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PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


SOCIETY    OF    ANTIQUARIES 


'" 


OF  LONDON. 


NOVEMBER  19,  1885,  TO  JUNE  30,  1887. 


SECOND  SERIES,  VOL.  XI. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED  BY  NICHOLS  AND  SONS,  FOE 

THE    SOCIETY    OF    ANTIQUARIES, 
BURLINGTON  HOUSE.    ;) l    P^ 


DA 


v,  II 
617571 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

Bronze  Articles  from  Felixstowe  : — 

Fig.  i.  Roughly  cast  Celt        -         -      -  -                            *  9 

Figs.  ii.  and  iii.  Heads  and  Runners       -  10 

Fig.  iv.  Spatula-like  Blade    -                            -                  -  11 

Fig.  v.  Saw                             -  12 

Medieval  Chrismatory  of  Latten    -                                     facing  15 

Silver-gilt  Chalice,  Corpus  Christ!  R.  C.  Church,  Maiden  Lane  22 

Latten  Ewer  from  the  site  of  Kilburn  Priory  -  24 

Censer  from  Ripple      __~  _.._25 

Censer  from  Pershore  -  -         -         -         -         --26 

Censer  Cover  from  Langwith,  Derbyshire        -  27 

Roman  Inscribed  Stone  from  Castlenook,  Northumberland        -  28 
Bronze  Articles  from  Felixstowe  : — 

Fig.  i.  Socketed  Chisel            -  45 

Fig.  ii.  Socketed  Knife                    -                                     -  46 

Fig.  iii.  Dagger  ?                    -  47 

Fig.  iv.  Skinning  Knife  ?                          -  47 

Fig.  v.  Tube  with  Hooks        -                                              -  48 

Fig,  vi.  Stone  Polisher           -  50 

Elevation,  with  section  of  buttress,  of  Puzzle  Lock                    -  51 

Cup  used  as  a  Chalice,  Wymeswold  Church,  Leicestershire        -  59 

Gilt  Bronze  Ring  of  Pope  Paul  II.  1464-1471                            -  70 

Silver  Ring  from  Richmond  Castle,  Yorks.  80 

Palatinate  Seal  of  Tobias  Mathew,  Bishop  of  Durham,  1595    -  81 

Medieval  Paten  at  Wyke,  near  Winchester    -                            -  85 

Seal  from  a  Gold  Signet  in  the  possession  of  Lady  Fitzhardinge  97 

Fibula  in  the  form  of  a  Bee,  found  in  Suffolk                    -         -  99 

Leaden  Plaque  with  arms  of  Pope  Paul  III.  etc.      -         -         -  113 

Bronze  Medallion  found  at  Plymouth     -                   -         -         -  115 

Medieval  Chalice  at  Goathland,  Yorks.  -         -                  -         -  116 

Early  Equestrian   Figure   from   a   Chasuble  at   St.   George's 

Cathedral  Church,  Southwark    -         -         -                   facing  121 


IV 

PAGE 

Pinnacle  of  a  Censer  Cover  -  facing  134 
Two  Heraldic  Koundels  in  the  possession  of  Rev.  C.  R. 

Manning                                      __.._-  135 

Bronze  Celt  with  Rope  ornament  -                  -                  -         -  158 

Gold  Signet  Ring  found  in  the  Isle  of  Herm                              -  159 

Seal  of  the  Deanery  of  Shaftesbury        -                                     -  167 

Ancient  Mace  of  the  Borough  of  Lyme  Regis          -        -         -  169 

Incised  Stone  in  Skipwith  Church,  Yorks.  -  -  -  -  172 
Waterwork  Panels  found  at  Winchester  College  -  197,  198 
Tiles  found  at  All  Saints  Church,  Maidstone  -  -  facing  202,  203 

Fragment  of  Roman  Pottery  found  at  Burgh-on-Sands  -  -  210 
Portion  of  Embossed  Belt  round  foot  of  altar  cruet,  All  Souls 

College,  Oxford                                                                          -  242 
Silver-gilt  Vessel  (one  of  a  pair  used  as  altar  cruets)  at  All 

Souls  College,  Oxford       -                                                       -  243 

Silver  Parcel-gilt  Cruet  in  the  possession  of  W.  Ball,  Esq.       -  245 

Gems  with  the  Apollo  of  Kanachos        -                            facing  253 

Latten  Water-tap  found  on  the  site  of  Kilburn  Priory     -  260 

Seal  of  Richard,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1174-84        -         -  273 

Seal  of  Boniface  of  Savoy,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1245-70  274 

Seal  of  Richard  Wethershed,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1229-31  275 

Seal  of  Richard  de  la  Wyuhe,  Bishop  of  Chichester,  1245-53    -  276 

Seal  of  Thomas  Arundel,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1396-1414  278 

Seal  of  Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1207-28  -  283 

Counterseal  of  Richard,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1174-84  -  291 
Counterseal  of  Stephen  Langton,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 

1207-28                                               292 

Counterseal  of  Richard  Wethershed,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury, 

1229-31                                                                                   .  293 
Counterseal  of  Richard  de  la  Wyche,  Bishop  of  Chichester, 

1245-53           -                                     294 

Secretum  of  Robert  Braybroke,  Bishop  of  London,  1382-1404  297 
Figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  forming  a  Reliquary 

facing  316 

Roman  Steelyard  found  near  Catterick                     -          facing  317 

Ancient  Chest  in  Aldenham  Church,  Herts     -         -          facing  347 

Iron  Padlock  from  Sweden                     -  361 

Gold  Ring  found  at  Hatfield  near  Hornsea  -  387 
Town-mark  of  Youghal  -  -  -  -  .  -389 

Onyx  Cameo  of  Medusa        -                 -                           facing  396 


PAGE 

Communion  Cup  of  Norwich  make,  lately  at  Wiggenhall  St. 

Germans,  Norfolk  -  -  -  404 
Wooden  Standing  Cup  and  Cover,  1614  -  -416 
Crests  from  Wooden  Standing  Cup  and  Cover  facing  416 
Medieval  Chalice  from  Coombe  Keynes,  Dorset  -  -  -  421 
Medieval  Chalice  from  Ebbesbourne  Wake,  Wilts  -  423 
Leopards'  Head  Marks  -  ^426 
Cinerary  Urn  found  in  a  barrow  at  Colwinston,  Glamorgan- 
shire   -432 


COUEIGENDA. 

Vol.  xi.  page  98,  line  25  from  top, 

For   "  of    Uphall   co.    Linlithgow,"    read,   "  of    Prestonkirk   co. 
Haddington." 
Page  131,  line  18  from  top, 

For  "  Doddington,"  read  "  Toddington," 


PROCEEDINGS 
OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

2nd  SERIES.     VOL.  X. 


ERRATA  AND  ADDENDA. 

Page   76,   line  14,  for  James  Fawkner  Nicholls  read  James 

Fawckner  Nicholls. 
Page    76,   4th  line   from  bottom,   for    Gilbert    Metcalf  read 

Gilbert  Metcalfe. 
Page   76,    2nd  line    from    bottom,  for  William    Riven,   read 

William  Niven. 
Page    141,    add    to  the    names   of  the    auditors,    J.  Clarke, 

Edwin  Freshtield. 

Page  200,  line  19,  for  qec  read  D6C. 
Page  221,  note,  for  Berjean  read  Berjeau. 
Page   271,  for  J,  Charles  read  J.    Clarke;  for    C.    Wilcock 

read  C.  M.  Clode. 
Page  280,  line  24,  for  Rev.  George  Tryoii  Harvey  read  Rev. 

George  Tyson  Harvey. 
Letter  referred  to  at    page    286  announcing    Mr.   Watson's 

resignation : — 

Soc.  Antiq.  Lond., 

Burlington  House, 

Tuesday,  March  24th,  1885. 

To  THE  PRESIDENT  AND  COUNCIL  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF 
ANTIQUARIES -OF  LONDON. 

MY  LORDS  AND  GENTLEMEN, 

It  is  not  without  an  effort,  and  without  pain,  that  I  sit  down 
to  write  this  letter.  I  was  elected  Secretary  on  the  24th  May, 
1860,  and  have  thus  been  a  servant  of  this  dear  old  Society  for 
all  but  a  quarter  of  a  century.  To  that  service  I  have  given, 
with  unstinted  devotion,  the  best  years  of  my  life  and  the  best 
energies  of  my  nature.  To  maintain  its  character,  to  sustain  its 
high  traditions,  to  promote  in  every  way  its  honour  and  its 
usefulness,  has,  I  can  honestly  say,  throughout  all  these  years, 
been  not  less  my  pleasure  than  my  duty.  That  long  connection, 
my  Lords  and  Gentlemen,  is  now  drawing  to  a  close.  Apart 
from  other  considerations,  to  which  I  will  presently  revert,  I 
have  been  warned,  and  indeed  my  own  sensations  tell  me,  that 


I  cannot  any  longer  discharge  my  duties  to  the  Society,  without 
injury — probably  serious  injury — to  my  health.  I  suppose  it  is 
hardly  necessary  to  say  that  my  interest  in  the  Society  has  been 
the  interest  of  my  life,  and  that  the  work  of  the  Society  has 
been  the  work  of  my  life.  However  imperfectly  I  may  have 
performed  it,  I  have  at  least  tried  to  do  my  best,  and  it  is 
because  I  feel  that  I  cannot  discharge  my  duties  any  longer 
with  advantage  to  the  Society,  or  with  satisfaction  to  myself, 
that  I  am  constrained  to  write  this  letter. 

I  would  therefore,  my  Lords  and  Gentlemen,  respectfully 
request  that  this  letter  may  be  circulated  among  the  Fellows 
with  the  Balloting  Lists  for  St.  George's  Day,  and  that  the 
Society  may  thus  be  informed  that  I  shall  on  that  day  seek  re- 
election as  Secretary  for  the  last  time.  With  the  kind  permis- 
sion of  the  President  and  Council,  I  propose  retiring  from  Office 
— and  from  the  Apartments  which  were  allotted  to  the  Secretary 
as  a  Residence  by  the  Council  and  Office  of  Works,  in  con- 
formity with  the  Plans  settled  and  signed  in  the  year  1868 — on 
the  25th  September  next  ensuing.  The  interval  will  be  none 
too  long  to  wind  up  the  various  matters  now  in  arrear,  and  in 
particular  the  manuscript  of  the  new  Catalogue.  I  shall  also 
want  a  reasonable  time  to  look  out  for  new  quarters  and  to  move 
my  goods  and  chattels. 

I  have  intimated  that  considerations  of  health  did  not  stand 
alone.  I  should  not  be  frank  if  I  did  not  add  that  I  also  have 
had  in  view  the  peace  and  welfare  of  the  Society.  My  estate, 
my  worldly  circumstances,  are  not  unknown  to  some  Members 
of  the  Council — the  surrender  of  my  position  as  Secretary  is  in 
every  point  of  view  a  sacrifice  which  I  can  ill  afford,  and  which 
I  find  it  very  difficult  to  make.  But  I  would  rather  struggle  on 
as  best  I  can  with  impaired  and  impoverished  means,  than  shrink 
from  any  sacrifice  which  may  on  any  ground  be  thought  desir- 
able to  promote  peace  and  harmony  in  the  Society.  By  my  own 
uct  and  deed  I  am  parting  from  the  Society — my  one  desire  is 
that  we  should  part  good  friends. 

I  remain,  my  Lords  and  Gentlemen., 
Your  faithful  Servant, 

C.  KNIGHT  WATSON, 
Secretary. 

Page  295,  line  5  from  bottom,  for  twigs  read  loop. 

,,  last  line,  for  Descadon  read  Hescadon. 

Page  297,  4th  line  from  bottom,  for  F.  Hilton  read  J.  Hilton. 


Cancel  List  of  Illustrations,  and  substitute  that  on  opposite  page. 


LIST  OF  ILLDSTBATIONS. 


PAGE 

Two  Views  and  a  Section  of  an  Italian  Seal  Box     to  face  page  68 

Wooden  Effigy  from  All  Saints  Church,  Derby                            -  05 

Bronze  Arm  found  in  London  (see  cancel)      -                             -  91 

Chalice  from  Hunstanton,  with  Section  of  Paten      -                   -  108 
Map  showing  position  of  an  Ancient  Timber  Roadway  in  North 

Lincolnshire    -                                                                              -  113 

Section  of  the  above     -         -                   -                                       -  114 

Urn  of  Merovingian  type  from  Bedfordshire                                 -  174 

Roman  Sepulchral  Monument  found  at  South  Shields      -  196 

Roundel  or  Trencher  of  the  year  1625    -                                       -  211 

Quadrangular  Cross-shaft  at  Isel,  Cumberland    -     to  face  page  330 
Common  Seal  of  the  Borough  of  Colchester     -         -         -     344,345 


PROCEEDINGS 


OF  THE 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES 

OP  LONDON. 


SESSION   1885—1886. 


Thursday,  November  19th,  1885. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to 
be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Authors,  Messrs.  Hears  and  Stainbank  : — Catalogue  of  Peals  of  Bells 
from  the  Foundry  (267,  Whitechapel  Koad,  established  1570).  8vo.  Lon- 
don, 1885. 

From  the  Author : — Anniversary  Address  before  the  Medical  Society  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  at  its  75th  Annual  Meeting,  by  the  President,  W.  H. 
Bailey,  M.D.,  LL.D.  8vo.  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  1881. 

From  the  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres,  F.S.A. : — Bibliotheca  Lindesiana. 
Hand  List  to  the  Early  Editions  of  Greek  and  Latin  Writers  ancient  and 
mediaeval.  To  which  are  added  Vocabularies  and  Grammars.  8vo. 
London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  .—-Ancient  Marbles  in  Great  Britain.  By  Ad.  Michaelis, 
Hon.  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A. :— The  Journal  of  Hellenic 
Studies.  Vol.  vi.  No.  1.  Text  and  Plates.  2  vols.  8vo.  and  Folio, 
respectively.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Remarks  on  the  early  appearance  of  the  Northern  Lights 
in  New  England.  By  S.  A.  Green,  M.D.  8vo.  Cambridge,  U.S.A.  1885. 

From  the  Author,  Rev.  W.  lago  : — 

1.  Descriptions  of  the  Artificial  Cave  or  Fogon,  at  Halligey,  Trelowarren, 
Cornwall.     8vo.     Truro,  1885. 

2.  Investigation  of  the  Inscribed  Stones  at  Mawgan  Cross,  Sfairfoot,  and 
Hensbarrow,  in  Cornwall.    By  the  Rev.  W.  lago.     8vo.     Truro,  1885. 

VOL.  XI.  B 


2  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

From  the  Author  :— Roll  of  the  Officers  of  the  York  and  Lancaster  Regiment. 

First  Battalion       Second  Battalion.      By  Major  G.  A.  Raikes,  F.S.A. 

2  vols.    8vo.    London,  1885. 
From  the  Editor,  Dr.  C.  Leemans  : — Papyri  Graeci  Musei  Antiquarii  Publici 

Lugduni-Batavi.    Tomus  ii.    4to.    Leyden,  1885. 

From  the  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society : — East  Barnet.    By 

Rev.  F.  C.  Cass.    4to.    Westminster,  1885. 
From  H.M.  Secretary  of  State  for  India : — Punjab  Customary  Law.    Vol.  v. 

The  Customary  Law  of  the  Ludhiana  District.    By  T.  Gordon  Walker. 

8vo.    Calcutta,  1885. 
From  the  Author  :— Notice  of  Book  Plates  engraved  by  Cork  artists.    By  R. 

Day,  F.S.A.    8vo.    1885. 

From  the  Author  :— Ragusa.  By  T.  G.  Jackson,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Zara, 
1885. 

From  the  Author  : — On  a  Painting  discovered  in  Chaldon  Church,  Surrey,  1870. 
By  J.  G.  Waller.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author : — The  Camp  on  Hamden  Hill.  By  Hugh  Norris.  8vo. 
Taunton,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :  —Anniversary  Address  to  the  Numismatic  Society  of  Lon- 
don, June  18,  1885.  By  the  President,  John  Evans,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.  8vo. 
London,  1885. 

From  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  : — Calendar  of  Letters  from  the 
Mayor  and  Corporation.  Circa  A.D.  1350-1370.  Edited  by  Reginald  R. 
Sharpe,  DXJ.L.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  Messrs.  Walker  and  Lay  cock : — Ralph  Thoresby,  the  Topographer  ;  his 
town  and  times.  By  D.  H.  Atkinson.  Vol.  i.  8vo.  Leeds,  1885. 

From  the  Author : — Royal  Archaeological  Institute  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland.  Notes  on  places  intended  to  be  visited  during  the  Annual  Meeting 
at  Derby.  By  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  J.  O.  Halliwell-Phillipps  : — A  List  of  Shakespeare  Rarities, 
compiled  for  the  use  of  the  British  Archaeological  Association  on  the  visit 
to  Hollingbury  Copse,  Aug.  22.  8vo.  Brighton,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— The  Ancient  Stone  Cross  at  Ambleside.  A  Reminiscence. 
By  Cornelius  Nicholson.  8vo.  Kendal,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Histoire  Abregee  et  populaire  de  la  Ville  d'Herment,  en 
Auvergne.  Per  Ambroise  Tardieu. 

From  the  Author  :— Durham.    By  M.  W.  Whitfield,  M.A.    8vo.    Hull,  1885. 

From  E.  C.  Ireland,  Esq. : — Notes  on  the  Parish  of  Golant,  alias  St.  Sampson's, 
by  E.  W.  Rashleigh  :  and  Notes  on  the  Church  by  Hubert  Reade.  8vo. 
St.  Blazey,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  through  E.  H.  Sieveking,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.: — Relations  de 
la  Normandie  et  de  la  Bretagne.  Par  Charles  Hettier.  Svo.  Caen,  1885. 

From  H.  Wagner,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  : — Schweizerisches  Idiotikon.     Worter- 

buch  der  Schweizerdeutscheu  Sprache.    Bearbeitet  von  F.  Staub  und  Lud- 

wig  Tobler.    ix.  Heft.    4to.    Frauenfeld,  1885. 
From  the  Author  : — Miscellanea  Marescalliana,  being  Genealogical  Notes  on  the 

surname  of  Marshall.    Collected  by  G.  W.  Marshall,  LL.D.     Vol.  ii.    Pt.  i. 

Svo.    Exeter,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— Les  Collections  de  Bastard  d'Estang  a  la  Bibliotheque 
Nationale.  Catalogue  Analytique  par  Leopold  Delisle.  8vo.  Nogent-le- 
Rotrou,  1885. 

From  the  Editor,  M.  J.  F.  Judice  Biker  :— Colleccao  de  Tratados  e  concertos 
de  pazes  da  Judja.  Vol.  yii,  8vo.  Lisbon.  1885, 


Nov.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  3 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A. . — The  Gentlemen's  Society  at  Spalding  ; 
its  origin  and  progress.  8vo.  London,  1851. 

From  the  Author  : — Marvodia.  By  William  Munk,  M.D.,  F.S.A.  (Reprinted 
from  The  Genealogist.)  8vo.  Exeter,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— The  Asclepiad.  By  B.  W.  Richardson,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
F.S.A.  Nos.  7  and  8.  Vol.  ii.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— Ancient  Rome  in  1885.  By  J.  H.  Middleton,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
Edinburgh,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Master  Gunner  of  England.  By  Captain  R.  H.  Mur- 
doch. 8vo.  1885. 

From  the  Author,  Dr.  A.  E.  Plicque: — Un  Talisman  Gallo-Romain.  8vo.  Cler- 
mont-Ferrand. 1885. 

From  the  Author  :— China  and  the  Roman  Orient.    By  F.  Hirth,  Ph.D.    8vo. 

Leipsic  and  Munich,  1885. 

From  the  Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  F.S.A.  :— 

1.  Bromley  Church.    By  W.  T.  Beeby,  M.D.    8vo.    Bromley,  1872. 

2.  Irish  Pedigrees  ;  or,  the  origin  and  stem  of  the  Irish  Nation.    1st  and 
2nd  Series.    By  John  O'Hart,  Q.U.I.    2nd  Edition.    2  vols.    8vo.    Dublin, 
1880. 

From  the  Author,  Rev.  C.  H.  Evelyn  White  :— 

1.  The  Journal  of  William  Dowsing.    New  Edition.     4to.    Ipswich,  1885. 

2.  The  Great  Domesday  Book  of  Ipswich  ;  Liber  sextus.  4to.  Ipswich,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Reports  on  the  Manuscripts  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  St. 
Paul's  ;  on  a  Manuscript  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Devon  ;  and  on  the 
Manuscripts  of  Eton  College.  By  H.  C.  Maxwell  Lyte,  F.S.A.  Folio. 
London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— Shottesbrooke  Church,  Berkshire.  By  A.  B.  Mitchell. 
Folio.  London,  1885. 

From  C.  Trice  Martin,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— Bishop  Cranmer's  Recantacyons.  [Edited 
by  James  Gairdner  and  produced  by  Lord  Houghton.]  Small  4to. 

From  the  Author  : — Tiryns  ;  a  Prehistoric  Palace  of  the  Kings  of  Tiryns. 
Disclosed  by  Excavations  in  1884-5.  By  Henry  Schliemann,  D.C.L.,  Hon. 
F.S.A.  4to.  London,  1885. 

From  Rev.  Canon  W.  Cooke,  M.A.,  F.S.A. :— Tiles  from  Chertsey  Abbey, 
Surrey.  By  Manwaring  Shurlock.  Folio.  London,  1885. 

From  H.  S.  Milman,  Esq.,M.A.,Dir.  S.A.  : — Special-Karte  von  Bosnien,  Mon- 
tenegro und  Dalmatien,  von  F.  Handtke.  8vo.  Glogau,  1882. 

From  the  Author,  Robert  Day,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — "  Ex  Libris."  Reprinted  from 
the  Journal  of  the  Birmingham  Central  Literary  Association.  8vo.  1885. 

From  the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  Suffragan  of  Nottingham,  F.S.A.  : — King 
Henry  VIII.'s  Jewel  Book.  8vo.  Lincoln,  1885. 

From  J.  W.  Legg,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.  : — Consuetudinarium  Ecclesie  Lincoln- 
iensis.  With  Notes  by  Chr.  Wordsworth,  M.A.  Edited  by  H.  E.  Reynolds, 
M.A.  Folio.  Exeter,  1885. 

The  provisional  appointment  by  the  Council  of  W.  H.  St. 
John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  as  Assistant-Secretary,  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  meeting  and  duly  ratified. 

The  following  draft  of  certain  alterations  in  the  Statutes,  pro- 
posed by  the  Council  on  November  llth,  was  laid  before  the 


4  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

meeting  by  way  of  notice  only  ;  such  alterations  to  be  submitted 
for  the  sanction  of  the  Society  at  the  evening  meeting  of 
December  10th,  made  special  for  that  purpose  after  the  close  of 
the  ordinary  business  : — 

DRAFT  OF  PROPOSED  ALTERATIONS  IN  THE  STATUTES,  PROPOSED 
BY  THE  COUNCIL,  NOVEMBER  HTH,  1885. 

Chapter  I.  section  i. 

In  the  words  "  and  by  him  be  read  at  an  Ordinary  Meet- 
ing,'' to  omit  the  words  "  by  him." 

Chapter  I.  section  iii. 

To  alter  "  six  hundred  "  to  "  seven  hundred." 

Chapter  VI.  section  i. 

To  add  after  the  word  "  Sunday,"  "  or  on  Good  Friday, 
or  on  one  of  the  four  succeeding  days."  And  in  place 
of  "  the  next  day,"  to  substitute  "  some  convenient  day 
to  be  fixed  by  the  Council." 

Chapter  VI.  sections  ii,,  iv.,  v.,  vi.,  x.,  xi.,  xiv. 

For  "  and  Director,"  to  read  "  Director  and  Secretary." 
Chapter  VI.  section  xv. 

After  the  word  "  Director,"  to  add  u  or  Secretary." 
Chapter  XII. 

To  cancel  section  ix. 
Chapter  XII.  section  xi. — To  read  thus : 

"  The  Council  may,  from  time  to  time,  appoint  an  Assistant- 
Secretary  and  a  Clerk  to  assist  the  Treasurer,  Director, 
and  Secretary  in  conducting  the  business  of  the  Society, 
subject  to  the  ratification  of  such  appointments  by  the 
Society  at  some  Ordinary  Meeting." 

Chapter  XIV.  to  read  as  follows  : — 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

OF  THE  DIRECTOR  AND  THE  SECRETARY. 

I.  In  the  absence  of  the  President,  of  his  Deputies  or  Vice- 
Presidents,  and  of  the  Treasurer,  the  Director  shall  pre- 
side over  the  Meetings  of  the  Society,  not  being  Meetings 
at  which  the  presence  of  the  President  or  of  his  Deputy 
is  required  by  the  Charter  of  Incorporation. 


Nov.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  5 

II.  The  Director  and  the  Secretary  shall  be  the  chief  super- 
intendents of  the  publications  of  the  Society,  and  the 
Curators  of  its  Museum  and  works  of  art. 

in.  They  shall  be,  ex  officio.  Members  of  all  Standing  Com- 
mittees. 

IV.  They  shall  arrange,  with  the  assistance  of  the  Executive 
Committee,  the  business  of  the  Ordinary  Meetings  of  the 
Society. 

v.  They  shall  see  that  proper  estimates  are  procured  for 
all  work,  within  their  department,  proposed  to  be 
executed  for  the  Society  by  any  artist,  engraver,  printer, 
or  other  person ;  and  they  shall  not  direct  nor  allow 
such  work  to  be  entered  upon  until  such  estimates  have 
been  sanctioned  by  the  Council. 

VI.  In  the  exercise  of  their  office  they  shall  endeavour  to 
promote  the  objects  of  the  Society,  and  shall  (so  far  as 
in  them  lies)  take  care  that  the  publications  of  the  Society 
are  consistent  with  its  position  and  importance, 
vii.  If  either  resigns  his  office  in  an  interval  between  the 
Annual  Elections,  he  shall  thereby  also  cease  to  be  a 
member  of  the  Council. 

Chapter  XV.  to  read  as  follows  : — 

CHAPTER  XV. 

OF  THE  ASSISTANT-SECKETAKY. 

I.  The  Assistant- Secretary  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Council, 
and  shall,  when  appointed  to  the  office,  either  not  be  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society,  or,  if  a  Fellow,  shall  cease  to  be 
so  on  his  appointment. 

II.  He  shall  give  security  at  the  discretion  of  the  Council, 
and  shall  reside  in  the  apartments  assigned  to  him. 

in.  He  shall  devote  his  time  and  attention  to  the  duties  of  his 
office,  and  shall  be  paid  for  his  services  according  to  the 
determination  of  the  Council,  and  shall  not,  without  the 
previous  consent  of  the  Council,  engage  for  profit  in  any 
work  whatsoever. 

IV.  He  shall  be  subject  to  such  rules  and  orders  as  shall  from 
time  to  time  be  made  or  given  by  the  President  and 
Council,  and  shall  be  constantly  in  attendance  within  the 
apartments  of  the  Society  during  all  meetings  of  the 
Society,  Council,  and  Committees. 

v.  He  shall  assist  the  Treasurer,  Director,  and  Secretary  in 
conducting  the  business  of  the  Society. 

Chapter  XVI.  section  iv. 

After  "  Director  "  to  add  «  and  the  Secretary." 


6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Rev.  D.  J.  STEWART  reporting  that 
many  residents  at  Eton  are  afraid  that  the  governing  body  of 
the  college  may  sanction  the  destruction  of  the  houses  on  the 
west  side  of  Weston's  yard,  in  order  to  provide  a  site  for  some 
proposed  additions  to  the  school. 

Mr.  Stewart  stated  that  the  whole  range  thus  threatened  is 
interesting,  not  only  as  a  picturesque  fragment  of  the  old 
college,  but  from  the  special  historical  associations  connected 
with  that  part  of  it  now  occupied  by  the  head  master,  for  it  was 
here  that  Sir  Henry  Savile,  provost  of  Eton  in  1596,  set  up  the 
presses  which  printed  his  celebrated  edition  of  the  works  of  St. 
John  Chrysostom. 

On  the  motion  of  Mr.  SOMERS  CLARKE,  seconded  by  Mr.  C.  E. 
KEYSER,  the  matter  was  referred  to  the  Council  to  take  such 
action  as  may  be  necessary. 

A  letter  was  also  read  from  the  Eev.  J.  McFARLAN,  of  Ruth- 
well  Manse,  Annan,  drawing  attention  to  a  proposal  to  erect  a 
building,  at  a  cost  of  250/.,  over  a  Runic  cross  at  Ruth  well,  for 
its  more  effectual  preservation,  and  deprecating  its  removal  to 
the  Edinburgh  Museum. 

Mr.  FRANKS,  while  approving  of  the  proposal  to  take  greater 
care  of  the  stone  on  the  spot,  was  of  opinion  that  it  would  be 
less  exposed  to  the  trying  variations  of  the  atmosphere  in  the 
shelter  of  a  museum. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  pointed  out  that  a  permanent  erection  over 
the  stone  where  it  now  stood  would  sooner  or  later  need  repair 
and  a  caretaker, — and  who  would  bear  the  necessary  expense  ? 
He  thought  that  the  stone  could  be  most  effectually  preserved, 
and  with  a  total  saving  of  the  2501.  proposed  to  be  spent  on  it, 
if  it  were  removed  to  a  corner  of  the  parish  church,  especially 
as  the  stone  was  not  actually  in  situ. 

The  Rev.  G.  C.  FENWICKE  exhibited  the  following  articles : — 

1.  A  medieval  silver  parcel-gilt  chalice  from  Blaston  St. 
Giles,  Leicestershire.  Date,  circa  1500. 

Height,  5^  inches. 

Diameter  of  bowl,  3f  inches  ;  depth,  If  inch. 

Diameter  of  foot,  4|  by  2f  inches. 

The  bowl  is  conical  in  form,  and  quite  plain,  but  gilt 
within.  The  stem  is  hexagonal,  with  gilt  bands  at  the 
junctions  with  bowl,  knot,  and  foot.  The  knot  has  six 


Nov.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  7 

lozenge-shaped  facets  set  with  daisies,  with  perforated 
traceried  openings  between,  above  and  below.  The 
whole  of  the  knot  is  gilt.  The  foot  is  mullet-shaped, 
with  a  vertical  reeded  edge  and  knops  on  the  points. 
The  knops  appear  to  be  intended  to  represent  the 
letter  Hi  surmo anted  by  a  marguerite  or  daisy.  Both 
edge  and  knops  are  gilt.  The  chalice  was  repaired  by 
Messrs.  Hardman  about  forty  years  ago,  when  the 
compartment  of  the  foot  bearing  the  crucifix  was 
restored,  and  the  bowl  re-hammered. 

2.  A  pair  of  silver  snuffers  and  tray. 

The  tray  bears  the  following  hall-marks  : — 

1.  The  maker's  mark,  the  letter  N  hi  a  shaped  shield. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned,  in  a  circle. 

3.  The  lion  passant  gardant,  in  an  oblong. 

4.  A  small  old-English  0  in  a  plain  shield,  being  the 
London  date-letter  for  1691-2. 

The  snuffers  are  of  the  same  date,  but  have  only  three 
marks : 

1.  The  maker's,  / M  (ligulate),  with  a  pellet  below,  in  a 
shaped  shield. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned,  in  a  circle. 

3.  The  lion  passant  gardant,  in  an  oblong. 

Each  article  has  an  engraved  monogram,  apparently 
formed  of  the  letters  J.  S.  or  S.  J. 

3.  Four  deeds  relating  to  the  manor  of  Blaston  : — 

(a)  Indenture  dated  September  10th,  22nd  Eliz,  (1580). 
Between  Henry  lord  Crumwell  and  the  lady  Mary, 
his  wife ;  Thomas  Crumwell,  brother  to  Henry ;  and 
Richard  Ballunde,  of  North  Elmham,  Norfolk, 
yeoman. 

Covenant  leading  the  uses  of  the  recovery  of  the 
manor  of  Blaston  and  other  hereditaments,  with  certain 
exceptions ;  such  uses  being  to  Thomas  Crumwell 
in  tail  male,  with  remainder  to  Henry  lord  Crumwell 
in  fee. 

The  deed  bears  the  following  signatures  and  seals  : 

u  Henrre  Crumwell  " — seal  defaced. 

u  Marye  Crumewel " — seal  with  a  pelican  vulning 

herself. 

"  Thomas  Crumwell  " — seal  illegible, 
"ry chard  ballond  " — seal  with  monogram  H  K. 


8  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

(b)  Henry  lord  Crumwell  and  Thomas  his  brother,  for 
consideration  in  money,  by  charter  indented  grant  to 
Everard   Goodman    of    Blaston,     yeoman,    Cobley's 
House  in  Blaston,  and  other  heredits  described^  with 
power  of  attorney  to  deliver  seisin.     Dated  April  10th, 
33  Eliz.  (1591). 

Signature  of  Henry  lord  Crumwell,  with  seal  bear- 
ing his  arms — quarterly,  per  fess  indented,  four  lions 
passant ;  crest,  on  a  chapeau,  a  pelican  vulning  herself; 
supporters — two  winged  bulls. 

(c)  Letters   patent    of    inspeximus   setting    out   letters 
patent  of  July  3rd,  30  Hen.  VIII.  (1538),  granting  to 
Thomas  lord  Crumwell,  in  fee,  the  manor,  castle,  and 
lordship  of  Oakham,  and  the  manor  and  lordship  of 
Langham,  co.  Kutland,  and  the  park  of  Fleteros  in  the 
same  county,  and  the  manors  and  lordships  of  Clap- 
thorne,  Haculton,  and  Pedington,  co.  Northants,  and 
the  manor  of  Blaston,  co,  Leicester.     The  inspeximus 
being  issued  at  the  request  of  Everard  Goodman,  gent. 
Dated  January  30th,  37  Eliz.  (1594-5). 

Great  seal  in  white  wax  appended  by  parchment 
slip. 

(d)  Precept  to  the  escheator  of  the  county  of  Leicester 
to  deliver  lands,  etc.  in  Goadby  and  other  vills  in  the 
county,  of  which  William  Goodman  [who  died  March 
2nd,  14  Charles  I.   (1638-9)]  had  been  seized  at  his 
death,  to  Everard  Goodman,  his  son  and  heir,  who  was 
aged  24  years  and  more  at  his  father's  death.     Dated 
February  19th,  17  Charles  I.  (1641-2). 

Fragment  of  great  seal  in  yellow  wax  appended 
from  a  semi-detached  tag. 

/ 

ARTHUR  J.  EVANS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  Rapier, 
and  a  Spear-head  of  peculiarly  broad  form,  dredged  from  Sand- 
ford  Lock,  near  Oxford,  and  lately  presented  to  the  Ashmolean 
Museum;  and  a  bronze  Spear-head,  12|  inches  long,  from  the 
Wrekin,  lately  presented  to  the  same  museum  by  Mr.  Evans, 
Keeper. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  President,  exhibited  and  read  the  follow- 
ing paper  on  a  Bronze  Hoard  from  Felixstowe,  Suffolk  : — 

^  Some  years  ago,  I  know  not  how  many,  a  hoard  of  bronze 
antiquities  was  found  near  Felixstowe,  Suffolk,  of  which  the 


Nov.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

greater  portion,  if  not  indeed  the  whole,  now  forms  part  of  my 
collection. 

The  deposit  was  of  the  kind  usually  known  under  the  desig- 
nation of  a  bronze-founder's  hoard,  and  consisted  of  twenty-four 
objects,  which  may  be  thus  classified : — 


Rough  metal 

Fragments  of  tools  and  weapons 

Heads  and  runners 

Knives  or  daggers 

Socketed  celts 

Gouge  .  * 

Spear-heads   .... 

Saw       .         . 

Scabbard  end 


1 
6 
3 
3 
6 
1 
2 
1 
1 

24 


There  was   also  with  the  bronze  objects,  when   they  came 
into  my  hands,  a  small  piece  of  pottery,  possibly 
part  of  a  crucible  or  of  an  urn  in  which  the 
hoard  was  deposited. 

The  lump  of  rough  metal  is  of  an  irregular, 
somewhat  semi-circular,  outline,  and  appears 
to  have  been  run  into  a  rude  saucer-shaped 
mould.  It  is  rather  more  than  half-a-pound  in 
weight. 

Among  the  fragments  of  tools  and  weapons 
are  three  portions  of  the  upper  end  of  socketed 
celts,  two  of  the  cutting  ends,  and  a  curved 
fragment  of  the  blade  of  a  sword  about  2J 
inches  in  length. 

The  socketed  celts  are  of  ordinary  character, 
much  like  my  Fig.  116.*  The  largest,  which 
is  4 1  inches  in  length,  has  a  bold  semi-circular 
moulding  round  the  mouth,  like  that  on  my 
Fig.  112.  The  smallest  is  3  inches  long;  the 
others  from  3J  inches  to  3|  inches  in  length.* 

One  of  them  is  of  interest  as  having  been 
left  in  the  condition  in  which  it  came  from 
the  mould,  without  having  been  in  any  way 
trimmed.  The  two  halves  of  the  mould  not 
having  been  in  perfect  contact,  the  metal  has 
run  into  the  space  between  them,  so  that  the  joint  of  the  mould 


Fig.  i. 

ROUGHLY  CAST 
CELT  (half-size). 


Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of  Great  Britain. 


10  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE       '  [1885, 

is  shown  on  the  casting  by  a  thin  projecting  ridge,  which  in 
places  extends  a  quarter  of  an  inch  beyond  the  side  of  the  celt, 
and  indeed  beyond  what  was  intended  to  be  its  cutting  edge.  I 
am  unable  to  say  whether  the  mould  in  which  this  hatchet  was 
cast  was  formed  of  metal,  or  of  sand  or  loam.  This  celt  is  shown 
half-size  in  Fig.  I. 

The  heads  and  runners,  or  waste  pieces  of  metal  broken 
from  castings,  are  all  three  different  in  character.  One  is  of 
conical  form  with  a  single  thin  runner  coming  from  it,  showing 
that  the  metal  for  the  casting  from  which  it  was  broken  found 
its  way  into  the  mould  by  a  single  orifice.  The  second,  also, 
has  a  nearly  conical  head,  but  two  runners  proceed  from  it. 
The  distance  between  them  is  a  little  more  than  half-an-inch, 
which  is  less  than  the  width  of  the  socket  of  any  of  the  celts. 
The  gouge,  however,  is  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  distance 
between  the  outer  sides  of  the  runners,  wrhile  its  socket  corre- 
sponds with  that  between  their  inner  sides.  This  may,  there- 
fore, be  the  head  from  the  casting  of  a  gouge.  There  is  a 
shoulder  on  the  outside  of  each  runner  about  an  inch  above  the 
broken  ends,  which  conveys  the  impression  of  the  casting  to 
which  the  head  belonged  having  been  run  in  a  metal  mould. 

The  third  waste  piece  is  unusually  large,  consisting  of  a  boat- 
shaped  head  2J  inches  long,  with  five  runners  projecting  from 


Fig.  ii.  Fig.  in. 

HEADS  AND  RUNNERS  (half-Size). 

the  bottom  at  intervals  of  about  half-an-inch.  It  is  hard  to 
determine  the  kind  of  casting  from  which  it  was  broken.  It  may 
possibly  have  conveyed  metal  into  several  distinct  moulds.  The 
two  last-mentioned  heads  are  shown  half-size  in  Figs.  II.  and  III. 
The  gouge  is  of  the  common  kind,  nearly  4  inches  long  and 


Nov.   19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  11 

about  f-inch  broad  at  the  edge.  The  socket  end  is  plain  without 
any  moulding. 

The  spear-heads  are  both  leaf-shaped,  with  rivet-holes  through 
the  sockets.  The  larger  one  has  been  broken  in  two,  and  only 
the  lower  half  remains.  The  smaller  is  4  J  inches  long,  and  in 
general  character  much  like  my  Fig.  386,  but  the  projecting 
part  of  the  socket  is  shorter  and  more  expanded. 

Of  the  knives  or  daggers,  one  is  a  small  lanceolate  blade, 
4  inches  long  and  barely  f -inch  wide.  The  second  appears  to 
be  formed  from  the  end  of  a  leaf-shaped  sword,  in  the  same 
manner  as  has  already  been  observed  in  the  Harty  and  Dowris 
hoards."*  In  this  case  a  fragment  of  a  sword,  7J  inches  long, 
has  been  utilized,  the  edges  for  about  two  inches  from  the 
fractured  end  having  been  hammered  down,  so  that  it  may  be 
grasped  without  cutting  the  hand.  The  point  has  been  some- 
what rounded.  The  extreme  width  of  the  blade  is  about  1 J 
inch.  The  third  blade  is  of  peculiar  character,  and  differs  from 
any  that  I  have  figured.  The  blade  is  spatula-like  in  character 


Fig.  IV. 
SPATULA-LIKE  BLADE  (half-Size). 

and  slightly  curved.  It  is  flat  on  one  face  and  convex  on  the 
other,  and  provided  with  a  broad  flat  tang  with  a  single  hole 
for  a  rivet.  Its  extreme  length  is  6  inches  and  width  barely 
14  inch.  It  would  appear  to  be  a  tool  rather  than  a  weapon, 
and  may  possibly  have  served  the  bronze  founder  in  tempering 
his  clay  and  adjusting  his  moulds  and  cores.  It  is  engraved  as 
Fig.  IV. 

Another  tool  present  in  the  hoard  is  well  worthy  of  remark. 
It  is  a  saw — or  rather,  a  fragment  of  one  ;  what  is  left  of  the 
blade  being  about  3J  inches  long  and  f-inch  broad.  The  rivet 
by  which  it  was  secured  to  its  handle  is  still  in  position.  The 
blade  tapers  backwards  from  the  serrated  edge,  so  that  in  sawing 
it  would  not  be  clogged.  The  teeth  of  the  saw  are  spaced 
rather  unevenly.  Near  the  handle  they  run  about  six  to  the 
inch,  but  farther  along  the  blade,  about  eight.  In  form  the 
teeth  are  pyramidal,  the  blade,  or  rather  the  model  or  pattern 
for  the  blade,  having  been  brought  to  an  edge  represented  by  an 

*  Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of  Great  Britain,  p.  211. 


12 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1885, 


angle  of  about  60°  before  the  teeth  were  cut.  The  joint  of  the 
mould  can  be  seen  passing  through  the  teeth  at  the  rivet  end  of 
the  blade,  but  farther  along,  the  teeth  would  seem  to  have  been 
sharpened  after  the  blade  was  cast.  In  my  book  upon  Bronze 
Implements  I  was  unable  to  refer  to  an  undoubted  British 
example  of  a  bronze  saw,  though  I  cited  some  foreign  examples 


Fig.  v. 

SAW  (full  size). 

of  this  useful  tool,  and  referred  to  the  serrated  blade  from 
Mawgan  now  in  the  museum  of  this  Society.  The  serrations 
in  this  have  been  left  in  the  state  in  which  they  came  from  the 
mould,  and  its  purpose  seems  questionable.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  as  to  the  Felixstowe  tool  being  really  a  saw.  It  is  shown 
full  size  in  Fig.  V,, 

The  only  remaining  object  that  I  have  to  notice  is  the 
scabbard-end  of  a  sword  almost  identical  in  form  and  size  with 
that  from  Beach  Fen,  my  Fig.  371.  It  is  beautifully  cast  and 
finished,  but  not  improbably  came  into  the  possession  of  the 
bronze  founder  as  old  metal,  together  with  the  broken  sword,  of 
which  a  part  was  utilized  as  a  knife." 

E.  ST.  F.  MOORE,  Esq.,  exhibited  and  communicated  the 
following  remarks  on  a  number  of  Boman  and  other  articles 
found  at  Felixstowe,  Suffolk : — 

"  During  the  progress  of  works  carried  on  some  time  ago  in 
what  is  known  as  the  Park,  situated  a  short  distance  from 
Felixstowe  church,  the  men  in  their  search  for  coprolites 
came  upon  many  most  interesting  relics  of  the  Boman  occupa- 
tion of  this  once  important  settlement.  The  few  objects 
described  are  in  my  possession,  but  many  others  are  lost  sight 
of,  having  been  purchased  by  strangers,  and  taken  out  of  the 
county.  The  South  Kensington  Museum  has  a  fine  vase  of 
Samian  ware,  over  a  foot  high,  beautifully  ornamented  with  a 
hunting  scene  in  relief— the  stag,  and  hounds  in  pursuit — and 


Nov.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  13 

embellished  with  oak-leaves  and  acorns.  It  was  obtained  from 
the  same  spot,  as  were  also  the  following,  either  fragmentally  or 
entire : — 

Brick  flue-tiles,  for  the  hypocaust  or  hot-air  furnace  with 
which  the  Komans  warmed  their  houses  during  the  winter ;  and 
amongst  articles  for  domestic  use  or  ornament  may  be  men- 
tioned, amphora,  lagenaa,  or  vessels  for  carrying  wine  ;  a 
small  glass  phial,  such  as  is  often  erroneously  called  a  lachry- 
matory or  '  tear  vase,'  but  it  has  been  shown  that  these  small 
vessels  were  used  for  scents  and  unguents  only ;  bronze  pins,  of 
the  same  size  and  shape  as  those  of  the  present  day ;  small 
tweezers ;  a  speculum  or  mirror  ;  several  fibulae ;  rings  of  gold 
and  silver,  some  set  with  stones  ;  a  gold  chain  formed  of  twisted 
wire ;  a  bronze  armilla  or  armlet. 

A  small  silver  spoon,  3J  inches  long,  and  weighing  4  dwts. 
12  grs.,  of  plain  unornamented  workmanship,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  edges  of  the  bowl,  which  are  engrailed.  On  the 
back  of  the  handle  is  a  maker's  mark,  a  script  S.  H.,  or  S.  K., 
in  an  oblong.  Date,  eighteenth  century. 

A  roundel,  of  lead,  the  face  of  which  is  covered  with  a  layer 
of  silver,  apparently  laid  over  it  and  then  stamped,  as  the  whole 
front  of  it  is  richly  embossed  with  flowers  and  foliage.  It  is 
circular  in  form,  1§  inch  in  diameter,  with  two  leaden  supports 
at  the  back,  now  crushed  forward,  for  a  loop ;  the  loop,  which 
is  of  iron,  is  still  in  situ,  but  broken  in  the  middle  of  its  shaft. 
This  was  evidently  a  very  handsome  ornament,  and  is  of  an  un- 
usual type.  Probably  Roman. 

A  Roman  circular  bronze  ornament,  1J  inch  in  diameter, 
having  a  stalk  in  the  centre  of  the  reverse  side,  making  it  resemble 
a  large  button.  The  same  side  also  shows  traces  of  having 
once  been  silvered.  The  obverse  is  ornamented  with  two  con- 
centric circles,  enclosing  a  space  TV  inch  wide,  beautifully 
enamelled  and  starred,  each  star  having  a  yellow  centre,  sur- 
rounded by  a  circular  ring  pointed  without  with  blue.  From 
the  outer  circle  to  the  bevelled  edge  of  the  ornament  is  an  in- 
terval of  TV  inch,  containing  thirty-three  stars,  coloured  after 
the  manner  of  the  former  ones  described. 

A  bronze  thimble,  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  the  present 
day,  but  shallower.  It  also  has  a  small  hole  at  the  top.  Date 
doubtful. 

A  Roman  bronze  fibula,  2  inches  long,  f-inch  broad,  re- 
sembling in  shape  the  hasp  of  a  chest  or  box.  It  has  been 
covered  with  blue  enamel,  portions  of  which  still  remain.  The 
attachment  of  the  pin  is  to  be  seen,  though  the  pin  itself  is 
gone. 


14  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

A  small  bronze  bell-shaped  object,  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
across.  Date  and  use  doubtful. 

A  circular  bronze  plate,  perhaps  Eoman,  about  2£  inches 
across,  with  a  round  hole  in  the  centre,  and  four  curiously 
shaped  perforations  round  it.  There  are  also  two  flat-headed 
studs  on  the  back,  possibly  for  attachment  to  some  part  of  a 
horse's  trappings  or  harness. 

A  bronze  object,  shaped  like  the  spout  of  a  vessel,  probably 
part  of  a  medieval  candlestick. 

A  bronze  brooch,  possibly  late  Eoman  or  Saxon,  |-inch  in 
diameter,  with  rude  figure  of  a  lion  passant  to  the  sinister.  The 
field  retains  considerable  traces  of  red  enamel.  Pin  lost. 

Numerous  coins,  both  of  silver  and  bronze,  were  met  with, 
of  the  reigns  of  Severus,  Gordianus,  Gallienus,  Victorinus, 
Arcadius,  Constantinus,  etc. 

Many  sepulchral  urns  were  unearthed,  some  containing  bones 
and  ashes,  and  either  closed  with  a  cover,  or,  in  some  cases, 
with  a  stone  only. 

No  doubt  the  Romans  drew  largely  from  the  oyster-beds  in 
the  rivers  Orwell  and  Deben,  from  the  great  abundance  of  shells 
turned  up,  with  those  of  the  mussel,  periwinkle,  cockle,  and 
shells  of  a  large  species  of  snail,  helix  aspersa,  eaten  in  Greece 
at  the  present  day,  and  used  by  the  ancient  Romans  for  food 
when  their  favourite  species,  helix  pomatia,  could  not  be 
obtained." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

Dr.  FRESHFIELD,  V.P.,  reported  the  discovery  of  a  large 
number  of  silver  ornaments,  perhaps  portion  of  a  bridal  trousseau, 
near  the  cathedral  church  of  Kief,  and  which  he  had  lately 
inspected.  He  also  promised  to  communicate  a  paper  on  the 
find  if  he  could  obtain  photographs  of  the  objects. 


Thursday,  November  26th,  1885. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following   gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to 
be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author,  Rev,  J,  McF&rlan ;— The  RwtbwelJ  Cross.    Svo,    London, 
1885, 


Proc.  Id  S.  Vol.  XI. 


To  face  page  15. 


MEDIEVAL  CHRISMATORY    OF   LATTEN. 

(Full  size.) 


Nov.  26.J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  15 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A.  :— Eeport  of  the  Chapter  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  (English  Language).  Svo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  and  Archaeological 
Society  : — Index  to  Transactions.  Vols.  i.  to  vii.  inclusive.  Compiled  by 
W.  B.  Arnison.  Svo.  Kendal,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Di  due  Stele  Etrusche.  Memoria  di  Giovanni  Gozzadini. 
4to.  Rome,  1885. 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution  : — Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents. 
Svo.  Washington,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  through  William  Winckley,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Harrow  School 
and  its  surroundings.  By  Percy  M.  Thornton.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — The  History  of  Wargrave,  Berks.  By  Herbert  J.  Reid. 
Svo.  Reading,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  M.  H.  Bloxam,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — The  following  octavo  Tracts  : 

1.  On  Chaucer's  Monument  in  Westminster  Abbey,  1881. 

2.  Brief  Notices  of  ruinated  Churches  and  Chapels  in  Warwickshire.   1884. 

3.  Antiquities  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Rugby.     1884. 

4.  Antiquarian  Discoveries  in  Warwickshire.     1885. 

A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  V.P.,  exhibited  by  permission  of  John 
Jennings,  Esq.,  a  medieval  Chrismatory  of  latten.  This  chris- 
matory,  of  which  an  engraving  is  here  given,  consists  of  three 
circular  receptacles,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  trefoil.  Each  is 
1-^-  inch  deep,  and  1-fV  inch  in  diameter  at  the  mouth,  though 
somewhat  less  at  the  bottom.  There  is  only  one  lid,  which  covers 
all  three  receptacles  and  works  on  a  hinge  placed  between  two  of 
them.  It  is  provided  with  a  hasp  and  loop  to  enable  the  chris- 
matory  to  be  secured.  Externally  the  lid  is  quite  plain,  with 
the  exception  of  a  small  loop  in  the  centre.  On  the  inside  are 
three  plain  shields  containing  respectively  the  letters  s.o.c.  (pro- 
bably for  sanctum,  oleum,  chrisma).  The  first  letter  is  formed 
of  a  dragon-headed  serpent  and  reversed. 

The  chrismatory  was  recently  found  at  Cologne,  and  has  been 
presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Mr.  Jennings.  Nothing  is 
known  of  its  history. 

J.  H.  MIDDLETON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  Ciotola,  from  a 
thirteenth-century  campanile  in  Kome,  of  special  interest  from 
being  a  very  early  example  of  tin  enamel. 

Mr.  MIDDLETON  also  communicated  a  paper,  illustrated  by 
plans,  drawings,  and  rubbings,  on  a  newly-discovered  Saxon 
church  at  Deerhurst,  Gloucestershire. 

This  church  has  been  recently  found  to  form  the  greater  part 
of  an  ancient  farm-house,  incorporated  with  it  so  as  to  com- 
pletely hide  its  ecclesiastical  character,  which  only  became 
apparent  by  accident  during  recent  repairs.  Built  into  a 
chimney-stack  of  the  farmhouse  is  q,  stone  bearing  the  following 
letters  ;— - 


16  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

,  ........  I  MONO 

.............  GTRI 

...............  HOC 

............  pepe 

DICATV  6: 

The  missing  part  has  been  cut  away  to  enable  the  stone  to  be 
used  for  other  purpose  than  its  original  one  as  a  dedication 
inscription,  but  when  complete  it  possibly  read  thus  :  — 

+  I  N  _H  O  N  O 
RGS  CGTRI 
NITATIS  HOC 

ALTAReoe 

DICATV  6: 

With  this  inscription  may  be  compared  the  one  now  in  the 
Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford,  which  was  dug  up  at  Deerhurst 
in  1675,*  of  which  a  facsimile  is  here  given  :  — 

+ODDADVXIVSSIT£NC     . 
RGGIAM  AVIAM  CONSTRVl 
MOVE  DeOXSRltNHONO 
R6  STRINlTATSPROANINAdR 


UQSASVFTAG  ALDRGDVSVERO 


BVSAPtXIIIIAVEANNOSREG 
rSl€ADWARD)  RGGISANGLORV 

With  respect  to  this  inscription,  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Evans  observed 
that  a  most  important  piece  of  evidence  as  to  the  original  situa- 
tion of  the  Odda  stone,  and  one  which,  indeed,  to  him  was  con- 
clusive, had  been  overlooked.  In  the  British  Museum  is  a  MS. 
paper-book  in  4to.  (MSS.  Cotton,  Cleop.  c.  III.),  described  as 
collections  of  Mr.  Francis  Thynne,  and  containing  (No.  12, 
f.  220)  a  document  entitled  "  De  fundatoribus  et  fundatione 
abbatie  de  Theokesbery,"  which  is  printed  in  Dugdale's  Monas- 
ticon,  1655,  and  in  later  works.  This  chronicle  only  becomes  a 

*  A  squeeze  of  this  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Evans,  F.S.A.  Keeper. 


Nov.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  17 

detailed  contemporary  account  in  the  first  half  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  it  was  obviously  at  that  period  that  the  more 
mythical  statements  referring  to  the  earlier  history  of  Tewks- 
bury  abbey  were  first  set  down.  The  author  gives  the  well-known 
account  of  its  foundation  in  the  time  of  "  Ethelred,  Kenred, 
and  Ethelbald,  kings  of  the  Mercians,"  by  the  two  most  noble 
earls  (duces)  Oddo  and  Doddo.  In  support  of  this  he  appeals 
io  the  still  existing  record  supplied  by  the  Odda  stone,  and 
while  unconsciously  exposing  the  fabulous  basis  of  the  Tewks- 
bury  story  gives  us  a  valuable  contemporary  record  of  the 
monument. 

The  version  that  he  gives  of  the  inscription  is  full  of  inac- 
curacies, and  evidently  due  to  an  imperfect  memory  of  its 
wording.  But  although  verbal  accuracy  in  transcription  and 
reproduction  of  an  ancient  monument  is,  perhaps,  hardly  to  be 
expected  in  a  fourteenth-century  writer,  his  evidence  as  to  the 
actual  position  of  the  stone  is  not  liable  to  the  same  objection. 

The  passage  is  as  follows  : — 

u  Isti  praefati  duces  habuerunt  quemdam  fratrem  nomine 
Almaricum,  cujus  corpus  fuit  sepultum  apud  Derhurst  in  parva 
capella  contra  portam  prioratus  ibidem  quia  capella  ilia  fuit 
aliquando  aula  regia :  ibi  monstratur  sepulchrum  ejus  usque  in 
hodiernum  diem  ubi  scribitur  in  pariete  supra  hostium  6(  hanc 
regiam  aulam  Doddo  dux  consecrari  fecit  in  ecclesiam  ad 
honorem  sanctae  Marias  Virginis  ob  amorem  fratris  sui 
Almarici." 

Here  Odda  is  turned  to  a  Doddo,"*  his  brother  ^Elfric  into 
the  post-conquest  "  Almaric,"  and  the  dedication  is  described 
as  being  to  the  Virgin  instead  of  the  Trinity ;  but  there  can  be 
no  doubt  whatever  that  the  monument  which  the  Tewksbury 
monk  then  saw  fixed  into  the  wall  above  the  door  of  the  little 
chapel  at  Deerhurst  is  our  Odda  stone.  This  fourteenth-century 
testimony  is  therefore  conclusive  as  to  the  fact  that  this  earlier 
discovered  monument  belonged  not  to  the  larger  parish  church 
but  to  the  small  Saxon  church  where  the  fellow  inscription  has 
recently  come  to  light.  It  follows  therefore  that  the  true  read- 
ing on  the  altar-stone  is — 

SEE  TRINITATIS 
as  on  Earl  Odda's  dedicatory  slab,  and  not 

SCI  PejRI  APOSTOLI 

as  has  been  ingeniously  suggested. 

*  From  their  names  occurring  together  in  charters  it  is  prohahle  that  earl 
Odda  had  a  kinsman  called  Dodda.  (See  Cod.  Dipl.  iy.  116,  vi.  1?6.  Cf.  Frep, 
man,  Norman  Conquest,  1st  Eel.  ii.  565.) 

YOL.    r 


18  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

It  is  to  be  observed  that,  after  correctly  quoting  the  words — 
HANG  R6GIAM  AVLAM 

our  Tewksbury  chronicler  adds  the  explanatory  interpolation 
"  consecrari  fecit  in  ecclesiam,"  all  reference  to  ecclesia  being 
wanting  in  the  original  inscription,  for  the  very  good  reason  that 
in  earl  Odcla's  days  aula  was  generally  understood  in  the  sense 
either  of  a  church  or  of  the  nave  of  a  church.  Of  this  usage 
Du  Cange  and  his  modern  editors  cite  .several  examples,  and 
two  of  these  point  more  especially  to  mortuary  chapels, 
e.g.,  Fortunatus  Presbyter  (Vita  S.  Medardi.  Spicil.  Acher. 
viii.  405),  "  Erigitur  super  sancti  tumbam  pro  temporis 
opportunitate  parvum  tugurium  exili  vimine  constructum, 
quousque,  ut  Regia  decreverat  dignitas,  coacervatis  in  opus 
expensis  Aula  famosissima  perito  fabricaretur  studio."  Com- 
pare too  the  ninth  century  epitaph  of  the  empress  Irmingarda 
(Ann.  Ben.  iii.  15): 

Fcemina  hie  pausat  augusta  et  nobilis  ortu, 

Irmingarda  cui  nomen  erat  deditum  ; 
Quae  hoc  opus  incipiens,  hie  Aulam  condere  jussit, 

Ad  Christi  laudem,  atque  sui  requiem. 

In  both  these  cases  aula  is  used  as  equivalent  to  a  memorial 
church,  and  considering  the  royal  kinship  of  earl  Odda  the 
aula  in  his  case  might  appropriately  receive  the  epithet  regia. 

It  is  obvious,  however,  that  to  the  later  chronicler  aula  had 
lost  its  original  meaning,  and  that  regia  aula  to  his  mind  simply 
suggested  the  idea  of  "  king's  hall."  Hence  his  interpolation 
to  the  effect  that  the  "  hall "  had  been  converted  into  a  church, 
and  his  further  explanatory  statement,  "  capella  ilia  fuit 
aliquando  aula  regia." 

Nor  must  the  term  regia  aula  be  taken,  as  some  have 
endeavoured  to  take  it,  to  be  a  merely  pedantic  rendering  of 
basilica.  As  has  been  already  shown,  aula  by  itself  meant 
"  church  "  according  to  early  medieval  usage,  and  the  epithet 
regia  finds  its  natural  explanation  in  the  royal  kinship  of 
earl  Odda,  for  which  we  have  the  independent  testimony  of 
William  of  Malmesbury  (ii.  199).  Earl  Odda  himself  is,  of 
course,  well  known  to  history  *  from  the  important  posts 
that  he  held  under  king  Eadward.  His  permanent  dignity 
seems  to  have  been  earl  of  the  Hwiccas,  but  during  the 
banishment  of  earls  Godwin  and  Harold  he  held  Somerset. 
Dorset,  Devon,  and  "  Wealhcyn "  generally.  It  is  interesting 
in  connexion  with  the  stone  to  recall  the  entries  in  the  Saxon 

*  See  second  volume  of  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest,  and  especially 
Appendix  G. 


Nov.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  19 

Chronicle  referring  to  the  deaths  of  earl  Odda  and  his  brother 
M&ie. 

Anno  1053 : 

"  And  j?ses  ylcan  geres  forSferde  ^Elfric  Oddan  broker  on 
Deorhyrste  and  his  lichama  rested  on  Perscore."  [And  this  same 
year  departed  (this  life)  .ZElfric,  Odda's  brother,  at  Deerhurst, 
and  his  body  resteth  at  Pershore.] 

Anno  1056: 

"  Da3S  geres  gefor  Odda  eorl  and  his  lie  lift  on  Perscoran  and 
he  pass  to  munece  gehadod  ger  his  ende.  god  man  and  claene 
and  sJji'Se  se'Sele.  And  he  gefor  on  ii.  Kt.  Septti.  [This  year 
departed  (this  life)  Odda  the  earl,  and  his  body  lies  at  Pershore, 
and  he  was  hallowed  as  monk  ere  his  end.  A  good  man  and 
clean-handed  and  right  noble.  And  he  departed  (this  life)  on 
the  2nd  of  the  kalends  of  September.] 

The  President  drew  attention  to  the  singular  similarity  in  the 
dimensions  of  the  Deerhurst  church  and  of  those  of  the  church 
at  Bradford-on-Avon,  though  they  are  of  very  different  dates. 

Mr.  Middleton's  paper  will  be  published  in  Archaeologia. 

EVERARD  GREEN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of  W.  C. 
Metcalfe,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  read  a  paper  on  a  diptych 
of  the  chevalier  Philip  Hinckaert,  chastelain  de  Tervueren,  in 
Brabant,  1460. 

Mr.  Green's  paper  will  be  published  in  Archaeologia, 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  PRESIDENT  announced,  on  the  authority  of  a  St.  Alban's 
paper,  that  the  u  restoration  "  of  the  transepts  of  St.  Alban's 
cathedral  church  had  been  commenced  by  Sir  Edmund  Beckett. 
At  the  request  of  the  Council  he  had  written  to  the  bishop  of 
St.  Alban's  pointing  out  what  Sir  Edmund  Beckett  proposed  to 
do,  and  asking  him  to  see  that  all  old  work  would  be  respected  ; 
but  so  far  he  had  been  unable  to  obtain  an  official  reply  to  his 
letter. 


C2 


20  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 


Thursday,  December  3rd,  1885. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  L.L.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

John  Anderson,  Esq.,  M.D.,  was  duly  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to 
be  returned  to  the  donors  :— 

From  the  Author  : — Collecc.ao  de  Tratados  e  concertos  de  pazes  da  India.  For 
J.  F.  Judice  Biker.  Tomo  viii.  8vo.  Lisbon,  1885. 

From  the  Author : — An  historic  doubt  settled.  William  Strode  :  one  of  the 
Five  Members.  William  Strode  :  Colonel  in  the  Parliament  Army.  By 
Emanuel  Green,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Taunton,  1885. 

From  J.  W.  Legg,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A. :— Eminentissimi  Domini  D.  Joannis 
Bona  Opera  Omnia.  Folio.  Antwerp,  1723. 

From  Octavius  Morgan,  Esq.,  F.S.A. :— A  small  4to  volume  containing  (1)  The 
Boke  of  Common  Prayer,  and  administration  of  the  Sacraments,  and  other 
Rites  and  Ceremonies  in  the  Church  of  England.  London,  Richard  Jugge 
and  John  Cawood.  1560  ;  (2)  A  fragment  of  eight  leaves  of  "  Godlye 
prayers,"  London.  Richard  Jugge  and  John  Cawood.  n.d. ;  (3)  The 
Bible  in  Englishe  according  to  the  translation  of  the  great  Byble.  London. 
Richard  Grafton.  1553  ;  (4)  Certayne  Sermons  appoynted  by  the  Quenes 
Maiestie,  to  be  declared  and  read,  by  al  Persons,  Vicars,  and  Curates,  euery 
Sonday  and  holy  day,  in  their  churches  :  and  by  her  Graces  aduise  perused 
and  ouersene,  for  the  better  understandyng  of  the  symple  people.  London. 
Richard  Jugge  and  John  Cawood.  1500  ;  (5)  Psalmes  of  David  in  English 
Metre,  by  Thomas  Sterneholde  and  others  :  conferred  with  the  Ebrue,  and 
in  certein  places  corrected  (as  the  sense  of  the  Prophet  required)  and  the 
Note  ioyned  withall.  London.  John  Day.  1561.* 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Morgan  for  his 
valuable  gift  to  the  library. 

In  furtherance  of  the  remarks  made  at  the  last  meeting  with 
respect  to  the  works  now  in  progress  at  St.  Al ban's  cathedral 
church,  the  President  quoted  a  letter  of  Sir  Edmund  Beckett 
in  the  Times  for  December  1st,  1885,  stating  that  the  turret  on 
the  south  transept,  which  had  recently  been  taken  down,  was 
not  Norman,  and  was  in  such  bad  condition  that  the  workmen 
had  been  obliged  to  remove  the  crumbling  fragments  with  their 
hands,  without  a  tool  of  any  kind. 

*  Sec  Proc,  2d  S,  v.  287, 


Dec.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  21 

Mr.  JAMES  NEALE  stated  that  he  was  much  astonished  at  the 
statements  made  by  Sir  Edmund  Beckett  as  to  the  date  and 
condition  of  the  turret.  He  had  that  day  visited  St.  Albans, 
and  found  the  turret  already  taken  down.  But  without  hesita- 
tion, he  could  say  that  the  turret  was  of  undoubted  Norman 
work,  and,  so  far  from  being  ready  to  fall,  he  had  been  informed 
by  a  trustworthy  authority  that  the  workmen  used  crowbars  to 
demolish  it.  He  considered  Sir  Edmund  Beckett's  statement 
quite  inaccurate,  and  wished  to  know  what  could  be  done  to  stop 
Sir  Edmund  from  proceeding  with  his  work  of  destruction. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  stated  that  so  far  from  the  turret  being 
in  a  bad  and  crumbling  condition,  it  had  been  proposed  by  the 
late  Sir  G.  G.  Scott  to  erect  a  spire  on  top  of  it,  and  if  a  man  of 
his  experience  had  considered  it  able  to  bear  a  spire  it  could 
certainly  carry  its  own  weight.  As  to  Sir  Edmund  Beckett's 
statement  that  the  turret  was  not  Norman,  it  could  only  be  ex- 
plained by  the  supposition  that  Sir  Edmund  was  unable  to 
recognise  Norman  work  when  he  saw  it. 

The  PRESIDENT  remarked  that  he  knew  no  way  of  staying 
the  work  of  destruction,  except  by  revocation  of  the  faculty 
granted  to  Sir  Edmund  Beckett.  He  did  not  know  how  this 
could  be  done,  but  he  promised  to  bear  the  matter  in  mind  and 
communicate  to  the  Society  any  further  circumstance  that  might 
arise. 

EVERARD  GREEN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  medieval  silver- 
gilt  Chalice,  which  was  given  by  the  late  lord  Petre  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  mission  chapel  at  Grays,  in  Essex.  It  is  said 
to  have  been  found  at  a  farmhouse  upon  lord  Petre's  estate  in 
Essex,  where  mass  was  said  up  to  the  beginning  of  this  century. 

The  chalice  is  now  in  the  custody  of  the  Rev.  Fenwick 
Skrimshire,  of  Corpus  Christi  church,  Maiden  Lane,  Covent 
Garden.  Its  dimensions  are  : — 

Height,  6-ft-  inches. 

Diameter  of  bowl,  4^-  inches  ;  and  of  the  foot,  5£  inches. 

Depth  of  bowl,  2J  inches. 

The  bowl  is  shallow  and  conical.  The  stem  is  circular,  with 
a  lozengy  diaper  and  a  band  set  with  small  quatrefoils  at  each 
of  the  four  junctions.  The  knot  has  six  lobes,  each  terminating 
in  an  elongated  lozenge,  once  enamelled,  containing  respectively 
a  double  rose,  and  the  letters  Sft7CRI3T.  Between  the  lobes,  above 
and  below,  are  small  traceried  openings,  each  of  two  trefoiled 
lights  with  a  circle  in  the  head.  The  foot  is  plain  and  circular, 


22 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1885, 


with  a  small  cross  patee  in  a  circle  engraved  on  the  front,  over 
which  has  been  subsequently  fastened  a  crucifix.     The  edge  of 


SILVER-GILT  CHALICE,  COEPUS  CHEISTI  B.C.  CHURCH,  MAIDEN  LANE. 

(Scale  §  linear.) 

the  foot  is  vertical,  with  a  band  of  quutrefoils  as  on  the  stem- 
junctions.     Beneath  the  foot  is  scratched 

11    12 

No  209 
and  handorpe. 

There  are  no  hall-marks,  but  the  chalice  is  apparently  of  a 
date  circa  1350,  and  perhaps  English. 


Dec.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  23 

Mr.  EVERARD  GREEN  also  exhibited,  by  permission  of  Mr. 
N.  H.  J.  Westlake,  F.S.A.,  a  copper-gilt  Chalice. 

It  was  purchased  in  Belgium  some  years  ago,  but  nothing  is 
known  of  its  history. 

It  measures  7i  inches  in  height.  The  bowl  is  conical,  3| 
inches  in  diameter  and  2^  inches  deep ;  the  lower  part  is  held 
in  a  sort  of  calix  formed  of  twelve  rays,  alternately  straight  and 
wavy,  issuing  from  above  a  sexfoil  plate  forming  the  top  of  the 
stem.  The  latter  is  hexagonal ;  it  has  a  plain  knot  with  six 
lobes  formed  of  short  projecting  cylinders,  each  containing  a 
rudely  executed  head  in  enamel.  The  foot  is  sexfoil,  with  a 
vertical  molded  edge ;  the  upper  part  has  a  sort  of  cap  formed 
of  an  inverted  calix,  with  pointed  petals.  A  small  crucifix  is 
riveted  to  one  of  the  divisions  of  the  foot.  A  rim,  added  on 
the  lip  of  this  chalice  to  hold  a  cover,  shows  that  it  has  been 
subsequently  used  as  a  pyx  or  ciborium. 

The  date  of  this  vessel  is  circa  1530.  Mr.  Franks  is  of 
opinion  that  it  is  of  Italian  workmanship. 

Mr.  EVERARD  GREEN  likewise  exhibited  a  medieval  Ewer, 
found  some  twenty  years  ago,  during  excavations  for  railway 
extension  works,  on  the  site  of  the  Benedictine  nunnery  of 
SS.  Mary  and  John  Baptist  at  Kilburn. 

Not  one  stone  is  left  of  this  religious  house,  which  was  a  cell 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Peter  at  Westminster. 

A  fragment  of  a  brass,  representing  the  head  of  a  Benedictine 
nun,  was  found  on  the  same  site  in  1883.  It  is  now  in  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  at  Kilburn.* 

The  seal  of  the  house  is  engraved  in  Park's  History  of 
Hampstead  (p.  187). 

The  ewer  is  of  latten,  and  8J  inches  in  height.  It  has  lost 
its  lid,  but  the  thumb-piece  remains.  The  foot  and  body  are 
round,  and  there  is  a  narrow  spout  joined  to  the  neck  by  a  band 
pierced  with  a  quatrefoil.  (See  next  page.) 

Our  Fellows,  Mr.  W.  J.  Cripps  and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John 
Hope,  suggest  the  date  1400. 

There  is  no  mention  of  the  ewer  in  the  inventory  of  Kilburn 
Priory  given  in  Dugdale's  Monasticon.f 

Mr.  Franks  suggests,  from  the  small  bore  of  the  spout,  that 
the  vessel  was  used  to  supply  oil  to  the  lamps. 

*  Sec  an  engraving  of  this  head  in  a  paper  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Waller,  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological  Society  for  1883, 
p.  276. 

t  Ed.  1830,  iii.  424. 


24 


PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1885, 


JAMES  HILTON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  knot  of  a  Chalice 
or  Pyx,  identical  in  every  way  with  that  of  Mr.  Westlake's 


LATTEN  EWER  FEOM  THE  SITE  OF  KILBUEN  PRIORY  (nearly  half-size). 

chalice.     Also  a  gilt  handle,  apparently  of  Moorish  or  Oriental 
workmanship,  for  a  dagger  or  anelace. 

Both  these  articles  were  purchased  at  a  dealer's,  and  nothing 
is  known  of  their  history. 

Rev.  C.  R.  MANNING  exhibited  a  medieval  Paten  of  some- 
what uncommon  type,  from  Runton,  Norfolk. 

It  is  silver-gilt,  and  5f  inches  in  diameter. 

The  rim  is  quite  plain.  The  first  depression  is  circular  ;  the 
second  is  sexfoil,  with  a  stalked  leaf  ornament  in  the  spandrels. 
The  central  device  is  the  monogram  t  f)  t  on  a  field  charged 
with  a  cross  botonnee  between  four  quatrefoils,  within  a  circular 
border  of  short  rays. 

No  hall-marks.     Date,  circa  1510. 


Dec.  3.J 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


25 


SIR  JOHN  MACLEAN,  Knt.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  latten  Censer 
recently  found  under  the  foundation  of  a  modern  portion  of  the 
parish  church  of  Hippie,  in  the  county  of  Worcester.  It  is  most 
probably  of  English  workmanship,  and  of  fifteenth  century  date. 
It  much  resembles  one  found  at  Per  shore,  Worcestershire,  now 
in  the  possession  of  W.  Niven,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  which  was  ex- 
hibited before  the  Society  on  March  24,  1870,  by  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite,  and  again  exhibited  on  this  evening  by  Mr.  Niven.f 


CENSEE  FKOM  EIPPLE  (halt-Size).* 

It  is  here  represented  from  a  drawing   by  Mr.  Niven  in  the 
Spring  Gardens  Sketch  Book.     (See  next  page.) 

Eev.  A.  T.  BLYTH,  rector  of  Upper  Langwith,  Derbyshire, 
also  exhibited  the  upper  part  of  a  Censer  of  latten,  discovered 
embedded  in  the  east  wall  of  Langwith  church,  "  when  it  was 
being  pulled  down  previous  to  the  restoration."  The  lower 
part  of  the  censer  was  found  with  it,  but  crumbled  to  pieces 
when  taken  out.  (See  cut  on  page  27.) 

*  The  Society  is  indebted  to  Sir  John  Maclean  for  the  use  of  this  cut. 
f  See  Proc.  2d  S.  iv.  458. 


26  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

The  fact  of  these  and  other  specimens  of  similar  type  having 
been  found  in  this  country  seems  to  point  to  an  English  origin. 
The  two  Worcestershire  examples  are  clearly  from  the  same 
workshop. 


CENSER  FROM  PERSHORE  (half -size). 

GEORGE  MAW,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  cut  paper  Pictures 
of  Spanish  workmanship,  each  measuring  7  inches  by  5  inches, 
of  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 

The  first  contains  twenty-four  compartments,  of  which 
eighteen  represent  the  principal  scenes  of  ihe  Book  of  Genesis, 
and  the  other  six  scenes  from  the  Book  of  Exodus.  Each  com- 
partment has  over  it,  in  Spanish,  a  short  sentence  indicating 
the  subject. 


Dec.  3.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


27 


The  workmanship  of  the  second  picture  greatly  surpasses  that 
of  the  first  in  delicacy  and  execution.  Moreover,  the  mode  of 
effecting  the  result  is  quite  different,  for  whereas  in  the  first 
picture  the  whole  of  the  background  is  cut  away,  and  the 
subject  is  shown  on  a  dark  field,  in  the  second  very  little  is  cut 


CENSER  COVER  FROM  LANGWITH,  DERBYSHIRE. 

(Scale  about  f  linear.) 

away,  and  the  pictorial  effect  is  greater.  The  effect,  too,  is 
enhanced  by  a  delicately-cut  border  of  arabesque  flower-work, 
with  the  castles  and  lions  of  Castile  and  Leon  in  the  angles. 
This  border  reduces  the  size  of  the  compartments  by  J  of  an 
inch  in  length  and  ^  of  an  inch  in  height. 

The  strips  bearing  the  legends  in  the  second  picture  are 
curved  instead  of  being  straight,  and  have  the  spandrils  filled 
up  with  flowers,  birds,  or  beasts. 

Both  pictures  have  japanned  frames  with  small  gilt  patterns. 

R.  S.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  one  of  the  Local  Secretaries 
for  Cumberland,  communicated  the  following  report : — 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  and  present  photographs  of  an 
inscribed  stone  found  at  Castlenook,  a  farmhouse  or  cottage 
about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  large  camp  of  Whitley 
Castle,  co.  Northumberland.  It  is  a  fragment  only,  being  the 
right  hand  lower  corner  of  a  large  slab :  it  measures  1  foot  by 


28  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

8^-  inches,  and  is  of  a  coarse  mill-stone  grit,  much  weathered 
into  small  pits. 
I  read  it : — 

CoSIIIVi 

OLEG- 

•S-PR-BR 

The  CoS  in  the  first  line  is  doubtful,  and  the  stop  in  the  third 
line  before  the  S  may  be. 


KOMAN  INSCRIBED  STONE  FROM  CASTLENOOK,  NORTHUMBERLAND. 

(About  one-fourth  linear,) 

I  believe  Professor  Htibner  suggests  for  the  last  two  lines 
[sub  -  -  -  ill]o  leg(ato)  Aug(usti)  [prse]s(ide)  Pr(ovincia3) 
Br(itannise). 

Professor  Clark  rejects  the  CoS,  and  suggests  that  IIIVi  is 
some  case  of  Tresvir. 

On  September  17th,  in  consequence  of  information  I  received 
from  my  brother,  Mr.  C.  J.  Ferguson,  F.S.A.,  I  proceeded  to 
Carlisle  castle,  and  discovered  a  local  firm  of  masons,  who  were 
employed  to  underpin  and  point  the  exterior  walls,  making  a 
'  neat  job  of  the  thing '  by  hacking  off  the  projecting  plinths, 
and  chiselling  the  masonry  smooth.  I  at  once  wrote  to  the 
Secretary  of  State  for  War  urging  him  to  telegraph  an  order  to 
stay  the  mischief.  This  was  done,  and  an  inquiry  made.  The 
following  letter  shows  the  result : — 

'  SIR, — With  reference  to  your  letter  dated  17th  September, 
1885,  calling  attention  to  the  destruction  of  ancient  masonry  in 
progress  at  Carlisle  Castle  by  a  local  firm  of  masons,  I  am 
directed  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  War  to  inform  you  that 


Dec.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  29 

the  damage  to  the  ancient  work  in  question  was  done  by  mis- 
take, and  that  orders  were  at  once  given  to  stop  any  further 
destruction. 

The  Commanding  Eoyal  Engineer  will  be  instructed  to 
replace  the  plinths  destroyed  by  new  stones  of  the  old  pattern. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  Servant, 

H.  SCHARD,  for  J.G-.F. 
R.  S.  Ferguson,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Secretary 
of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  Cumberland. 
Lowther  Street,  Carlisle.' 

I  have  since  made  a  very  careful  survey  of  the  walls  ;  in  some 
places  they  have  been  much  disfigured  by  pointing  with  new 
mortar,  but  time  will  soon  cure  that.  A  small  and  falling  Edwardian 
buttress  has  been  rebuilt  in  a  truly  Victorian  style;  I  am  glad 
to  say  that  only  a  yard  or  two  of  plinth  has  been  dressed  off ; 
but  had  my  brother  not  happened  to  pass,  one  shudders  to  think 
what  might  have  been  done.  Two  or  three  rough  stone  gur- 
goyles  or  gutters  have  been  projected  from  the  walls  to  carry 
off  rain-water  that  formerly  trickled  down  and  damaged  them  ; 
these  are  very  good." 

The  Eev.  H.  M.  SCARTH,  one  of  the  Local  Secretaries  for 
Somerset,  communicated  the  following  account  of  a  Eoman 
House  discovered  at  Wemberham,  in  the  parish  of  Yatton, 
Somerset,  with  some  remarks  on  a  hoard  of  Eoman  coins  lately 
found  near  Kingston  Seymour,  in  the  same  locality  : — 

u  This  house  is  situated  close  to  the  river  Yeo,  which  runs 
through  the  level  land  extending  between  Yatton,  Clevedon, 
Weston-super-Mare,  and  Kingston  Seymour,  and  borders  on  the 
Bristol  Channel.  The  river  Yeo,  rising  near  Compton  Martin, 
runs  through  the  Vale  of  Wrington,  and,  according  to  ancient 
documents  still  existing,  was  formerly  called  the  '  Wring.' 
There  are  other  small  rivers  in  this  part  of  Somerset  which  bear 
the  name  of  the  Yeo,  as  the  '  land  Yeo,'  the  '  blind  Yeo,'  &c. 
The  Eoman  house  was  found  in  the  process  of  draining  the  field, 
and  is  so  close  to  the  stream  that  the  walls  run  up  to  the  bank 
by  which  the  channel  is  now  confined  and  prevented  from  over- 
flowing the  district  around,  and  close  to  the  site  of  the  house  is 
an  ancient  embankment  which  marks  the  course  of  the  river  in 
former  times. 

The  property  belongs  to  Cecil  Smyth  Pigott,  Esq.,  who  has 
taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  discovery,  and  been  at  the  expense 
of  uncovering  the  rooms,  causing  a  plan  to  be  made,  and  the 
site  to  be  enclosed  by  a  strong  wooden  paling,  and  the  tessellated 


30  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

floor  to  be  covered  with  sheds.  He  has  also  collected  every 
fragment  of  wall  plaster  and  other  remains,  and  every  coin 
found  in  the  house. 

The  house,  as  far  as  present  excavations  have  been  carried, 
contains  ten  rooms ;  the  floors  of  six  of  which  have  tessellated 
pavements  of  a  flowered  pattern,  and  two  are  supported  on 
hypocausts,  portions  of  which  remain,  although  the  floors  have 
been  much  damaged  by  the  flooding  of  the  river,  after  the  banks 
became  neglected,  subsequent  to  the  Roman  occupation. 

Collinson,  the  historian  of  Somerset,  whose  work  was  pub- 
lished in  1791,  mentions  Wemberham,  in  the  parish  of  Yatton, 
as  in  the  possession  of  the  family  of  Pigott,  of  Brockley  ;  and 
Rutter,  who  published  his  '  Delineations  of  Somerset '  (North- 
West  Division)  in  1829,  mentions  that  an  ancient  sepulchre  was 
discovered  at  Wemberham  in  1828.  This  was  in  the  same  field 
as  the  house  since  found,  and  not  far  from  it,  probably  between 
one  and  two  hundred  yards.  It  was  found  about  a  foot  below 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  consisted  of  a  freestone  coffin 
with  a  lid,  which  had  been  broken,  though  both  were  of  un- 
common thickness,  and  excavated  out  of  a  solid  block  of  stone. 
It  contained  the  principal  bones  of  a  skeleton  of  middle  stature, 
and  some  parts  of  a  leaden  coffin.  The  head  of  this  pointed 
north-west. 

Koman  remains  are  common  in  this  district.  Not  long 
since  Roman  coins  and  other  remains  were  found  at  Clevedon, 
four  miles  distant,  in  the  course  of  preparing  the  ground  for 
building,  and  a  Roman  house  is  known  to  have  existed  a  little  to 
the  east  of  the  town  of  Clevedon,  between  it  and  the  camp  on 
the  hill,  called  Cadbury.  Roman  coins  have  been  found  at 
Yatton,  and  Eoman  interments  on  the  hill  above  it,  also  called 
Cadbury.  An  account  of  these  is  given  in  the  Transactions  of 
the  Somerset  Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society.  It 
is  hardly  necessary  to  mention  that  sites  of  Roman  houses  have 
been  found  in  the  Vale  of  Wrington  and  the  Mendip  Hills 
(about  five  miles  to  the  south  of  Wemberham),  which  form  the 
boundary  of  the  landscape.  These  hills  have  produced  abundant 
evidence  of  Roman  mining.  The  earliest  coins  (consular)  as 
well  as  pigs  of  lead,  bearing  the  earliest  Roman  stamp,  have 
been  found  in  the  Mendip  Hills. 

The  whole  district  bears  marks  of  long  and  peaceable  pos- 
session by  that  people,  and  they  have  left  evidences  of  their 
enterprise,  not  only  in  working  the  minerals,  but  also  in  reclaim- 
ing the  low- lying  lands  from  the  inroads  of  the  Severn,  and  the 
smaller  rivers  that  flow  into  it.  It  is  evident  from  the  position 
of  the  house  at  Wemberham,  that  all  the  low  land  lying  between 
Yatton,  Kingston  Seymour,  and  Clevedon,  must  have  been 


Dec.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  31 

reclaimed  in  Roman  times,  before  the  villa  was  erected.  The 
banks  which  now  restrain  the  river  Yeo  within  its  present 
course  have  hitherto  been  supposed  to  be  of  recent  construc- 
tion, and  it  was  believed  that  the  reclamation  of  the  land  is  due 
to  modern  enterprise,  but  the  discovery  of  the  house  proves  that 
the  work  was  begun  in  Eoman  times,  and  successfully  carried 
out  before  they  left  the  island,  and  that  neglect  in  after  ages  led 
to  the  flooding  of  previously  reclaimed  land. 

The  embankments  formed  on  the  opposite  shore  of  the  Severn, 
near  Newport,  have  been  proved  also  to  be  the  work  of  the 
Romans  in  Britain.  An  inscribed  stone,  found  in  1878  at 
Goldcliff,*  bearing  the  name  of  the  cohort  by  which  the 
work  was  done,  was  washed  out  of  the  embankment.  The 
cohort  seems  to  have  been  one  attached  to  the  Second  Legion, 
quartered  at  Caerleon  (Isca  Silurum),  and  the  amount  of  work 
done  by  the  cohort  is  noted  on  the  stone. 

This  proves  that  the  Roman  power  was  as  actively  employed 
in  the  west  of  Britain  as  well  as  in  the  east,  where  we  have  the 
grand  remains  of  the  Car  Dyke,  reaching  from  the  river  Nen, 
near  Peterborough,  and  terminating  in  the  parish  of  Washing- 
borough,  near  Lincoln,  a  distance  of  nearly  sixty  miles. f 

Mr.  Roach  Smith  has  also  shown  what  was  effected  by  that 
people  near  Lymne,  in  Kent,  where,  by  means  of  the  Rhee 
Wall  (a  wall  of  earth  or  embankment),  24,000  acres  were 
recovered  from  the  sea. 

It  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  the  ancient  embank- 
ments, formed  on  the  borders  of  the  Thames,  were  begun  by 
the  Romans,  and  have  been  enlarged  and  strengthened  in  more 
recent  times. 

In  the  course  of  excavating  the  house,  twenty-one  coins  were 
found,  the  earliest  being  of  the  reign  of  Gallienus,  A.D.  253-268, 
the  latest  that  of  Constantinus,  A.D.  305-333 ;  or,  if  the  coin 
be  of  Constantinus  II.  (which  is  uncertain),  the  date  would  be 
A.D.  337-361. 

This  wonld  denote  a  period  of  occupation  existing  over  a 
century. 

Since  the  excavation  of  the  house,  Mr.  Smyth-Pigott  has  been 
rewarded  for  his  exertions  by  the  discovery  of  a  hoard  of  coins, 
about  two  miles  from  the  house,  at  Kingston  Seymour.  This 
was  made  in  November,  1884,  and  the  number  of  coins  amounts 
to  800.  These,  as  yet,  have  been  only  partially  examined  by 
him.  The  earliest  is  of  the  emperor  Gallienus,  A.D.  253,  and 

*  See  Goldcliff  and  the  Roman  inscribed  stone  found  in  1878,  by  Octavius 
Morgan,  Esq.,  E.S.A.,  Monmouth  and  Caerleon  Antiquarian  Society,  1882. 

t  See  Sleaford,  and  the  Wapentakes  of  Flaxwell  and  Ashwardburn,  in  the 
County  of  Lincoln.  By  Archdeacon  Trollope.  1872. 


32  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

the  hoard  contains  coins  of  Postumus,  the  two  Tetrici,  Claudius 
Gothicus,  Victorinus  (elder  and  younger),  and  Salonina, 
A.D.  268.  The  coins,  therefore,  so  far  as  examined,  are  of  the 
third  century  of  the  Christian  sera. 

Many  and  large  hoards  of  coins  have  been  found  in  the 
country  around  Bristol,  and  an  account  of  them  may  be  seen  in 
the  recent  history  (Bristol,  Past  and  Present),  by  Mr.  Taylor 
and  the  late  Mr.  Nicholls,  and  this  is  a  further  proof  of  the 
continuous  occupation  of  this  part  of  the  island,  not  without 
occasional  inroads  and  interruptions  of  prosperity,  which  the 
hiding  away  of  these  hoards  probably  indicates.  Such  discoveries 
are  not  unfrequent  in  Somerset,  but  unhappily  they  often  fall 
into  hands  unable  to  appreciate  their  historical  value,  and  the 
interest  which  attaches  to  them,  since  they  enable  the  antiquary 
to  draw  just  inferences  from  their  respective  dates.  It  is  greatly 
to  be  desired  that  landed  proprietors  would  bestow  the  same 
care  that  has  been  shown  by  Mr.  Smyth-Pigott,  both  in  pre- 
serving the  remains  of  the  house,  and  in  classifying  and 
arranging  the  coins  found  in  it  and  in  the  neighbourhood." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to,  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  December  10th,  1885. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
and  afterwards  EDWIN  FRESHFIELD,  Esq.,  LL.D., 
V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  laid  before  the  Society,  and  thanks 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors. 

From  the  Author  : — Harborne  and  its  surroundings  :  by  James  Kenward,  F.S.A. 
2nd  Edition.  4to.  Birmingham,  1885. 

