, the deficiency being made good out of pubhc funds. The same
Company was empowered, in 1935, to buy cattle, sheep and poultry for export and was entrusted
with the control of the meat market, thus concentrating in its hands a large part of the
Government resources destined for the assistance of agriculture.
Sugar.
The sugar industry is concentrated under the control of the State, which pays fixed prices
for all the sugar beet supplied to the factories under contracts. These prices are considerably
higher than those current, at which the factories buy non-contract beet. The Government thus
subsidises organised beet growing to an extent varying according to market conditions. In
1934, the fixed contract prices were 37 lats per ton, as against current non-contract prices of
28 lats. In 1935, the prices were 34 and 30 lats respectively.
Potatoes.
Potato prices are controlled by the State Spirit Monopoly, which fixes the quantities of
potatoes to be bought and the prices every year in advance, in such a way as to assist the growers.
It may be seen that, though no figures as to the cost to the vState of all these measures are
available, practically all the vital branches of agricultural production are controlled by the Govern-
ment, which must bear a relatively very heavy burden.
— 35 —
ARGENTINA.
Cereals.
The Committee for the Control of Cereals, established in 1933, draws on a special Exchange
Fund, constituted from the profits earned on the operations of purchase and sale of foreign
exchange, in order to make up the difiference between the price it pays for wheat, maize and flax
seed to producers and the prices ruling on the export markets. The subsidy thus given the
growers plays an important part in determining the situation of Argentine agriculture. In
1933-34. 52 per cent, of the wheat crop passed through the Committee. The total deficit of
the Committee covered out of the Exchange Fund in 1934 amounted to 8,883,000 paper
pesos, of which the net losses accounted for 5,885,000 paper pesos, the rest being absorbed in
administrative expenses and other charges.
BRAZn,.
Coffee.
The National Department of Coffee, constituted in 1932 for the control of the coffee industry,
eUminates from the market the poorer qualities of the coffee produced. Of the 17,270,000
bags of 60 kgs. produced in 1935, the Government bought, for destruction in the course of 1936,
a total of 4,000,000 bags. The cost of these operations, which have been going on since 1931,
cannot be ascertained exactly, but it is certainly very considerable.
NETHERI/ANDS.
Live Stock and Animal Products.
In the Netherlands, financial assistance to agriculture is generally given out of a special
Crisis Fund constituted by the proceeds of taxes imposed upon transactions in agricultural
produce for this purpose. From this Fund come the sums necessary for the eUmination from
the market of surpluses of cattle, pigs, butter and eggs, as well as the subsidies paid to farmers
who agree to reduce their production of cheese, etc. The exact cost of these measures is not
known. In the case of butter, however, an approximate estimate for the year 1933 shows
that the amount expended on the withdrawal, storage and export of surplus butter should be
put at over 2 millions of florins.
Cereals.
These exists a monopoly of the importation of cereals and products, and a monopoly
tax is levied on the products imported. The total amount of this tax reached 8 million
florins in 1933. The sale prices of imported cereals, including the monopoly tax, are so cal-
culated as to insure the home cereal growers standard minimum prices for their crops. In
some instances, subsidies are given to producers with the same object. Figures as to the
total cost of the subsidies are not available.
-36-
Vegetables and Fruit.
In 1933, market gardening was granted by the Treasury a subsidy of 5 million florins,
and in 1934, the subsidy was increased to 8.8 millions. In the course of 1934, the control of
the industrj'^ was handed over to the Central Organisation for Vegetables and Fruit, which was
given the monopoly of importation of these products, so as to provide it with means for subsid-
ising home production. Treasury subsidies were discontinued. The costs incurred by the
Organisation in subsidies are not known, but some idea of the expenditure under this head
may be obtained from the figures of Treasury grants for the preceding years given above.
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Dairy Products.
In 1935, the Union Government launched a scheme for increasing home consumption of dairy
products, of which the production was rapidly overtaking the demand. The plan involved the
distribution of milk to school children and of butter to relief organisations. The amount
budgeted for financing the scheme in 1935-36 was £ 93,000, and for 1936-37 it was expected
that a larger sum would have to be provided.
DENMARK.
Cattle and Meat.
By of the Law of 31 October 1934, the Minister of Agriculture was authorised to levy a
special tax upon slaughtered cattle, with a view to constituting out of the proceeds a fund
for the control of the cattle and meat market. Of this fund 2 million kroner are earmarked
for the purchase of meat for distribution in relief work, and 5 millions of kroner for the
purchase of stock affected by tuberculosis.
NORWAY.
Cereals.
The Grain Monopoly, established in 1929, pays bonuses to the home grower, with a view
to encouraging production, which is much below the country's needs. The bounties paid on wheat
and rye, as well as on barley, were increased in 1934 by an Act of Parliament, and in 1935
the credits were again increased. The Grain Monopoly purchase prices for home grown wheat,
rye, barley and oats were accordingly raised so as to provide larger bonuses to the growers.
The cost of these measures of assistance cannot be given in the absence of the necessary
particulars.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I. — GENERAL TABLES OF PRODUCTION
COUNTRY
1925
Austria (a) 402
Belgium 570
Bulgaria —
Czechoslovakia —
Denmark (i) 790
Finland 550
France 2,950
Germany 3,850
Italy —
Netherlands —
Norway 263
Poland —
Roumania 402
Sweden —
Switzerland 572
Great Britain 1,290
Canada i,440
United States 9,260
Australia 862
New Zealand 555
Table I. — Production of milk.
(million gallons).
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Average
1925/29 1930/34
—
481
—
—
531
—
—
—
559
(6) 442
(*)545
605
610
615
620
630
630
660
670
665
604
651
—~'
—
—
—
—~
—
—
—
—
(c) 225
[c) 1,200
1,200
950
1,010
1,030
1,110
1,190
1,230
1,210
1,190
1,190
980
566
590
608
590
613
616
623
610
633
580
620
2,760
2,950
3,000
3,030
3,060
3,060
3,120
3.170
3.350
2,940
3.150
3.960
4,400
4,620
4,554
4,774
5,040
5,170
5,280
5,214
4.277
5,096
1.050
(e) 970
—
—
—
—
910
—
—
1,020
980
—
265
268
279
276
279
284
293
296
296
270
290
—
1,890
—
1,850
1,920
2,030
2,040
1,980
1,980
(6)1,870
1,990
402
392
383
392
378
380
388
—
—
395
[e) 382
—
920
920
—
980
980
980
980
980
(6) 920
980
616
594
616
594
572
572
616
638
638
598
607
1,320
1,360
1,390
1,390
1,400
1,430
1,470
1.520
1.550
1.350
1.474
1,460
1,480
1,450
1,430
1,510
1,580
1,590
1,600
1,630
1.450
1,580
9,600
9,820
9,940
10,190
10,260
10,480
10,470
10,510
10,180
9,760
10,380
773
747
802
821
829
931
1,038
1,081
1. 145
795
1,049
595
605
650
720
740
780
905
980
945
625
870
(a) 1923.
(6) Two years only — (c) Very tough estimate. — {d) 1922, Faber's estimate. — (e) Three years only.
COUNTRY
1925
Austria —
Belgium —
Denmark 139
Finland (h) 17.6
Germany 224
Italy —
Netherlands 74
Norway (b) 2.7
Sweden (6) 31.5
Switzerland 12.3
Great Britain —
Canada 120.3
United States 900.6
Australia 140.2
New Zealand 77.2
Table II. — Production of butter.
(thousand tons).
Average
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1925/29 1930/34
59-1
60.5
60.8
63.5
68.7
22
66.3
(a)59
64
150
159
163
176
187
192
185
182
180
157
185
19.8
21.9
20.9
23.8
26.4
27-5
25-5
23-4
24.0
21
25
230
291
316
305
340
387
404
424
418
273
395
49.2
4+.3
41-3
41.4
41.6
41.8
42.5
43-1
44-3
(cUi
43
82
84
84
85
86
S4
84
87
89
82
86
3-3
3-1
3-2
3.7
3-8
5-9
7-8
8.7
9.0
3
7
37.9
41-3
40.6
47.1
53-8
530
50.5
54-1
—
40
(0 53
13-3
12.8
14.6
15-4
15-7
15-7
22.5
25-1
28.5
M
22
47
143
121.5
121.4
115-2
115-5
126.5
147.0
143-3
145-4
153-9
119
950.0
927.0
921.4
964.0
944.7
980.7
1009. 1
1032.2
990-5
933
991
122.0
112.7
125.0
129.4
133-7
174.4
187.4
201.3
210.1
126
181
86.9
90.4
99-4
114-4
117-I
124.0
148.S
161. 9
157-0
94
142
(a) 1929 only. — (6) Creamery output only. — (c) Four years only.
— 40 -
COUNTRY
1925
Table III. — Production of cheese.
(thousand tons).
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Average
1925/29 1930/34
Austria — — — — — — — — —
Belgium — — — — 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7
Denmark — 24 24 25 26 26 25 26 28
Finland (fl) 5-4 5.2 4.1 4.4 4-5 4-6 4.6 5.3 6.1
Germany 217 219 251 269 265 295 320 337 353
Italy — 198.4 210.1 213.9 215.3 218.4 221.3 224.3 227.2
Netherlands iii 120 124 130 133 135 I3r 117 119
Norway {a) (c) 13-9 12.J 13.5 13.7 13-6 14-5 15-6 14.8 15.3
Sweden («) (c) 19.1 21.3 22.9 24.3 27.7 24.9 27.8 29.8 26.3
Switzerland 64.5 69.7 64.6 69.7 60.2 55.6 50.2 48.9 54.5
Great Britain 43 — — — — — — 5o —
Canada 79-3 76.9 61.8 64.7 53-2 53-5 51-3 54-3 50.o
United States 221.6 212.2 201.7 214.8 217.5 223.4 219.8 216.1 242.7
Australia 14.0 12.9 11.9 14-1 i3-5 13-5 H-S 14.0 16.5
New Zealand 76.0 78.2 77-5 89.1 89.1 97.9 89.1 103.6 106.8
30
2.0
27
6.6
340
2
25
4-7
244
226.4 (6)209
114
49-4
44.8
258.5
17.2
95-7
124
13.4
23.1
66
67
214
13
82
2
26
5.4
329
224
123
(6)15.0
(4)27.2
52
50
51
232
15
99
(a) Factory output only. . — (6) Four years only. — (c) Includes skimmed milk, cheese and whey-cheese.
Table IV. — Production of beef and veal.
(thousand tons).
COUNTRY
1925
Austria (a) 86
Belgium 98
Bulgaria (c) 9.3
Czechoslovakia 134
Denmark (d) (e)i46
Finland —
France —
Germany 903
Italy —
Netherlands 13'
Norway 34
Poland —
Roumania —
Sweden —
Switzerland [k) 87.2
United Kingdom 611
Canada 309
United States 3,637
Australia 592
New Zealand 128
Average
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1925/29 1930/34
91
91
89
89
77
79
76
—
—
89
(6) 77
132
109
119
126
"4
107
126
144
124
117
123
10.3
II. I
13.1
12.7
II. 0
12.2
132
14.4
—
—
—
161
182
198
182
167
176
188
174
183
171
178
—
—
—
140
135
137
—
146
146
(/) 140
(S) 141
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(*) 51
(A) 57
—
786
889
894
836
751
805
887
917
(6) 856
839
925
927
1037
1 144
1062
1041
1069
1045
1184
087
1080
410
477
501
478
379
392
413
423
402
(g)466
402
130
137
149
150
119
109
131
157
149
139
133
36
38
38
38
36
40
43
43
41
37
40
—
202
216
234
229
243
260
247
88
211
217
238
_
(»)ioi
. —
—
—
—
(«)93
_
(t)ioi
(!) 93
gi.2
—
98.1
100.3
96.0
90.7
96.0
96.5
103. 1
i.g) 94
96
609
636
653
665
641
608
586
610
674
635
624
306
306
309
310
302
269
265
272
339
310
289
1,758
3.434
3.079
3,072
3,084
3,121
3,011
3,398
3,788
3,396
3,280
507
512
514
453
372
344
345
387
406
516
371
"3
129
114
103
95
94
114
139
141
117
"7
(a) Caltle and Beef 'Survey Imperial Economic Committee. — (6) Three years only, — (c) 13 chief towns only. —
(d) All meat other than pork. — (e) 1922 - Faber's estimate. — (/) 1929. — (g) Four years only. — (A) 1927/28 and
1932/33 respectively. — (») Sough estimates for 1924-28 and 1932-33 respectively. ■ — (A) 1921.
— 41
COUNTRY
Table V. — Production of mutton and lamb.
(thousand tons).
1925
Belgium 3.4
Bulgaria (a) 8.1
Czechoslovakia (b) 39.4
Finland —
France —
Germany 56.2
Italy (e) —
Netherlands 7.8
Norway 12.5
Poland —
Roumania —
Sweden —
Switzerland (*) 2-3
United Kingdom 227.0
Canada 21,5
United States 267.0
Australia 166.0
New Zealand 186.2
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
3-1
7-4
45-7
49.2
61.7
7-9
13-3
2.0
242.0
24.9
287.0
216.0
198.6
3-3
7-5
47.0
4-2
S.6
51-3
3-8
7-5
48.4
3-6
g.o
44-9
2.9
8.6
49.2
3-1
8.6
50.0
98.0
39-8
64.1
9.6
13-3
II.O
105.0
40.2
64.8
8.7
13-7
lo.o
(g)6.8 -
— 1-7
269.0 273.0
25-9
288.0
213.0
203.3
27.3
300.0
225.0
201.9
97.0
40.1
59-1
7.8
12.5
9.0
1-7
262.0
29.0
312.0
260.0
222.7
94.0
41.9
57-9
5-7
13.0
9.0
1-7
244.0
29.7
366.0
270.0
256.9
86.0
42.9
52.4
5-3
13-8
9.0
1.5
253-0
32.4
392.0
280.0
293.9
95-0
39-4
50.3
6.2
14-5
7.0
(g)4.0
2.0
287.0
32.5
392.0
305-0
288.3
3-6
9.1
46.3
95 -o
42.6
51-0
8.6
14.4
7.0
66
2.0
3II-O
30.2
385.0
346.0
2,8.9
Average
1925/29 1930/34
3-0 3-6 3-3
50.8 46.4
— (c) 12
86.0 (ij)ioo.o
37.7 45-1
50.4 (/)62.4
6.0 8.4
14-1 I3-I
9.0 (li)io.o
48.2
(c)8
91.0
40.9
52.4
6-4
14.0
8.0
1-9
289.0
30-5
357.0
327.0
275-6
(g)6.8 (g)4.o
(/)i-9 1-8
2550 277.0
25-7
291.0
216.0
202.5
3I-I
378.0
306.0
272.7
(a) 13 chief towns: includes goat. — (6) All meat other than beef, veal and pork. — (c) 1927/28 and 1932/33 respectively. —
(d) Three years only. — («) Includes goat. ■ — (/) Four years only. — (g) Rough estimates 1924/28 and 1932/33 respecti-
vely. — (A) 1921.
COUNTRY
Table VI. — Production of figmeat.
(thousand tons).
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Belgium 119
Bulgaria (a) 3.0
Czechoslovakia 171
Denmark (6)167
Finland —
France —
Germany 1,517
Italy —
Netherlands 226
Norway 22
Poland —
Sweden —
Switzerland (*) 62
United Kingdom 342
Canada 363
United States 4678
Australia 46
New Zealand 22
123
3-3
167
1,577
265
196
28
62
288
357
4690
49
24
131
3-8
144
246
1,911
257
244
30
326
(g)l38
310
378
4861
53
27
139
3-3
154
276
2,059
244
247
29
342
72
354
373
5349
49
28
123
3-1
153
— 324
298
1.905
251
194
32
329
75
322
364
5277
50
28
144
3-7
189
390
305
1,967
219
221
34
339
68
294
333
4979
48
24
162
5-4
226
151
5-6
202
516 —
355
2,085
247
294
35
440
77
325
391
5041
55
23
357
1,941
185
286
35
408
(g)i50
91
373
421
5198
55
28
154 175
5-1 —
196 243
477 371
346
1,997
194
223
35
384
88
385
389
6799
58
36
375
2,228
171
203
44
418
93
400
374
5888
59
42
Average
1925/29 1930/34
127
158
(<:)324
(e) 44
(/)273
1,794
221
28
(/)332
{g)i38
(d) 68
323
367
4971
49
26
157
2U
(d)438
(«) 49
348
2,044
203
245
37
398
(g)i50
83
355
382
5580
55
31
(a) 13 chief towns. — • (b) 1922 - Faber's estimate. — (c) 1929 only. — (d) Four years only. — • (c) Rough estimates,
1927-28 and 1932-33. — (/) Three years only. — (g) Rough estimates 1924/28 and 1932/33 respectively. — (h) 1921.
42 —
COUNTRY
1925
Austria (a) 325
Belgium 1,805
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia —
Denmark I1O07
Finland (/) 117
Gennany 4,190
Italy —
Netherlands (/) —
Norway —
Poland —
Roiunania —
Sweden —
Switzerland —
United Kingdom 2,7I7
Canada 2,476
United States 27,910
Table VII. — Production of eggs.
(millions).
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Average
1923/29 1930/34
369
2,354
381
■ 354
397
2,310
430
2,415
440
2,300
2,070
— (i) 382 (c) 435
2,070 {rf)2,206 2,211
— 682
1,064
119
4,400
(«)l,520 —
1,096 1,127
123 130
4,970 5,530
1,160
160
5,810
1,210
181
6,140
295
2,902
2,598
30,148
310
1,500
600
310
3,148
305
325
3.395
1,875
300
1,307
212
6,200
4,510
2,100
342
(«)4,ooo
1,331
260
6,150
4,590
2,200
335
3.601
355
3.894
355
4,209
750
355
4,491
1.356
286
6,240
4,870
2,000
394
(6)1740 —
— 1 ,09 1
278 130
6.220 4,980
5,000 (g)4,48o
— 1,875
391 (b) 305
('O1.24I
243
6,190
('04,740
2,100
(6) 376
— — — — 2,285
4,716
2,758 2,913 2,967 3,006 3,092 3,000 2,913
31,761 32.523 32.276 33.529 34.442 32.308 31,828
—
(d) 316(6) 355
4,765
3,153
4,415
2,925
2,742
2,987
[1, 006
30,924
32.623
(a) 1923. — (6) Three years only. — (c) Two years only. — (i) Four years only. — (e) Rough estimate. — (/) Probably
underestimated. — (g) 1926/30. — {h) 1931/34.
43 —
APPENDIX 11.
GENERAL TABLES OF CONSUMPTION
Tabi,e I. — Consumption of milk, including cream, butter and cheese in terms of milk.
(gallons per head).
Average
CO UNTRY
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1925/29 1930/34
Austria — — — — — — — — — 69 — —
Belgium — — — — 68 74 79 83 80 73 (a) 68 80
Bulgaria — — — — — — — — — — (6) 40 —
Czechoslovakia — — — — — — — — — — — (A) 83
Denmark — 66 60 69 76 75 87 97 loi 102 (c) 68 92
Finland [d] 133 136 138 147 137 140 140 145 145 151 138 144
France 57 53 58 59 62 67 68 69 69 70 58 69
Germany 68 68 76 79 79 8r 81 79 79 77 74 79
Italy — 22 22 21 22 22 22 23 24 24 (c) 20 24
Netherlands — — — — — — — — (6) 90 (6) 83 — (6) 80
Norway (d) 92 92 95 97 94 97 96 99 100 — 94 (c) 98
Poland — — 48 — 32 40 40 60 58 52 («) 40 50
Roumania — — - — — — — — — — — 23 (g) 21
Sweden {d) — — 135 135 — 130 142 146 143 — («)i35 (':)I40
Switzerland (/) no 115 108 115 109 113 114 no no 113 iii 112
Great Britain 71 72 72 74 76 79 85 88 93 98 73 89
United States 79 82 81 81 81 82 83 82 80 78 81 8i
Australia loi 104 loi 103 loi 102 99 100 100 107 102 102
New Zealand — — — — — — — — — — (6)115 (*)i27
(a) 1929. — (6) Very rough estimate. — (c) Four years only. — (d) No allowance made for milk fed to stock. —
(«) Two years only. — (/) 1921. — (g) 1930-32.
Table II. — Consumption of milk and cream.
(gallons per head).
Average
COUNTRY —
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1925(29 1930/34
Austria — — — — — — • — — — 44 — —
Belgium — — — — 16 16 16 17 20 17 (a) 16 17
Czechoslovakia — — — • — ' — — — — — — — (6) 34
Denmark (c) 22.5 22 16 29 33 27 37 38 37 41 23 36
France 22 19 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 21 23
Germany 26 26 27 26 26 25 23 23 22 23 26 23
Italy — 5 5 .'i 6 6 6 7 8 8(«)5 7
Netherlands — — — — — — — — (/) 32 (/) 28 — 30
Switzerland («) 58 61 59 60 59 61 61 57 57 55 59 58
Great Britain (d) 20 — — — — 21 — — — — — —
United States (d) 35 36 37 38 39 39 40 39 38 37 37 39
Australia (d) 22 23 22 22 22 22 21 22 22 23 22 22
New Zealand — — — — — — — — — — 28 28
(a) 1939. — (6) Rough estimate: consumption in three large towns in 1933 was 28 gallons. — (c) 1922: Faber's estimate.
(d) Including condensed and evaporated milk. — («) Four years only. — (/) Very rough estimate. — (g) 1921.
44 —
COUNTRY
Table III. — Consumption of butter.
(lb. per head).
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Aiistrla —
Belgium —
Denmark 12.0
France 9.6
Germany 11.5
Italy —
Netherlands 10.6
Switzerland {d) ii.o
Great Britain 15.8
Canada 27.4
United States 17.9
Australia 28.7
New Zealand —
1933
.Average
1934 1925/29 1930/34
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
6.2
—
—
—
—
—
17.2
19.2
21.5
22.8
21.8
(a) 18. I
(ft)l7.2
20.6
I3.I
12.4
11.9
13-0
134
14.8
18.7
21. 1
19.8
12.5
17.7
9.2
10.5
10.4
11.3
12.8
12.9
13.5
13.3
14.0
10.2
13.3
II. 7
14.1
15-4
15.4
16.3
I6.S
16.3
16.5
16.3
13-6
16.4
2.8
2.5
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2-3
2.3
2.3
(c) 2.5
2.3
12.8
12.6
12.8
13-0
14.3
I6.I
I9.I
16.7
i6.i
12.4
16.5
11.9
12.0
IC.6
12.8
13-2
14.3
14.3
13.9
15.6
12. 1
14-3
16.0
15-9
16.8
I7-7
18.7
20.9
21.7
23.5
25.2
16.4
22.0
28.0
28.4
28.5
29.3
30.6
30.8
30.5
30.2
31. 1
28.3
30.6
18.2
17.8
17.2
17. 1
17.1
17.8
18.0
17.8
17.4
17.6
17.6
29.8
29.9
30.1
29.6
28.8
28.9
29.0
29.3
31.0
29.6
29.4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
32.7
37.7
(a) Rough estimate.
{b) 1929.
(c) Four years only. — {d) 1921.
Table IV. — Consumption of cheese.
(lb. per head).
COUNTRY
1925 1926
Austria — —
Belgium — —
Denmark — 10.7
Finland — —
France n.o 10.8
Germany 10.4 10:1
Italy — 9.6
Netherlands 12.1 12. i
Switzerland {d) 24.3 24.3
United Kingdom — —
Canada 3.1 4.0
United States 4.7 4.8
Australia 3.6 3.9
New Zealand — —
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
12.7
10.4
6.1
II.O
6.7
13.0
6.5
13.2
6.0
II. 9
Average
1933 1934 1925/29 1930/34
— 9.5 — —
6.3 (a)6.5 (6)6.1 6.4
10.9 II. 7 (c)ll.2 12. 1
II.O
11-5
10.3
9-3
18.6
II. 7
11-5
10. 1
12.3
24.0
II.6
II. 5
10.4
I1.9
17.9
12.7
12.3
10.3
13.0
19.4
13.0
12.8
10. 1
13-7
17.4
12.5
13.2
10.6
12. 1
17.6
12.5
13.4
II.O
15.9
19.6
3-3
4.6
4.1
3-6
4-5
4.3
3-5
4.6
3-5
3.6
4.7
4-3
3.5
4-5
38
3-2
4-4
3-7
3-4
4-2
3-8
12.0 II. 2
12.8 II.O
10.8 (i;)io.i
15.2 II. 5
18.7 21.8
3.6
41
4.4
3-5
4.6
3-9
5-2
12.5
12.9
10.6
14.0
18.5
9.5
3-5
4-4
4.0
8. .5
(rt) Rough estimate.
(fc) 1929. — (c) 1926-29. — (d) 1921.
45 -
COUNTRY
1925
Belgium 85
Czechoslovakia 72
Denmark (a) i::5
Finland —
France —
Germany 103
Italy —
Netherlands 87
Norway 62
Poland —
Sweden —
Switzerland (g) 102
United Kingdom 137
Canada 148
United States 138
Australia 243
New Zealand 249
Tabie V. — Total meat consumption.
(lb. per head).
Average
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1925/29 1930/34
85
84
84
85
88
93
88
90
90
85
90
74
74
79
78
76
77
72
67
75
75
73
—
—
93
93
104
104
126
146
145
(6) 93
125
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(c) 70
(c) 68
—
70
73
73
70
70
72
74
75
(d) 72
72
98
109
"5
112
109
109
107
107
119
107
no
42
45
45
43
36
37
35
36
34
(e) 44
35
84
86
87
81
82
91
92
98
—
85
(«) 91
68
70
70
71
70
73
73
71
77
68
73
—
37
41
41
39
42
42
40
41
(d) 40
41
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(d) 86
(/) 82
98
—
98
96
96
105
1 06
107
no
(e) 98
105
135
139
141
137
137
144
142
140
139
138
140
150
154
153
153
146
148
149
137
141
152
144
136
138
138
136
132
135
136
140
140
137
135
233
247
246
214
200
188
190
217
213
237
202
258
232
232
234
211
278
231
216
246
241
236
(a) Faber's estimate 1922, includes offal. — (b) Two years only. — (c) Rough estimates for 1927-28 and 1932-33 respecti-
vely. — (d) Three years only. — («) Four years only. — (/) Rough estimate for 1932-33. — (g)i92i.
