J
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
NATURAL WISTORY AND
A
NTIQJJARIAN IELD LUB
EDIT ED BY
Professor BUCKlVlAN, F.G.S.,F.L.S., &e.
VOL IV.
PRINTED AT THE "JOURNAL" OFFICES, SOUTH STREET-
9846C7
CONTENTS.
Pag*
List of Members . . . . . . . .
The Brachiopoda from the Inferior Oolite of Dorset end a Portion of
Somerset, by S. S. Buckman . . . . . . . . 1
Bindon Hill, by T. Kerslake . , . . . . . . . . 53
On a New Species of Ophiurella, by Dr. T. Wright . . . . 56
Experiments in the Growth of Root Crops, by Professor Tanner . . 58
On Iter XVI. of Antoninus, by Eev. W. Barnes . . . . 62
Addendum to Notes on the History of Shaftesbury, Vol. III., p. 27, by
Eev. W. Barnes . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
On Milton Abbey Church, by Eev. E. Eoberts . . . . 78
Eecent Discoveries at Okeford Fitzpaine, by C. Eickman . . . . 91
Buzbury Encampment, by C. Eickman . . . . . . 95
On Saxon Situlse or Buckets, by Professor J. Buckman . . . . 98
On a New Genus of Bivalve Shell, by Professor Buckman .. 102
On a Bronze Hair Pin from Dorchester, by the Editor . . . . 104
On the Ennobling of Eoots, with particular reference to the Pars' 'p, by
Professor J. Buckman.. ... .. .. .. .. 105
On Oidium Balsamii, by "Worfcbington J. Smith . . . . 110
On the Potato Disease, by Professor J. Buckman . . . . . 116
On Iter XV. of the Itinerary of Antoninus, by Dr. T. William Wake
Smart .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122
Cranboiae the so-called Castle, by Eev. W. Barnes . . . , 134
Some New Species of Ammonites, by S. S. Buckman, F.G.S. . . 137
On New and Eare Spiders, by Eev. O. P. Cambridge . . . . 147
On the Maze, or Mizmaze, at Leigh, by Eev. W. Barnes . . 154
On some Ancient Gold Ornaments . . . . 158
ENGEAVINGS.
To face
Page.
Frontispiece, Gold Ornaments, Torque, &c., from Milton Abbey .. 158
Saxon Situla or Bucket . . .. .. .. 98
Cuts of Curvirostrum . . . . . . . . . . 102-3
A Bronze Hairpin .. .. .. .. . .. 104
A Slightly Improved Parsnip .. .. .. *, .. 108
Oidium Balsamii .. .. .. .. .. .. 110
Peronospora infestans and Fusisporium Solani, from a Tomato Plant 1 15
Plates of Ammonites, I.
" " After page .. .. .. 169
IV )
,, AT. /
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND
ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB.
16, 1875.
J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, ESQ., F.G.S., &c.
EEV. SIB T. BAKEE.
GENERAL PITT EIVEES.
EEV. 0. P. CAMBEIDGE.
EEV. H. H. WOOD, F.G.S. (Treasurer).
PROF. JAMES BUCKMAN, F.G.S., F.L.S. (Hon. Secretary).
on.
Eev. M. J. BERKELEY, F.E.H.S.L., &c.. Sibbertoft Vicarage,
Northampton.
M. H. BLOXHAM, F.S.A., &c., Eugby.
E. BRISTOW, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Ordnance Geological Survey.
W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum.
THOMAS DAVIDSON, Esq., F.G.S., 9, Salisbury-road, West
Brighton.
E. ETHERIDGE, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Ordnance Geological
Survey.
E. A. FREEMAN, Esq., D.C.L., Summerleaze, Wells.
E. LEES, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Vice-President of the Worcester-
shire Naturalists' Club, Worcester.
ALFRED NEWTON, Esq., Professor, Magdalen College, Cambridge.
J. H. PARKER, Esq., C.B., Oxford.
J. PRESTWICH, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology,
Oxford.
Eev. Prebendary SCARTH, F.S. A.,&c., Wrington Eectory, Somerset.
CHARLES WARNE, Esq., F.S.A., 45, Brunswick-road, Brighton.
H. C. WATSON, Esq., Thames Ditton, Surrey.
J. 0. WESTWOOD, Esq., Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
G. B. WOLLASTON, Esq., Chiselhurst.
Sir WM. GUISE, Bart., Elmore Court, Gloucestershire.
list 0! IJtate of % Dors*! lateral
Jfielfr Club.
The Eight Hon. the EARL OF SHAFTESBURY, K.G., St. Giles's
House, Cranborne, Salisbury.
The Eight Hon. LORD DIGBY, Minterne, Dorchester.
The LORD EICHARD GROSVENOR, M.P., Brook-street, London.
The Eight Hon. LORD WIMBORNE, Canford Manor, "Wimborne.
Acton, Bev. J. . . . . Iwerne Minster, Blandford
Atkinson, Serjeant Tindal . . Uplands, Wimborne Minster
Atkinson, Miss . . . . Uplands, Wimborne Minster
Allen, Mr. and Mrs. . . Grove House, Stalbridge
Aldridge, Dr. . . . . Yeovil
Alister, Miss Me
Amyatt> Capt., F.G.S. . . Dorchester
Andrews, Thos. C. W., Esq. Dorchester
Baker, Eev. Sir Talbot, Bart. Eanston House, Blandford
Barnes, Eev. W. . . . . Came Eectory, Dorchester
Barton, Eev. Chas. . . . . Cheselbourne Eectory, Dorchester
Baskett, C. H., Esq. . . Evershot
Baskett, Miss Etheldred . . Evershot
Batten, John, Esq. . . . . Aldon, Yeovil
Bell, E. W., Esq Gillingham
Bennett, H. E., Esq. . . Shaftesbury
Blanch, Eev. J. . . . . Sherborne
Blennerhassett, Eev. J. . . Eyme Eectory, Sherborne
Bond, N., Esq. . . . . Holme Priory, Wareham
Bond, T., Esq. . . . . Tyneham, Wareham
vi.
Bosanquet, Mrs. . . . . Grange House, Wootton Fitz-
paine, Charmouth
Brand, J. S., Esq N.P. Bank, Sherborne
Bridges, Capt. . . . . Fifehead Magdalen
Broadley, Eev. Canon . . Bridport
Buckman,Prof .,F.G.S. ( Vice-
President and Hon. Secretary) Bradford Abbas, Sherborne
Buckman, S. S., Esq. . . Hampen, Andoversford, Chel-
tenham
Burdon, Eev. E Haselbury Eectory, Blandford
Cable, J. S., Esq Yeovil
Cambridge, Eev. 0. P. ( Vice-
PresidentJ Bloxworth, Blandford
Chudleigh, Eev. Augustine West Parley Eectory, Wimborne
Clapin, Eev. A. C Sherborne
Clarke, Eev. Angus . . Houghton
Cleminshaw, E., Esq., M.A.,
F.GKS Sherborne
Coif ox, T., Esq. . . . . Eax House, Bridport
Coif ox, Mrs Eax House, Bridport
Coif ox, Miss . . . . . . Eax House, Bridport
Coif ox, W., Esq Westmead, Bridport
Coif ox, Miss A. L. . . . . Westmead, Bridport
Cox, Lieut.-Col. . . . . Manor House, Beaminster
Crickmay, GK E., Esq. . . Weymouth
Crickmay, Gfeo., Esq., jun. . . Weymouth
Cunnington, Edward, Esq. . . Dorchester
Dale, C. W., Esq. . . . . Glanvilles Wootton, Sherborne
Damon, E., Esq Weymouth
Davies, Trevor, Esq. . . Sherborne
Vll.
Davies, Mrs. T. . . . . Sherborne
Davidson, Rev. T. . . . . Ashmore, Salisbury
Day, Rev. Russell . . . . Lytchett Minster
Dayman, Rev. Canon . . Shillingstone Rectory, Blandford
Dowland, Rev. E. . . . . Tarrant Keynstone, Blandford
Dodington, Mrs. . . . . Treverbye, Weymouth
Dobie, Rev. A. C. B. . . Fontmell, Shaftesbury
Digby, G. D. W., Esq. . . Sherborne Castle
Dunman, H., Esq. . . . . Troy Town, Dorchester
Durden, H., Esq Blandford
Dugmore, H. Radcliffe, Esq. The Lodge, Parkstone, Poole
Eliot, R. ff., Esq Radipole
Ffooks, T., Esq Totnel, Sherborne
Filliter, Freeland, Esq. . . Wareham
Fletcher, W., Esq Wimborne
Floyer, J., Esq., M.P., F.G.S. Stafford, Dorchester
Forbes, Major L Shillingstone
Freame, Miss E. M. . . Q-illingham
Freame, R., Esq G-iHingham
Fyler, J. W., Esq Heffleton, Wareham
Galpin, G., Esq. . . . . Tarrant Keynstone, Blandford
Glyn, Sir R., Bart. . . . . Leweston, Sherborne
Goodden, J. R. P., Esq. . . Compton House, Sherborne
Green, M. H., Esq Steepleton Rectory, Dorchester
Green, Rev. Canon . . . . Steepleton, Dorchester
Gresley, Rev. N. W. . . Milborne St. Andrew, Blandford
Gorringe, Rev. R. P. . . Manston Rectory, Sturminster
Groves, T. B., Esq. . . . . Weymouth
Guest, M., Esq., M.P. . . Bere Regis, Blandford
Vlll.
Guise, C. D., Esq
Hambro, 0. J. T., Esq. . .
Hardy, T., Esq
Hooper, Felly, Esq.
Howard, E. N., Esq.
Kemp-Welch, E. B., Esq. . .
Knipe, Eev. T. W
Hill, Eev. Arthur
Langford, Eev. J. F.
Leach, J. Comyns, Esq.,M.D.
Lee- Warner, Eev. J.
Laing, Eev. S. Malcom
Long, E. G., Esq
Luff, J. W., Esq
Lundie, John, Esq., jun. . .
Lovett, Eev. E.
Lyon, Eev. W. H. . .
Maggs, T. C., Esq
Malan, Eev. S. C
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq.,
F.GKS. f President}
Marriott, Sir W. Smith
Maunsell, Eev. F. W.
Mayo, George, Esq.
Mayo, Eev. C. H
Medlycott, W. C. P., Esq.. .
Elmore Court, Gloucester
Milton Abbey, Blandford
Wimborne
We y mouth
Weymquth
1 6, Dinmore, Westbourne B ourne
mouth
Dorchester
Preston, Weymouth
Bere Eegis, Blandford
The Lindens, Sturminster Newton,
Blandford
Tarrant Gunville, Blandford
Hinton St. Mary Vicarage, Bland-
ford
Stalbridge
The Old House, Blandford
7, Pulteney Buildings, Esplanade,
Weymouth
Bishops Caundle, Sherborne
Sherborne
Yeovil
Broadwinsor, Bridport
Longthorns, Blandford
Down House, Blandford
Symondsbury Eectory, Bridport
Buckland Newton House
Longburton Eectory, Sherborne
Yen, Sherborne
IX.
Meiklejohn, Dr.
Middleton, H. B., Esq.
Middleton, H. N., Esq. . .
Miller, Eev. J.
Montagu, J. M. P., Esq. . .
Montefiore, Eev. T. Law . .
Moorhead, Dr.
Moule, H. J., Esq
Payne, Miss
Pearce, Eev. T
Penny, W., A.L.S., Chemist
Penny, Eev. J.
Phillips, Eev. G. E.
Pike, T. M., Esq
Pope, A., Esq
Portman, Hon. Miss
Portman, Hon. W.H.B.,M.P.
Eavenhill, Eev. H. E.
Eaven, T. E., Esq
Eaymond, F., Esq.
Eeynolds, E., Esq
Eeynolds, A., Esq
Eickman, Chas., Esq.
Eoberts, Eev. E.
Eobinson, J., Esq., F.S.A.
Eoxby, Eev. Wilfrid
Euegg, L. H., Esq
Eussell- Wright, Eev. T. . .
Sanctuary, Ven. Archdeacon
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Weymouth
Downe Hall, Bridport
Charmouth
Weymouth
Weymouth
2, Westerhall Villas, Weymouth
Moredon Vicarage, Blandford
Poole, Dorset
Tarrant Eushton
Stalbridge Eectory, Blandford
Wareham
Dorchester
Bryanstone
Durweston, Blandford
Buckland Vicarage, Dorchester
Sherborne
Church House, Yeovil
Haselbury, Crewkerne
Bridport
Summerhayes, Blandford
Milton Abbas, Blandford
Newton Manor, Swanage
Thornford, Sherborne
Sherborne
County School, Dorchester
Powerstock, Bridport
X.
Serrel, H. D., Esq. . . . . Haddon Lodge, Stourton Caundle,
Blandford
Smith, Rev. Spencer . . Vicarage, Kingston
Smith, Mrs Corfe Castle
Shipp, H., Esq Post Office, Blandford
Southwell, Rev. G. B. . . Chetnole
Sparks, D. } Esq Crewkerne
Stephens, R. Darell, Esq.,
F.Q-.S Bradpole, Bridport
Styring, F., Esq. . . . . Poole House, Poole
Stephens, Miss . . . . Girtups, Bridport
Stuart, J. Morton, Esq. . . Blandford
Surtees, N, Esq. . . . Purse Caundle, Sherborne
Symonds, Miss Juliana . . Waterloo House, Lennox Street,
Weymouth
Trotman, Rev. L. . . . . Wimborne
Thompson, Rev. G. . . . . Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne
Todd, Colonel , . . . Keystone Lodge, Blandford
Udal, J. S., Esq 4, Harcourt Buildings, Temple
Vaudrey, Rev. J. T. . . Osmington Vicarage, Weymouth
Waddington, F. Sydney, Esq. Weymouth
Warre, Rev. F Melksham, Wilts
Watts, Rev. R. R Stourpaine, Blandford
Wetherley, Rev. C. . . . . Weytown, Bridport
West, G. Herbert, Esq. . . Woodcote, Bournemouth
Weld, C., Esq Chideock, Bridport
Whitehead, C. S., Esq. . . Sherborne
Whitting, Rev. W. . . . . Stower Provost, Dorset
Williams, W. H., Esq. . . Sherborne
Willoughby,Hon.&Rev.P.G Durweston Rectory, Blandford
Witchell, Edwin, Esq.
Wood, Eev. H. H., F.G.S.
Woodforde, Lionel, Esq.
Wynne, Eev. G. H.
Yarrow, T., Esq. . .
Yeatman, M. S., Esq.
Yeatman, Captain, E.N.
Young, Eev. E. M. . .
XI.
. . The Acre, Stroud
Holwell Eectory, Sherborne ( Vice-
President and Treasurer J
. Sherborne
. Whitchurch Vicarage, Blandford
. Cleveland House, Weymouth
. Stock House, Sherborne
. West Lodge, Blandford
. The King's School, Sherborne
*** Members will oblige by informing the Secretary of any error or
change in Address.
The following illustrated Works (Edited by Professor
BUCKMAN) have been published by the Club :
VOLS. L, II., III. and IV. of the "PROCEEDINGS,'
8vo.
"THE SPIDERS OF DORSET" (2 Vols.), by the
Rev OCTAVIUS PlCKARD CAMBRIDGE.
These Works can be procured from the Rev. H. H. WOOD,
The Rectory, Holwell, near Sherborne.
THE BRACH/OPODA,
FEOM THE INFEEIOE OOLITE OF DOESET
AND A POETION OF SOMEESET.
By S. S. BUCKMAN, Esq.
INGE the publication of Mr. Davidson's very able paper
and excellent plates in the first volume of the " Pro-
ceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Anti-
quarian Field Club," in 1877, a large number of fresh species,
some of them new to England, have been discovered. It may
be as well to define the extent of the district, and also of the
beds, which we propose to review. The Inferior Oolite extends
from N.E. to S. W. through Dorset, in a somewhat narrow strip ;
but as the border line of the county runs along about the middle
of this strip, it has been thought advisable to include a part of
Somerset. The part of Somerset, therefore, extends northwards
to about Gralhampton, eastwards to Milborne Wick, and west-
wards to Crewkerne. The beds reviewed begin with the zone of
Harpoceras opalinum, and end with the zone of Cosmoceras Par-
kinsoni, this being the extent of the Inferior Oolite, according to
nearly all authors. Mr. E. Deslongschamps, however, in his
" Brachiopodes Jurassiques," has adopted another system. The
beds from the Opalinum to the Sauzei zone inclusive he calls
Infra-Oolite Marls, while the zones of Stephanoceras Hum-
phriesianum and Cosmoceras Parkinsoni he calls Inferior Oolite
proper. This division would do very well for the Oborne Quarry,
where the bods below the Humpn*riesianum zone are more or less
marly, with bands of stone in between. But at most of the
other quarries iu the district the beds below the liuinphriesianuni
2 THE BRACHlOrODA.
zone are hardish stone, generally lightish yellow, with plenty of
iron grains, so that the term Marls would be rather inappropriate.
Besides which, the Humphriesianum zone is often so poorly
defined, being sometimes only about six inches thick, that it
would seem very peculiar to make such a marked division there.
In his paper in 1877 Mr. Davidson enumerated 29 species for
these beds in this district, one of which, Wold, ornithocephala,
leally occurs in the Fullers Earth, and was, by mistake, put
dojvn for these beds, and another, Rhynth. Stephen**, is merely
the yoang of Rhynch. cynoccphala. Therefore 27 spocies were
really shown to exist in the Inferior Oolite of this district.
In this paper I give a table of zones in which the various
species occur in this district, and, as far as I am able, tables for
comparison shewing the zones for which the same fossils have
been quoted in Gloucestershire, France, and South- West Germany,
and I give a table oi localities at which the various species occur.
Both these tables have been compiled solely from my own observa-
tions in the quarries themselves. It will be seen that I have
divided the Inferior Oolite into a large number of zones, but I
consider that these divisions, though often small, are well marked,
and also that they are a help very much, both in the determina-
tion of the various species and also to geologists who explore
this district.
At the end of this paper I give a list of some doubtful species
which we have not material enough to determine quite accurately,
but I think that the mention of them may induce further search
after them.
An analysis of the various tables of zones given will shew that
taken as a whole the agreement is very good. Every now and
then, however, discrepancies occur. Such discrepancies may
arise from, perhaps, a different fossil being intended in the two
cases, or, perhaps, from a not quite accurate determination of the
beds, or also from some forms being put into one species by one
author which are not admitted by the other. At the end of each
species I give a few localities for this district (all the other
localities, as well as the zones, may be seen by referring to the
THE BKACHlOPODA.
tables given) and also some of the various localities in which
they have been found in the rest of England and on the Continent.
I have not thought it necessary to describe in detail all the
different characters of the different species, as this has been ably
done by various authors, and will be found in their works, to
which references are given. I have, however, in most instances,
pointed out the differences between near allied species. I hero
append a small table to shew tho species which are near allied,
connecting them by lines.
TEREBKATULIDAE.
Terebratula infra-oolithica
T. dorsoplana T. perovalis-
T. Stephani T. Phillipsi
T. Leesii.
_T. simplex.
-T. ampla.
T cortonensis.
T. submaxillata
I
_T. Eudesi T. globata T. Buckmani.
T. Ferryi
T. conglobata T. Buckmani
var. Buckmaniana
T. Hollandae T. sphaeroidalis T. decipiens T. Craneso.
Tereb. Etheridgii
Tereb. Wrightii
Tcreb. Moriori )
Tereb. hybrida )
Tereb. (Epithyris) curvifrons
Tereb. (Epithyris) provincialis
THE BRACUIOPODA.
Waldheimia auglica W. Leckenbyi-
W. disculus
W. subbucculenta ?
W. carinata )
"W. Meriaui )
W. Waltoui
W. emarginata
ElIYNCHONELLIDAE.
Ehynchonella cynocephala ) Eh. subangulata
Eh. ringens )
Eh. subringeiis
Eh. subdccorata young foiins
Ehynch. subtetraedra
Eh. angulata
Eh. gingcnsis
Eh. plicatella
Eh. parvula
Eh. balinensis
Eh. Forbesei
Eh. spinosa
Eh. senticosa
Eh. dundrit'iisis
THE BRACHIOPODA.
5
In drawing up this catalogue of Brachiopoda I have received
the greatest possible assistance from Mr. T. Davidson, who has
most kindly helped me in the identification of several species,
and has also sent me many typical specimens for comparison.
I most gratefully acknowledge this assistance, and also the help
I have received from Mr. E. Cleminshaw, Mr. J. F. Walker, Mr.
D. Stephens, and others. I have also had the advantage of my
father's collection of Gloucestershire specimens for comparison.
The following tables will shew the localities at which the
Brachiopoda occur in this district, and also the zones, and for
comparison tables taken from the writings of various other
authors.
Localities at which the following Brachiopoda occur :
DORSET.
SOMERSET.
Hradford Al-l-as.
c
a
*
=?>
a
B
'^
3
=3
Near Half-way House.
a-
Near Shertarnc.
Broadu'indsor.
Burton Bradstock.
Stoke Knap.
3'
3
^
a
^
1
G
Mars/on Road.
,c
^
BQ
.
S!
~p
=3
Near Haselhtry.
Creu-kerne Station.
Near Corton,
j Galhampton.
^
J)
i Terebratula pcrovalis, Sow.
2 Phillips!, Morris
3 Stephani, Dau.
4 submaxillata, Morris
BucUmani, Dav.
50 ,< var. Buck-
maniana, Walker...
6 dorsoplana, Waat*en
7 infra-oolithica,
E. Desl. ...
8 Eudesi, Oppel
g globata, Sow.
10 Ferry i, E. Desl.
ii sphaeroidalis, Sow. ...
12 Etheridgii, Dav.
13 simplex, Buck.
'4 (Ep) curvifrons, Oppel, ...
15 Craneac, Dav.
16 , decipiens, E. Desl. ...
17 Wrightii, Dav.
1 8 Moribri, Dav.
19 hybrida, F. Desl.
20 conglobata, E. Desl.
21 (Ep) provincialis, E. Desl,
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
X
X
V
Y
Y
Y
X
X
X
V
X
X
Y
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
Y
X
X
X
X
X
X
...
X
X
X
X
X
X
THE BEACIIIOPODA.
DORSET.
SOMERSET.
Bradford Jlll-as.
Half-way House.
1 Near Half-icay House.
3U.IO.JO
Near Sheriorne.
Braadwindsor.
Hur/on Bradstock.
Stoke Knap.
Clifton Maylank.
MarstoH Road.
S/oford.
Haaelbiiry.
Near Hasclbury.
Crewkerne Station.
Near Corton.
f
54
u
22 Terebratula perovalis var. ampla,
J. Buck
Y
Y
23 ,, Hollandae, S. S. Buck.
Y
x
x
24 ., Leesii. S. S. Buck.
25 VValdheima anglica, Oppel.
26 ,, disculus. H r aagen
27 ,, Leckenbyi, Walker ...
28 Waltoni. Dav.
29 ,, subbucculenta,
Chap, and Dew.
X
X
X
...
X
x
X
X
X
Y
X
X
X
X
X
Y
30 ,, emarginata, Sow.
X
Y
31 ,, carinata, Lamarck
310 var. Blakei,
Walker
3ii ,, ,, var. crew -
kernensis, S. S. Buck.
32 ,, Meriani, Oppel.
,, ,. small varieties
33 Rhynchonella subtetraedra, Dav.
34 ,, plicatella, Sow.
X
X
X
x
X
X
Y
X
X
Y
X
x
Y
X
X
Y
X
X
Y
Y
X
Y
35 subangulata, Dav.
36 ,, ringens, Herault ...
37 ,, subringens, Dav....
X
X
Y
Y
X
X
X
X
Y
Y
Y
38 ,, subdecorate, Dav.
39 ,, parvula, E. Desl. ...
X
Y
X
X
X
40 ,, Forbesii, Dav.
Y
x
X
X
X
X
4; ,, spinosa, Schloth ...
Y
x
X
X
Y
x
X
X
42 ,, senticosa, von Bitch
43* ,, cynocephala, Rich.
44 ,, angulata, Sow.
X
X
X
Y
X
x
x
Y
Y
Y
45 ,, dundriensis,
-S. S. Buck. ...
Y
X
46 ,, balinensis, A>'sq/. ...
Y
Y
47 ., gingensis, Wuugcn.
48 Thecidium triansjulare
X
X
...
...
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
49 Terebratula gravida, Szaj.
50 ., Faivrei, Baijle
x
( Waldheimia triquetra, Sow. \
5 ( ,, orba, Szaj. j
52 ,, cardium, Lamarck
53 Rhynch. distracta. f Pa a gen
X
X
54 ,, palma. .S'r/.
X
* And at Ham Hill.
THE BRACIIIOrODA.
Zones in which the following
lirachiopoda occur in the district
under review :
<J
^
jj
^
irchisonce
Zone.
<u
1
"
jj
N
S
mphriesianitm
Zone.
<u
^
>ii
Fullers Earth.
s
i
H
5
&3
^
X
Q
a.
X
X
?
,, Stephani, Dav....
,, perovalis. Sow. . .
X
>
X
,. submaxillata. Dav
X
var. Buckmaniana,
Walker
X
,, dorsophana, Jl'un^en
X
,, infra-oolithica, E. Dcsl.
,, Eudesi, Oppel. ...
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
,, 1'erryi, E. Desl. . .
X
X
Wrio-htii, Dav
p
X
X
,i curvifrons, Oppel.
,, Craneae, Dav. ... .
X
X
X
X
...
X
X
X
X
,, provincialis, E. Desl* ..
X
Hollandae S S Suck 9
>
X
,, Davidsoni, S. S. Buck.
Waldhcimia anglica, Oppel.
...
X
X
X
X
X
X
,, subbucculenta, Chap, and Dew.
X
X
X
X
X
,, M var. Blakei, Walker
, , var. crevvkernensis,
S. S. Buck.
X
X
Meriani Oppel
X
X
X
Rhynchonella subtetraedra Dav.
p
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p
,, cynocephala, Rich.
X
X
X
X
X
X
THE BKACHIOPODA.
Zones in which, the following
Brachiopoda occur in Gloucester-
shire taken from the writings o:
Mr. Davidson, Dr. Wright, &c. :
P
Jurense Zone.
Murchisona
Znm.
>
\
j
;
'!
-
-c
SI
i
B
.0
N
*
!
Pttrkinsoni Zone,
[
c
\
4
\
S
x
<4
Terebratula, Phillipsi
x
x
x
,, Buckmani
x
,, Buckmani, var. Buckmanianj
I
trlobata . .
x
x
X
Wrig-htii (quoted from top o
F
1.0.)... ..
x
,, plicata ...
X
,, iimbria ... ... ...
x
,, infra-oolithica ...
X
x
,, curvifrons ... ...
x
Waldheimia Leckenbyi
x
x
subtetracdra ... ...
X
x
angulata ... ... ...
X
X
X
subdecorata ..
X
cynocephala
X
x
subangulata ... ... ..
X
Tatei
X
Zones in which the following
Brachiopoda occur in France accord-
ing, to E. Deslongschamps :
Jurense Zone.
3
1
2
e
$
Murchisona:
Zone.
c
t
s
j
1
d
\
\
i
^
<u
1
1
%
IHumphriesianus
Zone.
1
I
o
o
^
3
9
5
Fullers Earth.
Terebratula Phillipsi, Morr.
x
v
x
,, submaxillata, E. Desl., non
Morr., T. Stephani, Dav....
,, perovalis, Sow. ...
X
x
x
;
i
c
<
X
X
X
infra-oolithica, E. Desl.
X
Eudesi, Oppel.
X
x
, conglobata, E. Desl. ...
X
X
plicata, Bitckman
X
Ferry i, E. Desl. ...
x
x
X*
Y
, Wrigfhtii, Dav, ...
x
<
curvifrons, Oppel.
X
<
provincialis, E, Desl. ...
x
Morieri, Dav. ... ...
y
hybrida, E. Desl
x
Probably Wald. bullata, Sow.
THE BRACHIOPODA.
'
Jurense Zone.
Opalimis Zone.
g
<U
II
^
1
<x
1
1
t
\
g
3
3
1
Humphriesiunum
Zone.
d;
I
Q
J
?
s
9
5
3
^
Fullers Earth.
(Waldheimia) Waltoni
x
x
>
f
subbucculenta ...
x
emarginata
x
Mandelslohi
X
cadomensis
^
r
x
Meriani ...
x
>
Zones in which, the follow-
ing JBrachiopoda occur in South
Germany taken from Dr.
Oppel's Jurafonnation :
1
R
(
"',
I
v
5
3
Belt der Trigoi.ia
navis.
BettdesAm.Mur-
cmsonae.
\
tiumpnriesiauits-
lett.
Parkinsonilett.
S
"e
!>
"5
flq
Terebratula Phillipsi, Morris
x
globata, Sow. ...
x
sphaeroidalis, Sow. . .
x
curvifrons, Oppel.
omalogastyr, Kehl.
x
Wurtembergica, Oppel. ...
x
[Waldheimia) anglica, OppcL.
1
r
Waltoni, Dav. ...
x
x
subbucculenta, Chap.
emarginata, How.
X
carinata, Lam. ...
x
Rhync lonella cynocephala, Itich.
>
c
spinosa, Kchlotts.
X
X
x
angulata, Sow. ...
x
Stuitensis, Oppel.
X
acuticosta, Hehl.
x
1. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, Sowerby.
TEHEBRATULA PEROVALIS, Davidson, Palaeontographical Soc.,
plate x., figures 1-6.
TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, E. DesL, Brachiopodes Terr. Jurass.,
plate li. (figs. 2-3) to plate Ivi. (figs. 1-2).
This species is very distinct, especially in the adult state ; but
there has always been a tendency to put down for the young of
Terob. perovalis a largo number of easily separable species.
It is a groat pity to spoil a good and distinct species by crowding
it with too many forms. The young of the Tcrcb. perovalis have
10 THE BKACIIIOrODA.
only small sinuations, but Sowerby's drawing is rather misleading
in this respect. E. Deslongschamps says of this species " Toute-
fois la position stratigraphique precise et les caracteres de la T.
perovalis ont ete parfaitement mis en evidence par les travaux de
MM. Davidson et Oppel, et maintenant on sait que cette espece
est bien caracterisee et appartient specialment au niveaux
inferieur de 1'oolithe inferieure, zone des A. Sowerbyi et
Murchisonts, que nous designons sons le nom d'infra-oolithe."
My own observations in this district entirely agree with his
remarks. The true Tereb. perovalis being very characteristic of
the zones of Am. Murchisonce and Sowerbyi, and it is not found
higher or lower. It attains an extremely large size in both
zones, one specimen in my collection measuring length, 2
inches 1 1 lines, breadth 2 inches 1 1 lines, depth 1 inch 8 lines.
Localities. Tereb. perovalis occurs at Bradford Abbas, Half-
way House, Oborne, etc. (in Dorset), East Coker, and near
Gorton (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), Dinnington ; near
Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in France, and Wiirtemberg.
2. TEREBRATULA PHILLIPSI, Morris.
TEHEBEATULA PHILLIPSI (Morris], Davidson, British Eossil Brach.
Palseontographical Soc., plate xi., figures
6-8.
TEREBRATULA PHILLIPSI,^. DesL, Brach. Terr. Jurass, plates 67-72.
This is a most marked species, at once to be distinguished by its
peculiar elongated shape, which is quite conspicuous even in very
young forms. E. Deslongschamps in the Paleontologie Franchise
has given a fine series of figures of this species. He also figures
a specimen with an indication of three folds in the middle, but I
have not seen one from this district. His young forms are also
very characteristic, and shew how very small the plications are
in youth, sometimes being hardly perceptible. One characteris-
tic of this species is the small raised beak. In this district Tereb.
Phillipsi is generally found in the zone of Cosmoceras Parkin-
soni, but it does occur in the zone of Humphriesianum, though
THE BRACniOPODA. 11
very rarely. E. Deslongshamps quotes it from the zones of
Humphriesianum, Parkinson!, and also the Fullers Earth for
Prance. Dr. Oppel from the Parkinsoni zone for South- West
Germany, Dr. Wright from the Humphriesianum zone, for the
Cotteswolds, and L. Szajuocha from the zones of S. Humphries-
iauum, C. Parkinsoni, C. ferrugineum, and Op. aspidoides for
Balin, near Cracow.
Dimensions. Length 2 inches 3 lines, breadth 20, depth 12
lines.
Localities. (British) Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c.
(Dorset), Dundry (Somerset), Stroud and Cheltenham
(Gloucestershire). (Foreign) Prance, Wiirtemberg, Switzer-
land, and Hungary.
3. TEREBRATULA STEPHANI, Davidson.
1877. TEREBRATULA STEPHANI Dav., Proc. Dorset Pield Club,
Vol. I, plate i., figures 3.
1878. TEREBRATULA STEPHANI, Davidson, Pakeontographical
Society 1878 Supplement, plate xviii.,
figures 1-7.
1873. TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, E. Desl. (non Morris, ) Brachio-
podes Terr. Jurass., plate 56 (figs. 3-4),
plate 77 (figs. 2-4) (1 ?).
This is a common and rather variable species, but easily
recognised. It was figured by E. Deslongschamp as Tcrclratula
submaxillata. Ho gave several good figures of this species
and its varieties und<3r that name, and on plate seventy-eight,
some peculiarly marked varieties which we have not yet noticed
in this district. The type form was figured by Mr. Davidson in
the "Proceedings of the Dorset Field Club," plate 1, fig. 3, and he
also gave several more figures in the Palrcontographical Society's
journal, of which figure 6 is a peculiarly noticeable variety.
E. Dcslongschamps says that Tereb. sulmaxillata (T. Stephani,
Dav.) traverses the whole system of the inferior oolite from the
12 THE BRACHIOPODA.
zone of Opalinus to the zone of Parkinson!. This is certainly
extremely remarkable, since in the whole of this district I have
never found Tereb. Stephani in any other zone than that of Cosm.
Parkinsoni, and I have always regarded it as peculiarly charac-
teristic of this zone.
Tereb. Stephani bears some resemblance to Tereb. Phillipsi and
Tereb. infra-oolithica. It is easily distinguished from the first
by its rounder shape and its beak, which slightly overlaps the
lesser valve, and from the second by its greater comparative
length and depth, and general shape.
Dimensions. Length 1 inch 10 lines, breadth 1 inch 5 lines,
depth 1 inch. Another specimen length 1 inch 8 lines, breadth
1 inch 5 lines, depth 1 inch 3 lines.