From  the  Author : — The  History  of  Tanridge  Priory,  Surrey  ;  and  some 
Account  of  the  Austin  Canons.  By  Major  Alfred  Heales,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
London,  1885. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — 

1.  The  Union  of  Honour.     Collected  by  James  Yorke  of  Lincolne,  Black- 
smith.   Folio.     London,  1640. 

2.  St.  Charles  Borromeo's  instructions  on  Ecclesiastical  Building.     Trans- 
lated by  G.  F.  Wigley  ;  with  Illustrations  by  S.  J.  Nicboll.    8vo.    London, 
1857. 

3.  Symbols  and  Emblems  of  early  and  medieval  Christian  Art.    By  Louisa 
Twining.    New  Edition.    8vo.    London,  1885, 


Dec.  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  33 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  on  the  Geological  Position  of  the  Human  Skeleton 
lately  found  at  the  Tilbury  Docks,  Essex.  [From  Trans.  Essex  Field  Club, 
iv.  Ft.  9.]  By  T.  V.  Holmes,  F.G.S.  8vo.  1884. 

At  8*45  p.m.  the  Meeting  was  made  Special. 

The  PRESIDENT  explained  that  the  Meeting  was  made  special  in 
pursuance  of  Notices  already  issued,  for  the  purpose  of  considering 
the  draft  of  proposed  alterations  in  the  Statutes,  which  had  been 
laid  before  the  Society  on  November  1 9th,  a  copy  of  which  had 
since  been  sent  to  every  Fellow. 

The  proposed  alterations  were  then  read  over  by  the  Pre- 
sident, and  the  wish  of  the  Meeting  being  that  they  should  bo 
submitted  en  bloc,  the  Ballot  was  taken  on  the  question,  with 
the  result  that  the  proposed  alterations  were  carried  unani- 
mously. 

The  business  of  the  Ordinary  Meeting  was  resumed  at  9  p.m. 

A  letter  was  read  from  JAMES  NEALE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  with 
further  reference  to  the  destruction  of  old  work  now  in  progress 
at  St.  Alban's  abbey  church. 

After  some  discussion  the  following  Kesolution,  to  be  for- 
warded to  the  bishop  of  St.  Alban's,  was  proposed  by  Dr. 
Freshfield  and  seconded  by  Mr.  Franks,  and  carried  unani- 
mously : 

"  That  this  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London 
desires  to  convey  to  the  lord  bishop  of  St.  Alban's  the  expres- 
sion of  their  extreme  regret  and  astonishment  at  the  wilful 
destruction  of  some  of  the  principal  features  of  Norman  date 
till  lately  remaining  on  the  abbey  church  of  St.  Alban's, 
and  of  their  fervent  hope  that  his  lordship  will  see  his  way 
to  arresting  further  destruction  of  this  venerable  historical 
monument/' 

The  PRESIDENT  said  he  was  sorry  to  have  to  bring  before  the 
Society  another  act  of  destruction,  the  particulars  of  which  had 
just  been  placed  in  his  hands  by  the  earl  of  Crawford  and 
Balcarres. 

This  was  the  threatened  demolition  of  the  gatehouse  court 
of  Lincoln's  Inn,  together  with  the  chapel,  hall,  and  two  most 
interesting  ranges  of  chambers,  including  the  chambers  known 
as  No.  24,  where  lived  Secretary  Thurloe,  the  trusted  friend  of 
Oliver  Cromwell. 

After  some  discussion,  it  was  proposed  by  the  earl  of  Craw- 
ford, and  seconded  by  Mr.  Franks,  that  a  petition  which  had 
been  drawn  up,  asking  the  Benchers  of  the  Honourable  Society 

VOL.  XI.  D 


34  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

of  Lincoln's  Inn  to  countermand  the  further  destruction  of  the 
buildings  should  be  signed  by  the  President  and  Vice- 
Presidents,  and  Fellows  present,  on  behalf  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

This  proposal  was  carried  unanimously. 

HUGH  OWEN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  secular  pewter  Cup, 
6|  inches  high,  of  early-seventeenth  century  date.  In  form  it 
much  resembles  the  communion  cups  of  the  period. 

The  bowl  has  two  good  floral  bands ;  one  round  the  upper 
part,  of  heraldic  roses  and  other  flowers,  with  two  medallions 
of  female  heads  in  relief ;  the  other,  a  running  scroll  of  roses, 
round  the  base. 

The  stem  is  much  woxn,  but  retains  traces  of  similar  folia- 
tion. On  the  foot  is  a  good  floral  band  with  three  medallions  of 
female  heads  in  relief. 

Under  the  foot  are  traces  of  a  pewterer's  mark,  apparently  a 
crowned  thistle. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  this  cup.  It  was  purchased 
in  Gloucester. 

In  connection  with  this  exhibition,  Mr.  Franks  made  some 
remarks  on  pewter  vessels  generally,  and  expressed  a  hope  that 
some  one  would  take  up  the  subject,  especially  as  it  was  one 
which  had  hitherto  been  quite  neglected,  and  endeavour  to  work 
out  from  the  records  of  the  Pewterers'  Company  the  history  of 
the  stamps  and  marks  so  frequently  found  on  pewter  vessels. 

CHARLES  TRICE  MARTIN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  brass 
Powder-flask  of  unknown  date,  but  of  good  design  and  Moorish 
workmanship. 

S.  BLACKWELL,  Esq.,  exhibited  the  fragments  of  a  small 
bronze  stirrup,  probably  of  Elizabethan  date,  found  in  the 
gravel  at  Islington  in  1859. 

JOHN  PARKER,  Esq.,  F.S.A,,  read  a  paper  on  the  Manor  of 
Aylesbury,  illustrated  by  the  original  rough  notes  of  the 
manorial  court-rolls,  which  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

In  illustration  of  Mr.  Parker's  paper,  the  President  laid  on 
the  table  a  silver  penny  struck  at  Aylesbury  by  WuJfred,  temp. 
Edward  the  Confessor ;  and  two  tokens,  one  of  Kichard  Butler, 
1666,  the  other  of  Gyles  Childe,  mercer. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  35 


Thursday,  December  17th,  1885. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LKD.,  F.E.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  January  14,  1886,  and  a  list  was  read  of  Candidates 
to  be  balloted  for. 

The  recommendation  of  the  Council,  on  the  nomination  of 
Mr.  M.  H.  Bloxam,  that  William  George  Fretton,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
be  appointed  an  additional  Local  Secretary  for  Warwickshire, 
was  submitted  to  the  Society,  and  confirmed. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to 
be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  W.  E.  Foster,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— 

1.  The  History  of  Knaresborough,  with  Harrowgate.    By  E.  Hargrove. 
Sixth  Edition.    8vo.    Knaresborough,  1809. 

2.  An  Historical  and  Descriptive  Account  of  Knaresborough.    By  William 
Grainge.    8vo.    Knaresborough  [1865]. 

From  Mrs.  Fitz-Gerald  : — Les  Delices  des  Pays-Bas,  ou  Description  geographique 
et  historique  des  xvii.  Provinces  Belgiques.  7rac  Edition.  4  vols.  8vo. 
Paris,  1786. 

From  the  Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  F.S.A. : — Histoire  du  Convent  des  Pauvres 
Clarisses  Anglaises  de  Gravelines.  Par  Raymond  de  Bertrand.  8vo. 
Dunkerque,  1857. 

J.  W.  TRIST,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  silver-gilt  and  enamelled 
Ring,  of  seventeenth-century  date,  lately  purchased  on  the 
Continent. 

The  design  is  somewhat  unusual ;  the  stone,  a  balas  ruby, 
being  set  in  a  sort  of  crown  or  bowl,  held  behind  and  above 
their  heads  by  two  nude  demi-figures  of  women,  placed  back  to 
back. 

N.  H.  J.  WESTLAKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented 
a  Glass  Beaker  or  Wiederkom.  It  is  of  cylindrical  form,  with- 
out a  handle,  and  12^  inches  in  height.  It  is  ornamented  with 
a  gilt  marginal  band,  about  an  inch  wide,  and  the  same  distance 
below  the  rim,  studded  with  three  rows  of  yellow  pearls,  beneath 
which,  on  the  body  of  the  vessel,  is  depicted  in  brilliant  enamel 
work  a  double-headed  Imperial  eagle,  bearing  on  its  breast  an 
orb,  and  on  its  wings  a  series  of  fifty-six  shields  of  arms,  each 

D  2 


36  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

surmounted  by  a  label  with  the  name  of  the  state  to  which  it 
belonged. 

Above  the  eagle  is  inscribed  : 

DAS  HE1LIGE  ROMISCHE  REICH  MIT  SAMPT  SEIN 

16  19          NEM  GLIE  BERN. 


A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Westlake  for  his 
gift. 

Mr.  Westlake  also  exhibited  an  enamelled  Pax,  representing 
the  Entombment.  An  unusual  feature  in  the  treatment  is  the 
use  of  the  bare  copper  as  part  of  the  decoration. 

The  Very  Rev.  the  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER  exhibited  the 
Great  Mace,  the  Standing  Cup,  and  a  Snuff  Box,  belonging  to 
the  City  of  Westminster,  which  were  thus  described  by  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  Assistant-  Secretary  :  — 

"  The  Great  Mace  is  of  silver-gilt,  and  4  feet  Of  inch  long. 
It  is  of  the  usual  type  of  a  crowned  macehead  on  a  staff,  but 
in  some  of  its  features  differs  from  the  ordinary  style  of  mace. 

The  staff  rises  from  a  cup-shaped  bulb,  with  an  upright 
pattern  of  leaves  and  gadroons  round  the  base,  and  a  bold 
wreath  of  leaves  round  the  top.  Above  this  is  a  conical  piece 
with  pendent  leaves,  from  which  rises  the  staff  proper.  This  is 
divided  into  two  by  a  handsome  knot  with  acanthus  foliage, 
above  and  below  which  the  lengths  of  the  staff  swell  out  before 
they  taper  down  to  the  bands  at  each  end.  The  stem-lengths 
have  a  similar  leaf  and  gadroon  ornament  to  the  foot.  At 
the  upper  part  of  the  stem  is  another  handsome  knot,  from 
which  rises  the  short  length  which  forms  the  support  to  the 
macehead.  It  has  four  well-wrought  brackets,  formed  of  scrolls 
with  a  woman's  head  and  bust  at  the  top  and  a  lion's  head  at 
the  bottom.  Between  each  pair  of  scrolls  is  a  panel  charged 
with  a  four-leaved  rose. 

The  mace-head  .  is  an  exceedingly  fine  piece  of  casting.  It 
is  divided  into  four  panels  by  four  nondescript  winged  creatures 
with  boys'  heads,  terminating  in  scroll-work.  The  panels  are 
filled  as  follows  : 

1.  The  arms  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Westminster  — 
(az.),  a  cross  patonce  between  five  martlets  (or),  on  a  chief 
(of  the  last)  a  pale  charged  with  the  royal  arms  (France  modern 
and  England  quarterly)  between  two  roses  (gules).  The  fleurs- 
de-lis  of  the  French  arms  are  1  and  2  instead  of  2  and  1. 

2  and  4.  The  arms  granted  to  the  City  of  Westminster  in  1601 
—  (az.),  a  portcullis  (or),  on  a  chief  (of  the  last)  the  arms 
ascribed  to  Edward  the  Confessor  between  two  roses  (gules). 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  37 

3.  A  shield  quarterly : — 

1.  (Or),  a  chief  indented  (az.) — Walter; 

2.  (Gu.),  three  covered  cups  (or) — Sutler  ; 

3.  (Arg.),  a  lion  rampant  (gu.),  on  a  chief  (of  the  2nd) 

a  swan  between  two  annulets  (or). —  Carrick; 

4.  (Erm.),  a  saltire  engrailed  (gu.) — Fitzgerald  ; 
within  the  garter,  surmounted  by  an  earl's  coronet,  and  sup- 
ported on  the  dexter  by  an  eagle,  on  the  sinister  by  a  wyvern 
collared  and  chained,  standing  on  a  ribbon  with   the  motto, 

COMME  •  IE  TROUVE, 

These  are  the  armorial  insignia  of  Charles  Butler,  earl  of 
Arran,  and  baron  Butler,  who  was  High  Steward  of  West- 
minster, 1715-1758.  He  was  not,  however,  a  Knight  of  the 
Garter. 

The  mace-head  is  surmounted  by  a  crown  composed  of  two 
jewelled  bands,  rising  from  a  jewelled  circlet,  with  a  cresting  of 
crosses  patee  and  fleurs-de-lis.  At  the  intersection  of  the  bands 
is  the  orb  and  cross.  Within  the  coronet  is  a  flat  cap  with  the 
royal  arms— quarterly :  1.  England  impaling  (not,  as  more 
usually,  dimidiating)  Scotland;  2.  France  modern;  3.  Ireland; 
4.  Hanover — within  the  garter  and  crowned,  with  the  lion  and 
unicorn  as  supporters  standing  on  a  ribbon  with  the  motto  DIEV 
ET  MON  DROIT.  On  either  side  the  crown  are  the  letters  G  K, 
for  George  I. 

The  mace  bears  on  various  parts  the  following  hall-marks  : 

1.  A  Roman  capital  L  in  a  rounded  oblong,  being  the 

London  date-letter  for  1726-7  ; 

2.  The  lion  passant  in  an  oblong ; 

3.  The  leopard's  head  crowned,  in  a  plain  shield  ; 

4.  The  maker's,  the  letter  P  surmounted  by  an  open 
crown,  in  a  shaped  shield. 

This  last  mark  is  unusual  in  bearing  a  single  letter  only. 

This  mace  is  popularly  supposed  to  be  the  '  bauble  '  ordered 
to  be  removed  by  Oliver  Cromwell  from  the  House  of  Commons, 
but  there  appears  to  be  no  truth  in  the  statement,  and  the  hall- 
marks alone  prove  that  this  mace,  at  any  rate,  cannot  have 
been  the  one,  though,  of  course,  it  might  have  been  re-made  of 
the  old  silver. 

I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  learn  anything  of  its  history. 

The  Standing  Cup  is  one  of  the  finest,  as  well  as  the  largest, 
of  its  class  and  date,  in  existence.  With  its  cover  it  stands  28 
inches  high.  It  is  of  silver,  and  wholly  gilt  within  and  without. 

The  cup  is  16J  inches  high,  with  a  hemispherical  bowl,  10 
inches  in  diameter  and  5|  inches  deep.  It  is  joined  by  a  most 


38  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

elaborate  baluster  stem,  7J  inches  long,  to  a  wide-spreading 
foot,  7  inches  in  diameter.  The  general  form  of  the  cup  is 
roughly  that  of  a  huge  chalice. 

The  foot  has  on  its  lowest  edge  a  bold  egg  and  tongue 
molding,  surmounted  by  a  series  of  beaded  circles.  Then  comes 
the  main  spread  of  the  foot,  which  is  covered  with  a  fine 
repousse  scroll  pattern  of  double  roses  and  daisies,  with  a  lower 
border  of  the  egg  and  tongue  pattern.  The  foot  is  joined  to 
the  stem  by  a  bold  roll  with  small  stamped  pattern.  The  stem 
itself  is  difficult  to  describe.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  richly- 
ornamented  rings  of  various  thicknesses  and  diameters — one  of 
which  has  three  bold  lions'  faces  projecting.  Just  below  the 
bowl,  and  again  lower  down,  are  three  scroll  corbels  like  those 
seen  on  maces — they  are  probably  to  secure  a  linen  napkin  to 
when  the  cup  is  in  use.  The  bowl  is  completely  covered  by  a 
truly  splendid  scroll  of  great  double  roses  and  daisies,"  similar 
to  but  larger  than  that  on  the  foot,  with  a  smaller  series  of 
the  same  flowers  above  and  below.  On  one  side  is  a  small 
shield  with  the  arms  of  the  city  of  Westminster. 

Round  the  rim  is  the  following  inscription  : 

*  THE  GEVER  TO  HIS  BRETHREN  WISI-ETH 
PEACE  *  W*!>  PEACE  HE  WISrETH  BROTHERS  LOVE 
ON  EARTH  *Wcbl_OVE  TO  SEALE  I  AS  A  PLEDGE 
AM  GEVEN  *  A  STANDING  BOWLE  TO  BE  VSED  IN 
M1RTI-E  *  THE  GVIFTE  OF  MAVRICE  PICKERING 
AND  IOAISE  HIS  WIFE.  1588. 

Under  the  foot  is  engraved  the  weight : 
113  oz.  10  dw.* 

The  following  hall-marks  are  stamped  on  the  bowl : 

1.  A  Lombardic  capital  6,  the  London  date-letter  for 

1604-5 ; 

2.  The  lion  passant ; 

3.  The  leopard's  head  crowned  : 

4.  The  maker's,  IX  in  a  shaped  shield. 

So  that  either  the  cup  given  in  1588  was  re-made  in  1604,  or 
Maurice  and  Joan  Pickering  gave  the  money  to  buy  it  with. 

The  cover  is  hemispherical  in  shape,  with  a  pyramidal  top. 
The  surface  is  covered  with  a  good  pattern  of  double  roses  and 
daisies,  with  flowers  between.  One  of  these  is  partly  replaced 
by  a  shield  with  the  city  arms.  On  the  top  of  the  cover  is  a 
bold  gadrooned  circle,  surmounted  by  a  smaller  one.  Above 
these-  rises  a  broad  flat  boss,  ornamented  with  leaf-work,  on 

*  With  the  cover  it  now  weighs  8  Ib.  6  oz.  Avoir,  or  122  oz.  8  dwts.  Troy. 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  39 

which  is  a  tall  four-legged  frame  carrying  a  ball  surmounted 
by  a  winged  female  figure  holding  a  palm  branch — representing 
Peace. 

A  very  brief  inspection  of  this  standing  cup  will  suffice  to 
show  that  the  cover  is  of  very  much  inferior  workmanship  to 
the  cup  itself.  Further  examination  reveals  a  different  maker's 
mark  on  the  top,  and  the  following  complete  set  inside : 

1 .  An  old-English  capital  H  in  a  plain  shield,  being  the 

London  date-letter  for  1677-8  ; 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned  ; 

3.  The  lion  passant ; 

4.  The  maker's  mark,  I  H  with  a  fleur-de-lis  between 

two  pellets  in  base,  in  a  shaped  shield. 

So  that  between  cup  and  cover  there  is  a  difference  of  seventy- 
three  years. 

With  respect  to  the  donor  of  the  silver  of  this  cup,  I  have 
been  favoured  with  a  few  notes  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Trollope,  the 
town  clerk  of  Westminster : 

(  Maurice  Pickering  was  keeper  of  the  gatehouse  (in  West- 
minster) in  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth,  a  post  which  it  is 
supposed  his  father  held  before  him.  The  office  was  in  the  gift 
of  the  dean  and  chapter,  and  was  considered  one  of  some 
importance.  It  cannot  be  ascertained  when  he  was  appointed, 
but  in  a  paper  addressed  to  lord  treasurer  Burleigh  in  1580, 
he  said,  "  My  predecessor  and  my  wief  and  I  have  kept  this 
office  of  the  gatehouse  this  xxiii  yeres  and  upwards.'5  He  was 
considered  a  great  man  in  Westminster,  and  in  official  docu- 
ments he  was  styled  Morris  Pickering,  gentleman.  At  one  time 
he  and  his  wife  are  mentioned  as  dining  at  a  marriage -feast 
at  the  bishop  of  Rochester's  in  Westminster  Close,  and  another 
as  supping  with  Sir  George  Peckham,  justice  of  the  peace. 

On  one  occasion  he  got  sadly  into  trouble,  for  when 
supping  with  Sir  George  he  foolishly  let  out  some  of  the  secrets 
of  his  office  in  chatting  with  lady  Peckham  (the  gatehouse  was 
at  that  time  full  of  poor  needy  prisoners  for  religion's  sake 
whose  poverty  had  become  notorious).  He  told  her  ladyship  in 
answer  to  a  question  she  asked  him,  '  Yea,  I  have  maneye 
poore  people  for  that  cause  (meaning  religion)  and  for  restrainte 
(poverty)  of  their  friends.  I  fear  they  will  starve  as  I  have  no 
allowance  for  them.'  For  this  Pickering  fell  sadly  into  trouble, 
was  summoned  before  the  lord  chancellor,  examined  by  the 
judges  and  severely  reprimanded,  upon  which  he  sent  a  most 
humble  and  sorrowful  petition  to  lord  Burleigh,  praying  the 


40  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1885, 

comfort  of  his  good  lord's  mercy  in  the  matter,  and  protest- 
ing that  he  had  ever  prayed  for  the  prosperous  reign  of  the 
queene,  '  who  hath  defended  us  from  the  tearing  of  the 
Deville,  the  Poope,  and  all  his  ravening  wollves.'  It  is  sup- 
posed the  Privy  Council  took  no  further  notice  of  the  matter,  as 
no  mention  is  made  to  that  effect,  only  that  occasionally  he 
made  a  return  of  the  prisoners  in  the  gatehouse  to  the  justices 
of  the  peace  assembled  at  quarter  sessions.  At  times  he  had 
some  celebrated  characters  under  his  care — Dr.  Kysby,  for 
religion's  sake,  and  at  another  time  that  '  arrant  scold,'  Long 
Meg  of  Westminster.  The  beautiful  silver-gilt  standing-cup 
which  he  gave  to  the  burgesses  of  Westminster  is  supposed  to 
be  all  that  is  left  as  a  memorial  of  Pickering. 

The  great  Standing-Cup  is  a  fine  piece  of  Elizabethan 
metal-work,  and  the  cover  held  over  the  heads  of  those  who 
drank  the  pledge  is  surmounted  with  what  was  called  in  the 
old  art  language  *  an  antique  ' — properly  speaking,  it  is  a  grace 
cup,  not  a  '  bowle.'  The  quaint  inscription  should  be  read  as 
follows : 

4  The  giver  to  his  brethren  wisheth  peace, 
With  peace  he  wisheth  brothers  love  on  earth, 
Which  love  to  seal  I  as  a  pledge  am  given 
A  standing  bowl  to  be  used  in  mirth. 
The  Gift  of  Maurice  Pickering  and  Joan  his  wife,  1588.' 

These  few  particulars  are  gathered  from  State  Papers.' 

The  Snuff-Box  may  be  briefly  described  as  a  cup-shaped 
vessel  of  oak,  having  a  flat  lid  encircled  by  a  silver  oak-wreath, 
and  surmounted  by  a  trophy  formed  of  two  crossed  secures  et 
fasces  with  wreaths  of  laurel  and  oak,  and  the  motto, 

WITH  JUSTICE  AND  HUMANITY. 

Over  all  is  a  small  silver-tipped  and  crowned  ebony  constable's 
staff,  with  two  engraved  shields  bearing  a  portcullis  and  the 
arms  of  the  Confessor  respectively.  The  box  runs  on  three 
wheels,  which  are  additions,  and  has  a  capacious  silver-gilt 
receptacle  for  the  snuff.  On  each  side  is  a  small  holder,  with 
shields  bearing  a  portcullis  and  the  Confessor's  arms,  for  the 
ivory  and  ebony  hammers  of  the  '  chair '  and  of  the  '  vice.' 
These  screw  into  the  holders,  the  male  screws  forming  a  silver 
band  round  each  hammer. 

The  box  bears  the  following  inscription  underneath  : 

This  deposit  for  Snuff  having  been  of  the  Roof  of  that 
Ancient  Pile  "  Westminster  Hall"*  may  serve  to  Com- 
memorate the  Coronation  of  his  Majesty  King  George  the 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  41 

Fourth,  "preparatory  to  which  August  Ceremony  an  oppor- 
tunity ivas  afforded  of  repairing  the  same,  and  in  the  progress 
thereof,  it  formed  a  part  of  ivhat  became  necessary  to  be 
removed"  and  it  is  presumed  it  will  not  lessen  the  Value  of 
the  purpose  to  which  it  is  with  all  due  Veneration  appro- 
priated. 

*  William  Ruf  as,  1097. 

Inside  the  lid  is  another  inscription  : 

This  humble  but  earnest  Testimonial  of  the  $H£$  Constable 
to  the  Members  comprising  the  Westminster  Court,  (indica- 
tive of  the  Gratitude  he  feels  for  their  opinion  expressed 
towards  him  on  all  occasions,  and  which  has  contributed 
during  a  Period  of  Nine  Years  in  a  great  degree  to  ameliorate 
the  laborious  Duties  of  the  Office,  he  has  had  the  Honor  of 
holding  under  them),  is  most  respectfully  submitted  for  their 
Acceptance,  on  this  their  Anniversary. 

3rd  of  August,  1825. 


vide    -^    WILLIAM  LEE,  H.C. 


The  silver  mounts  bear  the  London  hall-marks  for  1825-6." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  by  permission  of  the  mayor 
and  corporation  of  Gravesend,  exhibited  for  comparison  with 
the  Westminster  mace  the  great  mace  of  the  boroughs  of 
Gravesend  and  Milton. 

This  mace  is  of  silver  gilt,  4  feet  8  J  inches  long.  It  is  of  the 
usual  type,  but  has  a  bulbous  stem  like  the  Westminster  mace, 
which  it  so  much  resembles  in  its  general  features  that  the 
description  of  the  one  will  apply  to  the  other.  So  striking  is 
this  similarity  that,  despite  the  different  goldsmiths'  marks,  the 
same  hand  evidently  worked  at  both. 

The  compartments  of  the  mace-head  are  thus  filled : 


1.  A  crowned  harp  ; 

2.  A  crowned  fleur-de-lis  ; 

3.  A  crowned  rose  and  thistle 


Each  between  the  letters 
A  R,  for  Anna  Regina ; 


on  one  stalk ; 

4.  The  arms  of  the  borough — (Arg.),  a  tower  (gu.) 
charged  with  a  bull's  head  (sa.)  rising  from  a  coronet, 
all  within  a  bordure  (az.)  of  five  buckles  and  as  many 
fleurs-de-lis  (or).  (Granted  by  William  le  Neve, 
Clarencieux,  in  1635.)  On  either  side  of  the  shield 


42  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

are  the  letters  G  M,  for  Gravesend  and  Milton ;  and 
below  It  is  a  scroll  lettered  : 

Stephen  Allen,  Gen4. 

MAYOR 

1709. 

On  the  foot  is  a  small  medallion  with  the  old  insignia  of  the 
town — a  ship  with  a  porcupine  as  steersman. 
The  mace  bears  the  following  hall-marks : 

1.  Britannia; 

2.  The  lion's  head  .erased ; 

3.  A   small   court-hand  q,  the  London  date-letter  for 

1709-10; 

4.  The  maker's  mark,  Py  surmounted  by  a  crowned 
rose,  for  Benjamin  Pyne. 

In  an  inventory  of  the  town's  goods,  dated  Oct.  14,  1595, 
occurs : 

The  Sergeant's  Mace  to  arrest  withal. 

This  was  valued  at  131.  7s.  6d.,  and  was  given  in  exchange  in 
1710,  when  the  present  mace  was  bought  for  971.  17s,  6d. 

Professor  BOYD  DAWKINS,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  hoard 
of  articles  of  the  Bronze  Age,  found  at  Eaton,  near  Norwich, 
on  which  he  made  the  following  remarks : — 

"  A  collection  of  articles  belonging  to  the  Bronze  Age  for- 
warded to  me  for  examination  in  June  last  by  Mr.  James 
Eeeve,  curator  of  the  Norwich  museum,  presents  points  of 
sufficient  interest  to  be  brought  before  the  notice  of  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries.  It  consists  of  various  implements  and  weapons 
found  in  one  spot  in  digging  for  the  foundation  of  new  build- 
ings at  Eaton,  about  one  mile  to  the  south-south-west  of  Norwich, 
at  a  depth  of  about  six  feet  from  the  surface,  and  it  now  is  in 
the  possession  of  J.  J.  Colman,  Esq.,  M.P.,  who  has  kindly  lent 
it  for  exhibition  to  the  Society  this  evening. 

The  hoard  consists  of  the  following  articles, — 

Implements. 

Palstave,  broken           .         .  «  .  .  .1 

Socketed  celts,  plain     .         .  .  .  .  .5 

,,             ,,     bevelled        .  •  .  .  .3 

?,             ,,     ornamented  .  »  .  .  .2 

,,              ,,     fragmentary  ,  .  .  .7 

,,          chisels  .         .         .  .  .  .2 

„          gouge  .  ....     1 


Dec.  17.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES. 


43 


Socketed  knife,  plain,  curved 

,,        knives,  plain,  straight,  doubled-edged 
,,       knife,     ornamented,     straight,     double 
edged       

Tanged  chisels 

Tanged-knife,  dagger  or  spear-head 

Tip  of  blade  (?  sickle) 

Triangular  cutter          ..... 


Nondescript  Articles. 


Rings,  hollow,  cast 
Tube  for  strap 
Tube  with  hooks  . 


Weapons. 


Swords,  broken 
Scabbard  tips 
Dagger  ?  point 
Spear-heads,  plain 
Spear-heads,  ornamented 
Mace -head  . 


Total 


3 
2 
1 

8 
2 
1 

53 


To  this  list  must  be  added  two  jets,  or  fragments  of  metal, 
formed  during  the  process  of  casting ;  several  small  fragments, 
evidently  broken  for  the  smelting-pot,  and  a  squared  rubber  of 
palaeozoic  sandstone  carefully  ground  and  smoothed,  which  has 
apparently  been  used  for  grinding  or  sharpening.  The  two 
scabbard  tips,  dagger  point,  jets,  and  other  small  fragments 
were  tightly  jammed  into  the  socket  of  one  of  the  celts.  The 
whole  deposit  is  similar  in  character  to  those  which  have  re- 
peatedly been  found  in  France,  Germany,  and  the  British  Isles. 

The  only  palstave  in  the  above  hoard  is  a  fragment  with  the 
blade  broken  off,  looped,  ornamented  with  three  divergent  ribs 
below  the  stop-ridge,  and  of  the  same  type  as  a  specimen  from 
Nettleham,  Lincolnshire,  fig.  83  of  Mr.  John  Evans's  Ancient 
Bronze  Implements. 

The  plain  socketed  celts  are  looped,  with  mouldings  round 
the  neck,  and  square  in  section  below  it,  and  are  of  the  same 
type  as  those  found  in  Eeach  Fen,  Burwell  Fen,  Cambridge- 
shire.* All  are  fresh  from  the  mould,  and  two  pairs  have  been 
cast  in  the  same  mould.  They  measure  in  inches — 

*  See  Evans,  op.  clt.  fig  116. 


44  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

Maximum.  Minimum. 

1.  Length -4-5  3 -2 

2.  Circumference  ....  3-9  3*25 

3.  Transverse  and  vertical  measure- 

ment of  socket        .        .         .1-6x1-5     Mxl-4 

4.  Length  of  cutting  edge      .       ;»  1*2  1*5 

Three  round-mouthed,  socketed  celts  are  characterised  by  the 
four  angles  being  bevelled  from  the  neck  to  the  cutting  edge. 
They  are  of  the  same  type  as  that  figured  by  M.  Chantre  from 
Orgelet  (Jura),  and  preserved  in  the  museum  of  Lons-le- 
Saulnier.*  They  have  been  cast  in  separate  moulds,  and  the 
edge  of  the  smallest  of  the  three  is  blunted. 

Maximum.        Minimum. 

Length      ....  4-0  3*5 


Circumference   . 

Transverse  and  vertical  measure 

ment  of  socket 
Length  of  cutting  edge 


3-1  4-25 

1-4  x  1-4     1-5  x  1-5 

2-2  2-2 


One  of  the  two  ornamented  socketed  celts  has  a  moulding  half- 
an-inch  below  the  mouth  of  the  socket,  and  bears  five  ribs  on 
each  side  of  the  blade,  which  descend  from  the  moulding  about 
half-way  in  the  direction  of  the  cutting  edge,  and  terminate 
in  pellets  or  roundels.  The  two  outer  are  at  the  angles.  It  is  of 
the  same  type  as  that  figured  by  Mr.  Evans  from  Fornham, 
near  Bury  St.  Edmunds.f  It  has  apparently  not  been  used.  A 
second,  square  at  the  mouth  and  shorter,  bears  three  ribs  only, 
which  die  away  towards  the  cutting  edge  without  roundels.  It 
is  of  the  same  type  as  the  above,  with  the  exception  that  the 
angles  of  the  cutting  edge  are  more  recurved,  and  the  cutting 
edge  relatively  wider. 

Maximum.  Minimum. 

Length       .         .        .  ;.     .        v         4-0  2'6 
Circumference   .         .         .        .         3'75              3-75 
Transverse  and  vertical  measure- 
ment of  socket        .         .         .     1-5x1-3  l-Oxl-6 
Length  of  cutting  edge       .         .         1*9  20 

One  of  the  two  socketed  chisels  has  been  imperfectly  cast, 
and  is  of  the  same  general  type  as  fig.  160  of  Mr.  Evans,  from 
Carlton  Rode,  Norfolk.  A  second,  also  socketed  (fig.  i.),  has 

*  Evans,  UAge  du  Bronze,  PI.  x.  fig.  4. 
f  Op.  cit.  fig.  133. 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  45 

a  long  blade  with  sharp-cutting  edge,  and  the  narrow  sides 
traversed  by  a  groove.  The  socket  is  oval  and  perforated  with 
two  holes  for  the  reception  of  a  rivet,  and  is  separated  from  the 
blade  by  a  shoulder. 

Maximum.        Minimum. 

Length 2-3  3'6 

Circumference   ....          2'0 
Transverse  and  vertical  measure- 
ment of  socket        .        .         .  0*8  x  0-5     7-5  x  4-5 
Cutting  edge     .         ..'       .         .  I'l  0'6 


Fig.  i. 

SOCKETED   CHISEL  (half-Size). 

The  smaller  of  the  two  tanged  chisels  is  of  the  same  type  as 
Mr.  Evans's  fig.  193  of  a  specimen  from  Wallingford,  with 
collar  flattened  above  and  neck  rounded  below,  and  with  a 
square  tang  and  a  short  blade.  The  larger  has  a  longer  and 
more  slender  tang  and  blade. 


Maximum. 

Minimum. 

Length 

.        .         4-0 

6-15 

Tang     . 

2-1 

2-75 

Blade    . 

1-9 

3-4 

Edge     . 

1-3 

1-0 

The  gouge  is  socketed  and  is  of  the  same  type  as  fig.  208 
of  Mr.  Evans's  work,  from  the  Eiver  Tay.  The  socket  is  round, 
and  the  edge  is  sharp. 

Length       .         .         .         .3*8 
Circumference     .         .         .     2 '25 
Top  to  hollow      .         .         .     1-1 


46  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

A  socketed  knife  (fig.  n.)  with  two  rivet-holes,  and  the 
wooden  handle  still  present  in  the  oval  socket,  in  which  it  was 
held  by  wooden  pins.  It  has  a  short  double-edged  curved  blade, 


fei 


Fig.  n. 

SOCKETED  KNIFE  (half-Size). 

terminated  by  a  rounded  cutting  edge  like'  the  top  of  a  dinner- 
knife.  In  this  last  respect,  and  in  its  curved  shape,  it  differs 
from  any  implement  of  the  Bronze  Age  with  which  I  am 
acquainted. 

Length        ......     4*0 

Long  diameter  of  socket      .     '    ..        .1*0 
Length  of  socket          •-'*'•»         •         .1*6 

„          blade 2-4 

Width  of  top  of  blade  .     .   .         .         .     075 

Two  other  knives  with  oval  sockets,  and  with  double-edged 
leaf-shaped  blades,  terminating  in  a  point,  are  of  well-known 
types.  One  ornamented  with  two  ridges  running  parallel  with 
the  blade,  is  somewhat  like  that  figured  by  Mr.  Evans,  from 
Reach  Fen,  Burwell  Fen,  Cambridgeshire  (fig.  241).  The  socket 
has  been  broken  off  at  the  first  rivet-hole.  The  other  has  a 
plain  blade,  and  the  socket  has  been  broken  off  at  the  second 
rivet-hole ;  it  still  contains  a  fragment  of  the  wooden  handle. 
A  third  knife  is  represented  by  a  blade  with  a  mid-rib  broken 
short  off  from  the  socket. 

Ornamental.        Plain. 

Length  of  total  .  .  ..•  —  7'0  — 

,,  socket  .  .  .  —  1*4  — 

„  blade  .  .  •«  6'0  5-6  5'3 

Basal  width  of  blade  1-1  1-1  — 


Dec.  17.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


47 


A  triangular  tanged  implement  (fig.  in.)  with  bevelled- 
cutting  edges,  and  "a  rivet-hole  in  the  tang,  may  be  either  a 
small  knife,  dagger,  or  javelin  head;  it  is  3'9  inches  long,  the 


Fig.  in. 
DAGGEK  ?  (half-size). 

tang  being  1  inch,  and  the  blade  2*9  inches,  the  base  of  the 
blade  being  1  inch. 

A  triangular  plate  of  bronze  (fig.  IV.)  cast  with  bevelled 
cutting-edges  on  each  side,  and  with  a  central  hole,  is  probably 
a  knife  for  skinning ;  it  is  unlike  anything  found  in  Britain, 
but  is  similar  to  some  of  those  found  in  France,*  mentioned 
(op.  cit.  p.  215)  by  Mr.  Evans.  The  long  cutting-edge  measures 
3 '8  inches,  and  the  two  short  ones  respectively  2-5  inches. 

The  most  singular,  and,  perhaps,  the  most  important  portion 
of  the  find  consists  of  two  very  remarkable  fragments  of  cast 


Fig.  iv. 

SKINNING  KNIFE  ?  (half-Size). 

bronze,  one  of  which  has  been  found  in  this  country  before, 
while  the  other  has  only  been  met  with  in  Ireland.     The  first 

*  This  cutter  may  he  compared  with  the  triangular  bronze  cutter,  without  the 
central  hole,  found  in  the  department  of  Tarn. — (MattriawD,  1879,  p.  180,  fig.  4.) 


48  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1885, 

is  a  hollow  tube  open  at  both  ends,  and  with  a  solid  loop 
on  one  side  with  a  sufficient  interval  to  allow  of  a  leather  strap 
being  passed  through,  and  with  an  oval  hole  on  the  opposite 
side,  and  is  exactly  of  the  same  shape  and  form  as  that  figured 
and  described  by  Mr.  Evans  *  as  '  a  mysterious  object,'  from 
.Reach  Fen,  Burwell  Fen,  Cambridge.  Its  dimensions  are — 

Total  length  .  .  .  . '  .\  .  3'0 
Length  of  loop  .  .  .  .  .  -  .  2'0 
Long  diameter  of  hole  .  .  .1*0 

The  second  article  is  in  the  same  style  as  the  above,  and 
may  have  formed  part  of  the  same  thing.  It  consists  of 
two  stout  bronze  hooks,  solid,  cast  on  to  the  ends  of  a  hollow 
cylinder.  The  cylinder  has  a  round  hole  in  the  centre  on  the 
side  next  the  hooks,  and  exactly  opposite  on  the  other  side  is 
the  fractured  end  of  a  tube  or  socket  which  has  been  broken  away, 
(fig.  v.)  Since  this  communication  has  been  made  to  the  Society, 
Mr.  Evans  has  called  my  attention  to  a  curious  bronze  instru- 
ment, 23*25  inches  long,  found  in  1829  in  a  bog  in  Ireland,  at 
Dunnavarney,  Ballymoney,  Antrim,  which  consists  of  three 
hollow  tubes  fitted  together  with  a  socketed  hook  at  one  end 
and  a  knob  terminating  in  a  ring  for  suspension  at  the  other. 


Fig.  v. 
TUBE  WITH  HOOKS  (half-size). 

It  bears  bronze  figures  of  goose-  or  swan-like  birds  fastened 
through  the  middle  segment  by  pins,  the  other  ends  of  which 

*  Op.  cit.  fig.  493,  pp.  396-7. 


Dec.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES.  49 

are  attached  to  loose  rings.*  On  comparing  the  hooks  of  the 
Norwich  find  with  the  above,  which  is  now  in  the  British  Museum, 
I  find  that  they  are  practically  identical,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
following  measurements : — 

Norwich.    Antrim. 

Total  length  of  hook  .  .  6'0  5'5 
Basal  breadth  of  hook  .  .  2-4  3'3 
Length  of  cylinder  .  .  .1*9  2 '4 

It  is  very  probable,  also,  that  the  looped  tube  above  mentioned 
may  have  formed  the  other  end  of  an  instrument  of  the  same 
kind,  the  knob  under  the  ring  in  the  Irish  specimen  being  there 
represented  by  the  transverse  tube  with  an  aperture  for  a  strap. 
Nor  are  we  without  a  clue  as  to  the  use  to  which  this  instrument 
was  put.  The  goose-  or  swan-like  birds  are  of  the  same  design 
as  those  which  adorn  the  '  vase-carriages  '  of  Scania  and  North 
Germany ;  f  and  which  also  are  perched  upon  the  bronze 
braziers  or  vase-carriages  found  in  Etruscan  tombs.  It  is 
therefore  probable  that  Mr.  Evans's  suggestion  is  true — that  it 
was  used  in  religious  ceremonial,  after  the  fashion  of  the  flesh- 
hooks  of  the  Levites.  It  is  also  worthy  of  note  that  four  bronze 
rings,  cast  hollow,  found  in  the  Norwich  hoard,  may  have 
belonged  to  this  instrument,  in  the  same  manner  as  those 
attached  to  the  instrument  found  in  Antrim. 

The  fragments  of  swords,  which  have  evidently  been  bent 
and  broken  up  for  the  melting-pot,  belong  at  least  to  three  dif- 
ferent weapons.  One  of  these  is  represented  by  the  leaf-shaped 
blade,  which  is  plain,  with  a  broad  mid-rib,  and  the  usual 
shallow  grooves  on  either  side,  parallel  with  the  cutting  edge. 
To  this  probably  belongs  a  basal  portion,  including  the  plate  for 
the  hilt  with  two  rivet-holes  on  either  side.  There  are  two 
notches  at  the  point  where  the  hilt  joins  the  blade,  the  rest  of 
the  plate  has  been  broken  away.  The  sword-blade  measures 
11*75  inches  in  length,  and  has  a  maximum  width  of  1*6  inch. 
The  measurement  at  the  top  of  the  hilt-plate  is  2  inches.  The 
rest  of  the  fragments  present  no  points  worthy  of  notice. 

Two  scabbard-ends  belong  to  well-known  types.  One  with 
a  strong  mid-rib  on  each  side,  and  shaped  like  a  scissor- 
sheath,  and  ornamented  with  a  terminal  round,  cast  solid,  is, 
with  the  exception  of  the  last,  not  unlike  fig.  368  of  Mr.  Evans. 
The  other  is  crescent-shaped  with  crenulated  margin,  and  a 
rivet-hole  on  each  side  for  attachment  to  a  wooden  scabbard  ;  it 
belongs  to  the  same  type  as  fig.  371  of  Mr.  Evans  from  Reach  Fen. 

*  Trans.  Kilkenny  Archseol.  Soc.  iii.  1854-5,  p.  65.    Waring,  Stone  Imple- 
ments and  Ornaments  of  Remote  Ages.    Folio.     PI.  84,  fig.  1. 
f  Waring,  op.  cit.  pi.  83,  fig.  2. 
VOL.  XI.  E 


50 


PEOCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1885, 


The  bronze  spear-heads  and  javelin-heads,  ten  in  number, 
are  all  socketed,  and  of  the  same  leaf-shaped  type,  with  blades 
small  in  proportion  to  the  large  central  mid-rib  or  shaft.  The 
sockets  of  the  two  smallest  are  ornamented  with  three  sets  of 
lines  running  parallel  to  the  base,  possibly  representing  the  mode 
in  which,  before  the  invention  of  the  socket,  spear-heads  were 
secured  in  their  handles  by  strings  or  thongs  wound  round  the 
shaft  below  the  blades. 

Maximum.      Minimum. 

Total  length       ....     6'75  4'5 

Length  of  socket        .         .         .2-0  1*5 

Circumference  of  socket     .         .     3'1  2'9 

Length  of  blade         .        .         .     4/75  3'0 

Breadth  of  blade  ;        .     1-5  1'2 

A  bronze  disk,  with  sharp-cutting  edge,  and  a  strong,  stout 
socket,  may  possibly  be  classed  among  the  weapons,  and  if  so 
was  probably  the  head  of  a  mace.  The  disk  is  flat  on  the 
side  remote  from  the  socket,  and  diminishes  in  thickness  as  it 
passes  from  the  socket  to  the  cutting  edge.  Its  diameter  is  2*5 
inches,  while  that  of  the  socket  is  I/O  inch. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.   Evans  for  a  reference  to  a  similar 


Fig.  vi. 
STONE  POLISHER  (half-size). 

object  in  his  collection,  smaller  and  less  perfect,  found  at  Harty, 
in  Kent.*  A  third  has  also  been  met  with  at  Haynes  Hill  in 
the  same  county,  t 

The  stone-grinder  or  polisher  (fig.  vi.),  found  along  with  the 

*  Evans,  op.  cit.  p.  463. 

f  Archaeological  Journal,  xxx.  287. 


Dec.  17.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


51 


articles  described  above,  is  carefully  ground  and  smoothed.  It 
is  rectangular  in  outline,  measures  1*8  x  1*8  x  1'6  and  1'4  inches, 
and  has  all  the  angles  smoothed  or  bevelled  off. 

This  hoard  in  its  general  fades  more  closely  resembles  those 
recorded  by  Mr.  Evans  in  the  eastern  counties  than  any  others 
with  which  it  has  been  compared,  and  more  especially  that  dis- 
covered in  Reach  Fen,  Burwell  Fen,  near  Cambridge.  It  is 
one  of  a  series  of  discoveries,  showing  that  the  bronze  smith 
was  at  work  in  the  eastern  counties  in  the  Late  Bronze  Age,  and 
that  local  centres  of  manufacture  had  by  that  time  sprung  up  in 
Great  Britain,  in  which  new  articles  were  cast  out  of  worn  out, 
or  antiquated  types,  such  as  the  broken  palstave  described  in 
this  paper." 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  President,  exhibited  a  curious  Iron  Puzzle 
Lock,  accompanied  with  the  following  remarks : — 

"  I  have  brought  for  exhibition  this  evening  what  may  be 
termed  a  puzzle  latch,  or  beggar's  latch,  of  somewhat  early 
date.  The  object  of  such  latches  is  that  the  uninitiated  passer-by 


L 


ELEVATION,  WITH  SECTION  OF  BUTTRESS,  OP  PUZZLE  LOCK. 

(The  dotted  lines  show  the  position  of  the  latch  when  raised.     Scale  £  linear.) 


shall  not  readily  perceive  the  method  of  opening  the  doors 
which  are  secured  by  their  means,  though  access  is  readily 
gained  by  those  acquainted  with  the  secret  of  the  latch. 

E  2 


52  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  specimen  exhibited  consists  of  a  flat  plate  bent  over  at 
right  angles  to  cover  the  edge  of  the  door  to  which  it  was 
attached,  and  presenting  on  the  face  of  the  door  a  flat  surface  of 
about  7  x  5£  inches.  On  the  three  sides  on  which  it  is  not  bent 
over,  it  is  ornamented  by  open  work,  leaving  a  sort  of  Tudor 
flower  at  each  angle.  On  the  face  of  the  plate  are  two  orna- 
mental buttresses  of  iron  about  3|  inches  long  and  3f  inches 
apart,  and  at  the  top  between  them  is  a  spirally  ornamented 
rail,  with  bands  alternately  beaded  and  grooved.  The  ends  of 
one  of  the  buttresses  form  spikes  which  pass  through  the  plate 
to  fasten  it  to  the  door.  It  was  also  fastened  by  means  of  two 
quatrefoil-headed  nails  near  the  other  buttress,  to  correspond 
with  which  two  quatrefoils  are  riveted  to  the  plate.  The  base 
of  the  second  buttress  is  moveable,  and  is  connected  by  a  link 
passing  inside  the  buttress  with  the  latch  at  the  back,  so  that  by 
pulling  it  down  the  latch  is  lifted.  This  ingenious  door-fastener 
was  given  to  me  some  forty-five  years  ago  by  an  aunt  at  Glou- 
cester. It  probably  belongs  to  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  January  14th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  of  books  were  announced,  and  thanks 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author : — Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  Tobacco  Pipes  deposited  by 
Edwin  A.  Barber.  (Pennsylvania  Museum.)  8vo.  1882. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Berkeley  MSS.  History  of  the  Hundred 
of  Berkeley.  By  John  Smyth,  of  Nibley.  Vol.  iii.  Edited  by  Sir  John 
Maclean,  F.S.A.  4to.  Gloucester,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— Les  Anciens  Dieux  des  Pyrenees.  Par  Julien  Sacaze.  8vo. 
Saint-Gaudens,  1885. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Cooke's  Description  of  the  County  of 
Hertford.  12mo.  London. 

From  His  Honour  Judge  Bayley,  F.S.A.  : — 

1.  Ephemerides  Brugeoises,    Par  J.  Gailliard.    8vo.    Bruges,  1847. 

2.  Glossaire  Fran9ais  du  Moyen  Age.    Par  M.  Le  M.  Leon  de  Laborde. 
8vo.    Paris,  1872. 


Jan.  14.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES.  53 

From  Henry  Vaughan,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— The  Original  Papers  of  the  Spectator 
bound  in  one  Volume.  Folio.  London,  March  1,  1711,  to  Dec.  6,  1712. 

From  the  Author  :— A  Bookseller  of  the  Last  Century.  By  Charles  Welsh. 
8vo.  London,  1885. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  following  gen- 
tlemen for  the  liberal  donation  of  their  publications  during  the 
past  year : — 

The  editors  of  The  Athenaeum,  The  Builder,  and  Notes  and 
Queries,  the  proprietors  of  the  Art  Journal,  the  Society  of  Arts, 
and  the  Photographic  Society. 

A  bronze  medal  struck  in  commemoration  of  the  opening  of 
the  new  council  chamber  of  the  city  of  London,  October  2nd, 
1884,  the  gift  of  the  city  of  London,  was  also  laid  before  the 
Society,  for  which  thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the 
donors. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

W.  CHICHESTER,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  fine  silver  Monteith,  8  inches 
high  and  12  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  moveable  rim,  making 
the  total  height  lOf  inches.  It  bears  the  London  hall-marks  for 
1705-6. 

Also  a  small  silver  Punch  Bowl  of  elegant  form,  probably 
Dutch,  circa  1685. 

C.  D.  E.  FORTNUM,  Esq.,  F.S.A,,  exhibited  a  fine  and  perfect 
terra-cotta  Mask,  probably  of  Greek  workmanship,  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Naples. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

The  ballot  opened  at  a  quarter  to  nine,  and  closed  at  half- 
past  nine,  when  the  following  candidates  were  declared  to  be  duly 
elected : — 

Kev.  William  Frederic  Greeny,  M.A. 

Sir  George  Keresby  Sitwell,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Alfred  James  Hipkins,  Esq. 

Charles  Kemeys  Kemeys  Tynte,  Esq. 

George  Edward  Fox,  Esq. 

Edwin  Joseph  March  Phillipps  de  Lisle,  Esq. 


54  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  January  21st,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  President,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S., 
in  the  Chair. 

The  President  announced  that  the  meeting  of  February  4th 
would  be  made  special  at  8*45  p.m.  for  the  election  of  a  Secretary, 
and  that  the  Council  had  nominated  the  Hon.  Harold  Arthur 
Dillon  for  the  office. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be 
returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  T.  O.  Button,  Esq.,  through  J.  W.  Ingle,  Esq.,  on  behalf  of  the  Worship- 
ful Company  of  Weavers  : — Facsimile  of  the  Ancient  Book  of  The  Weavers' 
Company,  the  original  of  which  is  in  possession  of  the  Company.  Folio. 
London.  Photo-lithographed  from  the  original  by  W.  Griggs. 

From  the  Author,  Henry  Fowler,  Esq.  : — A  Paper  on  a  Living  Ancient  City 
said  to  exist  in  Central  America.  8vo.  Belize,  British  Honduras,  1 880. 

From  the  Mexican  Government : — Nombres  Gedgraficos  de  Mexico.  Atlas 
Folio.  Mexico,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Bibliographia  Paracelsica.  An  Examination  of  Dr.  Fried- 
rich  Mook's  "  Theophrastus  Paracelsus.  Eine  Kritische  Studie."  Pt.  ii. 
By  Professor  Ferguson.  8vo.  Glasgow,  1885. 

From  the  Editor,  M.  J.  F.  Judice  Biker  :— -Colleccao  de  Tratados  da  India. 
Vols.  9  and  10.  8vo.  Lisbon,  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Lightning  Conductors  :  their  History,  Nature,  and  mode  of 
Application.  By  Richard  Anderson.  3rd  Edition.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

George  Edward  Fox,  Esq. 

Alfred  James  Hipkins,  Esq. 

Edwin  Joseph  March  Phillipps  de  Lisle,  Esq. 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Houghton  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow, 
and  his  election  being  at  once  proceeded  with  in  conformity  with 
the  Statutes,  Ch.  V.  §  1,  he  was  unanimously  elected  a  Fellow 
of  the  Society. 


An  exhibition,  consisting  of  nearly  every  known  example  of 
the  medieval  silver-mounted  drinking-bowls  called  Mazers, 
with  other  drinking-vessels  illustrative  of  the  subject,  was 
opened. 

In  illustration  of  this  exhibition  the  Director  communicated 
the  following  notes,  which  he  had  received  from  Octavius 
Morgan,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — 


Jan.  21.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  55 

"  I  hope  your  Mazer  exhibition  will  be  successful  ;  it  is  an 
interesting  subject,  and  has  never  been  worked  up.  I  took  it 
up  some  years  ago,  and  collected  some  information,  but  I  do  not 
think  I  can  put  it  into  the  form  of  a  paper,  and  cannot  find  my 
notes,  if  I  kept  any. 

I  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  name  Mazer  came  from 
the  quality  of  the  wood,  which  is  speckled.  The  word  maser, 
in  German,  is  speckled,  and  maser  holtz  is  speckled  wood, 
and  the  name  of  the  disease,  measles,  is  from  the  same  source, 
it  being  a  speckled  and  spotted  disease  or  rash.  The  bowls  are 
usually  shallow,  and  I  fancy  were  made  of  the  excrescences 
which  grow  on  tree-trunks  or  roots  of  trees,  and  on  which 
bunches  of  short  twigs  or  leaves  grow,  the  fibres  of  which  being 
at  right  angles  to  the  surface  give  a  spotted  or  speckled 
appearance  to  the  wood,  and  which  may,  therefore,  have  been 
a  favourite  part  of  the  tree  to  cut  off  and  turn  into  the  shape 
of  a  shallow  saucer-like  cup,  the  depth  of  which  was  increased 
by  a  high  metal  rim,  which  converted  it  into  a  bowl,  in  the 
centre  of  which  there  was  frequently  a  boss  ornamented  with 
enamel,  which  may  have  been  used  to  stop  some  hole  or  conceal 
a  defect. 

Some  of  these  bowls  were  made  of  half  a  calabash-rind ;  in 
that  case  the  gathering  together  of  the  fibres  of  the  shell  would 
be  concealed  and  covered  by  the  boss.  Calabash-rinds  were  in 
those  days  rare  foreign  articles,  and  so  may  have  been  prized ; 
but  I  dare  say  that  you  will  have  in  your  exhibition  some 
specimens  of  various  kinds,  some  with  and  some  without  the 
enamelled  bosses,  and  accurate  conclusions  may  be  arrived  at  as 
to  the  special  use  and  meaning  of  these  peculiar  drinking- 
vessels. 

In  the  Nineveh  sculptures  the  kings  are  frequently  repre- 
sented holding  shallow  saucer-like  bowls  in  their  hands  for 
drinking,  and  they  are  always  held  on  the  flat  of  the  hand,  or 
rather  on  the  tops  of  the  fingers,  and  often  reminded  me  of  the 
practice  of  old  ladies  in  my  younger  days,  drinking  their  tea 
out  of  their  saucers,  as  I  have  often  seen  when  a  child." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  also  read 
a  paper  on  the  subject  in  general,  which  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia. 

Mr.  Hope's  paper  also  included  descriptions  of  each  object. 

The  following  summary  records  the  approximate  number  of 
vessels  forming  this  collection,  with  the  names  of  the  exhi- 
bitors : — 


56  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

MAZEKS. 

Whitgift's  Hospital,  Croydon      '  *         .         .         .1 
Armourers'  Company   .         .        .         .        .         .1 

Ironmongers'  Company         .       _.C -     .         .         .2 

A.  W.  Franks,  Esq 5 

Vicar  and  churchwardens  of  St.  Petrock's,  Exeter      1 

Warden  of  Harbledown  Hospital  ....     5 

(and  a  cover.) 

Dean  and  chapter  of  York 1 

Warden  and  fellows  of  All  Souls  College,  Oxford     5 

(and  two  covers.) 

Provost  and  fellows  of  Oriel  College,  Oxford          .     1 
Vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Holy  Trinity,  Col- 
chester    .         .         .        t        .         .         .        .1 
King  Edward  VI.'s  almshouses,  Saffron  Walden  .     1 
Vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Epworth,  Lincoln- 
shire          1 

Captain  Vyner     .        .        .        «  ,      .        .         .1 

Mrs.  Smith 1 

Eev.  H.  F.  St.  John 1 

Vicar  and  churchwardens  of  St.  Giles,  Cripplegate, 
London    ........     1 

W.  Jerdone  Braikenridge,  Esq 1 

Science  and  Art  Department,  South  Kensington 
Museum  .         .         .         .        .        .         .         .1 

Also  electrotypes  of 5 

Vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Fairford,  Gloucester- 
shire  1 

37 


The  following  miscellaneous  vessels  were  also  exhibited : — 

By  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  South  Kensington 
Museum. — Three  medieval  double  cups  of  maple  wood.  (See 
Cripps,  Old  English  Plate.  2nd  edition,  pp.  189-191.) 

By  H.  Syer  Cuming,  Esq. — A  plain  standing  cup  of  maple, 
metal  mount  lost. 

Height,  5  J  inches ;  diameter,  5|  inches. 
Date,  circa  1600. 

By  the  rector  and  churchwardens  of  Buckland,  Gloucester- 
shire.— A  standing  cup  of  lime  or  sycamore,  painted  white 
inside  and  marbled  green  outside.  Plain  silver  band  with 
scalloped  fringe,  inscribed — 


Jan.  21.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  57 

*  MAGISTEE  *  WINGFIELD  *  EECTOE  *  DE  * 
BVCKLAND  *  HVIC  *  POCVLO  *  ADDIDIT  * 
ALIQVID  *  OENATVS  *  *  WILLMVS  *  LONG 
MOEE  *  ME  *  FECIT  *  ANNO  *  DOMIN  *  1607. 

In  the  bottom  is  a  silver  plate,  2-fa  inches  in  diameter, 
engraved  with  four  broad  leaves,  upon  which  is  set  a  deep  ring, 
1^  inch  in  diameter,  enclosing  a  gilt  plate  engraved  with  the 
figure  of  St.  Margaret — apparently  in  part  the  print  of  a  medieval 
mazer. 

Silver  mount  on  foot. 

Height,  8  J  inches  ;  diameter,  7J  inches  ;  depth,  4J  inches. 

By  G.  W.  Marshall,  Esq.,  F.S.A.— Standing  cup  of  walnut, 
with  short  broad  foot.  Inscribed  on  side — 

Sibe  polum  ne  deffunde  Oscula 

Proximum  (sic) 

With  a  health  to  Jolley  Bacchus. 

Height,  11 J  inches  ;  depth,  7£  inches  ;  diameter,  lOf  inches. 

By  M.  Dpdington,  Esq. — Standing  cup  of  lignum  vita,  with 
a  cover,  on  a  short  broad  foot. 

Height,  8  inches ;  with  cover  10J  inches  ;  depth,  5-J-J  inches ; 
diameter,  8-^  inches. 

By  Henry  Bode,  Esq. — A  standing  cup  of  maple  wood  with 
a  cover,  19|  inches  high,  engraved  with  texts  and  heraldic 
devices.  See  Proc.  2d  S.  vii.  77,  where  the  cup  is  described  at 
length. 

Date,  temp.  James  I. 

By  Joseph  Clarke,  Esq.,  F.S.A. — A  drawing  of  a  similar  cup 
in  the  possession  of  his  family. 

By  the  Governors  of  Whitgift's  Hospital,  Croydon. — Three 
wooden  bowls,  probably  of  lime  or  sycamore,  about  7J  inches 
in  diameter,  and  between  4  and  5  inches  high,  painted  red 
inside,  and  in  red  and  white  bands  outside.  Each  has  a  short 
foot  and  bears  an  inscription  painted  in  black  on  a  white 
band : — 

1.  THIEST  §  SATISFIED  §  CEASE  § 

WHAT  §  SIEEA  §  HOLD  §  YOUE  §  PEASE  § 

2.  COMFOET  §  THE  §  COMFOETLES 

3.  FOEGET  §  NOT  §  THY  §  BEGINNING  § 
EEMEMBEE  §  THY  §  END. 

Date,  circa  1600. 


58  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

By  the  Governors  of  St.  John's  hospital,  Sandwich. — A  yew 
or  lignum  mice  bowl  of  considerable  thickness  and  not  inelegant 
shape,  apparently  of  late-seventeenth  century  date. 

It  once  had  a  narrow  band,  now  lost,  but  retains  a  singular 
print  * — a  thin  flat  plate  of  silver  gilt,  2  j--|  inches  in  diameter, 
with  an  engraving  of  a  woman  in  a  long  gown  and  unbound 
hair,  holding  in  her  left  hand  a  staff,  and  in  her  outstretched 
right  hand  a  bag -purse.  Round  the  rim  is  somewhat  rudely 
engraved  in  black  letter — 

pro  ata  Crtfttne  pifetfgtdj. 

A  woman  of  this  name  was  admitted  a  sister  of  the  hospital 
6  Hen.  V.,  and  she  probably  gave  the  original  mazer,  of  which 
this  was  the  print. 

Diameter,  8J-  inches  ;  height,  4r7^  inches  ;  depth,  4TV  inches. 

By  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  St.  John's,  Clerkenwell. 
— A  massive  ebony  bowl,  9|  inches  in  diameter  and  4-j-f  inches 
high,  lined  with  sheet  iron,  and  mounted  with  a  silver-gilt 
band  with  ornate  lower  edge,  inscribed 

DEO  ET  SACRIS.     He  that  believeth  fy  is  baptized,  shall  be 

saved. 

ST.  IOHN  CLERKENWELL   (a  wreath  and  two  crossed  palm- 
branches). 

The  only  mark  is  a  thrice-repeated  maker's  mark,  illegible. 
Date,  late-eighteenth  century. 
Probably  made  for  baptismal  purposes. 

By  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Wymeswold,  Leicester- 
shire.— A  silver  cup,  now  used  as  a  chalice,  but  perhaps 
originally  a  pyx  and  furnished  with  a  cover,  now  lost.  It  is 
represented  in  the  accompanying  illustration  (see  opposite). 
The  band  round  the  bowl  is  inscribed — 

SOLI  0  D60  0  HONOE  0  GT  0  GLOKI7L 

This  band,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  moldings  of  the  foot, 
bear  traces  of  gilding. 

This  interesting  cup  has  three  hall-marks  : — 

1 .  The  maker's,  a  comb  (?)  in  an  oblong. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned,  in  a  circle. 

3.  A  small  black-letter  p,  the  London  date-letter  for  1512 — 

1513. 

Height,  3 1  inches;    diameter  of  bowl,  4J  inches;  of  foot, 
inches. 

*  Engraved  in  Boys*  History  of  Sandwich  (1792),  part  i.  p.  125. 


Jan.  21.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


59 


By  the  governors  of  Whitgift's  Hospital,  Croydon. — A  silver- 
gilt  bowl,  mazer  wise,  8|  inches  in  diameter  and  3  J  inches  high, 
quite  plain,  with  a  simply  moulded  foot. 


CUP  USED  AS  A  CHALICE,  WYMESWOLD  CHURCH,  LEICESTERSHIRE. 

(Scale  f  linear.) 

At  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  a  print,  with  arms  of  see  of 
Canterbury  impaling  Whitgift.* 

Under  the  foot  the  arms  of  the  deanery  (x  on  a  cross)  im- 
paling Nevil — quarterly :  1,  a  saltire ;  2,  lozengy  a  canton 
(erm.)  ;  3,  a  lion  rampant  guttee ;  4  (erm.),  a  crescent ;  with  a 
quatrefoil  for  difference. 

Hall-marks : 

1.  The  maker's,  PP  in  a  plain  shield. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned. 

3.  The  lion  passant  gardant. 

4.  A  Lombardic  capital  B,  the  London  date-letter  for  1599 — 

1600. 

This  bowl  was  given  to  the  hospital  by  Thomas  Nevil,  dean 
of  Canterbury  1597—1615. 

The  governors  of  Whitgift's  Hospital  also  exhibited  a  silver 
cup  on  a  baluster  stem,  identical  in  shape  with  the  communion 
cups  of  the  period. 

Height,  6J  inches. 

*  John  Whitgift  was  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1583 — 1604. 


60  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Hall-marks : 

1.  A  Lombardic   capital  a,  the    London   date-letter    for 

1600—1. 

2.  The  lion  passant  gardant. 

3.  The  leopard's  head  crowned. 

4.  The  maker's  mark,  HD  with  a  cinquefoil  in  base,  in 

a  shaped  shield. 

By  Mrs.  Pinkerton. — An  Irish  '  mether,'  or  four-sided  drink- 
ing cup,  of  bog-oak. 

By  J.  T.  Danson,  Esq.,  F.S.A. — A  Burmese  silver  bowl,  used 
for  drinking  purposes. 

It  was  ordered  that  the  special  thanks  of  the  Society  be 
returned  to  the  several  contributors  to  this  exhibition,  and  to 
Mr.  Octavius  Morgan  and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  for  their 
communications. 


Thursday,  January  28th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be 
returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  His  Honour  Judge  Bayley,  F.S.A. :— The  Present  State  of  Europe  :  or, 
the  Historical  and  Political  Monthly  Mercury.  Vols.  i.  (2  parts),  iii.-xxxii., 
xxxiv.,  and  xxxvi.-xl.  4to.  London,  1690-1728. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — The  Majesty  of  London.  By  Edwin  De 
Lisle.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A. :— The  Journal  of  the  Society 
for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic  Studies.  Vol.  vi.  No.  2.  Text  8vo.,  and 
Plates  fol.  London,  1885. 

On  the  nomination  of  the  President  the  following  gentlemen 
were  appointed  as  Auditors  for  the  ensuing  year : — 

Charles  Matthew  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B. 
Edmund  Oldfield,  Esq. 
John  Henry  Middleton,  Esq. 
Albert  Hartshorne,  Esq. 

C.  DRURY  E.  FORTNUM,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  some  further  notice 
of  the  diamond  signet  of  Henrietta  Maria,  queen  of  Charles  I. ; 
of  the  king's  diamond  seal ;  and  of  the  sapphire  signet,  be- 
lieved to  be  that  of  Mary,  queen  of  William  III. 

Supplementary  to  his  former  paper  (Archaeologia,  vol.  xlvn. 


Jan.  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  61 

p.  392)  on  this  interesting  historic  relic,  and  as  additional  facts 
in  its  history,  letters  from  Mr.  Douce,  the  antiquary,  to  Thomas 
Kerrick — kindly  communicated  by  Albert  Hartshorne,  Esq., 
F.S.A. — of  the  16th  and  20th  June,  1817,  were  read  referring 
to  this  stone,  of  the  heraldry  on  which  Mr.  Douce  gives  a  sketch ; 
he  further  states  that  it  was  set  in  a  gold  ring,  and  was  to  be 
sold  by  auction  on  the  19th  June.  In  his  second  letter  he  states 
that  he  had  attended  the  sale  and  that  it  had  been  knocked  down 
for  the  sum  of  eighty-six  guineas.  This  sale,  it  appears,  took 
place  at  Mr.  Christie's  rooms  in  Pall  Mall,  by  order  of  the 
executors  of  the  late  Barrington  Pope  Blachford  (deceased),  and 
the  signet  was  purchased  by  Dr.  Curry. 

Mr.  Douce  also  refers  to  a  signet,  then  in  the  earl  of  Buchan's 
possession  and  believed  by  that  nobleman  to  be  that  of  Mary 
queen  of  Scots,  but  which  Douce  does  not  appear  to  have  seen.  It 
is,  however,  singular  that  the  earl  of  Buchan  does  not  appear  ever 
to  have  exhibited  or  described  it  at  the  meetings  of  the  Scotch 
Antiquarian  Society,  of  which  he  was  the  founder  and  ardent 
promoter.  It  would  appear,  however,  by  a  letter  from  Mon- 
signore  Searle,  that  the  earl  of  Buchan's  signet  was  stated  to  be 
a  '  ruby,'  and  that  after  his  death  it  was  exhibited  at  Holyrood, 
in  1843,  and  glass  copies  were  then  sold.  From  the  same  autho- 
rity it  would  seem  that  this  ring  was  subsequently  acquired  by 
the  Misses  Nutt,  by  whom  it  was  presented  to  the  late  cardinal 
Wiseman,  and  is  still  in  custody  at  the  archbishop's  house, 
Westminster.  By  the  courtesy  of  his  eminence,  cardinal 
Manning,  the  writer  of  the  paper,  accompanied  by  professor  A. 
H.  Church,  had  been  enabled  carefully  to  examine  it,  and  found 
it  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  red  glass  paste,  moulded  from  the 
Henrietta  Maria  diamond. 

Reference  was  also  made  to  other  copies  on  hard  stone  or 
paste,  on  all  of  which  the  M  is  barred  to  convert  it  into  a  mono- 
gram of  H  and  M. 

Mr.  Drury  Fortnum  exhibited  the  original  diamond,  and  casts 
of  all  the  copies  on  hard  stone  or  paste  which  had  come  under 
his  notice.  Further,  in  illustration  of  his  paper  and  by  the 
courtesy  of  its  fortunate  owner,  Miss  Hartshorne,  a  fine  ring 
was  exhibited,  set  with  an  oval  sapphire,  on  which  the  royal 
arms  of  England  (under  the  Stuarts)  is  engraved  between  the 
letters  M — plain — and  R.  This  was  believed  to  have  been  a 
signet  of  Henrietta  Maria's,  but  with  greater  probability  was 
regarded  as  that  of  Mary,  queen  of  William  III. 

Mr.  Albert  Hartshorne  exhibited  a  seal  of  the  earlier  years  of 
the  present  century,  carefully  executed,  having  the  same  royal 
shield  and  letters. 

On  the  subject  of  king  Charles's  diamond  seal,  reference  was 


62  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

made  to  letters  in  the  British  Museum  written  and  sealed  with 
a  signet  by  that  unhappy  king,  and  also  letters  of  Charles  II. 
on  which  the  same  signet  was  used,  and  which  there  is  every 
reason  to  believe  was  the  king's  diamond  seal  referred  to  in 
Mr.  Fortnum's  former  paper. 

Copies  of  this  seal,  together  with  the  other  impressions  exhi- 
bited, were  presented  by  him  to  the  Society. 

Mr.  Fortnum's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

THEODORE  DUKA,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.,  exhibited  an  African 
Ivory  Anklet,  and  a  Chinese  Cup  formed  out  of  part  of  a 
rhinoceros  horn,  of  which  he  gave  the  following  account : — 

"  The  ivory  anklet  and  the  rhinoceros  horn  cup,  now  before 
the  Society,  are  the  property  of  Mr.  Thomas  Cam,  of  Hereford. 
In  November  last  my  friend  mentioned  these  two  specimens  as 
forming  part  of  his  valuable  collection,  and  he  was  kind  enough 
to  entrust  them  to  me  that  I  might  have  an  opportunity  of 
showing  them  to  friends  in  London,  and  of  eliciting  any  in- 
formation about  them. 

The  notes  which  I  have  the  honour  of  submitting  were  in 
part  furnished  by  Mr.  Cam. 

The  ivory  anklet  has  been  for  many  years  in  the  possession  of 
Mr.  Cam's  family.  It  weighs  2  Ibs.  OJ  oz.  avoirdupois,  and 
measures  3J  inches  in  height,  and  15  inches  in  circumference. 
Its  greatest  diameter  is  5  inches,  and  that  of  the  aperture,  which 
is  oval  and  roughly  scooped,  2J  inches.  On  the  outside  is  in- 
scribed— 

Cap]  Tom  a  very  Good  Trader  Coomy  ^0 
Copperf  tha*  (a  face). 

The  meaning  is  not  quite  clear,  but  it  is  suggested  that  this 
anklet  was  removed  from  a  slave  on  board  the  4  Captain  Tom,' 
on  her  way  to  Peru,  from  which  country  it  was  brought  to 
England  in  the  last  century  with  some  other  curiosities,  by 
a  relative  of  Mr.  Cam. 

With  reference  to  these  anklets  we  find  the  following  note  by 
Adolphe  Burdo,  the  African  traveller,  in  his  work,  *  A  Voyage 
up  the  Niger  and  Benueh,'  page  173. 

6  The  large  ivory  anklets,  which  the  wealthy  negresses  of  the 
Niger  wear,  are  not  mere  ornaments,  but  serve  as  a  sort  of  oath 
of  fidelity.  They  are  the  equivalent  of  the  wedding-rings  in 
Europe,  but  with  this  difference,  that  while  the  ring  may  easily 
be  lost,  the  negress's  anklet  is  fixed  for  life  on  her  leg  or  legs. 
It  is  not  a  very  pleasant  thing  to  wear.  Far  from  it.  The 
weight  of  a  piece  of  ivory,  scooped  out  of  the  largest  part  of  an 
elephant's  tusk,  and  reaching  from  the  ankle  to  the  calf  of  the 


Jan.  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  63 

leg,  may  be  easily  imagined.     The  hole  is  just  large  enough  to 
put  the  foot  through,  but  not  without  pain  and  difficulty. 

Burdensome  as  the  adornment  is  to  a  woman,  who,  should 
she  give  it  away,  sell  it  or  break  it  by  accident,  would  be  con- 
sidered to  have  been  faithless  to  her  duties;  she  would  be 
repudiated,  driven  away  with  contempt,  and  it  is  likely  enough 
that  a  mere  misadventure  might  be  interpreted  as  a  crime  that 
would  cost  her  her  life.  I  have  more  than  once  tried,  adds 
Adolphe  Burdo,  to  secure  one  of  these  famous  rings,  in  exchange 
for  stuffs  and  beads,  the  sight  of  which  was  in  the  highest 
degree  tempting  to  the  women,  but  I  never  succeeded  in  getting 
one.  They  would  readily  have  given  me  all  their  gewgaws  but 
would  not  part  with  their  anklets  for  the  world.  Nothing 
alarms  them  so  much  as  to  ask  for  them.' 

The  rhinoceros  horn  cup  comes  originally  from  China,  as  the 
beautifully  shaped  letters  thereon  testify.  It  was  purchased 
some  years  ago,  at  a  curiosity  shop  in  Brighton,  with  other 
objects. 

The  cup  represents  the  flower  of  the  Hibiscus  Manihot,  one  of  the 
Malvaceae — a  pentapetaloid  imbricated  corolla,  having  the  stigma 
with  the  seed-vessel  marked.  On  the  outside  is  the  calyx  with 
its  sepals,  and  the  leaves  and  buds  twining  around  the  corolla. 
The  circumference  of  the  orifice,  representing  the  base  of  a  very 
large  horn,  is  oval,  or  perhaps  rather  trapezoidal  with  rounded 
corners,  with  major  and  minor  axes  of  7  and  6  inches  respect- 
ively. Near  the  rim  the  horny  substance  is  coarse,  but  at  the 
bottom  it  is  smooth  and  perfectly  translucent. 

The  following  is  the  translation  of  the  Chinese  inscription 
thereon,  which  appears  in  two  columns  : — 

6  In  the  cj^clical  year  of  Kya-hu  *  of  the  reign  of  Wan-leih 
(1594),  Paru-jen-pung  cut  this  out  and  Chung  -  laon  -  sang 
fashioned  it.' 

This  carved  rhinoceros-horn  cup,  I  present  to  you,  Sir,  for 
your  feast ;  my  mind  is  confused  and  weak,  but  your  intellect, 
Sir,  is  as  luminous  as  the  sun.  Wang-pih-yuh.' 

In  Fosbroke's  Cyclopaedia  of  Antiquities,  vol.  ii.  p.  728,  we 
find  it  stated  concerning  cups  made  of  rhinoceros  horn  that 
already  the  ancient  Komans,  who  were  endowed  with  wealth, 
made  use  of  these  vessels  for  pouring  water  in  the  baths,  and 
as  drinking-cups,  and  we  also  learn  that  amulets  were  carved 
out  of  this  substance. 

The  English  Cyclopaedia  of  Natural  History,  vol.  iv.  p.  590, 

*  The  wood-horse  year,  the  31st  cyclical  year. 


64  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


gives  a  description  by  Ctesias  of  oVo?  'Iz^/co?,  the  Indian  ass, 
which  in  part  is  referable  to  the  rhinoceros.  He  says  that  these 
animals  are  as  large  as  horses  and  larger,  having  a  horn  on  the 
forehead,  one  cubit  long,  which,  for  the  extent  of  two  palms 
from  the  forehead,  is  entirely  white  ;  above,  it  is  pointed  and 
red,  being  black  in  the  middle.  Of  this  horn  drinking-cups  are 
formed,  and  those  who  use  them  are  said  not  to  be  subject  to 
spasm  or  epilepsy  nor  to  the  effects  of  poison,  provided,  either 
before  or  after  taking  the  poison,  they  drink  out  of  the  cup  wine, 
water,  or  any  other  liquid. 

One  of  the  Arabian  annalists,  El  Kazwini,  has,  I  understand, 
much  to  say  about  the  magical  and  curative  properties  of  these 
cups  ;  a  fuller  notice  of  them  appears  in  Lane's  Arabian  Nights, 
chap.  xx.  note  32.  It  is  also  stated  that  most  of  the  Eastern 
potentates  possessed  one  of  these  cups.  In  Hyder  Ali's  treasury 
at  Tanjore  was  found  a  specimen. 

In  *  Uganda  and  the  Egyptian  Soudan,'  by  the  Rev.  C.  T. 
"Wilson  and  R.  W.  Felkin,  vol.  ii.  p.  275,  we  read  :  — 

i  Cups  made  of  rhinoceros  horn  are  supposed  to  have  the 
peculiar  virtue  of  detecting  poison  in  coffee  and  sherbet.  Often, 
when  drinking  for  the  first  time  in  a  strange  house,  one  of  these 
cups  is  offered  to  assure  the  visitor  that  no  foul  play  is  con- 
templated. Sugal  Bey,  says  the  author,  gave  me  several  of 
them.  These  cups  are  considered  most  valuable  presents  and  a 
mark  of  lasting  friendship  and  esteem.' 

Another  author,  Sir  John  F.  Davis,  in  his  work  on  the 
Chinese,  tells  us  that:  '  On  some  occasions  of  peculiar  ceremony 
the  feast  is  closed  by  drinking  from  a  cup  scooped  from  the 
rhinoceros  horn.' 

The  Arabian  writers  inform  us  that  this  substance  has  often 
been  used  for  drinking-cups  of  Asiatic  potentates,  it  being  sup- 
posed to  sweat  on  the  approach  of  poison. 

In  the  British  Museum  there  are,  I  believe,  four  specimens 
of  rhinoceros-horn  cups,  belonging  originally  to  the  Sloane  Col- 
lection. Two  of  the  cups  are  quite  plain  and  very  small,  being 
made,  evidently,  of  horns  belonging  to  young  animals  ;  the  third 
cup  is  somewhat  larger,  but  beautifully  ornamented  with  gold  —  all 
three  are  sessile.  The  fourth  cup  has  a  long  shape,  like  the 
beautiful  specimen  kindly  lent  for  this  occasion  by  Dr.  Murie, 
of  the  Linnean  Society  ;  the  outside  of  these  long-shaped  cups 
presents  ornamental  carving  of  leaves,  and  flowers,  and  birds, 
like  that  of  Mr.  Cam.  There  are  also  several  specimens  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.  Imitations  of  rhinoceros-horn 
cups  are  made  by  the  Chinese  in  porcelain,  which  appear  to  be 
used  in  libations  both  religious  and  secular.'" 


Jan.  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  65 

The  Kev.  C.  H.  EVELYN  WHITE,  by  permission  of  Buchanan 
Scott,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  Reliquary  of  Italian  or  Sicilian  work- 
manship. It  consists  of  a  case  or  framework  of  ebonized  wood, 
with  gilt  scroll  ornaments  at  the  top  and  sides,  containing  an 
elaborate  representation  of  the  Doom  and  other  subjects,  formed 
of  many  hundred  small  figures  arranged  in  groups.  The  figures 
are  apparently  made  of  some  kind  of  composition,  but  wood, 
wool,  small  teeth,  and  other  natural  products  are  also  used. 
The  whole  is  enriched  with  gold  and  colour,  and  the  divisions 
between  the  groups  are  set  with  pearls  and  real  or  imitation 
stones.  On  the  front  of  the  case  are  four  small  cells  covered 
with  glass  and  crystal  and  containing  relics.  The  principal 
one  is  on  the  base  of  the  frame,  and  contains  seven  minute 
pieces  of  bone,  labelled  respectively : 

S.  CONCOED.  S.  COSMI. 

S.  CIEIACI.  S.  DEODATI.  S.  LEONARD. 

S.  MAXIMI.  S.  FELICIS. 

The  date  of  this  work  may  be  set  down  at  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  CHEALES,  Local  Secretary  for  Lincolnshire, 
exhibited  a  number  of  Roman  and  other  remains  found  at  Wil- 
loughby,  Lincolnshire,  of  whose  discovery  he  gave  the  following 
account : 


/,  the  place  where  the  fragments  before  us  have 
recently  been  found,  is  a  village  on  the  extreme  edge  of  the 
East  Lincolnshire  wolds,  a  station  on  the  East  Lincolnshire 
Kailway,  distant  three  miles  from  the  market-town  of  Alford. 

The  (discovery  of  these  specimens  of  Roman  tiles,  pottery  and 
bronze,  is  in  consequence  of  a  cutting  made  last  spring  during 
the  construction  of  a  branch  line  from  Willoughby  to  the  coast 
at  Sutton,  and  is  due  to  the  exertions  of  a  resident  farmer,  Mr. 
Bradshaw,  who  has  with  great  perseverance  watched  the  pro- 
gress of  spade  and  pick ;  and  at  some  trouble  from  obstruction 
by  the  workmen  has  secured,  I  believe,  almost  everything  of 
interest  which  has  been  unearthed. 

The  cutting  was  made  through  the  surface  of  a  mound  about 
30  feet  above  the  level  of  the  plain,  into  which  it  gradually 
drops.  It  is,  in  fact,  the  very  last  slope  of  the  wold  into  that 
long  and  broad  strip  of  fertile  plain  which  skirts  the  whole 
east  coast  of  Lincolnshire  between  wold  and  sea,  from  Grimsby 
to  Wainfleet,  and  is  known  by  the  name  of '  The  Marsh.' 

The  cutting  is  150  yards  in  length ;  greatest  depth,  5J  feet. 
That  portion  of  it  in  which  these  remains  were  found  is  through 
a  soil  which  has  evidently  been  disturbed  before,  being  mixed 

VOL-  xi.  F 


66  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

with  ashes,  black  and  red  earth,  bits  of  chalk,  and  charcoal, 
oyster-shells,  bones,  and  fragments  of  pottery.  No  traces  of 
building  or  pavement  in  situ  have  appeared  yet ;  but  I  am 
strongly  of  opinion  that  the  site  of  the  habitation,  the  back 
premises  of  which,  probably,  this  cutting  has  pierced,  may  be 
discovered  by  exploration  of  the  adjoining  ploughed  field,  sloping 
down  towards  the  plain,  which  is  sprinkled  over  with  fragments 
of  brick  and  pottery,  &c.5  and  in  which  about  60  yards  east  of 
the  cutting  is  a  spring,  still  discharging  water  in  wet  seasons, 
and  which  would,  likely  enough,  be  connected  with  the  selection 
of  the  spot  for  habitation. 

Since  writing  this  I  hear  from  Mr.  Bradshaw,  c  There  are 
two  fine  springs  of  good  water  ....  In  carrying  away  the 
water  by  an  under-drain  we  threw  out  a  great  many  bones  of 
animals  of  a  large  size.' 

He  says  also,  '  No  doubt  the  hill  is  a  natural  formation,  but 
there  are  traces  of  raised  earthwork  on  the  south  side.  The 
cutting  crosses  this  to  the  depth  of  5  feet,  showing  clearly  it  to 
be  artificial.' 

The  position  is  just  one  likely  to  be  chosen  in  Roman,  Saxon, 
or  medieval  times.  Along  the  whole  face  of  this  east  arm  of 
the  wolds  there  are  many  instances — as  at  Gunby,  Hanby,  and 
Thoresby — where,  on  a  spur  of  the  wold  just  where  it  rises  out 
of  the  marsh,  vestiges  remain  of  an  old  hall  or  manor,  which 
was  more  or  less  of  a  stronghold. 

The  nature  of  the  locality  leads  me  to  conjecture  that  this 
was  the  site  of  a  military  outpost  in  connection  with  the  Roman 
station  at  Burgh -le-Marsh,  distant  three  miles  south. 

It  is  just  here  that  the  south-east  wold  runs  down  into  ' the 
marsh'  in  a  sort  of  obtuse-ended  promontory — the  nearest 
advance  of  hill  land  to  the  sea  along  the  whole  coast — and  form- 
ing an  excellent  position  from  which  to  command  the  plain 
below,  and  a  point  of  observation  against  any  landing  from  the 
sea  which  lies  right  in  front  at  only  about  four  miles  distance. 
The  position  was,  we  know,  utilised  in  case  of  Burgh,  where  was 
a  military  post  in  touch  with  the  naval  port  '  Vainona  '  (Wain- 
fleet,  three  and  a-half  miles),  and  guarding  the  saltworks  there 
(vestiges  of  which  are  still  clearly  manifest  on  the  old  sea-bank 
in  Wainfleet  and  Friskney),  and  also  the  road  which  led  from 
them  to  Bannovallum  (supposed  to  be  Horncastle)  and  Lindum. 
This  Bannovallum  stood  eighteen  miles  from  the  coast  north- 
west. The  *  Vallum  ?  on  '  Bannus,'  now  '  the  Bain,'  just  where 
that  little  trout-stream  leaves  the  hills  and  enters  the  low 
valley  which  widens  down  through  Woodhall  to  Wildmoor  Fen. 
The  Saxon  name  is  even  more  suggestive  than  the  Roman,  Horn 
or  Hurn-castle,  the  fort  on  the  bend  or  elbow  made  by  the  June- 


Jan.  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  67 

tion  of  the  Bain  with  a  tributary  stream.  The  '  lingua,'  or 
angle  of  land  between  the  two,  explains  the  choice  of  the  spot  as 
a  Roman  position. 

The  memory  of  this  road  from  the  Wainfleet  saltpans  to 
Bannovallum  still  survives  in  the  name  l  Salters'  Gate,'  to  this 
day  borne  by  a  lane  leading  inland  from  the  salt-pans.  The 
post  at  Burgh  guarding  that  would  guard  also  the  Roman  sea- 
bank  which  ran  northward  from  Wainfleet  through  Croft  and 
Skegness,  and  of  which  both  the  traces  and  the  name  still  remain 
in  those  parishes. 

Of  this  bank,  Saunders  (Hist  Line.  1836)  says  (on  the  autho- 
rity of  Stukely)— 

6  The  Eoman  '  sea-bank,  made  probably  under  Catus 
Decianus,  enters  the  wapentake  of  Candleshoe  at  Friskney, 
runs  in  nearly  a  straight  line  through  that  parish  to  Wainfleet 
St.  Mary,  and  is  denominated  the  '  High  Street.' 

I  can  bear  witness  to  that  name  still  being  applied  to  the 
straight  footpath  through  my  parish  (Friskney)  from  north  to 
south.  Near  it  there  are  many  evidences  of  circular  hut- 
dwellings,  marked  by  burnt  earth,  shells,  and  pottery,  and 
close  by  the  road  the  Roman-British  vase  was  dug  up,  which 
was  exhibited  here  with  other  pottery  four  years  ago. 

The  road  ran  along  the  top  of  the  natural  sea-bank  (now 
one  and  a  quarter  miles  inland)  to  Wainfleet,  from  which  point 
the  Romans  continued  it  by  an  artificial  bank  northward. 

This,  as  Saunders  says,  '  passes  through  Croft  and  Skegness 
to  Ingoldmells ;  from  thence  it  was  probably  carried  along  the 
coast  till  it  communicated  with  the  foss-way  at  Saltfleet.  This 
place  still  shows  evident  tokens  of  an  ancient  harbour  and 
artificial  defences  against  the  sea.  The  *  marsh'  was  then,  i.e.  in 
the  early  days  of  Roman  occupation,  as  the  survival  of  the 
name  reminds  us,  owing  to  the  incursions  of  the  sea  at  high 
tides,  impracticable  for  the  march  of  heavy  armoured  soldiers, 
and  served,  like  the  fens  afterwards  to  Hereward  and  his 
Saxons,  as  a  camp  of  refuge  for  the  native  Britons.  Indeed, 
this  very  district  seems  alluded  to  in  the  words  of  Herodian, 
stating  the  reasons  of  the  Roman  works  to  bank  out  the  sea ' — 
'  Britannise  pleraque  loca  frequentibus  oceani  alluvionibus 
paludescunt.  Per  eas  igitur  paludes  barbari  ipsi  natant  excur- 
santque  ad  ilia  usque  demersi.' 

After  the  '  marsh '  was  reclaimed  by  the  sea-bank  (above 
mentioned),  it  is  not  improbable  that  small  military  stations 
would  be  placed  all  along  the  east  face  of  the  wold — at  such  a 
spot  as  Willoughby ;  especially  if,  as  I  conjecture,  it  stood  on 
one  of  the  roads  leading  from  the  coast. 

F2 


68  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Of  this  road,  Saunders,  Hist.  Line.  p.  13,  says, — '  From 
Burgh  there  was  a  Roman  road  to  Caistor  which  passed  to  the 
east  of  Gunby  Hall ;  it  then  proceeded  in  a  direct  line  to 
Ulceby  Furze  Hill,  where  there  wras  an  encampment;  from 
thence  it  went  by  Calceby  to  South  Ormsby,  where  there  was 
another  encampment,  a  description  of  which  is  given  in  Gough's 
edition  of  Camden's  Britannia;  it  crossed  the  Fossway  at 
Ludford  and  thence  by  Binbrook  to  Caistor.' 

