Proceedings

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PROCEEDINGS

or THB

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF LONDON.

PART IV.
1836.

PRINl'ED FOR THE SOCIETY,
BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

(

n

vt^s -^^ '\,

LIST

or

CONTRIBUTORS,

With References to the several Articles contributed by each.

page
Bbnnbtt, E. T., Esq.

Remarks upon a series of the Indian Antelope {Antilope

cervicapra. Pall.} 34

On the Brush-tailed Kangaroo {Macropus penicillatus,
Gray) 41

Bbnnbtt, Febobrick Dbbbll, Esq.

Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale {Physeter
maerocephalus, Lac.) 127

Bennbtt, G., Esq.

Notes relating to the hahits of the Spermaceti Whale, and
to a laige species of Grampus, called the Killer 53

Ghservations on a species of Glaucus, referred to G. hexa-
pterygius of Cuvier 113

B, Capt. 1
roN, Ldeut. J

g ^' ^T:l,.«. \ Donation of Birds from Swan River 85

Bboderip, W. J., Esq.

Description of some new species of Shells belonging to
the genera Spondylus, Valuta, Conus, Purpura, and Bulinus . 43

Burton, E., Esq.

Description of a new species of Pipra 113

Cuvier, M. F.

Memoir on the genera Dipus and Gerbillus 141

DuGMORE, Rev. H.

Note respecting a Sea Eagle J^Halimtus albicilla, Sav.), in
the possession of Lieut.-Col. Mason, of Neeton Hall near
Swaffham, Norfolk A9

FuLLEB, E., Esq. ^ page

Notice of the rearing of two hybrids from a Barn-door Hen,
having a cross from a Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock 84

Gabneb» R., Esq.

On the anatomy of the Lamellibranchiate Conchiferous
animals 12

Gould, Mr. J.

Characters of some new species of Birds in the Society's

Collection 5

On a new genus of Birds, Kittacincla 7

Exhibition of Trogon resplendens and T, pavoninus 12

Characters of some new Birds in the Society's Collection,

including two new genera, Paradoxomis oadActinodura, ... 17
Exhibition of Birds from North A£rica presented to the

Society by Sir Thomas Reade, with other specimens sent by

M. Temminck to Mr. Gould 59

Characters of two new species of Birds constituting a new

genus, Aplonis 73

Characters of a new species of Ortyx from Mexico and two

new species of Zoster ops from New South Wales 75

Characters of three new species of the genus Strix 140

Characters of some new species of Birds belonging to the

genera Tamatia and Cursorius 80

Characters of some new species of Birds from Swan River 85
Exhibition of Birds allied to the European Wren, with

characters of new species 88

Characters of new species of Birds from New South Wales 104
Exhibition of the specimens figured in the first part of

Mr. Gould's work on the ' Australian Birds/ with characters

of the new species 142

Gbay, J. E., Esq.

Memoir on the genus Moschus of Linnaeus, with descrip-
tions of two new species 63

Observations upon the tufts of hair obser\'able upon the
posterior legs of the genus Cervus, as a character of that
group, and as a means of subdividing it into natural sections 66

Characters of some new species of Mammalia in the So-
ciety's Collection, with remarks upon the dentition of the
Camivora, and upon the value of the characters used by M.
Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the digitigrade Car*
nivora . . , , 87

Remark upon the habits of the Cuckoo 104

On a peculiarity in the structure of the ligament in some
bivalve shells 104

Remarks upon a specimen of Argonauta with an Ocythoe
ftoxfL the Cape of Good Pop? 121

V

Grbbn, Capt. ]^e

Note describing a specimen of the Barn-door Hen which
had assumed the Cock plumage 49

Haevby, J. B., Esq.

Note upon the thickening of the lip of Rostellaria pes Pelu
canif Lam 46

Letter referring to a collection of marine productions, in-
cluding a specimen of Capros Aper, Lacep., and a new species
of Tubulaiia (T. gracilis, Harv.), collected on the south coast
of Devonshire, and presented by the writer to the Society . . 54

Notice of the occurrence of four specimens of Velella lim-
bosa. Lam., on the beach at Teignmouth 79

Exhibition of Fossils from Devonshire, and some species of
Ophiura and Asterias from that coast 104

Note respecting a specimen of the Electric Ray caught at
Teignmouth 109

Henxixg, Lieut., R.N.

Note addressed to Col. Sykes mentioning the capture of
an Albatross by means of a hook 63

Hbron, Sir R., Bart.

Notes on the breeding of Curassows at Stubton 1

Hodgson, B. H., Esq.

On some Scolopacida of NipM 7

On the lachrymal sinus in Antilope Thar, and Cervus Ari-
stotelis 39

Notice of seven species of Vespertilionida observed in the
central region of Nepftl 46

Description of a new species of Cervus (C. Barhaiya, Hodg.) 46

Mackay, R., Esq.

Letter describing the habits of a Vulture {Vultur Papa,
Linn.) 107

Martin, Mr. W.

Notes of the Dissection of a Vulpine Opossum (Phalangista
Vulpina, Cuv.) 2

Notice of a rudimentary canine tooth in a female of a species
of Deer from South America 4

Notes on the visceral and osteological anatomy of the Ca-
riama (Dicholophus cristatus. 111.) 29

Notes on the anatomy of Buffon's Touraco {Gorythaix
Buffonii, Vaill.) 32

Description of a new Mammal, {Cynictis melanurus. Mart.) 55

Notes on the anatomy of the Koala (Phascolarctos fuscus,
Desm.) 109

Description of two species of the genus Cercoleptes 82

Description of a new species of the genus Felis 107

VI

Martin, Mr. W. {continued,) page

Description of the osteology of the Sea Otter (Enhydra

marina, Flem.) . . , 59

Notes on the dissection of the Chilian Bush Rat (Octodon

Cumingii, Bean.) 70

Ogilbt, W., Esq.

Observations upon the opposable power of the thumb in
certain Mammals, considered as a zoological character, and
on the natural affinities which subsist between the Bimana,

Quadrumana, and Pedimana 25

Remarks upon the leushrymal sinus in the Indian Antelope

(Antilope Cervicapra, Pall.) 38

Remarks upon the probable identity of Cynictis melanurus
Mart., with a species noted by Boshman under the name of

Kokebog 5S

Remarks upon Chironectes Yapook, Desm. •• 56

Remarks upon two Antelopes (Koba and Kob of Buffon) . . 102

Remarks upon Cams Himalaicus, Ogilb 103

Remarks upon some rare or undescribed Ruminants in the

Society's Collection 119

On the generic characters of Ruminants 131

Owen, R., Esq.

Descriptions of some new or rare Cephalopoda collected by
Mr. George Bennett 19

On the shell and animal of Argonauta Mans, Lam 22

Remarks on the secretion in the lachrymal sinus of the
Indian Antelope {Aniilope Cervicapra, Pall.), with a tabular
view of the relations between the habits and habitats of the
several species of Antelopes and their suborbital, maxillary,
post-auditory, and inguinal glands 36

On the morbid appearance's observed in the dissection of
the Chimpanzee (Simia Troglodytes, Linn.) 41

Notes on the anatomy of the Wombat {Phascolomys Worn"
bat, Per.) '. 49

Reference to Hunter's opinion respecting the productive
powers oi Hybrids 85

On a new Orang (Simia Morio) 91

Anatomical descriptions of two species of Entozoa, from the
stomach of a Tiger (Felis Tigris, Linn.), one of which forms
a new genus, Gnathostoma 123

Reid, James, Esq.

Description of anew species of the genus Perameles (P. La-
gotis) 129

RUFFELL, Dr.

On the existence of canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope
{A. montana, Riipp.) ^ 3

vu

Stbickland, H. £., Esq. page

, List of Birds noticed in Asia Minor in the winter of 1835,

and in the spring of 1836 97

Exhibition of a skin of a variety of the common Fox (Canis
Vulpes, Linn.), from Sm3rrna, and a specimen of the Argo-
nauta, brought to Mr. Strickland with the animal alive .... 102

Thibaut, M.

. Letter relative to the capture of the Giraffes 9

Vigors, N. A., Esq.

Characters of a new and singular form among the Tinamous
(Tinamotis Pentlandii, Vig.) 79

Characters of two new Parrots in the Society's Collection
{Psitiacus augustus, and Ps, Gutldingii, Vig.) 80

Remarks upon the productive powers of female Hybrids, . 84

Watbbhouse, G. R., Esq.

Description of a new genus (Myrmecobius) of Mammi/erous
animals from New Holland, probably belonging to the Mar-
supial type 69

On a second specimen of Myrmecobius 131

Williamson, W. C, Esq.

Notes on the appearance of rare Birds in the vicinity of
Scarborough '. 76

Yabrbll, W., Esq.

, Notice of the Dottrell (Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.)
breeding at Skiddaw, and of the gray Snipe (Macroramphus

griseus, Leach,) having been obtained near Carlisle 1

Exhibition of part of Mr. Yarrell's collection of British
Fish, with observations upon the method made use of in pre-
paring them 47

Remarks upon the productiveness of Hybrids 84

Notice of a large Carp taken at the Mere near Payne's Hill
in Surrey 109

PROCEEDINGS

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

January 12, 1836.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A NOTE addressed to the Secretary hy Sir Robert Heron, Bart. M.P.
was read. It referred to the writer's success in the breeding of Cu-^
rassows in the last summer at Stubton.

From two individuals in his possession, the male of which is en-
tirely blacky and the female of the mottled reddish brown colour
which is reg^ed as characteristic of the Crtuc rubra, Linn., Sir R.
Heron has hatched in the last year six young ones in three broods of
two eggs each : the eggs were placed under turkeys and common
hens. Respecting one of them no notes were made ; but the other
five were all of the red colour of the female psrent. Two of these*
which were at two or three weeks old very strong, being still in the
flower-garden, were killed in the night by a rat that had eaten its
way into the coop in which they were. Two others were sent to
the Earl of Derby, who wanted hens. The remaining one is now
nearly, if not quite, full grown ; and Sir R. Heron proposes to place
it with the old pair.

" There is one great peculiarity/' Sir R. Heron remarks, " attend-
ing the old pair. Their principal food is Indian com and greens*
both which they eat in common : but whenever any biscuit is given
to them, as an occasional txeat when viedtors are here, the male breaks
it and takes it in his mouth ; waiting, however long, until the hen
takes it out of his bill ; which she does without the slightest mark
of civility, although on excellent terms with hun. This proceeding
is invariable."

Mr. Yarrell, on behalf of T. C. Heysham, Esq., of Carlisle, ex-
hibited the egg, the young bird of a week old, one of a month old*
and the adult female of tJie Dottrell, Charadrius Morinellus, Linn.,
obtained on Skiddaw in the summer of 1835. Several pairs were
breeding in the same locality.

He also stated that a specimen of the grey Snipe, Macroramphtts
griseue. Leach, a young bird of the year, has been obtained near
No. XXXVII. — Pbocebdings of the Zoological Society.

Carlisle in the past year. This is the third recorded instance of
the occurrence of the species in England.

The following notes by Mr. Martin of a dissection of a Vulpine
Opossum, Phalangista Vulpina, Cuv., were read.

" This animal, which died a short time since at the Gardens of the
Society, was a female. In the length of the body it measured 1 foot
44 inches, exclusive of the head, which from nose to occiput measured
31- inches : the tail somewhat exceeded 1 1 inches, 'fhere was no
abdominal pouch : the mamma were two in number, about a quarter
of an inch apart, very small, pointed, and retracted within the skin.
ThS body was loaded with fat, and a layer of that substance, fully
half an inch in thickness, lined the abdominal ejid psoas muscles.

*' On leaving the pylorus, the duodenum was found to dip down
to about the middle lumbar vertebra, where it crossed the spine, and
then making an acute turn ascended till it reached the pylorus, where
it again turned down abruptly, and lost, in the convolutions of the
succeeding portion, or jejunum, its distinctive appellation.

'* The stomach was large and simple, with a considerable cardiac
pouch; when distended with air, its circumference measured Sc-
inches, and the great curvature 13.

" The omentum was very extensive, and loaded with fat.
" The pancretis was thin and indefinite, blending with the fat of
the mesentery. It consisted of a main portion or body lying beneath
the stomach, whence it spread to the mesentery, a broad slip adhering
to the duodenum for about 2 inches.

" The liver was not unlike a fig-leaf in general outline, being deeply
split into six distinct lobes, — three on the right, and three on the left,
besides the lobulus Spigelii. In the middle fissure was seated the gall-
bladder, its fundus being visible in situ naturali. The shape of this
vesicule was, as usual, oval. It was filled with yellow bile. Its duct,
which measured altogether 24- inches, received, at about half an inch
from its commencement, several very small hepatic ducts, and en-
tered the duodenum, with the pancreatic, 3 inches below the pylorus.
' " The spleen consisted of three processes or radii ifirom a central
body : one of these processes adhered to the cardiac portion of the
stomach ; another floated in the omentum ; and the third, bound by
the mesentery, just covered the left kidney.

" TH6 total length of the intestines was 1 1 feet 8 inches ; the
length of the small intestines being 6 feet 10, and of the large 4 feet
10. The mean diameter of the small intestines was half an inch.
The mean diameter of the large at their origin was three quarters
of an inch ; but they contracted as they proceeded to one quarter,
and the rectum subsequently enlarged to three quarters. The narrow
part was filled with irregular Imotted faces. There were no longi-
tudinal bands or sacculi. The texture of the large intestines was
thin, and the circular fibres very distinct. The cacum was long and
convoluted on the mesentery, and narrowed gradually to a point ; its
length was 1 foot 4-j- inches.

"The right kidney was higher than the left. The suprarenal

capsules adhered to their upper apex. These bodies were firm, of
small size/ flat, and hollow. The length of the kidneys was 1^ inch ;
their breadth three quarters. The tubuli converged to a single point,
not elevated into a distinct papilla.

"The lungs consisted of three lobes on the right and two on the
left side. Daubenton, in his description of a species of Phalanger,
states that he found but one lobe on the left side, which was a litde
notched in the middle, but in the present animal the lobes were
fairly separate.

"The heart was elongated and pointed, the right ventricle not
extending to the apex. Its length was 1-^ inch.

"The anal, or rather common, opening, was surrounded by four
large glandular follicles, full of creamy fluid of a rank disagreeable
odour. The two on each side communicated together by means of
a very fine tube, hardly larger than a hair. The vagina was longi-
tudinally furrowed, its length to the orifices of the lateral tubes 2
inches. The clitoris was small, and about 3 lines long; above
it were two small orifices, analogous perhaps to Cowper's glands.
The body of the uterus was small, and its parietes thin and mem-
branous. It was covered by the bladder, which concealed both this
portion and its lateral canals and Fallopian tubes. These latter were
somewhat more than an inch in length. The ovaries were small
and compressed.

" The tongue was smooth : its length from the epiglottis to the
tip, 24- inches ; its breadth three quarters : its apex was somewhat
acute. The epiglottis was broad and slightly bifid. The thyroid
glands were oval, and half an inch long. The thyroid cartilage was
remarkable for a rounded projection anteriorly, over which the os
hyoides formed an adapted arch, capable of moving up and down on
the projection, as drawn one way or other by its muscles.

" The morbid appearances consisted of great inflammation at the
pylorus, with patches of an almost gangrenous appearance ; a knot
of enlarged mesenteric glands, which had begun to suppurate ; and
extensive adhesions to each other of the small intestines.

A notice by Dr. Riippell, For. Memb. Z. S., of the existence of
canine teeth in an Abyssinian Antelope, Antilope montana, Riipp.,
was read. It was accompanied by drawings of the structure de-
scribed in it, which were exhibited.

The following is a translation of Dr. Riippell' s communication.

In several Mammalia of the order Ruminanfia the adult males, and
even some females, possess canine teeth, which are more or less de-
veloped ; to these teeth no other use has been attributed than that
of a weapon of defence. The Camels (Camelus), the Musk Deer
(Moschus), and the Muntjak of India (Cervus Munfjak), possess these
canine teeth in both sexes. In the red Deer (Cervus Elaphus) and
in the rein Deer (Cerv. Tarandus), the adult males alone are provided
with them.

I have just ascertained that there is a species of Antelope which
possesses these canine teeth ; but in which, by a singular anomaly.

it ia only the young males that ate furnished with them. In these
too they can only be considered in the light of haJf-developed germs;
for the cartilaginous part which covers t£e palate and the upper jaw
entirely conceals them.

It is the Ant, montana, which I discovered in 1824 in the neigh-
bourhood of Sennaar, and of which I published in my * Zoological
Atlas * the figure of an adult male, that is provided, in its youth, with
these anomdous canine teeth : the adults of both sexes, and the
young females, are destitute of them. I observed, in my last journey
in Abyssinia, many individuals of this species in the valleys in the
neighbourhood of Gondar : it is far from rare in that locality, but
the jungles mingled with thorns, which are its favourite retreat, ren-
der the chase of it extremely difficult.

At the time of the publication of my description of this new spe-
cies, in 1826, I was possessed of only a single adult male, and there
were consequently many deficiencies in my account of it. I am now
enabled to add to this notice that the females of this species are
always destitute of horns ; that both sexes have, in the [groins] two
rather deep pits covered by a stiff bundle of white hairs ; and finally
that the species lives in pairs in the valleys of the western part of
Abyssinia, where it takes the place oiAnf. Saltiana, an animal which
it exceeds in size by nearly one half. These two species are called by
the natives Madoqua, by which name the Abyssinians also designate
the Ant. Grimmia, which equally constitutes a part of the game of
that country, so rich in different forms of the Ruminant order. — ^E. R.

A note by Mr. Martin was subsequently read, in which it was
stated that it had once occurred to him to obserx'c a rudimentary
canine tooth in the female of a species of Deer from South America,
the body of which had been sent to the Society's house by Sir P.
Grey Egerton, for examination. Having noticed an enlargement of
the gum of the upper jaw, in the situation in which a canine tooth
might possibly be supposed to exist, he cut into it, and found the
germ of a canine tooth, about 3 lines in length, imbedded in the gum,
and destitute of fang.

January 26, 1836.
N. A. Vigors, Esq., in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous Birds, chiefly from the
Society's collection ; and Mr. Gbuld, at the request of the Chair-
man, directed the attention of the Meeting to those among them
wliich he regarded as principally interesting either on account of
their novelty or for the peculuurity of their form.

They included the following species of the genus Edolius, Cuv.,
wbich were compared with numerous others pkced upon the table
for that purpose.

EnoLiirs grandis. Ed. ater viridi metallic^ splendens ; capite cris-
tato ; rectricum duarum extemarum scapis longissimis, vexillig
ad apicem lath spatulatis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus extends exclusis) 14 unc. ; rostri, l\ ; a/«.
64 ; Cauda, 7 ; tarsi, li, *

Rostrum pedesque nigri.

Hab, in Nepali& et (verosimiliter) in Sumatra.

Hiis species may be distinguished from Ed, Malahariaus by its
superiority in size, and by the greater fullness and length of its
crest. The recurved feathers of the upper part of the head measure
an inch and a half in length.

Edolius Rangoonensis. Ed, ater viridi splendens ; rectricum ex-
temarum scapis longissimis, vexillis lath spatulatis ad apicis mar-
ginem exteriorem praditis.
Long. tot. (rectricibus extemis exclusis) 1 2 unc. ; rostri, l-^ ; ala,
6; Cauda, 54; tarsi, 1.
Rostrum pedesqne nigri.
Hab. apud Rangoon.

Distinguishable from Ed, Malabaricus, to which it is nearly allied,
by its shorter beak, and by the total absence from its forehead of
the fine curled plumes which decorate that bird ; the wing is also
somewhat shorter.

Edolius Crishna. Ed, velutino-ater viridi metallic^ (prasertim ad
alas) splendens ; gutturis plumis sublanceolatis, viridibus; capite
pilis longissimis pluribus ornato ; rectricum extemarum vexillis
spiraliter intortis.

Long. tot. (rectricibus extemis exclusis) 1*2 unc. ; rostri, H; ala,
7 ; Cauda, 6 ; tarsi, 1.

Crishna Crow, Lath,, Hist.

Hab. in Nepalift.

The bill of this species is more cultrated and lengthened than is
usual in the genus. The outer feathers of the tail, which are spi-

i

r

rally reflected inwards, are not so much produced as those of Ed.
Malabaricus. A very curious character is furnished by the long,
hair-like, black filaments which spring from the head and measure
nearly 4 inches in length.

Edolius viridescens. Ed. intense splendenti chalyheo-viridis, su-

prd magis saturatus.
Long. tot. 11 unc. ; rostri, H; ala, 5^; canda, 5 ; tarsi, 1.
Rostrum pedesque nigri.
Hab, apud ManiUam.

The remaining previously undescribed Birds that were exhibited
were characterized by Mr. Gould as follows :

Orpheus modulator. Orph. saturate bmnneus, alis pallidioribus
albo bifasciatis ; corpore subtds, gutture, gents, €trigdque super-
ciliari cinerascenti-albidis ; rectricum (prteter intermediarum
quatuor) apicibus lat'h albis.

Long. tot. 10 unc. ; rostri, ^ ; alte, 44 ; cauda, 5 ; tarsi, -fr.

Rostrum pedesqne saturate brunnei.

Hab. ia Fretu Magellanico.

Thisis by far the latest of the genus, and is very similar in all
its markings to both Orph. polyglottus and Orph. minor. Although
the bird from which the above character is drawn is from the Straits
of Magalhaens, Mr. Gould is inclined to believe that it occurs in
Brazil also, and considers it as being, very probably, the Turdus Or-
pheus of Spix, and the grey Pie of Brazil of Edwards.

The bands on the wings are produced by the white tips of the
secondaries.

Ixos LEUcoTis. Iwos suprd. cinereO'brunneus, subtiis pallidior ; ver-
tice, gutture, pectoreque nigris ; auribus genisque albis ; tectrici-
bus Cauda inferioribus ochraceis ; caudd ad basin cinered in ni-
grescenti'brunneum apicem versus transeunte, rectricum omnium
apicibus albis.

Long. tot. 6-^ unc. ; rostri, 4 ; ala, 34 ; cauda, 3 ; tarsi, 4.

Rostrum pedesqae saturate brunnei.

Hab. in Indid Oriental!.

CoLLURiciNCLA FuscA. Coll. suprct saturot^ brunnea, plumis omni-
bus pallidiow marginatis ; subtits cinereo-albida, plumis in medio
lunuld brunned notatis ; uropygii plumarum rectricumque apici-
bus albis.

Long. tot. 11 unc. ; rostri, 54 ; ala, 54; cauda, 5 ; tarsi, I4.

Rostrum pedesque pallid^ brunnei.

Hab. vel in Novil Zeelandii vel in Nov& Cambria Australi.

This species is folly a third larger than the Coll. cinerea described
by Mr. Vigors and Dr. Horsfield in the * Linnean Transactions.'

Trichophobus flaveolus. Trich. cristatus, suprct olivaceorfiaves-
cens, suhtils fiavus ; alis cauddque olivaceo-brunneis ; genis gut-
iureque sordide albis.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 1 ; ala, 4; cauda, 34-; tarsi, k-
Rostrum pedesque comeo-brunnei.
Hab. in montibus Himalayensibus, in Nepalii, &c.
The crest consists of elongated feathers, intermingled with the
hairy bristles usual in the genus.

Geocichla rubecula. Geo, dorso, alis, cauddque saturate cttruleo-
dnereis, alis alba lath fasciatis ; capite, collo, corporeque subtiU
nitidh ferrugineis ; crisso caudaque tectricUms inferioribus alhis.
• Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 1 ; ala, 44-; cauda, 2| ; tarsi, H.
Rostrum nigrum ; tarsi brunnei.
Hab, in Jav4.
' This pretty species resembles in many respects the Red-breast,
Eriihacus Rubecula, Swains. It belongs to an interesting group,
which was first characterized by M. Kuhl, and of which the Society's
collection possesses four well-marked species.

Mr. Gould subsequently directed the attention of the Meeting to
a specimen of the Turdus macrourus of Dr. Latham, with the view
of explaining the characters which induced him to regard that bird
as constituting the type of a new

Genus Kittacincla.

Rostrum caput longitudine sequans, ad apicem emarginatum, rec-

tiusculum, compressiusculum.
Nares basales, plumis brevibus utplurimum tectse.
AliB mediocres, rotundatae: remige lm& brevissimi, 4t& 5t^ue

subaequalibus, longioribus.
Cauda elongata, gradata.
Tarsi digitiqvie longiusculi, tenues.

Obs. Maribus color supra utplurimum niger; subtiis brunneua
vel albus.

A paper by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., on some of
the Scolopacida of Nip&l, was read ; the copy transmitted by that
gentleman to the Society containing various corrections of his me-
moir which was published at Calcutta in the 'Gleanings of Science'
for August, 1831.

Mr. Hodgson's object in the present paper is to bring under the
notice of zoologists the various species of the family referred to
which occur in Nipill, on the natural history of which country he
has, during a residence of several years, been engaged in making
most extensive researches. The result of these it is his intention
immediately to publish, accompanied by finished representations of
the animals, taken from drawings made in almost every instance
from numerous living individuals of the several races.

Mr. Hodgson first describes in detail the common Woodcock, Sco-
lopax Rusticola, Linn., as it occurs in NipAl ; where it is, in every
respect of form and colour, evidently identical with the European
bird. In NipM also it seems to be, as it is in Western Europe, of

8

migratory habits : and the periods of its arrival in, and departure
from, Nip^, correspond altogether with the seasons of its appearance
and disappearance in England.

. He then proceeds to describe in detail the several kinds of Smpe
which occur in Nipdl.

Two of these are so nearly related to the common Snipe of Europe,
GaUinago media, Ray, that Mr. Hodgson is induced to regard them
«UB being probably specifically identical with that bird : and he ac-
cordingly refers th^n to it as varieties, which are constantly distin-
guished from each other by the structure of the tail. In one of them
the tail-feathers are fourteen or sixteen in number, and are all of
the same form : in the other the tail-feathers vary in number from
twenty-two to twenty-eight ; and the outer ones on either side, to
the number of six, eight, or ten, differ remarkably from those of the
middle, being narrow, hard, and acuminated, llie latter bird may,
however, be regarded as the representative of a species to which the
name of GalL heterura may be given.

The other two Snipes of Nipdl are unquestionably distinct from
those of Europe. They are described as ihe solitary Snipe, Gall, so*
Htaria, Hodgs., and the wood Snipe, GalL nemoricola, Ej.

In the solitary Snipe the wings are remarkably long ; the upper
surface, especially on the wings, is minutely dotted, barred, and
streaked, with wlute intermingled v^th buff and brown ; and the ab-
domen is white, barred along the flanks with brown.

The wood Snipe has the general colouring of the plumage dark
and sombre ; the wings short ; the abdomen and the whole of the
under surface thickly barred with transverse lines of dark brown on
a dusky white ground ; and a tail of sixteen x)r eighteen, or very
rarely twenty, feathers.

Mr. Hodgson describes, with the greatest minuteness, each of
these birds, and adverts with the fullest detail to their several habits
and distinguishing peculiarities, as well of manners and of season/s
as of form and plumage.

February 9, 1836.
Rev. F. W. Hope in the Chair.

A letter wall yead» addressed to tiie Secretaiy by M. Thibaut, and
dated Malta, Jaimary 8, 18S6. It communicated various particulars
rdative to the G^tf^av belonging to the Society, which have recently
been obtained by the writer and which are now in his custody, and
may be translated as follows : —

" Having leamt, on my arrival at Malta, that you were desirous
of udbnnation on the subject of the four Giraffes whidi the Society
has entrusted to my care, I regard it as a duty to transmit to you a
efaort statement, by which you will become aware of t^ difficulties
ihat I encountered in obtaining and preserving for the Society
these interesting animals, which are now, I hope, altogetiier out of
danger.

" Instructed by Colonel Campbell, His Majesty's Consul General
in the Levant, and desirous of rendering available for the puiposes
of the Zoological Society tiie knowledge which i had acquired by
twelve years' experience in travelling in the interior of Africa, I
quitted Cairo on the 15th of April, 1834. After sailing up the
Nile as far as Wadi Haifa (the second cataract), I took camels, and
proceeded to Debbat, a province of Dongolah ; whence, on the 14th
of July, I started for the desert of Kordofan.

•* Bong perfectly acquainted with the locality, and on friendly
terms wi& the Arabs of the country, I attached t^em to me still
more by the desire of profit. All were demrous of accompanying
me in my pursuit oi the Giraffes^ which, up to that time, tiiey had
hunted solely for the sake' of the flesh, which they eat, and of the
skin, §PGm which they make bucklers aiMi sandals. I availed myself
of the emulation which prevailed among the Arabs, and as the sea-
son was hx advanced and favourable, I proceeded immediately to
the soutii-west of Kordofian.

"It was on the 15th of August that I saw the first two Giraffes.
A rapid chase, on horses accustomed to tiie fatigues of the desert,
pot us in possession, at the end of three hours, of the largest of the
two : the' mother of one of liiose now in my charge. Unable to
take her alive, tlie Arabs lolled her with blows of &e sabre, and,
cutting her to pieces, Carried the meat to the head-quarters which
we had established in a wooded situation ; an arrangem^Eit neces-
sary for our own comforts and to secure pasturage for the camels of
both aexes whidi we had brought wit^ us in aid of the object of our
duwe. We .deferred until the morrow the pursuit of tiie young

No. XXXVIII. — PaocBaniNOs of thb Zoological Socibtt.

10

Giraffe^ which my companions assured me they would have no diffi-
culty in again discoyering. The Arabs are very fond of the flesh of
this animal. I partook of their repast. The lire embers were
quickly covered with slices of the meat, which I found to be excel-
lent eating.

" On the following day, the 16th of August, the Arabs started at
daybreak in search of the young one, of which we had lost sight
not far from our camp. The sandy nature of the soil of the desert
is ^ell adapted to afford indications to a hunter, and ia a very short
time we were on the track of the animal which was the object of
our pursuit. We followed the traces with rapidity and in silence*
cautious to avoid alarming the creature while it was yet at a di-
stance from us. Unwearied myself, and anxious to act in the same,
manner as the Arabs, I followed them impatiently, and cit d o'clock
in the morning I had the happiness to find myself in possession
of the Giraffe. A premium was given to the hunter whose horse
had first come up wiUi the animal, and this reward is the more me-
rited as the laborious chase is pursued in the midst of brambles and
of thorny trees.

" Possessed of this Giraffe, it was necessary to rest for three or
four days, in order to render it sufficiently tame. During this
period an Arab constantly holds it at the end of a long cord. By
degrees it becomes accustomed to the presence of man, and takes a
litUe nourishment. To furnish milk for it I had brought with me fe->
male camels. It became gradually reconciled to its condition, and was
soon willing to follow, in short stages, the route of our caravan.

"This first Giraffe, captured at four days' journey to the south-west
of Kordofan, will enable us to form some judgement as to its probable
age at present ; as I have observed its growth and its mode of life.
When it first came into my hands, it was necessary to insert a finger
into its mouth in order to deceive it into a belief that the nipple of
its dam was there : then it sucked freely. According to the opinion
of the Arabs, and to the length of time that I have had it, this first
Giraffe cannot, at the utmost, be more than nineteen months old*
Since I have had it, its size has fully doubled.
, " The first run of the Giraffe is exceedingly rapid. The swiftest
horse, if unaccustomed to the desert, could not come up with it un«
less with extreme difficulty. The Arabs accustom their courses to
hunger and to fatigue ; milk generally serves them for food, and
gives them power to continue their exertions during a very long run.
If the Giraffe reaches a mountain, it passes the heights with rapidity :
its feet, which are like those of a Goat, endow it with the dexterity
of that animal ; it bounds over ravines with incredible power ; horsea
cannot* in such situations, compete with it.

*^ The Giraffe is fond of a wooded country* The leaves of trees
are its principal food. Its conformation allows of its reaching their
tops. The one of ^hich I have previously spoken as having been:.

1)

killed by tbe Arabs measured 21 French feet in height from the
ears to the hoofe. Oreen herbs are also very agreeable to this ani*
nal ; bat its stnu^ure does not admit of its feeding on them in the
same manner as oar domestic animals, such as the Ox and the
Hone, It is oblig^ to straddle widely ; its two fore -feet are gra-
dually stretched widely apart from each other, and its neck being
then bent into a semicircular form, the animal is thus enabled to
collect the grass. But on the instant that any noise interrupts its
repast, the aniaial raises itself with rapidity, and has recourse to inw
mediate flight.

; " The Qirafe eats with great delicacy, and takes its food leaf by
leaf, cdleeting them from tibie trees by means of its long tongue. It
rejects the th<Hiis, and in this respect diflfers from the Camel, As
the glass on which it is now fed is cut for it, it takes the upper part
only, and ehews it until it perceives that the stem is too coarse for
it« Great care is required for its preservation, and especially great
cleanliness.

" It is extremely fond of society and is very sensible. I have
observed one of them shed tears when it no longer saw its com-
paniims or the persons who were in the habit of attending to it.

" I was so fortunate as to collect five individuals at Kordofan ;
but the cold weather of December, 1834, killed four of them in the
desert on the route to Dongolah, my points of departure for Bebbah.
Only one was preserved; this was the first specimen that I ob-
tained, and the one of which I have already spoken. After twenty-*
two days in the desert, I reached Dongolah on the 6t^ of January,
1835.

" Unwilling to return to Cairo without being really useful to the
Society, and being actually at Dongolah, I determined on resuming
the pursuit of GiraffeM. I remained for three months in t^e desert,
CTosang it in all directions. Arabs in whom I could confide accom-
panied me, and our course was through districts destitute of every-
thii]^. We had to dread the Arabs of Darfour, of which country I
saw the £rst mountain. We were successful in our researches. I
obtained three Giraffes, smaller than the one I already possessed.
Experience suggested to me the means of preserving them.

" Another tnal was reserved for me : that of transporting the
animals, by bark, from Wadi Haifa to Cairo, Alexandria, and Malta.
Providence has enabled me to surmount all difficulties. The most
that th^ suffered was at sea, during their passage, which lasted
twenty-four days, with the weather very tempestuous.

" I arrived at Malta on the 121st of November. We were there
detttned in quarantine for twenty «five da3r8, after which, through the
kind care of Mr. Bourchier, these valuable animals were placed in a
good situation, where nothing is wanting for their comfort. With
the view of preparing them for the temperature of the country to
which they vnll eventually be removed« I have not thought it ad<«

12

Yisabie thst they uh^vld be dotbed. Dttnsg tibe last week tiie
odkL has been muob greater than tbey bave bitherto experienced ;
but tbey bave, tbanka to t^e kindness of Mr. Bottrcbier» everythbg
tbat can be desired.

" Tbese four Gin^es, tbree males and one feanaie, are so interest-
ing and so beautiful, tbat I shall exert mysdif to tbe ntmoet to be of
use to tbem. It is possible tbat tbey may breed ; already I observe m
tiiem some tendency towards mutual attacbment. Tbey are capable of
wafldng for six boors a day wititout tbe sli^test fatigoe.'-^. T."

Mr. Gould, at tbe request of tbe Gbaannan, exhibited a specimen
of tbe Trogon resplendens, Gould, and one of the Trog* pmnmimtt,
Spix ; and steted tbat be was indebted to tbe kindncBS of M. Nat-
terer, wbo was present at tbe Meeting, for tbe opportunity of de-
monstrating, by tbe juxtaposition of tiie Birds, tbe correctoess of
die determination which he bad made in regarding them as distinct
species. Mr. Gould directed particular attention to the several
characters and distinguishing marks which he bad pointed out to
tbe Society on March 10, 1835, and which bad subsequently been
published in tbe ' Proceedings/ part iii. p. 29, and again dwelt
especially on the fact that in Trog. resplendens the binder feathers of
tiie back, which are fully 3 feet in length, hang gracefiilly fiar away
beyond tbe tail ; while in Trog,pm)omittU8 the lengthened fesliien of
the back are rarely equal in length to the tail : in only one instance
has M. Natterer known them, in the latter bird, to exceed tbe tail
by so much as a quarter of an inch.

Tbe reading was concluded of a paper " On the Anatomy of the
LamelUbramchiate ConcJdferous AnimaU, by Robert Gamer, Bsq.,
F.L.S.," a portion of which had been read at the meeting on No-
vember 24, 1835.

Founded pnncipaUy on the author's individual obsaratioiu,
which have extended to the animals of several genera tbe anatomi-
cal structure of which is bitherto insufficiently £iown, tbis commu-
nication embodies also much informaticm derived from the works of
Poli, Cuvier, Bojjanus, Home, M. de BlainviUe, and others. I^ is so
ananged as to constitute a condmsed memoir on tbe subject to whid
it is devoted, comprehending a summary of all tbat is yet knonm
respecting itf.

After some genesral remarks on the high iniportanoe of a know- .
ledge of the structure of the animals that form thoee G^hells wbidi
have at'afi times attra c te d the attention of the curious, but to an
aeqwBJBtance with wbidi many naturalists, un^of kte years, have
been content to limit themsehes, Mr. Gamer proceeds to spes^ oC
Ike position of the animal with respect to the shell ; and ^ence to
describe the variations in the form of tbe animal wbidi occasion those
a]4pearances in tbe shell on which rest the primary subdivisions

13

made by conchologists amoiig the LameUikrmuhiai9 Comh^era. Me
regards Anomia as being in some measure intermediate between this
order and the Brackiopada ; and^in illustration of this view describes
with some detail the structure of the animal of that genus.

Mr. Gamer then adverts to the mode of growth of the sliells and
to their structure, and considers them in the vaiiations in form
which some of them undergo in their progress from the embryo to
the adult state. He dwells also on the diversity of form assumed by
the several geoups of Bivalves, and shows in what manner these are
occasioned by the form of the animal that produces the shelly cover-
ings ; referring to the foot especially as exercising in this respect a
very remarkable influence.

The general review of the external form of the animal is succeeded
by an account of the several systeius of which it is composed. These
are treated of in the following order : 1 . Muscular system ; 2. Ner-
vous system; 3. Digestive system ; 4. Circulating system ; 5. Respi-
ratory system ; 6. Excretory system ; 7. Ct7ta (and into this part of
his subject the author enters with more than usual detail) ; and, 8.
Reproductive system. Under each of these heads a rapid review is
taken of the principal variations that occur in the order, and the
illustrative examples referred to are generally numerous.

Finally, the author devotes a section of his paper to the diseases
and the parasites of the animals on which he treats.

In conclusion, Mr. Ghumer submits the subjomed tabular view
of an

Anatomical Classification of the Lame;.i«ibaanchxats Conchi-
FBAOus Animals.

With but one adductor muscle. MokoMtakia, Lam.

Tentacles very long, not distinct from the 6nui-
ciia ; an additional muscular system Anamia.

Tentacles short, separate from the bronchia.

No foot. Ostrea.

A foot.

Branchia disunited medianly.

Foot long, cylindrical ; ocelli at the edge

of the mantle Pecten. "

Foot short, thick, with a disk at the eX- .
tremity, from the centre of which
depends a pedicellated oval body;

oeeUi Spondylus*

Foot compressed ; no ocelli Linuu

Bt^anchia conjoined medianly Vulsella.*

14

With two adductor muscles* Dimtaria, Lam.

Mantle without separate orifices or tubes.

Foot slender, byssiferous ; tentacles fixed , • Avicula.*

Foot thick, rounded, with a callosity Area,

Foot compressed, securiform Pectuncuhs.

Foot oval below, its margin tentacular, ten-
tacles volute Nucula.

Foot large, pointed anteriorly, bent at an

angle TVigonia.*

Mantle with a distinct anal orifice.
Foot small, byssiferous.

Anterior muscle small ; retractile muscles
of the foot numerous ; byssus large.

fiyssus divided to its base Mytilus,

Byssus with a common corneous cen-
tre Modiola,

Anus furnished with a long ligulate

valve Pinna J^

Muscles equal; two pairs of retractile

muscles only ; byssus rudimentary .... Lithodomus,
Foot large, not byssiferous Unio,

Mantle with a superior and inferior orifice ; not
elongated into tubes.

• Mantle widely open Cardium,

Mantle closed around the foot or byssus.
Foot short and discal, byssiferous ; an-
terior muscle small Tridacna.*

Foot small, cylindrical, bent at an angle;

lips foliated Chama,*

Foot small, sharp ; lips simple Isocardia,^

Mantle with two produced tubes, or siphons.
Branchia not produced into the lower tube.

Mantle closed around the foot Loripes.*

Mantle open.

Tubes disunited ; foot lanceolate.
Foot large, rather falciform ; external
branchia shortened; mantle tenta-
cular ; labial tentacles large. ..... Donoj^,

Foot small ; external hranchuB short-
ened ; edge of the mantle simple ;

tentacles small Psammobia.

Foot moderate ; external bronchia as
long as the internal; tentacles
large ; margin of the mantle en-
tire Tellifia.

Foot small; branchia equal; mantle

tentacular Amphidesnut,

15

Tabes more or lesB united ; foot varioui.
Bronchia united medianly.
Tubes small, partially divided ; foot

▼ery long, obtuse CycUu,

Tubes small, united to the ex-
tremity; foot very long and

pointed Mactra,

Tubes larg^, foot short and promi-
nent behind Venerupii,

Bronchia disunited medianly.
Foot lanceolate, prominent behind ;

tubes small, united Cytherea.

Foot securiform ; tubes larger and

more or less distinct Venus,

Bronchia produced into, or attached to, the
lower tube ; tubes always united.
Mantle only open inf eriorly for the protru-
sion of the foot.
Tubes small ; lips long.

Foot small; bronchia of each side

united into one Pandora,

Foot larger ; bronchia separate . . . • Corhula.
Tubes long ; lips small.

Foot not byssiferous ; tubes large and

coriaceous Mya,

Foot byssiferous ; tubes moderate . . Hiatella,
Mantle open anteriorly.
Foot long, club-shaped ; tubes short . . Solen,
Foot very short, rounded.

Two distinct adductormuscles.thean-
terior one situated below a reflect-
ed portion of the mantle uniting
the beaks instead of a cartilage;

tentacles large Pholas.

Body very elongated ; adductor mus-
cles united ; end of the mantle with
two calcareous pieces; tentacles
small; no cartilage nor reflected
portion of the mantle Teredo,

For the anatomy of the several genera marked in the above table
with an (*), the author acknowledges himself indebted either to
Cuvier, Poll, or M. de Blainville.

. He refers occasionally to other genera, besides those enumerated,
as included in the groups distinguished by the characters given
above.

IP

Mr. Gamer's paper wa* aecompenied by BimieKNis drawings of
the objects and structures described 19 it, wUch wtre exhibit^ in
illustration of his commnnicatioii.

>.-^

17

Febtuavy 28» 1836.
The Rev. J. Barlow in the Chair.

Mr. Gould, at the request of the Chairman, exli&bited specimens
fd nuHiMouB Bird^ forming part of the Society's collection ; and di-
rected the attentioft of the Meeting to those which he regarded as
the most interesling among Uiem.

He stated that one of them was especially curious as exhibiting a
fonn of Inses90rial Birdy not safely refcnrible to any known family ;
on which account he proposed to consider it as the type of a group
to be designated

Paeadoxobnis.

Rostmm altitudine longitudinem superans, ad basin yibrisaas in-
structum: manHhuld superiare vald^ compress^ ; culmine acuto»
valdft arcuato ; tomio edentulo, apicem versus vald^ incurvo, ad
basin producto : mand^uid inferiore ad basin lat&, robust&; to-
mio emargmato.

Nares parvae, rotundatae, pone rostrum sitae.

Akt breves, rotnndatae : renUgihus 4tft, 5t&, et 6t& longioribos.

Cwda mediocris, gradata.

Tani robusti, laeves.

Pedes magni, subti!l8 lati : digitis magnis ; haUuce unguequepoitko

PtUosig ampla, laxa.

The breadth cf the under surfaces of the feet is so great as to in-
dicate considerable powers of grasping.

Paiaooxorkis FLAviBosTais. Par, arenaceo-bmnneus, suhtHispal'
iuSoT; capiie nuchdque rufo-hrunneis ; aurih«s partim aterrimis ;
ffKAt guttweque aibis nigro variis ; pectore nigro.
Long. tot. 8 unc; akt, 84-; cauda, 4i: tarsi, H; halhcis («r-

cuati), 1^*
Rostrum splendid^ aurantiaco-flavum ; pedes ccerulescentes.
ffai, (verosimiliter) in Nepali^.

Mr. Gould regarded another of the Birds exhibited as the repre*'
sentative of a new type among the Tkrushes ; and characterized it as
the type of the genus

ACTINODURA.

Bo$trum sttboompvessum, subareuatum* ad apicem subomargi*
iwktiuqa. X

Nares basales, Itneares, oparculo magno tecttt.

Ala molles, breviusculse, concavtt : remige Imi breviaai«i, 4t4
5t&que longioribus.