Table VI. — Consumption of beef and veal.
(lb. per head).
COUNTRY
1923
Austria (a) 35.0
Belgitmi 44.8
Czechoslovakia 26.9
Denmark (c) {d) 70.0
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands (»)
Norway
Poland
Sweden
Switzerland (A) 57-1
United Kingdom 69.4
Canada 70.2
United States 56.0
Australia 172.0
New Zealand 145.0
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
35-0
45.2
28.4
56.9
70.9
69.6
56.2
150.0
I43-0
35-0
42.3
29.8
35-0 35-0
39.2 41-4
31. 1 30.9
44-3 44-7
30.0
39-0
28.5
47-4
30.0
39-0
27.4
36.9
30.0 —
39-2 41-4
28.7 26.4
45.3 63-1
— 56.7
70.2 68.9
67.6 65.8
53-2 50.3
166.0 155.0
137.0 132.0
55-1
68.0
66.6
50.6
121.0
115-0
55-4
66.5
65.8
49.1
104.9
IIO.O
58.9
65.3
57-8
49.1
94-5
107.0
54-0
56.4
60.9 62.8
56.0 56.1
47.8 52.2
92.5 107.0
107.0 129.0
Average
1925/29 1930/34
38.1
27.4
74.0
—
_
46.0
48.0
49.0
45.0
43-0
45-0
48.0
49.0
38-1
38.2
38-2
40.2
42-9
38.7
36-5
37-2
36.1
40.5
—
23.1
26.7
27.8
26.2
20.7
21.2
22.0
22.5
21.2
40.6
41.9
41.0
39-7
42.6
38.8
34.8
38.8
43-2
36-8
30.1
30.9
32.0
32.8
32.3
30.5
32.4
33-9
32-9
32.0
—
—
13.8
15-4
i6.5
15.6
16.3
17.8
16.8
I4.I
56-9
65-3
68.7
60.0
1 10. 1
133-0
35-0
42.6
29-4
(b) 44.5
(«) 33-0
(b) 48.0
39-5
(/) 25.9
41.2
31.6
(6) 15-2
(g) 42
(/) 56.4
69-5
68.0
53-3
152.8
134.0
(a) 30.0
39-3
27.7
53-3
(«) 34-0
46.0
37-8
21.5
38.5
32.3
16.I
(g) 34-0
56.3
64.2
60.9
51.6
101.8
1 1 7.0
(a) Cattle and Beef Survey, Imperial Economic Committee. — (6) Three years only. — (c) All meat other than pork. —
(d) 1922: Faber's estimate. — («) Rough estimates for 1927-28 and 1932-33 respectively. — (/) Four years only. — (g) Rough
estimates for 1924-28 and 1932-33. — (A) 1921. — (») 1921-25.
46 -
Table VII. — Consumption of mutton and lamb.
(lb. per head).
COUNTRY
1925
Belgium (a) 5.5
Czechoslovakia (a) 6.7
Denmark (6) —
Finland —
France —
Germany 2.0
Italy [e] —
Netherlands 1.8
Norway 11.6
Poland —
Sweden —
Switzerland (c) (A) 1. 5
United Kingdom 25.6
Canada 5.0
United States 5.4
.Australia 56.0
New Zealand 77.3
1926 1927 1928 1929
5-5
7.6
1.9
3.5
i.g
12.3
1.8
26.2
6.0
5-5
65.0
87.9
5-5
7.4
6.0
1.6
3-6
2.1
12.3
0.8
5-7
8.0
6.0
1.6
3.6
2.2
12.5
0.7
7-1
7-7
6.0
i-S
3.2
2.2
11.7
0.7
1930
6.8
7.3
6.0
1.6
3.2
1.8
11.8
0.7
1931 1932 1933
5.5
7.6
6.0
1-5
2.8
1-5
12. 1
0.5
4-4
7.5
6.0
1.4
2.7
1-3
12.2
0.5
27.8
6.0
5.5
62.0
66.0
1-3
28.2
6.3
5.5
73 -o
73-3
1-3
27.7
6.9
5.6
75-0
91. 1
1-5
2S.6
6.9
6.4
78.6
76.4
1.5
30.6
7-1
7.1
75.5
144.4
1-5
31-5
7.0
7.0
79-9
97-4
5-5
6.9
6.0
1-5
2.7
1-3
11.8
0.5
I.I
31.9
6.3
6.8
91.7
62.6
Average
1934 19^/29 1930/34
4-6 5-9 5-4
7.5 7.5 7-4
5-0
1.3
2.7
"•5
0.6
I.I
30.3
6.3
6.8
84-3
84.6
M 8.0
(d) 6.0
1-7
('') 3-5
2.0
12. 1
(/) 0.7
(g) 1-5
id) 1.5
27.1
6.0
5-5
66.0
79-1
W 5.0
5.8
1-4
2.8
(d) 1.5
11.9
0.6
{?) 2.5
1-3
30.6
6.7
6.8
82.2
93-1
(a) Meat other than beef and pork. — (6) Included in beef. — (c) Rough estimates for 1927-28 and 1932-33
respectively. — (d) Four years only. — {e) Including goat. — (/) Three years only. — (■;) Rough estimates for 1924-2S
and 1932-33 respctively. — (h) 1921.
COUNTRY
Table VIII. — Consumption of pork and bacon.
(lb. per head).
1923
Belgium 34.4
Czechoslovakia 38.1
Denmark {d) 38.0
Finland —
France (g) —
Germany 63.0
Italy —
Netherlands 45.0
Norway 20.0
Poland —
Sweden —
Switzerland (g) 43.4
United Kingdom 42.1
Canada 72.5
United States (d) 76.5
Australia 17.5
New Zealand 27.1
Average
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1925/29
1930/34
34-0
36.4
39-2
36.2
41.9
48.7
44-3
43-2
47.6
36.0
45-1
38.3
37-1
40.1
39-7
40.4
41.8
36.2
34-1
39-9
38.7
38.5
—
—
48.9
48.7
56.9
67.3
81.4
82.7
70.5
(6)48.8
71.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
{(;)29.o
(i;)29.o
—
18.0
19.0
18.5
19-5
21.0
21.0
20.0
20.5
(«)i8.5
20.4
58.3
68.8
73-1
67-5
69.1
71.0
6S.0
69.7
77.0
661.
71.0
15.0
14.3
13-4
13.9
11.9
13.4
9.9
10.4
9.0
(6)14.1
10.9
40.1
42.7
45.1
36.3
41.3
54-3
51.9
53.8
—
41.8
(6)50.3
24.4
25-9
25.2
26.8
27-4
28.2
26.8
26.6
33-7
24-5
28.5
—
22.6
25-4
23-4
22.5
25.8
23.1
23.1
26.3
(«)23.8
24.2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(/)42.o
(/)46.0
39-2
—
39-9
39-9
40.6
44-3
50.9
49-4
51.6
(6)40.6
47.4
38.1
40.6
43-9
40.9
42.0
48.1
50.0
45-3
43-3
41. 1
45-7
74-7
80.4
81.0
79-6
72.9
83.2
85.6
74.6
66.4
77-7
76.5
73-9
79-5
82.6
79-6
76.3
78.6
81.2
81.2
73.0
78.4
78.1
18.0
19.2
17.9
18.0
16.7
17.0
17-4
1S.6
18.7
18.1
17-7
27.2
28.8
26.8
28.1
24.6
26.5
26.4
24-5
27.9
27.6
26.0
(a) 1922: Faber's estimate. — (6) Four years only. — (c) Rough estimates for 1927-28 and 1932-33 respectively. —
{d) Probably underestimated through omission of farm slaughterings. — («) Three years only. — (/) Rough estimates 1924-28
and 1932-33 respectively. — (g) 1921.
— 47 —
Table IX. — Consumption of eggs.
(number jier head).
Average
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1925/29 1930/34
—
95
94
91
—
104
92
—
—
(a) 93
(>) 98
—
251
—
—
267
251
235
222
207
241
(c) 90
(c)ioo
236
—
—
—
—
—
. —
—
—
—
W"5
70
73
97
107
98
93
—
77
77
87
(«) 86
33
34
36
41
48
49
43
34
32
35
41
—
—
—
—
—
(g)i54
—
—
{«)I43
—
(6)149
no
124
135
137
141
134
134
119
n7
123
129
—
—
—
—
—
"5
122
"7
120
(A)II2
(»)II9
—
—
—
—
—
{/) 80
—
(/)I20
—
—
(6)100
—
Ill
105
103
—
113
—
130
130
(a)io6
(a)i24
—
80
—
—
—
95
—
—
W 95
(c)iio
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
(ft) 90
(ft) I 10
i:;8
—
133
136
144
161
162
158
158
(«)I32
156
140
151
160
162
175
179
169
165
172
149
172
278
291
299
296
299
297
2S5
271
268
286
284
197
201
203
204
202
211
199
188
184
197
199
COUNTRY
1925
Austria —
Belgium 232
Bulgaria —
Czechoslovakia —
Denmark W 75
Finland (/) 33
France —
Germany 108
Italy —
Netherlands —
Norway —
Poland —
Roumania — •
Sweden —
Switzerland (/) 107
United Kingdom 133
Canada 268
United States (m) 181
(a) Three years only. — (6) Two years only. — (c) Very rough estimate. — (d) 1922 : Faber's estimate. — («) Four
years only. — (/) Probably under estimated through the exclusion of non-commercial output. — (g) Rough estimate by
French Federation of Poultry Producers. — (A) 1926-30. — (t) 1931-34. — (ft) Rough estimate for 1927 and 1932 respectively.
— (l) 192 1 nd 1934. — (m) Converted from lbs. at 7.5 per lb.
Table X. — Consumption of imported citrus fruit and bananas.
(lb. per head).
Citrus fruit Bananas
COUNTRY
.Austria
Belgium
Czechoslovakia . .
Denmark
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands ....
Norway
Poland
Roumania
Sweden
Switzerland ....
United Kingdom
Average
Average
1925/29
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1925/29
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
7.3
12.3
i,.3
9.0
9-7
8.8
—
—
—
—
—
—
9.0
19.4
19.4
19.1
21.8
20.2
2.9
5.7
8.1
9.9
6.8
6.8
4-.>
6.6
7.0
5-5
7.0
5.9
0.2
0.4
0.4
—
0.2
0.4
6.2
7.7
7.7
7-9
7-7
8.1
3-3
5-5
6.2
4.2
3-1
2.0
7.7
11.9
12. 1
13.6
18.0
18.5
4.8
9-7
II. 2
II. 9
10.6
9.0
9-7
14-3
II.9
10.3
11.4
II. 2
2.4
4.0
3-7
3-7
3-3
3-1
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.8
0
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.7
14.3
19.4
18.3
20.5
24.0
16.5
5.3
7.9
8.8
10.6
7-9
8.1
10.8
15-2
13.9
15-2
16.3
16.9
5-1
6.6
6.8
5-9
4-2
5-1
1-3
1-3
I.I
0.9
i.i
I.I
—
—
—
—
—
—
1-5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1-3
1-5
—
—
—
—
—
—
5-3
10.3
II.O
lO.I
12.8
13-2
3-5
5-1
4.6
3-5
2.6
2.6
II.4
16.2
17-4
17.2
22.2
20.0
3-3
4.8
5-3
6.2
5.7
3-1
22.5
27.1
28.4
26.0
31-7
28.8
11.9
13.2
14.3
15-2
14.1
15.0
-48-
APPENDIX III. — SOURCES AND METHODS OF
COMPILATION OF THE ESTIMATES OF PRODUCTION
AND CONSUMPTION IN EACH COUNTRY CONSIDERED
I. — AUSTRIA.
Milk and Dairy Products.
Regular annual estimates of the number of milk cows in Austria are not available but
some indications for the years 1923 and, 1930 are to be found in the Census results while
for two other years, 1927 and 1934, there are official estimates. These are as follows:
Number
of milk
cows
(thousands).
1.075
1930
1,150
1934
303
» »
121
» »
66
» »
3
» »
1923 1,075 1930 1.207
1927 1,150 1934 1,210
The production of milk in these four years was respectively 402, 481, 531 and 559 million
gallons the total yield per cow rising from 370 gallons to at least 460 gallons. The produc-
tion of 1934 is estimated to have been utilized as follows :
66 million gallons for stock feeding
for direct human consumption
for the manufacture of butter
for the manufacture of cheese
for the production of condensed and powdered milk.
The consumption per head, based on deliveries of fresh milk at Vienna in 1934, was about
31 gallons per annum. Consumption in towns of more than 4,000 inhabitants was estimated
to have been about 38 gallons in 1934 and that in places of less than 4,000 inhabitants
about 56 gallons. The average consumption per head for the whole country is approximately
44 gallons. The production of butter and cheese in 1934 was 22,000 tons and 30,000 tons
respectively, which, after allowance is made for imports and exports gives an average con-
sumption per head of 6.2 and 9.5 lb. respectively.
Meat.
It is extremely difficult to form estimates of the meat consumption per head in Austria.
Live stock censuses were taken only in 1923 and 1930 and the available information on slaugh-
terings, except for Vienna, does not cover slaughterings other than those in public abattoirs.
The following are estimates of per capita meat consumption in Vienna.
1930
1933
28.4
21.2
0.4
0.2
28.4
33-5
1.8
1.8
— 49 —
Meat consumption in Vienna.
(lb. per head).
1928
Beef 32.6
Veal 0.4
Pork 19.8
Other meat (smoked) 2.2
Total ... 55.0 59.0 56.7
Eggs.
Official statistics of egg production are available. According to the Census of 1923, there
were 5 million laying hens in the country and in 1929 the number had increased to 5,300,000.
Egg production in these two years was 325 and 397 million respectively while in 1932, the
latest year for which an estimate is available, the production was 440 millions. The apparent
consumption is slightly more than 90 per head.
Fruit and Vegetables.
The following are official estimates of the production of fruit (stone fruits, kernel fruits,
berries, chestnuts, nuts and hazel-nuts) and vegetables (cabbage, garlic and onions, beans,
peas and lentils).
Production of fruit and vegetables.
(thousand tons).
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Fruit and nuts 165 431 316 336 191 259 304 396 184 557
Vegetables (excluding potatoes) .... 224 202 261 261 304 302 271 218 249 254
BEI.GIUM.
Milk and Dairy Products.
Production of milk since 1929 and numbers of dairy cows each year are available, and, since
1929, an estimate of the utiHzation of the milk. The figures are as shown in Table I. (produc-
tion from 1925 to 1928 estimated on the basis of the number of cows).
Butter and Cheese.
Annual estimates of the output of butter are published, and from these figures, together
with those of net imports, consumption figures may be calculated. The quantity of milk used for
cheese and condensing, etc., since 1929 has also been estimated officially. Production of con-
densed whole milk is relatively unimportant and an allowance of 5 per cent for that purpose
would appear to be ample, and, taking one pound of cheese as equivalent to one gallon of
milk, the output of whole-milk cheese may be estimated approximately.
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Butter production (thousand tons) 59.1 60.5 60.8 63.5 68.7 66.3
Cheese production (thousand tons), estimated. . . . 1.70 1.76 1.80 1.86 1.71 2.00
I9.I
21-5
22.4
19.8
19.0
ig.e
22.1
22.9
20.5
18.9
19.2
21-5
22.8
21.8
~"*~
6.4
6.25
5.8
5-8
6.0
6.7
6-5
6.0
6.3
6.5
— 50 ~
Consumption figures have been calculated from the above data, but estimates of consump-
tion have also been obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture (at the request of the Market Sup-
ply Committee of the United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture) and estimates for butter made
by the Flemish Farmers' Union are also published in Le Paysan in February of each year.
1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Butter consumpion (lb.):
Fanners' Union —
Ministry of Agriculture —
Calculated 17.2
Cheese consumption (lb.):
Ministry of Agricultiure —
Calculated 6.1
Meat.
The figures of slaughter of live stock in Belgium are published regularly and purport to
be comprehensive. A rough calculation based on the number of ewes and sows, and on
birth and death rates as in England and Wales (rather lower birth rates than in Denmark)
suggest that the figures are probably fairly complete. The production and per head con-
sumption of meat are estimated by the General Office of Statistics (Table II).
Eggs.
Numbers of laying hens and production of eggs in Belgium are given in Table III. These
are approximate estimates taken from the International Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics.
Consumption of eggs, as furnished by the Ministry of Agriculture, since 1930 (with estimates
based on the above-mentioned figures for 1925 and 1927), are as follows: —
1933 1934
222 207
Fruit and Vegetables.
There are no figures available of production of fruit and vegetables, but approximate figures
furnished by the Ministry of Agriculture give the following details: —
1930
Production of fresh fruit (000 tons) 184.5
Consumption per head:
Temperate (a) (lb.) 39.6
Exotic (b) (lb.) 26.2
Total (lb.) . . . 65.8 64.9 65.4 71.0 77.4
(a) Indtides nuts. — (6) Indudes dates and figs.
1925
1927
1930
1931
1932
Consumption of eggs per head
(No.) 232
251
267
251
235
1931
1932
1933
1934
147-5
172.0
177.0
177.0
36.3
28.6
35-3
30.1
42.2
28.8
49.5
27.9
51
Tabi<e
1925
Number of dairy cows
(coo) 856
Total milk (million gal-
lons) 570
For human consum-
ption —
For animals —
Consimiption per head
(gallons) —
I. — Production and consumption of milk.
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
892 go2 908
605
902
610
615
912
620
132
75
16
926
630
134
76
16
931
630
135
77
16
Slaughter of livestock (thou-
sands) :
Cattle
Calves
Sheep
Pigs ..."
Weight of meat (thousand
tons);
Beef and veal ....
Mutton
Pork
Consumption (lb. per
head) :
Beef and veal ....
Pork
Other meat
Total . . .
Number of laying hens
(millions)
Table II. — Production and consumption of meat.
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
1925
336
329
150
1,292
98
3
H9
44.8
34-4
5-5
84.7
1925
430 349 414 449 384 350
399 348 397 404 334 332
157 162 181 191 162 150
1.364 1.458 1. 501 1.299 1. 518 1.764
132
3
123
45.2
340
5-5
84.7
109
3
131
42.3
36.4
5-5
84.2
119
4
139
39-2
39-2
5-7
84.1
126
4
123
41.4
36.2
7-1
84.7
114
4
144
390
41.9
6.8
87.7
Tabi<e III.
1926 1927
Egg production.
1928 1929 1930
19.0 —
22.0
21.0
20.0
107
3
162
390
48.7
5-5
93-2
1931
21.0
1932
942
660
141
80
17
1932
126
3
151
39-2
44-3
4-4
87.9
1932
20.0
1933
947
670
161
54
20
1933
144
4
154
41.4
43-2
5-5
90.1
1933
18.0
1934
963
665
139
80
17
1934
439 444 412
362 358 351
143 165 140
1,671 1,643 1.984
124
3
175
38.1
47.6
4.6
90.3
1934
18.0
Egg production {nullions) . 1,805 — 2,354 2,354 2,310 2,200 2,415 2,300 2,070 2.070
Milk.
3. — BULGARIA.
There are no adequate statistics of milk production, and cows, buffaloes, goats and ewes are
all used for the purpose. The census of 1926 (none has been taken since) gave the following
figures: —
Cows:
for breeding and milk 230,000
for breeding and milk and draught 229,000
Buffalo cows:
for breeding and milk 62,000
for breeding, milk and draught 87,000
She goats 1,028,000
Ewes 6,676,000
— 52 —
The milk yield is problematical. Statistics relating to cooperative and other dairies in 1934
show that the quantity of milk delivered to the dairies averaged from 80 to 90 gallons per cow,
about 50 gallons per buffalo, 7 gallons per goat and 5 gallons per ewe, with maxima in any
group of dairies of 330 gallons for cattle, 150 for buffaloes, 14 for goats and 9 for ewes. There
is no doubt that much of the milk produced is retained by producers for their own consumption
and for the production of cheese.
Average yields in Roumania work out at about 150-160 gallons per cow, and 14 gallons per
ewe, and these are not unreasonable averages to apply to the live stock in Bulgaria. Averages
of 160 gallons of milk per cow or buffalo, 30 gallons for goats and 15 for ewes would give a
total output of about 230 million gallons, or 40 gallons per head of milk for all purposes, in-
cluding liquid consumption.butter and cheese. The figure cannot be regarded as more than a
guess until more authoritative information is obtained. Much of the milk is used for cheese,
and some for butter, but there are no means of estimating the proportion of milk for any
purpose.
Meat.
No official estimates are available of the total meat output in Bulgaria but figures are publi-
shed of the number of animals slaughtered and of the quantitj' of meat produced annually in
the 13 chief centres of the Kingdom and (for 1933 only) of the slaughter and meat production in
100 towns and 165 villages. The figures of meat consumption are expressed as per head of
the population in Table I.
The figures for 1933 may be further analysed as follows:
In 16 chief In 84 other In 165
towns towns villages
Population (thousands) 619 543 442
Slaughter (thousands):
Cattle 63 28 7
Calves 70 24 9
Sheep 214 179 69
Lambs 756 378 126
Goats 16 29 13
Kids 60 91 36
Pigs 69 17 7
Meat produced (tons):
Beef 10,171 3,684 885
Veal 4.241 1,306 438
Mutton and lamb 8,312 4,865 1,796
Goat and kid 669 1.039 445
Pork 5,114 1,277 523
Per head (lbs):
Beef 37 15 4 14
Veal 15 5 2
Mutton 31 20 9
Goat 2 4 2
Pork 19 5 2 14
Total . . . 104 49 20
Consumption in the chief towns may be accepted as approximating to the quantities shown
and town slaughter may provide some of the meat for adjacent areas, while, on the other
hand, meat from outside may be brought into the towns. But it seems evident that meat
— 53 —
consumption in smaller towns, in villages and in the countryside must be very much higher than
the figures shown. Farm slaughter of sheep and lambs, kids and pigs is likely to be heavy
and a proportion of this meat would be marketed in the smaller towns and villages. With a
live stock population in 1926 of 2,265,000 cattle and buffaloes (including 600,000 for breeding),
10,250,000 sheep and goats (including 7,700,000 ewes and she goats) and 1,000,000 pigs (including
140,000 sows), production for slaughter might be expected to amount to something like half a
million cattle and calves, 7 million sheep and goats and a million pigs, which would give an aver-
age consumption for the whole country of about 15 lb. of beef and veal, 20 lb. of mutton and
lamb and nearly 30 lb. of pork and lard, a total of 65 lb. per head, apart from goat meat
and poultry.
Eggs.
Production in 1926 was estimated at about 682 million eggs from 9,140,000 fowls. Exports
in that year were 206 millions (reckoning 1,750 eggs to the quintal), leaving about 476 million
for home consumption or about 87 per head of the whole population. Bulgaria is mainly
agricultural, and small holdings are included in the census, so the figure of about 90 per head
is likely to be reasonably close. Exports have since expanded as follows: —
1927 million 219 1931 million 392
1928 » 186 1932 » 330
1929 » 222 1933 » 275
1930 » 336 1934 » 254
Fruit.
Annual estimates of fruit production are available, and shotild be fairly complete in view
of the character of the statistics. The production and exports in recent years are shown in Table II.
There is also a large production of grapes, mainly for wine, although there is an increasing
export of fresh grapes. Exports of other fruit (including dried prunes converted to fresh basis
^t 3%-i) have been as shown in Table II.
Short crops are not made good by imports, so that the above-mentioned figures represent
fruit consumption, apart from a very small importation of citrus fruit (about half a pound per
head per annum). Not all the fruit is consumed as such, however, for there is a considerable
output of brandy made from prunes and other fruit. But even if all were consumed as fruit, the
above figures would give an annual consumption averaging only 20 lb. per head. Consumption of
fresh grapes may add to this and there is a production of melons, water melons and pumpkins,
which represents some 7 lb. per head of the population annually, but some of this no doubt
goes to stock.
Vegetables.
The acreage under and production of vegetables are increasing, the figures being as shown
in Table III (the items included are onions, cabbage, tomatoes and "other vegetables"). Neither
exports nor imports are of importance. The figures give an average of 44 lb. per head for the
period 1925-29 and slightly over 50 lb. for 1930-33. Neither potatoes nor dried vegetables
such as the pulses are included. Private gardens might materially raise the average.
— 54 —
General.
An enquiry was conducted into the standard of living of certain classes of the population
(mainly in towns) in 1925. Some of the figures are shown in Table IV.
Consvunption of milk and cheese is likely to be heavier in the rural districts than in the
towns. Meat figures agree fairly closely, if allowance is made for the addition of bacon and
lard to the budget figures and for the fact that the national averages are dressed carcass
weights, including waste, bone and fat. Fruit consumption is also in fairly close agreement,
since the heavy consumption of dried prunes converted to a fresh basis would bring the totals
for the last two columns to 26 lb. and 13 lb. respectively. Eggs in the family budget are
too high owing to the date of the enquiry. The figures support the view that the calculated
average of 44 lb. for fresh vegetables was too low.
Table I. — Production and consumption of meat.
1925(a) 1926(a) 1927(a) 1928 (o) 1929(a) 1930(a) 1931(a) 1932(a) 1933(a) 1933(6)
Number slaughtered
(thousands):
Bullocks and male j
buffaloes . . . r
Cows and female I 64
buffaloes . . . . )
Calves and young
buffaloes ... 24
Sheep and lambs 876
Goats and kids. . 81
Pigs 38
Meat produced (tons):
Beef 8,077
Veal 1.235
Mutton and lamb. 7,373
Goat 680
Pork 2,977
Meat consumption
per head (lb.) . 79.1
(a) 13 chief towns. — (6) loo towns and 165 villages.