What  Burgh  was  on  the  south  side  of  this  promontory 
Willoughby  would  be  on  the  north  side.  As  the  former  com- 
manded the  lowlands  for  many  miles  southwards  no  advance 
could  be  made  along  the  plain  from  the  north  without  being 
observed  from  the  Willoughby  mound.  With  these  two  points 
held  no  enemy  could  approach  north  or  south  or  pass  along  the 
strip  of  marsh  between  them  and  the  sea,  or  land  on  the  coast 
unobserved. 

The  advantages  of  the  site  at  Willoughby  were  recognised  by 
the  Danes,  who  have  left  relics  of  their  occupation,  not  only  in 
the  affix  of  '  by,'  but  also  in  the  remains  of  a  camp,  harp- 
shaped,  enclosing  about  four  and  a  half  acres,  with  vallum  ten 
feet  high  and  ditch,  which  is  plainly  visible  still  about  three 
hundred  yards  south  of  this  cutting. 

I  have  added  a  rough  plan  taken  from  the  Ordnance  map,  and 
with  distances  as  therein  given,  to  show  the  relative  position  of 
places  alluded  to  above. 

Of  the  articles  secured  by  Mr.  Bradshaw  I  have  selected  a 
few,  which  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  this  evening. 

Among  them  are  some  pieces  of  tiles,  scored  with  diagonal 
patterns  ;  two  fragments  of  flue-tiles,  scored  with  deep  vertical 
lines ;  two  with  moulding.  Also  various  fragments  of  coarse 
pottery,  one  of  which,  a  flat  circular  dish,  is  nearly  perfect.  The 
bottoms  of  two  of  the  vessels  are  perforated  like  colanders. 

Among  the  specimens  of  red  Samian,  or,  rather,  Arretine 
ware,  is  a  fragment  showing  a  well-moulded  6  lion's  head,'  the 
mouth  of  which  was  the  outlet  for  the  liquid  out  of  the  shallow 
circular  vessel  of  which  this  was  a  part. 

On  two  of  the  fragments  are  signs  of  the  potter's  mark.  On 
one  only  the  letters  viv  remain.  The  other  the  mark  entire, 
though  faint,  seems  to  give  the  letters  ENT — ORF. 

Among  the  metal  articles,  some  of  which  are  of  the  Roman 
period,  and  others  later,  are — 

1.  A  coin  of  the  reign  of  Hadrian. 

2.  A  pin  3  inches  long,  square  head. 

3.  A  curious  fragment  of  bronze  6  inches  long,  with  a  gro- 
tesque head  at  one  end — perhaps  a  portion  of  a  horse's  bit. 

The  field  through  which  the  cutting  has  been  made  is  the 


Feb.  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  69 

property  of  Lady  Willoughby  d'Eresby,  and  I  have  no  doubt 
that  her  ladyship  would  allow  of  examination  of  the  ground 
with  a  view  to  future  discoveries." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  February  4th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to  be 
returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.S.A. :- Forty-Two  volumes  on 
Egyptian  Antiquities  from  the  Library  of  the  late  Samuel  Birch,  Esq., 
D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  Keeper  of  the  Egyptian  and  Oriental  Antiquities  in 
the  British  Museum. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Asclepiad.    No.  9,  Vol.  iii.    8vo.    London,  1886. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— -The  English  Catholic  Nonjurors  of  1715. 
Edited  by  the  late  Very  Rev.  E.  E.  Estcourt,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  and  J.  O.  Payne, 
M.A.  8vo.  London  [1885]. 

From  the  Editor,  Ernest  E.  Baker,  Esq. : — A  True  and  most  Dreadfull  Discourse 
of  a  Woman  possessed  with  the  Devill,  at  Dichet,  in  Somersetshire.  A.D. 
1584.  [Reprint].  8vo.  Weston-super-Mare,  1886. 

From  His  Honour  Judge  Bayley,  F.S.A. : — The  European  Magazine,  from  the 
commencement  in  January,  1782,  to  July,  1825,  inclusive,  87  vols. 

From  the  Author  : — Five  Court  Rolls  of  Great  Cressingham,  in  the  county  of 
Norfolk.  By  H.  W.  Chandler,  M.A.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

A  vote  of  special  thanks  was  awarded  to  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq., 
and  to  his  honour  Judge  Bayley,  for  their  valuable  presents  to 
the  Library. 

At  8'45  p.m.  the  meeting  was  made  Special  for  the  election 
of  a  Secretary. 

The  PRESIDENT  explained  that  the  office  of  Secretary,  about 
to  be  filled  up,  was  an  entirely  new  one  under  the  revised 
Statutes,  and  in  no  way  resembling  the  office  held  by  former 
Secretaries  of  the  Society,  inasmuch  as  the  duties  were  entirely 
honorary. 

Alfred  Charles  King,  Esq.,  and  Edward  William  Brabrook, 
Esq.,  were  nominated  by  the  President  and  appointed  Scrutators 
of  the  ballot,  which  was  declared  to  be  opened. 


70 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1886, 


J.  PAUL  RYLANDS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of  H.  A.  de 
Colyar,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  massive  gilt  bronze  King  of  pope 
Paul  II.  (1464-1471)* 

It  is  1  inch  deep,  1^  inch  broad,  and  2  inches  long,  and 
incloses,  instead  of  a  stone,  a  square  flat  piece  of  sapphire-blue 


GILT  BRONZE  KING  OF  POPE  PAUL  II.  (1464-1471.)      (Full  size.) 

glass.  On  each  side  of  the  ring  are  two  shields,  flanked  by  the 
Evangelistic  symbols  as  supporters ;  the  one  with  the  keys  and 
tiara  of  the  see  of  Rome,  supported  by  the  angel  and  the  ox ; 
the  other  with  the  three  fleurs-de-lis  of  France,  supported  by  the 
lion  and  the  eagle,  and  surmounted  by  a  crown.  The  hoop  is 
inscribed 

PAVLVS  •  PP  •  SECVMDVS. 

The  use  of  these  large  rings  is  described  in  the  following 
notes  kindly  communicated  by  Octavius  Morgan,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — 

"I  see  Mr.  Eylands  is  to  exhibit  a  ring  of  pope  Paul  II.  ;  I 
suppose  one  of  the  large  massive  papal  rings,  of  which  I  have  a 
series  extending  through  the  fifteenth  century.  I  have  two  of 
Paul  II.,  and  Mr.  Chany  has  also  a  third,  of  which  I  have  made 
a  drawing.  The  investiture  ring  of  the  pope,  which  is  placed 
on  his  finger  when  he  is  elected,  is  a  '  fisherman's  ring,'  annulus 
piscatoris,  which  he  wears  during  his  life.  This  is  broken  up 
at  his  death,  and  a  fresh  one  prepared  for  his  successor.  It  is 
of  gold. 

These  large  massive  rings  of  gilt  bronze,  with  false  stones, 

*  A  very  similar  ring  of  pope  Pius  II.  (1458-1464),  the  immediate  predecessor 
of  Paul  II.,  is  engraved  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1848,  p.  599. 


Feb.  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  71 

were  given  by  the  popes  to  the  personages  whom  they  invested 
with  fiefs.  They  have  long  been  a  great  puzzle,  and  I  have 
taken  much  trouble  to  work  out  their  history  and  meaning, 
which  I  heard  from  Castellani,  who  had  several,  which  I 
should  like  to  have  had,  but  he  asked  an  enormous  price  for 
them.  I  have  an  impression  of  the  '  fisherman's  ring  '  of  the 
Ute  pope,  Leo  XII.,  which  Waterton  got  for  me.  There  are 
several  of  the  large  rings  in  his  collection  at  the  South  Kensing- 
ton museum.  My  rings  weigh  half  a  pound  each,  so  massive 
and  Urge  are  they." 

Mr.  de  Colyar's  ring  weighs  7*5  oz.  troy. 

ALEXANDER  PECKOVER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  4to. 
Codex  cf  the  New  Testament  in  Greek.  It  measures  6  inches 
by  5  inches,  and  consist  of  240  leaves,  on  vellum,  in  somewhat 
minute  but  well-written  characters.  The  book  of  the  Revela- 
tions of  fct.  John  is  omitted. 

At  the  commencement  of  each  of  the  Gospels  is  an  illumina- 
tion, representing  the  Evangelist  who  wrote  it  ;  that  of  St. 
John  shoFs  the  Apostle  dictating  to  the  deacon  Prochorus,  with 
the  hill  of  Patmos  in  the  distance. 

On  the  ^ast  leaf  is  written  in  uncial  characters  :  — 

69  rjSvs  TO?<?  TrXeovaiv  6  evSios  \i, 

fL7)V  OVTWS  Kttt  TO49  rypdfyoVCTlV 

c  eV%«T09  O-T^O?  %<  'IcpANNIKlOT  MO 
>&  NAXOT  tfr 

The  dare  of  this  MS.  is  circa  1100. 


C.   DRURY  E.  FORTNUM,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,   exhibited  the  gi 
bronze  seal  of  cardinal  Andrea  de  Valle,  1517,  which  he  full 


ilt 
lly 

described,  comparing  it  in  its  artistic  character  with  bronze  casts 
from  three  other  seals  of  approximately  the  same  date,  made  for 
cardinals  created  under  Leo  X.  Two  of  these  are  published  in 
Mr.  Fortnum's  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Bronzes  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum,  viz.,  that  made  for  cardinal  Giulio 
de'  Medici  (afterwards  pope  Clement  VII.),  subsequently  used 
by  cardinal  Hippolito  de'  Medici,  and  that  made  for  cardinal 
Gulielmus  Raymundus  de  Vich. 

The  third,  believed  by  him  to  be  hitherto  unpublished,  a  work 
of  great  beauty,  was  made  for  cardinal  Egidius,  of  the  same 
creation,  in  1517. 

The  similarity  in  style  and  composition  of  the  subjects,  and  the 
like  admirable  treatment  of  the  figures  and  details,  would  lead 
to  the  inference  that  all  four  are  by  the  same  masterly  hand. 

Benvenuto  Cellini  tells  us,  in  his  autobiography  and  in  his 


72  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

treatise  on  Goldsmiths'  Work,  that  previous  to  1525  nearly  all  the 
great  cardinals'  seals,  the  artistic  beauty  of  which  he  highly  extols, 
were  produced  by  a  Perugian  artist,  one  Lautizio,  then  working 
in  Rome.  We  have  no  other  notice  of  this  artist ;  but  the  size 
of  the  seals,  and  the  excellence  of  their  art,  agreeing  with 
Cellini's  description,  and  the  correspondence  in  artistic  character 
of  the  four  seals  described  lead  to  the  inference  that  they  wers 
the  handiwork  of  that  artist,  of  whose  great  ability  they  afford 
palpable  evidence.  So  admirable,  indeed,  is  the  proof  casi  of 
cardinal  Giulio  de'  Medici's  seal,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr. 
J.  C.  Robinson,  F.S.A.,  that  it  had  been  declared  a  work  of 
Cellini's  own  hand,  an  opinion  which  Mr.  Fortnum  aid  not 
share,  believing  it  to  be  of  earlier  and  better  time.  In  this  he 
is  supported  by  the  unanswerable  evidence  of  dates,  that  cardinal 
having  been  created  in  1513,  when  Cellini  was  a  boy  of  thirteen 
years  of  age ;  and  it  was  not  till  his  second  visit  to  Rome,  in 
1523,  that  he  refers  to  the  beauty  of  Lautizio's  woik,  which 
excites  his  emulation;  after  considerable  difficulty,  Cellini, 
about  1525,  and  subsequently,  produced  works  of  cognate 
character.  Two  of  these  are  known  from  casts,  viz.,  that  made 
for  the  cardinal  of  Mantua  in  1528,  and  that  for  Hippolito 
d'Este,  cardinal  of  Ferrara,  made  in  1538,  illustrations  of  both 
of  which  are  given  in  M.  Plon's  great  work  on  Cellini.  In  both 
of  these  the  art  is  of  a  later  character,  wanting  in  that  harmony 
of  composition  and  repose,  doubtless  from  Umbrian  influence, 
which  we  see  on  the  seals  described  and  attributed  by  the  writer 
to  Lautizio. 

The  fact  that  many  of  these  seals  were  formed  of  siker  would 
account  for  so  few  survivals  to  our  time ;  the  de  Valle  seal 
is  fortunately  of  baser  metal  though  of  equal  artistic  merit. 

Mr.  Fortnum's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Professor  CHANDLER  communicated  the  following  paper  on 
the  value  of  Court  Rolls,  which  was  read  by  Lord  Justice  Fry : 

"  If  any  class  of  people  ever  deserved  to  have  its  history 
written  with  care  and  exactness  it  is  the  English  commonalty, 
for  they  have  founded  the  grandest,  and,  on  the  whole,  the  most 
beneficent  Empire  the  world  has  ever  seen.  Grant  what  praise 
you  will  to  the  leaders  and  contrivers  of  this  splendid  result, 
still  praise  as  great  is  fairly  due  to  those  who  followed  and 
seconded  such  leaders.  With  ill-disciplined  and  spiritless  troops 
the  best  of  commanders  can  do  little,  and  such  a  battle  as  that  of 
Inkermann  would  have  been  blankly  impossible  to  any  soldiers 
but  our  own.  The  class  from  which  these  heroic  men  were 
drawn  was,  in  the  main,  the  same  as  that  which  furnished  the 
archers  at  Cressy  and  Agincourt,  the  bowmen  and  billmen  at 


Feb.  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  73 

Towton  and  Tewkesbury,  the  rank  and  file  on  both  sides — 
Cavalier  and  Roundhead  alike— in  the  Civil  War,  the  men  who 
fought  and  conquered  at  Blenheim  and  Ramillies,  at  Trafalgar, 
and  at  Waterloo.  This  class,  I  repeat,  deserves  to  have  its 
history  written  fairly,  fully,  truthfully.  Had  the  records  of  the 
various  manors  of  England  been  preserved  in  their  entirety,  we 
should  have  had  in  them  ample  materials  for  such  a  history. 
They  would  have  told  us  how  these  gallant  men  were  bred  and 
trained,  they  would  have  shown  every  step  in  the  process  by 
which  those,  who  by  a  natural  right  govern  others,  gained  that 
right  by  first  learning  how  to  govern  themselves.  We  should 
have  seen  how  as  men  became  fit  for  freedom  they  obtained 
freedom  in  fact,  though  perhaps  not  always  in  name.  These 
records  would  have  told  us  what  were  the  peasant  tenures, 
their  customs,  their  services  and  rents,  their  daily  occupations ; 
we  should  have  known  how  they  were  housed,  fed,  and  clothed, 
and,  what  is  infinitely  more  important,  how  they  gained  or 
improved  those  priceless  qualities  of  courage,  vigilance, 
honesty,  and  self-reliance,  which  have  enabled  Englishmen  to 
do  more  than  was  ever  done  before  in  this  world's  story.  We 
should,  in  short,  have  known  accurately  in  minutest  detail  how 
that  sterling  class  was  trained  without  which  England  could 
neither  have  been  fed  nor  defended.  What  a  history  it 
would  have  been !  Not  one  of  those  one-sided,  vapid  lifeless 
things  which  pass  for  histories  now-a-days,  but  a  vivid, 
stirring,  honest  picture  drawn  from  the  very  life.  All  this 
might  have  been  extracted  from  our  manorial  records, 
and  much  more  of  minor  importance,  it  is  true,  yet  still  of 
extraordinary  interest.  Topography,  genealogy,  social  life, 
manners,  and  customs,  our  mother  tongue — all  these  would 
have  been  illustrated.  Were  these  records  complete  we  should 
probably  be  able  to  map  out  England  into  its  several  manors,  a 
thing  which  would  throw  light  on  many  a  question  now  obscure. 
With  respect  to  genealogy,  manorial  rolls  are  invaluable,  and 
as  from  an  early  date  men  of  all  ranks  had  holdings  in  manors, 
the  pedigrees  that  could  have  been  compiled  from  them  would 
not  have  been  those  of  peasants  merely ;  and  even  if  they  had 
been,  it  would  be  found,  I  believe,  that  thousands  of  these 
peasants  had  an  ancestry  less  rich  in  worldly  goods  than  their 
social  superiors,  yet  not  less  illustrious  either  for  virtue  or  for 
valour.  By  the  help  of  some  stray  rolls  it  has  lately  been  dis- 
covered that  the  family  of  John  Bunyan  could,  when  he  was 
born,  boast  an  antiquity  of  four  hundred  years  in  the  county  of 
Bedford.  What  would  one  not  give  for  an  accurate  and  ample 
pedigree  of  Shakespeare  ?  It  would  be  one  of  the  most  interest- 
ing things  in  the  world,  and  we  might  have  had  it,  if  manorial 


74  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

documents  had  been  carefully  preserved.  In  short,  there  is  no 
one  thing  in  our  English  life  which  would  not  have  been 
enlightened  by  the  materials  which  these  documents  afford. 

As  far  as  I  can  discover,  no  country  in  the  world  possessed 
fuller  and  more  accurate  records  than  England  ;  and  for  a  time 
in  no  country  were  they  more  carefully  preserved.  But  ever 
since  the  Reformation  the  hand  of  the  destroyer  has  been  busy. 
The  national  records  have  suffered  comparatively  little,  but  of 
private  and  semi-private  documents  only  a  fraction  of  what 
once  existed  now  remains,  some  in  the  custody  of  public  bodies 
— not  always  the  most  careful  of  guardians — some  locked  up  in 
private  muniment-rooms,  some  in  lawyers'  offices,  and  not  a 
few  dispersed  to  the  winds,  resting  for  a  while  here  and  there 
in  private  hands,  till  some  fine  day  they  vanish.  Manorial  rolls 
and  records  have  been  for  years  past  recklessly  destroyed,  and 
what  is  left  is  small  indeed ;  yet,  small  as  it  is  in  comparison 
with  what  is  irrecoverably  lost,  it  is,  like  the  sibyl's  books,  as 
valuable  to  us  as  the  whole  ;  and  I  venture  to  call  on  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  at  once  to  make  a  vigorous  effort  to 
arrest  the  progress  of  dispersion  and  destruction.  Though  the 
preservation  of  our  national  and  domestic  records  is  the  plain 
duty  of  every  Englishman  who  feels  a  natural  and  honest  pride 
in  the  history  of  his  race,  yet  it  is  in  a  special  manner  the  duty 
of  such  a  body  as  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.  Parker  and 
Cotton,  the  founders  of  the  Society,  aimed  above  all  things  at 
the  preservation  of  national  records.  Every  English  antiquary 
is  an  Englishman  before  he  is  an  antiquary,  and  in  both 
characters  he  is  surely  bound  in  honour  to  do  all  that  in  him 
lies  to  stop  the  shameful  and  disgraceful  destruction  of  manorial 
deeds  and  documents. 

It  is  not  for  me  to  say  in  what  manner  the  Society  can  best 
secure  this  end  ;  yet  since  it  so  often  happens  that  men  indulge 
their  natural  propensity  to  do  nothing,  by  professing  ignorance 
of  what  they  ought  to  do,  I  venture  to  make  two  suggestions. 
At  the  same  time  it  may  be  pointed  out,  that  doing  anything, 
however  small,  is  better  than  sitting  down  and  idly  doing 
nothing ;  and  that  if  each  member  honestly  and  manfully  did, 
in  season  and  out  of  season,  all  that  he  could,  the  persistent 
and  continued  efforts  of  five  or  six  hundred  men  of  intelligence, 
scattered  all  over  the  country,  must  have,  in  the  aggregate,  a 
very  considerable  effect.  To  use  plain  language,  the  thing 
against  which  we  all  have  to  struggle  is  the  cowardly  evasion  of 
our  plain  duties. 

Two  ways  seem  to  be  open,  persuasion  and  force.  The  Society 
might  draw  up  and  circulate  a  paper  amongst  landlords  and 
their  legal  agents,  pointing  out  the  extreme  value  and  importance 


Feb.  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  75 

of  manorial  documents,  and  exhorting  all  persons  to  preserve 
them  with  care.  It  might  tell  them,  what  most  of  them  cer- 
tainly do  not  know,  that  there  are  public  institutions  which 
would  gladly  receive  such  documents  as  a  gift ;  for  instance, 
the  British  Museum,  or  the  Bodleian  Library  in  Oxford.  As 
a  curator  of  the  latter  library  I  know  that  it  will  accept  with 
thanks  any  old  English  deeds,  and  can  promise  that  any  reason- 
able directions  of  donors  will  be  respected  and  obeyed.  If, 
however,  landlords  or  their  agents  are  not  generous  enough  to 
give  what  is  useless  to  them,  if  they  must  be  so  mean  and 
sordid  as  to  sell,  they  might  be  told  that  they  need  not  be  so 
foolish  as  to  sell  to  rag  and  bone  dealers ;  they  might  be 
informed  that  the  Bodleian  would  almost  always,  if  not  always, 
give  a  better  price.  If  the  authorities  of  one  of  our  colleges 
here  had  not  been  so  astoundingly  ignorant,  they  would  not 
have  sold,  as  they  lately  did,  a  cart-load  of  deeds  for  thirty 
shillings.  This  portentous  and  scandalous  act  was  not  dictated 
by  any  mean  motive  whatever.  The  officials  of  the  college  did 
not  know  the  value  of  what  they  sold  ;  did  not  know  that  the 
Bodleian  would  gladly  have  accepted  what  they  thought  rubbish  ; 
did  not  know  that  there  were  scores  of  men,  dealers  and  non- 
dealers,  who  would  have  given  a  far  higher  price  than  they 
ever  dreamed  of  as  possible.  All  this  may  sound  incredible, 
but  it  is  a  fact,  and  what  happened  in  a  college  where  men  are 
(very  erroneously)  supposed  to  have,  at  all  events,  some  common 
sense  and  good  feeling,  as  well  as  the  rudiments  of  education, 
may  very  well  happen  to  a  careless  country  squire  or  his  legal 
agent.  A  manor  is  sold  or  enfranchised  ;  the  old  rolls,  books, 
and  other  documents  become  mere  lumber  to  the  lawyer,  who 
frequently  has  the  custody  of  such  things,  and  at  length  the 
office  is  cleared  of  them  at  a  miserably  low  figure,  on  which  the 
dealers  in  such  articles  make  an  exorbitant  profit.  Years  before 
I  knew  of  the  value  of  such  things,  I  had  the  pick  of  a  large 
bundle  of  deeds,  all  relating  to  Coventry  and  its  neighbourhood, 
and  ranging  in  time  from  Henry  the  Fourth  to  George  the 
Second.  I  selected  a  score  or  so,  as  specimens  of  handwriting, 
and  offered  sixpence  a  piece ;  the  joyful  readiness  with  which 
the  possessor — a  marine-store  dealer,  so  far  as  I  remember — 
closed  with  the  offer,  proved  that  he  did  not  expect  so  much  as 
a  halfpenny  a  deed  for  the  lot. 

A  paper  well  drawn  up  on  some  such  lines  as  these,  well 
circulated,  and  backed  by  the  influence  of  all  the  members  of 
the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  ought  to  effect  some  good.  It  may 
be  suggested,  too,  that  a  standing  and  active  central  committee 
might  be  appointed,  to  which  all  members  should  report  the 
enfranchisement  of  manors,  the  dispersion  of  lawyers'  deeds, 


76  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 

&c.,  so  that  instant  steps  might  be  taken  to  circumvent  those 
who  trade  in  such  things. 

If  it  is  thought  that  persuasion  is  not  likely  to  be  effectual, 
an  attempt  might  be  made  to  bring  in  the  aid  of  force.  The 
Society  might  agitate  for  the  passing  of  a  short  Act  of  Parlia- 
ment. The  justification  for  interfering  with  what  seem  at  first 
sight  private  deeds  might  be  this :  it  might  be  contended  that 
a  manor  is  a  semi-public  estate,  that  the  nation  at  large  is 
interested  in  all  the  older  documents  that  relate  to  a  manor, 
and  that  it  may  justly  forbid  the  destruction  or  the  alienation 
of  such  documents,  except  in  such  ways  as  it  may  order. 
Where  a  leet  is  attached  to  a  manor,  as  is  frequently  the  case, 
the  right  of  interference  seems  perfect ;  for  the  leet  is  a  royal 
court  (I  speak  under  correction)  and  a  court  of  record,  and  all 
such  records  belong,  in  part,  at  least,  to  the  crown.  It  is  rather 
ridiculous  for  me  to  try  and  sketch  an  Act  of  Parliament ;  but 
not  to  leave  undone  anything  that  I  have  a  chance  of  doing  in 
so  good  a  cause,  here  is  what  seems  to  me  to  be  possible  and 
fair  : — 

1.  Let  it  be  lawful  for  every  owner  of  manorial  rolls,  deeds, 
etc.  to  deposit  them  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  and  in  return 
let  all  certified  copies  of  such  documents  be  furnished  to  the 
owner,  when  required,  gratis  ;  let  the  originals,  when  required 
in  a  court  of  law,  be  brought  by  the  proper  officials,  also  gratis. 

2.  Let  the   destruction  of  such  documents  be  a  punishable 
offence.     Let  gift,  sale,  or  purchase  of  such  documents  (except 
gifts  to  the  Bodleian  or  British  Museum)  be  void,  and  let  the 
proved  attempt  to  give,   sell,   or  buy,  otherwise  than  as  above, 
pass  the  right  and  title  in  such  deeds  to  the  Public  Record 
Office,  the   officers   of  which   must  have   summary  means  of 
recovery  given  them. 

Objections  without  number  may  be  raised  to  all  this ;  but  if 
nothing  is  to  be  done  till  all  objections  are  removed,  nothing 
will  ever  be  done  in  this  world.  Let  those  who  object  propose 
something  better  ;  and,  above  all,  do  not  let  mere  objections  be 
made  an  excuse  for  doing  nothing.  The  Society  of  Antiquaries 
is  bound,  as  a  matter  of  duty  and  honour,  to  act  in  spite  of  a 
cloud  of  objections ;  let  each  man  put  his  shoulder  to  the  wheel, 
let  each  one  do  honestly  what  he  can,  and  we  may  even  yet 
avert  the  total  loss  of  documents,  the  value  of  which  to  us  as 
Englishmen  can  scarcely  be  exaggerated.  If  the  Society  has 
the  will,  I  am  persuaded  that  it  will  not  be  long  in  finding  the 
way  ;  and  if  it  has  not  the  will — a  thing  I  cannot  believe — let 
the  Society  change  its  name  as  soon  as  may  be ;  for  a  society  of 
antiquaries  which  will  not  move  heaven  and  earth  for  the  pre- 
servation of  national  records — the  very  end  for  which  it  was  first 


Feb.  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  77 

instituted — in  ceasing  to  be  the  thing  which  it  assumes  to  be, 
loses  all  right  and  title  to  the  name. 

In  conclusion,  there  must  be  scores  of  men  in  the  Society  who 
know,  where  I  can  only  dimly  guess  ;  for,  as  any  expert  will  see, 
my  knowledge  of  manors  and  their  rolls  is  superficial  in  the 
extreme  ;  they  must  be  able,  and  I  hope  willing,  to  correct  my 
errors,  to  supplement  my  defects,  and  to  strengthen  my  argu- 
ments. Only  let  me  once  again  press  upon  the  Society  the 
evident,  plain  duty  of  setting  to  work  like  men  at  once,  and  not 
folding  their  hands  and  doing  nothing." 

An  interesting  discussion  followed,  in  which  the  President, 
Lord  Justice  Fry,  Mr.  Stuart  Moore,  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  and 
others,  took  part.  Finally,  the  following  resolution,  proposed  by 
Lord  Justice  Fry,  seconded  by  Mr.  Stuart  Moore,  was  unani- 
mously adopted : 

That  the  Council  be  requested  to  take  such  immediate  steps  as 
may  seem  best  calculated  to  extend  the  knowledge  of  the  histo- 
rical value  of  the  court  rolls  of  the  manors  of  this  country,  and 
to  insure  their  due  preservation. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  ballot  was  closed  at  9*30  p.m.,  and  the  Scrutators  reported 
that  the  Hon.  Harold  Dillon  had  been  duly  elected  Secretary. 


Thursday,  February  llth,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.G.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  ordered  to 
be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

Prom  the  Custodian  of  the  Royal  Bohemian  Museum  : — Geschafts-Bericht 
welcher  in  cler  General- Versammlung  der  Gesellschaft  des  Museums  des 
Konigreiches  Bohmen  am  17  Janner  1886  vorgelegt  wurde.  8vo.  Prague, 
1886. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Baddesley  Clinton  :  its  Manor,  Church, 
and  Hall.  By  the  Eev.  Henry  Norris.  (Reprinted  from  the  "  Oscotian.'"} 
8vo.  [Birmingham.]  1885. 

From  the  Author  : — Limbus  Patrum  Morganise  et  Glamorganiae.  Being  the 
Genealogies  of  the  older  families  of  the  Lordships  of  Morgan  and  Glamor- 
gan. Now,  for  the  first  time,  collected,  collated,  and  printed.  By  G.  T. 
Clark,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1886. 


78  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  G.  T.  Clark  for  his 
gift  to  the  Library. 

Kev.  J.  T.  FOWLEK,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  iron  Spear- 
head, found  in  a  grave  on  the  site  of  the  chapter-house  at  Dur- 
ham,* with  considerable  traces  of  gilding. 

Mr.  BEADY  exhibited  a  magnificent  set  of  silver  parcel-gilt 
Plates,  with  London  hall-marks  for  1567-8,  engraved  with  a 
series  of  representations  of  the  labours  of  Hercules,  probably  the 
work  of  Peter  Maas. 

F.  Gr.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  some 
further  notes  upon  excavations  at  Silchester,  illustrating  his 
remarks  by  references  to  a  large  plan  of  the  Roman  station  of 
Calleva,  on  which  all  the  discoveries  made  were  marked. 

Mr.  J.  H.  MIDDLETON  spoke  of  the  remarkable  uniformity  of 
Roman  buildings  wherever  found,  the  only  differences  being 
due  to  the  use  to  which  the  materials  of  the  district  could  be 
put.  In  this  country  the  pilce  of  the  hypocausts  were  always 
placed  closer  together  than  abroad,  because  the  concrete  was  not 
so  strong  as  in  Italy. 

Mr.  Price's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  February  18th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced  and  thanks  ordered  to  be 
returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author,  Sir  G.  F.  Duckett,  Bart,,  F.S.A.  :— 

1.  Stray  Notes  in  connection  with  the  Churches  of  St.  John  and  St.  Mary, 
at  Beverley.    8vo.     [1882.] 

2.  Description  of  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  by  Sir  Daniel  Fleming  of 
Rydal,  A.D.  1671.    Edited  from  the  original  MS.     8vo.     London,  1882. 

*  See  Archaeologia,  xlv.  402,  and  Transactions  of  the  Durham  and  West- 
morland Archaeological  Society,  ii.  266. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  79 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  Astor  Library  : — Thirty-seventh  Annual  Report,  for 
1885.  8vo.  New  York,  1886. 

From  the  Author,  C.  M.  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B.,  F.S.A.  :— 

1.  The  Military  Forces  of  the  Crown  ;  their  administration  and  govern- 
ment.    2  vols.     8vo.     London,  1869. 

2.  The  Administration  of  Justice  under  Military  and  Martial  Law.    2nd 
Edition.     8vo.    London,  1874. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — L.  Christ.  Frid.  Garmanni  de  Miraculis 
Mortuorum  Libri  tres,  quibus  praemissa  Dissertatio  de  Cadavere  et  Mira- 
culis in  genere.  Opus  Physico-Medicum  editum  a  L.  J.  H.  Garmanno.  4to. 
Dresden  and  Leipsic,  1709. 

From  K.  H.  Carpenter,  Esq.  :— Plan  of  the  Charterhouse,  London,  1886. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Peacock  for  his 
donation  to  the  Library. 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  Council  the  following  gentlemen 
were  elected  Local  Secretaries  of  the  Society : 

Rev.  John  Langhorne,  M.A.,  for  Kent. 

John  Parker,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  for  Buckinghamshire. 

The  President  exhibited  and  presented  a  leaden  impression  of 
the  Seal  and  Counterseal  of  the  abbey  of  InchafFrey,  Scotland. 

The  seal  is  circular,  2f  inches  in  diameter.  Device:  The 
eagle  of  St.  John  standing  on  a  scroll,  inscribed, — 

I  •  PEICCIPIO  GCEAT  •  V6CEBV 

within  an  octofoil,  the  field  semee  of  cinquefoils. 
Legend : 

+  s.'  aoMVNec ;  ecaaec ;  sai  •  lo^is  ;  awANGecLiSTa  . 

D6C  •  INSVLA  .  MISSAEVM 

The  counterseal  has  for  device  the  front  of  a  church,  with  a 
figure  of  St.  John  standing  under  the  central  archway.  The 
legend  is  the  same  as  that  on  the  seal. 

This  seal  is  engraved  in  Laing's  Scottish  Seals,  plate  27,  figs. 
1  and  2. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the  President  for  his  gift. 

The  Hon.  W.  T.  ORDE-POWLETT  exhibited,  by  the  hands  of 
the  Treasurer,  a  silver  ring,  dating  probably  from  the  fourteenth 
century,  which  was  found  in  Richmond  castle,  Yorkshire. 

The  exterior  of  this  ring  has  a  double  bevel,  and  bears  the 


80  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 

following  legends,  the  heads  of  the  letters  of  each  being  towards 
the  central  line. 


*  WILL6CM  :  Dff  :  BOVERGC  -X-X-X 

Several  examples  of  the  first  legend  occur  on  rings.     It  was, 
doubtless,  in  the  nature  of  a  charm.*     But  such  charms  in  con- 


norm. 


SILVER  RING  FROM  RICHMOND  CASTLE,  YORKS.      (Full  Size.) 

The  illustration  shows  the  section  of  the  ring  and  facsimile  of  the  inscriptions. 

nectioii  with  the  owner's  name  are  certainly  not  of  frequent 
occurrence. 

Mr.  ORDE-POWLETT  also  exhibited  a  small  plain  drinking 
vessel  or  goblet  of  silver  of  nearly  hemispherical  shape,  about 
If  inch  high,  and  2|  inches  across  the  top.  It  seems  to  belong 
to  the  seventeenth  century. 

There  is  a  stamp  on  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  thrice  repeated. 
It  is  badly  impressed,  but  appears  to  be  a  rose  or  8-petalled 
flower. 

These  stamps  are  accompanied  by  the  letters  S  *  E,  and  the 
side  of  the  cup  is  marked  I  •&  E. 

Other  examples  of  these  small  cups  are  in  the  possession  of 
the  corporation  of  Scarborough,  All  Souls  college,  Oxford,  the 
Carlisle  city  gilds,  etc. 

Mr.  READY  exhibited  an  undescribed  palatinate  seal  of 
Tobias  Mathew,  bishop  of  Durham,  appended  to  a  deed  dated 
at  London,  May  9,  37  Eliz.  (1595). 

The  seal  is  circular,  3f>s  inches  diameter,  and  of  brown  wax. 

The  obverse  bears  a  bearded  figure  of  the  bishop  in  rochet, 
fur-lined  and  hooded  cape,  and  pointed  mitre-like  cap,  holding  a 
large  closed  book  in  his  hands,  and  sitting  on  a  chair  of  state 
beneath  a  semicircular  archway,  with  an  architectural  back- 
ground. On  either  side,  under  a  similar  archway,  was  a  shield, 

*  See  "  Catalogue  of  Rings  in  the  Collection  of  the  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville  "  Nos. 
70,  71,  82. 


PALATINATE  SEAL  OF  TOBIAS  MATHEW,  BISHOP  OF  DURHAM,  1595. 
VOL.  XI.  G 


82  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

but  only  the  dexter  one  remains.     It  bears  the  arms  of  the  see 
of  Durham.     Under  the  bishop's  feet  is  a  scroll  inscribed : 
V  .  .  A  CHRVS  MOES  LVCRVM 

Of  the   marginal  legend  only  the   letters  ....    THE    .... 
[C  or  o]  ...  .  remain. 

The  reverse  shows  a  fine  and  spirited  equestrian  figure.  The 
bishop  is  clad  in  armour  with  a  huge  plume  in  his  helmet,  and 
brandishes  his  sword.  The  horse  is  covered  with  a  trapper, 
charged  with  the  arms  of  the  see  on  the  shoulder,  and  the  arms 
of  the  bishop  on  the  flanches — quarterly  1  and  4  a  lion  rampant, 
2  and  3  three  chevronels,  a  mullet  for  difference,  The  horse's 
neck  and  head  are  protected  by  a  spiked  chamfron  and  criniere 
with  a  plume  of  feathers  on  the  top.  The  horse  is  shown  as 
galloping  over  the  turf,  which  is  studded  with  flowers.  Beneath 
the  figure  is  a  scroll  lettered — 

....  TATE  *  ET  *  IVSTITIA  * 
Of  the  marginal  legend  there  only  remains — 
THEW  o  EPISCOP . 

The  Rev.  CANON  THOMAS,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  powder-flask  of 
stag's  horn,  having  on  one  side  a  representation  in  low  relief  of 
Christ  and  the  Samaritan  woman  at  the  well.  This  flask  was 
found  near  Hay.  The  metal  mounts  are  lost. 

R.  H.  CARPENTER,  Esq.,  exhibited  and  presented  a  plan  of 
the  Charterhouse,  London  ;  some  of  the  buildings  of  which  are 
now  in  danger  of  being  demolished. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE,  referring  to  the  plan,  said  that  the 
small  quadrangle  called  Washhouse  Court,  which  it  has  been 
proposed  to  destroy,  is  the  largest  relic  still  left  of  the  old 
priory,  of  which  it  formed  the  kitchen  court.  Some  part  of 
it  seems  to  date  almost  from  the  time  of  the  foundation.  With 
little  alteration  the  court  continued  to  serve  for  Howard  House, 
to  which  it  really  belongs.  The  greater  part  of  Howard  House 
is,  as  it  now  stands,  the  work  of  the  later  sixteenth  and  seven- 
teenth centuries,  but  it  appears  to  a  great  extent  to  follow 
older  lines,  and  many  of  its  walls  to  be  in  substance  those  of  the 
priory.  There  are  also  some  interesting  remains  of  the  great 
cloister,  with  the  doorways  to  s'ome  of  the  cells ;  and  there  was 
more,  but  it  has  been  destroyed,  as  well  as  some  of  Sutton's 
buildings,  to  make  way  for  the  barbarous  modern  school-house 
erected  by  the  Merchant  Taylors. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  83 

Though  many  suggestions  for  dealing  with  the  old  buildings 
have  been  made,  none  has  yet  been  definitely  put  forward  by 
Sutton's  Trustees,  and  Mr.  Micklethwaite  hoped  that  none 
involving  the  destruction  of  historical  buildings  would  be 
made,  but  he  thought  that  the  Society  should  watch  what  is 
being  done,  and  be  ready  to  oppose  any  such  destruction,  if 
need  be.  He  also  thought  that  the  foundation  was  a  historical 
monument  deserving  the  care  of  antiquaries,  as  well  as  the 
buildings.  It  seems  to  be  generally  claimed  by  schoolmasters, 
and  tacitly  accepted  by  the  public,  that  when  a  foundation  is 
partly  educational,  all  its  other  objects,  however  good  and 
useful  they  may  be,  must  be  sacrificed  to  the  school.  And  at 
the  same  time  the  schools,  founded  to  provide  gratuitous  or 
partly  gratuitous  education,  have  been  turned  into  expensive 
establishments  which  are  really  commercial  adventures,  worked 
for  the  gain  of  the  schoolmasters  and  subvented  out  of  the  funds 
of  the  charities.  The  removal  of  the  Charterhouse  School  into 
the  country  was  a  proper  step,  but  to  sacrifice  the  pensioners, 
who  are  as  much  a  part  of  Sutton's  foundation  as  the  school  is, 
in  order  to  provide  money  to  pay  for  the  great  new  building 
at  Godalming,  would  be  both  a  violation  of  the  intentions  of  the 
founder  and  an  injustice  to  those  whom  he  intended  to  benefit. 

G.  L.  GOMME,  Esq.,  P.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  archaic  rules  of 
succession  in  England  which  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  President  announced  that  the  following  gentlemen  had 
been  nominated  by  the  Council  to  form  a  Committee  to  enquire 
into  the  question  of  the  better  preservation  of  Court  Rolls,  etc. : 

John  Evans,  Esq.,  President. 
C.  S.  Perceval,  Esq.,  Treasurer. 
H.  S.  Milman,  Esq.,  Director. 
Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  Secretary. 
C.  I.  Elton,  Esq. 
Lord  Justice  Fry. 
Stuart  Moore,  Esq. 
Edward  Peacock,  Esq. 
W.  H.  L.  Shadwell,  Esq. 


84  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  February  25th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution  : — Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of 

Ethnology.     1881-82.    By  J.  W.  Powell,  Director.      4to.     Washington, 

1884. 
From  the  Author  : — The  Life  of  St.  Norbert,  founder  of  the  Order  of  Premontre, 

Archbishop  of  Magdeburg.    By  the  Rev.  Martin  Gendens.    8vo.     London, 

1886. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  March  4th,  1886,  and  a  list  was  read  of  candidates 
to  be  balloted  for. 

A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  V.P.,  exhibited  a  silver-gilt  medieval 
Paten  from  Hamsterley,  Durham.  It  is  4-j-g-  inches  in  diameter, 
and  bears  as  a  central  device  the  Vernacle  on  a  hatched  circle. 
The  rim  has  a  molded  edge.  The  first  depression  is  circular ; 
within  this,  with  a  narrow  interval  of  the  same  plane  as  the 
rim,  is  a  further  sexfoil  depression,  with  rayed  leaf  ornament  in 
the  spandrils,  which  contains  the  central  device. 

On  the  rim  are  these  hall-marks  : — 

1 .  The  maker'sj  illegible  from  being  twice  struck,  but  query 

a  fish. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned  (from  a  shaped  punch). 

3.  A   Lombardic   capital  B,    the   London  date-letter  for 

1519-20. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Hants,  exhibited  by 
permission  of  the  vicar  and  churchwardens  of  Wyke,  near 
Winchester,  a  silver  parcel-gilt  Paten,  of  medieval  date.  It  is 
5f  inches  in  diameter.  The  sinking  is  octofoil,  with  foliaged 
cusps.  In  the  centre  is  a  further  circular  depression  1J  inch  in 
diameter,  with  engraving  of  the  Agnus  Dei. 

Round  the  rim  is  engraved  the  legend,  in  capital  letters : — 

*  CVNT7V  :  CReCO  :  WIRTVTff  :  R6C60  :  PI6C  :  TAT6C  • 
RSFORMO 

That  is  Cuncta  creo,  virtute  rego,  pietate  refcrmo. 

The  rim-legend,  spandrels,  and  central  depression  are  gilt. 


Feb.  25.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


85 


MEDIEVAL  PATEN  AT  WYKE,  NEAR  WINCHESTER. 

(|  full  size.) 


86  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Mr.  W.  H.  St.  JOHN  HOPE  stated  that  to  the  best  of  his 
knowledge  this  is  the  oldest  piece  of  church  plate  in  actual  use 
now  remaining  in  this  country.  He  assigned  to  it  a  date  circa 
1280,  in  which  opinion  Mr.  Franks  concurred. 

F.  J.  MITCHELL,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Monmouthshire, 
exhibited  the  remains  of  a  wooden  Rood  or  crucifix  of  four- 
teenth-century date,  found  about  thirty  years  ago  in  the  blocked- 
up  rood  staircase  in  the  church  of  Kemeys  Inferior,  Monmouth- 
shire, together  with  skulls  and  bones.  The  figure  was  originally 
about  three  feet  long,  but  owing  to  the  loss  by  decay  of  the 
lower  portion  from  the  knees  downwards,  it  now  measures  2  feet 
4  inches  only.  The  head  has  long  hair,  and  is  encircled  with  a 
torse  to  represent  the  crown  of  thorns.  The  face  is  thin  and 
drawn,  with  curly  beard  and  moustache.  In  the  right  side  is 
the  wound  made  by  the  spear.  An  ample  cloth  surrounds  the 
loins.  The  arms  are  of  different  appearance  and  workmanship 
to  the  rest  of  the  figure,  and  appear  to  be  a  restoration.  Of 
the  lower  limbs  only  the  left  foot  remains.  The  figure,  which 
is  boldly  carved,  and  with  much  expression,  has  been  repeatedly 
whitewashed,  the  last  coat  being  deeply  tinged  with  madder 
pink. 

This  figure  has  a  special  interest,  as  being  one  of  the  only  two 
examples  known  to  have  survived  the  destruction  of  roods  in 
the  sixteenth  century. 

Since  its  discovery  it  has  been  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev. 
W.  C.  Risley,  of  Deddington,  and  has  now  been  given  by  his  son 
C.  Holford  Risley,  Esq.,  to  the  Caerleon  museum. 

Mr.  Micklethwaite  made  some  remarks  on  the  rarity  of  such 
figures  as  this,  the  only  other  instance  known  to  him  being  that 
discovered  some  years  ago  in  St.  Antony's  chapel,  Cartmel  Fell, 
Lancashire,  where  it  was  used  as  a  poker  for  the  vestry  fire. 
He  thought  that  the  restoration  of  the  arms  of  the  Kemeys  In- 
ferior figure  was  due  to  the  original  ones  having  been  broken 
when  the  rood  was  pulled  down  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI., 
and  renewed  when  it  was  set  up  again  under  Queen  Mary. 

HUGH  NORRIS,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Somerset,  exhibited 
and  communicated  the  following  remarks  on  a  number  of  Roman 
and  medieval  objects  found  at  Hamden  Hill : — 

"  The  relics  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  consist  chiefly  of 
things  found  on  Hamden  Hill  (or  '  Ham  Hill,'  as  it  is  often 
called),  a  Romanised  British  camp  of  large  dimensions  near 
Yeovil,  in  the  county  of  Somerset.  It  was  first  described  with 
any  attempt  at  accuracy  by  Sir  Richard  Colt  Hoare,  in 


Feb.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  87 

Archaeologia,  vol.  xxi.  where  a  plan  drawn  to  scale  is  given, 
together  with  engravings  of  several  curious  antiquities,  includ- 
ing portions  of  a  British  chariot-wheel,  discovered  on  the  spot. 

The  camp  is  three  miles  in  circuit,  and  contains  within  its 
area  upwards  of  two  hundred  acres.  .As  a  considerable  portion 
of  this  surface  is  either  quarried  for  building-stone  or  under 
plough  cultivation,  many  discoveries  of  ancient  implements, 
belonging  as  well  to  civil  as  to  military  occupations,  have  been, 
and  are  still  being,  unearthed. 

Amongst  those  now  shown  are  two  bits  of  bronze  scale- 
armour,  each  doubtless  once  forming  part  of  a  lorica. 

Similar  fragments  have  been  found  at  Colchester  ;*  at  Cat- 
terick,  in  Yorkshire  ;f  and  at  Hod  Hill,  near  Blandford,  Dorset 
(noticed  by  Mr.  Roach  Smith  in  his  Collectanea). 

The  suit  of  which  the  larger  piece  formed  a  part  must  have 
presented  a  very  handsome  appearance  in  its  original  condition, 
each  alternate  scale  having  been  plated  with  tin.  The  details 
of  the  smaller  fragment  would  show  that  it  belonged,  in  all 
probability,  to  a  separate  lorica. 

Of  the  other  relics,  one  somewhat  like  the  base  of  a  candle- 
stick is  very  similar  to  that  figured  by  Sir  Richard  C.  Hoare 
in  the  article  before  alluded  to.  I  believe  its  use  has  not  been 
satisfactorily  explained. 

Two  or  three  years  ago  a  large  number  (probably  over  a 
thousand)  of  large  or  first  brass  Roman  coins,  chiefly  of  the 
Antonine  period,  and  filling  three  good-sized  ampttbrae,  were 
exhumed  in  an  orchard  situated  just  outside  the  south-east  corner 
of  the  camp,  at  a  place  called  i  Bedmore  Barn.'  In  close  con- 
tiguity, if  not  actually  with  the  coins,  was  found  the  piece  of 
malachite  exhibited.  Of  its  significance  I  am  quite  ignorant. 
I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  my  friend,  the  owner's,  statement 
that  it  was  so  found,  and  the  strangeness  of  the  circumstance 
alone  has  caused  it  to  be  laid  before  the  Society.  Some  of  the 
coins  have  been  examined,  and  the  fact  of  their  discovery  was 
communicated  to  the  Numismatic  Society  by  Mr.  Roach  Smith 
a  few  weeks  since. 

The  pale  bronze  fibula  of  late-Celtic  date,  the  buckles,  and 
ornamental  strip  of  metal,  were  dug  up  in  the  hamlet  of  Melbury, 
near  Somerton,  in  Somerset,  a  spot,  so  far  as  I  know,  hitherto 
unnoted  as  affording  any  relics  of  antiquity. 

The  other  things  are  exhibited  simply  as  showing  the  character 
of  the  '  finds  '  that  have  occurred,  and  that  may  be  expected  to 
occur,  on  Hamden  Hill.  Amongst  the  medieval  articles  there 
is  a  heater-shaped  badge  bearing  the  device  of  a  butterfly.  It 

H   Vide  Anglo-Roman  Collection  in  the  British  Museum, 
f   Vide  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  viii.  p.  296. 


88  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

was  found  on  emptying  a  well  in  the  hamlet  of  Stratton,  in 
South  Petherton,  Somerset.  Dr.  Evans  has  kindly  allowed  a 
badge  from  his  collection,  bearing  a  similar  device,  to  be  ex- 
hibited for  comparison  between  the  two. 

There  is  also  shown  an  Egyptian  figure  of  Osiris,  which  was 
found  at  the  village  of  Chillington,  near  Ilminster,  in  Somerset, 
situated  close  to  the  fossway.  It  is  said  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  close  proximity  to  a  very  perfect  bronze  torque  now 
in  the  writer's  possession.  Certain  it  is  that  for  some  years  it 
has  been  kept  with  that  idea,  in  company  with  the  torque,  in  a 
farm-house  in  that  very  remote  spot,  and  although  its  presence 
and  that  of  the  fragment  of  malachite  amongst  Roman  coins, 
might  suggest  reflections  similar  to  those  called  up  by  *  flies  in 
amber,'  yet  the  circumstance  has  not  been  withheld  in  case  any 
Fellow  of  the  Society  may  be  able  to  offer  a  solution  of  the 
problem. 

The  other  relics  speak  for  themselves,  and  in  venturing  to 
bring  them  under  the  notice  of  the  Society  I  have  been  actuated 
by  the  feeling  that  attention  might  be  profitably  directed  to  a 
remote  district  which,  if  not  rich  in  relics  of  the  past,  is  not 
wholly  devoid  of  interest  either  to  the  numismatist  or  the  general 
antiquary. 

P.S. — Having  visited  the  village  of  Chillington  since  commu- 
nicating the  above,  the  writer  has  ascertained  that  the  small 
figure  of  Osiris  was  picked  out  of  a  collection  of  old  metal  at  a 
roadside  smith's  forge,  divided  only  by  a  narrow  lane  from  the 
field  in  which  the  torque  was  found.  This  fact  simply  dissociates 
the  two  relics,  but  does  not  account  for  the  presence  of  Osiris  in 
such  an  isolated  spot." 

Mr.  FRANKS  made  some  remarks  on  the  objects  exhibited. 
The  turnover  fibula  he  thought  was  of  very  late  Celtic  date,  and 
an  article  of  great  rarity.  The  Roman  lamp  shown  was  also  a 
rare  object  in  Britain.  The  figure  of  Osiris  was  of  doubtful 
origin,  but  probably  from  Egypt. 

J.  C.  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
account,  addressed  to  the  Assistant- Secretary,  of  some  examples 
of  Byzantine  Art,  which  he  also  exhibited  : — 

10,  York  Place,  Portman  Square, 

15th  December,  1885. 

DEAR  SIR, 

During  a  tour  in  eastern  Europe,  ending  at  Constanti- 
nople, made  this  autumn,  I  have  collected  some  miscellaneous 
works  of  art  and  antiquity,  which  I  think  I  may  venture  to 
bring  to  the  notice  of  our  Society.  I  send  them  herewith  for 


Feb.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  89 

exhibition.  They  are  all  illustrative  of  Byzantine  Greek  art 
influence.  Placing  them  in  the  order  of  what  appears  to  me 
to  be  their  relative  date  of  origin,  I  may  specify  the  different 
objects  as  follows : 

1.  A  small  intaglio  gem  in  red  sardonyx,  bearing  the  device 
of  a  crescent  and  a  star,  and  the  inscription  (frcoccfopos.    This,  I 
apprehend,  is  a  work  of  the  classic  Greek  period,  most  probably 
anterior  in  date  to  the  Christian  era. 

2.  A  small  intaglio  gem,  a  balas  ruby  or  pale  garnet.     The 
subject  is  a  standing  draped  figure,   apparently  of  an  emperor, 
holding  in  one  hand  a  staff  or  standard  surmounted  with  the 
Christian  symbol,  the  '  Labarum,'  and  a  palm-branch  in  the 
other  hand  ;  a  lamb  stands  at  his  feet,  and  in  the  field  of  the  gem 
is  the  inscription  <X>nC  MOT.     This  I  take  to  be  a  work  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  to  represent  the  emperor  Constantine.     I 
should  observe  that  the  gold  setting  as  a  finger-ring  is  appa- 
rently of  the  early  part  of  the  last  century. 

3.  A  cameo  in  oriental  onyx  of  three  strata.     Subject, — Two 
winged  and  nimbed  angels  holding  palm-branches  in  one  hand ; 
the  other  hands  meeting  behind  the  horizontal  limb  of  a  tall 
cross,  which  occupies  the  centre  of  the  gem.     In  the  exergue 
beneath  is  the  inscription  GSOVCIG.     I  ascribe  this  gem  to 
the  age  of  Justinian  (sixth  century). 

4.  A  massive  gold  finger-ring,  the  bezel  set  with  a  Byzan- 
tine gold  coin.     The  date  of  this  ring  appears  to  be  evident  from 
the  fact  that  the  coin  is  of  the  emperor  Michael  VII.  (Michael 
Ducas)  and  his  wife  Maria.     The  period  of  this  emperor's  reign 
was  1071-78. 

5.  A  massive  oval  bezel  only,  of  a  gold  ring,  the  hoop  having 
been  filed  off — on  it  is  a  representation  of  the  Crucifixion  ;  our 
Saviour  on  the  Cross,  with  SS.  Mary  and  John  standing  at  the 
sides.     Round  the  margin  is  the  inscription — 

-HAS  H  MHTHP  CO  IAO  O  TIOC  CO 

('  Behold  thy  Mother '—' Behold  thy  Son,'  St.  John,  chap, 
xix.  verses  26,  27.)  The  incised  work  is  filled  in  with  black 
enamel.  I  may  mention  that  the  British  Museum  possesses  a 
very  similar  ring,  i.e.,  of  the  same  style,  subject,  and  apparent 
origin. 

My  impression  is  that  this  ring  is  not  older  than  the  fifteenth 
century,  perhaps  it  may  be  of  considerably  more  recent  origin. 

As  to  the  provenance  of  these  objects,  Nos.  3,  4,  and  5  were 
gleaned  during  a  recent  visit  to  the  bazaars  in  Constantinople. 
No.  1  was  purchased  from  a  Turkish  merchant,  who  had 
brought  it  from  the  same  place  some  time  ago ;  whilst  No.  2 


90  1'IIOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

fell  into  my  hands  in  London  directly  after  my  return  from 
Constantinople. 

Three  other  works  of  a  different  kind  come  next. 

6.  Is  a  series  of  carved  slabs  or  '  plaques  '  in  boxwood,  origin- 
ally forming  a  triptych.     They  are  elaborately  sculptured  with 
scriptural  subjects,  figures  of  saints,  etc.      The  centre  panel  has 
a  figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  seated,  with  angels 
censing  and  playing  on  musical  instruments.     Above,   God  the 
Father  between  two  angels.     In  base,  an  angel  holding  a  blank 
shield,  between  ten  saints,  five  on  each  side,  including  SS.  Lucy, 
Katharine,   Helena,  John  Evangelist,   etc.      The  dexter  panel 
has  the  Crucifixion  and  another  scene ;  the  sinister — the  Visit 
of  the   Three    Kings,  and  the  Baptism   of   Our   Lord.      The 
exterior  of  the  wings  has  a  representation  of  the  Annunciation. 
This  work  I  believe  to  be  of  Italo-Sclavonic  origin,  and  to  have 
been  executed  at  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  or  during  the  first 
quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century.     It  was  acquired  in  Venice, 
from  the  well-known  dealer,   Signor  Guggenheim,  but  it  had 
been  originally  brought  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  Adriatic. 

7.  A  pair  of  richly  embroidered  cuffs  or  gauntlets,  portions 
of  the  liturgical  vestments  of  a  high  ecclesiastical  dignitary  of 
the  Greek  Church.     The  inscriptions  on  the  margins  relate  to 
the  religious  subject  (the  Annunciation)  represented,  but  they 
also  make  known  that  the  cuffs  were  the  property  of  the  '  Holy 
Metropolitan   of  Corinth,    Patriarch   of   all   the  Peloponesus,' 
one  Cyrus  Anthemius.     There  appears  to  be  a  date  appended 
to  the  end  of  this  inscription,  but  unfortunately  it  is  not  very 
legible. 

The  immobility  of  Byzantine  art,  and  the  permanence  of 
typical  religious  representations  in  the  Greek  Church,  are  such 
that  it  is  most  difficult  to  form  any  reliable  conclusions  as  to 
the  exact  age  of  these  embroideries.  It  is  therefore  the  more 
tantalising  that  the  figures  of  the  supposed  date  should  be  un- 
certain. From  various  indications,  or  rather  impressions,  I 
think  that  these  specimens  cannot  be  of  earlier  date  than  the 
first  years  of  the  sixteenth  century.  At  the  same  time  it  would 
not  surprise  me  if  they  were  ultimately  found  to  be  of  very 
much  more  recent  origin. 

In  regard  to  the  exarch  Cyrus  Anthemius,  perhaps  some 
Fellow  of  our  Society,  accustomed  to  the  kind  of  research 
requisite,  may  feel  disposed  to  try  to  identify  the  personage. 
These  cuffs  were  also  purchased  in  Venice  of  Signor  Guggen- 
heim, and  they,  like  the  triptych,  had  been  obtained  by  him 
from  agents  resident  on  the  opposite  coast  of  the  Adriatic. 

I  have  now  a  few  further  remarks  to  offer  in  elucidation  of 


Feb.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  91 

some  of  these  objects.  In  the  first  place,  as  to  the  Greek 
intaglio  with  the  crescent  and  star,  and  *  Phosphoros '  inscrip- 
tion, I  cannot  help  nourishing  a  kind  of  belief  that  this 
inscription  in  some  way  or  other  connects  itself  with  the 
Bosphorus,  and  that  it  will  tend  to  throw  further  light  on  the 
origin  of  the  celebrated  emblems  of  Greek  Byzantium  (the 
crescent  and  star),  afterwards  adopted  by  the  Turkish  con- 
querors. 

Curiously  enough,  when,  in  the  early  days  of  November  last, 
I  found  myself  doing  quarantine  on  board  one  of  the  Austrian 
Lloyds'  steamers  anchored  a  mile  or  two  within  the  Black  Sea 
end  of  the  Bosphorus,  every  evening  the  attention  of  the  nume- 
rous company  on  board  was  drawn  to  the  striking  appearance 
of  the  new  crescent  moon  and  one  brilliant  star  in  the  heavens 
just  above  it,  seeming  to  occupy  the  exact  centre  of  the  steep 
mountainous  gorge  opening  into  the  Black  Sea.  So  brilliant 
and  conspicuous  were  these  luminaries  that  they  completely 
effaced  all  the  other  stars  in  that  quarter  of  the  heavens.  It 
was  in  consequence  commonly  remarked  on  board  that  this 
appearance  must  have  had  something  to  do  with  the  adoption 
of  the  same  objects  as  the  national  device  of  the  Turkish  empire. 
When,  later  on,  by  what  in  any  case  is  a  curious  coincidence, 
the  gem  in  question  fell  into  my  hands,  it  was  difficult  to  resist 
the  impression  that  the  ancient  Greeks  also  had  been  previously 
moved  in  like  manner  to  adopt  these  symbols  from  the  striking 
appearance  of  the  two  luminaries,  which  every  year  at  a  certain 
season  must,  in  those  days  as  now,  have  hung,  as  it  were,  sus- 
pended as  guiding  lamps  over  the  famous  waterway  leading  to 
their  city. 

My  friend  Mr.  Lewis  Upcott,  of  Marlborough  College,  to  whom 
I  mentioned  my  impression,  has  since  sent  me  the  following 
brief  note  on  the  subject,  u  In  the  year  340  B.C.,  when  the 
Macedonians  were  besieging  Byzantium,  a  mysterious  light 
revealed  to  the  inhabitants  the  projected  night  attack.  They 
thereupon  founded  the  worship  of  Hecate  or  Artemis,  the  light- 
bearer,  and  adopted  the  crescent  and  the  star  as  the  emblem  of 
the  city.  It  frequently  occurs  -on  their  coins,  and  was  adopted 
by  the  Ottomans  on  their  capture  of  the  city.  The  story  is  told 
of  Stephanus  of  Byzantium  under  *  Bosphoros,'  whence  I 
imagine  there  was  a  punning  connection  between  6  phosphoros  ' 
and  '  Bosphoros,'  but  I  have  not  Stephanus  to  refer  to." 

As  to  the  cameo  of  the  two  angels  supporting  a  cross,  I  may 
remark  that  the  form  of  the  cross  is  exactly  similar  to  that  of 
the  large  crosses  still  to  be  seen  on  the  ancient  bronze  doors  of 
Santa  Sophia,  which  are  coeval  with  the  erection  of  the  church 
in  the  sixth  century.  The  lateral  limb  of  these  door  crosses  has 


92  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

been  cut  away  by  the  Turks,  so  that  only  the  upright  bar 
remains,  just  as,  by  a  mere  coincidence,  is  seen  in  this  gem, 
where  the  lateral  arm  passes  behind  the  figures  of  the  two 
angels  and  is  concealed  by  them. 

The  boxwood  triptych  is  in  a  disjointed  state,  and  some  por- 
tions of  the  framework  which  originally  held  it  together  are 
evidently  wanting ;  some  of  the  plaques  also  have  apparently 
been  somewhat  cut  down  at  a  recent  period.  Originally  the 
carvings  seem  to  have  been  painted  and  gilt. 

A  noticeable  feature  of  this  work  is  the  remarkable  mixture 
or  blending  of  the  Venetian  Gothic,  Italian  Renaissance,  and 
old  Byzantine  Greek  styles,  displayed.  Some  of  the  motives 
both  in  the  figure  subjects  and  in  the  ornamental  details  recall 
even  Byzantine  types  of  the  tenth  or  eleventh  century,  whilst 
others,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  shields  held  by  the  two  angels 
at  the  bottom  of  the  two  doors,  are  as  distinctly  characteristic 
Italian  types  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

I  gather  from  various  indications  that  this  triptych  is  a  monu- 
ment of  the  Western  rather  than  of  the  Eastern  Church,  but  in 
this  I  may  be  mistaken.  My  impression  is  that  it  was  executed 
in  Istria  or  Dalmatia,  probably  in  some  one  of  the  districts  or 
centres  under  the  domination  of  the  Venetian  Republic. 

Believe  me, 

Yours  faithfully, 

J.  C.  ROBINSON. 

W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A. 


10,  York  Place, 
22nd  December,  1885. 

DEAR  MR.  HOPE, 

There  is  another  Art  object  to  add  to  the  Byzantine  series, 
which  I  have  sent  for  exhibition,  and  you  have  it  already  in  your 
possession. 

It  is  a  cylindrical  or  churn-shaped  vessel,  which  originally  had 
a  handle  (now  cut  away)  ;  it  is  of  silver-gilt,  and  is  surrounded 
by  zones  of  figures  of  grotesque  animals — dragons,  wolves  or 
dogs  attacking  stags,  &c.,  chiselled  in  low  relief.  I  think  this 
curious  piece  is  most  likely  of  Albanian  origin,  and  of  the 
sixteenth  or  early-seventeenth  century  period.  I  need  scarcely 
point  out  the  very  marked  characteristics  of  style  displayed,  and 
which  may  seem  to  have  a  very  obvious  old  Byzantine  '  savour/ 
I  acquired  this  piece  in  Paris,  but  it  has  been  only  recently 
sent  from  Turkey. 

I  am,  yours  truly, 

J.  C.  ROBINSON. 

W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A. 


Feb.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  93 

Some  difference  of  opinion  was  expressed  as  to  the  origin  of 
this  cup.  Mr.  J.  H.  Middleton  said  he  had  seen  such  vessels 
in  use  in  Persia.  Mr.  Franks,  however,  thought  it  came  from 
the  Caucasus. 

R.  S.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Cumber- 
land, exhibited  a  silver  flat  candlestick,  a  drawing  of  a  cocking 
bell,  and  a  silver  salver,  of  which  he  communicated  the  follow- 
ing account : — 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  a  flat  candlestick,  recently 
purchased  by  the  corporation  of  Carlisle  for  51.  It  is  of  the 
higher  standard  silver,  and  bears  the  following  hall-marks : 

1.  Court-hand  K,  the  London  date-letter  for  1705-6  ; 

2.  Monogram  of  L  0,  for  Matthew  Lofthouse  ; 

3.  Britannia; 

4.  Lion's  head  erased. 

It  consists  of  a  flat  saucer  4  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  rim 
standing  nearly  perpendicular,  and  rather  over  half  an  inch  in 
depth.  From  the  centre  rises  the  nozzle  for  the  candle ;  and 
a  substantial  handle,  in  shape  like  an  elongated  and  flattened 
pear,  projects  from  one  side.  On  this  handle  is  engraved  in  a 
running  hand : 

TbeGiftofCoPSainuell 
Gledhill  Citizen  of  Carlisle  to  ye  company 
of  Glovers  Sept.  1710. 

Colonel  Gledhill  was  the  son  of  Robert  Gledhill,  of  Haigh 
Hall,  Yorkshire,  one  of  Cromwell's  Ironsides,  of  whom  Thoresby 
relates  an  interesting  anecdote, '  taken  from  his  own  lips  in  1699, 
when  he  was  a  very  old  man.  He  stated  that  he  saw  30,000 
men  of  the  Parliamentary  army  flee  from  the  field  of  Marston 
moor  in  headlong  rout,  when  Lucas,  with  his  flashing  squadrons, 
bore  all  before  him,  and  he  had  thought  of  joining  in  the  flight 
but  was  restrained  by  his  cooler  comrade,  Thoresby's  father  ; 
these,  with  the  few  others  of  calmer  and  more  vigorous  mood, 
remained  to  stem  successfully  the  torrent  of  defeat,  and  turn  the 
tide  of  battle.'  *  Colonel  Gledhill  served  on  the  Continent 
under  Marlborough,  and  he  also  served  in  the  New  World,  as 
recorded  in  the  names  of  three  of  his  daughters,  Bathsheba 
Placentia,  Grace  America,  and  Margaret  Carolina.  His  wife 
was  one  of  the  Richmonds  of  Highhead  Castle,  near  Carlisle,  a 
fact  which  may  have  induced  him  in  September  1710  to  con- 

*  The  Richmonds  of  Highliead  Castle,  by  W.  Jackson,  F.S.A.  Transactions 
of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian  and  Archaeological  Society, 
vol.  ii.  pp.  108,  120. 


94  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

test  the  city  of  Carlisle,  where  he  was  then  quartered.  He 
conducted  the  campaign  with  great  vigour ;  he  procured  him- 
self to  be  made  a  member  of  several  of  the  city  gilds,  and  so  a 
citizen  of  Carlisle  ;  he  distributed  drink,  guineas  and  silver 
plate  freely  among  the  gilds ;  he  gave  the  Shoemakers'  gild 
an  annual  order  for  700  pairs  of  shoes  (he  was  a  clothing 
colonel)  ;  and  he  fought  a  duel  with  one  of  the  sitting  members, 
Colonel  Stanwix ;  but  all  in  vain—  he  was  bottom  of  the  poll ; 
and  he  was  equally  unsuccessful  in  claiming  the  seat  on  petition. 
This  candlestick  remains  a  momento  of  an  election  contest  of  the 
real  old  kind,  to  which  Hogarth  alone  could  do  justice,  and 
which  I  have  endeavoured  to  describe  elsewhere.* 

In  1879  I  had  the  honour  to  exhibit  before  this  Society  the 
two  silver  racing  bells  belonging  to  the  corporation  of  Car- 
lisle.f  I  now  exhibit  a  book  containing  a  drawing  of  another 
silver  bell,  which,  alas,  has  disappeared.  The  following  account 
of  this  bell  comes  from  Carlisle's  Endowed  Grammar  Schools  :  J — 

4  A  singular  donation  was  made  by  a  Mr.  GRAHAM  of  a  Silver 
Bell,  weighing  two  ounces,  upon  which  is  engraven  "  Wrey 
Chappie,  1655,"  to  be  "  fought  for  annually  on  Shrove  Tuesday 
by  Cocks."  About  three  weeks  previous  to  that  day,  the  boys 
fixed  upon  Two  of  their  School- fellows  for  CAPTAINS,  whose 
parents  were  able  and  willing  to  bear  the  expense  of  the 
approaching  contest,  and  the  Master  on  his  entering  the  School 
was  saluted  by  the  boys  throwing  up  their  hats,  and  the  accla- 
mation of  " Dux,  Dux"  After  an  early  dinner  on  Shrove 
Tuesday  the  two  Captains,  attended  by  their  Friends  and  School- 
fellows who  were  distinguished  by  blue  and  red  Ribbons, 
inarched  in  procession  from  their  respective  homes  to  the  Village 
Green,  when  each  produced  Three  Cocks,  and  the  Bell  was 
appended  to  the  hat  of  the  Victor, — in  which  manner  it  was 
handed  down  from  one  successful  Captain  to  another. 

About  thirty  years  since,  §  this  barbarous  custom  was  super- 
seded by  a  "  HUNT," — a  Mayor  being  annually  elected,  and  the 
Bell  graces  his  rod  of  office.' 

The  first  person  elected  mayor  of  Wreay  was  the  duke  of 
Norfolk,  ||  and  the  custom  is  still  kept  up,  but  Carlisle  publicans 
rather  than  dukes  now  grace  the  civic  chair  of  Wreay.  The 
bell  was  lost  or  stolen  in  18  72. IT  The  drawing  I  exhibit  shows 

*  Ferguson's  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  M.P^s,froni  the  Restoration  to 
the  Reform  Bill,  p.  88.  Carlisle  :  C.  Thurnam  &  Sons,  1871. 

f  Proc.  2d  S.  vol.  viii.  p.  126  ;  see  also  engravings  in  Archaeological  Journal, 
vol.  xxxvi.  p.  383  ;  and  in  Old  Church  Plate  in  the  Diocese  of  Carlisle,  p.  284. 

t  Vol.  i.  p.  205. 

§  (1818-1830  =  1790). 

II  See  Lonsdale's  Cumberland  Worthies,  vol.  iii.  p.  60.  London  :  Geo.  Rout- 
ledge  and  Sons. 

f  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  223  n. 


March  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  95 

it  to  have  been  pear-shaped,  and  the  description  states  it  to 
have  been  of  coarse  workmanship,  and  to  have  weighed  about 
an  ounce  and  a-half.  All  efforts  to  trace  this  interesting  relic 
have  failed.  Spite  of  what  Mr.  Carlisle  says,  the  public  cock- 
fighting  was  not  suppressed  until  1836  ;  I  fancy  it  goes  on 
now  on  the  sly. 

I  also  exhibit  another  relic  of  Colonel  Gledhill's  election  cam- 
paign— a  salver  on  a  foot — which  he  presented  to  the  Shoemakers' 
gild.  On  the  salver,  which  is  9J  inches  in  diameter,  is  repre- 
sented Neptune  and  Amphitrite  in  their  chariot  drawn  by  sea- 
horses over  the  ocean ,  while  Tritons  and  Nereids  play  around  ; 
the  work  is  in  low  relief,  and  finished  with  a  chasing-tool ;  the 
design  is  spirited  and  vigorous,  particularly  the  action  of  the 
horses.  The  present  foot  is  not  the  original  one,  which  was,  as 
the  marks  of  the  solder  show,  much  smaller  in  diameter.  I 
fancy  the  salver  has  once  formed  the  top  of  a  high  tazza. 

The  plate-marks  are  three,  viz. : — 

1.  A  two-handled  amphora  in  a  shaped  shield,  the  Flushing 
hall-mark. 

2.  The  date- letter,  a  Roman  capital  G. 

3.  An  open  hand  crowned. 

A  long  mark,  like  a  dancette,  may  be  observed  in  the  under- 
neath of  the  salver,  where  a  particle  of  silver  was  taken  out  for 
assay.  This  is  a  common  feature  on  foreign  plate." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  March  4th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries,  Copenhagen  : — Les  Pierres 
Tumulaires  de  la  Cathedrale  de  Roskilde,  et  d'autres  Eglises  en  cette  ville. 
Par  J.  B.  Loffler.  Folio.  Copenhagen,  1885. 

From  the  Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  Sec.  S.A.  : — Recueil  de  plusieurs  Placarts  fort 
utiles  au  pays  de  Haynau,  et  qui  conduisent  a  1'eclaircissement  de  plusieurs 
Chartes  du  dit  Pais.  [Par  Erneste  de  la  Roche.]  4to.  Mons,  1701. 

From  the  Author  : — A  Review  of  the  various  Theories  respecting  the  form  and 
style  of  Architecture  of  the  Temple  of  Solomon.  By  E.  C.  Robins,  F.S.A. 
8vo.  London,  188(5. 


96  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

From  the  Author  : — Gilda  Mercatoria.     Ein  Beitrag  zur  Geschichte  der  eng- 
lisehen  Stiidteverfassung.     Von  Dr.  Charles  Gross.     8vo.     Gottingen,  1883. 

From  Sir  Joseph  Hooker,  through  the  President: — Three  sheets  of  impressions 
of  seals,  formerly  the  property  of  Mr.  Sharon  Turner. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8'45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9'30  p.m.,  when 
the  following  gentlemen  were  declared  duly  elected  : — 

Rev.  Charles  Robertson  Manning. 

Herbert  Appold  Grueber. 

Richard  Smith  Carington. 

William  Younger  Fletcher. 

William  John  Charles  Moens. 

Very  Rev.  Arthur  Perceval  Purey-Cust,  Dean  of  York. 

Paul  Henry  Foley. 

Major  James  Gildea. 

Rev.  Edward  Kedington  Bennet. 


Thursday,  March  llth,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Editor,  M.  J.  F.  Judice  Biker  :— Colle9ao  de  Tratados  da  India. 
Tomo  xi.  8vo.  Lisbon,  1886. 

From  the  Director- General  for  Antiquities  and  Fine  Arts,  of  the  Kingdom  of 
Italy  :— Sull'  Ordinamento  del  Servizio  Archeologico.  Seconda  Relazione 
del  Direttore  Generale  delle  Antichita  e  Belle  Arti  a  S.E.  II  Ministro  della 
Istruzione  Puhblica.  4to.  Rome,  1885. 

From  H.M.  Government  of  Madras  : — Administration  Report  of  the  Govern- 
ment Central  Museum  for  the  year  1884-5.  Folio.  Madras,  1885. 

William  Younger  Fletcher,  Esq.,  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  following  exhibitions  and  communications  were  laid  before 
the  Society  : — 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  97 

EDWARD  PEACOCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited 
an  impression  from  a  plain  gold  signet  ring  in 
the  possession  of  Lady  Fitzhardinge.  It  bears 
a  most  spirited  and  beautifully  engraved  figure 
of  a  cat  devouring  a  mouse,  with  the  legend  : — 

FROM  A  GOLD  SIGNET 
,      T  ,,  y  RING   IN   THE  POSSES- 

*  :   flVtt :   fotl  :    gtbfce  :   OWe  :    Cat :  SIGN    OF   LADY  FITZ- 

HARDINGE. (Full  size.) 

Mr.  PEACOCK  also  exhibited  an  impression  of  a  second  Seal, 
upon  which  he  communicated  the  following  notes  : — 

"  I  send  an  impression  of  a  bronze  seal  which  was  found  at 
Messingham,  near  here,  when  I  was  a  little  boy.  I  exhibited 
it  at  a  meeting  of  the  Society,  Nov.  21,  1867  ;*  but  I  send  an 
impression  of  it  now  on  account  of  what  seems  to  me  a  very 
curious  circumstance.  When  examining  a  few  days  ago  certain 
documents  in  the  Berkeley  evidence-house,  I  came  upon  a  deed 
with  a  seal  attached  the  exact  counterpart  of  this  in  every  par- 
ticular. The  Berkeley  impression  is  not  from  the  same  matrix, 
but  otherwise  they  are  identical.  The  Berkeley  deed  to  which 
this  seal  is  attached  is  of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  I  was  work- 
ing against  time,  and  did  not,  therefore,  make  a  memorandum 
of  the  year. 

I  also  enclose  a  transcript  of  a  Scotch  charter  which  Lord 
Fitzhardinge  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  copy.  It  has  long 
been  preserved  among  the  records  in  the  evidence- room  at 
Berkeley.  How  it  found  its  way  from  Scotland  to  Gloucester- 
shire I  can  but  guess.  As  I  have  no  pedigree  at  hand  of  the 
Mowbrays  I  cannot  identify  Christiana.  You  will,  I  think, 
have  no  difficulty  in  doing  so. 

4  Alexander  dei  gracia  rex  scottorum  omnibus  probis  Homini- 
bus  Tocius  Terre  sue  salutem.  Sciatis  nos  concessisse  &  hac  pre- 
senti  carta  nostra  confirmasse  donacionem  illam  quam  cristiana 
de  mubray  sponsa  quondam  Rogeri  de  mubray  militis  filia  & 
heres  quondam  Bernardi  fraser  militis  in  Legittima  viduitate  & 
Libera  potestate  sua  constituta  fecit  fratribus  ordinis  Sancte 
Trinitatis  &  Captivorum  de  domo  que  dicitur  Gracia  dei.  quam 
eadem  Christiana  fundauit  in  Teritorio  manerii  sui  de  Huwystim' 
&  de  toto  eodem  manerio  &  de  tota  terra  que  vocatur  Lyneryng- 
ham'  in  tenemento  de  Huwystun  &  de  tota  terra  que  fuit  Hospi- 
talis  de  ffortun'  &  de  tota  terra  que  fuit  quondam  Thome  de 
Lessedwyn  in  villa  &  in  Teritorio  de  ffortun'  &  de  totat  erra  de 
Crauchot.'  Tenendas  &  habendas  fratribus  predicti  ordinis  & 
eorum  successoribus  in  perpetuum  de  dicta  Cristiana  &  heredibus 

*  See  Proc.  2d  S.  iv.  11. 
VOL.  XI.  H 


98  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

suis  in  puram  &  perpetuam  elemosinam  cum  omnibus  Liberta- 
tibus  et  aisiamentis  ad  dictas  terras  pertinentibus  adeo  Libere 
quiete  plenario  &  honorifice  sicut  Carta  predicte  Cristiane  eisdem 
fratribus  exinde  confecta  plenius  inde  testatur.  Saluo  servicio 
nostro.  Testibus  Johanne  cumyn.  Reginaldo  le  Chen.  Symone 
fraser.  Ricardo  fraser.  &  dauid  Brun.  apud  Hadyngtun'  yicesimo 
sexto  die  January.  Anno  regni  nostri  vicesimo  Tercio.' 

A  fragment  of  the  great  seal  in  white  wax  is  appended  by  a 
parchment  slip. 

No  charter-roll  of  Scotland  exists  of  the  time  of  Alexander, 
so  there  can  be  no  duplicate  of  this  little  charter  ;  it  is,  there- 
fore, more  important  than  I  thought." 

JOSEPH  BAIN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot.,  has  kindly  communicated 
the  following  notes  on  this  charter  :— 

"  The  old  charter  discovered  in  the  Berkeley  charter-chest 
is  extremely  interesting.  From  internal  evidence  the  king  is 
Alexander  III.  of  Scotland,  and  its  date  is  26th  January, 
1271-72,  corresponding  to  his  twenty-third  year.  Eoger  de 
Mubray  died  23rd  January,  1268-69.  Cristiana  Fraser  must 
have  been  his  widow.  The  witnesses — Cumyn,  Chen,  and  the 
two  Frasers — are  all  historical  personages.  David  Brun  is, 
perhaps,  Brown  of  Colstoun,  a  Haddingtonshire  baron. 

The  most  valuable  piece  of  evidence  to  me  is,  however,  the 
foundation  by  Cristiana  of  the  House  of  Houstoun,  in  the  parish 
of  Uphall,  co.  Linlithgow.  It  was  of  the  Trinitarian  Order  for 
the  .Redemption  of  Captives.  We  know  very  little  of  this 
Order  in  Scotland.  The  head  was  always  styled  Minister. 
The  chief  house  was  Failfurd,  co.  Ayr,  the  head  of  which  was 
Provincial- General  of  the  Order.  There  are  a  few  notices  of 
that  house  and  also  of  Houstoun  in  the  diocesan  registers  of 
the  see  of  Glasgow  existing  from  1499-1513.  There  is  no 
charter-roll  of  Scotland  earlier  than  Robert  Bruce,  1314  or  so; 
this  is  undoubted." 

E.  ST.  F.  MOORE,  Esq.,  exhibited  twelve  small  Bronze  and 
other  articles  found  at  different  times  in  Suffolk.  Those  from 
Ipswich  were  discovered  during  some  excavations  there  about 
three  years  ago. 

1.  Fibula  in  the  form   of  a  bee.      Roman.      (See   opposite 
page.) 

2.  Bronze  lamp  found  near  Ipswich,  in  the  shape  of  a  dog ; 
head  lost.     Roman. 

3.  Bronze  fibula  (?),  from  Ixworth.     Early  medieval. 

4.  Bronze  object.     Medieval,  from  Mildenhall. 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  99 

5.  Bronze  key.     Medieval,  found  at  Ipswich. 

6.  Bronze  mordant  of  a  strap.     Medieval,  from  Lakenheath. 

7.  Buckle  of  bronze,  once  gilt.     Medieval,  from  MildenhalL 

8.  Bronze  object  with  head  ;  from  Felixstowe.     Medieval. 


FIBULA  IN  THE  FORM  OF  A  BEE,  FOUND  IN  SUFFOLK,  WITH  SECTION. 

(Full  size.) 

9.  Remains  of  a  bronze  ring,   set  with  pale    green  paste. 
Medieval,  found  at  Ipswich. 

10.  Bronze  ring-shaped  boss.     Medieval,  from  Elvedon. 

11.  Lead  medallion,  with  figure  of  an  angel  with  outstretched 
arms.     Marginal  legend,  GLORIA. IN. EXCELSIS.     Found  at  Ips- 
wich.     Medieval.     On  the  back  is  rudely  cut  the  letters  GI 
reversed. 

12.  One  of  a  pair  of  silver  sleeve-links,  with  two  hearts  sur- 
mounted by  a  crown.      Also  a  single  stud  with  similar  and 
bolder  device.     17th  century.     Found  at  The  Abbey,  Wood- 
bridge. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Hampshire,  com- 
municated the  following  notes  on  Excavations  at  Winchester 
cathedral  church : — 

"It  is  time  that  I  should  report  progress  on  this  work,  which 
has  been  going  on  for  the  past  two  months  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Dean  and  Chapter. 

The  accumulated  earth  at  the  end  and  sides  of  the  northern 
transept,  and  for  a  little  distance  along  the  nave  and  choir,  has 
been  removed  to  a  depth  of  5  or  6  feet,  showing  the  Norman 
masonry  of  Walkelin  (1079-1094)  down  to  its  foundation  of 
concrete. 

The  depth  of  this  accumulation,  that  is  to  say,  the  present 
level  of  the  churchyard  above  that  which  must  have  been  its 

H  2 


100  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

level  eight  hundred  years  ago,  may  be  compared  with  the  depth 
of  about  14  feet  below  the  present  surface  at  which  the  Roman 
pavement  was  found  in  Little  Minster  street  seven  or  eight 
years  ago,  and  seems  to  indicate  a  rise  of  nearly  one  foot  per 
century. 

Interments  were  found  all  along  the  outside  of  the  wall  only 
just  below  that  which  must  have  been  ihe  level  of  the  soil  at  the 
time  when  the  transept  was  built ;  but,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
no  article  of  interest  was  discovered  in  connection  with  these 
interments. 

We  know  from  Eudborne*  that  the  New  Minster  founded 
by  king  Alfred  occupied  the  whole  north  side  of  the  present 
cathedral  church,  with  some  portions  of  ground  to  the  east  of  it. 
Its  church,  according  to  William  of  Malmesbury,  quoted  by 
Dr.  Milner,  the  historian  of  Winchester,  stood  so  near  the 
cathedral  church  that  the  voices  and  organs  of  the  two  choirs 
mutually  confounded  and  interrupted  one  another.  For  this 
and  other  reasons  the  abbey  was  removed  in  the  year  1110  to 
Hyde  meadow,  where,  under  the  name  of  Hyde  abbey,  it  existed 
until  the  Reformation. 

In  the  expectation  of  finding  traces  of  the  New  Minster  a 
trench  was  cut  from  the  end  of  the  northern  transept  north- 
wards ;  resulting  in  the  finding  at  a  distance  of  some  20  feet 
northwards  from  the  end  of  the  transept,  and  about  4  feet  below 
the  surface,  of  a  wall,  or  rather  foundation  of  flint  concrete, 
running  parallel  with  the  cathedral  church  from  east  to  west 
for  a  distance  of  67  feet  This  wall  stops  abruptly  at  its 
western  end,  where  it  rests  upon  a  portion  of  a  four- sided  flint- 
work  structure,  apparently  the  foundation  of  a  chamber  of  the 
Roman  period  about  6  feet  square  inside.  At  its  eastern  end 
the  wall  runs  for  a  short  distance  northwards  and  then  ends 
abruptly.  I  find  it  difficult  to  believe  that  this  wall  forms  any 
portion  of  the  foundation  of  the  New  Minster  church.  There  is 
not  nearly  enough  of  it,  to  begin  with  ;  and  one  would  expect 
to  find  the  foundations  of  a  building  of  king  Alfred's  time  at  a 
greater  depth  than  those  of  a  contiguous  building  of  the  Norman 
period.  But  may  not  this  wall  represent  the  site  of  some  of  the 
offices  or  outbuildings  of  the  New  Minster  ?  These  outbuildings 
may  very  well  have  been  situated  on  the  southern  side  of  the 
church  of  the  New  Minster,  just  as  the  outbuildings  of  the 
cathedral  church  are  and  always  have  been.  If  this  view  be 
correct  the  site  of  the  New  Minster  church  is  somewhat  further 
to  the  north,  nearer  the  High  street,  and  the  northern  boundary 

*  Hist.  Mag.  lib.  iii.  c.  vii. 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  101 

of  the  churchyard.  I  see  nothing  unreasonable  in  this  supposi- 
tion, if  we  may  venture  to  regard  the  language  of  William  of 
Malmesbury,  touching  the  nearness  to  each  other  of  the  two 
choirs,  as  a  little  exaggerated,  and  a  mere  embellishment  of  the 
fact  that  the  offices  of  the  New  Minster  were  very  close  to  the 
cathedral  church. 

But  the  most  important  work  that  is  going  on  is  in  the  crypt, 
or  rather  crypts ;  the  earlier,  that  of  bishop  Walkelin,  has  the 
walls,  pillars,  and  groining  in  much  the  same  state  as  that  in 
which  he  left  them.  The  later  was  built  by  prior  Silkestede 
when  he  lengthened  the  Lady  chapel  in  the  sixteenth  century. 

In  places  like  Winchester,  situated  on  rivers,  the  level  of  the 
water  in  the  soil  has  a  tendency  to  rise,  because  the  river-bed  is 
continually  rising  by  reason  of  deposits,  and  people  meet  the 
case  rather  by  raising  its  banks  than  by  dredging  its  bottom. 
That  the  level  of  the  river  Itchen  was  anciently  lower  than  it  is 
now  seems  to  be  proved  by  the  depth  at  which  the  piles  of  the 
bridge,  supposed  to  be  St.  Swithun's  bridge,  at  the  bottom  of 
the  town,  were  found  to  be  when  they  were  discovered  a  few 
years  ago  in  the  course  of  excavation  for  sewage  purposes. 

Be  this  as  it  may,  the  original  crypt,  which  we  may  assume, 
I  suppose,  that  Walkelin  did  not  build  below  that  which  was 
the  level  of  the  water  in  his  day,  was  in  course  of  time  invaded 
by  water ;  and  about  four  hundred  years  ago  (I  do  not  know 
the  exact  date)  it  had  to  be  filled  up  with  chalk  to  a  uniform 
depth  of  4  feet,  more  or  less. 

This  bed  of  chalk  is  now  being  removed,  and  the  crypt  is 
being  restored  to  what  it  was  four  centuries  ago,  barring  the 
shrines  and  altars,  and  a  drain  is  being  laid  with  the  object  of 
carrying  off  any  water  which  may  find  its  way  into  the  crypt,  if 
the  belief  that  the  general  level  of  water  in  the  soil  has  been 
reduced  by  drainage  operations  in  the  last  few  years  should  prove 
to  be  unfounded. 

Most  of  the  buttresses  and  structures  which  support  tombs 
in  the  Lady  chapel  above  stand  on  this  bed  of  chalk.  In  one 
of  these  structures  the  remains  of  bishop  Peter  Courtenay, 
who  died  1492,  were  discovered,  the  exact  site  of  his  interment 
having  been  previously  unknown.  The  manner  of  his  interment 
was  as  follows :  A  flint  structure,  some  1 2  feet  square,  was 
carried  up  from  the  chalk  bed  as  a  foundation  to  the  groining 
of  the  roof  above  supporting  the  floor  of  the  Lady  chapel. 
Through  the  floor  of  the  Lady  chapel  and  the  groining  below 
it  a  hole  was  made  through  which  the  remains  of  the  bishop 
were  lowered  into  a  cist  made  for  their  reception  in  the  middle  of 
the  flint  structure.  This  structure  will  have  to  be  removed  with 
the  chalk  bed  on  which  it  rests,  and  another  place  will  have  to 


102  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

be  found  for  the  interment  of  the  bishop  under  the  floor  of  the 
crypt  or  elsewhere. 

I  enclose  a  sketch  of  the  lid  of  the  leaden  coffin,  for  which  I 
am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  H.  D.  Cole,  a  zealous  anti- 
quary here.  The  lid  of  the  coffin  has  been  opened,  and  that 
only  was  discovered  which  everybody  would  expect  to  discover 
under  the  circumstances,  viz.,  the  bones  of  the  bishop  and  the 
remains  of  a  wooden  shell. 