Localities. A very abundant shell at Bradford Abbas, Broad-
windsor, &c. (Dorset), and Crewkerne Station, Stoford, and near
Galhampton, &c. (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), according
to E. Deslongschamps, and at Bayeux, Sully (Calvados), at
Lavergne (Vienne), also in the whole of Burgundy, the neigh-
bourhood of Seinur, &c., &c. Also at Stuifemberg, Bopfingen,
Brauweberg, and Balingen (Wurtemberg), at Liestal, Aarau
(Switzerland), and in Spain.
4. TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, Morris.
TEREBRATULA SUBMAXILLATA, Davidson, British Fossil Brach.,
PaUeont. Soc., plate ix., figs. 10-12.
I possess one specimen from Bradford Abbas, which in shape
and general appearance agrees very well with specimens of T.
submaxillata from, the Cotteswolds. It has, however, very small
sinuations. It agrees best with Mr. Davidson's figure 10 on
plate ix. of his Jurassic Brachiopoda.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), also near Cheltenham
(Gloucestershire).
fHE BRACHIOPODA. 13
5. TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, Davidson.
1851. TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, Davidson. British Brach.
Palccont. Soc., plate vii., figures 15-16.
The specimens from this district are generally a very slight
variation of the Cotteswold forms, that is, they are thinner and
have a rather flattish dorsal valve. Tereb. Buckmani, however, is
rather variable, and gradually passes into those varieties which
have been separated by Mr. Walker under the name of variety
T. Buckmcinima. All these occur together in a peculiarly irony
stone (zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum) near Half-way House,
Compton. The forms which agree with the true Tereb. Buckmani
are rather rare, but the variety Ter. Buckmaniana is much
commoner.
Localities. Near Half-way House and at Oborne (Dorset),
also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire).
Obs. Some authors have placed Tereb. Buckmani as a synonym
of Tereb. ventricosa Hartmann, but Mr. Davidson observes
" Mr. Deslongschamps adds to his description of this species (T.
ventricosa J a long synonomy, among which he places the shell to
which I gave the name of Tereb. Buckmani, but I cannot admit
this identification when I compare it with German and French
examples and figures of Hartrnann's or Zieteu's shell.*
5a. TEREBRATULA BUCKMANI, variety BUCKMANIANA,
Walker.
1878. TEREB. BUCKMANI, VAR. BUCKMANIANA, Davidson, British
Brachiopoda Palseont. Soc., plate xix.,
figures, 14-17.
Along with Ter el. Buckmani occur numerous varieties, such as
are well represented by Mr. Davidson in the above reference.
These forms differ chiefly from T. Buckmani in being more or
less distinctly biplicated and much thicker, or else broader and
* Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda, PaLeont. Soc. 1876, page 127,
vol. xxx.
14 THE
only very slightly biplicated, as represented in figure 14. They
occur with it, and are commoner.
6. TEREBRA.TULA DORSOPLANA, Waagen.
1867. TEREB. DORSOPLAXA, Waagen, Geogn. Paliiont. Beitrlige
plate xxxi. (8), figure 7.
A rather strongly biplicated species, which might, at first
sight, be taken for the young of Tereb. perovalis, but which is
really easily separable. It has a medium sized rounded fora-
men, and its beak ridges are slightly produced near the beak,
and then thrown back as it were, thus giving to the shell on
each side of the beak a peculiarly folded appearance. Another
distinction is the well marked carina down the middle of the
larger valve, beginning at the beak. Its valves are always more
or less thickened at their junction, both at the sides and base of
the shell. These characters are slightly modified in some of the
broad specimens. Waagen says that it differs from Tereb. infra-
oolithica, E. Desl., on account of the keel down the middle
of the larger valve. Our specimens are certainly far larger
than those figured by Dr. Waagen, and are from the zone of
Murchisonae. He quotes it from the Sowerbyi zone; but I
have not yet found this species there. Our specimens would
seem to stand in shape, etc., between Tereb. infra-oolithica and
Tereb. perovalis. The characters that I have mentioned above
will well distinguish it from Tereb. perovalis, specimens of which
are found in the same bed with it. Tereb. dorsoplana is rather
uncommon, and I only know of two places where it has occurred
in this district.
Localities. Marston-road and near Sherborne (Dorset).
Waagen quotes it from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), Gunsberg (Canton
Solothurn), and La Hoche Pourrie, near Salins (Jura).
Dimensions. Length 1 inch 4 lines, breadth 1 inch 3 lines,
depth 10 lines. Another Specimen. Length 1 inch 6 lines,
breadth 1 inch 3 lines, depth 10 lines. Of a Broad Specimen.
Length 1 inch 7 lines, breadth 1 inch 7 lines, depth 1 1 lines.
THE BRACHIOPODA. 15
7. TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITHICA, E. Desl.
1871. TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITIIICA, E. Deslongschamps, Brach.
Terr. Jurass., plate Iviii., and plate lix.,
fig. 1, and plate lx., fig. 2.
1878. TEREBRATULA IXFRA-OOLITIIICA, Davidson, Brach. Palooont.
Soc. supplement, plate xviii., figs. 8-9.
The type of this species is given by Deslongschamps in pi. 58,
fig. 7. This species is very variable, as he shows well, with the
chief variations being in the disposition of the biplications. Some
also have hardly any or no trace of biplication, as shown in his
figures 1, 2, 5, &c. From this district I have obtained specimens
agreeing exactly with his types, and have also obtained the
various varieties except the peculiarly large one figured on plate
60. We have also some rather thick varieties of this shell with
the biplications well marked. Mr. Deslongschamps says of this
species, that it is a sort of intermediate between Terel. inter-
media and Terel. glolata. Both of these, however, come
very much later in geological age than this species. I consider
that Ter. infra-oolithica, in spite of its variability, is easy to
distinguish, at least from any species from this district. It
would not be taken for the young of Ter. perovalis because of its
small circular foramen and generally more circular form. Some
varieties approach Ter. Eudesi, but .the beak does not curve over
so much, and the valves are far less convex. The varieties with-
out biplications very much approach the young of Ter. ampla
Buck., but are not quite so broad. Terel. infra-oolithica and Terel.
dor&oplana, Waagen, are also much alike, but the carinated larger
valve, and peculiar beak ridges, &c., of the latter distinguish
it easily.
Terel. infra-oolithica has been found in the Jurense zone in
Gloucestershire. These specimens are figured by Mr. Davidson,
supplement plate xviii., figs. 8 and 9. They are slightly longer
than specimens from this district, which agree better with E.
Deslongschamp's figures.
16 THE BRACHIOPODA.
Dimensions. Type specimen: Length, 14; breadth, 13;
depth. 8 lines.
Localities. Stoke Knap(Dorset) and near Haselbury(Somerset),
characteristic of the Opalinum zone in this district and rather
abundant ; also Frocester Hill (Gloucestershire) and near Poitiers,
Niort, Saint Maxient, Montreuil-Bellay, &c. (DeuxSevres), and
Sarthe, Conlie, &c.
8. TEEEBRATULA EUDESI, Oppel.
1854. TEREB. EUDESI, Oppel, Juraformation, page 428, No. 225.
1857. TEREB. GLOBATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palooont. Soc.,
plate xiii., figure 4 only.
1877. TEREB. EUDESI, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset Club,
Vol. I., plate iii., figure 4.
1878. TEREB. EUDESI, Davidson, British Brach. Palaeont. Soc.
supplement, plate xvii., fig. 4.
This is a tolerably plentiful species occurring chiefly in the
Sowerbyi zone. It seems to be distinguished from the typical
form of Tereb. glolata, chiefly by its deeper biplications and
more globose form. Mr. E. Deslongschamps in his Brachiopodes
Jurassiques, plate 59, gives several figures of Tereb. Eudesi ;
most of which, however, do not seem to me to agree with David-
son, plate xiii., fig. 4, which is the figure Oppel quotes. They
may, however, be varieties. Dr. Waagen in Geogn. Paliiont.
Beitriige, plate xxxii. (9), figures 1-2 gives Tereb. globulus, with
which our young specimens of Tereb. Eudesi seem to agree.
Whether Tereb. globulus may be really distinct or not I am
unable to say.
Dimensions. Length, 14; breadth, 12; depth, 10 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, near Sherborne, etc. (Dorset) ;
near Gorton, etc. (Somerset) ; also Dundry (Somerset), and la
Verpilliere and Caen (Calvados).
Obs. An elongated variety of Tereb. Eudesi often occurs in
which the folds are more angular and closer together. This
THE BRACHIOPODA. 17
variety very closely resembles the figure of Tereb. Ferry i, Dav.,
supplement, plate xvii., figure 8.
9. TEREBKATULA GLOBATA, Sow.
1877. TEREB. GLOBATA fSow.J, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Field
Club, plate ii., figure 7.
1878. ,, ,, Davidson, Fossil Brachiopoda, supple-
ment, plate xvii., figs. 1-3.
This species is very rare in this district. Mr. Davidson figured
a small specimen from Bradford Abbas, and I have another
a small flattish variety from the Parkinsoni zone of Milborne
Wick, and also a typical specimen from near Half -Way House.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset) and Milborne Wick
(Somerset) ; also Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and from the
Fullers Earth at Whatley, near Frome (Somerset). Dr. Oppel
quotes it for the Parkinsoni zone from South- West Germany at
Stuifemberg, and Nipf, near Bopfingen (Wiirtemberg), and
from Bridport (Dorset).
The typical Tereb. glolata occurs frequently in the Fullers
Earth, from which formation I have obtained it near Milborne
Wick (Somerset) ; but I have also a typical specimen from the
Inferior oolite (Parkinsoni zone), near Half -Way House (Dorset).
The Cotteswold specimens of T. glolata are varieties of Sowerby's
species.
10. TEREBRATULA FERRYI, E. Deslongschamps.
18. TEREBRATULA FERRYI, E. DesL, Brach. Jurass., plate xcvi.
Mr. Davidson with the greatest kindness procured me from
Normandy three small type specimens of this species for com-
parison. I was, therefore, able to see that the specimens which
he had figured as Tereb. Ferry i did not agree with this species,
but that some specimens which I had procured from near Oborne
did so in every respect. Our typical specimens are larger than
the ones I had for comparison, but are about the size of E.
Deslongschamps' figure 3 on plate 96. They, however, agree in
18 THE BEACHIOPODA.
every way with the type French specimens, showing two slight
furrows in the ventral valve opposite the two ridges on the dorsal,
and some of our specimens show the formation of a small extra
Implication, so well brought out in Mr. Deslongschamps' plate.
Taken as a whole Tereb. Ferryi seems to vary somewhat in
dimensions, but the disposition of its folds is characteristic ; one
variation is longer and less deep, but these are the only differ-
ences between them and the type specimens, into which they
gradually merge.
Dimensions. Typical specimen Length 14, breadth 11, depth
11 lines. Another typical specimen Length 15, breadth 11J,
depth 10 lines. Long variety Length 15, breadth 11, depth 9
lines.
Localities. (British) near Oborne (Dorset); (foreign) the whole
east of France.
11. TEREBRATULA SPHAEROIDALIS, Sowerly.
1825. TEREBRATULA SPHAEROIDALIS, Sow., Min. Conch., plate
ccccxxxv, figure 3.
1857. ,, SPHAEROIDALIS, Dctv., British Brach.
Palaeont. Soc., plate xi., figures 9-15 only.
1873. ,, SPHAEROIDALIS, E. Deslonqschamps, Brach.
Terr. Jurass., plates 79-82.
This is one of the commonest species in the inferior oolite, and
shows a great deal of variation in form. Messrs. Davidson and
Deslongschamps have given a great many figures illustrating all
the principal variations. The French specimens figured by E.
Deslongschamps are of extremely large size, and I have not seen
any British specimens which at all equal them. Mr. Deslongs-
champs observes of this species that it varies in passing from one
bed to the other, that it does not occur in the zone of Opalinus
nor of Murchisonse, where it is replaced partly by Tereb. conglo-
bata and partly by Tereb. Eudesi. That it first appears in the
Am. Sauzei beds, where it is small and often deformed. That
in the zone of Am. Humphriesianus, it is common, and all the
THE BBACHIOPODA. 19
specimens are absolutely identical, that this is where it is most
developed, where the species is most constant and best charac-
terised, and where its dimensions are sufficiently big without
being very large. That in the Parkinsoni beds it is of largest
size, and produces remarkable varieties.* My observations
in this district agree with these remarks, only I have not
for certain observed it in the Sauzei bed. At Oborne, how-
ever, and at other places in the Humphriesianum zone
this species is very common, not large but regular and
globular, except that sometimes it passes into a rather flattened
variation. In the Parkinsoni zone at Broadwindsor and round
Bridport, etc., Ter. spJiaeroidalis is found at its finest size, and in
all sorts of varieties. The ventral valve is often peculiarly
enlarged, another variety has the edges of the valves thick-
ened by layers like Wald. Waltoni, and in others the growth
seems to have stopped and then to have been resumed, thus pro-
ducing large lines of growth.
In the zone of Murchisonse, however, there come specimens
which have hitherto been referred to Tereb. spJiaeroidalis or to
Tereb. Eudesi. They are, in fact, between the two, being round
and globular, and having the base ornamented with a distinct
biplication very much in shape like the biplication of Tereb. Eudesi,
but not nearly so pronounced, and it only produces slight furrows
in the shell. The specimens do not agree exactly with any of
the figures of Tereb. conglobata given by E. Deslongschamps, but
much resemble them in all points, except that the biplications
are too regular. Whether these specimens should be classed as
variations of Tereb. spJiaeroidalis or Tereb. conglobata I am not yet
able to determine.
Dimensions of Tereb. sphaeroidalis Length, 17 ; breadth, 15 ;
depth, 15 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Oborne, Broadwindsor, etc.
(Dorset) ; Crewkerne Station, Gralhampton, etc. (Somerset) .
also Dundry (Somerset) ; also Bayeux, Sully, Port-en-Bessin,
etc., and in Burgundy, and many other places in Prance, and
* See Deslongschamps, Brach. Terr. Jurass, page 282.
20 THE BRACHIOPODA.
from Nipf near Bopfingen and Stuifen in Germany, also Brodla,
Sanka, Balin, Eegulice, Kobylany, etc.
Ols. Terelratula lullata, Sowerby, from the Fullers Earth
has long been regarded as a synonym of this species, Mr. J. F.
Walker, however, has found that lullata has a septum and long
loop, and therefore belongs to the genus Waldheimia.
12. TEREBRATULA ETHERIDGII, Davidson.
1854. TEREBRATULA ETHERIDGII, Davidson, British Brach.
Paleeont. Soc. Appendix, plate A, fig. 7-8.
1872. ,, ETHERIDGII, -E 1 . Deslongschampsfir&ch. Terr.
Jurass., plate Ixvi., figures 7-6.
. A species constant in shape, and of which very slight varia-
tions occur, the chief one being a thickening of the base of the
valves. Mr. Deslongschamps quotes this species from the zone
of Am. Parkinsoni, but in this district I have never found it out of
the zone of Harp. Murchisonse, and Mr. J. F. Walker informs
me that it occurs in a sandy bed under the pea-grit, in the
Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire) ; that is to say in the very base
of the zone of Am. Murchisonse. Tereb. Etlieridgii is not at all
common, but it is distributed through the Murchisonse zone of
this district.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Drimpton, etc. (Dorset) ; Stoford,
Haselbury, and near Gorton (Somerset) ; also Dundry (Somerset)
and the Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire) ; and Montreuil Bellay
(Maine and Loire), and Wiirtemberg.
13. TEREBRATULA SIMPLEX, J. Buckman.
1851 . TEREBRATULA SIMPLEX, Dav., British Foss. Brach. Paleeon-
tographical Soc., plate viii., figures, 1, 2, 3.
Our specimens of this species are slightly different from most
of the Cotteswold specimens in not having a slight depression in
the smaller valve. Still the peculiarly raised larger valve, the
extremely flat smaller valve, and large foramen serve well to
distinguish this from any other species, and show at once that it
THE BRACHIOPODA. 21
is really Tereb. simplex. This species occurs in the Murchisonee
zone, and is rather scarce.
Localities. Bradford Abbas and Marston Road (Dorset) ; also
near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire).
14. TEREBRATULA (EPITHYRIS) CURVIFRONS, Oppel.
1856. TEREBRATULA CURVTFRONS, Oppel, Juraformation, page
423, No. 212.
1872. ,, (Ep.) CURVIFRONS, E. Desl, Brach. Jurass.,
plate 49.
1878. WALDHEIMIA CURVIFRON.S, Davidson, British Brach.
Palseont. Soc. Sup., plate xxiv., figure 33
(corrected in text to Terebratula.}
The shell that I place under this designation is the one figured
by Mr. E. Deslongschamps and Mr. Davidson in the references
quoted above, and which is found here in the Murchisonsezone, and
in the same zone in Gloucestershire and Normandy. Dr. Oppel's
description, however, scarcely seems to point to the shell figured
by E. Deslongschamps. He says that his species comes between
ler. carinata and Ter. resupinata, has a broader sinus than the
last, and comes from the base of the Parkinsoni zone.* I have
not had opportunity to work it out, and so leave it, merely
pointing to this description. It evidently wanto some investiga-
tion.
Mr. E. Deslongschamps places this species and also Ter. pro-
vincialis into the subgenus Epithyris. Several subgenera are well
illustrated in the beginning of his work. Epithyris seems to
have a shorter and different loop to Terebratula, and also two
dark lines on the smaller valve, which commencing at the beak
and diverging slightly run to somewhat more than half- way down
the shell. I have specimens of the species illustrating this.
Ter el. curvifrons varies slightly, but not to any great extent.
It is most like large Wold, carinata with a deeper sinus.
Dimensions. Length 19, breadth 18, depth 9 lines.
* Dr. Oppel Juraformation, page 423, No. 212.
22
THE BBACHIOPODA.
Localities. Marston Eoad (Dorset) ; near Gorton and Stoford
(Somerset); also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in
Normandy. Dr. Oppel found it at Nipf, near Bopfingen,
15. TEEEBRATULA CRANEAE, Davidson.
1877. TEBEB. CBANEAE, Dav., Proc. Dorset Field Club, Vol. I.,
plate ii., figs. 2 and 3.
1878. TEBEB. CBANEAE, Dav., Palaeont. Soc., 1878, Supplement,
plate xx., figs. 1 and 2.
1881. TEBEB. HUNGABICA, Suess M.S., Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag
zur Kenntniss der jurass. Brach., plate i.,
figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and plate ii., fig. 1.
A rare but extremely well marked species, of which but few
examples have been found. Its chief peculiarity is that the
beak is placed so far back, as is well shewn in Mr. Davidson's
figures, and this, as well as the shape, serves to distinguish it from
any other species. It approaches most nearly to Tereb. decipiens, E.
Desl. One young specimen of Tereb. Craneae in my collection
from Oborne has the peculiarity of the beak well brought out,
as both the valves are, as nearly as possible, the same length,
the foramen being on the very top of the shell. Tereb. Craneae
was figured by Szajnocha as new, under the name of Tereb.
hungarica, Suess., and he figures the young (see synonyms) in
plate i., figs. 1 and 2.
Localities. (British) Oborne, and near Half-way House, Dor-
set. (Foreign) (Tereb. hungarica J Dolha and Uj-Kemencse.
16. TEHEBRATULA DECIPIENS, E. Desl.
1873. TEBEBBATULA DECIPIENS, E. Deslongschamps, Brach. Terr.
Jurass., plate Ixxxiii.
1878. TEBEBBATULA DECIPIENS, Davidson, Jurassic Brach.
Palseont. Soc. Supplement, plate xx.,
figures 4-8.
A species at once separable from Tereb. sphaeroidalis, Sow., by
the lesser convexity of its valves, its much greater length and
THE BRACHIOfODA. 23
lesser width. Even the varieties of Tereb. sphaeroidalis, some of
vhich are very slightly convex, are easily to be distinguished
from this species, because they are short and almost circular in
shape. The specimens found in this district are far finer than
those figured by E. Deslongschamps. The finest specimen from
the collection of Professor Buckman was beautifully figured by
Mr. Davidson, supplement, plate xx., figure 4. This species
begins in the zone of Stephan. Hurnphriesianum, but is not large
in it. It, however, attains its greatest size in the zone of Cosm.
Parkinsoni.
Localities Bradford Abbas, Oborne, etc. (Dorset) ; Crewkerne
Station, Haselbury, etc. (Somerset) ; also at Dinnington, and at
La Provence, Languedoc, Bandol, Cuers, etc., in France, and in
Spain and Portugal.
17. TEBEBKATULA WRIGHTII, Davidson.
1872. TEREBRATULA WRIGHTII, Dav., E. Deslongschamps, Brach
Terr. Jurass., plate lx., figures 3-6.
1877. TEREB RATULA WRIGHTII, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset
Club, Vol. I., plate ii., fig. 4.
This species is very rare in this district. I believe it comes
from the upper beds of the inferior oolite.
Localities. Near Sherborno (Dorset), also near Cheltenham
( Gloucestershire) .
18. TEKEBRATULA HORIERI, Davidson.
1873. TEREBRATULA MORIERI, E. Desl, Brach. Terr. Jurass.,
plate Ixv.
1878. TEREBRATULA MORIERI, A. Kent, Proc. Dorset Field Club,
Vol. ii.
This interesting species was first discovered in England by Mr.
J. F. Walker in the Bradford Abbas quarry, and he described it
in the Geological Magazine for 1878. Our English specimens
are about the size of figure 4, plate 65, of E. Deslongschamps
24 THE BRACHIOPODA.
" Brachipodes," and they are also not so angular as his figures.
This species has a furrow down each valve, and is crossed by
transverse lines of growth, between which occur a very large
number of minute punctuations.
Dimensions. Length 9, breadth 7, depth 5 lines.
Localities. (Britain) Bradford Abbas (Dorset). I believe
that it has not been found anywhere else. (Foreign) at Ste-
Honorine des Perthes (Calvados).
19. TEREBRATULA HYBRIDA, E. Desl.
TEREBRATULA HYBRIDA, E. Desl., Brachiopodes Terr. Jurass.,
plate Ixvi., fig. 1-6.
This little species, allied to Tereb. Morieri, was first found for
Britain at Broadwindsdr (Dorset) by Mr. D. Stephens and
myself. It is distinguished from Tereb. Morieri by being slightly
broader in proportion, and in having tranverse and longitudinal
lines crossing each other, thus giving it somewhat the appear-
ance of trellis work. This structure of the shell is well shown
by E. Deslongschamps in " Brachiopodes," plate Ixvi., fig. 6.
Dimensions. Length 7, width 7, depth 5 lines.
Localities. (Britain) zone of Parkinsoni, only at Broadwindsor
(Dorset). (Foreign) E. Deslongschamps says " This species
has only been found in one locality, at Sainte Honorine des
Perthes, near Port-en-Bessin (Calvados), in white oolite, that is
the Am. Parkinsoni bed."*
20. TEREBRATULA CONGLOBATA, E. Desl.
TEREBRATULA CONGLOBATA, E. Desl, Brach. Jurass., plate Ivii.
At present very rare in this district. It seems to be distin-
guished by its tendency to form extra biplications. Judging
from the various figures given by E. Deslongschamps, it seems
to be very variable and hard to define. I possess two specimens
*E. Desl. Brach., page 249.
THE BKACHIOPODA. 25
from near Gorton, from the zone of Murchisonse. They most
resemble E. Deslongschamp's figure 4 on plate v., and show
slightly the extra biplications.
Localities. Near Gorton (Somerset). E. Deslongschamps
quotes it from the zone of opalinus, from several places in
France, such as Maltot, Fenguerolles, Bayeux, &c.
21. TEREBRATULA (EHTHYBis) PROVINCIALIS, E. Desl,
1873. TEKEBKATULA (EI-ITHYRJS) PROVINCIALIS, E. Desl., Brach-
Jurass., plate Ixxxiv.
This species is to Terelratula curvifrons what Wald. Heriani
is to Wald. carinata. The very much incurved beak is its dis-
tinguishing character. It is also deeper and narrower in propor-
tion than Tereb. curvifrons, but the sinus in the smaller valve is
not so deep. Two undoubted specimens of this species have
been found in the Murchisonse zone, near Gorton, one by Mr. E.
Cleminshaw, and the other by myself.
Localities. (British) near Gorton (Somerset). (Foreign) La
Proveoce (France) and several places in Spain.
22. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS, var. AMPLA, J.Buckman.
1877. TEREBRATULA PEROVALIS var. AMPLA (Buckmanj Dav.,
Proceedings of Dorset Club Vol. I., 1877,
plate i., figs. 2 and 2a only (non fig. i.).
1878. ,, PEEOVALIS var, AMPLA (Buckmari) Dav., Palseont.
Soc., 1878 Supplement, plate xxv., fig. 2
only (figure 1 to Tereb. perovalis}.
1878. ,, PEROVALIS (Soio.J, Davidson. Brachiopoda
Supplement, plate xviii., fig. 1 1 only.
1879. ,, PEROVALIS (Sow.), Bayle, Explic. de la
carte geologique de la France, plate vi.,
fig. 1 only.
As type of this variety the specimen figured by Mr. Davidson
in the Dorset Club Proceedings, plate i., fig. 2, and in the
26 THE BEACHIOPODA.
Palsoontographical Society's Journal Supplement, plate xxv.,
fig. 2, should be taken. The other specimen figured under this
name (figure 1) is merely the large adult form of Tereb. perovalis,
and not a variation, Tereb. ampla is really so distinct from the
ordinary type of Tereb. perovalis in all its stages that it would
almost seem to warrant its separation as a species, and probably
if more good specimens were collected its characters might be
well enough defined for it. Its distinguishing characters are
Breadth nearly always greater than the length. Margin very
sharp and without plications, but having only one slight bend.
Beak rather small and round. What we take for the young
of Tereb. ampla answer to this description. They are very
distinct from Tereb. perovalis, but are connected by the Cottes-
wold form figured in Mr. Davidson's supplement, plate xviii.,
fig. 2. They almost exactly resemble Tereb. Whitakeri (Walker),
Davidson, Supplement, plate xix., figs. 6-9, some of them hav-
ing the bend shewn, while others have the margin quite straight.
From the Oolite Marl near Salperton, Gloucestershire, I collected
many specimens, which are exactly the same as our young Tereb.
perovalis, var. ampla, and some of them have the fold which
characterises Tereb. Whitakeri. Anyway Tereb. WhitaJceri and
our young Tereb. ampla seem to me to be one and the same
species. They might possibly be distinct from the adult 2ereb.
perovalis var. amply,, figured by Mr. Davidson, but do not seem to
be so. This adult Tereb. ampla seems to be connected with Tereb.
perovalis by a shell which is longer than broad, base slightly
thickened, and just showing two plications. This is most prob-
ably the shell figured by Bayle, plate vi., fig. 1, and should
certainly be classed with the variety T. ampla. It is possible, as
I observed before, that if more specimens of the large Tereb.
ampla were collected its differences could be defined sufficiently
well to warrant its being made a distinct species.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, &c. (Dorset), near Gorton and
Haselbury (Somerset), and Cotteswolds (Gloucestershire).
THE BKACHIOPODA. 27
23. TEREBRATULA HOLLAND AE, S. S. BucJcman.
1877. TEEEBRATULA FERRYI Davidson, (not T. Ferry i of E. Des-
longschamps), Proceedings of the Dorset
Field Club, Vol. I., plate ii., fig. 5.
1878. ,, FERRYI, Davidson (non E. Desl.), British.
Brachiopoda, Palseont. Soc., Jurassic, Sup-
plement plate xvii., fig. 7, (not figure 8).
Through the great kindness of Mr. Davidson, who procured
me three type specimens of lereb. Ferryi, E. Desl., from Nor-
mandy, I have been able to compare the French types with our
own forms. The result is that I find that the specimens figured
by Mr. Davidson in the above references do not at all agree with
the French types, so that I have therefore named this species
afresh.
Tereb. Ferryi, E. Desl., is a rather globose form, having the
dorsal valve greatly convex. Its biplications are also rather
small, and some specimens have a third very small fold at the
base ; on the larger valve are two small furrows running up
about half way, opposite the two ridges on the dorsal valve,
beak incurved, foramen more or less round.
Tereb. Hollandae, however, is not at all globose, has the smaller
valve rather flat, and the biplications are most marked, being
very sharp and angular like those of Tereb. Phillipsi. The
furrows extend about half way up the dorsal valve, and
about two-thirds up the ventral, and a small keel extends from
the beak all down the middle of the ventral valve.
Dimensions. Length 12, breadth 8, depth 8 lines.
Localities. This species is rather scarce. Bradford Abbas,
Clifton Maybank, and near Half-way House (Dorset).
Obs. I have not been able to determine whether it really
occurs in the Humphriesianum zone or not. Its general position,
however, is the lower part of the Parkinzoni zone.
28 THE BRACHIOPODA.
24. TEREBRATULA LEESII, S. S. BucJcman.
1877. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, var. MANDELSLOHI, Davidson,
Proceedings Dorset Field Club, 1877,
plate iii., figure 8.
1878. ,, CARINATA, var. MANDELSLOHI, Dav., Palse-
ontographical Society, 1878, supplement
plate xxiii., figure 16 only.
This species conies exactly between Tereb. fEp.J curvifrons, and
Tereb. Ampla, and it was figured by Mr. Davidson as
Waldheimia carinata var. MandelsloM. I, however, possess the
original specimen so figured, and from an examination of it, and
several other specimens as well as some internal casts, find that
it is not a Waldheimia, but a Terebratula. It is distinguished
from Tereb. fEp.J curvifrons by a shallower sinus, lesser depth,
and general shape. From Tereb. ampla it is distinguished by
the sinus in the lesser valve (which valve in Tereb. ampla is always
convex J, and by its very sharply carinated larger valve. This
species must not be confounded with the young of Tereb. ampla,
in which the smaller valve has got crushed in or otherwise
flattened unnaturally.
Dimensions of an adult specimen. Length 12, breath 12, depth
5 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas and Marston Road (Dorset), and
Stoford (Somerset).
Named in compliment to E. Lees, Esq., F.L.S., F.GKS., a very
old friend of my father's.
25. WALDHEIMIA ANGLICA (Oppel).
1856. TEREBRATULA ANGLICA, Oppel, Juraformation, page 425,
No. 216.
1878. WALDHEIMIA ANGLICA, Davidson, Paleeontographical Soc.,
supplement plate xxiii., figures 23-26.
Dr. Oppel first found this species in the Torulosus bed at Bur-
ton cliff, near Bridport, Dorsetshire, and he also states that he
found it in Gloucestershire. I have myself found it at Burton
THE BKACHIOPODA. 29
Bradstock in the same place as Dr. Oppel. It is, however,
small and not characteristic in the Torulosus bed, but in the
Murchisonae zone it is much commoner and finer. It varies
slightly in shape, as is well shewn in Mr. Davidson's good
figures, and it also varies extremely in abundance. On the rail-
way cutting at Bradford Abbas, Dorset, it is extremely common,
whilst at East Hill quarry, at Bradford Abbas, only about 500
yards distant it is extremely rare. Again at Haselbury, Somer-
set, and Drimpton (near Broadwindsor), Dorset, it is very
common. This species thickens at the base, sometimes very
greatly.
Localities. (British) Burton Bradstock, Bradford Abbas, etc.,
Dorset. Haselbury, Somerset ; also Dundry, and Dr. Oppel
mentions it from Gloucestershire.
26. WALDHEIMIA DISCULUS (Waagen).
1867. MACANDBEWIA DISCULUS, Waagen, Geog. Palaont., Bei-
trage, plate xxxi. (8), figures 8 and 9.
This species was discovered by myself in the Sowerbyi zone in
a quarry near Gorton Denham, Somersetshire, and I do not
know that it has occurred anywhere else in England. The adult
specimens (Waagen plate xxxi, figure 8) are very similar to
Wold, anglica (Oppel), but the peculiar raised beak at once dis-
tinguishes it. The young might perhaps be taken for the young
forms of WaU. sulbucculenta (Chap, and Devalque). Waagen
found this species in the Sowerbyi zone. He says that he has
six specimens from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), and does not know
of it from anywhere else.
Localities. Near Gorton Denham (Somerset). (Foreign)
Gin gen (Wiirtemberg).
27. WALDHEIMIA LECKENBYI, Walker.
WALDUEIMIA LECKEXBYI, Dav., British Brachiopoda, Palsoont.
Soc. Sxipplement, plate xxiii., figs. 1-4.
This species much resembles Wald. Waltoni, but is distinguished
30 THE BRACHIOPODA.
by its larger valve being much raised, moderately flat smaller
valve, and valves joined acutely. This species is rare in this
district.
Localities. Near Half-way House (Dorset) ; also near Chel-
tenham (Gloucestershire).
28 WALDHEIMIA WALTONI, Davidson.
1857. TEREBRATULA WALTONI, Davidson, British Fossil Brach.
Palseontographical Soc., plate v., figs 1
2, 3, and Supplement plate xxiii., fig. 8.
1877. WALDHEIMIA WALTONI. Dav., Proc. Dorset Club, Vol. I.,
pi. iii., fig, 5.
A peculiar species somewhat allied to Wald. emarginata (Sow),
but differing from that species in having a roundish base gener-
ally very much thickened. There are, in fact, two varieties of
this species, one with the thickened base, and the other some-
what resembling large Wald. subbucculenta (Chap, and Dav.),
with a rather thin base. The thickened form seems to be the
commoner. This species is generally long in proportion, but a
broad variety sometimes occurs. The lesser valve of this species
is nearly always perfectly flat. Wald. Waltoni occurs in this dis-
trict only in the zone of Parkinsoni, and though not very
plentiful it is well distributed.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset);
also at several places in Calvados (France), and near Wurtem-
berg, in South-west Germany.
Dimensions. Thick form length 1 inch 4 lines, breadth 1
inch, depth 7 lines, depth of base 5 lines. Thin form length
1 inch 3 lines, breadth 11 lines, depth 6 lines, depth of base 2
lines. Broad form length 1 inch 5 lines, breadth 1 inch 3
lines, depth 10 lines, depth of base 6 lines.
THE BKACHIOPODA. 31
29. WALDHEIMIA SUBBUCCULENTA, Chap. & Dav.
1873. TEREBRATULA (W.) SUBBUCCULENTA, Chap, and Dav., E.
Desl., Brach. Terr. Jurass, plate 86.
1877. WALDHEIMIA SP. (?), Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset
Field Club, plate iii., figures 14-15.
In the marl bed of Bradford Abbas (base of the zone of
Parkinsoni) come small peculiar specimens which agree
with Waldheimia subbucculenta as figured by Mr. E. Deslongs-
champs, especially with his figures six and seven. E. Deslongs-
champs, however, quotes this species from the Fullers Earth, and
Dr. Oppel first put it as a synonym of Wald. Waltoni, and after-
wards places it in the Bath formation (Fullers Earth).