73
80
43
44
35
38
37
40
60
( 51
42
24
19
21
23
39
26
803
73
32
848
85
34
926
97
32
831
82
40
880
88
52
880
82
64
903
83
70
962
72
103
1,722
246
42
49
50
45
43
73
83
69
93
9,068
1.247
6.714
696
3.342
9.585
1.485
6,864
681
3.792
11.474
1. 581
7.797
808
3.321
11,104
1.567
6,799
657
3.129
8.749
2,234
8,196
782
3.736
9.237
2,998
7.941
649
5.404
9,429
3.749
7.836
719
5,641
10,127
4,229
8.445
628
5.110
14,740
5,985
15,174
2,153
6,914
78.9 80.9
86.6
78.0 76.5 81.4
81.8
8^.8
62.8
Table II. — Fruit production and exports.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
Area (000 acres) 31.4 32.6 34.3 35.1 37.6 38.5 39.8
Production (tons):
Plums 51.670 22,833 42.124 22,440 11,417 46,257 28,542
Other fruit 35.136 20,865 33.856 22,637 20,176 28,935 13,976
Total . . . 86,806 43,698 75,980 45.077 31,593 75.192 42,518
Exports (tons):
Fresh fruit and nuts . . 591 1,476 3,051 1,181 1,378 4.429 5. 315
Dried (on fresh basis) . . 197 98 1,181 492 98 787 492
Balance 86,019 42,124 71,748 43,698 30,117 69,977 36,711
1932
1933
39.5
39-3
55.706
22,538
23,129
?2,637
78,244 45,766
2.657
75.587
2.559
2,559
39.663
- 55 ~
Table III. — Vegetables.
Area (ooo acres) . . .
Production (ooo tons) .
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
26.9
91.0
28.6
104.3
293
99-2
28.7
104.2
34-8
145-9
30-7
118. 1
31-8
123.2
33-7
133-9
34-6
152.6
Table IV. — Annual consumption: March 1925 enquiry, [a)
Calculated Civil servants and professional men. Civil servants,
national 2 in 3 or 4 5 or 6 7 or more artisans and
average family in family in family in family labourers
Milk (gallon) 15 14 n 7 5 10.5
Butter (lb.) 2 5.3 3 2.1 1.2 3
Cheese (lb.) 20 20 17 12 8.5 17
Meat (lb.) 90 91 58 36 26 60
Bacon (included in meat) ... — 3 32 i 3
Lard (included in meat) .... — 18 12 8 6 14 ^3
Eggs (No.) 87 200 121 78 45 123
Onions (lb.) ) (72 52 40 28 56
Fresh veg. (lb.) 44 }
Cabbage (No.) ) (12 7 6 5 9
Potatoes (lb.) — 42 32 25 26 37
Fruit (lb.) ^ t 3 2 I I 2
Prunes (lb.) (fresh basis) . . . . > 20 < 10 6 4 i^ 2 14 6
Grapes (lb.) ) ( 4 1/2 3 3 2 3
Oranges (No.) 2 7 3 2 i 3
Fish (lb) — 13 8 5 4 8
Poultry (No.) — 6 3 2 i 3
(o) Per unit of consumption: per head figures would be appreciably lower.
Labourers
only
8
0-5
13-5
69
14
78
48
9
35
0.3
3
2
I
7
3
4. — CZECHOSI.OVAKIA.
Milk and Dairy Products.
The numbers of dairy cows and of goats (but ewe milk is also consumed) in certain years
were as follows:
1925 1931 1932 1933 1934
Cows (thousands) 2,331 2,434 2,465 2,477 2,517
Goats (thousands) 1,118 — — 844 891
No figures are available as to milk production, but figures showing the quantity of
milk delivered at Prague, Brno and Bratislava on one day in certain months in recent years
have been published and are as follows: —
Quantity in thousand litres
Prague Brno Bratislava
One day in March, 1932 315 — —
June, 1932 327 — —
September, 1932 311 — —
December, 1932 315 — —
January, 1933 327 93 60
April, 1933 353 92 62
July, 1933 304 92 58
October, 1933 330 90 54
February, 1934 325 94 56
May, 1934 341 loi 59
August, 1934 295 95 57
November, 1934 3^6 98 55
t
-56-
The period is too short and the dates too diverse to afford any clear indication of trend
of consumption. It is stated in the Statistical Year Book that the average consumption is
.35 litres in Prague, .33 litres in Brno and .39 litres in Bratislava. The average in country
districts, especially on farms is probably higher, say .5 Utres. This would give an average con-
sumption of whole milk for the whole country of .44 litres per day, or about 34 or 35 gallons
per head per annum.
Butter and Cheese.
An analysis of the use of milk delivered to creameries in 1933 and 1934 has recently been
pubUshed by the Statistical Office. DeUveries to the creameries totalled 114 million gallons
in 1933 and 116 million gallons in 1934 but this can be only a small proportion of the total
output. Milk sold by the creameries and dairies as liquid milk amounted to about 43 million
gallons in each of these years (just about enough to supply the three large towns) and the
quantities of other products made were:
1933 1934
Butter (tons) 11,500 11,500
Cheese (tons) 21,700 22,100
together with small quantities of condensed milk, dried milk, etc.
Dr. Milan Hodza states that 90 per cent of the butter production is made in farms, and
an addition of perhaps 20 per cent might be made to the cheese figures for farm production
(though it may be more). But on this basis, total production of butter is about 115,000 tons
and of cheese about 26,000 tons, and consumption per head of butter may be reckoned at
about 18 lb. and of cheese at roughly 4 lb. The figures are highly conjectural, but they are
equivalent to a total milk output for the country of between 1,200 and 1,250 million gallons
(reckoning butter at 2 ^4 gallons and cheese at. 0.75 gallons per lb.) or about 440 gallons per cow.
Meat.
Production figures (official), including fat, are shown in Table I., together with the average
per head consumption, after allowance has been made for external trade.
Eggs.
Only three censuses of poultry have been taken in the past ten years: in December, 1925, when
there were 16 million hens (apart from other poultry, which are of minor importance); in May,
1930 when fowls totalled 27 million, nearly 16 million being old birds, and on July ist., 1935,
when the farm population totalled 30.3 million, of which adult hens numbered 15.3 million.
On the basis of the 1930 census, this might be raised to 17.4 million for the whole country. At
an average of say, 100 eggs per adult bird (assuming one in twenty to be cocks), production
in 1930 would be about 1,520 million, while at the same rate per bird production in 1935 would
be 1,740 mUlion. Total imports are small, and on this basis consumption per head may be put
at rather over 100 eggs per annum in 1930 and 115 per head in 1935, but the figures are highly
conjectural.
— 57
Fruit and Vegetables.
Returns of production of fruit and of certain vegetables are made annually (the vegetables
included are carrots, onions, cabbage and cucumbers) . In addition there is a large acreage under
market and kitchen gardens. The figures are shown in Table II.
Vegetables are not imported or exported to a significant extent and consumption of cabbage,
cucumbers, onions and carrots has varied between 70 and 90 lb. per head, assuming all are
used for human consumption. There is no information as to the output of market and kit-
chen gardens, some part of which may be devoted to potatoes and small fruit. But this may
easily account for a further 80 to 100 lb. per head in vegetable consumption.
The results of the calculations and estimates given above may be compared with figures
of consumption obtained at an enquiry among 800 families in 1930-31, and among families
of farmers in 1930-32, as shown in Table III.
Table I. — Production and consumption of meat.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons):
Beef 134-4 161. o 181. 6 197.7 182.4 166.9 175-8 187.9 174.4
Pork 170.7 167.3 144.2 153.7 152.9 188.8 225.8 202.4 196.4
Other 39.4 45.7 47.0 51.3 48.4 44.9 49-2 50-0 46.3
Consumption per head (lbs):
Beef 26.9 28.4 29.8 31. 1 30.9 28.5 27.4 28.7 26.4 27.4
Pork 38-1 38.3 37-1 40-1 39-7 40-4 4i-8 36-2 34.1 39.9
Other 67 7.6 7.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.6 7.5 6.9 7.5
Total (a) . . . 71.7 74.3 74.3 79-2 783 76.2 76.8 72.4 67.4 74.8
(a) Excluding poultry and game which might raise consumption by a further 3 to 4 lb. per head.
183.2
242.8
50.8
Tabi<e II. — Production of fruit and vegetables.
(Thousand tons).
1925
Fruit Production:
Apples and pears . . 251.1
Plums and other stone
fruit 45 1 -o
Bush fruit and nuts . 28.1
Total . . . 730.2
Vegetable production:
Cabbage 513
Cucumbers 42
Onions 19
Carrots —
Area under kitchen and
market gardens (000
acres) —
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
361.7 245.8 408.7 113.8 155.4 357.9 406.0 295.9 339-7
552.8
199-4
461.5
132-3
150.1
251.0
357-6
153-4
239.1
16.3
12.6
17.6
4-0
18.7
22.7
25-1
24.0
25-5
930.8 557.8 887.8 250.1 324.2 631.6 788.8 473.3 804.3
381
28
16
461
34
16
316
30
18
436
69
28
23
359
45
21
II
245
397
67
26
19
245
458
70
30
18
377
29
25
16
273 250
414
51
28
24
252
Subordinate
employees
1930/31
Employees
Farm households
1930/31
per unit
of consumption (a)
per head
per head
1930
1931
1932
27.4
32.5 J
40-3
36.4 [
(C) 64
{c) 77
(c) 71
7.6
9.1 \
10.7
16.1
17.6
19.8
243
30.7
34-5
59-2
57-8
57-8
9-7
14-5
—
—
—
165
207
140
147
166
-58-
Table III. — Family consumption of foodstuffs
Calculated ^ .
„ I<abourers
^^'^ 1930/31
per head per head
Beef (lb.) 27.4 23.8
Pork, bacon and lard (lb.) .... 41.8 37.7
Mutton, horse and smoked meat (lb.) 7.6 6.3
Poultry and game (lb.) — 7.6
Milk (galls) 34-35 28.7
Butter (lb.) 18 7.1
Eggs (Number) 120 133
(a) Per unit of consumption; per head figures would be lower. — (4) Including cream and skimmed and buttermilk. —
(c) Including charcuterie.
5. — DENMARK.
Milk.
Official estimates are available since 1928 of milk production, and of utilisation for butter,
cheese and condensed milk. An estimate can be made of the milk required for the cream
exported. Of the balance, the quantity retained on farms (for stock feeding or household con-
sumption), and the quantity sold for town consumption are also available. For the years before
1928 similar estimates can be made on the basis of milk, butter and cheese production (the
latter approximate). The proportion of the milk retained on farms which is fed to stock was
taken by Faber (R. S. S. Journal, January 1924) at three fifths; human consumption accounts
for the other two-fifths. A more satisfactory method may be to vary the quantity according
to the number of dairy cows and sows (each representing 20 gallons per head according to Fa-
ber's figures for 1909). The balance shotdd give a rough idea of the quantity available for con-
sumption as milk, cream or ice-cream. (See Table I).
The figures given in Table I are rough estimates, the margin of error in the per caput con-
sumption figures being partictdarly great because of the small proportion of the total supply
consumed in liquid form; but it is interesting that Faber in 1922 estimated that milk consump-
tion averaged 20 gallons in towns and 19 gallons in rural districts, while the inclusion of cream
raised the general average to 22.5 gallons. This supports the lower figures of the earlier years
of the decade, while the quantity of milk sold off farms for human consumption has increased
so rapidly in recent years that there is no reason to doubt the approximate accuracy of the
later estimates. In 1934 milk sold for consumption represented about 31 gallons per head of
the whole population, while two-fifths (the proportion taken by Faber) of the quantity retai-
ned on farms, would represent an additional 9 gallons per head of the whole population.
In addition to consumption of milk, there is, or was in the past, a substantial
consumption of skimmed and butter-milk. This was estimated by Faber at about 27
gallons per head per annum by the rural and 11 gallons per head by the town population,
or an average for the whole country of 18 gallons per head. (This only absorbed 7 ^^ per cent
of the whole of the skimmed and buttermilk produced) . It may be that consumption has since
fallen, but there is little evidence one way or the other. It is stated by the Danish Agri-
cultural Council that 95 per cent of the skimmed milk is returned to the farmer, and of the
— 59 —
remaining 5 per cent, some is condensed for export or is made into cheese; there is certainly
a balance left for maintaining a reasonably high town consumption of skimmed milk and
butter-milk.
Butter and Cheese.
Butter and cheese production being virtually limited to factories and creameries, are known
with fair precision, though there is some approximation about the cheese figures. Exports
are, of course, also known. The total production figures, and per head consumption, extracted
from the Danish Statistical Year Book, with estimates for earlier years, are as given in Table II.
Meat.
Figures of production and consumption of meat in Denmark in recent years extracted from
the Year Books are as given in Table IV.
Faber in 1922 allowed for an additional production of 32,000 tons of edible ofifals, of which
23,000 were for home consumption. This would increase home consumption in that year to
125 lb. of meat of all kinds, including some poultry. It is not clear from the Year Book
whether offal is included in the later production and consumption figures, but in any case the rise
in consumption in recent years is striking and brings the total to well above the pre-war figure
of 122 lb. per head.
Eggs.
Approximate estimates are made in the Statistical Year Book of production and consumption
of eggs, by weight. Converting these figures to numbers at the conventional rate of 1600 eggs
per quintal, gives a production of 1,115 million in 1929, and of 1,300 million for each year from
1931 to 1934, with consumption varying around 100 per head in each year from 1928 to 1931,
63 in 1932 and rising again to 77 in 1933 and 1934.
Only two official censuses have been taken recently, in 1929 when there were 10,544,000
laying hens and in 1933 when laying hens numbered 12,325,000. In each year egg yields
were taken at no per laying hen (Faber in 1922 calculated it at 108). The yield is low for an
agriculturally developed country like Denmark (the yield in England in 1930 was 120 per head),
and some increase might have been expected between 1929 and 1933. The relevant statistics
of fowls are as shown in Table III.
Not too much reliance can be placed on any of these estimates, but the resemblance be-
tween Faber's estimate of 75 per head in 1922 (this was based upon an assumed increase in the
1909 consumption figure) and the results for 1926 and 1927 is noticeable. The 1929 figure
appears to be well founded, as it agrees fairly closely with the ofiicial estimate, and the later
figures are not dissimilar from the official estimates. But the low apparent consumption in
1932 (when export prices were low) suggests that the numbers of hens in that year may be an
underestimate.
No allowance is made in these estimates for eggs not enumerated in the returns. It is
not known to what extent poultry on holdings of less than. 55 hectares were excluded from the
enumeration in 1929 and 1933, but it is not improbable that the consumption figures shown
are a material understatement.
— 6o —
Fruit.
No figures of fruit production are available, but, according to the census of 1929, the total
numbers of trees were as follows:
Commercial _ , ,
^ . , Total
Orchards ,_. , ,
,_, , , (Thousands)
(Thousands) ^ '
Apple 856 3,984
Pear 183 1.483
Stoiiefruit 336 2,973
Bushes 1,083 11,695
Imports of fruit into Denmark, converted to a per head basis, are given in Table 5.
Table I. — Milk.
1922(a) 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Number of dairy cows
(000) (6) 1,311 1,480 1,514 1. 541 1.579 1,608 1,676 1.739 1.800 1,718
Total milk yield (million
gallons) 790 950 1. 010 1,030 1,110 1,190 1,230 1,210 1,190 1,190
Used for butter, cheese,
condensed milk and
cream exports . . . 672 837 886 909 970 1,050 1.057 1.032 1,000 984
Fed to stock .... 44 36 37 38 38 41 45 50 50 46
For himian consumption
(gallons) 22.5 22 16 29 33 27 37 38 37 41
(a) Faber's estimates. — (6) Excluding heilers in calf.
Table II. — Production and consumption of butter and cheese.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (coo tons):
Butter 139 150 159 163 176 187 . 192 185 182 180
Cheese — 24 24 25 26 26 25 26 28 27
Consumption (lb.):
Butter 12.0 13. 1 12.4 II. 9 13.0 13.4 14.8 18.7 21. 1 19.8
Cheese — 10.7 12.7 10.4 11. o 13.0 13.2 11. 9 10.9 11. 7
Table III. — Meat production and consumption.
1922(a) 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (000 tons):
Pork and lard .... 167 — — — 324 390 516 — 477 371
Other meat 146 — — — 140 135 137 — 146 146
Consumption (lb.):
Pork and lard .... 38.0 — — 48.9 48.7 56.9 67.3 81.4 82.7 70.5
Other meat 70.0 — — 44.3 44.7 47.4 36.9 45.3 63.1 74.0
Total . . . 108.0 — — 93.2 93.4 104.3 104-2 125.7 1458 144-5
(a) Faber's estimates.
— 6i —
Table IV. — Poultry and eggs.
1922 (6) 1926 (6) 1927 (b) 1928 1929 (6) 1930 (6) 1931 (6) 1932 1933
Number of fowls (thou-
sands) 19.184 20,300 20,890 21,480 22,075 23.125 25,200 {d) 26,000 26,625
Number of laying hens
(thousands) .... (a) 9,300 9.670 9.960 10,250 10,544 11,000 11,880 (li) 12,100 12,325
Production of eggs (mil-
lion) (c) 972 1,064 1.096 1,127 1,160 1,210 1,307 (d) 1,331 1,356
Egg Exports (million) . 735 830 841 787 786 862 974 1,105 1,070
Balance (million) ... 237 234 255 340 374 348 333 (d) 226 286
Per head (N") 75 70 73 97 107 98 93 W 63 77
[a] Faber's figures. — (6) Interpolated. — (c) At no per laying hen. — {d) Probably underestimated.
Table V. — Imports of fruit per head of population {a).
Fresh fruit (lb.)
Dried Fruit (lb.)
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932 1933
1934
6.0
11.7
16.0
10.8
13.8
II. I
16.4
7.0 (a) 4.2
3-3
6.0
7-3
7-3
7.0
6.8
6.3
7-7
4-8 5-9
4.6
(a) Excluding citrus fruit and bananas (see Appendix 11, Table X). — (b) Heavy exports of apples in tliis year.
6. — FINI^AND.
Milk.
The numbers of cows are published annually and figures are available of the annual yield of
milk per cow on holdings belonging to members of registration societies. These show a yield
ranging between 520 and 600 gallons per cow during the past 10 years, with a rising tendency.
The average for the whole country is unlikely to be so high as for the recorded cows, but how
much lower it should be placed is difl&cult to say. In Sweden the average yield in 1924-28
was found to be 32 per cent below the average for registered cows, which would give Finland
an average of 360 to 410 gallons per cow - too low in view of the large proportion (over one-
fifth in 1930-31) of recorded cows in the total. A mean of these two extremes (520-600 and 360-
410) would give an average of about 475 gallons per cow, and if this is adopted, with annual
variations in accordance with the varying yields of recorded cows, the total yield of milk and
the quantity retained for human and animal consumption, after allowing for external trade,
would be roughly as shown in Table I. It will be appreciated that there is a considerable
margin of error in these figures.
The amount of milk left for consumption within the country works out at much the same
figure as in Sweden (perhaps a trifle higher) and this is borne out to some extent by the
family budget enquiries conducted a few years ago in both countries.
Production of butter and cheese in creameries is given in Table II, but the quantity so
made is only sufficient to meet export trade and leaves a very small domestic consumption.
The recent decline in the production of butter and the increase in that of cheese has been
accompanied by a corresponding change in exports, butter having diminished and cheese
increased.
Consumption
per head.
1927/28
lb.
1932/33
lb.
20. 1
20.6
12.7
13-7
7.6
4.8
29.0
28.6
— 62 —
Meat.
Figures of inspected slaughterings are available, but are far from complete, except for cattle.
Rough calculations based on the live stock figures of recent years suggest a slaughter in 1932-33
of about 1,050,000 cattle and calves, 500,000 sheep and ewes and 625,000 pigs. Similar figures
for 1927-28 would suggest the slaughter in that year of some 950,000 cattle and calves, 780,000
sheep and 550,000 pigs. As regards the proportion of calves, young and old, to total cattle
slaughtered and average carcass weights, we may perhaps take the Swedish proportions and
weights. Rough estimates of meat output in the two years, and, after allowing for import and
export trade, per caput consumption, would then be as follows:
Production
1927/28 1932/33
thousand tons
Beef 31.0 34.2
Veal 20.4 22.8
Mutton 12.2 8.0
Pork 44.2 49.4
Total . . . 107.8 1 14-4 69.4 67.7
The decreasing consumption with increasing output is due to Finland's change from a meat
importing to a meat exporting country.
Eggs.
The numbers of adult fowls (over 6 months old on 1st. September) have increased rapidly
in the past 10 years. It is not known whether the census represents all fowls or whether allowance
should be made for birds on smaller acreages than 1.25 acres, and for cottagers' poultry, etc. Out-
put of eggs per adult fowl may be taken at about 95 per annum or much the same as in
Sweden; though there is, no doubt, as in Sweden, a tendency for yield to increase, no allow-
ance can be made in the absence of any definite indication to this effect. Numbers of
fowls over six months old, and output of eggs may be estimated as shown in Table III.
It is unlikely that egg consumption in Finland can be at so low a level and it seems evi-
dent that a large proportion of the poultry is not included in the annual enumeration. More-
over, by the beginning of September, when the census is taken, many of the old birds have no
doubt been disposed of to make way for the younger stock. It is evident from the family
budget enquiry of 1928 that the consumption in towns is low, but even the lowest income group
was then averaging 45 eggs per head, and it is reasonable to suppose that rural consumption
would be rather higher.
Fruit and Vegetables.
There is little information. Fruit grown in Finland is not extensive, and imports are small,
representing only about 8 lb. of fresh and less than 2 lb. of dried fruit per head of the
poptilation in 1929 and appreciably less than these quantities in 1933 and 1934. Home pro-
duction (mainly apples and berries) cannot be stated.
-63-
General.
The estimates of consumption given below may be compared with the family budget enquiry
in towns and industrial centres conducted in 1928. The figures of consumption are given
in that enquiry per " normal household " of 3.4 consumption units (labourers and minor
officials). It has been assumed that this represents 4.5 persons per normal household (on the
basis of the Swedish enquiry) and the same figures have been taken for civil servants although
there is some possibility of error here.
Food consumption: family budget enquiry, ig28.
Average consumption Minor Servanls
as calculated 1928 Workmen officials Civil
(reckoned on a per head basis)
Milk and cream galls. — 62 64 65
Butter lb. . — 23.5 21.7 19.1
Cheese » — 1.9 3.0 4.1
Total (as milk) . . . galls. 147 120 117.0 113. o
Margarine lb. — 7.2 11. 7 18.3
Eggs No. 36 45 59 82
Fruit Value — (Mk.) 48 (Mk.) 72 (Mk.) 129
Vegetables other than potatoes » — (Mk.) 29 (Mk.) 39 (Mk.) 56
Potatoes lb. — 52.4 51 52
Beef » 33 17.6 21.2 36.6
Pork » 29 14.6 II. 5 1 1.4
Other meat and sausages (a) » 7 23.4 27.7 34.3
Total meat ... 69 55.6 60.4 82.3
(a) Included under beef and pork in calculated figures.
There is nothing in these figures inconsistent with the calculated averages which may be
accepted as approximately correct, with the reservation, however, that the calculated consump-
tion figure for eggs is somewhat too low and that for milk too high.
Tabi<E I. — Production of milk.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
Number of cows (thou-
sands) 1-295 1.292 1,283 1.302 1,220 1,269
Estimates of milk produc-
tion (million gallons) . 550 566 590 608 590 613
Amount per head retained
in the country (gallons) (a) 133 136 138 147 137 140
(a) For human and animal consumption.
Table II. — Butter and cheese production (a).
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Butter (thousands tons) 17.6 19.8 21.9 20.9 23.8 26.4 27.5 25.5 23.4 24.0
Cheese (thousands tons) 5.4 5.2 4.1 4.4 4.5 4-6 4'6 5-3 6.1 6.6
(a) Creamery output only.
1931
1932
1933
1934
1,294
1,294
1,266
1.260
616
623
610
633
140
145
145
151
L
64-
Table III. — Eggs.
1926
1927 1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1,258
1,298 1,363
1,688
1,907
2,227
2,741
3.009
2,975
II9-5
123.3 129.5
160.4
181.2
211. 6
260.4
285.9
277.6
33
34 36
41
48
49
43
34
32
7. — FRANCE.
1925
Number of adult fowls
(thousands) 1,239
Estimated output of eggs
(millions) 117.0
Consumption per head
(No.) 33
Milk and Dairy Products.
The numbers of cows of all kinds in France are published annually and for 1925 and 1926
the numbers of milking cows and the output of milk was obtained, cows in milk representing
92 per cent and 91 per cent respectively of the total cows in these two years. The average yield
of milk in the two years was slightly under 400 gallons per milking cow, or 360 gallons for all cows.
There is also an annual production of goats'and ewes' milk, amounting to about 80 million gallons
in 1925. Rather less than one-quarter of the cows' milk in 1925 and 1926 was used for feeding
to calves. On this basis it is possible to arrive at rough estimates of annual milk production,
although the figures are subject to a fairly wide margin of error. Estimates of milk production
made for certain years by the General Confederation of Milk Producers and the National Feder-
ation of Dairy Cooperative Societies are also given and confirm the independent calculations,
(see Table I).
Average consmnption figures for milk, butter and cheese are available from the French Eco-
nomic Council and are given in Table II.
Meat.
Figures are available of the annual slaughterings of stock and the quantity of meat pro-
duced. They exclude the quantities of meat produced by slaughterings on farms, which escape
the slaughtering tax, but this is not likely to be a serious omission, except perhaps for pigs.
Quantities produced since 1927 are as shown in Table III.
Estimated consumption, as published in the Imperial Economic Conunittee's survey of the
beef trade (revised for later years in accordance with the production figures in Table III), is as
given in Table III.
Eggs.
There are no official figures of egg production or of the number of poultry. According to
estimates made by the French Federation of Poultry Producers, the consumption was, in
round figures, about 6,450 millions in 1931 and 6,000 millions in 1934, representing per caput
averages of 154 and 143 respectively in those years.
Fruit.
Fruit production and consumption (excluding grapes and cider fruit) since 1925 is shown in
Table IV. As in other countries, the figures are not complete as they exclude production in pri-
vate gardens. The consumption figures have been calculated by the French Economic Council
without allowance for this omission. Similar figures have also been calculated independently
showing the analysis of the consumption figures with fresh and dried fruit and nuts respectively,
since nuts constitute a large proportion and the total. The two series of figures are in fairly
close agreement.
-65
Vegetables.
Production of Jerusalem artichokes, peas and beans (picked green) and of all other vegetables
classed as market garden crops (of which the most important are carrots, onions, tomatoes, sauer-
kraut, cabbage, artichokes and asparagus) since 1925 are as shown in Table V.