This  is  all  I  have  to  communicate  at  the  present  time  ;  but  I 
hope  to  report  again  should  the  Society  desire  it  and  anything 
of  interest  arise  in  the  course  of  the  work." 


The  Eev.  H.  M.  SCARTH,  Local  Secretary  for  Somerset,  com- 
municated the  following  remarks  on  a  sculptured  stone  found  at 
Bath  in  1885  :— 

"  This  stone  was  found  in  making  excavations  at  the  Cross  - 
bath,  20  feet  below  the  surface.  The  stone  is  in  the  form  of 
a  Koman  altar,  but  not  so  thick  for  the  height  as  they  are 
generally  found  to  be. 

The  height  is  30  inches,  the  front  face  18  inches,  and  the 
thickness  or  side  10  inches.  It  has  a  plinth  of  3  inches  pro- 
jection, and  the  faces  are  formed  of  panels  with  figures  in  relief. 
Unfortunately  the  stone,  together  with  the  sculptures,  is  much 
injured. 

An  account  of  it  first  appeared  in  the  Bath  Herald  for  Sep- 
tember 12,  1885. 

One  side  is  rough  and  broken,  as  if  it  had  been  attached  to 
other  masonry. 

On  one  face  are  two  figures — the  one  standing  upright  and 
the  other  reclining.  The  upright  figure  extends  the  right  arm, 
and  apparently  holds  a  lamb  or  kid  above  the  head  of  the  reclin- 
ing female  figure,  who  extends  her  right  hand,  apparently  as  if 
rejecting  the  offering,  as  the  face  seems  to  be  turned  away. 

The  reclining  figure  rests  upon  the  left  arm  or  elbow,  and 
the  lower  portion  of  the  body  is  covered  with  drapery,  and  the 
right  knee  is  bent.  The  standing  figure  is  nude,  but  the  attitude 
very  manly. 

In  the  space  between  these  figures  is  a  large  bowl  (crater)  in 
lower  relief. 

The  attitude  and  position  of  these  two  figures  is  the  same 
almost  as  what  may  be  seen  at  Rome  in  a  bas-relief  of  Zethus 
and  Amphion,  only  in  that  group  the  standing  figure  holds  a 
lyre,  whereas  in  this  sculpture  the  upright  figure  is  holding,  a 
lamb  or  kid  above  the  head  of  the  reclining  one. 

On  the  other  face,  on  a  panel,  about  2  or  3  inches  below 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  103 

the  projecting  plinth,  is  a  dog  with  a  bushy  tail,  walking  ;  and 
at  the  back  of  the  dog,  in  the  upper  corner  of  the  panel,  is 
what  appears  to  be  a  tree.  The  lower  portion  has  no  carving  or 
inscription. 

On  the  side  of  the  stone  is'  a  tree  in  low  relief,  round  which 
a  serpent  is  twined  with  the  head  downward. 

In  the  account  to  which  I  have  alluded  the  sculpture  was  sup- 
posed to  be  Christian,  or  rather  Biblical ;  but  a  slight  exami- 
nation of  the  stone  and  treatment  of  the  subject  shows  it  to  be 
heathen. 

Christian  or  Biblical  representations  of  the  fall  of  our  first 
parents  are  never  so  treated  in  art. 

Professor  Sayce,  who  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the 
sculpture,  at  once  pronounced  it  to  be  heathen,  and  conveyed 
his  impressions  in  a  letter  written  to  the  secretary  of  the  Bath 
Field  Club,  who  read  an  account  of  the  discovery  at  one  of  the 
meetings  of  that  club. 

In  that  letter  he  states  his  impression  that  the  sculpture 
belonged  to  a  chapel  dedicated  to  ^Esculapius  (or  Asklepios), 
a  deity  very  likely  to  be  worshipped  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
the  hot  springs,  the  serpent  twined  around  the  tree  on  one  of 
the  sides  being  his  emblem  or  symbol.  Again,  the  dog  is 
another  symbol  of  ^Esculapius,  who  is  supposed  to  have  been 
protected  by  a  dog  when  exposed  as  a  child.  'Inscriptions 
recently  discovered  at  Epidaurus  '  (he  states)  <  prove  that  dogs 
acted  there  as  ministers  of  Asklepios.' 

He  regards  the  figures  on  the  front  face  as  representing 
Apollo  and  Koronis,  the  mother  of  Asklepios,  and  he  compares 
it  with  another  sculpture  which  once  existed  built  into  the  walls 
of  Bath,  and  which  is  given  by  Dr.  Guidott  in  his  work. 

I  had  not  the  pleasure  of  hearing  Professor  Sayce's  commu- 
nication read  to  the  Field  Club,  and  did  not  see  it  until  I  had  had 
an  opportunity  of  examining  the  sculpture  myself,  and  forming 
an  independent  judgment,  neither  had  I  seen  the  accounts  given 
in  the  Bath  Herald;  but  after  twice  examining  the  stone,  without 
hearing  any  previous  opinion  of  its  subject  expressed,  it  occurred 
to  me  that  it  must  represent  the  meeting  of  ^sculapius  and 
Hygieia,  ^Esculapius  being  the  standing,  and  Hygieia  the  sitting 
figure :  the  latter  is  represented  sometimes  as  the  daughter,  and 
sometimes  as  the  wife,  of  .ZEsculapius,  but  the  two  are  not  unfre- 
quently  connected.  Hygieia  was  worshipped  in  the  temple  of 
JEsculapius  at  Argos,  where  these  two  divinities  had  a  sanctuary, 
as  well  as  at  Athens  and  Corinth.  She  is  usually  represented 
feeding  a  serpent  from  a  bowl  or  cup,  and  there  is  a  bowl  sculp- 
tured on  the  stone,  at  the  side  of  which  is  a  serpent.  The  large 
bowl  or  goblet  between  the  two  figures  may  also  indicate  the  use 


104  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

of  the  Bath  waters  for  drinking  and  for  bathing,  and  their  heal- 
ing properties. 

The  dog  appears  to  be  a  water-dog,  not  unlike  our  Newfound- 
land breed,  but  the  dog  is  not  only  one  of  the  symbols  of 
jEsculapius.  Canis,  the  dog,  is  also  the  sign  or  emblem  of  the 
Dog  Star,  and  also  emblematic  of  heat.  Canis  was  the  constella- 
tion of  the  Great  Dog,  and  the  same  as  Sirius. 

The  Romans  borrowed  the  idea  from  the  Greeks,  who  about 
B.C.  400,  when  the  rising  of  Sirius  corresponded  with  the 
entrance  of  the  sun  into  the  constellation  Leo,  and  marked  the 
hottest  season,  adopted  the  name.  The  Romans  borrowed  this 
observation  from  the  Greeks,  without  considering  whether  it 
suited  their  age  and  country,  and  so  the  dies  caniculares  came 
to  express  their  hottest  season.  (See  Smith's  Classical  Dic- 
tionary.) 

'  Et  Canis,  Icarium  dicunt,  quo  sidere  moto 

Tosta  sitit  tellus,  praecipiturque  seges. 
Pro  cane  sidereo  canis  hie  imponitur  arae, 
Et,  quare  pereat,  nil  nisi  nomen  habet.'* 

We  have,  therefore,  in  all  these  figures  allusion  to  the  healing 
property  of  the  hot  springs  at  Aquae  Solis. 

The  serpent  is  usually  represented  as  coiled  around  the  staff 
of  -zEsculapius,f  as  may  be  seen  in  Montfaucon,J  but  here  this 
emblem  is  placed  round  a  tree. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  the  serpent  enters  into  several  of  the 
Bath  ancient  sculptures.  In  the  walls  of  Bath  were  formerly 
two  figures,  each  bearing  serpents  ;  the  one  apparently  a  female, 
having  two  held  together,  one  in  each  hand ;  and  the  other  a 
male  figure,  holding  a  serpent  in  the  right.  These  may  be 
seen  in  Dr.  Guidott's  work.§  Dingley,  in  his  f  History  from 
Marble,'  which  was  written  about  168*0,  confirms  the  accuracy 
of  Dr.  Guidott's  statement :  and  says,  6  Between  the  west  and 
south  gates  of  Bath  are  sundry  images  and  idols  of  stone,  as 
Ophiucus,  being  the  figure  of  a  man  squeezing  two  serpents, 
one  in  each  hand.'  The  drawings  in  Dingley's  MS.  appear  to 
be  more  exact  than  the  engravings  in  Guidott's  book,  as  they 
were  sketched  by  his  own  hand.  There  is  also  the  head  of  a 
figure,  the  hair  of  which  is  composed  entirely  of  serpents  ;  and 
in  the  pediment  of  the  temple  preserved  in  the  entrance  of  the 
Literary  and  Scientific  Institution  at  Bath  (engraved  in  Lysons' 
work,  and  other  treatises  on  Roman  Bath),  serpents  appear 

*  Sec  Ovid's  Fasti,  lib.  iv.  939,  and  following. 

f  Hunc  modo  serpentem,  baculum  nexibus  ambit,  perspice;  see  Ovid,  Metam. 
lib.  xv.  Fab.  1.  38. 

J  Autiq.  Explic.  torn.  1,  pt.  2. 

§  See  plate  attached  to  chap.  x.  p.  G9  ;  also  Aqurc  Solis,  Roman  Bath. 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  105 

mixed  with  the  hair  of  the  face  which  forms  the  centre  of  the 
pediment.  These  have  evidently  relation  to  the  healing  waters 
of  the  city. 

There  is  a  small  pediment  given  by  Guidott,*  containing  a 
male  and  female  figure  sitting  opposite  each  other.  The  male 
figure  holds  what  is  represented  as  a  pastoral  crook.  The  female 
is  playing  with  a  dog  upon  her  knee.  This  has  been  supposed 
to  represent  a  shepherd  and  shepherdess,  and  so  it  may,  but 
unfortunately  the  stone  is  lost,  and  closer  examination  might 
have  revealed  the  serpent  twining  round  the  staff,  and  so  may 
have  symbolized  the  two  figures,  jEsculapius  and  the  goddess 
Hygieia.  Most  of  the  altars  found  in  Bath  are  dedicated  to  Sul 
or  Sulminerva,  and  one  to  the  Sulevse.  Sul  and  Minerva 
appear  to  be  the  same  goddess,  the  British  goddess  being  assimi- 
lated to  the  Roman ;  but  Minerva  had  many  attributes,  and 
presided  over  healing  as  well  as  a  variety  of  other  arts.  She 
was  worshipped  as  patroness  of  all  the  arts  and  trades,  such  as 
painting,  poetry,  teaching  and  medicine,  spinning  or  weaving. 
She  is  the  Athena  of  the  Greeks,  and  Proclus,  a  late  Greek 
writer,  who  died  as  late  as  A.D.  485,  declares — 

H  A0HNA  NIKH  Trpoaayopevrai,  Kat  TFIEIA, 

'  Minerva  or  Athena  is  called  Victory  and  Health,'  or  Hygieia. 
We  see,  therefore,  that  the  leading  idea  of  all  the  lapidary 
records  that  remain  of  Eoman  dominion  in  Bath  was  health  and 
restoration  by  means  of  the  Divinity  of  the  thermal  springs — 
the  goddess  presiding  over  the  sacred  fountains.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  this  sculpture,  broken  and  decayed  by  time  as  it  is,  yet 
affording  indication  of  a  high  state  of  art  in  its  design  and 
execution  (as  mentioned  by  Solinusf),  may  be  carefully  pre- 
served, and  not  left  to  further  decay  by  exposure  to  the  weather. 
The  late  discoveries  in  clearing  out  the  Roman  baths,  and  ex- 
posing them  to  view,  are  the  most  interesting  that  have  been 
made  hitherto  in  this  island,  or  indeed  in  any  country  save  Italy, 
on  account  of  their  completeness.  We  can  only  hope  that  re- 
search may  be  prosecuted  with  spirit,  and  who  can  say  what 
revelations  may  reward  the  cost  and  labour  !" 

The  Hon.  H.  A.  DILLON,  Secretary,  exhibited,  by  permission  of 
J.  E.  Smith,  Esq.,  a  charter  of  Henry  VI.,  dated  3rd  February, 
1446-7,  granting  to  the  commonalty  of  Westminster  permission 
to  utilise  the  waste  water  from  the  conduit  in  the  king's  palace 
of  Westminster,  and  to  carry  it  in  pipes  to  a  convenient  place. 
The  following  is  a  transcript  of  this  interesting  document : — 

*  See  plate  attached  to  chap.  x.  No.  4. 

f  "  Fontes  Calidi  opiparo  exculti  apparatu," 


106  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

"  Henricus  dei  gratia  Bex  Anglic  &  Francie  &  Dominus 
Hibernie.  Omnibus  ad  quos  presentes  litere  pervenerint,  salu- 
tem.  Sciatis  quod  de  gratia  nostra  speciali  concessimus  dilectis 
nobis  probis  liominibus  &  Communitati  villo  Westmonasterij 
superfluitatem  &  vastum  aque  que  a  conductu  nostro  infra  pala- 
cium  nostrum  Westfn  in  rivum  Thamisie  exit  &  currit  habendis 
sibi  heredibus  &  successoribus  suis  imperpetuum  et  quod  predicti 
homines  et  Communitas  heredes  &  successores  sui  licenciam 
auctoritatem  &  potestatem  de  nobis  habere  valeant  &  habeant 
ad  dictam  superfluitatem  &  vastum  aque  per  supervisum  clerici 
operacionurn  nostrarum  pro  tempore  existenti  in  quadam  fistula 
plumbea  ac  aliis  machinis  convenientibus  tarn  subtus  quam  supra 
terram  per  dictum  palacium  nostrum  ac  altas  stratas  &  vias 
nostras  ad  huiusmodi  locum  infra  villam  predictam  prout  ad 
eorum  aisiamentum  &  commodum  expediens  videbitur  adduci 
faciendis  &  conducendis  &  ibidem  quendam  conductum  faciendum 
&  levandum  et  quod  ipsi  ac  heredes  &  successores  sui  predicti 
fistulam  &  machinas  predictas  pro  conductione  diet'  superflui- 
tatis  et  vasti  aque  in  forma  predicta  conducend'  facere  omnibus 
temporibus  quociens  necesse  fuerit  per  stratare  reparare  & 
emendare  valeant  absque  impetitione  impedimento  sive  pertur- 
bacione  nostri  vel  heredum  sen  successorum  nostrorum  aut 
aliquorum  officiariorum  vel  ministrorum  nostrorum  aut  heredum 
seu  successorum  nostrorum  quorumcumque  et  quod  predicti 
homines  &  Communitas  habeant  in  hac  parte  habilem  capa- 
citatem  &  successionem  perpetuam  sufficien  in  lege  sibi  ac 
heredibus  &  successoribus  suis  predictis  absque  aliquo  nobis 
vel  heredibus  nostris  pro  premissis  seu  aliquo  premissorum 
inde  reddendo  Proviso  semper  quod  nulla  domus  neque 
paries  nostra  vigore  presentis  concessionis  nostre  periclitetur  in 
aliquo  seu  ledatur.  In  cuius  rei  testimonium  has  literas 
nostras  fieri  fecimus  patentes.  Teste  meipso  apud  West- 
monasterium  tercio  die  ffebruarij  anno  regni  nostriv  icesimo 
quinto. 

per  breve  de  privato  sigillo  &  de  dat'  predicta  auc- 
toritate  parliamenti.  SELBY." 

Great  seal  (Willis,  G.  4.)  in  white  wax,  appended  by  parch- 
ment slip  inscribed  "  Irrot  V 

Endorsed : 
To  fol°  88  B. 

Lettres  pattent  to  the  inhabitants  of  Westminster  to 
have  the  waste  water  of  the  conduit  of  the  palace,  and  to 
carry  it  in  pipes 


March  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  107 

Major  W.  C.  COOPER,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  old  iron  nails, 
weighing  6J  and  8J  ounces  respectively,  supposed  to  have  been 
formerly  used  and  fastened  to  the  rims  of  cart-wheels  before  the 
introduction  of  tyres.  A  good  illustration  of  them  may  be  seen 
in  the  illustrations  of  the  Louterell  Psalter.* 

These  nails  have  at  separate  times  been  turned  up  by  the 
plough  on  Major  Cooper's  property  in  Toddington  parish. 

C.  S.  PERCEVAL,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Treasurer,  exhibited  two  spe- 
cimens of  medieval  needlework,  being  figures  of  the  Blessed 
Virgin  and  Child  and  St.  Giles,  which  he  thus  described  in  a 
letter  addressed  to  the  Assistant- Secretary : — 

DEAR  MR.  HOPE, 

I  leave  for  exhibition  this  evening  two  specimens  of  medieval 
needlework,  which,  although  not  in  a  very  satisfactory  state  of 
preservation,  appear  to  me  to  possess  some  interest. 

They  are  the  property  of  the  Rev.  Brymer  Belcher,  rector  of 
Bodiham,  Sussex,  who  has  kindly  permitted  me  to  exhibit 
them. 

They  are  two  full-length  figures  of  saints,  one  of  them  dating 
possibly  from  the  fifteenth  century,  and  have  probably  formed 
the  principal  decoration  of  church  banners. 

I  am  not  informed  of  any  particulars  as  to  their  provenance. 

The  first  figure  represents  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  Divine 
Infant,  the  height  of  the  figure,  including  the  ground  on  which 
she  stands,  being  exactly  24  inches. 

With  the  exception  of  the  faces  and  hands,  which  are  finished 
in  colour,  applied  to  a  gesso  laid  on  the  canvas  which  served  as 
a  ground  to  the  embroidery,  the  whole  figure  is  worked  in 
somewhat  coarse  silk,  of  (originally)  rich  and  varied  hues. 

The  girdle  round  the  child's  waist  is  in  gold  thread,  a 
material  which  has  also  been  used  to  mark  the  outline  of  the 
head  of  the  principal  figures.  Gold  thread  is  also  introduced 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  dress  of  the  Blessed  Virgin. 

The  nimbi  which  surround  both  heads  seem  likewise  to  have 
been  originally  in  gold  thread,  but  they  are  much  tarnished. 

The  drawing  of  this  piece  is  very  graceful,  and  it  is  much  to 
be  regretted  that  the  painted  parts  are,  to  a  great  extent, 
destroyed. 

The  other  figure  I  take  to  represent  Saint  Giles. 

The  lower  portion  seems  to  be  wanting  from  the  knees  down- 
wards, the  figure,  as  we  have  it,  being  15  inches  high. 

The  saint  is  vested  in  a  tight-sleeved  garment,  wrought 
entirely  in  gold  thread.  Over  this  is  a  stole,  with  broad  bell- 

*  Vetusta  Monumenta,  vol.  vi.  plate  xxiii.  No,  5, 


108  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

shaped  ends,  cacli  adorned  with  a  cross,  while  on  the  breast  is 
a  square  of  white  silk,  divided  into  about  nine  horizontal  rows 
by  yellow  silk  thread.  The  white  silk  is  puckered  vertically, 
giving  the  whole  object  a  chequered  appearance.  This  at  first 
sight  recalls  the  somewhat  unusual  ornament  called  the  rationale, 
which  occurs  in  certain  early  examples  of  episcopal  costume, 
but  it  is  probably  meant  for  an  open  book.  The  head  is  nimbed, 
and  the  right  hand  bears  a  pastoral  staff  with  a  floriated  head. 

The  face  and  hands  are  in  plain  silk,  embroidered  so  as  to 
mark  the  features. 

Against  the  left  leg  of  the  saint  an  animal  is  leaning.  I  take 
this  to  be  the  hind  fleeing  for  refuge  to  the  sainted  hermit,  Saint 
Giles,  as  from  the  occurrence  of  this  attribute  I  conjecture  the 
personage  to  be. 

Are  either,  or  both  the  figures,  of  English  work?  Saint 
Giles  seems  the  latest. 

Believe  me,  &c. 

CHAS.  SP.  PERCEVAL. 

P.S.— Since,  writing  the  above,  I  find,  on  careful  examina- 
tion with  a  glass,  that  the  nimbi  above  referred  to,  the  boldest 
outlines  of  the  drapery,  and  some  other  parts  are  actually 
worked  in  a  gold  thread  manufactured,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
more  brilliant  parts,  by  lapping  tinsel  round  a  core  of  hemp  or 
silk.  The  bright  metal  can  be  seen  in  one  or  two  places,  but 
the  general  effect  is  brown.  This  is  not  owing  to  mere  dirt  or 
oxidation,  but,  unless  I  am  mistaken,  it  is  due  to  a  lacquer 
which  has  been  applied  to  protect  the  metal,  but  which  has  in 
the  lapse  of  time  become  brown  and  opaque. 


Thursday,  March  18th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  Harvard  College : — Annual  Reports  of  the  President  and  Treasurer. 
1884-85.  8vo.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1886. 

From  R.  H.  Soden-Smith,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Science  and  Art  Department.  A  List 
of  Books  and  Pamphlets  in  the  National  Art  Library,  South  Kensington 
Museum,  illustrating  Gemsr.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Editor,  J.  Brooking  Rowe,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — The  Devonshire  Domesday. 
Part  II.  4  to.  Plymouth,  1885. 


March  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  109 

In  accordance  with  the  last  wishes  of  James  Bridge  Davidson, 
Esq.,  late  Fellow  of  the  Society,  J.  Brooking  Rowe,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
on  behalf  of  himself  and  his  co-executors,  Charles  E.  Rashleigh, 
Esq.,  and  Miss  Anna  Davidson,  presented  a  small  8vo.  MS. 
volume  of  the  fifteenth  century,  lettered  "  Exposition  of  Pater- 
noster, &c." 

It  is,  however,  clearly  a  copy  of  the  "  Pore  Caitif"  usually 
attributed  to  Wycliffe,  for  after  the  heading  "  Here  bigynet]?  a 
tretijs  ]?at  fuffifij?  to  ech  crifte  man  to  lyven  aftir,"  the  prologue 
commences  :  "  This  tretijs  compilid  of  a  pore  caitif  and  nedi  of 
goostli  help  of  alle  cristen  peple,"  etc.  This  is  followed  by 
essays  on  the  Creed,  the  Ten  Commandments,  the  Pater-noster, 
the  Council  of  Christ,  the  Virtues  of  Patience,  Temptation,  the 
Charter  of  Heaven,  the  Ghostly  Battle,  the  Name  of  Ihesu,  the 
love  of  Ihesu,  Meekness,  the  Effect  of  Will,  Active  Life  and 
Contemplative  Life,  the  Mirror  of  Chastity  or  Mirror  of  Maidens. 
At  the  end  of  this  last  treatise  are  the  words,  "  Here  eendi]?  J?is 
book  ]?at  is  clepid  ]?e  pore  catif."  The  book  ends  with  two  other 
treatises  called  the  Mirror  of  Sinners  and  the  Mirror  of  Matri- 
mony. 

The  MS.  is  nicely  written  on  vellum,  in  double  columns, 
with  rubricated  headings  and  titles  and  illuminated  initial 
letters.  It  contains  119  folios,  with  an  added  MS.  index  on 
paper  at  the  end.  At  the  bottom  of  the  first  page  is  written 
ulo:  AMES." 

This  is  apparently  the  identical  MS.  described  by  Oldy  in  the 
British  Librarian,*  though  the  present  red  morocco  binding 
does  not  appear  to  be  that  mentioned  by  him. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this 
gift. 

Herbert  Appold  Grueber,  Esq.,  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  re-appointment  by  the  Council  of  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope, 
Esq.,  M.A.,  as  Assistant- Secretary,  was  submitted  to  the  Meet- 
ing and  duly  ratified. 

In  accordance  with  the  Statutes,  Ch.  XIX.  §  1,  the  following 
proposed  Resolution  was  submitted  to  the  Meeting'  by  way  of 
notice  only : — 

"  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London. 
18th  March,  1886. 

To  the  Hon.  H.  A.  DILLON,  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Society 

of  Antiquaries. 

We,  the  undersigned,  give  notice  that  it  is  our  intention  to 
*  No.  I.  for  January,  1737,  p.  23. 


110  PliOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

propose  the  following  resolution  at  the  Anniversary  Meeting 
to  be  held  on  the  4th  of  May  next : — 

'  That  the  seventh  clause  of  the  first  chapter  of  the 
Statutes  be  so  far  suspended  as  to  allow  of  a  fourth  ballot 
being  held  during  the  present  Session ;  and  that  the 
Council  be  requested  to  appoint  a  time  for,  and  give  due 
notice  of,  such  ballot,  at  which  not  more  than  fifteen  can- 
didates shall  be  proposed  for  election ;  and  that  the  Council 
have  their  usual  privilege  of  nominating  two  of  the  candi- 
dates.' 

(Signed)  J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE. 

J.  H.  MIDDLETON. 
E.  W.  BRABROOK." 

The  PRESIDENT  communicated  the  proof  of  the  following 
Memorandum  drawn  up  by  himself,  and  adopted  by  the  Court 
Rolls  Committee,  and  which  was  proposed  to  be  extensively 
circulated: —  ,  ; 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Special  Committee  appointed  by  the 
Council  "  to  take  such  immediate  steps  as  may  seem  best  calcu- 
lated to  extend  the  knowledge  of  the  historical  value  of  the 
Court  Rolls  of  the  Manors  of  this  country  and  to  ensure  their 
due  preservation,"  in  pursuance  of  a  Resolution  passed  at  the 
Ordinary  Meeting  of  the  Society  on  February  4,  1886 — 

Present : — 

John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President. 

C.  S.  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Treasurer. 

Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  Secretary. 

Right  Hon.  Lord  Justice  Fry. 

C.  I.  Elton,  Esq.,  Q.C. 

W.  H.  L.  Shadwell,  Esq. 

the  following  Memorandum  was  unanimously  adopted ;  and  it 
was  subsequently  directed  by  the  Council  that  the  same  be 
extensively  circulated. 

The  vast  amount  of  light  which  the  ancient  Court  Rolls  and 
other  Deeds  appertaining  to  the  numerous  manors  in  this 
country  throw  upon  the  habits  and  civilisation  and  the  legal 
and  social  condition  of  its  inhabitants,  render  them  of  great 
historical  interest  and  importance.  In  questions  of  genealogy 
their  value  is  self-evident,  but  in  tracing  out  the  development 
and  gradual  growth  of  those  institutions,  under  which  this 


March  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  Ill 

country  has  so  long  flourished,  the  aid  that  they  may  afford  to 
the  student  can  hardly  be  over-estimated. 

The  importance  of  preserving  such  documents  has  not,  how- 
ever, been  always  apparent  to  those  who  have  had  them  under 
their  charge ;  and  many  a  bundle  of  Rolls  has  been  consigned  to 
destruction  merely  because  at  the  present  day  they  have  become 
obsolete  as  legal  documents,  have  been  difficult  to  decipher,  or 
have  cumbered  the  space  at  the  disposal  of  their  custodians. 

Much  of  the  land  which  was  formerly  held  under  copyhold 
tenure  has  now  been  enfranchised,  and  the  tendency  at  the 
present  day  is  more  and  more  in  favour  of  freehold  tenure,  so 
that  within  a  comparatively  short  period  it  seems  probable  that 
manors,  with  their  attendant  formalities,  will  become  things  of 
the  past ;  and  the  documents  relating  to  them  become  practically 
valueless  for  legal  purposes,  and  even  more  liable  than  now  to 
heedless  destruction. 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  is  anxious  that  steps 
should  be  taken,  while  yet  there  is  time,  for  the  preservation  of 
Court  Eolls  and  other  Manorial  Records,  and  is  confident  that 
if  the  attention  of  Lords  and  Stewards  of  Manors  be  called  to 
the  historical  value  of  such  documents  they  will  readily  assist  in 
protecting  them  from  injury,  either  by  depositing  them  in  some 
public  repository,  or  preserving  them  with  their  other  muni- 
ments. 

The  public  repositories  where  Court  Rolls  would,  in  all  pro- 
bability, be  willingly  accepted  and  preserved  under  the  most 
advantageous  circumstances  for  reference,  are  —  the  British 
Museum,  and  the  University  Libraries  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, and  the  Public  Record  Office.  But  there  are,  in 
addition,  many  other  local  Institutions  and  Museums  where 
such  documents  would  be  gratefully  accepted  and  carefully 
preserved. 

In  the  Bill  now  before  Parliament  for  the  Compulsory  En- 
franchisement of  Copyholds  is  a  clause  providing  that,  in 
certain  events,  the  Court  Rolls  and  other  Manorial  Documents 
may  be  deposited  with  the  Master  of  the  Rolls  for  safe  custody, 
while  right  of  access  to  them  is  still  maintained.  Their  deposit 
with  other  Institutions  might,  if  thought  desirable,  be  accom- 
panied by  certain  stipulations  as  to  powers  of  resumption. 

The  principal  difficulty  in  dealing  with  the  object  now  in 
view  appears  to  be  that  of  bringing  home  to  the  minds  of  the 
Lords  of  the  Manors  and  their  Stewards  the  value  of  what  are 
apparently  worthless  documents.  To  do  this,  however,  nothing 
more  seems  necessary  than  respectfully  to  call  their  attention  to 
the  subject,  and  this  perhaps  can  most  readily  be  effected  by 
the  circulation  of  a  Memorandum  such  as  the  present  among 
them. 


112  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

A  movement  of  this  kind  seems  especially  to  afford  an 
occasion  when  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  may  call  for,  and 
will  doubtless  receive,  ready  and  efficient  aid  from  the  various 
Archaeological  and  Antiquarian  Societies  and  Associations 
throughout  the  country ;  and,  if  each  within  its  own  district 
will  send  copies  of  this  Memorandum  to  those  who  may  pro- 
bably have  ancient  Court  Rolls  and  Records  in  their  custody, 
attention  will  be  generally  called  to  the  importance  of  their 
being  carefully  preserved,  and  the  desired  result  will  follow. 

Many,  no  doubt,  of  the  present  custodians  of  such  records  are 
already  as  anxious  for  their  preservation  as  any  Antiquarian 
Society  can  be,  and  these  will  see  in  the  present  appeal  an 
ample  justification  for  the  care  they  have  bestowed  on  the 
records  in  their  charge. 

Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  London,  W. 
March  17,  1886. 

The  Memorandum  was  approved  of  by  the  Meeting. 

JAMES  HILTON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  to  the 
Society  two  specimens  of  ancient  encaustic  tiles  from  the 
cathedral  church  of  Chichester. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Hilton  for  his  gift. 

GEORGE  MAW,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  vessel  formed  of 
white  clay,  with  an  ornate  strainer  fixed  a  short  distance  below 
the  interior  of  the  mouth. 

Mr.  Franks  pronounced  this  to  be  a  water-cooling  vessel, 
one  of  a  class  imported  from  Sicily ;  the  strainer  being  to  keep 
out  flies,  &c.  There  are  several  examples  in  the  British  Museum 
and  in  Mr.  Franks's  private  collection. 

Mr.  MAW  also  exhibited  a  glass  bottle,  of  common  type,  and 
of  a  date  circa  1700,  found  amongst  the  ruins  of  Wenlock 
abbey,  Salop. 

The  Venerable  Archdeacon  POWNALL,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a 
leaden  heraldic  plaque,  of  which  an  engraving  is  here  given, 
accompanied  by  the  following  description  and  remarks : — 

"  A  circular  plaque  of  lead,  of  the  sixteenth  century,  mea- 
suring 3J  inches  in  diameter,  with  reverse  plain,  but  displaying 
on  its  obverse  side  three  shields,  that  which  occupies  the 
central  position  being  surmounted  by  a  papal  tiara  and  keys 
crosswise.  This  shield  bears  the  arms  of  Alessandro  Farnese, 
who  filled  the  papal  chair  as  Paul  III.  from  1534  to  1549  : 
(Or),  six  fleurs-de-lis,  3,  2,  and  I  (azure).  On  either  side  of 


March  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  113 

this  central  shield,  though  rather  lower  in  the  field,  is  an  oval 
cartouche.  That  on  the  dexter  side  has  a  shield  surmounted 
by  a  cardinal's  hat — 1  and  4,  per  pale  (argent  and  gules),  the 
arms  of  the  episcopal  see  of  Augsburg ;  2  and  3,  the  personal 
arms  of  the  Truches,  a  noble  Bavarian  family,  which  are  thus 
described  in  Spener,  aureum,  tribus  insigne  nigris  leonibus,  leo- 
pardorum  more  gradientibus,  auribus,  linguis  et  falculis^  rubeis.* 
On  the  sinister  oval  are  the  arms  of  the  university  of  Diligen — 
a  pelican  in  her  piety,  with  an  allusive  canting  motto,  Sic  His 
QVI  DILIGVNT.  Beneath  all,  the  head  of  a  cherub,  winged. 


LEADEN  PLAQUE  WITH  ARMS  OF  POPE  PAUL  III.,  ETC.      (Full  size.) 

The  workmanship  of  the  whole,  which  is  considered  to  be 
German,  is  well  pronounced  and  effective,  bold  rather  than  fine. 
A  certain  flatness  in  the  inferior,  i.e.  lower  part  of  the 
design,  which  deals  with  the  arms  of  the  Truches  and  of 
Diligen,  places  that  portion  in  some  contrast  with  the  more  ex- 
pressive treatment  of  the  upper  part,  where  we  have  the  papal 
insignia.  This  difference  has  suggested  the  idea  that  the  design 
was  the  work,  not  of  one,  but  of  two  artists.  Possibly  it  may 
have  been  so,  and  in  this  way.  Any  one  who  will  take  the 
trouble  to  compare  this  portion  of  the  work  with  a  medal  of 

*  P.  J.  Speneri,  Opens  heraldic!,  Pars  generalis  et  specialis,  560  p.  caput  cviL 
VOL.  XI.  I 


114  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Paul  III. — AVIT.E  .  FARNESIORVM  .  STiRPis. — which  is  figured 
in  Bonanni,*  will  observe  that  amount  of  resemblance  between 
the  two,  which  reasonably  suggests  a  conjecture  that  the 
designer  of  the  plaque  may  have  had  before  his  eye  the  reverse 
of  the  recently  struck  medal.  The  date  of  the  medal  is  1549  ; 
it  will  appear  presently  why  I  assign  to  the  plaque  a  date  later 
than  that,  but  only  by  a  few  years. 

Otho  Truches,  born  at  Augsburg,  was  the  son  of  William, 
baron  of  Waldspurg,  by  his  wife  Joan,  daughter  of  Frederic, 
count  Frustemberg.  Sent  as  a  student  to  the  university  of 
Bologna,  Otho  there  made  the  acquaintance  of  Alessaridro 
Farnese,  one  of  a  distinguished  Koman  or  Tuscan  family, 
who  from  being  his  friend  there  became  in  after  life  his 
church  patron.  As  a  dignified  ecclesiastic,  Truches  was 
first  canon  of  the  cathedral  church  in  his  native  city,  then 
dean  of  Trent,  and  when  Farnese  succeeded  to  the  Papal 
throne  in  1534  he  was  sent  for  to  Rome,  and  attached 
to  the  Pope's  household,  (cubicularius).  Elected  bishop  of 
Augsburg  in  1543,  in  the  year  following  he  was  created  car- 
dinal priest.  His  death  did  not  occur  until  1573,  and  his 
body,  at  first  buried  at  Rome,  in  the  church  of  S.  Maria 
Theutonicorum,  was  subsequently  removed  to  Diligen,  because 
during  his  episcopate  Otho  had  become  the  founder  of  a  college 
there  ;  it  was  the  official  residence  of  the  bishops  of  Augsburg, 
and  to  Augsburg,  as  we  have  seen,  he  was  bound  by  double 
ties.  The  British  Museum  library  contains  the  statutes  which  he 
drew  up  for  his  college ;  printed  at  Rome,  they  are  dated  1553, 
four  years  later  than  the  medal.f  Diligen  is  a  town  of  Bavaria, 
seated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Danube,  with  a  population  of 
three  thousand  five  hundred  ;  but  it  no  longer  possesses  the 
college  or  university  with  which  the  bishop  endowed  it,  for  in  1 804, 
when  a  new  order  of  things  was  being  set  up,  it  was  done  away. 

Although  this  sketch  of  its  founder,  Otho  Truches,  explains 
the  connection  which  is  thus  plainly  traceable  between  the 
several  armorial  bearings  of  the  university,  bishop,  and  pope, 
thus  displayed  to  us,  yet  it  fails  to  explain  the  artistic  purpose 
for  which  the  work  on  this  plaque  was  designed,  and  of  which, 
I  believe,  it  was  in  some  sort  the  preparation;  this  may  properly 
be  added,  because  the  plaque,  finished  work  as  far  as  it  goes,  must 
still  be  regarded  as  work  unfinished,  and  only  leading  on  to  the 
production  of  some  other  ornamental  object,  unknown  to  us,  but 
doubtless  connected  with  Diligen.  The  plaque  itself  was  in  all 
probability  '  a  trial'  of  his  work,  in  soft  metal,  by  the  German  who 
was  engaged  in  producing  that  object.  May  we  hope  he  found  in 

*  Numismata  Pontificum  Romanorum.    Romae,  1699,  vol.  i.  p.  199. 
f  5915.    Bagford  Collection,  p.  171,  No.  498. 


March  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  115 

the  bishop  of  Augsburg  a  more  gracious  patron  than  his  great 
Italian  contemporary,  Cellini,  had  found  in  the  bishop's  friend, 
Farnese,  the  pope.  This  conjecture  as  to  the  plaque  is  some- 
what assisted  by  observing  in  the  margin  of  it  a  small  hole 
pierced  in  the  lead,  to  the  left  of  the  papal  tiara,  which  would 
enable  the  workman  to  suspend  the  plaque  on  the  wall  of  his 
workshop,  or  elsewhere,  within  eyesight,  for  necessary  com- 
parison, as  he  wrought." 

J.  BROOKING  ROWE,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  two-handled  silver 
caudle  cup,  with  London  hall-marks  for  1679-80,  of  a  com- 
mon type,  ornamented  with  a  repousse  band  of  flowers  and 
foliage,  amidst  which  are  introduced  the  lion  and  unicorn. 

The  cup  belonged  to  the  Lower  family,   and  bears  in  two 

places  the  letters     ™r      ?         On  the  bottom  of  the  cup  the 

•Jf  VV    *5f   JL    H* 

two  lower  letters  replace  the  letters  H.  G.,  an  attempt  to  obli- 
terate them  not  having  been  altogether  successful. 

A  similar  cup  is  engraved  in  Mr.  Cripps's  Old  English  Plate, 
2nd  ed.  p.  243. 

Mr.  Brooking  Howe  also  exhibited  a  bronze  or  latten  medal- 
lion 1|  inch  in  diameter,  of  which  an  engraving  is  here  given. 


BRONZE  MEDALLION  FOUND  AT  PLYMOUTH.      (Full  size.) 

It  was  found  in  Plymouth,  and  bears  a  Lombardic  capital  $n, 
surmounted  by  a  small  black-letter  p,  with  the  legend  mil  aultrc. 
The  use  of  this  object  is  not  known.  It  wras  probably  a  badge 
of  some  kind,  or  it  may  have  formed  a  part  of  the  trapping  of  a 
horse  or  mule. 

T.  M.  FALLOW,  Esq.,  by  permission  of  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Milne, 
vicar,  exhibited  a  medieval  chalice  from  Goathland,  Yorkshire. 

12 


116 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1886, 


MEDIEVAL  CHALICE  AT  GOATHLAND,  YORKS.      (§  full  she.} 


March  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  117 

Height,  5f  inches  ;  diameter  of  bowl,  4J  inches  ;  diameter 
of  foot,  4 1  x  3  J  inches. 

It  is  of  silver,  with  remains  of  parcel  gilding.  In  several  re- 
spects this  chalice  is  unique.  The  bowl  is  shallow  and  conical,  and 
unlike  any  later  examples.  It  may  best  be  compared  with  four- 
teenth century  chalices  at  York  minster  and  Hamstall  Bid  ware. 

The  stem  is  hexagonal,  but  unusually  massive,  while  the 
knot,  also  six-sided,  is  perfectly  plain. 

The  foot  is  mullet  shaped,  with  blunted  points  and  a  double 
band  of  cross  beading  on  its  vertical  edge.  It  is  a  peculiarity 
of  this  chalice  that  the  spread  of  the  foot  commences  just  below 
the  knot,  instead  of  at  the  base  of  the  stem.  The  device  in  the 
front  compartment  is  the  monogram  iijc,  a  rare  one  on  existing 
chalices,  that  at  Combe  Pyne  being  the  only  other  known 
English  example  ;  but  it  frequently  occurs  in  inventories. 

Traces  of  gilding  still  remain  inside  and  round  the  rim  of 
the  bowl,  on  the  knot,  ou  the  compartment  with  ti)c,  and  on  the 
moldings  of  the  foot. 

In  the  absence  of  hall-marks  it  is  difficult  to  speak  with  any 
degree  of  certainty  as  to  the  date.  The  general  form  suggests 
an  early  one,  certainly  anterior  to  1450;  but  the  character  of 
the  lettering  seems  to  point  to  a  later  date. 

M.  G-AILLARD  communicated  a  Memoir  on  the  discovery  of 
a  manufactory  of  flint  and  polished  stone  implements  at  Beg- 
er-Groalennec,  in  Quiberon,  Brittany. 

The  manufactory  was  found  on  the  west  side  of  the  peninsula 
of  Quiberon,  on  a  large,  almost  isolated,  rock  on  the  sea  shore. 
Among  the  debris  was  found  the  skeleton  of  a  deformed  person, 
whom  M.  Gaillard  considered  to  have  been  the  solitary  knapper 
who  here  pursued  his  occupation. 

The  finished  and  unfinished  implements  found  included  axes, 
arrow-heads,  piercers,  pendants,  &c.,  but  presented  no  special 
features  of  interest.  There  was  also  discovered  a  "  strike-a- 
light" of  iron  pyrites,  and  part  of  a  polisher  of  sandstone. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed,  the  President  remarked  that 
the  amount  of  flint  chippings  found  was  far  too  great  a  quantity 
for  one  man  to  have  produced,  and  that  there  must  have  been 
a  settlement  on  the  site. 

Mr.  FRANKS  cited  a  parallel  instance  of  a  manufactory  of 
stone  implements  on  the  sea  shore,  discovered  in  Antrim  by 
Messrs.  Robinson  and  Greenwell. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


118  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886; 


Thursday,  March  25th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Committee  of  the  Free  Public  Library,  Liverpool : —Thirty-third 

Annual  Report.    8vo.    Liverpool,  1886. 
From  the  Author : — Flint  Implements  from  the  North-East  of  Ireland.     By 

W.  J.  Knowles.    8vo.    Dublin,  1886. 
From  the  Author :— The  White  Horses  of  the  West  of  England.    With  Notices 

of  some  other  ancient  Turf-monuments.    By  Rev.  W.  C.  Penderleath.    8vo. 

London  [1886]. 
From  E.  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Horace  Walpole's  Marginal  Notes,  written  in  Dr.  Maty's  Miscellaneous 
Works  and  Memoirs  of  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield.    Communicated  by  R.  S. 
Turner.    4to.     \_Philobiblon  Society.] 

2.  Description  of  a  copy  of  "  Rationes  Decem  Campiani."    By  the  Hon. 
T.  E  Stonor.    4to.     [PhiloUllon  Society. ~] 

From  the  Author  : — The  Story  of  Bossall  Hall  and  Manor,  with  supplement 
from  early  Chronicles.    By  W.  J.  Belt,  M.A.,  F.S.A.    4to.    York,  1885. 

J.  G.  WALLEK,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  small  wooden  chest  covered 
with  brass  plates  repousse,  accompanied  by  the  following 
remarks  :— 

"  The  box  or  casket,  which  I  have  the  pleasure  to  exhibit, 
was  purchased  by  a  gentleman  of  a  hawker  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Ipswich.  It  is  made  of  pine,  covered  with  thin  brass 
plate  repoussd.  The  ornamentation  thus  produced,  composed  of 
the  pomegranate,  rose,  and  other  flowers,  perhaps  the  mar- 
guerite,  is  conventionally  treated,  so  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  be 
sure  in  every  case  of  the  original  types.  At  first  I  thought  one 
of  them,  which  is  often  repeated,  might  be  the  planta-genista, 
but  the  triple  arrangement  of  what  I  assumed  to  be  pods,  toge- 
ther more  nearly  resembles  a  tulip,  though  what  I  put  down  as 
the  bloom  is  really  identical  with  that  shown  in  the  opus  poma- 
tum of  the  effigy  of  Richard  II.  But  its  trefoil  shape,  being 
otherwise  suggestive,  is  not  sufficient  to  confirm  my  former 
opinion,  hastily  made,  before  I  had  an  opportunity  of  closely 
examining  the  work.  The  box  is  bound  strongly  with  iron 
bands,  also  repoussd,  with  a  brass  stellate  ornament  at  each 
corner.  It  has  a  spring  lock,  the  face  of  which  has  a  crown- 
shaped  crest.  It  seems  to  be  in  the  original  condition  externally, 
even  to  the  arrangement  for  supporting  the  lid,  and  the  repousse 


March  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  119 

work  is  in  a  fairly  good  state,  except  at  one  side,  where  parts 
have  been  torn  away. 

The  interior  has  the  remains  of  a  lining  of  paper,  which  I  put 
to  the  same  date  as  the  box,  viz.,  the  early  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  One  portion  has  an  orange  red  ground  with  a  well- 
designed  pattern,  printed  in  gold,  in  which  the  pomegranate, 
orange,  gourd,  grapes,  and  other  fruit  with  flowers  are  ad- 
mirably arranged,  and  showing  forms  and  characters  identical 
with  ornamentation  in  some  Flemish  brasses  of  the  same 
period.  The  under  part  of  the  lid  is  also  lined  with  paper 
having  a  deep  crimson  ground,  upon  which,  printed  also 
in  gold,  are  a  series  of  subjects  from  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, very  much  effaced,  but,  having  inscriptions  beneath, 
each  is  identified.  They  are  placed  in  pairs  in  a  fashion  found 
in  the  Biblia  Pauperum,  but  do  not  at  all  strictly  follow  the  rule 
of  type  and  anti-type,  as  found  in  the  early  printed  books  so 
called.  Taking  them  in  order,  the  first  is  inscribed,  FUGA  . 
JOSEPH  .  ^EGIPTO  ;  second,  NATIVITAS  .  CHRISTI  ;  third,  RESUR- 
RECTIO  .  CHRISTI  ;  fourth,  SERPENS .  ISRAELIT.  This  constitutes 
the  upper  series.  Beneath  this  is,  first,  PISCIS  .  EVOM  .  IONAM  ; 
the  next,  BAPTISMA  .  CHRISTI  ;  then,  MOSES  .  CUM  .  LEGE  and 
ADAM  .  ET  .  EVA.  The  latter  represents  the  Fall,  as  the  centre  of 
the  composition  is  the  Tree  of  Knowledge,  and  Eve  appears  to 
be  offering  the  apple  to  the  seated  figure  of  Adam. 

Each  of  these  subjects  is  as  if  in  a  square  panel,  with  orna- 
ment enclosing  it  frame-like,  and,  as  far  as  one  can  judge  in  its 
imperfect  condition,  has  been  very  well  designed.  I  do  not 
doubt  but  that  this  is  the  original  lining,  and  belongs  to  the 
time  when  the  casket  was  made. 

Beneath  the  subjects  is  an  inscription,  printed  as  the  rest, 
which  seems  to  me  to  be  a  sort  of  '  Imprimatur,'  but  it  is  so 
much  abbreviated  that  it  would  require  some  study  to  com- 
pletely unravel  its  meaning  by  a  comparison  with  others  of  the 
same  time.  It  is  : 

AUGSP  .  BEI  .  G  .  C  .  STOII  .  G  .  PRIVILEGI  .  S  .  C  .  M. 

The  first  word  seems  as  if  it  might  be  Augsburg,  if  the  terminal 
P  may  be  due  to  dialect.  *  BEI  '  must  be  an  abbreviation,  as  the 
inscription  is  in  Latin.  The  usual  termination  in  the  *  Impri- 
matur '  of  books  of  the  time  is  '  gratia  et  privilegio  CaBsaris 
majestatis,'  sometimes  '  catholicae  majestatis.'  The  <s'  here 
may  be  '  sacrae',  or  i  sanctae.' 

Referring  back  to  the  ornamentation,  I  may  point  out  that 
the  forms,  including  the  pomegranate,  are  found  in  old  Utrecht 
velvet,  as  well  as  in  Flemish  tapestry.  The  pomegranate — 
apple  of  Granada — was,  I  believe,  assumed  by  the  house  of 


120  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Aragon  after  the  conquest  of  Granada  by  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella.  When  we  see  it  associated  with  the  rose,  it  is  at  once 
suggestive  of  Katherine  of  Aragon  and  Henry  VIII.  The 
casket  being  found  in  Suffolk,  on  a  cursory  observation  one  was 
inclined  to  think  of  the  flight  of  queen  Mary  to  Framlingham 
castle  on  the  accession  of  lady  Jane  Gray,  and  to  associate  it 
with  it.  The  badge  of  the  pomegranate,  with  the  motto,  so 
apparently  suggestive,  '  Quod  deus  junxit  homo  non  separet,'  in 
Brandeston  church,  about  five  miles  from  the  castle,  a  tracing 
of  which  I  sent  to  Mr.  Franks  for  his  little  work  on  quarries, 
might  also  be  made  to  lend  itself  to  the  story.  But  this  little 
romance  must  be  dissipated,  as  I  am  clearly  of  opinion  that  the 
casket  came  from  Holland  or  Belgium.  The  imperial  rule  of 
Spain  over  those  countries  would  account  for  the  frequency  of 
the  pomegranate  occurring  in  the  works  of  the  weavers  of 
Utrecht  velvet  or  in  Flemish  tapestry,  as  well  as  in  all  other 
kinds  of  ornament. 

I  am  informed  by  a  lady,  who  saw  this  casket,  that  a  similar 
one  exists  at  Dallam  Tower,  near  Milnthorp,  Westmoreland." 

G.  M.  ARNOLD,  Esq.,  by  permission  of  the  Right  Rev.  the 
bishop  of  Southwark,  exhibited  a  number  of  vestments,  etc., 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  Canon  Rock,  of  which  the 
following  are  brief  descriptive  notes : 

1.  Chasuble,  said  to  have    belonged  to  Westminster  abbey 
church. 

Brown  satin,  originally  red,  semee  of  the  English  flower. 

Pillar  and  cross  orphrey,  green  satin  with  flowers,  fleur-de-lis, 
&c.  In  the  middle  of  the  cross  a  good  figure  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew. 

Both  vestment  and  orphrey  are  edged  with  silver  tinsel. 

2.  Chasuble  of  white  silk,  with   silver  brocade   and  flower 
work. 

On  this  has  been  fixed  a  cross  and  pillar  orphrey,  made  up  of 
figures  of  saints  from  a  cope  orphrey;  among  whom  are  .SS. 
James  the  Great,  James  the  Less,  Bartholomew-,  etc. 

History  unknown. 

3.  From  a  church  in  Norfolk. 

An  oblong  piece  of  white  silk  damask,  with  two  strips  of 
green  velvet,  with  English  flowers  of  two  patterns. 

Apparently  an  altar  cloth  or  hanging,  made  up  from  an  old 
cope. 


Proo.  2d  S.  Vol.  XI. 


To  face  page  121 


COLD  FLAX  SILVER  COLD  SILVER 


SILVER 
GOLD   &   SILVER 


EARLY  EQUESTRIAN  FIGURE  FROM  A  CHASUBLE  AT  ST.  GEORGE'S  CATHEDRAL 
CHURCH,  SOUTHWARK. 


March  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  121 

4.  Chasuble,  made  up  of  an  interesting  series  of  pieces. 

The  ground  is  of  brown,  once  red,  velvet  semee  of  flowers 
and  saints  under  canopies,  and  once  formed  an  altar  frontal. 
Five  figures  remain — The  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  SS. 
Catherine  of  Sienna  (receiving  a  ring  from  Heaven),  Simon, 
John  Evangelist,  Apollonia.  The  date  of  this  is  probably  late- 
fourteenth  century.  At  the  sides  are  inserted  other  pieces  ;  on 
the  front  two  strips  of  modern  stuff ;  on  the  back  remains  of  an 
orphrey,  with  figures  of  SS.  Bartholomew,  Catherine,  Mar- 
garet ('?),  and  Paul.  In  the  dexter  lower  corner  is  inserted  a 
piece  of  red  silk,  with  a  singular  equestrian  figure  of  a  knight 
in  mail  and  square-topped  helm,  evidently  of  early  date.  (See 
accompanying  illustration.) 

The  front  of  the  vestment  has  a  pillar  orphrey  with  fragment 
of  a  fine  crucifix  with  angels  receiving  the  blood  from  the  sacred 
wounds  into  chalices,  and  kneeling  figure  of  St.  Mary  Magda- 
lene, with  the  alabaster  box  on  the  ground  by  her  side.  Above 
the  crucifix  was  a  figure  of  God  the  Father  with  the  Holy  Dove, 
but  this  has  been  cut  in  half  and  the  upper  part  fixed  on  the  back 
of  the  chasuble.  The  lower  half  of  the  pillar  orphrey  is  occu- 
pied by  a  good  figure  of  St.  Peter. 

The  back  of  the  chasuble  has  a  cross  orphrey,  the  transverse 
arm  being  formed  by  an  outline  of  braid  on  the  ground  of  the 
vestment.  The  upright  arm  has  figures  under  canopies  of  Our 
Lady  and  the  infant  Saviour,  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Catharine,  and 
at  the  top,  the  upper  part  of  the  figure  of  God  the  Father  already 
mentioned. 

The  orphreys  are  of  good  opus  anglwanum^  with  bright 
colouring. 

This  vestment  is  said  to  have  belonged  to  Westminster  abbey 
church. 

5.  Chasuble,  query  uncut,  of  Sicilian  blue  silk  interwoven 
with  flowers,  rays,  and  gold  swans. 

On  the  front  a  pillar  orphrey  of  brown  (once  red)  velvet  with 
figures  of  SS.  Andrew  and  Catherine  under  triple  canopies, 
alternating  with  good  open  crowns. 

On  the  back  a  cross  orphrey,  similar  in  design  to  the  front 
pillar,  with  figures  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Kadegund  (?) .  Below  the  figure  of  Our  Lady  is  a  shield, 
gules,  charged  with  a  pair  of  wings  inverted  or.  These  are 
probably  the  arms  of  Seymour. 

English,  fourteenth  century.  Said  to  have  belonged  to  West- 
minster abbey  church. 

6.  Orphreys  of  a  chasuble. 


122  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Pillar,  with  figures  of  St.  John  Evangelist,  and  two  other 
persons. 

Cross,  with  crucifix,  and  SS.  Paul  and  Andrew. 

7.  Oblong  piece  of  linen,  wrought  all  over  with  scrolls  in 
yellow  silk.     In  the  centre  and  at  the  corners  are  beautifully 
worked  flowers. 

English,  seventeenth  century. 

8.  Oblong  piece   of  yellow    silk,    embroidered   with   purple 
chenille,  and  delicate  purple  flowers  in  silk. 

9.  Chalice   veil,   pall,   and   corporas  case  of  red   and   gold 
brocade. 

10.  Corporas  case  of  red  velvet,  with  good  figures  of  the 
Rood  with  SS.  Mary  and  John. 

11.  Small  pall,  made  up  of  bits. 

12.  Piece  of  needlework  on  canvas,  with  fringe. 
English,  seventeenth  century. 

13.  Curtain  and  pieces  of   red,   black,  and  silver  brocade 
work. 

The  VICAR  and  CHURCHWARDENS  of  St.  Petrock's  Exeter, 
also  exhibited  an  ancient  pall  or  herse-cloth,  which  may  be  thus 
described  : — 

u  An  oblong  piece  of  work,  6  feet  4  J  inches  long  by  4  feet 
9  inches  broad.  It  consists  of  four  large  and  several  smaller 
pieces  of  counterfeit  bawdekyn,  with  a  black  pattern  on  a  gold 
ground,  surmounted  by  a  cross  throughout,  formed  of  old 
needlework  of  two  dates.  Along  one  side  is  also  a  strip  of 
embroidery,  evidently  part  of  a  cope  orphrey.  There  was, 
probably,  a  corresponding  strip  on  the  other  side,  now  lost. 
The  whole  is  surrounded  by  a  fringe  of  blue  and  yellow  silk. 

The  strip  forming  the  cross  is  6  inches  wide,  and  consists 
of  ( 1 )  some  portions  cut  from  a  black  velvet  cope  or  vestment, 
semee  of  the  characteristic  English  flower,  and  (2)  of  parts  of 
an  orphrey  of  a  cope,  representing  saints  under  canopies.  Of 
these  five  remain— two  are  apparently  prophets,  and  two  repre- 
sent St.  Matthew  with  the  axe  and  St.  James  the  Less  with 
the  fuller's  bat.  The  fifth  has  been  destroyed,  so  far  as  the 
figure  is  concerned ;  this  being  now  a  nondescript  object,  with 
the  letters  B  W  where  the  head  should  be.  The  strip  along  the 
side  is  also  part  of  a  cope  orphrey,  with  figures  of  saints  under 
canopies,  of  the  same  date,  but  of  different  design  from 
those  on  the  cross.  Four  of  these  figures  are  fairly  perfect. 


March  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  123 

They  represent  SS.  John  Baptist,  Paul,  Dorothea,  and  Edward 
the  Confessor  (?).  Of  a  fifth  figure,  only  the  lower  part 
remains.  At  one  end  of  this  strip  is  what  appears  to  be  part  of 
the  hood.  When  complete  it  was  probably  18  inches  wide,  and 
as  many  deep,  but  only  a  portion  of  the  dexter  half  remains. 
The  subject  seems  to  have  been  St.  Barbara  trampling  on  her 
father,  with  a  tower  or  castle  behind  her,  and  a  cross-staff  in 
her  hand.  In  the  lower  corner  is  a  praying  figure  of  an 
ecclesiastic  in  surplice  and  black  cope.  It  is  probable  that  the 
embroidery  formed  a  cope  orphrey,  which  was  divided  and 
placed  along  each  side  of  this  piece  of  work,  and,  not  being 
quite  long  enough,  the  hood  was  cut  in  two  to  add  to  it.  In  an 
inventory  of  the  goods  and  ornaments  of  St.  Petrock's,  dated 
1661  occurs:  'One  paul  embroidered  with  blue  and  yellow 
fringe,'  which  is  certainly  the  article  before  us.  It  bears  marks, 
however,  of  having  formed,  for  a  considerable  time,  the  cover 
of  a  table  about  4  feet  long  and  2  feet  6J  inches  wide,  and  may 
be  also  identified  with  *  j  old  pall  yl  lieth  on  ye  table '  in  the 
inventory  of  1552." 

A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  small  piece  of  embroidery 
which  had  lately  come  into  his  possession,  and  which  he  supposes 
to  be  an  Italian  copy  of  a  Byzantine  painting. 

It  measures  9  x  7  \  inches,  and  represents  Our  Lady  and  the 
Infant  Saviour  on  a  ground  of  gold  thread,  which  also  serves 
for  the  ground  of  the  nimbi,  these  being  marked  out  by  a  gold 
cord. 

The  Virgin  is  represented  as  wearing  an  under  dress  of  red, 
which  shows  at  the  wrists  and  on  the  head.  Over  this  is  a  blue 
garment,  with  hood  of  same  colour,  edged  with  gold  lace  and 
lined  with  green.  The  Infant  Saviour  is  enveloped  in  a  pink 
wrapper.  The  faces  and  bare  parts  of  the  limbs  are  painted  on 
white  satin,  sewn  on  to  the  canvas  foundation  of  the  needle- 
work, the  features,  hair,  and  outlines  being  marked  in  silk. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq.,  read  a  memoir  on  the  alien  priory  of 
St.  Andrew,  Hamble,  and  its  transfer  to  Winchester  college  in 
1391. 

Mr.  Kirby's  paper  was  illustrated  by  a  fine  and  interesting 
series  of  early  documents,  the  majority  of  which  retained  their 
seals.  These  were  described  by  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq., 
A  ssistant-  Secretary. 

Mr.  Kirby's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


124  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  April  1st,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Editor,  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A.  :— Minutes  of  the 
Vestry  Meetings  and  other  Records  of  the  Parish  of  St.  Christopher-le- 
Stocks,  in  the  City  of  London.  [Privately  printed.]  4to.  London, 
1886. 

From  the  Author  : — King  Edward  the  Sixth,  supreme  head  :  an  historical 
sketch,  with  an  Introduction  and  Notes.  By  F.  G.  Lee,  D.D.,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
London,  1886. 

From  M.  Jules  Samhon  : — Catalogue  de  la  Collection  Alberici  de  Rome, 
d'Antiquites  Classiques  et  d'Objets  d'Art  des  XIVe,  XVe,  et  XVI«  Siecles. 
4to.  Rome,  1886. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— 

1.  List  of  Members  of  the  Philobiblon  Society,  1883.    Small  4to.    London. 

2.  The  North   Riding    Record    Society  Publications,  Vol.  III.     Quarter 
Sessions  Records.    (Edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Atkinson.)     8vo.    London, 
1885. 

3.  The  York  Churches.      Letter  by  John  P.    Munby,  Dec.  24th,   1885. 
Broadsheet  reprint  from  the  Yorkshire  Gazette. 

Notice  was  given  that  the  Anniversary  Meeting  for  the 
election  of  the  President,  Council,  and  Officers  of  the  Society, 
would  be  held  on  Tuesday,  May  4th,  at  the  hour  of  2  p.m. 

The  Kev.  C.  K.  Manning  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  of  the  Society's  Accounts,  for  the 
year  1885,  was  read.  (See  page  125.) 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  Auditors  for  their 
trouble,  and  to  the  Treasurer  for  his  good  and  faithful  services. 

JAMES  HILTON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of  Mrs.  Jervis, 
exhibited  a  small  copper  seal,  mounted  in  silver,  supposed  to 
have  been  used  as  the  seal  of  certain  Peculiar  courts  in  the 
diocese  of  Salisbury,  of  which  the  deans  of  Salisbury  were  the 
chief  officials. 

It  is  a  pointed  oval,  1£  inch  long,  with  a  seated  figure  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  and  the  legend— 

*  AV6C  MARIA  GRACCIA  PL6CNA. 


April  1.] 


SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES. 


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126  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  seal  is  of  early-fourteenth  century  date,  and  somewhat 
rudely  engraved.  Its  silver  mount  does  not  look  earlier  than 
the  beginning  of  the  last  century. 

The  modern  history  of  the  seal  is  a  short  one.  It  fell  out  of 
a  mass  of  old  papers  in  the  old  vicarage  of  Sonning,  Berks, 
once  belonging  to  dean  Pearson,  who  resided  there  after 
resigning  his  deanery  of  Salisbury  in  1846.  He  was  the  last 
of  the  deans  who  held  the  peculiar  jurisdiction  there  when  such 
courts  were  by  law  abolished. 

Mr.  Hilton  also  exhibited  impressions  of  two  other  seals. 

The  first,  also  a  seal  of  the  peculiar  jurisdiction  of  the  dean  of 
Salisbury,  is  affixed  to  a  marriage  licence  granted  by  "  Francis 
Lear,  Clerk  Bachelor  in  Divinity  Official  lawfully  constituted 
of  the  Reverend  and  Worshipful  Hugh  Nicolas  Pearson  Clerk 
Doctor  in  Divinity  Dean  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Sarum"; 
dated  September  9,  1843. 

One  of  the  grantees  is  described  as  "of  the  parish  of  Sonning 
in  the  county  of  Berks  and  peculiar  jurisdiction  of  the  Dean  of 
Sarum." 

The  seal  is  a  pointed  oval,  3  inches  long,  with  a  figure  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  standing  on  a  shield,  and  supported 
by  four  angels.  Above  her  head  is  the  Holy  Dove. 

Legend, — 

*  offutalttatt£> 


The  seal  appears  to  be  a  modern  and  somewhat  poor  copy  of 
an  older  one. 

The  second  seal  is  a  broad  pointed  oval,  2£  inches  long  and 
2  inches  wide,  and  of  comparatively  modern  date,  with  a  figure 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  and  in  base  a  dog  or  lamb 
standing  on  a  crown. 

Legend, — 

SIGILLVM  •  OFFICIALITATIS  '  BERKS. 

It  is  attached  to  a  mandate,  dated  at  Oxford,  "  under  our 
Archidiaconal  seal,"  May  4,  1824,  issued  by  John  Fisher, 
M.A.,  archdeacon  of  the  archdeaconry  of  Berks,  authorising 
the  induction  of  Hugh  Nicholas  Pearson  to  the  vicarage  of  St. 
Helen,  Abingdon. 

R  S.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  remains  of  a 
wooden  rood  from  St.  Anthony's  chapel,  Cartmel  Fell,  Lan- 
cashire, on  which  he  communicated  the  following  notes  : — 

16 1  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  a  figure  of  Our  Saviour  from  St. 


April  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  127 

Anthony's  chapel,  Cartmel  Fell,  Lancashire-over-Sands.  It  is 
of  oak,  and  has  been  covered  with  some  composition,  and  painted 
and  gilt.  The  wound  is  on  the  right  side,  and  gouts  of  blood 
from  it,  and  from  the  crown  of  thorns,  can  still  be  discerned. 
No  pins  or  pin-holes  for  a  moveable  metal  diadem  or  nimbus 
can  be  found.  The  figure  has  the  usual  cloth  round  the  loins ; 
the  ribs  show  distinctly  ;  the  arms  are  gone ;  and  the  feet,  which 
seem  to  have  been  crossed,  are  burnt  off,  the  figure  having 
at  one  time  done  duty  as  the  poker  to  the  vestry  fire,  until 
rescued  from  that  ignoble  office  by  the  attention  drawn  to  it  on 
the  occasion  of  a  visit  by  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland 
Antiquarian  and  Archaeological  Society  in  1875.  The  figure  is 
generally  supposed  to  be  the  central  figure  of  a  i  Rood  Mary 
and  John,'  but  from  its  size,  2  ft.  6  in.  in  its  present  mutilated 
condition,  it  seems  too  large  in  scale  for  the  fragments  of  the 
rood-screen  remaining  in  the  chapel. 

A  photograph  of  it  will  be  found  as  the  frontispiece  to  the 
second  volume  of  Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmor- 
land Antiquarian  and  Archaeological  Society  ^  and  an  account  of 
the  chapel,  or  church  as  it  is  now  called,  will  be  found  at  p.  389, 
and  also  in  the  Annales  Caermoelenses* 

The  following  particulars  may  be  of  interest : 

One  hundred  years  ago  the  parish  of  Cartmel  was  almost 
isolated  from  the  world,  f  East  and  west,  two  broad  estuaries, 
and  on  the  south,  the  sea  made  it  almost  an  island,  while  on  the 
north  it  was  blocked  in  by  Cartmel  Fell,  over  which  no  road  but 
a  foot  track  existed.  But  on  this  fell,  just  where  the  wanderer 
would  most  want  guidance  and  help,  is  perched  a  quaint  little 
chapel,  dedicated  to  St.  Anthony,  the  patron  of  hermits,  and  we 
have  little  doubt  that  a  hermitage  was  established  here  with  a 
chapel  by  the  priory  of  Cartmel,  as  a  hospice  of  refuge  for 
travellers  to  and  fro.  It  is  one  of  five  churches  in  England 
dedicated  to  St.  Anthony,  and  its  isolated  position  has  preserved 
it  from  the  hand  of  the  destroyer.  It  is  thus  full  of  most  interest- 
ing wood  work  and  painted  glass,  full  accounts  of  which  are  in 
the  Transactions  just  referred  to." 

J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  follow- 
ing notes  on  the  remains  of  roods  yet  existing  in  this  country  : — 

u  Although  every  church  in  England  once  had  the  great  rood 
standing  in  its  midst,  the  destruction  has  been  so  complete  that 

*  By  the  late  James  Stockdale.  Kitchin,  Ulverston.  Simpkin,  Marshall  & 
Co.,  London.  1872,  p.  516. 

f  Vide  the  Annales  Caermoelenses,  p.  569  ;  also  a  paper  on  The  Guides  over 
the  Kent  and  Lcven  Sands,  by  John  Fell.  Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  and 
Westmorland  Antiquarian  and  Archaeological  Society,  vol.  vii.  p.  1,  with  map. 


128  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

any  part  of  a  rood  is  now  amongst  the  rarest  objects  known  to 
antiquaries.  The  word  rood  properly  belongs  to  any  cross,  but 
for  convenience  I  follow  common  custom,  and  apply  it  specially 
to  the  great  cross  with  a  figure  of  Our  Lord  crucified  placed 
on  a  screen  or  beam  in  the  midst  of  a  church,  generally  accom- 
panied by  figures  of  Our  Lady  and  St.  John,  and  often  by  other 
images.  The  word  is,  indeed,  often  used  now  for  the  whole 
group — the  crucifixorium  totum,  as  I  once  found  it  called  in  an 
old  will. 

Only  two  carved  examples  of  the  principal  figure  from  the 
rood  are  known  to  exist  in  England,  and  the  exhibition  of  them 
in  the  rooms  of  the  Society  has  suggested  that  a  list  of  all  known 
fragments  of  English  roods  may  be  of  interest  to  our  Fellows, 
and  may  possibly  call  attention  to  other  at  present  unrecorded 
relics  of  the  same  sort. 

The  list  of  places  where  such  are  known,  taking  first  those 
before  us,  are  : — 

1.  Cartmel  Fell  chapel,  Lancashire. — The  figure  of  Our  Lord, 
described  and  figured  by  our  Fellow  Mr.  R.  S.  Ferguson,  in 
the  second  volume  of  the   Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  and 

Westmorland  Antiquarian  Society. 

2.  Kemeys  Inferior  church,  Monmouthshire. — The  figure  of 
Our  Lord  was  brought  here  by  Mr.  Frank  Mitchell  a  few  weeks 
ago,  and  is  to  be  figured  in  the  Archaeologia.     It  now  belongs 
to  the  museum  at  Caerleon. 

3.  Ludham  church,  Norfolk. — Here  there  is  a   fine   screen 
with  remains  of  the  loft ;  and  over  it,  at  the  springing  of  the 
chancel   arch,    is   a  rood   beam.     Within   memory   the   space 
between  the  beam  and  the  arch  was  filled  in,  and  on  this  filling 
in,  behind  some  more  modern  painting,  was  found  a  picture  of 
the  rood,  with  SS.  Mary  and  John.     All  above  the  beam  was 
taken  out  in  some  '  restoration/  and  it  is  now  rolled  up  and 
stowed  away  in  the  stair-turret  close  by,  where  it  is  inaccessible. 
Mr.  C.  E.  Kempe,  who  saw  it  eighteen  years  ago,  says  that  the 
work  is  very  coarse  and  bad,  and  he  thinks  that  it  was  hurriedly 
done  in  the  time  of  queen  Mary  to  supply  the  place  of  a  rood 
destroyed  in  Edward  the  Sixth's  time  until  better  could  be  got. 

4.  Cawston  church,  Norfolk. — There  is  a  very  fine  screen, 
from  which  the  loft  is  gone ;  and  above,  in  the  nave  roof,  are, 
or   were   in    1873,  when  my  notes  were  taken,    considerable 
remains  of  the  ornamental  '  ceiling,'  which  canopied  the  rood. 
There  are  also  fixed  to  the  roof  four  medallions,  which  seem  to 
have  formed  the  ends  of  the  cross;  and,  standing  upon  the  first 


April  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  129 

hammer-beam  from  the  east  on  the  north  side,  is  a  large  image 
of  Our  Lady.  It  is  a  very  fine  figure,  and  the  attitude  is  such 
that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  it  was  intended  to  stand  by  the 
rood.  There  are  figures  of  seraphs  standing  on  the  ends  of  the 
hammer-beams  at  Cawston,  instead  of  being  carved  out  of  them, 
as  is  more  usual,  and  the  image  in  question  replaces  one  of  these. 
It  was  probably  put  where  it  is  to  save  it  from  destruction  by 
making  it  into  an  architectural  ornament.  There  are  other 
remains  about,  which  may  have  belonged  to  the  rood,  and  the 
whole  would  repay  careful  examination.  So  far  as  I  know,  it 
has  been  nowhere  described  or  figured. 

5.  Etchingham  church,  Sussex. — There  used  to  be  a  moat 
round  this  church,  and  in  it  was  found  an  image  of  oak,  which 
looks  very  much  as  if  it  were  that  of  Our  Lady  from  the  rood. 
When  I  saw  it,  it  was  preserved  in  the  vestry. 

6.  Collumpton  church,  Devon. — Here  there  is  a  screen  with 
a  loft  and  beam  over  it ;  and,  removed  from  its  place,  is  a  long, 
carved  board,  in  two  pieces,  which  has  formed  a  sort  of  Mount 
Calvary  above  the  beam,  for  the  rood  to  stand  upon.      It  is 
described  in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  Ecclesiologist,  p.  106. 

7.  Great  Rollwright  church,  Oxfordshire. — Mr.  Bloxam,  in 
the  eleventh  edition  of  his  Gothic  Architecture,  vol.  ii.  p.  42,  says, 
<  A  few  years  ago,  part  of  the  food  itself  was  remaining '  here. 
It  is  mentioned  in  the  same  words  in  Mr.  J.  H.  Parker's  Eccle- 
siastical and  Architectural  Topography  of  the  Diocese  of  Oxford 
(1850).    But  I  have  not  found  any  description  of  what  remained. 

These  are  all  the  examples  I  know  of,  but  I  hope  others  may 
be  able  to  add  to  the  number.  Mr.  Bloxam  mentions  a  carving 
at  the  church  of  Bettys  Gwerful  Groch ;  but,  from  the  descrip- 
tion he  gives  of  it,  it  can  scarcely  have  belonged  to  the  screen. 
Perhaps  it  was  always  intended  to  form  part  of  a  reredos,  as  it 
does  now.  Mr.  Bloxam  also  quotes  a  curious  passage,  from 
which  it  appears  that  the  rood  was  preserved  in  Llanrwyst 
church  in  1684.  One  would  like  to  know  how  much  longer  it 
remained,  and  what  became  of  it  in  the  end, 

P.S. — Since  the  above  was  read,  and  in  consequence  of  the 
report  of  it  which  appeared  in  the  Athenceum,  I  have  heard  of 
what  seems  to  be  a  third  example  of  the  carved  figure  of  Our 
Lord  from  a  rood.  It  is  said  to  have  been  taken  from  a  church 
in  Lincolnshire  many  years  ago,  and  is  now  in  private  hands, 
I  hope  shortly  to  be  able  to  exhibit  it  to  the  Society." 

VOL.  XI,  K 


130  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

ASTON  WEBB,  Esq.,  communicated  an  account  of  recent  dis- 
coveries at  the  priory  church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great, 
Smithfield,  illustrated  by  a  large  series  of  plans  and  sections  and 
other  drawings. 

Mr.  Webb's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  April  8th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author  :—  The  Life  of  Charles  I.  1600-1625.  By  E.  Beresforcl 
Chancellor.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Rowfant  Library.  A  Catalogue  of  the  Printed  Books, 
Manuscripts,  Autograph  Letters,  Drawings  and  Pictures,  collected  by 
Frederick  Locker-Lampson.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Scotland  in  Pagan  Times.  The  Bronze  and  Stone  Ages. 
The  Rhind  Lectures  in  Archaeology  for  1882.  By  Joseph  Anderson,  LL.D. 
8vo.  Edinburgh,  1886. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  on 
May  4th,  and  lists  were  read  of  the  Fellows  proposed  as  Council 
and  officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 

The  PRESIDENT  announced  that  in  answer  to  a  request  from 
Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  F.S.A.,  that  the  Society  would  express 
their  approval  of  a  projected  monograph,  to  be  edited  by  him, 
illustrative  of  the  architecture  of  Westminster  Abbey,  the  Council 
at  their  meeting  of  April  7th  had  adopted  the  following  reso- 
lution : 

"  That  the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  heartily 
appreciates  the  value  of  the  work  in  connection  with  Westminster 
Abbey  about  to  be  undertaken  by  Mr.  Somers  Clarke,  and  has 
full  confidence  that  in  his  hands  it  will  be  successfully  carried 
out." 

The  i-os:lution  was  unanimously  approved  by  the  meeting. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Rev.  F.  A.  H.  Vinon,  F.S.A., 
enclosing  a  lengthy  and  careful  report,  with  plans,  etc.,  reporting 


April  8.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  131 

the  threatened  destruction  of  a  portion  of  the  Roman  baths  at 
Bath,  through  the  proposed  rebuilding  of  some  houses  now  occu- 
pying a  portion  of  the  site. 

After  some  discussion,  in  which  it  was  pointed  out  by  more 
than  one  speaker  that  the  proposed  alterations  could  be  easily 
carried  out  without  destroying  or  concealing  the  Koman  remains, 
the  following  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted : 

"  That  this  meeting  hears  with  dismay  that  a  proposal  has  been 
made  involving  the  destruction  of  an  important  portion  of  the 
Roman  baths  at  Bath— a  monument  of  unequalled  interest  of  its 
kind  in  Britain ;  and  trusts  that  the  Corporation  of  Bath  can  so 
modify  their  plans  as  not  to  involve  any  destruction  or  conceal- 
ment of  the  Roman  work." 

"  That  copies  of  this  resolution  be  sent  to  the  mayor  and  town 
clerk  of  Bath,  and  to  our  Local  Secretary,  Major  Davis." 

Major  COOPER  COOPER,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  mordant 
or  strap-tag  of  early-fifteenth  century  date,  which  was  found 
some  years  ago  in  digging  a  grave  in  the  churchyard  at  Dod- 
dington.  It  is  3J  inches  long  and  1 J  inch  wide.  The  upper  part 
consists  of  a  wedge-shaped  socket,  |-inch  long,  to  hold  a  strap 
J-inch  wide  and  about  J-inch  thick,  which  was  secured  by  two 
rivets  still  remaining.  The  socket  bears  the  monogram  tfyc. 
Below  the  socket,  and  connected  to  it  by  a  contracted  neck,  is 
an  open  lyre-shaped  ornament  with  a  pendant  leaf  ornament. 
This  is  not  improbably  meant  to  represent  the  letter  Jft,  sur- 
mounted by  the  pot  of  lilies.  The  central  bar  bears  a  rude 
figure  of  St.  Christopher. 

An  engraving  of  this  mordant  will  be  found  in  the  Journal  of 
the  British  Archaeological  Association,  ii.  271. 

A  very  similar  ornament  terminates  the  waist-belt  of  Mar- 
garet Fennebrygg,  1401,  on  her  brass  in  Shottesbrook  church, 
Berks. 

SEYMOUR  LUCAS,  Esq.,  A.R.A.,  through  J.  G-.  Waller,  Esq., 
exhibited  a  fine  example  of  a  sword  of  state  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  upon  which  Mr.  Waller  communicated  the  following 
notes  : 

"  The  sword  which  we  have  before  us  belongs  to  the  state  or 
corporation  swords,  symbols  of  authority  and  power.  One  of 
this  size  and  antiquity  is  very  rare.  It  is  larger  than  that  of 
the  corporation  of  London,  which  is  comparatively  modern,  and 
is  a  very  little  less  than  that  of  Edward  III.,  now  preserved  in 
Edward  the  Confessor's  chapel  in  Westminster  abbey  church. 
I  here  give  the  dimensions  of  the  two  : — 

K2 


132  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

King  Edward  III.    Gloucestershire. 

ft.   in.  ft.    in. 

Length  of  blade     .,53  44 

Breadth  of  do.   at  hilt        0     3J  0     2f 

Do.  do.        point     0     1±  01 

Length  of  hilt        ..20  16 

Haft     ....     1   11  15 

Pommel        .         .         .     0     3£  0     2J 

One  fact  of  interest  in  this  example  is,  that  we  have  the 
record  of  a  restoration  or  repair  given  at  the  upper  part  of  the 
blade,  immediately  under  the  hilt,  which  states  that 

IOHN  *  MOR[M  . .  KING]? 
MAIER  *  THIS  *  SORD 
DID  *  REPAIRE  *  1594 

This  inscription  is  enclosed  by  a  very  pretty  well  designed 
piece  of  ornament,  which  is  repeated  on  the  opposite  side  with 
the  addition  of  an  imperial  crown  surmounting  it.  The  record 
is  an  evidence  at  least  that  the  blade  was  of  greater  antiquity ; 
and  now  it  is  necessary  for  us  to  endeavour  to  point  out,  as  near 
as  possible,  the  absolute  date  of  the  weapon. 

The  hilt  and  blade  are  of  the  same  time :  this  is  sufficiently 
declared  in  the  texture,  colour,  and  quality  of  the  metal.  The 
pommel  is  a  later  addition,  as,  of  course,  is  the  wooden  cover- 
ing of  the  haft.  It  is  by  the  form  of  the  hilt  that  we  can  proxi- 
mately  give  a  date.  There  are  two  characteristics  of  it  to  be 
noted,  viz.,  its  length,  and  the  deflected  terminations.  These 
latter  did  not  become  common  until  after  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  though  a  very  early  example  occurs  on  the 
brass  of  Sir  John  Northwode  at  Minster,  Isle  of  Sheppy, 
1330.  But  here  the  hilt  is  very  short,  the  lengthening  of  it  not 
becoming  a  fashion  until  the  fifteenth  century  ;  and,  indeed,  its 
general  form  before  that  was  short  and  plain.  It  must,  how- 
ever, be  mentioned,  that  Edward  III.'s  sword  of  state,  to  which 
I  have  referred,  has  a  long  hilt,  though  plain  and  straight,  so 
that  perhaps  we  are  not  entitled  to  be  so  precise  in  our  com- 
parison with  it  and  the  ordinary  fighting  sword  girt  by  the 
warrior's  side.  Nevertheless  we  must  consider  what  was  the 
ruling  type,  and  the  date  most  in  accordance  with  that  before 
us.  Two  examples  seem  to  determine  this,  as  close  as  it  is 
possible,  viz.,  the  brass  of  John  Daundelyon,  1445,  at  Margate, 
and  that  of  Sir  William  Wadham,  1440,  at  Illminster,  Somerset. 
We  have  here,  together  with  the  long  hilt,  the  deflected  and 
curved  terminations,  in  proportion  and  shape  like  this  corpora- 
tion sword.  There,  is  one  part,  however,  of  this  hilt  which 


April  8.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  133 

differs  from  the  examples  I  have  produced  in  the  treatment  of 
the  central  portion.  It  is  generally  brought  down  in  an  obtuse 
angle  overhanging  the  blade  ;  but  there  are  instances  in  which 
this  semi-circular  shape  occurs,  and,  although  not  precisely  as 
here,  one  cannot  doubt  but  that  the  suggestion  is  the  same. 
The  hilt  has  on  its  upper  and  side  face  an  ornament  of  the 
original  date  of  the  sword ;  but  when  the  restoration  took  place, 
which  to  some  extent  may  have  been  the  removal  of  rust,  some 
parts  of  it  suffered  in  detail.  The  blade  shows  signs  of  this 
too,  as  the  edges  are  not  everywhere  symmetrical,  from,  doubt- 
less, the  worn  parts  being  ground  smooth  as  we  now  see  them. 
It  has  the  common  ancient  marks,  a  rude  representation  of  a  fox 
or  wolf,  and  a  crown.  From  traces  that  remain,  it  is  evident 
that  these  were  originally  inlaid  with  gold  wire.  In  deciding 
upon  the  original  date  of  this  sword,  I  should  say  that  it  could 
not  be  earlier  than  1420,  and  am  inclined  to  put  it  twenty  years 
later  by  the  evidence  given,  viz.,  in  the  length  of  the  hilt,  com- 
bined with  its  deflected  and  curved  terminations. 

I  am  not  disposed  to  place  this  weapon  in  the  category  of 
the  fighting  swords  of  actual  warfare.  At  the  end  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  indeed,  swords  of  large  size  were  used  in  the 
lists  when  the  knights  fought  on  foot.  But  it  seems  to  me  that 
this  is  a  sword  of  state,  a  symbol  of  authority,  such  as  that  now 
used  by  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London.  The  latter  office  once  had 
attached  to  it  several  swords,  and  at  the  coronation  of  our  kings 
also,  many  swords  were  carried  having  assigned  to  them  distinct 
meanings.  As  a  symbol  of  power  and  temporal  authority  it  has 
long  been  recognised ;  perhaps  the  most  significant  instances 
are  those  in  the  very  interesting  series  of  figures  of  the  prince 
bishops  of  Wiirzburg,  in  the  cathedral  church  of  that  city,  who 
hold  the  crozier  in  one  hand,  the  symbol  of  their  spiritual  office, 
whilst  in  the  other  is  the  sword  of  their  temporal  power.  I  must 
not,  however,  omit  to  state  that  the  Baron  de  Cosson,  a  very 
high  authority  on  all  matters  connected  with  arms  and  armour, 
has,  I  believe,  given  it  his  opinion  that  this  may  have  been  a 
fighting  weapon,  nor  can  I  deny  the  use  of  the  two-handed 
sword  in  actual  warfare.  In  former  days  the  sword-bearer  was 
an  officer  of  distinction.  There  is  a  good  illustration  of  one 
in  the  performance  of  his  office  amongst  the  paintings  of  the 
story  of  St.  Katharine,  at  Raunds,  Northamptonshire,  where 
Porphyrius  of  the  legend  stands  by  the  side  of  the  emperor,  bear- 
ing his  sword  with  the  baldric  entwined  about  it.  A  full-size 
drawing  of  this  I  had  the  pleasure  of  presenting  to  this  Society. 
At  present  we  only  know  of  the  sword-bearer  as  he  sits  in  the 
Lord  Mayor's  state  carriage,  wearing  his  furred  cap  of  mainten- 
ance, a  true  relic  of  the  medieval  past, 


134  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

It  now  remains  to  be  asked  to  what  place  did  this  sword  belong? 
It  has  come  to  Mr.  Seymour  Lucas  from  private  hands  at  Newn- 
ham,  Gloucestershire.  Unhappily  the  name  of  the  mayor  at 
the  time  of  the  restoration  is  partly  effaced.  In  the  lists  of  the 
mayors  of  Gloucester  no  name  which  might  be  that  on  the 
sword  is  found,  nor  in  those  of  other  towns  in  the  west  of 
England.  But  there  are  other  towns  in  the  county  of  import- 
ance, connected  with  the  wool  manufacture  of  early  days,  such 
as  Cirencester,  where  it  might  be  possible  to  assign  this  sword. 

The  inquiry  into  the  question  as  to  how  it  came  to  be  removed 
from  the  place  where  it  undoubtedly  had  some  interest,  thus 
disconnected  from  its  traditions,  might  be  painful.  But  it  would 
not  be  amiss  if  we  could  hold  up  to  public  reprobation  the  autho- 
rities of  that  town  who  could  dissever  from  its  possession  an 
object  that  must  have  been  intimately  associated  with  its  domestic 
history.  We  may  congratulate  ourselves  that  it  has  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  one  who  is  an  enthusiastic  collector  of  the  arms 
and  armour  of  our  English  ancestors,  and  prizes  his  new  addi- 
tion as  a  gem  in  his  collection." 

Sir  JOHN  MACLEAN,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  gilt  bronze  pinnacle, 
which  apparently  once  formed  the  upper  part  of  a  censer 
cover.  (See  illustration.') 

It  is  8  inches  high,  and  pentagonal  in  form  ;  on  each  side  is 
a  traceried  Perpendicular  window  of  three  lights,  with  pedi- 
mental  crocketed  head,  and  at  each  angle  a  pinnacled  flying 
buttress.  Above  the  windows  rises  a  slender  spire  with  dia- 
pered faces  and  crocketed  angles.  On  the  summit  is  a  pear- 
shaped  finial  with  a  loop  for  a  chain. 

Inside  are  two  strips  of  metal,  which  passed  through  the 
cover  of  the  censer,  and  were  then  secured  by  a  rod  or  nut 
thrust  through  pierced  eyes  at  their  ends.  The  lower  edges  of 
the  buttresses  and  sides  are  curved  to  fit  on  to  the  rounded 
censer  top. 

Sir  John  Maclean  also  exhibited  a  set  of  Jacobean  weights, 
in  their  original  box. 

These  objects  are  from  the  collection  of  the  late  Eev.  W.  J. 
Pinwill,  vicar  of  Horley,  near  Banbury,  but  nothing  is  known 
of  their  history. 

Rev.  C.  R.  MANNING,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  three  heraldic 
roundels  of  latten  or  bronze,  from  his  collection  of  antiquities. 

The  largest  is  2|  inches  in  diameter,  and  bears  the  royal 
arms,  as  borne  by  the  Stuart  sovereigns,  within  the  garter, 
together  with  the  helm,  mantling,  crest  and  supporters.  On 


Pruo.  2d  S.  Vol.  XL 


To  face  page  134. 


PINNACLE  OF  A  CENSER    COVER, 

(§  full  size.) 


April  8.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


135 


either  side  the  crest  are  the  letters  I  K,  and  in  base  the  rose 
and  thistle  badges. 

Traces  remain  of  the  red  and  blue  enamel  of  the  heraldry, 
and  of  the  darker  blue  which  originally  formed  the  ground  to 
the  whole  composition. 

The  two  smaller  roundels,  though  equal  in  size,  viz.  -ff  inches 
in  diameter ,  are  quite  different  in  design. 


TWO  HEEALDIC  ROUNDELS  IN  THE  POSSESSION  OP  EEV.  C.  E.  MANNING. 

(Full  size.) 

The  one  bears  a  boldly-drawn  pair  of  wings  conjoined,  on  a 
field  probably  once  enamelled,  though  no  trace  of  the  colouring 
remains.  The  device  is  used  as  a  badge  of  the  Wingfield  family, 
in  Wingfield  church,  Suffolk,  and  the  roundel  probably  per- 
tained to  one  of  the  name. 

The  third  roundel  differs  from  the  other  two  in  having  the 
design  engraved,  instead  of  the  device  being  in  relief.  It  bears 
a  shield  charged  with  Or,  a  lion  rampant  sable,  impaling  or, 
crusilee  and  a  lion  rampant  double-tailed  gules,  crowned  gold. 
The  lions,  contrary  to  English  usage,  are  placed  counter- 
rampant. 

The  dexter  arms  are  difficult  to  assign,  but  the  sinister  are 
undoubtedly  those  of  a  De  Braose,  and  the  roundel  probably 
represents  an  alliance  of  some  person  yet  to  be  identified  with 
a  daughter  of  the  house  of  Braose. 

The  intervals  between  the  shield  and  the  circumference  of  the 
roundel  are  occupied  by  sprigs  of  leaves,  the  engraved  lines  of 
which  were  filled  with  green  enamel.  The  shield  bears  slight 
but  distinct  traces  of  gilding  on  the  fields  of  both  halves. 

On  the  back  of  the  roundel  is  engraved,  in  modern  letters, 
BREWSE. 