Dimensions. Length 1 inch, breath 9 lines, depth 5 lines.
Another specimen length 9 lines, breadth 7 lines, depth Sp-
lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, &c. (Dorset) ; also, according to
E. Deslongschamps, near Metz, Bouxvillers, and at several
other places in France, and in Belgian Luxembourg ; at Bopfin-
gen, Balingen, &c., at Grreblingen, in Switzerland, and near
Cracovie.
30. WALDHEIMIA EMARGINATA, Sowerly.
1825. TEREBRATULA EMARGINATA, Sow., Min. Conch., table 435,
fig. 5.
1851. ,, EMARGINATA, Dav., British Brach. Palreon.
Soc., plate iv., figures 18-20.
1877. WALDIIEIMIA EMARGINATA, Dav., Proceedings Dorset
Club, vol. i., plate iii.. figures 10-11.
1878. ,, EMARGINATA, Dav., British Brachiopoda
PalfBont. Soc., supplement plate xviii.,
figs. 5-7.
This is a rather rare species, distinguished from Wald. Waltoni
by the two projections of tha front margin. Some specimens,
32 THE BRACHIOPODA.
however, seem to unite this species with W, Waltoni. One pro-
jection of the margin is frequently longer than the other.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset) ; also
Nunney, near Frome (Somerset).
31. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, Lamarck.
1851. TEREBRATULA CABINATA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont.
Soc., plate iv., figures 11-14 only.
1873. ,, (WALD.) CARINATA, E. Desl., Brachiopodes
Jurass., plate 62.
1877. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, Davidson, Proceedings of Dorset
Club, plate iii., figures 6-7.
1878. ,, CARIXATA, Davidson, British Brach.
Palseont. Soc., supplement plate xxiii.,
figs. 14-15.
This is a very variable species, of which two variations could
be well marked, one with thickened valves, the front margin of
which is excavated, that is to say, the sides project beyond the
middle of the margin. The other is a broad variation, as is
represented by E. Deslongschamps, plate 62, figure 7. There is
also another variety, a small broad form, figured by Mr. David-
son, supplement plate xxiii., figures 21, 22, as a " small variety
of Mandelslohi ?" There seems, however, to be some confusion
with regard to WaUheimia Mandelslohi. Oppel, who named it,
says that it comes from the Corn&rash, is like figure 12, table 4,
of Terefi. carinata, Davidson, Brachiopoda, only that the sinus
of the lesser valve is deeper and the larger valve more arched.* 5
Davidson's figure 12, table 4, shews a specimen of Ter. carinata,
with the valves much thickened. Deslongschamps in Brach.
Jurassiques, plate 85, figures 3-5, gives TereJ). (W) Mcmdelslohi,
(Oppel) from the Fullers Eai'th, but these figures do not seem to
at all represent Oppel's description and reference to Davidson's
figure. The probability is that Wald. MandelsloM is peculiar to
the Cornbrash, from which formation Dr. Oppel quotes it.
* Oppel Juraformation, pa^e 495, No. 85.
THE BRACHIOPODA.
33
The variety W, carinata with the excavated front margin is so dis-
tinct from the ordinary form of the species that I consider it worth
naming as a variety, I therefore name it Waldheimia carinata var.
crewkernensis. This variety is figured by Mr. Davidson at sup-
plement plate xxiii., figure 15, only the excavation of the valves
is usually much greater. Young forms of this variety also
exhibit the same excavation.
Dimensions. W. carinata Length, 1 6 ; breadth, 1 1 ; depth 7 ;
W. carinata var. crewkernensis Length, 13; breadth, 10; depth
8 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, etc. (Dorset) ;
Crewkerne Station, Stoford, etc. (Somerset) ; also near Stroud
(Gloucestershire), and Dinnington ; also near Bayeux, St. Vigor,
Sully, etc. (France), and Geisingen, Gamrnelhausen, etc. (Swabia),
Balin and Luszowice.
3 la, WALDHEIMIA CARINATA, variety BLAKEI, Walker.
1878. WALDHEIMIA CARINATA var. BLAKEI, Davidson, British
Brach. Palseont. Soc., supplement plate
xxiii., figs. 19, 20.
Mr. J. F. Walker informs me that he quite agrees with this
determination. Our specimens come from the opalinum zone at
Stoke Knap and near Haselbury, so that the horizon would
seem to be the same there as in Yorkshire, where they are quoted
from blocks of Shelly Dogger, belonging to the Yellow Sands,
Cliffs, near Scarborough. Our specimens, however, vary some-
what in shape and in the depth of the sinus, belonging to the
smaller valve. The beak is somewhat incurved. They differ
from Wold, carinata in being much shorter in proportion.
Dimensions, ordinary size. Length, 7 ; breadth, 7 ; depth, 3
lines.
Another Specimen. Length, 9 ; breadth, 9 ; depth, 6 lines.
Localities. Stoke Knap (Dorset), near Haselbury (Somerset),
also near Scarborough (Yorkshire).
34 THE BRACHIOPODA.
32. WALDHEIMIA MERIANI, Oppel.
1856. TEKEBRATULA MERIANT, Oppel., Juraformation, page 424,
No. 214.
1872. ., (W) HERIANI, E. Deslongschamps., Brach.
Terr. Jurass. plate Ixiv., figs. 1, 2, and
4 (3 and 5 varieties ?).
1877. WALDHEIMIA MERIANI, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club, plate
iii., fig. 9.
This species differs from Wold, carinata chiefly by its beak,
which is so peculiarly curled over ; also by its greater depth.
The specimens from the Cheltenham district seem to be much
more constant in shape, and easily separable from Wald. carinata,
while specimens from this district vary somewhat, and run rather
more or less into that species. A point which helps to distin-
guish this species from Wald. carinata is the peculiar beak ridges,
which are particularly well brought out in E. Deslongschamps'
Brach., Tab. 64, fig. 2c.
Localities. It occurs in the Humphriesianum and Parkinson!
zones, but is rather rare, at Bradford Abbas, Oborne, &c.,
Dorset ; also Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in Normandy,
and in the departments of Deux Sevres, Tonne, and Saone-et-
Loire ; also from Swabia near Gamelshausen and Bopfingen.
There also occur in the Parkinsoni zone near Sherborne a
large number of very small Waldheimite, which must evidently
be a small race of Wald. Meriani. They are extremely abundant,
being all huddled together, but only in one particular band.
The largest I have obtained measured : Length, 6 ; breadth, 4 ;
depth, 3 lines, and the ordinary size is : Length, 3 ; breadth,
3 ; depth, 2 lines.
At Broadwindsor, too, in a band of brown clay on the top of
the quarry (i.e., on the top of a bed containing Stephanoceras
zigzag and Sphaeroceras dimorphum) come other peculiar little
shells, slightly bigger than the preceding, very like Wald. Meriani,
but with a deeper sinus in the dorsal valve.
THE BRACHIOPODA. 35
Dimensions. Length, 5 ; breadth, 5 ; depth, 4 lines. Depth
of sinus about two lines.
33. KHYNCHONELLA SUBTETRAHEDRA, Davidson.
1851. KHYNCH. SUBTETRAHEDRA, Dav., British Brach. Palseont.
Soc., plate xvi., figs. 9-12.
1851 (?). ,, INCONSTANS, Davidson, plate xviii., fig. 4 only.
This species is variable and rather hard to define. It seems
to be rather characteristic of the higher bed of the inferior
oolite, the most typical specimens coining from the zone of Cosm
Parkinsoni. The species is somewhat wider than long, with a
mesial fold not much raised, containing from 6-9 ribs. Dorsal
valve moderately convex. I have placed as a synonym of this
species the shell figured as " Rhynch. inconstans from the upper
beds of the Inferior oolite " (Davidson, plate xviii., fig. 4), but
with some uncertainty, as I have not material enough to deter-
mine whether this form is merely a variation or not of Rhynch.
subtetrahedra. I am also not able to say what the young
forms of this species may be, but I think it probable that some
of the rather flat small Rhynchonellae may belong to it. I
expect, however, that it would be extremely difficult to separate
well the young forms of Rhynch. subtetrahedra and Rhynch. gin-
gensis, Waagen, though the adult specimens are quite distinct.
Dimensions. Length, 16; breadth, 19; depth, 12 lines.
Localities. Near Half-way House and Broadwindsor (Dorset),
Stoford (Somerset), also Dundry (Somerset), and Leckhampton
Hill (Gloucestershire).
34. RHYNCHONELLA PLICATELLA, Sow.
1825. TEREBRATULA PLICATELLA, Sow., Min. Conch., table 503,
fig. 1.
1851. RHYNCIIONELLA PLICATELLA, Dav., Fossil Brach. Palseont.
Soc., plate xvi., figs. 7 and 8.
1877. ,, PLICATELLA, Dav., Proceedings Dorset
Club, Vol. I., plate iv., figs. 9 and 10.
86 THE BRACHIOPODA .
1878. RHYNCHONELLA PLICATELLA, Dav., British Fossil Bracli.
Palaeont. Soc., Supplement, plate xxvii.,
3. 4-7.
1881. PLICATELLA, Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag zur
Kenntniss der jurass. Brachiopoden, page
14.
This species is easily distinguished by the space on the sides
of the beak, and its fine ribs. The original specimen figured by
Sowerby was from Dorset, being from Chideock, near Bridport .
When young this species is much elongated. Generally the
mesial fold is only slightly and gradually elevated, but in some
specimens, especially from the Humphriesianum zone, it is
distinctly and sharply raised, a good sized specimen containing
about 1 3 ribs on this fold.
Dimensions. Length, 17; breadth, 15; depth, 10 lines. In
some specimens the dorsal valve is much more convex.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Clifton Maybank, &c. (Dorset),
Haselbury, &c. (Somerset), also Dundry and Dinnington ; and
Moutiers and Bayeux (France), and in Siebungen, and in
Portugal.
35. KHYNCHONELLA SUBANGULATA, Davidson.
1877. KHYNCHONELLA SUBANGULATA, Davidson, Proceedings of
Dorset Field Club, Vol. I., plate iv., figs.
11 and 12.
1878. SUBANGULATA, Davidson, British Brach.
Palseont. Soc., Jurassic, Supplement,
plate xxix., fig. 14-16.
This is a good and easily-defined species, and certainly quite
distinct from Sowerby's Ehynch. angulata, which is much more
allied to Khyncli. subtetrahedra, while this partakes more of the
characters of Rhynch. cynocephala on account of its very raised
mesial fold, containing 5 or 6 sharp ribs. This species occurs
THE BRACHIOPODA. 3?
only in the Murchisonae zone, and is rather scarce. It is a very
constant species.
Dimensions. Length, 7 ; breadth, 12 ; depth, 9.
Localities. Bradford Abbas and Marston Eoad (Dorset), also
near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire).
36. EHYNCHONELLA KINGENS, Herault.
1851. EHYNCHONELLA RINGENS, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont.
Soc., plate xiv., figs. 13-16.
1877. ,, BINGENS, Dav., Proc. Dorset Club. Yol. I.,
plate iv., figs. 17 and 18.
This well marked species is most peculiar in its geographical
distribution, being at some places very common, and at others,
where its bed also occurs, it is extremely rare. Thus, at Half-
way House, and near Sherborne, in Dorset, and near Gorton,
Somerset, it is common, but at Bradford Abbas it is extremely
rare, and at many other places where the bed occurs it is not
found at all. The young of this species are very peculiar, the
smaller they are the flatter they become, until the median fold is
hardly perceptible. Again, when they are about half grown
they are extremely hard to distinguish from the variety of
Rhynch. cynocephala with one plait. Rhynch. ringens generally
has only one large median fold, but occasionally this is slit at
the top into two (as shown Dav. Proc. Dorset Club, Vol. I.,
pi. iv., fig. 18), and into three (as shown in a French specimen
Dav. Palseont. Soc., 1851, plate xiv., fig. 16). Specimens of
both of these variations have occurred in this neighbourhood
Since the publication of Mr. Davidson's paper in the " Proceed-
ings of the Dorset Field Club," much larger specimens of
Rhynch. ringem have been obtained.
Dimensions. Length, 6 ; breadth, 8 ; depth, 8 lines.
Localities. Halfway House, near Sherborne, &c. (Dorset)
near Gorton (Somerset). Oppel quotes it from Houtiers (Calva-
dos).
38 THE BEACHlOPODA.
37. RHYNCIIONELLA SUBRINGENS, Davidson.
1851. KHYNCH. SUBRINGENS, Dav., British Brach. Palseont. Soc.,
plate xiv., fig. 17.
The types of this peculiar little species are totally distinct from
typical Rhynch. suldecorata young forms (Dav. British Brach.
Appendix, plate A, figures 24 and 26), but varieties of both
occur which seem extremely hard to separate one from the other.
Rhynch. subringens is globular, on the lesser valve it has one
strong mesial rib, somewhat raised, and two distinct ribs on each
side also rather strong and well marked. On the larger valve it
has a deep sinus in the middle, and three ribs two distinct and
one rather small on each side of this. The edges of the valves
come together at an acute angle. Rhynch. suldecorata, however,
is not nearly so globular, has the mesial fold a good deal raised
and divided by a sinus into two parts, and it has three ribs on
each side, which are not nearly so prominent as the two in R.
subringens. On the larger valve it has a mesial sinus, down the
middle of which runs a small rib. On each side of the sinus are
four rather small ribs. None of the furrows in Rhynch. suldecorata
are nearly so deep as those in Rhynch. subringens. The variety of
Rhynch. subringens is very globular, larger than the type, has the
mesial fold undivided, and possesses two more small ribs on each
valve. Edges of valves joined more or less obtusely. The variety
of Rhynch. suldecorata is also nearly as globular as Rhynch. sul-
ringens, as the mesial fold is divided by a small sinus, and a small
corresponding rib down themiddle of the largervalve. Itwillthus
be seen that the varieties of Rhynch, subringens and Rhynch. sul-
decorata approach each other very closely, in general form
especially, and are only separable on account of the division of
the mesial fold. The similarity, however, of the variety of Rhynch.
subringens with the enlarged figure given by Mr. Davidson, plate
xiv., fig. 17, is remarkable.
Dimensions. Type form Length, 3 J ; breadth, 3 ; depths
lines. Another specimen Length, 5 ; breadth, 5 ; depth, 5
lines.
THE BEACHIOPODA. 39
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), rare, and near Gorton
(Somerset), very rare. Zone of Murchisonae.
38. KHYNCHONELLA SUBDECOEATA, Davidson.
1854. RHYNCHONELLA SUBDECOEATA, Davidson, British Fossil
Brach. Paleeont. Soc., Appendix, plate A,
figs. 24 and 26. (Specimens to agree
with figures 23 and 25 have not been
found in this district.)
Under Rhynch. subrinqens I have given the relations and
varieties of this species, and have also described it. It occurs
in the same zone as that species, viz., that of Murchisonae, and
though rather more frequent near Gorton, it is very rare at
Bradford Abbas.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Gorton (Somerset),
also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire).
39. EHYNCHONELLA PARVULA, E. Desl.
1877. EHYNCHONELLA PARVTJLA, Davidson, "Proceedings Dorset
Club," Vol. L, plate iv., fig. 14.
1878. ,, PARVULA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont.
Soc., Supplement, plate xxvii., fig. 21.
A small but peculiar flat species, which occurs in the zone of
Parkinsoni. It is chiefly distinct on account of its small number
of ribs ; on the mesial fold it has generally three ribs, but some-
times four. There are also specimens, probably varieties of
this species, which occur with it, that have only two ribs rather
more raised than in Rhynch. parvula.
Dimensions. Length, 6 ; breadth, 6 ; depth, 3 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, and near Halfway House
(Dorset].
40 THE BRACHIOPODA.
40. EHYNCHONELLA FOKBESII, Davidson.
1857. EHYNCHONELLA FORBESII, Davidson, Britisli Brach. Paleeont.
Soc., plate xvii., fig. 19.
1877. FOB.BESII, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset
Field Club, plate iv., fig. 15.
A peculiar globular little shell characteristic of the Sowerbyi
zone. The type specimens figured by Mr. Davidson were round
and globular, but specimens occur, especially near Gorton
(Somerset), which are more or less flat with a slightly raised
fold. This species is well distributed all over this district,
in fact occurring wherever the Sowerbyi zone is exposed. It is
always small, but could not possibly be taken for the fry of any
other species.
Dimensions. Length, 5% ; breadth, 5 ; depth, 3 lines, and of
a flat specimen Length, 4 ; breadth, 4 ; depth, 2 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Halfway House, Stoke Knap,
&c. (Dorset), near Corton (Somerset).
41. EHYNCHONELLA SPINOSA, Schlothem.
1851. EHYNCHONELLA SPINOSA, Davidson, British Brach. Palseont.
plate xv., figs. 15-20.
1877. ,, SPINOSA, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset
Club, Vol. I., plate vi., fig. 19.
This species has always a raised mesial fold, the sides of which
slope quite gradually. This is a good distinctive feature, and is
peculiar to even the finer-ribbed varieties of RliyncJi. spinosa.
This species seems to begin in the Humphriesianum zone, in
which bed it is rather rare. It ascends into the zone of Parkin-
soni, in which it is abundant, and, I believe, goes much higher.
Specimens often occur shewing the entire spines more or less, and
these can be well worked out with the aid of some very dilute
hydrochloric acid. A fine example shewing the species is
figured by Mr. Davidson, Palseont. Soc. Journ., plate xv., fig. 15.
THE BRACHIOtODA. 4l'
Dimensions. Length, 12; breadth, 14; depth 8 lines. Another
specimen: length, 11; breadth, 13; depth 17 lines. On this
last specimen I counted about 28 ribs and about 1 1 spines on each
rib, so that the specimen probably possess more than 300 long
spines. This shews a great difference from Rhynch. senticosa.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, Oborne, and many
other places in Dorset ; also Hilborne "Wick, near Galhampton,
&c. (Somerset), also Dundry and near Bath (Somerset), Minchin-
hampton, and near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire), and in Nor-
mandy at Falaise, Moutiers, Port-en-Bessin, &c., and Dr. Oppel
says that its geographical range is very great, and that there is
scarcely a locality in the French, English and German inferior
or great oolite where it does not occur.*
42. EHYNCHONELLA SENTICOSA, v. Such.
1851. EHYNCHONELLA SENTICOSA, Davidson, Brit. Brach., Palseont.
Soc., plate xv., fig. 21.
1877. ,, SENTICOSA, Davidson, Proceedings Dorset
Club, Vol. I., plate iv., fig. 20.
This species has by some authors been considered to be merely
a variety of Rhynch. spinosa, but I consider that there exists
very many differences between them. It is quite possible that
the rather finer ribbed variety of Rhynch. spinosa was mistaken
for Rlynch. senticosa. This species, however, differs from Rhynch.
spinosa in having the base of the valves nearly straight, the
beak rather raised so that the foramen can be easily seen, and a
vast number of extremely minute ribs covered with spines.
Dimensions. Length, 11| ; breadth, 13; depth 8 lines.
Another specimen. Length, 11; breadth, 12; depth 7 lines.
On this last specimen I counted over 100 ribs on the lesser valve,
and about 40 spines on each rib. The specimen thus possessed
more than 4,000 spines on each valve.
* Oppel Juraforination, p. 432.
42 THE BEAOHIOPODA.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Broadwindsor, &c. (Dorset),
characteristic of the top sub-division of the inferior oolite (zone
of Cosm Parkinsoni) also Dinnington.
43. EHYNCHONELLA CYNOCEPHALA, Richard.
1851. EHYNCHONELLA CYNOCEPHALA, Davidson, British Brach.
Palseont., Soc., plate xiv., fig. 10-12.
1877. CYNOCEPHALA, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club,
Vol. I., plate iv., fig. 16.
1877. STEPHENSI, Davidson, Proc. Dorset Club,
plate iv., fig. 13. (The young state of
Rhynch. cynocephala.}
Mr. Davidson in the " Proceedings of the Dorset Club " says,
"This appears to be an uncommon species in the inferior oolite
of the Bradford Abbas district, for I found only one example of
it among upwards of a thousand specimens I had under exami-
nation. It was found by Mr. Darell Stephens at Crewkerne
Station.* Since this was written, however, the proper beds for
Rhynch. cynocephala have been examined, and it is found to be a
common fossil. Unfortunately the zone in which it occurs most
plentifully (the zone of Harp. Opalinum) is only exposed at
three places, the coast of Burton Bradstock, and at Stoke Knap
in Dorset, and near Haselbury (Somerset). This species alfeo
certainly occurs, but very rarely, in the zone of Harp. Murchi-
sonse. The common form of this species is the form with two
plaits, but specimens with only one, and also with three, have
been found. The variety with one plait occurs in the Murchi-
sonse zone at Drimpton (Dorset) by itself (that is to say, I did
not observe the usual form there at all) and also in other places.
The mesial fold of our specimens is generally not so much
raised as in those from Gloucestershire, and as far as we have
yet found they are slightly smaller.
* Davidson, Proceedings Dorset Club, Vol. I., p. 86.
THE BEACHIOPODA. 43
Localities. In the zone of Murchisonae, rare, Drimpton, and
near Sherborne (Dorset), Haselbury, and near Gorton (Som-
erset). In the zone of Opalinum, common, Stoke Knap (Dorset),
near Haselbury (Somerset). It also occurs at Searington (Som-
erset), Minchinhampton, Dinnington, in Yorkshire, &c. At
Bourmont, and in the departments of Arcyron and Deux Sevres
(France). Dr. Oppel says it has not been found in South- West
Germany, although its zone is found at many places.
Ols. Mr. Davidson with great kindness sent me his type
specimen of Rhynch. Stephensi for examination, and I have been
able to convince myself by comparing it with a quantity of the
young of Rhynch. cynocephala that it is merely the young of this
species. The young of Rhynch. cynocephala, like the young of
Rhynch. ring ens are flat, and the mesial fold is depressed, and
it increases in height more than the shell grows in size.
44. EHYNCHONELLA ANGULATA, Sowerby.
1851. EHYNCHONELLA ANGTJLATA, Davidson, British Brachiopoda,
Palseont. Soc., plate xviii., fig. 13.
This species is rather rare in this district. It is broad, with a
slightly raised mesial fold, on which are 5 or 6 ribs. The base
is, as it were, flattened. This species occurs in the Sowerbyi
zone of Bradford Abbas, and a slight variation of it occurs in
the Sowerbyi zone near Gorton (Somerset).
Dimensions. Length, 7 ; breadth, 8 ; depth 5 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), and near Gorton (Som-
erset), also near Cheltenham (Gloucestershire).
45. EHYNCHONELLA DUNDRIENSIS. 8. S. BucJcman.
1654. EHYNCHONELLA ? Davidson, British Fossil Brachiopoda,
Palsoont. Soc. Appendix, plate A, fig. 28.
This species is somewhat triangular in shape, smaller valve
44 THE BRACHIOPODA.
rather flat, larger valve slightly convex. It is covered with a
multitude of very fine ribs or striations which run longitudinally.
It is broader than long, and distinguished from Rhijnch.
senticosa, to which it is nearest allied, by its peculiar shape and
lesser convexity. Two specimens of this species have been
found in this neighbourhood, one collected by Mr. T. 0. Maggs
and the other by my father. They are both small, being about
6 lines long by 9 lines broad.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), also Dundry (Somerset),
whence the specimen figured without name by Mr. Davidson
was obtained.
46. EHYNCHONELLA BALINENSIS, Szajnocha.
1879. KHYNCHONELLA BALINENSIS, Szajnocha, Die Brachiopoden
Fauna der Oolithe von Balin bei Krakau,
plate vii., figs. 1, 2, 3.
This species is variable, as is shown by the figures given by
Szajnocha, and figure 1 is especially like Khynch. parvula, E.
Desl. Rhynch. lalinensis is, however, distinguished from Rhynch.
parvula by a larger number of ribs, greater thickness, and ribs
rounded. The mesial fold is also much more raised. Between
figure 1, however, and Rhynch. parvula the differences are much
harder to define, although the specimens look quite distinct.
Rhynch. parvula is an extremely flat species, while Rhynch.
lalinensis is generally thick and rounded, as is shown by
Szajnocha in figures 2 and 3. The thin form, however, shown
in figure 1 has very small ribs with 4 on the mesial fold, which
is raised rather more than in Rhynch. parvulu, and is much more
conspicuous on account of the smallness of the ribs. In this
district specimens agreeing with figure 1 are rare, but specimens
agreeing with the thick forms are oftener found. These gener-
ally have four ribs on the mesial fold, but some have three only,
and I possess one with five. This species occurs in the Sowerbyi
THE BEACHIOPODA. 45
zone. Our specimens are mostly about the size of Szajnocha's
figures, but one or two are slightly larger.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Gorton (Somerset),
also from Balin and Brodla.
47. EHYNCHONELLA GINGENSIS, Waagen.
1867. KHYTTCHONELLA GINGENSIS, Waagen, Geognotisch Palaont.
Beitrage, Table 32 (9), fig. 3.
A species which is closely allied to Rhynch. subtetraJtedra, David-
son, but is much deeper, with a far more convex dorsal valve,
and is not nearly so broad. The specimens from this district
are fine grown examples of this species, larger than the example
figured by Dr. Waagen. They occur chiefly in the zone of
Murchisonae, and less seldom in the zone of Sowerbyi. Dr.
Waagen quotes this species from the zone of Sowerbyi, but
adds " That it seems to begin somewhat lower, and also to go
up somewhat higher."* This species generally has 5 or 6 ribs
on the mesial fold. I have never observed more than 6.
Dimensions. Length, 16; breadth, 17; depth, 12 lines.
Another specimen Length, 15; breadth, 16; depth, 11 lines.
Dimensions of the figure given by Dr. Waagen Length, 12 ;
breadth, 13 ; depth, 8 lines.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset). Dr. Waagen quotes it
from Gingen (Wiirtemberg), many places in France, and from
Gunsberg and Betzenau (Switzerland).
48. THECIDIUM TRIANGULARE, d'Orb.
THECIDIUM TRIANGULARE, Davidson, British Brach. Palreont. Soc.,
Supplement, plate xii., figs. 25, 26.
One specimen of this small Brachiopod was found at Brad-
ford Abbas by Mr. Whedborne. I have not seen it.
Waagen Geogn. Palaont. Beitriige, p. 639 (133).
4 6 THE BBACHIOPODA.
The following species I place here as somewhat doubtful, and
which require more material to determine accurately.
49. TEREBRATULA GRAVIDA, Szajnocha.
1881. TEREBEATULA GRAVLDA, Szajnocha, Ein Beitrag zur Kennt-
niss der jurassichen Brachiopoden, plate
ii., fig. 3.
I possess a few specimens which agree in general shape and
in the peculiar position of the beak with these figures. But as
the junction line of the valves is much straighter, and the end
view slightly different to what is represented by Szajnocha I
leave it till more specimens have been collected.
Locality. Near Halfway House.
50. TEREBRATULA FRAIVREI, Bayle.
TEREBRATULA FRAIVREI, Bayle, Explication de la Carte Geologi-
que de la France, plate vii., fig. 1 .
I have one specimen about 1 6 lines in length from the Par-
kinsoni zone of Broadwindsor, which seems to agree very well
with the figure given by Bayle.
51. WALDHEIMIA TRIQUETRA, Sow. WALDHEIMIA
ORBA, Szajnocha.
1825. TEREBRATULA TRIQUETRA, Sow., Mineral conchology, plate
cdxlv., fig. 1.
1881. WALDHEIMIA ORBA, Szajnocha Eni Beitrag zur Kenntnise
der jurass. Brachiopoden, plate ii., fig. 5.
I have one specimen from Broadwindsor, which agrees exactly
with Szajnocha' s figure, but I cannot see in what it differs from
Tereb. triquetra of Sowerby. Mr. Davidson wrote to me about
this specimen, " whether triquetra or not it quite agrees with
Szajnocha's figure, and if you had sent it to me without identi-
fication I should have referred it to one of the forms of triquetra.
THE BRACHIOPODA. 47
52. WALDHEIMIA (Eudesia) CARDIUM, Lamarck.
1877. WALDHEIMIA CARDIUM (?), Davidson, Proceedings Dorset
Club, plate iv., fig. 4.
No fresh specimens have been discovered, and I know nothing
further than is mentioned by Mr. Davidson, " Proceedings
Dorset Club," page 82, No. 18.
53. KHYNCHONELLA DISTRACTA, Waagen.
1867. KHYNCHONELLA DISTRACTA, Waagen, Geogn. Palaont.
Beitriige, plate xxxi. (8), fig. 10.
Our specimens from the Sowerbyi zone agree exactly in shape
with the specimens of JRhynch. distracta figured by Dr. Waagen
from the same zone, but they have slightly finer ribs.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset), near Corton (Somerset).
54. RHYNCHONELLA PALMA, Szajnocha.
1879. RHYNCHONELLA PALMA, Szajnocha, Die Brachiopoden-
Fauna der Oolithe von Balin bei Krakau
Table vii., figs. 15 and 16.
I possess some specimens which exactly agree with Szajnocha's
figure 15 ; others, which seem the same, but are slightly broader.
They are from the Murchisonae zone at Bradford Abbas.
48 THE BRACIIIOPODA.
ADDENDA.
On plate 78 of his Brachiopodes Jurassiques E. Deslongschamps
gives some figures of Terebratula submaxillata (non Morris). Of
these figures 1 and 3 evidently belong to Terebratula Hollands
n. sp. Figure la is slightly broader than our specimens usually
are, but the end and side views, figures Ic and Id, are character-
istic, shewing the sharpness of the folds. The other figures may
be vaiieties of Tereb. Stephani, Davidson.
Whilst the paper was in the press the following additions
have been made :
A fine large specimen of Terebratula Morieri, Dav., was found
by myself at Bradford Abbas, Dorset. It measures Length, 9 .
breadth, 9 ; depth 5 lines. The dorsal valve is peculiarly flat,
and the furrow in it not much marked.
A typical specimen of Terebratula Ferryi, E. Desl., was also
found near Bradford Abbas, in the zone of Cosm Parkinsoni.
A specimen of Terebratula Buckmani, Dav., was found in the
Parkinsoni zone at Blackford (Somerset). It agrees exactly in
every respect with the Gloucestershire forms.
Several good specimens of Terebratula globata, Sowerby, were
found by Mr. E. Cleminshaw and myself at Blackford (Somerset),
Some]of them agree exactly with Davidson's drawings of Sowerby's
original specimens on plate xiii. (figures 2 and 3). Others
are a trifle flatter. They come from the zone of Cosm
Parkinsoni.
Some of E. Deslongschamps figures of Tereb. (Wald.J Lycetti,
Davidson, seem to me to be merely the thin form of Wald. anglica,
especially figure 5 on plate 48 of Brach. Jurassiques.
We have also been able to add the following species to our
list, and we have a large number more awaiting identification :
THE BRACHIOPODA. 49
55. TEREBRATULA CORTONENSIS, S.S. Buclcman.
1873. TEREBRATULA OVOIDES, E. Deslongschamps (non Sowerby),
Bract. Jurassiques, plate 61, figures (1-3?)
5, 6, 8, and 9.
Syn? 1867. Terebratula Buckmani, "Waagen Geogn. Paliiont.
Beitrage, page 637 (131), No. 155.
This species varies slightly in shape, when the front view is
considered. It is more or less oval, the broadest part being
sometimes about the middle of the smaller valve, and sometimes
a little below it. Dorsal valve rather flat, ventral or larger valve
somewhat convex. The base is not biplicated, but is slightly
raised in front. The margin line also, at the side, is well
recurved, and this is a constant character in this species. The
beak projects forward, rather beyond the dorsal valve, and is
curved. The foramen is oval, rather large, and nearly touches
the smaller valve.
This is a peculiar species, occupying as it were a position inter-
mediate between the variations of several other species. It
approaches Terelratula punctata variety Haresfieldensis, but is
distinguished from it by greater proportionate breadth, much
flatter dorsal valve, recurved side margin, and beak projecting
beyond the dorsal valve. It also approaches Tereb. Buckmani and
young Tereb. perovalis, but is much shorter, broader, and more
circular in shape than the first and lacks the biplications of the
second.
Our specimens agree best with figures 5 and 8a of Deslongs-
champs' plate, but generally have their greatest breadth rather
lower down, and the base consequently more rounded. The fold is
also not often so much raised as shewn in figure 8b. Whether
figures 1-3 are really the young or not I am at present unable to
say.
Terebratula cortonensis generally occurs in the zone of Sowerbyi,
but I believe that it begins in the zone of Murchisonoo. E.
Deslongchamps says that it (Ter. ovoidesj occurs in the infra-oolitic
marls.
50 THE B&ACHIOPODA.
Localities. Near Gorton (Somerset), somewhat common ;
Bradford Abbas, Dorset, scarce ; and one specimen from Burton
Bradstock, Dorset. Mr. E. Deslongschamps quotes Ter. ovoides
from the departments of Sarthe, Meuse, and Moselle.
56. WALDHEIMIA HUGHESII, WalJcer.
1878. WALDHEIMIA HUGHESII, Davidson, British Brach.,
Palseont. Soc., page 174, No. 157.
Mr. Davidson very kindly sent me an outline 'drawing of this
species, which he quite inadvertently omitted from his plate. I
picked up from the Trigonia grit on Leckhampton Hill
(Gloucestershire), a few specimens which undoubtedly belong to
this species. From Blackford (Somerset) I also obtained a few
specimens of a Waldheimia. Two of these are undoubted
Waldheimia Hughesii, the others are slightly broader and flatter.
I am at a loss, however, to define any distinction between
Wald. HugTiesii and some of the forms of Wold, ornithocephala,
which we have found in the Fullers Earth rock of Milborne
Wick (Somerset), and also from some of E. Deslongschamps
figures of Wald. ornithocephala in Brach. Jurass., plates 87 and
88, noticeably figure 5 on plate 88.
Locality. Zone of Parkinsoni, at Blackford (Somerset) ; ako
Leckhampton, Gloucestershire.
57. KHYNCHONELLA BILOBATA, n.sp.
A very few specimens of a peculiar and rare Rhynchonella have
been found in the Sowerbyi zone, at Bradford Abbas, Dorset,
and other places. It was at first referred by Mr. Davidson to
Rhynchonella trigona, Quensted Brachiopoda, plate 40, figure
71, but I consider that it differs from it in having a well marked
and deepish furrow in the dorsal valve, no ribs at all showing,
but only a little notching at the base, and the dorsal valve being
convex from the beak to the base.