So large a proportion (about 40 per cent) of the French population is dependent upon agri-
culture for their livelihood, that the consumption figures in Table V must be a considerable
understatement. They are useful as indicating how consumption has increased.
The French Agricultural Department estimates that 50 per cent of the potatoes grown are
used for human consumption, giving the extraordinarily high figure of over 400 lb. per head
per annum, a figure which cannot be accepted without confirmation.
Table I. — Production of milk.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
No. of cows (thousands) 7.59° 7,701 7,971 8,118 .8,196 8,288 8,275 8,451 8,572 8,653
Estimated production (a) of milk
(million gallons) 2,950 2,760 2,950 3,000 3,030 3,060 3,060 3,120 3,170 —
Estimates of French Producers' .
Cooperatives (6) 2,794 — — — 2,930 — 3,080 3,130 3,190 3,350
Quantity for consumption as milk
or dairy produce (mill, gallons). 2,320 2,120 2,300 2,340 2,370 2,390 2,390 2,440 2,480 2,620
(a) Includes goat and ewe milk estimated at 80 million gallons throughout. — (b) Estimates of General Confederation
of Milk Producers and National Federation of Dairy Cooperative Societies.
Table II. — Consumption of milk, butter and cheese.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
Milk (gallons) a) 22.0 a) 18.9 20.7 21. i 21.8 22.5 22.6
Butter (lb.) o) 9.6 a) 9.2 10.5 10.4 11.3 12.8 12.9
Cheese (lb.) a) ii.o a) 10.8 ii.o 11. 7 11.6 12.7 13.0
(a) Estimated from utilisation figures and external trade.
1932 1933 1934
23.1
234
234
13-5
133
14.0
12.5
12.5
12.0
Table III. — Production and consumption of meat.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons):
Beef — — 541 620 630 588 509 537 593 614
Veal — — 245 269 264 248 242 268 294 303
Pork — — 246 276 298 305 355 357 346 375
Mutton and lamb — — 98 105 97 94 86 95 95 86
Horse meat — — 39 41 5° 54 55 48 51 47
Total ... — — 1,169 1,311 1,339 1,289 1,247 1,305 1,379 1,425
Consumption per head (lb.):
Beef and veal — — 46 48 49 45 43 45 48 49
Pork (a) — — 18 19 18.5 19.5 21 21 20 20.5
Mutton and lamb — — 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5
Other meat — — 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 3
Total ... — — 72 75 76 73 73 75 7^ 77
(a) The figure is probably incomplete owing to the exclusion of farm slaughter. It includes imported lard, consumption
of which averaged over 2 lb. per head in 1927, 2 lb- in 1928, about 1.5 lb. in 1929 and 1930, and i lb. in subsequent
years until 1934, when it fell to less than 0.5 lb.
5-
23
35
24
48
38
46
52
44
63
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
II
12
12
i8
10
II
10
10
13
— 66 —
Table IV. — Production and consumption of fruit.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons):
Fruit 277 295 517 234 708 329 401 449 393 661
Nuts (do. do.) 271 220 247 232 342 195 211 188 181 245
Consumption per head (lb.):
Fruit (a) — — 53 44 73 54 63 69 63 82
Fresh fruit (6) .... ' 22
Dried fruit (b) 2
Nuts (b) 13^
Total (6) ... 37 36 50 39 69 51 60 65 56 78
(a) Estimates furnished to tlie Market Supply Committee by tlie Britisli Commercial Counsellor in Paris. Table grapes are
excluded throughout. Consumption of table grapes was estimated at 11 lb. per head in 1934. — (6) Independent calculations.
Table V. — Production of vegetables and consumption per head.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons):
Jerusalem artichokes 2,496 1,670 2,750 1,604 2,155 2,525 2,375 2,371 2,120 2,189
Peas and beans (green) .... 214 219 284 204 221 245 185 195 189 213
Other vegetables — — 593 571 850 671 757 809 878 883
Imports (net) fresh and preserved — — -82 -48 -15 -20 +13 +118 +115 +190
Consumption per head (lb);
Jerusalem artichokes —
All other vegetables —
8. — GERMANY.
Figures are available of estimated milk production in recent years. For earlier years the
number of dairy cows and goats are available for rough computations to be made. The fig-
ures include milk for stock feeding.
Annual estimates of meat production are available while the Reichsstelle fur Eier has
made estimates of egg production. For butter, cheese, fruit and vegetables, comprehensive
official figures for all the years considered are not available but the production and con-
sumption of these and other agricultural commodities have been estimated by Dr. Hans
V. d. Decken in Deutschlands Versorgung mit landwirtschaftlichen Erzeugnissen [Institut fiir
Konjunkturforschung) from which many of the statistics contained in the tables have
been taken.
150
88
117
136
127
127
"3
117
43
40
57
50
51
60
63
69
-67
Table I. — Production of foodstuffs.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930
Milk:
Number of dairy
cows (a) (thousands) 6,635 6,732 6,892 7,060 7,019 7,112
Milk production (mil-
lion gallons) . . . 3,850 3,960 4,400 4,620 4,554 4.774
Butter (000 tons) . . . 224 230 291 316 305 340
Cheese (000 tons) . . . 217 219 251 269 265 295
Meat (000 tons):
Beef and veal . . . 903 925
Mutton and lamb . . 56.2 49.2
Pork . 1,517 1,577
Eggs:
Number of laying
hens (millions) . . 51.1 52.8
Production of eggs
(millions) 4,190 4,400 4,970
Poultry (000 tons) ... 56 59 6i
Fruit (000 tons) . . . 1.835 1-427
Vegetables 2.704 2.742
(a) Excluding cows used for both draught and milk
927
1.037
1. 144
1,062
39-8
40.2
40.1
41.9
1,911
2,059
1.905
1,967
57-8
1.629
2-773
62.1
64.6
68.2
5,810 6,140
68 74
2.266 1. 185
2.748 2.857
5.530
64
1-552
2-745
— (d) Including dder Sruit.
1931
1932
1933
1934
7,264 7,371 7,647 7,682
5.040 5,170 5,280 5,214
387 404 424 418
320 337 353 340
1.041 1,069 1.045 1. 184
42.9 39-4 42-6 37.7
2,085 1.941 1.997 2,228
68.9 68.3 69.3 69.1
6,200 6,150 6,240 6,220
70 71 74 70
2-451 1-555 1-697 2.490
2.902 2.897 3.000 2.903
— (e) Chiefly pltuns and cherries-
Table II.
1925
Milk (gallons) .... 25.7
Butter (lb.) 11. 5
Cheese (lb.) 10.4
Meat:
Beef and veal (lb). . 38.1
Mutton and lamb
(lb.) 2.0
Pigmeat (lb.) ... 63.0
Total meat (lb.) . . 103.1
Eggs (number) .... 108
Poultry (lb.) .... 2.6
Vegetables (lb.) . . . 109.6
Fruit (lb.) 76.3
Annual per capita consumption of foodstuffs.
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
26.3
26.7
25-9
25-8
24.6
22.9
22.7
22.3
22.8
II.7
I4.I
15-4
15-4
16.3
16.8
16.3
16.5
16.3
lO.I
II-5
11-5
II-5
12.3
12.8
13-2
13-4
12.8
38.2
38.2
40.2
42.9
38-7
36.5
37-2
36.1
40.5
1.9
1.6
1.6
1-5
1.6
1-5
1-4
1-5
1-3
58-3
68.8
73-1
67-5
69.1
71.0
68.1
69.7
77.0
98.4
108.6
114.9
III. 9
109.4
109.0
106.7
107-3
118.8
no
124
135
137
141
134
134
119
117
2.9
3-1
3-5
3-5
4.0
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
108.9
IIO.O
1 10.2
1 10.2
111.3
1 10.2
108.9
110.7
107.6
61.3
68.1
68.3
89-9
55-3
93-3
67-5
70.1
95-5
Milk and Dairy Products.
ITAI.Y.
According to the live stock census, there were 2,388,600 milk cows in 1930. The average
production of the years 1930-34 was estimated at about 920 million gallons, to which is to be
added about 130 million gallons of sheep and goat milk. Of this total, 230 million gallons were
utilized for animal feeding, 270 million gallons for direct consumption and the remaining 550
million gallons for the manufacture of butter and cheese.
— 68 —
The Comitato Centrale del latte, on the basis of a special enquiry, has estimated the quantity
of milk destined for direct consumption and the quantity of butter and cheese produced in each
of the years 1926 to 1934.
Meat.
The Istituto Centrale di Statistica has estimated the consumption of meat on the basis of
consumption taxes which are in force in practically all Communes of the Kingdom. Since these
taxes are levied partly per head, partly according to live weight and partly according to slaughtered
meat weight, it has been necessary to use a series of approximate coefficients to determine the
total quantity of meat produced.
Eggs.
The average per head consumption has been approximately calculated by the Istituto Centrale
di Statistica on the basis of estimated production, imports and exports.
Fruit and Vegetables.
The annual statistics give particulars of the production of fruit and vegetables, but exclude
figures of production in gardens, etc.
The vegetables included in the totals of Table III are asparagus, cabbage, cauliflower, teasel
fennel, celery, artichokes, onions, garUc, melons, watermelon, vegetables for shelling, field and
nurser>' tomatoes.
The fruits included in the totals of Table III are table grapes, apples, pears, quinces, pome-
granates, peaches, apricots, plums, cherries, etc.
Table I. — Production of milk for human consumption, butter and cheese
and consumption per head.
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production:
Milk for human consumption
(million gallons) 214 211 218 224 226 255 285 316 319
Butter (thousand tons) .... 49.2 44.3 41.3 41.4 41.6 41.8 42.5 43.1 44.3
Cheese (thousand tons) .... 198.4 210.1 213.9 215.3 218.4 221.3 224.3 227.2 226.4
Consumption per head:
Milk (gaUons) 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 6.2 6.8 7.5 7.5
Butter (lb.) 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Cheese (lb.) 9.6 10.3 lo.i 10.4 10.3 lo.i 10.6 11. o 10.8
Table II. — Production and consumption of meat.
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons):
Beef 410.2 477.1 500.9 477.6 379.2 392.3 412.9 423.1 401.9
Pork 264.7 256.6 243.8 250.5 218.7 246.9 184.5 194.5 171. 2
Mutton and goats' meat . . . 61.7 64.1 64.8 59.1 57.9 52.4 50.3 51.0 50.4
Horse fle.sh 11.7 12.4 14.2 16.6 13.5 12. i 12.3 12.8 12.8
Consumption per head (lb.):
Beef 23.1 26.7 27.8 26.2 20.7 21.2 22.0 22.5 21.2
Pork 15.0 14.3 13.4 13.9 1 1.9 13.4 9,9 10.4 9.0
Mutton and goats' meat ... 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7
Horse flesh 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Total . . . 42.3 45.3 45.6 44.2 36.5 38.1 35.3 36.3 33.6
-6q-
Tabi,e III. — Production, exports and consumption per head of fresh fruit and vegetables.
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons) .
Fresh fruit 830 756 734 843 692 858 1,083 1.032 976
Fresh vegetables i,545 1.341 1.285 2,015 1.752 1.693 1,843 i,934 2,076
Net exports {thousand tons):
Fresh fruit 162 116 119 140 179 163 210 198 119
Fresh vegetables 100 iii 100 100 155 169 136 141 119
Consumption per head (lb.):
Fresh fruit 37.7 35.9 34.2 38.6 28.0 37.5 46.7 44.3 45.0
Fresh vegetables 81.6 68.8 65.7 105.4 87.1 82.5 91.5 95.2 102.7
10. — NETHERI.ANDS.
Milk.
The numbers of milk cows (excluding calving heifers) in 1921, 1930, 1933 and 1934, were
as follows: —
1921 1,086,000
1930 1,299,000
1933 1,452,000
1934 1,394,000
No estimates of milk production are published, but taking the yield per cow to be the
same as in Denmark, the output of milk would be: —
1930 1933 1934
Total output of milk (million gallons) 910 1,020 980
Used for butter, cheese, milk exports, condensed mUk
(million gallons) 782 750 751
On this basis consumption of milk and cream per head may be reckoned at roughly 17
gallons in 1930, 32 in 1933 and 28 in 1934. This may be compared with an approximate
estimate of 29.5 gallons in 1933, furnished by the Milk Crisis Central to the Market Supply
Committee. But the figtures are too speculative to be accepted without reserve, especially in
view of the striking variations. A slight error in the conversion factor used or in an estimated
milk yeld would result in a substantial error in the estimate of the quantity remaining for
consumption as liquid milk. (See Table I).
Meat.
Complete figures of slaughterings are available together with an official estimate for beef and
veal constunption. In the absence of precise information respecting the average slaughter weight
of pigs and sheep (the latter, however, are unimportant), it is difficult to arrive at an estimate
of production and home constunption of pork and mutton. For the sheep perhaps, no great
error will arise from taking an average weight of about 50 lb. For pigs, export of bacon to
the United Kingdom probably means a slaughter weight (dead weight) of about 160 lb., while
for export to Germany a heavier weight of, say, 220 lb., might be the rule - in both cases there
is retained some part of the edible ofEal and possibly of the lard. As regards slaughter for
— 70 —
home consumption, the average weight might be taken at i6o to i8o lb., or much the same
as in other countries of Northern Europe, but there is a large element of conjecture about the
figure.
Total slaughterings for food purposes and estimated weights of meat produced (very rough
estimates) are given in Table II. Cattle slaughtered is taken at 540 lb. and calves at from
88 to 115 lb., according to the average weights determined from the slaughter of stock subject
to tax, while sheep are taken at 50 lb., and pigs at 180 lb, including lard. The figures shown in
Table II differ somewhat from those in the British Imperial Economic Committee's Beef Survey,
mainly because they include an allowance at the full carcass weight for animals slaughtered
for export, whereas some part of the output (edible offal in particular) is retained for home
consumption. The figures also give a slightly higher per capita consumption of beef and veal
than the official figures. The latter are shown in Table III together with approximate figures of
home consumption of other meats. The figures cannot be regarded as other than approximate
but they show the usual trend and thus may be regarded as not unreasonable.
Eggs.
The only estimates of egg production are rough figures of 2,000 million eggs in a munber
of recent years including 1930 when there were just under 13 million adult fowls (presumably
on farms), an average of about 150 per fowl. Exports of eggs averaged 600,000 quintals in
1925-29, rising to a maximum of 860,000 quintals in 1931 and falling to 570,000 in 1933. At
1,600 eggs per quintal, this would leave only 625 million eggs for home consumption in 193 1,
or a matter of less than 80 eggs per head, while in 1933 consumption would have been 1,000
million, or over 120 per head. In the absence of more authoritative figures of production it is
difficult to accept these estimates, which suggest a low consumption of eggs in the country.
Fruit and Vegetables.
There are no figures of production of fruit and vegetables available and any estimate
of production would be extremely hazardous, especially if it were to be used to arrive at
an estimate of home consumption. The most that can be done is to indicate the development
of the area under fruit and vegetables in recent years. The official figures are shown in
Table IV. The area under private gardens is fairly stable at about 93,000 acres, but there is
no information as to the extent of the production of fruit and vegetables therein.
As regards consumption, an indication of the increase in imported sub-tropical fruits and
dried fruits is given in the official figures reproduced in Table IV.
Table I. — Production and consumption of butter and cheese.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand tons).-
Butter 74
Cheese in
Margarine 130
Consumption per head (lb.).'
Butter 10.6
Cheese 12. i
Margarine — 16.3 17.9 18.5 20.3 19.6 18. i 13.4 11. 2 11. 9
82
84
84
85
86
84
84
87
89
120
124
130
133
135
131
117
119
114
132
139
138
131
126
109
67
63
62
12.8
12.6
12.8
13.0
14-3
16.1
19.2
16.8
16. 1
12. 1
9-3
12.3
11.9
13.0
13-7
12.1
15-9
15-2
— 71
Table II. — Estimated slaughterings and production of meat.
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
Slaughter (ooo):
Cattle 411
Calves 614
Sheep 350
Pigs 2,810
Horses 34
Goats 21
Production (a) (000 tons)
Beef 99
Veal 32
Mutton 8
Pork 226
Other meat (b) . . . 4
Total ... 369
(a) Including edible offal. — (6) Excluding poultry and game.
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
413
446
494
486
382
343
417
523
478
052
714
766
836
615
554
639
691
765
355
428
391
351
257
237
280
383
280
2,440
3.041
3.077
2.415
2,746
3,660
3.559
2.777
2,526
42
33
43
48
47
33
21
20
24
20
21
18
17
15
II
8
8
9
100
108
119
117
92
83
lOI
126
115
30
29
30
33
27
26
30
31
34
8
10
9
8
6
5
6
9
6
196
244
247
194
221
294
286
223
203
5
4
5
5
5
4
2
2
2
339
395
410
357
351
412
425
391
362
Tabi,e III. — Meat consumption per head.
1925
1926
Beef and veal 40.6 (a) 41.9
Mutton and lamb (b) . . 0.5 0.5
Pork [c) 45.0 40.1
Other meat 1.3 1.4
Total . . . 87.5 83.9
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
(lb.)
85.8 86.9
82.0
90.7
1932
91.9
1933
41.0
39-7
42.6
38.8
34-8
38.8
43-2
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.7
42.7
45- 1
36.3
41-3
54-3
51-9
53-8
1-3
1.4
1-5
1-5
1-3
0.8
0.6
1934
36.8
98.1 —
(a) 1921-25 average. — (6) Underestimate as exports of other meat arc included in mutton. — (c) No allowance made
for variations in exports of lard.
Table IV. — Fruit and vegetables: (A) Area under cultivation and
(B) Consumption of Sub-Tropical fruits.
1925 1926 1927
(A) Area (thousand acres):
Market gardens 61.8
Commercial fruit .... 70.9
(B) Consumption per head (lb.):
Oranges and lemons ... —
Bananas —
Currants and raisins ... —
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
63.3
72.4
65.5
73-9
66.7
76.4
70.2
76.8
72.4
83.0
72.7
839
77-5
845
76.1
855
74-9
87.0
13-8
4-5
5-6
12.0
50
6.1
133
5-5
5-9
13.2
7.2
6.7
17.9
8.0
5-8
17.2
8.8
5-9
19.1
10.5
5-7
22.6
8.0
5-6
154
8.1
55
Milk and Dairy Products.
II. — NORWAY.
The number of milk cows in Norway and the estimated production of milk for all pur-
poses is shown in Table I.
The average yield per cow has risen from about 330 gallons in 1927-28 to 360 gallons
in 1934-35. The average is rather low, but no doubt a fair quantity of milk is fed to stock.
— 72 —
It has been found in England that the average yield of milk per cow (including milk fed to
stock) is below 400 gallons on farms which are not producing solely for the sale of milk.
There is only a small export of manufactured milk products from Norway, representing
approximately 10 milUon gallons annually in recent years (rather less in earlier years when
the country was a net importer of butter and cheese). Total consumption of mUk within
the country in all its forms (including butter) may thus be reckoned at about 94 gallons
per head in the period 1925-29 and 98 gallons in 1930-34. The difference is too small to
be regarded as significant. It should be noted that some of the skim milk, the by-product of
the butter output, is consumed as human food, especially in the form of cheese. It is not
known whether consumption of skimmed milk in liquid form is important but it may well
be so in rural areas.
There is little information about the utilization of the milk supply. About 37 per cent
of the total was sent to creameries in 1933, the proportion having risen from just under 30
per cent in 1925. Production of butter and cheese in creameries has been as shown in
Table II.
Meat.
Figures are available showing the slaughterings of livestock under control in each year
and the quantity of meat produced. These slaughterings cover only a proportion of the total.
Figures are also available for certain years of meat production in the rural communes. These
figures are completely representative. In Table III is shown output of the various kinds of meat
in the rural communes, figures for intervening years (1925-26, 1926-27, 1928-29, 1930-31 and
1932-33) being estimated on the basis of controlled slaughterings in those years.
Allowing for imports and exports, this would give a per capita consumption as in Table IV.
The low consumption of meat is made up by heavy consumption of fish.
Eggs.
The census of 1928-29 places egg production at 17,700 metric tons, equivalent to 305
million eggs. For certain years production in rural communes is available. From the a
mean of 1927-28 and 1929-30 (1928-29 is not available), it appears that about 1060 metric
tons of eggs may have been produced other than in rural communes in 1928-29. It is
doubtful whether non-rural production has increased as rapidly as elsewhere but some slight
increase may perhaps be allowed for, say, to a total of iioo metric tons in 1933. Estimates
of egg production are given in Table V.
Fruit.
The total numbers of fruit trees in Norway according to official statistics are: —
1924 1929 1934
Apples 1,184,000 1,181,000 1,354,000
Pears 279,000 279,000 303,000
Plums 534,000 534,000 613,000
Cherries 519,000 519,000 540,000
Currant bushes:
Red and white 3,275,000 3,275,000 3,396,000
Black 1,394,000 1,394,000 1,367,000
Normal Crop
Recorded
Crop
1933 1934
1933
1934
(Thousand tons)
6.1 17.0
31-7
12.0
3-4 3-4
3-4
2-4
6.2 6.5
7.2
6.1
4.4 4.6
4.6
3-8
7-7 17-8
16.7
17.1
1930/34 1933
1934
(Thousand tons)
19.7 20.9
21.8
7-3 5-5
6.4
3-2 2.3
2.5
30.2 28.7
30.7
5.8 5.6
5-8
— 73 —
Figures of total production are available for 1933 and 1934, and figures recording the
percentage of a (normal) crop harvested, suggest a method of arriving at the normal.
Apples 16. 1
Pears
Plums
Cherries 4.4
Soft Fruit 17.7
Total . . . 47.8 49.3 63.6 41.4
Imports of fruit during the two quinquennial periods 1925-29 and 1930-34 were as follows.
1925/29
Citrus fruit 13.8
Bananas 6.3
Other fruit (apples, etc.) - 4-4
Total . . . 24.5
Dried fruit 6.2
From these figures it may be calculated that consumption per head of fresh fruit of all
kinds (including any used for conserves, but excluding blueberries and cranberries) was about
57 lb. in 1934 and 80 lb. in 1933. On a " normal " basis, consumption in the 1925-29 quin-
quennium (when the " normal " crop was presxunably slightly lower) would perhaps be 56 lb.
per head and in the 1930-34 quinquennium 62 lb. per head. Consumption of dried fruits
in the earlier period averaged 5.0 lb. per head and in the latter 4.61b. per head. Consumption
of fresh fruit varies mainly with home production, as deficiencies are made good to only a
minor extent.
Vegetables.
On the same basis it is possible to get • estimates of production of vegetable crops. The
totals for 1933 and 1934 and for normal crops in those years are as follows: —
Production Actual Normal
(000 tons) 1933 1934 1933 1934
Cabbages 35.9 51.7 42-5 47-5
Carrots 17.2 16.1 29.0 18.2
All other vegetables 5.2 6.1 5.2 5.8
Total . . . 58.3 73.9 76.7 71.5
The chief vegetable imports are onions (2,800 tons in 1933 and 1934). Average consump-
tion per head was about 46 lb. in 1933 and 59 lb. in 1934. It does not seem likely that
these are complete figures.
74 —
Table I. — Production of milk.
1925
1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
773
276
783
290
791
290
799
293
755
324
763
333
777
344
796
343
810
343
793
338
257
6
259
6
262
6
273
6
269
7
272
7
277
7
286
7
289
7
287
7
Numbers of:
Milk cows (ooo)
Goats (000) (a)
Milk production:
Cows' (million gallons) (6) . .
Goats' (million gallons) (b) . .
(a) All goats. — (6) Year ending zotli June in following year. Figures for 1925-26, 1926-27, 1928-29, 1930-31 and
1932-33 are estimated on the basis of the mean of average yields in adjacent years.
Table II. — Milk and dairy products - Production in creameries.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Butter: (thousand tons) .... 2.7 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.8 5.9 7.8 8.7 9.0
Cheese : »
Full cream . 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.7 4.4 3.9 4.4 —
Half and quarter (milk) . . . 2.4 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.2 2.9 —
Skimmed (raUk) 17 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.7 1.8 —
Goat (milk) 2.0 2.0 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.0 3 o 3.0 3.1 —
Other (milk) (a) 4.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.1 3.1 2.9 3.0 3.1 —
Total cheese . . . 13.9 12.5 13.5 13.7 13.6 14.5 15.6 14.8 15.3 —
(a) Includes sour whey cream cheese and sour whey skimmed milk cheese.
Table III. — ■ Production of meat (a).
1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34 1934/33
(6)
Beef and veal 34.0
Pork 22.0
Mutton and lamb 12.5
Goat 1.5
Horse 1.9
Total . . . 71.9
(a) In rural communes. • — Ifi) Estimated.
(6)
(6)
(*)
(6)
(thousand tons).
36.0
37-8
38.5
37-8
36-3
40.4
42.7
41.6
40.6
28.5
30.4
29.0
32.0
33«
351
351
351
44-3
133
13-3
13-7
12.5
13.0
13-8
145
14.4
14.1
1-5
1-5
1-5
1.6
1.6
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
1-7
1.8
1-7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
81.0 84.8 84.4 85.5 86.3 92.6 95.6 94.4 102.3
Table IV. — Consumption of meat.
1295/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34 1934/35 (a)
Beef and veal 30.1 30.9
Pork 20.0 24.4
Mutton and lamb 11. 6 12.3
Other meat (6) 2.7 2.6
Total (6) . . . 64.4 70.2
(a) Subject to revision from 1935 trade returns.
(lbs
per
head).
32.0
32.8
32.3
305
32.4
33-9
32.9
32.0
25-9
25.2
26.8
27.4
28.2
26.8
26.6
33-7
12.3
12.5
11.7
11.8
12. 1
12.2
11.8
"•5
2.6
2.6
2.5
2-5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
72.8 73.1 73.3 72.2 75.3
■ (b) Excluding poultry and game.
75-5 73-9
79.8
—
—
3IO (a)305
300
—
342 —
394
391
—
—
— 5
10
—
20 —
23
—
—
—
III 105
103
—
113 —
130
130
- 75 -
Tabi<e V. — Production and consumption of eggs.
1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34 1934/35
Estimated production of eggs
(million eggs)
Exports (millions) (6)
Consumption per head (No.). .
(a) Census. — (6) Mean of two calendar years: i quintal- 1700 eggs.
12. — POI^AND.
Milk.