136  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  these  roundels,  but  they 
have  been  in  the  possession  of  the  owner's  family  for  over  a 
century. 

Originally,  they  perhaps  were  affixed  in  the  bottoms  of  bowls 
or  trenchers,  after  the  fashion  of  the  "  print  "  of  a  mazer. 

J.  E.  SMITH,  Esq.,  exhibited  the  three  following  charters 
relating  to  Westminster : — 

1.  Letters  patent  of  Henry  III.,  dated  Nov.  5th,  1256, 
granting  to  the  abbey  of  Westminster  a  weekly  market  every 
Monday  in  Tothill,  and  an  annual  fair  for  three  days,  to  be  held 
on  the  vigil,  day,  and  morrow  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  : 

(H)enricus  dei  gracia  Kex  Anglie  Dominus  Hibernie  Dux 
Normannie  et  Aquitannie  et  Comes  Andegavie  Archiepiscopis 
Episcopis  Abbatibus  Prioribus  Comitibus  Baronibus  Justiciariis 
vicecomitibus  prepositis  ministris  et  omnibus  Ballivis  et  fidelibus 
suis  salutem.  Sciatis  nos  concessisse  et  hac  carta  nostra  con- 
fir  masse  dilectis  nobis  in  Christo  Ricardo  Abbati  Westmonasterii 
et  ejusdem  loci  conventui  quod  ipsi  et  successores  sui  imper- 
petuum  habeant  unum  mercaturn  apud  Touthuft.  singulis  sep- 
timanis  per  diem  lune.  Et  unam  feriam  ibidem  singulis  annis 
per  tres  dies  duraturam  videlicet  in  vigilia  et  in  die  et  in 
crastino  beate  Marie  Magdalene  Nisi  mercatum  illud  et  feria 
ilia  sint  ad  nocumentum  vicinorum  mercatorum  et  vicinorum 
feriarum.  Quare  volumus  et  firmiter  precipimus  pro  nobis  et 
heredibus  nostris  quod  predict!  abbas  et  conventus  et  successores 
sui  imperpetuum  habeant  unum  mercatum  apud  Touthuft.  sin- 
gulis septimanis  per  diem  lune.  Et  unam  feriam  ibidem  singulis 
annis  per  tres  dies  duraturam  videlicet  in  vigilia  et  in  die  et 
in  crastino  beate  Marie  Magdalene  cum  omnibus  libertatibus  et 
liberis  consuetudinibus  ad  huiusmodi  mercatum  et  feriam  per- 
tinentibus.  Nisi  mercatum  illud  et  feria  ilia  sint  ad  nocu- 
mentum vicinorum  mercatorum  et  vicinarum  feriarum  sicut 
predictum  est.  Hiis  testibus :  Ricardo  de  Clare  comite  Glouces- 
trie  et  Hereford'.  Humfrido  de  Boun  comite  Hereford'  et 
Essexie.  Rogero  de  mortuo  mari.  Jacobo  de  Alditheleg.  Roberto 
Walerand.  Willelmo  de  Grey.  Walkelino  de  Arderne.  Imberto 
Pugeys.  Willelmo  Bonquer'.  Willelmo  Gernun.  et  aliis.  Datum 
per  manum  nostram  apud  WindeS.  quinto  die  Novembris  anno 
regni  nostri  quadragesimo  primo. 

Great  seal  in  green  wax,  somewhat  broken,  appended  by  red 
and  green  silk  cord. 


April  8.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  137 

Endorsed  : 

(17th  century)    13      T.  fol°.  88.  B. 

(Medieval).  Carta  Eegis  Henr'  de  mercat  de  totehull. 

(Late  16th  cent.).        King  H  pattent  for  a  market  in  Tuthill  every 
munday   &    a   faire    for   3    dayes   togeather 
upon  St  Maudelins  eve  day  and  ye  day  afftr. 
(Original).  Carta  xxaix  Duppla. 

2.  Letters  patent  of  Edward  I,  dated  May  llth,  1298,  grant- 
ing to  the  abbey  of  Westminster  an  annual  fair  of  thirty-two 
days,  beginning  on  the  feast  of  the  translation  of  St.  Edward, 
king  and  confessor,  in  lieu  of  two  fairs,  each  of  sixteen  days, 
granted  by  Henry  III. : 

Edwardus  dei  gracia  Kex  Anglie  Dominus  Hibernie  et  Dux 
Aquitanie  Arehiepiscopis  Episcopis  Abbatibus  Prioribus  Comi- 
tibus  Baronibus  Justiciariis  Vicecomitibus  Prepositis  ministris 
et  omnibus  Ballivis  et  fidelibus  suis  salutem.  insciatis  quod  cum 
dominus  H.  quondam  Eex  Anglie  pater  noster  per  cartam  suam 
concessisset  et  carta  sua  confirmasset  pro  se  et  heredibus  suis 
Abbati  et  Conventui  Westmonasterii  quod  ipsi  et  successores  sui 
imperpetuum  haberent  singulis  annis  apud  Westmonasterium  in 
Comitatu  Middlesexie  unam  feriam  per  sexdecim  dies  duraturarn 
videlicet  in  festo  depositionis  sancti  Edwardi  Regis  et  confes- 
soris  et  per  quindecim  dies  sequentes  Et  etiam  unam  aliam 
feriam  ibidem  singulis  annis  per  sexdecim  dies  duraturam  vide- 
licet in  festo  translacionis  dicti  sancti  Edwardi  et  per  alios 
quindecim  dies  sequentes.  Nisi  ferie  ille  essent  ad  nocumentum 
vicinarum  feriarum.  Nos  ad  instanciam  Abbatis  et  Conventus 
eiusdem  loci  concessimus  eis  et  hac  carta  nostra  confirmavimus 
pro  nobis  et  heredibus  nostris  quod  ipsi  et  successores  sui  loco 
duarum  feriarum  predictarum  imperpetuum  habeant  singulis  annis 
ibidem  unam  feriam  tantum  continentem  triginta  et  duos  dies 
prout  predicte  due  ferie  prius  continebant  videlicet  in  festo 
translacionis  dicti  sancti  et  per  triginta  et  unum  dies  sequentes. 
Nisi  feria  ilia  sit  ad  nocumentum  vicinarum  feriarum.  Quare 
volumus  et  firmiter  precipimus  pro  nobis  et  heredibus  nostris 
quod  predicti  Abbas  et  Conventus  et  successores  sui  imperpetuum 
habeant  predictam  feriam  apud  Westmonasterium  cum  omnibus 
libertatibus  et  liberis  consuetudinibus  ad  huiusmodi  feriam 
pertinentibus.  Nisi  feria  ilia  sit  ad  nocumentum  vicinarum 
feriarum  sicut  predictam  est.  Hiis  testibus.  Thoma  de  Lan- 
castria  comite  Lancastrie.  Waltero  de  Bello  Campo  senescallo 
hospicij  nostri.  Roberto  de  Tateshale  iuniore.  Thoma  Paynel. 
Thoma  de  Bikenore.  Johanne  de  Merkf.  Petro  de  Tadington. 
Johanne  de  Chauvent  et  aliis.  Datum  per  manum  nostram  apud 


138  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Culfbrd  undecimo  die  maii  anno  regni  nostri  viccsimo  sexto. 
dupplicata. 

Nearly  perfect  and  fine  impression  of  the  great  seal  in  green 
wax,  appended  by  a  red  and  green  silk  cord. 

Endorsed : 

(17th  cent.)     T.  fol°.  88.  B. 
(original.)     Nova  carta  de  nundinis  Beati  Regis  Edwardi 

(modern.)       apud  Westm'. 

(Late  16th  cent.)  K  Edw  pattent  for  keeping  1  faire  in  West' 
for  32  dayes  together  beg'g  upon  the  day  of 
the  Translation  of  St.  Edward  and  continuing 
31  dayes  after. 

3.  Indenture  dated  June  18th,  1535,  between  William  (Boston) 
the  abbot,  arid  the  prior  and  convent  of  Westminster  on  the 
one  part,  and  Robert  Yonge  of  Westminster,  butcher,  on  the 
other  part,  granting  to  farm  a  tenement  within  Little  Sanctuary, 
in  which  the  said  Robert  dwells,  for  thirty  years  at  10s.  per 
annum. 

Fragment  of  a  good  impression  of  the  abbey  seal  in  brown 
wax,  appended  by  a  parchment  slip. 

STUART  MOORE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,   communicated  a  paper  on 
documents  relating  to  the  death  and  burial  of  Edward  II. 
Mr.  Moore's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  Society  then  adjourned  its  ordinary  meetings  over  the 
Easter  recess  to  Thursday,  May  13th. 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  139 

ANNIVEKSAKY, 

TUESDAY,  MAY  4,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.RS.,  President,  in  the 

Chair. 

C.  Knight  Watson,  Esq.,  and  Frederick  Shum,  Esq.,  were 
nominated  Scrutators  of  the  Ballot. 

The  Rev.  W.  F.  Greeny  was  admitted  Fellow. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  laid  upon 
the  table  a  copy  of  the  Archaeologia,  vol.  xlix.  part  ii.  com- 
plete with  the  exception  of  the  final  colouring  of  a  few  of  the 
plates ;  a  copy  of  Proceedings,  vol.  xi.  part  i.  complete  up  to 
date;  and  a  proof  of  the  first  199  pages  of  the  new  Library 
Catalogue. 

At  2*30  p.m.,  the  PRESIDENT  proceeded  to  deliver  the  follow- 
ing Address : — 

We  are  met  to-day,  not  upon  our  appointed  anniversary,  St. 
George's  Day,  but  at  a  time  which  this  year,  at  all  events,  is 
much  more  convenient  to  Fellows  of  the  Society  than  would 
have  been  our  accustomed  day  of  meeting.  For  this  year  it  so 
chances  that  an  event  not  contemplated  in  our  Statutes  has 
happened,  and  St.  George's  Day  has  fallen  on  Good  Friday,  a 
coincidence  which  occurred  in  the  years  1666  and  1734,  and 
will  not  occur  again  until  after  the  year  2000.  Still,  as  our 
Statutes  only  provided  for  the  case  of  St.  George's  Day  falling 
on  a  Sunday,  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  alter  them ;  and 
in  doing  so  more  liberty  has  been  allowed  to  the  Council  for 
fixing  the  Anniversary,  when  April  23  happens  to  fall  within 
the  usual  Easter  holidays. 

Between  the  5th  April,  1885,  and  the  same  day  in  1886,  we 
have  lost  the  following  Fellows  of  the  Society  by  death  :— 

*George  Alexander,  Esq. 
Kev.  John  Baron,  D.D. 
Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  LL.D. 
Cunninghame,  Lord  Borthwick. 
Edmund  Montagu  Boyle,  Esq. 

*  Denotes  Compounder. 


140  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Henry  Bradshaw,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Rev.  Frederick  Brown,  M.A. 
*Alfred  Burges,  Esq. 
*Thomas  Chapman,  Esq. 

James  Herbert  Cooke,  Esq. 
*Henry  Cunliffe,  Esq. 

James  Bridge  Davidson,  Esq. 
*Rev.  Henry  Thomas  Ellacombe,  M.A. 

Richard  Monckton,  Lord  Houghton,  D.C.L. 

Rev.  William  Henry  Rich  Jones,  M.A.,  Canon  of  Sarum. 

John  Towlerton  Leather,  Esq. 

Robert  Bownas  Mackie,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Joseph  Mayer,  Esq. 

Arthur  Giles  Puller,  Esq. 
*John  Rae,  Esq. 

Charles  Ratclitf,  Esq. 

Sir  James  Sibbald  David  Scott,  Bart. 
*  Joseph  Sidebotham,  Esq. 

Rev.  James  Simpson,  LL.D.,  Hon.  Canon  of  Carlisle. 

Edward  Solly,  Esq. 

Henry  Stevens,  Esq. 

William  John  Thorns,  Esq. 
*George  Taddy  Tomline,  Esq. 

Charles  Tucker,  Esq. 

Samuel  Dutton  Walker,  Esq. 

Rev.  Benjamin  Webb,  M.A. 

Sparks  Henderson  Williams,  Esq. 

And  the  following  by  resignation  :  — 

Cardinal  Brewster,  Esq. 
Edward  Lushington  Blackburne,  Esq. 
John  Anthony  JSparvel-Bayly,  Esq.  ;  and 
William  Henry  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.,  on  his  appoint- 
ment as  Assistant- Secretary. 

Among  our  Honorary  Fellows  we  have  to  lament  the  decease 
of  the  following  : — 

Professor  Edouard  Desor. 

The  Abbate  Fusco. 

Dr.  Bror  Emil  Hildebrand. 

Professor  Sven  Nilsson. 

Dr.  Pantaleoni. 

Baron  Edouard  von  Sackcn. 

Professor  J.  J.  A.  Worsaae. 

*  Denotes  Compounder. 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  .    141 

The  following  gentlemen  have,  during  the  same  period,  been 
elected  Fellows  of  the  Society  : — 

George  Henry  Birch,  Esq. 

Rev.  Edward  Kedington  Bennet,  D.C.L. 

Richard  Smith  Carington,  Esq. 

James,  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres. 

Rev.  William  Frederic  Greeny,  M.A. 

Edwin  Joseph  March  Phillipps  De  Lisle,  Esq. 

William  Younger  Fletcher,  Esq. 

Paul  Henry  Foley,  Esq.,  M.A. 

George  Edward  Fox,  Esq. 

Henry  Hucks  Gibbs,  Esq. 

Lieut. -Colonel  James  Gildea. 

Herbert  Appold  Grueber,  Esq. 

Alfred  James  Hipkins,  Esq. 

Robert  Offley,  Lord  Houghton. 

Rev.  Charles  Robertson  Manning,  M.A. 

William  John  Charles  Moens,  Esq. 

Richard  Popplewell  Pullan,  Esq. 

Very  Rev.  Arthur  Perceval  Purey-Cust,  D.D., 

Dean  of  York. 

Sir  George  Reresby  Sitwell,  Bart.,  M.P. 
Colonel  Charles  Kemeys  Kemeys-Tynte. 

It  will  thus  be  seen,  that  while  we  have  lost  thirty-five  of  our 
Ordinary  Fellows,  we  have  elected  only  twenty,  so  that  our  total 
number  has  considerably  decreased. 

When  our  Statutes  were  revised  in  July  last,  the  limit  of  our 
numbers  was  increased  from  six  hundred  to  seven  hundred,  but 
unless  the  proportion  of  our  elections  to  our  losses  is  very  mate- 
rially increased,  there  is  no  immediate  prospect  of  this  altera- 
tion in  our  limit  being  of  any  practical  advantage. 

The  names  of  some  of  the  distinguished  antiquaries  who  have 
been  removed  from  our  ranks  by  death  cannot  be  passed  over  in 
silence.  Foremost  among  them  I  must  place  the  name  of  Jens 
Jacob  Asmussen  Worsaae,*  some  of  whose  early  works,  as  well  as 
his  latest,  related  directly  to  English  archaeology.  He  was  born 
on  March  14,  1821,  at  the  town  of  Veile,  in  Jutland,  and  at  the 
age  of  twenty-two  had  already  earned  a  reputation  by  his  work 
on  the  illustration  of  the  primeval  antiquities  of  Denmark,  by 
remains  found  in  grave-mounds.  Shortly  afterwards  he  added 
to  his  fame  by  proving  the  non-existence  of  the  presumed  Runic 
inscriptions  at  Runamo.  In  1846  he  was  commissioned  by 

*  For  a  detailed  notice  of  his  life  and  labours,  see   Aarboger  for  Nordisk 
Oldkyndighed,  &c.,  1886,  p.  1. 


142  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

King  Christian  VIII.  to  investigate  sucli  monuments  and 
memorials  of  the  Danes  and  Norwegians  as  might  be  extant  in 
the  British  Isles,  in  pursuit  of  which  he  spent  a  twelvemonth  in 
travelling  through  various  parts  of  the  United  Kingdom  with  the 
result  of  producing  a  most  interesting  volume,  of  which  the  English 
version  was  published  in  1852,  under  the  title,  An  Account  of 
the  Danes  and  Norwegians  in  England ,  Scotland ,  and  Ireland. 
In  1847  he  was  elected  an  Honorary  Fellow  of  this  Society, 
and  was  also  named  Inspector  of  Ancient  Monuments  in  Den- 
mark, and  subsequently  Professor  of  Northern  Archeology  in 
the  University  of  Copenhagen.  In  1865,  on  Thomson's  death, 
he  became  the  director  of  all  the  collections  of  an  archaeological 
or  historical  character  in  Denmark,  and  took  up  his  official 
residence  at  Rosenborg  Castle,  in  which  he  formed  a  most 
interesting  chronological  collection,  illustrative  of  the  successive 
reigns  of  various  Danish  monarchs.  For  a  short  period,  in 
1874-75,  he  was  Minister  of  Worship  and  Public  Instruction, 
and,  on  his  retirement,  became  a  titular  Chamberlain  of  the 
king.  Such  is  a  very  brief  sketch  of  his  official  career.  To 
enumerate  all  his  archaeological  essays  would  be  an  almost 
endless  task.  For  many  years  Worsaae  was  the  life  and  soul 
of  the  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries,  the  publications  of 
which  are  replete  with  his  labours.  In  tracing  the  development 
of  civilisation,  in  classifying  the  relics  of  antiquity  belonging  to 
various  periods,  and  in  clear  exposition,  he  was  rivalled  by  few. 
At  the  successive  Congresses  of  Prehistoric  Anthropology  and 
Archaeology  his  scientific  knowledge  was  invaluable,  while  his 
remarkably  amiable  disposition,  his  courteous  manners,  and  the 
friendly  aid  he  was  ever  ready  to  render,  endeared  him  to  all. 
As  a  linguist  he  was  most  accomplished,  and  the  readiness  with 
which  he  could  draw  on  his  stores  of  knowledge  rendered  his 
contributions  to  any  debate  on  antiquarian  subjects  of  quite 
exceptional  value.  One  of  his  last  publications  was  in  English, 
and  in  connection  with  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  being 
The  Industrial  Arts  of  Denmark  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Danes'1  Conquest  of  England,  .which  is  or  ought  to  be  in  the 
hands  of  most  of  our  Fellows.  His  death,  which  was  sudden, 
took  place  on  the  15th  of  August  last,  and  cut  short  a  friendship 
which  I  had  had  the  privilege  of  enjoying  for  a  period  of  twenty 
years. 

The  translator  and  joint  editor  of  W  or  safe's  Primeval  Antiqui- 
ties of  Denmark  was  also  a  Fellow  of  our  Society,  Mr.  William 
J.  Thorns,  whose  death  by  a  remarkable  coincidence  took  place 
on  the  same  day,  the  15th  of  August  last.  Mr.  Thorns  was 
born  on  November  16,  1803,  and  was,  therefore,  far  senior 
to  Worsaae,  both  in  years  and  in  authorship,  as  his  first  publi- 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  143 

cation,  A  Collection  of  early  Prose  Romances,  appeared  in  1828. 
His  numerous  other  works,  both  as  an  author  and  an  editor,  are 
sufficiently  well  known.  Among  antiquaries  he  will  long  be 
remembered  as  the  projector  and  first  editor  of  that  useful 
periodical  Notes  and  Queries,  the  first  number  of  which  was 
published  on  November  3,  1849,  and  which  still  exhibits  its 
youthful  vigour.  For  twenty-three  years  Mr.  Thorns  retained 
the  editorship  of  this  periodical,  resigning  in  November  1872, 
when  at  a  complimentary  dinner  given  on  the  occasion,  the  then 
President  of  this  Society,  Lord  Stanhope,  occupied  the  chair. 
For  many  years  Mr.  Thorns  filled  the  post  of  Secretary  to  the 
Camden  Society,  as  well  as  to  the  .ZElfric  Society,  and  for  about 
twenty  years  he  was  the  Deputy  Librarian  to  the  House  of 
Lords.  In  this  capacity  his  wonderful  knowledge  of  books  and 
their  contents  stood  him  in  good  stead,  and  led  to  many  lasting 
friendships  among  members  of  the  House  of  Peers.  He  was  for 
many  years  a  constant  attendant  at  our  meetings,  where  his 
genial  presence  and  sense  of  humour  always  made  him  welcome. 
One  of  his  favourite  paradoxes,  that  no  human  beings  ever 
attained  to  the  age  of  one  hundred  years,  led  to  the  publication 
of  his  work,  The  Longevity  of  Man,  in  1873.  His  resignation 
of  office  in  1882,  and  his  subsequent  failing  health,  have  of  late 
years  brought  him  less  in  contact  with  the  world  at  large  and 
with  this  Society,  but  most  of  our  older  Fellows  will,  I  am  sure, 
cherish  with  me  a  warm  remembrance  of  a  scholar  and  a  gentle- 
man, ever  friendly,  and  ever  ready  to  impart  information. 

A  still  more  aged  Fellow,  whom  we  have  lost,  is  the  Rev. 
Henry  Thomas  Ellacombe,  rector  of  Clyst  St.  George,  Devon- 
shire, who  died  in  August  last  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-five 
years.  For  nearly  sixty  years  he  had  been  a  member  of  our 
Society,  having  been  elected  in  1827.  Although  occasionally 
writing  on  other  subjects — as,  for  instance,  on  the  Manor  of 
Bilton — church  bells  were  his  favourable  theme.  Indeed,  on 
all  subjects  connected  with  bell  ringing,  ancient  and  modern,  he 
was  recognised  as  our  first  authority. 

In  that  same  month  of  August,  another  and  even  more  dis- 
tinguished of  our  Fellows,  Lord  Houghton,  was  removed  from 
among  us.  It  was,  however,  in  the  field  of  poetry,  literature, 
and  politics,  that  he,  as  Mr.  Monckton  Milnes,  earned  distinc- 
tion, rather  than  in  that  of  archaeology.  That  his  historical  and 
archaeological  powers,  however,  were  of  no  mean  order,  a 
reference  to  his  Presidential  Address  at  the  Leeds  meeting  of 
the  British  Archaeological  Association  in  1863  will  amply  suffice 
to  show.  His  kindliness,  his  readiness  to  assist  others,  and  his 
great  conversational  powers,  will  long  be  remembered  by  those 
who  had  the  privilege  of  being  brought  in  contact  with  him. 


144  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Another  veteran  whom  we  have  lost,  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer,  of 
Liverpool,  was  not  only  an  enthusiastic  collector,  but  a  man  of 
unbounded  liberality.  Born  in  1803,  he  settled  in  early  life  at 
Liverpool  as  a  jeweller,  and  gradually  succeeded  in  bringing 
together  most  important  collections  of  antiquities  of  various  ages 
and  countries,  as  well  as  a  most  remarkable  series  of  examples 
of  the  potter's  art  in  England.  All  these  he  presented  to  the 
Liverpool  Museum,  which  is  practically  of  his  own  foundation ; 
while  to  the  village  of  Bebington,  in  Cheshire,  where  he  resided, 
he  presented  a  library  of  twenty  thousand  volumes,  together 
with  the  building  to  contain  it,  surrounded  by  public  gardens. 
Not  content  with  collecting,  he  displayed  his  liberality  in  aiding 
the  publication  of  various  Antiquarian  volumes,  such  as  the 
Inventorium  Sepulchrale,  the  Diplomatoriiim  Anglicum  Aevi 
Saxonici,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Vocabularies,  for  copies  of  which, 
freely  presented,  many  a  student  is  indebted  to  him.  His  memory 
will  long  be  cherished  by  others  than  the  citizens  of  Liverpool, 
who  during  his  lifetime  erected  a  marble  statue  in  his  honour. 

Somewhat  younger  in  years,  but  almost  as  long  known  as  an 
antiquary  as  Mr.  Mayer,  was  the  world-renowned  Egyptologist, 
Dr.  Samuel  Birch,  whose  death,  after  a  very  short  illness,  took 
us  all  by  surprise  in  December  last.  His  knowledge  was  almost 
universal.  For  a  period  of  fifty  years  he  was  attached  to  the 
British  Museum,  where,  in  1844,  he  became  Assistant  Keeper 
of  Antiquities,  and,  in  1861,  Keeper  of  Oriental,  British,  and 
Medieval  Antiquities  and  Ethnography.  On  the  division  of  the 
departments,  in  1866,  he  retained  the  office  of  Keeper  of 
Oriental  Antiquities.  He  thus  witnessed  the  gradual  develop- 
ment of  our  national  collections  from  a  comparatively  restricted 
sphere  up  to  their  present  comprehensive  range,  and  his  reten- 
tive memory  enabled  him  to  profit  by  his  varied  experiences  in 
the  different  branches  of  antiquarian  research  with  which  he 
was  brought  in  contact.  Whether  the  subject  were  ancient 
British  coins,  Greek  or  Roman  vases  or  sculpture,  Himyaritic 
or  Cypriote  inscriptions,  Assyrian  records,  Egyptian  monu- 
ments or  papyri,  or  even  Chinese  literature  or  natural  history, 
Dr.  Birch  was  almost  equally  at  home.  It  was,  however, 
mainly  to  Egyptian  archaeology  that  his  attention  had  of  late 
years  been  directed.  To  attempt  any  notice  of  his  various 
works  and  essays,  over  two  hundred  in  number,  would  be  far 
beyond  the  limits  of  this  Address  ;  but  fortunately  a  biographi- 
cal notice  of  Dr.  Birch,  containing  full  particulars  of  them,  has 
been  published  by  his  son,  also  our  Fellow,  Mr.  Walter  de  Gray 
Birch.  His  merits  had  long  been  recognised  by  various  Univer- 
sities and  Academies  which  had  bestowed  honorary  degrees  and 
memberships  upon  him,  and  he  was  moreover  a  corresponding 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  145 

member  of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres  of  the 
French  Academy.  His  bright  eye  and  genial  face  will  long  be 
missed  by  many  of  our  Society  besides  myself. 

Another  of  our  deceased  Fellows  was  also  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  British  Museum  and  distinguished  for  his 
acquaintance  with  Oriental  antiquities  and  numismatics,  Mr. 
William  Sandys  Wright  Vaux.  He  was  born  in  1818,  and, 
shortly  after  taking  his  degree  at  Oxford,  entered  the  British 
Museum,  where  he  was  attached  to  the  Department  of  Anti- 
quities, and  became  Keeper  of  the  Department  of  Coins  and 
Medals  in  1861,  resigning  the  post  on  account  of  ill  health  in 
1870.  Mr.  Vaux  was  a  man  of  large  and  varied  knowledge, 
more  especially  in  all  that  related  to  Oriental  antiquities,  and 
was  for  the  last  ten  years  the  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Asiatic 
Society.  His  work  on  Nineveh  and  Persepolis  was  one  of  the 
earliest  to  bring  before  the  public,  in  a  popular  form,  the  dis- 
coveries of  Layard  and  others,  and  it  has  passed  through  several 
editions.  For  many  years  Mr.  Vaux  was  Secretary  to  the 
Royal  Society  of  Literature,  but  his  connection  with  the  Numis- 
matic Society  was  of  even  longer  standing.  It  was  indeed  to 
his  friendly  care  that  much  of  the  success  of  that  body  is  due. 
For  many  years  he  was  Honorary  Secretary  of  the  Society,  and 
subsequently  President,  and  for  upwards  of  a  quarter  of  a 
century  he  was  one  of  the  Editors  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 
A  man  more  kind-hearted  and  unselfish  it  is  difficult  to  imagine, 
and  his  sudden  death,  on  the  2 1  st  of  June  last,  created  a  gap  in 
a  large  circle  of  friends  and  acquaintances  which  it  will  be  im- 
possible to  fill. 

In  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Webb,  whose  decease  took  place  on  the 
28th  of  November  last,  we  have  lost  a  Fellow  eminently  distin- 
guished for  his  knowledge  of  all  that  relates  to  ecclesiastical 
and  liturgical  antiquities.  One  of  the  founders  of  the  Cam- 
bridge Camden  Society  in  1839,  and  for  twenty  years  Editor  of 
the  Ecclesiologist,  he  lived  to  see  vast  changes  in  popular  ideas, 
both  as  to  church  architecture  and  ritual.  How  far  such 
changes  have  in  all  cases  proved  unmixed  blessings,  must  be  a 
matter  of  opinion.  But  the  reckless  destruction  of  churches 
venerable  for  their  antiquity,  in  order  that  they  might  reappear 
in  the  newest  fashionable  garb,  must  be  deprecated  by  all  anti- 
quaries, though  the  blame  of  having  followers  endued  with  more 
zeal  than  knowledge  must  not  be  laid  on  the  originators  of  the 
movement. 

The  Rev.  Frederick  Brown  was  a  constant  visitor  in  our 
library,  where  he  was  always  most  helpful  to  any  one  seeking 
assistance  in  his  special  field  of  research — Genealogy.  His  own 
more  immediate  work  was  chiefly  devoted  to  the  family  history 

VOL.  XI.  L 


146  PEOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

of  Somersetshire,  in  which  county  he  long  held  the  living  of 
Nailsea.  His  MS.  collections  for  the  families  of  Hungerford 
and  Gorges  are  well  known. 

In  the  losses  of  our  bibliographical  Fellows  we  have,  during 
the  past  year,  been  singularly  unfortunate.  In  Mr.  Henry 
Stevens  we  have  to  deplore  one  whose  acquaintance  with  the 
early  editions  of  the  English  Bible  and  early  voyages  and  travels, 
especially  those  relating  to  the  land  of  his  birth,  America,  was 
probably  unrivalled.  For  thirty-four  years  he  had  been  a 
Fellow  of  this  Society,  and  his  name  and  services  were  well 
known  in  connection  with  the  Caxton  Exhibition  in  1877.  His 
assistance  in  improving  the  collection  of  printed  books  in  the 
British  Museum  ought  also  not  to  be  passed  over  in  silence. 

An  even  more  ardent  lover  of  books  was  Mr.  Henry  Brad- 
shaw,  Fellow  of  King's  College,  and  University  Librarian  at 
Cambridge,  whose  sudden  death  on  the  1  Oth  of  February  last, 
at  the  age  of  only  fifty-three,  caused  wide-spread  grief  among 
a  large  circle  of  friends.  For  thirty  years  he  had  been  attached 
to  the  University  Library,  either  as  assistant  or  chief  librarian, 
and  his  knowledge  of  its  bibliographical  rarities  was  complete, 
while  his  kindness  in  placing  that  knowledge  at  the  disposal  of 
others  was  inexhaustible.  As  president  of  the  Library  Asso- 
ciation on  the  occasion  of  its  visit  to  Cambridge,  he  delivered 
an  admirable  address,  which  was  subsequently  printed;  but 
beyond  some  contributions  to  the  Chaucer  Society  and  a  few 
tracts,  among  which  is  a  history  of  the  Cambridge  University 
Library,  he  published  little,  and  his  stores  of  knowledge,  espe- 
cially with  regard  to  English  literature  of  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  have  perished  with  him. 

Nor  must  I  allow  the  loss  of  Mr.  Edward  Solly  to  pass  un- 
noticed. Although  it  was  but  seldom  that  he  brought  any 
subject  immediately  before  us,  yet  all  readers  of  Notes  and 
Queries  must  be  aware  how  often  and  how  well  he  added  to 
our  general  store  of  antiquarian  knowledge.  In  genealogical 
inquiries,  and  in  all  that  relates  to  the  literary  history  of  the 
last  century,  his  zeal  and  knowledge  were  extraordinary,  while 
his  collection  of  books  and  printed  documents  of  the  period  he 
had  made  his  own  was  almost  unrivalled.  He  died  011  April  2nd 
last,  at  the  age  of  66. 

Another  of  our  well-known  Fellows,  Mr.  Charles  Tucker, 
the  head  of  an  old  Devonshire  family,  expired  on  Christmas 
Day,  having  attained  to  the  age  of  nearly  eighty-seven  years. 
An  intimate  friend  of  the  late  Mr.  Albert  Way,  he  took  a  warm 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  Royal  Archaeological  Institute, 
and  many  -of  his  papers  have  appeared  in  the  Archaeological 
Journal. 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  147 

These  notices,  individually  short,  have  collectively  proved  so 
long  that  I  ought  not  further  to  extend  them.  I  must,  how- 
ever, mention  the  name  of  Canon  Simpson,  of  Carlisle,  as  that 
of  one  who,  among  many  and  pressing  duties,  found  time  for 
the  prosecution  of  archaeological  researches,  and  to  watch  over 
the  interests  of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian 
Society,  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  founders.  The  names  of 
the  Rev.  James  C.  Clutterbuck,  for  fifty-five  years  vicar  of 
Long  Wittenham,  who,  though  not  a  Fellow,  frequently  exhi- 
bited antiquities  at  our  meetings,  and  of  Sir  James  Sibbald 
Scott,  whose  services  to  the  Royal  Archaeological  Institute  were 
frequent  and  valuable,  must  also  not  be  forgotten. 

1  am  sure  that  the  Fellows  will  pardon  me  if  I  also  dwell  for  a 
moment  on  the  loss  which  archaeology  has  sustained  by  the 
death  of  the  Rev.  James  Graves,  of  Stoneyford,  who,  though 
not  one  of  our  Fellows,  deserved  well  of  our  science.  His 
labours  were  chiefly  connected  with  Irish  history  and  antiquities, 
and  the  long  range  of  volumes  published  by  the  Kilkenny 
Archaeological  Society,  and  subsequently  the  Royal  Historical 
and  Archaeological  Association  of  Ireland,  owe  their  existence 
mainly  to  his  exertions.  He  died  in  March  of  the  present 
year,  at  the  age  of  seventy. 

Of  our  foreign  Fellows  whose  names  appear  in  this  year's 
obituary  list,  the  greater  part  were  already  deceased  in  previous 
years.  They  are  all  antiquaries  of  world- wide  reputation ; 
Professor  Edouard  Desor,  whose  researches  among  the  early 
lake  habitations  of  Switzerland  are  so  well  known;  Dr.  Bror 
Emil  Hildebrand,  the  accomplished  antiquary  and  numismatist, 
whose  catalogue  of  Anglo-Saxon  coins  is  the  best  handbook  on 
the  subject ;  Professor  Sven  Nilsson,  the  father  of  Scandinavian 
archaeologists,  some  of  whose  books  on  primeval  antiquities 
have  appeared  in  English  garb,  and  Baron  Edouard  von  Sacken, 
whose  work  on  the  Antiquities  of  Halstatt  would  alone  suffice 
to  hand  him  down  to  fame.  Of  the  Padre  Raffaelle  Garrucci, 
the  accomplished  antiquary  and  numismatist,  1  have  spoken 
elsewhere.*  I  may,  however,  remind  you  that  some  of  his  papers 
have,  through  the  intervention  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Wylie,  appeared 
in  an  English  form  in  the  Archaeologia,  and  point  to  his 
Monumenti  delV  Arte  Christiana,  and  Raccolta  di  Dissertazioni 
Archeologiche  di  vario  Argomento,  as  memorials  of  his  worth. 
His  great  work  on  the  Coins  of  Italy  has  appeared  since  his 
death,  though  he  lived  to  correct  the  proofs,  and  while  engaged 
on  the  last  page  expired  with  the  pen  in  his  hand. 

I  must  now  turn  to  more  domestic  details.     Since  our  last 

*  Proc.  Num.  Soc.  1885,  p.  28. 
L2 


148  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Anniversary  Meeting  a  considerable  number  of  changes  have 
been  made  in  the  arrangements,  and,  to  some  extent,  in  the 
constitution,  of  the  Society.  One  of  the  principal  of  these 
changes  was,  indeed,  imminent  when  my  accomplished  prede- 
cessor, Lord  Carnarvon,  last  addressed  you,  for  at  that  time  our 
late  Secretary,  Mr.  C.  Knight  Watson,  had  already  given  notice 
of  his  wish  to  retire  from  office — a  wish  which  was  fulfilled  at 
Michaelmas  last.  Lord  Carnarvon,  in  his  address,  placed  before 
you  a  full  account  of  the  long  and  varied  labours  of  Mr.  Knight 
Watson  on  behalf  of  the  Society,  which  I  need  not  here  repeat. 
I  will  only  add  that  the  Council  and  the  Society  at  large  showed 
their  appreciation  of  those  services  by  awarding  him  a  full 
retiring  pension,  which  we  all  trust  he  may  long  live  to  enjoy, 
together  with  a  well-merited  repose  from  the  cares  and  respon- 
sibility of  an  official  position. 

Mr.  Knight  Watson's  retirement  placed  the  apartments  which 
he  occupied  at  the  disposal  of  the  Council,  and  it  was  felt  that  it 
would  be  to  the  advantage  of  the  Society  to  appropriate  some  of 
the  rooms  which  he  held  to  the  more  immediate  use  of  the 
Council  and  Fellows,  which  has  accordingly  been  done.  The 
Council  and  Committees  can,  in  consequence,  now  meet  without 
interfering  with  the  use  of  the  library,  and  the  Fellows  can  now 
assemble  after  the  meetings  for  refreshment  and  conversation, 
without  being  exposed  to  the  draughts  of  the  entrance-hall. 

It  was  not  thought  desirable,  either  by  the  Council  or  the 
Society,  to  continue  the  post  of  Secretary  under  the  same  con- 
ditions as  those  under  which  for  many  years  it  had  been  held. 
The  arrangement  was  therefore  adopted  which  hus  been  found 
to  work  well  in  most  other  societies,  of  making  the  office  of 
Secretary  honorary,  and  appointing  a  paid  Assistant-Secretary  to 
undertake  the  routine  work  of  the  office,  to  have  charge  of  the 
apartments  and  property  of  the  Society,  and  to  assist  the  Trea- 
surer, Director,  and  Secretary  in  conducting  the  business  of  the 
Society.  The  applicants  for  the  new  post  of  Assistant- Secretary 
were  extremely  numerous,  and  the  Council  had  some  difficulty 
in  making  a  selection  among  them.  I  think,  however,  that 
they  and  the  Society  at  large  may  be  congratulated  on  their 
appointment  to  the  post  of  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  who 
was  already  one  of  our  Fellows,  to  whose  zeal  and  industry  we 
have  on  more  than  one  occasion  been  indebted  at  our  evening 
meetings,  and  especially  at  that  when  such  an  unparalleled 
exhibition  of  ancient  mazers  was  set  before  us.  I  think,  also 
that  those  Fellows  who  have  been  brought  into  personal  contact 
with  Mr.  Hope  will  agree  with  me  that  in  the  execution  of 
the  varied  duties  of  his  office  he  has  proved  himself  fully  com- 
petent for  the  important  position  that  he  holds. 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  or  ANTIQUARIES.  149 

Another  modification  of  our  arrangements  has  been  made  by 
which  the  library  is  now  open  to  a  considerably  later  hour  than 
heretofore,  so  as  materially  to  conduce  to  the  convenience  of 
Fellows  desiring  to  consult  its  treasures.  In  so  doing  the  com- 
plete knowledge  of  the  contents  of  our  library,  possessed  by 
Mr.  Ireland,  who  for  many  years  has  held  the  office  of  Clerk  to 
the  Society,  will  no  doubt  have  been  appreciated  by  Fellows. 

The  acceptance  of  the  office  of  Honorary  Secretary  by  the 
Hon.  Harold  Dillon  is  another  subject  on  which  to  congratulate 
the  Society,  as  well  as  the  Director,  who,  with  the  aid  of  such  a 
coadjutor,  must  find  both  the  burden  and  the  responsibility  of 
his  office  materially  lightened. 

I  am  glad  to  think  that  much  of  the  arrears  into  which  both 
the  Archaeologia  and  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  had  unfor- 
tunately fallen  have,  during  the  past  year,  been  almost  entirely 
recovered.  This  is  due  not  only  to  the  energy  of  the  Director 
and  the  present  staff  of  officers,  but  also  in  the  case  of  the 
Proceedings  to  that  of  Mr.  Knight  Watson.  I  look  forward 
with  confidence  to  all  our  publications  being  kept  well  up  to  date, 
which  I  regard  as  one  of  the  most  essential  elements  of  success 
for  this,  or  indeed  any  Society.  Our  Proceedings,  indeed,  as 
actually  in  type,  include  the  report  of  the  last  meeting  of  the 
Society  on  the  8th  of  last  month. 

The  practice  which  has  been  introduced  of  forwarding  the 
Archaeologia  to  Fellows  as  soon  as  ready,  provided  proper 
authority  is  given  for  so  doing,  will,  I  am  sure,  be  found  a 
great  boon.  For  the  convenience  of  Fellows  it  has  also  been 
arranged  that,  on  the  payment  of  a  nominal  sum,  printed  notices 
of  the  papers  and  exhibitions  which  it  is  intended  should  be 
brought  forward  at  each  meeting  are  sent  in  advance  to  such 
Fellows  as  desire  to  receive  them. 

There  is  another  subject  which,  from  time  to  time,  has  been 
brought  before  the  Society  at  their  Anniversary  and  other 
meetings  to  which  I  must  now  again  call  attention.  It  is  that 
of  our  Library  Catalogue,  the  preparation  of  which  was  under- 
taken upwards  of  three  years  ago  by  Mr.  Knight  Watson.  In 
accordance  with  his  promise,  Mr.  Watson  left  the  slips  both  for 
the  Catalogue  itself  and  for  the  Reference  Index  in  a  condition 
nearly  ready  for  the  press.  In  order  to  ensure  as  few  correc- 
tions as  possible  being  necessary,  and  to  complete  the  work,  the 
Council  have  retained  the  services  of  Mr.  Barwick,  of  the  British 
Museum,  and  under  the  supervision  of  the  officers  and  of  the 
Library  Committee  the  printing  of  the  catalogue  is  already  in 
progress,  and  in  a  short  time  will  it  is  hoped  be  completed. 
When  it  is  in  the  hands  of  the  Fellows  they  will  be  better  able 
than  now  to  judge  of  the  varied  and  valuable  contents  of  our 


150  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Library,  and  will  find  the  catalogue  of  immense  assistance  in 
preparing  to  consult  its  stores  upon  any  subject.  In  order  still 
further  to  increase  its  usefulness  a  Subject  Index,  forming  a 
guide  to  the  various  matters  principally  treated  of  by  the  various 
authors,  will  be  incorporated  in  the  Reference  Index.  As  the 
catalogue  has  involved  a  considerable  expense,  and  can  hardly 
be  regarded  as  one  of  the  current  publications  of  the  Society, 
the  Council  have  thought  it  desirable  that  some  charge  should 
be  made  for  it  to  Fellows  requiring  it,  and  it  will  accordingly  bo 
sold  to  them  at  the  price  of  a  few  shillings. 

Another  such  occasional  volume  was  published  by  the  Society 
in  May  last,  being  The  Prehistoric  Stone  Monuments  of  the  British 
Isles,  so  far  as  Cornwall  is  concerned,  for  the  preparation  of 
which  we  are  indebted  to  our  Fellow,  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Lukis. 
It  is  a  volume  replete  with  information  as  to  the  monuments  to 
which  it  relates,  and  it  will  I  hope  be  followed  by  further  instal- 
ments equally  creditable  to  the  author  and  to  the  Society  which 
undertakes  the  publication  of  his  careful  observations.  I  may 
add,  that  copies  can  still  be  obtained  by  Fellows  at  the  remark- 
ably low  price  at  which  the  volume  was  issued. 

A  part  of  Vetusta  Monumenta  (being  vol.  vi.  part  6)  has 
also  been  published,  containing  an  account  of  the  Evangelia 
Quatuor,  formerly  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Ashburnham,  with 
full-sized  polychrome  illustrations  of  the  golden  jewelled  covers, 
described  by  Mr.  Alexander  Nesbitt,  while  the  MS.  text  has  been 
edited  by  Mr.  E.  Maunde  Thompson. 

Another  important  subject  which  has  again  been  brought  under 
the  notice  of  the  Society  by  Lord  Justice  Fry  has  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  Council.  It  is  that  of  the  best  means  to  be  adopted 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Court  Rolls  and  other  documents 
relating  to  the  manors  of  England,  many  of  which  have  now 
ceased  to  exist,  and  in  numerous  instances  their  memorials  have 
perished  with  them. 

The  Council,  while  fully  recognising  the  importance  of  mano- 
rial documents  as  throwing  valuable  and  varied  light  upon  the 
habits  of  our  forefathers  and  the  development  of  our  institutions, 
was  of  opinion  that  the  destruction  of  such  documents  arose 
mainly  from  inadvertence,  and  from  the  occasional  failure  of 
those  in  whose  custody  they  were  placed  to  recognise  their 
historical  value.  It  has,  therefore,  been  thought  sufficient  to 
issue  a  memorandum  upon  the  subject,  calling  the  attention  of 
lords  and  stewards  of  manors  to  the  importance  of  preserving!; 
these  rolls  and  other  documents,  and  suggesting  places  for  their 
safe  keeping,  and  no  steps  have  at  present  been  taken  to  seek 
for  any  legislative  enactments  on  the  subject.  In  order  to 
circulate  the  memorandum,  the  aid  not  only  of  our  local 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  151 

secretaries,  but  of  the  various  archaeological  societies  and 
associations  throughout  the  country,  has  been  sought,  it  is  to  be 
hoped,  not  in  vain.  I  am  confident  that  in  the  prosecution  of 
a  common  object  a  bond  of  union  between  this  the  most 
venerable  of  all  antiquarian  societies  and  her  younger  sisters 
and  daughters  throughout  the  country  will  be  found  to  exist, 
and  that,  while  we  recognise  their  great  utility,  they  in  turn 
will  cultivate  some  feelings  of  allegiance  towards  us. 

As  has  unfortunately  been  too  often  the  case  of  late  years, 
appeals  from  various  quarters  for  aid  in  averting  the  threatened 
destruction  of  ancient  buildings  of  historical  interest  have  been 
more  than  sufficiently  numerous. 

A  portion  of  the  Koman  baths  at  Bath,  the  gatehouse  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  associated  with  the  memories  of  Secretary 
Thurloe  and  other  distinguished  lawyers  of  the  days  of  the 
Commonwealth,  the  Elizabethan  buildings  in  Weston's  Yard 
at  Eton  College,  the  abode  of  Sir  Henry  Savile  and  the  site  of 
the  first  Eton  printing-press,  have  all  been  threatened  with  de- 
struction, while  it  was  contemplated  to  convert  the  chancel  of 
the  old  Friars  Preachers'  church  at  Norwich — now  St.  Andrew's 
Hall — into  a  Board  School.  In  all  these  cases  the  influence  of 
the  Society  was  brought  to  bear  on  the  side  of  those  who  were 
anxious  to  preserve  these  monuments  of  the  past,  and  it  is  to 
be  hoped  not  without  effect. 

The  combined  work  of  destruction  and  renovation  is  still  in 
progress  in  the  venerable  Abbey  church—the  modern  cathedral 
— at  St.  Alban's.  The  Norman  turrets  at  the  angles  of  the 
south  transept  have  been  removed;  and  whether  they  are  to« 
be  reinstated  in  their  old  form,  or  whether,  in  common  with 
the  other  features  of  the  southern  end  of  the  transept,  they  are 
to  be  entirely  transformed,  seems  still  a  matter  of  conjecture. 
An  appeal,  addressed  by  the  Society  to  the  Bishop  of  St. 
Alban's,  has  not  met  with  any  encouraging  response.  There 
are,  no  doubt,  special  features  in  this  case  that  ought  to  be  borne 
in  mind—  one,  that  the  south  wall  of  the  transept  was  undoubtedly 
in  a  shattered  condition,  and  its  foundations  wofully  deficient, 
so  that  repairs  of  some  kind  were  almost  imperative  ;  the  other, 
that  the  expense  of  what  is  being  undertaken  is  borne  entirely 
by  a  single  individual,  to  whom,  under  such  circumstances,  a 
considerable  latitude  will  be  allowed  by  all.  We  can  only  regret 
that  Lord  Grimthorpe,  or,  as  he  is  better  known,  Sir  Edmund 
Beckett,  has  on  so  many  occasions,  and  perhaps  so  needlessly, 
found  himself  in  disaccordance  with  both  antiquaries  and  archi- 
tects, and,  while  admiring  his  munificence  and  mental  endow- 
ments, hope  for  a  time  when  in  their  exercise  he  may  be  led 


152  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

to  exhibit  some  greater  consideration  for  the  opinions  and  even 
the  prejudices  of  others. 

It  seems  hardly  necessary  for  me  to  review  the  various  com- 
munications and  exhibitions  which  have,  during  the  past  year, 
been  laid  before  the  Society  at  our  evening  meetings.  Suffice 
it  to  say,  that  they  have  not  in  interest  fallen  below  those  of 
previous  years.  Perhaps  the  exhibition  of  ancient  mazers, 
which,  as  I  have  already  remarked,  was  unique  of  its  kind,  may 
be  cited  as  especially  worthy  of  commemoration.  The  communi- 
cations have  ranged  over  a  wide  field,  and  I  venture  to  hope 
that,  with  a  prompter  system  of  publication  than  has  of  late 
years  prevailed,  our  Society  will  continue  to  be  regarded  as  that 
to  which  all  important  communications  on  archaeological  sub- 
jects can  most  fittingly  be  made,  and  to  look  forward  to  re- 
ceiving full  notices  of  all  discoveries,  whether  of  historical  or 
antiquarian  interest.  While  gladly  receiving  for  exhibition  all 
objects  of  archaeological  interest,  we  must  never  forget  that 
their  chief  value  arises  from  the  light  they  are  calculated  to 
throw  upon  the  history  and  civilisation  of  past  times. 

In  conclusion,  I  may  venture  to  add  a  few  words  of  a  more 
personal  character.  At  our  last  anniversary,  it  was  distinctly 
understood  by  the  Society  that  in  accepting  the  office  of  your 
President  I  did  so  for  one  year  only.  The  Council  has,  how- 
ever, now  done  me  the  honour  of  recommending  me  to  the 
Society  for  re-election,  which  I  cannot  but  regard  as  a  testimony 
that,  so  far  as  the  Council  is  concerned,  they  approve  of  such 
efforts  as  I  have  been  able  to  make  to  accomplish  what  has  ap- 
peared to  me  likely  to  conduce  to  the  lasting  good  of  the  Society. 
Should  the  Fellows  on  the  present  occasion  do  me  the  honour  of 
re-electing  me,  I  can  assure  them  that  no  effort  shall  be  wanting 
on  my  part — so  far  as  in  me  lies — that  may  seem  likely  to  add 
to  the  utility  and  dignity  of  our  ancient  Society,  and  I  am  sure 
that  I  shall  not  appeal  in  vain  to  both  Council  and  Fellows  for 
their  cordial  co-operation  in  advancing  whatever  may  be  under- 
taken for  our  common  good. 

The  following  Resolution  was  moved  by  Alfred  White,  Esq., 
seconded  by  James  Hilton,  Esq.,  and  carried  unanimously: — 

"  That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Society  be  given  to  the  Pre- 
sident for  his  Address,  with  a  request  that  he  allow  it  to  be 
printed." 

The  President  signified  his  assent. 

The  Scrutators  reported  that  the  following  Members  of  the 
Council  in  List  I. — with  the  substitution  of  the  name  of  J. 


May  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  153 

T.  Micklethwaitc,  Esq.  for  that  of  George  Richmond,  Esq., 
R.A.,  who  had  declined  to  be  put  forward  for  election — and 
the  Officers  of  the  Society  in  List  II.  had  been  unanimously 
elected  as  Council  and  Officers  for  the  ensuing  year : — 

Eleven  Members  of  the  old  Council. 
John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President. 
Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Vice-President. 
The  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S,  Vice -President. 
Augustus   Wollaston  Franks,   Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S. ,    Vice- 

President. 

Charles  Spencer  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Treasurer. 
Henry  Salusbury  Milman,  Esq.,  M.A ,  Director. 
The  Hon.  HarolcLArthur  Dillon,  Secretary. 
Walter  de  Gray  Birch,  Esq. 
Charles  Mathew  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B. 
Alfred  Charles  King,  Esq. 
Charles  Trice  Martin,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Ten  Members  of  the  new  Council. 

Charles  Drury  Edward  Fortnum,  Esq. 

The  Lord  Justice  Fry,  B.A.,  F.R.S. 

Philip  Charles  Hardwick,  Esq. 

Albert  Hartshorne,  Esq. 

Stanley  Leigh  ton,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Henry  Churchill  Maxwell  Lyte,  Esq.,  M.A. 

John  Thomas  Micklethwaite,  Esq. 

John  Henry  Middleton,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Charles  Hercules  Read,  Esq. 

Rev.  William  Sparrow  Simpson,  D.D. 

In  pursuance  of  a  notice  submitted  to  the  Society  at  the 
Ordinary  Meeting  of  March  18th,  the  following  Resolution, 
proposed  by  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  seconded  by  E.  W. 
Brabrook,  Esq.,  was  put  to  the  Meeting  and  carried  nemine 
contradicente : — 

"  That  the  seventh  clause  of  the  first  chapter  of  the  Statutes 
be  so  far  suspended  as  to  allow  of  a  fourth  ballot  being  held 
during  the  present  Session ;  and  that  the  Council  be  requested 
to  appoint  a  time  for,  and  give  due  notice  of,  such  ballot,  at 
which  not  more  than  fifteen  candidates  shall  be  proposed  for 
election ;  and  that  the  Council  have  their  usual  privilege  of 
nominating  two  of  the  candidates." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  Scrutators  for 
their  trouble. 


154  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  May  13th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  A.  W-  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.S.A.:— II  Tesoro  di  San  Marco  in 
Venezia.  The  Treasury  of  Saint  Mark  in  Venice.  By  the  Abbe  Antonio 
Pasini,  Canon  of  the  Marciana.  4to.  Venice,  1885-6. 

From  the  Sussex  Archaeological  Society: — Domesday  Book  in  relation  to  the 
county  of  Sussex.  Edited  by  W.  D.  Parish.  Folio.  Lewes,  1886. 

From  C.  E.  Keyser,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.: — Illustrations  of  Kilpeck  Church,  Here- 
fordshire. By  G.  K.Lewis.  4to.  London,  1842. 

From  the  Rev.  Christopher  Wordsworth: — A  Catalogue  of  the  Library  at  King's 
Cliffe,  Northamptonshire,  founded  by  William  Law,  M.A.,  1752.  8vo.  1886. 

From  the  Author: — De  Hunnebedden  in  Drentho.  Door  Mr  L.  Oldenhuis  Gra- 
tama.  8vo.  Assen,  1886. 

From  the  Author: — The  Imperial  Island  :  England's  Chronicle  in  Stone.  By 
James  F.  Hunnewell.  8vo.  Boston  (U.S.),  1886. 

From  the  Author: — The  Origin  of  the  Corporation  of  Leicester:  a  Lecture.  By 
J.  D.  Paul,  F.G.S.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  J.  Frederick  Hodgetts,  Esq.: — 

1.  Older  England,  illustrated  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  Antiquities  in  the  British 
Museum  in  a  course  of  Six  Lectures.    8vo.    London,  1884. 

2.  The  same.     Second  Series.    8vo.    London,  1884. 

3.  The  English  in  the  Middle  Ages  ;  as  illustrated  by  the  Mediaeval  Remains 
in  the  British  Museum.     8vo.    London,  1885. 

From  C.  Giles-Puller,  Esq.:— Death  of  Mr.  A.  Giles-Puller,  (F.S.A.)  of 
Youngsbury,  Ware.  In  Memoriam.  8vo.  Hertford,  1885. 

From  the  Author:— The  Asclepiad.  No.  10,  Vol.  iii.  By  B.  W.  Richardson, 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author: — Some  Account  of  Lombard  Street,  its  early  Goldsmiths, 
and  the  signs  of  their  Houses.  By  F.  G.  Hilton  Price,  F.S.A.  [Head  before 
the  Bankers'  Institute,  April  21st,  1886.]  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— The  site  of  the  new  Admiralty  and  War  Offices,  Whitehall. 
A  Letter  to  the  Earl  of  Morley.  By  E.  C.  Robins,  F.S.A.  8vo,  London 
1886. 

From  the  Author,  John  Ferguson,  Esq.,  M.A.:— 

1.  Account  of  a  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  the  "  Speculum  Majus"  of 
Vincent  de  Beauvais,  1473.    4to.     Glasgow,  1885. 

2.  Bibliographical  Notes  on  Histories  of  Inventions  and  Books  of  Secrets. 
Part  iii.     4to.    Glasgow,  1885. 

3.  The  first  History  of  Chemistry.    8vo.     Glasgow,  1886. 

4.  On  a  copy  of  Albertus  Magnus'  De  Secretis  Mulierum,  printed  by  Mach- 
linia.    From  the  Archaeologia,  Vol.  49.     4to.    London,  1886. 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  155 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  awarded  to  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq., 
V.P.,  for  his  donation  to  the  Library. 

The  appointment  by  JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  President,  of  Charles 
Drury  Edward  Fortnum,  Esq.,  as  Vice-President,  was  read. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  ballot  for  the  election  of.  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  May  27th,  1886,  and  a  list  was  read  of  candidates  to 
be  balloted  for. 

Notice  was  also  given  of  an  additional  ballot  to  be  held  on 
Thursday,  July  1st,  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  passed  at  the 
Anniversary  Meeting. 

The  Assistant- Secretary  read  the  following  letter  from  J.  H. 
Middleton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Gloucestershire, 
with  regard  to  the  proposed  restoration  of  the  newly  discovered 
Saxon  chapel  at  Deerhurst : 

"  I  visited  again  yesterday  the  Saxon  chapel  at  Deerhurst,  to 
consult  with  Mr.  Butterworth  (the  vicar)  as  to  what  should  be 
done. 

Some  of  the  Committee  formed  to  look  after  the  building 
seemed  to  wish  for  a  sort  of '  restoration  '  of  the  chapel,  regard- 
less of  the  fine  sixteenth  or  seventeenth  century  house  built 
over  it,  which  I  think  would  be  very  undesirable  and  even  dis- 
astrous. 

I  gave  the  vicar  a  list  of  suggestions  for  the  repair  of  the 
whole  building,  and  he  expressed  his  wish  to  carry  them  out. 
The  Saxon  chapel  is  so  protected  and  supported  by  the  later 
structure  which  covers  it,  that  it  would  be,  I  think,  fatal  to  the 
safety  of  the  building  to  remove  any  of  the  later  domestic  part. 

The  place  has  been  treated  rather  rashly  in  the  desire  to  make 
discoveries,  and  the  arch  of  the  chancel  and  other  parts  of  the 
Saxon  walls  are  in  urgent  need  of  some  support. 

I  hope  to  give  further  attention  to  the  building  when  I  am 
again  in  Gloucestershire,  and  will  do  my  best  to  see  that  it  suffers 
no  more  injury." 

With  reference  to  a  resolution  of  the  Society,  passed  unani- 
mously at  the  ordinary  meeting  of  April  8th;  relative  to  the 
threatened  demolition  or  concealment  of  an  important  portion  of 
the  Roman  baths  at  Bath,  Major  Davis,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary 
for  Somerset,  made  a  detailed  statement  of  the  actual  state  of 
affairs,  and  gave  to  the  meeting  a  full  assurance  that  no  destruc- 
tion nor  concealment  of  any  portion  of  the  Roman  baths  already 
or  to  be  discovered  would  take  place. 


156  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Tho  discussion  was  continued  by  Mr.  Emmanuel  Green, 
Alderman  Mu.rcli  (of  Bath),  and  others. 

Acting  upon  Major  Davis's  assurance,  the  President  closed 
the  discussion,  and  Major  Davis  promised  to  communicate  to 
the  Society  a  paper  in  continuation  of  his  former  one,  giving  a 
complete  record  of  all  the  discoveries  since  made,  and  illustrated 
with  a  full  set  of  plans. 

P.  0.  HUTCHINSON,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Devonshire, 
exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  saint  in  stained  glass,  upon  which  he 
communicated  the  following  notes  : — 

"  I  recently  heard  of  a  piece  of  ancient  glass  which  had  been 
in  a  church,  or  some  old  building,  in  my  neighbourhood,  and  [ 
thought  that  if  I  could  see  it,  and  learn  its  history,  and  perhaps 
make  a  copy  of  it,  I  might  have  something  to  send  up.  I  learnt 
that  the  piece  of  glass  had  belonged  to  some  building  on  the 
Shute  estate,  ten  miles  north-east  from  Sidmouth,  belonging  to 
Sir  William  de  la  Pole,  Bart.  Mr.  John  do  la  Pole,  now  residing 
at  Sidmouth,  brought  me  the  glass,  with  full  permission  to  do 
what  I  liked  with  it,  and  as  it  was  not  much  valued  I  begged  it 
for  the  Exeter  museum,  to  be  put  there  after  I  had  examined 
it  and  made  a  careful  coloured  drawing.  Before  this  work, 
however,  was  done,  it  occurred  to  me  that  the  most  correct 
course  would  be  to  restore  it  to  the  building  to  which  it  had 
once  belonged.  But  further  inquiry  revealed  the  fact,  that 
Shutc  church  had  been  rebuilt  some  forty  or  fifty  years 
ago ;  yet,  if  it  might  be  hard  to  find  a  convenient  spot  in  the 
new  building,  there  is  the  old  Tudor  gate-house  on  the  confines 
of  the  park.  Anyhow,  I  hope  it  will  again  find  a  place  some- 
where on  the  estate.  The  piece  of  glass  measures  13  inches 
high  by  6  J  wide  ;  it  is  of  a  deep  green  colour ;  has  been  roughly 
chipped  into  shape  all  round,  there  being  no  traces  of  the  use  of 
the  cutting  diamond  anywhere ;  and  the  singular  roughness  and 
rudeness  of  the  plaque  cannot  escape  notice,  inasmuch  as  near 
the  centre,  inclining  to  the  dexter  side,  there  is  the  swell  of  the 
bull's-eye,  where  the  glass  is  near  three-quarters  of  an  inch  thick, 
while  it  thins  away  towards  the  top  and  bottom  edges  to  less 
than  a  tenth.  The  painting,  in  somewhat  feeble  colours,  repre- 
sents a  saint,  probably  St.  Matthew  or  St.  Philip. 

The  artist,  of  course,  made  his  painting  and  applied  his  pig- 
ments on  the  inside  surface,  by  which  they  were  protected  from 
wet  and  the  action  of  the  weather ;  but  the  outside,  which  had 
been  exposed  to  the  elements,  is  considerably  corroded  and  eaten 
into  holes  in  some  places  ;  and  it  may  be  remarked,  that,  in  those 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  157 

spots  where  the  glass  has  been  coloured  yellow  on  the  inside, 
corrosion  has  not  attacked  the  outer  surface  opposite  those 
places. 

With  these  observations  I  send  the  drawing,  which  is  full 
size.  The  section  of  the  glass,  taken  perpendicularly  from  top 
to  bottom  through  the  bull's-eye,  and  passing  near  the  right 
elbow  of  the  figure,  as  given  in  the  margin,  will  give  an  idea  of 
its  varying  thickness." 

EGBERT  DAY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  four  bronze  weapons 
found  in  Lough  Erne,  consisting  of  a  rapier,  a  spear-head,  and 
two  celts,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks  : — 

u  The  four  bronze  objects  that  I  have  the  honour  to  lay  before 
the  Society  were  found  during  the  past  summer  by  men 
employed  in  the  deepening  of  Lough  Erne.  This  fine  expanse 
of  water,  which  is  navigable  for  fifty-two  miles  of  its  course,  and 
is  studded  with  more  than  three  hundred  islands,  after  flowing 
round  the  island  on  which  Enniskillen  is  built,  narrows  into 
a  rapid  channel  which  is  guarded  at  its  outflow  by  the  old 
castle  of  Portora.  Here  the  lake  widens  into  the  little  bay  of 
Portora,  or  '  the  port  of  tears,'  so  called  as  the  place  from 
whence  the  funeral  processions  embark  for  the  lonely  and  quiet 
graveyard  on  Devenish,  where  the  peaceful  dead  lie  sentinelled 
by  its  historic  Round  Tower,  and  are  safe  from  disturbance  in 
their  lacustrine  and  isolated  resting-place.  It  was  in  this  bay 
during  the  operations  of  the  dredge-boat  that  these  weapons 
and  implements,  namely,  a  rapier,  spearhead,  and  two  socket- 
celts,  were  found,  and  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Thomas 
Plunkett,  Esq.,  of  Enniskillen,  who  procured  them  for  me. 

The  rapier  is  12|  inches  long  by  2  inches  wide  at  the  base, 
where  there  are  two  rivet-holes,  from  whence  it  tapers  gradually 
to  the  point.  It  was  injured  and  broken  in  two  places  by  the 
bucket  of  the  dredge.  I  have  had  it  repaired,  but  about  an  inch 
of  the  point  is  wanting,  so  that  when  perfect  the  blade  must 
have  been  quite  an  inch  longer  than  it  is  at  present. 

The  spear-head  has  suffered  much  from  its  process  of  recovery 
by  the  dredge,  the  thin  projecting  blades  are  bent,  and  the 
point  is  broken  off  and  lost,  but  enough  remains  to  enable  us  to 
add  another  to  the  list  of  decorated  spear-heads.  It  measures 
15^  inches  in  length,  shows  a  lozenge-shaped  section,  and  has 
.  long  lozenge-formed  engraved  loops  on  each  side  of  the  socket ; 
a  series  of  six  concentric  bands  surrounds  it,  and  from  these  as  a 
base  spring  six  engraved  triangular  ornaments  of  the  same 
character  as  fig.  402,  p.  326,  Evans's  A  ncient  Bronze  Imple- 
ments ;  the  sharply-raised  centre  ribs  of  the  spear-head  have 
four  continuous  lines  of  punched  dot-markings,  and  four  more 


158  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

upon  the  upper  and  under  surface  of  the  blades  where  they 
spring  from  the  socket.  This  spear-head  has  a  dark  brown 
patination,  and  when  perfect  must  have  been  a  singularly  beau- 
tiful weapon  of  20  inches  or  perhaps  22  inches  in  length. 

One  of  the  socket-celts  is  plain  and  unornamented,  with  its 
loop  perfect,  and  is  covered  with  a  green  patina ;  it  measures 
3^  inches  in  length  and  3f  inches  across  the  widest  part  of  the 
blade. 

Its  companion  celt  is  more  straight  and  chisel-shaped,  and 
has  around  the  socket  and  below  the  loop  five  coils  of  rope 


BRONZE  CELT  WITH  EOPE  ORNAMENT  (half-size). 

pattern,  that  are  so  much  raised  from  the  surface  that  they 
convey  the  first  impression  of  having  been  put  on  to  repair  and 
strengthen  the  socket ;  but  on  more  minute  examination  it  is 
evident  that  all  were  cast  together — the  implement  and  its  cable 
ornament. 

It  is  3J  inches  long  by  If  inch  across  the  blade.  This  rope 
pattern  occurs  upon  a  celt  of  the  same  shape  in  the  collection  of 
Canon  Greenwell,  F.R.S.,  figured  by  Dr.  Evans  at  p.  140 
(Ancient  Bronze  Implements),  but  it  has  only  one  rope  twist 
and  two  plain  bands ;  while  in  Wilde's  Catalogue  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy,  p.  384,  fig.  276,  a  celt  is  engraved  which  is 
decorated  with  a  raised  rope  ornament  of  six  coils." 

The  PRESIDENT  remarked  that  had  the  spear-head  been  un- 
injured it  would  have  been  an  unique  example.  The  rapier 
exhibited  presented  no  unusual  feature.  The  plain  socketed 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  159 

celt  was  of  a  characteristic  Irish  type.  Celts  ornamented  with 
the  cable  pattern  are  considerably  rarer  ;  the  cable  was  pro- 
bably suggested  by  the  original  mode  of  securing  the  celt  to  its 
handle  by  string  or  fibre. 

The  Rev.  R.  H.  CAVE,  of  Wolverton  Rectory,  near  Basing- 
stoke,  exhibited,  through  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  a 
figure  which  was  obtained  many  years  ago  from  a  builder's 
yard  in  Lincolnshire,  and  thought  to  have  come  from  some 
neighbouring  church  upon  which  the  builder  had  been  employed. 
Mr.  Cave  has  been  unable  to  learn  more  about  it.  The  figure 
is  two  feet  long  and  of  oak.  It  represents  Our  Lord  crucified, 
and  is  well  carved.  The  arms  are  wanting  and  also  the  right 
foot  and  part  of  the  left.  There  are  traces  of  painting  and  the 
loin-cloth  has  been  gilt. 

Mr.  Micklethwaite  said  that  if  the  figure  had  come  without 
any  history,  he  might  have  thought  it  not  English,  but  the 
destruction  of  such  things  in  England  has  been  so  great  that  we 
have  little  to  judge  by,  and  it  is  quite  possible  that  it  may  be 
English.  Want  of  examples  also  makes  it  impossible  to  say 
positively  whether  this  figure  is  too  small  to  have  belonged  to 
the  great  rood  of  a  church.  It  is  considerably  smaller  than 
either  of  the  two  examples  already  exhibited  to  the  Society. 

Mr.  Cave  also  exhibited  four  small  mutilated  crucifixes  carved 
in  ivory,  and  a  rudely  executed  wooden  carving  of  the  Sacrifice 
of  Isaac  in  a  six-sided  panel. 

Sir  EDGAR  MAcCuLLOCH,  Knt.,  F.S.A.,  Bailiff  of  Guernsey, 
exhibited  a  gold  signet  ring  of  great  beauty.  It  weighs 
13  dwts.,  and  except  on  the  exterior,  opposite  the  bezel,  is  in 
excellent  condition.  The  hoop  is  covered  with  a  spiral,  formed 
of  a  narrow  beaded,  and  a  wider  plain  band,  alternating. 


GOLD  SIGNET  RING  FOUND  IN  THE  ISLAND  OF  HEEM  (full  size). 

Towards  the  bezel  the  plain  bands  widen,  and  are  hollowed  out 
so  as  to  form  three  panels,  which  are  filled,  the  two  outer  with 


160  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

flowers,  the  central  one  with  figures ;  on  one  side  the  Blessed 
Virgin  and  Child,  on  the  other  St.  Michael.  These  have  been 
originally  enamelled,  but  only  slight  traces  now  remain.  Inside 
the  rim  is  engraved  in  black  letters,  once  enamelled  : 

fciu  fan)  pitted. 

The  bezel  is  of  ruddier  gold  than  the  hoop,  and  perhaps 
replaces  a  sapphire  or  other  stone.  It  is  a  flat,  circular  plate, 
beautifully  and  deeply  engraved  with  a  pelican  in  her  piety,  and 
the  legend, — 

fan$  mal  ptnter. 

All  that  is  known  of  the  history  of  the  ring  is  contained  in 
the  following  letter  from  its  present  owner : — 

DEABSiR,  IHh  Mv,  1880. 

The  ring  which  I  left  with  you  this  morning  was  bequeathed 
to  me  by  the  late  Sir  Peter  Stafford  Carey,  Bailiff  of  Guernsey, 
His  father,  Mr.  Peter  Martin  Carey,  held  the  small  island 
of  Herm,  situated  about  three  miles  to  the  east  of  the  town 
of  St.  Peter  Port,  Guernsey,  in  fee- farm  from  the  Crown. 
Sir  P.  S.  Carey  told  me  that  he  had  been  informed  that  the 
ring  had  been  dug  up  in  a  piece  of  ground  attached  to  what  had 
once  been  the  parish  church  of  the  island,  in  his  father's  or 
grandfather's  time. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the  ring  may  have  belonged  to 
Pierre  de  Beauvoir,  who  was  Bailiff  of  Guernsey  from  1470  to 
1479,  and  this  for  the  following  reason  : — It  has  been  customary 
for  the  bailiffs  of  Guernsey,  in  attaching  the  common  seal  of  the 
island  to  documents,  to  counterseal  with  their  private  signet,  and 
there  exists  in  the  Greffe,  or  Record  OfHce  of  Guernsey,  a  deed 
put  under  seal  by  Pierre  de  Beauvoir  which  has  for  counter- 
seal  a  clear  and  distinct  impression  of  this  very  ring;  but  I 
must  honestly  say  that,  although  scores  of  other  deeds  passed 
before  this  bailiff  have  been  examined  by  me,  I  have  seen  but 
this  single  one  with  this  counterseal,  all  the  others  bearing  on 
the  back  merely  the  mark  of  a  thumb. 

I  remain,  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

W.  H.  St.  J.  Hope,  Esq.  EDGAR  MAcCuLLOCH. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  CHEALES,  Local  Secretary  for  Lincolnshire, 
read  a  paper  descriptive  of  a  wall  painting  of  the  Resurrection 
in  Friskney  church,  being  another  of  a  series  already  com- 
municated to  the  Society.  A  full-sized  tracing  of  the  painting 
was  exhibited. 

Mr.  Cheales's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  161 

GEORGE  CLINCH,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  collection  of  palaeolithic 
and  neolithic  implements,  found  at  Rowes  Farm,  West  Wick- 
ham,  Kent,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks  :— - 

"  The  flint  weapons  and  implements  which  I  have  the  honour 
of  exhibiting  for  your  inspection  to-night  are  typical  specimens 
of  palaeolithic  and  neolithic  relics  found  by  myself,  during  a 
period  extending  over  eight  years,  in  the  parish  of  West  Wick- 
ham,  near  Bromley,  in  Kent.  If  they  do  not  present  any  great 
peculiarities  in  themselves,  they  may  yet  be  interesting  as 
pointing  to  a  new  locality  for  the  discovery  of  such  antiquities, 
and  as  helping  to  fill  up  the  details  of  the  general  outline  of  pre- 
historic times. 

In  speaking  of  the  palaeolithic  relics,  it  may  be  convenient  to 
describe  the  nature  of  the  ground  upon  which  they  were  found, 
and  afterwards  to  give  some  brief  particulars  as  to  the  flints 
themselves.  First,  as  to  the  locality  :  The  whole  of  the  palaeo- 
lithic flint  weapons,  implements,  flakes,  and  chips,  numbering  in 
all  about  four-hundred,  were  found  upon  the  surface  of  Church 
Field,  and  one  or  two  fields  in  close  proximity,  at  Rowes  Farm, 
situated  in  that  part  of  West  Wickham  which  borders  on  the 
parishes  of  Keston  and  Hayes.  The  eastern  and  northern  limits 
of  the  farm  are  marked  by  a  deep  valley — one  of  those  water- 
worn  valleys  which  contribute  so  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the 
scenery  in  the  western  parts  of  Kent.  To  the  east,  the  high 
ground  of  Holwood  and  War  Bank  (the  site,  as  some  suppose, 
of  the  ancient  Noviomagus)  overlooks  the  farm.  To  the  north 
is  Hayes  Common.  Croydon,  and  the  Addington  Hills,  are  on 
the  west  side.  Southward,  the  ground  rises  gradually  towards 
Chelsham.  The  valley,  locally  known  in  this  spot  as  Gates 
Green,  winds  northward  towards  Bromley,  and  there  receives 
the  stream  called  the  Ravensbourne.  Leading  down  to  Gates 
Green  is  a  smaller  valley,  to  which  I  wish  to  draw  particular 
attention,  and  to  which,  as  it  does  not  seem  to  possess  any 
definite  name  of  its  own,  I  shall  refer  as  Church  Field  Valley. 

The  Church  Field  Valley  was  not  at  any  time  of  any  great 
length  or  depth,  and  the  result  of  many  years  of  cultivation  as 
arable  land  has  been  to  fill  it  up  to  some  extent.  It  is  now 
about  half-a-mile  in  length;  it  runs  more  or  less  north  and 
south ;  and  is  in  some  parts  about  fifty  feet  deep.  At 
present  there  is  no  water  or  stream  in  it.  Gates  Green  Valley 
also  is  dry;  but  the  Addington  Valley,  which  joins  it  near 
Coney  Hall  Farm,  has  a  periodically-running  stream,  called  the 
Bone,  or  Bourne,  which  presents  the  same  peculiarity  of  alter- 
nately flowing  freely  and  then  becoming  dry,  which  is  to  be 

VOL.  XI.  M 


162  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

found  in  the  '  nailbournes,'  as  they  are  called,  and  of  which 
there  are  several  examples  in  Kent — Alkham,  Orpington,  etc. 
The  Bourne  flows  into  the  Kavensbourne  at  Bromley. 

The  extent  to  which  Church  Field  has  been  levelled  is  indi- 
cated by  a  deep  old  road,  leading  from  Nash  to  Waits  House, 
which  runs  along  by  the  field-side.  This  shows  the  accumula- 
tion of  the  soil  in  the  bottom  of  the  valley  since  the  road  has 
been  made. 

Church  Field  varies  roughly  from  300  to  350  feet  above  the 
mean  level  of  the  sea,  according  to  the  measurements  of  the 
Ordnance  Survey  Map.  The  chief  part  of  the  soil  of  Church 
Field  seems  to  be  of  tertiary  age,  and,  I  think,  belongs  to 
the  *  Woolwich  and  Beading  beds.'  In  appearance  it  may  be 
said  to  be  a  kind  of  loam  varying  from  a  tenacious  clay  to  a 
much  more  sandy  condition,  and  containing  rolled  and  sub- 
angular  chalk  flints  mixed  with  well-rounded  flint  pebbles, 
black  or  bluish-black  in  appearance.  On  the  western  side  is  a 
patch  of  yellow  clay  and  gravel  containing  deeply-stained 
ochreous  flints  and  also  wrought  flints  of  palaeolithic  age. 
Much  of  this  gravel  has  been  rolled  down  the  hill  by  the  action 
of  the  plough  and  the  influence  of  the  weather,  so  that  many  of 
the  yellow  flints,  stained  by  the  drift  clay  in  which  they  had  so 
long  lain,  may  now  be  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  valley  and 
mixed  up  with  many  kinds  of  flints  to  which  they  bear  not  the 
slightest  resemblance.  It  was  among  such  surroundings  as 
these  that  I  found  my  first  palaeolithic  flint  in  the  year  1880. 

In  looking  at  the  Church  Field  flints,  the  first  thing  about 
them  which  strikes  one  as  being  peculiar  is  the  mark  of  abrasion 
which  appears  on  most  of  the  angles  and  ridges  of  the  larger 
implements.  This  kind  of  wear  looks  exactly  like  one  would 
imagine  would  be  the  result  of  severe  river  action,  such  as  that 
described  in  the  twenty-fifth  chapter  of  Dr.  Evans's  Stone 
Implements. 

The  total  number  of  finished  implements  found  at  Church 
Field  is  about  fifty.  In  shape  they  resemble  those  implements 
which  Dr.  Evans  has  described  as  '  tongue-shaped '  and 
1  almond-shaped,'  and  there  are  many  intermediate  forms. 
Thirteen  are  nearly  of  the  same  size,  and  they  are  all  stained  and 
worn,  but  in  different  degrees.  Two  appear  to  have  belonged 
to  larger  implements,  and  afterwards  to  have  been  chipped 
down  so  as  to  be  useful  as  small  implements.  One  example,  not 
quite  2  inches  long  and  hardly  2  inches  broad,  seems  to  have 
been  worn  down  to  a  mere  stump  by  much  sharpening. 

The  small  shining  specks  mentioned  by  Dr.  Evans  as  charac- 
teristic of  river-drift  flints,  are  frequent  upon  the  Church  Field 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  163 

flints.  One  implement,  found  in  Carthouse  Field,  403  feet 
above  the  sea  and  about  100  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the 
Church  Field  Valley,  seems  never  to  have  suffered  any  abrasion. 
It  is  much  stained,  and  in  other  respects  resembles  the  Church 
Field  flints,  but  in  its  sharp,  unworn  character  it  is  quite  un- 
like them.  Perhaps  the  high  level  on  which  it  lay  was  out 
of  reach  of  the  floods  and  currents  which  have  written  their 
history  in  such  unmistakeable  and  indelible  characters  upon 
the  flints  of  Church  Field.  The  discovery  at  Church  Field  of 
an  unworn  flint  core  and  waste  chips  of  flint  lend  probability  to 
the  idea  that  dry  land,  where  implements  could  be  manufac- 
tured, was  near  at  hand. 

Scrapers  and  trimmed  flakes  are  not  numerous  at  Church 
Field.  The  scrapers  are  of  two  kinds — those  simply  with  a 
convex  scraping  edge,  and  double  scrapers  possessing  one 
convex  and  one  concave  edge.  Flakes  are  for  the  most  part  of 
a  simple  type,  produced  by  blows  from  one  direction,  but  some 
are  large  and  much  curved.  Some  chips  are  curved  and  twisted 
in  a  manner  which  seems  to  show  that  they  were  nothing  more 
than  mere  waste  chips  struck  off  and  rejected  by  the  implement 
maker. 

Of  drills  or  boring-implements  I  have  found  no  specimen, 
except  one  flint,  which  bears  marks  of  having  been  heated  at 
the  point,  and  may  have  been  used  for  burning  rather  than 
boring.  Of  course  some  of  the  larger  pointed  implements  may 
have  been  used  for  boring. 

From  the  manner  in  which  many  of  the  implements  were 
formed,  and  the  facilit}r  with  which  the  chips  were  evidently 
struck  off,  it  is  probable  that  good  flint,  such  as  can  be  obtained 
only  from  the  chalk  itself,  was  employed  in  their  manufacture. 
Such  flint  might  have  been  easily  obtained  by  digging  into  the 
chalk  which  forms  the  substratum  of  Church  Field.  There  is 
no  section  exposed  showing  how  deep  the  chalk  actually  is  in 
Church  Field,  but  in  Lower  Hackett's  Orchard,  the  next  field, 
the  chalk  is  close  to  the  surface  in  one  or  two  spots. 

I  have  found  neolithic  implements  in  great  numbers  scattered 
over  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  nearly  every  field  at  Howes 
Farm.  In  Moll  Costen  (formerly  a  wood  and  now  a  fruit 
plantation)  I  have  found  neolithic  chips  and  implements  under 
circumstances  which  lead  me  to  believe  that  I  have  been  so 
fortunate  as  to  have  found  the  site  of  a  neolithic  village,  consist- 
ing of  an  assemblage  of  twelve  or  fourteen  dwellings.  The 
possible  ancient  hut-floors  were  marked  by  groups  of  flint 
implements,  broken  and  perfect,  and  by  large  pebbles  thoroughly 
reddened  by  fire. 

That  these  spots  were  not  merely  chipping  centres  is,  I 

M  2 


164  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

think,  indicated,  first,  by  the  fact  that  the  scrapers  and  flakes 
found  here  have  been  much  worn  by  use  ;  secondly,  the  pro- 
portion of  domestic  implements  is  large ;  thirdly,  proportionately 
there  are  not  so  many  waste  chips  and  unfinished  implements 
as  one  would  expect  to  find  in  a  place  where  implements  were 
made. 

One  of  the  first  implements  found  at  Moll  Costen,  perhaps  a 
spear-head,*  is  figured  and  described  in  Archaeologia  Cantiana^ 
vol.  xiv.  p.  87,  fig.  4.  In  its  present  state  it  measures  about 
3£  inches,  but  has  been  broken  at  both  ends,  and  when  perfect 
was  no  doubt  considerably  longer.  The  workmanship  is  very 
good,  and  the  surface  of  the  flint  has  been  chipped  off  smoothly 
and  uniformly.  No.  3f  is  somewhat  rougher  in  appearance, 
and  looks  unfinished.  It  may  have  been  a  spear-  or  javelin- 
head.  No.  4  is  a  still  rougher  spear-head.  Nos.  5  and  248  are 
portions  of  similar  spear-heads  or  arrow-heads,  but  the  work- 
manship is  rather  better.  No.  232  is  the  base  of  a  neatly- 
wrought,  lozenge-shaped,  arrow-head. 

Nos.  6,  7,  and  8  are  three  beautifully-wrought  flint  arrow- 
heads of  much  smaller  size  than  those  just  mentioned.  No.  6 
is  quite  perfect.  It  is  a  rare  English  type,  possessing  two 
barbs  and  a  concave  base,  but  no  central  stem.  No.  7,  hardly 
an  inch  long,  has  been  formed  with  great  skill  and  care.  It  is 
of  black  flint,  and  in  shape  and  size  closely  resembles  a  small 
plum-stone.  No.  8  is  a  good  example  of  a  barbed  arrow-head, 
with  stem  by  which  it  was  fixed  to  the  arrow.  Unfortunately 
it  has  lost  a  part  of  one  barb  ;  in  every  other  respect  it  seems 
quite  perfect.  About  six  or  seven  other  arrow-heads,  less  well- 
made,  have  been  found  at  Moll  Costen.  There  are  also  nume- 
rous small  chips  of  flint  and  sharpened  flakes  which  may  possibly 
have  been  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

The  proportion  of  ground  or  polished  implements  found  at 
Moll  Costen  is  small.  I  have  found  only  six  celts  bearing 
marks  of  grinding.  One  of  them,  No.  12,  is  only  2J  inches  in 
length.  Its  edge  (slightly  curved  in  outline)  is  not  sharp,  but 
has  been  ground  down  to  a  width  of  about  -^th  of  an  inch. 
From  the  shape  of  the  upper  part,  which  has  been  made  smaller 
than  the  polished  end,  the  celt  appears  to  have  been  fixed  into  a 
handle,  perhaps  a  hollow  bone.  No.  9  is  a  small  fragment  of  a 
large  celt  of  the  ordinary  type. 

No.  10  is  a  part  of  a  well-made  celt,  containing  the  cutting 
edge,  which  is  2J  inches  in  length.  It  has  been  much  sharpened. 
No.  41  is  a  larger  fragment  of  a  similar  flint  celt,  but  both 

*  This  flint  is  rather  too  thick,  perhaps,  for  a  spear-head.     Dr.  Evans  has 
suggested  that  it  may  be  part  of  a  celt, 
f  These  numbers  refer  to  the  author's  private  catalogue. 


May  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  165 

ends  have  been  broken.  There  is  a  curious  semi-circular  inden- 
ture at  one  end,  which  seems  to  have  been  polished  by  friction. 

No.  11  is  a  more  unusual  and  irregular  form.  It  seems  to 
have  been  chipped  into  a  somewhat  pointed,  tongue-shaped 
form,  and  then  ground  down  to  a  smooth  surface.  The  cutting 
part  of  the  implement  has  unfortunately  been  broken  off,  but  the 
general  shape  of  the  flint  suggests  that  it  possessed  a  point  rather 
than  an  edge.  I  am  not  sure,  however,  that  the  conchoidal 
fractures  are  original.  They  may  have  resulted  from  subsequent 
breakage.  If  so,  I  fear  the  damage  it  has  sustained  is  too  great 
to  allow  of  speculation  as  to  its  original  form.  No.  218  is  a 
small  chip  out  of  a  large  polished  flint.  No.  135,  2$  inches  in 
length,  appears  to  be  an  unfinished  specimen. 

The  number  and  variety,  both  in  size  and  shape  of  scrapers, 
are  very  great.  From  merely  rounded  flakes  they  vary  to 
highly  finished  types.  In  some  specimens  are  notches  on  either 
side,  designed  possibly  for  receiving  the  ligament  by  which  they 
were  fastened  into  their  handles.  Other  scrapers,  of  an  ovate  or 
circular  shape,  possess  two  notches  placed  in  such  a  position 
as  would  not  be  useful  for  the  same  purpose.  May  they  not 
have  been  designed  for  holding  the  string  by  which  they  were 
attached  to  the  person  of  their  owner  ? 

Some  scrapers  appear  never  to  have  been  used  at  all,  so  sharp 
and  fresh-looking  are  their  edges,  but  these  are  rare.  Others 
have  been  much  used  and  repeatedly  sharpened.  In  one  par- 
ticular scraper,  No.  228,  there  is  an  indication  of  wear,  which 
is  most  interesting.  The  edges  of  the  scraper  have  been  much 
worn  away,  and  worn  in  facets. 

The  beautifully- wrought  flake  marked  233  has  serrated  edges, 
produced  by  regular  and  careful  chipping,  and  was  doubtless 
a  saw.  There  is,  among  seven  or  eight  other  saws  found  at 
Moll  Costen,  one  of  a  length  not  more  than  1^  inch. 

Among  many  small  implements  of  various  forms,  which  from 
time  to  time  I  have  found,  are  several  specimens  of  arrow- 
scrapers — flints  with  small  semi-circular  indentations  upon  their 
edges.  The  notches  have  been  formed  by  blows  given  on  one 
side,  and  the  effect  has  been  to  give  to  the  flint  a  bevelled  edge, 
which  would  be  very  useful  for  rounding  arrows.  Such  notches 
in  flint  are  liable  to  be  made  by  contact  with  a  plough-point, 
or  other  modern  metal  implement ;  and  for  this  reason,  unless 
the  surface  of  the  flint  has  appeared  of  unquestionable  antiquity, 
I  have  repudiated  all  large  flints  bearing  such  indentations. 
Very  small  flints  have  not  sufficient  weight  and  firmness  in  the 
earth  to  offer  enough  resistance  to  produce  such  fractures. 

About  a  dozen  pieces  of  flint,  much  worn  down  and  bruised, 
seem  to  have  been  used  as  hammers,  or,  perhaps,  for  crushing 


166  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

corn.  No.  54,  found  at  South  Field,  is  a  typical  specimen.  It 
weighs  10  oz,,  and  it  is  worn  down  to  a  flattish  globular  form 
by  contact  with  a  flat  surface.  No.  53  is  a  pebble  of  compact 
reddish  sandstone,  ovoid  in  shape.  Both  ends  have  been  con- 
siderably worn  down  by  use.  There  is  nothing  to  indicate  to 
what  antiquity  it  should  be  assigned,  but  its  discovery  at  Moll 
Costen,  amongst  other  hammer- stones  and  crushers,  seems  to 
suggest  that  it  was  used  under  the  same  circumstances. 

Drills  or  borers  are  represented  by  numerous  sharpened  frag- 
ments of  flint.  No.  252  seems  to  have  been  formed  with  more 
care  than  usual.  No.  253  seems  to  have  been  a  combined  borer 
and  arrow-scraper." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  May  20th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author,  C.  E.  Davis,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Loc.  Sec.  S.A.  co.  Somerset:— 

1.  The  Excavations  of  Roman  Baths  at  Bath.    From  Trans,  of  the  Bristol 
and  Glouc.  Archaeol.  Soc.  viii.,  Ft.  L,  1884.    8vo.    Bath. 

2.  Guide  to  the  Roman  Baths  of  Bath.     (Sixteenth  Edition.)    8vo.     Bath. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Earliest  Map  of  Bath.  By  Emanuel  Green,  F.S.A. 
8vo.  Bath,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Les  Anciens  Dieux  des  Pyrenees.  Nomenclature  et  distri- 
bution geographique.  Far  Julien  Sacaze.  8vo.  Saint-Gaudens,  1885. 

From  John  B.  Martin,  Esq.  : — Flan  and  Conditions  of  Sale  of  the  Abbey  House 
Estate,  including  the  ancient  Gateway,  Tewkesbury,  Gloucestershire.  Folio. 
London,  1883. 