In size and shape it mostly resembles Quenstedt's figure 72,
but has the thick base of figure 71, with the waved marginal
THE BEACHIOPODA. 51
line. Its beak is sharp and much produced over the
smaller valve. As I cannot find that it has been figured before,
I ventured to name it Rhynchonella bilobata, n.sp. The first
specimen was found by myself at Bradford Abbas, in December,
1880.
58. EHYNCHOXELLA BENECKEI, Haas.
1881. RIIYNCHONELLA BEXECKEi, Haas, d. Brach. d. Juraf., v.
Elsass-Lothringen, plate iv., figures 3,
6-8 (1, 2, 4, 5).
Dr. Haas quotes this species from the middle Lias, or what he
calls the costatusschichten, which he places just above the
margaritatusschichten. From blocks of stone in the Yeovil sands
(zone of Lytoceras jurense), I have obtained several specimens
which agree exactly in all respects with the figures (3, and 6-8)
given by Dr. Haas, of Rhynch. Beneckei. Specimens agreeing with
figures 1, 2, 4, and 5, I have, however, not seen, and therefore
have put them into brackets in quoting it. Dr. Haas, however,
takes as his typical examples of his species, figures 3 and 7, with
both of which our specimens agree exactly.
The specimens from this district possess two, three, and four
ribs on the mesial fold, and the height of them varies consider-
ably. In young specimens the ribs are flat in proportion, and
increase in height faster than the shell grows in size, but in
specimens of the same size the height of the ribs is often
variable.
This species is as it were between Rhynch. cynocephala, Eich.,
and Rhynch. sulangulata, Dav., but in general the mesial fold is
not so raised as in either of them. Its ribs also do not extend
more than half way up from the base of the shell. As far as
I have been able to observe the . deltidial plates of Rhynch.
cynocephala are far larger in proportion than those of Rynch.
Beneckei. The far greater number of ribs, continued too, all up
to the beak, distinguish Rhynch. sulangulata from this species.
Localities. Bradford Abbas (Dorset). I know of it nowhere
52 THE BRACHIOPODA.
else. Dr. Hass quotes it from Uhrweiler and Nuelhausen, in
Alsace ; Xocourt and Luppy, in Lorraine ; also Essey and They
(Meurthe and Moselle).
Obs. This species seems properly to belong in this district to
the zone of Jurense, which zone is outside the area embraced by
this paper. I, however, note it here from the fact of its being
found (but very rarely) in the lowest bed of the Bradford Abbas
quarry. This bed is a very hard blue centred stone, chiefly
composed of comminuted shells, and resembling the bands of
stone in the sands. Below it come the yellow sands, and above
the zone of Murchisonae. I think it not improbable that this
" bottom layer " really belongs to the jurense zone also, and that
the zone of opalinum, which is so well and distinctly marked at
some other places, is here entirely absent.
Mr. Davidson wishes me to state that, when he wrote his
paper for the Dorset Field Club in 1877, he described all the
species then known to him from this district, and that the others
have been discovered since.
COKKIGENDA.
Page 6, line 24 from top, for subdecorate read subdecorata.
,, 6, ,, 28 ,, for von Such read von Bucli.
,, 6, ,, 32 ,, Rhynch. Dundriensis does not occur
at Half- Way House.
7, ,, 29 ,, for Davidsoni read Leesii.
,, 7, ,, 2 from bottom, for von Such read von Buck.
,, 9, ,, 15 from top, for Kehlread Hehl.
,, 9, ,, 18 ,, erase the second cross.
,, 9, ,, 25 ,, for Stuitensis read Stuifensis.
BIN DON HILL OR THE SW/NES-BACK.
By THOMAS KERSLAKE, Esy.
N " The Welsh in Dorset," which you honoured with a
place in your Proceedings (Vol. III., p. 92), I hope to
have shown that the fierce battle with the Britons
by Cynegils and Cwichelm recorded in the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicle, A.D. 614, when 2,065 of the Britons were slain, was
at an assault upon this hill. It is well known as the long, lofty,
and precipitous chalk ridge which stretches through the interval
of two miles between Lulworth Cove and the gorge at East
Lulworth known as Arish Mill. At both these inlets, the hill
having come into contact with the sea, the southern side of each
end has become a perpendicular white cliff, each of which is a
section of nearly the entire elevation. This extensive and
remarkable stronghold is not even mentioned by Hutchins. Mr.
C. Warne, however, describes it (Ancient Dorset, 1872, pp. 39-
42), and gives an etching of a view from the north (pl.'i., fig. 2),
but what is here to be written is in addition to his account.
In my former paper I had said that the crown or long table
area is "fortified around." This word "around" is wrong as far
as artificial fortification is concerned. I have since again visited
the place. Its natural strength from steepness and height is
very great all around, but the artificial fortifications extend only
along nearly the whole north brow, and around the western end
to the edge of the chalk cliff over Lulworth Cove. These consist
of two ramparts with a ditch between, and are very strong,
although this north side of the hill is very high and steep. The
64 BINDON HILL, OR THE SWINES-BACK.
southern brow is, however, apparently destitute of artificial works,
but the hill-side is here also very high throughout, and even steeper
than the north side. It is evident that the artificial fortification
was entirely concerned with inland clangers, such as the approach
by the Frome valley of an enemy who had landed at Wareham.
The steep southern side has nothing between itself and the
sea except a peninsula or wing of land. This wing is
completely intercepted, from all other connection with the
mainland, by Bindon Hill with its high cliff at each end ; and,
although it is so much lower than the hill, it is protected
towards the sea by an " iron-bound " coast of craggy cliffs.
This lower wing itself is, therefore, a part of the fortified
inclosure.
It may be worth while to note that the highest part of this
wing is the south-east angle, where a coastguard signal over-
looks a notorious smugglers' landing place, called "Bacon-
cove" (i.e., beacon), with their cavern and rude quay wall.
Dividing this highest angle from the rest of the wing is still to
be seen a very considerable rampart, confronting the southern
steep of the Swines-Back. Can this be accepted in support of
the suggestion in " The "Welsh in Dorset" (p. 92) that, while
Cynegils, or Cwichelm, attacked the Britons from the north, the
other outflanked them from the south ?
About the middle of the north side the ancient great
entrance is very perfect, flanked by returns of the outer
rampart, with considerable extension of them inwards
on each side. This is near where the present oblique
roadway ascending from the east enters, but not coinci-
dent with it. The ancient roadway appears to have imme-
diately passed for some distance westward, close under the
great outer rampart, and then to have descended in a bend; for
near the foot of the hill there is another trace of it trending
eastward. This is quite a different line from that of the present
cartway.
Under the western end of the hill a beautiful and most abun-
dant spring issues from the gravel which underlies the chalk.
BINDON HILL, OE THE SWINES-BACK. 55
At some height above this commences a very remarkable wide
and shallow foss or roadway towards the top of the hill. It is
very regularly excavated, and runs upwards against the hill
without any easement by divergence or winding. Where it
begins, perhaps 50 or 60 feet from the bottom, are remains of
an earthwork, apparently a sort of barbican or advanced defence
of the entrance. This has now been inclosed in a garden, and
to some extent altered by ornamental outlaying, but one very
perfect barrow and parts of two or three others are visible
flanking the foot of the ascending foss. At the top the foss ends, at
some distance before reaching the ramparts, in a sort of flattened
platform or landing stage, and the original earth-working is
here evidently undisturbed, showing it to be the intentional ending.
Higher up between this and the ramparts is another such
flattened landing stage, without any visible connection with the
lower one ; and above this again is an apparent way through
the rampart. Although the hill at this western part is not quite
so steep as at the two sides it is still very steep, and requires
stiff clambering rather than walking. It is about the steepness
that requires steps or stairs to be practicable, and when in use it
must have been cut into or furnished with steps. No doubt it
was the provision for the water supply of the hill city from the
spring, upon the many-hands-make-light-work principle, in most
cases the only solvent of this difficulty so common to such places.
Where the foss ends short of the top, the flight of steps was
probably supplemented by wooden continuations to be removed
or drawn up in times of danger.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURELLA
BY THOS. WRIGHT, Esq., M.D., F.H.S., $c.
GENUS OPHIUBELLA, Agassis, 1836.
ISK small, membraneous, often indistinct, a character
which separates this genus from Ophiura. Rays
very long:, slender, depressed, formed of circles of
plates, four in each circle ; the lateral plates are the largest,
most prominent, and provided with long spines ; the basal plates
are small and spiniferous, and the dorsal smooth and without
clothing. Mouth plates small and triangular. All the species
known were found in the Jurassic rocks.
OPHIUEELLA NEEEIDA, Wright, 1880, n.sp.
Description. Disk small, irregularly penta-lobed, each lobe
consisting of a shield-like elevation formed by the radial plates,
which are covered by a tegumentary membrane closely studded
over with small granules ; the inter-lobular integument is
entirely absent, having apparently, if it ever existed, been
destroyed in the process of fossilisation.
The arms, or rays (five in number), are long, four times the
length of the disk's diameter. They do not taper much between
the radial plates and their termination, and consist of innumer-
able highly moveable rings, composed of : 1st, a centre-dorsal
plate, which, with its fellows, form a long, smooth, convex,
continuous chain, flattened at the summit, and laid along the
middle of the rays ; 2nd, of lateral plates, which bend down-
wards, closely clasping the sides of the ray ; each plate supporting
a small tubercle, on which a stout thorn-like spine is articulated
OPHIURELLA NEREIDA. Wright.
ON A NEW SPECIES OF OPHIURELLA. 57
by a kind of ball and socket joint ; 3rd, the basal or ventral plates
which close the ray below are small and much concealed, they
likewise carry many short, stout spines. One of the spiniferous
arms of the Ophiurella as it lies on the slab of calcareous grit
before me, resembles, a marine worm, the Nereis nuntia, and hence
the origin of the specific name I have ventured to give this
new Brittle-star. The arms are very much bent and curled, so
that this species may be said to have had highly moveable
arms.
Dimensions. Diameter of the disk six-tenths of an inch ;
length of an arm, two inches and six tenths. This is less than
in the living state, as none of the arms are preserved up to their
terminations.
Affinities and Differences. The fragmentary condition of the
disk prevents any definite conclusions as to the true generic
position of this form, but it agrees with Ophiurella closer than
with any other. It has the small disk with the upper and under
surfaces covered with fine granules ; the arms long, compressed
and flattened, the lateral and ventral plates supporting spines,
which are specially jointed to the lateral plates. In all these
essential generic characters it agrees with Ophiurella. I know
of no figured species from the corallian rocks that resembles the
Brittle-star. The only form that occurs to my mind is Ophiurella
bispinosa, d'Orb, which has only been named, but was neither
described nor figured by the author. Our species is so widely
different from all the others, that there can be no confusion with
them.
Locality and Stratigraphical Position. This Brittle-star was
obtained by Professor Buckman, F.GKS., from the calciferous
grit at Sandsfoot Castle, near Weymouth, who kindly sent the
specimen to me for a description of the species as a contribution
to the " Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Anti-
quarian Field Club," a request which I willingly comply with,
hoping that the members of the youngest among the naturalists'
field clubs may make many additions of new species from the
rocks which lie within the area of its operations.
EXPERIMENTS IN THE GROWTH OF
BARLEY AND ROOT CROPS.
By Professor HENRY TANNER, F.C.8., 8?c.
j!T has been proposed that some explanation should be
given of the Experiments upon Barley and Boot Crops
which are being carried out at Bradford Abbas by
Professor Buckman. The experiments are, as a matter of fact,
enquiries made of Nature, but at present we have not received
her several replies. Great progress has been made in the con-
veyance of the voice by means of the telephone ; we thereby hear
an answer which is uttered at a great distance. The Phono-
graph enables us to preserve and reproduce words at any time
after their utterance, but unfortunately we have not got an
instrument which will give an answer before it has been made
either by the human voice or by nature ; perhaps our friend Pro-
fessor Buckman will see to this. Hence we have to wait for the
replies to the enquiries we are making by these experiments,
and for the information we seek. It may, therefore, be desirable
under these circumstances to refer to the past, and offer some
statement of the steps which have already been taken, and which
have led to the further inquiries now being made at Bradford
Abbas.
Nearly twenty years ago Dr. Edwin Lankester proposed to
illustrate in a popular manner the composition of our various
kinds of Food, by exhibiting the several groups of material of
which food is composed, according to the duties each of these
THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND ROOT CROPS. 59
had to perform. Thus we had the Flesh-forming matter the
Fat and Heat-producing matter the Mineral matter required
for the formation of bone the water and the cellular matter
which had formed the wrappers for these useful ingredients all
of these were shown in glass vessels, in the varying proportions
in which they existed in different kinds of Food. This system
has been rendered more perfect in its details by subsequent
operators.
Rather more than twelve months since I suggested to the Coun-
cil of Education that whilst this system gave valuable informa-
tion upon the general character of good specimens of each kind
of Food, it still left a deficiency which the student of agricul-
tural science greatly felt, viz., the variations in the character of
different kinds of food, and the circumstances which caused those
variations. Acting under the direction of the Council of Educa-
tion I am carrying out an enquiry having for its object to deter-
mine the extent of these variations, and the circumstances and
conditions whereby food may be produced of the highest quality
for its several uses.
In 1877 our enquiry was limited to the three principal corn
crops Wheat, Barley, and Oats. The season of 1877 was
unusually cold and wet, and probably gave us some of the
lowest conditions observable; but it also gave marked oppor-
tunities for seeing how far the skill of the farmer enabled him
to grapple with difficulties of soil and climate. Thus we found
an acre of Wheat in one case producing eight times as much Fat
and Heat-producing matter, and nine times as much Flesh-
forming matter, as the same area of land produced under other
circumstances. In the case of Barley we found one acre of land
producing about three times as much of these products as the
same area elsewhere. We found Oats yielding fifteen times as
much Fat and Heat-producing matter, and seventy times as
much Flesh-forming matter, from equal areas of land under
different circumstances. These are variations of tremendous
importance, and reveal to us a far greater variation in the
produce of the land than was commonly supposed to exist.
60 THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND BOOT CROPS.
We found cases illustrating the advantage of good cultivation,
where from land of the same character, and under similar condi-
tions of climate, the produce was ten times greater in Fat and
Heat-producing matter, and forty times greater in the Flesh-
forming matter, in the one case than in the other. We found
the nutritive value of crops under similar conditions of soil
and climate doubled by a proper drainage of the land. We
found the advantage of using a suitable seed giving three times
as much Fat and Heat-producing matter, and seven times as
much Flesh-forming matter, from similar land, and under simi-
lar management. We found a judicious change of seed
increasing the Fat and Heat-producing matter to a three-fold
extent, and the Flesh-forming matter in rather higher proportion,
from the same area of the same land. We found the suitability
of Barley for Malting and for Feeding purposes greatly con-
trolled by the system of management pursued. It would, how-
ever, be wearisome to you to pursue these details ; but enough
has probably been said to show that they are not without
importance to the cultivator of the land, nor without interest
from a national point of view to the general public.
These results have opened upon us enquiries of the deepest
possible moment, and reveal to us a vast extent of work which
yet remains to be accomplished. We have opened up some
new lines of research and enquirj T , and, encouraged by the past,
we may hope to bring the experience of practical men more
thoroughly within the range of scientific observation. It must,
however, be borne in mind that these results have been arrived
at by the evidence obtainable in the growth of one season, and
a continuance of the enquiry will probably give us additional
facts confirmatory in their character, and increasing our know-
ledge of the limits of variation. These results must therefore
be regarded merely as the first steps in an important line of
research. The first report is now before the Council of Educa-
tion, and will be made public in due course. Approval has also
been given for an entirely new mode of illustrating these results
by means of coloured diagrams, which will enable the informa-
THE GROWTH OF BARLEY AND BOOT CROPS,
61
tion obtained to be printed at a moderate cost for the use of
Science Schools and District Museums.
If from the careful consideration of the Telephone and the
Microphone, which you have this day seen in active operation at
Bradford Abbas, you can aid my friend Professor Buckman in
the task I have suggested, and by any means anticipate the
results of our experiments, some new and interesting results will
probably be placed at our immediate command. But failing
this help I see no course but to defer their consideration until
some one of your future meetings may give us the opportunity
of going into the subject in some fuller detail. I shall then, I
hope, be able to show that in the production of Corn and Root
crops we have the nutritive value of these crops largely under
control, and that it is within the power of the farmer not
only to encourage the growth of large crops, but at the same
time secure them in the highest conditions of excellence, suit-
able for the various uses for which they may be required.
ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
By Rev. W. BARNES.
the matter of Roman and British. Roads and Camps
in England we have left to us the light of two writ-
ings a road book (Itinera) of Antoninus, and a list
of camps and towns in Britain, by an anonymous geographer
of Ravenna. I would take up the 16th road (Iter) as reaching
through Dorset from Winchester to Cornwall. I am willing to
call the roads of the Itinera Roman ones, though I believe that
I can show that most of them were not first made and trodden
by the Romans, but were British ones taken, and less or more
improved by them.
SCADUM NAMORUM OK SCADOMORUM.
The Ravenna geographer gives this name as that of a British
town, seemingly in the West, and not very far from Moridunurn,
or Seaton. He could not mark the British words of the name,
but it may be seen through the haze of the Latin that it was
Scadan Mbr, Herring Sea or Pilchard Sea, and the main water
of the pilchard seem to be that of Mount's Bay, though the
pilchards haunt that of Saint Ives, on the northern shore, and
some more easterly ones on the south side of Cornwall, and it
seems likely that Penzance or its neighbourhood was the
Scad-um Namor-um. The um of each word is the Latin ending
for the sake of declension, and must be cast off to show the
words Scadnamor for Scadannwr.
Ott ITfiR XVI. Otf ANtOtflNtfS. 63
The miles of the Iter are reckoned downward to Cornwall, but
it seems that, from two or three cases of miles without a name
of the station to which they belonged, it will be more handy to
take the places upward from Cornwall.
CENIA.
Taking the 16th Iter of Antoninus, we find that the most
westerly of the stations on the Way Book is " Cenia " (Kenia),
which I believe was on the stream " Ken-wyn," that runs near
Truro, and its name might have been Caer-genwyn. The
Mayor of Truro is also the Mayor of Falmouth, a token that it
might have been its mother town. [I surely have found
somewhere the surname of " Kergenwyn," which would be a
strong token of a spot of that name, as Caer-genwyn or
Caer-cenwyn.~] Is there a Caer at Kenwyn, by Truro ?
VOLUBA.OLUBA.
Twenty English miles above Cenia was another station
" Voluba " (Woluba), in which name we may hold the "b " to
have taken the stead of the British "v," whence I take the
name to have been the British " Grolv " or "Gwlv," or, in the
soft shape, " Olv," or "Wlv," a gulf or channel, which I
believe was that of the Fowy below Lostwithiel, near or at
which might have been the station. The " Fowy " is most
likely " y Ffaw-wy " the " clear stream," which was formerly
navigable to Lostwithiel, but is now choked up with sand.
TAMAEA.
The Halting-stead next above Yoluba is " Tamara," and
where could it be but on the "Tamar?" a name which in
British means " outspreading," as outspreads the Tamar into the
" Hamoaze," The station was, I believe, at Saltash, about
26 English miles above Lostwithiel. Saltash possesses many
privileges, and has jurisdiction on the Tamar to the mouth of
the Port, claiming anchorage of all vessels that come into the
harbour, and its coroner sits upon all bodies found drowned in
64 ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
the river. These are tokens of its early high rank, and it is a
ferry town, about 26 miles above Lostwithiel.
DUEIUS AMNIS, OR AMNE,
Is the station given by the way-book as next above Tamara,
and it has been put on the " Dart," and I believe was at
" Totness," about 23 English miles below Exeter. Durius is
either "Dwr-wy," the Water-stream, or "Dwr," the Water, and
most likely means the broad tide water of the part between Totness
and Dartmouth. Totness may be the Roman station, as the
fossway shews itself by the town, which was heretofore walled.
It is very likely that the Broad Tide-fleet of the Dart / by and
below Totness was called ' y Dwr," " The Water," and, since that
may mean other water than that of a river channel, the word
Amnis, British Avon, was first put on to it.
" The Dart is very broad at the town, and the tide rises 12
feet at the bridge, and the Roman fosse way ran by it." Capper's
Geographical Dictionary.
It may be that the name Dart itself, as that of the River-fleet,
of Totness, may be a short Saxon shape of Dwrydd, Cornoac,
" The Waters ;" and as such it would go to show Totness to be
the Durius (Amnis).
ISCA DAMNONIORUM
Is the next given upward station from Durius Amnis. It is well
understood, on good grounds, to be Exeter, on the " Exe " (Eks).
The Cornoak British " Esc," and Welsh " Wysg," a Stream.
Isca Damnoniorum means Isca of the Devon folk, to off-mark
it from Isca Silurum, the " Wysg," which we call the Usk, in
South Wales. Against the common belief it has been lately
thought by an Exeter man that " Isca Damnoniorum" was not
Exeter but Dorchester. I contend on the authority of good wit-
nesses that the Damnonii were men of Devon and not of Dorset.-
The m in Damn stands for the British v of " Dyvn (deep) and the
Welsh have always called Devon "Dyvn-naint" (Dyvn pro-
nounced Duvven), the " Dttp delis," which is not a gocd name
ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 65
for Dorset, and that the Damnonii -were below the Durotriges is
shown by Ptolemy, as well as by Richard of Cirencester, If
Isca Damnoniorum was Dorchester, then it was not Isca
Damnoriorum (Esc Dyvnaint), but " Isca Durotrigium " (Esc
of the Durotriges). The Welsh still call Exeter " Caer-Wysg,''
and that "Wysg" is the Latin "Isca" is shown by the Latin
" Isca Colonia," Caerleon, which the Welsh call " Oaerlion ar
" Wysg," " Caerlion on the Usk," as we call the river, though
we call the Ex or Esk of Devon, Eks for Esk, as waps for wasp.
Durnovaria bears in itself the Durn of the Durngwys, Dwrinwys
of Asser's name of Dorset and of the Saxon Durnsaet, and
Durn-ceaster for Dorchester, which is not on a stream called the
Esc, or Exe, but on the Frome. The speech of Western Lloegr
(our England), and the Welsh have always called Exeter " Caer-
wysg," or Caer-esc." For Dorchester it has no British name,
because it was not a British caer, but the earthworks are Roman ;
and that is another reason why Dorchester could not be caer-esG.
If " Isca Damnoniorum" be put up to Dorchester, then Durno-
varia, Sorbiodunum, and Venta Belgarum must be put up each 50
miles further before it, and following the road to London (Lon-
dinisj, we must put that also up 50 miles beyond the Thames,
although by the earliest voices of the Britons that we can catch,
London was a city (Llyndaen), on the Broadpool, the Broadpool
in the Thames where the shipping lies, and which is called The
Pool to this day.
CANCA ARIXA.
The geographer of Ravenna gives, as a caer or town
seemingly as in the West of England, Canca Arixa (though it is
not on the 16th or other Iter), and I take it to be Exmouth, or
on the inlet of the sea below Exmouth.
Canca, the Latin word shape, could stand only for the
British Cainc, which in the " Drych y Prif Oesoedd" is put for
a branch or arm of the sea. "Nid oes ond caino o for
rhyngddynt " it says of two places. " There is only an arm
of the sea between them." Taking canca, cainca as an arm of the
66 ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
sea I believe " Arixa," " Ar ix " to be ar-Esc, on the Esc, or Exe as
we call the stream, and by Exmouth is an arm of the sea on the
Exe, and thereon, I believe, was " Canca Arixa." Charmouth
and Bridport have been set by some writers as " Canca Arixa,"
but neither of them is on a cainc (o vor), " branch or arm of the
sea," nor " ar esc" on the "Esc" or "Exe." Charmouth is on
a stream, and takes its name from a stream with a British
name, which was that of some other streams, and which has
undergone sundry changes of pronunciation. Cirencester is on
.a stream; in British "Y Coryn," the "Dwarfish," or Small
stream, and Cirencester is still .called by the Welsh " Caer
Coryn," whence the Romans called it " Corinium," and the
Saxons called the " Coryn '' the " Ciren " (Kiren), and we call it
it the "Chern." Then a Coryn in Dorset became, with the
Saxons, "Cern" (Kern), and we, by a well-known change of
clipping, call it " Cerne," by Up-Cerne, Cerne Abbas, and
Nether Cerne ; and at Charrninster it is the Char from " Charn,"
and this shows the history of the name of the Char (Charn)
Kern, Coryn at Charmouth, and I believe that any British trev
that might have been at the mouth of the Char, would have
been marked by its name, as places on a " Coryn," elsewhere
" Coryn " or " Aber Coryn," but not " Canca." The way-book
gives "Isca Damnoniorum," as xv. Roman (about 13% English)
miles below the halting stead, next on the east of it, and that on
the way-book is "Moridunum" Seaton, twice as far above
Exeter as the given, xv. Roman miles, and I put in Honiton as
the un-named halting stead, to which the xv. Roman miles
belong.
I suppose that the British tribe called in Latin the Cangiani
had their name as dwellers by the great Caine or Caing, or inlet
of the sea, between Conwy and the Isle of Anglesea.
MORIDUNUM
Is set on good grounds to be at or by Seaton, in Devonshire.
"Moridunum" is pretty clearly the Latin shape of "Mordun,"
in Welsh "Morddin" Seatown or Sea-fastness. Although
ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 67
men have not clearly found the earthworks of the Roman castra of
Moridunum (if they are not in the dykes- on Seaton-down), yet
there are some good tokens of its having been a Roman halt-
stead, if not a strong castra, as an off-shoot of the so-called
Eoman road runs into it, and its soil has yielded leavings of
Roman handwork, and Mr. Pulman ("Book of the Axe") has
given tokens, if not quite proofs, that the sea line has in later
times fallen back on the Seaton shore, so that a Dun Hill
fastness-hill which was " Ar y Mor " (on the Sea) in the time
of Tacitus, might now be farther inland.
Moridunum is given as xxxiii. Roman (30 English) miles below
Durnovaria (Dorchester), but xxxiii. miles would be so long a
march that there would have been some halting-stead between
Seaton and Dorchester, and I believe there was a midway one at
Bradpole, Bridport, and that it was the "Londinis" of the
geographer of Ravenna. I read the Roman shape of the name
" Londinis " as the British " Llyn-daen," which, if I turn it into
Anglo-Saxon, comes out "Bradpol" (the Broadpool), the name
of the parish which I believe takes in some share of the town of
Bridport, and it may be that the borough of Bridport was carved
out of it, or, at least, in British and early times the borough, as
such, was not marked out. The word "port," in Bridport,
sounds more clearly British than Saxon. " Forth " as British,
would be the Saxon " haefen " (haven). I had therefore thought
that the harbour basin, or some shape of it, might have been known
to the Britons as a tide-pool, which they took as a safe little porth
(haven) for their fishing boats or other small craft, and that it
was the Llyndaen.
A Bridport friend, T. Coif ox, Esq., however, has kindly given
me a proof of a Broadpool nearer to the Roman Road. He
writes: "I was very sorry to be obliged to leave Ranston
the other day before the conclusion of your interesting paper,
especially as I see by the report of it in the Dorset Chronicle that
I believe it would have been in my power from local knowledge
to have confirmed one of your conjectures, I think, making it,
indeed, almost a certainty, at the same time, if you will allow
68 ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
me to say so, correcting a minor detail. The word " Bradpole "
is still extant, in the name of the parish, as above, in which I
live, but, as far as I know, no one in modern times was aware of
the derivation of its nomenclature until in the construction of the
Bridport Railway, some 20 years since, the remains of a Iroad-
pool or widening out of the river Asker, which passes through
this parish, was found. Here then is a singular confirmation of
your theory of the existence of this pool, which is not likely to
have been at Bridport Harbour, which, though dating back for
several centuries, appears to have been an artificial construction of
an age long subsequent to that of the ancient Britons. Our
fellow member of the Field Club, the Rev. Prebendary Broadley,
Vicar of Bradpole, first drew my attention to the derivation of
its name, and if you wish for any further particulars you could
write to him, and I doubt not that he would be very pleased to
communicate with you on the subject. I remain, dear Sir, yours
very truly, T. COLFOX. To the Eev. W. Barnes, B.D., &c."
The Eev. Alexander Broadley, Vicar of Bradpole, has kindly
written to me of the Pool, and he says : " Bradpole, March
24, 1878. Dear Mr. Barnes, From what I remember of it, the
place supposed to be " The Pool" you write about, comprised a
space of about one-eighth of an acre. It was filled mostly with
gravel and flinty materials, water-worn and washed down, it was
thought, from Eggarclon (for the stratum here is, as you are
aware, wholly different). The contractors for the railway took
from it a large portion of material for ballast. Among other
things they found, I remember, a fine specimen of the horn of
the red deer. The pool would be adjoining the course of the
river Asker, and not far from the Bridport Railway Terminus,
which is really situate in Bradpole. I am, dear Mr. Barnes,
yours very truly, ALEX. BROADLEY."
Our London, as I believe, took its Latin name " Londinium"
as being by a Broadpool, a " Llyndaen." The Welsh still call
it by an old spelling ' Llundain," and I have thought as being
by the Broadpool now no longer seen, that was, I believe, in
olden times down by Westminster. Mr. T. Colfox, however,
ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 69
has given mo a hint of another Broadpool by the old city :
"Bridport, January 16, 1878. My Dear Sir, Thank you for
your kind letter. Just a few lines with an idea about the
Middlesex Bradpole. Is there not there too the old word partly
extant in the name of that part of the river Thames still called
the "Pool," just below the Thames Tunnel? This is surely
nearer the old City than the Island of Westminster. From the
Western boundary of the City to the Abbey must be a mile.
Yours very sincerely, T. COLFOX. To the Eev. W. Barnes, B.D.' J
" Lyme " has been taken for the " Londinis " of the Eavenna
geography, but " Lyme " is so called by the name of the stream
or water by which it stands, and that name is surely British, if
not " Llim," or the Smooth Water, and it is not likely that the
Romans or Saxons took off one British name to put on another,
as Llyndaen, and we must believe that "Lyme " was called by
some shape of that name when Londinis was called by another,
and that " Lyme " was not "Londinis."
DUENOVAEIA DUENOUAEIA, DOECHESTEE.
The Latin Durnovar seems to be a Latin shape of the British
Dwrin-wyr, Dorset men, men of the shire of the Dwrin or Little
Water ; the sea inlet by Poole. They were sometimes called
Morini,* or in British Horin-wyr, Little Sea Folk, Norm meaning
the same water as Dwrin, near which stands Wareham a Caer,
which I take to be Durinum, said by E. of Cirencester to be the
capital of the Durotriges, and from Dwrin comes Asser's name
of Dorset, Durn gwis, Dwrin (g)wys, "The Little Watershire,"
and the Anglo-Saxon Dornsaete, by the outwearing of the n,
Dor'saet, Dorset : and the Anglo-Saxon name for Dorchester was
Dornceaster, Dor'ceaster. There is an inland water called the
" Littlesea " by Studland Bay, and the name " Morbihan," also
on the shore of Britanny, means the " Little Sea." A street in
Dorchester leading out to the old Wareham road is called Durn-
ffate street, and a place in Kingston, Purbeck, close by the old
road to Wareham, is called Durnford (Dwrinfordd) the Dwrin-
* Rich. Cirenc.
70
ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
road. The Roman name of Durnovaria was set as an adjective
to Castra, and Castra Durnovaria would mean the camp of or
among the Dwrinwyr, or Dorset folk.
But here arises a question, " By what way the Romans would
march from Dorchester to Old Sarum, or from Old Sarum to
Dorchester ; or would go from Dorchester to Hod-hill, or from
Hod-hill to Dorchester ? " Most men would most likely say, by
the Roman road called the " Icen way." I do not believe (for
reasons which I may give in another paper) that the Icen way
was made by the Romans, or was more a Roman than a British
way, and hold that wherever we find a " ford " by that name,
there was a British road, and that an old road which
thwarts the Stour at Blandford was a well beaten one of the
Britons, and that Blan-ford was a (trev) town of the Britons, so
called, " Blaenffordd," meaning "Tore the road."
" Chronica Monasterii 8. Albani. JoJiannis de TroJcelowe et
Henrici de Blaneford, Honachorum S. Albani; necnon quorundam
anonymorum Chronica et Annales, regnantibus Henrico Tertio,
Edwardo Primo, Edwardo Secundo, Ricardo Secundo, et Henrico
Quarto. Edited by Henry T. Riley. A.D. 12591406 (Long-
mans & Co.)"
The d in Blandford may have been put into the name in
later times by some folks to whom bland, as English, had some
kind of meaning, while blaen or blan had none. Fordd comes
often into the names of Welsh places, and is as life in Welsh
daily talk as is our word road. Bodffordd, Road home, in Anglesea.
Bwlch y ffordd, the Road-gap ; Tan y Ffordd, Below the road ;
ar ei ffordd i'r dinas, on her road to the town ; ffordd las, Green
road ; Pen ffordd, Road head. Blaen, a top or fore, is a word of very
common use in Welsh place-names, as meaning foreness or the
fore, or the fore end or fore space of a thing. Blaen ffos, Fore the
dike ; Blaen y ffynon, Fore the spring; Blaen avon, Before the river;
Blaen nant, Fore brook; Blaen porth, Before the harbour; Cfvlaen
yr ynadon, before the judges ; ar vlaenau ei traed, at the tips
of his feet, just before them. Blaen y ffordd, Blaen ffordd,
Blandford. So I fully believe that at Blandford (Blaenfford)
ON ITE& XVI. OF ANTONINtfS. 71
there was a well-known " rhyd " (ford, as we call it), and that
a road from Blandford to Dorchester, by Milborne St.
Andrew, was as well-known to the Britons and Eomans as it is
to us, and indeed that most of our old roads are the steined
footpaths and halterpaths from one to another of the British
caeran and villages. The Icen way has been traced from
the river Stour to Dorchester by Critchell, north of Bad-
bury ; to Shapwick Down and by Sturminster Marshall,
Winterborne Zelstone, Winterborne Kingston, Tolpuddle, and
Ilsington a road which is far outrounded from a straight line,
and by the Eoman waybook there was a caer or halting-
stead, viiii. Eoman (8 English) miles above or east of
Dorchester, but its name is not given. That place must, I
believe, have been " Wetherbury Castle," at Milborne St.
Andrew, which is about 8 miles from Dorchester, and which my
friend, Mr. 0. Warne, who knows it thoroughly well, deems to
have been a Eoman camp, and which was, I believe, a Eoman
halting-stead.
The geographer of Eavenna has given, as one of the cities or
strongholds of Britain, one which he calls Ibernio or Ibernium,
and he sets it, in the row of names, nigh to Vindogladia,
though, as we find from his wide skippings from one to another
of the names of many other towns of known steads, that this
itself is not a proof, but may be a token, that Ibernium might
have been between Gussage and Dorchester.