Iff

Cauda moUu, elongata, gradata.
Tarsi elongati.

Pedes majusculi : halluce ungveque postico longiutculis.
Ptilosis mollis, laxa.

The wings and tail in (ihe birds of this group are transversely
barred. I^e typical species are crested.

Aci;zNODUBA Egebtoni. Act, cristata ; suprc^ nitidh rufo-brunnea
oiivaceo tincta, subtHs pallid^ rufo^brunnea ; cristd, occynte, ge-
nisque brunnescenti-cinereis ; remigibus ad basin rufis, pogoniis
nigro flavoque fasciatis ; secundariis nigro brunneoque fasciitis;
rectricibus sordid^ rufO'brunneis, Hneis saturatioribus transversim
notatis, alboque apiculatis.
: Long. tot. Sfuncu «'<e» 34; cauda, 4^; tarsi, H; rostri, 1.
. Rostrum pedesqae brunnei.
Hab, in Nepalii.

The specimen described was presented to the Society by Sir P.
Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P.

The following species were also characterized by Mr, Oonld :

CoBvus FBCTOBALis. Corv, niger cceruleo iridescens ; maculd nu-

chali latd fascidque lunatd pectorali albis.
Long, tot* 17unc.; rostri, 2i; dUs, IH; cauda, 7-^; tarsi, 2^^
Rostrum pedesqvLe nigri.
Hab, in Chind.
:. Statura Corv, Corone.

CoBvus cuBviBosTBis. Corv. niger chalybeo-aeruleo purpureogue
iridescens ; maculd dorsali fascidque latd ventrali albis.

Long. tot. 17 unc; rostri, 2^; ala, 12^; cauda, 7^; tarsi, 24-.

Rostrum pedesc^e nigri.

Hab. in Africd, Occidental!.

Nearly allied to the Corv, scapulatus, Daud., a species of Southern
Africa; but smaller in all its proportions, and possessing a bill
which is rather feeble and considerably curved.

Pbionitbs ccbbulicbfs. Pri. iridescenti-olivaceO'Viridis, pteroma-
tibus secundariisque magis viridibtis ; caudd ad basin viridi, dein
ccBruled, ad apicem nigrd ; cdpite cceruleo, fascid frontali fia-
vescenti'viridi, linedque nigrd a nare per oculum auremque utrin-
que ductd et finem versus ccsruleo submarginatd, notato.
Long. tot. 18 unc; rostri, H; ala, 54-; caude. Hi; tarsi, H.
Rostrum nigrum ; pedes bmnnei.
Hab, in regione Tamaulipas dictd.

The two imddle tail-feathers have their shafts naked towards the
end, as is usual in the genus, for the space of 2 inches ; and the
bird is decorated with the ordinary tufts of 'black feathers springing
from the lower part of the throat.

19

PtTcroLOPStut VMODVCTVB. Pfyci. r&stTo ^«m^o*, hrmmmu^ eupUe
Kuchdque palUdk bnumescenti^griseis, harum dornqme plumit 9a*
turatiore marginatis ; uropygio, venire, criseoque sahirati ruMsg
gutture pectoreque fiavie, ilh ad gulatn rubro tincto; alarum fleM*
w4 subtiks flood olwaceo»rufo tinetd; rectricibus ad basin amran^
ttaco-flavo brumneoque faeciatis ; remigmn poganiU intemU ad
basin stAtitsque sordidh rufo brunneoque fasciatis.

Long. tot. 15 unc; ake, 10; cauda, 6; tarsi, l-^; rostri, 24-.

Rostrum pallidum ; pedes saturate brunnei.

Hab.

The bill is exceedingly produced, the upper mandible extending
folly one half of its totsd length beyond the lover.

The bird belongs to that group which has been distinguished by
M. Kuhl among the Plyctohphi under the name of Nestor^

A paper by Mr. Owen was read, entitled, " Descriptions of some
new or rare Cephalopoda, collected by Mr. George Bennett, Gorr.
Memb. Z.S." The subjects referred to in it included specimens of
Chinch scabra. Leach ; a small nondescript Loligo ; the head and
principal viscera of a Deeapodous Dibranchiate CefSialopod from Port
Jackson ; a small nondescript species of Octopus ; and a very small
speeimen of Argonauta hians, with it» Cephalopodous inhabitant (Ocg*
thoe CranckU, Leach), and a large duster of ova : all of which were
exhibited, in illustration of the communication, by permission of the
Curators of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, of which
collection they now form part.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra was taken by Mr. Qeorge Ben-
nett in a towing net in lat. 12^ 15' S., long* 10° 15' W.; and was
at first regarded by him as a species of Medusa : and Mr. Owen
observes, that from the uncommon form which this very remarkable
Cephalopod presents, one cannot feel surprised that it should^ have
been, at the first view, referred by its captor 'to a Radiate family,
with which the Cephalopods bear, in more than one respect, an ana«
logical relation.

As the type of its genus Mr. Owen eonsidmrs the Cranch. scabra
with reference to the generic characters that separate CramMa from
the neighbouring groups : from Loligo and Onyehoteuthis it is di-
stinguished by tbe continuity of its mantle with the dorsal /wrte^ef
of the head; and from Sepioteuthis, Sepiola, and Rossia by t^e pro«
portions and position of its fins. The form of the fins alone is evi^
dently insufficient in Cephalopods for generic distinctions^ as will
•appear from considering the variations in this respect that occur in
the several species of the well-marked genus Onyehoteuthis, Licht. ;
and also in the several species of Loligo as at present restricted, some
of which, especially LoL brevis, Blainv., make so close an approxi-
mation to Cranch, scabra in the rounded contour, as well as the ter-
minal position, of their fins, that were it not that the exterior margin
of the mantle is in all of them free on its dorsal aspect, the latter
Cephalopod, notwithstanding its singular form, could not be sepa-
rated generically from the Loligines on external characters alone.

I 20

[

j A» m fiw figores pnUuiied by F^ruBsac of the Ctpkal^^ods named

I Cranck. cardieptera by P^ion and Cnmek. minima by himself, the

I anterior margin of the mantle appears to be free on its dorsal aspect,

snnilarly to that of the true LoUgines, it must be doubted whether
these species are correctly referred to the genus Crtmchia : and the
tame doubt maypeihaps be extended to CrmuA.BoneUiamL, F^r.,
in the description of which no mention is made of tibe adhesion or
otherwise of the mantle to the posterior part of the head. This ad-
hesion Mr. Owen regards as an essential character of the genus.

The specimen of Cranchia scabra on which the genus was founded
^yDr. Leadi» hairing been imperfect in some of its parts, Mr. Owen
carefully describes the species anew from the perfect individual ob-
tained by Mr. Geoi^ B^inett ; which is smaller than the oiiginal
specimen, mensuring only 1 inch 8 lines in total length to the end
of the outstretched tentacle. The body is remarkable for its great
flaccidity, wliidi is owing to the very small space occupied by the
viscera ; these are situated at its anterior part, and not, as in LoU*
popais, at the bottom of the sac. Besides this disproportion between
the bulk of the viscera and the capacity of the containing sac, Cron*
cbia has ot^er relations with Loligopsis in the absence ci the infun-
dHndar valve, which exists in all the other Decapodous Cephaiopods;
and in the non-articuklion of the base of the siphon by a double
ball and socket joint to the internal surfiace of the ventro-latend
parts of the mantle. In the Decapodous Cephaiopods generally the
funnel is articnlated to the mantii^ at the anterior part of its base,
by two ball and socket joints, the prGJeetioB being on the mantle
I and the sodcet on the funnd ; both consisting of cartilage, covered

witii a fine synovial membrane. The projecting cartilage is of an
oval form in the CkgitU'-ftsh : but in Loligo it forms an dongated
ridge I which in Onychoteutkis conunenoes at the anterior maigin of
the mande and extends one third down the sac, forming two thin
lateral caitihiginous laminse placed rather towurds the ventral aspect
of the mantle : an elongated groove in the opposite sides of the fnn-
nel plays upon each of these ridges. In Loligopsis the sides of the
fannel adhere to the corre^wnding cartilaginous lamaum, whidi differ
feom the lateral cartikges of otiier Bea^adtoms Cephaiopods only by
their greater length and tuberculated form. In CroncAta, as in the
Odopida, tliese cartilages are entirely wanting; but the ventral
parietes of the baae of the siphon become expanded, thin, and trans^
pBxeat ; and adlieie to and become continuous with the correspond-
ing pavts of tiie mantle.

^ Mr. Owen regards as new the species of Loligo referred to, and

describes it under the name of Lol. laticeps : foiir specimens of it, the
largest of which measures only l-t inch from the extremity of the ,
mantle to the end of the outstretched tentacle, were obtained by
Mr. Geor^ Bennett among the Sargasso weed, in lat. 29^ N., long.
47* W. when alive they were of a fine purple colour with dark
red spots. The specimens are now destitute of colour on the fins
and on the under surface of the third and fourth pairs of arms, and
the spots are but few on the under part of the head and mantle ;

21

on the Inner miiiftce of the firit» second, isid lAiufd pain of arms H&e
dftric pigment is disposed ia broad, iiregularly shaped, trans verse
bands, passing' across between each of the pah« of sacken.

The head, as is incKca^^d by the trivial name, is oomp aiatlv e ^
broad ; and the arms which it supports are relatively longer than in
the LoUgines generally, the seeond and t&ird pairs being nearly
equal in length to the trunk. The body is subcylindrical tmd coni-
cd, gradnally diminishing in circnn^rence till it terminates in a
point at the posterior margin of the fins, whieh do not extend con-
joined together beyond this part. The fins are terminal and dorsal,
a space of about half a line intervening between their origins ante-
riorly, whence t)ieir bases converge and are united at the apex of
l^e trunk : liieir superior contour is an obtuse angle ; their inferior
margin is rounded.

In the Cephahpod described as Cr&nekia eardioptera, P^r., to which
the species under consideration has a supei^eial resemblance, the
tmninal fins have a semicircular contour, and tftieir origins are
widely separated anteriorly; they also extend beyond the termina-
tion of the trunk : the trunk, moreover, is broader in proportion to
the head, and does not diminish gradually to a point, but is rounded
off at the posterior extremity. The Cranchia minima of F^russac
may be at once distinguished from LoL latieeps by the extension of
the trunk beyond the small rounded fins, which ^ves a trilobate
contour to the termination of the body.

In internal organization LoL iaiiceps agrees with tiie other Loli^
fines -w^ose anatomical structure has been ascertained.

The fragments of the Decapodous Cephahpod obtained at Fort
Jackson are too imperfect to allow of their being satisfactorily re-
ferred generically : they may, however, have belonged to a speciea
of Loligo or of Sepioteuthis, As in some species of both tbese
genera, the outer lip was characterized by eight short processes, on.
the inner surface of which, at the extremity of each, were three or
four small suckers, attached by peduncles, and having precisely the
same structure as those of the eight large exterior anna. In this
repetition of the structure of the external series of cephalic processes
there is an evident analogy to the different series of labial processes
of Nautilus, In some species, as for instance LoL Pealii, he Su£ur«
die acetabuliferous labial processes are more developed than ia
Mr. George Bennett's specimen. In LoL coroUiflora, Til., they have
been compared by Bojanus to the internal shorter series of tentacles,
of a Medusa ; affording another evidence of the analogy, though
remote, between the Cephalopods and the Radiata.

The two lateral processes at the termination of the rectum being,
in this instance, evidently adapted to form a valve for the closure .of
tbe anus, Mr. Owen was induced to examine the corresponding
structure in other species ; and to conclude, from his examination,'
Uiat similar appendages, although varying in form and position,
perform the same office in other Deeapoda. The slendemess of the
anal processes in Onychoteuthis and Loligopsis being such as to pre-
clude the possibility of their acting as mechamcal guards, it is in-

22

feived that they may perform the function of inatniments of aensa*
tipn» and <:onTey the stimulus to contract to the muscular parts
tfaiat close the outlet of the alunentary canal. In the Octepoda the
atKus is not similarly provided ; and, indeed, it may be generally ire-
marked that valvular or other guards are developed among the Ce*
pkalopoda only in such as have the power of propelling themselves
forwards in the water.

The generative apparatus forming part of the fragments referred
to, Mr. Owen examined it with some care. His most important
observation relative to these organs relates to a small round flat
fleshy body, attached near the anterior aperture of each of the two
nidamental glands, destitute of any outlet, and of an orange colour.
A single bilobed organ, of a bright orange or red colour, similarly
connected with the anterior extremities of the nidamental glands*
exists (as was long since pointed out by Swammerdam) in the Cut-
tle-fish. In Sepiola the corresponding body is single, and of a rose
colour. And there exist two such bodies in a small Cephalopod
taken by Capt. Ross on the shore of Boothia, which Mr. Owen has
recently described under the name of Roasia palpebrosa. Consider-
ing the bright colours which these bodies commonly present, and
their structure and relations to the g^ierative apparatus, Mr. Owen
feels authorized in regarding them as analogous to the suprarenal
bodies, hitherto regarded as peculiar to the Vertebrate series.

% The small Octopus described by Mr. Owen was obtained by Mr.
George Bennett, like the Loligo laticeps, among the Sargasso weed;
which forms, as it were, a bank in the midst of the ocean, affording
shelter to many marine animals of littoral genera. The condition
of the generative organs would appear to indicate that the specimens
brought home were not adult, and the species consequently may be
assumed to attain a greater size than that of the largest individual
in the collection, wliich measures only l-^ inch from the end of the
sac to the extremity of the longest arm. Of the eight arms the first,
or dorsal, pair is the longest, as is the case in many species of Oc-
topus ; the second pair is nearly of the same length as the first ; the
tlurd pair (which in the Decapods is commonly the longest) is scarcely
half the length of the first ; the fourth pair is nearly two thirds of
the length of the first. The musculo-membranous web, which is
usually extended between the bases of all the arms in the Octopi, is
in this species developed to the ordinary extent between the four
dorsal arms only : the webs between the second and third arms,
and the third and fourth arms, on each side, are very short ; that
between the fourth pair is wanting. From this peculiarity Mr. Owen
proposes to name the species Octopus semipalmatus.
Its anatomy generally agrees with that of Oct. vulgaris.

The remaining specimens described by Mr. Owen are the shell
and animal of Argonauta hians. Lam. They were obtained in lat.
4^ S., long. 17° W. The animal was alive at the time of its capture
by Mr. George Bennett, but fell out of its shell when it was moved
on the following morning. A mass of eggs was then exposed in the
involuted portion of the shell, which increased so greatly in size aftep

23

bdag pat iato tpirit that they now occupy so much of the^ cmtf
that not more than one thkd of the body of the parent conld be
forced into it.

Referring to the fact that the Cephatopodf hitherto found in the
shells of each species of Argonauta have inyariably presented
characters as specifically distinct as those of the shells in which they
were found, each species of animal having appropriated to it its owil
peculiar species of shell — a fact which extends not only to Arg»
ArgOy Arg, tuberculata, and Arg, hians, but also to an undescribed
species obtained in the Indian seas by Capt. P. P. King» R.N., for
which Mr. Owen proposes the name of Arg. rufa, he is disposed to
believe that tiie shell really belongs to the animal that occurs in it.
On this account he speaks of the animal in question as the Arg. hians,
discarding the name of Ocythoi Cranchii applied to it by Dr. Leach.

In carefully describing the specimen before him, Mr. Owen cor-
rects some errors in the account given of the animal by its original
describcr, and furnishes various particulars which, from the con-
tracted state of his individuals, were unobserved by Dr. Leach. ^Je
also adverts to the statement made by that able zoologist, that
in this species all the internal organs are essentially the same as in
Octopus : and remarks that Arg. hians, like Arg. Argo, recedes from
the naked Octopods and approaches the Decapods in the structure of
the branchial hearts, which are provided with a fleshy appendage,
in the form of the appendages cf the vena cava, which are shorter
and thicker ; and in the relative position of the lozenge-shaped ink-
bag, which is not buried in the substance of the liver, but lies in its
anterior concavity: the inferior salivary glands are also relatively
smaller. The following differences, as compared with Octopus, oc-
cur in other internal organs which adhere to the type of structure
that characterizes the Octopodous tribe of the Dibranchiata : the
laminated pancreatic bag is of a triangular form, and not spirally
disposed; the two oviducts are devoid of the circular laminated
glands whidi surround them in Octopus about the middle of their
course; they are also disposed in four or five convolutions as they
pass behind the roots of the branchia ; and they terminate at a rela-
tively greater distance from the base of the funnel.

Mr. Owen then describes various portions of the internal struc-
ture of Argonauta ; and especially its brain, its principal nervous
cords, and the lateral muscles, here at their minimum of develop-
ment, which attain in Nautilus, as the muscles of attachment to the
shell, so enormous a size.

The eggs are in nearly the same state of deV elopment as those
which have been described by Mr. Bauer and by Dr. Roget ; and
consequently afforded no conclusive proof as to the nature of the
connexion of the animal with the shell. In one of them, from the
form of the opake body contained within it, Mr. Owen for a moment
entertained the idea that the nucleus of the real shell might be
found : on tearing open, however, the external tissue, the contained
substance turned out to be nothing more than the yelk, separated
by an intervening stratum of clear fluid from the transparent wem-

24

Mnmt vkeUi ; and the inrhoiie Bubetence of tke opake mass aopai«ied
into the flakes» granules, and globules of oil» of which the vkdluB is
usually composed : there was not a trace of any consiatteot parts of
an embryo, nor the slightest particle of calcareous matter.

Mr. Owen concludes his communication by a tabular view of the
Qephaiofoda, exhibiting the external and internal duaracters eommon
to the entire dass ; t^ose t>f the aeiraral .oiders and families com-
prised in it ; and the names of the genera included in each fanoly.

25

March 8, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Ogilby read a paper, entitled " ObsenratioBS on the oppo0«
able power of the Thumb in certain Mammals, considered as a zoolo-
gical character : and on the Natural Affinities which subsist between
the Binuma, Quadrumana, and Pedimana."

In the summer of 1829 it occurred to Mr. Ogilby to observe that
two living individuals of Mycetes Seniculus did not use the extre*
mities of their anterior limbs for the purpose of holding objects be-
tween the fingers and thumb, as is common among the Quadrumana ;
and he ascertained also, on closer examination, that the thumb, as
it has generally been considered, was not in these animals opposaUe
to the other fingers, but originated in the same line witii them.
Struck with the apparent singularity of the fact, he was induced to
pay particular attention to all the other animals, referred by zoolo-
gists to the Quadrumanous family, to which he had access ; and the
continued observation of more than six years has assured him that
the non-opposable character of the inner finger of the anterior ex-
tremities, which he first observed in the specimens referred to, ts
not confined to the genus Mycetes, but extends throughout the
whole of the genera of the South American Monkeys, individuals of
all of which have now been seen by him in the living state. In
none of them, consequently, does a true t^umb exist on the ante-
rior limbs : and as a further consequence it follows, that the whok
of them have hitherto been incorrectly referred to the Quadrumana
by zoologists generally. There is a solitary exception among de-
scripdve writers from this mode of viewing the subject, D'Azara
(as Mr. Ogilby has very recently become aware) having spoken of
tlie anterior extremities of some of the species observed by him as
having five fingers originating on the same line with each other :
but the statements of that original observer appear, in this respect,
either to have been unnoticed by other authors or to have been
passed by as undeserving of attention, so entirely were they at va-
riance with the preconceived notions of all.

Of the eight natural genera which include all. the known Monkeys
of the Western Hemisphere, one, Ateles, is entirely destitute of . a
thumb, or has that member existing only in a rudimentary form be-
neath the skin. In five others, Mycetes, Lagothris, Aotasi Pithecia,
and Hapale, the anterior thumbs (using the ordinary expression for
them) are placed absolutely on the same line with the other fingers,
are of the same form with them, act invariably in the .same direc-
tion, and are totally incapable of being opposed to them. In the two
remaining genera, Cehus and Callithrix, the extremities of th£ an-
terior limbs have, a greater external res^.mldance to the hands of Man
and of the Monkeys of the Old World: the. internal finger is placed

No. XXXIX. — PROCEBDINGS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SoCIETY.

26

farther bade tlum the general line of the other fingers, and has, on
that account, when superficially noticed, the semblance of being
opposed to them ; bat, as has been correctly observed by jyAzaia
with reference to Ceb. capucimus, it is leaa separated than in Man :
it is, besides, of precisely the same slender form with the rest, is
weaker than them, absolatdy without power of opposition to them,
and habitaally acts in the same direction with them. The impres-
sion defined froM contemplating the hands of the Old Wodd Mom-
itcy# might induce the belief that the extremities ctf the Grit.are si*
mflaiiy constituted : but if the knowledge that in MfcetefrEsthetia,
&c., there are no opposable thumbs, lead to a tdoae obaunaiiiiin of
the anterior extremities of the CeM, it wiQ be found Unt they do
not act as hands,and cannot be considered as p o s ocoDn ig the^powerft
of tiiose organs. Prom innumemble obeervationa of > many species
of that genus Mr. Ogilby states that it was very evident,, notwidu
standing the fallaiaoas i^ipearance occasioned by tire backwankposi-
tioB of liie oigan, that they had not the power of ojqiesing the
thumb to the other fingers in the act of prehension : and, in leiet;
their principal power of prehension seems to be altogether indepen*
dent of the thumb, for, geneiaUy speaking, that member wa^ not
brought into action at aU, at least not simultaneously with the other
fingers, but bung loosely on one side, as Mr. Ogilby has seen- it doi
IB Vfke dnmmstances, in the Opossums » Pkalangers, and other 9S*
boreal Mammals : when actually brought into play, howevov tht
tibumb of the Cebi invariably acted in the same dkeodon astheodier
fingers. Cebus consequentiy agrees in the character of non^oppos^
ableness of thumb with the nearly allied geneia. And in this hi*
therto tmsuspected peculiarity zoologists obtain a far u^e impor-
tant -character by which to distinguish the Monkeys of the Old and
New World than that hitherto relied on, the comparative ttdekneas
of the septum narium, or than the accessory aids afibrded by the
absence of cheek-pouches and callosities. Hence, according to
Mr. Og^y, as the Monkeys of America have now been ascertained to
be destitute of anterior hands, they can be no longer included among
the Qnadrumana; and he proposes in consequence to regard them at
Feikmana, He considers tlmt in the latter series, the Monkeys of
America form a group paridlel to that of tbe Mtmkeys of the Old
World among the Quadrumana : and viewing the Quadrumana as
consisting of two primary -groups, that of which Smia fonns the
type, and the Lemutiim, he proceeds to analyse the Pedhnana in
order to determine whether any group analogoiffi to the Lemurs
exists in it. He finds such a group in the association cd ttte genera
Dideiphis^ Ckeironeetes, Phalmigi^ta, Petaurus, and PkaseolartM,
(together with a new genus, Pseudockirus, which he has found' it
necessary to separate £rom Phalangista as at present constituted)',
and for this association he uses the name of DidelphUUt, Awsff
that. the modifications observable in the dentary systems of these
several genera have been regarded by many zoologists as betc^eUr
ing a difference of regimen, which has led to their being viewed as
constituting distinct families ; he, in the first place, states, as the

27

c^ultof'his obsenratioaof:the habits of the numerous specie? of aU
these geuem which have beeu, from time to time, exhibited in the
Society's Gardens, that there is little or no difference, in this re-
spect, between the Opossums and Phalangers, but that all are equ^y
omniyorous ; and then proceeds to discuss the modifications ths^t
eadst among theni in the number and form of the several* kinds of
teeth^ which are not^ in his estimation, so very diffident in reality
between tibe OposBvma and PhaktHgi^rs as they appear to be at first
sight. In further support of his opinion that this association of ge-
nera fbcms a natnrol family, Mr« Ogilby refers ta the gradual and
uninterrupted transition horn the iiaked<-]»rehensile«tailed Opossums
of South.Ammca, tkrougli the eqnaUy naked-tailed Cou^cou^y Ba^
l(uUia,\oi the Indian Isles, to the true Phalaug^r^ ; and from, these
to the Petmarists directly on the oae^ hand, and by means of the
Pseud§ckeirs to the Koalas oa the other.

On the prehensile, power of the tail Mr. Ogilby particularly iur
sists, as on a faculty possessed by the greater number of the Pedu
numa, and as one which is, in truth, almost confined to them : only
Aree known genera belonging to other groups, Synetherus, Myrme-
cophaga, and Cercoleptes, being endowed with it. He remarks on
this fEkculty as on one of considerable importance, affording as it
does, in some degree, a compensation for the absence of opposable
thumbs on the anterior limbs. Combined with the prehensile tail,
in every known instance, whether among the Pedimana or in other
groups, is a slowness and apparent cautiousness of motion, not ob*
servable in any of the Quadrumana except in the Nycticebi, In none
of the true Quadrumana is the tail prehensile.

Another evidence of the distinctness, as two groups, of the Qua-
drumana and the Pedimana, is furnished by their geographical distri-
bution. The Quadrumana are strictly confined to the limits of the
Old World : ttiePedimana, almost as exclusively to the New World;
for Mr. Ogilby considers the continent of Australia to belong more
properly to America than to Asia. The very few apparent excep-
tions tliat occur to this latter position are in the presence of some
species of Phalangers in the long chain of islands that connect th^
south-eastern shores of Asia wiUi the north-eastern coast of Aus-
tralia ; islands which may, in truth, be fairly regarded as belonging
partly to the one and partly to the other, and the productions of
whidx might consequently be expected to partake of the character
of both.

Mr. Ogilby subsequently adverts to another Pedimanous animal,
the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, constituting the genus Cheiromys ; re-
specting the afiOmities of which he speaks wit£ hesitation, because,
luiving never had an opportunity of examining the animal itself^ he
is acquainted with its characters only at second-hand. He is, how-
ever, disposed to regard it as representing a third group among the
Pedimana, to be placed in a station intermediate between the Mon-
keys of the New World and the Didelphidte. With the latter he
would, in fact, be disposed to associate it, were it not destitute of
the marsupial character which belongs to all the other animals com-

28

prised in that group. In some of the DideipkidtB, the PhaUmgers
and Petamriatg especially, there is a marked approximation to that
lodont form of incisor teeth which obtains in Chetromys^ and whTch
has hitherto been r^aided as especially attaching to it an abnormal
chaiacter.

Mam is tlie only other animal furnished with hands ; and how-
ever distinct he maybe as regards his moral and inteileetual powers,
he mnst, zoologically, be considered on physical grounds. By his
stroctnral characters he becomes associated with all those of whlcL
mention has previously been made in Mr. Goby's communication ;
although he unquestionably constitutes among them a peculiar group,
sensibly exalted above the rest, as well as above all otiier Mammah.

Mr.Ogilby concludes by proposing tiie name of Ckeiropeds, Cketro-
poda, to include all the Mammals ^at are possessed of hands ; and
by subjoining a table of the fiamilies and genera included in this or-
der, as he regards it. Of this taUe the following may be regarded
as an abstract.

Class. Mammalia.

Order. Cheiropoda,

Mammak with opposable thumbs

On the anterior extremities only Bimana.

On both anterior and posterior extremities. . . . Quadbumana.
And with anthropoid teeth.

Monkeys of the Old World,

— — — abnormal teeth,

Lemurida,

On the posterior extremities only Pbdimana.

And with anthropoid teeth,

Monkeys of the New World,

rodent teeth,

Cheiromys.

abnormal teeth,

Didelphida:.

29

March 22, 1836,
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair

The following Notes by Mr. Martin on the visceral and osteological
Anatomy of the Cariama, Dicholophus cristatuSf III., were read.

" The Caiiama, of the examination of which I made the following
notes, was sent to the Society by its President, the Earl of Derby, in
November, 1835. It was a female, and had died from the effects of
extensive visceral inflammation.

"The trachea, without making any curvature or loop^ passed straight
into the chest. The oesophagus, immediately before its entrance, pre^
sented a gentle but evident dilatation. On carefully dissecting away
the abdominal muscles, the gizzard appeared just below the apex of
the sternum, lying in a vertical position, so that its defined abdominal
edge seemed a continuation of the sternal apex. On each side above
was a large air-cell extending along the ribs, but s^arated from what
may be termed the thoracic air-cell ; and on each side below was
another, occupying the iliac region, the membrane being fixed to the
pubic bones. From the gizzard a kind of fatty omentum, if the term
be allowed, stretched over the intestines ; this omentum, however>
was only the peritoneal membrane lining the abdominal muscles,
having mt disposed in a foliaceous manner between its two lamintB.
Below the gizzard lay the duodenum, its loose fold sweeping round
that viscus in a horseshoe form. Each lobe of the liver was very soft,
and, as it were, decomposed in structure, of a rose pink colour, and
glued firmly to the peritoneal cavity by a layer of coagulated lymph
half an inch thick 3 and the abdominal cavity was filled with bloody
serum.

" The gizzard was of large size, thin, but muscular, with a radiating
tendinous patch on each side, of the size of half-a-crown. It was
lined with a strong coriaceous membrane, of a yellowish colour, irre-
gularly puckered. The proventriculus was lined for the extent of 2
inches above its entrance into the gizzard with a zone of thickly set
glands.

'' The duodenum, on leaving the gizzard, made a sweep of 6 inches,
from the right to the left, round that viscus, and then, returning sud-
denly upon itself, embraced in this flexure, as usual, the pancreas. The
whole of the small intestines were disposed in loops of a similar na-
ture, but of less extent. The duodenum at its commencement was a
little enlarged ; but not into anything like a pyloric appendix as in
the Adjutant,

" The gall-bladder was of the size of a walnut; and the biliary duct,

30

an inch in length, entered the duodenum at its second turn, where the
reflected portion returns to the gizzard. At half an inch from the
biliary duct an hepatic duct entered ; and near this two pancreatic
ducts : but the pancreas was so disorganized that 1 failed in all en-
deavours to make out more.

" The total length of the small intestines was 2 feet 10 inches j of
the large, 5 inches, reckoning from the base of the c«ca, which were
double, closely adherent to the small intestines, and 7-h inches long.
•The etoacoi at its entrance into which ^e large inteattne was sur-
rounded by a sphmoter-^like valve, was divided by a fold into two
|MH*tioiia : 'beneath this fold entered <the ureters aiul oviduct^ and
below and between the uretens was the bur^ FabricH*' Xhie iky^i
.portia« of theicloaca was lined with a villousisoat ; but the {M|«(trbelow
had a smooth mucous lining. The villi of the large intestine were
jdisposed in longitudinal {lines ; but this was not the case in the cloaca,
jwhere the villous surface-was .uniform. The length of .the cloofia was
1 inch and 5 lines ; its circumference Uinch.

" The gizzard was filled «with undigested flesh, fefither%, and peb-
bles.

"The intestines were full of pus, and their villous lining was higUy
inflamed.

'' In the ii^hole of the viscerul arrangenient a clo^e affinity may be
>ohsei!ved to the Or us tribe. In the Stanley Crane {Jnlhr^poides pa-
<radtf^M,.BeQhst.) the intestines are similarly 'disposed in foUksW loopSj
,and the two caea, given off 6 inches from the ia»j(«,Aie 4 in<;kieB Ipng.
In the Stanley Crane^ however, X\^. nuiscular coat of the gizsard is
thicJser .than in. the Cdrtama, being in aonne pacts an inidti acrosfii
'While in the latter bird it is about i of «n inch ; hence there is in ttns
.point an itidex ctf a lens vegetable reghnen. in:the Stanley Crme,
ithe total length of the intestki^B'ts ^ reet dJnohes. In the Cariam,
»lt«i« 3 feet 5^. inches.

^** In its general aspect the skeleton of the Cari&ma is very remark-
able. The comparative shortness of the neck, the compactness of the
chest and stoutness of the ribs, together with the abbreviated condi-
tion of the wings, appear as if out of harmony with the length of the
limbs, especially of the tibia and tarsus 3 while the toes conclading
this length of limb are short, the hinder one being situated high and
not touching the ground.

** The skull, as in the Cranes, is arched above, but rises on the
vertex to a more abrupt elevation 3 the arch in the Stanley Crane
being a regular sweep from the base of the upper mandible to the
occiput. The orbits are large, and are separated by a bony ^epitim with
a central and posterior perforation and a slight superior fissure. In the
Stanley Crane, the central perforation is large and continuous with
the posterior ; the superior fissure being also more decided. The supra-
orbital process of the lacrymal bone is large, prominent, and directed
backwards, as it is in the Stanley Crane, There is also a large pos-

31

terior orbital process, forming part of the rim pf thfe orbit ; and be-
fore the 08 quadraium there projects forwards and downwards a pro-
cess of the temporal bone, analogous, I suspect, to the zygomatic
process; for the long bone sketching to the upper mandiUe from the
ot quadratum, which in the present bird is remarkably slender^ cannot
be called a true zygoma. Between these two processes is the de-
pression for the temporal muscle. The nostrils are large, wide^ ovoid,
and open.

^^ In the lower jaw there is nothing remarkable. It may be ob-
served, however^ that a slit, or long foramen, marks the union of tlie
basal to the anterior portion of the bone, instead of a simple suture.
The coronoid process is very small.

'' The vertebra are short and stout, and resemble more those of a
^Minaceous Bird than of a Cnme; in fiEict, they differ little from those
of the crested Curassow. Their number is as follows :

Cervical- 13

Dorsal 7

Sacral 12 apparently.

Caudal 8

But that a rib arises on each side from it, the last or 7th dorsal ver-
tebra is so completely consolidated to the sacrum that it cannot be
distinguished from that portion of the column 3 — this is also the case,
in the black-crested Curassow, with the last dorsal vertebra ; and in the
Stanley Crane, with the last two.

<< The sternum differs considerably in figure from that of the Stan-
ley Crane. For, independently of the absence of a channel in the an-
terior edge of the keel for the reception of the trachea, the keel is
neither so deep, nor is its anterior apex even in contact with the
point of the. os furcatum, (there being a firm consolidation in the
Sionley Crane,) while its posterior edge is narrow and prolonged as
io Gallinaceous Birds; whereas in^the Stanley Crane it is broad and
squared. The total length of the sternum is 44- inches : the greatest
depth of the keel li. The keel does not arise abruptly from Uie body
oi the sternum, but the latter merges gradually into it.

*^'The osfurcatum is very slender and depressed towards the cora-
coid bones ; its .figure is triangular, and the apex does not reach the
keel of the sternum by nearly half an inch. The Cariama is a bird of
feeUe powers of flight, very different from the Crane in this respect,
and^^chibiting a corresponding modification of the osseous parts con-
BeQted with aerial progression.

<| The ifibs^ seven in number on. each side, are short and strong; the
first two are false : in the Stanley Crane I can only find one false rib
on each side ) while all the rest are long, somewhat slender, and ex-
te;nd nearly 2 inches beyond the posterior margin of the sternum :
whereas in the Cariama, the posterior sternal apex extends beyond

32

the ribs, . which here make a very obtuse angle at their junction with
the cartilages^ or rather bones of sternal attachment.

** The clavicles offer nothing remarkable.

*M'he bones of the wings are short 5 the fore arm and humerus being
of equal length, — 4-^ inches : the hand consists of the usual bones
la. Birds, and is about 3-^ inches in length.

*< The /emur, as in the Crane, is short and strong, meaauring 31-
inches. The tibia is slender^ measuring 8i inches in length ; the pro-
jecting crista before its upper articulating surface is very bold : as in
the Crane, there is a large internal plate and an external pointed pro-
cess; with a deep hollow between them, occupying the front of the
upper end of the tibia. The ^bula h, as usual, a slender stylet, and
3 inches long. The tarsus is 64 inches long, of a sijuared form to-
wards its upper extremity, with an anterior and posterior groove very
strongly marked, and a slighter groove on each side. The accessory
or little metatarsal bone, at the base of the hind toe, is very small,
and is situated about an inch from the lower extremity of the tarsus.
The toes are short and stout, but consist of the usual number of pha-
langes,

'^ Though the Cariama, in its osseous structure, exhibits but little
resemblance to the Birds of the Raptorial order, it approaches that
order very remarkably in the structure of the eye, which is surround-
ed by a firm consolidated osseous ring. This ring departs materially
in its formation from what obtains among the Grallatores generally,
where it is imbricated and slight, and indeed scarcely merits the
name of osseous.

*' The choroid, the iris, and the lens present nothing remarkable,
l^e ciliary processes are 102 in number, and about the 12th of an
inch in length. The marsupium nigrum is strong, large in proportion
to the eye, and much elevated."

In illustration of Mr. Martin's Notes, the mounted skeleton of the
Cariama was exhibited ; as were also preparations of several of the
viscera.

The following Notes by Mr. Martin, of the anatomy of a specimen
of Buffon's Touraco, Corythaix Buffonii, Vaill., were subsequently
read.

** The death of a specimen of Buffon's Touraco in the Gardens of
the Society, has enabled me to investigate its visceral anatomy, and
to compare the details afforded by that species, with those given by
Mr. Owen respecting the Corythaix porphureolopha. The individual
in question was a female of the Cor, Buffonii. In the total length
of the head, neck and body, exclusive of the tail-feathers, it measured
8-^ inches.

" On opening the abdomen, I found the viscera thus arranged.
Below the edge of the sternum, (which is a very short bone, its keel
being only 1 i inch long,) appeared the two lobes of the liver^ (highly

33

tuberculated): on the left side was the giszard -, and on the rights the
£»t portion of the duodenum with the spleen apparent. On turning
bacic the stomachy there appeared, dorsad, the coil of intestines.

** Beginning with the cMophagus, I found it a wide dilatable simple
tube, puckered longitudinally within, but these foldings disappeared
on dilatation ; lying compressed in situ its breadth was rather more
than 4- an inch. Without any previous dilatation or crop, it entered
the proventriculusi its boundary line being a sphincter-like thicken-
ing. The whole of the proventriculus was covered internally with
small thickly set glands, of a flattened figure ; and its length from the
termination of the cesophagua to the gizzard was 4 of an inch.

" The tongue was tipped with a sharp flat horny point ; but I could
find no bristles at its apex, as in the Toucans^ and as was seen by
Mr. Owen in the Corythaix porphyreolopka. Its base was covered
with retroverted papilla, which occurred again posterior to the rima
glottidis. The pharynx^ or opening into the gullet, was beset with
numerous glands, the mouths of which were very visible. The trachea
was a straight tube 5 but soon after commencing it gradually con trad-
ed, and then gradually dilated for the space of an inch, contracting
again, and again dilating as it dipped into the chest. As this pecu*
liarity is not noticed by Mr. Owen in the species he dissected, I con-
clude that it does not exist in it. The sterno- tracheal muscles con-
sisted of a smgle pair.

** The liver consisted of two lobes as usual, and beneath the right
lay the gall-bladder, of an oblong figure, which I found empty. Its
duct, 2 inches in length, entered the duodenum at the first angle, and
beneath the body of the pancreas^ accompanied by an hepatic duct
which entered with it.

"The pancreas was small, and consisted of a lobulated portion
lying on the angle of the duodenum above mentioned, and giving off
a narrow slip along the first portion of the duodenum to which it was
dosely attached. I could trace two small ducts from it entering near
the biJe-ducts. The distance of this angle from the gizzard was about
Jf inch. I found the spleen adhering to the gizzard, and between
this and the right lobe of the liver. Its figure was oval, its size that
of a small nutmeg, its structure soft and evidently disorganized.

" The heart presented nothing remarkable 3 it was subacute and 1 1
inch long.

<< The muscular parietes of the gizzard were thin -, but this viscus
vras lined by a leathery membrane of a whitish colour : its length was
I4- inch ; its diameter when lying compressed as usual l^. It con-
tained a little undigested vegetable matter.

*^Tbe duodenum, beginning small from u short pyloric canal, as
noticed by Mr. Owen, suddenly dilated to 4ths of an inch in dia-
meter ; the pyloric canal was corrugated internally, these corruga-
tions verging to a sphincter.
T. **The small intestines were 1 U inches in length, terminating in a

34

globular pouch or eiecumy not unlike the rudimentary cacum found in
Home land Tartoiies. From this pouch to the anus the- dititance was
5 inches. The intestinal canal was full of purulent matter, and its
inucous coat was highly inflamed. 1 found no worms, though I looked
icarefnlly for them^ opening nearly the whole of the alimentary canal.

" The oviduct and the ureters terminated in the cloaca as usual.
The ovary was nearly 4 of an inch long. The kidneys were as usual.

" The eyes approximated closely in structure to those of the Parrot
tribe. The sclerotic coat had a narrow ring of ossification composed
of eleven plates^ six of which were disposed in an imbricated manner^
the ^ve at the lower and posterior part being only in juxtaposition.
Of these plates, however, the three superior alone could be termed
fairly osseous. The comea was small in diameter and not very convex.
The optic nerve entered the infero-posterior portion of the sclerotic,
the retina springing ffotn a^tubercle under and around the marsupium,
which was very small. The vitreous humour and lens were as usual.
The metnbrana aquatka, as it is termed, was very visible. The ciliary
processes, the 12th of an inch long, were 96 in number. The uvea
was dark ,- the iris lake colour, and its sphincter fibres distinct ; ifhe
ciliary ligament broad ; the pigmentum nigrura dark brown and in
jarge quantity. Many fibrils of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th pms of nerves
pierced the sclerotic."

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to an interest-
ing series of the Indian Antelope^ AntUope Cervicapra^ Pall., now at
ihe Society's Gardens. It consists of four individuals : an adult and
aged male, brought by Col, Sykes from Bombay, and presented by him
to the Society nearly five years ago; a younger, yet adult, male, whidi
was presented, in an immature condition, about two years since ; an
immature male, lately arrived in the Menagerie, and in about the
same state of development as that in which the la^nnentioned indi-
vidual was when it was originally presented ; and an emasculated in-
dividual of full growth. In the older of these Antelopes the rich deep
colour of the body generally is so intense as almost to approach to
black, and the horns are strong and fully developed : the possession
of horns and the depth of colouring, which are peculiar to the male
Sex, are exhibited in it at their maximum. The second individual ap*
proximates nearly to it in the degree in which these secondary sexual
characters are developed. In the third, Uie youngest of the series,
there exist the horns characteristic of the male, but these organs are
yet of smaU growth, are only beginning to be annnlated at theirlmse,
and are commencing their first spiral turn -, its colcnr, as is very
generally the case among «he young of animals that in adult 'age are
differently coloured in the sexes, is that of the female, which in this
instance is a dutl fown with a pale stripe along the side : it has, con-
sequently, in these two striking particulars, full evidence of immatu-
rity. The emasculated imlividual was probably, at the period when

35

thftt occskfeQt or .operalion occurred which prevenied the development
of its aexual characten!* et nearly the same age as the one last ad-
verted to: it has since continued to increase in bulk, and it e?en ex-
ceedH in size, as often happens in castrated animals, the perfect aduft
male of the snine species : but the secondary sexual characters of the
male have not been developed in it ; it retains the dull fawn colour
of . immaturity, and its bornshavenot acquired the strength, theannu-
latioDy or the spiral turns which, belong to those of the adult and per-
fect male* One of the horns has Jbeen broken roff^ perhaps the more
Teadily from some weakness in. its structure, consequent on its nnin-
jxirtance to an animal so degenerated: the other retains, at. a short
distance irom its normally formed tip^ a few rings, but beyond these
the surface has become smooth, the substance remains .weak and
comparatively smalls and the direction, .instead of beti^ ia a succes-
«ioi\ ^ spiral turns, is in a single sweep, passing backwardsiabere the
base of the ear and then descending along the curve of the neck : it
hasy though weaker, much of the character of the horns of the African
Tace of Sheep. The general appeuance of the animal is also sheep-
like and tame.

Mr. Bennett proeeeded to remark that these animals, although cu-
.rious and interesting on account of the variations exbitxited by Ihem,
in accordance with their ieveral conditions, in thoae .acknowledged
secondary sexual characters, colour and horns, were yet more in-
teresting when considered with reference to the state of another organ,
the use of which has longxemained a problem to zoologists, but which^
it appeared to him, must be referred to sexual relations -, he JiUoded
now to the lacrymaL sinus* Referring to its strucUu'e as to that of a
sac, opening externally by a lengthened slit, but perfectly closed
within, he remarked, that that organ could not possibly be in any
d^ree connected with the functions of respiration ; there being no
aperture through it for the passage of air. Its inner surface is covered
by a smooth Kkin, with a few scattered and very short bristles, and
is defended by a dark -coloured and copious secretion of ceruminous
matter, which has a slight urinous or sexual odour. He did not
feel himself competent, he stated, to explain the precise manner -in
which this organ is available for sexual purposes ; yet he felt con-
vinced that such is its use, from the consideration of its relative de-
velopment in the several Indian. Antelopes of the Society's Mena-
gerie.