A census of live stock is now taken annually and figures of cows are available for certain
years before 1929. From an enquiry made in 1929 it appeared that cows in rural com-
munes constituted 96 per cent of the total. Total milk production was estimated in 1934
(1935 Year Book) at 8,978 million litres, or about 310 gallons per cow. The enquiry into
cooperative dairies in 1929 showed that cows belonging to members of the societies
numbered 519,000 and milk delivered to the creameries totalled 574.3 million litres, or an
average of only about 240 gallons per cow. Not all the milk produced is delivered to the
creameries however; in some districts the average quantity of milk delivered per cow falls as low
as 90 gallons, in others it rises to as much as 560 gallons. On the whole it may tentati-
vely be accepted that the average milk yield is about 310 gallons, apart from milk fed to
stock. (This is rather a low average and needs confirmation as it is based solely on the re-
ference in the 1935 Year Book of Statistics). On this basis the number of dairy cows
and the total milk supply would be as shown in Table I.
If these figures are correct, it is possible to arrive at an estimate of the quantity of milk left
in the country for consumption in the form of butter, cheese, cream or milk. Deducting exports
of butter and cheese (on the basis of 2 34 gallons and i gallon respectively per lb.) it is found
that, whereas 77 per cent of the milk was retained at home in 1927, in 1929 the proportion was
only 54 per cent, in 1930 and 1931 rather over 60 per cent, but in 1932 and 1933, owing to the
decline in the export trade, the proportions were as high as 98 and 95 per cent respectively.
In 1934 the proportion fell to 86 per cent.
The estimates are admittedly rough but they suggest that consumption of milk in Poland
in the form of liquid milk, cream, butter and cheese, amounted to about 48 gallons per head in
1927, 32 gallons in 1929, 40 gallons in 1930 and 1931, while in 1932, 1933, and 1934, it was
60, 58 and 52 respectively. In addition, there is of course, a considerable output of skimmed
milk, some part of which may be used for human consumption as milk or cheese.
Meat.
Complete production figures of meat are available since 1928, including animals slau-
ghtered not under veterinary control. For 1927 an approximate estimate can be made
on the basis of uninspected slaughtering during the last three months of the year, when the
collection of these figures was first started. Production figures since 1927 on this basis are
given in Table II.
Figures of meat consumption per head are also published, and are shown in Table III.
The figures appear to be complete.
76-
Eggs.
There is little information, but laying hens were estimated at 50 million in 1931, as com-
pared with a total fowl population of only 35 million in 1924. At a rate of, say, 80 per head,
there would be a total output of 4,000 million. Exports in the period up to 1931 totalled al-
most 1,000 million annually (at an average of about 1,800 per quintal), leaving home consump-
tion at slightly under 100 per head annually. Before the war the egg output was estimated
at 3,000 million from a fowl population of 50 million, or 60 eggs annually per bird. Exports
amounted to 1,000 milhon, leaving almost 2,000 million for home consumption. Since 1929
exports have fallen and 380 millions, iu 1934. (990 million in 1930, 866 million in 1931, 670
million in 1932 and 425 millions in 1933). There is no information as to variations in numbers
of laying hens or average yield per bird, but if these have remained unchanged, egg consumption
in 1933 would be about no per head.
Fruit and Vegetables.
There is no information yet traced to enable estimates to be made. In view of the
agricultural nature of the country's population and the low meat and dairy produce consump-
tion, it may be assumed that there is a fairly heavy consumption of vegetables. In a report
published in 1923 by the Ministry of Agriculture (i) it was stated that the production of
fresh vegetables had shown a general development before the war and that in post-war Poland
cabbage, onions, beetroot, salads, beans and peas, carrots, cucumbers were being grown.
In the same report it is pointed out that fruit growing in Poland is widespread, but is
particularly concentrated in the river valleys where apples, plums, pears, cherries and mul-
berries are grown . But the commercial orchards are few, most of the production being in
small orchards growing fruit for local consumption.
Number of dairy cows
(thousands)
Total milk production
(million gallons) . . .
Table I. — Dairy cows and total milk supply.
November June
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
— — 6,100 — 5,969 6,191 6,551 6,573 6,431 6,452
— — 1,890 — 1,850 1,920 2,030 2,040 1,980 1,980
1925
Table II. — Production of meat.
(thousand tons).
1926
Beef ,
Veal
Pork
Mutton and Lamb
Horse
)27 (a)
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
150
168
185
174
183
208
194
158
52
48
49
55
60
52
53
53
326
342
329
339
440
408
384
418
II
10
9
9
9
7
7
9
3
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
(a) Estimated,
(i) Etat de I'agrictiUure en Pologne, Etienne Krolikowski.
_ 77 —
Table III. — Consumption of meat.
(lb. per head).
1925 1926 1927 («) 1928 1929 1930 1931 (a) 1932 {«) 1933 1934
I0.3
12.3
13-4
12.3
12.8
143
13-3
10.6
3-5
3-1
31
3-3
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-5
22.6
25-4
23-4
22.5
25.8
23.1
23.1
26.3
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.7
05
0-5
05
0.6
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
. — .
Beef — —
Veal — —
Pork — —
Mutton — —
Horse — —
Total ... — — 37.4 41.6 40.7 38.9 42.7 42.2 40.5 41.0
{a) Estimated.
13. — ROUMANIA.
Milk.
The numbers of cows in milk are published annually. Milk yields are low and have been
estimated (i) at about 700 litres per cow and 65 litres per ewe. The total output in 1930 was
estimated at 1,040 million and 580 miUion litres of cow and ewe milk respectively. If these
averages be applied each year, together with averages of 130 litres for she goats for buffalo
(not of great importance) the output of milk would be as follows:
Table I. — Milk output.
(million gallons)
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Cow 250 242 236 231 236 225 224 231 —
Goat 10 10 9 8 8 8 10 10 —
Ewe 142 150 147 146 148 145 146 147 —
Total . . . 402 402 392 385 392 378 380 388 —
This quantity of milk (external trade in milk and its products is unimportant) is sufficient
to provide only 23 gallons of milk per head of the popvilation in the first quinquennium and
21 gallons per head in 1930-32; and this low figure includes milk consumed as liquid milk, butter
and cheese. The figures are so low that they must be accepted with the greatest reserve.
Meat.
The slaughterings and output of meat for public consumption are published annually but
the figures appear to be far from complete, except perhaps for cattle. The total production of
meat from public slaughter-houses is only sufficient to furnish about 22 lb. of meat per head of
the popidation, but rough calculations suggest that this is very much below the actual figure,
although the data are not sufficient to enable estimates to be made. It was estimated (2) in 1933
that beef and,veal production amounted to roughly 88,000 tons and mutton and lamb to 66,000
tons, and these figures support independent calculations that have been made. After allow-
ing for exports (which had dwindled to insignificance by 1933) an output of meat of this
magnitude would provide about 10 14 lb of beef and 8 lb. of mutton and lamb per head. With
(i) M. Filotti: Productiunea s» industria lapteliu tn Romdnia: Viaia AgricolA, May 1932.
(z) Dr. Justin Braghin^: Bogatia animald a Romdnia: Economia nationald, February 1935.
-78-
a pig popiilation of roughly three million, including nearly i million sows, the output of pork,
even if the bulk of the slaughterings were of light weight, should be considerably more than the
combined output of beef and mutton; in fact, even a moderate estimate would suggest an
annual disappearance of something approaching lo million pigs.
Eggs.
Fowls numbered 32 million in 1926-27 and 51 million in 1934. The production of eggs
was estimated at 2285 million in 1933, and on the same basis, production in 1926-27 might
be estimated at about 1,500 millions. Exports of eggs in 1926-27 amounted to about 170
millions (at 1750 per quintal) and in 1933 to 160 millions, although they had been materially
higher than this in the intervening years (namely 300 millions in 1930). Consumption per
head on this basis was approximately 80 in 1926-27 and no in 1933, although this last fi-
gure is exceptionally high on account of the loss of export trade.
Fruit.
There is httle information available respecting the production and consumption of fruit.
The output of plums averaged 421,000 tons annually in 1925-29 and about 400,000 tons from
1930-1933, representing about 50 lb. per head. Plums constitute about 64 % of all fruit trees
in Roumania, the figures for 1927 and 1932 being as follows:
Table II. — Fruit trees.
(thousands).
1927 1932
Plums 48,286 54.633
Apples 7,814 9.343
Pears 3.412 3.650
Nuts 3,625 5,314
Cherries 7.V76 6,239
Others 2,979 4,180
No production figures are published for fruits other than plums.
Vegetables.
Production of vegetables, as officially recorded, in recent years has been as follows. The
varieties included are onions, cabbages, melons, pumpkins (40 % of the output, this being
the proportion understood to be normally used for human consumption), and other vegetables.
Table III. — Production of vegetables.
(thousand tons).
1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 . 1933 1934
Onions 93
Pumpkins ' . 509
Melons and watermelons .... 252
Cabbage 367
Other vegetables 53
Total . . . 1.274 1.125 1,414 1,337 1-858 1,770 1,671
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
98
118
116
112
lOI
112
478
609
532
800
885
8io
198
304
310
546
408
385
284
299
285
296
286
277
67
84
94
104
90
87
— 79 —
The averages work out at 1,271,000 tons and 1,659,000 tons respectively, or about 160
and 200 lbs. per head in the two periods, but it will be noticed that between 60 and 70 %
of the total is made up of pumpkins, melons and watermelons.
14. — SWEDEN.
Milk.
The estimated numbers of cows (of all kinds) in Sweden in recent years have been as
follows: —
1925 1926 (a) 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Cows (thousands) ... — — 1.874 1,865 — 2,033 2,037 1.925 2,039 1,931
(a) Census.
Figures for 1927 and 1932 were obtained from a census in September; for other years esti-
mates were made in June; the restdt of the 1932 census, which proved to be 118,000 below the
estimate for that year (though there was a difference of three months in the dates) suggests
that estimates in other years may also be too high. The 1930-31 estimates were made before
the result of the 1932 census was available and actually there was so small a difference between
the estimates for the four years 1930-33 that it would seem reasonable to adopt a uniform figure
of 1,925,000 throughout and also in 1934.
Output of milk per cow can only be estimated very approximately. For tested herds the
yield is as high as 770 gallons annually, having increased from atjout 710 in 1925-29. But
this average is far too large for the whole of the herds. A more probable figure may be deduced
from the numbers of cows belonging to members of cooperative dairy associations and the
quantity of milk and cream supplied to the cooperative dairies. This averaged about 490
gallons per cow from 1926 to 1928 and 510 gallons in 1932 and 1933. The total milk delivered
includes some milk from non-members but, on the other hand, not all the milk produced is
delivered to the creamery. On the whole, the averages might be taken as calculated at
490 and 510 gallons respectively. The average of 490 gallons for 1926-28 compares well with
the 480 gallons found as the average yield per cow in 1924-28 in an enquiry conducted by the
Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture.
On this basis, milk production would have been about 920 million gallons in 1927 and 1928
and about 980 million gallons annually from 1930 to 1934.
On the basis of 2 % gallons of milk to i lb. of butter (external trade in milk and cheese
is insignificant), Sweden's butter exports would have absorbed about 98 million gallons in 1927
and 1928, 147 million gallons in 1930, 107 million in 193 1, 74 million in 1932 and 94 million
in 1933 and consumption of milk in all its forms (liquid, butter, cheese and cream) would on
this basis be about 135 gallons per head annually in 1923-28, 130 gallons in 1930, 142 in 1931,
146 in 1932 and 143 in 1933. The figures, however, are too high as no allowance has been
made for milk fed to stock.
The total quantity of milk and cream (as milk) delivered to creameries and the quantity
of butter and cheese made are given in Table I.
Information received from the Milk Propaganda organisation in Stockholm suggests a
probable consumption of milk of i litre a day for farmers and farm workers and 0.65 litres for
the remainder of the population, giving an average for the whole country of about 63 gallons
per head, while butter consumption is estimated at 9 kilos (19.8 lb.) per head, i. e. a total milk
eqviivalent of 113 gallons per head, excluding consimiption in the form of cheese.
— 8o —
The figures may also be compared with the 1922-23 and 1932-33 family budget enquiry,
for industrial workers, agricultural workers and middle classes (the figures have been converted
to a per head basis).
Industrial workers Agricultural Middle classes
■""- — " — """^ workers ~ — — — ~
1922-23 1932-33 1920 1922-23 1932-33
Milk (galls.):
Whole 33.4 31.5 39.3 37.8 32.7
Skimmed 2.4 i.i 19.6 6.0 6.5
Butter (lb.) 18.2 20.6 14.5 22.9 24.9
Margarine (lb.) 10.5 19.2 3.8 ii.i 17.8
Cheese (lb.) 8.2 11. i 2.9 8.8 12. i
These figures are a good deal lower than the Propaganda organisation estimates of liquid
milk consumption. However, they take no account of consumption on farm households or of
the probable increase in liquid milk consumption in agricultural workers' families since 1920.
It is possible that the estimate of 63 gallons includes skimmed milk and/or cheese.
Meat.
Annual figures relating to meat production in Sweden are not published. Figures of
inspected slaughterings of stock are available but, from an examination of these in relation to the
numbers of breeding and other stock in the country, it would appear that a considerable propor-
tion of the annual disappearance of stock is not covered by inspected slaughterings. The
figures are given in Table II.
Official estimates of the livestock population in the country suggest that, after allowing
for probable births and natural deaths, the slaughter for food purposes would have been in
1932-33 in the neighbourhood of 350,000 to 400,000 cattle, about 1,200,000 calves, 250,000 to
300,000 sheep and 1,750,000 to 2,000,000 pigs. These estimates are very rough and are based
on the 1932 census figures and on the assumption that the numbers of stock of all descriptions
were unchanged between that year and the next. The official estimates suggest a shght decline
in the numbers of cattle and sheep, and an increase in pigs, which would cause, however,
only a little alteration in the estimated slaughterings. On the basis of an average carcass weight
per animal of 360 lb. for cattle, 60 lb. for calves (most of the calves are slaughtered young)
35 lb. for sheep and 180 lb. for pigs (which are the weights ascertained in the agricultural enquiry
of 1924-28), one might hazard the following estimates of meat supply in 1932-33 as compared
with the Swedish Academy estimates for 1924-28.
1924-28 1932-33
Tons
Beef 65,800 56,000- 65,000
Veal 35.300 30,000- 35,000
Mutton and lamb 6,800 4,000
Pork 138,500 140,000-160,000
Other meat 4,000 . .
250,400 226,000-264,000
The pronounced increase in inspected slaughterings of all animals except sheep would
suggest an increase in meat output and incline one to the view that even the upper limit of the
range shown above is on the low side. But it is possible that the proportion of inspecetd
slaughterings, on the whole, has materially increased.
Exports of pork products totalled about 20,000 tons and the average supply available for
home consumption may be very roughly estimated for 1932-33 at 20-24 lb. of beef, 11-13 lb.
of veal, 1.5 lb. of mutton and lamb and 42 to 50 lbs. of pork - at most a consumption
— 8i —
of 88 lb. per head, and at least about 75 lb. These results may be compared with the
results of the family budget enquiries referred to above. These figures are, of course, net weights
as bought in the shops and represent rather larger quantities on an average carcass weight
basis.
Industrial labourers Agricultural Middle classes
I922-23 ^^193233 ^i92o"^ I92I23 193133
Beef (lb.) 14. i 11.4 5.6 15.6 10.7
Veal (lb.) 6.1 9.3 1.8 10.3 II. I
Mutton (lb.) 3.1 I.I 0.9 5.1 2.1
Pork (lb.) 15.0 20.1 33.0 16.5 18.6
Preserved meat (mainly pork) (lb.) . . . 6.6 6.8 9.9 6.1 4.9
Total . . . 44.9 48.7 51.2 53.6 47.4
The figures would su ggest that the lower of the extremes given in the preceding paragraph
are nearer to the truth than the upper limits, but the 1924-28 enquiry gave somewhat similar
figures to those calculated for 1932 and a total consumption per head of 88 lb.
Eggs.
Official estimates are available for only two years, the production of eggs in 1927 being
assessed at 600 million and in 1932 at 750 million, in each year the average yield per laying
hen being reckoned at 100 eggs per annum. If these figures are correct, consumption per head
would have been below 90 eggs in 1927 and only 110 in 1932. Family budget figures are as
follows: —
Industrial labourers Agricultural Middle classes
1922-23 1932-33 '^°92o'^ 1922-23 1932-33
No of eggs 141 193 68 197 210
So great a disparity can only be explained by the omission of a considerable proportion of
production from the estimates. Consumption in farm households may be assumed to be as
large as in towns, and an annual consumption approaching 200 per person would seem to be
indicated. The evidence points to an increase in per head consumption in recent years.
Fruit.,
There are no estimates of fruit production available, but the numbers of trees were ascertained
in 1927 and 1932 to be as follows: —
1927 1932
(thousands)
Apple 4,218 4,082
Pear 1,290 1.176
Cherry and plum i,939 i,97o
Taking the average yield of trees in England and Wales and the " normal " crops in Norway,
(England 36,22, 36 and 48 lb. respectively for apple, pear, plum and cherry and Norway 28,
25, 24 and 19 lb. respectively) suggests a normal fruit output of 80,000 to 120,000 tons
of tree fruits annually, but it is not known how complete the figures are. They are equivalent
to an average of 31-44 lb. per head in the earlier year and of 29-42 lb. in the later. Imports
of fresh fruit (mainly oranges, bananas, apples and pears) and of dried fruit and nuts have
amounted to the averages shown in Table III per head of the population.
Irrespective of variations in home production, there has been a steady rise in imports of
fruit from 13.3 lb. per head in 1925 to 33.2 lb., in 1931, with subsequent years showing a
— 82 —
decline. The average for 1925-29 was 20.8 lb. and for 1930-33 27.8 lb. per head. With home
production added the total may be put at roughly 52-65 lb. in 1925-29 and 57-70 lb. in 1930-33.
These figures may be compared with the 1932-33 family budget enquiry which also covered
vegetables.
Consumption per head (adjusted from " normal household " figures).
Working Middle
_ .. class class
families families
lb. lb.
Apples and pears 23 35
Oranges 11 i? %
Berries 17 V2 21
Other fresh fruit 3% 7
Total ... 55 80
Dried and preserved fruit 7 10
Cabbage 3 14 5 Vi.
Onions and cucumbers 3 5
Carrots, turnips and beetroot 11 H/^
Other vegetables 5 % 12
Total ... 23 -^4
Potatoes 191 162
Consumption of vegetables in the towns appears to very low.
supplemented by home grown produce.
It is possible that it is
Tabi,E I. — Total quantity of milk and cream [as milk) delivered to creameries
and the quantity of butter and cheese made.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933
Milk sent to creameries
(million gallons) . . 318 360 386 392 438 477 477 475 483
Butter made (thousand
tons) 31.5 37-9 41-3 40-6 47-1 53-8 53-0 50-5 54-i
Cheese made (thousand
tons) :
full cream 10.5 13. i 15.4 16.5 19.6 18.4 21.5 24.1 21.5
Other 8.6 8.2 7.5 7.8 8.1 6.5 6.3 5.8 4.8
Total . . . 19.1 21.3 22.9 24.3 27.7 24.9 27.8 29.8 26.3
1934
Table II.
Inspected slaughterings of stock
(thousands).
1925
1926
1927
1929
1930
1936
1932
1933
251
660
1928
Cattle 202 189 199 228 243 263 227 246
Calves 453 484 512 573 596 622 620 650
Sheep 190 183 183 192 180 167 167 166 159
Pigs 669 794 1,115 i.oSi 986 1,232 1,437 1.394 1.352
Table III. — Consumption of imported fresh fruit, dried fruit and nuts.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932
Fresh fruit (lb.) .... 11.4 18.0 18.4 20.6 22.3 22.8 29.8 24.7
Dried fruit (lb.) .... 1.9 2-4 2.6 2.7 3.7 2.6 3.4 2.8
Nuts (lb.) I.I I.I 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4
1933
22.3
30
1-4
1934
1934
-83-
15- — SWITZERLAND.
Milk and Dairy Products.
Annual production figures for milk (including goats' milk which accounts for approximately
2.25 per cent of the whole), together with the uses to which it is put, are available, and the
aggregate quantity of butter, cheese and condensed and new milk. From these and external
trade figures consumption per head is calculated each year by the Swiss Farmers' Union.
Consumption and production of milk, butter and cheese each year are shown in Table I.
Meat.
Figures of inspected slaughterings are available annually and the Swiss Farmers' Union
makes annual estimates of the total meat production and per head consumption. The latter
are given in Table II.
Poultry and Eggs.
Estimates of the production and consumption of poultry are issued regulary by the Swiss
Farmers' Union and are given in Table III.
The numbers of poultry and estimated egg production in certain years (fowls, turkeys
and guinea fowl) were as follows: —
Poultry Eggs
1926 4,116,000 295,000,000
1929 4,700,000 335,000,000
1931 4,864,000 355,000,000
In view of the small sizes of holdings included in the agricultural returns, it is not likely
that a large number of potdtry escape enumeration, but possibly 10-15 per cent should be added.
Consumption figures from year to year, including imports which represent some 40 per cent
of the total supply, are as follows: —
1921 107 1930 144
1926 128 1931 161
1927 — 1932 162
1928 . 133 1933 158
1929 136 1934 158
Fruit.
Production figures since 1925 are given in Table IV. An analysis of normal utilization
in the period 1912-22, when the crop averaged 527,000 tons, showed that 44.5 per cent was
consvuned fresh, 2.3 per cent exported (exports less imports), 1.3 per cent preserved and the
remainder used for cider, distillation or industrial manufacture. Recently, imports of fruit
(of kinds grown in Switzerland) have tended to exceed exports, and it may be tentatively
assumed that 46 per cent of the homegrown fruit is consumed as fresh frtiit, to which must be
added imports of exotic fruits. If these proportions are correct, the consumption of fresh fruit
of home origin was about 119 lb. per head in 1925-29 and 114 lbs. in 1930-33. The high
rate of consumption is caused to some extent by tourists staying in the country.
-84-
Consumption of exotic fruits, as calculated by the Swiss Farmers' Union is, as follows: —
Exotic Fruits [namely citrus and bananas).
1921 12.6 1930 28.2
1926 19.2 1931 36.4
1927 — 1932 245
1928 21.2 1933 28.9
1929 20.5 1934 24.3
Total fruit consumption per head, including all fruit on the above basis, is thus: —
1925-29 lb. 137
1930-34 » 142
Vegetables.
Annual figures of acreage and production of vegetables in Switzerland are not collected
regularly but the Swiss Farmers' Union in 1933 published a report on vegetable production
in 1931.
Production 1931
tons
Cabbage, etc ., 52,200
Green peas 14,800
Runner beans 32,500
Other vegetables (a) 119,000
Total . . . 218,500
(a) Including cabbage lettuce 29,500 tons, spinach 13,800 tons, onions 13,800 tons, and carrots, radishes, celery, leeks,
beetroots, cucumbers, tomatoes and kohlrabi between 4,000 and 6,000 tons each.
The total consuption of vegetables in 1931, including, imports amounted to 284,900 tons
and was thus equivalent to about 157 lb. per head.
Table I. — Production and consumption of milk.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production:
All milk (million gallons) . 572
Butter (thousand tons) . . 12.3
Cheese (000 tons) .... 64.5
Condensed or dried milk
(000 tons) 35.9 39-5 43-4 44-3 43-5 42.8 39.4 15.7 1 1.8 6.3
1921 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Consumption:
Liquid milk (gallons) . . 58.1 61.1
Butter (lb.) ii.o 11. 9
Cheese (lb.) 24.3 24.3
616
594
616
594
572
572
616
638
638
13-3
12.8
14.6
15-4
15.7
15-7
22.5
251
28.5
69.7
64.6
69.7
60.2
55-6
50.2
48.9
54-5
49-4
59.0
59-6
59-0
61. 1
61. 1
570
56.9
56.0
12.0
12.6
12.8
132
14-3
14-3
139
15.6
18.6
24.0
17.9
19.4
17-4
17.6
19.6
18.7
— 85
Tabi,e II. — Production and consumption of meat.
1921 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
Production (thousand
tons)
Beef and veal 87.2 91.2 — 98.1 100.5 9^.0 90.7
Mutton and lamb . . . 2.3 2.0 — 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.5
Pork 62.2 6i.8 — 71.8 75.3 67.9 77.0
Goat 2.0 1.6 — 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4
Consumption (lb. per
head)
Beef and veal 57.1 56.9 — 56.7 55.1 54.4 58.9
Mutton and Iamb ... 1.5 1.8 — 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.5
Pork 43.4 39.2 — 39.9 39.9 40.6 44.3
Goat I.I 0.9 — 0.9 0.9 o.g o.g
Total . . . 103. 1 98.8 — 99.8 97.2 97.4 105.6
1932
96.0
2.0
90.5
1-4
540
1-5
50.9
0.7
107. 1
1933
96.5
2.0
88.3
1-5
564
I.I
49-4
0.9
107.8
1934
103.1
1.9
93-4
1.4
56.9
I.I
51.6
0.7
1 10.3
Tab
LE III
. — Production and
consumption of p
oultry.
Production (thousand
tons)
Consumption (lb. per
heard)
1921
2-3
2.4
1926
2.8
3-3
1927
1928
2.9
3-5
1929
2.9
3-7
1930
2.9
3-7
1931
3-3
4.2
1932
30
4-4
1933
3-6
4.2
1934
3-7
4.2
Table IV. —
Production of fruit.
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Apples (000 tons) . . .
Pears (000 tons) ....
Cherries and plums . .
Nuts
162
45
21
2
276
146
27
2
293
200
28
3
524
221
77
25
I
456
280
43
2
108
50
18
2
541
201
39
3
785
315
162
40
3
520
207
108
19
502
374
64
3
943
Total . . .
230
450
324
781
178
334
Average production 1925-29 462,000 tons
Average production 1930-34 552,000 »
16. — UNITED KINGDOM.