Ibernium has been set by sundry writers at sundry places. If
we cast off the Latin ending, ium, for which the Eomans found
a call in the declension of the name, we shall have Ibern, We
find that the Eomans, in the f orshapening of British names into
Latin, were wont to put in the midst of a name b for the British
to and v. L., Cassibelaunus, whose name was Caswellaun; L.
Derbentione, 18, 5 Derwent, the river ; L., Tabo, Br., Taw, the river;
L., Eltabo, Br., Aeltaw, the brow of the Taw ; G., Glebon,
10, 14, Glevum, Caer Gloew, Gloucester ; Duroverno Cantiacorum,
Dwrwern, Canterbury, 16; Abona, Avon, 11 ; Cunobelinus,Cyn-
velyn; Dubris, 15, Dwvr ; Eboracum, Evrawc, York; Elbotw,
72 ON ITER, XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
Elvod ; Dubritius, Dyvric. And now, if we take Hern and put
w for b we shall have Iwern, the name of the stream that runs
under Hod-hill, and gives name to the parishes of Iwerne
Minster and Iwerne Courtney. I myself believe from the
Latin lern in Ibernium that it mnst have been at or by a moor
(British, Gwern, soft shape, wern}, and a moor of the kind in
which the alder thrives, as it is called Gwern or y pren wern,
the moor tree ; and I believe, moreover, that it was Hod-hill.
Gwern, wern, has come into many British-place names, and is
now found in Wales. Bwlch-gwern-hir, the Longmoor gap, near
Llansantffraid; Melin y wern, Moor-mill; Gwernogle, Moory place ;
Pengwern, Moorhead, the old British name of Shrewsbury ;
Gwyddel-wern, "Woody-moor, near Corwen ; Gwern-ddu, Black-
moor. Now, Yw is the name of a spring, the head of a stream
the Ywen, at a spot called Llygad Yw, the eye of Yw in
Ystrad Yw (the Vale of Yw, in Wales), and I think that
the little spring or brook Iwern is of the same name Yw, or at
full length Y Yw Wern, the Moorbrook, and this is the word
which by the Roman moulding of British words' would become
Ibernium. The geographer of Ravenna, in his list of stead-
names, taken from west to east, puts Ibernium next before
Yindogladia (Gussage Cowdown ? ), and thus, if he had not
skipped from side to side, and even backward and forward, he
might have shown that Ibernium must be Hod-hill.
YINDOGLADIA VENTAGLADIA
Is the name given in the Iter as that of a halt-stead above
Dorchester, and xii. Roman, or about 11 English, miles below
Old Sarum.
Sir Richard Hoare thought, as later writers think, that he
had found the site of it at some earthworks on Gussage Cow-
down by the Icen way. This spot is said to be 16 English miles
from Old Sarum, and 16 English miles would be nearly 18, not
12, Roman miles, as the waybook puts it, from Old Sarum.
This is puzzling, and it has been said that the miles on the Iter
are untrue. They should be xvi. Yes, I say, xviii. How came
ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 73
the mistake ? XII. are not numerals likely to be changed into
xvii. or xviii., nor is it likely that the Romans, who at home set
out their mile-stones and halting-steads so nicely, should put
down xii. miles for xvii. or xviii. Moreover, this cutting of the
Gordian knot by a calling of the miles on the Eoman Iter
untrue because they are not true for the place that we, on other
grounds, take to be their station, is very dangerous ; and it is
hard to say when we should so handle a Eoman Iter, and such
handling must more or less loosen our trust to the truth of any
station at all. As far as I can see from the ground plan of the
earthridges at Gussage, they are those of a British trev (village),
but I do not see any Eoman work in it, though, it is true, the
Eomans might have halted at it, if they had taken the
longer Icen way instead of the shorter road by the great ford
through Blandford, on which road we find Wetherbury Castle,
answering to the halting-stead 9 Eoman miles above Dorchester,
though no such one has been found in the Icen way. I can
hardly give up the belief that there was a halting-stead some-
where xii. Eoman miles from Old Sarum or from some spot below
it. Was Woodyates' Inn built on the site of a Eoman halting-
stead ?
Now, will the Latin shape of the name " Vindogladia "
help us to the British one and its meaning ? It may be shapen
of gwyn (wyn} and gledd. Wyn, the soft shape of gwyn, is, I
believe, the name of the Wyn, the stream that runs into the
Stour at Winborne, now Wimborne. Gwyn or Wyn means
bright or clear, and marks the Wyn from the Stour, which is
not clear. Gledd (glathe) is greensward, grassland; and
Gwynledd, shapen of wyn and gledd would mean the Wyn-green-
sward or Wyn-green the greensward or green by the Wyn. I
believe that the " Gwynledd " might have been all that broad
grass land, " velvet turf " as Mr. Warne calls it, through which
the Salisbury-road runs, below, if not above the Bockerly
Dyke, and by which the Wyn flows, and that the station
Vindogladia might have been in it, and that any caer or trev
within it might have been called " Caer- Wynledd," or "Trev-
74 ON ITEE XVI. OF ANTONINTTS.
Wynledd." I cannot well account for the d put into the name
by the Eomans, though it might have been taken from the
Oornoak or West British pronunciation of words ending in n, as
Ian, gwyn, for which they often said badn, gwydn. It is thought-
worthy that, as Dr. Smart kindly told me after I had given him
the name " Wingreen " as a simple English word, for
" Gwyngledd," there is, in the chalk range, some five or six miles
westward from Vindogladia, a high point now called Wyngreen-
hill.
Ventagladia is also a Latin form of the name Vindogladia, and
would, as it seems to me, be a good name for the broad reach of
greensward below, above and south of Woodyates' Inn. Gwent
gledd would mean the open or unenclosed land of greensward.
Gwentledd, the greensward of the openland, both of which
names would be good ; but it may be thought, though not shown,
that the laws of the soft and strong (consonants) were not so
straitly kept in the old British speech. " Gwent gledd " would
make good the presence of the g in the Roman word. By the
laws of Welsh speech-craft gwynledd would mean " the green-
sward of the Wyn," while Gwyn gledd would mean " the Wyn
of the greensward," a most unlikely name. Some have taken
the British name to have been " Gwynglawdd, Wynglawdd."
The White dike, which, if it were near one of the dikes, as
Bockerly dike, which was for a while white in chalk, might
have been for a while, but not for long, a fitting name for it.
Some writers have confounded the word gledd, greensward, with
cleddyva, sword, but the soft shape of gledd is ledd, and that of
clcddyv is gleddyv, but unless the Britons had an inn, in the site of
Woodyates' Inn or another spot, of the sign of " Y Gwyngleddyv,"
the bright sword, it Avas hardly the British or Eoman station. I
cannotbelieve that the Eomans, in coming from Old Sarum or from
Gussage to Hod-hill or Dorchester would keep on the Icen way
to near Sturminster Marshall, and go from thence up six or
seven miles of British road to Hod-hill, which they could reach
by as good a trackway of five or six miles, and Mr. Henry
Durden, of Blandford, has kindly told me that there are tokens
ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 75
little less strong than proofs of such a road leading from Hod-
hill towards Gussage, through Tarrant Gunville. He writes :
"Blandford, June 3rd, 1878. Dear Sir, Enclosed you will
receive the plan of Hod-hill. I consider the entrance marked
No. 1 as being the chief entrance to the earthwork. At the
foot of the hill, nearly opposite this, is to be seen a road nearly
out of use, which passes between the villages of Stourpaine and
Steepleton, in almost a straight line to Tarrant Gunville and
Eastbury, a distance of from four to five miles. From the entrance
No. 2 is also to be seen a road which passes through the parish
of Stourpaine to a field near the church, in which are some
slightly raised earthworks, the field is near the fordable part of
the river Stour, the road then passes from the ford through the
village of Durweston to Winterborne Stickland. Those roads,
I think, might have been used by the early inhabitants. The
entrance No. 3, being the only remaining entrance of import-
ance, leads to the river Stour, which enabled them to have a
supply of water. I hope we shall have a fine day on Thursday
next, and am, yours truly, H. BURDEN. The Rev. W. Barnes."
Hod-hill is most interesting, as it shows a Roman camp
(castra) within a British one (caer), and it has yielded many fine
Eoman remains, some of which are in Mr. Burden's collection
at Blandford.
SOKBIOBUNUM Vm. (154). OLB SAEUM, SALIS-
BURY.
The Latin shape of the name would betoken its British name
to have been Soncy-dun or Swrwy-dun, the Sullen water camp,
which might have been its name if any water that may run or
lie under Old Sarum may be truly so called. The Avon runs
near it, but is a clear stream. Sarum seems to carry in it the
Sor in Sar of Sorbiodunum. There is a river called the Sore or
Soar that runs in Leicestershire. Is it a Swr, or sullen stream ?
The Welsh call Sarum Caer-Sallog with the word Sal of Salisbury
in it.
Sorbiodunum was one of the ten towns under Latin law.
76
ON ITEB XVI. OF ANTONINUS.
BEIGE, XI. (153),
Twelve miles from Winchester, said to be near Broughton (Hants),
between Winchester and Sarum, which is very likely, as Brig
means a height or top or brow, which is the meaning of Brough
in Broughton. Brige is given as viii. .Roman, about 7 English,
miles above Old Sarum.
XI. Eoman, or about 10 English, miles above Brige is
VENTA BELGAEUM (LXXX.),
British, Caer-Went, Winchester. Went is the soft form of
Gwent, fair, open, and not rugged land or place. A share of
Monmouthshire is also called Gwent, and Venta Belgarum is so
named to off-mark it from "Venta Silurum," Venta of the
Silures, or Caer-Went in Monmouthshire. From the Eoman
Castra at Venta, the Saxons called it " Wintan-ceaster,"
" Win-ceaster," which has become our Winchester.
ITEE XVI OF ANTONINUS.
Roman
miles.
1
\~ 0)
bC^S
o e
W B
VENTA BELGARUM . .
BRIGE
XC
XI
VIII
XII
vim
XXXIII
XV
XXII
10,5
7,5
11
17
8
1H
164
1<4
13*
23
26
26
20
Winchester
Near Broughton
Old Sarum 8
( Near Woodyates' Inn, or
\ Bockerby Dike ?
Hod-hill (north) 102f
Milborne St. Andrew, 110|
Dorchester 118J
Bradpole? 133
Seaton 151
Exmouth
Exeter 171J
On the Dart, Totnes? 195
On the Tamar, Saltash ? 220
Lostwithiel ? on theFowey, 246
On the Ken-wyn, Truro ? 256
SORBIODUNUM
VINDOGLADIA ....\
VENTAGLADIA .... /
Wetherbury Castle
DURNOVARIA
MORIDUNUM
Honitoii
Canca Arixa (S.)
ISCA DAMNONIORUM
DURIUS AMNIS
TAMARA
VOLTJBA Ouliba
CENIA
This paper has been written with an opinion, for which I hope
to speak in another paper, that the Icen-way was not made by
the Eomans, but was one of those which were laid by Dyvnwal
Moelmud (called by Latiu writers .Dunwallo Molniutues), and I
ON ITER XVI. OF ANTONINUS. 77
believe that the Romans took the Icon-way or a trackway, as
either might have been the more handy for their wayfaring.
ADDENDUM TO MY NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF
SHAFTESBURY, Vol. III., p. 27.
A token of the two-kinned (British and Saxon) population of
Dorset, is given by Ealdhelm, first Bishop of Sherborne, A.D.
705. Venerable Bede writes that when he was a priest and
abbot of Malmesbury, by order of a synod of his own nation,
he wrote a notable book against the error of the Britons in not
celebrating Easter at the true time ; and in doing several other
things not consonant to the purity and peace of the Church ;
and by the reading of this book he persuaded many of them
who ivere subjects to the West Saxons to adopt the Catholic (Roman)
celebration of the Lord's Resurrection. The so-called many
whom he won over to the Roman Easter were, most likely, only
a small share of the British race in Wessex ; and then, again,
his letter of a kindly tone was written at the bidding of the
Wessex Witenagemote (Parliament), who, therefore, did not
wish to drive all the Britons into Wales or Brittany, whither
our old school books and others have told us they fled, but that
they sought to bring them into brotherhood with themselves by
kindly persuasion.
ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH.
By the Rev. R. ROBERTS.
ITS OKIGIN AND FOUNDATION.
HEN the Archaeological Institute came over from
Dorchester to see Milton Abbey, on the invitation of
Baron Hambro, it was remarked by one of the mem-
bers (Mr. Beresford Hope, I believe), in a very interesting
article which he subsequently contributed to the Saturday Review,
that Dorset is the only county in England which contains three
Minsters Sherborne, "Wimborne, and Milton. I would add to
this statement that each of those Minsters was a Eoyal founda-
tion, Sherborne having been founded by King Ina, 705 ;
Wimborne by his sister, Cuthburga, c. 713; and Milton by
King Athelstan, after the great battle of Burnaburr, which
made him King of the whole of England, about the year 937.
In its original foundation it was not an abbey, as it became
afterwards, but a Minster, a religious house occupied, not by
monks, but by secular canons, and so it continued until the
reign of King Edgar, of whom it is related in the Saxon
Chronicle under the year 964: "This year King Edgar
expelled the priests at "Winchester, from the Old Minster and
from the New Minster, and from Chertsey, and from Milton."
There has been much dispute respecting the motive of Athelstan
in founding Milton. It was asserted by some that he built it in
ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 79
expiation of the murder of his half -brother, Edwin, whom he
had turned out to sea in an open boat, without sail or oar, under
the impression that he had been conspiring against him. It
was further asserted that Edwin, in a fit of mad despair, threw
himself overboard and was drowned. After a time proofs of
his entire innocence came to light, and then Athelstan, wishing
to make all the reparation in his power, founded two religious
houses Muchelney, in Somerset, and Milton. Now, as
Athelstan was one of the greatest of all English Kings, a
worthy descendant of his grandfather Alfred, and one, besides,
who exercised a remarkable influence upon the Continent, it is very
satisfactory to think that this most grave accusation is altogether
untrue, that he was not, as has been asserted, the murderer of his
own brother, and the whole story contains only two particles of
truth. Edwin was indeed drowned at sea, and Athelstan did
also found Muchelney and Milton. All the rest of the legend is
a mere romance, which was always thought by some unworthy of
credit, and even in the uncritical 18th century, when Hutchings
wrote his History of Dorset, he distinctly states that he did not
believe it. Some motive, however, Athelstan must have had in
founding so considerable an institution, which, although not
taking rank among the 27 great mitred Abbeys of England,
still occupied a foremost place among houses of the second order,
and its abbot on several occasions was summoned to Parliament.
Tradition has preserved an explanation of Athelstan's motive,
which is quite as reasonable, and far more satisfactory. It is
said, then, that when Athelstan was marching northwards to
fight the Scots and their confederates at Burnaburr, he had to
pass through this part of the county, and encamped for a night
on the hill above this place, where St. Catherine's Chapel now
stands. During the night he believed that some supernatural
revelation was made to him either by vision or dream, assuring
him that in the impending contest he should gain the victory.
This, of course, in so perilous an enterprise as he was then
engaged in, would prove both to himself and to his army a most
welcome and cheering omen of success, and could not fail to act
80 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH.
with telling force on the fortunes of that great battle, which is
commemorated, not only in a very spirited poem of that age,
but by the following concise entry in the Saxon Chronicle, 937 :
"This year King Athelstan, and Edmund, his brother, led a
force to Brumby, and there fought against Anlaf, and, Christ
helping, had the victory, and there they slew five kings and
seven earls." Can we wonder, then, that after gaining so
decisive a victory, Athelstan, being a thoroughly religious man,
should have expressed his thankfulness for the double blessing
that had been granted him signal encouragement during the
progress of so critical an enterprise, and then ultimate complete
success. And when the king determined to found a religious
house as a thankoffering for such a victory, what place could be
so appropriate for a site as the spot where he had received so
remarkable a revelation ? I ought to add that the revelation was
made to Athelstan on the 28th of July, the feast of St. Sampson,
Bp. of Dol. in Brittany, and this will account for his name
appearing in the list of the Abbey's patron saints, of whom
there are as many as four St. Michael, St. Mary, St. Sampson,
and St. Branwalader, the last being unique.
THE BUILDING ITSELF.
So much, then, for the original foundation of this Minster.
Happily in the present day, when the knowledge of ecclesiastical
architecture is so much more general than it used to be, it is
scarcely necessary to mention that this beautiful building is by
no means the one which Athelstan built. At that time church
architecture was quite in its infancy, and it required a space of
at least 400 years from the days of Athelstan before so exquisite
a creation of art as this building could ever be produced. The
rude, archaic Saxon had first to expand into the stately, massive
Norman ; with its splendid doorways, unrivalled wealth of mould-
ings ; and that style again, as time advanced and fashions
changed, gave way to the beautiful simplicity of Early English,
with its slender shafts and pointed arches, such as we find in
such profusion in our noble Cathedral at Salisbury, and even
ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH.
61
then the utmost perfection of style had not yet been reached,
but had finally to be developed in what has been truly called
" the rich and elegant complexity " of Decorated Gothic, of
which this choir is so chaste and refined an example. Athelstan,
no doubt, like every true-hearted founder, gave to God the very
best he had to offer in material, form, and skill. But to judge
from the few remains of the Saxon style that still survive, what-
ever he built must necessarily have been comparatively small in
extent and primitive in character.
THE OIL PAINTINGS.
This church contains, as you may have already noticed, two
oil paintings of the rudest description, one of which represents
Athelstan delivering to the first Head a model apparently of
the Minster over which he was to preside. Those paintings
cannot be older in point of execution than the reign of Eichard II.,
aa a portrait of that king still preserved in Westminster Abbey,
has long been considered the earliest example of oil paint-
ing existing in the kingdom. If those portraits were not evolved
out of the artist's own consciousness, they were probably copied
from some older pictures belonging to the Abbey. It is by no
means unlikely that the Queen is altogether a myth, as it is quite
uncertain whether Athelstan were ever married ; for although
a great deal is known about Athelstan' s family, and especially
about the excellent marriages made by his sisters, yet even the
best informed historians have hitherto failed to discover any
traces of his marriage. I once had some correspondence on this
subject with Mr. Freeman, the eminent historian of the Norman
Conquest, and I learnt from him that there had never yet been
found any proofs of her existence, such as would be given by her
signature to any charter or grant, or any other of those docu-
ments which are of such great value in attesting the actions of
illustrious persons in the Middle Ages. Mr. Freeman ingeniously
accounted for this portrait of the Queen by regarding it as the
work of some local artist, not too well acquainted with history,
who thought the King could not be happy without a wife, and,
82 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH.
as he had means enough to keep her, there was no further diffi-
culty about the matter.
THE GEEAT FIEE.
The buildings put up by Athelstan were in due course suc-
ceeded by others in the Norman style, of which considerable
examples turned up during the restoration. Traces still exist in
the masonry of the present building which, like a great many
others, owes its origin to fire, as on the 23rd of September, 1309,
a tremendous thunderstorm occurred which struck the Abbey,
set it on fire, and consumed it so completely that the very muni-
ments perished. Twelve years seem to have passed before a
patent was granted for rebuilding the Abbey, Walter Archer
being abbot, and in due course the whole of this choir and the
walls of the south transept were erected in the style at that time
in fashion, the second Pointed or Decorated, and the rest of the
structure was not completed for probably more than a hundred
years after, while that munificent man, William of Middleton,
was abbot. He appears to have roofed in the south transept, as
it bears his monogram, and he further built the lower, the north
transept, and the refectory, which now forms the entrance hall
of the modern mansion. He was abbot 44 years, and he resigned
in 1525. It was long a matter of dispute whether the nave was
rebuilt after the fire. Certain remains to the westward of the
transepts, and attached to them, appeared to indicate that in
some degree at least it had been rebuilt. But when those frag-
mentary portions of windows were carefully examined it was
evident they had never been glazed. The most decisive proof,
however, came to light during the restoration, when the clerk of
the works, Mr. Yeoman, had the ground to the westward care-
fully dug out for a considerable space, and no traces whatever
of any previous building upon that site were discovered.
PECULIAEITIES IN THE CHOIE.
Let me next call your attention to some peculiar features in
the choir. First you will notice that there is no string course to
ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 83
mark off the clerestory from the lower portion of the choir, as is
almost invariably the case in buildings of the Pointed Style, and
this, I think, must certainly be considered a defect. It may
next be noticed that the arches on each side are not continuous,
but are interrupted in four places by masses of solid masonry.
This was, no doubt, the original construction, and it has been
conjectured that such a departure from general custom took place
for the purpose of giving the choir a more secluded and retired
character. The reredos, or stone screen behind the attar, and
the dwarf window above, owe their existence to the Lady
Chapel, which, until the Eeformation, stood eastward of the
choir. The only part of the reredos which remains in its original
state is its lowest division, which is formed of Ham-hill stone
and painted over. The upper part is composed of plaster of
Paris, designed by James Wyatt, the man who did all he could
to ruin the interior of Salisbury Cathedral. There is reason to
believe that the original screen contained figures in stone in two
rows, the upper one representing Moses and the Prophets, while
the lower one was occupied by our Lord and the Apostles. It ia
not known by whom it was put up, for although there is an,
inscription upon it dated 1492, that only commemorates the men
by whom it was painted, William of Middleton, the abbot,
and Thomas Wilken, vicar of the parish, of whom it records :
" Qui hoc altare ad Dei laudem suis honorifice sumptibua
depinxerunt." This, I take it, refers not to the original con-
struction, but to its subsequent coloring and ornamentation.
Anyhow, it was ultimately destroyed, most probably during the
time of Cromwell, all but the lowest compartment, and event-
ually Lord Milton employed Wyatt, while he was engaged on
Salisbury Cathedral, to fill up the vacant space with the design
which is now before you. When I first came here, nearly 40
years ago, the oldest inhabitant of the parish, John Ham,
brewer and glazier, used to tell me about the old town and the
many changes that had happened in the place since he was a
boy, and from his account it appeared that Lord Dorchester waa
a man of very fastidious taste, and Wyatt had again and again
84 ON MILTON ABBEY CHURCH.
to break up his casts and make fresh ones before he could give
him satisfaction.
THE ROOD SKEEEN.
If we now turn in the opposite direction we shall there see
what I consider the only ugly feature in the whole building, the
stone skreen, which separates the choir from the transept. Its
full ugliness is best seen from the other side. Any one, I think,
who examines it with the least degree of care will perceive that
the greater part of it has no right whatever to be there, and is
nothing else than a modern intrusion. No doubt there was
always something to separate the choir from the rest of the
church, according to universal custom, and the lower part most
likely is original. But not so the upper portion, which is com-
posed of all sorts of materials, all of them, it may be, old, but
brought together in the most ignorant and unworkmanlike
manner, and without the least regard to their nature or original
destination, the upper masonry being made up of beautiful
panel work in stone, colored and gilded, the spoils of some rich
shrine, or tomb, some of the blocks being actually turned upside
down. There is, however, still stronger proof of the truth of
what I am now assarting. You will notice on the east front of
this skreen a series of shields in miniature heraldically embla-
zoned. There are twelve of them now, and there appears to
have been a thirteenth ; but it is evident from the first edition of
Hutchings that in his time, more than a century ago, those very
shields with the massive stone slab, on the front of which they
are carved, formed part of a chantry that stood against the east
wall of the south transept, and some remains of it, probably,
are still to be seen there. You may notice also that just below
the shields, as they are at present placed, are several pendants,
carved and gilded, just exactly of the description and style
commonly found in chantries of the Perpendicular order, and it
is a very probable conjecture that Wharton makes in his account
of the abbey that this chantry was the tomb of William of
Middleton, and that the row of shields formed a cornice upon its
ON MILTON ABBEY CHUKCS. 85
front. We know from Hutchings that in 1700 a wooden gallery
was put up by Sir Jacob Banks to increase the accommodation
in the parish church, which this building was then, and tha
lower extremity of that gallery rested on this skreen. That
gallery was afterwards removed when Lord Dorchester restored
the building in 1789, and as we know for certain that Wyatt
was very fond of tinkering old buildings, that he did at that
time make great alterations in the interior, and committed many
acts of barbarism, sweeping away the chapel of St. John the
Baptist, it appears to me exceedingly likely that he then took
the old skreen in hand and made it what it now is a sort of
heterogeneous composition, ornamented by the plunder of other
portions of the building. When Sir Q-. Scott examined this
church in March, 1862, prior to the restoration, I did my best to
persuade him to take down the upper part of the skreen, so that
the transept might be more conveniently used for public worship,
but he would not hear of it for a moment. I ought, however,
to add that the whole interior of the church was then plastered
over, and coloured free stone, so that it was quite impossible to
discover what lay beneath the surface.
THE TABEENACLE,
We now come to what may, I think, be considered as the most
remarkable object in the building, quite unique, I believe, and
without any parallel example in the kingdom, so rare, in fact,
that when the Cambridge Camden Society published in 1847
their " Handbook of English Ecclesiology " to be a guide to
antiquarians and to show them what they ought to look for in
old churches, this article of church furniture is not even men-
tioned by name ; it was utterly unheard of. This object stands
upon an iron bracket on the west wall of the south transept,
and there it has been for about 400 years, and seems to have
never once been removed except during the restoration, when it
was taken down for some slight repair it required. It is called
in England " a Tabernacle," but in Germany, where such con-
structions are numerous, it is named a " Sacrament-Haus," in
86 037 MILTON ABBEY CEtJfcCH.
which the remains of " the Host " are reserved after Mass. It
is made of oak, and in the form of a tower surmounted by a
spire, and its date is indicated by the style in which it is con-
structed Perpendicular or Third Pointed. Sometimes they
are formed of etone, as the celebrated one at St. Sebald's Nurn-
burg, which is a magnificent specimen of mediseval art, rising
from the floor to a height of 70 feet, and adorned throughout
with figures and other objects in sculpture. Most of these con-
structions in England were destroyed at the Reformation, and
this specimen very probably owes its preservation to the fact
that Sir John Tregonwell, to whom the Abbey was given up by
Henry VIII., would not allow that wholesale destruction which
was carried on elsewhere, within his own domain, so that less
damage of every sort took place here at Milton, than anywhere
else in the whole county. Hutchings, though an admirable
county historian, knew nothing worth speaking of about
archeeology, and so he calls it "the model of a tower with its
spire." In 1847 the elder Pugin, who was well known to be a
very high authority on all such matters, came down here to
draw the design of the only painted window at present in the
Church, which is technically called a " Jesse window," from
Jesse, the father of David, as the subject of such windows is
invariably to represent our Lord's forefathers according to the
flesh. I had the pleasure of spending a couple of hours in this
Church with Pugin, and learnt from him, for the first time, that
Hutchings' "model of a tower" is in reality one of the most
curious and interesting articles of church furniture existing in
the kingdom, a Tabernacle, or " Sacrament-Haus." I think
every one who hears its history and extreme rarity will agree
with me in wishing it were made more generally known by means
of a photograph.
THE ESCAPE OF JOHN TEEGONWELL.
On the east wall of the vestry at the end of the south aisle a
tablet commemorates a deliverance from death, which is little
short of miraculous. About 1 602 or 1 603 the heir of this
ON MILTON ABBEY CSUBOS. 87
property was John Tregonwell, born in 1598. When quite a
child he was taken one day by his nurse to the top of the church,
most probably on the outside of the south transept, a height of
about 60 feet from the ground. Some attraction appears to have
diverted the nurse's attention from her charge, and the child
very naturally took advantage of her carelessness by climbing
the parapet, which alone fenced in the roof, to seize a wild rose
that grew out of the wall, and in so doing over-balanced him-
self and fell right over, descending at one fall a depth of 60
feet. We can easily imagine how horror-struck the poor girl
would be, and the wild haste with which she would rush down
the turret stairs through the Church into the Church-yard,
expecting as a matter of course to find the child dashed to
pieces, and she could scarcely credit her senses when she found
him entirely unhurt, not even stunned, and, as the village tradi-
tion records, very busy picking daisies. It is also recorded that
he wore at the time a very full dress made of nankeen, and, as
there was a very strong wind blowing, this became inflated,
and, acting as a parachute, broke the force of his fall. The
tablet, however, records something more than this marvellous
deliverance, and mentions that the said John Tregonwell (he
lived to be 52, and died in 1650) left by will certain books of
Divinity for the use of that vestry, for ever. In other words, he
gave as a thankoffering those books for the use of the clergy
who, in those days, used the vestry as their study, and a good
many of them are still in existence, kept in the present parish
church. They are more than 60 in number, and consist of the
works of St. Augustine, St. Ambrose, St. Jerome, St. Gregory,
the "Summa" of Thomas Aquinas, Pool's Synopsis, and other
works sufficient, if properly used, to make each successive Vicar
of Milton a ripe and learned theologian.
THE EESTOEATION.
I have now detained you a very long time, and nothing but a
strong sense of duty would induce me to say another word ; but
I feel, and I am sure that you also feel, that any account of this
ON T MILTOtt AbBEY" ClltJBCffi
beautiful building would be worse than incomplete did it not, at
least in some brief degree, describe the restoration it has under-
gone, through the liberality of its recent owner, the late Baron
Hambro. I have reason to believe that the idea entered his
mind the very first time he saw the building, on Saturday, May
29th, 1852, when he came down to inspect the property prior to
the sale ; and it was his purpose not merely to restore the build-
ing as far as might be possible to its original beauty, and to
complete all substantial repair that was required, but moreover
to give it up again to the destination for which it was originally
built the service and worship of Almighty God. It was Baron
Hambro's way to do things in the best possible manner, in the
spirit of Wordsworth's lines
" High Heaven disdains the lore
Of nicely calculated less or more,"
and so he not only employed the most eminent architect of his day,
Mr. Scott, as he was then, and afterwards Sir Gilbert, but gave
him also carte "blanche in carrying out his plans, so that he was
never hampered by want of means. He came down to see it for
the first time in March, 1862, prepared his plans, and in the
following August the work commenced in earnest, and, when
the walls had been scraped thoroughly, and every trace of
plaster and successive coats removed, then it became only too
apparent that the good work had not begun a moment too soon.
The greatest damage, however, was found to exist in the two
massive piers which support the tower on the eastern side, and
each was found in a most dangerous condition, the stones of
which they were composed being cracked, splintered, and
shattered to an alarming extent, while, strangely enough, the
corresponding pillars to the westward did not exhibit a single
flaw, although they had been equally exposed to the same dis-
astrous agency viz., a most daring excavation for a burial vault
which had been made close to the foundation of the pier, by
which many tons of earth had been removed, without any ade-
quate provisions for the support of those piers by buttresses, or
ott MILTON ABBEY CHURCH. 60
any other constructional expedient. The wonder is, that the
whole tower had not come down with a run long before. Scores
and scores of stones had to be removed from the eastermost piers,
which are from the Tisbury quarries, as may readily be observed
by the greater whiteness of those that were inserted in their
place. The whole floor all throughout the building had to be
removed, and the present one of tiles is laid at a lower level.
This brought to light a still older floor, covered with tombstones,
and in the sacrarium was found the matrix of a very fine brass
with a highly ornamented canopy. The inscription shows it was
one of three Walters, who at different times were Abbots of
Milton W. de Corfe, 1273, A.D., W. de Sydelinge, 1292, A.D.,
and Walter Archer, 1392, A.D. (Professor Willis gave it as his
opinion that the brass was not Archer's but older.) Many of
the ribs in the vaulted roof of the choir had got out of their
proper place, and were replaced, and much of the chalk vaulting
also had to be renewed, and the materials were found on the
abbey estate. Mr. Scott introduced one feature, which was quite
a novelty viz., the miniature arcading under five of the arches.
He justified this introduction, however, by the traces he found
in situ of similar work previously. He removed all the plaster
upon the walls, even when those walls were composed entirely
of flint. For this he has been much blamed, but unjustly, I
think. The flints, anyhow, were real, while plaster is always a
sham, except when used for fresco painting, of which there was
a considerable amount in this building, especially under the two
great windows in the transept, the Seven Deadly Sins, and the
several Acts of Mercy being represented on the wall, in that
position in the south transept. I must not forget to mention,
as my very last word, that the arms of Milton Abbey are three
bread baskets Sa. replenished with loaves, Or. There is every
reason to believe that the abbots of old did not restrict their
hospitality to a dole of dry bread, but, according to the good
custom of religious hotises, entertained strangers, as an act of
Christian duty. We have, however, the most positive proof,
which would convince even an Agnostic, that the present worthy
90 ON MILTON ABBEY CHTTRCH*
Abbot goes a long way beyond dry bread in his method of enter-
taining guests, and I think there is not one of those, who have
sat at his table to-day, that will not from this time forward wish
him, Mrs. Hambro, and the whole family every blessing both here
and hereafter.
RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD
FITZ PAINE.