In the more aged of these individuals, as indeed in the adult Indian
Antelope ^eneraWy^ the large cutaneous follicle beneath the eye known
as the iacrymal sinus, is so prominent us to form a most striking feature
in the animal's physiognomy: it never appears as a simple slit, its
thickened edges pouting so widely as to be at all times partially
everted. When the animal is excited, and it is constantly highly ex-
citable, the eversion of the bag becomes complete, and its thick lips
being thrown widely back, the intervening space is actually forced

36

forwards .so as to form a projection instead of a hollow: the anhuid
is, on such occasions^ delighted to thrust repeatedly the naked lining
of the sac against any substance that is offered to him, which soon
becomes loaded with the odour that h&s been referred to as belonging
to. the secretion. In the second individual, although it is perfectly
mature^ the protrusion of the inner surface of the sac is not quite to
so great an extent as in the more aged male ; and the less thickened
edges of the sinus allow of a nearer approximation to its closure in
the unexcited state of the animal. The youngest male has the lips
of the sinus small and closely applied to each other^ so as to hide
completely the whole of the internal lining of the sac» and to exhibit,
externally, a mere fissure : in it the lips are but slightly moved when
the animal is interested. The emasculated individual^ notwithstand-
ing its full growth, has its suborbital sinus nearly in the same condi-
tion as that of the immature male : it is merely a slight fissure, the
edges of which are closely applied to each other $ and in it those
edges do not appear to be at all moved, the animal being generally
careless and inanimate. It would consequently seem that the same
cause which induced the retention, by this individual, of its immature
colours, and which arrested the perfect growth of its horns, was ade-
quate also for the checking of the development of the suborbital sinuses.
Those organs, therefore, would appear to be dependent on sexual per-
fection i and consequently to be, in some manner yet to be ascertain-
ed, snl»ervient to sexual purposes, with the capacity for which they
are evidently, in the phases of their development, essentially con*
nected.

Mr. Owen, who had conceived it possible that the secretion of
these glands, when rubbed upon projecting bodies, might serve to di-
rect individuals of the same species to each other, remarked that he
had endeavoured to test the probability of this supposition by pre-
paring a tabular view of the relations between the habits and habitats
of the several species of Antelopes, and their suborbital, maxillary,
post-auditory, and inguinal glands ; in order to be able to compare
the presence and degrees of development of these glands with the
gregarious and other habits of the Antelope tribe. He stated, how-
ever, that it was evident from this table, that there is no relation be-
tween the gregarious habits of th^ Antelopes which frequent the plains,
and the presence of the suborbital and maxiliary sinuses -, since these,
besides being altogether wanting in some of the gregarious species,
are present in many of the solitary frequenters of rocky mountainous
districts. The supposition, therefore, that the secretion may serve,
when left on shrubs or stones, to direct a straggler to the general
herd, falls to the ground.

Mr. Owen's Table is as follows :

37

Suborbital
and maxil
lary sinuses.
Suborbital si-
nuses large.

L}

1.

small.

Suborbital
•sinuses.

o
S'

Suborbital g ^

glands. *^

AntUope Sumatr etuis. Hilly forests; habits of the
Goat,

Cervicapra, Open plains of India ; gregarious.

quadriscopa, Senegal.

melampus. Open plains of Cafiraria ; flocks
of six or eight.

Forfex, Africa.

adenota, Africa.

quadricomU,

picta. Dense forests of India

scoparia. Open plains of S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.

Traffulus. Stony plains and valleys of S. Africa ;
in pairs.

melanoUs, Plains, hides in underwood; in
pairs.

Dorcas. Border^ of the desert ; gregarious.

KeveUa. Stony plains, Senegal ; gregarious.

subgutturosa. Plains, Central Asia; grega-
rious.

BennettU. Rocky hills of Deccan ; not gre-
garious.

Arabiea. Stony hills of Arabia.

Soemmermgii. Hills in Abyssinia ; not gre-
garious.

Euchore. Dryplains of S.Africa; gregarious.

pygarga. Plains, S. Africa; gregarious.

Mhorr. Deserts of Morocco.

Datna.

ruficollis. Deserts of Nubia ; gregarious.
AntUope Colus. Vicinity of lakes ; gregarious, migra-
tory.

gutturosa. Arid deserts, Asia; periodically
gregarious.

AntUope Saltiana. Mountainous districts, Abyssinia ;
in pairs.
Oreotrague. Mountains of the Cape; like

the Chamois.
Thar. Hills of Nepaul ; not gregarious.
Gazella. Senegal. ?

Antilope Bubalis. Mountains and deserts, Tripoli ;
gregarious.
Caama. Plains of S. Africa ; gregarious.
? lunata. S. Airiea.

Gnu. Karroos of S. Africa ; gregarious.
taurina s. Gorgon. S. Africa ; gregarious.

Maxillary
sinuses.

L

r Antilope

u

silvicultrix. Thickets and underwood, Africa.
mergens. Forests and underwood, S. Africa;

in pairs.
Grimmia. Guinea.
Burchellii.
platous.
perpusilla.
Alaxwellii.
pygmtea.

Bushes, S. Africa ; in pairs.

38

S

l<

o

No suborbital, f AniUope Strepgierrot. Woods aiid banks of riv«rs,
or maxillary Ca0raria ; subgregarioas.

sinuses. tylvaiiea. Woods, Cafiraria ; in pairs.

scripia.

Koha, Senegal.

Kob. Senegal.

Eleotragus, Heedy banks, Cape ; subgre-
garious.

redunca. Goree.

Capreolus, Underwood, S. Africa ; subgre-
garious.

Landiana. Underwood, S. Africa; subgre-
garioas.

(Post-auditory Ant'dape Rupicapra. Mountains, Europe ; subgrega-

Bmuses.) L nous.

No suborbital, f Anfildpe Addax. Deserts, N. Africa; in pairs.

or maxillary Leucoryx. Acacia groves, N. Africa; gi'e-

■inuscs. garious.

Oryx, Woods and plains, S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.

leucopkaa. Open plains, S. Africa; sub-
gregarious.

harhata. Open plains, S. Africa ; in pairs.

equina. Plains, S. Africa ; in pairs.

eUipsiprymnus.' S. Africa.

Oreas. Open plains, S. Africa ; gregarious.

Canna, Deserts, Cape ; gregarious.

Goral. Elevated plains, Himalaya; grega-

Mr. Ogilby remarked, with reference to this subject^ that he had
had opportunities of observing, at the Surrey Zoological Gardens, a
female of the Indian Antelope, in which, when he first saw her^ the
lacrytnal sinus was in a state of quiescence : but when he observed
ber again ^ a month afterwards, and probably in improved condition, .
that organ was in a state as excitable as it is in the old male of the
Society*s Gardens.

He added, as a general remark, which, however, he stated was not
univeraal, that in intertropical animals the lacrymal siniis is larger
than in more northern species, and in those whose range is limited to
mountainous districts.

He also described the lacrymal ainua of a species of Gazelle, which
he had observed after death : it consisted of a gland furnished with six
excretory ducts placed nearly in a circle, and with one central duct :
ftooLf the orifices of these ducts, when squeezed, there issued out
strings, of a dense ceruminous matter.

Mr. Bennett stated in conclusion, that since making his observa-
tions on the Indian Antelope, which had led him to form the opinion
he had advanced with respect to the use of the lacrymal sinus, he had

39

D»l»iTedtftoiii Mf. 'Hodgson of Net>al> a CoJrreaponding' MmfAj^ of
tbe Society^ a letter in which, among other »ut]^ects, some Demarks
are made on this organ as it exists in the Thar Antelope, smd m the
Cervus jiristotelis : in the former of those animals, Mr. Hodgson's
observations prove that during the breeding-season the lacrymal sinus
is in a high state of activity. Mr. Hodgson's letter, which is dated
Nepal, June 18, 1835, refers also to other glands in some other An-
iehpesy as will be seen by the following extract.

<< The Chvru Antelope has exceedingly large inguinal sacs, which
hang by a long narrow neck from the loins. The longitudinal quasi
maxillary gland of the Cambin Otan I doubt the existence of> and
believe its ' suborbital sinus * to be similar to that of Thar.

''The latter differs essentially from that organ in any Deer or An^
telope I have seen j being furnished with a huge gland, filling the
whole cavity or depression on the scull, and leaving the cuticular fold
void of hollowness : it is filled up, like the bony depression, by the
gland; whereas the gland of this sinus, in most Deer and Antelopes^
is a tiny thing, and a dubious one. As to any Cervine or Antilopine
animal breathing through the suborbital sinus, it cannot be, unless
they can breathe through bone and skin ! If you pass a fine probe
down the lacrymal duct, you see the probe through the bottom of
the osseous depression holding the cuticular fold called the suborbital
sinus. But, however thin the plate of bone at the bottom of the
former, it is there, without breach of continuity; and the cuticular
portion of the apparatus has a continuous course throughout, leaving
no access to the inside of the head. I am watching closely a live
specimen of Certus Aristotelis, to discover, if I can, the use of this
organ. In a recently killed male of this species, I passed a pipe into
the nose, up to the site of the suborbital sinus, and tried, in vain, for
half an hour, with the aid of a dozen men's lungs, to inflate the sinus.
Not a particle of air would pass; nor could I cause the sinus to un-
fold itself, as the live animal unfolds it, by means of a set of muscles
disposed crosswise round the rim of it. In dissecting the sinus, I
found only a feeble trace of a gland; so also, in the Muntjac.

" But in the Thar, the gland is conspicuous, being a huge lump of
flesh, bigger than, and like in shape to, the yolk of an e^^. The live
Thar, too, in the spring especially^ pours out a continuous stream of thin
viscid matter from the sinus; not so in any Deer, The Thar*s gland
seems to me connected with the generative organs: and I take its
profuse secretion to be a means of relieving the animal (when it has
no mate particularly) from the extraordinary excitement to which it
is liable in the courting-season. I have witnessed that excitement,
and have been amazed at its fearful extent, topical and general, for
six weeks and more.

''The ChMs labial sacs, or intermaxillary pouches, are, most
clearly, accessory nostrils, designed to assist breathing at speed.

40

They spread wiUi the dilatation of the true nostril^ and contract with
its contraction. This species has but five molar teeth on each side of
either jaw.**-*-B.H, H.

41

April 12, 1836.

WilHam Yanrell, Esq., in the Chaii-.

Mr. Bennett directed the attention of the Meeting to a living
i^eittien of the brush-^aUed Kangaroo, Macropus penicillatus^ Gray«
which had recently been added to the Menagerie ; having been
presented to the Society by Captain Deloitte, Corr. Menib* Z. S.
He remarked particularly on the peculiarity of its actions, as com-
pared with those of the typical Kangaroos ; and especially on the
ease with which it vaults from the ground to any slight ledge, on
which it remains perched, as it were, with its tail extended behind
it : the tail, in fact, appearing to be in no respect aiding in the pro-^
gression of the animal.

Referring to some observations which he had made on the exhi-»
bition of a skin of the same species, at the Meeting of the Society
on January 13, 1835, (Proceedings, part iii. p. 1,) he stated it to be
his intention to reduce into order his various remarks on the subject,
and to tCGompany them by a figure of the animal taken from the
living specimen.

Mr« Oweii read the following notes of the morbid appearances ob«
served in the dissection of the specimen of the Chimpanzee^ Simia
TrogioiyieSf Linn«, which lately died at the Gardens; and respecting
the iobits and faculties of which some observations by Mr. Broderip
were read at the Meeting of the Society on October 27, 1 835. (Pro-
ceedings, part iii. p. 160.)

^^Adbesions of the abdominal viscera to the parietes of the
etvity existed in many parts, but more especially of the ascending
colon and caecum on the right side. On separating these adhesionn
a purulent cavity was exposed, with which the ileum, near its ter-
ra ilMttion, communicated by an ulcerated aperture about half an
inch in diameter. An abscess also existed between the lower end of
tiie c^€uin and the peritoneum, and the whole of the fundus of the
eufcum was destroyed by ulceration, together with part of the ver-*
linform process ; the remainder of which was much contracted and
shrivelled, and was found adhering to the sound part of the ccecum4
The efficiency of the adhesive process in repairing, or at least pre-
venting, the immediate evil consequences of a solution of continuity in
the intestinal parietes, was remarkably exemplified in this instance ^
for notwithstanding the extent to which this had taken place, not
a particle of the alimentary matters had escaped ii)to the general
cavity of the abdomen, nor was the mischief suspected until the ad-
hesions were separated.

** On laying open the ileum it appeared that the original seat of
the nicer had been a cluster of the aggregated intestinal glands i
No. XL, — ^Proceedings of the Zoological Society^

/

/

42

flimtlar patches in the immediate neighbourhood were in a state of
ulceration ; and others were enlarged, or more than usually con-
spicuous, as they were situated farther from the seat of the disease.
In the commencement of the colon, the solitary glands presented
a state of enlargement and ulceration, and here and there an inor-
dinate vascularity ; but in the general track of the intestinal canal
traces of recent or active inflammation were very few. The con-
dition of the mucous membrane of the intestines closely resembled
that which is so generally observed in phthisical subjects; here,
however, the strumous matter was not developed in the lungs,
but was confined to the mesenteric glands and spleen. All the
mesenteric glands were more or less enlarged by a deposition of
caseous matter : two, which are usually found adhering to the ter-
mination of the ileum, were even in a state of suppuration and ul-
ceration, so that the parietes of the gut may have been attacked by
the ulcerative process on both sides, — from without by that com-
mencing in the mesenteric glands, — from within by that of the ^^n-
dulce aggregatce : it was most probably, however, progressive from
the latter point.

" The spleen was greatly enlarged, measuring 5 inches long and
4 broad, with numerous small scattered tubercles, none exceeding
half an inch in diameter. Its substance was firm, but so disorganized
as to enable it to fulfil in a very slight degree the functions of a
reservoir of venous or portal blood.

** The liver was enlarged about one third beyond its usual size,
and was of a pale colour ; but upon a close inspection it presented no
other morbid appearance than a congested state of the portal veins :
a condition frequently associated with strumous viscera, and which
was very well marked in this case, and perhaps dependent on the
diseased state of the spleen. The gall-bladder contained thick
but healthy- coloured bile.

'' The stomach seemed free from disease ; but had a large perfo-
ration, the margins of whch showed that it had resulted from the
post-mortem action of the gastric secretion.

"The pancreas was healthy.

" In the chest there were no adhesions. The heart was healthy.
The lungs were somewhat firmer than usual, and the air- passages
contained an unusual quantity of fluid secretion, in some parts
stained with blood ; but none of the air-cells had been obliterated
by either inflammatory action or strumous deposition : there had
been recent subacute inflammation of the mucous lining of the
air-passages, but nothing more.

" No Entozoa were met with in the dissection ; although the ali-
mentary canal was carefully searched for them.

" The brain and its membranes were healthy.

" With respect to the organization of the Chimpanzee^ so far as
the dissection was carried, the parts corresponded with the de-
scriptions given by Tyson in his * Anatomy of a Pygmie' ; and by
Dr. Traill in the * Wernerian Transactions,* vol. iii.

" The tunica vaginalis testis, which, communicates with the a6-

4Z

domcn in the Simla Satyrus^ wa« here a completely closed or shut
sac, as in the human subject."

The following " Descriptions of some Species of Shells apparently
not hitherto recorded: by W. J. Rroderip, Esq., V.P.Z.S., F.R.S.,
&c/* were read. The reading of the communication was accompa-
nied by the exhibition of specimens of the several species referred
to in it.

SpoKDTLUs ALBiDus. Spond, tesid alindd, lineis elevaiis frequen-
tissimis exasperatis, a cardxne radiantibus^ horridd : long, iV» ^^« iV
poll.

Hab.l

This delicate shell is rough like a file, and has indeed somewhat
the aspect of a Lima,

VoLUTA Beckii. FoL testd ovato-fustformiyfulvd lineis suhangU'
latis spadiceis inscriptd, transversim striatd^ striis minutis sub'
undulatis ; anfractibus tuberculato-subplicatis, ultimo longissi-
mo; spird mediocri ; columelld triplicatd; aperturd ovato-
elongatd : long. 84» lot. 4 poll,
HabJ.

Mus. Saul, Brod.

The body whorl of this fine species, which I have named after that
distinguished conchologist Dr. Beck, is upwards of 6 inches in
length.

I have long had a bleached specimen in my collection, but the
description above given is taken from one with more colour and
in better condition, though not good, in the cabinet of Miss Saul.
My specimen is somewhat shorter. There is a very large indivi-
dual lately added to the British Museum.

VoLUTA coNciNNA. FoL tcstd mitriformi, transversim subtilis-
sime striatdi striis elevatis, fulvd lineis longitudinalibus spa-
diceis, subirregularibus, frequentissimis inscriptd; anfractibus
plicatiSf plicis subtubercularibus, anfractu basalt elongato^
fasciis duabus distantibus pallidioribus obscuris cincto ; spird
mediocrif valde plicatd ; columelld 4i-plicatd ; aperturd anguS'
tiore: long. 3^, lat. li poll.
Hab.l
Mus. Brod.

This is an elegant shell, approaching a little in some of its cha-
racters to Fol. Lyriformis, but differing widely from it in others. Of
the total length of VoL concinna two inches and a half are occupied
by the body whorl, and it is only in the transversely striated plica-
tions of the spire, which are however more distant than those of
the spire of Vol. Lyriformis, that the resemblance occurs, for the spire
of VoL concinna is very short in proportion to its body whorl, while
the opposite character is strongly developed in Vol. Lyriformis. In
this respect it comes nearer to Vol. gracilis, as well as in the form

44

and colour of the aperture and the plaits on the pillar. Th«
aperture of Fol. conctntia is fulvous, aad the ianer lip, where the
mantle has extended, is of the same colour, with a few traces of the
longitudinal lineations not yet obliterated.
My specimen is the only one I have seen,

CoNUS Abamsonii. Coit. testd soUdd, suhcylindraoed, glabrd, alhidd
roseo pallida spadiceoque tessellatd; anfractu basali superne etad
basin sulcata, sulcis elevatis latis (inter stitiis superiorum suh-
pUttctatis), fasdis tribus subaquidistantihus spadioeO'fnacuhtis
ornate ; spird brevi, aufractibus subcanoovis, transversim atriatis,
Hab. ?.

Mus. Adamson.
. This species is nearly as solid and ponderous as Con, Stercus Mus-
carum, which it resembles somewhat in shape, though Con. AdamsonU
is longer in proportion. It has also points which remind the observer
of Con. buliatus ; bat is more nearly allied to Con, discrepans. Conch.
Illustr. f. 28.

PuBPUBA Gbavesii. Purp, testd sordid^ albd, muricatd, striis va-
lidis, elevatis, imbricatosquamulosis rugasd; anfractibus longi-
tudinaliter subplicatis, angulosis, angulis laminatis, serratis, re-
troversis; anfractu basali strid validiore, ' submediftli, elevatd
cincto: long. 44, lat. ^ poll.
Hab, in mari Mediterraneo.
Mus. Norris, Brod.

This shell was brought up on the fluke of the anchor of H.M.S.
Mastiff, surveying- vessel, imder the command of Lieut. Graves (who
has already enriched this department of natural history by bis acti*
vity in collecting, whenever the pressure of his professional duties
would allow him to do so,) from a muddy bottom, and a depth of ten
fathoms, off Napoli di Romania. The shell varies much, and other
specimens have not the carinations, &o. nearly so much developed.
There is a figure of this species in Mr. Sowerby's * Conobological
Illustrations,' under the name of Murex cariniferus.

BuLiNus Cbichtoni. Bui. testd fufiiformi, longitudn^aliter costatd
et corrugatdy costis rugisque validis, subalbidd maculis spadiceis
notatd; labia HsaceO'Violaceo, labropaUidiore^eapanso, subre/leso:
long. 3 (circiter), lat. \\poll.
Hab. ad Ambo juxta Huanuco Peruvi».
Mus. Brod.

Tliis curious shell, which at first sight reminds the observer of
Bulinus Labeo, Brod., (Zool. Joum., vol. iv. p. 222,) brought hom^
by Lieut. Maw, R,N., and presented by him to the Zoological Society
of London, from whose Museum it has been stolen*, differs stroftgly
from it, as will be seen by a reference to the figure in the ' Zooio-

♦ This certainly was, and I believe (wherever it maybe) is, the only spe'
fimen in Europe. It was in remarkably fine condition.

45

gical Journal ' which is very accurate, excepting that the longitudinal
lines in the engraving are rather too strongly expressed. The apex
of the shell under description, the only specimem I ever saw, is
broken, audits actual length is 2 inches and i. It will be observed
that the specimen is notched at the base, but I suspect that this arises
from accidental distortion.

The shell is named after my friend Sir Alexander Crichton, to
whose hberahty I am indebted for this and the following species.

BuLiNUs INFLATES. Buh te$td fragxU, subalbidd vel flavd, fuscQ
vel castaneo maculatd, anfractu hasali castaneo fasciatd^ fa8cii9
numerosis : long. tV* to. ^polL

Hah, juxta Ambo Peruvise,

This pretty shell somewhat approaches Bui. gvttatus, brought home
by Mr. Cuming. The species varies very much.

Bttlinvs Pusio. BuL testd valdk ventrioosd, ovato-globosd, corned,
diaphand, longitudinaliter striatd ; labri margine albo ; umbilica
mediocri : long. -rV. ^ot. nV poll*
Hah. in maris Mediterranei insulis Grsecis (Syra).
This species was found in the island of Syra by Lieut. Ghraves,
during hiis late survey in H.M.S. Mastiff. There were but two spe-
cimens ; in one the umhilieus is very visible : in the other it is nearly
closed.

46

April 26, 1836.

William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A Note was read, addressed to 'the Secretary by J. B. Harvey,
Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, April 24, 1836.
It referred to a series of specimens of Rostellaria Pes Pelicanit Lam.,
presented by the writer to the Society, and which he regards as in-
teresting on account of the evidence afforded by them of the curious
fact, that in the shells of this species the outer lip is most thickened
at a time antecedent to the full development of the shell ; absorption
of the incrassated part of the lip taking place as the animal advances
in age. " This series," Mr. Harvey remarks, " clearly shows that
the shell, when not more than one half or three quarters grown, is
much thicker than when all the processes are perfected : and that,
when each process has a groove or channel in it, the shell is quite
thin, and has arrived at its full period of growth."

The shells referi"ed to in Mr. Harvey's letter were exhibited.

Characters were read of the Vespertilionida observed in the central
region of Nep^ ; being a communication transmitted to the Society
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. They have already been
published in the * Journal of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta'.

The following are the species characterized :

Rhinolophus armiger, Hodgs.
Rhin. tragatus, Ej.
Pteropus leucocephalus, Ej.
Pter, pyrivorus, Ej.
Vespertilio formosa, Ej.
Vesp, fuliginosa, Ej.
Vesp, labiata, Ej.

Mr. Hodgson's characters of these species are accompanied by re-
marks on the habits of the several genera of Bats which are repre-
sented by them in the district in which they occur.

•

A second communication by Mr. Hodgson was read, which has
also been published in the * Journal of the Asiatic Society of Cal-
cutta'. It was entitled *' Specific Name and Character of a New
Species of Cervus, discovered by Mr. Hodgson in 1825, and indicated
in his Catalogue by the local name of Bdhraiya."

The animal to which this paper refers is regarded by Mr. Hodgson
as constituting an important link in the chain of connexion between
the Deer of the Rusan and of the Elaphine groups ; possessing in the
numerous snags into which the summit of its horns are divided one
of the principal characteristics of the latter group; but agreeing

47

with the former in the absence of any median process on the stem
of the horn, and in the singleness of the basal antler. In stature
and aspect the species is intermediate between Cervus Hippelapkus,
CuY., and Cerv. Elaphus, Linn. Its general resemblance to the
latter is indicated in the trivial name assigned to it by Mr. Hodgson,
that of Cerv. Elaphoides.

It is referred to in his ' Catalogue of the Mammalia of Nepid'
(Proceedings, part ii. p. 99.) under the name of Cerv. Bahraiya,
Hodgs.

Specimens were exhibited of numerous species of British Fishes,
forming part of the collection of Mr. Yarrell. They consisted of
dried preparations of rather more than one half of the skin of each
individual : a mode of preservation peculiarly adapted, as Mr. Yar-
rell remarked, for travellers over land ; specimens so prepared occu-
pying but little space, and being consequently as portable as dried
plants. An incision is made in the first instance round one side of
the fish, at a short distance from the dorsal and anal fins, and the
whole of the viscera and flesh are removed, so as to leave only the
skin of the other side with the vertical fins attached to it, and with
rather more than one half of the head : the loose edge of skin left
from the side in which the incision has been made, is then fastened
by means of pins to a piece of board, so as to display the entire side
of the fish which it is intended to preserve, and it is then hung up
to dry in an airy but shady situation. The more rapidly the drying
is completed, the more effectually will the colours be preserved. As
soon as the skin is dried it is varnished ; and the loose edge of the
skin on that side from whence the operation of removing the flesh
has been effected is trimmed off with a pair of scissors, as being no
longer useful. The preparation is then completed, and consists of
the entire skin of one side of the fish, of the vertical fins, and of ra-
ther more than one half of the head, the latter being important for
the preservation of the vomer, so as to show the absence or presence
of teeth on that bone, and their form. All the essential characters
of the fish are consequently preserved, if care be taken that the skin
be so attached to the board on which it is dried, as to retain its ori-
ginal dimensions of length and depth : the due thickness of the fish
may ^ be secured in the preparation, if it be considered desirable, by
inserting beneath the skin, when extending it on the board, a sufli-
cient quantity of prepared horse-hair.

After explaining the mode which he had adopted in the prepara-
tion of the specimens exhibited, Mr. Yarrell made various remarks
on those which he regarded as the most interesting among them ;
and particularly on a series of Trout and Charr from different loca-
lities, and varying in colour according to situation, to season, and
also, in some instances, to food.

He then directed the attention of the Meeting to the specimens of
the British species of Rays which formed part of the collection, and
pointed out particularly the difference, as regards surface, which ob-
tains in the sexes of many of these fishes ; the skin of the female

48

being* in erery infltaiice, eomiMnthrely taooth. He added abo. by
rcfereace to tkcK »pcgimen», and to npfrimeiui ai Aejsws exhibited
for that pnipooe, an eiqdanatkm of iJie di&ieneea wUdi ent, in
adult inaiiridpalg» in the teeth ef the lexee i c« | iue tiv cly ; those of the
nude becoming exceeding lengthened and pointed, irhile m the fe-
male they retain very n^trlj their original flattened 8iir£EU»: tlieform
of the teeth, equally with tbe annstore of tiie mafate, cmstitiiting
m these fishes a secondary sonial cfaatacter* althoo^ bodi the one
and the other have repeatedly, but enoneonsly, been considered as
adapted for the establishing d specific distinctions.

49

May 10. 1886.
The Rev. J. Barlow in tlie Chair.

The ioUowing Note by th« Rev. H. Du^ore was read.

"Lieut. Col. Mason, of Neeton Hall (four miles from Swaffham)i
bafl had a Sea jEoffle, HaUaetwalbiciila, Sav., in conJGLnement for tlM
last sixteen years. About a month since, it dropped an egg. which
k now in my collectton. The egg is perfectly white, and not quite
lokrge as titat of a Goosei the shell is rather haider."

A letter was vead from Capt. Green of Budkden. Huntingdonshire,
descriptive of a very fine specimen of ihe barn-door Hen in his pos^
awaion, which has aasumed the Coc^ plumage ; the dumge took place
about three years ago. The bird luui since been presented to the
Society by the writer.

Mr. Owen read the following Notes on the Anatomy of the Wom^
hat, Thascolomys Wombat, P6r.

" The anatomy of the Wombat having already engaged the atten-
tion of Cuvier ('Lecons d'Anat. Comparde.^o^^'m) and Home (Phil.
Trans, vol. xcviii, 1808. p. 304.) but little remains to be added on
that subject.

" The individual lately dissected at the Museum of the Zoological
Society had lived at the Gardens upwards of five years. The one
which was dissected by Sir Everard Home in 1808 was brought from
one of the islands in Bass's Straits, and lived as a domestic pet in
the house of Mr. Clift for two years. This animal measured two feet
two mches in length, and weighed about 201bs : it was a male. The
Society's specimen was a female, and weighed, when in full health
in October 1833, 59ilbs.

" On removing the integuments of the abdomen, much subcuta-
neous fat, of the lard kind, was observed.

" The muscles of the abdomen presented the same arrangement as
in other ilfar^;7fa/a; the internal pillars of the external abdominal
rings being formed by the marsupial bones, round which a broad cre-
master, emerging from each ring, wound inwards and upwards to ter-
minate by spreading over the mammary gland.

" The digestive organs in the abdominal cavity presented a de-
velopment corresponding generally to that which characterizes the
same parts in the phytiphagoua Rodents.

" The stomach precisely corresponded with the description and
figure given by Home; but the occurrence of cardiac glands in the
pormouse and Beaver renders a similar structure in this Marsupial,
in which the Rodent type of dentition exists, less extraordinary than

No. XLI. — ^Fbocebdings of the Zoological Society.

50

it might otherwise appear. The duodenum commenced by a laige
pyrif orm dilatation, similar to that in the Capybara and Spotted Paca i
beyond this part it presented a diameter of an inch ; the small intes-
tines then gradually widened to a diameter of 1^^ inch, and as gra-
dually diminished again to the diameter of an inch: their entbe
length was 11 feet 3 inches.

** The ileum entered obliquely the wide sacculated colon, the bulging
commencement of which represented a short and wide caecum ; and
£rom the angle between this part and the ileum, a cylindrical Tenni-
fonn process 2 inches long, and 3 lines wide, was continued.

" The colon continued to be puckered up by twa wide longitodinal
bands into large sacculi, which could be traced becoming less and less
distinct along an extent of the gut measuring five feet 2 incdies. Cu-
yier observes that the large intestines were hardly more voluminous
than the small*; in our specimen the colon measured 2^- inches in
diameter, being more than double that of the ileum. But a more im-
portant difference was .observed in the presence of a second ceeum
at the distance from the first above mentioned. This consisted of a
pyramidal pouch projecting 3 inches from the side of the gut, and
communicating freely with the same at its base : its patietes were
thinner than those of the rest of the large intestine ; it was situated
below the pyloric end of the stomach, had only a partial investment
oi peritoneum, and adhered by a cellular medium to the duodenum and
pancreas. Below this second cacum, or lateral dilatation, the colon
formed a large sacculus, and was then disposed in a series of smaller
$acculi, which at length disappeared at a distance of 6 feet from t^e
second coicum ; the rest of the large intestine, 3 feet in length, was
of simple structure, and of smaller diameter, viz. \\ inches.

" The internal surface of the small intestines presented some slight
transverse corrugations ; that of the colon was smooth, except below
the second aecum, where the lining membrane was corrugated irre-
gularly; and a small patch of glands was here observable.

*^ llie rectum terminated, as in other Marsupials, immediately be-
hind the urethro-sexual aperture, and within a common outlet, both
the excretory orifices being embraced by a common cutaneous
sphincter.

" The liver was more completely separated into lobes than in the
specimen dissected by Cuvier. Home is silent as to the structure
of the liver ; his observations respecting the digestive organs are li-
mited to the peculiarities of the stomach. In our specimen the liver
was divided by an extensive longitudinal fissure into two lobes, the
right of which was again deeply subdivided into two, the gall-bladder
being lodged in this second fissure ; the gall-bladder was of an oval
form, H^ inches in length.

" The pancreas and spleen were both well developed, and had each

• " Dans le Phascolome, lesgrosintestins ne sontgu^e plus volumineux
que les petits." Legons tPAnat. Comp., nouv. ed.

51

prooem which ehalracterises these parts in the Mat'
n^rfv/ ammals.

" The parotid glands were very thin, situated upon, and partly on
the imer side of, the posterior portion of the lower jaw ; they mea-
sursd eaeh \\ ineh in lengtii, and 4 inch in breadth ; the duct passed
direetty upwaxds and outwards till it reached the orifice of the stemo*
div d o mnt oiimu ; here it was buried in the cellular substance anterior
totkatimisde, then turned over the rwnus of the jaw, and continued
its course ovor the ma99eter, where it was slightly tortuous ; it en-
tered the month just anterior to the edge of the buccinator. The
anhmaiiHary glands were each about the size of a walnut; their
doctB tenninated, as usual, on each side of theyr«fitim lingua.

"The heart of Uie Wambai presented the usual peculiarities oc-
curring in this part of the Marsupial organization; viz. 1st, the two
appendages of the right auricle, one passing in front and the other
b^ind &e ascending aorta ; 2ndly, tiie absence of the annulus and
fnsa, mMtHs; and Srdly, the absence of the terminal orifice of the co-
ronary vein which empties itself into the cava superior sinistra just
before the wide terminaldon of the latter vein in the auricle by the
aide of die cava inferior. The right auriculo-ventricular opening is
widely opoi, and is guarded by an irregular narrow membranous
VBhe, the outer portion of which is attached to the tendons of three
carnete cohtrntue ; two of which are of a large size as compared with
the third, and arise, as in the Kangaroo, from the septum near die
SD^ where this is joined to the parietes of the ventricle. The mus-
cular walls are continued obliquely upwards in a conical form to the
origin of the pulmonary artery, somewhat resembling a bulbus arte-
riosus^ This peculiarity is still more marked in the Kangaroo, The
right i^ntride descends nearer to the apes of the heart in the Worn-
hit tban in the Kangaroo, and the form of the heart is longer and
nurrower. The left auricle is smaller and more muscular than the
ri^t ; the valve between it and the ventricle is, as usual, broader
^ stronger, and its free margin is attached to the tendons of two
thick oo/tcNHue cornea, having the usual origins distinct from the
ieptwm, leaving that part of the inner surfeu^e of the ventricle smooth
for the passage of the blood to the aorta. The pulmonary veins ter-
nu&ate by two tnmks in the left auricle.

" The lungs consisted of one lobe on the left side, and one on the
right, witli the hbulus medius ; which was a small strip extended be-
tween the heart and diaphragm.

" The thyroid glands were elongated bodies of a dark colour, reach-
ing fiK>m the thyroid cartilage to the seventh tracheal ring on each
side.
'' The kidneys were each 24 inches long, and 2 inches broad, and
• of a somewhat compressed oval figure ; the tubuli terminated on a
single obtuse mammilla,

" Hie specimen dissected by Cuvier being, like that examined by
Home, a male, the female organs of the Wmibat are only known by

52

the description appended to tiie p^er oC the hMOt an^bor, irtudi
lelates to an impregnated individual. I found no part of the strUo-
toze which aupports the view taken by Sir Bvemrd Home reladveto
^e passage of the fecundating flnid to the uteriia; the only natiinl
communication between those cavities and the veliin>«Bexual canal
being by the two lateral vaginal canals* The female organs consist,
as in the Opossmn, of two ovaries» two Fallopian tubes, two vtai,
each opening by asq)arate 09 ^MMT into a distmetvi^riMi; theM^wht
having no intercommunication, but terminating in the common pass*
age of Tyson, or urethro-sexual canal,

" The urethro'sexual canal is 1-^ inch in length; its inner sor-
fiice is disposed in thick folds. The two anterior ones commendng
united together form a semilunar fold above the urethral aperture ;
these folds are deeply intersected with oblique rv^a, the mai^ins of
which are villous, tiie vilU becoming longer and finer as Utey approadi
the orifices of the true vagitu^. Hiese commence 4- an inch above
tke urethral orifice : their parietes are very thick for the extent of
<me ioch, and the lining membrane of Uus partis diqmsedin minute
longitudinal ruga; it is then disposed in larger, coarser, and villous
n^«, similar to those of the first vagina, beneath which membrane
several small vesicles were developed. Eadi of the true vaguud hav-
ing ascended with an outward curve for 2 iaches, receives the oa tmoti
of its respective side, which is very prelecting, and divided by deep
fissures into numerous processes, resembling a short tasseL llie va»
gma then descend to the upper part of the urethro-sexnal canal, form-
ing each a deep and large eul de mc, the inner smftce of which is
diaiactanzed by irregular villous ruga, and the whde is highly vas-
cular. The ads 4e sac are separate as in the Opossum, and do not
communicate as in the Kangaroo,

" The uteri are each 2 inches long, and 4 of an inch in diameter,
somewhat flattened, pyriform, and giving off the ovidncts horn the
inner or mesial part of Iharfimdus. For the extent of an inch, the
lining membrane presents a series of small but well-defined longitu-
^nal ruga, beyond which it assumes a fine texture, like velvet. The
periton^ covering of tiie uterus is reflected ham it upon the ovarian
ligament* the oviduct and the numerous vessels passing to the uterus
on the onter side of this ligament» the dui^icatare or broad liga-
ment eontainuig lAaoh parts is H inch in breadth, and attadied by
its onter margin to the lumbar r^ion of the abdomen as hi^ as the
kidney : just below this gland it is reflected upon the ovary, forming
a krge capsule ibr that part, and ibr the egqianded extramify of the
Fall opi an tnbe,whichprcacnt8anextga<wcdinaiydevdtopmentof feinge»
like processes.

** The ovary presents the niDat distinct racemoae a t ra c ture which
I have ever observed in the dass Mamm$iim, cvmaui^mg of about
thirty ovisacs, of which the largest is half an inch, the smaBest half
a line in diameter; the nhole ovaiy being of an ohkmg incgnlar
figure 1-^ inch by 1 iudi in dimensioDS. 'Die month of tiie ovarian

53

capsule is about 1 inch in widths the length of the Falloioan tube
3 inches."

Some Notes by Mr. Oeozge Bennett, Ck>rr. Memb. Z.S., were
read. They were transmitted from Sidney, New South Wales, in a
Letter addressed to the Secretary, and bearing date October 25,
1835. They related to the hahits of the Spermaceti Whale, and of
the large spedes of Grampue known by the name of the Killer,

54

Msjr 24, 1896.
WilUam Ogilby, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter addressed to the Secretary by J. B. Harvey, Esq., Corr.
Memb. Z.S., and dated Teignmouth, May 18> 1836, was read. It
referred to a collection of various marine productions of the souUi
coast of Devonshire, which accompanied it, and which were pre-
sented to the Society by the writer. These were exhibited.

Among them was a specimen of Capros Aper, La Cdp., dqptared
in Mr. Harve/s neighbourhood : and with tiie view of iUustimting
the colours of this species, he forwarded with it a painting made from
the fish while yet recent. This also was exhibited.

With the collection were several specimens of a TuMaria, nearly
related to Tub, indivisa, of which Mr. Harvey furnished a detailed
description, accompanied by numerous figures. The description was
read, and l^e figures were exhibited.

Mr. Harvey first observed the Tubularia in question at the steam
bridge on the river Dart, where it grows in clusters between the
links of the chain over which this floating bridge is propelled. Hie
specimens obtained by him in this locality were necessarily injured
in the hurried manner of taking them off during the rapid motion
of the bridge ; but as they were immediately pkced in sea-water
most of them have survived the forcp used in separating them» and
he has thus been enabled to observe them for a week or ten days,
during which he has carefully studied their form and structure. His
dravnngs are intended to illustrate many of tiie different positions
of the polype in various conditions as to growth, expansion, &c.

" This animal," Mr. Harvey remarks, " is evidently a Tuiukria,
It is something like Tub. indivisa figured by Ellis, Plate XVI. no. 3.
fig. c, but differs in several particidars. The tube of Ellis's Tubu-
laria is jointed ; the head has a lateral groove or opening; and the
central projection (which is an elongation €i the memlnrane covering
the body) is much larger and higher, and is not surmounted by a
row of 8%ht long feelers. This Tubularia (for which, as a distinc-
tion, I submit the term Tub. gracilis,) has the tube hollow through-
out and single ; the body has no lateral groove ; the central process
has a row of fine long feelers near its termination, and placed round
the orifice : their office is to direct the food to the moutii. On the
circumference of tiie cup is a row of very long flexible feelers, having
much freedom of motion, and between each two of them is a smaller
red feeler ; from the circumference to the origin of the central pro-
cess are two or three confused rows of alternate white and red shcnt
papillae, giving the animal much the appearance of a flower.

55

" The powers of contraction and dilatation very much resemble
those of the Caryopkyllia, which I have still aUve, and which I have
kept for two years. Upon the slightest touch all the feelers are in-
stantly contracted ; but the shaking of the water does not at all in*
conmiode them. I kept several clusters in the same bowl with my
CaryopkffUia ; but I found that, every time they came near it, (either
by bong touched or by shaking the vessel) they were devoured': I
liieiefore, now keep them by themselves, but I fear that I shall not
be successful in preserving them, as the river tide cannot be imitated
in confinement.

" The locality of this polype is very confined. The Dart floating
bridge is propeUed upon two chains, about 6 feet distant from one
another, and stretching across the river. On the western chain not
a duster could be seen, but on the eastern one there were upwards
of a hundred groups of them, in spite of the immense friction to
ytintk tiiey were exposed. They are only found within 100 feet of
the northern shore at low water. I have since observed the same
animals growing on the links over which the floating bridge at De-
vonport runs, and there they do not occupy a space exceeding 150
feet.

'* The most singular circumstance attending the growth of this
anknal, and which I discovered entirely by accident, remains to be
mentioned. After I had kept the clusters in a large bowl for two
days, I observed the animals to droop and look unhealthy. On the
thurd day the heads were all thrown off, and lying on the bottom of
the vessel ; all the pink colouring matter was deposited in the form
of a cloud, and when it had stood quietiy for two days, it became
a very fine powder. Thinking that the tubes were dead 1 was going
to tbiow them away, but I happened to be under the necessity of
quitting home for two days, and on my return I found a thin trans-
parent film being protruded from the top of every tube : I then
changed the water every day, and in three days time every tube had
a small body reproduced upon it. The only difference that 1 can dis-
ooyer in the structure of the young from the old heads, consists in
the-new ones wanting the small red papillcs, and in the absence of
all colour in the animal."

The skin was exhibited of a species of Cj/nictis, Og., which had
recentiy been presented to the Society by Captain P. L. Strachan,
by whom it was obtained at Sierra Leone. The exhibition was ac-
companied by a description of the animal by Mr. Martin, which Was
read.

Mr. Martin regards the animal as especially interesting on ac-
count of its presenting the second instance of the new form among
the Viverrida which was described by Mr. Ogilby at the Meeting
of the Society on April 9, 1833, under the generic appellation of
Cynidis, and oi which a detailed description and figure has since
been published in the Transactions, vol. i. p. 29. It agrees with that
genus, which is intermediate between Iferpestes and Ryzana, in its
general form ; in the number of the toes with which its feet are frir-

56

niahed ; aad in tiie nmnber and fonn €i its teeth, as fur as they are
preserved in the specimen exhibited, whidi, however, is that of a
young individiiaL The points of the teedi are oanseqneiitly in k
un worn and acute ; while in the Bpedmen of Cyii. Sieedmtmm de*
scribed by Mr. Ogilby, idiich was evidently an aged mdividoal, the
teeth were much worn down. The only otiier differences which
exist b^ween the teeth of the new spedes and those of Cyn^ Steed*
fmmm consist in the presence, in 1^ o u t er most indsor ia the upper
jaw of the f ormor, of a minute but decided intemal tnherde, whidl
is not found in the corresponding tooth of Cyn, Ste edmmuU ; end ia
the inner lobe of the camassier ai the upper jaw being acute and
conical, instead of blunt : the teeth behind this, in bodi jaws, are
wanting in the q>ecimen of the new qiectes. The feet of tiie new
species differ from those of Cyn, Steedmanni by their companetively
shorter claws ; and by having a naked line extending along tlie un«
der surfiice of the tamu from the pad to ^be heel, the whdie of the
under sur&ce of the tarsus being covered in Cyn. SteedmamdynA
hair.

The new species may be thus diaracterized :

Ctnictis melanubus. Cyn, saturafk rufus mgro punetulatMS, td
latera palUdior ; guldsordidlflavescenti'hrwmed; artuhus intefnik
ahdominegue sordid^ Jlavescenti-ru^; cauddapicem versus hOi
mgrd, ad apicem fleceosd.

Long, corporis cum cajnte, 12 unc; camdas, pdlis includsi 11; ca-
puis, 2 unc. 1 lin.

In addition to the distinctive characters whk^ have been noticed
above, it may be remarked that Cyn, melawurus differs from Cyn.
Steedmanni in the greater smoothness, shortness, and glossiness of
the fiur ; in the less bushy character of the tajl ; in the dark tint of
the head, back, and limbs ; in the dusky colour of tbe throat; and
in the blade tip of the tail, the corresponding portion of this organ
in Cyn. Steedmanm being white.

1^. Ogilby remarked, that the animal described by Mr. MarrtiH
might probably be identical with the one noticed by Bosman under
the name of Kokeboe ; but added, tiiat the notice given of it by tbot
traveller was not suffidently precise to admit (^ its being detornnned
with certainty.

A specimen was exhibited of the Chironectes Yapoek, Desm., on
which Mr. Ogilby remarked as follows.