From  the  Middlesex  County  Record  Society  : — Middlesex  County  Records, 
Volume  I.  Edited  by  J.  C.  Jeaffreson.  With  an  Index  by  A.  J.  Watson. 
8vo.  London,  1886. 

Sir  George  Reresby  Sitwell,  Bart.,  M.P.,  was  admitted  a 
Fellow. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows 
on  Thursday,  May  27,  and  a  list  of  the  Candidates  to  be  balloted 
for  was  read. 


May  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  167 

J.  E.  NIGHTINGALE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Wilts, 
exhibited  the  matrix  of  a  curious  seal  lately  found  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Salisbury,  accompanied  by  the  following 
remarks  : — 

"  The  seal  is  that  of  the  deanery  of  Shaftesbury.  From  1218 
to  1 542  Shaftesbury,  in  the  county  of  Dorset,  was  in  the  diocese 
of  Salisbury ;  it  was  then  added  to  the  newly-formed  diocese  of 
Bristol.  In  1836  it  again  reverted  to  that  of  Salisbury. 


SEAL  OF  THE  DEANEKY  OF  SHAFTESBUEY. 

The  seal  is  of  pointed  oval  form,  1/g-  inch  long.  The  device 
is  a  Saracen's  head,  with  a  wreath  or  fillet  twisted  round  it,  and 
a  long  pointed  beard. 

The  legend  is,  — 

+  *  ^tfltllu  *  Mcij  #  tfecattat9 


Mr.  Dansey,  in  his  Hora  Decanicte  Ruralesf  engraves  several 
examples  of  the  few  remaining  seals  of  rural  deans.  The  subject 
most  frequently  found  is  that  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child. 
He  also  gives  a  copy  of  a  seal  belonging  to  the  deanery  of 
Breccles,  in  the  diocese  of  Norfolk,  which  corresponds  pretty 
exactly  with  the  one  now  produced.  It  has  the  same  sort  of 
fillet  tied  round  the  head,  but  the  bearded  face  is  somewhat  less 
grotesque  than  the  Shaftesbury  example. 

Mr.  Dansey  thinks  it  might  represent  the  head  of  St.  John 
the  Baptist.  This  seal  of  the  deanery  of  Breccles,  the  collations 
to  which  commenced  in  the  year  1320  and  closed  in  1466,  has 
been  well  engraved  in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  Transactions  of 
the  Norfolk  Archaeological  Society  ;  it  was  also  exhibited  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Archaeological  Institute,f  and  the  device  said  to 

*  Vol.  i.  pp.  399,  et  scq. 

f  See  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  v.  p.  16G, 


168  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1880, 

be  that  of  a  Saracen's  head.    The  Shaftesbury  seal  is  apparently 
of  early  fifteenth  century  date. 

Appended  to  the  history  of  the  great  Abbey  of  Shaftesbury, 
Hutchins  gives  the  following  passage  : — '  In  this  monastery  was 
an  office  of  the  deacon  of  the  great  or  high  altar,  who  was  pre- 
sented by  the  abbess,  and  received  institution  from  the  bishop 
of  Sarum,  in  whose  registers  thirteen  deacons  occur  from  1318 
to  1532.' " 

REV.  JAMES  BECK,  Local  Secretary  for  Suffolk,  exhibited  the 
following  antiquities  from  his  collection  : — 

1.  Three  good  examples  of  palstaves,  found  respectively  near 
Ely ;  at  Cariswood,  near  Naughton,  in  Suffolk ;   and  on  the 
Downs  near  Lewes. 

2.  A  fine  set  of  ten  large  fruit-trenchers  in  their  original  box, 
from  Clare,  Suffolk.* 

3.  A  gold   ring   of   West  African   workmanship,  found  at 
Woodbridge,  Suffolk.     And   the    following    examples  of  posy 
rings  :— 

(a)  Gold,  ploughed  up  at  Bildeston,  Suffolk. 

My  harte  you  have  and  yours  I  crave. 

(b)  Grold,  dug  up  in  the  manor-garden  at  Sullington, 
Sussex. 

Hurt  not  his  harte  whose  ioy  thou  art. 

(c)  Brass,  found  in  taking  down  an  old  house  at  Bildes- 
ton, Suffolk. 

For  a  kiss  take  this. 

(d)  Brass,  found  at  Nedging,  Suffolk,  in  1884. 

Bee  true  to  mee. 

Also,  a  brass  ring,  with  the  monogram  R.  W.,  found  at 
Ipswich. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  by  per- 
mission of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of  Lyme  Regis,  Dorset, 
exhibited  the  ancient  mace  of  that  borough,  accompanied  by  the 
following  remarks  : 

"  By  the  kind  permission  of  the  Mayor  and  Corporation  of 
Lyme  Regis,  I  exhibit  the  ancient  mace  belonging  to  that 
borough.  The  majority  of  the  corporation  maces  now  existing 
date  from  the  Restoration,  and  are  so  similar  in  type  that  a 
description  of  one  will  serve  as  a  model  for  many  others.  A  few 

*  See  Proceedings  of  the  Suffolk  Institute  of  Archaeology  and  Natural 
History,  vol.  vi.  p.  220,  where  these  roundels  are  described  at  length. 


May  20.]          SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

early  maces  fortunately  remain,  eacli  of  which 
is  generally  individually  worthy  of  notice,  and 
the  one  before  you  is  a  case  in  point,  espe- 
cially as  it  presents  one  or  two  points  of 
interest. 

It  is  18 J  inches  long,  and  consists  of  an 
iron  rod  with  silver  casing,  surmounted  by  a 
parcel-gilt  mace-head. 

The  staff  is  divided  into  four  sections  by 
molded  rings  of  silver ;  three  of  the  sections 
are  covered  with  silver  plates,  quite  plain. 
The  first  section,  however,  consists  of  an  iron 
grip  which  once  had  eight  flanges,  but  two 
are  broken  off.  These  flanges  were  brazed  on 
to  the  core,  and  the  whole  was  gilt.  The 
button  at  the  end  bears  the  letters  F*B  or 
T'B  with  engraved  scroll  work. 

The  mace-head  roughly  resembles  in  shape 
the  seed-vessel  of  the  poppy.  It  is  divided  a 
little  below  the  middle  by  a  boldly-molded 
ring.  The  lower  part  is  hemispherical  and 
of  silver,  with  engraved  strapwork.  The  upper 
part,  which  is  gilt,  is  nearly  vertical,  and 
consists  of  a  band  of  arabesque  work  with 
Tritons  and  foliage,  which  is  cast  in  five  pieces, 
each  from  the  same  mold.  Above  this  is  a 
cresting  formed  of  twelve  crosses  patees  and 
as  many  fleurs-de-lis  alternately.  On  the  top 
is  a  flat  ring,  cast,  with  the  egg  and  tongue 
ornament,  from  which  rises  a  small  boss,  en- 
closing a  plate  with  the  Royal  arms  of  the 
Stuart  sovereigns,  and  the  legend : 


IACOBVS  •    DEGRA  •   MAGlSE  •    BRITANIE 
•    ET  HIB  •    REX. 


FRAN 


This  plate  is  an  insertion  in  place  of  an 
earlier  one,  for  the  general  appearance  of  the 
mace  points  to  a  date  circa  1530. 

I  would  call  attention  to  the  general  shape 
of  this  mace,  and  especially  to  its  iron  grip,  as 
evidence  in  support  of  Mr.  R.  S.  Ferguson's 
theory  that  the  civic  mace  is  the  war  mace 
turned  upside  down.  See  Archaeological 
Journal,  vol.  xli.  where  Mr.  Ferguson's  views 
are  set  forth  at  length. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  learn  anything  of 


ANCIENT  MACE 

OF 

THE    BOROUGH    OF 
LYME   REGIS. 

A  full-size. 


170  .       PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

the  history  of  this  mace.  It  is  now  carried  by  the  mayor  in  his 
hand  on  state  occasions,  the  town  maces  being  a  pair  of  silver 
ones  of  the  usual  type,  presented  by  Thomas  Fane,  Esq.,  in 
1757." 

The  VICAR  and  CHURCHWARDENS  of  ALL  HALLOWS,  Goldsmith 
Street,  Exeter,  exhibited  an  early  silver  parcel-gilt  communion 
cup  and  cover  and  a  medieval  mazer,  which  may  be  thus 
described : 

1.  The  communion  cup  is  7  inches  high,  or  with  its.  cover 
8  inches.     It  has  a  conical  bowl,  with  a  band  of  a  somewhat 
unusual  variety  of  the  woodbine  pattern  round  the  middle,  and  a 
slightly  projecting  lip.      The  stem   is  formed   of  two  conical 
pieces  set  end  to  end,  with  a  molded  ring  between,  slightly 
divided  into  sections.     At  the  junctions  with  the  cup  and  foot  is 
a  bold  ring  with  reeded  pattern.     The  foot  is  plain,  and  consists 
of  a  rounded  piece  resting  on  a  flat  ring,  with  raised  inner  edge 
with  a  rude  dotted  pattern. 

The  cover  is  formed  of  a  slightly-domed  piece  rising  from  a 
flat  ring  with  hatched  ornament  and  molded  edge,  and  is  sur- 
mounted by  a  plain  button  engraved  with  a  bold  double  four- 
leaved  rose. 

The  following  parts  of  this  vessel  are  gilt:  the  lip,  band 
round  bowl,  central  and  reeded  rings  of  the  stem,  and  the  flat 
part  of  the  foot ;  also  the  edge  of  the  cover  and  the  top  of  the 
button. 

Neither  cup  nor  cover  are  hall-marked,  but  part  of  the  lip  of 
the  cup  has  been  cut  away  and  replaced,  and  perhaps  they  were 
thus  destroyed. 

The  date  of  the  vessel  is  probably  about  1570. 

Nothing  is  known  of  its  history,  but  it  is  almost  certainly  of 
local  make. 

2.  The  mazer  which  this  church  is  fortunate  enough  to  possess 
is  a  good  example  of  its  class,  though  it  presents  no  especial 
features.     It  is  6J  inches  in  diameter  and  2£  inches  in  depth, 
and  has  a  maple-wood  bowl,  now  varnished,  surmounted  by  a 
silver-gilt  band  1T5^  inches  deep  outside  and  1T3T  inch  inside, 
with  characteristic  moldings  and  fringe.     In  the  bottom  is  the 
usual  form  of  print,  also   silver-gilt,  enclosing   a  silver  plate 
engraved  with  a  five -leaved  flower  within  a  wreath  of  smaller 
flowers  and  leaves,  all  once  enamelled. 

This  mazer  was  presented  to  the  church  in  1843  by  Mr.  W. 
R.  Sobey.  Of  its  previous  history  nothing  is  known.  It  has  no 
hall-marks,  but  is  probably  of  a  date  circa  1510. 

The  Rev.  Gr.  F.  BROWNE,  B.D.,  read  a  paper  on  basket-work 


May  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  171 

images  of  men  on  sculptured  stones  at  Checkley   and  Ham, 
Staffordshire. 

Mr.  Browne's  paper,  which  was  illustrated  by  a  fine  series  of 
rubbings  of  these  interesting  memorials,  will  be  printed  in  the 
Archaeologia. 

Mr.  BROWNE  also  read  the  following,  paper  on  an  incised 
stone  in  the  tower  of  Skipwith  church,  Yorks  (see  illustra- 
tion) : — 

"  This  is  one  of  the  base  stones  of  the  tower  of  Skipwith 
church,  on  the  north  side,  on  the  interior.  The  arch  which 
gives  access  from  the  .tower  into  the  nave  is  an  ancient  one. 
The  story  in  the  village  is  that  the  stone  was  brought  from  the 
Crusades  by  a  knight,  whose  effigy  is  in  the  church ;  but  there 
is  reason  to  believe  that  its  existence  was  not  known  till  the 
restoration  of  the  church  some  few  years  ago.  Mr.  Hodgson 
Fowler,  of  Durham,  who  was  restoring  the  neighbouring  church 
of  Stillingfleet  at  the  time,  detected  the  work  upon  the  stone 
when  paying  a  visit  to  Skipwith  church,  the  light  happening 
to  be  particularly  favourable.  It  has  now  been  carefully  cleared 
of  whitewash.  It  is  of  a  harder  material  than  other  stones  of 
the  tower,  which  are  sandstone,  but  portions  of  it  are  breaking 
away.  The  late  vicar  of  Stillingfleet  took  me  to  see  the  stone 
four  years  ago,  and  again  three  years  ago ;  and  last  autumn  I 
took  a  plasterer  over  from  York  and  procured  the  cast  I  now  show. 

Skipwith  is  seven  or  eight  miles  on  the  Fulford  side  of  York, 
on  the  way  between  Riccall  and  that  city.  The  name  of  Riccall 
recalls  the  landing  of  the  Northmen  from  their  fleet  in  the  Ouse, 
while  Fulford  reminds  us  of  their  fate.  Whether  the  subject 
on  the  stone  has  any  reference  to  that  age,  I  hope  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  will  be  able  to  determine. 

The  stone  is  24  inches  by  13J.  There  is  on  it  one  large 
human  figure  with  the  face  in  profile,  with  the  left  arm  stretched 
out  in  front  and  the  right  behind.  His  legs  are  broken  away; 
he  has  erect  hair,  or  else  a  head-dress  which  gives  that  appear- 
ance, a  bold  straight  nose  and  heavy  chin,  with  a  line  of  hair 
from  the  base  of  the  nose  to  the  bottom  of  the  cheek.  In  front 
of  him,  as  if  urged  on  by  him,  is  a  huge  and  furious  beast,  like 
a  great  dog,  apparently  with  a  collar,  close  behind  an  upright 
figure,  which  seems  to  be  endeavouring  to  escape.  This  figure 
has  human  arms  and  hands,  and  something  like  the  legs  assigned 
to  the  other  human  beings  on  the  stone,  but  the  head  and 
muzzle  are  like  those  of  an  ape,  and  close  examination  has 
satisfied  me  that  the  mouth  is  represented  as  a  deep  slit  in  the 
blunt  muzzle.  Above  this  figure  are  two  smaller  figures  of 
men,  in  the  attitude  of  left-handed  bowmen  with  bows  drawn 


May  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  173 

to  the  fullest  extent,  but  there  is  no  bow  or  other  weapon  on 
the  stone.  These  two  figures  seem  to  be  opposing  the  largest 
figure ;  they  have  conical  heads  and  heavy  chins,  perhaps 
bearded.  Below  the  dog's  muzzle,  and  immediately  behind 
the  legs  of  the  ape-figure,  are  the  head  and  arms  of  another 
man,  in  the  same  attitude  of  drawing  a  bow,  but  right-handed  ; 
he  faces  the  same  way  as  the  large  man  and  the  dog,  and  seems 
to  be  shooting  at  the  foot  of  the  ape-figure.  Behind  the  hind- 
quarters of  the  dog  is  another  man's  head,  with  the  back  to  the 
clog,  and  there  seems  to  be  the  commencement  of  an  arm  in  the 
bow-drawing  attitude,  left-handed.  The  figures  are,  for  the 
most  part,  very  rude  indeed,  but  there  is  unmistakeable  life  and 
vigour  in  all  of  them ;  the  whole  effect  is  that  of  great  activity, 
though  the  details  of  the  drawing  are  ridiculously  rude. 

One  characteristic  feature  is  that  all  the  thumbs,  including 
those  of  the  ape-figure,  are  erect  and  very  prominent.  Another 
is  the  way  in  which  one  outline  is  made  to  serve  two  purposes, 
and  void  spaces  are  filled.  Thus  between  the  under  side  of  the 
extended  left  arm  of  the  large  man  and  the  back  of  the  dog 
there  is  a  narrow  space,  widening  under  the  arm-pit.  This  is 
made  to  look  like  the  head  and  part  of  the  body  of  a  snake,  or 
a  duck's  head  and  neck.  Similarly,  the  extended  tail  and  the 
curved  hind  leg  of  the  dog  form  an  outline  which  is  made  into 
a  man's  head  by  the  addition  of  a  nose.  Again,  one  of  the 
small  bow-drawing  figures  has  his  left  leg  near  the  muzzle  of 
the  dog,  and  the  dog's  mouth  is  open  ;  the  shape  and  space  are 
utilised  for  the  man's  right  foot,  which  fills  up  the  dog's 
mouth. 

I  have  no  explanation  to  offer.  There  is  no  dress  to  help  us 
to  a  theory  or  a  date.  The  general  effect  is  that  of  an  ape 
hunt.  Professor  G.  Stephens,  to  whom  I  sent  a  tracing,  sug- 
gests the  story  of  Elisha  and  the  bears  that  ate  the  mocking 
children.  I  have  seen  readings  of  that  story  more  unlike  the 
probabilities  than  this,  but  I  think  the  artist  would  have  avoided 
the  almost  Assyrian  head  of  hair  on  the  main  figure,  which, 
if  any,  would  be  the  prophet.  It  is,  perhaps,  the  oriental 
appearance  of  this  large  figure,  partly  Assyrian  and  partly 
Egyptian,  that  has  given  rise  to  the  crusader  tradition." 

In  the  discussion  which  followed,  the  general  opinion  appeared 
to  be  that  the  animal  is  a  lion  with  a  mane,  not  a  dog  with  a 
collar,  and  that  the  attitude  of  the  large  figure  of  a  man  denotes 
fear,  as  though  the  lion  had  burst  in  upon  his  family. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


174  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  May  27th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  Charles  Alexander,  Earl  of  Home,  Lord  Douglas  of  Douglas,  through 

William  Eraser,  C.B.,  LL.D.,  the  Editor  :— The  Douglas  Book,  in  four 

volumes.     4to.    Edinburgh,  1885. 
Erom  the  Author  : — Additional  Notes  on  "  The  Measurements  of  Ptolemy,  arid 

of  the  Antonine  Itinerary,''  by  Gordon  M.  Hills,  Esq.     By  H.  F.  Napper. 

Svo.    Lewes,  1886. 
From  the  Hon.  H.  A.  Dillon,  Sec.  S.A.  : — The  following  Reprints.    Small  4to. 

Dublin,  1879  :— 

1.  A.  Declaration  of  both  Houses  of  Parliament,  concerning  the,  Affairs  of 
Ireland.     1641. 

2.  The  Protestation  of  the  Archbishops  and  Bishops  of  Ireland.     26th 
November.    1641. 

3.  A  Declaration  of  the  Lords  and  Commons  on  the  Condition  of  Ireland. 
16th  June,  1643. 

4.  A  History  of  the  Irish  Wai-res,  with  a  List  of  all  the  Victories  obtained 
by  the  Lord  General  Cromwell.     26th  July,  1650. 

Erom  the  Academy  of  Sciences  of  Hungary  : — 

1.  Bulletins   de  1'Academie   Nationale    Hongroise   des   Sciences.    I.-III. 
(Tirages  a  part  de  la  Revue  Internationale.)     8vo.     Florence,  1884-5. 

2.  A  Keszthelyi  Sirmezok.    Irta  Dr.  Lipp  Vilmos.    4to.    Budapest,  1884. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the 
Earl  of  Home  for  his  gift  to  the  library. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

N.  H.  J.  WESTLAKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  ancient 
horseshoe,  dug  up  under  Cromer  House,  High  Road,  Kilburn. 

Mr.  Westlake  suggested,  from  the  great  size  of  the  shoe, 
that  the  nails  which  fastened  it  were  carried  up  externally  over 
the  horn  of  the  hoof,  and  clinched  or  doubled  into  the  surface. 
He  thought  that  the  horses  in  the  Luttrell  Psalter  were  repre- 
sented as  being  shod  that  way. 

The  Ven.  Archdeacon  POWNALL,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  large 
Limoges  enamel,  representing  Our  Lord  falling  beneath  the 
Cross. 


May  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  175 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  exhibited 
a  number  of  medieval  paving  tiles,  of  good  design,  found  by 
him  during  excavations  on  the  site  of  Langdon  abbey,  Kent. 

JOSEPH  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.,  exhibited  a  sin- 
gular unfinished  alabaster  panel,  partly  sculptured  with  a 
representation  of  the  Crucifixion,  partly  with  the  figures  roughly 
sketched  out. 

Mr.  Clarke  said  it  had  come  into  his  possession  anonymously, 
but  he  believed  it  was  found  under  the  floor  of  St.  Peter's 
church,  Isle  of  Thanet,  during  repairs. 

E.  St.  F.  MOORE,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  triangular  baked  earth 
loom  weight,  with  a  hole  pierced  through  each  angle,  found  by 
him  last  year  at  the  "  Dane's  Camp,"  near  Northampton.  A 
number  of  querns,  fibulae,  and  rude  pottery,  were  found  at  the 
same  time. 

Mr.  Moore  also  exhibited  a  small  globular  vessel  with  two 
handles,  of  bronze,  probably  of  Roman  date,  found  near  Wood- 
bridge,  in  Suffolk. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

The  ballot  opened  at  8'45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9*30  p.m.,  when 
the  following  gentlemen  were  declared  duly  elected : — 

John  Green  Waller,  Esq. 

Frederick  Arthur  Walters,  Esq. 

Professor  E.  C.  Clark,  LL.D. 

Frederick  Arthur  Heygate  Lambert,  Esq. 

Michael  Waistell  Taylor,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Benjamin  Wyatt  Greenfield,  Esq. 

Arthur  Sparrow,  Esq. 

Thomas  John  Mazzinghi,  Esq. 

Rev.  Charles  Harold  Evelyn  White, 

Rev.  Edmund  Farrer. 

Alfred  Edmund  Hudd,  Esq. 

Philip  Norman,  Esq. 

Walter  Arthur  Copinger,  Esq. 

And,  as  an  Honorary  Fellow — 
Dr.  Hans  Hildebrand. 


176  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  June  10th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author  : — Index  to  the  Visitation  of  the  County  of  York  hy  William 
Dugdale.  By  G.  J.  Armytage,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1872.  (To 
bind  with  the  Society's  copy  of  Surtees  Society,  Vol.  36.) 

From  the  Author,  H.  C.  March,  Esq.,  M.D.  : — 

1.  The  Koad  over  Blackstone  Edge.    8vo.    Manchester,  1884. 

2.  The  Neolithic  Men  of  Lancashire  and  those  of  Brittany  considered  and 
compared.     8vo.    Manchester,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  J.  Romilly  Allen,  Esq.  : — 

1.  Notes  on  Wooden  Tumbler  Locks.     1880. 

2.  Notes  on  Fire-producing  Machines.     1880. 

3.  Note  on  a  standing  Stone  near  Ford,  Argyllshire.     1880. 

4.  Notice  of  three  cup-marked  stones,  and  the  discovery  of  an  urn,  in  Perth- 
shire.    1881. 

5.  Notice  of  Sculptured  Stones  at  Kilbride,  Kilmartin  and  Dunblade.    1881. 

6.  Notes  on  some  undescribed  stones  with   Cup-markings    in    Scotland. 
1882. 

7.  On  the  discovery  of  a  sculptured  Stone  at  St.  Madoes,  with  some  notes  on 
interlaced  ornament.     1883. 

8.  Description  of  two  wooden  tumbler  locks  from  Fouchow,  China. 

9.  Notes  on  Early  Christian  Symbolism.    1884. 

10.  Notes  on  Celtic  Ornament.     1885. 

All  from  the  Proceedings  of  the   Society  of  Antiquaries  of   Scotland. 
Vols.  14,  15, 16,  17,  18  and  19.     4to.    Edinburgh. 

From  J.  Romilly  Allen,  Esq.  : — List  of  Stones  with  Interlaced  Ornament  in 
England.  Compiled  by  J.  Romilly  Allen,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot,  and  the  Rev. 
G.  F.  BroAvne,  B.D.  (From  the  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association.  Vol.  xli.)  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author  :— On  Quin  Abbey.  By  T.  N.  Deane,  M.A.,  R.H.A.  8vo. 
Dublin,  1883. 

From  the  Editor,  Rev.  J.  W.  Ebsworth,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  :— The  Roxburghe 
Ballads.  Illustrating  the  last  years  of  the  Stuarts.  Part  xvi.  Vol.  6. 
[Seventh  Part  of  the  Second  Series  :  beginning  Vol.  vi.)  8vo.  Hertford, 
1886. 

From  His  Honour  Judge  Bayley,  F.S.A.  :  — 

1.  Inventaire  des  Archives  de  la  ville  de  Courtrai,  public  sous  les  auspices 
de  1' Administration  Communale,  par  Ch.  Mussely.     2  vols.  (in  one).     8vo. 
Courtrai,  1851-58. 

2.  Inventaire  des  Archives  de  la  Ville  de  Malines,  public  sous  les  auspices 
de  1'Administration  Communale,  par  P.  J.  Van  Doren.    2  vols.  (in  one). 
8vo.    Malines,  1859-62. 


June  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  177 

From  the  Camden  Society  :  — 

1.  Catalogue  of  the  First  Series  of  the  Works  of  the  Camden  Society,  in 
numerical  order  :  together  with  the  abbreviations  of  their  titles  used  in  the 
general  Index.    A  to  Baudouin.     Pp.  1-144.     4to.    London,  1881. 

2.  Publications,  New  Series  xxxix.     Cases  in  the  Courts  of  Star  Chamber 
and  High  Commission.   Edited  by  S.  R.  Gardiner,  LL.D.   4to.   London,  1886. 

From  the  British  and  American  Archaeological  Society  of  Rome : — Journal  ; 
with  List  of  Members.  Session  1884-1885.  Volume  I.  Number  I.  Svo. 
Rome,  1886. 

From  the  Author  :— Australia  :  a  charcoal-sketch,  by  Frank  Cowan.  Svo. 
Greensburg,  Pa.,  1886. 

From  the  Imperial  German  Archaeological  Institute  : — Roemische  Abtheilung. 
Heft  I.  Fasc.  I.  Svo.  Rome,  1886. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : — 

Lieut.-Col.  James  Gildea. 
Frederick  Arthur  Walters,  Esq. 
Frederick  A.  H.  Lambert,  Esq. 
Alfred  Edmund  Hudd,  Esq. 
John  Green  Waller,  Esq. 
William  J.  C.  Moens,  Esq. 
Philip  Norman,  Esq. 

WALTER  MONEY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Berk- 
shire, communicated  the  following  letter  which  he  had  received 
on  the  subject  of  the  Roman  remains  at  Silchester: — 

"  Apsley  House,  Piccadilly,  W., 
May  29,  18S6. 

SIR, — I  am  directed  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington  to  acknow- 
ledge the  receipt  of  your  letter  of  the  14th  inst,  giving  cover  to 
a  copy  of  a  resolution  adopted  at  the  recent  annual  meeting  of 
the  Newbury  District  Field  Club,  on  the  subject  of  the  Silchester 
excavations. 

The  duke  has  made  inquiry  since  the  receipt  of  your  letter, 
and  finds  that  one  of  the  baths,  not  the  principal  one  (which  is 
now  being  covered  by  a  corrugated  iron  roof),  has  been  partially 
filled  in,  without  his  knowledge  or  consent. 

This  operation  was  put  a  stop  to  at  once  by  Mr.  Mousley, 
with  the  duke's  entire  approval. 

I  may  add,  that  it  is  the  duke's  wish  that  anything  really 
valuable  should  remain  untouched,  and  he  has  already  given 
orders  for  sheds  to  be  erected  over  the  most  interesting  parts  of 
the  excavation. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Faithfully  yours, 

GEO.  COXON, 

Lt.-Col,  Sec. 

Walter  Money,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 

&c.       £c.       &c." 
VOL.  XI.  N 


178  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

LORD  DE  Ros  exhibited  a  small  circular  silver  seal,  T^-  inch 
in  diameter,  with  a  handle  of  the  usual  shape,  terminating  in  a 
quatrefoil,  to  which  was  attached  a  small  swivel.  The  seal  bears 
a  shield  charged  with  three  water-bougets,  and  the  legend, 

*  S'  GODFREY  D6C  ROS, 

It  was  found  in  the  river  Nairn  in  1872,  and  given  to  its  pre- 
sent owner.     Its  date  is  circa  1300. 

The  wording  of  the  legend  is  unusual,  and  the  general  type  of 
the  work  is  characteristic  of  Scotch  seals. 

JOHN  E.  PRICE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of  Tayler  Smith, 
Esq.,  exhibited  an  inscribed  Roman  tile,  accompanied  by  the 
following  remarks : 

"  In  the  course  of  excavations  for  the  hall  now  about  to  be 
erected  for  the  Cutlers'  Company  in  Warwick  Lane,  Newgate 
Street,  the  so-called  Roman  wall,  which  here  crosses  the  main 
roadway  in  its  course  to  Ludgate  Hill,  has  been  again  cut 
through,  and  among  the  bonding  tiles  dislodged  was  one  which 
on  examination  was  found  to  be  inscribed.  This  portion  of  the 
wall  is  usually  disclosed  at  about  19  feet  from  the  surface  level. 
It  is  made  up  of  blocks  of  Kentish  rag,  chalk,  etc.,  with  the 
ordinary  lines  of  bonding  tiles.  As  a  rule,  the  few  instances  on 
record  of  stamped  or  inscribed  tiles  have  reference  only  to  the 
military  or  Government  stamp  of  the  propraetor  of  London. 
Of  such,  examples  are  to  be  found  in  the  British  Museum 
and  elsewhere  ;  but  an  inscribed  tile,  such  as  that  exhibited,  is 
certainly,  so  far  as  London  is  concerned,  decidedly  unique,  and 
consequently  of  considerable  interest. 

The  tile  was  in  situ,  that  is  to  say,  it  was  inserted  in  the  wall 
when  the  latter  was  erected,  at  whatever  period  that  may  have 
been ;  as  to  this,  opinions  have  for  many  years  been  at  issue. 
Investigation  of  late  has  shown  that  this  portion  of  the  city  wall 
is  of  a  date  considerably  later  than  that  which,  in  the  early  days 
of  its  history,  formerly  enclosed  the  city.  This  is  proved  by  the 
burials,  and,  especially  in  this  instance,  by  the  interments  dis- 
covered a  few  years  ago  when  excavating  for  the  new  premises 
occupied  by  Messrs.  Tylor.  They  are  fully  described  in  a 
recent  volume  of  the  Arcliaeologia*  and  closely  adjoined  this 
particular  section  of  the  wall.  Assuming  this  portion  not  to 
have  been  constructed  in  Roman  times,  the  explanation  would 
be  that  on  the  margin  of  the  great  road  running  up  from 
Holborn,  Oxford  Street,  and  so  on,  there  stood,  as  in  other 

*  Vol  xlviii.  pp.  221-248. 


June  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  179 

parts  of  London,  &  barbican  or  fort ;  and  that  when,  as  time 
went  on,  this  had  to  be  broken  up  and  destroyed,  the  old  mate- 
rials became  worked  into  a  structure  of  much  later  age.  The 
tile  is  of  the  ordinary  Koman  make,  though  coarse  and  badly 
fired,  and  measures  17  by  12  inches  by  about  If  inch  thick. 
The  letters,  which  are  inscribed  upon  it  by  a  pointed  instru- 
ment, are  as  follows : 

AVSTALIS 

DIBVST  lii 

VAGATVBSIB 

COTIDIM 

The  meaning  of  this  is  somewhat  obscure.  Mr.  Roach  Smith 
is  of  opinion  that  it  is  but  a  fugitive  comment  by  one  workman 
on  another — just  as  we  see  jokes  scribbled  with  their  meaning, 
if  any,  limited  to  the  narrow  local  influence,  of  the  writer — and 
that  it  means  '  Austalis  wanders  off  (from  his  work)  by  himself 
to  the  gods  every  day.'  This  explanation  is  quite  reasonable 
in  itself  and  there  is  every  probability  of  its  being  the  correct 
version.  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  letters  after  DIBVS  are 
mutilated,  otherwise  the  inscription  is  complete." 

Sir  H.  INGILBY,  Bart.,  exhibited  a  fine  MS.  copy  of  the 
Legenda  sanctorum  aurea  of  Jacobus  de  Voragine,  archbishop 
of  Genoa.  It  measures  14  by  10  inches,  and  consists  of 
163  folios  on  vellum,  in  the  original  oak  boards,  which  have 
lost  their  covering.  The  life  of  each  saint  is  headed  by  a 
beautiful  illuminated  picture,  usually  of  a  martyrdom,  below 
which,  and  distinct  from  it,  is  the  initial  letter.  This,  as  Mr. 
E.  Maunde  Thompson  pointed  out,  was  a  criterion  of  its  date, 
which  he  placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century ; 
and  as  the  original  work  was  written  in  1296  this  copy  was  a 
comparatively  early  one.  Mr.  Thompson  was  also  of  opinion 
that  this  was  a  MS.  from  the  Low  Countries,  and  not  English. 

R.  C.  NICHOLS,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  large  portion  of  a  monumen- 
tal brass  in  his  possession,  with  a  representation  of  the  Annun- 
ciation beneath  a  rich  triple  canopy.  This  plate  forms  part  of 
the  brass  of  William  Porter,  canon  of  Hereford,  1524,  formerly 
in  the  cathedral  church  of  Hereford,  to  which  place  it  is  to  be 
hoped  it  may,  ere  long,  be  restored.  A  small  engraving  of  it 
is  given  in  the  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion, vol.  xxvii.  pi.  7,  where  a  full  description  of  it  is  also  to  be 
found. 

N2 


180  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  Rev.  C.  M.  CHURCH,  canon  of  Wells,  read  a  paper  on 
Reginald,  bishop  of  Bath,  and  his  share  in  the  rebuilding  of  the 
cathedral  church  of  Wells,  as  illustrated  by  contemporary  docu- 
ments in  the  possession  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter. 

Canon  Church's  paper,  which  was  illustrated  by  a  fine  series 
of  measured  drawings,  kindly  exhibited  by  J.  T.  Irvine,  Esq., 
will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  June  24th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author  : — The  Pilgrim  at  Home.  By  Edward  Walford.  8vo.  Lon- 
don, 1886. 

From  N.  H.  J.  Westlake,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— Britannia  Depicta,  or  Ogilby 
Improved  ;  being  Roads  in  England  and  Wales.  By  J.  Owen.  The 
fourth  Edition  by  Eman.  Bowen.  8vo.  London,  1749. 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution  : — Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Regents 
for  the  year  1884.  8vo.  Washington,  1885. 

From  C.  M.  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B.,  F.S.A.  :— The  History  of  England  from  Julius 
Ccesar  to  King  William  and  Queen  Mary.  By  Laurence  Echard.  3rd 
Edition.  Two  Volumes.  Folio.  London,  1720. 

From  the  Author  : — Colleccao  de  Tratados  da  India.  Por  J.  F.  Judice  Biker. 
Vol.  xii.  8vo.  Lisbon,  1886. 

From  the  Society  for  Popular  Traditions  : — Revue  des  Traditions  Populaires. 
lre  Annee.  No.  4.  8vo.  Paris,  1886. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Supplement  to  the  Library  Catalogue  of 
the  Reform  Club,  1885-6.  8vo. 

From  the  Isle  of  Man  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Society  : — Photolitho- 
graph  of  the  earliest  Court  Rolls  of  the  Lords'  Lands  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 
A.D.  1511-75. 

From  the  Author,  M.  Charles  Robert,  through  the  President : — 

1.  Evenements  Militaires  accomplis  sous  le  Regne  de  Henri  II.  de  1551  a 
1553  et  leurs  Medailles  Commemoratives.    8vo.    Paris,  1876. 

2.  Le   Boutoir   Romain.      (Extrait  de  la  Revue  Archeologique.)      8vo. 
Paris,  1876. 

3.  Epigrapbie  Gallo-Romaine  de  la  Moselle.    Etude.     4to.    Paris,  1873. 

4.  Sirona.     (Extrait  de  la  Revue  Celtique,  t.  iv.)    8vo.     Paris,  1879. 

5.  Cinq  Inscriptions  de  Lectoure.     8vo.    Paris,  1881. 


June  24.  J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  181 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the  Isle  of  Man 
Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Society  for  their  donation  to 
the  library. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : — 

Michael  Waistell  Taylor,  Esq.,  M.D. 
Thomas  John  Mazzinghi,  Esq. 
Walter  Arthur  Copinger,  Esq. 
Benjamin  Wyatt  Greenfield,  Esq. 
Professor  E.G.  Clark,  LL.D. 

Notice  was  given  of  an  extra  ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  July  1,  1886,  and  a  list  was  read  out  of 
candidates  to  be  balloted  for. 

The  PRESIDENT  reported  that  in  the  course  of  the  works  now 
in  progress  by  Lord  Grimthorpe  at  St.  Alban's,  the  south  wall 
of  the  south  transept  had  been  utterly  demolished,  together  with 
the  whole  of  the  north  side  of  the  Norman  slype.  He  also  read 
a  report  he  had  received  from  Mr.  Brock  to  the  same  effect. 

After  some  discussion  it  was  unanimously  resolved  : — "That 
the  officers  of  the  Society,  together  with  Dr.  E.  Freshfield  and 
Mr.  Micklethwaite,  be  appointed  a  committee  to  communicate 
with  the  Bishop  of  the  Diocese,  and  to  take  such  other  steps  as 
they  may  think  best  to  arrest  the  destruction  of  ancient  work 
which  is  taking  place  at  St.  Alban's  Abbey,  and  that  a  sum  of 
£50  be  placed  at  their  disposal  for  this  purpose." 

DOYNE  C.  BELL,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  inlaid  picture 
frame,  with  the  instruments  of  the  Passion,  accompanied  by  the 
following  remarks  in  a  letter  from  Everard  Green,  Esq., 

F.S.A.  :— 

"  Reform  Club,  Pall  Mall,  S.W., 
27th  May,  1886. 

MY  DEAR  DOYNE  BELL, 

The  marquetrie  frame  which  you  are  good  enough  to  exhibit 
should  not,  I  think,  be  passed  over  in  silence,  as  when  a  paper 
on  the  Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord  is  written,  which  is 
still  a  desideratum  (since  the  paper  on  this  subject  in  the  Journal 
of  the  British  Archaeological  Association,  vol.  xxxi.  pp.  91-97, 
is  quite  inadequate),  probably  this  intarsia  frame  of  yours,  which 
I  believe  to  be  Italian,  and  of  Franciscan  workmanship,  will  be 
found  to  have  more  instruments  of  the  Passion  on  it  than  can 
at  all  easily  be  found  elsewhere. 


182  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  drawing  in  sepia,  representing  the  Scourging  of  Our 
Lord,  which  you  took  out  of  the  frame  in  order  to  give  the 
drawing  to  the  royal  collection  at  Windsor,  is  inscribed — 
e  Quadro  di  Ludovico  Caracci  esistente  nella  Chiesa  della 
Certosa  di  Bologna.  Nella  Reggia  Academia  di  Milano. 
Anto  Mascarone  fecit  a  24  Luglio,  1792.'  The  frame,  from 
its  peculiar  shape,  would  seem  to  have  been  made  for  this 
picture,  and  it  cannot,  I  think,  be  rash,  judging  from  the  style 
of  art,  to  assign  the  same  date  to  the  frame.  The  measure- 
ments of  the  frame  are — 

Height     .         .         .         .23J  inches. 
Width      .         .         .         .     15i      „ 
Depth      .  f      „ 

The  border  and  chamfered  edge  are  inlaid  with  holly,  olive 
wood,  and  arbutus,  and  on  the  chamfer  the  egg  pattern  may 
be  noticed.  The  four  sides  of  the  border  of  the  frame  have  a 
flat  surface,  and  at  the  corners,  in  square  compartments,  are 
four  cherubs'  heads,  each  with  two  wings  erect.  Between 
these  cherub  faces  are  twenty-six  oval  compartments,  which  are 
stained  of  a  greenish  colour,  and  between  each  oval  is  a  floriated 
pattern,  which,  with  the  ovals,  form  a  sort  of  galoche.  Each  of 
the  ovals  contains  one  or  more  of  the  instruments  of  the  Passion 
— eight  on  either  side,  and  five  at  the  top  and  bottom. 

My  list  of  the  instruments,  as  you  will  see,  differs  here  and 
there  from  that  made  by  the  late  Mr.  William  Burges,  pasted  on 
the  back  of  the  frame,  but  without  his  list  I  could  not  have 
made  mine,  and  I  must  leave  it  to  you  to  decide  which  of  us 
two  is  right. 

Commencing  at  the  top,  on  the  sinister  side,  the  instruments 
of  the  Passion  I  take  to  be  as  follows  : — 

1.  Two  staves,  and  sword  of  St.  Peter. 

2.  Lantern. 

3.  Torch,  and  bag  of  money  for  the  thirty  pieces  of  silver. 

4.  Hand  of  the  soldier  that  took  Our  Lord. 

5.  Faggots  for  the  fire  at  which  St.  Peter  warmed  himself. 

6.  The  pillar  of  scourging,  on  which  is  the  cock  that  crew. 

7.  The  seamless  coat. 

8.  Two  scourges,  and  a  chain  for  binding  the  hands  to  the 
pillar. 

At  the  bottom  of  the  frame  : — 

9.  The  purple  or  scarlet  robe. 

10.  Crown  of  thorns,  a  reed-sceptre,  and  the  sword  of  the 
soldier  that  stood  by. 


June  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  183 

11.  Bason  and  ewer  used  by  Pilate  in  washing  his  hands. 

12.  The  cross  with  title,  and  the  trumpet  that  summoned  the 
soldiers  of  the  centurion  (according  to  Mr.  Burges). 

13.  The  Vernicle. 

On  the  dexter  side  beginning  at  the  bottom  : — 

14.  The  cup  of  wine  mingled  with  myrrh  on  a  standing  dish. 

15.  The  drum  that  summoned  the  soldiers. 

16.  The  three  dice. 

17.  The  white  robe  (  Vestis  alba — Vulgate,  St.  Luke  xxiii.  13.) 

18.  The  three  nails  in  a  basket. 

19.  Hammer  and  pincers. 

20.  The  ladder. 

21.  Sponge  of  vinegar  and  hyssop. 

At  the  top  of  the  frame  : — 

22.  The  lance  or  spear,  and  the  sindon  or  winding-sheet. 

23.  The  sweet  spices  in  a  vessel. 

24.  The  angel  with  a  chalice  for  the  blood  and  water  from 
the  riven  side  of  the  dead  Christ. 

25.  The  reed  on  which  the  sponge  was  fixed,  and  the  spear 
of  the  centurion  who  saw  what  was  done. 

26.  Hopes  and  chain  for  taking  the  body  down   from  the 
Cross. 

Pope  Innocent  VI.  (1352-1362),  who  was  buried  at  Avignon, 
in  his  decree  concerning  the  Feast  of  the  Lance  and  Nails, 
says  :  '  The  lance  and  nails  and  other  instruments  of  the  Passion 
are  everywhere  to  be  held  in  reverence  of  all  Christ's  faithful 
people.'  (Roman  Breviary,  Lord  Bute,  p.  1430.) 

The  most  helpful  pictures  for  a  study  of  the  instruments  of 
the  Passion  are  probably  those  known  as  the  Mass  of  St. 
Gregory,  where  Our  Lord  descends  upon  the  altar,  at  the 
moment  of  consecration,  surrounded  by  the  instruments  of  the 
Passion ;  the  woodcut  of  this  subject,  by  Albert  Diirer,  you 
will  at  once  call  to  mind  A  representation  of  this  subject  will 
also  be  found  in  the  Calendar  of  the  Anglican  Church,  published 
by  J.  H.  Parker,  1851,  at  page  52,  the  woodcut  being  taken 
from  a  MS.  in  the  Bodleian  Library.  The  instruments  of  the 
Passion  are  also  given  at  pp.  161-165  in  the  same  book. 

Birch  and  Jenner,  in  their  Guide  to  Early  Drawings  and 
Illuminations  in  the  British  Museum,  notice  twenty-six  examples 
of  this  subject  (vide  page  140).  Augustus  Welby  Pugin  in  his 
Glossary  gives  no  less  than  seven  representations  of  the  Instru- 
ments of  the  Passion  (Plates  55-64  and  65),  and  sub  voce 
4  Emblems '  he  has  an  instructive  note  on  the  subject.  Miss 


184  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Louisa  Twining  has  just  dipped  into  the  subject  in  her  Symbol* 
and  Emblems  of  Early  and  Medieval  Christian  Art. 

The  Early  English  Text  Society  (1871),  however,  gives  us  the 
Symbols  of  the  Passion  with  the  quaintest  of  quaint  illustrations, 
and  with  this  and  the  liturgical  offices  for  the  feasts  of  the  crown 
of  thorns,  the  lance  and  nails,  and  the  winding-sheet,  together 
with  offices  of  the  two  feasts  of  the  Cross  in  each  year  (May  3 
and  September  14),  a  good  paper  on  the  subject  might,  could, 
should,  and  ought  to  be  written,  as  the  subject  from  a  litur- 
gical point  of  view,  as  well  as  from  a  quasi-heraldic  point  of 
view,  is  pregnant  with  interest. 

Dr.  Miiller  in  his  Beitrdge  zur  Teutsclien  Kunst-  und  Ges- 
chichtskunde  (Leipzig  and  Darmstadt,  1837)  gives  (Plate  I.)  a 
very  fine  tomb  at  Fran  kfort-on- Maine  on  which  eleven  of  the 
instruments  of  the  Passion  occur. 

Probably  the  largest  collection  of  the  Instruments  of  the 
Passion  now  to  be  found  in  England  is  on  the  vaulting  of  the 
easternmost  bay  of  the  choir  of  Winchester  cathedral  church. 
The  vaulting  is  of  wood,  and  displays  on  its  thirty-one  bosses 
the  following  instruments  of  the  Passion,  together  with  a 
number  of  faces,  representing  St.  Peter,  Pilate  and  his  wife, 
Herod,  Annas  and  Caiaphas,  Judas,  and  Malchus  with  the 
sword  of  St.  Peter  upon  his  ear.  This  roof  is  the  work  of 
bishop  Fox  (150L-1528),  and  is  best  seen  from  the  gallery 
below  the  east  window.  The  list  is — 

The  Ladder. 
The  column  and  rope,  between  a  scourge  and  rod. 

Vessel  for  myrrh.  Hammer  and  pincers.            The  three  dice. 

Two  torches.  The  Vernicle.                        The  lantern. 

A  cock  crowing.  The  five  wounds.                   Money-bag. 

Judas  kissing  Jesus.  Cross  and  three  nails.           Ewer  and  basin. 

The  scarlet  coat.  Chalice.                                 Three  nails  and  cord. 

Spear,   and    sponge  on                                                    Two  rods. 

reed,  with  the  wind-  The  Vernicle. 

ing-sheet.  Head  of  a  man  spitting. 

The  five  wounds.  A  hand. 

Two  staves.  Heads  of  Pilate  and  his 

Two  scourges.  wife. 

A  head.  Head  of  Malchus. 

A  hand.  The  three  crosses. 
Spear,  and  sponge  on  reed. 

On  the  eastern  wall  of  the  upper  chapel  founded  by  abbot 
Islip  in  Westminster  abbey  church  was  formerly  the  Cruci- 
fixion surrounded  by  several  instruments  of  the  Passion,  as  is 
seen  in  the  Islip  Vellum  Roll  in  the  possession  of  our  Society, 
which  is  engraved  in  the  Vetusta  Monumenta,  vol.  iv.  Our 
Society  also  possesses  a  magnificent  sixteenth  century  Book  of 


June  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  185 

Flours  (MS.  No.  13),  painted  for  Jehan  Dufour  and  Margaret 
Austin,  where,  in  the  Hours  de  Sancta  Cruce,  the  third  page 
has  many  of  the  instruments  of  the  Passion  painted  in  the 
border,  viz.  :  The  Cross,  the  title,  the  ladder,  the  white  robe, 
the  money  bag,  a  nail,  St.  Peter's  sword,  ear  of  Malchus, 
hammer,  pincers,  reed  and  sponge,  pillar  surmounted  by  a  cock, 
two  scourges,  a  rope,  thirty  pieces  of  silver,  a  birch,  ewer,  basin 
and  towel. 

The  colossal  statues  of  angels  bearing  the  instruments  of  the 
Passion  on  the  bridge  of  San  Angelo  at  Rome,  which  were 
erected  by  command  of  pope  Clement  IX.  from  the  designs  of 
Bernini  in  1668,  form  a  most  interesting  series,  and  the  texts 
from  Holy  Scripture  underneath  each  instrument  are  very 
felicitous. 

M.  Chevalier  Eohault  de  Fleury's  great  work — Memoire  sur 
les  Instruments  de  la  Passion — should  be  consulted  by  any  one 
intending  to  thrash  out  this  subject. 

I  will  end  my  letter  with  parts  of  two  responsories  sung  each 
fourth  of  May  at  matins  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Turin, 
where,  in  a  chapel  of  black  marble  and  bronze  (Capella  del 
SS.  Sudario),  the  Santa  Sindone  is  yet  kept;  and  if  one  excepts 
the  purple  Lenten  veils,  still  used  to  hide  the  altar  in  Sicilian 
churches  and  in  certain  churches  of  Spain,  which  are  often 
covered  with  the  instruments  of  the  Passion,  no  better  place  to 
begin  the  quest  of  these  Instrumenta  could  be,  I  should  say, 
imagined.  The  second  responsory  is  very  rare,  as  it  is  only  to 
be  found  in  breviaries  printed  at  Turin,  and  therefore  it  seems 
worth  while  to  give  it.  The  two  are  : — 

E.  iv.  0  admirabilis  Sindon,  in  qua  involutus  est  thesaurus 
noster,  redemptio  captivorum. 

E.  viii.  Felix  Domus  Sabaudiae  quae  tanto  pignore  ditata, 
hoc  sacro  munere  gaudet. 

The  Rev.  W.  J.  Blew  has  kindly  translated  these  two  respon- 
sories for  me : — 

1^.  iv.     0  wondrous  winding-sheet, 

Wherein  was  wound  our  treasure, 

The  prisoners  ransoming. 
5^.  viii.  Happy  House  of  Savoy, 

That  dowered  with  so  rich  a  pledge, 
Joys  in  this  sacred  gift. 

I  am,  my  dear  Doyne  Bell, 

Your  ever  ready  servant, 

EVERARD  GREEN. 

To  Doyne  Courtcnay  Bell,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 

Privy  Turse  Office,  Buckingham  Palace." 


186  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

GEORGE  GRAZEBROOK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver  ring 
with  fishes  in  relief,  and  set  with  a  large  red  stone  or  paste 
between  two  pearls.  Nothing  of  its  history  or  origin  is  known, 
it  having  been  purchased  some  thirty  years  ago  at  a  pawn- 
broker's clearance  sale,  contained  in  a  box  with  a  paper  in- 
scribed, u  This  ring  was  picked  up  on  London  Bridge." 

GEORGE  STRONG,  Esq.,  M.D.,  exhibited  a  silver  Roman  ring 
set  with  a  red  cornelian,  engraved  with  a  lion.  It  was  found 
with  a  number  of  Koman  coins  at  St.  Albans,  at  a  depth  of 
twelve  feet. 

F.  M.  NICHOLS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the  Regia  in 
the  Roman  Forum,  and  on  the  original  position  of  the  Capito- 
line  Fasti. 

Mr.  Nichols's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  July  1st,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  R.  Brown,  Jun.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Professor  Aguchekikos  on  Totemism. 
8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Editor,  Rev.  A.  W.  Cornelius  Hallen  : — Northern  Notes  and  Queries. 
Vol.  I.,  No.  1.  June.  8vo.  Edinburgh,  1886. 

From  H.  Wagner,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. : — Schweizerisches  Idiotikon.  Worter- 
buch  der  schweizerdeutschen  Sprache.  Bearbcitet  von  Friedrich  Staub, 
Ludwig  Tobler  und  Rudolf  Schoch.  X.  Heft.  4to.  Frauenfeld,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — [Reprinted  from  the  "Yorkshire  Archasological  Journal." 
Vol.  IX.]  Observations  on  the  Parentage  of  Gundreda,  Countess  of 
Warenne.  By  Sir  George  F.  Duckett,  Bart.,  F.S.A.  8vo. 

From  W.  G.  Fretton,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Two  Photolithography,  from  Drawings 
by  G.  R.  Webster.  London,  1886  : 

1.  The  Steeple  of  St.  Michael's  church,  Coventry.      Under  Restoration. 
Sept.  11,  1885. 

2.  The  Same.    Restored.    1886. 


July  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES;  187 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

R.  P.  PULLAN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  beautiful  terra-cotta 
head  of  Jupiter,  found  in  excavating  the  villa  of  Caligula  at 
Civita  Lavinia. 

J.  G.  D.  ENGLEHSART,  Esq.,  C.B.,  exhibited  a  remarkable 
glazed  earthenware  salt-cellar,  of  Delft  manufacture,  of  seven- 
teenth century  date,  dug  up  on  the  site  of  the  Savoy  Palace  in 
1885. 

It  was  originally  white,  but  through  the  partial  reduction  of 
the  lead  glaze  in  the  firing  is  now  almost  wholly  black,  and  in 
parts  orange. 

In  shape  it  closely  resembles  the  silver  ones  in  the  possession 
of  the  Mercers'  Company,  engraved  by  Mr.  Cripps  in  Old 
English  Plate,  but  is  circular  instead  of  octagonal  in  plan.  One 
of  the  three  projecting  arms  for  holding  the  covering  napkin 
remains  uninjured. 

This  salt-cellar  is  3  inches  high,  4f  inches  wide  at  the  top, 
and  5J  inches  at  the  base.  The  receptacle  for  the  salt  is  2J 
inches  wide  and  f  inch  deep. 

T.  N.  DEANE,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  fine  series  of  photographs 
of  Irish  monastic  and  ecclesiastical  remains. 

W.  NIVEN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  a  photo- 
graph of  the  interesting  Jacobean  li  Priory  pew,"  in  Clare 
church,  Suffolk,  destroyed  in  1883. 

Miss  BEAVEN  exhibited  a  plain  gold  posy  ring  inscribed — 
*  Let  faithfull  loue  neuer  remoue. 

This  ring  is  traditionally  said  to  be  the  wedding-ring  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Catherine  Parr,  but  is  really  of  much  later 
date. 

The  Rev.  Gr.  ROME  HALL,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for 
Northumberland,  exhibited  a  good  example  of  a  small  flint 
knife  and  a  piece  of  glass  found  at  Chollerford,  accompanied 
by  the  following  letter  to  the  Assistant  Secretary : — 

"  Birtley  Vicarage,  Wark-on-Tyne. 
29th  June,  1886. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

I  beg  to  enclose  for  exhibition,  at  the  next  meeting  of  the 


188  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  a  small  but  beautifully  finished  flint  knife, 
which  was  recently  discovered  in  a  large  and  well-formed  cist, 
at  Chollerford,  near  the  Roman  station  of  Cilurnum,  on  the 
Roman  Wall,  to  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bruce,  F.S  A.,  first  directed 
my  attention,  being  at  the  time  resident  near  the  spot.     A  large 
slab  in  the  station-master's  garden  by  the  river  North  Tyne  had 
obstructed  the  cultivation  of  the  ground,  and  he  determined  to 
break  it  up  and  remove  it.     This  flat  stone  proved  to  be  6  feet 
long  by  5  feet  9  inches  broad,  and  14  inches  thick,  weighing 
about  three-quarters  of  a  ton.     During  the  process  of  destruc- 
tion, a  massively-built  stone-lined  grave  came  to  view.     It  was 
4  feet  6  inches  long,  2  feet  4  inches  broad,  and  the  side  slabs 
were  from  28  inches  to  36  inches  high,  giving  an  average  depth 
of  2  feet  9  inches.    No  trace  of  incised  concentric  circles  or  cup- 
markings  appeared  upon  these  slabs,  such  as  have  sometimes  been 
found  in  Northumberland ;  though  several  stones  with  large  and 
small  cups,  both  round  and  oval,  were  last  year  discovered  by 
the  writer  in  an  ancient  British  grave-mound  at  Pitland  Hills, 
near  Birtley,  which  contained  remains  of  inhumed  and  cremated 
bodies,  urns,  etc.      The  Chollerford  grave  had  been  carefully 
formed  for  the  reception  of  the  body,  which,  on  account  of  the 
size  of  the  cist,  must  have  been  doubled  up  in  the  usual  posture, 
with  the  knees  drawn  up  towards  the  chin,  as  if  in  sleep.     The 
grave  contained  only  a  few  bones,  much  decayed,  but  sufficient 
to  show  that  they  were  those  of  an  adult — a  man,  perhaps  of 
average  height — but  certainly  not  of  large  build.     These  con- 
sisted of  a  portion  of  the  shaft  of  the  humerus,  a  small  part  of 
the  ulna,  the  inner  malleolus  (of  the  tibia)  or  ankle-bone,  a  por- 
tion of  the  shaft  of  the  fibula;  and  the  os  calcis,  or  heel-bone, 
probably  of  the  left  foot.     The  rest  had  completely  perished, 
except  a  few  fragments  that  could  not  be  determined.     The  site 
of  this  grave  is  within  twenty-five  yards  of  the  river,  and  sub- 
ject to  flooding  by  it  at  intervals,  as  it  was  seven  years  since. 
In  this  respect  it  resembles  (in  position)  a  large  barrow  which 
the  writer  examined  many  years  since,  about  six  miles  higher 
up  the  North  Tyne,  on  Warkshaugh  farm,  near  Wark,  and 
which  has  been  described  in  the   Transactions  of  the  Natural 
History  Society  of  Northumberland  and  Durham,  vol.  i.  pp.  151- 
167.      Here,  as  well  as  at  Chollerford,  i  the  situation  is  very 
unusual,  low-lying  by  the  brink  of  a  turbulent  river.'     In  one 
of  the  four  cists  at  Warkshaugh  was  a  chert-scraper,  a  large  but 
rude  celt  or  axe,  formed  of  a  split-nodule  of  ironstone  with  a 
sharp-cutting  edge,  and  an  urn  or  food-vessel  with  herring-bone 
ornamentation.    In  this  Chollerford  grave  no  urn  was  discovered, 


July  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  189 

but  ill  the  process  of  sifting  the  soil  thrown  out,  the  flint  knife 
exhibited  came  to  light.  It  is  not  quite  so  large  as  a  similar 
6  beautifully  wrought  blade  of  flint,'  described  in  Ancient  Stone 
Implements,  p.  295,  fig.  239,  which  the  Kev.  Canon  Greenwell 
and  myself  found  in  a  barrow  at  Castle-Carrock,  in  Cumberland. 
The  flat  face  has  had  some  irregularities  removed  by  delicate 
chipping  at  one  end,  and  the  convex  surface  has  been  very  care- 
fully finished  in  the  same  manner.  It  is  2  inches  long  by  f  ths 
of  an  inch  wide  and  T|-ths  in  thickness.  A  very  rude  and  small 
split  nodule  of  ironstone  was  also  found,  having  a  blunt  edge, 
apparently  wrought  by  artificial  means,  and  which  may  have 
served  for  scraping  the  skins  of  animals.  It  is  2J  inches  wide 
and  \  inch  thick  at  the  top,  tapering  to  an  edge  at  the  bottom. 

If  a  cairn  of  stones  had  ever  been  raised  over  the  grave,  it 
would  disappear  when  the  adjoining  well-known  bridge  was 
built,  the  wall  of  the  eastern  approach  being  within  a  few  feet 
of  the  grave.  The  side-slabs  forming  the  cist  were  much  red- 
dened by  the  action  of  fire ;  the  bottom  was  formed  of  water- 
worn  pebbles  from  the  river-bed  lying  upon  gravel  and  carefully 
embedded  in  clay;  above  the  pebbles  was  some  unctuous  soil  (as 
if  from  the  decay  of  the  body),  fragments  of  charcoal,  and  small 
fire-reddened  stones. 

Mr.  Cuthill,  the  station-master  at  Chollerford,  has  shown  me 
a  small  piece  of  highly  iridescent  glass,  which  he  says  he  pro- 
cured from  the  ddbris  cast  out  of  the  grave  when  sifting  it.  A 
coating  of  a  kind  of  thin  bronze  leaf,  apparently  produced  by 
oxidisation,  covers  the  surface  of  the  glass  in  part,  some  having 
flaked  off.  As  this  glass  is  undoubtedly  Roman  it  is  most  pro- 
bable that  it  has  been  dropped  in  later  times  by  some  visitor  to 
the  neighbouring  station  of  Cilurnum  (Chesters),  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  grave,  and  if  really  found  in  the  soil  from  the  cist,  which 
is  very  unlikely,  may  have  been  washed  into  it  by  the  river- 
floods.  Otherwise  we  should  have  to  bring  the  date  of  the  burial 
on  this  site  down  to  Romano-British  times,  of  which  there  is  no 
evidence  whatever. 

I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 

Very  faithfully  yours, 

G.  ROME  HALL. 

W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A." 
Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 


190    PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  [1886,  July  1. 

The  ballot  opened  at  8-45  p.m.,  and  closed  at  9 '30  p.m., 
when  the  following  gentlemen  were  declared  to  be  duly  elected 
Fellows : — 

Lawrence  Alma-Tadema,  Esq.,  R.A. 

The  Baron  de  Cosson. 

J.  Theodore  Bent,  Esq. 

Frank  Tayler,  Esq. 

Sir  Herbert  Eustace  Maxwell,  Bart, 

M.  Charles  Hettier. 

George  Frederic  Warne,  Esq. 

Iltyd  Bond  Nicholl,  Esq. 

Lionel  Henry  Gust,  Esq. 

William  Henry  Cope,  Esq. 

Herbert  John  Reid,  Esq. 

Rev.  Ernest  B.  Savage,  M.A. 

Robert  James  Johnson,  Esq. 

The  Ordinary  Meetings  were  then  adjourned  to  November  25, 

1886. 


PKOCEEDINGS 

OP  THE 

SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES 

OF  LONDON. 

SESSION   1886—1887. 

Thursday,  November  25th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Rector  and  Churchwardens  : — Twenty-Ninth  Report  of  the  Vestry  of 
the  Parish  of  St.  James,  Westminster.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  M.  le  Baron  J.  de  Baye  : — 

1.  Le  Torques  etait  porte  par  les  hommes  chez  les  Gaulois.    8vo.     Caen, 
1886. 

2.  Un  Rapport  Archeologique  entre  1'ancien  et  le  nouveau  continent.    8vo. 
Paris,  1886. 

From  Bernard  Quaritch,  Esq. : — The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London.  Re- 
ception by  the  President,  June  23rd,  1886.  [The  three  catalogues  of  the 
Exhibitions  on  the  occasion  bound  together.]  Sq.  8vo,  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Burneside  Hall ;  a  glimpse  of  the  Border  "Wars.  By 
Cornelius  Nicholson,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Kendal,  1886. 

From  the  Committee  : — Reform  Club.  Supplement  to  the  Library  Catalogue. 
1885-6.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Recent  further  excavations  of  the  Megalithic  Antiquities 
of  "  Hagiar-Kim,"  Malta,  1885.  By  Dr.  A.  A.  Caruana.  Oblong  folio. 
Malta,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Collec9ao  de  Tratados  da  India.    Por  J.  F.  Judice  Biker. 

Tomo  xiii.     8vo.     Lisbon,  1886. 
From  the  Author  : — Prehistoric  Remains  on  Moordivock,  near  Ullswater.     By 

M.  W.  Taylor,  M.D.,  F.S.A.  (Scot.)    8vo.    Kendal,  1886. 

From  the  Author: — Addresses  and  Speeches  on  various  occasions,  from  1878  to 

1886.    By  R.  C.  Winthrop.    8vo.    Boston,  1886. 
VOL.  XI.  O 


192  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

From  Dr.  Samuel  A.  Green: — Memoir  of  Hon.  William  Appleton.  By  Rev. 
Chandler  Robbins,  D.D.  8vo.  Boston,  1863. 

From  the  Author:— New  Views  of  Early  Virginia  History,  1606—1619.  By 
Alexander  Brown.  Sq.  8vo.  Liberty,  Virginia,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— The  Will  of  Warden  Huntingdon,  1458.  By  J.  P.  Ear- 
waker,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Manchester,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— Notes  on  St.  Botolph  without  -Aldersgate,  London.  By 
John  Staples,  F.S.A.  Printed  for  private  circulation.  8vo.  London,  1881. 

From  the  Author: — The  Holy  Places  at  Jerusalem,  or  Fergusson's  theories  and 
Pierotti's  discoveries.  By  T.  G.  Bonney,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London, 
1864. 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A.:— The  Journal  of  Hellenic 
Studies.  Vol.  vii.  No.  i.  Text  (8vo.)  and  Plates  (Folio).  London, 
1886. 

From  the  Master  and  Wardens  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Merchant 
Taylors:— Merchant  Taylors'  Hall  anterior  to  1666.  [By  C.  M.  Clode,  C.B., 
F.S.A.]  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  Mrs.  Baldwinson,  in  accordance  with  the  wish  of  her  late  husband: — 

1.  Trial  of  Queen  Caroline.    Report  of  the  Proceedings  before  the  House 
of  Lords.     By  J.  Nightingale.     3  vols.     8vo.     London,  1821. 

2.  Memoirs  of  Queen  Caroline.     By  J.  Nightingale.     4th  edition.     2  vols. 
8vo.    London,  1820-1. 

3.  The  Last  Days  of  Queen  Caroline.     By  J.  Nightingale.     8vo.    London, 
1822. 

From  the  Author,  M.  Ambroise  Tardieu  ; — 

1.  L'Auvergne  (Puy-de-D6me),  Guide  complet  illustre.    16mo.     Herment, 
[1885.] 

2.  Histoire  abregee  et  populaire  de  la  ville  d'Herment  en  Auvergne.    16mo. 
Herment,  1885. 

From  University  College,  London  : — Calendar.  Session  1886-87.  8vo.  London, 
1886. 

From  the  Author  : — Remains  of  the  Roman  Occupation  of  North  Africa,  with 
special  reference  to  Algeria.  [From  Transactions,  Vols.  i.  and  ii.,  New 
Series,  of  the  Roy.  Instit.  of  Brit.  Architects.]  Two  Parts.  By  Alexander 
Graham.  4to.  London,  1885-6. 

From  John  Evans,  Esq.  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A.:— 

1.  Gotlands  Konsthistoria  af  C.  G.  Brunius.    I.-III,  Delen.    8vo.    Lund, 
1864-6. 

2.  Alterthiimer  von  Wisby.     Von  C.  J.  Bergman.    8vo.    Wisby,  1881. 

3.  Plankarta   ofver    Visby.     Af  Ludv.  Fegneus.     Folded.     8vo,  Wisby 
[1879]. 

4.  Gotlands  Lan.     [Coloured  lithographed  map.]    Folded.    12mo.    Wisby. 

5.  Photographs  of  Ecclesiological  Antiquities  at  Rostock  : — 

Bronze  Font  with  cover,  1290.     St.  Mary's  Church. 
Bronze  Font,  1512.     St.  Peter's  Church. 
Pewter  Font  with  cover.     St.  Nicholas  Church. 

From  the  Author  : — The  praise  of  Gardens.  By  A.  F.  Sieveking.  With  proem 
by  E.  V.  B.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  J.  W.  Carillon,  Esq..  F.S.A.:— Publications  of  the  English  Dialect  Society: 
Nos.  20-45  (7  vols.  1878-84);  the  Library  of  Old  Fishing  Books,  No.  I.,  an 
older  form  of  the  "  Treatyse  of  Fysshynge  wyth  an  angle,"  attributed  to 
Dame  Juliana  Barnes  (1883)  ;  and  Twelfth  Report  for  the  year  1884. 
8vo.  London,  1878—84. 


Nov.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES.  193 

From  the  Author: — The  Bagshawes  of  Ford:  a  biographical  pedigree.  By  W. 
H.  G.  Bagshawe.  For  private  circulation.  4to.  London,  1886. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  Pictures ;  consigned  to  Mr.  Samuel  Pawson. 
8vo.     [Date,  after  1775.] 

2.  Index  to  the  catalogue  of  Books  in  the  Bates  Hall  of  the  Public  Library 
of  the  City  of  Boston.     First  Supplement.     8vo.     Boston,  1866. 

3.  Historical  Portraits  of  the  Tudor  Dynasty  and  the  Keformation  Period 
By  S.  H.  Burke.    Vol.  i.    8vo.     London,  1879. 

4.  Annals  of  the  Church  and  Parish  of  Almondbury,  Yorkshire,  by  C.  A. 
Hulbert,  M.A.     8vo.    London,  1882. 

5.  John  Bunyan  and  the  Gipsies.    And  the  Encyclopaedia  on  the  Viper. 
By  James  Simson.    8vo.    New  York,  1886. 

6.  Hiilfsbuch  der  Rechnenden  Chronologic.    Von  J.  Von  Gumpach.    8vo. 
Heidelberg,  1853. 

7.  Northamptonshire  Notes  and  Queries.    Parts  i.  and  ii.,  and  Part  xi. 
Vol.  2.    Svo.    Northampton,  1884-6. 

8.  The  Manx  Note-Book.    No.  i.    8vo.    Douglas,  1885. 

9.  The  Palatine  Note-Book.    No.  42.   Vol.  iv.    Sm.  4to.   Manchester,  1884. 

10.  Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Literature  and  Science.    Part  v.     1879-80.    Edited  by  J.  G.  Goodchild. 
Svo.    Carlisle,  1881. 

11.  Birmingham  Historical  Society.   Transactions  for  the  Second  and  Third 
Sessions,  1881—1883.     Svo.    Birmingham,  1882-3. 

12.  Annual  Report  of  the  Sidcup  Literary  and  Scientific  Society,  Session 
1884-5.    Svo.    London. 

13.  The  American  Antiquarian.    Vol.  i.     No.  2.    Svo.     Cleveland,  1878. 

14.  Societe  des  Traditions  Populaires.    Revue.     lre  Annee.    No.  i.     Svo. 
Paris,  1886. 

From  the  Clifton  Antiquarian  Club:— Proceedings.  Vol.  i.  Part  i.  1884-5. 
4to.  Bristol,  1886. 

From  the  Author,  Count  Giovanni  Gozzadini: — Scavi  governativi  in  un  lembo 
della  Necropoli  felsinea.  1885—1886.  8vo.  Bologna,  1886. 

From  the  Author— The  Asclepiad.  Nos.  11  and  12.  Vol.  iii.  By  W.  B. 
Richardson,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  Svo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Grocers: — Facsimile  of  First  Volume  of  MS. 
Archives  (1345-1463).  Edited  with  Introduction  by  J.  A.  Kingdon,  Master 
of  the  Company.  2  vols.  4to.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author: — On  the  Daubeney  Family,  and  its  connection  with  Glouces- 
tershire. By  B.  W.  Greenfield.  Svo.  Bristol,  1885. 

From  the  New-England  Historic  Genealogical  Society: — 

1.  Biographical  Sketch  of  George  Mountfort,  Esq.    By  J.  W.  Dean.     Svo. 
1886. 

2.  Biographical  Sketch  of  Francis  Merrill  Bartlett.    By  J.  W.  Dean.    Svo. 
1886. 

3.  John  Harvard  and  his  ancestry.    Part  Second.    By  H.  F.  Waters.    8vo. 
Boston,  1886. 

From  the  Author,  F.  M.  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— La  Regia.  Estratto  dal  Bul- 
lettiuo  dell'  imp.  Istituto  archeologico  germanico.  Volume  i.  Svo.  Rome, 

1886. 

From  Francis  James,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — Additional  Supplement  to  the  Monasticon 
Dioecesis  Exoniensis,  with  a  Map  of  the  Diocese,  Deaneries,  and  Sites  of 
Religious  Houses.  By  George  Oliver,  D.D.  Folio.  Exeter,  1854. 

o  2 


194  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

From  the  Camden  Society: — The  Nicholas  Papers.  Edited  by  G.  F.Warner. 
Vol.  i.  1641—1652.  Sm.  4to.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Peabody  Academy  of  Science: — Ancient  and  Modern  Methods  of 
Arrow-Kelease.  By  E.  S.  Morse.  8vo.  Salem,  Mass.,  U.S.A.  1885. 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A.:— Report  of  the  Chapter  of  the 
Order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem  (English  Langue).  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  :— The  New  English.  By  T.  L.  Kington  Oliphant,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
Two  vols.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Authors  : — Worlebury:  an  ancient  stronghold  in  the  county  of  Somer- 
set. By  C.  W.  Dymond,  F.S.A.,  and  the  Key.  H.  G.  Tomkins.  Printed  for 
the  Authors.  4to.  Bristol,  1886. 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  : — Catalogue  of  the  Greek  Coins  of 
Crete  and  the  Aegean  Islands.  By  Warwick  Wroth.  Edited  by  R.  S. 
Poole.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  : — A  Descriptive  Account  of  the 
Guildhall  of  the  City  of  London  :  its  history  and  associations.  By  J.  E. 
Price,  F.S.A.  Folio.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — London  Tokens  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Not  published 
in  Boyne's  Catalogue.  By  J.  E.  Hodgkin,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1885. 

From  the  Author,  H.  Syer  Cuming,  Esq. : — A  numerous  collection  of  short  copies 
of  Communications  contributed  to  the  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association. 

From  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.S.A.:— A  considerable  number  of 
miscellaneous  Broadsides  chiefly  of  the  previous  and  present  centuries. 

From  H.  S.  Howell,  Esq. :— A  Photograph  of  The  Keys  of  the  Bastille. 

Special  votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  the  Corporation  of 
London,  the  Grocers'  Company,  and  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  for 
their  gifts  to  the  Library. 

Frank  Tayler,  Esq.,  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  Right  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Scarbrough  was  proposed  as 
a  Fellow,  and  his  election  being  at  once  proceeded  with  in 
conformity  with  the  Statutes,  Ch.  I.  §  5,  he  was  unanimously 
elected  a  Fellow  of  the  Society. 

In  answer  to  an  inquiry  by  the  Rev.  F.  A.  H.  Vinon,  F.S.A., 
as  to  what  action  had  been  taken  by  the  Council  with  regard  to 
the  preservation  of  the  remains  of  the  Roman  baths  at  Bath,  the 
President  said  that  as  the  Council,  from  reports  which  they  had 
received,  were  afraid  that  the  promise  given  by  Mr.  Davis,  "  that 
no  destruction  nor  concealment  of  any  portion  of  the  Roman 
baths  already,  or  to  be,  discovered,  would  take  place,"  would  not 
be  scrupulously  carried  out,  they  had  requested  Mr.  J.  H. 
Middleton  and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope  to  go  down  to  Bath 
and  report,  and  since  then  the  spot  had  again  been  visited  by 
Mr.  Hope  and  Mr.  Micklethwaite.  It  appears  that  the  Roman 
remains  discovered  to  the  west  of  the  circular  bath  have  been 
incorporated  in  the  basement  of  some  new  baths  by  building 
new  walls  upon  them,  and  he  was  sorry  to  find  that  in  one  case 


NOV.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  195 

a  room  had  been  divided  into  three  by  brick  partitions.  An 
explicit  promise,  however,  had  been  given  by  Mr.  Davis  and  Mr. 
Wilkinson  (the  chairman  of  the  Baths  Committee)  that  the 
Roman  remains  shall  be  preserved  intact,  and  made  accessible 
beneath  a  floor  placed  at  a  reasonable  height  above  them,  and 
that  openings  shall  be  made  in  the  intersecting  brick  walls. 

The  President  added,  that  he  hoped  after  what  had  passed 
that  no  further  injury  would  be  done,  and  the  mischief  that  had 
taken  place  would  be  rectified  so  far  as  now  possible. 

HENRY  LAYER,  Esq.,  Mayor  of  Colchester,  and  Local  Secretary 
for  Essex,  communicated  the  following  remarks  on  the  dis- 
covery of  Roman  remains  at  Colchester  and  Brightlingsea  : — 

"  On  Monday,  September  6,  in  making  a  drain  in  Culver 
Street,  in  this  town,  the  workmen  came  on  to  a  very  handsome 
tessellated  pavement  (Roman)  about  5  feet  below  the  surface. 
The  patterns  were  geometrical,  and  the  colours  used  were  white, 
black,  red,  blue,  and  yellow.  The  tessella  were  about  ^  inch 
square,  and,  as  is  usual  in  this  district,  of  pottery. 

Some  buildings  being  over  a  portion  of  the  pavement  we 
were  unable  to  trace  its  full  extent,  but  sufficient  was  un- 
covered to  show  that  the  ornamental  part  was  at  least  10  feet 
square,  with  a  border  of  plain  red  of  uncertain  width  outside  it. 
Such  portions  as  it  was  possible  to  save  were  raised,  and,  after 
being  properly  protected  by  a  coating  of  Portland  cement  at  the 
back,  will  be  placed  in  the  museum  in  Colchester  castle. 

Very  few  remains  of  pottery  were  found. 

A  short  time  since  in  excavating  for  water-pipes  at  Bright- 
lingsea, 9  miles  from  Colchester,  the  workmen  came  across  the 
remains  of  considerable  Roman  buildings,  but  nothing  of  im- 
portance was  found,  nor  were  any  coins  discovered.  The  most 
interesting  piece  of  pottery  was  a  Samian  mortarium,  studded 
inside  with  the  usual  quartz  fragments.  The  diameter  of  this 
vessel  was  12  inches.  This  is  larger  than  any  we  have  pre- 
viously found  in  this  district." 

FRANK  J.  MITCHELL,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Monmouth- 
shire, exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  Roman  pavement  lately  un- 
covered at  Caerwent,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks : — 

"  I  feel  sure  that  the  members  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
will  be  interested  to  learn  that  the  remains  of  a  beautiful 
tessellated  pavement  have  recently  been  found  at  Caerwent  in 
Monmouthshire,  in  an  orchard,  about  2  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  only  a  few  yards  from  the  site  of  some  excavations  carried 
out  by  the  Monmouthshire  and  Caerleon  Antiquarian  Associa- 
tion, which  were  fully  described  by  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan  in  a 


196  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

paper  read  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1855,  and 
published  in  the  Archaeologia  in  1856.  The  room  seems  to 
have  been  about  16  feet  square.  The  pavement  consisted  of  a 
deep  border  of  a  plait  of  four  colours  and  rope  pattern,  with  the 
centre  in  the  form  of  an  octagon  with  spandrils  filled  with 
various  coloured  patterns.  Unfortunately  a  tree  appears  to  have 
grown  in  the  middle  of  it,  which  has  been  grubbed  up,  thus 
destroying  the  larger  portion  of  the  pavement,  but  enough 
remains  to  make  out  the  general  design.  A  passage  with  an 
interlacing  pattern  of  four  colours  was  also  found  near  the 
pavement. 

The  Monmouthshire  Antiquarian  Association  endeavoured  to 
get  permission  to  make  further  excavations,  but  this  has  been 
refused. 

A  few  ordinary  Roman  coins  were  found. 

The  pavement  will  probably  be  covered  in  and  thus  pre- 
served." 

P.  B.  DAVIS  COOKE,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  bronze  stirrup  of  Scan- 
dinavian work,  found  in  a  peat-bog  at  Mottisfont,  Hants.  A 
similar  example  is  figured  in  Worsaae's  Nordiske  Oldsager 
(1859),  p.  116,  fig.  481. 

Rev.  J.  C.  JACKSON  exhibited  an  iron  sword  reported  to  have 
been  found  in  the  Temple  Church,  but  which  more  probably 
came  from  the  Thames. 

It  is  of  Scandinavian  type,  with  the  hilt  and  pommel  orna- 
mented with  silver. 

Mr.  Franks  mentioned  a  similar  sword  in  Ireland,  but  in  this 
case  the  whole  of  the  hilt  was  silver. 

Some  notes  were  communicated  on  both  these  objects  by  C. 
H.  READ,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  which  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeo- 
logia. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited,  and  read  a  paper  descriptive  of  a 
very  fine  hilt  of  a  sword  with  a  portion  of  the  blade  attached,  of 
Scandinavian  or  Danish  workmanship,  found  at  Wallingford. 
The  hilt  is  beautifully  inlaid  with  silver  niello  work  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation.  From  historical  evidence  it  is  probable 
that  the  sword  was  lost  by  its  owner  either  in  1006  or  1013,  in 
both  which  years  the  town  of  Wallingford  was  attacked  by  the 
Danes. 

The  President's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  for  Hants,  exhibited  a 
portion  of  a  fine  series  of  waterwork  panels  recently  discovered 
at  Winchester  college,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks : 


Nov.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  197 

a  Most  of  us  are  familiar  with  a  passage  in  the  Second  Part 
of  Shakspeare's  King  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  scene  1,  where  Sir 
John  Falstaff  is  pressing  Dame  Quickly  for  a  further  advance 
of  ten  pounds  on  the  security  of  his  word  as  a  gentleman :  and 
in  answer  to  her  protestation  '  By  this  heavenly  ground  I  tread 
on,  I  must  be  fain  to  pawn  both  my  plate  and  the  tapestry  of 
my  dining  chambers,'  he  replies,  4  Glasses,  glasses,  is  the  only 
drinking  :  and  for  thy  walls,  a  pretty  slight  drollery,  or  the 
story  of  the  Prodigal,  or  the  German  hunting  in  water  work,  is 
worth  a  thousand  of  these  bed-hangings  and  these  fly-bitten 
tapestries.'  I  exhibit  specimens  of  the  sort  of  waterwork  which 
I  conceive  Shakspeare  to  have  had  in  his  mind.  They  are 
examples  of  the  sort  of  distemper-work  which  was  in  fashion  in 
the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  when  worked-hangings  were 
going  out  of  fashion  and  paper-hangings  had  not  come  in.  In 
the  month  of  July,  1554,  Philip  of  Spain  landed  at  Southampton 
and  rode  up  to  Winchester  to  marry  queen  Mary  there.  The 
college  of  Winchester  put  itself  in  order  in  honour  of  the  occa- 
sion, and  one  or  more  rooms  in  the  warden's  lodgings  were  de- 
corated with  this  waterwork,  in  place,  as  we  may  suppose,  of  the 
old-fashioned  arras  or  hangings.  This  waterwork  was  executed 
on  oaken  panels,  a  quantity  of  which  owe  their  preservation  to 
the  circumstance  of  their  having  been  at  some  later  period  taken 
down  and  used  to  make  a  partition  in  the  warden's  lodgings.  They 
were  taken  down,  I  say,  and  nailed  up  again  on  joists,  without 
regard  to  the  design,  and  then  hung  with  canvas  which  was 
covered  with  paper,  so  that  their  existence  was  unknown,  until 
in  the  course  of  last  year  the  partition  was  pulled  down  during 
the  progress  of  some  alterations  in  the  warden's  lodgings.  These 
panels,  as  a  rule,  are  about  6^  feet  long  by  8  inches  in  breadth, 
but  some  are  shorter  and  broader.  The  design  on  each  of  the 


WATEHWORK   PANEL  FOUND  AT  WINCHESTER  COLLEGE. 

(About  &  full  size.) 


198 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1886, 


larger  panels  consists  of  a  pair  of  medallions  with  scrollwork  on 
either  side  of  them,  one  medallion  having  on  it  the  design  of  a 
female  Tudor  or  a  male  Spanish  head,  and  the  other  having  on 
it  simply  the  letters  I.  W.,  standing  for  the  initial  letters  of  the 
name  and  surname  of  John  White,  the  warden  of  Winchester 
college  under  queen  Mary,  who  owed  his  promotion  to  the  see 
of  Winchester  to  the  favour  of  that  queen,  and  his  deprivation 
to  the  disfavour  of  her  successor.  The  wider  panels  display 
subjects  of  a  more  ambitious  character,  generally  speaking 
heraldic,  with  supporters  sketched  in  a  free  and  flowing  out- 
line, and  various  mottoes,  such  as  VIVE  LE  ROI  (spelled  in- 
differently ROI,  ROY,  and  ROE),  and  others  of  a  moral  nature, 

Such  as  TEMPVS  PERGENDI  EST  TEMPVS  DESISTENDI  ;  TEMPVS 
QV^RENDI  EST  TEMPVS  AMITTENDI ;  and  VANITAS  VANITATVM 

ET  OMNIA  VANITAS,  an  appropriate  motto  for  a  wedding,  when 
we  remember  the  text,  '  Live  joyfully  with  the  wife  whom 


WATERWORK  PANEL  FOUND  AT  WINCHESTER  COLLEGE. 

(About  £  full  size.) 

thou  lovest  all  the  days  of  the  life  of  thy  vanity,  whicli  he 
hath  given  thee  under  the  sun,  all  the  days  of  thy  vanity; 
for  that  is  thy  portion  in  this  life  and  in  thy  labour  which  thou 
takest  under  the  sun.'  (Eccl.  ix.  9.)  The  ground  is  generally 
of  a  smoke  colour,  the  figures  in  black  toned  with  white.  A 
little  red  and  yellow  ochre  are  used  here  and  there  to  heighten 
the  effect,  but  the  prevailing  impression  is  that  of  a  sepia  draw- 
ing. There  must  have  been  a  great  deal  of  this  work  originally, 
to  judge  from  the  few  instances  in  which  I  succeeded  in  match- 
ing any  two  of  the  remaining  specimens.  I  think  the  chief 
interest  of  this  waterwork  lies  in  the  fact  of  our  being  able  to 
identify  it  with  an  important  event  in  the  history  of  England, 
and  thereby  fix  its  exact  date.  I  have  referred  to  the  bursar's 
rolls  of  the  period,  but  I  find  no  entry  of  the  cost  of  these 
decorations,  no  doubt  because  they  were  done  at  the  cost  of 
warden  White. 


Dec.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  199 

He  was  warden  from  1541  until  1st  April,  1554,  when  lie 
became  bishop  of  Lincoln,  so  that  he  was  not  actually  warden 
at  the  time  when  the  marriage  took  place;  but  on  the  2 1st 
June,  1554,  he  received  a  summons  to  repair  to  Winchester  to 
be  present  at  the  wedding,  and  he  was  no  doubt  present  at  it." 

In  the  discussion  that  followed,  it  was  suggested  by  Mr. 
Somers  Clarke  that  from  the  Holbeinesque  character  of  the 
painting,  the  panels  were  somewhat  earlier  than  the  date 
assigned  to  them  by  Mr.  Kirby.  A  difficulty  also  arises  as  to 
the  use  of  the  initials  I.  W.,  as  John  White  was  bishop  of 
Lincoln  at  the  time  of  the  Queen's  marriage,  when  we  should 
expect  to  find  I.  L.  instead  of  I.  W.  The  latter  seem  to  point 
to  the  panels  having  been  executed  either  before  White  was 
consecrated  bishop  of  Lincoln  on  April  1st,  1554,  or  after  he 
became  bishop  of  Winchester  in  1556,  when  I.  W.  would  mean 
"  lohn  Winton." 

ALFRED  ATKINSON,  Esq.,  communicated  an  account  of  a  pre- 
historic boat  recently  found  at  -Brigg,  Lincolnshire,  formed  by 
metal  tools  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  single  oak-tree.  The  boat 
measures  48  feet  in  length,  and  from  geological  evidence  must 
be  pre-Roman. 

The  PRESIDENT  commented  on  the  enormous  size  of  the  tree 
out  of  which  the  boat  was  hewn,  and  stated  that  it  was  the 
largest  tree  of  the  kind  which  had  come  to  his  knowledge. 

Mr.  Atkinson's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  December  2nd,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author,  Robert  Bubb,  Esq. : — The  Bells  of  Minster  Tower.    A  series  of 
letters  and  articles  reprinted  from  "  Keble's   Gazette."     8vo.     Margate, 

1886. 


200  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

From  John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A.:— Three  Volumes  of  Historical 
Collections  relating  to  Berkshire,  Cornwall,  and  Hampshire.  Made  hy 
John  Warburton,  Esq.,  Somerset  Herald,  born  1682,  died  1759.  Bound  in 
vellum.  Folio. 

From  R.  D.  Darbishire,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Biarkoa  Batten.    Edited  by  John  Hadorph.    Folio.     Stockholm,  1687. 

2.  Skandinaviens  Hiillristningar,    arkeologisk    afhandling    af  Axel    Em. 
Holmbcrg.     Folio.     Stockholm,  1848. 

3.  Aries  Historique  et  Litteraire.    Le  Musee,  publiee  par  M.  Emile  Fassin. 
le-5e  Serie.    Bound  in  two  volumes.    Folio.     Aries,  1873-85. 

4.  Bound  up  at  the  end  of  the  second  volume  of  the  foregoing: — Album 
Archeologique  et  description  des  Monuments  Historiques  du  Gard.     Par 
MM.  Simon  Durant,  Henri  Durand  et  Eugene  Laval.     Folio.     Nimes,  1853. 

From  the  Managing  Committee  of  the  British  School  at  Athens: — Rules  and 
Regulations.  4to.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author,  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Pedigree  of  the  Family  of 
Eyston.  4to.  London,  1875. 

From  the  Author: — Old  English  Plate,  ecclesiastical,  decorative,  and  domestic: 
its  makers  and  marks.  By  W.  J.  Cripps,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Third  Edition. 
8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  M.  Ch.  Hettier,  F.S.A.:— Photographs  of  a  15th  century  Muster  Roll 
in  the  Mancel  collection  at  Caen. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  the  President  for  his 
gift  to  the  Library. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

Arthur  Sparrow,  Esq. 
James  Theodore  Bent,  Esq. 
M.  Charles  Hettier. 
John  James  Stevenson,  Esq. 

The  recommendation  of  the  Council  that  the  following  gentle- 
men be  appointed  Local  Secretaries  was  submitted  to  the  Society 
and  confirmed  : 

Albert  Hartshorns,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  for  Derbyshire. 
J.  Willis  Bund,  Esq.,  F.S  A.,  for  South  Wales. 
George  Payne,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  for  Kent. 

HENRY  JENNER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  called  the  attention  of  the 
Society  to  the  threatened  destruction  of  the  old  palace  of  the 
archbishops  of  Canterbury  at  Croydon.  The  palace  contains  a 
very  fine  banqueting  hall,  with  an  open  chestnut  roof,  a  large 
guard-room  (so  called),  and  a  chapel  in  which  are  the  remains 
of  a  fifteenth-century  screen  and  the  stalls  erected  by  arch- 
bishops Laud  and  Juxon.  Besides  these,  there  are  a  good  many 
small  dwelling-rooms,  and  in  the  crypt  of  the  chapel,  now  used 
as  a  kitchen,  some  interesting  remains  of  the  fourteenth-century 
or  earlier  work. 


Dec.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  201 

He  stated  that  the  palace  is  offered  for  sale  for  5000£.,  and  there 
is  great  danger  of  its  being  bought  for  the  sake  of  the  ground 
and  materials  and  pulled  down.  The  vicar  of  Croydon,  the  Rev. 
J.  M.  Braithwaite,  has  possession  of  the  building  for  six  months 
(which  terminate  in  April),  with  the  option  of  purchase,  and  he 
wishes  to  secure  the  building  for  Church  purposes,  but  this,  of 
course,  depends  upon  subscriptions  which  do  not  come  in  very 
readily.  It  has  been  proposed  that  fifty  persons  should  combine 
to  give  100/.  each  and  present  the  building  to  the  diocese  in 
commemoration  of  the  Jubilee.  Whether  anything  will  come 
of  this  proposition  or  not  it  is  impossible  to  say,  but  it  would  be 
a  great  pity  to  allow  this  interesting  relic  to  be  destroyed. 