By C. RICKMAN, Esq.
|T the commencement of the present month, I was spend-
ing a couple of days at Ibberton, when my attention
was called by Messrs. Eobert and "Walter Eoss to
some remains at the above-mentioned place, and Mr. Robert
Boss gave me the large bone I now hold in my hand. I
then determined to visit the locality, and from an archaeological
and ethnological point of view I was amply repaid. I found
a chalk pit of the usual kind, from which the inhabitants
of the parishes of Okeford Fitzpaine, Belchalwell, and
Ibberton drew chalk for the purpose of flooring pig styes,
cottages, and also materials for ramming gate-posts, the pit
being situate just outside the village of Okeford Fitzpaine,
on the road to Turnworth. I take it the section displayed
is a lower chalk without fossils, seeing that the green sand crops
out about 200 yards below on the road to Ibberton. I failed to
discover any fossils in the chalk. Now we are inside the pit a
semi-circular one from which some hundreds of tons of chalk
have been excavated. Running the eye along the section thus
exposed, I was surprised to see a number of square depressions
extending through the surface mould, and about one foot into
the chalk, running in straight lines from east to west, on both
sides of the pit a series of long trenches, as it were, whose
92 RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD FITZPAINB.
continuity had been broken up by the inroads made by the
village excavators, for, perhaps, many years in taking away the
chalk as circumstances required. On examination I found these
depressions or trenches were full of human bones, and so thickly
did they occur that by the aid of a small pointed stick I was
enabled to lay bare five skulls in the space of five minutes, with
every variety of bone belonging to the human body in the most
perfect state of preservation, as evidenced by the specimens now
before the meeting. The bodies appear to have all been laid
with the feet pointing to the east, and the trenches were covered
with large flat table flint, some specimens of which are on the
table, there being no depression, mound, tumulus, or barrow
on the surface to indicate the presence of such remains. I may
be permitted to state that the impression conveyed to my mind
is that it was the scene of some tribal conflict or village mas-
sacre, or the sudden surprise of some outpost, for the site is
within view of Hod and Hamildon encampments, and about half
way between these encampments and Wrawlsbury Rings, on Bull-
barrow. I base my hypothesis or theoiy of a massacre on the
fact that the interment seems to have been of the most hurried
character, and such as would ensue after the carnage of a sur-
prise, or of a battle, as the bodies seem to have been literally
crammed into the trenches, and I am certain the bones of
children were present, and from the thin nature of some of the
skulls, I am of opinion the remains of women were mingled
with those of the men. I would call your attention to the
remarkable character of the skull marked No. 1 the high
nature of the frontal bones, the large eye orbits, and the contour
of the whole. Close by the side of this Goliath lay two other
skulls, numbered 2 and 3, which fell to pieces when exposed to
the air. These are much smaller, and may have been the skulls
of women, for amidst the general remains of these three indi-
viduals were the bones of what I consider to be an infant. No
trace of pottery, ornament, coin, harness or weapon could be
found, although I made diligent search for any such remains as
would give a clue to the antiquity or age of the interment. I
JUSCENT DISCOVERIES Af OKEFORD FITZPAlNE, 63
fcow pass on to mention that the large femur, or thigh bone,.wae
laid in the apparent length of the skull marked No. 1. The
consideration of the teeth next demands our attention. They
are in a remarkable state of preservation, but, you will observe,
worn down to a very smooth surface, as though the former
owners lived on grain and roots. One incisor tooth, for example,
gives one the idea that the owner suffered from toothache, but
on closer investigation you will perceive that there is no decay,
but that the corresponding tooth, be it upper or be it lower, had
from grinding pressure worn its way into the specimen now in
my hand. I may mention that all these details are of immense
importance, and may serve to throw some light upon the
character of the tribe or race who doubtless came to an untimely
end in some sanguinary struggle on this bare hill-side. There
are evidences of small earthworks around the spot, and a way or
path over the hill in the direction of Wrawlsbury Eings. Ke-
f erring for the last time to skull No. 1, I may add that when
in situ the hole in the side of the head was nearly round. I
regret that by incautious handling it has been made larger ; at
first sight it gave me the idea that it may have been caused by
a sling stone, as this skull was more full of stones and soil than
either of the others. The skull marked No. 4 presents a much
higher frontal development than that marked No. 1. These
numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 were discovered on the north-east side,
whereas the battered and mis-shapen skull, No. 5, was found on
the south-west side of the pit. The pit in question stands mid-
way between two other pits, all within a quarter of a mile, and
I am informed that human remains are plentiful in each. Some
two years ago, in the lower pit, on the verge of the green sand,
the workmen came upon a skeleton in a vertical position, with a
large stone upon its head, pointing to an upright interment. I
feel that I have now trespassed long enough upon your time,
and perhaps there are those present who may be able to throw
some additional light upon the subject. I conclude with this
observation that whether the remains bo Belgic, British, Celtic,
Saxon, Danish, or Roman, I know not, or what their past
94 RECENT DISCOVERIES AT OKEFORD FITZPAINE.
history may have been ; but this I trow, that when in the flesh
the individual owners of these bones little recked that their
osseous remains would be used for such utilitarian purposes as
the flooring of cottages and pigstyes, mending roads, and ram-
ming gate-posts.
Breaks and other carriages then conveyed the party by the
pleasantest of roads on to one of the healthiest bits of open the
Downs where Mr. Eickman had been again at work, and had
unearthed some more skeltons from a barrow The bones lay
in a somevhat huddled fashion, four or five femurs having been
found east and west, but the general lay of the bodies was with
the feet to the east ; a special grave had been formed and roofed
with flint, upon which a mound some 10 or 12 feet high (a
barrow) had been raised. Mr. Eickman described this as one
of the most interesting features in the day's proceedings. " We
are standing on the centre of a most interesting radius of Celtic
or Belgic British earthworks and tumuli, and part of the barrow
open where I am now standing. It measures about 56 yards
square, 18 yards over the top, and is computed to be 9 to 10 ft.
high, containing 420 cubic yards of earthwork. Immediately
adjoining, to the north, is an important work, known as the Long
Barrow, 46yds. long, and 36 yds. over the top, containing 1,850
cubic yds. of earthwork. To the northward yonder are three tumuli
in a row, and to the south-east is another large barrow. Many
others have disappeared under cultivation. In the north-west
looms the great and grand earthworks of Hod and Hambledon.
To the south, and near at hand, lies the Buzbury encampment,
to be referred to in another paper; and about due south
Spettisbury Castle. To the south-east Badbury Eings. Due
east you may observe the picturesque village of Eawston, and
farther on Eushton, where Mr. Penny has so kindly invited
you, if time permits, to view his church and geological collec-
tion ; and this but reminds that I must bring my paper to a
close, with a few remarks on the talent displayed in cutting into
this old monument of the Celtic, or may be still more ancient
aborigines of this island.
BUZ BURY ENCAMPMENT.
By C. RICKMAN,
j]T affords me much pleasure to be enabled to lay before
you, in connection with this beautiful earthwork, the
words and thoughts of a master mind on this matter
Mr. Charles Warne and I am much indebted to that gentleman
for his very able description of Buzbury. No words of mine could
so adequately convey to your minds the interesting details as
is set forth by Mr. Warne in his valuable work on "Ancient
Dorset." Mr. Warne writes as follows : This interesting little
oppidum is situated on Keynestone Down, near the turnpike-
road between Blandford and Wimborne, and at the distance of
two miles from the former place. As an earthwork, it possesses
some peculiarities of construction, for the better understanding
of which the reader is referred to the accompanying plan ; the
central portion is an area measuring 130 feet from east to west,
and 137 feet from north to south, and surrounded by a single
vallum through which there is an entrance from the south-east.
There is also an exterior vallum thrown around in an elliptical
form enclosing a considerable space, as at Badbury. On the north
side of the central area ; and advancing towards it from the south
the two extremities of the vallum overlap each other, to the
extent of half the circumference of the ellipse. On this same
side there is also an additional outer vallum, thus forming
double and triple defensive works. The entrances are
between the 'extremities of the valla, on the east and
west, the former giving access to the central enclosure,
96 BT7ZBUEY ENCAMPMENT.
the latter giving ingress to the trackways approaching
from the north and south-west. The central area is strongly
marked by disturbances of soil, and many circular depressions
denote the site of ancient habitations ; on digging into them
firehearths, fragments of coarse pottery, and animal bones are
brought to light. No such vestiges are met with in the larger
or exterior area, whence it may be inferred that here as at Bad-
bury we may recognise a provision intended for the security
of the flocks and cattle of a pastoral people, when the shades
of night had fallen on their pastures. Within this space there
is a small low bank, not of sufficient size to be termed a long
barrow ; neither does it appear to be of a sepulchral character.
The only remaining object to attract attention is situated without
the earthwork on the south-east side, and has certain peculiarities
to require special notice. At first sight it bears strong
resemblance to a ransacked tumulus, and its concave sides may,
with a little effort of the imagination, give it the semblance of a
miniature amphitheatre. I should have hesitated about mention-
ing this little work had I not seen precisely similar examples
elsewhere ; there was only one, for instance, on Camp Down,
but it has been destroyed since the land has been brought under
cultivation. The Kev. J. H. Austin kindly directed my attention
to another of the same kind, called "The Pound," or Church
Hayes, adjacent to the ancient British village on Woodcotes
Common. It is a counterpart of this at Buzbury, with the
exception of being nearly double its size. "With such a resem-
blance between them, it is reasonable to conclude that their uses,
whatsoever they may have been, were the same. It is not improb-
able that they served as places of rustic sports and games in
connection with the settlements which they adjoined, but I must
be understood as speaking suggestively only on this point. They
certainly bear an appearance of antiquity much greater than
those mediaeval earthworks which were devoted to popular
games of the peasantry, such as cock-fighting, badger-baiting,
&c. The entrenchments on Buzbury are by no means strong,
which circumstance, coupled with the fact of its site being on an
BUZBTJEY ENCAMPMENT. 97
elevated plain offering no defensive advantages, supports the
conclusion of its having been the abode or homestead of a
pastoral people. The outer vallum was, in all probability,
wattled for securing the cattle, and the work itself may be
supposed to have resembled one of the kraals of Southern Africa,
as described by modern travellers. Although Buzbury is much
smaller than Badbury, there is still a decided analogy between
them ; and, like Badbury, it appears to have kept up a lively
intercourse with the numerous settlements around. "A perfect
network of trackways " may be traced with more or less distinct
ness, connecting it with the remains on Blandford Down, East-
bury, and Vindogladia, with Badbury, Bloxworth, and also
Charlton Down, where, mirabile dictu, there is sufficient reason
for believing a British village has been destroyed. In conclu-
sion I give the remarks of a friend on the derivation of the
name Buzbury, and, without putting much faith in etymological
conjecture, his remarks are so apposite that I need no apology
for introducing them here: Buzbury: Greek, Bous ; Latin,
os, Buw, Bmvys Kine, Bullock. Corn : Brit. Bin. Binh ;
Irish, Bo ox or cow. Corn: Boys. Bos: Buz eating (Bor-
lase, vocal). Celti, Breton. Bu, Vache. If any reliance may
be placed on etymology, the name Buzbury shows at once its
signification, and indicates the purpose for which the work was
constructed. It must have been a cattle-pen a central depot of
supplies for the population of the surrounding country ; a kind
of primitive Smithfield of the Durotriges ! One might almost
infer that they had some kind of circulating medium at this
period perhaps the iron rods mentioned by Csesar, for iron
then was a precious metal. And we shall remember that there
was a time when cattle were the standard value, which was
afterwards represented by money, and from which money took
its name pecunia. This is strictly in accordance with what
Ceesar tells us of Britain, "They have a great store of cattle .
. . the inland people live on milk and fleshmeat ....
they make use of brass money, or iron rods of a certain weight,
for money."
ON SAXON SITUL/E OR BUCKETS.
By Professor J. BUCKNAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., $c.
HE finding of thin bands of copper mountings at
different archaic sites in every county in which I have
worked, more especially at the diggings on my Brad-
ford Abbas farm, and the seeing of some of these in the fine
collection got together by Mr. Burden, of Blandford, must be
my excuse for offering a few remarks upon these interesting
objects.
In two examples sent to me by Mr. Burden, thin bands of
metal half an inch wide are still attached to wooden staves lour
inches long and 7-eights of an inch wide.
These bands of copper are exceedingly thin, and in these and
most other examples that have come before our notice they are
ornamented by simple impressions, apparently made by a blunt
instrument, which would sometimes be presented with the incuse
impressions, at others with slight relievo knobs in lines.
In Mr. Akerman's Pagan Saxondom, plate 27, is a beautiful
drawing of the metal framework of one of these buckets. It
was discovered by the Hon. R. C. Neville during some excava-
tions in an Anglo-Saxon burial ground, at Linton Heath, about
two miles from the hamlet of Bartlow, on the borders of Essex,
so well known, says Mr. Akerman, to antiquaries for the
remarkable tumuli of the Roman period, explored by the late
Mr. Gage. Mr. Wylie, when living at Fairford, in Gloucester-
shire, dug up one of these buckets tolerably perfect, which he
figured in his volume entitled " Fairford Graves."
Now as we happen to have in our possession the most perfect
bucket of this description yet discovered, which we got from this
SAXON SITUL.E OR BUCKET.
ON SAXOX SITUL^E OR BUCKETS. 99
Saxon graveyard, at Fairford, we have great pleasure in pre-
senting our members with a drawing* and description f of this
interesting object.
The bucket is four inches in height, and consists of nine
staves, each one and a -half inch wide. These are bound together
by four bands of copper fascia, which surround the wood, and
two upright bands of the same metal, to which the handle is
attached, five-eights of an inch broad. The handle is three-
eights of an inch broad, ornamented on the margins with two
rows of incuse quadrangular impressions. The handle, like the
metal plates, is exceedingly thin, a fact which is at once a con-
vincing proof that these articles were not meant to bear heavy
weights.
Now, as not a little discussion has taken place as to the use of
these buckets, we quote the following from an article on them
by the late J. Yonge Akerman : " These vessels have been
supposed to have been used to hold ale or mead at the Anglo-
Saxon feasts, an opinion to which we cannot subscribe. It has
been conjectured that the passage in Beowulf, Byelas sealdon
icin of wunder-fatum (cupbearers gave wine from wondrous vats),
alludes to them ; but it is difficult to conceive how the term
"wondrous" could apply to utensils of this description, while
the huge vats of the Germans are to this day the wonder of
foreigners. In a recent communication, with which we have
been favored by the Abbe Cochet, he mentions the fact of his
finding in the cemetery of Envermen a bucket containing a
glass cup, and hence concludes that the problem of the use of
the former is solved, and that they are, in fact, drinking cups.
With all due deference for this opinion, we have arrived at a
different conclusion. In the Frank graves at Selzen, glass
drinking cups were found, protected in a similar manner, but
does it not lead to the inference that the larger vessel was in-
tended to hold food, and not drink ? From the circumstance of
*For the block, with the beautiful engraving which accompanies this, we
are indebted to the Council of the Archaeological Institute.
fTlie description is drawn up from the object itself now before as.
100 ON BAXON SITUL^l OB BUCKETS.
their being discovered in the graves of either sex, it seems
highly probable that these buckets were used for spoon-meat,
and are, in fact, porringers. If it be urged to the contrary that
they are of comparatively unfrequent occurrence, it must be
borne in mind that time has obliterated all traces of many
objects deposited in these graves, and probably, among others,
vessels solely of wood. That well-constructed and metal-bound
utensils, like those under notice, could only be the property of
the wealthy, seems evident from the result of researches in
Anglo-Saxon burial places."*
Now, that these vessels were not used as drinking cups either
for ale or mead, we have long been convinced, as the very light
structure of the handle would prevent their being lifted thereby
for any purpose, and as they would be but clumsy drinking
vessels. Nor were they used as porringers for the same reasons.
Indeed, such notions could only be entertained by these who are
accustomed to consider the Saxons as uncultivated boors.
If, however, we consider that this people possessed drinking
vessels of glass of most elegant shapes, and that these have even
been found with the buckets, we shall soon be able to divine a
more suitable and refined use for the Saxon bucket. Saxon
glasses it is known were rounded at the base, so that they had not
a foot to stand upon, that the Saxon drank heartily we know,
and that heel-taps were not permitted has been a maxim handed
down to us in our own country feasts. We conclude, then, that
these buckets had no weight to bear, they were made light and
elegant, as their object was simply that of a modern wine
cooler, so that when the glass was emptied it was simply inverted
in the larger vessel, thus preventing any chance of soiling the
table cloth or the table by any lingering drop from the glass.
We are proud, then, in thus rescuing the Saxon households
from the boorish reproach that has been attempted to be cast
upon them.
After all it is not at all improbable that the Saxons adopted
this and other refinements from the Romans, as, though we have
*Remains of Pagan Saxondom, p. 56.
ON SAXON SITTTLE OR BUCKETS.
101
not found perfect buckets at any of our Roman diggings, yet
the metallic fascia is not uncommonly met with at Roman
stations.
Akerman says that the wood of which the staves of these
buckets is formed is not of one uniform description. The staves
of that found at Fairf ord (query by Mr. Wylie*) were composed
of oak ; those from the Roundway-down tumulus were of yew,
as are some of those from the Linton Heath Cemetery ; but a
fragment of a bucket found between Sandgate and Dover, pre-
served in the British Museum, shows that the staves were formed
of pine ; hence it does not appear that there was a predeliction
for any particular wood, although that of the closest grain would
naturally be preferred." f We have reason to believe that the
wood of the bucket we figure is cedar, which, if it could be
obtained, would doubtless be valued beyond all other, not only
for its lightness in weight, but for its pleasing colour and
fine perfume, and, besides, we may perhaps conclude that an
additional charm would attach to a wood so rare in itself, and
one which would be likely to be valued for its interesting sur-
roundings.
* Fairford Graves, p. 20.
t Pagan Saxondom, p. 55-6.
ON THE NEW GENUS OF BIVALVE.
CURVIROSTRUM S1RIATUM.
By PROFESSOR BUCKMAN, F.G.S., F.L.S., $v.,
shell belongs to the family Arcadft, which is thus
distinguished by Dr. Carpenter :
Shell regular, equi valve, with strong epidermis,
hinge with a long row of similar, comb-like teeth, muscular
impressions sub-equal, structure corrugated with vertical tubuli
in rays between the ribs or stria.
The annexed wood-cut shows the left valve of a large speci-
men.
FIG. I.- CTJKVIBOSTBUM STEIATUM.
The Genus is distirguished by an abnoimally produced and
incurved umbo.
FIG II. TJMEO OF CUEVIEOSTEUM.
ON THE NEW GENtTS OF BIVALVE.
Our next figure shows the nature of the teeth.
103
FIO. in.- INTERIOR OP LEFT VALVE, SHOWING THE TEETH OF THE HINGE.
The Shell is about two inches long, and a little more than
an inch deep, it is distinguished by its peculiarly incurved
umbones, and its finely striated external markings.
This shell was first discovered at Half-way House in a thin
bed of ferruginous marl, which separates the so-called zones of
Sowerbyi and Humphresianus beds.
A similar bed occurs in Gloucestershire, separating what we
had distinguished as the Trigonia (upper) and Gryphite grits
(lower beds).
This thin band is remarkable both in Dorsetshire and Glouces-
tershire for peculiar fossils, among which we may now reckon
the Curvirostrum.
Wo have as yet only found it in Dorsetshire a single speci-
men from Bradford Abbas, the same from Half-way House,
while several specimens have been obtained from a quarry on
Wyke Farm, and it is not uncommon at Louse-hill Quarry.
These are stations in Dorsetshire, but it has been found at East
Coker, in Somersetshire, in a similar position to that of the
Dorset beds.
ON A BRONZE HAIR PIN FROM
DORCHESTER.
HE object which, we now engrave through the
courtesy of the Archaeological Institute was some years
since discovered at Dorchester by the late Canon
Bingham, whose last act as an accomplished antiquary was that
of consigning it to our care for a notice in the " Proceedings of
the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club."
The object in question is described in the Archaeological Journal
as follows : " The upper portion of the stem is very delicately
ornamented, and in actual use this portion would have stood out
free, the pin being probably used foi the hair and kept in a
fixed position by means of the lozenge and little loop. Pins of
this general character are frequent in Irish collections, and their
variety and beauty may be gathered from the examples in the
museum of the Eoyal Irish Academy. The central cone on the
head is usual with pins of this particular type. In the example
from Dorchester, the outer circle of acute cones on the head,
the ornamented stem, the little loop, and, most of all, the
lozenge, are to be noticed."*
This pin when complete was probably nine inches in length,
the head being a little over an inch in diameter. "Whether the
interior grooves and the depressed cusps were intended for
enamels does not appear.
This highly ornamental pin is probably of Eoman workman-
ship, and we hope it is destined to take its place with other
interesting objects of this period in the new Museum at Dor-
chester now so happily drawing towards its completion.
THE EDITOE.
* Vol. xxxviii., p. 324.
BRONZE HAIRPIN.
ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS,
WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE PARSNIP.
By JAMES BUG KM AN, F.L.S., F.G.S.,
EW people who have studied the matter attentively
but have arrived at the conclusion that those plants
which we cultivate for their roots were not naturally
endowed with the root portion of their structure, either of the
size or form which would [now be considered as essential for
perfect crop plants ; thus the parsnip, carrot, turnip, beet, &c.,
as we find them in nature, have nowhere the large, fleshy,
smooth appearance which belongs to their cultivated forms, and
hence all the varieties of these that we meet with in cultivation
must be considered as Derivatives from original wild forms
obtained by cultivative processes, that is collecting their seed,
planting it in a prepared bed, stimulating the growth of the
plants with manures, thinning, regulating, weeding, and such
other acts as constitute farming or gardening, as the case
may be.
Hence, then, it is concluded that such plants as are grown for
their roots have a peculiar aptitude for laying on tissue and thus
increasing the bulk of their " descending axis," that is, that
portion of their structure which grows downwards root.
Besides this, they are remarkable for their capability of produc-
ing varieties, a fact which, united witn a constancy in the
maintenance of an induced form, renders it exceedingly easy to
bring out new sorts which will maintain their characteristics
under great diversities of climate, soil, and treatment.
106
CN THE ENNOBLING OF BOOTS.
The facility with which different sorts of roots may be pro-
cured can readily be understood from the many varieties not
only of turnip, which may perhaps be considered an original
species, but also of swede, which is a hybrid of the turnip and
rape plant. Of the former we have more than 30 sorts
grown by the farmer, and as many peculiar to the garden,
whilst there are probably more than 20 well recognised sorts of
swedes. Of beets with mangold wurtzel we have almost as
great a variety.* So also of carrots. Of parsnips we have
fewer varieties, to which may now be added the new form
called the " Student Parsnip," the growth of which is so
interesting that we shall here give a short history of its produc-
tion as an illustration of the origin of root crops.
In 1847 we collected some wild parsnip seed from the top of
the Cotteswolds, where this is among the most frequent of weeds.
This seed, after having been kept carefully during the winter,
was sown in a prepared bed in the spring of 1848 in drills about
18 inches apart. As the plants grew they were duly thinned
out, leaving for the crop, as far as it could be done, the
specimens that had leaves with the broadest divisions, lightest
colour, and fewest hairs. As cultivated parsnips offer a curious
contrast with the wildest specimens in these respects, we place
the following notes side by side on the root leaves of plants of
the same period of growth :
No 1. WILD PARSNIP.
No. 2. STUDENT
PARSNIP.
ft. in.
Whole length of leaf, from the
base of the petiole to the tip
of the leaf 09
Breadth of leaflets . . . . Of
Length of ditto . . ..01
ft. in.
Whole length of leaf, as in
No. 1 20
Breadth of leaflets . , . . 3f
Length of ditto . . . . 6|
Petiole and leaflets, hairy ; colour,
dark green ; roots, forked.
Petiole and leaflets,
colour, light green.
without hairs ;
*An account of experiments in the Ennobling of Beets will be found
in Vol. III. of our Proceedings.
ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS. 107
We have before remarked that neither in size nor form are the
wild roots at all comparable with the cultivated ones. Our
specimens were taken from fine roots of the wild parsnip of the
first year's growth, that is to say, just at the same time as a
crop parsnip would be at its best. They were purposely taken
from specimens obtained from the same district as the seed with
which our experiments were commenced. Our first crop of roots
from the wild seed presented great diversities in shape, being, for
the most part, even more forked than the originals, but still with
a general tendency to fleshiness. Of these the best shaped
were reserved for seeding, and having been kept the greater
part of the winter in sand, some six of the best were planted
in another plot for seed. The seed, then, of 1 849 was sown in the
spring of 1850 in a freshly prepared bed, the plants being
treated as before, the results showing a decided improvement,
with tendencies in some examples in the following directions :
1st. The round topped long root, having a resemblance to the
Guernsey parsnip, Panais long of the French.
2nd. The Hollow-crowned Long Eoot. " Hollow-headed "
of the gardener, Panais Leslonais type.
3rd. The short, thick, turnip-shaped root, turnip rooted of
the gardener, Panais rond form.
These three forms were all of them misshapen with forked
roots, that is fingers and toes, but still each of them offered
opportunities of procuring three original varieties from this new
source.
As an example of progress we offer the following engraving
of a specimen of our round-topped Parsnip of 1852. This it
will be seen has stiong fleshy forks, and a tendency to form
divided tap-roots, otherwise the shape is greatly improved, and
the skin is tolerably smooth. At this time our stock was for the
most part fleshy and soft on boiling ; the flavour, too, though
much stronger than that of the usual esculent Parsnip, was rather
agreeable than otherwise.
108
ON THE ENNOBLING OF ROOTS.
This matter of flavour is a subject of interest, as most lovers
of the Parsnip as a garden esculent had got to complain of this
root becoming more and more tasteless. That this was so our
own experience most fully confirms. We have now, however,
mended this root very materially in this respect.
Our experiments were only carried on with examples of the
ON THE ENNOBLING OF BOOTS.
109
hollow-crowned form, which following out from year to year we
at length obtained so perfect in form, clean in outline, delicate
in skin, and unexceptionable in flavour that we were induced to
hand over the seed in 1859 to the Messrs. Sutton, of Beading.
In 1861 we sowed a parcel of seed in our own garden obtained
from the Messrs. Sutton, after having received from them the
following notes upon the growth of the roots in their grounds:
" We are happy to tell you that in lifting some of each of all
the varieties of Parsnip in our trial ground your "Student"
was decidedly the best shaped, varying in length, but always
clean and straight."
Any one can now procure from the Messrs. Sutton, of Read-
ing, the seed of the new root, now known under the name of the
" Student Parsnip." It is one of the best formed, medium-sized,
hollow-crowned roots of fine smooth outline, and for the most
part free from forked roots. Its fleshiness and solidity of struc-
ture recommend it as a good variety, whilst its flavour has been
highly extolled by the lover of this, to some, favourite root. In
size it is scarcely large enough for a field crop, but though not
recommended for the farm its history may well serve to explain
the origin of crop plants as derived from the cultivation and
improvement of wild species.
DISEASE OF TURNIPS.
01DIUM BALSAMII, Mont.
By WORTEINGTON G. SMITH, Esq., F.L.8.,
I HE ravages of this fungus have recently taken alarming
proportions in Dorsetshire ; it seems, therefore, desir-
able that special attention should be directed to it.
I will briefly give a history of the obnoxious pest as far as my
knowledge extends (adverting at the same time to the past and
present nature of its attacks upon wild and cultivated plants),
and then describe the appearance of the fungus as seen under
the microscope.
Oidium Balsamii is a mildew, or mould, closely allied to the
mildew of the vine and the peach, but although it is just now
afflicting turnips to an unprecedented extent it is not the "turnip
mould " proper. The latter parasite is a close ally of the fungus
of the potato disease ; it is named Peronospora parasitica, and
as far as my experience goes it is this year unusually common.
The two fungi are totally different things, although to the naked
eye they are not to bo distinguished from each other.
Botanists have had Oidium Balsamii in view for more than a
quarter of a century. It was first noticed growing on a Mullein
Yerbascum montanum in Milan by Balsamo ; this gentleman
sent specimens to Dr. Montague under the name of Oidium
Tuckeri, he erroneously thinking that it was the same with the
fungus of the vine. In 1853 the Rev. M. J. Berkeley recorded
the occurrence of the pest on another Mullein Verbascum
nigrum in this country.
DISEASE OF TURNIPS. Ill
The first important notice of this fungus is from the pen of the
Kev- M. J. Berkeley, and is to be found in the Gardeners 1
Chronicle for 1854, p. 236. Here we find ihat the pest has
appeared, not on the Scrophulariacese as before, but upon one of
the Rosaceee in the cultivated strawberry. Mr. Berkeley describes
the entire destruction of a crop of Cuthill's Black Prince straw-
berry, the little white mildew attacking first the leaves, and then
infesting with increased vigour the flowers and footstalks, and
ultimately inducing the wretched appearance so common with
the mildew of the vine. It is strange in the above instance that
the oidium confined itself to the Black Prince, as plants of
Keens' Seedling on the same shelf were perfectly free from the
taint. Mr. Berkeley then describes the form and size of the
spores, identifying the plant with the Oidium of the Mullein.
He mentions how it may be destroyed with lime and sulphur,
but a remedy of this nature cannot be applied over vast areas, as
in the case of the turnip fields now under consideration.
About a fortnight ago Professor James Buckmau, of Bradford
Abbas, Sherborne, Dorsetshire, sent me some mildewed turnip
leaves, with a request that I should examine them. I paid little
attention to them at first, thinking they were probably afflicted
with the old turnip mildew (Peronospora parasitica), so common
just now. But it soon struck me that I had never seen or heard
of such a profuse and overwhelming growth of this parasite,
neither had I ever seen it densely covering both sides of the
leaves as in the present case, A glance through the microscope
soon showed the mildew to be an Oidium and not a Peronospora.
Oidium. Balsarnii is mentioned as a name, but not described in
detail either in Mr. Berkeley's Outlines of Fungology or in Dr.
Cooke's Handbook, and it does not occur at all in the recently
published Mycologia Scotica, by the Rev, John Stevenson certain
varieties of Oidium, and this amongst them, being justly con-
sidered as mere states of other fungi. Several species of Oidium
are known to ultimately take another form, but no such condition
is as yet kown in what may now bo appropriately termed tho
"Turnip Oidium."
112 DISEASE OF TURNIPS.
Mr. Berkeley, as well as Dr. Cooke one judging from a
drawing, and the other from a specimen agreed that the plant
was probably Oidium Balsamii, though neither gentleman was
able to compare the Turnip Oidium with authentic specimens.
It, however, agrees exactly with Mr. Berkeley's original descrip-
tion of the strawberry parasite, in the Gardeners' Chronicle before
cited.
Being unfamiliar with the pest myself, and thinking it strange
that it should fly from the Mullein to the strawberry, and from
the strawberry to the turnip three plants belonging to different
natural orders I enquired the experience of Mr. Berkeley, Dr.
Cooke, and several other Woolhopeans who have paid especial
attention to fungi. Mr. Berkeley, although he could not speak
for certain, as he had no specimens for comparison, said he
thought the plant might safely be considered 0. Balsamii, and
that he had found it very common on turnips. Dr. Cooke con-
sidered the parasite to look like 0. Balsamii, but he had kept no
specimens : he had seen it on all the Mulleins and other
Scrophulariaceae, and he believed some years ago as a pest on
turnips. Mr. C. E. Broome had only found it on Mullein, and
then not often, probably from not having looked for it. The
Rev. J. E. Vize had seen it on Mullein, but never on the turnip
or any ally of the turnip. Mr. C. B. Plowright had seen the
Oidium on Mullein, and an Oidium frequent on turnips, but did
not at the time suspect them of being the same. Mr. William
Phillips had never met with the 'Oidium either on Mullein or
other plants, probably from not having looked specially for it.
Other evidence was of the same indefinite character.
A point of great interest is of course the present extent and
effect of the fungus on Swedish turnips. Professor Buckman
writes that whole fields aie attacked over hundreds of acres.
The swedes, it appears, get stopped in their growth by continued
dry weather, and then the mildew appears. Many farmers
object to early sowing of swedes as, they say, they are sure to
get mildewed. The mildew first attacks the outer leaves of the
turnip plants that have prematurely ripened from want of
DISEASE OF TURNIPS.
113
moisture, and this year the exceeding dry month of August,
now followed by a humid September, has accelerated the growth
of the Oidium to an unwonted extent : so much so, that a sports-
man traversing a field of these roots soon gets his trousers and
boots white with the myriads of shed spores. The prevalence of
mildew always argues a comparatively short crop of roots.
Professor Buckman says that there is reason to believe that this
onslaught, taken in connection with a wide attack of Puccinia
graminis on grass, is doing mischief to sheep this year.
To the naked eye the foliage of the swedes is white on both
sides with the mildew : under a low power of the microscope
this white coating is seen to be a dense felted mass of spider-
web-like threads, dotted all over with uncountable thousands of
oblong spores. But the higher powers of the microscope are
required to see the exact nature of the fungus and the leaf
it grows upon. As the parasite has not hitherto been
illustrated, it is here engraved for the first time in the Gardeners'
Chronicle, where the fungus was originally described. Let any
reader of this journal get an infected leaf, and cut a piece
one-eighth of an inch square out of the leaf-blade. This piece
is far too large for a microscopist ; so, with a lancet sharper, finer,
and with a better temper than any razor, this small square piece
of turnip leaf must be cleanly cut into 24 long thin slips or rods
these rods, in their turn, must be again cut across each into 24
minute cubes, or 576 pieces, out of the eighth-of-an-inch square.
If one of these very minute atoms be now dexterously taken up
with the tip of an exceedingly small camel-hair brush, placed
under the microscope and examined with a good light, all the
points of structure of leaf and fungus may be clearly seen as in
fig 73. The part from A to B shows the structure of the blade of
a turnip leaf, as seen in transverse section ; A is the upper
surface, B the lower. At c, c, c, may be seen the mouths,
tomata, or organs of transpiration of the leaf ; at D the cells
of which the leaf is built up with the intercellular air passages
where the cells are more loosely compacted together. At E is
seen (cut across) one of the bundles of spiral fibres (answering
114 DISEASE OF TURNIPS.
to one of the most minute veinlets) which go to strengthen the
leaf. At the top and bottom of the leaf is a cushion of jointed
spawn or mycelium, closely interwoven ; and from these jointed
threads arise numerous jointed club -like branches. Each branch
is terminated by an elongated barrel-shaped spore, densely
filled with protoplasm and furnished with a cell-wall. In the
Bradford Abbas specimens these spores measure -00125 of an inch
in length, and this agrees well with the size orginally given by
Mr. Berkeley in the Gardeners' Chronicle, viz., from '0012" to
0013". When Mr. Berkeley published this plant in the Annals
of Natural History, he changed the dimensions to -0015", and
this is repeated in Dr. Cooke's Handbook. A glance 'at the illustra-
tion will show the number of spores that are visible on the 576th
part of a square inch as seen edgeways ; 8 or 10 times as many
would be really present on the cubical piece of leaf-blade here
illustrated. How many spores, then, must there be on one leaf,
on all the plants of one field, or dispersed over the hundreds of
acres near Sherborne ? How, too, can the plants grow with
such a cushion of spawn enveloping the foliage all over ?
The spores germinate very readily; they have only to be
dusted on to an uninfected leaf or on to a piece of clean glass,
and kept under a bell-glass in moist air. An opening speedily
appears at the edge of one of the ends of the barrel -like spores,
and through this opening a thread of spawn emerges, which
rapidly reproduces the parent Oidium. A germinating spore is
shown in fig. 74, F, a new inmature club is seen at o. The spore
is on a piece of Turnip-leaf, one of the stomata, or mouths, being
visible at c.
The above is only a short part of the life history of Oidium
Balsamii : whence it comes, where it goes, what other form it
takes, on what plant it may then live, and how it hibernates, no
one at present knows. From the Gardeners' Chronicle for Septem-
ber 25th, 1880.
FICr'l
X'4-50
X-360-
OIDIUM BALSAMIL
FUNGUS OF TUENIP DISEASE.
Oidium Balsamii Mont.
A.B. Shows the thickness of the lamina of a turnip leaf with
the Oidium growing upon both the upper and lower surfaces.
C. One of the stomato, or organs of transpiration,' seen in
section on the under side of leaf choked over with the spawn of
the fungus.
D.D. Cellular tissue of the leaf.
E. Spiral vessels belonging to a veinlet of ditto, all enlarged
360 diameters.