" I am indebted to Mr. Nattererfor the opportunity of examiniag
this rare and curious animal, of which he brought various spedmens
from Brazil. That now exhibited is a male, and possesses the ssime
anomaly in the generative organs which characterizes the rest of the
Marsupiah. I have not seen the female, but Mr. Natterer informs
me that the abdominal pouch is complete. The i^^edes is found in
all the smaller streams of Brazil, and appears to extend from the
southern confines of that empire, to the i^res of the €hdf of Hon-
duras ; Buffbn's specimen came from Cayenne^ and a ^^hin was re-
cently obtained by Mr. W. Brown Scott, labdled ' Bemeram Otter.-

b7

Both this and Mr. Natterer's specimen agree with the figure and
description of Buffon, except that they are of a larger size, and in*
stead of a grey mark over each eye, have a complete band of that
colour extending entirely across the forehead. In Mr. Natterer's
specimen the terminal half-inch of the tail only is white; in Mr.
Scott's on the contrary, the last 4 inches are of this colour : the
tail is exactly of the same length as the body; it measured 10 inches
in the former specimen and 12 in the latter, but Mr. Natterer in-
forms me that he has other specimens which measure 14 or 15 inches
in length.

" The teeth of this animal are altogether different from those of
the Opossums {Didelphis); and I am at a loss to reconcile my own
observations with those of M. F. Cuvier upon this subject, as given
in • Les Dents des Mammif^res ' p. 73, unless by supposing that
there must have been some mistake about the skull referred by
M. Cuvier to the Yapock. For my own part, I could not be deceived
in this matter, as the skull which I examined had never been ex-
tnbcted from the specimen. The incisors and canines are of the same
form and number as in the true Opossums, the two middle incisors
above being rather longer than the lateral, those below broader and
a little separate. The molars are five on each side, two false and
three real, both in the upper and under jaws. The first false molar
is rather small and in contact with the canine, both above and be-
low : the second is half as large again, and both are of a triangular
form, with apparently two roots. The three real molars are of the
normal form of these teeth among the Opossums, The first of the
upper jaw is longer than it is broad, and has four sharp elevated
tubercles with a low heel projecting backwards ; the second resem-
bles it in general form, but is larger and broader ; the third is small
and resembles the tuberculous molars of the true Carnivora, In the
lower jaw the three real molars do not materially differ in point of
size. They are narrower than those of the upper, have their tuber-
cles arranged in a single longitudinal series, a single large one in the
centre, and a smaller on each side.

"The Yapock has very large cheek-pouches which extend far
back into the mouth, and of which the, opening is very apparent.
This circumstance, hitherto unobserved by zoologists, throws con-
siderable light upon the habits of this rare animal, which thus ap-
pears, like the Omithorhynchus, to feed upon freshwater Crustacea,
and the larvie of insects, spawn of fishes, &c. which it probably stows
away in its capacious cheek-pouches. For 2 inches at the root the
tan is covered with the same description of fine close fur as the body;
from this part it tapers gradually to the point and is covered with
small scales, arranged in regular spiral rows, and interspersed with
bristly hairs, particularly on the under surface, a fact perfectly con-
clusive ageunst the generally received opinion of this organ being
prehensile in the Chironectes, Indeed, the tail so perfectly resem-
bles that of the Hydromys chrysogaster, even to the white tip, that
it would be impossible to distinguish these organs if separated from
the respective animals. The useless appendage of a prehensile tail

W.^

58

to an aquatic animal, must consequently be henceforth discarded
from the history of the Chironectes, and the animal allowed to take
its place among conterminous genera, not as a compound of anoma-
lous and contradictory characters, but as a regular component link
in the scale of existence. That its habits are purely aquatic, and
that it has not the power of ascending trees, is further proved by
the structure of the extremities. The hind feet are broad like those
of the Beaver ; the toes, including the thumb, united by a membrane,
and, with the exception of the thumb, provided with small falcular
claws; the thumb, as in all the other Didelphidous Pedimana, is
without a claw. The fore-fingers are separate, very long and slen-
der, (the middle and ring-fingers the longest of all,) and the last
joint expanded and flattened as in the Geckos. The thumb is
placed rather behind the general line of the other fingers, and seems
at first sight to be opposable ; it perfectly resembles those of the
American Monkeys, 'Fhe claws are very small and weak ; they do
not extend beyond the points of the fingers, nor even so far, and
are absolutely useless either for climbing or burrowing. Consider-
ably behind the others, on the outside of the wrist, there is a
lengthened tubercle resembling a sixth finger, but much shorter
than the others and without any bone. What purpose this unique
organ may serve in the economy of the animal's life, it is impossible
to conjecture, but the long slender fingers are probably used to pick
out the food which it carries in the cheek-pouches." — W. O.

59

June 14, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.

Specimens were exhibited of various Birds from Northern Africa,
which had recently been presented to the Society by Sir Thomas
Reade, Corr. Memb. Z.S. They included the Anas marmorata,
Temm., on which Mr. Gould remarked that in the form of the bill
it approached nearly to the Pin-tailed Duck, Anas acuta, Linn., al-
though it is altogether destitute of the elongation of the middle
tail-feathers which occurs in that bird ; the crested Duck ; the Gad'
wall; the Garganey ; the Ruff, and the black- tailed Godwit, in their
winter dress ; the Golden Oriole ; and other species : all of which
were severally brought under the notice of the Meeting by Mr. Gould,
at the request of the Chairman.

Mr. Gould subsequently eidiibited specimens of various Birds
which he had recently received from M. Temminck : including a
new species of Ptarmigan from Siberia ; and a Trogon from the In-
dian Islands, nearly allied in almost every particular to the Trog.
erythrocephala of the Himalaya, but having the wing fully an inch
shorter, with a tail bearing a relative proportion.

The Secretary announced the arrival in the Menagerie, since the
last Meeting of the Society, of the four Giraffes, the capture of
which was described by M. Thibaut in a letter read at the Meeting
on Fei^ruary 9, 1836, and translated in the ' Proceedings ' at p. 9.

He also directed the attention of the Members to a specimen of
Temminck* 8 Homed Pheasant, Tragopon Temminckii, Gray, which had
ncentiy been added to the Menagerie by the liberality of J. R.
Beeves, Esq., of Canton : to a pair of the Serin Finch, Fringilla
Serinus, linn., brought from Italy for the Society, and presented to
it by Mr. Willimott ; and to a monstrous variety of the Indian Tor-
toise, Testudo Indica, Linn., which had also been lately added to the
Menagerie, and which is remarkable for the great irregularity of the
surface of its sheU, each of the plates being raised iiito high conical
eminences.

A paper was read by Mr. Martin " On the Osteology of the Sea
Otter, Enhydra marina, Flem.^' It is founded on a perfect skeleton
of the animal contained in the collection made by that energetic
traveller the late David Douglas, and acquired, subsequent to his
decease, by the Society. This skeleton was exhibited.

Mr. Martin refers in the first instance to the dentary characters
of this remarkable animal, which were correctly described and

No. XLII. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

60

figured bj Home in the ' Philosophical TraiiBactioiis ' for 1796 ; and
then adverts to some erroneous statements which have since been
made respecting its molar teeth by various authors, including
Cuvier, who appear to have possessed no opportunities of examining
specimens. In the course of his communication he describes in
detail the number and form of the teeth, which consist of six in-
cisors in the upper jaw and of four in the lower, the outer one
on each side in either series being larger than the others and as-
suming, in the upper jaw, somewhat of the form of the canines ;
of a strong canine on each side of the incisors in either jaw ; and of
four molars on either side in the upper, and five in the lower jaw, of
which two in the upper and three in the lower are false and suc-
cessively increase in size towards the true molars, the latter being
large, broad teeth, with flattened odwus somewhat depressed in the
middle : in the upper jaw the hindermost of the true molars is muck
larger than the oUier, while in the lower it is comparatively small.

The total length of the skeleton is 3 feet 2 inches ; of which the
skull measures 5 inches, and the tail, 10.

The general form of the skull nearly resembles that of the Common
Otter, Lutra vulgafis, Storr ; but it is proportionally broader, and is
more convex on its lateral parietes, in this respect approaching to
many of the Seals : ttie nasal bones form a broad plane, and do not
gradually decline, like those of the Common Otter, towards the nasal
opening ; t^ey are also shorter in proportion than in that species :
the breadth of the nasal opening is greater than its depth, propor*
tions which are reversed in the Common Otter: the post-orbital space
is less contracted : on the base of the skull the space between the
pterygoid processes is more considerable : and the whole contour of
the cranium is not only broader but deeper also. The lower jaw
maintains the same general tendency to greater compactness, and ia
stouter and shorter tiian in the Common Otter.

Detailed admeasurements are given by Mr. Martin o£ the skull of
an individual more advanced in age than the one whose skeleton is
preserved, and in which the entire length of the eranium is 5 inches;
the greatest breadth, being across the occipital ridge behind the'
auditory /oramen, nearly 4 inches, the breadth between the zygo^
mata being the same ; the depth from the point of union of the in-
ter-parietal with the occipital ridge to ihe foramen magnum, H; the
distance from ttke foramen magmtm to ike bony palate, 2f ; and the
length of the bony palate, 2-I-.

The chest is rather wide in form, but much compressed ; being 6
inches across at the sixth rib, while its greatest depth from the ver-
tebral column to the sternum is 2^ inches. The direction of the
ribs is obliquely backwards, and they are rather slender: their num-
ber is thirteen, (not fourteen, as is stated by Home,) the last five
being false and attached by very long cartilages to the cartilages of
tilie true ribs.

The lumbar vertebra are six in number.

61

The anterior extremities are short and small. The scapula is 3
inches in length and' 2 in its greatest breadth : its spine is feeble .
and but slighdy elevated, llie humerus is 3 inches in length ; and
18 stonter uid less laterally compressed than that of a common Otter
(tf the same longitudinal dimensions. The ultui and radius are stout,
and are separated from each other by a greater interval than in the
common Otter, The paws are remarkable for their diminutive size.
In the common Otter, from the extremity of the radius to the nail of
the last phalanx of the third finger the measurement is 3 inches ; in
the Enhydra it is 2^.

The pelvis is long and narrow, measuring from the crest of the
t/tttin to the tuber ischii 6 inches : in the common Otter, the measure-
ment is but 4. The iliac bones are remarkably thick and solid, and
turn out from the spinal column. The distance from the centre of
the acetabulum to the crest of the ilium is 3 inches ; the breadth of
the Uium l-k*

It is in the posterior limbs that the great power of the Enhydra
appears to be developed. The os femoris is short but very thick,
and its trochanter is bold and prominent : the trochanter minor is
small. The head of the femur is globular, and is destitute of the
UgumeiUum teres, as in the Seals : in the Otter this' ligament exists
as usual. The length of the thigh bone from the great trochanter
to the condyles is 3f inches. Both the tibia Bud fibula are large
and of great comparative length : in the common Otter, they do not
exceed the femur; but here they exceed it by more than an inch,
the measurement being 4^- inches.

It is in the hind paws or paddles, Mr. Martin remarks, that the
neatest difference exists between the 0//^and the Enhydra. They
are here admirably constructed as organs of aquatic progression.
Thdr length from the os calds to the last phalanx of the outer toe
is 74- inches; and as the toes are long and connected by intervening
Tvebs they form broad efhcient oars. The toes graduate regularly
ftm the inner toe, which is the shortest, to the outer or fifth toe,
which is the longest. The metatarsal bone of the inner toe measures
H inch, the toe analogous to the thumb and composed of only two
phalanges measures the same — the other toes have three phalanges
as usual; the metatarsal bone of the fifth toe measures 24- inches ;
the toe itself 3 inches. The breadth of the foot, measured obliquely
across from the end of the metatarsal bone of the first toe to that
of the fifth is 2 inches.

The nails of the fore paws are small and sharp; those of the pad-
dles are blunt, but curved.

The OS penis is a stout bone 34 inches in length.

Mr. Martin concluded by remarking that as the hinder extremi-
ties are placed far backwards, and when stretched out in the act of
swimming exceed the tail, this organ will appear placed between
them, almost as much as it is in the Seals ; between which animals
and the Otters the Enhydra forms, in his estimation, a palpable link

62

of unioii, approximating, in some p<Hrtion of its osseoos stmetnre,
even more to the former than to the latter.

Mr. Martin added that it was his intention, with the view of ren->
dering his communication more complete, to review the osteology
of the Enhydra in detailed comparison with that of the common
Otter and of the Seal.

A drawing was exhibited of a Saurian Reptile of the family Sciti'
cida and of the genus Tiliqua, Gray, which forms part of the Museum
of the Army Medical Department at Chatham, and which is regard-
ed by Mr. Burton, Staff-Surgeon, in charge of the Museum, as
hitherto undescribed.

It was accompanied by the subjoined character and description by
Mr. Burton.

TiLiQUA Febnandi. THl. auribus prqfundis, latis, margine antico
gimpUci ; squamis dorsalibus valde tri-carinatis : ^trprd pallida
brunnea strigis saturatioribus omata, infrh albescens ; lateribus
brunneo vartis alboque maculatis ; guld brunneo lineatd.

Long, corporis capitisqae 6 unc. ; capitis co//tque, 2^ ; cauda, ?

Hab, apud Fernando Po.

" There are dght rows of hexagonal imbricated scales on the back
and tail, and two additional rows between the fore and hind legs ;
the lateral scales are irregular in form and size. Submental scales
large, in three transverse rows ; the first containing a single scale, the
second a pair, the third a pair with an intermediate rudimentary
one. Subcervical and ventral scales in eight rows ; subcaudal in
five rows, of which the middle row is the larger. There is a single
row of anal scales, curved upwards. Scales of the upper surface of
the body 3 -keeled, of the lower smooth. A semicircular series of five
plates over each orbit separated by a long narrow frontal : five occi-
pital plates, the posterior ones largest : nasal, post-nasal, and labial
plates varied in form and size.

" Head, back, tail and upper sur&ce of the extremities reddish
brown, a blackish line intersecting each row of scales ; sides lighter,
marked by a series of irregular blackish streaks ; belly and under
surface of tail a brownish white ; throat alternated longitudinally with
light and dark-brown lines ; submental scales whitish, bordered with
a broad dark-brown edge.

*' A single row of blunt teeth on the mar^n of the jaws.

" Body of nearly uniform shape from the commissure of the lips
to the tail."

63

June 28, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., Y.P. in the Chair.

A note addressed to Colonel Sykes by Lieut. Henning, R.N., wa«
read. It noticed the capture of an Albatross by a hook ; and stated
that the bird, while so attached, was fastened on by another of the
same species, but whether with the intention of endeavouring to re-
lease it, or with the view of taking advantage of its helpless condi-
tion, the writer did not attempt to determine.

Some observations were read by Mr. Gray " On the genus Mos^
chus of Linnaeus, with descriptions of two new species."

The only character, Mr. Gray remarks, by which this genus, as
established by Linnaeus and others, differs from the genus Cervus,
consists in the absence of horns ; for the elongated canines are com-
mon to it and most of the Indian species of Cervus, especially the
Cerv. Muntjac. The character of the fur, the degree of hairiness or
nakedness of the metatarsus, and the presence or absence of the
musk-bag in the male, offer, however, good characters for the sub-
division of the group into three very distinct sections or subgenera.

The first of these divisions, for which Mr. Gray would retain the
name of Moschus, comprehends only the Thibet Musk, Moschus mos-
chiferus, Linn. In common with the Deer and Antelopes it has the
hinder and outer side of the metatarsus covered with close erect hair;
like many of the Deer also, its fur is quill-like and brittle ; it has,
moreover, a throat entirely clothed with hair ; and the males are
provided on the middle of the abdomen with a large pouch secreting
musk. Its young, like those of most of the Deer, are spotted, while
the adult animal is plain-coloured.

The division to which Mr. Gray in the year 1821, in a paper in
the Medical Repository, gave the name of Meminna, also consists of
but a single species, the Moschus Meminna, Linn. In this group the
hinder edge of the metatarsus is covered with hair, but there is on
its outer side, a little below the hock, a rather large smooth naked
prominence, which is flesh-coloured during life ; the fur is rather
soft, spotted and varied with white, which becomes less conspicuous
in the older specimens, but does not appear ever to be entirely lost;
the throat is entirely covered with hair ; and there is no musk-bag
in either sex. The false hoofs are distinct, although denied to the
animal both by Linnaeus and Buffon.

The third and last subdivision is characterized by Mr. Gray, under
the name of Tragulus, as having the hinder edge of the metatarsus
nearly bald and slightly callous, a character which distinguishes them
at once from all other Ruminants ; the fur is soft, and adpressed like
that of Meminna, but not spotted even when young ; the throat is

provided with a somewhat naked, concave, subglandular, callous disk,
placed between the rami of the lower jaw, from which a band ex-
tends to the fore part of the chin ; and they have no musk-bag.
like all the other species of the linnean genus Moschus, they have
fEdse hoofs ; and most of them have the edges of the lower jaw,
three diverging bands on the chest, and the under surfiace of the
body more or less purely white. The species of this division scarcely
differ in colour in the various stages of their growth ; the young
&wn resembling the adult in every particular except in size.

In this division, the synonymy of whidi is extremely confused,
Mr. Gray reckons four species, two oi which he describes as new,,
arranging and diaracterizing tAksxa as follows :

Moschus Javakicus. Mo9ch. ferrugheus nigro vaneffatu$; colla
saturate brunneo griseo nebulato ; menti margine, strigis pec*
taralUms tribus postic^ haioribus, peetore, abdomine, femoribus
internk, ctmddque nbtiis^ albis ; pe^bus, capitis lateribus, prym-
ndque nitidi fulvis ; ocapite nigrescenti. Long. corp. ctqtHisqjiie
simul poll. 24 ;- metatarsi 4i- poll.
Moscfaitt JavanicUB, GmeL, S^fst. Nat, 1. p, 174. ex Pailasio.
Raffies in Linn, Trans, xiii. />. 261 ? Benn,, ZooL Gard., p, 41,
Tragnltts Javanicus, PalL, Spic. ZooL xii, p, 18. in notd,
Moschus Indians, GmeL, Syst, Nat, l,p, 172.
Cervus Javanicus, Osbeck, Iter, p. 273.
Moschus Napu, F, Cuv. Mamm, t,
ChotaBeta, Rou de Ramon, Cab. Madr. t, 9,
Hub, in Insulis Jav& et Sumatrft.

This species, Mr. Gray states, is at once known by its larger size,
pale colour, and the white of the entire under surface of the body,
with the exception of the two longitudinal dusky stripes which sepa*
mte the three white stripes of the chest from each other, and of a
simple narrow pale band a^oss the chest.

2. Moschus Kanchil. Mosch. fulvua, nigrescenti variegatus^ ittt*
chd strigd laid nigrd longiiudinali; guld, colli corporisque lateribus,
pallid^ flavescenHbus, pilis nigro-apiculatis ; antipedibus nitidl
fidois; menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, peetore,
abdomine, femoribus postic^, cauddque subtiis, albis -, peetore ab'
domineque strigd longiiudinali, in iUo- saturatiore, in hoc palli*
diore. Long, capitis corponsqne simul poll. 20 ; metatarsi di
poll.

MoBchiKi Kanchil, Raffles in Linn, Trans, xiH, p, 262.

Lc' Cheviotain adulte, Bufon, Hist. Nat, tofn. mi. p, 344.

Le Chevrotain de Java, Buffbn, Hist. Nat, Suppl, torn, vi, p, 219.
t. 30.

Javan Musk, Shaw,Zool, t, 17S, ex tab, Bufon,

Hob, in Jav&.

This species Mr. Gray states to be easily distznguishable frcun the
former by its smaller size ; darker colour; the strength and distinct^
ness of its Nuchal streak ; the width of the band across its chest;

vrlnch is besides continued baekwajds into a dSROW streak ; and the
yellow band along the middle of the belly. 'Hiese characters are
conmion to two specimens of different ages in the collection of the
British Museum. The lateral white streaks on the fore part of the
chest are linear, the median one subtrianguktr, being narrow in front
and widening backwards, llie two dark streaks by which they are
separated are linear, of the same colour with the sides of the neck,
and do not unite together in front.

3. MoscHus FULYiviNTEB. Mosch. fultms, nigrescenttvoriegatus;
nuchd strigd longitudinali htd nigrd ; guld, colli lateribus, antit
pedihusque rufeecenH-fulvis ; lateribus suhtiksquefiaveseentUfulvis}
menti margmibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, strigd laid utrin-
que inpeetore abdoimnequ€,/emoribus intern^ antic^gue, cauddque
sttbt^, albis,

Le jeune Chevrotain, Buffon, Hist. Nat. xii, p. 342. t. 42, 43.

Hab, in Insulis Malaicis, et in Peninsula Indise Orientalis ?

Very like the last, but differing from it in the under surface being^
pale fulvous with four white streaks, and in the lateral streaks on the
chest being isolated anteriorly by means of a narrow transverse band
which separates them from the white of the chin, while the median
one is boimded in front by the union of the two dark streaks.
There is also a small brown spot on each side of the chin just below
the angle of the mouth, which is not found in the other species.
The fawns only a few weeks old do not differ in colour from their
parents. None of the three specimens in the collection of the British
Museum have their habitats accurately marked. Two of them were
from the collection of General Hardwicke, and the third was pre-
seated by Mr. Edward Burton of Chatham. Mr. Grray thinks it pro-^
bable that this may be the animal indicated by Sir Stamford Raffles
under the name of Pelandoc,

4. MoscHUs Stanlsyanvs. Mosch. rufescenti-fulvns, pilis nigro-
t^nculatiSf subtits miniis nitidus; coUo pectoreque nitid^/ulms;
menti marginibus, strigis tribus pectoralibus, peetorst femoribua
intern^ antic^que, eauddque subtiiSy albis ; syneipite, pedibUsque a
genubits inde saturatioribus ; rhinaHo, strigd utrinque oculoB
ambiente, auriculisque extHs et ad margines, nigris.

Var. menti marginibus minits albis ; strigis pectoralibus interrupti^
minHs conspicuis ; guldque paulb saturatiore,

Hab.

This is immediately distinguishable from all the ot^er species by
the brightness of its colouring, and by the absence of the nuchcd:
streak, and of the white on the under surface of the body. There
are at present four living specimens in the magnificent collection of
the Earl of Derby at Knowsley ; and two others, consisting of a spe-
cimen of each of the varieties, in that of the Society, to which they
were recently presented by Her Royal Highness the Princess Victo-
ria. It is not known from what exact locality any of them were
obtained.

66

Mr. Qt&f ducoases fJie synonymy of the species above charac-
terized as belonging to the snl^enns Traguhts, especially ncitii re-
ference to the descriptions of Bufibn, Pallas, Raffles, and M. Frederic
Cuvier. From the imperfect manner in ^hich they are described
and figured, he is nnable to identify ivith any of the foregoing spe*
des, or to separate from them as distinct, the PeUmdoc figured in
Marsden's Sumatra, or the Pygmy Musk of Sumatra figured in Mr.
Griffith's edition of Cuvier's ' Animal Kingdom,' on which Fischer
has established his Moschus Chriffithii. The Mosch. pygnueus of Lin-
naeus Mr. Grray states to belong to the genus Antilope ; the hinder
part of the tarsus being covered with hair, and the false hoofs very-
small and rudimentary, and entirely hidden under the hair of the
feet ; the Mosch, Americanus appears by its spotted livery to be the
£eiwn of a species of Deer : and the Mosch. delicahdus, or Leverian
Musk of Shaw, is also undoubtedly the fawn of a Deer. It is cnrions
that Dr. Shaw quotes as a synonym of the last-named species the
figure of Seba, on which alone the Mosch. Americanus is founded,
while at the same time he enumerates the Mosch. Americanus as a
distinct species.

Mr. Gray also made some observations " On tiie tufts of hair ob-
servable on the posterior legs of the animals of the genus Cervus, as
a character of that group, and a means of subdividing it into natural
sections." These tufts are found on the inside, or on tiie outside, or
sometimes even on both sides, of the hinder legs of all the Deer
which Mr. Gray has had an opportunity of examining, with the ex*
ception of the Muntjac, on which he has not been able to detect
them dither in the living state or in preserved skins. This circum-
stance may, however, have arisen from the fact of the living animal
examined being confined in a cage; for he has uniformly found them
much more conspicuous in animals which have a wide range than in
such as are conned to small inclosures. Thus the various species of
Deer in the magnificent parks of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley, in
which the Ruminant animals are allowed an extensive range, and
preserved in a state nearly approaching to wildness, exhibit ^e tufts
in question in a much more ample state of development than such
as are seen in menageries; and one of the Axis Deer at the Gardens
of the Society, which has the run of a small paddock, displays them
much more evidentiy than another specimen in the Gardens, which
is confined to a stall. This difference of development, Mr. Gray-
suggests, may account for the little notice that has hitherto been
taken of them by zoologists, who have only spoken of them inci-
dentally, and with reference to one or two species of the group.
They are found at all ages and in both sexes ; and afford, therefore,
a valuable adjunct in the determination of the species of the hornless
females, as well as in distinguishing them from the females of the
genus Antilope, in which no indication of them is to be observed ;
tiie tufts or scopa that occur in some of the species of that genua
being on the fore knees and evidently serving a very different pur-
pose.

67

They were noticed in the American Deer by Buffon, who speaka
of them as surrounding " un lichen noirdtre long de neuf lignes.foH
^troit, entouri par des poih blancs et longs, qui paroissoient former
aussi une sorte de brosse ;" and according to M. F. Cuvier, who ob-
served them in the Wapiti, they surround a narrow long homy sub-
stance, which is the appearance of the part in the dry state r but
Col. Hamilton Smith, in his description of the same species,
takes a different view of the structure with which they are connect-
ed, which he states to be "a gland imbedded in hair secreting an
unctuous fluid." That the tufts really cover a glandular apparatus
ifi rendered probable by the circumstance that in the living animal
they generally assume a conical form as though imbued with some
oily secretion; and the specimens preserved in spirit which Mr. Gray
has examined, seem to justify this opinion ; but he has had no op-
portunity, since his obsen'ations upon the subject were made, of
confirming the fact by anatomical examination. They are generally
of a paler colour than the rest of the hair upon the legs; and in*
some species, the Cervus Virginiantis for instance, they are of a pure
white which renders them very conspicuous.

To the existence of these tufts as a generic character common to
all the Deer, Mr. Gray states that, among the species which he has
had an opportunity of examining, he has met with only one excep-
tion, that of the Muntjac before mentioned; and he thinks that if this
animal should prove to be really destitute of the appendages in ques-
tion, it would afford an additional motive, combined with the perma-
nence of its horns and some other characters, for excluding it from
the genus Cervus. But these tufts have also another value, that of
affording by the differences in their number and position three ob-
vious sectional divisions, which have an evident advantage over those
derived from the form of the horns and other characters of a sexual
and temporary nature, in being permanent at all ages and common
to both sexes. These sections Mr. Gray arranges as follows :

The first has a pencil of hairs seated on the outer side of the hinder
part of the metatarsus, about one third of the distance from the
caloaneum towards the hoofe. This section includes Cerv, Elaphus,
Canadensis, Axis, porcinus, Hippelaphus, Dama and its varieties, and
niger, as well as the Stag in the Museum of the Society, called the
greater Muntjac, Cerv. Tunjuc, Vig. and Horsf., in the Catalogue
for 1829, p. 17, No. 303, which Mr. Grray believes to be a species
of the Rusan group of Col. H. Smith with deformed horns. In
Cerv, Canadensis, and perhaps also in some other species, Mr. Gray
states that there is a large pad of close erect hairs on the hinder
edge of the metatarsus, commencing with this tuft.

In the second section there exist two tufts of hair, one seated on
the outer side of the hinder part of the metatarsus, about two thirds
of the distance from the calcaneum to the hoof; and the other on the
inner side of the hock or heel. This structure occurs in the Virgi'
nian Deer, Cerv, Virginianus, and in its variety Cerv, Meaicanus, as
well as in an allied species of which the female exists in the So-
ciety's Museum. The internal pencil is very distinct in the Virgi-

r

68

num Deer; and the external is also very conspicuous in consequence
of the whiteness of the hairs composing it. Lord Derby's g^me-
keeper, however, stated to Mr. Gray that there are two varieties of
this species in Knowsley park, in one of which this tuft is much
more conspicuous than in tiie other.

The third section comprehends those species which have a very
distinct tuft on the inside of the hock, but none on the outer side of
the metatarsus. Mr. Gray has observed this structure in two living
specimens of a species from Demeraia in the menagerie of Loid
Derby, which agrees best with Cerv. rufus, Desm.; in another South
American species, allied to the former but apparently different,
which was presented to the Society in 1828 by Sir Philip Egerton,
and is now in its Museum; and in a very young spotted Fawn (almost
a foetus) preserved in spirits in the collection of the British Museum.
He suspects that the Brockets of South America may have the same
character ; and thinks he could observe the internal tufts on the spe-
cimen of the Rein l)eer in the Society's Museum, but no trace of
the estemal, the entire hinder edge of the metaiarsus being covered
with a uniform very thick coat of hair.

From an examination of the skin of the Elk in the Britidi Mti-
seum« Mr. Gray is of opinion that it will probably enter into^a feurth
section ; in as much as it appears to have very distinct tufts oa the
inner side of the hock, and others also on the outer side of the meta^
tarsus about one third of its length from the heel, as in the first sec-
tion ; but of the existence of the latter tufts he is by no means cer-
tain, on account df the age and state of the specimen^

July 12. 1836.
Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

Mr. Waterhouse, at the leqiwat oi the Chairman, read a Fapet,
entitled " Seaciiptioa of a new genus of Mammtferoiu Awmah from
New Hollaad, whidi will probaUybe found to bebngtotiieJIIitirffti*
jpial type.**

Ihe skin on whidi this deaodptacA was founded had been lent to
Mr* Waterhouse» for the purpose ol deaoribing, by Lieut. Dale, c^
UvcrpooL who procured it wlulst on an exploring party in the inte-
rior of the Sww River Settlement, about 90 miks to the SLB. of the
mouth of that river. Two specimens were seen ; both of which took
to hollow trees on being pursued, and one of them was unfortunately
biimed to death in the attempt to dislodge it from its retreat. The
country abounded with decayed trees and ant-hills; and Mr. Water.
bouse is of opinion, from this circumstance and from some peculiari-
ties in the structure of the animal, that it lives chiefly, if not wholly,
upon 8nta» for which seaaom he proposes for it the generic name of

Mtbhbcobius.

Dentes incisores J, canini j£5^ paeudo-molares J^, molares?^=48.

Pedes antici 5-dactyli, digitis tribus intenaediis longioribus ; pos-
tici 4-dactyli» digitis duobus intfirmediiw internum superantibus; ex-
tenio bvevissimo; unguibus longis acutis subfidcularibua. Soelides
Uitipedibtui longioies* Caput dongatum ; rhinazio producto ; auri-
culis mediocribus acutis. Corpus gracile. Cauda mecUocria..

Mr. Waterhouse details at len^fth the pecuHarities of the denti-
tion and other structural characters of the animal under considera-*
tion, and particularly notices the statement of lieut. Dale that,. wiicA
it was killed, the tongue was protruded from the mouth to the ex-
tent of trwo inches beyond the tip ol the nose, its breadth being
three sixteenths of an inch; which ditnmistance, combined with the
dontitioa of the animal, confirms him in the belief that it feeds upon
ants. With respect to its immed^te affinities he confissaes himsell
St a losa. In skbining the specimen, the part where the pouch
would be placed in a marsupial animal, has been so miitilaited as to
render it difficult to determine whether or not it possessed one : it
appears, however, to. lucire been a female, and to have two mammm
and the remains of a pouch. Mr. Waterhouse is of opinioa that it
will prove to be allied to the genus Phascagale ; and there are also,
he states, points of resemblance betweoi it and Tkipaia, as well as
with the ground Sq^irels, the genus TomMV of modem authors.

The species Mr. Waterhouse proposes to name Myrmecobim /tu-
cktus : he describes it as follows : " Length from the nose to the
root of the tail (meaaaring along the cuxve of the back) ten inches ;

No, XLin. PaOCBEDINGS OF THK ZoOLOGICAt SoC^l^tir.

70

of the head, firom the tip of the nose to the hase oi die ear, <me inch
and seven eighths; of the tail six inches and a qfoaiter. Hie coloiir
above is reddish ochie, interqieised with white hain, the posteiior
half of the body bong adorned with alteniate black and white tnuu-
Terse €uci«, dtqKieed in a manner scnnewhat similar to thoee of 71^-
imcums cptoeephabu. The nnder parts ci the bo^ are yeUowish
white; the anterior legs of die same ooloor on didr inner ades, and
oi a pale boff ocdour externally ; and the posteiior legs of a pale
huff ookNir* with die fore part <tf the tibiae wUCiali, and the sobs en-
tnrdybare. The hairs of die tail are mixed bla<^ white and led-
diah ocfaie» caidi of these ooloors predominating in diffacut parts.
Tlie reddish hne oi the fare part oi the body is gradoaDy Uended
into the black, which is the prevailing ookmr of the posterior half,
and whidi is adorned widi nine white fosdae; the lint of these
foaci» (wlni^ is iidfisdnct) eommiaKaog rather befim die mk^
die body, and being, in oammon with the second, infeemqifeed on die
bade by die graand cokiiir of die body; the diM, fandi, and bat
extending oniBtemiptedly fipom side to aide; and thelifdi, nzth,
seventh and ci^ith, extending ofver the baidc, paaaing withoot ooming
into contact, and dins na it were dovetailing, widi thooe of the op*
positeside. The hair on the head is Tciy short and of a brownkh
hoe alK)ife» (being romposfd of amixtnrecf bbck andreddidi-biown
widialiewwhilehain); and vdntidi beneadi. Ite nose and lips
are blarkish ; and there are a few long blade hairs springing firom
under the eyes and from the sides of the mmzle. The body is co-
Toed with hair ai two kinds; dieonterof which is modentdy long,
ladmr OQane» and oonyaet on die bade and fore parts of the body;
but over die hanadMs» and on die mder sanfoee, where the pooch
is aiftnated in the Ifii iipiifi, the hair is kmg. The wnder for is
short, faa and rather aoam^. TVetailKfoDtnidmdthnNig^Kmtwi^
loB^ hairs.**

In afaKBtraliQn of his p^wr Mr. WafeedMmae eddbiled the skin,
togedmr widi dmwinga of the animal, of itsaknli, and of its dentary

Hie foUowing notes of dm dissection of a specimen of die CfttKoff
Att* JBel* Oc ra dan OnmBjiV, fiemu, by Mr. Martin, were rend.

**ThaindiTidttalexaaained was a male menmrii^ in die length
of the head and body 7 inches: the tafl was imperfect.

** On removiiMt die dan from the dwstand nfohaKs, the diape of
th« xiphoid oartwige was ohsMvod to be itnifoim.

** TW abdominal cavity bdng exposed, the oider of the viscera
waa aa <\4)ow». Oorapying ila uand situataon the liver extended
h\\m ald« hi aid«« >h^hiW bdow ila edge apfnawd a portion of the
wrvat «»ui'yi^luv«» <4' tK« atomacht and also the/i|iwni cnaetging from
bm^mitk tU rbbl h^b^i ^ i ^K i ^ 'awm paasmg foam the pflonts
^\\\\\\p\\\y \\i\\\m iloNVi\« iM\Mw^( Ihfp upp^ end of hodi kidaeys, and

ihc»n mmlf» n mfS'p \\{\\fiM\U and mr^^ in d^jjas The chief

\mM\\\\ \\( lhi» aliitimUHal <H^vttY« ^^i tHMnpamixvn^ lynLkma Tohnne,

71

"The liver {wkich was highly disorgmiized) consisted of two
neaiiy equal left lobes, and of two right lobes of which the out^r-
.most was partially divided, but not so completely as to make the
number of right lobes three. The lohulua Spigelii was small.

'*In a deft in the first or central right lobe, a little to the right of
the ligamenium latum (wluoh was 1^), appeared the gall-bladder*
small, globolar, and empty: its duct received several small hepatic
tulies, and axtmd the duodemm half an inch below the pylorus.

" llie spleen was aittached to the lower part of the cesophagus and
the cardiac Mmscuhu by a riband of mesentery, half an inch in
breadth when extended. In figure this viscus was pointed at both
ends, and tJuee-sided, or prismatic : its length was I4- inch ; its
greatest breadth half an indi.

** Beneatli the cardiec portion of the stomach and the spleen, lay
the pancreas, a 9oit indefinite mass spreading through the mesentery :
a portion of it followed the course of the duodenum for about an
inch. Its duct entered the intestine along with the biliary duct.

" The stomach, 2 inches in length, and somewlmt more than 1
inch in depth, was of a regular figure, its cardiac saeculus projecting
but little beyond the entrance of the (esophagus; between which and
the pybric opening there intervened a good distance, (about ^ of
an inch). The pyloric portaoQ of the stcMnach was of equal volume
with the cardiac, and did not diminish rapidly but was globular.
IntamaUy* the stomach had a cuticular and villous portion; the cuti-
colar linmg, occupying about a third of the whole, covered the car*
diac end, commencing anterior to the entrance of the (esophagus.

" The small intestines measured 2 feet 6 inches in length.

" The cffewn was large and sacculated, being puckered into sacculi
by two stnmg muscular bands. It measured 3 inches in length, was
loaded with Ueeel matter, and was ulcerated through in several
points, frcHn which the/tece^ had escaped in small quantity, • It viras
so tender that it could not be distended.

'* The colon formed a loop 5 inches in length, analogous to that
which eidsts in Capromys and Coypusi at the part where the intes-
tine leaves this duplicature the faces assumed distinct oval forms.
The first length of this fold or loop of the colon was larger than the
second or returning length ; and this portion with the rest of the
large intestines scarcely equalled the small in diameter.

" The total length of the large intestines was 1 foot 54 inches.

" The right kicbey was placed higher than the left : the kidneys
were of an oval shape, and 4 of an inch in length. The jMipt7/a was
large and single.

" The renal capsule was of the size of a pea, round, of a yellow-
ish grey colour, and soft internally.

" The lungs consisted of three right and two left lobes.

" The heart presented nothing remarkable.

" The jpenis, measured from the pubis, was I4- inch in length.
The glans was supported by an osseous stylet, and its upper sur-
face was rough with numerous minute but homy retroverted papill<e.
At the orifice of the urethra were four long, conical, horny papillte.

7«

{NTcjecting f<nrwards« two ob ettch side : tfaejr appeared to be four of
the homy pegintta of the ^kms elongated and developed* fer thcK
papiUm surrounded their base and were there rather largi^ than lower .
down on the glans* *-

" I found, as in Capromfs and Cai^^, a decided decussation Of the
pubic pillars of the recti ^bd^mims musoles.

" The teatet, of an oval i^pe, were within fhe abd&m^^ as high
as the top of the haunch bones ;— -the epididjfmis formed a knot at
the end of the tettis, adhmng doselj to it, whence it sent a tabe
along the testis to liie opposite or small end; arrivisg there it
formed a knotted congeries of fine oonvolations, firom which emerged
the vas deferens. To this congeries there proceeded from the Mo
minal ring (which was imperforate) a muscular, tubular sac, or ere-
WMster, the fibres of which unbraced it. Tlie ring being imperforatCi
the testis, I imagine, never passes externally into the groin.

" The vas deferens emerging fifom this coi^^es of tubes, tamed
round, crossed the small end of the testis, and descended over tiie
vesicnia seminaUs of its own side.

" The vesiaU^ semimdes were 1 ineh in lehgth» slender and oon-
vdluted.

*' The prostate ^and was double ; Cowper's g^bmds woe of the
size of peas, and round. The memlxanoiis part c^ tiie uretkra ym
4 of an inch in length.

" The ftmees were not funnel-shaped, but constricted by a ktenl
pillar rising up from the base of the tongue on eaeh side to the pa*
late, which wants tonsils and vektm pminhm : the apertave thai
formed just admitted the top of a penal. The tiarsv opened 2 or 3
lines beyond this constricted portion just above the rhna gloUidu\
they were not therefore visible. Until the fauces were furiy laid
fjipen. The contnu^on of the ftmees is less decided than in the
Corpus:'

73

July 26. 1836.

Richaxd Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

At tibe request of the Gfaainnan, Mr. Gould exhibited qpedmens
of two new species of Birdg from the Friendly Islands and New
Holland, of which he proposed to form a genus. He stated them
to approximate, in his opinion, in nearly an equal degree to the
genera Lamu8, Tkrdus, iad Lamprotwnia ; but believed that they
mi^t with propri e ty be airanged among the Tknuhet, Their cluu
racters were ^ven as finUows :

Aplonzs.

Rasirwm capite panl6 brevius, robustum, subcompressum ; man-
dibul4 arcuatft, ad apicem emaiginati.

JViire» basales, ovales, patoke.

AUr breves ; remigibus 2do et 3tio longissimis, Imo et 4to aequali-^
bos.

Camda brevis, lata, quadrata vel sub-bifurea.

Tarsi robusti ; digitis magnis; unguibus magnis curvatis, hallucis
pnedpn^ valido.

In bolh species the feathers of the head are lanceolate ; and the
generul phunage above has a slight glossy hue, especially on the
head and back c^ tiie neck. The species were characterized as

follows:

Apxokis MABonrATA. JpLpUeo metaUie^ hnameo} moteo Motu-
raik hnameo, remigibu» seamdariis mar^ime exieno attescenii'
hu8; hmerig ferk nigrit ; rewdgibiu camidqme saturaik hruameit;
rostro tanisque mgre§ceati~bnamei8 ; gaatreo paUidk bnmneo,
rackibuM phmuaitm/er^ aUn$.

Long, tot., 74 poU.; roifn itridu ad apicem, 1; aUt,Si; etmdic,2^;
tarn, 1^.

Hab. in Insulis Amicorum.

This species formed part of a collection made by Mr. Mathews,
who has lately visited these islands.

Afloxis vusca. JpL pUeo et regume paraiicd obscmrh ntgro-
spUmieiUUma ; noUnptdUik bnameo; gastneo paOtdhre; read-
gUms coMddqme bnmmeis^ rostra tarsUqwe mgria.

Long, tot., 6^ polL; rosiri ik rictu ad apicem, viz {; aU, Z\ ;
eoMdtt, 2f ; tarn, vix 1.

Hob. ad ripas fiovii Muixumfaidgee, in Novft HoDandii AustralL

74

Tbis tpedes ww ooOeeted, togetlier widi nianj other raiities, by
Caqitain Stmt, daring bis ezpeditioointlie interior of Austzalu, and
presented bj him to tiie Socwtj.

August 9, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq.« in the Chair.

A specimen waa exhihited of an Ortfx which Mn Gould regarded
Es hitherto undeacribed.

At the request of the Chairman he pointed out the distinguishing
peculiarities of the new species, which he named and characterized
as follows t

Orttx 0CBLLATT78. Ortyx fiigto- hnmneus, dorso punctis rufo-brum^et
adsperso, lateribus ocdlis aibi-Jlavidis notati$,femoribu8 nigris.

Long. Corp. &|- unc. ; a/<e, 4^ ; tarsi, 1-^.

Hasc species ad Ort Monteiuma in affinitate proxima.

" Bill black, strong, and arched ; top of the head, which is slight-
ly crested, blackish brown ; a large white mark extends over each
eye and passes on to the back part of the neck ; beneath the eye is
an oval mark of blueish black ; from the base of the lower mandiUe
extends another white mark which spreads upon the front of the
neck and is bounded by an abrupt margin of black ; a large patch
of the latter colour occupies the chin and throat ; the general colour
of the whole of the upper surface is brownish olive, each feather
having a decided central line of chestnut following the direction of
the shaft and becoming spatulate at the tip ; the web of each feather
is transvenely barred and blotched with black ; the chest and ab»
domen is sandy chestnut, becoming more intense on the under tail-
coverts ; sides of the chest and flanks transversely spotted with yel-
lowish white on a blueish grey ground; thighs black; tail very short
and partly hidden ; tarsi brown.

This bird differs from Ortyx Montezuma in several particulars, but
to that species it is most nearly allied.

Mr. Gould also brought before the notice of the Meeting two new
species of Birds from New South Wales, where tliey had been col-
lected, and subsequently presented to the Society by Captain Sturt.
They are' referrible to the genus Zoster ops of Messrs. Vigon and
Horsfield; a group among the 8ylviad4e,and of which but two species
wer^ known at the time those gentlemen instituted the genus. Mr.
Gould placed on the table six additional species, a portion of which
was from the Society's collection, and the remainder from his own.
In the course of his remarks, Mr. Gould adverted to the surprising
augmentation of species which has now taken place in nearly every
gproup in ornithology; and characterized the new species mentioned
above as

ZOSTEBOFS AliBOGULARIS, Gould,

. Zostj corpore supernk, alis, tauddque, olivaceis ; dorso, tectricihus
alwrum, cavdmque, castaneo-brunneis ; oculo plumuUs albis circum*
No. XLIV, — ^Pbocbedings of the Zoological Socistt.