OCTAVIUS  MORGAN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  fol- 
lowing note  on  a  photograph  of  the  supposed  Keys  of  the 
Bastille,  presented  by  H.  S.  Cowell,  Esq. : — 

"  It  is,  I  fear,  quite  impossible  to  say  anything  decisive 
respecting  these  keys,  because  they  are,  I  imagine,  all  of  a  date 
previous  to  the  destruction  of  the  Bastille,  and  may  be  some  of 
the  keys  found  within  the  ancient  fortress ;  but  I  should  think 
there  must  have  been  a  great  many  more,  and  of  a  larger  size 
and  more  peculiar  character.  The  three  large  ones  are  old 
and  much  worn,  and  I  should  have  fancied  that  the  character  of 
them  would  have  been  stronger  and  larger  and  more  pronounced 
had  they  been  those  of  the  large  gates,  and  indeed  of  the 
cells ;  but  I  have  no  idea  what  the  inside  of  the  prison  was 
like,  or  what  doors  or  locks  there  were,  and  can,  therefore,  form 
no  idea  as  to  the  identity  of  the  keys.  The  two  smallest  look 
like  keys  of  an  iron  chest  or  closet  or  strong  room,  arid  were, 
I  think,  from  the  smallness  and  ornament  of  the  bows,  keys 
then  in  common  use,  and  the  step-wards  of  one  show  that 
that  kind  of  ward  is  not  a  very  modern  invention,  although  so 
many  modern  keys  are  made  in  that  form.  It  is  quite  possible 
that  they  may  be  some  of  the  keys,  but  I  cannot  venture  on  any 
further  opinion,  nor  does  one  learn  much  from  the  printed 
statements.  Larger  and  more  perfect  and  important  keys  may 
have  existed,  and  been  lost  or  taken  away  from  that  large  fortress 
and  prison.  There  must  have  been  vast  numbers  of  locks  and 
keys,  and,  I  should  think,  of  an  earlier  and  more  important 
character.  From  the  rude  simplicity  of  the  bows  they  must 
certainly  have  been  in  common  use,  but,  I  think,  can  hardly 
have  been  the  main  keys  of  the  fortress.  To  pronounce  any- 
thing more  definite  is,  I  think,  not  possible. 

Some  of  the  locks  of  the  Bastille  must  have  been  very  ancient, 
and  I  should  have  thought  the  keys  would  have  been  larger  and 
stronger,  especially  those  of  the  large  doors  or  gates." 


202  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

GEORGE  MAW,  Esq.,  F.S.A,  exhibited  a  specimen  of  glazed 
or  enamelled  stone  from  Gatacre  Old  House,  near  Bridgenorth. 
The  glazing  seems  to  have  been  applied  to  the  house  by  some 
unknown  process  after  the  building  was  finished,  as  it  covered 
the  joints  as  well  as  the  stones.  See  Archaeologia,  iii.  112, 
where  there  is  a  description  of  the  house. 

Mr.  Franks  mentioned  that  the  ancient  Egyptians  used  a 
glaze  to  cover  the  surface  of  objects  carved  in  steatite,  and  many 
of  the  small  figures,  &c.,  supposed  to  be  porcelain  were  really 
glazed  steatite. 

Major  COOPER  COOPER,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  drawing, 
restored  from  a  comparison  of  several  actual  but  mutilated 
specimens,  of  a  medieval  paving-tile  with  the  figure  of  a  mounted 
knight  bearing  a  shield  barvy.  The  originals  were  discovered 
at  Toddington  Manor,  near  Dunstable,  some  years  ago,  during 
repairs. 

Rev.  J.  CAVE-BROWNE  exhibited  some  paving-tiles  found  in 
the  church  of  All  Saints,  Maidstone,  accompanied  by  the  following 
remarks : 

"  In  the  course  of  opening  up  the  floor  of  the  nave  of  this 
church  during  its  recent  restoration  for  the  purpose  of  intro- 
ducing hot-air  flues,  some  ancient  tiles  were  discovered,  lying 
about  12 1  inches  below  the  level  of  the  present  floor,  on  the 
north  side  of  the  second  pier  from  the  west  of  the  south 
arcade.  They  are  exactly  5J  inches  square,  thirty -two  in 
number,  and  present  six  different  designs.  They  had  evi- 
dently formed  a  part  of  the  pavement  of  an  earlier  church. 
Of  these  tiles  a  shield  bearing  three  chevronels  was  the  most 
common  device.  There  were  a  few  with  a  single  fleur-de-lys 
within  a  narrow  border,  some  with  a  quatrefoil,  and  others  with 
a  lion  rampant  within  a  lozenge,  while  there  was  one  with  three 
lions  passant  on  a  shield,  and  one  also  chequy,  containing  four 
squares  in  a  row  diagonally  divided.  The  fleurs-de-lys,  the 
quatrefoils,  and  the  lion  rampant,  lay  as  originally  placed,  in 
diagonal  squares ;  while  the  chevronel  shields  would  seem  to 
have  been  arranged  in  a  line,  with  the  points  alternately  in- 
verted, as  if  forming  a  border  to  a  larger  square  group,  or 
to  the  pavement  itself. 

The  question  at  once  arises,  Do  those  shields,  or  any  of  them, 
furnish  any  clue  to  the  as  yet  unknown  founders  or  benefactors 
of  the  early  church  here  ?  The  three  chevronels  were  borne 
at  a  very  early  period  by  the  Clare  family,  who  formerly  had 
large  possessions  in  Kent ;  but  then  their  lands  lay  near  Ton- 
bridge,  and  there  is  no  evidence  of  their  holding  any  in  the 


X.  A.   KV.  XI. 


1'ILKS  FOUXn  AT  ALT,  SAINTS  CITUUCM,  MAIDSTONK. 

tf  full  size.) 


-,"•.  X.  A.   Vol.  XI. 


TJLKS  FOUND  AT  AM,  SAINTS  CHURCH,  MAIDS*TONK. 

(f  ./>/// .W.) 


Dec.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  203 

neighbourhood  of  Maidstone.  The  same  charges,  but  with 
different  tinctures,  were  borne  by  the  Lewknor  family,  who 
held  lands  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  but  neither  in 
their  case  can  any  connection  be  traced  with  Maidstone.  Then 
the  Malherbes  bore  three  lions  passant,  and  their  name  still 
remains  in  connection  with  one  of  the  Boughtons,  but  not  with 
Maidstone.  It  seems  hardly  possible,  therefore,  to  deduce  from 
these  shields  any  such  clue  as  is  supplied  in  some  cases  to  the 
original  foundation  of  the  church.  Indeed,  the  presence  of 
the  three  lions,  the  arms  of  England  since  the  days  of  Richard!., — • 
of  the  single  fleur-de-lys,  the  well-known  emblem  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  to  whom  the  church  was  originally  dedicated, — of  the 
quatrefoil,  a  very  familiar  architectural  device, — all  suggest  the 
inference  that  these  shields  had  no  special  local  significance,  but 
were  merely  introduced  as  the  most  common,  and  therefore  most 
easily  attainable,  designs  of  encaustic  tiles  at  the  period  when  the 
church  of  which  they  formed  the  pavement  was  being  built. 

The  tiles  appear  to  be  of  late-thirteenth  or  early-fourteenth- 
century  date. 

Besides  these  heraldic  tiles  there  were  also  foand  in  the 
chancel  of  the  church,  under  the  choir  stalls,  some  other  tiles  of 
a  very  different  character,  and  of  evidently  a  somewhat  later 
date.  These  were  not  laid  in  any  order,  but  in  detached  pieces 
between  the  joints  of  the  floor,  apparently  thrown  in  with  rubbish 
and  ddbris  to  fill  up  cavities.  Of  these  only  six  perfect  tiles 
have  been  preserved.  They  are  exactly  4|  inches  square,  and 
represent  two  figures,  a  king  and  a  bishop,  the  upper  half  of 
each  being  on  one  tile,  the  lower  on  another.  Each  of  them  is 
seated  on  a  sedile  or  settle,  under  a  boldly  crocketed  ogee  canopy, 
the  king  sitting  with  crossed  legs  and  holding  a  sceptre,  while 
the  prelate,  also  sitting,  holds  a  crozier  in  his  left  hand,  and 
raises  his  right  in  the  act  of  blessing.  These  tiles  are  of  early- 
fourteenth  century  date." 

Mr.  FRANKS  said  that  the  heraldic  tiles  were  of  a  common 
type,  and  had  no  special  connection  with  the  building  in  which 
they  were.  The  tiles  with  the  king  and  bishop  he  thought 
might  have  been  wall  tiles,  owing  to  their  thinness.  They  were, 
he  believed,  unique. 

FRANK  RENAUD,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented 
full-sized  drawings  of  portions  of  the  singular  fourteenth-century 
tile-pavement  in  prior  John  de  Crauden's  chapel  at  Ely,  accom- 
panied by  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  Within  the  precincts  of  the  cathedral  church  of  Ely,  but 
separated  from  the  main  building  by  two  hundred  yards  or 


204  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

more,  there  stands  a  small  private  oratory  known  as  'prior 
Crauden's  chapel,1  which  forms  part  of  the  monastic  buildings 
erected  in  the  early  half  of  the  fourteenth  century  for  the 
private  uses  of  the  said  prior,  who  took  the  name  of  John  de 
Crauden  from  the  circumstance  of  having  been  born  at  a  village 
in  Cambridgeshire  so  called.* 

The  dimensions  of  this  architectural  gem  are  approximately 
1 1  yards  long  and  5  yards  wide. 

Now  it  is  devoted  to  the  religious  uses  of  the  Ely  grammar 
scholars;  but  in  1790  (when  Mr.  Richard  Gough  first  brought 
the  pavement  casually  under  this  Society's  notice),  and  in  1801 
(when  it  was  once  more  as  casually  referred  to  by  Mr.  W.  Wil- 
kins,  jun.),  the  building  was  secularised,  and  devoted  to  the 
purposes  of  a  dwelling-house  in  connection  with  the  deanery 
hard  by,  when  a  boarded  floor  divided  the  chapel  into  an  upper 
and  a  lower  story. 

Since  then,  all  traces  of  this  vandalism  having  been  removed, 
the  architectural  details  can  be  seen  to  full  advantage. 

The  entire  floor  is  covered  with  encaustic  tiles,  the  original 
design  and  preservation  of  which  is  equally  remarkable,  con- 
sidering the  rough  usage  to  which  it  was  formerly  subjected. 

It  is  to  this  ceramic  work  of  art,  unique  to  the  best  of  my 
belief,  that  I  venture  to  solicit  the  Society's  attention.  The 
design  is  so  perfect,  and  so  evidently  the  work  of  "one  artist, 
that  small  doubt  need  exist  of  its  having  formed  a  part  of  the 
architect's  original  plan,  rather  than  an  addition  of  a  later 
period. 

The  central  space  on  the  altar  floor  is  occupied  by  a  repre- 
sentation of  that  scene  in  Paradise  where  the  Tempter  is  engaged 
in  persuading  Eve  of  the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  a  dis- 
obedience to  the  Divine  Command  not  to  partake  of  the  forbidden 
fruit  that  grew  on  the  tree  planted  in  the  midst  of  the  Garden 
of  Eden. 

The  Tempter  is  represented  with  the  body  of  a  serpent  and 
the  head  and  face  of  a  woman.  The  snake-coils  are  twined 
round  the  tree  trunk,  whilst  the  head  and  face  are  free,  and 
drawn  in  profile.  Eve,  having  already  partaken  of  the  fruit 
growing  abundantly  on  the  tree,  is  in  the  act  of  proffering  a 
second  supply  of  it  to  Adam,  who  is  represented  greedily  de- 
vouring that  which  had  been  given  to  him  previously.  It  is 
noticeable  that,  whereas  one  foot  of  each  figure  rests  against  the 
tree  stem,  only  that  of  Eve  is  drawn  significantly  in  contact 
with  the  serpent's  tail.  At  the  present  time  the  features  of  the 
Tempter,  through  constant  wear,  are  nearly  obliterated,  only 

*  See  J.  Beritham's  Hist,  and  Antiq.  of  Ely,  with  Stephenson's  Supplement, 
pp.  47  and  117. 


Dec.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  205 

faint  traces  of  them  remaining  ;  but  by  the  aid  of  these,  and  by 
consulting  drawings  made  by  Mr.  Gough  in  1790,  and  by  Mr. 
Wilkins  in  1801,  which  are  represented  in  the  10th  and  14th 
volumes  of  the  Archaeologia,  respectively,  I  have  been  able  to 
supply  the  hiatus  with  a  fair  amount  of  accuracy. 

Independently  of  the  unusual  size  of  this  curious  figure 
group,  which  measures  3  feet  9  inches  in  height  and  2  feet  in 
breadth,  its  most  marked  characteristic  lies  in  the  circumstance 
that  both  designer  and  artificer,  whilst  fabricating  it,  departed 
so  widely  from  the  methods  usually  practised  in  the  construction 
of  tiled  pavements.  Except  in  this  particular  instance,  and  apart 
from  classical  mosaics,  all  previous  and  subsequent  examples  of 
medieval  tiled  floors  with  which  I  am  acquainted  have  been 
constructed  out  of  squares  or  quarries,  of  segments  of  such,  or 
segments  of  circles,  fitted  as  closely  together  as  the  materials 
used  would  allow.  Thus,  when  a  pattern  was  too  elaborate  to 
be  represented  in  one  quarry,  four  were  used,  or  else  nine,  or 
sixteen,  or  multiples  of  these  numbers.  Here,  however,  the 
artist  wrought  in  clay  as  if  he  had  been  engaged  in  designing 
and  fashioning  a  stained-glass  window,  dexterously  rounding  off 
and  adapting  each  fragment  so  as  to  fit  it  into  the  place  best 
suited  to  its  own  particular  use. 

To  make  the  resemblance  more  complete,  and  emphasize  the 
pictorial  likeness,  each  tile  is  separated  from  its  fellow  by  a  rim 
of  darkened  cement,  just  as  headings  of  lead  are  employed  to 
fix  fragments  of  stained  glass  in  a  window. 

Because  it  is  always  desirable  to  support  a  conjecture  by  some 
tangible  fact,  attention  may  properly  be  called  to  the  disposition 
of  the  Tempter's  head-dress,  as  through  it  a  date  may  be  ap- 
proximately fixed  for  the  entire  pavement.  The  hair  is  repre- 
sented gathered  together  and  fastened  in  a  reticulated  coil,  such 
as  came  into  fashion  amongst  ladies  of  rank  in  the  beginning 
of  the  reign  of  Edward  III.,  or  about  the  year  1330,  a  date 
coinciding  exactly  with  the  official  life  of  prior  Crauden,  which 
began  in  1321  and  ended  in  1341. 

This  central  floor  picture  is  bounded  on  three  sides  by  a 
bordure  of  tiles,  wherein  it  is  set  as  in  a  frame.  These  tiles  are 
lozenge-shaped  and  triangular,  for  the  most  part,  and  have  re- 
presentations of  eagles  and  roses  stamped  on  them.  The  stag 
and  the  mastiff  dog  are  depicted  on  the  outer  border  tiles, 
placed  alternately.  Lions,  in  different  attitudes  and  varying 
dimensions,  fill  in  the  lateral  spaces,  treated  in  a  fashion  similar 
to  the  Adamic  group.  Furthest  to  the  east  the  design  is  again 
altered,  a  series  of  segments  of  tiles  being  so  grouped  as  to  form 
circles,  having  central  rose  ornaments,  with  quatrefoils  in  the 
interspaces  between  one  circle  and  another. 


206  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  same  design,  divided  into  three  separate  compartments 
by  longitudinal  borders,  with  only  a  slight  variation  in  the 
central  division,  is  repeated  throughout  the  chapel,  the  eastern 
and  western  ends  of  which  are  ornamented  with  a  bold  border  of 
tiles  on  which  lions,  a  dragon,  and  a  cockatrice  are  displayed." 

EDWARD  PEACOCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  an  interest- 
ing paper  on  notes  from  the  records  of  the  Manor  of  Bottesford. 
Mr.  Peacock's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  December  9th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author: — Roche  Abbey,  and  the  Cistercian  Order.  A  Paper  read 
before  the  Yorkshire  Architectural  Society.  By  F.  R.  Fairbank,  M.D.  8vo. 
Lincoln,  1886. 

From  the  Council  of  the  Society  of  Arts  : — Essays  on  the  Street  Re-alignment, 
Reconstruction,  and  Sanitation  of  Central  London,  and  on  the  Re-housing 
of  the  Poorer  Classes.  (Westgarth  Prize  Essays.)  8yo.  London.  1886. 

From  J.  W.  Willis-Bund,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— Three  Norfolk  Armories  :  a  Tran- 
script made  in  1753  of  a  MS.  by  Anthony  Norris,  Esq.  50  copies  printed 
by  Walter  Rye.  8vo.  Norwich,  1886. 

From  C.  S.  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Treas.  S.A. :— The  Manx  Note-Book.  Edited 
by  A.  W.  Moore,  M.A.  No.  8.  Oct.  1886.  8vo.  Douglas,  1886. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  also  passed  to  the  President  for  his  gift 
of  two  specimens  of  the  Flint  Cores  known  as  livres-de-beurre, 
from  La  Claisiere,  Pressigny.* 

George  Frederick  Warner,  Esq.,  and  Robert  James  Johnson, 
Esq.,  were  admitted  Fellows. 

The  Right  Hon.  Lord  Fitzhardinge  was  proposed  as  a  Fellow, 
and  his  election  being  at  once  proceeded  with  in  conformity  with 
the  Statutes,  Ch.  I.  §  5,  he  was  unanimously  elected  a  Fellow  of 
the  Society. 

*  See  Archaeologia,  xl.  387. 


Dec.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  207 

WILLIAM  MASKELL,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  oak  board, 
2  feet  8£  inches  long  and  5  inches  broad,  carved  in  low  relief 
with  representations  of  Concord,  Justice,  Charity,  Faith,  and 
Hope,  with  scroll-work  forming  compartments  round  each 
figure.  The  date  of  the  board  appears  to  be  early-seventeenth 
century.  It  came  from  an  old  public-house  in  Bristol,  where  it 
was  said  to  have  been  formerly  used  as  a  kind  of  "  scoring- 
board."  As  the  back  is  planed  smooth,  it  possibly  was  so  used. 
It  appears  to  be  of  English  workmanship. 

Mr.  Maskell  also  exhibited  a  small  silver  seal  of  fourteenth- 
century  date.  It  is  oval  in  form,  -ff-  inch  long,  and  the  device  is 
a  figure  of  an  ecclesiastic  kneeling  before  an  erect  figure  of  Our 
Lady  and  Child.  The  field  is  relieved  by  small  sprigs  of  trefoils. 

The  legend  is,  — 

M6C  TIBI  VIE60  TEA^GC  TKA^O  SVEGeC  VGCm 


This  really  forms  a  dialogue  :  the  kneeling  figure  says,  Me 
tibi,  Virgo,  trahe  ;  and  the  Virgin  replies,  Traho,  surge,  veni, 
Nich(ola)e. 

JEFFERY  WHITEHEAD,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  medieval  mazer  in 
his  possession,  and  the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Dover  exhibited 
three  others  belonging  to  St.  John's  Hospital,  Canterbury,  which, 
together  with  a  fifth  example  exhibited  by  S.  E.  SHIRLEY,  Esq., 
will  be  fully  described  in  the  Archaeologia. 

The  Very  Reverend  the  DEAN  of  CHESTER  exhibited  a 
medieval  chalice  in  his  possession,  of  English  workmanship, 
upon  which  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  Assistant-  Secretary, 
made  the  following  remarks  : 

"  This  chalice  is  of  silver  parcel-gilt,  and  though  of  smaller 
size  than  usual  has  several  interesting  features.  It  is  5  inches 
high  ;  the  bowl  is  2J  inches  in  diameter  and  1^  inch  deep  ; 
while  the  major  and  minor  diameters  of  the  foot  are  3|  and 
2-f$  inches  respectively. 

The  bowl  is  hemispherical,  but  has  been  partly  reworked  in 
the  upper  half,  where  all  traces  of  the  old  hammering  are 
obliterated.  It  is  gilt  inside,  but  there  are  no  signs  of  the 
commonly  found  gilt  band  round  the  exterior  of  the  lip. 

The  stem  is  hexagonal,  and  unusually  long  below  the  knot, 
At  its  junctions  with  the  latter  and  with  the  bowl  and  foot  are 
molded  bands,  once  gilt,  ogee  in  section. 

The  knot  is  a  handsome  one  of  cast  work,  formed  of  two 
pieces  joined  round  the  middle.  It  is  six-sided,  with  pierced 
cusped  compartments  above  and  below,  and  lozenge-shaped 
facets  set  with  angel  masks.  These  latter  are  likewise  cast  and 

VOL.  XI.  P 


208  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

fixed  on  separately.  The  traceried  compartments  are  so  disposed 
as  to  give  a  writhen  appearance  to  the  knot.  The  whole  is 
richly  gilt. 

The  foot  is  mullet-shaped  of  the  usual  form,  with  a  vertical 
molded  edge,  which  was  once  gilt.  The  front  compartment, 
which  is  also  gilt,  has  a  figure  of  the  Crucifixion  set  between 
leafwork  on  a  hatched  ground.  The  arms  of  Our  Lord  are 
drawn  up  over  the  head,  as  in  the  well-known  Nettlecombe 
chalice.  The  points  of  the  foot  terminate  in  pierced  knops, 
formerly  gilt,  but  these  have  suffered  from  ill-treatment,  several 
having  been  broken  off  and  badly  'restored,'  and  the  others 
filed  round  and  otherwise  injured.  In  a  recent  paper  on 
medieval  chalices  in  the  Arch&ological  Journal,  by  myself  and 
Mr.  T.  M.  Fallow,  we  expressed  our  opinion  that  these  knops 
were  abolished  after  a  few  years'  use,  probably  because  they 
were  liable  to  catch  in  the  altar-cloths  and  vestments.  It  is 
possible  that  the  rounding  off  of  the  knops  on  this  chalice  may 
have  been  purposely  done  to  minimise  the  risk  without  lessening 
the  base  of  the  vessel  by  cutting  them  away. 

According  to  the  classification  drawn  up  by  myself  and  Mr. 
T.  M.  Fallow,  this  chalice  belongs  to  the  second  sub-division 
of  our  type  F,  as  having  a  mullet  foot  and  knops  on  the  points. 
Its  chief  interest,  however,  lies  in  the  fact  of  its  bearing  the 
following  hall-marks : 

(1)  The  maker's,  a  nondescript  object;  but  the  same  as 

that  on  the  Nettlecombe  chalice. 

(2)  The  leopard's  head  crowned. 

(3)  A  Lombardic  capital  T,  the   London    date-letter  for 

1496-7. 

As  there  are  only  three  other  hall-marked  chalices  earlier  than 
1507,  the  value  of  this  example  as  a  '  milestone '  for  dating 
purposes  is  considerable.  It  is  unfortunate  that  nothing  is  known 
of  its  history.  From  its  small  size  it  probably  belonged  to  a 
chantry  altar  or  a  private  chapel." 

R.  S.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Cumber- 
land, communicated  the  following  report : — 

"I.I  have  the  honour  to  report  the  discovery  of  a  very  fine 
inscribed  Roman  altar  near  the  Roman  camp  at  Birdoswald, 
Cumberland — Amboglanna — on  the  side  of  the  steep  cliff  to  the 
south  of  that  camp,  over  the  river  Irthing.  It  was  discovered 
on  Tuesday,  June  29th  of  this  year,  by  a  farm-servant,  who 
noticed  the  corner  of  it  sticking  out  of  the  ground,  and  was 
visited  in  situ,  on  Thursday,  July  1st,  by  the  pilgrims  who 
this  summer  made  a  toui  along  the  Roman  Wall  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Newcastle  and  the 


Dec.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  209 

Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  Antiquarian  and  Archaeological 
Society.  The  altar  is  4  feet  2  inches  high.  The  lettering  is 
remarkably  well  cut,  and  reads: 

I  o  M 

COHIAELDA 

C°R-OC-A-IVL 

MAROELLI 

NVS  LEG  II 

A  V  G 

The  altar  was  found  on  the  property  of  the  owner  of  the 
camp  at  Birdoswald,  and  will  be  added  to  the  fine  collection 
there,  whose  uncared-for  condition  must  be  a  matter  of  regret 
to  all  epigraphists  and  archaeologists  :  the  altars  and  other 
stones  are  exposed  to  the  weather,  and  one  of  them  does  the 
ignoble  duty  of  supporting  a  grindstone.  Kemonstrances  on 
behalf  of  the  local  Society  have  been  addressed  to  the  pro- 
prietor, but  no  notice  has  been  taken  of  them.  Twenty -two 
inscriptions  relating  to  the  first  cohort  of  the  Dacians  have 
been  found  at  or  near  Birdoswald,*  and  the  name  of  Julius 
Marcellinus  occurs  on  a  sepulchral  slab  found  at  Corbridge,f 
a  monumental  stone  to  his  daughter,  Julia  Materna.  The  mean- 
ing of  the  three  letters  C  .  C  .  A  is  a  little  doubtful. 

2.  During  this  summer  extensive  excavations  have  been  made 
by  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  Antiquarian  and 
Archaeological  Society  on  the  line  of  the  Roman  Wall,  both  at 
the  Poltross  Burn  and  the  river  Eden. 

It  was  ascertained  that  the  Roman  road,  where  it  crossed  the 
deep  ravine  of  the  Poltross  Burn,  descended  on  either  bank  to  a 
convenient  level  for  a  bridge,  through  deep  cuttings  like  railway 
cuttings  of  the  present  day,  supported  on  each  side  by  walls  of 
ashlar. 

The  attempt  to  find  the  bridge  over  the  river  Eden  at  Carlisle 
did  not  succeed ;  the  course  of  the  wall,  through  the  alluvial 
holmes,  was  ascertained  by  deep  excavations  at  various  points, 
which  are  now,  at  the  expense  of  the  local  Society,  marked  by 
stone  posts.  On  behalf  of  the  local  Society  I  beg  to  present  for 
preservation  in  the  collection  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  a  sheet  of  the  Ordnance  Survey,  on  which  these  points 
are  accurately  laid  down. 

Full  reports  on  these  excavations  will  appear  in  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  Antiquarian  and 
Archaeological  Society  and  in  the  Archceologia  ^Eliana. 

*  Laindarium  Scptentrionalc,  p.  172.  t  Ibid-  No.  640. 

P2 


210 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1886, 


I  also  present  photographs  showing  the  cuttings  at  thePoltross ; 
they  were  not  cleared  out,  as  the  sides  would  probably  have  col- 
lapsed. 

3.  Excavations  have  this  autumn  been  made  by  Lord  Mun- 
caster  in  the  interior  of  the  Roman  camp  at  Muncaster,  near 
Ravenglass,  Cumberland.     These  were  in  continuation  of  some 
made  last  year,  on  which  occasion  I  was  present  :  this  year 
both  Dr.  Bruce  and  myself  were  present.      Little  was  found  on 
either  occasion  beyond  abundant  proof  that  the  camp  has  been 
most  thoroughly  robbed  to  furnish  material  for  the  building  of 
the  town  of  Ravenglass.     We  can  only  suppose  that  the  Roman 
villa  of  Walls  Castle,  which   is   close  to   the   camp,    escaped 
destruction   because   it   was    inhabited   when    the    camp    was 
destroyed.      This  is  consistent  with  the  local  legend  that  the 
early  Penningtons,  Lord  Muncaster's  ancestors,  lived  in  it. 

4.  I  have  also  the  honour  to  exhibit  and  present  a  photograph 
of  an  inscribed  stone  found  during  some  alterations  to  Cliburn 
church,  Westmoreland.     It  seems  to  read — 

B ALNE VM 
. . VETERO 
NbLABSVM 
BLIS^RCLLA 
.  .  .  ALBVSTI 

and  has  not  yet  been  satisfactorily  expanded,  though  the  general 
sense  is  clear.  Cliburn  is  a  village  and  parish  in  Westmoreland, 
not  far  from  the  great  Roman  station  at  Kirkbythore,  and  the 
line  of  the  second  Iter  of  the  Antonine  Itinerary. 

5.  During  the  recent  pilgrimage  along  the  Roman  Wall,  the 
vicar  of  Burgh-on- Sands  exhibited  a  fragment  of  Roman  pottery, 
of  which  I  annex  an  engraving  from  a  rough  sketch  by  our 


""^ 


FRAGMENT  OF  ROMAN  POTTERY  FOUND  AT  BURGH -ON-SANDS. 


Dec.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  211 

Fellow,  Mr.  Blair.*  It  was  found  two  or  three  years  ago  in 
building  the  new  vicarage  at  Burgh-on- Sands,  on  the  line  of  the 
vallum  of  the  great  barrier  of  Had.  The  vase  was  broken  by 
the  excavator,  but  the  fragments  were  all  kept  for  some  time, 
until  in  fact  the  next  spring  cleaning,  when  all  but  the  neck  of 
the  vase  were  thrown  away  by  the  housemaid.  The  neck  is 
decorated  by  a  human  head  of  very  peculiar  form,  the  negro- 
like  hair  ill  corresponding  with  the  thin  lips  and  long  eye.  The 
vase  when  found  was  closed  by  a  cover  of  lead,  now  lost." 

J.  ALLEN  BROWN,  Esq. ,  read  a  paper,  of  which  the  following 
is  an  abstract,  on  a  palaeolithic  workshop  floor  discovered  by 
him  near  Ealing,  which  he  illustrated  by  a  fine  series  of  the 
implements  found  :  — 

"  From  my  investigation  of  the  river-drift  deposits  in  north- 
west Middlesex,  previous  to  my  discovery  of  the  palaeolithic 
working  site  in  Creffield  Road,  I  had  already  become  convinced 
that  ancient  land  surfaces,  afterwards  covered  by  alluvial  deposits 
or  drift,  were  often  to  be  discerned  in  the  sections  of  that  forma- 
tion. Such  old  floors  are  indicated  by  black  seams  of  carbona- 
ceous matter,  and  by  thin  stratified  beds  of  gravel  coated  with 
clayey  humus,  the  stones  therein  being  bleached  on  the  upper 
side,  and  of  the  same  colour  beneath  as  the  underlying  deposit.^ 
Although  sharp  unabraded  worked  flints  were  obtained  from 
levels  which  appeared  roughly  to  coincide  with  the  old  floors,  it 
was  not  until  I  made  the  discovery  at  Creffield  Road,  Acton,  that 
my  hypothesis  was  completely  verified. 

The  most  persistent  of  such  old  land  surfaces  is  immediately 
beneath  the  brick-earth  deposits,  in  which  I  include  the  loamy 
sand,  dense  brown  clay — often  contorted,  as  if  by  the  passage  of 
ice — and  the  deposit  above  it  of  aggregrated  stones,  without 
stratification,  which  is  generally  believed  to  be  due  to  melting 
ice  slipping  to  lower  levels. 

Such  habitable  spots  have  been  preserved  in  different  parts  of 
the  Thames  valley,  though  they  have  frequently  been  disturbed, 
and  their  constituent  parts  removed  and  redeposited  in  other 
places  by  the  changing  course  and  curves  of  the  wider  river  of 
the  past,  and  by  floods. 

The  palaeolithic  workshop  floor,  which  is  the  subject  of  this 
paper,  is  buried  beneath  six  feet  of  the  alluvial  deposits  I  have 
described.  It  is  situated  near  the  junction  of  the  Creffield  Road 
and  Mason's  Green  Road,  Acton,  at  about  one  hundred  feet 
above  the  present  level  of  the  Thames,  and  about  two  miles 
distant  from  it.  At  this  site,  on  an  area  of  about  forty  feet 
square,  which  has  a  steeper  slope  to  the  river  than  the  present 

*The  Society  is  indebted  to  Robert  Blair,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  for  this  illustration. 


212  .     PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

surface,  were  found  nearly  six  hundred  unabraded  worked  flints 
as  sharp  as  on  the  day  when  they  were  first  struck  from  the 
cores,  and  in  several  instances  I  have  been  able  to  replace  them 
in  their  original  position  and  fit  them  together.  They  were  dis- 
covered generally  in  small  heaps  or  nests,  as  well  as  scattered 
over  this  area.  A  few  similarly  worked  flints  were  found  about 
thirty  feet  to  the  south,  in  the  brick  earth  and  not  beneath  it. 
Nodules  of  flint,  in  some  cases  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter,  more 
or  less  worked  by  the  river-drift  men,  were  found  beneath  the 
brick-earth  at  the  same  level  as  the  majority  of  the  specimens. 
The  surface  of  these  blocks,  and  of  some  of  the  implements, 
shows  a  better  preservation  of  the  crust  of  the  flints  than  is 
generally  seen  in  nodules  from  the  river  drift,  though  not  so 
fresh  as  in  flints  taken  direct  from  the  chalk.  The  necessary 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  these  archaic  tools  and  weapons 
may  have  been  obtained  from  the  higher  plateau  gravel  of  Hert- 
fordshire, not  very  distant,  where  such  nodules  are  not  so  much 
rolled  as  in  the  river  drift. 

A  remarkable  feature  in  the  collection  from  this  palaeolithic 
working  site  is  the  variation  in  the  colour  of  the  specimens  ; 
some  of  them  are  bleached  all  over,  others  are  white  only  on  the. 
upper  face,  while  many  are  mottled  of  a  beautiful  green  and 
ochreous  tint.  In  close  proximity  to  some  flakes,  which  have  a 
brown  ochreous  surface,  were  found  others  in  which  the  original 
black  flint  is  very  little  changed.  I  regard  these  variations  as 
largely  due  to  the  material  in  which  the  flints  were  embedded, 
and  the  white  porcelainised  surfaces  to  contact  with  the  atmo- 
sphere during  a  long  period. 

In  the  collection  from  this  spot  now  exhibited,  among  a  large 
number  of  long  spear  or  javelin  heads  five  to  six  inches  in  length, 
there  are  others  which  are  shorter  and  wider  ;  the  butt  ends  are 
often  chipped  into  a  peak,  forming  a  rudimentary  stem,  while  in 
some  cases  a  distinct  tang  has  been  worked  out  by  knapping. 
The  fabrication  of  these  lance  or  dart  points  shows  considerable 
ingenuity  on  the  part  of  the  fabricators ;  it  is  evident  that,  after 
striking  off  the  end  of  the  block  of  flint  to  produce  a  flat  surface, 
vertical  blows  have  been  struck,  and  the  single -ridged  flakes  first 
struck  off.  Afterwards,  by  making  the  point  of  impact  imme- 
diately behind  the  previous  one,  the  bevelled  edges  and  thinned 
out  butts  are  produced  in  the  next  series  of  flakes  detached.  The 
thinned-out  butts,  as  well  as  the  secondary  work  which  is  neces- 
sary to  trim  the  flakes  into  the  required  form  to  facilitate  the 
hafting,  is  very  noticeable  throughout  this  series.  Spear-heads 
formed  from  a  trimmed  flake  (Pointes  Moustieriennes)  have 
been  figured  and  described  by  M.  G.  de  Mortillet  from  the 
drift  deposits  of  the  Somme  and  the  Seine  at  various  places. 
They  were  found  abundantly  in  the  cave  of  Le  Moustier 


Dec.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  213 

(Dordogne),  in  the  Grotte  de  1'Hermitage  (Vienne),  and  in 
numerous  other  places  in  the  river-drift  of  both  England  and 
France. 

Such  flakes,  but  formed  of  obsidian  or  other  siliceous  minerals, 
trimmed  precisely  in  the  same  way,  are  now  used  as  spear  and 
dart  points  by  the  Australians,  Admiralty  Islanders,  and  the 
natives  of  New  Caledonia  ;  they  are  let  into  sockets  in  the  shafts, 
lashed  and  secured  with  gum. 

Scrapers,  of  crescent  or  semi- lunar  form,  are  represented 
rather  abundantly,  the  semicircular  bevelled  edge  or  blade 
being  wrought  into  shape  by  transverse  chipping  where  neces- 
sary. Among  the  most  interesting  objects  from  the  workshop 
floor  are  the  rude  choppers  or  axes ;  they  are  in  some  instances 
worked  on  both  faces,  in  others  the  face  showing  the  bulb  or 
flatter  surface  is  unworked,  and  the  chipping  is  carried  down  to 
it ;  in  all  cases  a  cutting  edge  is  formed  in  front.  Similar 
choppers  have  been  found  at  different  depths  in  the  high  terrace 
drift,  and  it  is  probable  that  such  axes  were  fixed  into  clubs,  as 
described  by  Dr.  Evans  in  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  fig.  94, 
who  has  mentioned  similar  axes  from  High  Lodge,  Mildenhall, 
San  ton  Downham,  etc.  This  form  of  hache  or  chopper  is  de- 
scribed in  Reliquiae  Aquitanice  from  the  cave  of  Le  Moustier; 
the  figures  therein  may  very  well  represent  some  of  these  speci- 
mens. They  have  been  found  abundantly  in  the  couche  d* alluvion 
at  Souvigny,  near  Nevers,  France,  described  by  Dr.  H.  Jacquinot 
— a  drift  deposit,  which  appears  to  be  of  about  the  same  age  as 
the  one  at  Creffield  Koad. 

A  roughly-hewn  chopper  or  axe,  whether  formed  from  a  flake 
or  worked  on  both  faces,  and  composed  of  flint,  quartzite,  indu- 
rated sandstone,  or  other  siliceous  mineral,  is  found  everywhere, 
in  fact  wherever  many  palaeolithic  implements  have  been  dis- 
covered, from  the  drift  and  oldest  cave  deposits  of  England  to 
the  laterite  deposits  of  India. 

In  the  collection  from  this  spot  are  a  few  pointed  implements, 
worked  all  over,  which  approach  the  Acheulian  type.  The 
awls,  drills,  and  other  boring  instruments  from  the  workshop 
floor  form  a  very  interesting  series  ;  in  many  instances  the 
points  are  small  and  formed  by  very  fine  chipping,  one  of  them 
is  small  enough  to  pierce  bone  needles,  of  the  same  kind  as  those 
discovered  in  Kent's  cavern,  Kobin  Hood's  cave,  and  in  the 
caverns  of  the  Dordogne,  etc.,  while  others,  shaped  on  a  dis- 
tinct pattern  or  model,  are  large  enough  to  pierce  holes  of 
considerable  size  in  wood  and  deer-horn.  Flints  with  neatly 
worked  hollows  or  depressions  were  met  with ;  they  are  gene- 
rally believed  to  have  been  used  as  shaft  smoothers  ;  they 
resemble  similar  objects  comparatively  recently  used  by  Bush- 


214  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

men,  which  were  exhibited  in  Mr.  Dunn's  and  Mr.  Bain's  collec- 
tion from  South  Africa  at  the  Colonial  and  Indian  Exhibition. 

A  large  number  of  knife  flakes,  some  of  which  are  four  or 
five  inches  long,  and  wrought  on  one  side  with  neat  and  care- 
fully chipped  secondary  work,  are  also  in  the  collection,  while 
others,  serrated  on  the  edge,  appear  to  have  been  used  as  saws : 
and  some  chisel-like  worked  flints,  with  a  knife  edge  instead  of 
a  point  at  the  extremity  opposite  the  butt,  were  also  discovered, 
with  a  loner  scraper  knife  fully  5  inches  in  length  and  2  inches 
in  width ;  it  is  very  symmetrically  formed  from  a  flake,  well 
worked  on  one  face  and  chipped  all  round  the  periphery,  except- 
ing the  bulb  end. 

About  two  miles  distant  from  Creffield  Road,  in  a  deposit  of 
about  the  same  age  and  beneath  seven  feet  of  gravel,  brick  earth, 
etc.,  a  large  boulder  of  metamorphic  rock  was  found,  concave  on 
both  faces,  and  roughened  and  scored  in  the  hollows  from  use  ; 
it  is  7i  inches  long,  and  a  quartzite  boulder,  which  fits  the 
hollows,  was  found  near  it  in  fine  gravel ;  they  are,  I  believe, 
the  first  pounding  stones  which  have  been  found  in  the  river- 
drift. 

With  regard  to  the  age  of  these  implements  and  their  relation 
in  that  respect  to  the  flint  implements,  which  are  found  through- 
out, but  more  often  near  the  base  of  the  drift  deposits  in  the 
Thames  valley  and  other  river- drift  accumulations,  I  am  not 
inclined  to  attach  much  importance  to  the  fact  whether  they  are 
found  in  the  gravel  or  upon  the  upper  beds  of  that  deposit,  and 
beneath  the  brick-earth  beds,  providing  the  deposit,  whichever 
it  may  be  in  which  they  are  found,  is  at  the  same  level  or  con- 
tour ;  since  the  wider  river  of  the  Pleistocene  period  must  have 
repeatedly  changed  its  channel,  impinging  on  more  elevated 
ground  on  one  side,  and  depositing  stones  and  gravel  at  one 
period  in  its  history,  while  at  other  parts  of  its  course  and  syn- 
chronously it  accumulated  sand  and  loam.  Such  a  process  pro- 
bably occurred  repeatedly  throughout  that  vast  period  during 
which  the  Thames  valley  was  eroded  and  partly  refilled  with 
drift  deposits. 

I  have  implements  and  worked  flakes  in  my  collection  found 
at  the  high  level  of  130  feet  0  D,  and  Mr.  Worthington  Gr.  Smith 
found  one  at  a  higher  level  near  Baling,  while  others  of  known 
palaeolithic  forms  have  been  taken  from  gravel  at  20  feet  0  D, 
and  even  from  the  bed  of  the  Thames.  The  interval  dividing 
these  finds  is  enormous.  Mr.  W.  Gr.  Smith  has  referred  the 
large  number  of  specimens  he  has  found  in  north  London  to 
'  three  different  ages,  all  three  far  distant  from  each  other.'  I 
am  not  able  to  agree  with  him  in  thinking  they  may  be  referred 
to  three  distinct  ages,  but  to  a  great  extent  can  coincide  with 


Dec.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  215 

his  opinion  as  to  the  vast  difference  in  the  ages  of  the  specimens. 
To  my  mind  they  are  all  parts  of  one  great  series,  parts  of  a 
long  vXa  of  human  history,  and  the  forms  merge  gradually 
rudely  chipped  stone,  fashioned  in  a  simple  way,  to 
more  highly  finished  and  more  specialised  instruments  and 
weapons. 

From  this  point  of  view  we  probably  have  in  this  collection 
implements  not  so  old  as  those  of  ruder  manufacture,  which  have 
been  found  at  higher  levels,  but  vastly  older  than  those  found  at 
the  50  feet  contour,  unless,  as  is  often  the  case,  they  appear  to 
be  derived  from  a  higher  horizon  ;  their  forms  and  other  features 
seem  to  bear  out  the  relative  antiquity  I  have  mentioned. 

When  considered  in  reference  to  M.  G.  de  Mortillet's  classifi- 
cation of  four  divisions,  i.e.,  the  Chelleen  or  Acheuleen  with 
which  the  remains  of  the  older  quaternary  fauna,  such  as  elephas 
antiquus,  rhinoceros  hemitsechus,  hippopotamus,  large  cave  bear, 
etc.,  are  associated;  the  Moustiereen  characterised  by  lance-heads, 
chopping  tools,  etc.,  with  the  later  quaternary  fauna,  such  as  the 
elephas  primogenus,  rhinoceros  tichorhinus,  reindeer,  etc.,  and 
the  less  ancient  divisions  of  the  Solutreen  and  Magdaleneen — 
it  can  be  shown  from  the  discovery  of  rhinoceros  hemitsechus, 
etc.,  by  Colonel  Lane  Fox  and  others,  though  in  the  lower  or 
mid  terrace  deposits,  that  the  fabricators  of  the  human  relics  at 
the  workshop  site  in  Creffield  Road  probably  lived  contempo- 
raneously with  some  of  the  older  quaternary  fauna.  They  may 
therefore  be  considered  as  older  than  the  epoch  Moustiereen, 
and  may  be  classed  with  those  of  the  Chelleen  period. 

We  may,  I  think,  safely  believe  that  most  of  these  implements 
were  intended  for  mounting  in  handles  or  shafts,  as  such  instru- 
ments are  hafted  now  by  Australians  and  others,  and  not  as  the 
6  coups  de  poings,'  or  fist-strikers,  of  M.  de  Mortillet,  which  may 
have  been  the  mode  of  using  some  earlier  forms.  However  this 
may  be,  it  is  evident  from  the  position  in  which  the  six  hundred 
specimens  were  found,  that  since  these  river-drift  men  gathered 
together  at  the  spot  we  now  call  the  Creffield  Road,  Acton  (then, 
probably  from  my  investigations  of  the  surrounding  country  and 
its  deposits,  a  small  island  or  eyot  in  the  wider  river),  so  vast  an 
interval  of  time  has  elapsed  that  fluviatile,  combined  with  sub- 
aerial  agencies,  have  eroded  and  removed  all  that  enormous  mass 
of  matter  represented  by  the  100  feet  contour  which  then  formed 
the  bed  upon  which  the  waters  flowed,  and  the  bottom  of  the 
Thames  now  two  miles  away." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


216  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 


Thursday,  December  16th,  1886. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author:— Romano-British  Mosaic  Pavements  :  a  history  of  their 
discovery.  By  Thomas  Morgan,  F.S.A.  4to.  London.  1886. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — The  Benedictine  "  Ordo  Divini  Officii." 
Edited  by  Dom  Jerome  Vaughan,  O.S.B.  8vo.  Aberdeen,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— Chinese  Porcelain  before  the  present  dynasty.  By  S.  W. 
Bushell,  M.D.  (Extract  from  the  Journal  of  the  Peking  Oriental  Society.) 
8vo.  Peking,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— City  of  Liverpool.  Municipal  Archives  and  Records,  from 
A.D.  1700  to  1835.  Extracted  and  annotated  by  Sir  J.  A.  Picton,  F.S.A. 
4to.  Liverpool,  1886. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  January  13,  1887,  and  a  list  was  read  of  candidates 
to  be  balloted  for. 

J.  P.  EARWAKER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  North 
Wales,  exhibited  by  the  hands  of  C.  S.  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D., 
Treasurer,  three  Documents  with  seals  attached,  the  description 
of  which  follows,  with  a  few  illustrative  remarks  communicated 
by  Mr.  Perceval. 

"  1.  27  October,  1565.  Letters  of  administration  of  goods 
and  chattels  of  Geoffrey  Brerton,  of  Kostorne,  diocese  of 
Chester,  Esq.,  granted  by  William,  bishop  of  Chester,  'sub 
sigillo  quo  ad  presens  utimur,'  to  Thomas  Burges,  of  Eoncorne, 
gent. ;  Alice  Brerton,  the  widow,  and  Jane,  the  mother  of  the 
deceased,  having  refused  administration. 

To  this  document  is  appended  an  imperfect  impression  in 
yellow  wax,  rendered  indistinct  by  heat  and  pressure,  of  a  seal 
of  the  type  of  those  provided  under  the  statute  of  1  Edward  VI. 
for  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction. 

It  exhibits  the  usual  scrolled  shield  of  France  and  England, 
with  the  lion  and  dragon  supporters,  and  ensigned  with  the 
imperial  crown. 

The  legend  is  partly  broken  away,  and  what  remains  is  nearly 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  217 

effaced.  Enough  is  left,  however,  to  enable  it  to  be  restored  to 
the  same  reading  as  in  the  other  examples,  viz.: 

SIGILLVM  REGLS;  MAIESTATIS  AD  CAUSAS  ECCLESIASTICAS. 

Vestiges  exist  below  the  shield  of  the  words  appropriating 
the  seal  to  its  particular  jurisdiction.  Not  without  doubt  I 
should  read 

pro  VICARIO  .  GENERALI  episcopatus  CEstriensis. 

We  have  here  a  fresh  example  of  the  prolonged  use  of  these 
seals  some  time  after  the  repeal  of  the  Act  under  which  they 
were  made.  A  full  account  of  them  will  be  found  in  Pro- 
ceedings, 2  S.  ix.  38,  where  it  is  mentioned  that  the  Edwardian 
seal  for  the  commissary  of  the  bishop  of  Durham  was  still  used 
in  1561. 

The  present  example,  with  that  for  the  deanery  of  Maccles- 
field,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Earwaker  on  December  11,  1884  (Proc. 
2  S.  x.  164),  makes  up  the  total  number  of  fifteen,  as  at  present 
known  to  the  writer. 

2.  Charter  of  feoffment,  dated  February  12,  10  Henry  VI. 
(1432),  whereby  Edmund,  son  of  Eichard  CornewaylP  and 
Elizabeth  his  wife,  grant  and  confirm  to  Thomas  Mokhale,  John 
Saunders,  John  Bevlegard,  William  Walkesbache,  chaplains, 
William  Squyere  and  John  Cockes,  all  their  manor  called 
Cornwaillesmaner  in  Ever,  with  the  appurtenances  which  the 
feoffors  lately  had  in  jointure  of  the  gift  and  feoffment  of  Wil- 
liam Stokes,  Thomas  Mordyford,  Thomas  Hoptone  of  KokhulP, 
Eichard  Palmer,  clerk,  William  Mortymer  clerk,  William 
Walkesbache,  John  Bevlegard,  clerks,  John  Cockes,  and 
Thomas  Benet,  in  fee — with  clause  of  general  warranty  by  the 
feoffors.  Witnesses :  John  Eichekyng,  Edmund  Richekyng, 
John  Langestone,  Thomas  Hynstoke,  Thomas  Hamond,  and 
others.  Given  at  Evere  as  above. 

Seals  : 

( 1 )  Circular,  If  inch  diam. ,  broken.     Field  filled  with  foliage ; 
on  a  shield  penche,    a  lion   rampant,  perhaps   crowned,    sur- 
mounted by  a  label,  all  within  a  bordure  engrailed,    charged 
with   roundels.     Ensigned  with   a  helm.     Crest  as  in  No.  3. 
Supporters,  two  birds,  with  long  open  beaks. 

Legend : 

U  *  &ttl  f  emunt  *  Co  rtufo apll  *  t& cuter. 

The  words  separated  by  sprigs. 

(2)  A  head  between  letters  r  and  c.     Poor  impression.     The 
first  letter  is  possibly  e  for  Elizabeth. 


218  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

The  present  baronets,  Cornewall  of  Moccas,  co.  Hereford, 
who  share,  through  the  female  line,  the  representation  of  this 
ancient  family,  bear  as  one  of  their  crests  a  Cornish  chough,  and 
the  supporters  in  this  seal  are  probably  birds  of  that  kind. 

3.  Letter  of  attorney,  dated  Wednesday  next  before  St. 
Valentine's  day,  10  Henry  VI.  (13th  February,  1432),  at  Ever, 
by  the  same  parties,  for  Richard  Hawkyn  and  Nicholas  Wylkyns 
to  deliver  seisin  of  the  above  premises  to  the  feoffees 

Another  impression  of  Edmund  Cornwall's  seal  of  arms  is 
appended.  It  is  also  imperfect.  From  a  comparison  of  the 
two  examples  the  legend  has  been  restored  as  above,  and  the 
crest  would  seem  to  be  a  demi-human  figure  vested,  bearing  in 
the  upraised  dexter  hand  an  object  not  now  to  be  determined.* 

The  makers  of  this  charter  may  be  confidently  identified  as 
Edmund  Cornwall,  son  of  Richard,  of  the  line  of  the  so-called 
barons  of  Burford,  and  Elizabeth,  his  wife. 

This  family  sprung,  as  is  well  known,  from  Richard  de  Corn- 
wall, generally  considered  to  be  a  natural  son  of  king  Henry 
III.'s  brother  Richard,  king  of  the  Romans,  earl  of  Poitou  and 
Cornwall. 

We  find  in  the  Hundred  Rolls  that  this  earl  had  in  the  vill  of 
Ever  hodie  Iver,  parcel  of  the  honor  of  Wallingford,  the  return 
of  writs  and  other  franchises  in  the  time  of  Edward  I. ;  and 
according  to  Burke  f  Sir  Geoffrey,  his  son,  had  a  manor  there. 
This  is  no  doubt  the*  subject-matter  of  the  present  charter ;  but 
strange  to  say,  Lipscomb,  the  historian  of  Buckinghamshire, 
makes  no  mention  of  any  Cornwall  Manor  in  Iver. 

Sir  Geoffrey  appears  to  have  been  great-grandfather  of  Sir 
Richard  Cornwall,  whose  principal  estates  were  in  Shropshire 
and  Herefordshire,  but  who  had  also  lands  at  Norton,  in  North- 
amptonshire. He  was  aged  40  at  the  death  s.  p.  of  his  elder 
brother  Brian  in  1440,  and  died  10th  January,  21  Henry  VI. 
1443,  surviving  his  son  and  heir,  Sir  Edmund,  maker  of  the 
charter  under  notice.  Sir  Edmund  died  at  Cologne,  14  Henry 

*  In  a  letter  written  by  J.  C.  Brooke,  Somerset  Herald,  to  Henry  Cornwall  Legh , 
Esq.  26th  July,  1780,  which  has  come  to  light  since  the  deeds  forming  the  sub-, 
ject  of  these  remarks  were  submitted  to  me  for  examination,  this  learned  herald, 
describing  apparently  the  same  seal  from  another  impression,  states  that  the 
crest  is  a  demi-man  holding  a  sword.  He  confirms  my  supposition  that  the  sup- 
porters are  choughs,  but  says  that  the  bordnre  is  plain,  not  engrailed.  The 
engrailing  is  unmistakable  in  Col.  Cornwall  Legh's  impression.  Brooke  adds, 
that  Richard,  the  father,  bore  the  field  ermine  and  the  bordure  engrailed.  The 
examples  from  which  he  writes  were  appended  to  deeds  dated  5  Henry  VI.  and 
7  Henry  VI.  respectively.  By  the  first,  Richard  appoints  attorneys  to  deliver 
seisin  of  Cornewaille  Manor  in  Ever  to  certain  trustees.  By  the  second,  Edmund 
and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  Barre,  knight,  appoint  attorneys 
to  receive  seisin  of  the  same  manor. 

t  Extinct  and  Dormant  Peerage. 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQU ABIES.  219 

VI.  His  second  (?)  wife  Elizabeth,  who  joins  in  the  feoffment, 
is  said  to  have  been  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas  de  la  Barre, 
knight. 

These  genealogical  particulars  are  from  Baker's  Northants, 
i.  416,  and  from  an  important  article  on  '  The  Barons  of  Burford,' 
to  be  found  in  The  Genealogist,  iii.  225,  which  paper  is  worth 
consulting  by  those  interested  in  this  family.  The  pedigree 
generally  seems  to  require  critical  examination. 

A  few  words  may  be  added  with  reference  to  the  arms  borne 
by  Sir  Edmund. 

The  well-known  seal  of  Richard  earl  of  Cornwall,  engraved 
by  Sandford.*  from  a  document  referred  to  the  year  1225, 
exhibits  a  shield  [argent]  a  lion  rampant  \_gules,~\  crowned  [or], 
a  bordure  [sable]  bezantde.  This  shield  of  arms  remains,  it  may 
be  observed,  among  those  sculptured  on  the  wall  of  the  south 
aisle  of  Westminster  abbey  church. f  This  shield  is  also  given, 
with  the  tinctures,  in  the  Roll  of  Arms,  temp.  Hen.  III.,  pub- 
lished by  Sir  N.  Harris  Nicolas ;  and  it  again  occurs  on  the  seal 
of  Edmund  earl  of  Cornwall,  son  of  Richard,  1283,  as  figured 
by  Sandford,  p.  94. 

I  am  disposed  to  attribute  the  shield — argent,  on  a  fess  sable 
three  bezants,  No.  254  in  the  Roll  F.  in  the  possession  of  the 
Society,  and  edited  by  me  in  the  Archaeologia,  vol.  xxxix.,  with 
the  name  '  Richard  de  Cornwaile ' — to  the  natural  son  of  the  first 
Earl  of  Cornwall,  progenitor,  as  has  been  remarked,  of  the  Bur- 
ford  and  Iver  family.  It  will  be  seen  that  in  this  shield  the  tinc- 
tures and  the  charges  of  the  bordure  are  preserved,  though  the 
lion  is  omitted. 

It  was  possibly  after  the  death  without  issue  of  the  second 
earl,  the  legitimate  son  of  the  king  of  the  Romans,  that  the 
illegitimate  line  reverted  to  the  old  arms,  but  with  differences. 
Thus  in  the  Roll  temp.  Edward  II.,  also  published  by  Nicolas, 
6  Sir  Edmon  de  Cornewaile '  (of  Oxfordshire)  bears  argent,  a 
lion  gules,  crowned  or,  with  a  bend  sable  bezantde.  This  is  most 
likely  Sir  Edmund  of  Kinlet,  co.  Salop,  eldest  son  of  Richard,  the 
illegitimate  son  of  the  first  earl.  His  younger  brother  was 
named  Geoffrey,  and  to  him  may  be  assigned  the  shield  argent, 
a  lion  gules,  crowned  or,  on  a  bend  sable  three  mullets  gold,  which 
is  given  under  the  name  of  '  Monsire  Jeffrey  de  Cornewaile '  in 
Nicolas's  Roll,  temp.  Edward  III. 

A  few  lines  lower  in  the  same  Roll  is  to  be  found  *  Monsire 
Simon  de  Cornewaile '  bearing  the .  same  arms,  but  with  a 
bend  sable  charged  with  three  bezants.  This  is  the  shield  appro- 
priated in  the  earlier  Roll  to  Sir  Edmond,  and  Symon  may  be 

*  Geneal.  Hist.  p.  94.  f  See  Proc.  2d  S.  iii.  229. 


220  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

miswritten  for  Edmon.  I  find  no  Simon  in  the  printed  pedi- 
grees. 

In  the  Roll  temp.  Edward  II.  there  are  preserved  the  armorial 
bearings  of  two  other  persons,  probably  members  of  this  family, 
namely,  £  Sir  Wauter  de  Cornewaile,'  of  Cornwall  or  Devon- 
shire, argent,  a  cross  sable  bezantee,  and  f  Sir  Laurence  de  Cor- 
newaylle'  of  Westmorland  or  Lancashire,  argent,  a  cross  patee 
(L  e.  patonce)  sable  bezantee.  But  this  latter  shield  is  '  in  a 
later,  though  apparently  early  hand. '4 

The  Lord  Fanhope,  K.Gr.,  a  cousin  of  Edmund  of  Iver,  who 
died  s.  p.  1443,  appears  from  his  stall-plate"*  to  have  borne  the 
whole  shield  of  Cornwall,  but  with  the  field  ermine,  and  a 
mullet  on  the  lion's  shoulder,  and  the  bordure  engrailed  as 
in  the  seal  before  us. 

I  am  unable  to  say  with  certainty  whether  in  this  seal  the  lion 
is  crowned  or  not.  It  will  be  recollected  that  there  is  a  label, 
used  as  a  mark  of  cadency,  Edmund's  father  being  still  alive. 
This  passes  across  the  lion's  head,  and  the  engraver  has,  I  think, 
been  forced  in  so  small  a  work  to  omit  the  crown.  Still  there 
are  certain  lines  discernible  which  may  be  the  fleurons  of  the 
crown. 

These  three  documents  belong  to  Colonel  Cornwall  Legh,  of 
High  Legh,  in  Cheshire,  who,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Ear- 
waker,  now  represents  the  old  family  of  the  Cornwalls,  barons 
of  Burford.  The  charter  of  feoffment  and  accompanying  letter 
of  attorney  are,  he  adds,  the  only  Cornwall  deeds  remaining  in 
Colonel  Legh's  possession." 

W.  MASKELL,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  a  paint- 
ing on  an  oak  panel,  6  feet  6  inches  long  by  12£  inches  wide, 
enclosed  in  a  modern  deal  frame. 

In  the  centre  is  a  bust  of  Our  Lord,  who  is  icpresented 
with  long  hair  and  a  short  divided  beard,  and  clad  in  a  sad- 
coloured  robe.  Round  the  head  is  plain  nimbus. 

On  either  side  are  the  figures  of  a  man  and  woman,  each 
kneeling  at  a  desk  and  with  their  respective  patron  saints  stand- 
ing behind  them. 

On  the  extreme  right  and  left  are  the  busts  of  two  prophets 
or  "  messengers,"  from  whose  hands  issues  an  inscribed  scroll. 

The  dexter  figure  is  that  of  a  beardless  man  with  long  auburn 
hair,  clad  in  a  long  sad-coloured  sleeved  gown,  with  arm  slits  in 
the  sleeves.  He  kneels  at  a  panelled  desk  on  which  lies  an  open 
book.  On  the  side  of  the  desk  is  painted  a  shield  of  arms — 
gules,  a  cross  moline  argent  between  three  lions  rampant  sable, 

*  BoutelPs  Heraldry,  Historical  and  Popular,  p.  185,  ed.  1863. 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  221 

surmounted  by  a  helm  with  red  mantling  lined  green,  and  a 
stag's  head  for  a  crest.  Behind  the  figure  stands  St.  John 
Baptist  in  his  camel-hair  robe  and  a  red  mantle.  He  holds 
a  black  book,  on  which  rests  the  Holy  Lamb,  supporting  a  huge 
cross. 

The  dexter  prophet  has  a  long  grey  beard  and  grey  garment, 
with  a  large  yellow  turban  on  his  head.  . 

The  sinister  figure  is  that  of  a  woman  with  veiled  headdress, 
clad  in  long  sad-coloured  gown  with  fur-lined  sleeves,  and  cut 
square  at  the  neck.  From  her  girdle  hangs  a  coral  rosary  with 
silver  gauds.  She  kneels  at  a  panelled  desk,  whereon  lies  an 
open  book.  Behind  her  stands  St.  Peter,  vested  in  a  brocaded 
robe,  with  green  mantle  lined  with  red  and  fastened  in  front  by 
a  large  oval  morse.  In  his  right  hand  the  saint  holds  a  great 
key. 

The  prophet  is  beardless,  and  wears  a  red  garment  with  white 
falling  collar  secured  by  a  brooch.  On  his  head  is  a  red  hat 
turned  up  with  green. 

From  the  dexter  prophet  starts  a  long  scroll,  which  ends 
before  reaching  the  bust  of  the  Saviour.  There  is  also  a  corre- 
sponding scroll  on  the  sinister  side.  The  two  scrolls  bear  one 
inscription,  which  reads,  — 


.  parmetter  tmurgote  .  tit  motifrur 
et  pringter  .  fourmer  fa  fame  out  .  tfmtt  . 
cefte  .  table  .  &e$  .  fotens  .  que  .  &teu  .  leurtf  . 
a  .  ttone  .  en  .  Ten  .  tie  .  graffe  .  mil  .  d)tnc  . 
tens  .  &  .  fctjmoeuftf  .  prie$  .  fcteu  .  por  .  eu^  .  amen. 

The  background  of  the  panel  is  painted  black. 
Montdidier  is  a  town  in  France  about  twenty  miles  south-west 
of  Amiens,  and  about  sixty  miles  north  of  Paris. 

Mr.  MIDDLETON  said  he  thought  the  central  head  was  very 
likely  the  work  of  Quentin  Matsys,  the  rest  of  the  painting 
having  been  added  by  another  artist.  The  panel  had  probably 
been  executed  as  the  predella  of  an  altar-piece. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  passed  to  Mr.  Maskell  for  this  interest- 
ing addition  of  a  dated  picture  to  the  Society's  collection. 

GEOKGE  MAW,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  curious  medal  of  cast 
silver,  If  inch  in  diameter,  which  unscrews,  forming  a  case  for 
a  series  of  seventeen  small  circular  hand-painted  engravings, 
connected  together  so  as  to  open  out  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  The 
subjects  represent  various  incidents  in  the  expulsion  of  the 


222  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Protestants  from  Bavaria  in  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  accompanied  by  texts  of  Scripture  in  German.  In 
1733,  the  probable  date  of  the  medal,  two  bands  were  expelled, 
one  of  which,  the  subject  of  the  medal,  went  to  north-east 
Prussia,  the  other  to  Hanover. 

W.  BROWN,  Esq.,  exhibited  and  presented  a  photograph  of  a 
hog-backed  stone,  found  in  a  hedge  near  Arncliff  Hall,  North- 
allerton,  some  thirty  or  forty  years  ago. 

C.  R.  BAKER-KING,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  fragment  of  an  inscrip- 
tion with  inlaid  letters,  from  the  church  of  Moretoii  Morrell, 
Warwickshire,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  This  church  was  restored  early  in  the  present  century,  at 
which  time  the  whole  floor  was  raised  two  feet. 

During  the  summer  of  this  year  (1886)  the  church  has  been 
refitted  with  new  benches,  and  the  floor  lowered  to  its  ancient 
level.  In  the  course  of  the  removal  of  the  wooden  floor,  a 
fragment  of  oak  was  discovered,  which  was  unfortunately  broken 
in  effecting  its  separation  from  the  other  woodwork.  The  pieces, 
however,  fit  together,  forming  a  band  about  18  inches  long,  3J 
inches  wide,  and  1J  inch  thick.  The  length  has  been  greater, 
one  end  having  been  sawn  off  when  adapting  the  work  for 
re-use.  The  other  end  is  rebated  as  though  to  fit  into  an  upright 
piece  of  framing. 

The  peculiarity  of  the  fragment  consists  in  the  inlaid  letters 
forming  a  part  of  an  inscription,  which,  from  its  incomplete  and 
mutilated  condition,  is  not  easily  decipherable.  It  reads 

featfyertm  fyte 

and  has  clearly  formed  part  of  an  inscription  recording  a  gift 
by  some  donor  and  *  Katherine  his '  wife. 

The  narrow  oak  board  has  been  slightly  sunk  on  the  face 
forming  a  continuous  panel  2  inches  high.  In  this  long  panel 
the  matrices  of  the  letters  have  been  cut,  the  long  strokes 
occupying  the  full  height  of  the  panel.  Into  these  matrices, 
wood  of  another  kind  has  been  fitted,  flush  with  the  face  of  the 
sunk  panel.  This  inlaid  work  doubtlessly  originally  presented 
a  marked  contrast  with  the  oak,  but  now  in  their  aged  condition 
there  is  scarcely  any  difference  of  colour  in  the  two  materials. 

The  character  of  the  letters  seems  to  point  to  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century  as  the  date  of  the  execution  of  the 
work, 

There  is  nothing  to  indicate  to  what  feature  in  the  church  the 
fragment  belonged,  whether  screen,  pulpit,  seat  or  other  fitting. 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  223 

All  the  ancient  furniture  of  the  church  was  removed  during,  if 
not  before,  the  alterations  made  early  in  this  century." 

The  Eev.  F.  G.  LEE,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  cited  an  inscription  simi- 
larly treated  at  Cuddington,  Bucks. 

R.  S.  FERGUSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  large  silver  fibula 
or  brooch,  on  which  he  read  the  following  notes : — 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  to  the  Society  a  large  silver 
brooch,  which  was  exhibited  to  the  Archaeological  Institute  on 
January  5th,  1849,  and  engraved  in  the  sixth  volume  of  their 
Journal.  It  was  originally  discovered  in  a  field  near  Casterton 
Hall,  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  Westmoreland,  the  seat  of  the  Carus- 
Wilsons,  and  since  the  time  of  its  exhibition  to  the  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  has  been  lost  sight  of.  It  has  recently  been 
re-discovered  under  the  following  circumstances. 

Casterton  Hall  has  long  been  let,  and  has  recently  become 
the  property  of  the  Earl  of  Bective.  The  tenants,  in  making  a 
clearance  of  the  house,  found  this  brooch  in  a  forgotten  cup- 
board, and,  not  knowing  what  it  was,  consulted  my  friend, 
Canon  Ware,  the  vicar  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  who  brought  the 
brooch  to  me  on  Friday  last.  I  at  once  recognised  it  as  of  the 
type  of  brooches  assigned  by  Dr.  Joseph  Anderson,  Assistant- 
Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  in  his 
Scotland  in  Pagan  Times,  to  the  Iron  Age.  But  this  brooch  pos- 
sesses the  characteristic  bulbous  knobs,  with  thistle-headed  pro- 
jections, which  distinguish  it  most  markedly  from  the  flat-ended 
brooches  figured  in  Dr.  Anderson's  Scotland  in  Early  Christian 
Times,  2.  S.,  Lecture  I. 

In  Dr.  Anderson's  Scotland  in  Pagan  Times— The  Iron  Age, 
I  found  a  reference  to  a  brooch  of  this  type  found  near  Kirkby 
Lonsdale,  and  I  ultimately  found  the  engraving  of  the  brooch  in 
the  sixth  volume  of  the  Archaeological  Journal.  And  I  am  in 
hopes  that  its  exhibition  here  to-night  may  lead  to  its  being 
placed  in  some  -safer  receptacle  than  a  cupboard  at  Casterton 

A  similar  brooch  was  found  in  1785  near  Ullswater,  and  a 
drawing  of  it  was  exhibited  to  this  Society  on  June  16th  in  that 
year  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Douglas,  and  is  inserted  in  our  Minute 
Book.  The  brooch  itself  is  engraved  full-size  in  Clarke's  Survey 
of  the  Lakes,  opposite  p.  46.  The  acus  of  this  example  is  22 
inches  long,  circular  in  section  for  its  upper  third,  and  after- 
wards triangular. 

A  third  brooch  of  this  type  with  an  acus  20  inches  long  was 

VOL.  XI.  Q 


224  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

found  near  Penrith  in  1830,  and  was  in  the  temporary  museum 
formed  when  the  Archaeological  Institute  visited  Carlisle  in 
1859,  I  hope  to  be  able  to  trace  this  brooch. 

This  Society  possesses  a  small  brooch  of  this  type  found  in 
Antrim,  Ireland,  in  1812,  and  engraved  in  the  Archaeologia, 
vol.  xvii.  pi.  25,  and  the  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  vi.  opposite 
p.  70. 

This  Society  also  possesses  a  very  beautiful  specimen  of  the 
type  of  brooch  assigned  by  Dr.  Anderson  to  early-Christian 
times.  This  was  found  on  Orton  Scar,  Westmoreland,  in  1847 
(see  our  Proc.  1  S.  ii.  p.  166).  A  fragment  of  a  similar  brooch 
was  found  at  Brayton  Hall,  in  Cumberland,  and  is  figured  in 
Pennant's  Scotland,  vol.  ii.  pi.  i.  p.  44. 

Professor  WESTWOOD  communicated  the  following  account 
of  an  Anglo-Saxon  sepulchral  slab  at  Stratfield  Mortimer, 
Berks  :  — 

"  In  the  restored  church  of  Stratfield  Mortimer,  Berkshire 
(half-way  between  Reading  and  Basingstoke),  there  is  preserved 
a  large  sepulchral  slab  affixed  in  an  upright  position  upon  the 
inside  of  one  of  the  walls  near  the  east  end  of  the  church, 
measuring  6  feet  6  inches  in  length  and  20  inches  wide  at  the 
top,  and  14  inches  at  the  foot  of  the  stone.  With  the  exception 
of  the  marginal  inscription,  the  stone  is  destitute  of  any  orna- 
mental or  other  design.  The  letters  of  the  inscription  are  If  inch 
tall,  and  are  enclosed  by  two  straight  incised  lines,  having  a 
space  of  about  2J  inches  wide  between  them,  extending  all 
round  the  stone.  The  inscription  commences  on  the  left  hand 
of  the  head  or  top  of  the  stone,  and  is  carried  along  the  right 
margin,  the  narrow  foot,  and  the  left  margin  of  the  stone.  It 
is  a  fortunate  circumstance  that  the  inscription  is  entire.  It 
reads 


KL  •  OCTB     I  FVIT-  POSITVS 
/EGELpARDVS   -    FIILVS   •     KYPPINGVS 
INISTOLOCIO    BEATVIS    SIT  OMO   QVI 
ORAT    PRO    ANIMA      EIVS  +  TOKI    ME 
SCRIPSITI 

The  letters  of  this  inscription  are  for  the  most  part  well  formed 
Roman  capitals,  interspersed  with  a  few  Anglo-Saxon  letters. 

There  are  some  peculiarities  in  the  inscription  worthy  of  note. 
The  word  October  is  contracted  to  OCTB.  The  name  of  the 
father  of  the  deceased  is  written  in  the  nominative  case, 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  225 

i  KYPPINGUS,'  a  form  which  I  have  met  with  in  a  few  instances  on 
the  early  sepulchral  stones  in  Wales.  The  word  *  HOMO  '  is 
written  without  the  initial  H,  '  OMO.'  The  name  of  TOKI,  the 
writer  or  worker  of  the  inscription,  is  followed  by  the  formula 
6  ME  SCRIPSIT,"  which  is  very  unusual  notwithstanding  its  sim- 
plicity. I  am  induced  to  suppose  that  TOKI  was  the  person  by 
whom  the  stone  was  ordered  to  be  made,  and  that  he  simply 
wrote  the  inscription  on  paper,  and  gave  orders  for  it  to  be  carved 
on  the  stone,  which,  from  its  unusual  size,  was  evidently  intended 
to  commemorate  some  person  of  importance. 

The  first  person  named  upon  the  stone  may  possibly  be  iden- 
tified with  ^Edelweard,  who  was  ealdorman  of  Hampshire  in  994, 
the  second  letter  of  the  name  having  been  misread  or  miswritten 
with  a  G  instead  of  a  %  or  \. 

In  the  second  name,  Kyppingus,  Professor  Earle  suggests 
to  me  that  there  is  '  a  curious  mixture  of  Saxon  and  Latin 
syntax,  where  Kypping  son  of  Kyppa'  has  been  cumbrously 
latinized. 

The  third  name  upon  the  stone,  TOKI,  is  one  which  merits  more 
attention  both  from  a  historical  and  orthographical  point  of  view. 
There  can,  I  think,  be  very  little  doubt  that  the  name  is  one 
which  has  been  assigned  by  the  Danish  antiquary,  C.  F.  Rafn,* 
to  the  very  mighty  and  wealthy  courtier  of  king  Canute  the 
Great,  £  prcepotens  et  dives  minister  regis.9  After  a  very  detailed 
inquiry  into  the  variation  in  the  name  as  it  appears  -in  different 
documents  of  the  eleventh  and  preceding  centuries,  M.  Rafn  quotes 
a  deed  of  gift  of  Ealdred,  bishop  of  Worcester  1046—1060,  to  the 
church  of  St.  Mary  at  Worcester  of  a  landed  estate,  rus,  called 
'  Deotinctun/  together  with  a  village  belonging  to  it  called 
uElfsigestun,  which  estate  had,  for  his  lifetime,  been  in  the  pos- 
session of  the  king's  courtier  Toke.  It  is  doubtless,  adds  M. 
Rafn,  the  same  Toki  whose  name  also  occurs  in  other  deeds 
from  the  age  immediately  preceding  that  of  the  foregoing  deed 
of  gift,  e.  g.s  in  a  document  of  Canute  the  Great  in  the  year  1019, 
where  he  is  called  Toga  minister ;  in  another  of  the  same  king 
in  1033,  where  he  is  called  Tokig  miles ;  in  another  by  bishop 
jEthelnod,  who  calls  him  Tokig ;  in  another  by  Hardicanute  in 
1042,  in  which  he  is  called  Tokig  miles;  in  another  by  Edward 
in  1042,  in  which  he  is  called  Tokig  minister ;  and  in  one  of 
Edward  in  1043,  in  which  he  is  called  Dokig  minister.  We 
accordingly  have  here  a  Toke  or  Toki  of  the  period,  which  may 
reasonably  be  ascribed  to  the  stone  before  us." 

*  In  an  elaborate  paper  published  in  the  Menwires  de  la  Societe  dcs  Anti- 
quaires  du  Nord,  1845—1852,  pp.  286-319. 

Q2 


226  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

Professor  WESTWOOD  also  thought  that  this  person  might  be 
identical  with  the  Tuki  mentioned  on  a  stone  found  near  St.  Paul's 
cathedral  church  in  London,  and  now  preserved  in  the  Guildhall 
library.  This  stone  is  fully  described  and  illustrated  in  Proceed- 
ings *  and  in  the  Archaeological  Journal^  but  its  probable  date 
militates  against  the  two  persons  being  one  and  the  same. 

Professor  Westwood  also  exhibited  drawings  of  the  remains 
of  a  fine  Norman  cross  shaft  at  Sheffield,  accompanied  by  the 
following  notes : 

"  The  three  accompanying  drawings  are  made  from  sketches 
and  rubbings  of  an  elegant  carved  stone  of  the  Norman  period 
existing  in  the  grounds  of  Mrs.  Staniforth,  of  Westbourne 
House,  Western  Bank,  Sheffield.  In  its  present  condition  only 
three  of  the  sides  of  the  block  are  covered  with  carving,  the 
fourth  side  having  been  hollowed  out,  so  as  to  give  the  idea  of  a 
coffin,  against  which,  however,  the  elaborate  carving  of  the 
opposite  corresponding  side  (which  would,  of  course,  have  rested 
on  the  earth)  sufficiently  militates.  This,  on  the  front  side,  is 
51  inches  high  as  it  stands  above  ground;  it  is  21  inches  wide 
at  the  base,  gradually  narrowing  to  15 £  inches  at  the  top.  The 
sides  are  parallel  and  of  the  same  width,  1 1  inches,  throughout 
their  whole  length.  The  angles  of  the  stone  are  raised,  forming 
a  narrow  border  to  the  design,  which  is  of  an  unusually  bold 
character,  consisting  for  the  most  part  of  vine  branches  elabo- 
rately flowing  in  a  spiral  manner  and  terminating  in  bunches 
of  grapes.  On  the  broad  front  of  the  stone  an  archer  on  his 
knees  is  represented  with  bent  bow  and  arrow  among  the 
foliage,  clad  in  a  short  tunic  scarcely  reaching  to  his  knees.  No 
bird  or  other  animal  is  introduced  in  what  remains  of  the 
carving,  which  is  evidently  mutilated  and  incomplete  both  at 
the  top  and  bottom  of  the  stone;  one  of  the  narrow  sides  is 
varied  at  the  bottom  by  the  introduction  of  an  interlaced  ribbon 
pattern  of  rather  ordinary  design,  which,  after  forming  four 
pairs  of  knots,  terminates  at  its  upper  end  in  an  erect  stem, 
with  two  flowing  branches  springing  from  each  side,  each  ending 
in  three  small  bunches  of  grapes,  above  which  the  central  branch 
is  continued  in  large  whorls  across  the  whole  width  of  the  stone 
as  on  the  other  sides. 

From  the  complete  resemblance  in  the  style  of  the  ornamenta- 
tion and  general  form  of  this  stone  to  those  of  the  crosses  still 
existing  at  Eyam  and  Bakewell  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 

*  Proceedings,  1  S.  ii.  284. 

f  Arch.  Jour.  x.  82,  and  xlii.  251. 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  227 

they  were  all  executed  at  the  same  time — probably  by  the  same 
artist,  and  that  the  Sheffield  stone  was  the  shaft  of  a  cross,  of 
which  the  head  is  lost,  and  one  of  the  broad  sides  has  been 
hollowed  oufc,  possibly  for  a  water-trough.  On  the  Bakewell 
cross,  of  which  nearly  the  whole  of  the  head  is  broken  off  and 
lost,  one  of  the  broad  sides  is  covered  with  several  groups  of 
figures,  each  group  separated  from  the  one  above  by  a  raised 
arch,  the  uppermost  group  representing  the  Crucifixion,  with 
the  sponge-  and  spear-bearers,  the  upper  part  of  the  group  being 
destroyed,  while  the  three  other  sides  of  the  same  cross  are 
covered  with  the  flowing  vine  branches  and  grapes  just  as  in  the 
Sheffield  stone. 

Of  the  Eyam  cross  the  head  is  nearly  entire,  the  top  and  the 
side  arms  being  short  and  filled  with  figures  of  angels  holding 
long  sceptres  and  blowing  long  straight  trumpets.  One  of  the 
broad  sides  of  the  shaft  of  this  cross  is  occupied  with  the  flowing 
vine  branches  and  grapes,  whilst  the  other  broad  side  has  two 
large  and  elaborately  interlaced  ribbon-knots  in  the  lower  part, 
and  two  seated  figures,  one  apparently  holding  a  large  curved 
horn  (or  possibly  a  long  scroll),  while  the  other  is  evidently  a 
seated  figure  of  the  Virgin,  holding  the  infant  Saviour  on  her 
knees.  One  of  the  narrow  sides  of  this  cross  is  covered  with 
interlaced  ribbon-knots  exactly  resembling  those  of  one  on  the 
narrow  sides  of  the  Sheffield  cross. 

From  these  circumstances  I  think  we  may  fairly  consider 
that  these  two  crosses  and  the  Sheffield  fragment  are  contem- 
porary, and  that  they  may  be  referred  to  the  twelfth  century."* 

H.  SWAINSON  COWPER,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  number  of  prehistoric 
remains  from  Lancashire  and  Westmoreland,  on  which  he  read 
the  following  paper : — 

"  The  antiquities  exhibited  were  found  for  the  most  part  in 
Furness,  the  hilly  district  at  the  most  northern  part  of  Lanca- 
shire, and  which  forms  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Lake 
district.  With  the  exception  of  the  curious  woollen  objects 
which  will  presently  be  described,  they  all  belong  to  the  class 
known  as  prehistoric.  The  occurrences  of  prehistoric  weapons 
and  implements  in  this  district  have  not,  I  believe,  been 
numerous,  so  that  the  few  discoveries  I  am  about  to  describe 
will,  I  hope,  be  of  some  small  value. 

I  will  begin  with  the  larger  stone  hammer-axe.  This  speci- 
men was  found,  either  in  1881  or  1882,  at  Rusland,  a  township 

*  A  drawing  of  this  cross  will  he  found  in  vol.  viii.  of  Transactions  of  the, 
Derbyshire  Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society. 


228  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 

situate  about  two  miles  west  of  Windermere  Lake,  and  about 
six  miles  south  of  Hawkshead.  The  farmer  from  whom  I  ob- 
tained it  had  discovered  it  in  digging  a  drain.  He  showed  me 
the  place,  which  was  a  low-lying  peaty  piece  of  ground. 

This  hammer-axe  is  not  composed  of  the  intensely  hard  mate- 
rial of  which  so  many  implements  of  this  type  have  been  made ; 
the  surface  has  been  formed  partly  by  grinding  and  partly  by 
picking,  and  the  hole  is  neatly  and  symmetrically  drilled. 
From  the  top  side  of  the  hammer  end  two  large  flakes  have 
been  removed  by  use.  The  size  of  this  implement  seems  to  pre- 
clude the  idea  of  its  being  a  battle-axe,  its  more  probable  use 
being  that  of  a  handled  wedge.  It  seems  likely,  from  the  shape 
of  this  implement,  that  its  original  length  has  been  abridged  by 
grinding.  Its  dimensions  are  9£  inches  long,  3^  inches  broad, 
and  the  depth  of  the  hole  is  about  2f  inches.  In  form  it  is  not 
unlike  fig.  131  of  Evans'  Ancient  Stone  Implements. 

The  next  specimen,  the  smaller  hammer-axe,  was  found  in  a 
ploughed  field  at  Cark,  about  two  miles  south  of  Cartmel,  by 
my  uncle,  Mr.  J.  C.  Cowper,  of  Hawkshead.  Cark  is  not  in 
Furness,  but  like  it  is  situated  in  that  part  of  Lancashire  which 
is  separated  from  the  rest  by  Morecambe  Bay. 

The  material  of  which  this  implement  is  composed  is  much 
harder  than  that  of  the  last.  Its  surface,  which  has  been  con- 
siderably polished,  is  much  weathered,  and  the  cutting  end 
shows  signs  of  rough  use.  This  seems  to  contradict  any  idea  of 
its  having  been  used  as  a  battle-axe,  although  its  size  and  weight 
would  be  about  suitable  for  such  a  purpose.  Its  form  might  be 
termed  somewhat  kite-shaped,  and  the  hole,  as  in  the  last  speci- 
men, is  carefully  and  accurately  drilled.  Besides  the  abrasion 
at  the  cutting  end,  the  hammer  or  butt  end  seems  also  to  have 
received  considerable  battering.  Its  length  is  6j  inches, 
breadth  3|-  inches,  and  depth  of  hole  2£  inches. 

The  third  implement  is  of  rude  workmanship,  but  is,  I 
believe,  uncommon  in  type.  It  was  found  in  March,  1885,  in 
altering  a  road  on  my  father's  property  near  Hawkshead ;  its 
use,  I  think,  has  evidently  been  that  of  an  adze  ;*  its  shape 
might  be  roughly  described  as  a  very  rude  parallelogram ;  the 
hole,  which  has  been  picked  and  not  drilled,  is  not  even  straight, 
but  oblique.  But  whether  this  is  intentional  or  not  is  a  ques- 
tion. The  edge  of  the  blade  is  at  right  angles  to  the  perforation. 

To  what  extent  the  original  shape  of  the  pebble  of  which  this 
object  has  been  formed  has  influenced  its  shape  as  a  finished 
implement,  I  cannot  tell,  but  from  its  rude  appearance  in  all 
probability  a  good  deal.  Its  length  is  4|  inches,  and  its  breadth 
2\  inches. 

*  Op.  Evans'  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  fig.  122. 


Dec.  16.")  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  229 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  none  of  these  perforated  implements 
possess  the  beauty  and  high  finish  which  are  the  characteristics 
of  so  many  British  axe-hammers. 

The  next  and  last  of  the  perforated  objects  is,  I  believe,  much 
more  uncommon,  and  I  have  certainly  never  seen  an  exactly 
similar  specimen. 

It  was  found  several  years  ago  at  Bank  Ground  on  the 
north-east  corner  of  Coniston  Lake.  The  farmer  from  whom  I 
obtained  it,  and  who  found  it  while  draining,  described  it  as 
lying  about  six  feet  deep  in  peat,  and  resting  upon  the  natural 
soil  beneath.  From  its  shape  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  pestle. 
It  is  about  8J-  inches  long  and  2-J-  inches  wide,  and  is  light  at 
one  end  and  heavy  at  the  other.  The  light  end  is  perforated, 
the  perforation  being  formed  partly  by  picking  and  partly  by 
drilling.  One  side  is  flattish,  and  the  other  is  formed  into  two 
rounded  ridges.  One  side  of  the  heavy  end  has  been  worn  away 
by  use. 

The  whole  of  this  object  has  been  carefully  polished,  and  there 
are  a  good  many  brown  stains  upon  it,  no  doubt  caused  by  the 
peaty  fibres  in  which  it  has  lain.  I  imagine  this  implement  to 
have  been  slung  to  the  waist  by  a  cord,  and  if  it  is  taken  by  the 
narrow  end  in  the  right  hand,  in  the  easiest  manner,  that  is 
with  the  ridged  side  to  the  palm,  it  will  be  readily  apparent 
that  the  part  most  abraded  is  that  which  would  be  subject  to  most 
wear,  if  used  as  a  pestle. 

The  material  of  which  it  is  formed  seems  to  be  a  sort  of  hard 
slate. 

The  situation  in  which  this  object  was  found,  namely,  on  the 
margin  of  a  lake,  has  caused  it  to  be  suggested  that  its  use  was 
that  of  a  net-sinker.  I  cannot,  however,  think  this  at  all  pro- 
bable, as  it  would  in  no  wise  account  for  the  abrasion  at  the 
heavy  end. 

The  small  flint  knife  was  found  in  a  cairn  near  Hawskhead, 
which  I  opened  in  1883.  This  cairn  is  situate  on  a  high  lying 
bit  of  moorland,  commanding  extensive  views  of  Windermere 
Lake  and  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland  mountains,  and 
which  bears  the  name  of  Hawkshead  Hall  Parks.  Its  exact 
position  is  about  a  mile  north- west-by-west  of  Hawkshead, 
Although  this  cairn  is  of  considerable  size,  and  I  had  it  pretty 
thoroughly  examined,  I  found  but  one  interment,  and  that  as 
will  be  seen  was  of  a  very  simple  nature. 

On  September  3  I  commenced  work  by  having  a  trench  dug 
through  it,  running  from  north  to  south.  We  found  it  com- 
posed of  rough  stones  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  loosely  piled 
together.  We  noticed,  however,  large  blocks  of  stone  about 
1J  yard  from  each  end  of  the  trench;  on  the  following  day  we 


230  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1886, 

cut  another  trench  at  right  angles  to  this  still,  without  finding 
the  interment.  We,  however,  struck  large  stones  at  the  same 
distance  from  the  sides,  and  in  all  probability  they  formed  a 
complete  circle.  We  now  commenced  to  excavate  the  corners 
formed  by  the  crossing  of  the  two  trenches,  and  in  the  north- 
east of  these  we  found  the  interment.  First  we  came  to  a  large 
cobble  stone  about  2  feet  by  1  foot  9  inches  ;  on  removing  this  we 
found  that  the  boulder  clay  beneath  had  been  excavated  into  a 
rude  square  about  2  feet  9  inches  by  1  foot  9  inches. 

This  hole  seemed  full  of  dark-coloured  earth,  which  was  care- 
fully removed  and  examined. 

This  mould  contained  a  quantity  of  calcined  bones,  which 
were  very  fragmentary,  and  near  the  bottom  lay  the  flint  knife. 
Although  we  turned  back  all  the  other  corners,  we  found  no  sign 
of  any  other  interment. 

The  small  flint  knife  is  very  carefully  and  symmetrically 
chipped.  Its  surface  is  whitened,  and  contains  numerous 
minute  cracks,  doubtless  the  effect  of  the  fire  to  which  it  has 
been  exposed.  It  is  2 1  inches  long  and  f  inch  broad,  and  much 
resembles  the  Northumberland  example,  fig.  240,  in  Evans' 
Ancient  Stone  Implements. 

I  think  that  the  extreme  simplicity  of  this  interment  is  worthy 
of  notice.  With  it  was  no  cist  nor  urn,  but  just  the  knife  and 
the  remains  of  its  owner. 

Quite  close  to  this  place  are  some  of  those  curious  remains 
known  as  Picts'  Dykes. 

I  now  come  to  the  large  celt,  and,  in  doing  so,  I  may  remark 
upon  the  comparative  rarity  of  the  ordinary  celt  in  this  part  of 
the  country.  For  whereas  in  most  districts  the  discoveries  of 
this  type  of  implement  predominate  in  number  over  those  of  the 
perforated  sort,  yet  here  it  would  appear  to  be  the  reverse,  as  I 
have  certainly  heard  of  more  discoveries  of  perforated  hammers 
than  of  any  other  shape  of  implement  in  this  district. 