F. A germinating spore on the epidermis of leaf (0, stomate
or organ of transpiration).
G. Young spore on the tip of thread which has emerged from
the germinating spore, enlarged 480 diameters.
ON THE POTATO DISEASE.
By Professor J. BUCKHAN, F.L.S., F.G.S., Sfc.,
ijS the potato disease has shown itself this year at an
earlier period than we ever before remember, we pur-
pose giving a few notes upon it, in order to point out
what has been done towards elucidating the life history of the
fungi engaged in the attack.
It is generally supposed that this fell disease, if it did not
commence so late as 1845, had only been in existence a few
years before, but to quote Mr. J. Worthington Smith :
" Nothing can be more fallacious than the supposition that the
potato disease is of comparatively recent origin ; plants suffered
from very similar diseases when the entire conformation of the
world was quite different from what it now is. Even in the
remote carboniferous epoch of geologists plants were affected by
a similar malady, for fossil plants have been formed in the coal
measures with their tissues corroded and disorganised by a
fungus hardly to be distinguished in external characteristics and
miscroscopical details from that which causes the potato disease
of the present day."*
In the memorable year 1845 we read a paper on the potato
disease, in which the following remarks occur :
" From all considerations of the question we are led to the
conclusion that this unusual attack upon the potato is the result
of a concurrence of circumstances, which can seldom combine to
* See " Science for All," part 31, page 213.
A. PERONO8PORA INPESTANS.
D. FUSISPORIUM SOLANI.
POTATO DISEASE. 117
do such extensive mischief as has been effected during the present
year (1845), but, on the other hand, we would not have it appear
that we consider this as a new affection, for we believe that some
or all the causes before enumerated operate every season, and
that the tubers which rot every year to a greater or less extent
are affected in a manner similar to that of this year, and there-
fore this attack is but an aggravation of some other seasons
arising from an universality of causes, and such causes acting to a
much greater extent."*
In as far as we recollect of the season of 1845, it was not un-
like the present one, viz., " constant wet and a great deficiency
of solar light," f such has been the case during the period of
growth of this tuber this year in the months of June and July,
when up to the 15th of July, a period of 45 days, we have only
had 15 days without, and these not all sunshiny.
Mr. Smith, in the article before quoted, says :
" The murrain is by no means confined to the edible potato,
for it attacks various members of the potato family. Of late
years the tomato has been so badly attacked by onslaughts of
the murrain of the potato that in many quarters tomato culture
has been rendered impossible. Time after time the entire crop
has been swept away by the distemper."!
In 1879 we lost all our garden tomatoes and many of our
potatoes by the disease, and the same last year (1881). We
have, however, succeeded in growing tomatoes in the green-
house free from disease until last year, when we had a single
plant attacked. This year again the attack promises to be
universal on our wall tomatoes, and we fear several of the potted
ones will succumb.
As before stated, we lost all of our out-of-door crop, but in
1 880 the crop was tolerably good, but last year (1881) we did
not ripen a single fruit in the garden, and on a visit the Club
* " The Potato Blight, its Causes, and Remedies," by James Buck-
man, F.G.S., p. 11.
t Ibid.
% " Science for All," p. 213.
118 POTATO DISEASE.
made to Mr. Luff on September 27th we noticed the complete
failure of his tomatoes.
Our paper published in 1845 was illustrated by some micro-
scopic drawings of sections of diseased tubers, and in these it
now appears that we had detected what Mr. Smith has figured
as the Oogonium, egg, or resting spore of the Peronospora.* This,
however, at that time we provisionally named Uredo tulerosum,
which name we prefaced with the following remark :
"From our microscopic observations we come to the conclu-
sion that the affected potatoes of the present season (1845) con-
tain innumerable fungi, similar in every respect to many species
of the low genus of Cryptogamous, or flowerless plants, called
Uredo."
"We were then young in the use of the microscope, and had
not a very perfect instrument, but we are pleased to find that
although we did not examine the leaves and haulm of the
potato at the time that we were still the first to figure its appear-
ance in the tuber. The truth is that even so far back we almost
advocated the theory that the attack on the leaves and haulm was,
as far as we could then see, a result, and not the real cause of
the affection. We then thought, and have not yet quite got rid
of the heresy ? that mildew and blights so called were results of
cold rains and want of sunshine, and we quoted at that time Pro-
fessor Lindley in support of our opinion, that is, that the mildew
was rather an effect of weather and surrounding circumstances
than a cause of potato disease, and " almost all decaying veget-
ables are attacked by some species of Uredo, or an allied fungus
which appear to differ with each species of plant, hence they are
conceived by some to be a metamorphoses of the cellular tissue.
Lindley says of those low fungi, " It is uncertain whether they
are not a mere representation of the vital principle of vegetation,
capable of being called into action either as a fungus, an alga,
or a lichen, according to the particular conditions of heat, light,
moisture, and medium in which it is placed; producing fungi
upon dead or putrid organic beings ; lichens upon living vege-
* Engiaving C.
POTATO DISEASE. 119
tables, earth, or stones ; and algse (sea-weeds) where water is
the medium in which it is developed."*
Well, even now we are not much disposed to dissent from the
learned Doctor's conclusions, for as yet we hardly view the
Peronospora as the cause of potato disease but rather as the
effect thereof, still we cannot help concluding that Mr. Smith is
right as to these resting spores being constantly in readiness to
aid in spreading the attack when the conditions weie present for
their development. To quote again from Mr. Smith's learned
essay :
'Botanists everywhere were incessantly looking for a secondary
state of the fungus, and the result was invariably nil. One
person only, a French botanist named Montagne, once saw some
mysterious bodies in deca3 r ed potatoes, which he could not
understand. These minute organisms he transferred to the
admirable English botanist who is still amongst us the Kev.
M. J. Berkeley and the latter gentleman at once published
his belief that the bodies, imperfect as they were, and
unattached to the potato fungus proper, were no other than
the hibernating germs of the fungus of the potato murrain.
From lack of sufficient material Mr. Berkeley was unable to give
any actual proofs of the correctness of his ideas, but from his
first printed opinion he never departed. Mr. Berkeley fortun-
ately preserved the specimens between pieces of talc, but no
other person could ever again light on the mysterious bodies
once found by Dr. Montagne. Now the year 1875 was a terrible
year for the potato disease ; instead of appearing in July it
was upon us in May. Horticulturists bewailed the advent of a
' new disease ' of potatoes, and specimens of the ' new disease '
were sent to the writer of these lines for examination. The
' new disease ' proved to be the old disease in disguise, and
whilst the writer of this notice was one night examining and
re-examining the early and abnormal developments of Perono-
spora infestans, some of the round bodies, as originally seen by
Dr. Montagne, were suddenly displayed before his eyes on the
* Lindley's " Natural System of Botany," 2nd Ed., page 418.
120 POTATO DISEASE.
field of the miscroscope ; they were not outside the potato leaves,
but within the tissues, and they appeared as in the engraving C."
Many of the small bodies had a still smaller one attached to
them, as seen in the same. They might have been easily over-
looked, as they were transparent and exactly the same in size
with the constitutent cells of the leaf.* Now our engraving of
the potato disease was really taken from the fruit of a diseased
tomato, and in the paper from which we have quoted are two
engravings, one of the Perospora infestans (A.B.C.) and another
of Fusisporium Salain (D.E.F.), but curiously enough in our own
engraving these two are represented as growing together. A
study, then, of our engraving will show the nature of two forms
of fungus with which the potato is affected, and from it we learn
that potatoes and tomatoes are liable to the attacks of two forms
of mildew, both of which are remarkable for the quickness with
which they spread and the thorough disorganization of the
tissues they attack. "The reproductive power of the potato
fungus," says Mr. Smith, " is almost unparalleled. The seed-
like bodies it produces are innumerable, and all these bodies are
again capable of increasing themselves ten-fold ; added to this
any detached atom of the parasite is able to continue growth,
and rapidly makes a new and perfect individual, this individual
being the predestined mother of a limitless family."
Now the real nature of the potato murrain is better known, it
is presumed that it will be far more easy to cope with it. From
all that we have observed upon the nature of the potato fungus,
coupled with such descriptions as have been so well published by
Mr. Smith, it may be concluded that the resting spores are
generated in the leaves, stem, and tubers of the plant, ready to
spread disease throughout whole acres of the crop when the
climatical circumstances favour their development. As these
conditions prevail to the fullest extent a period of wet muggy
days, when there is the smallest amount of sunshine, and at this
season oftener than not sets in about August, when the disease
attacks the unripe late sorts, it is proposed to pay more atten-
*Scionce for All, part 31, p. 215 and 216.
POTATO DISEASE. 121
tion to earlier sorts, which are found to stand the winter quite
as well as the later varieties ; but as a rule, good and undiseased
sets should be used. At the same time we know from experi-
ment that on planting in a fine dry year tubers much diseased, a
crop without any signs of Ihe murrain has been secured.
Since reading Mr. Smith's remarks in various papers we have
been careful to instruct the cottagers to burn all the haulm and
refuse weeds from a potato-crop ; but above all he would recom-
mend the introduction of fresh hardy sorts, or at least a fresh
seed. Nothing pays better in this respect than a change of
seed ; and although we do not believe in a disease-resisting
potato any more than in a rneasle-resisting animal, yet we feel
sure that whatever tends to the health of this crop will afford a
means of averting much potato disease even in the worst seasons.
FUNGI OF POTATO DISEASE.
The two fungi of the Potato Disease Poronospora infestans,
Mont., and Fusisporium Solani, Mart., growing in company on
the cuticle of fruit of Tomato.
A, Peronospora infestans with its spores (= acrospores or
conidia), the spores naturally dividing themselves into parts and
forming zoospores at A.
B, Motile flagellata, zoospores emerging from the spores.
C, Oogonium, egg, or resting-spore of the Peronospora just
under the Tomato cuticle, the smaller subglobose body attached
to the resting-spore is the antheridium or male body which by
pouring its contents into the resting spore, fertilizes it and
makes its nature differ in the same was as a fertile seed differs
from an ovule.
D, Fusisporium Solani with its tri-septate or compound spores.
E, Compound spore breaking up into four simple spores.
F, Resting-spores of the Fusisporium : these are the simple
spores which have become round and slightly echinulate after
falling from the pedicels.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON
ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF
ANTONINUS;
ON VINDOGLAD1A; AND A PLEA FOR BADBURY.
By Dr. T. WILLIAM WAKE SMART.
PEOPOSE, in this paper, to offer some observations
on Iter xv. of the Itinerary of Antoninus, with special
reference to that part of it which lies between the
Stations of Sorbiodunum (Old Sarum) and Durnovaria (Dor-
chester).
The Iter is formulated thus :
Iter xv.
A Calleva Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. cxxxvi.
Vindomi m.p. xv.
Venta Belgarum m.p. xxi.
Brige m.p. xi.
Sorbiodoni m.p. viii.
Vindogladia m.p. xii.
Durnonovaria m.p. viii.
Muriduno m.p. xxxvi.
Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. xv.*
*This is from the most approved text of "The Itinerary,'' by MM. Par-
they and Finder, 1848.
ON ITEB XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 123
The distance between Old Saruna and Dorchester by the line
of the Roman road is, according to the last measurements of the
Ordnance Survey, 40 miles (English), or 43 miles (Eoman),
whilst by the notation above the distance is 20 miles only, so
that there is a difference of 23 miles at least between the ancient
and modern notation to be explained.
To meet this discrepancy it was suggested by Dr. Stukeley
that an intermediate Station had been lost, which might be
recovered in the Ibernio of the Eavenna Geographer.* This
suggestion has been carried out by Mr. Warne, F.S.A., by shew-
ing that the site of Ibernio may be found at Winterborne
Kingstonf which, according to the Ordnance Survey, is 10 miles
and a half (English), or 11 miles and a half (Eoman) from
Dorchester. | In adjusting the distances, it was also necessary
to increase the distance from Sorbiodunum to Vindogladia, mak-
ing it 16 instead of 12 miles.
Here we observe, that the interpolation of a Station is con-
jectural, and that the numerals to both Stations are at variance
with those in the Itinerary.
The distances in English and Eoman Miles between Old Sarum
and Dorchester, and the Intermediate Stations, from the
Ordnance Survey, viz. :
*Stukeley placed Ibernio at Bere. Iter vii., p. 204.
t" Ancient Dorset," C. Warne, F.S.A., p. 207.
j Length of the Roman mile : For all practical purposes it is sufficient
to put the Roman mile at about 150 yards shorter than the English
Yds. English. Feet.
1760 x 3 = 5280
Roman mile .... 4840
440 ft.
440 x 12 = 5280ft. (English mile.)
12 Roman miles = llEngl.; I mile E. = 5280ft. x 11 = 58080ft.
1 mile R. = 4840ft. x 12 = 58080ft.
124 ON HER xv. OF THE ITINERARY OF"ANTONINIJS.
English. Roman.
From Old Sarum to the
Earthworks on Gussage
Cowdown Vindogladia 14f . . xvi
To Badbury Rings 6f . . viij
W. Kingston (Ibernio) 8 . . viiif
Weatherby Camp, | 01 .. 3
Milborne St. Andrew j %
Dorchester 8 . . viiif
Total 40J ..
It is admitted that we must not look for strict accuracy in the
Roman numerals ; errors have undoubtedly crept in with the
process of transcription to which the ancient document has been
frequently subjected. But the Roman surveyors acted in a
liberal spirit, and left a wide margin for correction of errors.
This is clearly pointed out by J. B. Davidson, Esq.,* who, in a
very able paper on the 12th and 15th Itinera, has drawn atten-
tion to the fact that the letters " m.p." which accompany the
notation do not, as is generally understood, signify milia
passuum, but plus vel minus, " more or less."
Sir Richard Hoare was perfectly justified in stretching the
xii. miles of the Iter to xvi. ; which happens, moreover, to be
the true distance in Roman miles from Old Sarum to the earth-
works on Gussage Cow-down, where, as we shall presently see,
he fixed the station Vindogladia.
When Camden assigned to the town of Winborne Minster
the site of the Roman station Vindogladia, it was doubtlessly
under the impression that the first syllable of its Saxon appel-
lation was no other than the Romanised Celtic word Wyn, or
*" On the Twelfth and Fifteenth Itinera of Antoninus," by J. B. David-
son, M.A. (Journal of Arch. Institute, 1880.^ MM. Parthey and Finder's
text of Antonine's Itinerary, is that which is the most critically correct.
They remark that the letters "m.p.tn." do not mean milia passuum, but
milia plus minus. ' ' Hearne, in his edition of the Itinerary, invariably prints
milia plus minus in the headings of the Itinerary ; but since this date, circ.
1710, every English writer has fallen into the inaccuracy of treating these
rough estimates as if they were carefully measured mile distances," p. 19.
ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 125
Win, so identifying at once the town with the Koman station ;
and, by an ingenious but fanciful extension of the etymology,
he could see a clear reference to the situation of the station,
" between two rivers or swords," such being the situation of
Winborne, at the confluence of the Allen with the Stour. His
compound word, Tm-du gleddy, unchallenged as it may have
been by the learned of his day, has not escaped a later criticism
by Welsh scholars, who are not led away by Camden's etymo-
logical fancies. But the great Antiquary reigned supreme at
that period, nor do we wonder that his authority has reigned
supreme for a century or two after his death ; and that thus
Vindogladia and Winborne continued to be accepted as places
identified with the sanction of time. It seems to have been for-
gotten that a station on a given line of Eoman road could not
be reasonably expected to be found at the distance of three miles
from it. But thus the matter remained until Stukeley gave
expression to doubts, such as most probably had also occurred to
Eoger Gale and others interested in the question.
Stukeley found himself in the course of one of his excursions*
at the village of Gussage All Saints, which borders on the line
of the Eoman road. From information there received, he felt
convinced, he says, that the honour of representing Yindogladia
must be transferred from Winborne to Boreston, which is a farm
and small hamlet in Gussage parish, on the right bank of the
Allen. Although a mile and half distant from the Eoman road,
the tradition of the existence of an ancient population in the
neighbourhood seems to have confirmed his opinion. Here the
question rested, still doubtful and unsettled, when Sir Eichard
Colt Hoare appeared on the scene, and in the course of his anti-
quarian surveys and explorations in South Wilts and the adjoin-
ing parts of Dorset, in or about the year 1809, made the dis-
covery on Gussage Cow-down of a very remarkable series of
ancient British earthworks, flanked at their east end by other
remains of an undeniably Eoman character. These being within
the distance of 300 yards from the Via Iceniana ; and their dis-
* Her Curiosum, 1724, Iter vii., p. 188.
126 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS.
tance from the last station on the line, Sorbiodunum, not seem-
ing to prohibit the view of the probability of the lost station
being here found ; the nature and extent of the Roman remains
being at the same time consistent ; Sir Eichard had no hesitation
in identifying this site with Vindogladia, whose real place had
been so long undetermined ;* the problem had now apparently
reached its demonstration, and antiquaries have accepted the
solution without, as I know, a dissentient voice.
Such then being the general opinion, it might appear almost
presumptuous to take any contrary view ; but the interests of
archaeological science will always justify a departure from the
beaten path of opinion for fields of new enquiry.
It occurs to me that the difficulty of adjusting the distances
in Iter xv. to the actual admeasurement may be obviated in a
simple manner, doing but little violence to the original notation,
and without the necessity of supposing the omission of an inter-
mediate station. This I propose to do by the replacement of a
single numeral which has been conjecturally lost from the text.
If, for instance, we suppose the omission of x. (ten) in the
distance between Sorbiodunum and Vindogladia we should have
Sor-biodunum
Vindogladia, xxii.
Now it is a fact, that the distance of 21 A English or 23 J
Eoman miles takes us exactly to Badbury Eings ; and that 1 8f
English or 20J Eoman miles take us from Badbury to Dorches-
ter.
Now, then, we have adjusted the distances of the Iter without
the need of interpolating a conjectural station, simply by supply-
ing a lost numeral.
Sorbiodunum
Vindogladia (Badbury) xxiii.
Durnovaria xxj.
Total xxxxiii
* "Ancient Wilts,' 1 by Sir R. C. Hoare, Bart., Vol. 2, 1821.
ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 127
The addition of x. to viii., the distance given in the Iter
between Vindogladia and Durnovaria, converts it into xviii., there
being in reality 18f English or 20 J Eoman miles from Badbury
to Dorchester.
Moreover, in the summary placed at the head of Iter xv. the
distance is thus stated :
A Calleva Isca Dumnuniorum, m.p. cxxxvi.
But it is evident that the sum total of the mileage of the Iter
is not 136, but 126 miles
The addition of x again converts these 136 to 146 miles, being
only 3 miles less than the correct reading, viz., 149.
It follows that this adjustment of the distances necessarily
transfers the site of Vindogiadia from Ghissage Cow-down to
Badbury Camp.
It becomes, therefore, imperative to make a statement of the
arguments by which such a change may be vindicated.
The Via Iceniana, or Ackling Dyke, as it is here called, in its
course from Sorbiodunum to Vindogladia presents itself on our
unbroken Downs as a raised causeway of uniform height and
breadth, pursuing a straight course for miles, except where some
natural obstacle turns it aside, which it soon evades, and resumes
its previous straight course. It is very manifest that the
Eoman Surveyors, as soon as they 'got a bight of Badbury,
probably from Coombe Hill, directed their line straight
towards that distant object, not deviating from it to the right
hand or the left. Badbury was then, as now, a marked object
in the prospect, its entrenchments constituted an Ancient British
Oppidum, crowning the summit of the distant elevated plain,
the refuge and protection of the neighbouring tribes. It
may be said that the earthworks on Gussage Cow-down would
be a prominent object also, to which the Eoman Surveyors would
direct their line ; granted it would be so ; and the eye would still
be carried on in the same line to rest on Badbury six and three-
quarters of a mile further on. This was no doubt their most
important mark, for, as the Eoman road Breaches a point less
than a quarter of a mile from the Oppidum, it changes its course,
128 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS.
dividing into two branches, one of which, runs to the S.E. the
other to the S.W. of the entrenchment. The former crosses
Kingston Lacy Park, and the meadows below, and the river
Stour, and thence in a straight course across Lytchet Common to
Hamworthy, on the Bay, where it is lost. The latter branch
crosses the Stour at Shapwick, and continues on by the Winter-
borne villages towards Dorchester.
Hence it is manifest that the Oppidum of Badbury was well
known to the Romans as a strategic position of great importance.
In this respect it is not inferior to Sorbiodunum, and may be in-
deed superior to it as a hill fortress, for its situation is more
commanding ; and the outlook extends over a wider extent of
country. Each, like the other, an ancient British fortress, or
Oppidum, and as the one commanded the fords of the Avon, so
the other the fords of the Stour, a border fortress, in fact, in
connexion with Hod and Hamildun, Dudsbury, and St. Cathar-
ine's.
That the Romans fully recognised the importance of Badbury
as a military position, and utilized it for their own purposes
after the pacification resulting from Vespasian's conquest, is
attested by the discovery within the camp of Roman relics. No
systematic explorations has been made there, so far as we
know ; but incidentally, from time to time, have been dug up
Roman swords, coins, and vessels of fictile ware. It would seem
to be inconceivable that a camp of such importance should be
passed over in the Itinerary, and utterly ignored in those maps
and plans which we believe were transmitted to Headquarters
in Rome from the Provinces of Britain, and from which we
believe that the Military Road-book of Antoninus was compiled,
to be circulated through the Empire by the Imperial Authority.
But we must be driven, however reluctantly, to that conclusion,
if Sir Richard Hoare was right in identifying Vindogladia with
the site on Gussage Cow-down, as in that case Badbury finds
no local habitation and name in Antonine's Itinerary !
The evidences of Roman occupation on the Gussage Down
cannot be denied, but in comparison with those of Badbury they
ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINEBABY OF ANTONINUS. 129
are of a subordinate kind. There is no strong defensive en-
trenchment like that of Badbury ; but there does exist one of
those small rectangular earthworks, such as are not uncommon
on our Downs, which may have served for a cattle-pen, or en-
closure for ' sheep. The plough still turns up debris of ancient
Eoman habitation, such as fragments of brick and tile, and roof-
ing shale, and various kinds of pottery, fragmental, but we have
never heard of coins or weapons found there. There is no
military character about it ; and the extensive Celtic works are
suggestive of a pastoral and peaceful population.
It may now be very fairly asked, what explanation can you
give of these evidences of Eoman occupation here, as well as on
Winterborne Kingston Down, if these are not the sites of the
stations they are asserted to be ? The answer is of the readiest.
These may have been the sites of subordinate stations, not of suffi-
cient importance to be noted in the Itinerary. Of this kind
were the mutationes and mansiones found near every line of Eoman
intercourse ; wayside hostelries, of great importance to the tired
and thirsty traveller, and his weary cattle, yet not of sufficient
importance to require special notice. It would indeed appear
that those stations only were especially named and noted which,
as military posts, were points of much importance. That many
of those secondary stations, nameless and forgotten, have,
nevertheless, existed along most lines of military road, is
manifest from the fact that long distances occur in some lines
without any intermediate station being marked ; for instance, in
the route from Durnovaria to Moridunum, which place, whether
it be Seaton or Honiton, is 36 miles from Dorchester, and yet
there is not one halting-place noted in that distance. But we
may we pretty sure that such did exist, of which there is some
evidence in the names of Cold Harbour and Hog-chester, in
localities where the Saxons very probably discovered traces
of Eoman occupation. Thus we have no difficulty in solving the
question respecting the discovery of Eoman indicia at Gussage
Down and at Winterborne Kingstone, without contemplating
them as evidences of important stations. The ingenuity and
130 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS.
learning which led experienced archaeologists to form other
conclusions demand the most respectful consideration, and I
have the greatest respect for any opinion which my good friend,
Mr. Warne, may advance : the identification of Ibernio must be
argued on its own merits, in which he will probably find
an opponent in our friend, the Eev. W. Barnes* ; all I contend
is, it is not absolutely necessary to interpolate that or any other
station between Badbury and Dorchester, if the suggestion here
proposed for adjusting the distances in the Iter be received
with favour.
The name, Vindogladia, may offer greater difficulty. It may
be objected, if Badbury has ever been known by that appella-
tion, how is it that the name has been utterly lost ? I reply,
Badbury is in that respect no worse off than the station on
Gussage Cow-down ; which had not retained the semblance of
the name Vindogladia before Sir E. Hoare distinguished it
with that title. Moreover, taking the Itinerary throughout, we
find that very few indeed of the stations have retained their
classical names. For instance, in the xv. Iter, what is there in
the Saxon Silchester to remind us of Calleva ? In Old Sarum, of
Sorbiodunum ? in Dorchester, of Durnovaria ? in Beaton or Honiton,
of Moridunum 9 It is the exception when a modern place-name
is any guide to its Eoman predecessor. The fact is, the names
of places have been given to them very generally by the
Saxons, who probably enjoyed a profound ignorance of
Antonine's Itinerary, and compounded the names which they
gave to places by uniting an ancient British prefix with a Saxon
suffix. Thus we get the prefix Bad, or A-bad, which is a Sanscrit
word, connate with the Celtic, and signifies abode, dwelling-
place, &c., to which the Saxons affixed their own word byrig,
burg, or bury, a hill-fort, &c., and thus the name Badbury, which
they gave to the old British Oppidum and Eoman camp, the
Mil-fort abode, with its versions Baddan-berig, and Ban-bury.
But what shall we say of Vindogladia ? The appellation is
unquestionably of Eoman invention, by giving their own ter-
* " Notes on Ancient Britain," Rev. W. Barnes, p. 165.
ON ITEB XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS. 131
minology to Celtic words in combination. Our difficulty, as
etymologists, is to determine what those words are and their
meaning ; for words of similar sound may become sources of
frequent and great error. Scholars who give great attention
to the Cymric or Welsh language tell us that the word Gladia
represents the Celtic Kledh, Claddau dyke, dykes ; or Gledd
open pasture. Vindo, Fenta, are Latinised forms of the
Celtic Gwyn, Guent, Went, &c. white, bright, fair, &c. Hence
in combination these words may mean either white dykes or
entrenchments ; or bright, open, pasture land ; champaign country ;
down, &c.* With either of these meanings the name Vindogladia
might be applied to the earthworks on Gussage Cow-down or to
Badbury. I am not myself in favour of the first of these mean-
ings ; for, as applied to earthworks on a chalk soil, it could be
only of temporary fitness, as nature would soon efface the
whiteness and brightness of such works of art. On the other
hand, it seems that the meaning of bright, open, pasture land
meets the requirements of the etymology : it is equally applicable
to both localities. There is a fanciful idea that Gladia is from
the Celtic Gladh sword or river ; but it is not clear that these
definitions were ever used synonymously, although we admit
that they may in strictness be referred to the Sanscrit root lilad,
which seems to have the primary meaning of shining by reflected
light, and so has numerous outgrowths, sword and river amongst
the rest. As regards Gwyn, Wyn, it may be applied as an
epithet to a river as well as to a pasture. The stream which
derives its head-springs from the base of Gussage Cow-down, and
flows on through the valley 10 or 12 miles to fall into the Stour at
Winborne, seems to owe its name Gwyn or Wyn-bourne bright,
clear stream, to the Saxons. Its more dignified title of "the
river Allen " is probably of later date, a medieval misnomer,
Alauna being the Roman name of the river Stour, of which
Allen seems to be a corrupt rendering.
The situation of Badbury is such as will satisfy the require-
ments of the name Vindogladia. It is surrounded by bright,
*Rev. W. Barnes ex. inf. priv.
132 ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS.
open, pasture land (or was so before cultivation had encroached
upon it), which extends to the rivers Stour and Allen, on the
south-east, and to the distant hills in the west, partially clothed
with the remains of an ancient forest. On the north the pasture
land extended unbroken to Gussage Cow-down and far beyond.
The station on Ghissage Down did not command a wider expanse
of pasture, nor could it have been worthier of the name Vindo-
gladia. The view from Badbury extends to Purbeck, the Isle of
Wight, the sea, the Wiltshire Plains, and Hampshire Forest.
It must have been always a conspicuous object from a wide circle
of view. Gussage Down can bear no comparison to it, although
its prospects are extensive and beautiful.
Such, then, is my plea for Badbury ! the verdict must rest with
those who, like the Antiquarian Members of the Dorset Field
Club, are disposed to be interested by the topographical antiqui-
ties of the County, as well as by enquiries of a general archaeo-
logical bearing. To them I take the liberty of submitting these
imperfect observations. In conclusion let me add I am pleased
to find that I do not stand alone in the advocacy of the claims
of Badbury. An unknown contributor to the 2nd edition of
Hutchins, Vol. 2, contends that Badbury is more likely to be the
Station Vindogladia than is Winborne, to which it was given by
Camden, whose etymological opinions he calls " idle guesses,"
and thinks that the meaning of the original name is as " hope-
less" as it is "unimportant." He argues that the station could
not have been placed so far from the Eoman military road ; that
the Romans required large storehouses for the deposit of tribute,
which was chiefly in corn ; that the adaptation of Badbury for
this purpose ; its character as an entrenched garrison ; and its
proximity to the military road leave no doubt whatever of its
being the Vindogladia of the Itinerary.
These remarks were penned anterior to the time when Sir
Richard Hoare's discoveries were made.*
Badbury is indeed eminently adapted for a military depot,
which confers on it a great superiority to the site on Gussage
*Vol. 2, " Hutchins' Dorset," 2nd edition, was published in 1803.
ON ITER XV. OF THE ITINERARY OF ANTONINUS.
133
Cow-do vn, which has no pretensions of a similar character.
The arguments I have just quoted are decisively opposed to the
claim of Winborne to be the Station Yindogladia. They also
uphold Badbury against the pretensions of any other claimant.
GRANBORNE-THE SO-GALLED
CASTLE.
By the Rev. W. BARNES.
' HIS earthwork has the form of a British Cor, or Bang, or
court for business of common or Bardic law. Such
British meetings were of several kinds, as Bardic meet-
ings for business of the Bardic body, in which was the gradua-
tion of the Bards ; (2) Courts of common law, criminal and
civil ; (3) Hundreds' courts : for South Britain was divided into
hundreds long ere the Saxons came hither, as were Wales and
Ireland ; (4) Meetings for offices of religion and teaching.
Leaving out of question the great national conventions and
provincial assemblies, of which the Cranborne Castle was not a
court, I will speak only of the smaller courts, holden under the
laws, as the Bardic Triads or the Common Law Triads. They
were holden under a graduated Bard (Bardd Braint) as judge,
or chairman, who sat on a bench, usually a stone, and on a mound,
natural or hand-built (like the one within the Cranborne Castle),
and above the people, by whom he could be heard and seen with-
out being jostled. The bench was truly the gorsedd (high seat),
and the stone as such was the Maen gorsedd (Seat stone), and
the mound was called the crue y gorsedd (Bench mound), though
the word "gorsedd" was applied to the meeting itself as a court.
Is there any tradition that there was ever any gorsedd stone on
the mound at Cranborne ? The gorsedd mound would be fenced
CRANBORNE THE SO-CALLED CASTLE. 135
in from the incursion of idle and noisy folk, as are our law
courts, and in some, or many, cases by a ring, bank, or some
other fence, which has long since perished. There is a fine Cor
at Knowlton, and in Cornwall are others, called the Bounds, in
which were acted the old Miracle Plays, and which had benches
for onlookers around the slopes of the banks. This fence and
its ground was usually called the Cor or King, and the Welsh still
call Stonehenge "y cor-gawr," the Giant's ring. The word
Cruc (Creek) is now become in English Creech, as at Creech
Knowle (Purbeck), Evercreech (Somerset).
I believe, therefore, that the so-called Cranborne Castle was a
British Cor., with its court mound, and that it was the court
of Common Law of the British Hundred (Cantrev) of Cran-
borne. It is very likely that the Saxons and later English used
the British Court mounds for Hundreds' Courts, and I should be
thankful to any fellow-member of the club who might know that
any constable was wont to hold or proclaim the Hundreds
Court at any old earthwork.
There is what I deem to be a British Court mound at Marl-
borough, and I believe that the great mound Silbury (Wilts) is
another. The smaller district courts (Grorseddau), called Chair
Sessions, were holden under the presidency of a Chair Bard ; a
Bard graduated and so qualified to take the Bench, and sit as a
Judge in Common or Bardic Law Chair-Sessions which were
usually holden monthly, and might be holden at any quarter of
the moon, and so weekly law times were sun and moon times ;
and I believe that the Druids taught the people, and had
religious service once every quarter of the moon, and so far the
Britons had weeks, and a kind of sabbaths which brought them
willing to take the Christian Sabbath.
A Chair Session might, in bad weather, be holden under eover ;
but the Britons would not have any closed court. The cry at
the opening of a Gorsedd was " Truth against the world, and in
the face of the sun."
The Tinwald Hill in the Isle of Man is a sample of a "cruc
y gorsedd" still in use.
136 CBANBORNE THE SO-CALLED CASTLE.
Capper's Topographical Dictionary says of it, "A general
Court is held annually at the Tinwald Hill, an old mound of
earth forming the court of justice."
The ceremony of opening a gorsedd now used at Bardic meet-
ings in Wales is holden to be the ancient one of the Druidical
times.
At the opening of a Gorsedd the Gorsedd Bard is on his Bench,
and an officer puts into his hand a sword a little out of the
sheath. He asks "Is it peace?" It is answered "It is."
The sword is sheathed, and the President proclaims the Gorsedd,
Then is proclaimed the Great Bardic motto, " Truth against the
world and in the face of the sun " (y gwyr yn erbyn y byd, &c.)
Then the Bardic Prayer for the Court. " Give us, God, thy pro-
tection, and in protection strength, and in strength understand-
ing, and in understanding knowledge of righteousness, and in
knowledge of righteousness love of it, and in love to love every
Being, and with the love of every Being the love of God," and
then a proclamation that all lawful men shall have the protection
of the court.*
The laws of Hywyl Dda bid that a judge should sit on the
Gorsedd with his back to the sun, with the plaintiff and defen-
dant, or accuser and accused before him with the light on their
faces.
* Report of the Eisteddvod of Wrexam, 1876.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES
FROM THE INFERIOR OOLITE.
By S. 8. BUCKMAN, Esq., F.G.S.
IN the following paper I propose to illustrate and describe
some few of the more striking new species of Ammonites
of which a large number have lately been collected from
the Inferior Oolite of Dorset. I have been able to separate about
one hundred good species of Ammonites from these beds in
Dorset and part of Somerset, and about 50 of them I cannot find
described. The ones that I could find so described I catalogued,
and mentioned in a paper to the Geological Society in 1881.
Then I also described, but did not figure four species mentioned
"in this paper, viz., Amaltheus, subspinatus, Lytoceras, confusum,
Perisphinctes Davidsoni, and Sphaeroceras Manselii (J. Buck.).