76

data ; genia wuiculd nigrd noiaiis ; aurieularibus griseia; gtdd, venire,
crissoque aJbis ; laienbiu castanets ; rastro pedibusgae pmrparascenti'
griseis.

Long, eorp, 5^ unc. ; rasifi,^; aUe, 3; camdat, 2j; tarn, 1.

Hob, in Au8tndi&» apud flumen Mnmimbidgee dictom.

ZosTBBOFS TBinriROST&is, Govicf.

Zost. vertice capitis, muchd, gold, thoracegae vtridi-fains ; oculo
plwmdis albis circamdato ; dorso, sceqndis, olivaceo-griseis ; primarw
rsctridlmsgue viridi lath marginatis; vemtre, crissogae brumeo-fiami
rostra pedilmsgue bnameis.

Long. carp. 5f unc; rostri, f ; «te, 2f ; caada, 2^; tarsi, J.

Hab, in Aiutxiilia apud flumen Murmmbidgee dictum.

They are the two burgest known species of the genus.

Notes by W. C. Williamson, Esq., Curator to the Natural Hiatory
Society, Manchester, on the appearance of rare Birds in theviciiu^
of Scarborough were then read, of which the following is an abs-
^ract.

"The prominent position of Scarborough with its projecti^
headlands separated by deep bays and its high hills covered "vm
wood, render the neighbourhood a fieivourite retreat for various tribes
of birds. Among the spring visitors the Siskin maybe enumerated*
which appears in April, remaining only a few days apparently on its
route to breeding-'places farther nortii. It is never seen at any owcr
period of the year, though considered by authors as a winter ^^^j^'
Several examples of the Hoopoe, and one specimen of the Bwfer,
have been shot in the neighbourhood. The stomacb of the latter
was filled with the elytra and other remains of a species of Curcuao,
Of the Water Ouzel or Dipper it is stated that, when flying down a
stream it drops into the water and dives under any rails laid acpow
from bank to bank, rather than fly over them, rising on the opposjw
side and pursmng its course. The nest of this bird is occasionaUy
seen so placed under a projecting ledge thatafisill of water was con-
stantly rolling over it, thus rendering it secure from any attacks :
the birds entering by the sides of the fall.

" The Redwing has been seen as late as May; these birds are re-
markable for a peculiar cry uttered when disturbed and about to take
flight. ,

"The Hooded Crow has been known to breed near Scarborou^
t)n two or three occasions. In one instance, a female Hooded Cr(il»
was observed to pair with a Carrion Crow on a large tree at Hack-
ness, where they succeeded in rearing their young. The Carr^
Crow was shot by the gamekeeper, but the foUovring J^^ ^
Hooded Crow returned with a new mate of the same sable hue a**"*
former one to her old nest. The carrion and young crows "^^
again all shot ; the old female by her vigilance escaped all the f^
forts of the keepers to destroy her, and a third time returned wit»
a fresh mate ; she was not however again so successful, h^^ ^
shot, and is now preserved in the Scarborough Museum. Theyo'*''©

77

birds varied, some resembling tiie Hooded and others the Carrion
Crom in their phuni^.

"The Great m Thick-kneed Planers breed on the fallows, and(^ten
startle the midnight traveller by their shrill and ominous whistle.
This is supposed to be the note so beautiliiliy alluded to by Sir
Walter Scott in his poem of The Lady of the Lake,

' And in the Plover'i ahrilly strain
The siginal whittle's heard again.'

for it certainly sounds more like a human note than that of a bird«

" The Rough-legged BuxMord breeds occasionally in a precipitous
dell near Hadcness. A marked' female returned the following year
with a new mate to her former favourite haunt.

" Three spedes of the genus Leotris, the Gkmcouo Gull, Little
GuU, Great Northern Diver, Little Auk, and Long-tailed Duck are
obtained geneni]lyduringtheprevalenceofstrongnorui«easterly winds.
Temminck's Tringa and the Olkfaeeouo Gidlimule have been killed near
Scarborough. Ilie Sanderling visits the shore in May and Septem-
ber. Good sport is sometimes gained at IFootfcoc^-shooting in March,
when from any cause these birds are prevented continuing their
journey northward. In one or two instances a Woodcock has been
seen there as late as June."

August 23, 1836.

Thomas Bell, Esq., in the Chair.

In consequence of the lamented decease of the Secretary, £.
T. Bennett, Bsq., the usual routine of scientific business was sus-
pended.

79

September 13, 1836.
William Yarrell, Esq., in the Chair.

A communicatioii was read from J. B. Harvey, Esq., of Teign-
moatib, a Corresponding Member of the Society, on the occurrence
of four specimens of fiie VeleUa limbosa of Lamarck, which were
found on the beach at Teignmouth after a continuation of southerly
winds and smooth water.

A specimen was forwarded for the Society, and representations of
it in four different points of view accompanied the communication.

Mr. Vigors called the attention of the meeting to a Bird, present-
ing a singular form among the Tinamous, which he had exhibited at
one of the evening meetings in the year 1832, but which, from ac-
cidental circumstances, had not been characterized in the Proceed-
ings. The birds of this group, which forms an immediate connect^
ing link between the Tinamous and the Bustards, were first observed
by Mr. Pentland on a high elevation in the Andes, and the specimen
before ^he meeting was brought by that gentleman to this country
and presented to the Society. Mr. Vigors described in detail the
qfaaracters of the genus, to which he assigned the name of Tlwamo/t^,
and also ppinted out the specific characters of the bird, to wbich h«
bad on a fGan^^er occasion given the name of Penthndii, in himour of
the distinguished traveller who first discovered the group.

' TiNAMOTIS.

Rostrum forte, subrectum, Otidis rostra persimile ; culmine piano.

Al€e mediocres, rotundats^; remigihus primd, et septimi fer^ sequali-
bns, brevissimis, tertid et quartsl lotigissimis.

pedes tridactyli ; tarsis sublongis fbrtibus ; acrotarsiis reticulatis
s^anus inferioribus grandibus ; digitis longitudine mediocribus, me-
dio caeteris, quae sunt fer^ sequales, longiore, omnibus membrani
utriuque marginajtis ; acropodivs scutellatis, squamis maximis ; un-
guihus grandibus, planis, dLspansis.

Cauifa brevis, subrotundata.

TiKAMOTis Pentlandii. Tin, corpore mnereo-brunneo sordidoqu4
fyib)0 fasciato, capite collogue similiter striotis ; crisso femori-
busgue rufis ; injsnto albescente.
Flumulse capitis colli ventrisqae magis albido, dorsi catfc^que ma-
gls fulvo notatse ; narum notis macidis simulantibus. Longitudo cor-
poris, 15; ala, a carpo ad apicem remigis Stiae, 10; rosiri adfrontem,
.1^, ad rictum, 1| ; tarsi, 2 ; digitorum, unguibus inclusis, medii, l^,
extemonim, 1^.

Mr. Vigors took the same opportunity of describing and nam\ng
No. XLV. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

80

two ParrM9 in the Society's Collectioii, one of which, now alire in
the Menagerie, dintingnwhed by a brilliant purple plnmage over the
head, nape, and breast, and which came from South America, he
characterized under the name of Psittacms augusttis ; the second, of
"vihich two specimens had been procured from the late Rev. Lons-
down Gruilding's collection, received from the Island of St. Vincent,
but the predse locality of which was not known, he described by
the name oiPsittaau Guildingii.

PsiTTACus AUGUSTUS. Psitt, vvridis, etqnle, coUd eorpareque tmbtilM

$plendidl purpweis, nmdpiie vhidi tincto, torque wMchaU satwrO'

tiore ; humeris reeiricUmsque coecineo notatis, kis ad (gnces pmr*

purascenti'/usco iincHs,

Plumuke nucha eorporisqae iabk nigro ad apices marginatse ; m-

ter$eapulii teetrteumqae femoris aacoreo leviter ad ibices linctae. Mag-

nitodo PUUycerci Vasa.

PsiTTACVS GuiLniNGii. Psttt, copitis fronte aibescente, sineipite

genisque flavis, occipite mentoque azureis, nuchd viridi; alts virl-

dihns in medio fofcid aurantiaco-fiaod notatis, ad apices nigris;

eaudd ad basin aurantiacd, deindefascid viridi in medio lazulind

notatd, ad apicemflavd.

Plumuke occipitis ad basin flavescentes, deinde azureae, fascia gra-

cili nigro-brunnei ; nuchic virides iastnk latiore notatse. Remigis

primaria ad basin flavse, secundaria aurantiacae ; ad apices nigrae; in-

teriorum plunus extemis lazulino txnctis, rhacMbus nigris. Rectricii

miptk ad basin flavae, deinde aurantiaco viride marginato notatse,

posteit extern^ lazulinae, extern^ nigrae, ad apices aurantiaco-flavBe,

rhachibus nigris ; subtdis ad basin aurantiacae, in medio virides, ad

apices flavae. Rostrum album. Long. corp. 17^ unc. ; a/« a carpo

ad apicem remips 4t8e, 12; tarsi, |; cauda, 8; mandibuke supe-

rioris, 1^; infenoris, 1^.

Mr. Oould, at the request of the Chairman, exhibited to the
Meeting two tribes of Birds, viz. the Tamatias, from the warmer
parts of America, and the Coursers, from the arid regions of Africa
and India. Mr. Oould observed, that of the first group, only five
species appear to have been known to Linnaeus; eleven others had
smcebeen added, making sixteen: the Society's collection contained
thirteen species. Mr. Gould exhibited a series of drawings in illus-
tration of the group, and characterized one new species under the
name of Tamatia bicincta, as follows :

Tam ATiA BICINCTA. Tom. guld et corpore infemi^ subtils ochraceo-
fulvis ; pectore duahus fasciis nigris transversim striata ; lateribus
fiavidO'dlbis nigro maculatis ; plumis auricularibus griseis, mar-
ginalihus subtils brunned fused tinctis ; fascid nuchali grised; cor^
pore summo cauddque superne brunneis ; tectricibus alarum secun-
dariis ad apicem ochraceo-albis hoc colore dorso guttata; rectriei'
busque extemis marginalibus.

Long. tot. 8 unc. ; rostri, 1 J ; alee, 3^; caudee, 3 ; tarsi, J.

Hab, Cayenne ?

81

Mr. Gould stated ip conclusion, that this formerly limited group
now constitutes a considerable HEimily, or subfiBimily, whose members
appear naturally to form themselves into at least three or four genera :
thus divided, tkie genus Tamatia, Guv. (Capito, Vieill.) contains 9
species, that of Lypomix^ Wagl., 3 species; thsXoiMonasa, Vieill., 3
species; and that of Chelidoptera, Gould, 1 ; the latter being a generic
tide provisionally instituted by Mr. Gould for the Lypomix tenebrosa,
Wagl., a species which differs in many essential characters from all
the other members of the group, possessing as it does a very length-
ened wing, and being in every way adapted for powerful flight. He
observed, that he had consulted with M. Natterer on the propriety
of separating this bird from the other members of the group, in which
opinion that eminent naturalist had coincided, and at the same time
stated, that it usually resorted to the topmost branches of the trees*
whence it sallied forth over the forest in search after its insect food,
while, on the other hand, all the other members of the group kept to
low thickets and the neighbourhood of the ground. In their general
economy they offer a striking resemblance to the Shrikes and F/y-
tatchers ; they are, however, more indolent in their disposition, and
sit motionless on a dead branch for hours together, until their atten-
tion is drawn to some passing insect, when they sally forth, capture
it, and return to the same branch, which they are known to frequent
for months together. With the exception of three or four species
all the members of this group are confined to the Brazils.

Mr. Gould exhibited six species of the genus Cursorius, one of
whi^ was described as new by the appellation of Cursorius rufu9.

Ctbsobius kuftjs. Cur,frontisca8taneO'rufo; occipite griaeotfascid
albd cincto hac suprd, et infrd, lined angustd nigrd marginatd;
micha rufescente ; corpore summo rufescente brunneo ; guld albidd;
pectore pallido fulvo hoc colore infaciam ventralem nigram mer^
genie; abdomine posteriore, crissoque albis -, remigibus primariis
nigris; secundariis albis ; prymno? rectricibusque cauda ad basin
brunneo-griseis harum duabus intermedins notd nigrd apicali ex-
temis ferl albis reliquis plUs minilsve ad apicem albis nee non
nigra macula griseum colorem singente; rostra nigro; digitis nt-
igrescentibus ; tarsis? albido flavis.

Long, tot., 9 unc; rostri, 1^; ala, 5^; cauda, 2; tarsi, 3.

Hah. is insulis Oceani Indici.

The new species of Cursorius was from the islands of the Indian
Ocean, but from what particular locality Mr. Gould had not been
able to ascertain. It differs from Curs, Asiaticus, by being smaller
in all its proportions, by having the whole of the upper surface of a
rich rufous brown, and by not possessing a white band across the
rump. In its affinities it is closely allied to both Curs. Asiaticus and
Curs. Temminckii.

Mr. Martin placed on the table two examples of the Potto or
Kinkajou from the Society's Museum, and, at the request of the
Chairman, read some notes describing the differences in colour, size*

82

and comparative measurements of partd in the two specimens, of
which the following is an abstract.

" The differences which exist in two specimens of the Kinkajdu in
the Society's Museum have led me to introduce them to the atten-
tion of the Meeting, as it is not improbable that they may ultimate-
ly prove to be distinct species. The Kinkajou, however, is so rare
an animal both in the museums and menageries of our country, that
we wdnt the means of ascertaining whether or not, like that alHed
animal the Coati, its colour be subject to variations of tint and mark-
ing. But independently of the great difference in colour which
obtains in the two specimens before the meeting, and on which,
taken as a solitary character, we should hesitate to ground a specific
distinction, at least until we had compared seteral specimens, it ap-
pears that the ears of the rufous specimen (which was lately pre-
sented by George Vaughan, Esq.) are more elongated than those of
the other, which died in the Society's Menagerie, where it had lived
for many years. It is on this difference, rather than on Ihat of co-
lour, that I have suspected a specific distinction ; though I confess
my suspicions are strengthened by the latter as a concomitant. A
knowledge of the precise localities from which each specimen was
obtained would be of great use, but on this point, unfortunately, 1
have not been able to gain any information.

"In distinguishing between the two species of Kinkajou, I considei-
it best to drop entirely the specific title caudivolvulus, (which is ap*
plicable to both, and is descriptive rather of a generic than a speci-
fic character,) the only mode in fact by which to avoid all possibility
of confusioh.

" Our first species will stand as Cercoleptes megalotus. It is di-
stinguished by the form of the ears, which are elongated, narrow,
rounded at the tip, and somewhat flapping ; their le&gth is 1 inch
3 lines, their breadth 7 lines.

" Internally they are sparely covered with thinly set soft hairs ;
externally they are ftdly clothed with hairs of a palfe yeHowish
white.

" The fur is close, short, thick, and rigid ; the general colour is
deep reddish yellow, or fulvous, with an obscure band of a darker co-
lour, down the top of the head, the back, and upper surface of the
tail, approaching to chestnut. The sides of the body and the insides
of the limbs are pale fulvous ; the abdomen and throat are nearly as
dark as the back, and a stripe of deep chestnut commences about the
end of the sternum, and is continued to the inguinal region. Hie
tail is slender, and the hairs of this part are very rigid.

•* To our second species we propose to give the name oTCercoleptes
hrachyotus,

" The fur is full, soft, and moderately long; of a universally glossy
yellowish grey clouded with brown, especially over the nose, on the
top of the head, and down the back; and indeed little less so on the
sides of the body and outer surface of the limbs. The abdomen, the
insides of the limbs, and the throat are dusky straw colour. The ears
itre broad, short, and rounded ; covered, but somewhat sparingly, on

83

the outside with fur of the same colour as that of the body : their
length and breadth are equal, namely, 1 inch.

" The tail is moderately thick, being covered with fur of the same
character as that of the body."

Sp. 1. Cbbcolbptbs icBOALOTus. Cercolept. hefk rufus, 9trigd
saturatiore, per totam longitudinein capitis, dorsi medii, ccmd^eque
suprd ejTCurrente ; lateribus pallidioribus ; abdomine guldque rufis,
strigd castaned dbdaminali ; mhriculis Jonps, angustis, rotufu^i$
subpendentibus et extern^ pilis pallida flavis, indutis cauddgracUi ;
vellere denso brevi, at que rigido,

Sp. 2. Cebcoleptes BRACHToxufe. Cctcol, vdhre denso, moUi,
et lohgiusculo, griseo ftavescehti, dt bmnriBo, iMdato, hoc colore in
capite, stnmnoque dorso, saturdtiore : abdothifie ei guld stramineis
auricnlis latis, mediocribus, et etectis, pilis ratioribus fuScis ex-
tern^ indutis.

64

September 27, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Edward Fuller, Esq., of Carleton Hall,
near Saxmundham, was read, which stated that his gamekeeper had
succeeded last year in rearing two birds from a barn-door Hen^ hav-
ing a cross from the Pheasant, and a Pheasant cock ; that the birds
partook equally of the two species in their habits, manners, and ap-
. pearance ; and concluded by presenting them to the Society.

The gamekeeper of Edward FuUer, Esq., in a short note which
accompanied the birds, stated that he had bred them, and they were
three-quarter-bred Pheasants.

The living birds were exhibited at the Meeting, as was also a
living hybrid, between the Pheasant and common Fowl, which was
one of several that had been some years in the Menagerie of the
Society.

Several specimens of hybrids, from the preserved collection in the
Museum of the Society, were placed on the table for exhibition and
comparison. These had been bred between the Pheasant and common
Fowl, the common Pheasant and the silver Pheasant, and the common
Pheasant with the gold Pheasant,

The specimens of the three-quarter-bred Pheasants were consider-
ed interesting, the opinion of the older physiologists having been
that animals bred between parents of two distinct species were un-
productive.

Mr. Yarrell stated, that although generally such an opinion pre-
vailed there were still exceptions. The Proceedings of tiie Society
for 1831 exhibited one already recorded at page 158. This com-
munication was received from the Honourable Twiselton Fiennes.
who having succeeded in rearing a brood between the common Duck
and the Pintail, found in the following season these hybrids were
productive. Other instances are also on record which were adverted
to. Mr. Yarrell stated, that he had had opportunities of examining
the bodies of hybrids, both of Gallinaceous Birds and Ducks, and
found that the sexual organs of the males were of large size, those
of the females deficient in size, and not without some appearance of
imperfection. The crosses produced by the breeders of Canaries
were mentioned, and the objects of obtaining them explained. Mr.
Yarrell expressed his belief that the attempt to breed from a hybrid
was most likely to be successful when a male hybrid was put to a
female of a true species.

Mr. Vigors said this was the first instance that had come to his
knowledge of a female hybrid being productive, and he had hitherto

86

considered that they were not so: he expressed his desire to see the
female hybrid that had produced the three-quarter Pheasants then
in the room, and hoped that the opportunities which the Menagerie
of the Society afforded of obtaining additional evidence on this in-
teresting subject would not be lost sight of.

The Chairman stated, that it was the opinion of John Hunter
tharliybrids were not productive except in cases where the gene-
rative organs were in a state of perfection, which might be regarded
as unnatural in hybrids, as in the rare cases recorded of fertile
Muhs, between the Horse and Ass. Constant fertility in the hy-
brid proved, in the opinion of Hunter, that the parents were varie«
ties of the same species, not distinct species. But the Chairman
stated, that the experiments recorded by Hunter in the ' Animal
QEconomy ' relative to the fecundity of the hybrids from the Dog
and Wolf and Dog and Jackal were incomplete, from the cir-
cumstances of the hybrids having always bred from a perfect
species and not having propagated the intermediate variety inter
se. He trusted that in a short time this test would be applied in
experiments now in progress at the Society's Menagerie^ and thus
an additional element be gained towards the solution of this inter-
esting question.

A small collection of Birds from Swan River, presented to the
Society by Lieut. Breton and Capt. Brete, were on the table. Mr.
Gould, at the request of the Chairman, observed upon the collection
generally, and selected two species which he considered as unde-
scribed, a Gallinule and a species of Duck, the latter strictly refer-
rible to the genus Oxyura of L. Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano,
(genus Undina of Gould). Mr. GK>uld named the Gallinule, Gallinula
ventralis, and the Duck, Oxyura Australis, this being the only in-
stance he had seen of this limited group from Australia. Of this spe-
cies the collection contained bo& male and female, the latter of
which« in the general distribution of its markings and colouring,
bore so close a resemblance to the Hydrohates of Temminck that
the bill alone presented the obvious distinction.

Mr. Gould characterized the Gallinula as follows :

Gallikula vbntbalis. Gall, guld pectore et inferioribus corporis
partibus fuscO'Cinereis, lateribus albo guttatis, remigihus cauda
crissoque nigris ; toto corpore supernk olivaceo-hrunneo ; alis cos-
taneo tinctis ; mandibuld superiore olivaced ; inferiore ad basin
rubrd, ad apicem olivaced; pedibus olivaceis.

Long. tot. 15 a 17 unc; rostri, 1^; ala, 9 ; cauda, 3^; tarsi, 2^«

Hab, in Australia apud flumen Cygnorum.

OxTUBA AusTBALis. Mas. Ox^. capite toto et collogue nigris ;
pectore, dorsolateribusque nitide castaneis; remigibus tectricibusque
Cauda nigrescentibus, uropygio nigricante brunneo inomato ; db-
domine crissoque brunneo cinereis brunneo transversaliter obscur^
striatis, rostro pedibusque plumbeis.

96

. Foem. Diferi toto corpare njigrUanie^ ohscum lintis gwtfi$qutcasUi'
. ne%8 notaio ; partibus inferiorilms corporis pidlidioribus.

Long. tot. 15 unc; rostri, 2; ake, 6; cwdm, 3 ; tarsi, 1^.

Hah. Australln.

Hsec species typum generis constat, alls brevibus atque c(Hicayi«
rectricibas caudie rigidu plumisque corporis nitidis.

87

October 11, 1836.
Joseph Cox Cox, Esq., in the Chair.

A series of Mammalia selected from the collection of the Society
was exhibited. Mr. Grray made some remarks upon them illustra-
tive of the value which he conceived was to be placed on the cha-
racters used by M. Cuvier to separate the plantigrade from the
digitigrade Carnivora, and he concluded by stating that he did not re-
gard the nakedness of the sole as a good character to separate the
genera into larger or smaller groups, though from its permanence in
all ages and the state of the species, it furnished excellent characters
to distinguish species, to separate them into sections, and often to
characterize the genera of carnivorous animals ; and in proof of the
latter, he referred to the excellent character which it furnished to
distinguish the species of the genera Herpestes, Mephites, and Lutra,
He further observed, that in many instances the extent of the naked-
ness of the soles appears to depend upon the temperature of the coun-
try that the animal inhabited, and mentioned that several of the
animals Hving in countries covered with snow, which apply the
whole of the soles of their feet to the ground, have this part entirely
covered with hair, as the Wolverine, the Panda, the Seals, and the
Polar Bear ; but that this was not universally the case, for the Ben-
luring, which inhabited the same country as the Panda, has the
soles bald and papillary. He further observed, that the nakedness
of the soles did not appear to be permanent even in the specimens
of the same species in the Squirrel and other Glirine animals ; for
he had observed that the specimens of the grey Squirrels, in the
Northern part of the United States, had this part covered with hair,
whilst those of the Southern parts, had the soles entirely bald ; and
he also observed, that the various species of the Spermophile differed
greatly amongst themselves in the extent of the nakedness of this
part.

Mr. Gray then proceeded to make some remarks on the alteration
in the situation of the teeth, and on the change which takes place
in the form of the carnivorous tooth, in the milk and permanent
teeth of the Camivora ; and stated, that the milk carnivorous tooth
of the Cat, Dog, Vison, Skunk, Viverra, and indeed of all the genera
which he had been able to examine, had a small central internal
lobe, whilst the same tooth in the permanent set always had a large
anterior lobe; he also stated, that he had observed that the tuber-
cular grinders of the Mustela often vary considerably in size in the
various specimens of the same species, showing that implicit re-
liance cannot be placed in the size of these teeth as a specific cha-

No. XLVI. — Proceedings of the Zoological Society.

88

racter, which several persons have been inclined to do, as it is weE
known that the size of such teeth does not depend upon the age of
the animal, as they never alter their size after they are once com*
pletely developed. Mr. Gray then proceeded to point out the cha-
racters by which the new species exhibited were distinguished : two
were said to have fonned part of the collection of the late Sir Stam-
ford Raffles, and were therefore supposed to have come from Sumatra;
one of them was a new species of Paradoxurus, called P. leucomy-
8tax from its strong white whiskers, and the other Mr. Gray regard-
ed as the t3rpe of a new genus which he called Cynogdle, which ap-
peared to be intermediate between Paradoxurus and Ictides, by dif-
fering from both in the length of the face, the compressed form of
the false canines, and the small size and triangular form of the car-
nivorous grinder. Mr. Gray proposed to call it Cynogale BennettH,
after his late friend, who, he believed, intended to have described
this animal if he had lived. Then followed the description of two
Foxes y (C. Magellanicus and C. griseus), which formed part of the
collection ma(k by Capt. P. P. king, during his survey of the coast
of South America, anid a Squirrel (Sciurus Douglasii), and three
Hares, (Lepus longicaudatus, L. Calif omica^ and L. Douglasii), dis-
covered by the late Mr. Douglas in North America. Tlien the de-
scription of three new species of fying Squirrels from various parts
of continental India, viz. Pteromys Melanotis, P. albiventer, and P.
LeacMii the latter, presented by Mr. Mellish to the Society, is pecu-
liar for being coloured exactly like the American Sciuroptera, but is
at once distinguished from them by the length and cylindrical form
of its tail ; and an Herpestes from the Indian Islands, like the black
Herpestes of the Cape, but differing from it in colour and in the
shortness of the tail, therefore called H. brachyurus, Mr. Gray then
proceeded to point out the character, taken from the form of the
soles of the hind feet, by which the Skunks could be divided into
three sections or subgenera, and showed the character in the four
species in the collection of the Society, and referred to some other
species belonging to tiiese sections which were in the collection of
^e British Museum, where also he stated other specimens of several
of the species, as the t)Qg, flying Squirrel, and Herpestes, now de-
scribed, were to be found.

Mr. Gould exhibited several specimens and drawings of Birds al-
lied to the well-known Wren of Europe ; and, at the request of the
Chairman, proceeded to comment upon, and characterize the unde-
scribed species as follows :

Troglodytes Magellanicus. TVog, corpore in/rd, griseo-Jvlvo,
vinaceo tincto ; crissorufo, suprcl brunneo-, dorso scapuUsque striis
nigrescentibus obscurk ornatis ; alis cauddque rufis, nigro striatis;
mandibuld superiore nigrd, inferiore, nee nonpedibus, pallidh brun-
neis.

Long, tot., 4 J unc. ; rostri, -| ; ala, 2 ; cauda, 2 ; tarsi, f .

»9

HtA. in FretQ Magdknieo.

Diflert it specie Trof* .^fninoctkiHs, Bwdns., magnitudine niajore
cofporifl ; fostsfo minoK*

Tboolodttm £Bt7COflA8TRA. Tfog, cofpofis p0rt€ mperivre re-
mgHnBqw caudle hrwrneo-trnfeseentihw dwaoeo tinietis ; amdts
et remigibus secundariis lineis brunneis transverHiiitet striatia ;
strigd 8Uperc%lio9d, gutture, pectore, abdomineque albis ; lateribus,
femaribtts, crissoque pdUidi-brunneis ; mandibuld superiore fused,
inferiore sub-albidd ; pedibus brunneis.

Long, tot., 2f unc; rostri, f ; al€B, 2; cauda, 1^; tarsi, ^.

Hab, in Mexico, in loco Taumalipus dicto.

Thrtothorus outtatus. Thry, capite supra brunneo-rubro ; strigd
supercUiosd albd lineis qudm mimmis nigris interruptd; dorso
brunneo, plumis longitudinaliter albo striatis ; alts albo et brunneo
alternative striatis ; remigibus cauda duabus intermediis brunneo-
nigra guttatis, duabus propinquis nigrescentibus ; marginibus eX'
temis guttis pallid^ brunneis adspersis rectricibus duabus, extemis
albo atque brunneo striatis ; harum extemd ad apicetn albo notatd;
guld et pectore griseo^albis nwculis nigris guttatis ; abdomine la-
teribusque albis guttis nigris parvis adspersis ; pedibus brunneis ;
mandibuld superiore gricescente, inferiore fusco.

Long, tot., 6f unc; rostri, 1 ; aUf, 3; cauda, 3; tarsi, 1.

Hab, Mexico.

Mr. Gould also proposed a new genus in the group of Wrens,
under the name of Scytalopus, and which he characterized as fol-
lows:

Genus Scytalopus.

Rostrum capite brevius, compressum, obtusum leviter recurvum.

Nares basales, membranft tectse.

Al<B concavse, breves, rotundatae, remige prima abbreviata, tertiA,
quarts, quintd. et sextd aequalibus.

Cauda brevis, rotundata, (pennia extemis brevissimis,) laxft.

Tarsi elongati, atque robusti, antrorsiim scutellis teed ; posteriiis
fasciis angustis cincti, squamis serpentum abdominalibus, baud dis-
similibus ; halluce elongate et robusto ; ungue elongate ; digitum
anteriorum, medio elongato et gracili.

Scytalopus puscus. Scy, corpore toto fuliginoso-nigro ; capitis
plumis nonnunquam argentato-griseis ; rostro nigra ; pedibus brun-
neis.
Long, tot., 2f unc; rostri, ^\ ala, 1^; cauda, 1^; tarsi, ^.
Hab. in Fretu Magellanico, Chili, &c.

Hoc genus ad illud in quo Troglodytes verse amplectuntur maxi-
mam affinitatem demonstrat.

90

ScTTALOFUs ALB06ULABI8. Scy, coptte cctTuleo^ntgro ; corpore tu-
periore ferrugineO'brunneo, lined transversali nigrd ; eaudd pal'
lid^ rufo'brunned; guld, pectore, abdommeque intermedio tdhis,
lateribus et crisso pallido ferrugineis lined transversali nigrd ;
mandihuld superiore nigrd hrunned ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot.,3f unc; rostri, ^; ala. If; cauda, l^; tarsi, |.

Hab, in Brasilia.

91

October 25, ldd6.
Dr. Bostock in the Chair.

Two skulls of the Orang-Utan of Borneo, and a skin, including
the cranium, of an immature Orang^Utan of Sumatra, were exhibited.
They were transmitted to England by Dr. W. Montgomerie of Sin-
gapore, with a statement that the young Sumatran Orang had died
in that gentleman's possession soon after having acquired additional
grinders.

Mr. Owen ayaQed himself of the occasion to make the following
observations on each of the above specimens.

He stated that the skin of the young Sumatran Orang agreed in
the rufous colour, texture, disposition, and direction of the 1^, with
the adult female Sumatran Orang, presented to the Zoological So-
ciety by Sir Stamford Raffles ; like that specimen also, it had no
nail on the hallux or thumb of the hinder hands. Hie posterior
molares on each side of each jaw correspond to the first permanent
molares of the adult ; the rest of the teeth consisted of the 8 deci-
duous bicuspitUs, the 4 small deciduous canini, and the 8 decidu-
ous incisores. This state of the dentition was similar to that of the
human child at the 7th year ; but it would be unsafe to infer from
this circumstance that the age of the Orang corresponded : it being
more probable, from the characteristic duration of the immature
state in the himian species, that the shedding of the teeth takes
place at a later period than in the Orang.

Of the two crania of the Bomean Orangs, one differed materially
from the other in size and in the development of the cranial ridges.
The larger specimen before the Society, closely resembled the era*
nium of the Bomean Pongo or adult Orang in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, and differed, in precisely the same respects as
that specimen, from the cranium of the Pongo (supposed to be Su-
matran) in the possession of Mr. Cross, described and figured in the
1st volume of the Society's Transactions, (p. 380. PL 53), which
induced Mr. Owen to entertain more strongly his original suspicion,
that that cranium belonged to an Orang specifically distinct from the
great Bomean species (SinUa Wurmbii, Fischer). With respect to
the differences alluded to, he stated that the cranium of the great
Bomean Orang was characterized by the more oblique plane of the
orbits, and consequently the straightness of the contour of the skull
between the forehead or glabella and the incisor teeth ; the external
boundaries of the orbit were broad and had a rough irregular surface,
probably in consequence of the development of the callous protube-
rances which characterize the sides of the face in the adult males of
this species. The symphysis of the lower jaw was also proportion-
ally deeper than in the (sui^posed) Sumatran Pongo, llie cranitim

92

of that animal in the possession of Mr. Cross, Mr. Owen regarded
as being that of a male individual from its size and from the deve-
lopment of the cranial ridges.

The sexual peculiarities observable in the cranium of both the
Bomeau and Sumatran Pongos are well marked, and are exemplified,
first in a difference of relative size, that of the female being about
^th smaller ; secondly, in a much smaller development of the cranial
ridges ; and thirdly, in the symphysis tnenti being of less depth, the
cranium of the fbinale approaching in tiiese respects, aoeonling to
the usual law of sexual development, towards the charaoten of the
immature animal. The smaller of the crania of the two Bomesn
Orangs, Mr. Owen regarded as indicative of a species of Skma, Ikxl.,
equally distinct from the great Pongo of Borneo (8imia WwrmbU,
Fischer, Synopsis Mammalium, p. 32, No. 43), and from the Orang
of Sumatra (Simia Abelii, Fischer, ibid, p. 10, No. 2*); and whilst
regretting that his conclusion as to the specific distinction of the
nnaller Orang, (which, ceteris paribus, must be at least one third less
tiian either of the two preeediag Orangs) necessarily repoeed on a
comparison of the cranium alone, he at the same time observed tiiat,
as the cranium in question was in every respect entire, and with
tiie series of teeth complete, it served to establish that deduction on
the sound basis of dented and osteolo^cal characters.

Mr. Owen therefore proposed to designate the lesser Orang of
Borneo, Simia Morio, and proceeded to describe the tranium as fol-
lows:

''The size and form of the cranium of the Simia Man6 at first
suggests the idea of its being an intermediate stage of gvow^ be-
tween the young and adult ^rmtti Satyrus, or^P^ngc; but thia is dis-
prored by comparison of the teeth of 8* Morio, witfi Ae permanent
teeth in the adult Pongo, and with the deciduous ones in the
yx)ung Simia Satyrus, as well as with the gems of the permanent
teeth concealed in the jaws of the latter. For while t^e teetii of
B, Morio are much larger than the deciduous teetii of the yeung
8. Satyrus, they have different relative sizes one to enotlier from tiiose
which are observed m tiie permanent teeth of l^e full-grown: the
molares and hicuspides of the S, Morio being smaller, the canini much
smaller, while the upper incisores have nearly, and the lower in-
cisores fully, the same dimensions as those of the great Pongo,

'* The terth in the jaws of a quadrumanorrt cranium may be known
to belong to the permanent series, by the absence of the foramina,
which, in an immahire cranium, are situated behind the deciduous
teeth, and which lead to the cavities containing the crowns ef tiie
permanent teeth. This character is veryconepieuouB on comparing
the cranium of Simla Morit> with that ef a young Simia Satyrus, in
which the deciduous series we present, together witii the first per-
manent moiares. The deciduous teeth in tiie young Orang, besides
their smaller size, are mt»re or less protruded from their sockets, end
thrust apart from one another by the tfis A tergo of their huge suc-
cessors, while the teeth of B. Mario are lodged firmly in the jaws ;
and, with the exception of the ehMacteiitftic interral between the

tmineB and indaon, are compactly aimnged in do«e contiguity witk
each other.

" I hBV« re-examined with much intereat aeveral pruntd of imnifV-
ture Orungg, in order to ascertain if any of these might be the young
of the qpeciea in question ; but they have all presented the crowns
of the permanent molares of too large a aize,--*of a sixe which sbows
that the great Ptmgo^ eit)ier of Wimnb or Akeh repres^ats their adult
state*. And these immature crania also indicate Uie condition t^
which tkey are destined to attain by the size of thd orbits^ whidi
exceeds that of the orbils of the 8. Morw, die eye Imyii^ like tt^
brain, already in the young Pongos acquired its full size.

** That the crankm of ti^e Simia Moria hare described, belonged
to an adult is proved by the amdl interval between the tempond
ridges at tiie crown of the skull, corresponding to the est^uive suTr
&ce of origin of the erotophifte mmscleg ; and by the obUfceration of
the intermaxillary sutures : that it belonged also to an aged indivi-
dual is hi^y probable from the extent to which the teeth are warn
down, and from the obliteration, notwithstanding the absence of in-
terparietal and kmbdoidal crests, of the sagittal and lainb<k)idal sur
tures,

* ' Hie cerebral portion of the dculi of Simiu Mwib equals i^ sise
that of the Fongo, and indicates die possession of a brain at least as
fally developed as in that species, while the maxillary portion is pro-
portionally smaller ; so that, as the cramum rises above the orbits^
and is, like that of the Pongo, more convex on the coronal aspect
tiian in die Ckimpangee, and wants the prominent supiaciliary ridge
which characterizes the African Onmg, it presents in U^e Simia Morio
altogedier a more anthropoid character.

" There are, however, the rudiments of the ridges which so ds-
msrkably characterize the ermumn oi the mature Pong^. llK>se
which commence at the external angle of the fros^ bone pass btdc-
wards, upwards, and slighdy converge, but do not meet ; diej grar
dually diminish in breadth, and, after passing the coronal suture,
subside to the level of the skull ; they are then only traceabk by a
rough line, which leading parallel to the sagittal suture, and gra-
dudly bending outwards, riiBes again to be continued into the 1am-

* The permanent teeth in the Bomean and Sumatran P<mg<a bo closelv
correspond in size and shape that I am unahle to refer the crania of Hie
immature Orangs which I have hitherto examined to either species exchi-
sively from comparison of the crowns of the concealed permanent teeih ;
in speaking of the immature specimens of the great PongQt I therefoire ms^
the term i^tmia Satyrtu; in comparing the Simia Mario with the adiUi
^ongQf I would be understood as always referring to the Bomean species,
vith cheek-callosities, or the Simia Wurmhii of Fischer. If the specific dif-
ferences of Simia Wurmhii and Simia Ahelii be admitted, the term Simia
Satyriu mustmerjpre Into a synonym, as having been applied indiscriminate-
ly to the young of both these large Orangs, In each case, the generic term
Simia is applied in the restricted sense in which it is used by Endabeu in
nis « Systema R^i Animalis,' 8vo, 1777, and with which the term PUheeus,
•ubitituted by Qeo&oy for the genus of Orangs^ is syn«mymou9.

94

bdoidal ridges ; thus circumscribing the origins of the temporal nmsr
cles. The lambdoidal and mastoid ridges are broader and more de>-
veloped than in the Chimpanzee, but inferior in both respects to
those of the Pongo. The inial region of the occiput is ahnost
smooth, and is convex, without the mesial ridge, and strong muscu-
lar impressions observable in the Pongo, where a preponderating
weight in front calls for the insertion of powerful muscles bdimd
to counterbalance it.

The temporal bones join the frontal in Shnia Mario as in the Tro-
glodytes niger; but this structure occasionally is present on one or
both sides of the skull in Simia Satyrus,

The additamentum sutune lanibdoidalis is present on both sides
in the 8. Morio, and the beginning of the lambdoidal suture may be
fSedntly traced, but the remainder is obliterated.

Directing our attention to the base of the skull of S. Morio ve
observe the occipital /orom^ to be less posteriorly situated than in
the Pongo, but more so than in the Chimpanzee. The plane of the
foramen is also less oblique than in the Pongo. The occipital condyles
are as far apart anteriorly as in the Chimpanzee, The anterior con-
dyloid /oramtna are double on each side as in the Pongo: the carotid
and jugular /oramtna open within the same depression; they are rela-
tively further apart in the Chimpanzee : the petrous portion of the
temporal bone, as in the Pongo, is relatively smaller than in the Chim-
panzee, and the articular cavity, or surface for the lower jaw, foms
a larger proportion of the base of the skull.

The other characters of the basis cranii correspond with those
of the Pongo ; and the smaller size of the meatus auditorius extermu
is probably associated in both species with a smaller auricle, as com-
pared with the Chimpanzee.

On the bony palate the relative position of ttie foramen incishmm
corresponds with the development of the incisive teeth, showing the in-
termaxillary bones to be of larger size in the fii . Morio than in the Chim-
panzee : the situation of the sutures joining these bones to the max-
illaries is indicated by vascular grooves, but otherwise obliterated ;
while in the cranhtm of a young Pongo of nearly the same size as
that of the Simia Morio, the intermaxillary sutures still remain, cor-
res|)onding to the non- development of the permanent laniaries. It
wiU be interesting to determine at what period these sutures are ob-
literated in the more anthropoid Simia Morio.

The OS nasi is a single narrow long triangular bone, slightly di-
lated at its upper end or apex, with the basal margin entire, pre-
senting no indications of original separation into two parts, as has
been observed in skulls of the Chimpanzee.

In the contraction of the interorbital space, and the general
form of the orbit and its boundaries, the Simia Morio resembles the
Simia Saigms, but tlie orbital cavity, as before observed, is smaDer.
In the plane of the orbit and straight contour of the upper jaw, the
Simia Morio resembles tlic Borneoii species of Pongo or Simia JFurmbii,
rather than the Simia Abelii or Sumatran Pongo.

The orbital process of the os mnl^ is perforated in the S. Morio

95

as in the Pongo, by several large foramina, Tliere is one principal
and two very small infraorbital /orffmsiia on either side ; the upper
maxillary bones are relatively smaller, as compared with the other
bones of the face, and especially the intermaxillaries, than in the Pon^o;
a structure which coincides with the smaller proportional develop-
ment of the canine teeth. The nasal aperture has the same form as
in the adult Simia Wurmbii, being more elongated than in the imma^
ture Orang.

The main and characteristic difference then between the Simia
Mono and the Pongo, whether of Borneo or Sumatra, obtains in
the size of the laniary or canine teeth, to the smaller development of
which in the 8, Morio, almost all the other differences in the cranium
are subordinate or consequent. The laniary teeth, it may be ob-
served, have little relation to the kind of food habitual to the Orangs;
had they been so related they would have been accompanied with a
structure of the glenoid cavity fitting them, as in the true Camivora, to
retain a living prey in their gripe, till its life was extinguished or resist-
ance effectusJly quelled. But the flattened surfaces on which the con-
dyles of the lower jaw rotate are in subserviency to the flattened tu-
berculate molars, showing the mastication of vegetable substances to
be the habitual business of the jaws, and the application of the lani-
aries to be occasional, and probably defensive in most cases. We
perceive the utility of formidable canine teeth to the Orangs, whose
stature makes them conspicuous and of easy detection to a carnivo-
rous enemy; such weapons, in connexion with the general muscular
strength of the Pongos, enable them to offer a successful defence
against the Leopard, and may render them formidable opponents even
to the THger; but in the smaller species, which we have been describing,
to which concealment would be easier, the canines are of relatively
smaller size, and those of the lower jaw are so placed as to be worn
down by the lateral incisors of the upper jaw ; fliey were reduced in
the specimen described, to the level of the other teeth ; and the points
of the upper canines were also much worn. The size, forms, and
proportions of the teeth which relate more immediately to the food
of the Orangs, viz. the molars and incisors, show indisputably that
the Sinda Morio derives its sustenance from the same kind of food as
the larger Orangs. ITie singular thickness or antero-posterior dia-
meter of the incisors, which are worn down to a flattened surface,
like molar teeth, show that they are put to rough work ; and it is
probable that their common use is to tear and scrape away the tough
fibrous outer covering of the cocoa-nut, and, perhaps, to gnaw through
the denser shell.

With respect to minor differences not noticed in the description,
these may be deduced from the subjoined table of comparative ad-
measurements.

96

Table of Admeaturementf .

Length of the skull from the vertex to the base
of the occipital condyle

Length of the skull ftrom the posterior plane of
the occiput to the margin of the meisors ....