An estimate of milk production, based on the size of the milk herd, is made annually in
England and Wales. Information on the average yield per cow was secured in the Census
years 1925 and 1930-31 and provides the coeflScients for computing the milk output in other
years. Estimates for Scotland and Northern Ireland can be calculated in the same way. The
utilization of the milk supply and the quantity consumed fresh cannot be ascertained precisely
as annual estimates of the farm production of butter and cheese and of the total quantities
of these products manufactured within the country are not available. Total home production
of butter and cheese in 1934 is roughly estimated to have been 47,000 tons and 50,000 tons
respectively. The consumption of liquid milk is estimated to have been about 20.5 gallons
per head in 1924-25 and rather over 21 gallons in 1930. Constunption of butter, on the
assumption that the increase in factory butter making has been counterbalanced by a corres-
ponding decline in farm production, has increased in the last five years from 18.7 lb. to 25.2 lb.
per head while that of cheese averages about 9 lb.
— 86 —
Official estimates are available of the production of home grown meat and the consumption
per head. These are given below in Table II.
The annual production of eggs on farms is known while rough estimates were made in the
Census years of the production of smallholdings, gardens, etc. Total production and con-
sumption per capita can thus be broadly estimated. Estimates of the quantity of poultry
produced within the country are also available and show an increase of over 50 per cent
during the ten years 1925-34.
Statistics of the production and consumption of fruit and of the area under vegetables
are given in Tables V and VI.
Table I. — Production and consumption of milk in Great Britain (a).
1923 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Prodtiction (million gal-
lon) (6) 1,290 1,320 1,360 1,390 1,390 1,400 1,430 1,470 1,520 1.550
Consumption per head:
Milk, including butter
and clieese in terms
of milk (gallons) . . 71 72 72 74 76 79 85 88 93 98
Butter (lb.) 15.8 16.0 15.9 16.8 17.7 18.7 20.9 21.7 23.5 25.2
(a) Years ending May. (6) Rxduding milk fed to stock.
Table II. — Production and consumption of meat the United Kingdom.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (thousand long
tons):
Beef and veal . .
Mutton and lamb
Pigmeat
Consumption per head (lb.):
Beef and veal . .
Mutton and lamb
Pigmeat ,
Total meat .
6ii 609 636 653 665 641 608 586 610 674
227 242 269 273 262 244 253 287 311 289
342 288 310 354 322 294 325 373 385 400
69.4 70.9 70.2 68.9 68.0 66.5 65.3 60.9 62.8 65.3
25.6 26.2 27.8 28.2 27.7 28.6 30.6 31.5 31.9 30.3
42.1 38.1 40.6 43.9 40.9 42.0 48.1 50.0 45.3 43.3
137.1 135.2 138.6 141.0 136.6 137.1 144.0 142.4 140.0 138.9
Table III. — Egg production and consumption in the United Kingdom.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (millions) . . 2,717 2,902 3,148 3,395 3.601 3,894 4,209 4,491 4,716 4,765
Consumption per head
(number) (a) . . . . u8 123 133 144 143 154 158 149 148 150
Consumption per head
(number) (6) 133 140 151 i6o 162 175 179 169 165 172
(a) Shell eggs. (6) All eggs, including shell-egg equivalent of retained imports of egg products.
Table IV. — Estimated production and consumption of dead poultry in the United Kingdom.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (000 cwt.) . . 989
Consumption per head (lb.) 3.4
1,053
1,103
1,148
1,197
1,259
1,315
1,404
1,547
1,636
3-6
3-9
4.0
4.2
4-5
4.8
4.6
4-9
50
-87-
Tabi,e V. — Production and consumption of fresh fruit in the United Kingdom.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (ooo cwt.) . 9,665 4,871 9,644 5,911 10,064 10,015 4.907 5,836 8,603 i4,47o
Consumption per head of
all fresh fruit (lb.) . . 74.4 74.5 75.9 68.5 81.8 85.0 80.1 79.0 88.5 95.6
Table VI. — Recorded area under vegetables {excluding potatoes) in England and Wales (i).
(thousand acres).
1925 134 1930 167
1926 145 1931 184
1927 138 1932 191
1928 154 1933 ; . . . . 198
1929 165 1934 217
(i) On holdings exceeding one acre in extent.
17. — CANADA.
The total production of milk and the output of butter and cheese in farms and factories
are estimated annually. Per capita consumption of fresh milk cannot be ascertained exactly-
owing to the absence of details of the utilization of milk.
The production of meat is estimated officially on the basis of inspected and other
slaughterings. Consumption per head is also given in the annual statistics.
Annual estimates of total egg and poultry production are available, together with estimates
of the per head consumption of these commodities.
It is impossible to estimate the total production of vegetables. According to the census
returns, the area of vegetables grown for sale on farms increased from 33,000 acres in 1920
to 104,000 acres in 1930. This acreage, however, takes no account of the area of vegetables
grown for home use on farms, the output of which exceeds that grown for sale. It also excludes
vegetables grown elsewhere than on farms. The two figures quoted, however, are interesting
as an indication of the expansion in the commercial production of vegetables and, more parti-
ctdarly, of the growth in the vegetable canning industry as the increase is most marked in such
crops as tomatoes, sweet com, beans, peas and asparagus.
Table I. — Prodttction and consumption of milk and dairy products.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production:
Milk (million gallons) . 1,440 1,460 1,480 1,450 1,430 1,510 1,580 1,590 1,600 1,630
Butter (thousand tons). 120.3 121.5 121. 4 115.2 115.5 126.5 147.0 143.3 145-4 153-9
Cheese (thousand tons). 79.3 76.9 61.8 64.7 53.2 53.5 51.3 54.3 50.0 44.8
Consumption per head:
Butter (lb.) 27.4 28.0 28.4 28.5 29.3 30.6 30.8 30.5 30.2 31.1
Cheese (Ib.l 3.1 4.0 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.6
— 88
Table II. — Production and
consumption of
meat.
1923
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Production (ooo tons)
Beef and veal ....
Mutton and lamb . . .
Kgmeat
309
21-5
363
306
24.9
357
316
25-9
378
309
273
373
310
29.0
364
302
29.7
333
269
32.4
391
265
325
421
272
30.2
389
339
305
374
Consumption per head (lb.):
Beef and veal ....
Mutton and lamb . . .
Pigmeat
70.2
72.5
69.6
6.0
74-7
67.6
6.0
80.4
65.8
6.3
81.0
66.6
6.9
79.6
65.8
6.9
72.9
57-8
7-1
83.2
56.0
7.0
85.6
56.1
6.3
74.6
68.7
6.3
66.4
Total meat . . .
148
150
154
153
153
146
148
149
137
141
Table III. —
Production and
consumption
of poultry and
eggs.
Production:
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Poultry (ooo long tons)
Bggs (millions) ....
43-2
2,476
43-6
2,598
43-2
2,758
45-7
2,913
50.5
2,967
50.7
3,006
50.6
3,092
51.0
3,000
48.8
2,913
49.1
2,925
Consumption per head:
Poultry (lb.)
Eggs (No.)
9.5
268
9.6
278
9.6
291
9-9
299
10.8
296
II.O
299
10.8
297
10.7
285
10. 1
271
9-9
268
18. — UNITED STATES.
Production. — Comprehensive national statistics of the production of milk, meat and eggs
are available and complete series are given in the Tables of this section and in Appen-
dix I. The factory output of butter, cheese and other dairy products is computed regu-
larly while the Census returns and the estimates of the quantity of milk retained on farms
provide a means of arriving at farm production of butter and cheese. Dressed poultry pro-
duction is not known but the numbers of chickens raised and the number on farms at the date
of the annual enumeration give some indications of the trends in this branch of agriculture.
The total output of vegetables and fruit is not known, the available statistics relating in
most cases only to the commercially grown portion of the crops. The area under commercial
truck crops grown for consumption in all farms has increased, according to the Census returns,
from 1,424,000 acres in 1919 to 2,812,000 acres in 1929. No recent estimate of the remaining
output of farms and of the production of private gardens is available and it is doubtful whe-
ther the quantity sold would represent half the total.
The statistics of fruit production usually cover only the production of the principal pro-
ducing States and thus exclude a considerable proportion of the total supplies. The recorded
production of the main kinds of fruit for the years 1925-1934 gives the following totals:
(000 tons).
1925 6,850 1930 8,420
1926 9,360 1931 9,620
1927 5,990 1932 7,620
1928 8,850 1933 7,530
1929 6,580 1934 7,790
-89-
Consumption. — Complete figures showing the per head consumption of all foodstuffs,
including fruit and vegetables, have been calculated by the Department of Agriculture and
are reproduced in the Tables.
Table I. — Production and consumption of milk and dairy products.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production :
Milk (million gallons) 9,260 9,600 9,820 9,940 10,190 10,260 10,480 10,470 10,510 10,180
Butter (thousand tons) 900.6 950.0 927.0 921.4 964.0 944.7 980.7 1,009.1 1032.2 990.5
Cheese (thousand tons) 221.6 212.2 201.7 214.8 217.5 223.4 219.8 216. i 242.7 258.5
Consumption per head:
Milk, including butter
and cheese in terms
of milk (gallons) . 79 82 81 81 81 82 83 82 80 78
Milk and cream (gall-
ons) (a) 35 36 37 38 39 39 40 39 38 37
Butter (lb.) .... 17.9 18.2 17.8 17.2 17.1 17.1 17.8 18.0 17.8 17.4
Cheese (lb.) .... 4.7 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.2 4.1
(a) Including condensed and evaporated milk.
Table II. — Production and consumption of meat.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production (000 long
tons) :
Beef and veal. . . . 3,637 3,758 3,434 3,079 3,072 3,084 3,121 3,011 3,398 3,788
Mutton and lamb . . 267 287 288 300 312 366 392 392 391 3S5
Pork (incl. lard) . . . 4,678 4,690 4,861 5,349 5,277 4,979 5,041 5,198 6,799 5,888
Annual per capita con-
sumption (lb.):
Beef and veal .... 56.0 56.2 53.2 50.3 50.6 49.1 49.1 47.8 52.2 60.0
Mutton and lamb . . 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 6.4 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.8
Pigmeat (incl. lard). . 76.5 73.9 79.5 82.6 79.6 76.3 78.6 81.2 81.2 73.0
Total meat . . . 138 136 138 138 136 132 135 136 140 140
Table III. — Production and consumption of eggs and poultry.
1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Production of eggs (mil-
lions) 27,910 30,148 31,761 32,523 32,276 33,529 34,442 32,308 31,828 31,006
Consumption per head-
(No.) 181 197 201 203 204 202 211 199 188 184
Fowls.
(millions).
Nuraberonfarms(i Jan.) 418 425 451 467 446 470 460 451 462 455
Number raised 608 644 672 627 673 653 629 656 664 592
Per head consumption of poultry.
Per head consumption
of poultry, lb.) . . — — 14.5 14.0 13.6 14.1 13.2 13.3 13.7 13.0
— 90 —
Table IV. — Consumption of fruit and vegetables.
(lb. per head).
1927 1928 1929 1930 I93| 1932 1933 1934
Fruit:
Fresh and canned in terms of fresh . . — i6i.i 197.0 167.0 180.6 191. 2 158.2 162.5
Dried 6.1 6.2 6.3 5.5 6.4 5.3 5.9 5.2
Vegetables (a), fresh and canned in
terms of fresh. 148.3 151. 6 145. i 163.0 158.7 139.9 145.5 i39-9
(a) In towns.
Milk and Dairy Products.
19. — AUSTRALIA.
The numbers of dairy cows (including dairy heifers within three months of calving) and
the number actually in milk, at the 31st December in each year since 1925-26, are available.
The quantity of milk produced and the quantity used for various purposes (butter, cheese,
condensing and " other purposes ") are also known. Production figures of butter, cheese and
condensed and dried milk are available; they are as given in Table I.
From these figures, assuming that the whole of the milk used for other purposes is for
consumption as milk or cream, and allowing for exports of dairy products, it should be possi-
ble to calculate consumption per head with a fair degree of accuracy. No allowance is made
in the figures in Table II for changes in stocks from one year's end to another, and this pro-
bably accounts for the fluctuations in the figures from year to year.
Meat.
Although slaughtering figures are available, it was not until 1929-30 that an annual esti-
mate of meat production was begun. Three-year averages were published, however, and start-
ing with the assumption that in the period 1926-28 (when there was little variation in the
numbers of animals slaughtered) the output of meat moved proportionately to slaughterings
of cattle and sheep, an approximate annual estimate can be calculated of the meat output.
Similarly, calculations can be made of pork supplies from the slaughterings of pigs, after calcula-
ting the numbers slaughtered for bacon production. The figures for recent years suggest an
average weight of 81 lb. per pig. The estimated production is as shown in Table III.
The decrease in average carcass weight of cattle and calves from over 500 lb. per head
in 1926-27 and 1928-29 to 420 lb. in 1931-32 is due to the inclusion of a larger proportion
of calves, and to the breeding of lighter weight animals for the market.
Consumption per head figures, calculated on the basis of the figures of production in
Table III together with exports, are also given in that Table.
Eggs.
The number of fowls in 1933-34 was 15.2 million as against 10.8 million in 1913. It is
almost impossible to estimate annual egg production. The Australian Statistical Office makes
an annual valuation of the poultry and egg production, but publishes no estimates of quan-
titative production of either eggs or poultry.
- 91
Fruit.
OfiBcial figures are available of production of fruit and of exports of fresh friiits, and
the quantities used in factories for preserving in various ways, and on farms for drying are
also known. The balance should give an approximate indication of the quantities of fruit
consumed at home, including home preserving (See Table IV).
The output in factories of dried fruit, preserved fruit, jams, jellies and pulp is published
annually and figures are available also of farm production of raisins and currants and other
dried fruits. On the assumption that the pulp production in factories is wholly used for
making jams and jellies (there is a small but insignificant export trade), consumption of these
products can also be determined. The consumption per head figures have been calculated
on this basis, together with external trade figures. The results, it should be emphasized, are
not accurate from year to year, owing especially to the carry-over from one year to another of
stocks, particularly of such things as canned fruit and raisins, which are largely exported.
(See Table V).
Vegetables.
Figures of commercial acreage and production are incomplete but Table VI shows for each
year the acreage returned as under potatoes, market gardens, and other food crops (the latter
including edible roots, but excluding peas and beans for drying).
Table I. — Production of milk and dairy produce.
\<)UI1'> 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34
Total number of cows
(dairy) (thousands) .(0)2,565(0)2,562 2,435 2,423 2,467 2,465 2,631 2,881 3,101 3,266
Number in milk (000) . . 1,758 1,758 1,649 1,676 1,745 i'??^ 1.957 2,189 2,316 2,481
Total milk production
(million gallons) . . . 862 773 747 802 821 829 931 1,038 1,081 1,145
Total butter production
(thousand tons) . . . 140.2 122.0 112.7 125,0 129.4 i33-7 174-4 187.4 201.3 210.1
Total cheese production
(thousand tons) . . . 14.0 12.9 11. 9 14. i 13.5 13.5 14.8 14.0 16.5 17.2
Condensed milk (thous-
and tons) 21.4 21.6 20.8 (6) 23.8 (fc) 23.8 (6) 21.2 (b) 19.0 (6) 17.1 (6) 17.7 18.5
Dried milk (thousand
tons) 6.2 4.4 5.6 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.1 5.5 5.5
(0) Includes an estimate for dour-calving heifers, not included until 1926-27. — (6) Including estimates for the relatively
small production of States other than Victoria.
Table II. — ■ Consumption per head of milk and dairy produce,.
1924/25 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34
Milk (gallons) 22.0 22.7 21.9 22.5 22.4 22.2 21.4 22.0 22.1 22.6
Butter (lb) 28.7 29.8 29.9 30.1 29.6 29.8 28.9 29.0 29.3 31.0
Cheese (lb) 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 3.5 4.3 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.4
Condensed and dried milk
(lb) 4.7 5.4 6.8 7.2 6.3 7.2 6.7 5.4 4.7 5.x
92
Tabi^ III. — Production and consumption of meat.
1924/25 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34
Prodiution (thousand
tons) :
Beef and veal .... 592 507
Mutton and lamb . . 166 216
Pork 15 16
Bacon 31 33
Consumption (lb. per
head) :
Beef and veal .... 172.0 150.0
Mutton and lamb . . 56.0 65.0
Pork 5.9 6.0
Bacon 11. 6 12.0
Total . . . 245.5 233.0
512
213
20
33
166.0
62.0
7-4
11.8
514
225
16
33
1550
730
6.1
11.8
453
260
17
33
121. o
75-0
6.4
11.6
372
270
17
31
104.9
78.6
6.0
10.7
344
280
23
32
94-5
76.5
6.4
10.6
345
305
23
32
92.5
79-9
6.7
10.7
387 406
346 327
28 27
30 32
107.0
91.7
8.5
lO.I
II. 01
843
8.2
10.5
247.2 245.9 214.0 200.2 188.0 189.8 217.3 213. 1
Table IV. — Fruit production.
1924/25 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34
Fruit Production all
kinds (a) 368
Exported (net) 44
Used in factories or for
farm drying 81
Balance 243
Balance per head (lb.) . . 92
(a) Except wine and raisin grapes.
402
65
78
259
96
(Thousand tons).
327
32
91
204
74
467
81
108
278
99
375
34
86
255
89
441
84
116
241
83
408
73
80
255
88
427
95
81
251
84
491
121
114
256
87
488
104
95
289
96
Table V. — Approximate consumption per head of preserves.
1924/25 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 19333/4
Dried fruit (lb.) .... 4 7 13 6 13 12 i 8 13 4
Canned fruit (lb.) .... 7 6 7 10 7 8 2 3 9 2
Jam (lb.) II II 14 13 12 12 10 12 12 II
Table VI. — Area under market gardens, potatoes and other food crops.
m4/25 1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34
Market gardens .... 30 32 32 32 32 35 35 32 32 32
Potatoes 140 136 140 163 140 124 141 146 148 141
Other food crops ... 40 35 40 49 42 47 49 57 54 64
Milk.
20. — NEW ZEAI.AND.
Although no annual figures are published for milk production in New Zealand, the num-
ber of dairy cows, and the average yield of butter fat are available, and from these it is possi-
ble (by comparison with other countries) to calculate milk production, assuming a uniform
fat content of 4.3 per cent as ascertained for the five years 1929-30 to 1933-34, as shown
in Table I.
— 93 —
No estimates of anntial consumption can be made owing to the predominance of the manu-
facturing industry, since a sUght error in conversion rates, or a slight error in the quantity
fed to stock would result in a large error in estimates of consumption as liquid milk. The New
Zealand Government estimates consumption at about five-eighths of a pint per head per day, or
28 gallons per annmn. A calculation of the estimated milk production used for conversion
(based on butter fat delivered to creameries and production of butter) suggests that the balance
left for consumption as liquid milk and cream has not changed materially in the past ten years.
Butter and Cheese.
Production of butter and cheese in New Zealand is almost entirely dairy and factory
production. Farm production of butter, of which figures are available up to 1929-30 amounted
to only about three per cent of factory production. Deducting export figures from production
gives approximate quantities retained for consiimption, but variations in stocks from one year
to another invalidate the comparison except over fairly long periods.
The figures shown in Table II are only rough, but they suggest an increase in home consump-
tion. It should be pointed out that the New Zealand Government has estimated consump-
tion of butter and cheese during the three years ending 1934 at 40 lb. and 5 lb. per head,
respectively. The figures cannot be reconciled with those shown in the above mentioned Ta-
ble for the two periods of five years owing to the absence of figures of stocks which the
New Zealand Statistical Office took into account in their calcvilations.
Meat.
Figures of meat production (assuming an average carcass weight of 600 lb. (i) for cattle,
60 lbs for sheep, 39 lbs for lambs and for 40,000 calves at 120 lb. and the remainder at 14 lb.)
are as shown in Table III. From these figures, after making allowance for changes in stocks,
it is possible to calculate consumption figures as shown for each year.
Eggs.
The most recent poultry census taken in New Zealand was in 1926 when there were
3,308,000 fowls, a rather smaller figure than in 1921. The total is comprehensive, as it is
stated that about 43 per cent of the poultry owners were in cities and boroughs. It is
hardly possible to attempt to estimate egg production and impossible to determine whether
production and constunption have increased or otherwise since 1926. There is a small ex-
port trade, but it seldom reaches as much as two million eggs in any year. Probably not much
more than one half the fowls recorded were laying hens, and poultry keeping as a sidehne does
not as a rule produce heavy laying strains. The total egg yield may be guessed at some-
where about 150 to 200 milhon eggs per annum (the latter would seem to be a maximum fi-
gure) and on this basis consumption would be about 100 to 130 eggs per head annually.
Fruit.
There are no figures published of fruit production, but exports probably provide a fair indi-
cation of the yield of apples and pears. The area under fruit trees is stable at round about
25,000 acres, while exports, and probably home consumption vary more with the yield than
from any other cause.
(i) The New Zealand Govermnent has recenUy revised the dressed carcass weights of catUe adopted in estimating the
meat supply.
— 94 —
The 1936 Year Book of Statistics makes estimates of average production of fniit (other
than in home gardens) and of the consumption of fresh and dried fruit. The figures relate to
the period 1932-34.
Fruit Fruit
production Consumption
tons lb. per head
Apples 43.200 27
Pears 5.700 6
Citrus fruits i.coo 12
Bananas — 17
Dried fruits — 12
Vegetables.
Little information is available, but figures are published showing the production of potatoes
and onions, the area tinder market gardens and the area of « private gardens and grounds and
home residences ". These are given in Table IV.
Allowing for seed potatoes and waste, consumption may be put at about 149 lb. of potatoes
per head annually, and about 14 lb. of onions. It is impossible to do more than guess at
production in market gardens, as individual crops may vary between two and ten or twelve tons
to the acre. At an average of 4 tons, the total yield would be about 25,000 tons annually
or between 30 and 40 lb. per head: but it is probable that the areas devoted to vegetables in
private gardens would add considerably to this quantity.
Table. I. — Number of dairy cows and estimated milk production.
1925/6 1926/7 1927/8 1928/9 1929/30 1930/1 1931/2 1932/3 1933/4 1934/5
1.932 1,952
980 945
Number of dairy cows,
(tliousands) 1,304 1,303 1,352 1,371 1.441 1,602 1,702 1,846
Estimated milk produc-
tion (million gallons) . 555 595 605 650 720 740 780 905
Table II. — Butter and cheese production and exports and estimated consumption per head.
1925/6 1926/7 1927/8 1928/9 1929/30 1930/1 1931/2 1932/3 1933/4 1934/5
Production (000 cwts):
Butter 1,545 1.737 1.809 1.988 2,287 2,342 2,479 2,975 3,238 3,157
Cheese 1,520 1,564 1,550 1,782 1,782 1,858 1,782 2,071 2,136 1,914
Exports {000 cwts):
Butter 1,091 1,361 1,468 1,567 1,818 1, 808 1,969 2,430 2,826 2,576
Cheese 1,400 1,488 1,530 1,661 1,676 1,790 1,623 i.9i9 1.992 1.859
Balance {000 cwts):
Butter 454 376 341 421 469 534 510 545 412 581
Cheese 120 76 24 121 106 68 159 152 144 55
Consumption per head
in lb. (average) . . .
Butter
Cheese
32-7
5-2
Butter .
Cheese .
37-7
8.5
— 95
Tabi,e III. — Production and consumption of meat.
1925/26
Production (thousand
tons):
Beef 125.6
Veal 2.4
Mutton 95 6
Lamb 90.6
Pork 21.8
Balance for home con-
sumption (thousand
tons):
Beef 89.1
Veal 1.4
Mutton 40.5
Lamb 7.6
Pork, bacon and fat 17.0
Bacon and lard . . . 10.6
Pork 6.4
Consumption per head
in lb.:
Beef and veal .... 145
Mutton and lamb . . . 77.3
Pork 10.2
Bacon and lard . . . 16.9
Total . . . 249.4
1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34 1934/35
1 10.6
2.6
102. 1
96.5
23.8
88.9
47.8
8.0
174
II. 7
5-7
143
87.9
8.9
18.3
258.1
126.0
2.9
99.2
104. 1
26.7
94-3
I.I
39-7
2.8
18.6
9-5
91
137
66.0
14. 1
14-7
109.5
4-4
94.0
107.9
27.7
78.4
1-3
42.5
5-3
17.6
9.2
8.4
132
73-3
12.8
14.0
98.4
4-7
106.9
115.8
28.4
77.8
1.4
541
5-9
18.7
9.4
9-3
115
91. 1
14.0
14.1
89.7
5-4
114. 2
142.7
24.1
71.9
1.2
45-1
6.1
16.6
8.7
7-9
no
76.4
11.7
12.9
88.5
5-7
140.2
153-7
233
72.6
— 0.2)
77-4
20.1
18.0
8.0
10. o
107
T44.4
14-7
II. 8
108.5
5-7
116.7
171. 6
275
78.3
I.I
53-6
12.8
18.1
7-7
10.4
107
97-4
I5-I
11.3
130.8
7-9
95-2
153-7
36.0
88.1
1.2
41.4
1-7
17.0
7-7
9-3
129
62.6
13-4
II. I
134-6
6.7
105.6
170.0
42.0
89.6
31
49.7
6.1
19.4
7-7
11.7
133
84.6
16.8
231.8 232,1 234.2 211. o 277.9 230.8 216.1 245.5
Table IV. — Production of and area under vegetables.
1925/26 1926/27 1927/28 1928/29 1929/30 1930/31 1931/32 1932/33 1933/34 1934/35
Production (thousand •
tons):
Onions 4.5 7.1 6.1 10.7 10.3 5.8 7.1 9.2 9.5 5.6
Potatoes 143.8 116. 8 121. 4 123.6 130.1 151. 5 116. 7 129. i 131. o 109. i
Area under;
Market gardens in thou-
sand acres .... 4.6 5.1 5.7 5.9 5.9 6.7 7.6 6.9 6.6 7.3
Private gardens, etc., in
thousand acres . . 64.9 64.8 68.6 73.3 74.4 70.2 76.2 77.9 79.2 81.7
21. — CONSUMPTION IN CERTAIN TOWNS.
Milk.
Amsterdam. Milk entries in 1935 were 23,431,000 gallons. Population was 781,650. Aver-
age per capita consumption was thus 30 gallons.
Budapest. Arrivals of milk within the town are subject to licence and other regulations
in accordance with ministerial orders. It is probable, therefore, that the statistics are compre-
hensive.