Since then we have also to add to the list of described species
Harpoceras opalinum (Rein), and Harpoceras sulinsigue (Oppel),
from the opalinum bed of Burton Bradstock, Dorset.
It may be as well to mention the amount of material from the
study of which these papers have been compiled. My father's
collection and my own of Inferior Oolite Ammonites alone
amount to nearly 3,000 specimens, while I have also been kindly
permitted to examine several hundred specimens in the collec-
tions of Mr. T. C. Maggs, Mr. D. Stephens, Mr. E. Cleminshaw,
Mr. Monk, and others.
As will be seen from remarks further on, I am of opinion that more
separation is required with regard to the genera of these Ammon-
138 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES.
ites, and this will probably become more evident as new forms
are found, and complete mouth-borders to other species discovered.
Another important point too, is the length of the body chamber,
but there is not the slightest need to make sections of specimens
to find this out, thereby spoiling fine examples. In nearly every
species some one or two specimens have sufficient test removed
to show the last suture line, and if not, it can easily be removed
with a little weak acid, thus saving the trouble and expense of
cutting sections.
The ammonites, as far as the Inferior Oolite is concerned, are
divided somewhat in the following manner :
AMMONITES.
I. Arcestidae H. Lytoceratidae III. Aegoceratidae
I. AKCESTIDAE contains Amaltheus in the Inf. Oolite, and also
Arcestes, Lolites, &c.
II. LYTOCERATIDAE contains Lytoceras in the Inf. Oolite, also
Samites, Phylloceras, &c.
TIT- AEGOCEEATIDAE is divided into (1) Aegoceratites, (2) Jlar-
poceratites, and (3) Stephanoceratites.
(1) Aegoceratites contains Aegoecras and Arietites,
both in the Lias.
(2) Harpoceratites contains Harpoceras, Oppelia,
and Haploceras.
(3) Stephanoceratites contains Stephanoceras,
SpJiaeroceras, Cosmoceras,
Perisphinctes, Ancyloceras,
and Toxoceras.
AMALTHEUS ? STEPHANI, Nolis, plate i., fig. 1 a-b.
Shell sub-discoidal, somewhat compressed, very involute,
umbilicus being small ; ornamentation merely very fine lines,
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 139
slightly produced on the ventral area ; mouth-border perfectly
plain, slightly produced on the ventral and dorsal areas ; keel
very small, barely distinct ; inner portion of whorls very convex
and sloping ; body-chamber about two-thirds of a whorl in
length.
This peculiar and distinct species sometimes attains a fine size,
about 12 to 15 inches, perhaps more, across. "When adult its
characters are much changed. The umbilicus becomes wider,
and the shell much flatter in proportion. Many fine specimens
are in the collections of Mr. Darell Stephens, Mr. T. C. Maggs,
and others, obtained from near Sherborne, Dorset. The quarry
is now, unfortunately, partially closed, and this species has not
been met with for some years. The specimen figured was
collected by my father. It is the only one I have seen showing
the mouth border. The figure is two-thirds the natural size of
the original. This species is named in compliment to Darell
Stephens, Esq., F.Gr.S., &c.
Locality, near Sherborne, Dorset.
Position, probably zone of Harp. Sowerbyi.
The suture line seems rather simple. Owing to the very good
preservation of the specimens I have not seen the sutures
properly.
I am not certain of the genus of this species. It has close
affinities with Ammonites Truellii, d'Orb and ammonites fisilolatus,
Waagen. In my former paper following Bayle I put Ammonites
Truellii in the genus Oppelia, and I described Ammonites
fissilolatus as Harpoceras. Since then, however, I have observed
that Am. jissilolatus, though resembling Harpoceras rather
closely, differs from it on account of its very complicated suture-
line, while Am. Truelli differs from Oppelia on account of its
large, very distinct keel, and generally greater thickness. These
three species and Oppelia sulcostata (J. Buckman) and another
species from the Inferior Oolite, undescribed as yet, seem to
form at leabt a very distinct group, if not distinct genus.
140 SOME NEW SPECIES OP AMMONITES.
AMALTHEUS SUBSPINATUS, S. S. Buclc.. plate ii., figs. 1 a-b-c.
1881. AMALTHEUS SUBSPINATUS, S. S. Buck.) 2 Journal Geological Society,
vol. 37, p. 606.
Whorls numerous, increasing in breadth very slowly ; inclu-
sion, barely any ; ornamentation, rather large angular ribs pro-
duced forward on the ventral area, then gradually diminishing
in size and passing across the keel to join the one on the other
side. Between these are numerous very fine lines. On each rib
are two smallish spines, one on the outer the other on the inner
part of the whorl ; keel distinct and crenulated ; aperture
quadrangular ; mouth-border plain bend produced on the ventral
area ; body-chamber one-half whorl in length.
It will at once be observed the great difference between this
species, and the last in every respect easily leading one to
suppose that they could hardly belong to the same genus. This
species, however, is closely allied to Amaltheus spinatus (Brugiere)
of the Middle Lias, which is more or less connected by its
crenulated keel, &c., to the type of the genus Amaltheus
margaritatm (Montfort), which type is connected, so to speak,
through Amaltheus Engelharti, Amal. oxynotm, Sfc., to Amal.
Stephani, Sfc.. I will, however, leave the question of genera to
those who have opportunities of studying Ammonites from all the
various formations, merely remarking that the addition of new
forms will be a great help and probably enable new genera to
be separated and well denned. Amaltheus subspinatus is a some-
what frequent fossil, but I believe very local.
Localities, quarries near Bradford Abbas and near Half-way
House, Dorset.
Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi.
Nearest Allied Form. Amaltheus spinatus, but our species has
more ribs, less inclusion, and two rows of spines.
The figure represents a full-grown specimen, natural size.
Figure Ic is to show the mouth-border.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 141
COSMOCERAS HOLLANDS, Nolis, plate i., fig. 2 a-b., and plate ii.,
fig. 2 a.
Whorls somewhat numerous ; inclusion small ; ornamentation,
rather sharp ribs, running straight across the side and terminat-
ing in a small spine on the ventral area. Eibs not joined
across, but the ventral area has a deep furrow along the middle.
This peculiar and distinct species is rather scarce. I possess a
few specimens from undercliff, Burton Bradstock, Dorset, of
which the specimen figured plate i., fig. 2, is the largest.
Position, zone of Harpoceras Hurchisonce.
Nearest Allied Form. Cosmoceras subfurcatum (Schloth), Cosm.
Niortense, d'Orb, from the Humphriesianum zone. It differs from
this species in possessing only primary ribs, no trace of any row
of spines on the sides of the whorls, and much flatter, straighter
sides.
On plate ii., fig. 2 a, is represented a more numerously ribbed
variety of this species. It is from the zone of Harpoceras
Murchisona, at a quarry near Sherborne, Dorset.
SPHAEROCERAS MANSELII, J. Buckman, plate ii., fig. 3 a-b.
1881. AMMONITES MANSELII, /. Buck., Quart. Jour., Geol. Soc., page 64,
No. 11.
1881. SPHAEBOCEBAS MANSELH, S. S. Bck., Quart. Journal, Geol. Soc.,
page 597.
Shell globose. Whorls few and entirely occluded. Primary
ribs small and rounded, generally bifurcating. Mouth-bor-
der with a deep furrow and a broad lip ; where the test is absent
the furrow is deeper. The body chamber just by the termina-
tion is much flattened on the ventral area.
This species is very rare, only two specimens, as far as I
know, having been obtained by Mr. T. C. Maggs, from Clat-
combe, near Sherborne, Dorset, which quarry is now closed.
Position, probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum.
Nearest Allied Form. Sphaeroceras Brongniarti (Sowerby)
from the Humphriesianum zone. Our species, however, differs
142 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES,
in its flatter ventral area, especially near the termination its
finer and more numerous ribs, and several other points.
The specimen figured has the greater portion of the test very
well preserved.
SPHAEROCERAS PEREXSPANSUM, Nbbis, plate ii., fig. 4 a-b.
Shell globose ; very wide. Whorls few, and entirely occluded.
Primary ribs small, numerous, rounded, extending on the ventral
area before bifurcating.
This species is somewhat scarce, and I only know of a few
specimens from near Sherborne, Dorset, collected by my father.
Position, probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum.
Nearest Allied Form. Sphaeroceras Manselii, but our species
differs from it on account of its far greater width and more con-
vex ventral area.
These two last species, together with Sphaer. Bronginarti,
Sphaer. Gervillii, &c., seems to form very well a genus easily
separable from that of Stephanoceras, although connected with
it by one form, viz., Stephanoceras, Sauzei. In my paper to
the Geological Society I placed Stephan. Sauzei in the genus
Sphaeroceras, but I have since seen reason to take another view
mainly on these grounds : Sphaeroceras, as far as I have examined
has no proper labial prolongations of the mouth-border, but only
a semi-lunar band more or less complicated. It does not possess
spines at the junctions of the ribs, the primary dividing quite
plainly into secondary. The umbilicus, especially when young,
is very much closed, and the shells are generally very globose.
The body-chamber in Sphaeroceras, is, as far as I have examined,
nearly a whorl in length.
Stephan. Sauzei it will be seen though in general shape allied
to Sphaeroceras does not correspond to the other particulars.
Stephanoceras has both kinds of terminations, the labial pro-
longations, and the semi-lunar band.
The genus Sphaeroceras is continued in the Great Oolite with
Sphaer. bullatum, Sphaer. microstoma, &c.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES. 143
LYTOCERAS CONFUSUM, S. 8. BucL, plate iii., figs. 1 and 2.
1881. LTTOCEEAS CONFUSUM, 8, 8. Buchnan, Quart. Jour., G-eol. Soc., page
601, vol. 37, No. 148.
Whorls not numerous, increasing quickly in width. Inclusion
very small. Ornamentation, numerous fine waved lines. Mouth
border a plain bend, produced on the ventral area. Inner por-
tion of whorl very square and straight ; in adult specimens be-
coming more marked, but in very young ones scarcely so at all.
Aperture sub-triangular, with the ventral area rounded.
The specimen figured was really only a centre from a big
specimen trimmed up ; but it shews all the characteristics of the
species, and was more convenient as regards size. The figure
is two-thirds the size of the original, which has the test very
well preserved. In very large adult specimens, which some-
times measure as much as 17 inches across, the aperture is more
angular, being almost equilateral triangular, with rounded
edges, and the peculiar squareness and straightness of the inner
portion of the whorl becomes very marked.
The figure ii. a shews a young specimen natural size, with a
portion of the mouth-border, which is quite plain.
Localities. Bradford Abbas and Half-way House, Dorset,
fairly abundant.
Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi.
Nearest Allied Form. Lytoceras jurense (Zieten), from the
Upper Lias Sands, by which name this species was often
quoted from Dorset. Lytoceras confusum, however, differs from
it in having a greater number of whorls, somewhat less inclu-
sion, its peculiar shaped aperture, and very square dorsal area
of whorl, also rather more complicated suture-line.
HAPLOCERAS ETIIERIDGII, Nolis., plate iii., fig. 3 a-b.
. Shell somewhat compressed. Whorls broad. Inclusion about
one half. Ornamentation, rather stout rounded ribs, very slightly
waved, traversing about two-thirds of the side. Dorsal area
144 SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES.
squared. Ventral area possesses neither keel nor channel, but is
rounded.
The ribs of this species do not join across, but there is a
space along the centre of the ventral area into which they unite.
The ribs also are not opposite each other, but opposite the inter-
mediate spaces on the other side.
The peculiar furrows, bare space, and raised edge on the inner
portion of the whorl are not confined to this species. They are
persistent in all specimens, and are found in some other allied
species from the Inferior Oolite, as yet, I believe, undescribed.
Localities. Bradford Abbas, Dorset, rather scarce. I also
possess a specimen labelled Dundry, Somerset.
Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerbyi. The specimen figured
has the test well preserved, and is about the usual size. This
species is named in compliment to B. Etheridge, Esq., F.K.S.,
F.G.S., &c.
PEBISPIIINCTES DAVIDSONI, S. S. Buck., plate iv.
1S81. S. S. Suck., Quart, Jour, Geol. Soc.,
vol. 37, page 602.
Shell compressed. Whorls numerous, and about one-fourth
included. Body chamber about three-parts of a whorl. Orna-
mentation, plain rounded ribs ; sometimes bifurcating, some-
times not ; also transverse furrows. Ventral area rounded.
Mouth-border plain single bend, produced on the ventral area.
The test is much thickened just before the extreme end of the
border, and consequently produces the depression so visible in
the cast, as shewn in fig. i. a. This thickening part of the mouth-
border is present in nearly all species of Ammonites from the
Inferior Oolite, and causes a large depression in the cast. Con-
sequently the cast of a mouth-border does not convey any idea of
the real mouth-border, and may often lead to erroneous opinions.
This thickening would seem to be for the purpose of giving
strength.
The test of the larger specimen is nearly absent, and where it
is on is corroded. There are signs of ribs all over the specimen.
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES.
145
The small specimen has the greater portion of the test preserved,
and also shews the mouth-border.
Locality, Oborne, Dorset, where it is fairly common.
Position, zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum.
Nearest Allied Form. Perisphinctes Martinsii d'Orb. Our
species, however, differs from it in being far flatter, with
broader whorls and greater inclusion.
[Dr. Wright, in the Journal of the Palseontological Society
for 1880, figures on page 254 Periophinctes Martinsii with a
large amount of inclusion, but I cannot agree with it. If it is
compared with d'Orbigny's figure in Palaeont. Frangaise, plate
125, Cephalopodes, it will be seen to be very different.]
HARPOCERAS BOWERI (J. BuclcmanJ, woodcut figure in text.
AMMONITES BOWEEI, /. Buckman, M.S.
1. HABPOCEEAS BOWEEI, natural size.
Shell somewhat compressed ; whorls about one-half included ;
ornamentation, plain small slightly bent ribs, without bifurca-
tions ; mouth-border possesses two fine labial prolongations, and
is somewhat produced on the ventral area, in which respect it
differs from the mouth-borders of the genus Stephanoceras ;
ventral area ornamented with a very small keel which is not so
conspicuous on the body-chamber.
146
SOME NEW SPECIES OF AMMONITES.
This species is rather rare. The fine specimen figured which
has the mouth-border, with the test preserved nearly perfect,
was collected by Mr. Monk from the Ambury quarry, Bradford
Abbas, Dorset, and kindly lent to be figured for this paper. I
also possess a smaller specimen from East Hill quarry, Brad-
ford Abbas, shewing the peculiar termination, of which a
diagram is given below.
Position, zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi.
2. Diagram of Harpoccras JBcu-cri, showing the terminations.
ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS
FOUND IN DORSETSHIRE DURING THE PAST TWELVEMONTHS.
By Rev. 0. P. CAMBRIDGE, M.A., C.M.Z.S.,
|ATHER more than a year has elapsed since the publi-
cation of " Spiders of Dorset," by the " Dorset
Natural History Society and Antiquarian Field Club."
During [this interval some of my leisure moments have been
occupied in endeavouring to add to the very large number of
spiders up to that tim e recorded in the county, and, if possible,
to increase our knowledge of those already known. I should
remark that during the interval mentioned I have been more
than usually occupied in other matters, so that the leisure
devoted to Natural History has been less than for several years
past ; still I have now to record the addition of nine species to
our list of Dorset Spiders ; three of these were new to science,
and have been described and figured in the Annals and Mag.
N.H. for 1882. Besides these additions to our County list, I
have succeeded in discovering the adult males of several other
spiders of which the females only have been known to me before.
One of these (Philodromuselegans, Bl.) a very fair sized and remark-
ably handsome spider occurs, in some seasons, in abundance in our
heath districts during September and October, but all immature.
By the end of October some of the females usually become adult,
though so late as the middle of November I have always found
the males still immature.
At this period both sexes disappear, and never having
(until this season) seen anything of them afterwards, it has
148 ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS.
always puzzled me as to when the males became adult. About
the beginning of last November, I therefore placed four imma-
ture males, each in a separate bottle, feeding them with flies as
long as they would feed ; though after the end of December the
spiders seldom did more than move about a little when the sun
shone, and catch a fly every two or three days. At intervals, up
to the middle of March, three of these spiders died, but at
the end of that month the fourth began to change its skin for
the last time, and to assume the adult state. This it did not,
however, effect perfectly, as, owing probably to the want of a
moister atmosphere, it failed to extricate the palpi from their
old covering, and finally died in that position. I knew, how-
ever, now the time when the male of this species became adult,
so on the next quiet fine spring day, April 3rd, I went out on the
heath resolved to find them in the mature state. This I was
fortunate enough to do, capturing seven adult males and one or two
females in the course of a hard afternoon's work. I imagine
that the life of the male of this spider, after it attains maturity,
must be very short, inasmuch as I did not again meet with it ;
not being, in fact, able, owing to bad weather, to search again for
it until several days after I had found the others, and when
apparently it had entirely disappeared. If its life, in a state of
maturity, is thus of such a short duration, it would account for
my not having before, during 24 years, found it at that season
of the year, when propitious days for field work are generally
few and far between.
I am sorry not to be able to state that more residents in the
county have yet taken up the study and collecting of Spiders.
I am, however, indebted to Mr. Kemp-Welsh, of Bournemouth,
for one of the additions here accorded, Marpessa muscosa, Clk-
It would give me great pleasure to receive collections made in
the county for examination. I feel sure that if nine additions
can be made in our list during a season, in my own, now pretty
fairly worked district, there are many more yet unrecorded in
some still unworked localities, especially in swamps, and on the
chalk and limestone. Half-ounce and one-ounce phial-bottles of
ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS. 149
methylated spirit of wine might easily be filled with Spiders,
and sent to me as occasion offered.
I presume that all our members have by this time received
their copies of " Spiders of Dorset," where, in the introduction,
the few necessary hints on collecting and preserving Spiders are
shortly detailed.
LIST OF SPIDERS FOUND.
FAMILY THEBIDIID.E.
MELANOGASTER, C. L. Koch., Spiders of Dorset, p. 478.
An adult male was found on a furze bush on Bloxworth Heath,
June 13, 1881 ; one example only (a female) had previously
been recorded as British, found, also, by myself at Lyndhurst in
1858.
THEHIDION PICTUM, ffahn., Spiders of Dorset, p. 476.
A male, not quite mature, of this handsome Theridion was
found on the lawn railings at Bloxworth Eectory by my son
Charles Owen, June 7th, 1882.
NERIENE EXCISA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 487.
Adults of both sexes were found among rushes and grass in a
swamp near Bloxworth, in September, 1881. Up to this time
the only known examples were found in Northumberland.
NERIENE LAPIDICOLA, Thor. ( = N. rufipes Bl.), Spiders of
Dorset, p. 489.
Three adult females were found among rushes in a swamp
near Bloxworth on the 22nd of November, 1881. I had never
before seen an example of this fine Neriene.
150 ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS.
WALCKENAERA PENULTIMA, Cambr., described as new to science,
Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1882, p. 7, pi. i.,
fig. 4.
Two examples, one adult, the other immature, were found
among moss and heather on Bloxworth Heath in April, 1881.
It somewhat resembles Walckenaera parallela, Bl., in its form,
while in colours it is very much like W. ludicra, Cambr.
WALCKENAERA MITIS, Cambr. , described as new I.e. supra, p. 8,
pi. i., fig. 6.
Four examples of the female of this very minute Spider,
which measures no more than one-sixteenth of an inch in length,
were found among moss in Morden Park, near Bloxworth, at
the end of April, 1881.
WALCKENAERA MISER, Cambr., described as new I.e., p. 9, pi. i.,
fig. 7.
An adult female found among moss near Bloxworth in Octo-
ber, 1879, but its specific distinctness had not been determined
until 1881.
FAMILY EPEIEID^E.
EPEIRA ALSINE, Walck., Spiders of Dorset, p. 530.
An adult male of this fine and handsome Spider was found
by myself on low herbage in Morden Park on the 27th of
August, and two others (one immature) in Berewood at the
beginning of September, 1881. Its only previously recorded
occurrence was near Tring, in Buckinghamshire, some years
ago.
FAMILY SALTICID^.
MARPESSA MUSCOSA, Clerck., Spiders of Dorset, p. 554.
In November, 1881, I received, among other Spiders, an
adult female of this fine species from Mr. E. B. Kemp- Welch,
ON NEW AND BARE SPIDERS. 151
by whom it was taken between Poole and the Hampshire boun-
dary during the previous summer.
Including the above nine species, our Dorsetshire list of
Spiders now numbers 382 species.
It is worth while also, perhaps, to add here a short list of
rare species which I have again met with in the county during
the past year.
FAMILY DEASSID^E.
DRASSTJS INFUSCATTTS, Westr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 423.
Adults of both sexes found among dead leaves, Berewood,
on the 24th May, 1882. I had never before met with the male.
CLUBIONA CCERULESGENS, L. Koch., Spiders of Dorset, p. 29.
Two adult males of this spider (remarkable for the extra-
ordinary development of the radial apophysis) were found among
short herbage and underwood near Bloxworth, September 6th,
1881. The female only had been recorded as British up to that
time.
FAMILY THEKIDIILLE.
EURYOPIS FLAVOMACULATA, C. L. Koch, Spiders of Dorset,
p. 100.
An adult female on Bloxworth Heath, June 14th, 1881. One
only a male had before occurred in this county, about ten
years ago.
NERIENE UNCATA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 433.
Numerous examples of both sexes, in a swamp near Blox-
worth, in September and November, 1881. Up to this time a
single example of the female only, had been recorded.
152 ON NEW AND HARE SPIDERS.
NERIENE FORMIDABILIS, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 135.
An adult female, in company with the last species. This is
but the second known example.
NERIENE LAUDATA, Cambr., WALCKENAERA LATTDATA, Cambr.,
Spiders of Dorset, p 591.
I have again (June and July, 1881) found this species on
Bloxworth Heath; and more recently (July 4th, 1882) a single
example on the doorsteps of Bloxworth Rectory. I am now, on
further examination, led to remove it from the genus WalcJc-
enaera and place it in Neriene, to which it appears to be more
nearly allied in several respects.
WALCKENAERA DICEROS, Cambr ; Spiders of Dorset, p, 145, pi.
iii., fig. 6.
I met with an adult male of this exceedingly minute and rare
species (after having lost sight of it for more than 12 years)
among herbage by the riverside at Hyde, near Bloxworth, on
April 14th, 1881.
WALCKENAERA MELANOCEPHALA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p.
596, Ann. and Mag., N.H., 1882, p. 8,
pi. iii., fig. 5.
I have again (July 24th, 1881) found this rare and striking
species, which Mons. Simon has very recently described from
French specimens under the name of Erigone glaphyra (Bull.
Zool. Soc. France, 1881, Vol. vi.)
WALCKENAERA SUBITANEA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, pp. 144 and
445.
An adult male of this minute and rare species found among
debris in an outhouse at Bloxworth Eectory, May 30th, 1882.
LINYPHIA EXPERTA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 203.
One example only had been before met with in this county, I
was, therefore, pleased to find it in some abundance in a swamp
near Bloxworth, in November, 1881.
ON NEW AND RARE SPIDERS.
153
LINYPHIA APPROXIMATA, Cambr., Spiders of Dorset, p. 199.
Both sexes of this spider have occurred frequently during the
past year in marshy ground near Bloxworth.
LINYPHIA FURTIVA, Cambr, Spiders of Dorset, p. 233.
An adult female found on a furze bush near Bloxworth, July
3rd, 1882. It is now some years since I had previously met
with it.
FAMILY THOMISnm
XYSTICUS ROBUSTUS, HaJin, Spiders of Dorset, p. 306.
An adult female, among heather, Bloxworth, July 3rd, 1882.
This is only the second recorded example in Britain. The first
an adult male having occurred in the same locality in 1854.
I was, until now, unacquainted with the female of this, which
is one of the largest and most distinct species of the genus.
ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT
LEIGH, DORSET.
By the Rev. W. BARNES.
|OKEE,, in his History of Dorset, says of the Maze at
Leigh, that ' ' formerly the young men of the village
were wont, once a year, to go out and make it good ;
and the day was a day of merrymaking." Not, we may believe,
a day of merrymaking because they had made the maze good by
righting up of the banks, which edged the paths ; but that the
maze was made good for the day of merry-making, which might
have been that of the village wake, or the old May-day.
That the young and not the old men were most interested in
the maze, would go to show that it was for their games, and not
for any heathenish or other ceremony of their elders.
Phillips, in his " New World of Words." A.D. 1706, speaks
of mazes as in his time made in gardens. He says : " Maze,
in a garden, a place artificially made with many turnings and
windings." The maze seems to have had formerly, all over
England, its day of favor among friendly gatherings at great
halls, and at some of the village feasts, as had the old game of
Pall Mall, and its later form under the name of Croquet, though
the pleasure of the maze (a puzzle), was akin to that of other
puzzles which are now put forth among friends in the house, or
in the open air. The maze was formed of a cunningly drawn
ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT LEIGH, DORSET. 155
maze of winding paths, which any one who would try his skill
was to thread so as to find his way out again in the shortest
time, and the mirth of it was, I suppose, that of the outsiders
who might see a bewildered wayfarer misgoing into passages that
led to nothing but others of the same kind, and the glory of a
walker who, knowing the clue, came out with a laugh against
the others.
There was formerly at Pimperne a cleverly-shapen maze,
which is figured in Shipp's Hutchings' History of Dorset. The
maze paths were sundered by banks, and overspread nearly an
acre of ground ; but it was entirely destroyed by the plough
about 1780, and it speaks of one at Hilton, Hunts, of which the
path is steined with pebbles, and gives Aubray as saying that
there were many mazes in England ere the civil wars, which let
in the Puritans as lawgivers, who gave little freedom to games
and gambols, and whose laws once punished a boy at Dorchester
for riding on a gate on a Sabbath.* A fine sample of a maze
still kept up, and I believe often threaded by sightseers, is the
one at Hampton Court, of which the maze path is edged by a
hedge [of shrubs, as, I believe, were the paths of most of the
broad mazes of the olden time, with fences of some thick shrubs,
whether box. privet, yew, or hornbeam, or other such-like ones.
Another maze, of which Londoners seek a merry use, is in the
Eosherville Gardens, near Grravesend, and one has, I believe,
been made in the grounds of the Crystal Palace. The AtTie-
nceum, July 2, 1881, speaks of " The St. Anne's maze," near
Nottingham, as one of the most elaborate examples of which we
have any account, though in 1797 it was ploughed up.
The History of Pimperne quotes Stukely, who writes of such
mazes in Wales, under the name of " Caertroi." " Winding
Castle," the mazes of which are trodden by walking on the banks.
This old British name for a maze, " caertroi," has, from want
of a knowledge of Welsh, led to a mistake that the word " troi"
meant Homer's Troy, and that caertroi, a maze, meant " Troy-
town," whereas " troi " means simply a turning or winding.
* Borough Records.
156 ON THE MAZE, OR MIZMAZE, AT LEIGH, DORSET.
WITCHES' COENEE, LEIGH COMMON.
Many years ago I was told by a man of this neighbourhood
that a corner of Leigh Common was called "Witches' Corner,"
and long again after that a friend gave me some old depositions
on witchcraft, taken before Somerset magistrates from about the
years 1650 to 1664. The cases were of Somerset, and touched in
some points Dorsetshire, and one of the witches' sisterhood said
that they sometimes met in Leigh Common. This proof of the
meeting of witches in Leigh Common as the ground of the
traditional name of witches corner is interesting as a token of
truth in tradition.
TOTNELL AND CHETNOLE.
I suppose Chetnole is mostly pronounced Chetnel. Totnell is
the name of the hill or knoll or knowl, and means Toutknoll, or
Spynell, or Outlook-hill, as being in times of trouble a spot taken
by outspiers or outlookers. There are in Dorset several touts or
spy heights, and the word to tout, to look out for customers is
still well-known. That knoll would wear into nell is shown by
the name of " Punk-knowl," which in running talk is called
" Punnell." Tout was formerly tote, and has been shortened in
names of other places, as Totton, Totcombe, in the hundred of
Totcombe and Modbury. The spelling of names of places is not
a trustworthy guide to their meaning or early forms. Nell
in Totnell is, I believe, a narrowing of the sound noil, as i in
Huntsmin for huntsman. Such a narrowing is common in Latin,
as Desilio for Desalio, and so it is in Welsh. Tot is the head of
many other place names.
CHETNOLE
Is, I believe, Chetknoll, but CJiet must have been in Saxon of
some such form as Cet or Cete. Cete would mean a cabin,
cottage, or cell. Was there ever a hermit's cell there, as at Her-
mitage ?
HAYDON.
Hay is the Saxon Haeg(\) a hedge, and (2) a hedged
157
ground. Hay Ann would mean the down with a hedged field or
fields on it, one not all open.
WINTEKHAY.
The winter inclosure for cattle, but Winterhays, I believe,
took its name from a family of Winterhay, and as being Winter'
hay's enclosures, but then they took their name from some Winter-
hay.
CALFHAY, BY LEIGH.
The Calf or Heifer inclosure, used much as a run for young
stock.
KOUCH HAY.
Enclosure of rough ground or grass.
A DESCRIPTION OF
SOME ANCIENT GOLD ORNAMENTS
FOUND IN DORSETSHIRE.
By the Rev. R. ROBERTS.
i HE three articles represented by the accompanying
photograph* are solid gold, of the finest quality, and
are considered by antiquaries to have been personal
ornaments worn by British chieftains long before the Christian
era. They consist of a small armlet, a torque for the neck made
up of two circlets, and a third article, in shape something like
an oyster-shell, with a deep concavity, and this is supposed to
have been one of a pair of ornaments for the breast. It is
different in construction from the others, being composed of two
laminae of gold laid one upon the other, and as the projecting
point on the outside has been fractured, the inner lamina is
been laid bare. This kind of ornament appears to be very rare,
since in the famous collection belonging to the National Museum,
Dawson street, Dublin, only one specimen exists, and that one in
every way inferior.
The torque also has suffered some damage, for each of its two
extremities, shaped like small extinguishers, have been soldered
and turned from their proper direction, in which one was crooked
back over the other, and thus a rude kind of fastening was
formed, keeping the double circlet in its place on the neck of the
wearer. These three articles were discovered some time between
* Frontispiece.
A DESCRIPTION OF SOME ANCIENT GOLD ORNAMENTS.
159
1808 and 1828, while Lady Caroline Darner was proprietor of
the Milton Abbey estate, in open ground at Hilton, on a farm
occupied by Mr. Charles Hall, a well known antiquary, by his
carter, while ploughing, and were taken by him and sold to a
silversmith at Blandf ord, and would in all probability have gon9
to the melting-pot, had not Mr. Hall fortunately heard of the
occurrence and informed Lady Caroline Darner, by whom they
were at once recovered. They have remained ever since in the
possession of the Darner family, and are now the property of
the Earl of Portarlington, Emo Park, Portarlington, Ireland.
Our photograph (see frontispiece) represents these objects
half their actual size.
The following figures show the dimensions and weight of these
gold ornaments : The twisted torque or necklet is 4ft. 3in.
long, and weight 6oz. avoirdupois ; armlet, 8in. in length, and
weighs 2oz. ; fibula (?) 12^in. in circumference, and 4in. in
diameter. The three weigh 13oz.
PRINTED AT THE "JOURNAL" OFFICES, SOUTH-ST., SHSRBORNE.
PLATE I.
Fig.
la. Amaltheus? Stephani, nobis, two-thirds natural size,
showing the fine mouth-border, I believe, from the zone
of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, from near Sherborne, Dorset,
collected by my father. The greater portion of the test
is well preserved.
\b. The same, showing ventral area ornamented with small
keel and the aperture.
20. Cosmoceras Hollandae, nobis, natural size, zone of Har-
poceras Murchisonae, under cliff at Burton Bradstock,
Dorset, my collection.
2b. The same, showing the ventral area with the channel and
aperture.
Plate, I.
Berjeau fe Highley dd.eti.th.
Mintern Bros . jrap
PLATE H.
Fig.
\a. Amaltheus subpinatus, S. S. Buckman, natural size, show-
ing the spines, zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Half-way
House, near Sherborne, Dorset. The greater portion of
the test is well preserved. My collection. The keel is
somewhat crenulated.
15. The same, showing the ventral area and the aperture.
The keel and ribs should be somewhat more conspicuous.
le. Another specimen to show the finish of the mouth-border.
It is really much produced on the ventral area, but is
here broken off. Zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Bradford
Abbas, Dorset. Collected by my father.
2a. Cosmo cer as Hollandae, nobis, a variety. Zone of Har-
poceras Murchisonae, near Sherborne, Dorset. My collec-
tion.
3. Sphaeroceras Mansettii, J. Buckman, showing the peculiar
finish to the mouth border. The ribs are numerous and
very sharp. From Clatcombe, near Sherborne, Dorset.
Collection of Mr. T. C. Maggs.
3b. The same, showing ventral area and aperture.
4a. SpJiaeroceras expansum, nobis, from near Sherborne, Dorset,
probably zone of Stephan. Humphriesianum. Collected
by my father.
45. The same, showing ventral area and broad aperture.
e.
MmternBros imp.
PLATE HI.
Fig.
la. Lytoceras confusum, S. S. Buckman. two-thirds natural
size. Zone of Harpoceras Sowerlyi, Bradford Abbas,
Dorset. Collected by my father.
11. The same, showing ventral area and the somewhat trian-
gular aperture.
2a. Lytoceras confusum, S. S. Buckman, young specimen
Sowerbyi zone, Bradford Abbas. Side view showing a
portion of the mouth-border. My collection.
2b. The same, showing the ventral area and the difference in
the shape of the aperture in youth. See text.
Sa. Occotranstes? Etheridgii, nobis. Zone of Harpoceras
Sowerlyi, Bradford Abbas, Dorset.
3b. The same, showing ventral area and aperture.
Plcutelll.
Ber^eau &Highley del. etlrth
MinternBros-i
I I'H !
PLATE IV.
Fig.
la. Perisphinctes Davidsoni, S. S. Buckman, showing the
mouth-border and the depression where the test is
removed. Zone of Steplian. Humphriesianum. Oborne,
Dorset. My collection, one-half natural size. There are
indications of ribs all over the specimen.
Ib. The same, showing ventral area.
20. Perisphinctes Davidsoni, young forms, showing the mouth
**
border. Zone of StepTtani. HumpJiriesianum. Oborne, my
collection.
2b. The same, showing ventral area. "Where the test is
removed the ribs do not seem to meet across. When it is
on, however, they do. Natural size.
Plate IV.
Berjeau 2t Highley del et InV
Mintern Bros imp
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