Length of the skull firom the posterior plane of *
the occiput to the fronto-nasal suture

Length of the skull from the fronto-nasal suture ^
to the margin of the incisors

Greatest lateral diameter of the skull (at the post-
auditory ridges)

Smallest lateral diameter of the skull (behind the
orbits), . ,

Distance between temporal ridges

Diameter of the skull at the zygomata

Length of the zygomatic /owa

Diameter of skull taken between the outsides of
the orbits . . . . , ,

Interorbital space

Transverse diameter of orbital cavity

Vertical 4i&nieter of orbital cavity

Vertical diameter of nasal aperture

Transverse diameter of nasal aperture

Interspace between infraorbital /oramtnfl

Distance between the inferior margin oi the nasal 1
bone and the inferior margin of the intermaxil- >
jary bone . . . . , J

From the anterior margin of tho occipital/oramen 1

to the posterior margin of the bony palate. ... J
Length of the bony palate along the mesial suture.
Prom the anterior margin of the intermaxillary 1

bones to the anterior palatal /oramina j

Breadth of the crown of the first incisor, uj^per jaw.
Breadth of the crown of the second incisor, upper 1

jaw /

Breadth of the four incisors, in situ, upper jaw ....
Longitudinal extent of grinding surface of the

tnolares, hicuspides included^ of one side, upp^

jaw

licngth of tiie enamelled crown of the canine

tooth, upper jaw

Breadth of ditto

Length of the lower jaw from the condyle to the 1

anterior surface of the sockets of the incisors, j

Length of the ramus of the lower jaw

Greatest breadth of ditto

Interspace between the mental /oramma

Morio,

JVurmbii.
adult
male.

. ttQ.

7
10

4

H

8

7

1
9

4
8
6
1
9
7

3

H
10

6

H

6

H\

5

7

4

8

inob. Un.

4 6
10 6

5 3
5 7

5 4

2 9

6 9
2 6

4 6

1

1

2

4
1

9

1

1 6

8 8

10

8
7

4
9

5

1 Q
9

7 4

4 7i

3 1

2 1

97

Mr. H. B. Strickland read the foUowiag list of Birds noticed or ob-
tained by him in Asia Minor, in the winter of 1835 and spring of 1 636.
He stated that the winter of laet year was one of unusu^ severity
in all parts of Europe. At Smyrna, where he resided from Novem-
ber to Febnuury, the weather, whidi had been mild in the early
part of December, underwent a sudden change about Ohristmaa-
day. A north wind and violent storms of snow brought vast flocks
of northern Birds to take shelter in Smyrna Bay. A frost of more
than three weeks followed, a circumstance almost without parallel
at Smyrna, which is situated close to the sea and in the low latitude
of 38^^. This statement will explain the occurrence in the follow-
ing Utt, of many Birds whose usual abode is in high northern lati*
tudes.

In the month of February he visited Constantinople, and returned
orerland to Smyrna, which he reached at the end of April. A great
change had now taken place in the ornithology of that neighbours-
hood. The spring was now at its height, and numerous summer
birds had arrived, of a more exotic race than those which had been
observed during the winter. Mr. Strickland was now, however, com-
pelled to return to £un^ ; but the few days which passed before
he left Smyrna, served to give him a taste of the rich ornitholo-
gical harvest "viiiieh might be reaped by a summer's residence in Asia
Minor.

Of those species in the following list which have an asterisk at-
tached, specimens had been obtained by Mr. Strickland and were
exhibited.

" VuHmr, m. 1
Aquila, Briss. J
Two or three species of each of these families frequent the nfii^^-
bourhood of Smyrna, but all my endeavours to procure spe dmen a of
these wary Inrds were unavailing.

*1. Faleo jEsalon, Linn. Smyrna; rare.
*2. Paico Tinmineulus, Linn. Smyrna ; rare.
*3. Falco tinnuncnloides, Temm. Very abundant in Asia Mioar
during the spring. . It frequents the Turkish villages, and builds in
the roofis of the houses. Its mode of hovering is similar to that of tlie
common Kestrel, but it is more gregarious m its habits ^anthaft bird.
^^4. Accipiter FringUiaria, Ray. 6m3rma.
*5. Buteo vulgaris, Bechst. Smyrna.
*6. Circus cyaneus, Flem. Smyrna.
♦7. Circus rufus, Briss. Smyrna.

8. Otus hrachyotus, Cuv. Smyrna.
H. Ulula Stredula, Selby. Smyrna.
*10. Bubo majnmus, Sibb. Smyrna.
*11. Noctua nudipes, Nilss. Very common in the Levant.
*12. Lanius minor, Ihat. Smyrna, in April.
*13. Lanius rufus, Briss. Smyrna, in April.
*14. Lanius Collurio, Linn* Smyrna, in April.

15. Turdus Merula, Linn. Sm5'ma.

16. Turdius sctitarhis, Linn. Frequents the rocks and hills near
Smjnma.

9$

17. Turdus viscworus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.
IB. Turdus pilaris, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

19. Turdus musicus, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

20. Turdus iliacus, linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

21. Cinelus aquaticus, Bechst. Rivulets near Smyrna. 1 cite
this bird with some doubt, not having been able to obtain a specimen.
It is possible that the Smyrna Cinelus may be the C Pallani, Temm.,
though 1 am inclined to refer it to the former species.

'''22. Oriolus Galbula, Linn. Smyrna, April.

*23. Saxicola Rubicola, Bechst. Winters at Smyrna.

*24. Saxicola aurita, Temm. Arrives at Smyrna in April. Its
habits are similar to tliose of our Wheatear, and from its shy and
restless motions it is very difficult to procure.

*25. Saxicola CEnanthe, Bechst. Smyrna, in April.

26. Saxicola Rubetra, Bechst. Common at Smyrna during the
winter.

27. Phoenicura suecica, Selby. I believe that I saw this bird near
Smyrna in April.

*28. Phcenicura Tithys, Jard. and Selb. This bird is common on
the bare rocky hills near Smyrna, where it remains during the
winter.

29. Philomela lusdnia. Swains. First heard on the 5th of April at
Hushak in the interior.

30. Salicaria phragmitis, Selby. Seen at Sm3rma in December.

31. Curruca cinerea, Bechst. Sm3rma, April.

*3 2 . Curruca melanocephala, Bechst. This delicate little bird, which
is only found in the most southern parts of Europe, remains through
the winter in the neighbourhood of Smjrma. It is a retired solitary
bird, frequenting sheltered ravines thickly beset with various ever-
green shrubs.
*33. Sylvia rufa, Temm. Shot near Sm3rma in November.
*34. Sylvia brevirostris, mihi. Also killed in November near
Sm3rma. This species, which I believe to be new, may be thus cha-
racterized:

Sylvia bbevisostris. Sylv, corpore suprd olivaceo brunneo, «(d-
ttts albido ; pedibus nigris.

Plumage closely resembling that of S, Trochilus. Above brown
with a tinge of olive. A pale yellow streak over the eye. Throat and
breast pale fulvous with a slight tinge of yellow ; belly whitish.
Inner wing-coverts of a pale yellow. Remiges: the 4th and 5th long-
est and equal: the 2nd equal to the 8th. Beak dusky; legs black.
Long. tot. poll. 4f ; rostri, ^; cauda, 2^; alie, 2f; tarsi, f.
Differs from S. rufa in its greater size, and from S» Trochihts in
the shortness of the beak, and the dark colour of the legs.
Habitat prope Sm3rmam. Hyeme occisa.
♦35. Accentor modularis, Cuv. Killed near Smyrna in the winter,
but is rare.

*36. Regulus ignicapillus, Cuv. Frequents the olive groves near
Smyrna.

*37. Troglodytes europaus» Linn. Common near Smyrna. Un-
distinguishable from English specimens.

99

38. Motacilla Ma, Linn. Smyrna. -

39. MotaciUa boarula, Linn. Smyrna.

*40. Anthus pratensis, Bechst. Common at Smyrna.
*41. Anthus aquaticus, Bechst. Killed on the coast near Smyrna.
42. Hirundo rustica, Linn. I believe that all the British species
of Hirundinida frequent the Levant, but have only ascertained the
above species.

'''43. Alauda arveruis, Linn. Immense flocks of this bird arrived
from the northward at the commencement of the severe weather at
Christmas.

'*'44. Akmda cristata, Linn. Very common.
*45. Alauda arborea, Linn. Smyrna; common.
'*'46. Alauda calandra, Linn. Arrived during the cold weather.
H7. Parus fnajor, Linn. Smyrna.
*48. Parua cceruleus, lann. Smjrma.
*49. Parus lugubris, Natt. Smyrna.
*50, Emberiza miliaria^ Unn. Common.

*51. Emberiza Cia, Linn. Frequents the rocky hills near Smyrna.
*52. Emberiza Cirlus, Linn. Haunts the vicinity of streams. It
seems to replace the E, citrinella, which I never noticed in Asia
Minor.

*53. Emberiza palustris, Sav. The habits of this species of Reed
Bunting exactly resemble those of E, Schceniclus, The beak is rather
less gibbous than in the Dalmatian specimens.
*54. Emberiza aesia, Cretzsch. Killed at Smyrna in April. It is
frequent in Greece and in the Ionian Islands.
*55. Emberiza hortulana, Linn. Smyrna, April.
*56, Emberiza cinerea, mihi. This new species is thus character-
ized:

Emberiza cinebba. Emb, capite viridi-flavescente ; corpore guprit
cineraacenti, subtilB albo.

Male, Crown of the head greenish yellow, becoming cinereous at
the nape. Back cinereo-fuscous with an obscure streak of brown in
the middle of each feather. Rump cinereous; tail dark brown ; the
two lateral pairs of feathers white on the inner webs for near half
their length towards the extremities.

Wings dark brown, the coverts and quills margined with whitish,
the scapulars with fulvous. Chin and throat yellow, becoming green-
ish on the cheeks. ^
Breast cinereous ; abdomen white, sides cinereous.
Bill dusky; legs flesh-coloured.

Long. tot. poll. 6; rostri, f ; ala, 3^; cauda, 2|; tarsi, f.
The beak of this spedes most nearly resembles that of Emberiza
Cia,
Habitat in coUibus juxta Smymam. Mense Aprili occisa.
57. Pyrgita domestica, Cuv. This is the common house Sparrow
of the Levant.
*58. Pyrgita hispaniolensis, Cuv. A single specimen was ob-
tained in April at Smyrna.
*59. Linaria cannabina. Swains. Common.
60. Carduelis elegans, Steph. Common.

100

*61. Fringilla Ccelebs, Linn. Vay common in tke Levant.

62. Fringilla MontifringUUk, lAsxa, Occurred dariQg the winter.
*Q*6, Fringilla Serinus, Linn, Gregarioufl during the winter. Ab-

8«mbies in large flocks, which chirp incessantly in a small low note.
64. C0ccot&'au8te8 ChUnis, Flem. Common.
65« Sturthu imigarif, Linn. Smyrna^

66. Corvus Corax, Linn. Smyrna.

67. Corvus Cornit, Linn. Common near Smjrma.
66* CorvuB Monetbda, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

Ob8. The common Rook was not noticed, and I do not brieve that
it exists in the country.

69. Pica caudata, Ray. Conmion in £he Levant.

*70. Oarruhi8m0lanocipkalU9,Boae\]i, 'Phis bird was fint described
by M. Gen^ in the Memoirs of the Academy of Turin, voL xzxvii.
p. 298, PI. I., from specimens in the Turin Museum, received from
Lebanon. It is common in the vicinity of Smyrna, and its note and
habits are identical with those of the EuiDpean /ay» whose place it
sofypiies.

*" 7 1 .' SUia syriaca, Ehrenb. Frequents the open bills near Smyrna,
where xt is seen dUmbing up die masses of rock^ ox perched on th^
summits. It never is seen on trees. The note is a loud clear
warble.

*n. SUta europaa, Linn. InhalHts the groves of aged olive trees
which abound in the bottoms of the valleys. The specimens aiS
amifller tha& Britiflh ones, but not otherwise distinguishable.
73. Upupa Epops, Linn. Seen at Huahak in April.

*74. Alcedo ispida, Linn. Common.

*75. Akedo rudis, lAaa. This bhrd may often be seen in the salt-
water marshes west of Smyrna. It never seems to follow the rivers,
Inrt always remains near the coast. It sometimes hovers for several
minutes, about 10 feet above the water, and then drops perpendico-
krly on to its prey.

76.. Picus martius, Linn. I saw a specimen of this bird in the
pos sce a o n of Mr. Zohrab at Brouasa. It was shot in the jH&e forests
of Mount Olympus.

*77. Picus major, Linn. Common near Smyrna.

*78. Cucuhs oattom$s l^sm. Smyrna, in April.

79. Pktsianus coicMeus* Linn. Common near Constantinople on
both sides of the Bosphorus. It has probably migrated thitber spon-
taneously from Colchis, its native country.

80. Francolinus vulgaris. Occars in the morshfis of tfaa Hermus
and the Gayster, whftnoe it is sometimes brought to market at
Smyrna.

*81 . Perdix saxatilis, Meyer. Abundant on the hills round Smyrna.
82. Coiurfdx dactfli»ona»$. RemainB near Smyrna during winter.

63. Cohmha Palumhus, linn. Smyrna.
84. Columba JEnas, Linn. Smyrna.

*65. Columba Twtur, Linn. Smyrna, in April.

'*'86. Columba cambayensis. Lath. This bird mhabits the Turkish
burial-grounds at Smyrna and Constantinople, which ave dense forests
of cypress trees. It is strictly protected by the Turks, and it was

101

with some difficulty tliat I obtained a spedmen. It was, perbi^l,
originally introduced by man, but notr seems ooapletely natu«
rslized.

87. Otis tarda, Linn. Frequents the plains south of Smyrna. It
is called wild Turkey by the European residents.
*88. Otis tetrojp^ Linn. Abundant during the winter in the poultry
shops at Smyrna.

89. (Edicnemus crqdtms, Temm. Said to ooeur in this part of
Asia Minor.

90. Vmieiius erisiatus, Meyer. Appeared in vast flocks at the
commencement of the cold weather.

91. Gnw cineret^ Bechst. A flock seen in the plain of Sardis the
end of April*

*92. Ardea Mgrettu, linn. Frequents the sea marshes West of
Sm3nma.

*9'S. B&ttmtus stellaris, Bteph. Smyrna.

*94. Cieonia alba, Belkm. Very abundant in Turkey during sum-
mer. It swarms in every village, and is protected with the same
itrictness by tile Turks as by the Dutch. It is said to have quite
deserted Greece, since the expulsion of its Mahometan protectors.

95. Nimenius arqvatus, Cuv. Smyrna.

96. Scohpaw Rnsticola, Linn. So abundant were Woodcocks at
Smyrna during the severe vreather, that many wers lulled in small
gardens in the midst of the town.

97. Bcolopax GalUna^, lAtm. 1 Abundant in the marshes near

98. Stolopax GaUinuh, linn. / Smyrna.

*99. Trmga variabiUs, Meyer. Ck)mmon on tAie coast*
*100. IViii^ Temminckii, Leisl. Smyrna, in winter.
♦101 . Totanus Ghttis, Bechst. Sm3rma, in winter; rare.

102. Totanus Calidris, Bechst. Common in the manhea.

103. Totanus ochropus, Temm. Seen on the coast.
*104. Recunifostra Avocetta, linn. Smyrna; rare.
*105. RaHus aquafictts^ Linn. Smyrna.

106. Vrex praiensis, Bechst. Smyima, in wintw.
*i07, Cresp porzana, Bechst. Smyrna, in winter.

108. GalUfmla Chioropus, Lath. SmyftKij in winter.

109. FuHca atra, Linn. Smyrna in winter.

♦no. Glareola torquata, Meyer. A pair of these bifds we« brought

to me at Smyrna in April.

*111. Podiceps crisiatus, Lath. The young of tins bitd is abundant

m I3ie harbour at Ck)nErtantinople, where, in ei^nmon with aU other

waterfowl, it is strictly protected.

♦11^. T^nus Anglorufn, Ray. Flocks of tSiife bitd wpq eonstandy

seen flying up and down the BosphoTHS. They -are rarely seen to

alight, and from their unceasing restiessnese, the Fmaks of Peia

have given them the name of ihnes damnies, I am not aware thsit

this bird has before been noticed in the southern parts of Burope.

*11S. Lttrus tidihundus, lAnn.

*114. Larus nr^entatus, Brunn. l^se two species of GuU fi«-

quent the Golden Horn at Constantinople, wh»c they afe so tame

that they may eai^ly be struck with an oar.

102

115. Peleeamu Choerotaius, linn. Frequents the marshes near
Smyrna, where it remains during the winter.
♦116. Phalacrocwax Carbo, Briss. Abounds in the harbour of Con-
stantinople, and rooets on the roofe of the houses.
♦117. Pkalacrocorax pygnuems, ftiss. Shot near Smyrna in winter.

118. Cygnus Olor, linn. Visited Smyrna Bay in the wintar.

119. ClangtUa vulgaris. Leach. Sm3nma, during the Mrinter.

120. Fuligulaferma, Steph. Smyrna, during tibe winter.

121. Fuligula cristata, Steph. Smyrna, during the winter.
♦122. Rhynchapsis clypeata, Shaw. Smyrna, during the winter.

123. TadoTTia Vulpanser, Flem. Smyrna, during the winter.

124. Querquedula acuta, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

125. Anas Boschas, Linn. Smyrna, during the winter.

126. Mareca Penelope, Selby. Smyrna, during the winter.

127. Tadoma RuHla, Steph. Frequent in the poultry shops at
Smyrna, but owing to the Turidsh practice of cutting the throats of
bir^ as soon as shot, I was unable to obtain a perfect specimen.

128. Querquedula Crecca, Steph. Smyrna, in the winter.
♦129. Mergus albellus, linn. Smyrna, in the winter."

Mr. Strickland also exhibited the skin of a variety of the common
Fox, Cams Vulpes, linn., which occurs near Smyrna: together with
a specimen of the Lepus hybridus. Pall., from the South of Russia,
purchased of a fwrier at Rome.

Also a specimen of an Argonauta, linn., which was brought to him
in Cephalonia with the animal alive in it. Mr. Strickland stated
that he kept it for some hours alive, and when dead it fell out of
the shell with its own weight ; proving that there is no muscular
connexion between the animd and the shell. In this instance the
shell did not contain any ova,

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Society to two Antelopes
at present living in the Grardens, which he regarded as the Koba and
Kob of Bu£fon. He expressed his pleasure at having it in his power
to identify two animals originally described imperfectiy, and of which
the zoological characters ^ve been hitherto almost unknown ; ob-
serving that the re-discovery of an old species was at all times more
gratifying to him, and, he considered, more beneficial to the science
of zoology, than the original description of twenty that were new ;
because, whilst it equally added an authentic species to the substan-
tive amount of our knowledge, it had the further merit of dispelling
the many doubts and surmizes which unavoidably obscured the sub-
ject. Mr. Ogilby entered at some length into the identification of
these two interesting species, referring to the scanty materials afforded
by the original descriptions of BulFou and Daubenton, and pointing
out the various other Ruminants with which subsequent naturalists
had confounded them ; at the same time reserving his more detailed
demonstration of this subject, and his descriptions of the animab
themselves, for the monograph which he has been long preparing for
the Transactions of the Society. Among other errors, he pointed
out that the Koba of Pennant (A, Senegalensis) was the Caama ;

103

and that the Korrigum of Denham and Clapperton^s Travels, identi-
fied with A. Senegaiensis by Mr. Children and Colonel Smith, was a
very distinct animal from tiie Koba, and even belonged to a different
natural genus. It has horns in the female sex and lachrymal si-
nuses, both of which characters are absent in the Koba : he there-
fore proposed to distinguish the Bomou animal by the specific name
of A, Korrigum. The same observation applies to the two species
which Colonel H. Smith has described under the names of A. Ade^
not a and A. Forfex, and which he identified with the Kob and Gam-
hian Antelope respectively; both these animals had lachrymal sinuses,
whereas, both Buffbn and the more accurate Daubenton, expressly
declare that the Kob is without this character. The animals in the
Grardens, however, corresponded in all respects with the original de-
scriptions; their comparative size, their colour, their habitat, their
zoological characters, as far as they were reported, and, in the case
of the Koba, even the name, were identical ; and it therefore gave
him peculiar satisfiftction to be able to congratulate the Society on
the possession of two of the rarest and most interesting AntelopeM
ever brought together. He observed, in conclusion, that the female
of the Kob had been observed by him six or eight months ago in
the Surrey Zoological (xardens, but that he had only recognis^ its
identity with Buffon's animal on the arrival of the fine male speci-
men at present belonging to the Society.

Mr. Ogilby afterwards exhibited the skin of a Fojp from the Hima-
layan mountains, which he has described in the Zoological Part of
Mr. Royle's ''Flora Himalaica" under the name of Canis Himalaicus.
This animal, of which Mr. Ogilby stated that he had examined three
skins, two belonging to the Zoological Society, and one procured by
Mr. Hoyle at Mussooree, (the two former in ^eir summer, the latter
in its winter dress,) appears to be rare in Nepaul, since Mr. Hodg-
son has never been able to procure a specimen, but contents himself
with indicating its existence (vide Proceed. Zool. Soc. II. 97); it is
not uncommon, however, in the Doon, in Kumaon, and the more
western and elevated parts of the Mountains, where it is called the
hill Fox by the Europeans, and greatly admired for the beauty of its
form, and the brilliancy and variety of its colours. The whole length
to the origin of the tail is 2 feet 6 inches ; that of the tail, 1 foot 6
inches; tluit of the ears, 4 inches; and the height may be about 1 foot
4 or 5 inches. The animal agrees with the common European and
American Fojre^, (C. Vulpea and C/ulvus,) in the black marks on
the backs of the ears, and in front of the hind and fore legs. The
coat consists of long close rich fur, as fine as that of any of the Ame-
rican varieties, and of infinitely more brilliant and varied colours. It
consists of two sorts of hair, an interior of a very fine cottony tex-
ture, and an external of a long silky nature, but perfectly pliant, and,
like the fur of the Sable, lying almost equally smooth in any direc-
tion. The inner fur is of a smoky blue or brown colour along the
back, as is likewise the basal half of the outer silky hair, which, up to
this point, is of the same soft cottony texture as the interior fur; it
then assumes its hfirsher silky character, is marked with a broad

104

'whitish yellow ring, and teiminated by a long point of a deep bay
colour. Hence, fdong the whole upper surface of the head, neck,
and back, the uniform colour is unmixed deep and brilliant red. On
the sides of the neck, on the throat, ribs and flanks, is pure white,
chan^g to light smoky blue on the last-named parts. The outer
hair of the hips and thighs is tipt with grey instead of red, which
gives these parts a hoary appearance, and this colour predominates
on all the upper parts of the Society's two specimens, in which the
fur is moreover much shorter and coarser, and the colours less bril-
liant and varied than in Mr. Royle's. The whole under surface of
the body is of a smoky brown colour, without any intermixture of
long 8ilky hairs. The external colours of the body are, therefore,
bright bay on the back, yellowish red on the sides of • the body,
white on the sides of the neck, hoary grey on the hips, and smoky
brown on the throat, breast, and belly. The ears are pretty large
and elliptical, their outer surface black; a stripe of the same colour
runs do'WTi the front of the legs, both fore and hind; the soles of the
feet are thickly covered with hair of a yellowish brown colour, ex-
cept the balls of the toes, which are naked. The brush is large and
well finished, of the same colour as the body throughout the greater
part of its length, and terminated by a large white point.

Mr. Gray related a series of facts in reference to the habits of a
Cuckoo, which appeared to prove that the female, though she leaves
the eggs to be hatched by another bird, sometimes at least takes
care of the young bird and feeds it after it leaves its nest, and teaches
it to fly. They may explain how they are taught to migrate.

He also expressed some doubt respecting the eggs of Cuckoos be-
ing laid in the nest of Granivorous birds, and stated an instance
where a chicken had been hatched under a Pigeon, that the Pigeon
neglected it when it found that it would not eat the soaked peas, and
eventually ejected it from its nest.

Mr. Gray then exhibited and explained a peculiarity in the struc-
ture of the ligaments of bivalve shells, and pointed out the pecu-
liarity of some mactraceous shells which had this part, contrary to
the general structures, inclosed in the cartilage pit, observing that
this structure was found in his genus Gnathodou, and in a new genus,
which Mr. Gray had called at t£e British Museum Mulinia, of which
he described five species ; and he also stated the necessity for forming
a new genus, of which Mactra Sprengleri may be regarded as the type.

Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, exhibited various fossils from Devonp
shire. Of these, sections in different directions had been made, and
the suifaces highly polished. The structure was thus rendered
beautifully apparent.

Mr. Harvey also'exhibited various specimens oi Asterias^nA Ophma
from the Devonshire coast, and explained the mode by which they
had been prepared.

Mr. Gculd brought under the notice of the Meeting several spe-

105

cies of Birds from New South Wales, which he considered to be
new to science, as they are not contained in the collection of th«
Linnean Society; nor, as for as he is aware, described in any publica-
tion. Mr. Gould embraced this opportunity to characterize and
name ten species, and stated that at subsequent meetings of the So-
ciety he would bring forward the remainder of his collection.

Mr. Gould more particularly pointed out a species of Petroica ; a
new and interesting species of PtUonarhynchus, allied to PtU. nv-
chalis, and which he proposed to make the type of a new genuft ; a
new species (belonging to the Society) of the genua Calyptorhynchvs,
which he compared with all the other members of the group then on
the table, and described as Calyptorhynchus Naso; and four new spe-
cies of the genus Amadina, Swains., which he named Amadina dncta,
ruficauda, modesta, and Castanotis, The characters of the above spe-
cies are as follows :

Petroica PHOcincEA. Mas. Pet, corpore supernk fuliginoso-griseo
frontc, naribus, marginibusque anterioribus remigum tertialium
albo notatis ; remigibns primariis rectricibusque griseo-nigris,
harum extemis plumis penitus albis, guld fuliginosa; corpora
subtiis coccineo ; crisso albo ; rostro pedibusque nigriss

Foem. Corpore supernk toto brunneo, tectricibus ala rufo^griseo
emarginatis ; rectricibus extemis albis corpore subtils rufescenti-
griseis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long. tot. 5^ unc; roslri, j; ala, 3^; cauda, 2; tarsi, |.

Hab. Nova Hollandid.

. Amadina Castanotis. Am, corpore supernb cinereo-fusco ; uro-
pygio albo, tectricibus cauda nigris, albo guttatis; genis castanco^
rufis lined albd ad basin rostri; pectore griseo lineis nigris trans^
versitn striate ; notd nigrd in medio pectoris; abdomine albo, crisso
ochraceo, lateribus castaneis albo guttatis; rostro aurantiaeo ;
pedibus subflavis.

Long. tot. 4^ unc; ala, 2^; cauda, 1^; tarsi, ^.

Hab. Nov& Hollandia.

Amadina modesta. Ama,fronte sanguinolentd; corpore superiors
fusco ; alis albo -guttatis ; uropygio crissoque alternatim striatis
lineis albis atquefuscis ; rectricibus nigris, duabus lateralibus e#-
ternis ad apicem albo notatis ; guld nigrd; corporis inferiore parte
dnereO'dlbido lineis transversis fuscis striato, abdomine intermedio
crissoque albis ; rostro nigra, pedibus nigrescentibus.

Long. tot. 4^ unc; aliB, 2\\ cauda, 2; tarsi, ^.

Hab, in Nova Hollandia.

Amadina cincta. Ama. capite toto argentato cinereo; guld nigrd;
corpore toto pallida castaneo ; fascia nigrd corporis inferior em
partem cingente ; tectricibus cauda superioribus et inferioribus
albis ; caudd nigrd; rostro nigra ; pedibus brunneis.

Long. tot. 41 unc; ala, 2^; cauda, 2^; tarsi, ^.

Hab. in Nova Hollandi&.

106

Amadika KUViCAtTDA. Mas. Ama. fronte gemisque eoecmeis his
albo striatiti corpore stq^ernk olivaceO'fuBCO ; tectricibus caud^
cttuddque fuscO'COCcineis, illis guttis pallido-rubria omaiis ; guld
corporeqw infernk olivaceis, griseis, albo transversim notatis, ah-
domine intermedio crissoque fkcvidi'albis ; rostro coccineo ; pedi-
bus pallidubruHneU,

Fcem., ve/ mas junior. Corpore totocinereoJtisco,abdommeinterme'
dio albo; caudd rufescente^brunned.

Long. tot. 4^ unc; ala, 2^; cauda, 1|; tarsi, ^.

Hab, in Nova Hollandift.

Calodbra mactjlata. CaL capite suprd, auricularibus, et guld
nitid^ brunneis, scapuld plumd cinereo-argentato cinctd ; fascid
nuchalt rosaced; corpore supern^ cauddque intense brunneis; apici-
busplumarum in dorso, uropygio, scapulisgue,/ulvo larg^ guttatis;.
remigibus albidis ; rectricibus flavido-albis, ad apicetn notatis ;
corpore subtHs cinereo ; lateribus transversaliter brunneo striatis ;
rostro pedibusfusco brunneis.

Long. tot. 11^ unc; rostri^ \^\ ala, 6; caudie, 4|; tarsi, 1|.

Hab. in Nova Holkuidift.

Differt kPtilonorhyncho nuchale, Jard., magnitudine infeiiore, nee
non maculis supem^ sparsis.

Cbacticus hypoletjcus. Cract, nuchd, dorso, tectricibus cauda,
crisso, rectricibusque caud<B ad basin, albis, reliquis partibus
nigris, rostro ad basin plumbeo in nigrum transeunte.
Long. tot. 14^ unc; rostri, 2; altB, 9f ; caude, 5f ; tarsi, 2.
Hab» Van Diemen's Land.

Differt k specie Cracticus Tibicen appellatd, rostro et tarsi breviori*
bus, seque ac dorsi albo colore.
Hab. in Terr& Van Diemen dictd.

Cbacticus fuliginosus. Gract. corpore toto fuliginoso; remigiis,

rectricibusque cauda ad apicem albis ; rostro pedibusque nigris.
Long. tot. 18 unc; rostri, 2^; ala, 10; cauda, 7; tarsi, 2^.
Hab. in Terr4 Van Diemen dicta.

Calyptorhynchus xaso. Mas. Calgp. capitis cristd, et toto cor-
pore nitidb nigris, rectricibus caudie duabus intermediis exceptis ;
fascid lat^ cocdned cinctis; rostro pragrandi ad basin palUdi
plumbeo ; pedibus ccsruleo nigris.

Foem. Differt cristd genis corpore supernk guttis flavis adspersis ;
corpore inferiore transversis lineis coccineis atqueflavis omato ;
fascid caudali cocdned, lineis nigris interruptd, rostro albo. '

Long. tot. 22 unc ; mensura rostri verticalis, 2| unc ; ala, 14
Cauda, 10^; tarsi, f .

Hab. in Nov^ Hollandift, ad fluminem Cygnorum.

Calyptorhynchus Naso differt k reliquis generis speciebus rostri
magnitudine, sed qorporis magnitudine praeter unam omnibus in-
feriore,

107

November 8, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A letter, addressed to the Secretary, by Robert Mackay, Esq., the
British Vice-Consul at Maracaibo, and a Corresponding Member of
the Society, was read, describing the habits of a Vulture (Vultur
Pspa, Linn.) forwarded to the Society for the Menagerie, but which
had unfortunately died during the voyage.

After noticing the peculiar habit attributed to these birds, (which
frequently congregate to the number of three hundred,) of paying
deference to an individual di£Fering from the rest in plumage, and
to which the inhabitants of Maracaibo give the title of kuig, Mr. Mac-
kay proceeds to state :

" These birds, in their flights, ascend to such a height as to be
lost sight of, and from iheir elevation, discover objects of prey.

" T^ey reside in the savannas of a warm and dry temperature ;
and their travels do not extend beyond five or six leagues of the
place where they have been bred.

" They lay their eggs, and hatch their young, in the small con-
cavities of mountains.

" At a distance from towns, villages, and frequented roads, they
generally assemble in large numbers; but in the immediate vicinity of
such situations the king never deigns to associate with his vassals."

At the request of the Chairman, Mr. W. Martin read the follow-
ing description of a new species of the genus Felts,

"The beautiful species of Felts to which I beg leave to call the
attention of the Meeting was brought from Java or Sumatra, and
obtained, with other specimens from the same locality, from Mr.
Gould. The only writer, as far as I can learn, who notices it, is
Sir W. Jardine in the * Naturalist's Library,' in which work are two
figures from specimens in the Edinburgh Museum; but he there
confounds it with the Felis Diardi of Cuvier, to which species, as
indeed also to the FeUs Bengalensis, it bears a close affinity in the
style and colour of its markings. It vnll be easy, however, to show
that the Felis Diardi is a very different species to the present. The
first description of the F. Diardi is in the fourth volume of Cuvier's
Ossemens Fossiles, p. 437. ' There is,' says Cuvier, * in Java an-
other wUd Cat larger than Felis Bengalensis, very remarkable for the
beautiful regularity of its blotches, of which Messrs. Diard and Du-
vaucel have transmitted to us a skin and a drawing. We shall de-
signate it Felis Diardi* After describing its colour, he adds, ' The
head is six inches, the tail 2 feet 4 inches, the body 2 feet and a
half, and its height at the shoulder must be 18 inches.' (French mea-
sures.) With regard to the Felis Diardi, it b somewhat questionable
whether it be distinct from the Felis macrocelis, or not ; at all events

No. XLVII. — ^Peocbedings av the Zoological Society.

108

it is a laige Cat dosely allied to, if not identical with that nTiimiJ^
but certainly distinct from the Cat before the Meeting.
** The admeasurements of this species are as follows :

Feet Inches.

Head and body 1 11

Head from nose to occiput, following \ g^ e i

thearehoftheskuU / " ^^

Tail 1 3|

Height at shoulder lOJ

Totallength 3 2^

** It may be obserred, that the indiTidnal is adnlt, as proved bj
the state of the dentition; its oolooiing agrees dosdy widi tint de-
tailed by Sir W. Jaidine. The groinid tint is rusty grey the mfous
tuu(<e preTaiKng on the top of the head down tiie middle of the haA,
ovct tlM die^:^, diest, soapuhe, fore Kmbs^ and thighs. On the top
of the head are t«x> longttndiBal naikings of hiarlr indosiiig a space
cut up by irregular small rings or dashes of hlai^ and exteiBai to
the»e begia tira decided black Hnes (ocouMDcii^ ofer eadi eye),
which beooaM broader oa the oocqnt and hack of the ne^ on
which laxter put they covmge^ but do Bot cone in eontact witli
each «lher; they tbens^reep crna- the top of eac^ shoalder himdiwg
with the martdi^ of the body.

*^ OoMSHMMd tram the tirs^^dedcnbed centiai Bmhini^ on the 1
theaoe iwns bervc^^tsn these two dcoded stripes a
m na iYur ^»e < ^t ^ <i the t^^xJdcrg the farm of i f Inagiif <
uitiaMMdy a hbck dorsi4 stripe ^ i irtJiid to die haaeaf the tail;
«ii ^le hMHkohes« homyirysr. it cixides iiito two jiiilhl sii^es. Tbe
tiers' ait* $hoit and somewhat ivvciided, 'KindL az liae t^s. grey in the
<^r»t3^ aaad blaci: at aaid anci&isd liusr base ; beyond the hlaph laadL
at thoir ba»e« there is a ifWKie of dii<^ ^>^^ winc^ aaeEgn into the
<>(ik«i«r<if tbenec^. TW sMkiS of the nec^ 90i7lILb^ iore and faini
IMi^ aa^ ihM^h* ^M7«d wiih blac^. Hie fades cf the hady are
MMMed with M>ho»ohr k>iicimiiiiial ms^ of dmk grey, eac^ Marir
havit^ an irw^rfthc- vuixpa « bla^.

^ l>ie lAwer aous^ of eac^ cyt i$^ bhu^ anc twr hhdk fines cxtna
^le <*he«);.. M$$ai](t i^t^ <^ ^oW-msc^ oarried acraas lip ma rth Ike
ai^>e <«^ the Vw^ iaw^ K^i^w this is a smika- maik inft moae in-
do^niir : the ob^^ 1$^ j$ry4«p(C v-:r>. bhu:k. Hie alWinman ^ o&rrr while
wbH>h i^ -OTASSied >■> r^w^ «' biax4^ ^tvtis ir Tesmiar ardor. The ^l^er
«a«^»^^ « the ta>^ ?< r^^'T- *^ i^v'^ir Tt^Ii^vwisi: firey ; it is laaihh iil
b^ ^yy^ a:^ bhiri tV^rmuu: md&^cinr; nncs. whu^, tomB^ tiie tip.
aiQiiimi^ a «>A?t 4olJni^r ohan»;*»r. tbr rkryemirr beinir hlac^ IVe
^r ^ tb^ >w> T!^ ifwk'TA^r mv: ^th^ «ii: xnr laL i: is ^ifi andaaiL

•■' r^v t)ii^ )v»fcntSn»; scfvv*!^ At fV 1 ineimiK tr pnnMise ^k lade af

tbw' «NVH^ ^^ ?v>b»^N; f^ i\ . no? AnS ir, iht «vk bc the
At t>v^ f}v h^^^ ir ^y^ oVwn»*v:>At; <v i^t nvnr., antl tbf Ifo^ich
t)^vHc*s'«vv A' Hv t^»' >■ K » V»«».n ikr^ ^ \T. mmiaTuTT. nar, '
Uiyv** Hv»i. iW K-^^ ;i ^H,**.*' •*;*« is i K>5< »4h?r tr tnar ^tecie&. he-

109

November 22, 1836.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

A communication from Mr. Harvey, of Teignmouth, in Devon-
shire, was read, which referred to a specimen of the electric Ray
then on the table. The fish was caught in a trawl-net near Teign*
mouth, and was presented to the Society by Mr. Harvey. When
taken, part of a specimen of the small spotted Dogfish was hanging
from its mouth. The fishermen handle the electric Ray while it is
alive without being at all affected by it, always taking care to lay
hxM of the tail.

Mr. Yarrefl exhibited a very large Carp taken by a net in a piece
of water called the Mere, neare Payne's Hill, in Surrey. The length
of the specimen was 30 inches, the girth of the body at the com-
mencement of the dorsal fin 24 inches; the weight, 22 pounds. The
fish belonged to Edward Jesse, Esq., author of the *' Gleanings in
Natural History," by whose permission it was exhibited. Mr. Yar-
rell observed, tiat he could find no record of any Carp so large
having before been taken in this country.

Mr. Martin, at the request of the Chairman, read the following
notes on the anatomy of Koala, Phascolarctos fuscus, Desm.

" The acquisition of a young male Koala preserved in spirits, and
presented to the Society by Captain Mallard, has afforded me the
opportunity of examining the viscera of this rare and curious animal;
which I did with the utmost care. Differing from the Wombat in
its dental formula, in which respect it closely resembles the Kanga-
roos, the visceral anatomy of the Koala closely approximates to that
of the former animal, as will be perceived by comparing the follow-
ing notes with the description of the anatomy of the Wombat hy
Mr. Owen.

" On reflecting the skin of the abdomen, there appeared a small
transverse muscle arising from the skin on either side, which passed
over the marsupial bones, towards their upper extremity, acting as
a support to, and a compressor of them.

" The pyramidalis muscle, to which, on its outer side is attached
the inner edge of the marsupial bone, radiated from this bone to the
middle line, and sent off a broad/owcia of fibres over the rectus mus-
cle to the cartilages of the ribs. The rectus began broad from the
cartilages of the lower ribs, its fibres appearing to mix with those of
the pectoralis; it continued its course broad to the pubis, and was
inserted in the usual manner. The external oblique was thick and

no

its fibres remarkably strong ; the internal oblique gave off a strong
cremaster, which ran down the spermatic cord as far as the testis,

" The transversalis as usual.

*' The first head of the triceps adductor femoris was connected by
a slip of fibres to the external apex of the triangular base of the
marsupial bone, giving to that bone, by its contraction, a slight ex-
ternal motion.

•* The panniculus camosus was very strong, especially over the
back and sides.

" The capacity of the thorax was very small in comparison with
that of the abdomen,

** The stomach occupied the left side of the abdominal cavity,
scarcely passing the mesial line ; its pyloric portion bent down
abruptly, forming a narrow arch through which protruded the /o-
Imlus Spigelii of the liver.

*• The liver consisted of two equal parts, a right and left, both
closely attached by membranous (or peritoneal) processes to the
diaphragm; the ligamentum latum verged towards llie left side. The
right portion of the liver was divided into three foliaceous lobes, the
left into two : the free edges of this viscus were deeply and abruptly
fissured, as if cut with a knife ; and its under surface presented an
irregular congeries of small lobuli or appendages, clustered thickly
together ; on the left side, the outer lobe of the liver passed com-
pletely behind or dorsad of the stomach, the cardiac portion of which
advanced as low as the left kidney. The outer lobe of the liver on
the right side advanced in a pointed form, and passed behind the
whole of the dorsal surface of the right kidney. The great mass
of the liver had, in fact, a dorsad position, the anterior portion being
comparatively very trifling.

** The gall-bladder was seated in the fissure between the first and
second lobes, reckoning from the right side ; it was very large, but
empty. Of great width at its base, it narrowed gradually to an al-'
most vermiform apex, and its total length was 34 inches. Its duct,
of considerable calibre, terminated exactly one mch below the py*
lorus,

" The spleen was long, thin, and tongue-shaped ; it lay loosely
adhering to the cardium ; its greatest breadth was ^ an inch, its
length, 24 inches; its edges were very thin and slightly crenulated.

" The pancreas presented a thin, flat portion, attached to the
spleen, whence ran a broad slip attached to the peritoneal reflection
at the back of the stomach, and advancing round to the duodenum.
Its duct joined that of the gall-bladder | of an inch from its inser-
tion.

" The stomach was divided by a contraction, into two distinct
portions ; of these, the cardiac was large and almost globular, its
breadth across being 2, its length across 2^ inches ; xUparietes were
much thinner than those of the pyloric portion, which, as we stated,
bent down abruptly, so as to form a narrow arch. The breadth of
the pylorus at its commencement, was little more than an inch, but

swelled out into a sacculus, whence it narrowed to the pyloric

Ill

orifice. Following its greater curve it measured 2^ inches, along
its smaller, only f of an inch. It was slightly puckered transversely
on the sides by a posterior longitudinal band of fibres. Anterior to
the entrance of the tBsophagus, and occupying the space of the smaller
curvature of the stomach, between the tBsophagus and the contraction,
was situated a large thick gland, opening by numerous ducts, whose
mouths clustered together, formed a sort of network. On each side
of this gland the inner membrane of the stomach was longitudinally
corrugated with small ruga, whence larger /?/tc<e, and more distinct
from each other, were continued down the inner surface of the py-
lorus, to its orifice, which was closed with a strong sphincter- valve;
the cardiac pouch was lined with a thin smooth cuticular membrane.
The duodenum began pyriform with a small sacculus \ of an inch in
breadth, whence it narrowed to f of an inch; this being its average
breadth. Its course was as follows: Leaving the pylorus, and bound
to the spine by mesentery, it advanced over the right kidney, then
crossed the spine, turned up on the left side under the cardiac por-
tion of the stomach, and merged into Jejunum. The whole of the
inner membrane of the small intestines exhibited a beautiful velvety
tissue.

" The cacum was of enormous magnitude, and slightly puckered
equidistantly or nearly so throughout its whole lengUi into sacculi,
by a slight longitudinal (mesenteric) band of muscular fibres ; there
appeared also, fednt traces of an opposite band. Turning spirally
on itself and beginning large, it gradually narrowed, the decrease
of its last portion, for the length of 18 inches, being very marked ;
this portion running to a long vermiform point. Tlie total length
of the cacum was 4 feet 2 inches. Basal breadth, 2 inches. ITie
colon, resembling in character the first portion of the aecum, was
slightly contracted into large sacculi, the first sacculus just below
the entrance of the ileum, being more decided and larger than those
which succeed ; it was, however, nothing more than a simple en-
largement, vrithout any pyramid figure. After a course of 17 inches,
the colon decreased in size to the breadth of f of an inch ; the total
length of the large intestines was 6 feet 4 inches. The inner mem-
brane of the rectum was corrugated longitudinall3\

" The lungs consisted of 3 right lobes, one large, and two small ;
and of two left lobes, the lower by far the largest.

"The heart was compressed and pointed; its length was two
inches.

" The aorta gave off as usual 3 branches for the supply of the an-
terior portion of the body. The first or arteria innominata, however,
almost immediately divided into carotid and subclavian. The right
auricle presented at its upper part a semilunar notch fitting to the
base of the aorta, two points rising up, one on each side of the aorta,
as auricular appendages. Into the upper part of the auricle just be-
hind the right appendix entered the right vena cava superior ; and
into the inferior portion of the auricle close to the entrance of the
vena cava inferior, entered the left vena cava superior. The vena
azygos running up on the left side of the aorta, entered the left vena

112

MVA 9HjiPriot an inch from its termination. This anoBgement of
lh« V0tu9 covie appears to be normal in the Marsupials, as Mr. Owea
W prt^viou»ly observed*.

*' Six coronary veins entered the right auricle round its jmictional
mariit^)^ witlx the ventricle.