-96-
On the basis of the quantities of milk marketed, per capita consumption appears to have
been as follows, in gallons:
1926 23.3 1931 26.2
1927 26.2 1932 23.3
1928 28.2 1933 19.4
1929 29.7 1934 18.5
1930 28.2
Paris. Entries by railway only in the three years 1931-1934 varied around 66 million
gallons for a population of about 2,900,000. Per head consumption of milk, excluding arrivals
by means other than rail, was thus about 23 gallons.
Prague. Total milk arrivals between 15 March and 15 December 1935 were 21,220,500
gallons The total for the whole of 1935 may thus be placed at about 28,290,000 gallons. With
a population of 921,000, per head consumption works out at 31 gallons.
Rome. Reasonably complete figures indicating the arrivals of milk are available only for
two recent years, 1932 and 1934. Arrivals in these years were 10,292,000 gallons and 11,509,000
gallons respectively. The population at the mid-point of these two years was 1,031,400 and
1,114,700. Per head consumption thus appears to have been about 10 gallons per head.
Stuttgart. Milk consignments averaged 8,755,000 gallons during the five years 1926-30
and 10,009,000 gallons in the years 1931-35. The average number of inhabitants was 358,000.
and 404,000 respectively. Consumption per head for both periods was thus about 24-25
gallons.
Vienna. Milk entries, supplying a popvdation of 1,863,300, averaged 66,103,000 gallons
in the two years 1929-30, giving an average consumption of about 35 gallons. During the
quinquennium 1931-1934, the average was 60,053,000 gallons for a population of 1,861,000,
showing a per head consumption of 32 gallons.
Zagreb. Average milk arrivals in Zagreb in the two years 1929 and 1930 were 3,526,000
gallons while the population was 175,660. In the two years 1931 and 1932 arrivals amounted
to. 2,834,000 gallons and population was 191,360. In 1933 and 1934 they were respectively
4,202,000 gallons and 206,580 inhabitants. Consumption per head was thus 20,15 and 20
gallons respectively. Fodder crops were low in 1931 and 1932.
These figures do not include the quantities (which are smaller) brought to the town from
neighbouring villages by farmers and peasants.
Fresh Vegetables.
Budapest. The quantity of fresh vegetables (onions, other market garden crops, cabbage,
piunpkins, green beans, peas and other green vegetables) arriving by rail or water but not
those entering in other ways (and such quantities may be considerable in the case of certain
kinds of vegetables) reached an average of 41,140 tons during the years 1926 to 1929 and
44,712 during the period 1930 to 1934. These figures are equivalent to about 88 lb. per head.
Paris. Vegetable supphes passing through the Halles Centrales, i. e. quantities received
by appointed consignees and therefore excluding free trade, averaged 53,687 tons in the
years 1925-29 and 78,518 in 1930-34. These figures give an average per head consumption of
42 lb. for 1925-29 and 62 lb. for 1930-34. The figures are obviously incomplete but they
appear to indicate a marked growth in consumption.
— 97 —
Prague. Average arrivals of vegetables during the periods 1925-1929 and 1930-1934
were 62,660 and 76,664 tons respectively. The information supplied does not indicate
what vegetables are included or whether dried vegetables are also included. On the basis
of these figures and the average population, per capita consumption seems to have increased
from 181 to 198 lb.
Rome. The average quantities of vegetables entering the town were 65,063 tons in the
years 1926 to 1929 and 81,433 tons in the years 1930 to 1934. Average population in these
two periods was 848,547 and 1,032,682. The average annual consumption per head thus appears
to have been 172 lb. in 1926-29 and 176 lb. in 1930-34.
Vienna. Vegetables placed on the wholesale market were 119,970 tons, on an average,
in the years 1925-1929 and 131,250 in 1930-34. Consumption per head, on the basis of
the average population, was 143 lb. and 159 lb. respectively.
Zagreb. The average supplies of cauliflower and other vegetables (excluding potatoes)
in 1929-1931 and 1932-34 were 3,711 and 4,485 tons respectively. These figures do not
include those of the quantities brought to the town by farmers and peasants from neigh-
bouring villages. Average per head consumption during the two periods, on the basis of
these partial figures, was 46 and 49 lb. respectively.
Fruit.
Budapest. The quantities of fresh fruits entering by rail or river averaged 34,125 tons
in the period 1926-29 and 32,403 in the years 1930-34. These do not include fruit arriving
by other means which, for certain kinds, is considerable in amount. On the basis of the figures
given consumption per head was 73 and 68 lb. respectively.
Paris. The quantities of fruit arriving in the Halles Centrales, i. e. only those handled by
appointed consignees and excluding those sold on the open market, were, on the average,
34,021 tons during the years 1925 to 1929 and 50,183 in the years 1930 to 1934. Per capita
consumption was respectively about 26 and 40 lb. These are, of course, incomplete figures but
they are useful because they seem to suggest an appreciable increase in consumption.
Prague. Average arrivals of fresh fruit were 29,911 tons in the years 1925-29 and
43,315 in 1930-34. Average consumption has thus increased from 86 to 112 lb.
Rome. Average annual arrivals of fruit in the years 1926 to 1929 were 37,673 tons
while the average i^opulation was 848,547. Corresponding figures for 1930-34 were 66,633 tons
and 1,032,682 inhabitants. Average per head consumption has thus increased from about
100 lb. in the first period to 146 lb. in 1930-34.
Vienna. The average quantity of fresh fruit placed on the wholesale market during the
two periods 1925-29 and 1930-34 was 66,630 and 73,320 tons respectively. This is equivalent
to an average consumption of 79 lb. and 88 lb. respectively.
Zagreb. The average supplies of fresh grapes, fresh figs and other fresh fruits entering the
town, excluding the less considerable amounts brought in by farmers and peasants from neigh-
bouring villages, were 2,610 tons during the years 1929-31 and 3,250 in 1932-34. These figures
are equivalent to 33 and 35 lb. per head respectively.
-98
APPENDIX IV. - INDEX NUMBERS OF WHOLESALE PRICES
1928 = 100
PRODUCTS
Wheat, home-grown . .
Sugar
Milk, fresh
Beef
Veal
Pork
General Wholesale Prices.
1925
Tabi;e I. - Austria.
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
lOO.O
84.1
70.6
64.1
84.8
88.4
90.1
lOO.O
lOO.O
"4-5
135-7
142.4
147-7
147-9
100. 0
lOO.O
lOO.O
92.0
90.4
83.6
83.6
lOO.O
125.8
122.2
II3-I
117.9
107.9
104.0
lOO.O
1 16.6
103.5
75-5
79-3
70.1
76.1
lOO.O
119-4
105-3
80.3
83-9
78.2
64.7
lOO.O
lOO.O
90.0
83.8
86.2
83.1
84.6
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 69.3
Butter 63.0
Steers 76.2
Cows 73.8
Calves 53.4
Sheep 77.6
Pigs 84.8
Eggs 71. 1
General Wholesale Prices 66.3
TabivE II. - Belgium.
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
I03-3
113-2
100. 0
95-3
75-7
50.1
44-9
42.0
36-8
71.9
92.8
100. 0
106.3
89.8
74.0
65-2
66.1
63.3
87-9
107.3
100. 0
108.3
113.8
102.5
86.8
66.3
—
83-2
103.9
lOO.O
96.4
IIO.I
89.2
80.7
67.4
81.0
70.6
97-3
lOO.O
97-8
118.4
104.0
105.0
98.2
—
88.8
I03-4
lOO.O
106.9
106.9
88.3
60.3
67.2
—
97-7
105-3
lOO.O
131-9
128.4
83-3
73-1
62.0
—
87.1
100.4
100. 0
107. 1
93-5
75-0
57-7
52.7
47.8
88.3
100.5
1 00.0
100.9
88.3
74-3
63.1
59-4
56.1
PRODUCTS
Wheat
Butter
Cheese.
Beef
Pork
Eggs
Apples
Plums (dried)
Onions
General Wholesale Prices.
1925
Table III. - Bulgaria.
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
103-4
106.3
lOO.O
97-1
63-9
44-4
48.7
34-1
54-3
106.6
"5-4
100. 0
123.9
99-4
78.5
74-1
64.6
58-3
107-5
99-8
lOO.O
106.8
82.2
65.6
65.0
56.6
57-0
104.2
93-6
lOO.O
III.9
95-4
76.8
68.8
55-8
43-3
96.0
86.1
lOO.O
114.6
93-5
63.2
50-9
50-9
49-4
93-6
98.4
100. 0
119. 2
80.8
69.2
55-7
51-7
47-6
73-3
67.9
100. 0
93-7
127.0
108.9
96.7
90-9
76-3
96.4
98.4
100. 0
133-7
158.1
113-3
115.6
66.3
80.0
25-3
69.6
1 00.0
36-9
13-9
27.6
39-3
19.2
33-1
91. 1
93-3
1 00.0
106.6
86.2
72.0
64.0
56.3
57-9
— 99 —
Table IV. - Czechoslovakia.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929
Wheat 105.4 100-3 110.6 100.0 82.9
Sugar (refined) 84.3 86.8 98.4 loo.o 102.9
Butter, Creamery . . . 102.6 96.3 100.3 loo.o 102.4
Beef (ist quality) . . . 123.2 in.6 112. 2 100.0 112. 7
Veal 113. 2 95.5 103.6 100. o 114. 1
Mutton 99.6 89.7 92.3 100.0 107.0
Pork 98.8 104.7 112.4 100. o 112. 7
Eggs 98.0 96.8 93.8 100. o 112.0
General Wholesale Prices 102.9 97-4 99-9 100. o 94.2
1930
74-3
102.9
82.2
107.7
106.8
99-7
104.1
90.4
1931
695
102.9
79.6
90.4
83.8
89.2
74.4
82.7
1932
70.2
102.9
78.4
84.9
73-5
79.0
81.3
78.3
85.7 76.0 70.2
1933
70.7
102.9
64.2
75-3
67.1
84.0
76.0
74.0
68.0
1934
750
102.9
63.6
71-5
59-3
73-5
60.0
63.0
69.8
Table V. — Denmark.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Wheat 162.2 116.3 109.2 100. o 89.1 75.4 57.8 62.4 64.2 65.8
Rye 135.6 90.9 108.1 100.0 85.7 61.0 49.1 57.1 — —
Sugar 107.5 105.0 112.5 100.0 85.0 75.0 67.5 75.0 82.5 —
Milk 142.7 97.5 97.5 100.0 96.2 78.5 68.5 59.9 59.3 59.2
Cheese 151. 2 97.6 102.4 100.0 96.4 81.0 75.0 69.0 69.0 69.0
Butter 142.4 97.8 95.9 loo.o 96.2 78.0 66.6 56.7 54.5 51.3
Beef 166.3 113.0 113. o loo.o 108.7 107.6 75.0 44.6 46.7 63.0
Pork 164.2 129.9 97-8 100.0 116.1 ,94.2 61.3 55.5 (*) 43.8 (*) 54.0
Eggs (for export) . . . 150.3 106.3 101.9 loo.o 101.9 83.0 67.9 64.2 66.7 64.8
General Wholesale Prices. 137.3 106.5 loo.o loo.o 98.0 85.0 74.5 76.5 81.7 86.3
(*) Quantity produced over the quota; for the quantity in the quota: 1930, 89.1, 1934, 113. 9.
Table VI. - Finland.
PRODUCTS
Cereals . . . , .
Milk products . .
Meats
1925
General Wholesale Prices. —
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
84.0
86.6
lOO.O
82.4
639
64.7
75-6
73-9
68.9
90.9
94-5
100.0
93-6
76.4
69.1
69.1
68.2
68.2
96.2
91.3
100.0
990
84.6
61.5
58.7
61.5
68.3
98.0
990
lOO.O
96.1
88.2
82.4
88.2
87-3
88.2
Table VII. - France.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 82.4
Sugar 78.9
Milk —
Butter 68.6
Cheese 79.4
Beef 101.2
Veal 89.1
Mutton 79.9
Pork 83.2
Eggs —
General Wholesale Prices. —
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
116.7
100.7
100.0
930
92.5
106.7
91.7
693
72.2
IIO.I
94-7
100. 0
89.5
82.7
79-9
82.1
83.1
80.6
83.6
990
100.0
109.3
105.6
100.6
93-2
89.8
85-5
86.0
88.2
100.0
101.9
80.9
76.6
78.9
74.2
654
92.7
89.2
lOO.O
94-3
88.9
82.2
82.9
72.6
64.7
111.5
109.4
lOO.O
117.4
136.0
124.8
95-6
833
74.8
101.8
96.1
100.0
114.9
118.9
105.7
853
83.1
71.8
90.2
94-7
100. 0
112. 7
118.0
111. I
95-6
94.2
94.0
113.1
106.0
lOO.O
117.4
109.5
85.7
91.4
86.6
58.9
97-5
98.1
lOO.O
106.6
94-4
87.2
84.0
74-8
63-4
107.8
99.5
'OO.O
97.2
85-9
77.8
66.2
61.7
58.3
— 100 —
Table VIII. - Germany.
PRODUCTS
Wheat
Wheat flour (Berlin) . .
Rye
Rye flour (Berlin) . . .
Sugar white (Magdeburg)
Butter (Berlin) ....
Beef (»)....
Pork ( » ) . . . .
Eggs ( » ) . . . .
General Wholesale Prices
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
I93I
1932
1933
1934
92.2
II4.9
112.8
100. 0
97-3
108.3
105.8
95-9
79-2
81.8
I08.I
II9.4
114. 6
lOO.O
94-8
107.6
106.6
96.9
80.7
88.5
83.6
81.2
103.4
lOO.O
82.7
66.1
77.8
76.2
63-7
66.9
88.9
86.0
105.6
lOO.O
82.7
74-7
82.8
76.5
65-3
69.7
92.2
88.3
107.7
100. 0
98.8
99-8
102.0
102.2
102.7
102.6
103-7
94-9
96.5
lOO.O
95-7
77-7
69.7
62.1
60.6
70.0
98.0
97-5
104-5
lOO.O
101.4
102.6
82.1
65-1
62.2
63.5
114. 2
II4-3
96.6
lOO.O
120.2
101.2
76-3
673
69.1
73-5
III.O
106.7
101.3
100. 0
III. I
91.8
75-0
63-1
70.8
70.6
IOI.3
96.0
98.3
100. 0
98.0
89.0
79-2
68.9
66.6
77-3
Table IX. - Italy.
PRODUCTS
Wheat
Sugar
Milk
Butter
Cheese
Steers
Cows
Calves
Sheep
Pigs
Eggs
Fresh fruit
Dried fruit
Citrus fruits
Onions
General Wholesale Prices.
1925
1926
1927
1928
100. o
lOO.O
100. o
100. o
lOO.O
1 00.0
lOO.O
lOO.O
lOO.O
100. o
100. o
lOO.O
lOO.O
100. o
100. o
lOO.O
1929
97-9
99-9
97-0
97-9
94-7
109.0
no. 6
116. o
"3-7
97-3
104.4
65-7
89.2
86.9
80.5
95-4
1930
95-0
98.9
87.7
83-0
.82.1
104.7
III. 7
117. 1
110.5
78.8
85-3
74-1
73-4
58-4
53-0
1931
79.7
97-3
74-7
70.2
75-6
76.2
80.3
78.8
89-9
50.7
74-5
75-7
69.1
53-1
83-5
1932
84.2
97-0
72.2
61.8
72.7
62.7
62.8
60.3
78-3
55-9
65-2
54-3
61.3
63-8
92.5
1933
71.4
97-0
67-7
51-7
66.4
53-9
54-8
60.1
74-7
66.6
68.1
46.2
49.2
32.9
44-2
85-4 74-5 69.6 63.4
1934
66.8
97-0
62.8
55-1
50.1
58-4
59.9
63-5
83.8
57-4
60.3
49.0
46.8
40-5
65.2
62.0
Table X. - Netherlands.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Wheat 122. 1
Rye 105.2
Sugar 106.7
Milk 1 17.2
Butter iio.o
Cheese ii4-5
Beef 1 17.6
Veal 1 14-9
Mutton 1335
Pork 126.6
Eggs 113-9
General Wholesale Prices. 103.6 97.0 98.8 loo.o 95.2 78.4 64.7 52.1 49.1 50.9
120.7
112. 1
100. 0
92.1
72.9
60.0
72.9
71.4
75-7
85.1
107. 1
100. 0
81.2
46.1
40-3
44-8
33.8
38.3
103.8
109.5
lOO.O
92.4
78.1
76.2
76.2
89-5
97-1
97-8
90.9
100. 0
99-5
88.7
71-5
50.0
39-2
40.9
93-3
96.7
100. 0
97-3
79-3
64.0
62.7
78.7
72-7
90.5
90.5
100. 0
95-0
81.0
64.8
48.0
41.9
39-1
103.9
98.0
100. 0
125.7
121. 8
108.9
49-7
39-7
45-8
103-3
98.3
lOO.O
105.0
101.7
81.0
57-0
51-2
51-2
97-8
102.8
100. 0
125-7
121.8
108.9
49-7
39-7
45-8
117. 2
95-3
100. 0
121. 1
95-3
60.2
46.1
62.5
60.9
103. 1
lOI.O
100. 0
102. 1
85.1
64.4
48-5
42.8
42.8
lOI
Tabi,e XI. - Norway.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 168.0
Rye 161. 3
Butter 154-9
Cheese (Dutch) .... 166.1
Cattle 200.0
Pigs 196-3
General Wholesale Prices. 161. i
(926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
126. 1 106.4 lOO.O
94-9
87-3
77-7
77-7
1933
77-7
1934
128.2
108.2
lOO.O
93-0
82.0
61.2
62.1
62.4
67.7
118. 5
104.8
100. 0
93-9
69-4
53-3
60.4
61-5
63-5
113.0
101.8
100. 0
92.0
80.2
68.1
66.4
64.0
70.8
104.8
103.2
100. 0
83.1
82.5
61.9
58-7
57-7
65.1
131.6
103.4
lOO.O
97-7
103-4
79-3
58.0
58.0
74-7
118. 5
85-2
lOO.O
94-4
74-7
59-9
63.0
59-3
54-9
79.0
Table XII. - Poland.
PRODUCTS
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
Wheat (Poznan) . . .
105. 1
93-7
106.3
100. 0
88.8
69.2
52-5
52.1
57-4
37-6
Rye ( » )
93-4
73-6
103.9
100. 0
68.2
46.0
56-7
49-6
39-9
37-7
Sugar ( » )
118. 1
87.2
95-2
1 00.0
104.9
108.5
108.5
105.2
95-5
93-6
Milk (Warsaw)
107.9
81.5
95-9
100. 0
96.2
80.3
66.9
53-7
42-9
37-6
Butter ( » )
II3-5
85.2
94-2
lOO.O
92.6
74.6
63-4
51-7
45-3
40.7
Cattle ( » )
—
—
—
100. 0
98.9
85-2
60.0
51-8
46.7
47-9
Beef ( » )
—
—
—
lOO.O
II3-7
89.9
65-4
46.8
44-9
50.4
Pigs ( » )
—
—
—
lOO.O
112. 7
92.7
60.8
51-2
51-5
37-3
Eggs ( » )
107. 1
88.6
97-1
lOO.O
113-5
81.8
67.1
55-0
47.8
40-5
General Wholesale
P
ti(
;es
105.0
88.0
99.0
lOO.O
96.0
86.0
75-0
66.0
59-0
56.0
Table XIII. - Sweden.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Wheat 118. 1 115. 7 112. 9 loo.o 89.0 87.1 90.4 82.3 81.7 80.2
Rye 104.5 87.3 102.5 loo.o 80.5 69-2 77.9 73.3 73.2 73.0
Milk io5.8 roo.4 95.6 100. o loo.o 96.2 95.5 92.4 92.4 95.5
Butter 1 10.3 94.4 — loo.o 95.6 75.9 65.7 59.7 65.4 75.5
Cows 126.7 II3-3 98-3 loo.o 96.7 96.7 80.0 61.7 58.3 76.7
Pork 129.3 119.2 89.9 roo.o 112. i 96.0 59.6 60.6 58.6 56.6
Eggs 114-5 105.9 98.7 loo.o 100.7 81.9 69.3 63.2 59.2 65.0
General Wholesale Prices. 109.0 100.0 98.2 loo.o 93.4 80.2 73.1 70.1 69.5 74.3
Table XIV. - Switzerland.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 105.1
Milk 110.6
Butter II 2.4
Cheese 109.6
Cows 130.2
Calves 1 10.5
Sheep 109.4
Pigs 104.6
Eggs 104.5
Apples (Table) 91.9
General Wholesale Prices 1 1 1 .0
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
97-9
97-2
86.9
75-9
66.2
1933
62.8
1934
100.6
100.5
100.0
100,2
99-2
93-5
88.1
85.6
83.5
96.9
90.7
100.0
99-0
92.2
88.5
81.7
76.8
76.8
99-8
98.0
100,0
101.4
96-7
93-1
85.5
84.1
83.5
97.8
80.7
100.0
100,4
91. 1
81.5
81.5
73.3
73-3
II3-9
101.2
lOO.O
100,1
112. 6
119.6
91. 1
69.8
64.3
105.3
99-8
100.0
101,4
109.5
102.1
81. 1
71.6
69.2
104.2
100.0
100.0
100,3
102.9
101.3
89.6
76.6
77-3
114.1
177.8
100.0
105,0
116.6
92.1
70.1
75.5
. 73.9
100.0
100.0
100,0
104,5
90.9
86.4
72-7
63.6
63.6
72.6
67-3
100.0
63,0
149.9
58.2
82.6
86.5
48.0
62.1
102
Table XV. - United Kingdom.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 121. 4
Sugar 115. 7
Butter III. 2
Cheese 99.8
Beef 108.0
Mutton II3-3
Bacon (Danish) 124.5
Eggs ( » ) . . . . 114.7
General Wholesale Prices. 1 1 3 . 4
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
105.6 100.9 100. o
97-3
85.2
74-3
1933
72.4 71.9
1934
123.6
114. 0
100. 0
98.6
79.4
57-2
58.7
52.9
48.2
III. 5
"5-3
100. 0
88.3
82.0
78.8
77.8
76.5
73.8
95-7
93-7
100. 0
96.4
79.6
69.2
63.8
56.
52.9
930
88.6
100. 0
IOI.6
82.0
72.8
77-9
70.3
67.8
101.9
96.7
100. 0
91.8
93-6
88.9
82.8
75-4
74.1
99-1
92.3
100. 0
96.3
100.2
86.8
653
74.6
82.5
1253
96.3
100. 0
116. 3
97-6
66.0
62.6
78.3
93-4
103.1
99-6
lOO.O
1043
82.6
69.9
68.5
643
60.5
74-3
Table XVI. - Canada.
PRODUCTS
Wheat
Sugar
Milk
Butter
Cheese
Beef
Veal
Lamb
Pork
Eggs
Fresh Fruits
General Wholesale Prices.
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
103.7 101.3 lOO.O
99.2
1933
89.8 74.8 69.2 69.5
1934
III.l
110.3
lOO.O
lOI.O
70.6
42.4
40.4
45-3
551
103.7
120.6
1 00.0
81.6
61.8
56.5
43-8
53-3
42.6
94- 1
97-8
1 00.0
102.2
96.7
78.2
60.1
61.0
67.0
96.0
99.8
100 0
IOI.8
82.0
63.1
52.0
53-7
56.8
89.0
91.8
100. 0
95-3
85.8
58.6
46.0
46.7
52.4
69.2
77-3
lOO.O
104.2
94-3
58.7
46.6
34-3
33.6
81.5
854
lOO.O
103.5
97.0
68.3
50.9
44-5
46.0
96.2
92.3
1 00.0
96.9
80.8
67.1
50.0
51-2
531
123-5
102.8
lOO.O
118.8
119. 1
73-2
390
47-3
72.2
96.2
104.4
lOO.O
100.9
96.3
67.4
58.3
51-2
57-9
89.8
94-3
1 00.0
82.0
99.7
76.9
79.3
70.7
74-3
74-3
Table XVII. - United States.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheat 114.9
Sugar 98.2
Milk 107. 1
Butter (Creamer J') ... 95.9
Cheese 95. 8
Beef 78.9
Lamb 100.7
Pork 120.6
Eggs 113.9
Apples
Oranges 104.0
General Wholesale Prices. 107.0
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
100. 1
89.5
100. 0
84.7
63.8
43-2
34.5
49.7
62.1
98.2
103.6
1 00.0
91.10
83.9
78.6
71.4
76.8
78.6
107.5
108.8
100. 0
108.0
106.8
101.5
79.8
71.0
82.6
93.1
99.3
lOO.O
94.8
76.6
58.8
43-6
45.1
53.8
90.4
100.4
lOO.O
92.1
75.8
58.7
50.0
48.7
53-7
71.9
81.6
100. 0
IOI.3
90.8
68.4
57-5
41.7
50.0
98.1
98.1
100. 0
95.9
71.5
58.8
50.2
45.3
52.4
I3I.8
107.6
100. 0
107.6
102.9
72.4
45.9
47.1
72.4
103.4
92.6
100. 0
109.3
83.3
62.0
54-6
48.5
59.9
—
—
lOO.O
100.9
98.9
71.2
39.9
44.8
—
80.8
96.3
lOO.O
88.7
98.3
66.9
51.8
40.0
47.6
103.4
98.7
lOO.O
98.6
89.3
75.5
67.0
68.1
77-5
— 103 —
Tabie XVIII. — Australia.
(1928-29 = 100).
PRODUCT.^ 1925/26
Wheat 130.0
Sugar 93-5
Butter 93.6
Cheese 95.6
Beef 99.7
Mutton 1 15-8
Bacon and Ham .... 101.9
Eggs 122.8
General Wholesale Prices (i) 103.0
(i) Calendar years 1925 to 1934.
1926/27
1927/28
1928/29
1929/30
1930/31
1931/32
1932/33
1933/34
1934/35
1 10.4
112. 6
100. 0
89.6
49.1
73-9
65.2
657
—
117.4
105.4
lOO.O
97-7
94.0
86.8
90.4
78.1
—
96.2
96.2
100.0
93-6
75-6
66.7
564
52.6
—
91. 1
91. 1
lOO.O
97.8
68.9
73-3
62.2
60.0
—
94.8
91.8
100. 0
107. 1
92.6
81.7
78.7
76.3
79.0
78.9
94-7
lOO.O
89.5
68.4
68.4
57.9
73-7
78.9
98.1
98.1
100. 0
lOO.O
71.2
63-5
65-4
67.3
—
126.3 II5-8 100. o 110.5
101.8 101.2 loo.o 100.6
930
91.2
79-4
89.5
86.0 —
78.8 78.8 81.8
Table XIX. - New Zealand.