** Tho aurioulo-ventricular opening on the r^ht ^ras of moderate
AWt \f\\h a funj^le valve, the edges of which were bound down by
ih^ tt'UtUma of two distinct corner coltamm^ ; a dikd fasciculus ci
A^^hv t)l>rt'«, bat ATry indisdnct, were to the rig^t of theses but they
0\>uUli hi^nUy be said to coi^stitute a third carmea coImbum. Tfa^
vvj^^< Vt^itxiok d^K'ji not i^proach die iypor of the heart by |^ of an
inohx No trftco oiformmem omIp. Pttlmonaiy artoy i^eiy wide»
dix nii^ alWr a course of |^ an indi in two brandies, a xi^it and
Wt> . i^H^I VxMitride Ttfj thin ; the 1^ pery thick and fiim.

'' iV iW khhv^'y^, the ratht was seated higher, neady by hs^diole
V^K l^haia th<^ kit ; ^ low^ oidof die fooaer and the i^pereni
\M' iW Utl^ b<«iBjir i^undM. In shi^te. these oi^ans were oval, and
Wl ^^sMhr ^y^^vt^^^ml. Their ^rM$ was sbi^ tkcp^iOm sin^
a^) \^^^«K'; Uw^ <\\itioal and dnenooi^ laras ^ery dyArr I^e^gdi^
1^ xMT a\lk wv^ ; WMK^lh. I <^ an inch.

'' I'V iy»»».<^ <«' $MaU $ice and conkssl %ii

V^w^ ^vNNN'^^v^ |m;ruJ^. 09^ <m <!ia«^ siie of d»e mtalm i cwrfcne. I

¥(!^^N^ A'v^T^^'^. r.^'^R^ <« ;^ ^dstt OS a hfosebeiA. Tfltsl ]

V^^ twK!i« ^ ' » \*«^.'t^. :i:^ wsKhi^; thdc <SDi3aiii^ wns ^lekiw and i

^v«M>ftio/^^ ?iW»siV, t>^ <<tj5t«>t I -X aa: inci a*ebw i^

''^ ^'*)v ;f>.Nrv%»A ^^A^d^s^ ^wsw ^5nu «iaiOTrea&ed. soif snaE: their can-
Xn*>\ f^<>k ^Kf^ K^jwfc *; 5i?r ^i Tw^ *c atf T B.iii inoa ^^ ^ir-
\^\v "^^o \*»H*^^ a<Mi ^x^^^tvkv. V 5a>r ^«5t «t j:ti^

' >Xxv %i*> a 9v\«Mv" 5fai>h: -rp^rtnui^a*- ciaiML UK SOS BC a i«n on ?^

113

seated near its base. Length altogether 2 iflches. Breadth ^ an
inch. Length of free part f of an inch. The palate was di^ed
by elevated transverse ridges into 8 farrows.

"Pharynx spacious, and lined with a corrugated membrane.
(Esophagus narrow, its inner membrane being puckered longitudi-
nally.

" The anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage was regularly con-
vex, but not so protuberant as in the phalangers ; nor did the os
hyoides play freely over it."

Mr. Edward Burton, of Fort Pitt, Chatham, communicated a de-
scription of a small species of Pipra received from the Himalaya
mountains, and considered by Mr. Burton to be the first species of
this genus yet discovered in those regions.

Genus Pipba, Linn,

P, squalida, capite et cervice suprd, brunfiins ; interscapulio, dorso,
alts et caudd viridescenti-brunneis ; hdc ad regionem subapicalem
hrunned saturatiori, sed apice extemo albo gracilithr fimbriatd ;
alarum caudaque pogoniis extemis olivaceo leviter tinctis; corpare
infrh ubique albido,

Mandibula superior Jusca, inferior albida apice fusco. Pedes nigri,

Longitudo 3X poll. Ala caudam sequantes.

Hab. apud Montes Himalayenses.

In Museo Medico-Militari, Chatham.

The following observations on a species of Glaucus, referred to
the Glaucus hexapterygius, Cuvier, by George Bennett, Esq., F.L.S.,
Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society, Surgeon and
Superintendent of the Australian Museum at Sydney, New South
Wales, were read.

** On the 20th of April, 1835, during a voyage from England to
Sydney, New South Wales, in latitude 4° 26' N., and longitude 19"*
30' W., with light airs and calms prevailing at the time, about 3
P.M., a number of damaged and perfect specimens of the Glaucus
hexapterygius, Cuv., were caught in the towing net. On being im-
mediately removed from the net and placed in a glass of sea water,
they resumed their vital actions and floated about in the liquid ele-
ment, exhibiting a brilliancy of colour and peculiarity of form,
which did not fail to excite the admiration of the beholders.

" The back of the animal, as well as the upper surface of the fins
and digitated processes, and the upper portion of the head and tail,
was of a vivid purple colour, varying occasionally in its intensity ;
appearing brighter in colour when the animal was active or excited,
and deeper when remaining floating tranquilly upon the surface of
the water. The abdomen, and under surface of the fins, are of a
beautiful pearly .white colour, appearing as if it had been enamelled.
The usual length of my specimens, measured from the extremity of

114

the head to the tail, when extended floating upon the surface of the
water, was If inches ; sometimes one or two lines more or less.
The hody of the animal is suhcylindrical, terminating in a tail; which
gradually becomes more slender towards the extremity, until it
finally terminates in a delicate point. The head is short, with very
small conical tentacula in pairs ; two superior, and two inferior ;
three (and in G. octopteryghis, Cuv., four) branchial fins on each
side, opposite, palmated, and digitated at their extremities; the num-
ber of digitations, however, varying; and the centre digitations are
the longest; the first branchial fins, those nearest the head, are
larger and denser than the others. The mouth is armed with bony
jaws; the body is gelatinous and covered by a thin and extremely
sensible membrane.

** These little animals were very delicate and fragile in their struc-
ture, and although many, indeed, I may say numbers, were caught,,
yet very few in comparison were found to be in a perfect condition,
some being deficient in one, two, or more fins, and others being com-
pletely crushed. Not one of the specimens caught on this occasion,
or during the voyage, had the silvery line or streak running down
the back, from the head to the extremity of the tail ; branching off
also to the fins and along the centre of each of the digitations. Seve-
ral Porpitde were also captured in the net at the same time with
these animals, and serve as food for them.

" It caused much regret to see the change death produced in the
beauty of these interesting little animals, and all means of preserving
them were found to be useless. When placed in spirits, the digits
of the branchial fins speedily became retracted, the beautiful purple
gradually faded and at last disappeared, and the delicate pearly white
of the under surface of the body and fins peeled off and disappeared;
thus did this beautiful mollusk become decomposed in less than the
space of an hour. Some mollusks quickly lose their colour after death,
but retain their form for a long time ; but these speedily change
after death, both in form and colour, and the beauty before bo much
admired perishes never to be regained.

" When taken in the hand, the under surface of the animal soon
becomes denuded of the beautiful pearly white it previously had,
and at that time appears like a small transparent bladder, in which
a number of air-bubbles are observed, together with the viscera. On
the a^efomen being laid open, a large quantity of air-bubbles escaped,
and perhaps a query may arise how far they assist the animal in float-
ing upon the surface of the water?

" The figure of Glaucus hewapterygius in Cuvier's work ' Sur les
Mollusques/ is tolerably well executed, but no engraving can convey
to the beholder the inconceivable delicacy and beauty of this mollusk;
in the engraving alluded to, there is an inaccuracy at least as compared
with the specimens before me, — in the digitated processes of the fins
not being sufficiently united at the base ; in the living specimens
before me, they were united together at the base, and then branch-
ing off became gradually smaller until they terminated in a fine
point. Again, in the engraving in Cuvier's work, the anal orifice is

115

placed on tbe^ right side, whereas in my specimens it was situated
on the left ; for in all the specimens I examined, I found the anus
was disposed laterally and could be plainly distinguished situated on
the left side of the animal, a little below the first fin. This I con-
sider also the orifice of generation, as in some of the specimens ex-
amined, a rather long string of dots resembling ova were seen to
protrude from it. One of the animals discharged from this orifice a
huge quantity of very light brownish fluid; this no doubt was the

j€dCC8.

" But few of these animals were caught after the 20th until the
24th of the same month, in latitude 2® 26' N., longitude 19^ 51' W.,
when having light airs from S. by £., nearly calm ; in the morning
a great number were seen floating by the ship, and it was not difii-
cult, by aid of my towing-net, to capture as many as I required, for
they swam very superficially upon the water. The whole of those
taken proved to be of the same species (G, hexapterygius) as those
before caught. I again placed several of the specimens in a glass
of sea water; they were full of life, sometimes moving about, not
very briskly, however, — and at other times remaining floating upon
the surface of the water, merely gently moving the fins. As they
floated upon the surface of the water in the glass, the sides of the
head, back, tail, fins, &c., exhibited at the time a light silvery blue
colour, which was admirably contrasted with the deeper blue of the
upper surface, and falling into the elegant pearly or silvery white of
the under surface of the animal, displaying an exceedingly rich and
elegant appearance. Often, when at rest, Uie animal would drop one
or more of the fins, but on touching them, they would be immediate-
ly raised to the former position, and that organ was turned back as
if to throw off the offending object, foUowed at the same time by a
general movement of the whole body. On touching the animal upon
the back, it seemed to display more sensitiveness in that than in any
other part of the body, judging from the effects produced, in com*
parison with similar experiments on other portions of the body ; for
instance, the centre of the back was touched lightly and rapidly with
a feather; which caused the little creature to sink as if under the
pressure of the touch, throwing at the same time the head, tail, and
all the fins upwards, followed by a general distortion of the whole
body of the animal, as if the gentle touch had been productive of
severe pain. I invariably found every part of the upper surface of
the body very sensitive when touched, and displayed a general move-
ment of uneasiness throughout the whole of the body of the crea-
ture.

" These creatures have a peculiar manner of throwing the head
towards the tail, and flouncing the tail towards the head, when they
are desirous of removing any object of annoyance. It is at that time
these animals seem to recover from their torpidity-, and evince the
greatest activity in their movements. When much annoyed, they
throw the body about with great activity, coiling up the head, tail,
fins, &c., in a somewhat rotundiform position; and if the tormenting

116

object is not removed, dash out again in full activity of body, then
return to the rotundiform position, and there remain for a short
period apparently exhausted by their efforts. But on the cessation
of the irritatmg cause, the animal quietly resumed its original po-
sition, perhaps dropping one or two of its wearied fins according
as its own sensations of ease or comfort might dictate.

" When nothing irritated this tender moUusk, it would remain
tranquilly floating upon the surface of the water with scarcely any
movement but that which proceeded from the undulating movements
of the digitated extremities of the fins, as well as an occasional
slight twisting motion of the same organs.

" I felt much interest in the beautiful display of a circulating fluid
on the dorsal surface of these animals, which was afforded me by
the assistance of a microscope. Through the semi-transparent mem**
brane of the back, a fluid could be readily perceived close to the sur-
face, evidently flowing in two directions, one taking a course down-
WB,rds, and the other returning upwards; but 1 was unable to di-
stinguish two distinct vessels for these separate actions.

"These animals seemed to be very torpid in their movements,
although sometimes, when floating upon the water, they would
be seen busily engaged in moving their fins about, but those actions
were soon suspended and their fins were suffered to hang lazily
down, as if fatigued with the short exertion, which did not move
them one inch about the glass of water ; and even when the little
indolent creatures did take the trouble to move themselves from one
side of the glass to the other, it was effected by a tardy motion,
stirring themselves first with one fin and then with the other, ac-
cording as circtmistances might require.

" I placed some small specimens of Porpita in the glass of water
containing the Glauci, to observe if they would attsuck them ; for
some time one of the Glauci was close to a Porpita and was even
annoyed by the tentaculte of the latter touching its back, yet the
Glaucus bore this, although with the usual characters of impatience,
yet without attempting to attack it. At last it seized the Porpita
between its jaws, and by aid of a powerful lens, an excellent oppor-
tunity was afforded me of closely watching the devouring process,
which was effected by an apparently sucking motidh; and at this
time all the digitated processes of the fins were floating about, as at
other times when the animal was at rest; but I did not observe, in
one single instance, that they were of any use to the animal, either
to aid in the capture or to securely hold their prey when in the act of
being devoured; for the animal seems to depend merely upon the
mouth in capturing its prey, as in this and other instances, which
I had opportunities of observing, they seized their prey instantly
with the mouth, and held it by that power alone, whilst by a kind
of sucking motion the prey was devoured. The digitations may
therefore only be regarded as appendages to the fins to aid the ani-
mal perhaps in the direction of its movements, as it was observed
that they turned and twisted them about during the progressive mo-

117

tion, (that is, vrhen this tardy animal is pleased to progress, which
appeared to me very rarely to meet with its inclination,) as if in some
way or other to direct the movements of the animal.

" The Glaucus, after eating the tentacles and nearly the whole of
the soft under surface of its prey, left the homy portion, and re-
mained tranquilly reposing upon the surface of the water after its
meal, the only motion visible in the animal being the playing of the
digits of its fins. The mutilated remains of the Porpita sank to the
bottom of the glass.

" Soon after, another Glaucus began a devouring attack upon an-
other Porpita which had been placed in the glass, eating a little of
it and then ceasing after a short meal, occasionally renewing the at-
tack at short intervals. On examining the Porpita, which had been
partially devoured by the ravenous Glaucus, I found the disc had
been cleared of the tentacles and other soft parts ; a small part of the
fleshy portion only remaining upon the disc. Only one part of the
homy disc exhibited any injury, and that appeared to be the place
where the animal was first grasped by the Glaucus,

" When any of these animals came in contact with another in the
glass, they did not display any annoyance, or coil themselves up»
nor did they evince any savage propensities one towards the other ;
and they would often float about, having their digitated processes in
contact one with the other, without exhibiting any signs of annoy-
ance ; even when placed or pushed one against the other, they did
not manifest any irritation, but remained undisturbed as in their
usual moments of quiet repose.

" On the back of the animal being seen in a strong light, a black
line could be discerned on each margin, and passing down the centre
of each fin, and sometimes varied in having two black lines on the
upper part of one fin, although the opposite fin may display but one.

" The margin between the falling of the purple colour of the back
into the silvery white of the abdomen often exhibited beautiful tints
of a golden green ; but these variations were probably produced by
the effect of different rays of light.

•* These animals soon perished ; I could not preserve them for any
length of time in the glass of sea water, although the water was
changed as often as it was thought necessary ; the digitated pro-
cesses of the ^ns were observed to shrink up on the death of the
animal, and the process of decomposition rapidly took place, the
whole body becoming a shapeless mass, having a bluish colour of
deadly hue for a short period, and then became of a blackish or
brownish black colour. I have seldom seen a gelatinous animal
which appeared so firm whilst in the water, that proved so speedily
to decompose when removed from it ; even the beautiful purple of
the back, the sUvery or enamel of the abdomen, and the silvery blue
of the sides, all speedily vanish, indeed instantly disappear, upon the
death of the animal, as if it had been washed off; the expansive, de*
licate, and beautiful fins and digitated processes are no longer seen;
they shrank up to nothing.

** Even on taking the animal alive out of the water and placing it

118

upon the hand, that instant almost, from its extreme delicacy, it was
destroyed : the digitations of the fins fell off, the least movement
destroyed the beauty of the animal; it speedily lost all the deep
puq)le and silvery enamelled tints, and became a loathsome mass.
Hius do we too often find f^nimala beautiful in external adornments,
curious in their habits and organization, and calculated in every re-
spect to supply us with inexhaustible sources of intellectual gratifi-
cation, doomed speedily to perish ; brief is the period allotted to
them in the busy theatre of animated existence; but doubtless, with
the gift of existence, they have received from the bounteous hand of
their Creator, the means of enjoying their fleeting lives.

" To place these little animals in the glass of water frt>m the towing
net without injury to their delicate structure required care; so that as
soon as they were captured in the net, attach^ to the meshes, they
were not handled, but carefully washed off, which was effected by
dipping the meshes in the glass of water, when the animal soon
detached itself without sustaining any injury, and floated in the
water.

" Although these animals are so fragile, so easily destroyed on
being taken out of their natural element, yet they fling themselves
about in the water without sustaining any injury, without even the
loss of any of the digitated processes of the fins ; yet when there is
much movement of the water in carrying the glass from one place
to another, they are evidently disturbed and restless, and the fins
are dropped; if therefore, a slight motion of the water disturbs them,
what can become of these delicate moUusks during tempestuous
weather ; can they be similar to the delicate Ephemeris, doomed to
live merely for the spasce of a day and perish in myriads ? From the
immense number seen only from the ship — and how many myriads
more extended beyond our range of vision ! — it conveyed to the mind
some idea of the profusion of living beings inhabitii^ the wide ex-
panse of ocean, and a feeling of astonishment at the inconceivable
variety of forms and constructions to which animation has been im-
parted by creative power.

" The tail of this animal has been described as resembling that
of a Lizard: the comparison is good, not only with regard to form,
but also, with perhaps a little more flexibility of motion, when in
action. Sometimes the animal throws its tail up. to the body, as if in-
tended to brush off any annoying object, and at other times, it has
been observed to turn the h^ui towards the side as if for a similar
purpose. It seems, in the action of eating, to resemble a Cater'
pillar,

" No more of these animals were seen until the 15 th of May at
10 P.M., when in lat. 24° 18'*5, long. 31° '-01 W., moderate
breezes and fine weather; a number of Glauci were captured as well
as Porpitdt ; some of the latter had been partially devoured, and in
some only the homy disc remained; this, there was no doubt, from
the previous knowledge of the carnivorous propensities of the
Glaucus, was their work, more especially as we had positive proof
that tribes of them were wandering or prowling about the ocean to-

lid

night. This was the last time during the voyage the Glduci Were
captured.

*' From these animals devouring the Porpita, we had positive
evidence of their carnivorous habits, independent of the structure of
the jaws ; and the tentacula of the Porpita were no protection against
their enemies; indeed, these appendages were first devoured and the
homy disc was alone left, in many instances being quite picked
clean ; from this circumstance we may infer, that the homy discs of
the Porpita and Velella, which previously, and for the last four days
were found in the net, were the remains of those which had been de-
voured by the Glauci or similar carnivorous mollusks, among which
we may with safety include (from the structure of its jaws, and
from often capturing it attached to Velella,) the inhabitant of the
Janthina fragilis or violet shell.

" The more we pursue the investigation of the actions of living
objects, the more we see of the unbounded resources of creative
power; and, after all our reasoning, must conclude that some wise
purpose, though dimly perceptible to our imperfect understandings,
is no doubt answered by this great law of organic formation, — the
law of variety."

Mr. Ogilby called the attention of the Meeting to the various
preserved specimens of Antelopes then exhibited, and made the fol-
lowing observations on some hollow-homed Ruminants,

" In arranging the Society's collection subsequent to the late re-
moval from Bruton Street, the following rare or undescribed species
oi Ruminants were observed, which it is thought proper to bring
under the public notice of the Society.

"1. Ixalus Probaton, A single skiia of the very anomalous animal
to which I propose assigning this name, was presented to the So-
ciety by Dr. Richardson, and has been considered as the female of
A. Furcifer, from which, however, it differs in some of the most
important characters. Of its origin there can be no reasonable
doubt; it was contained in the same box with the skins of A. Fur-
cifer, and other animals obtained by the celebrated zoologist just
mentioned, during Capt. Franklin's memorable expedition, and
the hay with which it was stuffed contained numerous small locks
of the very peculiar hair of A. Furcifer. The specimen is a male
about the size of a fallow Deer, the length from the nose to the
end of the tail being 4 feet 10 inches. The head is d\ inches long,
the tail, 5^ inches; and the ear, 3f inches. Though the skin is
that of an adult individual, as is proved by the incisors, which are
all of the permanent class and considerably worn down, the head is
without horns, having only two small, naked, flat scales, in the po-
sitions usually occupied by these organs ; yet the bones of the skull
remain beneath, and the specimen is unquestionably the spoil of a
male animal. In form, as well as size, the animal resembles the/a/-
low Deer (Cervus Dama), The colour is a uniform pale reddish
brown above and on the outsides of the members ; the breast, belly,
and inner face of the anus and thighs are greyish white ; the lower .

120

yart of the cheeks, the lips and beneath the chin are of the siune
colour, but the whole throat or under surface of the neck is pale
reddish brown, like the back and sides. Hie tail is covered above
with short reddish hair like that of the body, but it is perfectly naked
beneath, and in form and length resembles the tail of some species
of Deer {Cervus). The nose is hairy like that of a Ghat; the animal
is furnished with lachrymal sinuses of considerable size, opening by
very obvious apertures of a circular form ; it has inguinal pores and
two teats, as in the common Antelope (A, Cervicapra); large spurious
hoofs, and no appearance of scopte or knee-brushes either on the
anterior or posterior extremities. These characters will not permit
it to be associated with any known group of Ruminants. That it is
not merely a Deer which has cast its horns, is proved by the absence
of the pedestals which support these organs in the solid-homed 22«-
minants, as well as by the hairy lips, two teats and inguinal pores ;
neither can it be a Sheep or a Goat, as is evinced by the lachrymal
sinuses, inguinal pores, and the length and form of the tail, which,
in the wild q)ecie8 of these genera, is nearly tuberculous. The sup-
position of its being the female of A, Furciferia disproved by the sex
of the specimen ; in other respects, the existence of large spurious
hoofs shows plainly enough that it has no affinity to that animal.
There is but one other supposition : may it not be a species of An*
telope allied to the typicid group of that genus? and may not the
abortive horns of the present specimen be the result of some acci-
dent? Thi& may certainly be the case ; the other characters of the
specimen agree with those of the common Indian Antelope, and if the
animal should eventually prove to belong to that genus, it may bear
the specific name of A, Iwalus, which the classical scholar will re-
cognise as the name of an undetermined species of Ruminant men-
tioned in the Iliad.

" 2. Antilope Eurycerus. Of this magnificent and hitherto unde-
scribed species, two pairs of horns, one attached to the skull, the
other to the integuments of the head, have long existed in the So-
ciety's collection. Their origin is unknown, but I have reason tp
believe that they come from Western Africa. Their length in a
straight line is 2 feet If inch; on the curve, 2 feet 7-|- inches;
their circumference at the base is 10 inches ; their distance at base
1 inch, and at the points 1 1 inches. In form they bear some re-
semblance to those of A, Strepsiceros, being wrinkled as in that spe-
cies, and having a prominent ridge on their posterior face ; but they
form only one spiral twist instead of two, and their direction through-
out lies in the plane of the forehead, whilst in the Koodoo these two
planes form an angle of about 100°. The characters of the skull are
likewise similar to those of the Koodoo, but it is broader and larger
than in that animal. The points of the horns are of an ivory colour.
The animal has a large muzzle, but is without lachrymal sinuses ; it
has a white band across the face, immediately under the eyes, and two
white spots on each cheek. All these characters are ^tinctive of
the natural group which includes the Koodoo, the present species,
the Boshbok; the Guib, and the beautiful species mentioned by Mr,

121

Bennett (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1833, p. 1.) which b ^redlAnielope, and
"which I hope shortly to have an opportunity of describing in detail
under the name of A. Doria, as a friend, who has connexions with the
West Coast of Africa, has kindly undertaken to procure me skins.

" 3. AntUopePhilantomba, Two females of this minute speciesUved
for some time in the Society's Gardens : they were brought from
Sierra Leone and presented by Mr. M*^Cormick. Mr. Kendall, who
saw them with me at the Gardens, assured me that they were the
Philantomba of the Sierra Leone negroes. The larger and older spe-
cimen has small horns about 1^ inch long, bent slightly forwards
and surrounded at the base with 5 or 6 small rings : the species is
distinguished from the pygmy Antelope of the Cape by its longer tail
and ears, the latter clothed with white hair on the inside, by the
darker mouse -colour of the body and the uniform hue of the legs,
which instead of being sandy red as in the Cape species, are of Uie
same colour as the body, only rather paler. But for the circumstance
of the female possessing horns, I should have been inclined to iden-
tify this animal with the A. Maxwellii of Col. Smith.

"4. Antilope Sumatrensis, This species and A. Thar were exhibit-
ed together for the purpose of pointing out the similarity of their
zoological characters, and correcting a mistake into which Messrs. F.
Cuvier, Desmarest, and Col. Smith have fallen with regard to the
former species. According to these zoologists the Cambing Outan
(A. Sumatrensis) possesses both the lachrymal sinus and the longi-
tudinal gland on the maxillary bone, which distinguishes the Duy^
kerbok (a, Mergens) and some other Antelopes : in reality the lachry-
mal sinus is sufficiently distinct, but there is not the slightest trace
of any maxillary gland. The same zoologists represent the female
Cambing as being without horns and having only two teats : the spe-
cimen exhibited,^ a young female, had tolerably large horns and di-
stinctly showed four teats, thus agreeing in all respects with the adult
female Thar with which it was compared.

" 5. Antilope pahnat a. Colonel Smith has described the horns of
this species from an imperfect pair preserved in the Museum of the
College of Surgeons, but was undecided whether it should be con-
sidered as a distinct species or only a variety of the Prongbaick (A.
Furcifer). The present perfect pair, with the skin of the head at-
tached, goes far to prove the specific distinction, but the habitat is
widely different from that assigned by Colonel Smith. The speci-
men came from Mexico, where Dr. Coulter informs me it is sufficient-
ly common. The horns are twice or thrice as large again as those of
A.Furcifer, and instead of preserving a tolerable degree of parallelism,
as in that species, spread widely, and are much hooked at the points.
The face also is of a very dark brown colour, whilst in A. Furci/er it
is of the same light fawn as the upper parts of the body."

Mr. Gray exhibited a specimen of Argonaut with an Ocythoe
from the Cape of Good Hope, and stated that as the subject had
been brought forward at the last meeting, he was induced to remark
that every time he considered it, and compared it under its various

122

bearings with the relations of other Moliuscans and their shells, he
was more and more inclined to believe that the animal found in the
shell of Argonauta was a parasite. He gave the following reasons
for this belief.

" 1. Theanimalhasnoneofthosepeculiaritiesof organization for the
deposition, formation, and growth of the shell, nor even the muscles
for attaching it to the shell, which are found in all other shell-
bearing MoUuscans ; instead of which it agrees in form, colour, and
structure with the naked Mollusca, especially the naked Cephalo-
pods,

" 2. The shell, although it agrees in every respect with the shells
of other MoUuscans in structure, formation, and growth, is evidently
not moulded on the body of the animal usually found in it, as other
shells are; but exactly agrees in every point (except in the form of
the spire), with the shell of Carinaria, which coincided with the other
MoUuscans in all these respects.

"3. The body of the animal does not appear to have the power of
secreting calcareous matter, for it does not, like all the MoUusca
which have that power, secrete either a solid deposit or distinct septa
to adapt the cavity of the shell to the increase of the body, nor does
it cover over with calcareous matter any sand or other extraneous
bodies which may have accidentally intruded themselves between the
mantle and the shell, but leaves the sand, which is often foimd mixed
with the eggs, free, without taking any means to prevent it from
irritating the skin.

"4. The young shell of the just hatched animal which forms
the apes of the shell at all periods of its growth, is much larger
(ten times) than the eggs contained in the upper part of the cavity of
the Argonaut,

Mr. Gray further stated, that he does not think that any inference
can be drawn in favour of the opinion that the Ocythoe forms the
shell, from either of the three arguments which have been produced,
in favour of that hypothesis, which he then examined in detail.

"5. He believes that Poli must have been misled when he thought
that he had discovered the animal in the e^ of an Ocythoe covered
• with the " rudiment of a shell," because all the MoUuscans which
he has seen in the ^^^ (Cephalopods as well as others) were covered
with a well-developed shell, even before all the organs were deve-
loped, and the figure which Poli gives of the rudiment does not
agree with the nucleus found on the apes of the shell of the Argo-
nauts, Unfortunately, none of the eggs of the Ocythoes that have
been examined by other observers have been enough developed to
show the foetal animal.

" 6. The different species of Argonauta are said to be inhabited by
different species of Ocytho^; but allowing this to be the case, it
only proves that each of these genera have local species : the same
may be observed with respect to the Hermit Crabs, without proving
anything in favour of their being the framers of the shell they live
in.

" 7. That though some specimens of Ocythoe preserved in their

123

«helh' aie marked witk dross grooves resembling the grooves on the
shell* yet these grooves are only formed by the pressure of the dead
animal against the shell ; for the specimens of the animal which are
foond out of the shell, or which are taken out of the shell while re-
cent, are always destitute of these grooves, or of the compressed
form of the cavity of the shell. That some specimens which he
had received from the Cape (of which that now on the table was
one), which had been packed on their sides, had the upper side
of Uie animal smooth and rounded^ and the lower flat, and curved
like the shell on which it was pressed by its own weight ; while a
specimen which he had received from the Mediterranean packed
erect, with the mouth upwards, so that the animal was equally pressed
against each side of the shell, was flattened and curved on each side,
l&e the ^)ecimen examined by M. Ferussac.

Mr. Gray also stated that, so far from the animal using the finned
arms as sails, they were the means by which it retained itself in the
shell ; and he fuither observed, that it was very difficult to distin-
guish the species of Arganauta, as they varied greatly in shape, and
that on a comparison of many specimens, he had found that the
presence or absence of the spines or ears at the back of the mouth
were of no importace as a specific character, specimens of each of
the recorded species having thu process developed only on one or the
f^er side.

The Chairman, after premising some observations on the diseases
to which the mortality of the larger feline animals in the Society's
Menagerie was attributable, proceeded to read the foUowing descrip-
tion of two Entozoa infesting the stomach of the Tiger, {Felts Tif/ris^
Linn.,) one of which forms the type of a new genus of Nematoidea.

'* I received a few days ago, from the Medical Superintendent of
the Society's Menagerie, a portion of the stomach of a young Tiger
(which died of rupture of the aorta), exhibiting on the internal or
mucous surface what were considered to be scrofulous tumours.
They were five or six in number, of a round and oblong form, vary-
ing in size from half an inch to two inches in the largest diameter^
and the largest of them projecting about half an inch from the plane
of the inner surface : they made no projection externally. The mu-
cous membrane covering the smaller tumours was puckered up into
minute reticulate ruga: the surface of the largest tumour was smooth.
On wiping away the tough thick mucous secretion from the tu-
f&ours, and examining more closely their surface, two or three orifices
presented themselves in the larger, and a single orifice in each of the
smaller tumours. These orifices conducted to irregular sinuses which
were the nidi of two kinds of Nematoid Entozaa, some measuring
nearly an inch in length and a line in thickness; the others being
more mimite, not exceeding 5 lines in length, and about ^^ of an
inch in diameter. Only a pair of the larger Entozoa were found ia
each of the three largest tumours; the smsdler species existed in
countless numbers.

" Before proceeding with the description of the worms, I may

124

briefly conclude ^e histcury of the tumours by obsernsg that they
were composed of condensed accumulated layers of the sub-mucous
cellular tissue, presenting a flat surface next the muscular coat, to
which the larger tumours flrmly adhered, and projecting with a
rounded convexity towards the cavity of the stomach, where the si-
nuses opened and terminated. They did not contain any of the
caseous secretion characteristic of struma, but were most probably
caused by the irritation of the Entozoa.

" The dimensions of the larger Entozoa above given are those of
the female : the male is about one fourth smaller. In both sexes the
body is slightly attenuated at the two extremities ; the caudal ex^
tremity is more inflected and more obtuse in the male ; the oral ex-
tremity in both is obtuse and truncate.

" The surface of the body appears to the naked eye to be mi-
nutely striated transversely: it is variegated by the white genital,
and amber-coloured digestive tubes appearing through the transparent
integument. When examined with a lens of half-inch focus, the
anterior two-thirds of the body are seen to be covered with circular
series of minute reflected spines, which,, viewed with a still higher
power, present three distinct points, one large one in the middle and
two small lateral ones.

" The mouth is surrounded by a tumid circular lip armed with six
or seven circular rows of well-developed spinous processes, of a simi-
lar complex structure to those on the body. The oral orifice itself
presents the form of a vertical elliptical fissure, bounded on each
side by a jaw-like membranous fold or process, the anterior margin
of which is produced in the form of three straight homy points or
processes, directed forwards. These lateral processes can be pro-
truded beyond the circular lip by compressing the smooth spineless
skin behind the latter; and the elasticity of the structure causes them
to be again retracted on remitting the pressure.
• ** The vulva is situated at the junction of the middle and posterior
thirds of the body ; the anus in the female is in the form of a trans-
ifcrse semilunar fissure immediately behind the obtuse posterior apex,
and on the concave side of the inflection.

t " The atnis of the male, from the anterior part of which a single
slightiy-curved intromittent spiculum is protruded, is surrounded by
eight distinct -pointed papilla, three of which are placed in a verticid
row on each side, and two smaUer ones at the lower boundary of
the common opening to the rectum and male gland.
/ " On comparing this Nematoid worm with those already described,
it approaches most nearly to some species which are referred by
Rudolphi to the genus Strongylus, as the Strongylus trigonocephalus,
R., {Hist. Entoz. ii. pi. I. p. 231.,) in which species the 'Bursa maris
suhglohosa, hiloba, multiradiata,* presents an approximation to the
structure of the external male organs above described, in which the
eight tubercles surround the opening somewhat after the manner of
rays. But on pursuing the comparison we find that here the re-
semblance ceases : there is no subglobose bilobed sheath to the in-
tromittent organ in the species here described; the head is siir-

125

rounded by a circular instead of a trigonal lip ; the Stroftg. trigono-
cephalua is placed by Rudolphi in tiie section c, ore nudo, while
the armature of the mouth, in the present species, is so remarkable,
as to induce me to regard it as the type of a new genus, which I pro-
pose to denominate Gnaihostoma*,

" Gbn. Char. Corpus teres, elasticum, utrinque attenuatum. Caput
unilabiatum, labio circulari tumido integro ; os emissile, processibus
comeis maxilliformibus duobus lateralibus denticulatis. Genitale
tnasculum spiculum simplex, ad basin papillis circumdatum.

" Sp. Gnath. spinigerum. Gnath., capite truncato, corpore seriebus
plurimis spinulorum armato.

" The generic difference indicated by the external peculiarities of
the Entozoa above described, is confirmed by the internal anatomy,
which presents some peculiarities which appear not to have been
hitherto detected in the class Entozoa : I refer more particularly to
a distinct salivary apparatus, conformable to that which exists in the
Holothuria and other Echinodermata, This apparatus consists of four
elongated straight blind tubes, each about two lines in length, which
are placed at equal distances around the commencement of the ali-
mentary canal, having their smaller extremities directed forward,
and opening into the mouth, at the base of the lateral tridentate
processes, and their closed obtuse ends passing backwards into the ab-
dominal cavity. When examined with a lens of ^ inch focus, the
parietes of these salivary tubes present very distinct oblique or spiral
decussating fibres; their contents are semi-pellucid in the recent
worm, but become opake in spirit of wine.

*' The coexistence of these salivary glands with an oral apparatus
which is better adapted for trituration than any that has lutherto
been detected in the Entozoa, is conformable to the laws which re-
gulate the existence and condition of the salivary apparatus in higher
animals ; and is highly interesting on that account. The only sdlu-
sion which I can find to salivary organs in other Entozoa is in Clo-
quet's 'Anatomie de VAscaride Lombricoide,* in which he considers thj
tiiickened glsndvlBX parietes of the ccsophagus to serve for an analo-
gous secretion.

" The first portion of the alimentary canal or stomach, is about 3
lines in length ; it contains a milk-white substance, and is separated
by a weU-marked constriction from the remaining portion, which we
may regard as intestine : this is filled with a pulpy substance of an
amber colour, which grows deeper in tint as it approaches the anus.
The intestine enlarges slightly as it passes backward ; it is wide and
straight : is not tied down to the parietes of the body by mesenteric
filaments as in the Strongyhis gigas, &c. ; its surface is irregular, and it
seems to contain a spiral tube or valve, but this appearance arises
from the nature of the internal surface of the intestinal tunics, which
is beset with large regular obtuse lozenge-shaped processes arranged
in alternate longitudinal rows.

•* The lateral lines of the body consist distinctly of two vessels,

* yit»0oi maxilla, vrof^ei os.

126

which project into the interior of the body, being attached by a small
part of their circumference ; and becoming very wide and free near the
head. The doraal and ventral nervous cords are plainly visible in
the midspace of the lateral vessels. The muscular tunics of the body
are well developed, consisting of external transverse and internal
longitudinal fibres. The latter are lined with a layer of pulpy floe-
culent substance.

"The male organs consist of a slightly-curved slender single
spiculum, projecting from the caudal extremity of the body, as
above described. The base of this spiculum communicates with a
dilated receptacle, 2 lines long, of an opake white colour, which is
separated by a slight constriction from the rest of the seminal tube ;
this is, as usual, single : it is semi-transparent, and gradually grows
smaller to its blind extremity, which is attached by cellular tissue to
the middle line of the ventral surface of the body, half-way between
the two extremities. The whole length of the seminal tube is ten
times that' of the entire worm.

" The female organs consist of the vulva, vagina, uterus bicomis,
and oviducts or ovarianr tubes,

" From the vulva, the situation of which has been already men-
tioned, the vagina is continued, at first wide, then narrower, and lastly
widening again to pass into the uterus; it exceeds an inch in length.
The two cornua of the uterus are each about j aline in diameter, and
5 lines in length ; they diminish and are continued without any con-
striction into the ovarian tubes ; these are of immense prc^rtional
length, each exceeding, by 30 times, the length of the body ; their at-
tenuated extremities or beginnings are not attached to the parietes
of the body; although the coils of the oviducts appear at first sight
to be inextricably interwoven around the intestine, they in reality
cover it in aggregate folds, which are easily separated fk>m the in-
testine, and uprayelled."

Mr. Owen stated in conclusion, that preparations exhibiting the
male and female organs thus unfolded, with the digestive canal and
Salivary apparatus, had been deposited in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons.

127

December 13, 1836.

Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair.

Part of a paper by M. Frederick Cuvier was read, on the Family
of the DipodicUe, including the Jerboas and GerhUlas*.

Mr. F. Debell Bennett, Corresponding Member of the Society,
then read some Notes on the anatomy of the Spermaceti Whale,
(Physeier macrocephalus, Auctorum,) principally relating to its den-
tition, and to the structure and appearances presented by the soft
parts.

Mr. Bennett remarks that a greater disproportion exists between
the sexes in this species of Whale than is observed in any other
cetaceous animal ; for while the usual length of the largest male
Cachalots, taken in the South Seas, is about 60 feet, that of full-
grown females is only 28, and rarely, if ever, exceeding 35.

When the young male Cachalot has attained the length of 34 feet,
its teeth are perfectly formed, though not visible until it exceeds 28.
^e upper jaw usually described as toothless, has on either side a
short row of teeth, sometimes occupying the bottom of the cavities
which receive the teeth of the lower-jaw, but generally corresponding
to the intervals between them. The entire length of these teeth is
about three inches ; they are slightly curved backwards, and elevated
about half an inch above the soft parts, in which they are deeply
imbedded, having only a slight attachment to the maxillary bone.
Their number is not readily ascertained, because the whole series are
not always apparent ; but in two instances Mr. Bennett found 8 on
each side. These teeth exist in adult Whales of both sexes, and
though not visible externally in the young Cachalots, may be seen
upon the removal of the soft parts from the interior of the jaw.

" The eye of the Cachalot is small, and placed far back on the head,
above and between the pectoral fin und angle of the lower jaw. Its
situation is chiefly marked by a raised portion of integument aroimd
it. The aperture for visi(m does not exceed 2 inches in the longitu-
dinal, and 1 inch in the vertical direction. The eyelids are without
cilia and tarsal cartilages ; they are composed of two horizontal bands
of integument, each, in the example from which I describe (viz. a half-
grown male), two inches in depth, and connected with each other at
the inner and outer canthus. Between each of the eyelids and the
blubber exists a distinct line of separation, marked by a somewhat
deep groove, having a duplicature of thin membrane, serving as a
smfeice or hinge on which the lids move. At these linea. of demar-
cation all integument partaking of the nature of fat ceases, and the
texture of the tarsi thus insulated is composed solely of common
skin and cellular and other membranes, together with a dense layer

* The abstract of this and the concluding part of the Memoir will be
found in the Proceedings for December 27, 18.36.

No. XLVIII. — Procekdinos of the Zoological Society.

128

of muscular fibres deposited in its centre. The conjunctiva of the lids
is highly vascular, injected with blood, and covered with orifices of
mucous ducts. At the inner canthus of the eye it forms a thick
duplicature, of crescentic form, constituting a rudimental third eye-
lid, not unlike the haw of the horse. The globe of the eye is chiefly
lodged in the soft parts, but little if any of its substance entering
the bony orbit. It is deeply set within the lids, and does not in size
much exceed that of an ox. Its size in an adult female was 24inche8
in the longitudinal, and the same in the vertical direction. The in-
terior or cavity was 1^ inch in each of the last-named directions, and
its depth frds of an inch only.

*' Ilie globe at its greatest circumference was 7^ inches : the trans-
parent cornea at its transverse or broadest diameter measured 1 inch,
and in its vertical or narrowest f ths of an inch. The muscles of the
globe formed a dense mass surrounding the sheath of the optic nerve,
and were inserted in one continuous line over the circumference of
the globe at its greatest convexity.

" The optic nerve before penetrating the sclerotic is continued to
some length. It does not exceed the circumference of a crow's quill,
but is surrounded by a dense fibrous sheath nearly 4 inches in peri-
meter, and which, where the nerve perforates the globe, terminates
on the posterior surface of the latter. Around the globe and its
muscles much cellular tissue and true fat are deposited. The eyeball
in shape is not a perfect sphere ; its anterior and posterior surfaces
are flattened : that portion of the conjunctiva of the globe immediately
surrounding the cornea, and the only portion exposed between the
aperture of the lids, is of an intense black hue. It is possible this
dark portion may be a membrane distinct from the conjunctiva, since
around the extent it occupies, it terminates by an irregular margin,
and is capable of being detached from the conjunctiva, when it presents
the form of a delicate layer of cuticle, with a black pigment deposited
beneath its surface*.

'• The cornea of the Cachalot is dense, and composed of many
layers ; when divided, a small quantity of limpid aqueous humour
flows forth : the anterior chamber of the eye is very limited, and the
crystalline lens projects into it through the pupillary aperture. The
iris is a coarse membrane of a dull-brown colour, with a narrow zone
of lighter hue surrounding its outer margin. Its inner and free margin
is very thin, and embraces the protruding convexity of the lens.

"The lens is small, certainly not exceeding in size that of the human
eye : it forms nearly a perfect sphere : the vitreous humour tolerably
abundant. The retina was spread with beautifully delicate arbo-
rescent vessels, and aiForded a small bright spot at the insertion of
the optic nerve. Beneath the retina was spread a tapetum of dense
membranous texture, and yellow-green or erugo-green colour. The
sclerotic at its posterior third is thick, fibrous, and resisting, whilst
its anterior third is thin and flexible; no lachrymal apparatus
exists."

* A slight dark tint around the cornea is not uncommon amongst the
dark-skinned natives of warm countries.

129

In the desGription of the organs of generation ; the cavity in the
head containing the spermaceti ; and some more of the soft parts,
Mr. Bennett's observations coincide with those of Hunter and other
comparative anatomists.

A fottns apparently of mature growth, taken from the abdomen of
a Sperm JVhale, measured 14 feet in length and 6 in girth; its
position in the uterus was that of a bent bow.

Mr. Reid brought before the notice of the Meeting a new species
of the genus Perameles, and read a paper giving some account of its
habits, and pointing out its distinguishing characters.

The author states that he was indebted to William Holmes, Esq.,
of Lyon's Inn, for the ojiportunity of exhibiting this specimen, which
was brought from Van Diemen's Land, where these animals are said
to be common. The same species is also found in Western Australia,
and is there called by the natives Dalgheit, and by the colonists the
Rabbit, under which name it is mentioned by Cunningham in his
work on New South Wales. Widdowson, in his account of Van
Diemen's Land, notices it ; but neither of these writers has given
any description of the animal. From its resemblance to the Rabbit,
Mr. Reid proposes for it Ihe specific name of Lagotis,

PsRAMBLBS Laootis. Pct, griscus, capitey nuchd, et dorso, castaneo
lavatis ; buccis, lateribus colli, scapulis, lateribus, femoribus exius,
cauddque ad basin, pallide castaneis ; mento, guld, pectore, abdo-
mine, extremitatibus intus antic^que, antibrachiis postice, pedi-
busque suprh albidis ; antibrachiis extern^ pallid^ griseis, femo-
ribus extus posticeque saturate plumbeis ; caudd, pilis longis albes-
centibus ad partem basalem, indutd, dein pilis nigris tectd, parte
apicali albd, pilis longis supra ornatd. Vellere longo molli,
Caudd pilis rudis vestitd; pilis ad pedes brevissimis, Labio su^
periore, buccisque, mystacibus longis sparsis. Auriculis longis^
ovatis, intiis nudis, extus pilis brevissimis brunneis, ad marginem,
albescentibus indutis, pilis ad bases eos plumbeis, apicibus albis
aut castaneis, illis in abdomine omnihb albis. Marsupio ventrali
magno, mammis novem, in faciem posticam ; quorum una centra-
lis est, reliquis circumdata, intervallis aqualibus, gyrumque fad-
entibus, transversim unciam cum quadrante reddentem,

poll. lin.
Long, capitis 5 3

corporis 13

caudae 10

auriculae 3 10

antibrachii » . . . . 4

pedis antici 1 8

tibiae 3 9

pedis postici 4 6

ab auriculae basi usque ad oculum . . 2

ab oculo usque ad nasum 2 8

Latitudo auriculae 1 9

Hub, In Australia Occidentali et in Terr^ Van Diemen.