PRODUCTS 1925
CerealSb 105.2
Manufactured foodstuffs
of animal origin (excl.
Meats) 105.9
Meats 1 16.6
Fresh fruits and veget ables 1 09 . 5
General Wholesale Prices. 1 1 3. 7
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
106.0
88.3
lOO.O
97.1
942
78.2
81.9
66.2
71.8
102.3
98.2
lOO.O
101.9
88.2
76.5
69.9
65.1
62.1
100.6
95-8
100.0
105.8
105.8
75-7
59-5
68.7
80.0
103.4
117.4
100.0
112.9
97-4
88.5
73-3
84.2
70.5
104. 1
99.1
lOO.O
99-7
97.1
90.2
86.9
87.7
89
104 -"
APPENDIX V. - INDEX NUMBERS OF RETAIL PRICES
1928 = 100
Tabids I. — Austria (i).
PRODUCTS 1925
Bread —
Sugar —
Milk —
Butter —
Cheese —
Beef —
Veal —
Pork —
Eggs —
Cost of Living .... 88.9
(i) Vienna.
1926
1927
95-4
1928
lOO.O
lOO.O
lOO.O
lOO.O
lOO.O
100. o
lOO.O
lOO.O
1 00.0
1929
lOO.O
102.2
lOO.O
IOI.2
96.4
107-5
107-3
118. 1
III. I
98.1 loo.o 102.8
1930
91-5
116.7
103.8
95-3
93-7
112. 5
102.3
"5-3
94-4
102.8
(931
86.1
131. 1
96.2
86.4
85.7
107.8
87.8
90.2
88.9
98.1
1932
93-9
137-8
90.4
83-9
83-9
100.6
86.8
96.2
83-3
1933
99-4
143-3
88.5
68.0
71-4
99.4
81.5
84.2
77.8
97.2
1934
101.2
146.7
90.4
70-3
68.4
93-1
72.7
75-9
72.2
97-2
Tabi<e II. — Belgium.
PRODUCTS 1925
Bread 71.9
Sugar 64.5
Milk 66.6
Butter 62.4
Beef 64.2
Pork 61.9
Eggs 66.9
Cost of Living 65.4
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
00.7
1 10. 1
lOO.O
97-3
92.6
66.7
61.2
63-8
62.3
84.8
106.2
lOO.O
95-0
88.6
835
77-9
91-3
84.6
73-8
90.7
lOO.O
115-5
III. 7
91.6
72-3
71-3
71.6
72.4
92.2
lOO.O
104.1
89.2
71.8
635
67-3
63-7
70.7
100.2
lOO.O
123-3
140.7
129.7
107.3
105.8
103-4
76.0
87.4
lOO.O
122.9
126.3
103.2
86.8
88.4
74-7
84.4
93-4
lOO.O
100. 1
91.0
72.9
57-5
54-0
48.1
79.3
97-6
100. 0
105.8
109.6
98.1
88.5
87-5
84.1
Table III. — Bulgaria.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926
Bread — —
Sugar — —
Milk — —
Butter — —
Cheese — —
Beef — —
Mutton — —
Pork — —
Eggs — —
Apples — —
Plums (dried) — —
Cabbages — —
Onions — —
Cost of Living 81.4 91.5
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
103.0
100.0
97.6
80.8
58.8
61.9
62.5
99.1
lOO.O
102.7
104.0
96.7
86.2
92.6
98.6
100. 0
I05-5
89.0
71.8
65-5
57-3
94-7
100.0
108.2
86.3
67.0
56-1
52-3
100.6
100.0
107.6
87.0
68.4
63.8
57-7
96.7
100.0
113.0
101.0
86.1
74-1
64.4
96.4
100.0
IIO.O
95-5
83-7
70.0
61.9
92.4
lOO.O
II7.9
96.1
66.5
51-8
55-3
89.4
100.0
107.9
79-9
65-4
50.6
46.7
77-3
100.0
108.8
90.0
81.6
73-4
71.2
106.5
100.0
126.2
139-7
97.6
112.7
65-9
81.5
100.0
79-7
79.0
71.1
56.7
50.4
63.2
100.0
42.6
17.9
27-5
37-8
20.5
98.2 100.0 102.3 93-6 81.7
75-2
69.8 65.1
I05 —
Table IV. - Czechoslovakia.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927
Bread 92.3
Sugar 83.1
Milk 98.5
Butter 98.1
Cheese 101.7
Beef I07-7
Pork 101.3
Eggs 92.0
Apples 81.0
Cabbage (White) .... 75.8
Carrots 65.3
Onions 88.7
Cost of Living 96.8 95.7 99.9
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
99-5
99.7
95-3
93-6
92-5
1934
79.9
98.2
100. 0
86.4
75-4
68.3
66.6
59-2
57-7
85.0
97-1
100. 0
102.7
102.4
100.6
100.6
100.6
100.6
97-4
97-9
100. 0
105. 1
lOI.O
94-4
87.2
79.5
76.9
97.2
100.3
100. 0
103.0
93-6
83-1
76-5
66.8
64.9
98.0
98.7
100. 0
103-3
97.2
90.9
83-2
75-8
730
100.7
101.6
100. 0
105-9
106.6
91.7
80.1
77-4
71.6
97-4
102.3
100. 0
106.6
105.3
81.8
76.4
843
70-5
93-2
89.8
lOO.O
102.3
83.0
77-3
73-9
73-9
62.5
91.7
107. 1
100. 0
115. 2
127-3
II3-3
91.4
95 -o
80.8
73-6
88.5
100. 0
136-3
89.6
72.5
74.2
53-2
76.9
83-9
69.8
lOO.O
83.1
55-0
59-5
51-7
57-9
53-7
77.1
86.5
100. 0
84.7
56.7
69-5
74-5
49.1
54-5
91.4
Table V. — Denmark.
1925
Bread 130.4
Sugar 144- 1
Milk 142.9
Butter 153-0
Cheese 137-3
Beef 162.2
Veal 162.5
Pork 191. 5
Eggs 149.7
Plums 171.7
White cabbage .... 75.0
Carrots loo.o
Cost of Living 120.6
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
lOO.O
100. 0
1 00.0
94.0
91. 1
81.0
81.0
8i.o
87-3
1 00.0
106.8
1 00.0
91.5
84.7
78.0
79-7
86.4
94-9
103.6
lOO.O
lOO.O
1 00.0
89.3
89-3
82.1
75-0
78.6
99-2
97-2
lOO.O
88.4
77-9
68.5
591
50.6
68.8
106.7
lOO.O
lOO.O
107.3
104.7
98.0
92-7
90.0
92.7
104.4
103.0
1 00.0
103.0
104.4
91.9
60.7
60.0
69.6
III.O
107.4
lOO.O
102.9
107.4
92.6
63.2
71-3
80.9
149-3
112. 0
1 00.0
131-7
127.5
79.6
56.3
95-8
97.2
93-4
94-4
lOO.O
102.0
91.4
78.2
64.0
56.9
57-4
129.3
IIO.I
lOO.O
1 06. 1
134-3
lOO.O
lOI.O
114. 1
122.2
60.7
53-6
lOO.O
60.7
46.4
46.4
46.4
35-7
57-1
84.6
69.2
lOO.O
73-1
69.2
65-4
73-1
57-7
73-1
105. 1 lOI.I
1 00.0
98.9
94-3
88.6
88.6
92.0
95-4
Table VI. — Finland.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927
Wheaten bread .... 103.6
Rye bread 104.8
Sugar 108.5
Milk 97.0
Butter 104.9
Cheese 101.6
Beef 82.9
Veal 85.9
Mutton 86.5
Pork 101.5
Eggs 96.1
Kohlrabi 97.6
White cabbage .... 84.9
Carrots 97.6
Cost of Living 98.3 96.0 97.9
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
102.7
102.5
lOO.O
lOO.O
96.8
93-2
95-7
94.8
91-3
95-5
97-7
100. 0
99-2
91.9
85.6
91.9
90.9
87-9
no. 6
117-7
100. 0
92.9
90.0
99-8
111.3
113.1
109.2
94.4
97-5
lOO.O
97-5
85-4
72-7
73-7
72.7
73-7
96.6
96.8
100. 0
97-5
78.8
673
65-7
65.9
66.5
100.8
96.1
100. 0
990
93-5
84.0
82.8
80.6
81.2
88.6
92.2
100. 0
101.2
94-4
75-2
69-3
66.6
73.8
89.5
92.5
lOO.O
102.2
97-7
83-7
76.0
75-0
78.2
90.2
93-1
100. 0
101.8
96. 1
80.8
741
73-9
78.4
106.9
99-9
lOO.O
100.6
95-7
71.1
67.0
71.1
70-5
94-5
92.6
100. 0
96.3
80.9
68.3
639
57-6
57-1
loo.o
lOO.O
1 00.0
115-2
88.5
85-5
84.8
77.0
78.2
87.8
96.1
100. 0
114. 8
80.3
80.3
96.7
74.0
85-5
95-2
103.2
lOO.O
122.5
91.6
82.7
88.4
74-7
«2.7
99-4
91.6
84.3 83.1
81.2
79-7
— io6
Table VII. — France.
PROnuCTS 1925
Wheat flour 69.7
Bread 74.9
Sugar 66.7
Milk 73.1
Butter 73.0
Cheese 77.6
Beef 104.8
Veal 94.5
Mutton 94.1
Pork 78.8
Eggs 75.5
Cost ot Living (Paris). . 77.1
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
105.0
102.8
100. 0
lOO.O
100.3
108.4
100.9
85-4
90.4
rio.4
103.8
100. 0
99- 1
102.8
"3-3
102.8
85-8
92.4
94-2
99.4
100.0
950
87.0
82.2
83-3
82.9
82.0
86.9
98.6
100. 0
109.0
109.7
105-5
97-2
94-5
90.3
89.7
94.2
100.0
109.3
97.0
91.0
89.1
85-4
79.2
98.7
97-1
100. 0
106.7
104.0
103.2
98.5
94-7
87-4
117.2
no. 3
lOO.O
115.2
136.5
140.0
II 1. 0
97-0
85.0
109.7
103.1
lOO.O
114.9
131-3
125-5
102.5
94-1
82.9
104.4
104. 1
100.0
116.7
130.8
128.1
104-3
94-9
89.2
101.9
102.3
100.0
1X2. 4
119.7
106.8
101.3
103.8
87-7
95-5
95-9
lOO.O
109.6
98.2
91.6
82.3
78.7
68.1
97-3
99.0
lOO.O
107. 1
112. 1
109.6
101.3
100.2
99-4
Tabi^ VIII. — Germany.
PRonucTS 1925
Wheat flour ...... 91. i
Wheaten bread .... —
Rye bread 82.6
Sugar 113.3
Milk 103.3
Butter 106.8
Beef 104.5
Veal —
Pork 116.8
Eggs 107.1
White Cabbage .... —
Cost of Living 92.2
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
92-9
103.6
100.0
96.4
101.8
103.6
96.4
85-7
85-7
—
—
100. 0
93-6
101.3
103.8
92.3
85-9
85-9
82.6
97-8
100. 0
89.1
84.8
82.6
76.6
71-7
71.7
106.7
116. 7
100. 0
98.3
100. 0
108.3
118.3
121.7
125.0
96.7
lOO.O
roo.o
100. 0
93-3
96.7
833
80.0
80.0
96.4
97-3
roo.o
99-8
84.0
75-1
66.8
66.1
73-8
97-7
100.9
100. 0
100.9
101.4
84-7
64.9
62.6
63-5
—
—
100. 0
102.0
104.0
87.4
68.4
64.8
68.4
117.9
100.5
100. 0
123-5
109.2
78.6
70.4
73-0
78.1
1 00.0
1 00.0
lOO.O
107. 1
92.9
78.6
643
78.6
78.6
—
—
100. 0
110.3
65-5
72.4
51-7
51-7
72-4
93-1
97-3
100.0
101.5
97-6
89-7
79-5
77-8
79-8
Table IX. — Italy.
products 1925
Wheat flour 125.0
Bread 120.4
Sugar 104.9
Milk 112.7
Butter 121.7
Cheese 96.5
Beef 147-9
Pork 121.0
Eggs 119.3
Cost of Living 109.4
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
140. 1
"3-5
100.0
101.6
103.1
89.1
91.1
88.5
78.1
138.1
113.8
100. 0
98.9
101. 1
86.7
89.0
86.2
76.2
107.7
105.9
100.0
99-7
96.7
93-1
93-1
92.9
92.5
124.6
111.3
lOO.O
105.6
101.4
S8.0
84-5
78.2
69-7
122.2
107.7
lOO.O
101. 1
93-1
79.5
72.5
64.1
60.1
111.3
III. 2
100.0
102.1
93-1
76.2
74-6
72.2
59-9
149-5
118.4
100.0
114.8
124.6
107.0
90.8
86.9
85-5
III. 9
100.6
100. 0
105.9
104. 1
83-2
76.6
80.3
77-2
123-7
106.6
100.0
104.9
88.6
77.2
68.2
68.2
64.4
118.0
107.9
100.0
101.8
98.3
88.8
84.6
81.0
76.9
— 107 —
Table X. — Netherlands.
PRODUCTS 1925
Wheaten bread 107.9
Rye bread 106.4
Sugar 106.3
Milk 109.3
Butter 108.7
Cheese 112. i
Beef 105.7
Pork 1 12.7
Eggs 118.2
Cost of Living (Tlie Hague) 102.3
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
98.4 98.7 100. o 97.8
94-5
89.0
81.8
1933
82.1
1934
102.9
102.0
lOO.O
95- 1
90.2
82.4
78.4
81.4
833
98.9
lOO.O
100. 0
97-9
89.4
83.0
76.6
76.6
79.8
100. 0
106.3
100. 0
94-9
79.7
78.5
78.5
89.9
98.7
96.5
96.5
100. 0
lOO.O
930
82.6
66.3
66.3
69.8
94-6
96.7
100. 0
97.8
82.6
68.5
63.0
750
70.7
100,0
93-4
100. 0
95-6
87.9
76.9
57-1
53-8
49.5
102.3
97-7
100. 0
lOI.I
104.5
95-5
79-5
77-3
83.0
112. 7
102.5
100. 0
115. 2
112. 7
87.3
67.1
70.9
70.9
106.5
100. 0
100. 0
106.5
88.3
714
53-2
532
35-1
82.8
Table XI. — Norway.
PRODUCTS 1925 1«'26 1927
Wheaten bread .... 124.1
Rye bread 140.5
Sugar 136.8
Milk 158.6
Butter 154.6
Cheese 151.3
Beef 174.6
Veal 162.0
Mutton 176.1
Pork 188. 1
Eggs 151.5
Cost of Living 135.8 115.1 103.9
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
II0.8
103.6
100.0
95-2
91.6
843
84-3
855
84-3
III. 9
102.4
100. 0
97-6
92.9
83.3
833
83.3
83-3
112. 6
109.2
100.0
90.8
82.8
74-7
82.8
90.8
87.4
120.7
103.4
100. 0
931
931
96.6
93-1
89.7
89.7
II3-7
102.0
100. 0
93-3
83.0
72.1
693
65.1
70.8
113.2
109.2
lOO.O
87.9
84.6
73-3
66.3
64.1
659
1330
104.5
100.0
98.1
99.6
90.2
72.7
66.3
72.0
125.4
104.3
lOO.O
96.0
95-7
88.0
75-7
71.0
72.5
136.2
105.5
lOO.O
98.2
100.5
87.6
72 0
68.3
72.0
133-5
94-5
100.0
102. 1
91.5
72.0
67.4
66.5
64.4
120.5
103.8
100.0
92.9
82.0
72.4
61.9
57-7
58.6
92.7
89.9 85.5 83.2
82.1
82.7
Table XII. — Poland.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931
Rye bread 121. o 88.7 106.5 loo.o 80.6 69.4 74.2
Sugar 1 15.4 86.5 94.2 100.0 — — —
Milk 117.0 84.9 96.2 100.0 100. o 84.9 73.6
Butter 1 14.0 85.3 95.0 100. o 94.4 77.0 63.5
Beef 97.5 74.0 98.1 100. o 104.7 906 68.0
Pork 105.0 87.4 104.4 100. o — — —
Eggs 1 19.0 90.5 90.5 100.0 109.5 85.7 66.7
Cost of Living 110.0 87.0 100.0 100. o 102.0 94.0 86.0
1932
1933
67-7 56.5
101.9
64.2
52.4
50.5
53-6
57-1
92.9
52.8
46.9
451
514
47.6
1934
50.0
89.1
47.2
413
46.7
43-5
42.9
78.0 71.0 67.0
io8
Table XIII.
ROUMANIA.
1925 1926
Bread 137-3 118.7
Sugar 89.1 93.6
Milk 97.4 104.2
Butter 85.8 90.6
Cheese 85.9 96.6
Beef 77.2 96.0
Pork 133-2 98.1
Eggs 108.4 log. I
Cabbage — —
Onions 112. 4 95.0
Cost of Living 82.0 89.6
1927
107-3
107.5
102.6
93-2
rot. 4
112.5
105.0
108.4
91-5
141. 6
1928
1 00.0
1 00.0
lOO.O
lOO.O
1 00.0
100. o
1 00.0
1 00.0
1 00.0
loo.o
1929
96.6
107.9
92.6
97-3
99-7
103.9
101.9
100.7
78.7
69.0
1930
79.8
114. o
82.6
81.6
78.1
106.0
99-8
80.1
51-I
56-6
1931
58.8
ir8.o
66.8
59.4
63.0
83-2
73-2
65.6
56-4
64.6
1932
66.5
90.1
55-3
49.4
54-3
60.1
51-2
57-2
45-7
76.1
1933 1934
97.3 100. o 107. 1 106. r 75.8 63.4 58.5 56.4
Table XIV. — Sweden.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Wheaten bread .... 110.4 102.6 loo.o 100. o 98.7 97.4 97.4 96.1 93.5 92.2
Rye bread 102.7 9^0 97.3 loo.o 94.7 88.0 85.3 82.7 81.3 78.7
Sugar 121. 9 no. 9 112. 5 100. o 84.4 70.3 65.6 73.4 73.4 71.9
Milk 109.1 loo.o 95.5 loo.o loo.o 95.5 95.5 90.9 90.9 95.5
Butter 109.4 96-0 96.6 100. o 96.6 80.9 72.6 67.0 69.5 78.6
Cheese 112. 2 104.6 99.6 100. o 97.5 82.3 80.2 73.8 62.0 71.7
Beef III. 6 110.5 103.7 loo.o 99.5 99.5 95.3 85.8 77.9 82.1
Veal 107. 1 106.3 100.8 100. o 100.4 100. o 94.5 86.6 79.0 83.2
Mutton 107. 1 105.8 100. o 100. o 102.2 102.7 96.9 89.3 88.1 85.3
Pork 121. 5 116. 1 93.2 100. o no. 2 102.4 7i-7 ^8.8 69.3 66.3
Eggs iio.o 102.5 96.3 100. o 100. o 87.6 80. 1 70.5 66.8 69.7
Cost of Living 102.3 100. o 99.4 100. o 98.8 95.9 92.4 91.3 89.5 89.5
Table XV. — Switzerland.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927
Bread 109. i
Sugar III. 5
Milk 108.3
Butter IIO.O
Cheese 103.0
Beef III. 8
Veal 108.3
Pork 101.3
Eggs 105.6
Cost of Living i04-3 100.6 99.4
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
93-2
1933
85-7 81.4
1934
IOI.8
101.8
100. 0
90.9
87-3
72.7
65-5
63.6
63.6
96.7
111.5
100. 0
88.5
72.1
60.7
54-1
50.8
47-5
100. 0
94-4
100. 0
100. 0
97-2
94-4
88.9
86.1
86.1
99.1
97.6
100. 0
100.9
96.6
92.9
84-3
80.9
80.7
99-7
94-1
100. 0
100. 0
97.6
94-6
83.0
72.2
70.8
107.9
101.8
100. 0
102.7
109.4
108.2
96.7
81.6
78.2
104.0
102.0
100. 0
103-3
112. 1
106.5
88.2
81.4
78.1
108.4
III. 2
100. 0
103.8
114. 2
102.0
83.8
83.2
82.2
1 00.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
88.9
83-3
66.7
61. 1
61. 1
80.1
— log
Table XVI.
United Kingdom.
1925
Bread ii3-9
Sugar 107.1
Milk loo.o
Butter 108.5
Cheese 98.3
Beef 106.0
Mutton iii.o
Bacon 120.6
Eggs III. I
Cost of Living 106.0
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
III. I
108.3
loo.o
97.2
94-4
77.8
80.6
83.3
83.3
100. 0
107.1
lOO.O
857
78.6
71.4
71.4
71.4
643
1 00.0
96.0
1 00.0
roo.o
100. 0
96.0
96.0
92.0
lOO.O
98.9
96.8
lOO.O
lOI.I
86.2
73-4
69.1
60.6
55-3
96.6
91.4
roo.o
96.6
89.7
74.1
72.4
63.8
60.3
104.5
lOO.O
lOO.O
100.0
98.5
94-0
88.1
83.6
83.6
104. 1
98.6
1 00.0
lOO.O
98.6
94-5
83.6
79.5
82.2
127.0
107.9
1 00.0
III. I
101.6
73.0
63.5
730
87.3
100. 0
lOO.O
1 00.0
1 00.0
88.9
77.8
77.8
66.7
66.7
103.6
100.9
1 00.0
98.8
95-2
88.9
86.7
843
84.9
Table XVII. — Canada.
PRODUCTS 1925
Bread 101.3
Sugar 107.6
Milk 98.3
Butter 95.2
Cheese 94.8
Beef 82.6
Veal 80.5
Mutton 96.3
Pork 100.7
Eggs 101.7
Apples 97.1
Bananas 115.6
Cost of Living 100.4
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
98.7
lOO.O
100.0
101.3
97-4
80.5
76.6
74.0
76.6
lOO.O
105.1
lOO.O
92.4
86.1
78.5
74-7
92.4
91. 1
97-5
98.3
lOO.O
101.7
101.7
91.7
81.0
76.9
81.0
97-2
100.4
lOO.O
102.0
87.9
65.1
54-9
55-3
58.6
96.7
94-2
100. 0
101.5
96.7
76.3
62.6
59-6
60.5
85.2
89-3
lOO.O
105.2
103.2
82.9
71.0
60.9
62.0
85.4
89.8
100.0
108.4
105.8
81.0
61. 1
52.7
53-5
99-3
97-0
lOO.O
103.0
100.7
84-3
69.7
62.7
66.7
1 10.6
I03-3
100.0
109.9
109.2
81.7
55-7
55-3
73-6
97-5
101.9
100. 0
99-4
95-6
70.5
61.5
58.8
66.7
95-2
92.4
100.0
101.4
98.1
84.8
76.2
71-4
72.4
117. 0
109.6
lOO.O
104.4
114.8
89.6
82.2
85.2
94.1
99-5
100. o loi.o 100.3 9°-^ 82.3 78.6 79.8
Table XVIII.
United States.
PRODUCTS 1925
Bread 103.3
Sugar 101.4
Milk 98.6
Butter 97.0
Cheese 95.3
Round steak 82.6
Pork chops 105.2
Eggs 112.3
Cost of Living 104.0
1926
1033
97.2
98.6
94.0
951
84.8
II3-5
104.5
1927
102.2
102.8
99-3
98.4
97-7
88.3
1057
97-4
1928
lOO.O
100.0
100.0
100. o
lOO.O
lOO.O
100.0
100.0
1929
98.9
930
100.7
97-5
98.7
1057
106.0
105.6
104.0 102.0 100. o
1930
956
87-3
98.6
81.6
91.2
98.1
103.2
88.4
96.0
1931
83.5
80.3
86.6
62.7
730
81.9
83-6
68.3
1932
74-7
71.8
76.8
48.5
59.7
68.8
60.9
58.6
87.0 78.0
1933
78.0
76.1
74.6
48.3
58.4
60.0
56.3
56.2
75-0
1934
90.1
78.9
79.6
54-9
61.6
65.2
71.8
64.4
79.0
— no —
TabIvE XIX.. — Australia (i).
1925/26 1926/27 1927/28
Bread .
Milk .
Butter.
Cheese.
Beef .
Mutton
Pork .
Eggs .
Onions
928/29
1929/30
1930/31
1931/32
1932/33
1933/34
lOO.O
95-5
81.8
68.2
72.7
72.7
lOO.O
96.7
90.0
80.0
80.8
76.7
lOO.O
91.9
81.9
74-5
66.0
62.8
lOO.O
II3-7
95-9
87.7
93-2
87.7
lOO.O
108.3
97.2
80.6
750
77.8
lOO.O
97-2
86.1
750
66.7
72.2
lOO.O
96.4
75-0
66.1
60.7
67.9
lOO.O
97-6
84.1
75-6
74-4
70.7
80.0
40.0 120.0 180.0
60.0
1934/35
Cost of Living (2)
— — lOO.O
94.6 85.2
81.2
78.5
79-9
(i) Melbourne. — (2) Years 1929 to 1934.
Table XX.
New Zealand.
PRODUCTS 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934
Bread, flour, potatoes
onions —
Sugar —
Milk products 103.7
Meats 103.0
Cost of Living 99.8 100.4 99-5 loo.o 99.8 97.5 90.1 83.3 79.0 80.3
102. 1
95- 1
lOO.O
95-1
89.9
86.9
80.8
71.3
73.1
103.0
109.3
100. 0
86.9
80.2
75.0
86.7
107.0
104.1
103.9
100.4
100.0
99-3
93-3
80.2
71.8
65.7
66.2
IOI.5
95-7
100.0
107.5
105.5
85.2
76.3
72.9
81.3
TIPOGRAFIA DELLA CAMERA DEI DEPUTATI
DITTA CARLO COLOMBO
ROMA - VIA CAMPO MARZIO, 74
(/
Bread . .
Milk . .
Butter. .
Cheese. .
Beef . .
Mutton .
Pork . .
Eggs . .
Onions .
Cost of L
(I) J
Bread,
onion
Sugar .
Milk pi
Meats .
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