130

*'The ears are long, broad, and ovate, having several semitransplu'ent
dots scattered over their surface (the remains of sebaceous glands) .
On the anterior extremity the nails are much elongated ; the second
and third are about :^th of an inch longer than the first ; they are
all flattened at the tips, thus furnishing the animal "v^ith a very
efficient apparatus for burrowing. The tail offers many differences
from that of the other species of the genus Perameles, ITie basal
fourth is clothed with hairs about the same length and colour as those
of the body. The middle half is black, the hairs on the upper part
being elongated ; the remaining part is white, with a ridge of long
white stiff hairs forming a crest.

•' The pouch in this specimen (a female) is large, and has 9 nipples
on its posterior surface ; one being placed in the centre, and the
remainder at equal distances form a circle, the diameter of which is
1 inch 3 lines.

'* The skull is perfect, but the state of the skin was such as totally
to prevent its removal, and the description is therefore defective in
particulars concerning the bones of the face. The interparietal and
occipital crests are clearly defined and large. The bulla of the ear
is large, and its shape that of a flattened ovoid. The tympanum was
entire, and on removing it the manubrium of the malleus was found
to be twice the length of its body. The zygomatic arch is imperfect
for about the space of ^ an inch. The lower- jaw is slender, with a
salient process at its angle. Dent. : Prim. ^, Can. J=J, Mol. spar,
g. Mol. ver. ^. = 48.

" The two front superior incisors are nearly a line apart, small, and
quadrangular ; a small space intervenes between these and the three
succeeding, which are larger, and placed in a continuous series. The
fourth and fifth incisors are about the same distance from each other
as the two anterior. Posterior to the incisors is a space about 5 lines
in width, for the reception of the inferior canines. The canines are
well developed : another space intervenes between them and the false
molars, which latter are all rather widely separated, of a conical
shape, and have a small tubercle anterior to the body of the tooth.

" The molars oiPerameles, as figured by M. F. Cuvierin his 'Dents
des Mammiflres,* consist of two prisms fixed to a slightly curved
base, with the concavity towards the inside of the jaw ; but in
this species the molars are quadrangular, having had but two sets
of tubercles, and in the present specimen these teeth are worn
down and present a square surface, inclosed by enamel, having a
band of the same running transversely across the middle of the tooth.
Tlie two last molars of the upper jaw approximate so closely, as to
require careful examination to detect the line of separation. The
teeth of the lower jaw, except in number and in the circumstance of
all the incisors forming a continuous series, do not differ from those
of the upper. When the jaws are closed, the posterior molars of the
upper and lower jaws are in contact.

"A friend of Mr. Gould's, residing in Western Australia, states that
these animals are found beyond the mountains of Swan River, in

131

the istrlct of York. They feed upon large maggots and the roots
of trees, and do considerable damage to the maize and potato crops
by burrowing. A specimen kept by him in confinement became in
a few days very docile, but was irritable, and resented the slightest
afllront or ill usage. It took bread, which it held in its fore-paws.
A young one to which it g^ve birth unfortunately escaped, after
being carried in the mother's pouch for several days."

Mr. Reid considers the distinctions between this and the rest of
the species belonging to the genus Perameles so marked, that should
more of the same form be discovered, the above characters would
constitute a subgenus to which the name of Macrotis might be
applied.

Mr. Waterhouse exhibited a second specimen of Myrmecobius,
and directed the attention of the Meeting to certain differences ex-
isting between it and the one upon which he had founded the cha-
racters of the genus, and described under the specific name of *f(iS'
ciatus.'

The present animal differs from the one previously described in
having the black and fulvous colouring of the back less decided,
owing to a larger proportion of interspersed white hairs. The fasciae,
instead of being white, are of a yellowish cream- colour, and they also
dififer in number and arrangement. Commencing from the tail, the
three first are distinct and uninterrupted, the intermediate spaces
being about ^ an inch in width, black, with white hairs interspersed,
and a few of an ochraceous colour. The fourth is also distinct, but
instead of being continued across the back, it is met by two fasciae
from the opposite side. The two following are continuous, but less
distinct than either of the foregoing. Beyond these, the fasciae are
almost obsolete, there being only faint indications of them on the
sides of the body.

The most important distinction, however, exists in the teeth, the
present specimen possessing altogether four more molars than the
one brought before the notice of the Society on a previous occasion.
The entire number of teeth is 52, (26 in each jaw), and the 5 posterior
molars are placed closely together, diiFering in that respect from
those of the previously examined specimen.

The animal was brought from Van Diemen's Land, and others
similar to it were observed scratching at the roots of trees, and
feeding upon the insects which are generally abundant in such situ-
ations. Their favourite haunts are stated to be the localities in
which the Port Jackson willow is most plentiful.

Mr. Waterhouse remarked that although the differences between
the two animals were considerable, yet he did not consider the di-
stinctions such as to justify his characterizing the one then before
the Meeting as a second species.

A Paper was then read by William Ogilby, Esq., with a view of
pointing out the characters to which the most importance should be
attached in establishing generic distinctions among the Ruminantia.

132

Mr. Ogilby commences by observing that " It has been justly re-
marked by Professor Pallas, that if the generic characters of the Ru-
minantia were to be founded upon the modifications of dentition, in
accordance with the rule so generally applicable to other groups of
Mammals, the greater part of the order would necessarily be comprised
in a single genus ; since the number, form, and arrangement of the
teeth being the same in all, except the Camels and Llamas, these
organs consequently afford no grounds of definite or general distinc-
tion. Hence it is that naturalists have been obliged to resort to other
principles to regulate the distribution of ruminating animals ; and the
form, curvature, and direction of the horns, selected for this purpose
at a period when the extremely limited knowledge of species permitted
the practical application of such arbitrary and artificial characters
without any very glaring violation of natural affinities, still continue
to be the only rule adopted by zoologists in this department of Mam-
malogy. The illustrious Illiger forms a solitary but honourable ex-
ception ; he first introduced the consideration of the muzzle and la-
chrymal sinus into the definitions of the genera Antilope, Capra, and
Bos ; but his labours were disregarded by subsequent writers, or his
principles applied only to the subdivision of the genus Antilope, It
is obvious, however, that as the knowledge of new forms and spe-
cies became more and more extensive, the prevailing gratuitous rule
above mentioned, founded as it is upon purely arbitrary characters
which have no necessary relation to the habits and oeconomy, or even
to the general external form, of the animals themselves, would even-
tually involve in confusion and inconsistency the different groups
which were founded upon its application ; and such has long been
its acknowledged effect. The genus Antilope, in particular, has be-
come a kind of zoological refuge for the destitute, and forms an in-
congruous assemblage of all the hollow-homed Ruminants, without
distinction of form or character, which the mere shape of the horns
excluded from the genera Bos, Ovis, and Capra ; it has thus come to
contain nearly four times as many species as all the rest of the hollow-
homed Ruminants together ; so diversified are its forms, and so in-
congruous its materials, that it presents not a single character which
will either apply to all its species, or suffice to differentiate it from
conterminous genera.

" To meet this obvious evil, MM. Lichtenstein, De Blainville, Des-
marest, and Hamilton Smith have applied Illiger's principles to sub-
divide the artificial genus Antilope into something more nearly ap-
proaching to natural groups ; the reform thus effected, however, was
but partial in its operation ; the root of the evil still remained un-
touched, for none of these eminent zoologists appears to have been
sufficiently aware of the extremely arbitrary and artificial character
of the principal group itself, which they contented themselves with
breaking up into subgenera, nor of the actual importance and exten-
sive application of the characters which they employed for that pur-
pose. By mixing up these characters, moreover, with others of a
secondary and less important nature, the benefit which might have
been expected from their labours has been, in a great measure, neu-

133

tralized ; and even the subdivisions which they have introduced into
the so-called genus Antilope, are less definite and comprehensive than
they might otherwise have been made.

" The truth is, however, that the presence or absence of horns in
one or both sexes ; the substance and nature of these organs, whether
solid or concave, permanent or deciduary ; the form of the upper lip,
whether thin and attenuated as in the goat, or terminating in a broad
heavy naked muzzle as in the Ox ; and the existence of lachrymal
sinuses and interdigital pores, are the characters which really influ-
ence the habits and oeconomy of ruminating animals, and upon
which, consequently, their generic distinctions mainly depend. These,
with the assistance, in a very few instances, of such accessory cha-
racters as the superorbital and maxillary glands, the number of teats,
and the existence of inguinal pores, are sufficient in all cases to de-
fine and characterize the genera with the strictest reference to logical
precision and zoological simplicity. It is not my intention to discuss
the value of these characters, or to state the reasons which induced
me to adopt them in preference to those more generally employed in
this department of Mammalogy ; these will form the subject of a
future communication, and I shall content myself for the present
with observing, that the presence or absence of horns in the females
regulates, in a great measure, the social intercourse of the sexes ,
that upon the form of the lips and muzzle, the only organs of touch
and prehension among the JSumtfiaii/ia, depend the nature of the food
and habitat, making the animal a grazer or a browser, as the case may
be ; and that the existence or nonexistence of interdigital glands,
the use of which appears to be to lubricate the hoofs, has a very ex-
tensive influence upon the geographical distribution of the species ;
confining them to the rich savannah and the moist forest, or enabling
them to roam over the arid mountain, the parched karroo, and the
burning desert.

f Having thus briefly explained the necessity of reforming the
characters of the diflferent groups of the Order Ruminantia, as they
are at present constituted, and the nature and value of the principles
which I propose to employ for that purpose, I shall at once proceed
to their practical application, confidently anticipating that their
employment will remove the most serious objections which exist
against the present distribution of the order, and place our knowledge
of these interesting animals, in point of scientific accuracy, precision,
and aflinity, on a par with the more generally cultivated departments
of zoology.

Fam. I. Camelidjs.

Pedes subbisulci, subtils caUosi, digiris apice solo distinctls ; uu-
gulae succenturiatae nullae ; comua nulla ; denies primores suprit
duo, infr^ sex.

2 Genera. ^

1. Camelus, cujus characteres sunt :
Digiti conjuncti, immobiles.

134

Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.
Sintia lachrymales nuUi.
FosstB interdigitales nuUse.
FollicuU inguinales nulli.
Mamm<t quatuor.

2. AUCHENIA :

Digiti disjunct!, mobiles.

Rostrum chilomate instructum, labro fisso.

Sinus lachrymales nulli.

Fossa interdigitales nuUse.

FollicuU inguinales nulli.

Mamma duae.

" The Camelida foi-m what Mr. MacLeay would call an aberrant
group ; they differ essentially from other Ruminants in the structure
both of the organs of locomotion and of mastication, and their ge-
neric distinctions consequently depend upon characters which have
no application to the remaining groups of the order. On the other
hand, the principles of generic distribution which subsist among the
rest of the Ruminantia appear to furnish negative characters only
when applied to the Camelida ; but though necessarily expressed
negatively, the absence of lachrymal, inguinal, and interdigital sinuses
forms, in reality, positive and substantial characters, and as such, as
well as for the sake of uniformity, should be introduced into the de-
finition of these, as well as of other genera, in which they unavoid-
ably appear under a negative form.

Fam. II. CERViDiE.

Pedes bisulci ; cornua solida, plerilmque decidua, in mare solo, aut
in utroque sexu ; denies primores suprk nulli, infrk octo.

6 Genera.

1. Camelopardalis.

Cornua in utroque sexu, perennia, simplicia, cute obducta.
Rhinaria nuUa.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales parvse.
FollicuU inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Duo species sunt C. JSthiopicus et C. Capensis.

2. Tarandus.

Cornua in utroque sexu, subpalmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fossa interdigitales parvae.
FollicuU inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typus est Tarandus Rangifer (Cervus Tarandus).

135

3. Alces.

Comua in mare solo, palmata, decidua.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymales exigui.
Fossa interdigitales magme.
Folliculi inguinales null!.
Mamm<B quatuor.
Typus est Alces Macklis {Cervus Alces),

4. Cervus.

Comua in mare solo, ramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.

Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fossie interdigitales magnae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typi sunt C. Elaphus et C. Saumer aut Hippelaphus, Cuv.

5. Caprea.

Comua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria distincta.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales magnse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typus est C. Capreolus,

6. Prox.

Comua in mare solo, subramosa, decidua.
Rhinaria magna.

Sinus lachrymales maximi, mobiles.

Sinus duo supraorbitales ad basin comuum, mag^, mobiles.
Fossa interdigitales magnse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typus est Prox Moschatus (Cervus Muntjac),

Fam. III. MoscHiDjB.

Pedes bisulci ; comua nulla ; denies primores suprk nulli, infra

octo.
2 Genera.

1. MOSCHUS.

Rhinaria magna.
Sintis lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales nuUse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typus est Moschus Moschijerus,

2. IXALUS ?

Rhinaria nulla.

i

186

Sinus lachrymaUs exigui, distinct!.
^ Fossa interdigitahs nullae.

FolUculi inguinales exigui.
Mamma duse.
Tjrpus est Ixalus Probaton, Proc. Zool. Soc, Part IV. page 119.

** The genus Ixaius, founded upon the observation of a single spe-
cimen, may eventually prove to belong to a different family ; it differs
little, indeed, from die true Antelopes : but even supposing it to
be correctly placed among the Moschida, other forms are still want-
ing to fill up the chasms which evidently exist among the characters
of that group. Two are more especially indicated, and our know-
ledge of the laws of organic combination and of the constituent parts
of other groups, gives us every reason to believe in their actual
existence, and to anticipate their discovery. They will be character-
ized nearly as follows, and will probably be found, one in the tropical
forests of the Indian Archipelago, and tiie other op the elevated table
lands of Mexico or South America.

HiNNULUS.

Rhinaria magna.
Sinus lachrymdles distincti.
Fossa interdigitales nuUse.
FoUicuU inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.

Capbeolus.
Rhinaria nulla.
Sinus lachrymdles nulli.
Fossa interdigitales parvse ?
FolUculi inguinales ?
Mamma duse.

" It may appear a bold, perhaps a presumptuous undertaking, thus
to predict the discovery of species, and define the characters of
genera, of whose actual existence we have no positive knowledge ;
but, as already remarked, all the analogies of nature, whether derived
from organic combination or from the constituent members of similar
groups, are in favour of the supposition ; and I may observe further,
that the recent discovery of the genus Ixalus, if indeed it eventually
prove to be a genus, of which I had long previously defined the
characters, as I have here done for the presumed genera Hinnuius
and Capreolus, strengthens my belief in the actual existence of these
forms, and increases the probability of their future discovery.

Fam. IV. Caprid^.

Pedes bisuld; cornua cava, persistentia ; rhinaria nulla; denies
primores supra nulli, infrk octo.

137

7 Genera.

1. Mazama.

Comua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales nuUi.
Fossa ifUerdigitales distinctse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamm<B quatuor.
Typus est M, Furcifer {Antilope Furcifer),

2. Madoqua.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales distincti.
Fosste interdigitales distinctse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamnue quatuor.

T3rpu8 est M. Saltiana (Ant. Saltiana et Hemprichit).

3. Antilope.
Comua in mare solo.

Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fossa interdigitales maximae.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamma duae.
Typus est A, Cervicapra.

4. Gazella.

Comua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales distincti, mobiles.
Fossa interdigitales maximae.
Folliculi inguinales maximi.
Mamma duae.
Tjrpus est Gazella Dorcas (Ant. Dorcas).

5. Ovis.

Cornua m utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, immobiles.
Fossa interdigitales parvae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma duse.
Typus est Ovis Aries.

6. Capra.

Comua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales parvae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma duae.
Typus est Capra Hircus. Ad hoc genus pertinent Ovis Tragelaphus,
et Antilope Lanigera aut Americana, Auct.

7. OVIBOS.

Comua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.

138

Fossa interdigitales ?

Folliculi inguinales nulli. [

Mamma quatuor. j

Typus Ovibos Moschatus, j

I
Fam. V. BoviDiB.

Pedes bisulci ; cornua cava, persistentia ; rhinaria dietincta, nuda ;

denies primores suprk nulli, infrk octo.
9 Genera.

1. Tragulus.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Glandula maxillares oblongae.
Fossa interdigitales nuUge.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est T. Pygmaus {Ant, Pygmaa).

2. Sylvicapra.
Cornua in mare solo.
Glandula maxillares oblonga?.
Fossa interdigitales parvae.
Folliculi inguinales distincti.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est S, Mergens {Ant. Mergens).

3. Tragelaphus.
Cornua in mare solo. '
Sinus lachrymales magni.
Fossa interdigitales distinctae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est T, Hippelapkus (Ant, Picta) ; the NeeUghae, and not
the Saumer Deer of India, as I shall show elsewhere, is the animal
described by Aristotle under the name of Hippelapkus.

4. Calliope.
Cornua in mare solo.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales nuUse.
Folliculi inguinales distincti.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est Calliope Strepsiceros {Ant. Strepsiceros).

5. Kemas.
Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales magnae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est Kemas Ghoral {Ant. Goral).

139

6. Capricornis.
Cornua In utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymalea magni.
Fosa^R interdigitales distinctae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.

Typus est C. Thar I^Ant. Thar, Hodg.).

7. BUBALUS.

Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales exigui, distincti.
Foss(B interdigitales magnae.
Folliculi inguinales nuUi.
Mamma duse.
Typus est Bubalus Mauritanicus {Ant, Bubalus),

8. Oryx.

Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales magnae.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Species sunt 0. Capensis (Ant. Oryx\, Leueoryx, Leucophaa, &c.

9. Bos.

Cornua in utroque sexu.
Sinus lachrymales nulli.
Fossa interdigitales nuUse.
Folliculi inguinales nulli.
Mamma quatuor.
Typus est Bos Taurus.

" I have here confined myself strictly to generic characters ; the
synonyma and discrimination of species will form the subject of a
future monograph ; in the mean time, with the assistance of the Ar-
ticle Antelope in the Penny Cyclopaedia, or, with the proper cor-
rections, of Col. Smith's Treatise on the Ruminants in the fourth
volume of Griffith's Translation of the * R^gne Animal,' the student
will have no difficulty in referring any particular species to its appro-
priate genus. He wDl thus be enabled to judge of the correctness or
incorrectness of the affinities here indicated, and cpnsequently to form
a tolerable estimate of the value of the characters by which I propose
to distinguish the genera of ruminating animals ; and indeed it is
principally from the wish to excite the attention of zoologists to
more extensive observation than I myself possess, that I have been
induced to publish the present analysis of my own investigations in
this department of Mammalogy."

Mr. Gould exhibited numerous examples of the genus Strix (as
at present restricted), from numerous parts of the globe, including
three undescribed species from Australia, which he characterizes as
follows :

140

Strix castanops. Sir, disco fasciali castaneo, ad marginem satu-
ratiore, et nigro circumdato ; corpore suprd, alts cauddque lat^
rufo-brunneis, plumis singulis fasciis latis saturate brunneis, dis-
pariter omatis; capite humerisgue maculis sparsis minutis albis ;
corpore infrd, flavescenti-brunneo ; lateribus colli corporisque gut-
tis nigris spars^ omatis ; femoribus tibiisque flavo-brunneis pedi-
bus fiavescentibus ; rostro flavO'fusco .

Long. tot. 18 unc. ; rostri, 2\; alte, 15; caudte, 7; tarsi, 3^.

Hab, In Terra Van Diemen.

This is the largest known species of the restricted genus Strix, of
which the common Barn Owl is a typical example.

Stbix Cyclops. 8tr, disco fasciali albo, venust^ annulo saturate
brunneo, circumdato ; corpore supra albo ; dorso humerisque pal-
lid^ stramineis, maculis brunneis et albis lentiginosis ; primariis,
fasciis altemis stramineis brunneisque ; pogoniis extemis apici^
busque lineis brunneis rectis,frequentibus, et retortis ; caudd albd
fasciis brunneis ; interstitiis albis brunneo crebr^ guttatis, corpore
infrd, albo, maculis brunneis ; femoribus tarsisque albis ; pedibus
flavo-fuscis ; rostro livido.

Long. tot. 15 unc. ; rostri. If; ala, 11^; cauda, 5^; tarsi, 2|.

Hab, In Nova Cambria Australi.

This is one of the most beautiful species of the genus.

Strix delicatulus. Str. disco fasciali albo, margine stramined
circumdato; corpore supra pallidl eano-fusco, flavo tincto, notis.
nigricantibus et albidis intermixtis delicatulis frequentibusque
omato ; alis pallid^ fulvis, fasciis lineisque rectis retortis, pallida
brunneis ; primariis ad apicem guttd albd notatis ; cauda rectri-
cibus quoad colorem remiges fingentibus at guttd apicali albd ob-
scuriore ; corpore infrct albo; pectore lateribusque maculis brunnes^
centibus spars'^ notatis ; femoribus tibiisque albis ; pedibus ftaves-
centibus rostro livido.

Long. tot. 14 unc; rostri. If; ala, II ; cauda, 4; tarsi, 2^.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Australi.

This species in some respects very closely resembles the common
British Owl,St.flammea; but it has a longer bill, and is considerably
smaller.

141

December 27th, 1836.
Richard Owen, Esq., in the Chair<

The remainder of M. F. Cuvier's Paper on the Jerboas and Ger-
billas was read.

M. Cuvier commences this memoir with observing that his atten-
tion has been particularly directed to the Rodentia, with a view of
arriving at a natural classification of the numerous species composing
that order, among which considerable confusion had hitherto pre-
vailed, particularly in the genera Dipus and Gerbillus, the relations
of which to other allied groups have been but very imperfectly un-
derstood by previous writers.

The species included in the genus Dipus have been formed by
M. Lichtenstein into three divisions, which are distinguished by the
absence and number of rudimentary toes upon the hind feet. In the
first section are placed those with three toes, all perfectly formed ; in
the second, those with four, one of which is rudimentary ; and in the
third, those with five, two of these being rudimentary. M. Cuvier
states that he is unacquainted with the second division of M. Lich-
tenstein, but in the examination of the species belonging to the first»
in addition to the absence of rudimentary toes, he finds they are also
distinguished from those of the third by the form of the teeth, and
the osteological characters of the head. These points of difference
he considers of sufiicient importance to justify his making a distinct
genus for the Jerboas with five toes, adopting the name Allactaga,
given by Pallas to a species, as the common generic appeUation.

" We know," observes M. Cuvier, ** that the three principal toes
of the Allactagas, as well as the three only toes of the Jerboas, are
articulated to a single metatarsal bone, and that the two rudimentary
toes of the first genus have each their metatarsal bone ; whence it
results that the penultimate segment of the foot is composed of three
bones in the Allactagas, and of one only in the Jerboas. The incisors
of the Allactagas are simple, whilst those in the upper-jaw of the
Jerboas are divided longitudinally by a furrow. The molars of the
latter genus are complicated in form, and but little resemble those of
the former. They are four in number in the upper-jaw, and three in
the lower, but the first in the upper is a small rudimentary tooth,
which probably disappears in aged individuals."

The structure of the grinding teeth is then described in detail, and
illustrated by drawings which accompanied the paper.

" The general structure of the head of the Allactagas and Jerboas
is evidently the same, and is characterized by the large size of the
cranium, the shortness of the muzzle, and above all by the magnitude
of the suborbital foramina. The cranium of the Jerboa is distin-
guished by its great breadth posteriorly resulting from the enormous
development of the tympanic bone, which extends beyond the occi-

142

pital posteriorly and laterally afi far as the zygomatic arch, which
is by no means the case in the Allactagat, where all the osseous parts
of the ear are of moderate dimensions. Another differential character
between the two genera, is presented by the maxillary arch, which
circumscribes externally the suborbital foramina, and which, in the
Allactagas, may be said to be linear, and presenting a very limited
surface for the attachment of muscles. Lastly, we may note a dif-
ference in the relative development of the jaws, the lower being com-
paratively much shorter in the Allactagas than in the Jerboas/*

The author then proceeds to describe a new species of Allactaga,
a native of Barbary, for which he proposes the name of ^. arundinis.
Its length from the origin of the tail to the end of the muzzle, 5 inches ;
length of the tsdl,5 inches and 2 or 3 lines; of the ears, 1 inch; length
of the tarsi from the heel to the extremity of the toes, 22 lines. All
the upper parts of the body are of a beautiful greyish yellow, with
yellowish sides and tail of the same colour, terminated by a tuft of a
blackish brown at its origin, and white at the extremity. The sides
of the cheek, the ventral surface of the body, and the internal limbs
are white ; large brown moustaches adorn the sides of the muzzle.
The incisors are white and entire, the ears almost naked.

M. Cuvier next proceeds to consider the characters and affinities
of the genera Gerbillus and Meriones, and enters into a critical ex-
amination of all the species referred to that group. To these he adds
another species, the habits of which he details, and describes at length
under the name of G. Burtoni. The species which he thus includes
are, Ist, G, Egyptiacus, syn. Dipus Gerbillus, Meriones quadrima-
culatus^EhTenbeTg; 2jid, Gerbillus pyramidum, syn. Dipus pyranddum
Geoff,, Meriones robustus ^upp, ; 3rd, G.pygargus, syn. Meriones
Gerbillus, Rupp. ; 4th, G, Nidicus, syn. Dipus Nidicus, Hardwicke ;
5th, G. A/ricanus, syn. Meriones Schlegelii Smutz.,- G, A/ra Gray ;
6th, G. brevi'Caudatus ; 7th, G. Otaria ; 8th, G. Burtoni. The author
enters into detcdled descriptions of each of these species from original
specimens. M. Cuvier lastly considers the affinities of the Gerbillas
and Allactagas to the Gerboas, and concludes that the Gerbillas have
a much nearer affinity to the Murida,

Mr. Gould exhibited to the Meeting all the species from which the
drawings had been taken for the first part of his new work on the
Birds of Australia, among which were several new and very remark-
able forms. The following hitherto undescribed genera and species
were named and characterized.

OcYPTERUs suPEECiLiosus. Ocfacic, guldfpectorequenigrescenti'
griseis ; lined superdliari albd ad basin rostri excurrente ; summo
capite, corpore superiore alisque fuliginosis ; abdomine crissoque
castaneis ; rectricibus griseo-fuliginosis, ad apicem albescentibus,
intermediis duabus exceptis ; rostro plumbeo, ad apicem nigra;
pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tot. 7 unc; rostri, 1 ; ala, 4f ; cauda, 3; tarsi, J.

Hab. In Nova Cambria Austndi.

143

Vamoa cinbrxa. Mas. Vtmg, capite et nmchd nigris loro albo ; dorso,
kumeris et uropygio griseh ; tectricibus cautUe albia, rectridbus
caudle nigris, intemh ad apieem albU, duabus intermedm egceptis,
seamdarns m medio, tectricibus majoribus, guld et corpore etidftiitt,
olbis ; rastro ad basin plumheo, ad apieem nigra ; pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 12^ unc; rostri, 1{; aim, 6.; cauda, 5f ; tarsi, 1^.

Hab. In Teni Van Diemen.

Vanoa nioeogularis. Mas. Vang, capite, collo, etpectore nigris;

torque nuchali, ptilis, pteromatum strigd longitudinali, dorso imo,

uropggio, abdomine, crisso, reciricumgue lateraliifm apicibus aUns ;

rectricibus duabus, intermedOs omnino nigris; rostro ad basin

phanbeo in nigrum transeunte; pedibus nigris.
Foem. yd mas jun. ? Partibus gum in mare nigris in h6c etneraseenti-

brunneis, vittd oec^tali fer^ obsoktd ; guld peetoreque fulvo

brunneis ; partibus religuis ui in mare adulto.
Long. tot. 13^ unc; rostri. If; aim, 7; caudm, 6; tarsi, 1^.
Hab. In Novft Cambrift Austndi.

Stbuthidsa.
Rostrum validttm, robustom, tumidum* auprk arcuatum, altitudine
latttudinem excellente; gongde angulato; naribus rotondatU
opertia; mandibul& infeiiore ad basin inorassatft, et in genas
pereimte ; aim mediocres, rotondatae ; remige primo breri, quarto
et quinto longissinus, remigibus secundariis elongatii et latis ;
tarsi mediocri longitudine et robusti, antic^ scutellati, postic^
plani ; digitis subvalidis ; poUice medio digito breviore et ya-
Hdiore.

Stbuthiosa ciksrba. Struth. capite, collo, partibusgue corporis
in/erioribus griseis ; singulis plumis ad marginem pallidioribus ;
alis brunneis ; rectricibus caudm nigris, metdUu^ vifidi nitentibus;
rostro pedibusgue nigris.

Long. tot. 11^ unc.; rostri, }; aim, 5^; caudm, 6; tarsi, 1^.

Hab. In Noya Cambria Australi.

TaoFiDOBHTNCHUS ciTBBOoui^Ris. Trop. summo capite, dorso,
uropggio, alis, cauddgue brunneis, his pallidioribus ; pogoniis ex-
temis remigmn seeundariorum olivaceo marginaiis ; caudd ad
apieem grised ; nuchd ac lateribus colli albescenti-griseis ; mandi-
bold inferiori ad basin notdgue nmdd pone oculos cmruleis; guld
et lateribus pectoris citreis; abdomine pdUiih griseo; rosiro
nigra ; pedibus plumbeis.

Long. tot. 10^ unc. ; rostri, li; aim, 5^; caudm, 4^; tarsi,. 1^.

Hab. In Noy4 Cambrift Australi.

MsuFBAGA FSMiciLLATA. Mcl. focie plumisguc asttrieularibus fa-
vidis; pone has pemdM sericed albd orients; corpore superiors
flaoescenti-griseo ; pogoniis remigum extemis latioribus; corpore
subtiks pallid^ brunnescenti-cinereo ; rostro pedibusgue brunneis.

Long. tot. 6\ unc. ; rostri, | ; aim, 3 ; caudm, 3 ; tarsi, f .

Hab. In Noyil Cambrift Ausitodi.

144

Mbliphaga sbricba. MeL summo capite, guld, €t regione circa
ocuhs nigris ; strigd frontali albd supra ocuhs tendente ; penicilld
pilosd albd, genas auresque tegente; dorso hrunnescenti-cinereo,
iongitudnuiliter nigro striata ; corpora subtits albo singulis plumis
in medio longUudinaiiter nigris ; alis brunnescenti-nigris, pogoniis
remigum extemis, lat^flavidis ; rectricibus caudle brunneis, pogo-
niis ad marginem flavescentibus ; rostro pedibusque nigris.

Long, tot, 6^ unc. ; rostri, ^; ala, 2|; cauda, 2|; tarsi, |.

Hab, In Nov& CambrisL Australi.

HiEMATOFS.

Rostrum capite brevius* levity arcuatum, acutum, sine denticulo
ad apicem ; corapressiuaculum : naribus longitudinalibus, et
operculo tectis, setia nullia ad rictiim : a/« mediocres, remige
primo brevi, tertio et qiuurto fer^ equalibiis et longissimis :
caudd mediocri, aequali yel leviter forficatd: tarsi mediocres,
sub validi halluce et ungue, digitum medium et unguem aequan-
tibus ; digitis externis longitudine paribus ; navi sanguinolenti
supra oculos.

H^MATOPS vALiDiBosTBis. Httm. summo capite splendid^ nigro,
vittd ocdpitali albd, pone ocuIqs oriente ; plumis auricularibus,
mento, et nuchd nigris ; summo corpore olivaceo, grisee lavato ;
uropygio rectricumque pogoniis extemis latioribus ; alis brunneis,
olivaceo kvi^ tinctis ; guld albd, corpore subtHs hmnneseenti-
griseo ; rostre nigra, vt ad apicem depressiusculo ; pedibus
camosis.

Long. tot. 6| unc. ; rostri, f ; ala, 3^ ; cauda, 3 ; tarsi, ^,

Hab, In Terr& Van Diemen.

HMMATova GULARis« Hicm, summo capite nigro, vittd ocdpitali
albd pone oculos oriente; plumis auricularibus et nuchd nigris ;
dorso et uropygio aurato-olivaceis ; alis cauddque brunneis ; guld
dnerascenti-albd, strigd nigrdper medium partem tendente ; cor-
pore subtils dnerascenti-brunneo ; rostra nigro ; pedibus pallid^
brunneis.

Long. tot. 6 unc. ; rostri, f ; a/«, 3f ; cauda, 2|; tarn, J.

Hab. In Nova Cambri4 Australi.

NbomorpbA;.

Rostrum lon^tudine caput excellens ad latera compressum, arcu-
atum, corneum, solidum> acutum ad apicem denticulo ; nares
bpertae, in sulco basali ; carinS. mandibulae superioris in pontem
tendente ; lingua dura, gracilis, ad apicem setosa ; anguli oris
carunculis caraeis pendentibus conferti; ake ■ ' • ' ■; pedes
■ ; Cauda corpus longitudine eequans.

NxoMOBPHA ACTTTiBosTBis. Ncom. rostro gradli, elongato, arcuato,
colore cornea, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte; carunculis lati
aurantiads ; corpore toto nigro ; caudd larg^ ad apicem albd.

Long. tot. 16^ unc. ; rostri, Z\\'al<e, — ; caud(B, 7 ; tarsi, — .

145

Keomoepha CRA8SIR08TRIS. Ncom, vostro subarcuato, vaUdo,
acuto, comeo colore, in plumbeum ad basin transeunte; corpore
nigro ; caudd larg^ ad apicem albd.
Long. tot. 17 J unc. ; rostri, 2^; ahe, — ; caiuUe, 7^; tarsi, — .
Remark. It is to be regretted that the only examples known of
both these species are imperfect, wanting the feet and the greater
portion of the wings : they form a part of the Zoological Society's
collection, and were obtained from the captain of a vessel, who had
received diem from a native chief in New Zealand.

PoDiCEFS ouLARis. Pod, sumtno capite, et nuchd, intensh nigres-
centi'brunneis, olivaceo hwatis; gutture genisque nigris; strigd
castaned pone ocuhs oriente et per latera colli excurrente ; corpore
suprcL nigrescenti'brunneo ; tectricibus ala secundariis albo mar-
ginatis, hoc colore vittam transversam faciente ; collo imo,pectore
et corpore subtils argenteo-griseis, hoc colore in brunneum ad la-
tera transeunte ; rostro et pedibus nigris.

Long. tot. 10 unc; rostro, H; ala, 4^; tarsi, 1^.

Hab, In Nova Cambria Australi.

PoDiCEPS Nestor. Pod, capite plutnis elongatis sericeis alMa in-
duto ; gutture et occipite nigris ; corpore suprcL intense brunneo,
subt^ argenteo-griseo, ad latera brunneo lavato ; rostro nigro ad
apicem pallidiore ; larsis olivaceo-nigris.

Long. tot. 9 unc. ; rostri, 1 ; al<e, 4J; tarsi, 1|.

Hab. In Terra Van Diemen et in Nova Cambria Australi.

Calodera.*

Rostrum validum, arcuatum, capite brevius, naribus basalibus rotun-
datis, fer^ apertis, mandibula superiore ad apicem levit^r inden-
tatd marginibus sulcatis ; margine mandibulse inferioris in sul-
cum superioris recepto ; ales mediocres, remige primo brevissimo ;
tarsi Tsdidi, antrorsim scutellati, polHce cum digito intemo con-
juncto, hdc ejusque ungue, validis, at medio digito ungueque,
brevioribus ; ungues incurvati et acuti ; cauda mediocris, penitiis
sequalis.

* The species belonging to the genus Calodera, are characterized at page 106.

INDEX.

The names of New Species and of Spedet newly characterized are printed
in Roman Character! : those of Species previously known, but respecting which
novel information is given, in ItaUe$ : those of species respecting which
Anatomical ObeenrationB are made, in Capitals.

Page. I

Actinodura, n. g., Chtdd. 17

Egertoni, Gouid. ... 18

Alcet, 111 135

AUactaga, n. g., F. Cuvier 141

arundinis, F. Cuvier..., 142

Amadina Castanotis, Gould 105

dncta^GoiiM 105

modesta, Gould. 105

ruficauda, Gould 106

jinat marmoratoj Tem 59

Anthropo^t paraduteuMy Beebst. 30

AntUope^VtSi, 137

adenota, H. Smith 103

Cervicapra, Pall 34

£urvcerus, 0^ 120

Forfex, H. Smith 103

hob, Offilb 102

Koba, Ogilb 102

Korrigum, Offilb 103

montanaf Riipp 3

palmata, H. Smith 121

Philantomba, Ogilb. ... 121

Sumatrensis Desm 121

Aplonis, n. g., GottM. 73

fusca, Gould 73

marffinata, Gould 73

Argonauta Argoy Linn 102

husMy Lam 22

rufa, Owen 23

Auchenia, 111 134

Bosj Linn 139

Bubalus, n. e., Ogilb 139

Bulinus Crichtoni, i9ro</. 44

inflatus, Brod, 45

pusio, Brod. 45

Calliope, n. g., Ogilb 138

Calodera n. g., Gould 145

maculata, Gould 106

Calyptorhykichus Naso, Gould,,, 106

Page.

CamehpardaUs, Linn 134

Crirt^a, Linn. ... 9

Camelui, Linn 133

CofiM ^ifiuitotcttf, Ogilb 163

Capra, Linn 137

Caprea, n. g., Ogilb 135

Capreolus, n. g., Ogilb 136

Capricomis, n. g., Ogilb 139

Co^ot ^ptfT, La Cep 54

Cephalopoda 19

Cercoleptes brachyotus, Marl. ... 83
megalotus, Afart. ... 83

CervuSf Linn 135

Aristotelia, Cuv 39

Barhaiya, Hodg 46

Muntjac, Gmel 66

Charadriue Morinellus, Linn. ... 1

Chironectes Yapock, Desm 56

Colluricincla fiisca, Gould* 6

Conus Adamsonii, Brod. 44

Corvus curvirostris, Gofijcj 18

pectoralis, Gould 18

CoRYTHAix BuFFONiT, Vaill 32

Cracticus fuliginosus, Gould. 106

hypoleucus, Gould. 100

Cranchia Bonelliana, F^r 20

cardioptera, Peron 26

mtnima, Fdr. 20

scabra, Leach 20

Crax rubra, Linn 1

Cursorius rufus, Gould 81

Cynictis melanurus, Mart ... 56

Cynogale, n. g., Gfray 88

Bennettii, Grag 88

Cgprinus carpio, Lion 109

DlCHOLOPHUS CRIST atus. 111 29

Dipodidas 127

Dipu8, Schreb 141

Edolius Chrishna, Gould 5

us

INDEX.

Page.

Edoliuf grandis, Gould 5

Rangoonensis, Oould ... 5

viridetcens, Gouid

Emberiza cinerea, StrickL 99

Enhtdra marina, Flem 59

FeUi Diardi, Cuy. 107

marmorata, Mart. 107

TigrU, Linn 123

FrinpiUa serintu, Linn 59

Gallmago beterara, IToi/^ 8

media, Ray 8

nemoricola, Hodg. ... 8

BoUtaria, Hodg 8

Gallinula ventralis, Gould. 85

Gazella, n. g., Offitb 137

Geocichla nibicola, Gotdd 7

GerbiUus, Oesm....- 141

GlaucuB kexapterygim, Cuv 113

Gnathodan, Gray 104

Gnathostoma, d. g., Owen*. 125

8PINIGEBUM, Owen 125

Haematops, n. g., Gould ., 144

gularis, Gould 144

validirostrifl, Gould... 144

Hali4gtui aUnciUa, Say 49

Herpestes bracbyuros, Gray ... 88

Hinnulus, n. g., Ogilb 13^

Izaliu, n. g., OgUb 135

. Prob«itoD, Ogilb 119

Ixos leucutis, Gould 6

Kemas, n. g., OgHb 138

Kittadncbi^ n. g., Gould 7

Lepus Californica, Gray 88

Douglasii, Gray^ 88

longicaudata, Gray 88

Loligo coroUi/lora, Til 21

laticeps, Owen 20

Pealii, Leach 21

Maeropus penkillalu*, Gray 41

Macroramfhue grieeue^ Leacb ... 1

Mactra Sprengkri^ Linn 104

Madoqua, n. g., OgUb 137

MazaiuAr n. g.» OgOh 137

Me1ipb9g9.penicillata, Gwdd ... 143

nerioea* Gould. 144

Meriones, Ul H2

Aiicetes. ^eniculuiy Desm 25

Moachutf Idim 135

jdmericanue, lAnn 66

deUcaiuluef Shaw 66

fulviventer, Gray 65

Grijlthii, Fiscb 66

Javanicus, Gmel 64

KanchU, Eaff. 64

Mjemnna, Liim. ...»...«. 63

Piige.

Moschue Moschiferus, Linn 63

pygmmuj Linii 66

Stanleyanus, Gray 65

Mulinia, n. g., Gray 104

Myrmecobius, n. g., Waterhouee . 69
iBmAtAxx^Waterh, 69, 132

Neomorphat °* g>> Gould 145

acutirostris, Gould... 145
crassirostris, Gould.. 145

OcTODOK CuiriNoii, Benn 70

Octopus semipalraatiu, Owen ... 22
Ocypterua supercilioMu, Gould... 142

Ocythoe 121

. CranchU, Leacb 19

Orpheus modulator, Gould 6

Ortyx ocellatus, Gott/c^ 75

Oryx, n. g., OgUb 139

Oof6of , De Blainv 137

Ovis, Xann ..«^ « 137

Ozyura Australis, Gould 85

Paradoxomis, n« ^.^ Gould 17

flairirostris, Gould. 17
Paradoxurus leucomystax. Gray. 88

Perameles Lagotis, Beid . • 1 29

PetroicA Pboenicea, Gould. 1 05

PHAI.AMOISTA VULPINA, Cuv. ... 2
PUASCOLAECTOS FPSCUS, DoSID... 109

Phascolomys Wombat, Per 49

Physeter macrocephalus, La Cep. 127

Pipra squalida, Burton 113

Plyctolophus productos, Gould.., 19

Podiceps gularis, Gottit^. ^ 145

Nestor, Gould 145

Porpita 116

Prionitos coerulieeps, Gould 18

Prox, n.g., Ogilb 135

Psittocus augustus, Vig 80

Pteromys Guildingii, Vig 80

albiventer. Gray 88

Lea<:bii> Gray 88

melanotis. Gray 88

Purpura Gravesii, Brod. 44

Roatellaria pet Pelicam, Lam. ... 46

Sciurus Douglaaii, Gray 88

Scolopax Rusticcloy Linn 7

Scytalopus, n. g„ Gould. 89

albogularis, Gould.... 90

fiiscus, Gould 89

Siniia Morio, Owen « 92

SatyrWyLmn.... 91

Troglodytes, Linn 41

Wurmbii, Fisch 91

Spondylus albidus, Brod. 43

Strix castinops, Gould. 140

Cyclops, Gould 140

INDEX.

149

Page.

Strix delicatulus, 6fott/i 140

Struthidea, n. g., Gould 143

cinereai Gould 143

Sylvia brevirostris, Strickl 98

Sylvicapra, n. g., Ogilb,,,, 138

Tamatia bicincta, Gould 80

Tarandus, n. g., Ogilh T. 135

Testudo Indka, LIdd 59

Thiy otborus guttatus, Gould 89

Titiqua Femandii Burton 62

Tinamotis, n. g., Via 79

Pendandii, rtg 79

Torpedo vulgariSf Flem 109

Tragelaphus, n. g., Ogilb 138

Tragopon Temminckiiy Gray 59

Tragulus, Gra^y n. div 63

Tragulus, n. g., 0^t76 138

Trichopborus flaveolus, Gould ... 6

Page.

Troglodytes leucogastra, Gould • 89

Magellanicus, Gould 88

Trogon pavoninus, Spix 12

reaplendens, Gould 12

Tropidorhynchus citreogularis,

Gould 143

Tu bularia gracilis, Harv 54

indivisa, Ellis 54

Tardus macrourus, Lath 7

Vanga cinerea, Gott/c/ 143

nigrogularis, Gould 143

VeleUa limbosa. Lam 79

VesperiUionidig 46

Voluta Beckii, Brod, 43

concinna, Brod. 43

FuUur Papa, Linn 107

Zosterops albogularis, Crou/e/ ... 75

tenuirostris, Gould ... 76

THE END.

PRINTED BY RICHARD AND JOHN E. TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

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