This  specimen  was  found  at  Whitwell  Folds,  a  farmhouse  at 
Selside,  about  four  miles  north-east  of  Kendal,  about  the  year 
1847.  Selside  is  a  high-lying  district  amongst  the  Westmore- 
land fells.  It  was  discovered  about  six  feet  deep  in  draining  a 
peat  moss  which  had  formerly  been  a  tarn. 

It  is  about  7  J-  inches  long,  3J  inches  broad  at  the  cutting  edge 
and  2  inches  at  the  butt,  and  is  composed  of  what  seems  to  be  a 
very  hard  volcanic  stone.  The  edge  of  the  blade  is  oblique  ;  the 
sides  are  carefully  ground  off,  and,  if  closely  examined,  seem  to 
be  formed  into  almost  three  facets ;  the  butt  end  is  left  rough, 
perhaps  to  enable  some  gummy  substance  with  which  it  was 
haftecl  to  adhere  more  firmly.  The  whole  is  carefully  polished, 
and  the  minute  striae  which  cover  its  surface  are  both  lateral 
and  longitudinal. 


Dec.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  231 

About  two  fields  from  this  place  was  found,  about  1857,  a 
stone  quern  of  the  beehive  shape.  This  also  was  found  about 
2  feet  deep  in  peat.  Its  height  is  10|  inches,  breadth  across 
base  1  foot,  and  across  the  top  of  the  hole  4  J  inches.  A  nearly 
identical  specimen  to  this  has  been  found  at  Wray,  near  Amble- 
side,  also  in  close  conjunction  with  stone  implements,  and 
roughly- circular  perforated  stone  discs  have  been  discovered  in 
peat  at  Hawkshead. 

It  now  only  remains  for  me  to  describe  what  I  know  of  the 
discovery  of  six  curious  objects  of  wool  or  felt,  which  took  place 
in  a  peat  moss  called  Out  Dubs,  at  the  foot  of  Esthwaite  Lake, 
in  1867. 

These  hoods,  for  I  cannot  see  what  else  they  can  have  been, 
are  said  to  have  been  lying,  when  found,  neatly  fblded,  one 
upon  another,  under  four  feet  of  peat.  With  the  exception  of 
the  two  I  have  here,  all  seem  to  have  been  lost  or  destroyed. 
These,  when  laid  out  flat,  are  about  2  feet  wide  at  the  widest 
part,  and  about  1  foot  7  inches  in  length,  and  seem  to  be 
formed  of  a  sort  of  soft  brown  felt-like  substance. 

With  regard  to  their  antiquity  I  am  in  ignorance,  as  I  am 
not  aware  of  any  similar  objects  having  ever  been  discovered, 
but  I  cannot  see  in  what  way  they  can  have  been  used  except  as 
hoods  or  cowls.  Mr.  Anderson  in  his  Scotland  in  Pagan  Times 
figures  a  hood  of  coarse  wool  found  in  a  peat  moss  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Andrew's,  Orkney,  but  this  seems  altogether  a  much  more 
elaborate  affair.  Hoods  were  in  all  probability  a  very  common 
form  of  headdress  from  very  early  times,  and  they  continued  in 
use  till  a  comparatively  recent  period  among  the  lower  classes. 
Head-dresses  of  this  sort  can  also  be  seen  depicted  in  many 
ancient  manuscripts. 

It  is  to  be  regretted  that  this  discovery  was  not  accompanied 
by  some  remains  which  would  serve  to  point  to  their  origin  or 
antiquity.  It  may,  however,  be  noticed  that  Hawkshead,  the 
ancient  market  town  at  the  head  of  Esthwaite  Lake,  is  said  to 
have  been,  in  former  times,  considerably  noted  for  its  woollen 
manufacture." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


232  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Thursday,  January  13th,  1887. 
EDWIN  FKESHFIELD,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  A.  C.  King,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — Eleven  Volumes  of  South  Kensington  Museum 
Art  Handbooks.  8vo.  London,  1878-86. 

1.  Art  of  the  Saracens  in  Egypt.    By  Stanley  Lane-Poole.    1886. 

2.  Bronzes.     By  C.  D.  E.  Fortnum. 

3.  College  and  Corporation  Plate.    By  W.  J.  Cripps.     1881. 

4.  Dyce  and  Forster  Collections.    With  Engravings  and  Facsimiles. 

5.  English  Earthenware.    By  A.  H.  Church.     1884. 

6.  English  Porcelain.    By  the  same.     1885. 

7.  French  Pottery.    By  P.  Gasnault  and  E.  Gamier.     1884. 

8.  Glass.    By  A.  Neshitt. 

9.  Japanese  Pottery.    Edited  by  A.  W.  Franks.     1880. 

10.  Jones  Collection.     1883. 

11.  Eussian  Art  and  Art  Objects  in  Eussia.    By  A.  Maskell.     1884. 

From  the  Numismatic  Society: — The  Numismatic  Chronicle.  Vol.  vi.  Third 
Series,  No.  xxiii.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:-~ 

1.  An  Account  of  King's    College- Chapel,  in    Cambridge.      By    Henry 
Maiden.    8vo.     Cambridge,  1769. 

2.  A  concise  history  of  the  Cistercian  Order.    By  a  Cistercian  Monk.    8vo. 
London,  1852. 

3.  Liturgical  Eules  for  Organists,  Singers,  and  Composers.   12mo.    London, 
1868. 

4.  Compendio  del  Ano  Cristiano  por  D.  J.  Lorenzo  Villanueva.     Tomo  xii. 
— Diciembre.    12mo.    Madrid,  1886. 

5.  Hymnodia  Hispanica.   Praemittitur  dissertatio  de  Hymnis  Ecclesiasticis. 
Auctore  Faustino  Arevalo.    4to.    Eome,  1786. 

6.  Guide  to  Cambridge  :  the  town,  University,  and  Colleges.    By   G.  M. 
Humphry,  M.D.,  F.E.S.    8vo.     Cambridge,  1883. 

7.  Burrell,  of  Dowsby  co.  Lincoln,  and  of  Eyhall  co.  Eutland.     Compiled 
by  C.  Wilmer  Foster.     4to.    Eotherham,  1885. 

8.  The  Machells  of  Crackenthorpe.     By  E.  Bellasis.    8vo.    Kendal,  1886. 

9.  Eome   et  ses  Monuments.      Guide  du   Voyageur  Catholique  dans  la 
capitale  du  monde  Chretien.     Par  le  Chanoine  De  Bleser.    2mc  edition. 
8vo.     Louvain,  1870. 

10.  The  Visitation  of  the  county  of  Lincoln  in  1562-4  ;  and  1592.     Edited 
by  W.  C.  Metcalfe,  F.S.A.     2  vols.     8vo.     London,  1881  ;  and  1882. 

11.  Pedigree  of  the  Family  of  Wing.     1486—1886.    4to.    London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Progress  of  a  century ;  or,  the  Age  of  Iron  and  Steam. 
By  Edwin  Lawrence.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Editor,  the  Eev.  W.  D.  Macray,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  :— The  Pilgrimage  to 
Parnassus,  with  the  Two  Parts  of  the  Eeturn  from  Parnassus.  8vo. 
Oxford,  1886. 


Jan.  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  233 

From  the  Author:— A  History  of  the  University  of  Oxford,  from  the  earliest 
times  to  the  year  1530.  By  H.  C.  Maxwell  Lyte,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  Deputy 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Records.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  Henry  Wagner,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.: — Worterbuch  der  schweizerdeutschen 
Sprache.  XL  Heft.  Bearbeitet  von  F.  Staub,  L.  Tobler  und  R.  Schoch. 
4to.  Frauenfeld,  1887. 

From  the  Scientific,  Historic  and  Archaeological  Society  of  Correze: — Bulletin, 
tome  viiime,  4me  livraison.  8vo.  Brive,  1886. 

From  the  Editor,  Rev.  J.  Charles  Cox,  LL.D.:— The  Reliquary.  Vol.  i.— No.  1. 
New  Series.  January.  8vo.  London,  1887. 

From  the  Author,  Sir  John  Maclean,  F.S.A. : — Six  reprints  from  the  Transactions 
of  the  Bristol  and  Gloucestershire  Archaeological  Society.  8vo.  Bristol, 
1883-86. 

1.  Notes  on  the  Manors  and  Advowsons  of  Birt's  Morton  and  Pendock. 

2.  Pershore  Abbey  Church. 

3.  The  Manor  of  Bosham  in  the  county  of  Sussex. 

4.  Chantry  Certificates,  Gloucestershire  (Roll  22). 

5.  History  of  the  Manor  and  Advowson  of  Staunton,  in  the  Forest  of  Dean. 

6.  The  Aid  levied  in  Gloucestershire  in  20th  Edw.  III.  (1346). 

From  the  Author: — On  the  Silver  Mace  of  the  Cork  Guilds,  now  in  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  By  R.  Day,  F.S.A.  and  G.  M.  Atkinson.  8vo. 
Dublin,  1886. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  the  following 
gentlemen  for  the  liberal  gift  of  their  publications  during  the 
past  year : — 

The  Editors  of  the  AtJienteum,  the  Builder,  and  Notes  and 
Queries,  the  Proprietors  of  the  Art  Journal,  the  Society  of  Arts, 
and  the  Photographic  Society. 

William  Henry  Cope,  Esq.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

L.  B.  PHILLIPS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver-gilt  chalice, 
of  German  manufacture,  of  the  date  1645. 

GEORGE  MAW,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  ancient  Moorish 
dish,  18  inches  in  diameter,  decorated  with  embossed  arabes- 
ques, Arabic  inscription,  silver  lustre,  and  blue  and  purple 
enamels,  of  an  unusual  type,  probably  of  pure  Moorish  art  and 
of  an  earlier  date  than  the  commoner  Hispano-Moorish  lustre 
ware  of  the  south  of  Spain. 

A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  V.P.,  exhibited  an  album  amicorum  of 
Andreas  Adamus  Hochstetterus,  of  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
century.  It  is  a  long  and  narrow  octavo  paper  volume  of 
211  leaves,  the  last  few  of  which  have  been  nibbled  by  mice. 


234  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

The  title-page  is  inscribed  : 

61  Memoria  Uirorum  clarissimorum  in  itinere  Serenissimi 
Wurtembergiae  Ducis  auspicijs  suscepto  ab  se  compellatorum 
qualemcumque  hunc  libellum  dicavit  consecravitque  Andreas 
Adamus  Hochstetterus  Tubingensis.  A.M." 

A  number  of  pages  at  the  commencement  are  left  blank  for 
important  personages  of  high  rank  who  never  inscribed  their 
names. 

The  earliest  entries  are  dated  May  24th,  1688,  the  remainder 
extend  over  a  period  of  three  years.  Each  name  is  headed  by 
a  motto,  usually  in  Latin,  Greek,  or  Hebrew. 

In  February,  1691,  Hochstetter  visited  Oxford.  Most  of 
the  professors  and  others  inscribed  their  names  in  his  book.  A 
month  later  he  was  at  Cambridge,  where  several  of  the  heads 
of  colleges  and  others  wrote  their  names  Amongst  these  is 
that  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  then  Lucasian  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, who  writes  as  his  motto : 

"  Sic  peregre  profecti  sunt  Philosophi  antiqui  et  Graeciam 
suam  doctissimam  reddiderunt." 

Among  the  signatures  in  1690  is  that  of  Richard  Baxter, 
whose  motto  is, — 

Si  in  necessarijs  sit  unitas 
In  non  necessarijs  Libertas 
In  utrisqk  charitas 

Optimo  certe  loco  essent 
res  ecclesise. 

A  similar  motto  to  this  occurs  in  another  page,  which  was 
perhaps  suggested  by  Baxter's  : 

In  necessaria  unitas 

In  non  necessaria  Libertas 

In  omnibus  Prudentia  et  Charitas. 

EDWIN  FEESHFIELD,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.,  exhibited  three 
photographs  of  Toledo,  showing  the  position  of  the  Alcazar, 
destroyed  by  fire  on  January  9th,  1887,  and  accompanied  by 
the  following  remarks : — 

"  I  exhibit  three  photographs  of  Toledo  showing  the  position 
of  the  building  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  last  Sunday,  viz. 
the  Alcazar.  It  is,  as  you  will  see  from  the  photographs,  in 
many  respects  the  most  prominent  and  important  building  in 
the  city,  not  of  the  same  interest  as  the  cathedral  and  some  of 
the  churches,  but  the  most  prominent,  and,  I  suppose,  the  most 
ancient  building.  I  think  there  is  no  doubt  it  stands  upon  the 


Jan.  13.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  235 

site  of  the  Roman  citadel,  and  it  has  been  occupied  as  a  castle 
by  the  successive  owners  of  Toledo  ever  since. 

It  is  not  the  first  time  that  it  has  been  burned  down,  as  it  was 
burned  by  the  retiring  French  after  the  battle  of  Talavera. 
Although  I  see  it  stated  in  the  newspapers  that  the  Spanish 
Government  will  not  be  sufficiently  rich  to  build  it  up  again,  I 
should  rather  doubt  this  ;  the  climate  is  a  very  beautiful  one,  and 
the  Spanish  Government  does  not  hurry  itself.  Moreover,  the 
Alcazar  is  doing  a  good  work  as  a  military  institution  like  Sand- 
hurst, so  I  should  think  the  building  itself  will  be  re-erected ; 
but  if  it  is  destroyed  as  completely  as  would  appear  from  the 
papers,  I  suppose  we  shall  have  to  depend  upon  Mr.  Laurent's 
photographs  of  it  for  our  recollections. 

The  photographs  show  the  exceptionally  beautiful  situation  of 
Toledo,  formed,  as  is  apparent,  by  the  Eiver  Tagus,  which  after 
wandering  in  a  sluggish  way  through  a  rather  uninviting  country 
suddenly  bursts  through  the  rock  upon  one  portion  of  which 
Toledo  stands  and  turns  it  into  a  peninsula." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

A  letter  was  read  from  E.  P.  Loftus  Brock,  Esq.,  F.S  A., 
asking  the  Society  to  express  their  approval  of  a  scheme  for 
preserving  the  remains  of  St.  Botolph's  Priory  Church,  Col- 
chester. After  some  discussion  the  matter  was  referred  to  the 
Council. 

The  ballot  opened  at  a  quarter  to  nine,  and  closed  at  half-past 
nine,  when  the  following  candidates  were  declared  to  be  duly 
elected: — 

John  Oldrid  Scott,  Esq. 

Gerald  Beresford  FitzGerald,  Esq. 

John  William  Trist,  Esq. 

Hubert  Hall,  Esq. 

William  Page,  Esq. 

Rev.  Edward  James  Taylor. 

Rev.  Alfred  Stephenson  Porter. 

Lewis  Edward  Upcott,  Esq. 

R.  Herbert  Carpenter,  Esq. 

Charles  W.  Chadwick  Oman,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Hyman  Montagu,  Esq. 

R.  Wright  Taylor,  Esq. 

Hon.  Robert  Marsham. 


236  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Thursday,  January  20th,  1887. 
EDWIN  FRESHFIELD,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  :- — 

From  the  Author: — A  History  of  the  Parish  of  Mortlake,  Surrey.  By  J.  E. 
Anderson.  Printed  for  private  circulation.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  South  Kensington: — List  of  Books  in 
the  National  Art  Library  on  Anatomy.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Author: — Some  Notes  concerning  Dr.  Arthur  Bury,  Prebendary  of 
Exeter  Cathedral.  By  Hugh  Norris.  [Reprinted  from  the  "  Western 
Antiquary,"  Jan.  1887.]  4to.  Plymouth,  1887. 

From  the  Camden  Society: — Publications.  New  Series,  XLI.  Custumals  of 
Battle  Abbey  (1283—1312).  Edited  by  S.  K.  Scargill-Bird,  F.S.A.  4to. 
London,  1887. 

From  the  Author:— The  Elements  of  Canon  Law.  By  0.  J.  Reichel,  B.C.L. 
M.A.  8vo.  London,  1887. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : — 

John  William  Trist,  Esq. 
R.  Wright  Taylor,  Esq. 
William  Page,  Esq. 
Hyman  Montagu,  Esq. 
The  Baron  de  Cosson. 
Hubert  Hall,  Esq. 

Gr.  H.  BLAKESLEY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  the  kindness  of  W. 
Kemp  Welch,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  carved  panel  of  Italo-Greek 
work,  with  the  death  of  St.  Francis,  of  the  date  1680. 

W.  J.  HARDY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver  spoon  with 
a  figure  of  Our  Lord  on  the  handle,  which  has  been  gilt. 
Spoons  bearing  this  figure  were  known  as  "  Master  "  spoons, 
and  usually  formed  one  of  a  set  of  thirteen,  of  which  the  others 
bore  the  twelve  apostles. 

The  example  exhibited  bears  the  following  hall-marks  : — 

(1)  The  leopard's  head  crowned  (placed  as  usual  inside  the 
bowl)  ; 

(2)  The  maker's,  the  letter  W  within  a  crescent ; 

(3)  The  lion  passant-gar  dan  t ; 

(4)  A    Lombardic   capital     6,    the    London    date -letter    for 
1604-5. 


Jan.  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  237 

A  large  number  of  spoons  are  mentioned  by  Mr.  Cripps  as 
having  been  made  by  the  same  maker  as  this  one  from  1585 
onwards. 

J.  G.  WALLER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  a 
rubbing  of  a  remarkable  incised  slab  at  Seclin,  near  Lille, 
accompanied  by  the  following  remarks : — 

u  The  incised  slab,*  of  which  I  here  exhibit  a  rubbing,  covers 
a  tomb  beneath  the  high  altar  of  the  church  of  St.  Piat  or 
Piaton,  at  Seclin,  a  village  between  Lille  and  Tournay,  in 
Flanders.  It  shows  the  figure  of  a  priest  in  the  vestments  of 
the  Eucharist,  or  those  used  in  the  performance  of  the  Mass, 
holding  in  his  hands  a  scalp,  or,  if  we  look  at  the  head,  perhaps 
also  the  upper  part  of  the  cranium  as  well.  At  the  feet  coiled  up, 
though  very  rudely  cut,  is  a  basilisk,  a  symbol  of  the  Evil  One, 
which  is  rarely  found  in  England  so  placed,  but  is  by  no  means 
uncommon  on  the  continent,  especially  in  Germany,  as  also  in 
northern  Italy.  The  figure  stands  beneath  a  canopy,  from  the 
lower  centre  of  which  is  the  hand  of  God  in  benediction,  coming 
from  amid  clouds.  This  is  also  uncommon  in  this  country 
associated  with  effigies. 

Mr.  Weale,  in  his  Handbook  for  Belgium,  &c.  (p.  18), 
describes  the  tomb  as  a  6  Gaulo-Romano  sarcophagus,  hewn 
out  of  several  stones,'  and  states  that  the  slab,  which  has  the 
incised  figure,  is  of  blue  Tournay  stone,  and  was  placed  over 
the  tomb  in  the  twelfth  century.  But  if  he  be  quite  accurate  in 
this  statement,  we  cannot  assign  so  early  a  date  to  the  figure, 
which  at  the  utmost  is  not  earlier  than  the  first  quarter  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  This  is  determined  by  the  conventional 
treatment  of  the  head,  which  may  even  be  found  a  full  century 
later.  Nevertheless,  the  character  of  the  canopy  is  decidedly 
early,  and  the  treatment  of  part  of  the  costume,  such  as  the 
amice,  is  also  in  an  early  style. 

You  will  perceive  that  the  slab  has  been  broken  by  some 
violence,  and  part  is  held  together  by  a  clamp.  This  may  have 
taken  place  in  1457,  when  the  body  of  St.  Piat,  of  whom  I 
have  now  to  speak,  was  removed  hence  to  Tournay ;  or  possibly 
it  was  the  result  of  later  revolutionary  violence. 

This  figure,  then,  is  that  of  St.  Piat  or  Piaton,  and  I  shall 
first  give  the  brief  account  of  him  from  Petrus  de  Natalibus,f 
where  his  legend  appears  amongst  those  whose  day  of  celebration 
is  uncertain,  and  whose  narrative  seems  but  to  illustrate  the  effigy. 

*  In  Proceedings,  2d  S.  ix.  321,  this  is  set  down  as  a  brass  in  Rev.  W  Creeny's 
list  of  brasses  in  Belgium  and  Germany, 
t  Catalogue  Sanctorum. 


238  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

He  is  said  to  have  suffered  under  the  persecution  of  the  emperor 
Domitian.  He  was  born  in  Rome,  and  was  ordained  a  priest 
by  the  blessed  Dionysius  in  Gaul,  and  sent  to  preach  in  the 
city  of  Tournay,  where  he  converted  many  pagans  to  Christ ; 
the  prefect  hearing  thereof,  sent  and  apprehended  him,  and 
brought  him  before  the  judge.  And,  whilst  he  confessed  Christ, 
he  was  first  scourged,  and  then  it  was  commanded  that  his 
head  should  be  cut  off ;  after  which  he  carried  it  with  his  own 
hands  more  than  two  miles,  viz.  to  the  place  where  it  was 
divinely  chosen  that  his  sepulture  should  be.  Then  gloriously 
reclining,  he  rested  entombed.  We  notice  here  a  little  dis- 
crepancy between  the  legend  and  the  figure  before  us,  which 
only  carries  part  of  the  head,  so  we  will  go  to  the  authority 
of  Alban  Butler.*  He  tells  us  that  he  came  from  Benevento, 
and  was  martyred  under  Kictius  Varus,  circa  286,  at  the 
beginning  of  the  reign  of  Maximian  Herculeus  ;  that  his  body 
was  pierced  by  huge  nails,  such  as  are  used  in  joining  rafters. 
He  suffered  torments  at  Tournay,  but  his  martyrdom  was  com- 
pleted at  Seclin,. where  his  body  was  discovered,  pierced  with 
nails,  by  St.  Eligius  of  Noyon,  as  related  in  his  life  by  St. 
Owen. 

Alban  Butler's  account  helps  us  in  no  way,  and  he  places  the 
day  of  celebration  on  October  1.  Now,  in  the  legendary  writer, 
previously  quoted,  under  October  occurs  the  name  of  St.  Piatore, 
associated  also  with  St.  Dionysius,  and  martyred  at  Tournay. 
Without  doubt  this  is  the  same  person  as  St.  Piaton ;  the 
narrative  is  a  brief  abstract  without  details,  and  leaves  us  exactly 
in  the  same  position.  We  have  got  to  choose,  then,  between 
the  artist  and  the  legendary  writer,  and  with  the  evidence 
before  us  we  had  better  decide  in  favour  of  the  former,  as,  at 
any  rate,  his  work  is  the  highest  authority  we  can  appeal  to. 

On  reference  to  the  Martyrologium  Romanum  we  are  told 
that  Piaton  was  associated  with  the  blessed  Quintin,  and  suf- 
fered in  the  persecution  of  Maximian.  Now  St.  Quintin  is 
represented  on  a  piece  of  glass  in  my  possession  as  a  deacon, 
reading  a  book,  and  has  a  nail  stuck  into  each  shoulder.  Have 
not  the  legendary  authorities  confounded  the  two  ?  They  are 
not  remarkable  for  too  much  accuracy,  and  the  notes  to  the 
Martyrologium  tell  us  that  St.  Dionysius  had  nothing  to  do  with 
St.  Piaton,  but  that  the  tables  of  the  church  of  Tournay  testify 
that  it  was  St.  Quentin  who  was  his  companion.  Let  us  turn 
to  the  story  of  St.  Quentin,  by  Petrus  de  Natalibus,  which  is 
given  in  great  detail,  and  here  we  get  the  prefect's  name, 
Rictio-varus,  evidently  another  form  of  that  given  by  Butler, 
and  nails  were  used  in  his  martyrdom  as  a  very  elaborate  pre- 
*  Lives  of  the  Saints,  October. 


Jan.  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  239 

paration  to  his  decollation.  Then  it  is  narrated  that  long 
afterwards  his  body,  now  become  unknown,  was  revealed  to  St. 
Eligius.  It  is  therefore  very  clear  that  our  friends,  the 
legendary  writers,  have  considerably  muddled  the  two  narra- 
tives ;  and  Alban  Butler  especially  has  confounded  one  with 
another,  and  mixed  up  the  narratives.  We,  therefore,  had 
better  accept  the  evidence  of  the  effigy  before  us,  which  tells 
us  that  only  a  part  of  St.  Piaton's  head  was  cut  off,  and  that  is 
all  he  could  have  carried.  I  believe  there  is  another  instance 
where  a  saint  is  represented  with  the  cranium  sliced  off.* 

I  do  not  know  of  another  example  of  an  incised  slab  covering 
the  tomb  of  a  saint ;  and  as  the  church  of  St.  Piat  is  said  by 
Mr.  Weale  to  be  of  the  first  pointed  style,  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  effigy  was  executed  at  the  same  time  that  it  was 
built." 

Kev.  E.  B.  SAVAGE,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
account  of  a  cup-marked  stone,  at  Ballagawne,  Arbory,  in  the 
Isle  of  Man  : — 

u  The  first  notice  I  had  of  this  stone  was  that  there  was  '  a 
font  near  the  site  of  an  old  chapel  at  Ballagawne,  Arbory,  with 
one  receptacle  for  water  in  honour  of  the  Deity,  and  one  in 
honour  of  each  of  the  Apostles.'  I  found  it  built  into  the 
face  of  a  turf  fence  nearly  on  the  line  of  the  circular  mound 
that  formerly  surrounded  the  old  burial-ground  attached  to 
the  church.  The  building  itself  has  entirely  disappeared,  the 
last  remnants  of  the  walls  having  been  removed  about  sixty 
years  ago  by  a  man  still  living  on  the  farm.  It  was  evidently 
one  of  the  small  mortuary  chapels,  commonly  called  '  Treen 
chapels/  which  were  scattered  plentifully  over  the  country,  the 
inside  dimensions  of  which  average  about  20  feet  by  12  feet, 
although  I  have  measured  some  as  small  as  12  feet  by  8  feet, 
the  walls  being  of  stone  built  in  with  clay,  and  about  2  feet 
to  2  feet  6  inches  thick.  Their  direction  is  almost  always  due 
east  and  west.  Surrounding  them  is  a  burial-ground,  called 
in  Manx  Ruillick,  varying  greatly  in  extent,  with  graves  formed 
of  slabs  of  slate  set  on  edge,  with  either  one  long  one  as  a 
covering  or  several  shorter  slabs  placed  across ;  one  of  these 
covering  slabs  being  frequently  pierced,  and  sometimes  with 
a  single  cup-marking.  The  body  was  buried  full  length,  but 
not  always  in  the  same  line  as  the  church.  These  buildings 
are  often  found  on  a  raised  position,  exactly  as  if  a  tumulus  had 
been  levelled  at  the  top  for  the  purpose ;  in  fact,  I  have  found 
cinerary  urns  at  the  base  of  such  a  mound,  and  lintel  graves 

*  St.  Nicasius,  B.  &  C. 
VOL.  XI.  R 


240  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

(called  by  the  country  people  *  stone  coffins  ')  and  the  remains 
of  a  church  on  the  surface.  The  site  at  Ballagawne  looks  very 
much  as  if  this  had  been  the  case.  Some  of  the  sites  still  retain 
the  traditional  dedication  in  the  present  name  of  the  farm,  as 
Ballakeeillpherick,  l  the  farm  of  Patrick's  church,'  but  in  this 
instance,  as  in  many  others,  it  is  quite  lost. 

An  occupation-road  runs  a  few  yards  to  the  west  of  where 
the  church  formerly  stood,  across  the  old  burial-ground,  and 
slate  slabs  forming  graves  may  still  be  seen  standing  up  through 
the  grass.  This  church  was  regarded  with  the  greatest  super- 
stition, and  the  old  man  above  referred  to  showed  how  the  fence 
of  the  road  on  the  side  furthest  from  the  building  was  purposely 
curved  out,  in  order  that  passers  by  might  be  able  to  give  the 
dreaded  spot  a  wider  berth  ;  and  in  old  days,  before  the  land 
was  brought  under  the  plough,  no  one  dared  cut  fern  within  the 
burial-ground  except  one  old  woman,  who  was,  however,  *  a 
friend  of  the  fairies ' — something  nearly  equivalent  to  a  witch. 
As  for  himself,  the  old  fellow  evidently  considered  that  he  was 
something  of  a  hero  to  have  ventured  to  plough  up  the  ground, 
and  to  take  down  the  walls,  in  his  younger  days. 

About  a  century  ago  a  man  was  building  a  house  for  himself 
some  distance  off,  and  he  took  this  stone,  which  was  set  in  or 
near  the  boundary-fence  of  the  burial-ground,  and  built  it  in 
as  an  ordinary  stone,  as  likely  as  not  in  some  defiant  mood. 
The  house  was  finished  and  he  went  to  live  in  it,  but  two 
children  were  born  deaf  and  dumb,  and  he  and  the  neighbours 
were  certain  that  the  stone  had  done  it.  Whereupon  it  was 
taken  out  of  the  wall,  and  thrown  on  to  a  common  heap  of 
stones.  Here  it  lay  for  years  till  another  occupant  of  the  house, 
fearing  it  even  there,  and  wishing  to  propitiate  it,  placed  it  in 
his  cart  one  day,  and  brought  it  back  to  its  old  locality.  Great 
and  terrible  is  its  power  still ;  some  of  the  country  people  not 
venturing  even  to  look  upon  it.  It  required  considerable  tact 
and  diplomacy  to  induce  the  owner  to  part  with  it ;  and  then 
unluckily  two  cows  died  soon  after  its  removal,  one  on  Balla- 
gawne and  one  on  a  neighbouring  farm,  and  they  made  no 
doubt  that  the  stone  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  misfortune,  and 
the  advisability  of  getting  it  back  was  seriously  discussed.  I 
have  been  asked  by  several  if  '  she  '  has  done  me  any  mischief 
since  coming  into  my  possession  ;  but  the  wiseacres  shake  their 
heads  and  say  that  I  am  safe,  for  she  is  on  6  consecrated 
ground ' — in  a  passage  adjoining  the  vestry  of  my  church — 
and  therefore  powerless.  The  dimensions  are  as  follows : — 
Height,  3  feet  1  inch;  width  from  I  foot  7  inches  to  1  foot 
3J  inches.  Thickness,  9  inches  at  the  bottom,  6J  inches  at  the 
top.  The  nine  cup-markings  in  the  upper  part  are  beautifully 


Jan.  20.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  241 

formed  and  are  very  regular — 2  inches  in  diameter,  f  inch 
deep,  the  one  to  the  right  and  slightly  below  these  being  not 
quite  so  regular,  nor  so  deep.  The  large  depression  is  9  inches 
in  diameter,  If  inch  deep  over  a  good  part  of  its  area,  its 
sides  sloping  steeply,  very  like  a  soup-plate.  It  is  not  smooth, 
but  seems  covered  with  '  pricks,'  as  if  made  with  pretty  sharp 
blows  with  a  pointed  instrument.  Below  this  depression, 
nearly  following  the  line  of  its  curve,  are  four  imperfectly- 
formed  cup-markings.  On  the  back  are  three  well-defined 
markings,  the  middle  one  being  quite  shallow,  the  upper  one 
like  those  on  the  upper  part  of  the  other  face,  and  the  lower 
one  being  If  inch  deep,  with  a  continuation  at  the  bottom 
slanting  towards  the  outside,  apparently  with  the  intention  of 
meeting  the  other  hole  near  the  edge,  as  seen  in  the  front  view ; 
this  hole  and  the  slanting  portion  of  the  other  seeming  to  be 
of  a  different  nature  from  the  others — more  sharply  cut,  with 
steeper  sides. 

Several  questions  arise  with  regard  to  it  which  one  would 
gladly  have  answered. 

Was  it,  in  the  first  instance,  associated  with  the  church,  or 
with  the  tumulus  which  seems  to  have  occupied  the  site  pre- 
viously ? 

Is  the  hollow  in  the  centre  in  any  way  analogous  to  those  on 
the  stones  found  in  Irish  tumuli  with  shallow  though  much 
larger  depressions  ? 

Could  it  have  been  intended  for  a  holy-water  stoup,  the  lower 
and  thicker  end  being  built  into  the  wall  of  the  church,  the  two 
holes  previously  mentioned  as  converging  being  used  for  a 
clamp  ?  (The  upper  portion  of  the  stone  seems  to  have  been 
artificially  rounded,  the  lower  part  very  much  in  the  rough.) 

In  that  case  are  the  cup-markings  older  than,  or  contemporary 
with,  the  larger  hollow  ?" 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  suggested  that  the  stone  was  of  medieval 
origin,  and  that  the  hollows  had  been  made  for  playing  the 
game  of  "  nine  holes." 

G-.  L.  GOMME,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  read  a  paper  on  the  History  of 
Malmesbury  as  a  village  community,  which  will  be  printed  in 
the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


K  2 


242  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Thursday,  January  27th,  1887. 
A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  M.A.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  A.  C.  King,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — South  Kensington  Museum  Art  Handbooks. 
8vo.    London,  1879—84,  viz.:— 

1.  Gold  and  Silver.    By  J.  H.  Pollen. 

2.  The"  Industrial  Arts  of  Denmark.    By  J.  J.  A.  Worsaae.     1882. 

3.  The  Industrial  Arts  of  India.    By  G.  C.  M.  Birdwood.     2  vols.     1884. 

4.  The  Industrial  Arts  of  Scandinavia  in  the  Pagan  Time.    By  Hans 
Hildebrand.     1883. 

5.  The  Industrial  Arts  in  Spain.    By  Juan  F.  Riano.     1879. 

The  Hon.  Robert  Marsham  was  admitted  a  Fellow. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  appointed  as  Auditors  for  the 
ensuing  year : — 

John  Henry  Middleton,  Esq. 
Albert  Hartshorne,  Esq. 
Frederick  George  Hilton  Price,  Esq. 
Edward  William  Brabrook,  Esq. 

The  WARDEN  and  FELLOWS  of  All  Souls  college,  Oxford, 
exhibited  a  fine  pair  of  silver-gilt  "  Pilgrims  Bottles,"  used  as 
altar-cruets  in  the  college  chapel. 

They  are  15^  inches  high,  and  of  flattened  pear-shape,  with  a 
spreading  oval  foot,  and  formed  of  twelve  lobes,  vertical  on  the 
neck  but  increasing  as  they  descend,  and  curving  spirally  on 
the  body.  The  foot  is  similarly  covered  with  a  spiral  of  ten 
lobes.  Round  the  vertical  edge  of  the  foot  is  a  belt  formed  of 
the  repetition  of  a  small  oblong  compartment  with  a  floral  sprig 
in  relief. 


PORTION  OF  EMBOSSED  BELT  BOUND  FOOT  OF  ALTAE  CRUET, 
ALL  SOULS  COLLEGE,  OXFORD.      (Full  size.) 

On  each  shoulder  of  the  body  is  a  swan's  head  and  neck, 
which  forms  a  loop  for  the  attachment  of  a  very  heavy  curb 
chain. 


Jan.  27.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


243 


The  stoppers  are  cylindrical,  with  a  screw  thread  formed,  both 
male  and  female,  by  coiling  a  ridged  strip  round  a  drum.  The 
whole  is  surmounted  by  a  trefoil  to  which  is  fastened  by  a 
shackle  and  swivel  a  smaller  chain  of  ordinary  pattern,  attached 
by  a  second  shackle  to  the  great  curb  chain. 

The  vessels  bear  one  hall-mark,  twice  repeated  under  the 
body,  and  again  on  the  bottom  of  the  body  inside  the  foot.  It 


SILVER-GILT  VESSEL  (ONE  OF  A  PAIR  USED  AS  ALTAR  CRUETS)  AT 
ALL  SOULS  COLLEGE,  OXFORD.      (£-fllll  size.) 

is  of  foreign  appearance,  and  resembles  a  row  of  organ -pipes 
surmounted  by  a  crowned  fleur-de-lis. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  these  vessels,  and  they 
are  not  mentioned  in  the  inventory  of  the  college-plate  made  in 
1448. 


244  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Richard  Andrew,  dean  of  York,  by  his  will,  dated  Sept.  1 2, 
1477,*  among  other  bequests  to  All  Souls  college,  of  which  he 
was  the  first  warden,  leaves  "  duos  urseolos  argenti  deauratos 
quasi  consimilis  formae,  ad  deserviendum  summo  altari  ibidem." 
It  has  been  suggested  that  these  are  the  identical  vessels  left  by 
dean  Andrew,  but  their  general  appearance  is  in  favour  of  their 
being  at  least  forty  or  fifty  years  later  than  the  date  of  his 
death.  Strips  of  embossed  work  like  that  round  the  foot  are 
found  on  chalices  at  Brasenose  college,  Oxford,  1498-9 ;  West 
Drayton  (Middlesex),  1507-8  ;  Leyland  (Lancashire),  1518-19  ; 
and  Jurby  (Isle  of  Man),  1521-2,  all  of  English  manufacture. 

The  curious  arrangement  of  the  lobes  on  these  vessels  is 
strongly  suggestive  of  their  having  been  copied  from  similar 
flasks  made  of  glass.  In  Mr.  Nesbitt's  small  work  on  Glass, 
published  by  the  Science  and  Art  Department,  on  page  76,  is 
an  engraving  of  a  Venetian  ewer  of  late  fifteenth-century  date, 
which  may  be  taken  as  an  illustration  of  the  particular  kind  of 
work  imitated. 

Amongst  the  domestic  plate  of  Thomas  Dalby,  archdeacon  of 
Richmond,  in  1526,  were  two  great  silver  flagons  with  chains, 
perhaps  a  similar  pair  of  vessels. f 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  exhibited  a 
small  silver  parcel-gilt  altar  cruet,  accompanied  by  the  follow- 
ing remarks : — 

"  From  the  magnificent  pair  of  flasks  exhibited  by  the  autho- 
rities of  All  Souls  college  to  the  small  cruet  which  Mr.  William 
Ball  has  kindly  lent  me  for  this  evening,  is  a  long  step,  but  the 
small  vessel  is  quite  as  interesting  in  its  way. 

It  is  3  J  inches  high,  and  has  a  globular  body  with  long  neck, 
and  broad  spreading  foot  for  stability.  The  lid  is  domed,  and 
surmounted  by  a  circular  button  f -inch  in  diameter,  engraved 
with  a  Lombardic  A,  once  surrounded  by  translucent  enamel, 
of  which  no  traces  now  remain. 

The  cruet  is  of  silver ;  and  the  bands  round  the  neck  and  foot, 
the  thumb-piece,  and  the  letter  on  the  lid,  are  gilt. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  this  interesting  vessel, 
which  was  purchased  by  its  present  owner  in  a  pawnbroker's 
shop  at  Rochester. 

The  initial  on  the  top  is  for  Aqua,  and  shows  that  the  cruet 
is  one  of  a  pair  of  which  the  lost  one  bore  V  for  Vinum. 

*  Testamenta  Eboracensia  (Surtees  Society),  iii.  234. 
t  State  Papers,  Henry  VIII.,  vol.  17,  No.  1942. 


Jan.  27.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


245 


It  appears  to  be  of  fifteenth  century  date,  but  there  are  no 
hall-marks  to  help  us. 

The  workmanship  too  is  uncertain,  whether  it  be  English  or 
Flemish." 


SILVER  PARCEL-GILT  CRUET,  IN  THE  POSSESSION  OF  WILLIAM  BALL,  ESQ. 

(Full  size.) 


The  EARL  OF  SCARBROUGH,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  remarkable 
Stone  recently  found  during  excavations  in  progress  on  the  site 
of  Roche  abbey,  near  Rotherham,  which  was  thus  described  by 
W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  Assistant-Secretary:  — 

"It  is  a  cube  of  Roche  abbey  stone,  each  side  measuring 
9  inches,  with  a  roughly  oblong  sinking  on  the  top,  4  inches 
long,  2  J  inches  wide,  and  nearly  2  inches  deep.  This  sinking  is 
not  cut  in  the  centre  of  the  stone,  and  is  only  roughly  parallel  to 


246  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

the  sides.  When  first  discovered  the  top  of  the  stone  was  covered 
with  a  coating  of  clay,  and  not  until  this  had  been  accidentally 
removed  was  anything  unusual  noticed  about  the  stone.  It  was 
then  seen  that  a  smaller  stone  was  inserted  in  the  top,  and  on 
removing  this  a  cavity  was  disclosed  containing  a  small  roll  of 
sheet  lead  2J  inches  long.  On  opening  it  there  appeared  a 
splinter  of  bone,  with  some  smaller  fragments  of  dust,  and  a 
small  iron  ring  broken  in  two  pieces.  The  bone  and  ring  have 
unfortunately  disappeared,  but  the  two  stones  and  the  lead  roll 
are  here  exhibited. 

The  stone  was  found  in  the  nave  of  the  abbey  church  just  to 
the  west  of  the  pulpitum  at  the  entrance  to  the  choir,  and  it  cer- 
tainly formed  a  part  of  one  of  the  altars.  It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
front,  sides,  and  top  are  cut  smooth,  while  the  back  and  bottom  are 
somewhat  rough.  At  Jervaulx  abbey,  also  a  Cistercian  house, 
there  is  still  to  be  seen  in  the  north  transept  of  the  church 
a  stone  altar  with  its  covering  slab  in  situ.  In  front,  however, 
just  below  the  middle  of  the  slab,  a  stone  has  been  withdrawn, 
and  from  the  careful  way  in  which  the  sides  of  the  aperture  are 
cut  it  is  quite  clear  that  the  lost  stone  was  specially  meant  to  be 
fitted  in  afterwards.  The  reason  is  made  clear  to  us  by  the 
Roche  abbey  stone,  viz.,  that  the  stone  held  a  relic  of  a  saint, 
and  was  inserted  last  of  all  after  the  covering  stone  had  been 
put  in  its  place.  Mr.  Micklethwaite  has  kindly  put  together  a 
few  notes  in  explanation  of  the  ritual  side  of  the  question. 
I  would  only  venture  to  suggest  that  the  relics,  which  I  was 
fortunate  enough  to  examine  before  they  were  lost,  were  those 
of  St.  Godric,  the  hermit  of  Finchale,  whose  black  bread  made 
of  wood,  ashes,  and  mail  shirt,  were  fruitful  sources  of  relics 
of  him. 

At  Lichfield,  in  1345,  we  find  under  the  head  of  '  Reliquie,' 

De  pane  sancti  G-oderici, 
De  lorica  sancti  Goderici, 

and  I  have  seen  others  mentioned  elsewhere,  though  I  cannot  at 
present  recall  the  place. 

The  ashlar  work  at  Roche  abbey  is  always  so  beautifully  faced 
that  the  comparative  roughness  of  this  stone  seems  to  point  to  its 
having  been  plastered." 

The  following  additional  notes  on  this  interesting  discovery 
were  submitted  by  J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

"  It  can  scarcely  be  doubted  that  the  stone  before  us  is  the 
confessio  or  receptacle  for  the  relics  which  were  deposited  in  an 
altar  at  the  time  of  its  consecration.  And  so  far  as  I  know  it  is 
the  only  one  in  which  the  relic  itself  has  been  found,  though 


Jan.  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  247 

there  probably  are  others  lying  hid  in  altars  which  have  not 
been  disturbed.  The  practice  of  enclosing  relics  in  altars  comes 
from  that  of  building  altars  above  the  tombs  of  martyrs.  And 
the  word  confessio,  though  used  at  least  as  early  as  the  eighth 
century  for  a  little  box  like  that  before  us,  belonged  properly  to 
a  vault  beneath  the  altar  large  enough  to  contain  a  real  tomb. 

The  practice  was  certainly  followed  by  the  English  Church, 
but  I  doubt  whether,  even  when  relics  were  most  valued  and 
most  plentiful,  English  altars  generally  contained  any.  Some 
which  still  remain — as  for  example,  the  high  altar  at  Forth- 
ampton  church,  near  Tewkesbury,  which  is  a  simple  slab  stand- 
ing on  four  stone  posts — seem  to  have  no  places  in  which  the 
relics  could  be  placed,  and  yet  the  crosses  on  them  show  that 
these  have  been  regularly  consecrated.  Perhaps  sometimes  a 
shrine  of  some  sort  may  have  been  put  under  the  altar,  as 
appears  to  have  been  done  in  Italy  from  very  early  times.  But 
I  take  it  that  this  was  not  often  done  here,  except  perhaps  in 
capitular  or  monastic  churches.  If  a  parish  possessed  relics  they 
were  more  likely  to  put  them  into  some  sort  of  reliquaries,  and 
use  them  as  ornaments  upon  the  altar,  than  to  hide  them  away 
underneath  it.  There  is  an  altar  in  the  bone  hole  under  the 
south  chancel  aisle  at  Grantham  church,  with  a  large  recess  in 
front,  which  may  have  contained  a  shrine,  but  it  may  also  have 
been  closed  up  and  so  formed  a  confessio,  or  it  may  have  had  a 
use  which  had  nothing  to  do  with  relics  of  the  saints. 

Lyndwode  (Provinciale,  De  reliquiis  et  veneratione  sanctorum, 
A.  v.  loco  reliquarum)  says  that  altars  ought  not  to  be  consecrated 
without  *  si  tamen  consecretur  altare  sine  reliquiis  tenet  conse- 
cratio?  And  the  pontificals  allow  the  absence  of  relics.  Indeed, 
some  pass  over  the  matter  in  a  way  which  suggests  that  the 
deposition  of  relics  was  the  exception  rather  than  the  rule.  See 
the  Salisbury  form  for  the  consecration  of  a  church  printed  in 
Maskell's  Monumenta  Ritualia,  vol.  i.  and  the  Pontifical  of 
archbishop  Bainbridge  of  York,  printed  by  the  Surtees  Society. 
The  latter  in  the  office  for  the  consecration  of  an  altar  mentions 
only  the  preparation  of  the  mortar,  and  refers  to  that  for  the 
consecration  of  a  church  for  what  is  to  be  done  if  relics  are  to 
be  put  in.  But  in  looking  there  I  fail  to  find  anything  about  the 
matter. 

There  were  different  ways  of  enclosing  the  relics  if  they  were 
used.  The  oldest  and  apparently  the  most  orthodox  was  to  put 
them  into  the  body  of  the  altar  itself,  it  being  a  solid  mass  of 
masonry  such  as  we  see  in  the  remaining  high  altars  at  Arundel 
and  Peterchurch,  and  in  many  minor  altars.  In  the  pontifical 
of  Egbert,  who  was  consecrated  to  York  in  732,  this  is  fully 
described.  There  is  the  rubric  ''Delude  ponit  tres  portiones 


248  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

corporis  domini  intus  in  confessions  et  ires  de  incenso  et  reclud- 
uniur  intus  reliquiej  and  afterwards  'Deinde  ponatur  tabula  id 
est  mensa  altaris  et  linialur  cakeS  The  use  of  the  Sacrament 
here  spoken  of,  which  seems  so  repulsive  to  our  modern  ideas, 
was  certainly  practised,  and  some  memory  of  it  remained  till  the 
end  of  the  Middle  Ages,  for  Lyndwode  (loc.  cit.)  condemns  it 
in  words  which  read  like  those  of  our  twenty-fifth  article  '  nam 
debet  comedij  according  to  the  text  '  ubi  dicit  accipite  et 
comedite  non  dicit  accipite  et  conservate  sive  recondite.9 

Durandus  wrote  five  hundred  years  after  the  time  of  Egbert, 
but  the  custom  as  described  by  him  is  still  the  same,  except  as 
regards  the  misuse  of  the  Sacrament. 

But  it  must  have  been  found  very  inconvenient  to  put  the 
mensa  of  the  altar  in  its  place  during  the  consecration  service, 
especially  when  the  altar  was  large  and  the  mensa  a  heavy  slab, 
needing  eight  or  perhaps  twelve  strong  men  to  move  it.  So  the 
custom  grew  of  having  it  fixed  beforehand  and  providing  some 
\vay  of  putting  in  the  relics  without  moving  it.  Of  one  of  these, 
which  is  perhaps  the  earliest,  and  is  mentioned  by  Durandus, 
we  have  an  example  in  the  stone  before  us,  the  use  of  which  is 
well  illustrated  by  an  altar  still  standing  in  the  ruins  of  Jervaulx 
abbey,  of  which  I  show  a  drawing.  Here  the  solid  altar  is  kept, 
but  the  relic  is  inserted  from  the  front  instead  of  from  the  top. 
The  Roche  abbey  stone,  after  the  relics  were  put  into  it  by  the 
bishop,  was  pushed  into  a  hole  left  in  the  front  of  the  altar,  such 
as  that  we  see  at  Jervaulx,  just  as  a  drawer  is  put  into  its  place, 
and  when  there  it  would  appear  as  one  of  the  other  facing  stones, 
unless  perchance  it  may  have  been  purposely  marked  in  some 
way.  But  that  I  think  is  unlikely. 

Another  way  was  to  make  a  sort  of  box  in  the  altar- slab  or 
mensa  itself,  and  to  put  the  relics  there,  covering  them  with  a 
stone  lid.  This  lid  was  treated  as  if  it  were  the  real  mensa  and 
was  marked  with  the  five  consecration  crosses.  Such  slabs  are 
known  as  '  sealed  stones,'  and  are  rare  in  England.  I  show  draw- 
ing of  one  at  Norwich  cathedral  and  one  at  St.  Davids.  But  I 
am  not  sure  that  the  *  seal '  of  an  altar  is  always  a  covering  for 
the  relics.  That  at  Norwich  has  been  raised  and  nothing  found 
beneath.  May  it  not  rather  be  a  superaltare  or  separately  con- 
secrated altar-stone  which  has  been  let  in  there  ? 

A  fifteenth-century  MS.  Pontifical  in  the  British  Museum 
shows  yet  another  way  of  enclosing  the  relics.  A  notch  is  cut 
in  the  middle  of  the  top  edge  of  the  front  of  the  mensa  to  receive 
them.  There  is  a  displaced  altar-slab  at  Adderbury  church  with 
such  a  notch  not  quite  in  the  middle  which  may  have  served  the 
same  purpose,  but  may  have  been  made  since  the  altar  was 
pulkd  down." 


Jan,  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  249 

ROBERT  DAY,  Junior,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  number  of 
weapons  of  the  Bronze  Age  recently  dredged  up  from  the  bottom 
of  lough  Erne,  on  which  he  also  communicated  the  following 
remarks : — 

"  As  one  of  your  Local  Secretaries  for  Ireland  I  have  the  honour 
to  exhibit  a  further  group  of  bronze  objects  from  the  Portora  ford 
of  lough  Erne,  county  Fermanagh,  which  were  brought  to  the 
surface  at  various  periods  in  the  dredging  operations  during  the 
past  summer. 

They  comprise  a  leaf-shaped  sword,  a  portion  of  another 
sword,  a  rapier,  a  spear-head,  and  a  circular  disc-shaped  orna- 
ment with  a  doubly-curved  stem,  to  which  the  name  of  '  spectacle 
brooch '  has  been  applied  by  Irish  archaeologists. 

The  sword  is  perfect,  and  measures  in  extreme  length  1 7  i  inches. 
On  comparing  it  with  twelve  unbroken  swords  in  my  collection  I 
find  that  they  measure  respectively  25J,  25,  24£,  24 j,  23|,  23, 
22J,  22^,  20,  19,  17-jt,  12^  inches;  and  a  careful  examination  of 
those  in  the  museum  of  the  Royal  Irish  Academy  shows  that 
17^  inches  is  under  the  average  length  of  the  weapons  of  this 
variety  that  are  described  in  the  catalogue  of  the  bronze  anti- 
quities there.  This  sword  is  1 J  inch  across  the  widest  part  of 
the  blade,  which  is  12  J  inches  long;  it  is  devoid  of  central  stem 
or  mid-rib,  but  a  slight  fulness  traverses  the  middle  of  the  blade, 
which  is  margined  by  a  grooved  feather- edge;  the  handle-plate 
is  deeply  hollowed  for  the  insertion  of  the  covering  hand  part 
and  is  5  inches  in  length,  with  seven  rivet-holes,  in  two  of  which 
tire  rivets  still  remain. 

The  broken  sword  has  the  handle  and  part  of  the  blade  entire ; 
the  handle  measures  4  inches,  the  entire  length  of  the  fragment 
being  8  inches.  There  are  only  four  rivet-holes  in  the  handle, 
which  are  filled  up  with  either  the  silt  of  the  lake  bottom  or  with 
portions  of  the  rivets.  Some  parts  of  the  handle  have  an  incrus- 
tation of  what  appears  to  be  oxide  of  iron,  and  a  similar  deposit 
is  apparent  in  the  rivet-holes ;  it  is  probable  that  this  has  nothing 
to  do  with  the  material  that  formed  the  original  covering  of  the 
handle,  but  has  possibly  occurred  by  contact  with  iron  beneath 
the  lake's  surface.  The  hand-grip  of  its  companion  sword  has  a 
similar  coating  and  appearance.  Where  this  sword  is  broken 
the  fracture  is  old,  and  not  the  more  recent  accidental  work  of 
the  dredge,  which  I  regret  to  say  has  failed  to  recover  the  re- 
mainder of  the  blade  ;  the  rivet-holes  in  this  are  unusually  placed, 
two  are  close  to  the  hilt  where  the  blade  joins  the  handle,  the 
remaining  two  are  in  the  centre  of  the  hand  part,  and  are  con- 
nected by  an  oblong  groove  of  1  inch  in  length  into  which  the 
bone  or  other  covering  of  the  handle  fitted. 

The  rapier  is  13  f  inches  long  by  f  inch  wide,  expanding  to 


250  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

1J  inch  above  the  handle-plate,  which  narrows  to  1J  inch 
where  it  is  notched  for  four  rivets ;  a  thick  mid-rib  traverses 
the  blade  from  hilt  to  point,  and,  unlike  its  fellow  rapier, 
described  in  my  previous  communication,  it  is  unbroken  and 
perfect. 

By  far  the  finest  object  of  the  group  is  the  beautiful  broad 
leaf-shaped  spear-head,  which  is  uninjured  and  covered  with  a 
dark  brown  patination ;  part  of  the  old  timber  shaft  is  still  em- 
bedded in  the  socket,  but  the  retaining  rivet  is  gone.  The  spear 
is  16  inches  in  extreme  length,  and  2J  inches  across  the  widest 
part  of  the  blade,  resembling  in  outline  the  lough  Gur  spear, 
figured  by  Dr.  Evans.* 

The  last  object  to  be  described  is  of  quite  a  different  character, 
namely  the  spectacle  brooch.  It  is  undecorated,  and  measures 
5  inches  in  extreme  length  and  2  inches  in  diameter  of  disc. 
Of  the  four  among  the  bronze  antiquities  of  the  Royal  Irish 
Academy,  two  are  plain  and  two  are  more  or  less  orna- 
mented. I  know  of  one  other  of  a  similar  kind  in  a  private 
collection,  a  rubbing  of  which  I  enclose. f  In  vol.  vii.  4th  S. 
p.  126,  of  the  journal  of  the  Royal  Historical  and  Archaeological 
Society  of  Ireland,  a  bronze  and  gilt  disc  is  engraved,  and 
described  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Patterson.  This,  I  believe,  belonged  to 
one  of  those  spectacle  brooches,  from  which,  when  the  soldering 
gave  way,  it  became  detached.  The  plain  disc  of  this  brooch 
has  a  certain  want  in  its  appearance  which  would  not  be  felt 
were  it  enriched  with  a  Celtic  decoration.  The  bed  of  lough 
Erne  is  not  the  most  conducive  resting-place  for  the  preservation 
of  such  an  object,  and  the  fact  of  its  having  been  dredged  from 
there  will  explain  its  denuded  condition.  In  vol.  i.  Part  i.  of 
the  same  journal,  at  p.  124,  in  a  memoir  of  Gabriel  Beranger 
by  the  late  Sir  William  Wilde,  one  of  these  brooches  is  figured 
which  was  found  at  Slane,  county  Meath,  in  1779,  and  was  then 
believed  to  have  formed  part  of  a  musical  instrument. 

Another  bronze  dagger  has  recently  come  to  me.  It  was 
found  when  cutting  a  drain  through  a  land  lake  to  lower  the 
lake  near  the  old  castle  of  Monee,  county  Fermanagh.  It  is  a 
fine  sharp  casting,  measuring  10  inches  in  length  by  f-inch 
in  width  of  blade,  and  widening  to  2  inches  above  the  handle- 
plate,  which  is  pierced  for  two  rivets ;  the  raised  mid-rib  that 
traverses  the  blade,  unlike  any  that  I  have  met  with,  gradually 
terminates  at  1J  inch  from  the  point." 


*  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  p.  312,  fig.  379. 

t  A  brooch  of  precisely  similar  shape  is  engraved  in  the  Catalogue  of  the 
Antiquities  of  Animal  Materials  and  Bronze  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  (1861),  p.  566. 


Jan.  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  251 

SIR  EDWARD  SIEVEKING,  Knt.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  chalce- 
dony gem,  engraved  with  the  Apollo  of  Kanachos,  upon  which 
Cecil  Smith,  Esq.,  communicated  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  The  Greek  gem,  which  is  the  subject  of  my  short  paper, 
and  which  is  exhibited  to  you  to-night,  is  the  property  of  Sir 
Edward  Sieveking,  who  has  asked  me  to  communicate  to  you  a 
few  remarks,  which  I  put  down  for  him,  inasmuch  as  the 
subject  engraved  upon  it  is  one  which  seems  to  be  of  import- 
ance to  the  history  of  Greek  art. 

It  is  a  pale  chalcedony,  2  centimetres  in  length  by  1'5  centi- 
metres broad.  Its  present  thickness  is  only  4  millimetres,  but 
the  general  appearance  of  the  stone  suggests  that  it  has  been 
originally  a  scaraboid,  of  which  the  upper  part  has  been  rubbed 
or  cut  down  for  purposes  of  setting.  This  would  coincide  very 
well  with  the  style  of  the  border  which  encloses  the  design — a 
circle  of  oblique  hatched  lines.  This  form  of  border  is  much 
more  commonly  found  among  the  scarabs  and  scaraboid  gems 
of  early  Greek  times  than  among  those  of  a  later  period.  A 
portion  of  the  border  below  the  design  has  been  rubbed  away 
in  the  careless  handling  of  the  setter,  but  otherwise  the  surface 
of  the  design  seems  to  be  intact. 

The  subject  here  represented  is  one  that  is  already  well 
known,  both  from  the  descriptions  of  ancient  writers  and  also 
from  several  works  of  art  that  have  come  down  to  us.  Kana- 
chos of  Sikyon,  living  somewhere  about  B.C.  500,  made,  we  are 
told,  two  statues  of  Apollo  holding  a  stag ;  the  one  at  Bran- 
chidse,  near  Miletos ;  the  other,  a  counterpart  of  it  in  general 
appearance,  but  probably  slightly  varied  in  detail,  placed  in  a 
temple  at  Thebes.  The  Branchidae  statue,  Pausanias  adds,  was 
of  bronze,  while  that  at  Thebes  was  of  cedar  wood. 

Concerning  the  Theban  statue,  this  is  all  the  information  we 
have ;  but  of  its  twin  brother,  at  Branchidae,  Pausanias  tells  us 
the  subsequent  eventful  history.  Xerxes,  he  says,  carried  off 
the  statue  from  Branchidge  to  Ecbatana,  where  it  remained 
until  the  time  of  Seleukos  Nikator,  who  restored  it  to  its  ori- 
ginal habitation  among  the  Milesians.*  On  certain  coins  of 
Miletos,  which  date  from  the  Roman  period,  is  a  small  figure  of 
Apollo,  obviously  copied  from  some  statue,  and  which  is  usually 
referred  to  this  same  statue  of  Kanachos ;  and  further  evidence 
is  afforded  by  two  bronzes,  the  so-called  Piombino  statuette  in 
the  Louvre,  and  the  Payne  Knight  figure  in  the  British  Mu- 
seum, of  which  a  rough  sketch  is  here  exhibited.  In  all  these 

*  For  historical  reasons  it  seems  almost  certain  that  the  writer  is  in  error 
here  ;  and  that  he  means,  not  Xerxes,  but  Dareios,  who  sacked  Miletos  in  B.C. 
494. 


252  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

cases  the  figure  of  the  deer  crouches  on  the  outstretched  hand 
of  the  god,  and,  to  admit  of  this  arrangement,  hits  been  reduced 
to  diminutive  proportions.  But  now  comes  a  difficulty — in  a 
passage  which  even  for  Pliny  is  a  masterpiece  of  distracting 
entanglement,  that  author  elaborately  discourses  of  this  very 
statue ;  from  his  description  we  may  gather,  at  any  rate,  this 
much  :  that  the  stag  was,  by  a  skilful  application  of  mechanical 
principles,  balanced  carefully  between  the  hand  of  the  figure 
and  the  ground.  In  all  probability,  the  weight  of  a  solid  body 
in  bronze  like  this  would  have  bent  the  arm  out  of  position  if 
hanging  free ;  on  the  other  hand,  if  it  rested  too  completely 
upon  its  outstretched  slim  hind-legs,  the  pressure  would  have 
been  too  much  for  them ;  so  that  what  Pliny  intended  to  point 
out  was  probably  merely  the  success  of  the  artist  in  avoiding 
both  these  difficulties. 

It  seems  most  likely,  therefore,  that  the  type  represented  on 
our  gem  gives  a  more  correct  representation  of  the  original 
motive,  and  that,  following  Pliny's  statement,  the  stag  must 
have  hung  down  to  the  ground  with  the  fore-feet  resting  in  the 
hand  of  the  god.  This,  after  all,  is  quite  in  keeping  with  types 
that  are  known  to  have  existed  of  archaic  deities,  especially 
those  which  show  traces  of  an  Oriental  origin.* 

And,  in  fact,  it  does  not  appear  that  Kanachos  necessarily 
even  invented  this  particular  type  of  Apollo.  In  the  Bulletin 
de  Corresp.  Hell.  1886,  p.  190,  is  published  a  bronze  Apollo, 
recently  found  on  the  site  of  the  temple  of  Apollo  Ptoos,  near 
Thebes,  very  similar  in  style  to  the  Payne  Knight  bronze,  and 
which  would  seem  to  have  been  copied  from  the  same  original ; 
the  left  hand  has  been  folded  round  some  cylindrical  object 
which  has  disappeared,  but  which  may  very  well  have  been  a 
bow  and  arrows ;  the  right  hand,  also  folded,  cannot  possibly 
have  supported  a  crouching  hind,  but  may  very  well  have  held 
the  fore-legs  of  an  animal,  as  in  our  gem  ;  its  position,  with 
the  bent  fingers  uppermost,  and  the  wrist  slightly  turned  down- 
wards, would  correspond  with  this  suggestion.  But  if  the 
inscription  engraved  on  this  bronze  is  correctly  attributed  to  the 
sixth  century,  the  type  must,  in  all  probability,  have  been  in 
existence  previously  to  the  date  of  Kanachos. 

That  the  type  was  very  much  in  favour  in  antiquity  is  shown 
by  its  frequent  repetition  in  works  of  art ;  in  connection  with 
our  gem  it  may  be  well  to  quote  two  others,  which  are  already 
known. 

1.  The  gem  published  in  Millin,  Pierres  gravees,  pi.  6,  and 
Miiller,  Denkmdler,  i.  No.  61.  As  the  drawing  appears  very 

*  A  number  of  instances  of  these  types  in  archaic  Greek  and  oriental  art  are 
collected  in  the  Arch.  Zeitung,  1854,  taf,  Ixi.-lxiv. 


To  face jvacfe  253. 


d 


GEMS,     WITH     THE    APOLLO     OF    KANACHOS. 


Jan.  27.  J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  253 

inadequate,  and  there  is  no  criticism  of  its  style,  we  can  only 
say  it  seems  to  be  a  late  copy  resembling  in  all  respects  No.  2. 

2.  A  sard  intaglio  in  the  British  Museum,*  of  which  a  repro- 
duction is  here  given. f     (See  Plate,  fig.  2). 

3.  The  gem  now  under  notice.     (See  Plate,  fig.  1). 

In  comparing  No.  2  with  our  gem,  which  we  may  call  No.  3, 
it  will  at  once  be  seen  that  the  chalcedony  is  both  the  earliest 
as  regards  date,  and  the  best  in  point  of  style.  It  is  true,  the 
outline  of  the  figure  is  scratchy  in  places  and  not  so  clearly 
defined  as  is  the  case  in  the  finest  period  of  engraving  ;  but  the 
conception  is  large  and  spirited,  and  the  engraver  has  admirably 
caught  the  style  of  the  artist  he  was  following  ;  the  *  somewhat 
severe  rigidity,'  and  the  strong  and  almost  clumsy  proportions 
which,  as  we  gather  from  Cicero,  were  the  characteristics  of 
Kanachos.  The  faults,  such  as  they  are,  are  due  to  the  want, 
not  of  artistic  instinct,  but  of  technical  skill.  The  feet  of  the 
deer  in  this  example  are  indicated  merely  by  the  rough  drill- 
holes which  characterise  most  of  the  earliest  works  of  torentic 
art.  In  short,  I  should  be  disposed  to  assign  the  chalcedony  to 
a  period  not  very  much  later  than  the  time  of  Kanachos  him- 
self. 

Not  so,  however,  is  the  case  of  the  British  Museum  sard 
(No.  2).  There  the  work  is  not  only  unskilled  but  careless 
into  the  bargain  ;  the  original  is  evidently  the  same,  but  the 
treatment  of  this  copy  is  feeble  and  uncertain,  and  it  can  hardly 
be  earlier  than  the  Roman  period ;  a  date  which  is  rendered 
more  probable  by  the  meaningless  introduction  of  a  rag  of 
drapery,  which  hangs  at  the  back  of  the  figure,  and  which  is 
much  more  in  keeping  with  the  ideas  of  Roman  than  of  Greek 
taste. 

There  is  one  curious  point  in  connection  with  these  two  gems 
which  I  think  is  worth  noting,  as  it  shows  the  necessity  of 
caution  in  diagnosing  too  readily  a  figure  in  the  round  from  a 
representation  of  the  same  figure  rendered  in  the  flat.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  whereas  in  the  chalcedony  and  in  the  bronzes 
both  forearms  of  the  figure  are  advanced  on  the  same  level,  in 
the  sard  (No.  2)  the  hand  holding  the  arrows  is  raised  almost 
to  the  level  of  the  shoulder.  If  we  assume  that  both  are  copied 
from  the  same  original  this  difficulty  is  explained,  for  in  No.  3 
the  figure  is  turned  to  the  left,  and,  as  it  is  in  three-quarter 
face,  there  is  room  for  the  arrows  on  the  right.  In  No.  2, 
however,  the  figure  is  reversed,  and  since  the  stag  must  of 

*  The  illustration  in  King's  Antique  Gems,  Introd.  p.  xii.  is  evidently  a 
feeble  rendering  of  the  British  Museum  sard.  King  saw  it  in  the  Mertens- 
Schaafhausen  collection,  from  which  Castellani  bought  largely;  from  Castellan! 
it  passed  to  the  British  Museum  in  1865,  with  no  note  of  provenance. 

f  See  Murray,  Greek  Sculpture,  i.  140,  note  2. 


254  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

necessity  come  in  front,  the  bow  and  arrows  would,  in  their 
natural  position,  be  hidden  by  the  stag ;  so  that,  in  order  to 
show  them,  the  engraver  has  been  forced  to  raise  them  above 
their  natural  level. 

It  is  tempting  to  suppose  that  in  these  gems  we  have  the 
bronze  statue  made  for  Branchidae,  and  that  the  Payne  Knight 
figure  is  a  copy  of  the  cedarwood  statue  at  Thebes,  the  latter 
type  presenting  less  difficulty  for  execution  in  wood.  But  then 
the  question  arises,  If  so,  how  is  it  that  on  the  late  coins  of 
Miletos,  which  presumably  copy  the  statue  brought  back  by 
Seleukos,  we  have  the  Payne  Knight  type,  and  not  the  other  ? 
This  question  must  remain  unsolved,  unless  we  may  suppose 
that  in  the  course  of  its  travels  the  Branchidae  statue  lost  its  stag, 
and  on  its  return  was  restored  on  the  model  of  the  type  still 
existing  at  Thebes.  That  the  attribute  might  very  well  be 
lost  we  see  in  the  case  of  the  Ptoos  Apollo ;  and  it  is  worth 
while  to  add  that  we  have  in  the  British  Museum  a  bronze 
figure  of  a  dead  stag,  which  has  evidently  belonged  to  a  group 
of  this  description.  The  coins  of  Miletos  would  thus  represent 
the  statue  in  its  restored  condition. 

P.S. — Since  this  paper  was  written,  I  have  come  across  yet 
another  instance,  engraved  upon  a  ruby-coloured  paste,  the 
property  of  Mr.  Arthur  Evans  (see  Plate,  fig.  3).  In  this  case  we 
have  the  same  figure  of  Apollo,  with  the  bow  and  arrows  in  one 
hand,  and  the  forefeet  of  the  deer  supported  in  the  other.  The 
tripod  which  stands  beside  the  group  is  probably  only  an  attribute 
of  the  god,  inserted  here  in  order  to  fill  the  space,  just  as  in  the 
case  of  similar  types  on  coins  we  have  a  kerykeion  in  the  field  as 
suitable  for  Hermes,  and  this  same  tripod  as  marking  Apollo. 
From  the  style  of  work,  1  should  say  that  this  gem,  which  is 
perhaps  the  most  skilfully  worked  of  all  our  examples,  would 
stand  chronologically  after  Sir  Edward  Sieveking's,  and  before 
both  the  others. 

If  the  date  I  have  assigned  to  the  chalcedony  is  correct,  it  is 
interesting  to  possess  two  representations  of  Kanachos'  famous 
statue,  which  must  probably  have  been  executed  during  the 
lifetime  of  Kanachos  himself. 

As  the  above  notes  were  put  together  in  a  somewhat  hurried 
form,  I  should  like  briefly  to  summarise  the  points  I  have 
intended  to  suggest.  They  are  as  follows  : — 

(i.)  Kanachos  made  two  Apollos  of  similar  type :  the  one  in 

wood,  at  Thebes,  the  other  in  bronze,  at  Miletos. 
(ii.)  A.  At  Miletos,  an  Orientalising  Ionian  colony,  we  should 

naturally  expect  an  Oriental  conception  of  the  type  ; 

and 


Jan.  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  255 

B.  Difference  of  materials  demanded  different  treatment 
of  the  stag  ;  hence 

(iii.)  The  wooden  statue  held  a  diminutive  stag  on  the  hand 
(as  our  Payne  Knight  figure) ;  the  bronze  statue  held 
a  larger  deer  by  the  forelegs,  the  hind  legs  touching 
the  ground  (as  in  our  gems). 

(iv.)  The  bronze  statue  was  removed  to  Persia  by  Dareios  at 
the  looting  of  Miletos,  and,  two  centuries  later,  was 
restored  by  Seleukos.  In  the  sacking  of  the  town  and 
the  two  journeys  it  underwent,  it  may  very  well  have 
lost  the  stag,  especially  as  this  was,  according  to  Pliny, 
only  lightly  attached. 

(v.)  On  the  return  of  the  statue  to  Miletos,  the  missing  stag 
was  restored  after  the  model  of  the  Ismenian  type, 
well  known  to  be  by  Kanachos  and  still  extant  as  it 
left  the  artist's  hand. 

(vi.)  In  this  (wrongly)  restored  condition  it  was  copied  on 
the  Miletos  coin,  and  was  also  described  by  Pausanias  ;* 
whereas  Pliny's  statement  f  is  evidently  borrowed 
from  some  earlier  authority,  probably  Greek,  written 
about  the  original  type ;  hence  the  discrepancy." 

EDWARD  PEACOCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
transcript  of  a  charter  of  Edward  I.  amongst  the  muniments 
preserved  at  Berkeley  castle : — 

"  Edwardus  dei  gracia  Eex  Anglie  Dominus  Hibernie  & 
Dux  Aquitanie  Omnibus  Balliuis  &  fidelibus  suis  salutem. 
Sciatis  nos  pro  bono  &  laudabili  seruicio  quod  dilectus  &  fidelis 
noster  Johannes  de  Segraue  nobis  impendit  dedisse  concessisse 
&  hac  carta  nostra  confirmasse  pro  nobis  &  heredib}  nostris 
eidem  Johanni  omnes  terras  &  tenementa  redditus  &  possessiones 
cum  pertinenciis  que  fuerunt  Simonis  ffraser  inimici  &  rebellis 
nostri  in  terra  Scocie  die  quo  idem  Simon  a  fide  &  fidelitate 
nostra  recessit  Eoberto  de  Brus  &  complicibus  suis  inimicis  & 
rebellibus  nostris  adherendo.  Habendum  &  tenendum  de  nobis 

*  IX.  10,  2.  His  expression  shows  that  in  his  time,  at  any  rate,  there  was 
little  or  no  variation  between  the  two  types.  Thus  he  says  of  the  Theban  type, 
To  Sk  ayaX/ia  /iey£0ei  re  laov  T(fi  tv  Bjoay^i^atf  £0ri}  Kal  TO  eldoc;  ovdtv  diatyopiog 
And  further  :  Aia^joouo-i  Se  Toaovdt  ("  just  so  far  ")  6  JAW  yap  iv 
yxi'^aig  ^a\Kov^  b  fit  'lapjVioQ  ian  Ktdpov. 

f  Nat.  Hist,  xxxiv.  19.  «  Canachus  Apollinem  nudum,  qui  Philesius  cog- 
nominatur  in  Didymaeo,  ^Eginetica  aeris  temperatura.  Cervumque  una  vestigiis 
suspendit,  ut  linum  subter  pedes  trahatur,  alterno  morsu  calce  digitisque  retinen^ 
tibus  solum,  ita  vertebrate  dente  utrisque  in  partibus  ut  a  repulsu  per  vices 
resiliat.'  The  obscurities  of  this  passage  are  quite  hopeless,  unless  we  can 
explain  them  as  due  here  as  well  as  in  other  similar  cases  in  Pliny's  works,  to 
a  misconstruction  of  his  Greek  authority. 

VOL.  XI.  S 


256  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

&  heredibus  nostris  eidem  Johanni  &  heredibus  suis  ea  que  de 
nobis  tenentur  &  de  aliis  dominis  feodorum  illorum  ea  que  de 
eis  ex  concessione  nostra  teneri  debent  libere  quiete  cum  feodis 
militum  aduocacionibus  ecclesiarum  dotibus  cum  acciderint 
forisfacaturis  omnium  inimicorum  &  rebellium  nostrorum  qui 
de  prefato  Simone  tenuerunt  die  predicto  &  omnibus  aliis  ad 
terras  &  tenementa  redditus  &  possessiones  predicta  spectantibus 
seu  spectare  valentibus  quoquo  modo,  per  seruicia  inde  debita 
&  consueta  imperpetuum.  In  cuius  rei  testimonium  present! 
carte  sigillum  nostrum  est  appensum.  Datum  apud  Berewycum 
super  Twedam  sexto  die  Julii  Anno  regni  nostri  Tricesimo 
quarto  per  breve  de  priuato  sigillo 

[1306] 
[In  dorso]  Carta  de  terris  simonis  ffrisel." 

Upon  this  charter,  JOSEPH  BAIN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  Scot.,  has 
obligingly  written  the  following  notes  : — 

"  The  charter  discovered  by  Mr.  Peacock  is  probably,  as  he 
says,  unique,  not  being  recorded. .  The  Rotuli  Scotie,  where  it 
should  have  been  enrolled,  are  not  in  existence  for  the  last 
three  years  of  Edward  I.  (33,  34,  and  35).  I  have  not  noticed 
any  writ  of  Privy  Seal,  as  there  must  have  been,  relative  to  it. 
On  the  day  of  its  being  sealed  at  Berwick-on-Tweed  the  king 
was  at  a  place  called  Water ville,  somewhere  in  the  Midland 
Counties — at  any  rate  south  of  Yorkshire — on  his  way  to  the 
Border,  which,  as  we  know,  he  never  crossed  again.  So  the 
official  seal  was  probably  affixed  by  the  Chancellor  of  Scotland. 
Sir  Simon  Fraser,  of  Oliver  castle,  in  Tweeddale,  was  one  of 
the  most  important  Scotsmen  of  the  day,  and  at  one  time  a 
great  favourite  with  Edward  I.,  who  repeatedly  forgave  his 
changes  of  sides  during  the  War  of  Independence.  Edward 
never  pardoned  him  for  joining  Robert  Bruce,  after  the  murder 
of  John  Comyn  at  Dumfries.  He  was  probably  living,  though 
a  prisoner,  when  this  charter  was  granted,  but  was  executed 
at  London  the  same  year.  He  was  not,  however,  Lord  Lovatrs 
ancestor,  having  left  two  daughters  only,  his  co-heiresses,  from 
one  of  whom  the  Marquess  of  Tweeddale  descends,  and  quarters 
the  Fraser  arms  as  representing  her. 

The  late  Lord  Saltoun,  in  his  valuable  family  history,  The 
frasers  of  Philorih,  shows  that  his  own  family,  and  that  of 
Lovat,  descend  from  an  uncle  of  Sir  Simon's,  John  Fraser, 
whose  eldest  great-grandson,  Sir  Alexander  Fraser  of  Corvie, 
married  Mary  Bruce,  sister  of  Robert  I.  and  founded  the 
Saltoun  or  Philorth  line,  while  the  second,  also  Sir  Simon 
Fraser,  killed  at  Halidonhill  in  1333,  was  the  Lovat  ancestor. 


Jan.  27.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  257 

There  is  a  species  of  vindictive  retribution  in  this  grant  to 
Sir  John  Segrave.  Sir  Simon  Fraser  was  one  of  the  Scottish 
leaders  who  surprised  and  defeated  Segrave  at  Koslin  Moor  on 
24th  February,  1302-3  ;  and  Segrave  was  either  captured  there 
or  soon  after,  and  held  to  heavy  ransom.  It  may  be  doubtful, 
as  Mr.  Peacock  observes,  whether  he  got  much  benefit  from  the 
grant  of  Sir  Simon's  estate." 

Mr.  PEACOCK  also  communicated  the  following  : — 

"  The  annexed  forester's  account  has  recently  been  found  in 
the  evidence-house  of  Berkeley  castle.  It  is  a  document  of  the 
early  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  the  Eighth,  probably  of  his 
sixth  year.  The  Berkeley  estates  were  at  that  time  in  the  hands 
of  the  Crown,  though  several  members  of  the  family  were  living 
either  in  the  castle  or  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood.  The 
account  is  interesting  as  an  example  of  the  writing  and  composi- 
tion of  a  person  who  must  have  been  almost  entirely  uneducated. 
I  never  met  with  a  specimen  of  sixteenth-century  writing  more 
oddly  spelt  or  more  difficult  to  decipher.  I  add  the  modern 
names  of  such  places  mentioned  as  can  be  identified. 

1.  Lorridge,  a  farm  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley. 

2.  Stone  End  Bridge,  near  Berkeley  Koad  Railway  Station. 

3.  Redwood,  a  wood  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley. 

4.  Pirton,  a  hamlet  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley  on  the  banks  of 
the  Severn. 

5.  A  shifting  sand  in  the  Severn. 

6.  Newnham,  a  small  town  in  the  Forest  of  Dean. 

7.  Shortgrove,  a  wood  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley. 

8.  Prior's  Grove,  a  wood  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley. 

9.  An  old  chace  in  the  parish  of  Berkeley. 

10.  Frampton,  a  village  in  the  west  of  Gloucestershire. 

Ihc 

Md  off  schuche  dere  that  war  killyd  in  ]>Q  kepyng  off  my 
tyme  beyng  the  spasse  of  iij  heres. 

Itm  M.  James  berkeley  kyllid  a  stag  the  her  off  kyng  Harry 
the  viijte  the  v  her  off  his  reyne 

Itm  the  seyde  her  ther  war  ij  stagges  y  ffundde  ded  at 
lorwynche1  &  a  nother  in  wyddwas  les. 

Itm  ther  was  yffund  ded  ij  hyndes  &  a  kalfe  in  the  seyde 
wodde  &  a  nother  in  brode  mede  heg. 

Itm  ther  was  a  stagge  ded  at  stonnyn  bryge2  and  a  hynde  at 
stynchcom  ded  &  a  calfe*  at  the  redde  wode  &  a  hy[n]de  at 
roosse  home  &  a  kalfe  at  longge  mede  &  a  nother  at  sethamhill 

*  i.e.  an  infant  deer. 
s2 


258  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  |  1887, 

&  a  notlier  in  the  parke  off  bredston  &  a  kalfFe  in  pekyd  hornys 
hilpis  les  chalcombe 

Itm  the  vi  er  tha  kyllyd  a  stage  at  pirton4  &  a  notlier  bo 
tewene  ]?e  nose5  &  newnam6  &  a  nother  at  schortgroue7  &  a 
nother  in  the  redde  wodde3  &  a  hynd  &  a  chalfe  in  the  pry  ores8 

groue  &  a  hynd  in  bessetesse  &  a  kalfe  in  the medc 

&  a  brocke  in  the 

ffost  er 

Itm  nycholas  caue  &  hickis  in  lorwynche 
Itm  in  kyngyswode  a  stage  ]?e  vijh  her 
Itm  S  moris  berkeley  a  stag  of  waren 
Itm  S  thomas  berkeley  a  ffe  stagge 
Itm  S  wyllin  kyngston  a  stag  of  waren 
Itm  a  stag  was  ffund  ded  in  J?e  wrod 

Itm  a  nothir  in  Thomas  bellars 

Itm  a  nothir  in  mykylwode9 

Itm  a  nothir  at  ysbell  adams  mylle 

Itm  a  brocke*  at  fframton10  ys  parke 

Itm  a  hynde  at  hartes  groue 

Itm  a  hynde  at  hyntunfelde 

Itm  a  hy[n]de  in  ffremeisgroue 

Itm  a  hynde  in  lorwynche 

Itm  at  byrstow  ij  staggis 

Itm  the  thorisday  be  fibr  witsontyde  a  der  to  berkeley." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  February  3rd,  1887. 
C.  D.  E.  FORTNUM,  Esq.,  V.P.,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author:— The  Asclepiad.     By  B.  W.  Richardson,  M.D.,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.    No.  13,  vol.  iv.     8vo.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Editor,  W.  H.  K.  Wright,  Esq.,  F.E.H.S.— The  Western  Antiquary. 
Part  ix.,  vol.  vi.    4to.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Batley  Society :— The  Batley  Antiquary.    Part  i.    8vo.    Batley,  1887. 

From  the  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres,  F.S.A.: — Bibliotheca  Lindesiana. 
Hand  list  of  a  collection  of  Royal  Broadsides.    8vo.    London,  1886. 

*  i.e.  a  brocket,  a  young  deer. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  259 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : — 

Herbert  J.  Eeid,  Esq. 
Gerald  B.  FitzGerald,  Esq. 

The  Very  Kev.  the  DEAN  of  YORK,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  ivory 
coffer,  with  gilt  bronze  mounts,  used  to  contain  the  common 
seal  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  York. 

It  is  oval- shaped,  5|  inches  long  by  4f  inches  broad,  and 
stands  6J  inches  high. 

The  body  is  formed  of  a  single  section  of  an  elephant's  tusk 
(which  must  have  been  one  of  great  size)  reduced  in  thickness  by 
cutting  away  the  interior.  The  bottom  of  the  coffer  is  also 
formed  of  a  single  slice  of  ivory.  The  lid  consists  of  a  narrow 
band  of  ivory,  a  section  cut  from  the  same  tusk  as  the  body,  to 
which  are  attached  a  central  and  two  end  pieces,  the  latter  cut 
from  a  curved  part  of  the  tusk,  so  as  to  form  a  domed  cover. 
The  central  piece  is  fastened  to  each  end  piece  by  three  gilt 
bronze  straps,  and  the  end  pieces  in  turn  are  similarly  fixed  to 
the  band  on  which  they  rest.  These  straps  have  a  small  eye  at 
each  extremity  through  which  passes  a  rivet.  The  bottom  is 
held  in  its  place  by  four  plain  flat  straps  of  simple  construction. 

The  hinges  of  the  cover  are  two  long  straps,  semi-circular 
in  section  and  with  pointed  pear-shaped  ends,  extending  nearly 
down  to  the  bottom  behind,  and  curving  forward  over  to  the 
top  of  the  lid.  A  similar  strap  starts  from  the  top  of  the  lid 
and  forms  at  its  lower  end  the  hasp  of  the  lock  in  front  of  the 
box.  The  lock  plate  is  a  plain  square  one.  Immediately  to  the 
left  of  the  lock,  fixed  in  the  body  and  cover  respectively,  are 
two  small  loops  ;  perhaps  for  attaching  a  seal.  At  each  end  of 
the  body  and  cover  is  a  pair  of  rings,  one  above  the  other, 
hanging  from  a  small  loop  with  a  circular  Washer  behind.  On 
the  top  is  a  small  handle  with  similar  loops  and  washers.  The 
band  of  the  lid,  at  one  end,  has  been  cracked  and  repaired  by 
riveting  over  it  a  small  piece  of  thin  gilt  copper  with  embossed 
conventional  foliage. 

The  coffer  stands  on  four  small  projecting  studs  which  form 
the  lower  part  of  a  fleur-de-lis  shaped  ornament  fixed  on  the 
bottom  of  the  body.  These  are  turned  underneath  so  as  to 
afford  additional  fastenings  for  the  bottom  of  the  coffer. 

There  are  no  traces  of  painting  on  the  box,  but  the  body  and 
lid  are  engraved  in  several  places  with  an  ornament  formed  of 
groups  of  small  circles,  like  that  seen  on  some  chessmen  from 
Catania  in  the  British  Museum.  A  line  of  similar  circles  is 
carried  along  the  junctions  of  the  pieces  forming  the  cover. 


260  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

These  circles  have  originally  been  filled  in  with  red  and  black 
colouring. 

This  coffer  is  apparently  of  Sicilian  origin  and  of  late  thirteenth 
or  early  fourteenth  century  date  ;  it  has  many  points  in  common 
with  the  very  interesting  box  in  the  possession  of  the  Corpora- 
tion of  Bodmin,  exhibited  before  the  Society  in  1871,  especially 
in  the  similarity  of  the  gilt  metal  strap  work.* 

N.  H.  J.  WESTLAKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  latten  water- 
tap  found  on  the  site  of  Kilburn  priory. 

As  will  be  seen  from  the  accompanying  illustration  the  spout 
is  the  head  of  a  monster,  with  a  short  tube  in  its  mouth. 

The  neck  of  the  spout  forms  a  handle  to  turn  the  spout  on  a 
pivot  tap,  so  that  the  water  issued  on  the  head  being  turned 
in  the  opposite  direction  to  the  supply  pipe. 


LATTEN  WATER-TAP  FOUND  ON  THE  SITE  OP  KILBURN  PRIORY. 

(Half-size.) 

This  interesting  tap  appears  to  be  of  late  twelfth  or  early 
thirteenth  century  date. 

EDMUND  BISHOP,  Esq.,  communicated  the  following  notes  on 
the  leaden  Bullae  of  the  Eoman  Pontiffs,  in  the  form  of  a  letter 
to  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  V.P.  :— 

"  DEAR  MR.  FRANKS, 

Recently  I  had  occasion  to  look  over  somewhat  closely  the 
collection  of  early  leaden  bullae  of  the  popes  at  the  British 
Museum.  It  was  to  some  extent  a  surprise  to  find  genuine 


*  See  Proc.  2d  S.  v.  87. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  261 

examples  and  forgeries  lying  side  by  side,  keeping  each  other  in 
countenance  to  the  perplexity  perhaps  of  the  inquirer  who  comes 
to  solve  any  occurrent  difficulty,  not  by  book  learning,  but,  after 
the  fashion  of  the  proper  antiquary,  by  inspection  of  the  objects 
themselves.  Doubtless  there  may  be  good  reasons  for  the  classi- 
fication whereby  the  true  and  the  false,  in  a  way  not  uncommon 
in  the  things  of  this  world,  lie  snugly  together ;  with  it  I  have 
not  the  least  desire  to  quarrel,  nor  do  I  wish  even  to  seem  to 
reflect  on  it.  Certainly  persons  whose  curiosity  prompts  them 
to  follow  so  dull  a  path  of  inquiry  as  the  investigation  of  leaden 
bullae  should  be  expected  to  have  equipped  themselves  before- 
hand by  acquaintance  with  what  has  been  already  said  on  the 
subject  by  the  writers  on  diplomatics  ordinarily  referred  to.  But 
most  of  these,  in  view  of  the  advance  made  of  late  years — on  the 
Continent,  that  is  to  say,  though  hardly  in  England — are  now 
antiquated,  and  the  best  of  them  have  treated  this  particular 
subject  somewhat  cavalierly.  As  the  question  of  early  papal 
bullae  has  quite  recently  been  treated  of  by  two  most  competent 
hands — one  a  veteran  archaeologist  of  European  fame,  the 
Cavaliere  Gr.  B.  de  Kossi,  the  other  Dr.  Wilhelm  Diekamp* — 
I  am  tempted  to  inflict  on  your  patience  a  short  epistolary  disser- 
tation embodying  the  results  arrived  at,  especially  since  the 
collection  at  the  Museum  offers  one  or  two  types  which  did  not 
fall  under  Dr.  Diekamp's  observation. 

I  much  regret  not  to  have  been  able  to  see  De  Rossi's  paper 
in  the  Notizie  degli  scavi  of  May,  1882,  which  1  sought  for  in 
vain  at  the  British  Museum  (though  perhaps  it  may  be  there 
after  all),  and  I  can  only  refer  here  to  the  summary  of  it  given 
in  the  Berlin  Neues  Archiv,  vol.  ix.  pp.  632-5.  This,  however, 
may  be  safely  relied  on  as  it  comes  from  the  pen  of  Paul  Ewald. 
De  Kossi  deals  with  the  subject  up  to  the  middle  of  the  eleventh 
century ;  his  conclusions  are  as  follows.  He  distinguishes  three 
periods : — 

(1.)  From  the  seventh  century  (there  is  no  extant  example  of 
an  earlier  date)  to  the  accession  of  pope  Benedict  III.  (855). 

*  I  cannot  refrain  from  saying  a  word  or  two  on  Diekamp,  whose  recent 
untimely  death  has  been  a  real  loss  to  learning.  His  first  considerable  produc- 
tion was  an  admirable  edition— critical  in  the  best,  not  in  the  lean  and  meagre, 
sense  of  the  word— of  the  Life  of  St.  Liudger.  He  then  devoted  himself  to  the 
elucidation  of  early  papal  diplomatics,  in  which  his  accuracy  and  exact  method 
forms  a  striking  contrast  to  the  somewhat  harum-scarum  work  of  more  than  one 
voluminous  producer  in  that  particular  department.  From  a  thorough  exami- 
nation of  German  archives,  some  of  the  results  of  which  are  embodied  in  the 
papers  mentioned  below,  he  proceeded  to  headquarters  in  the  Vatican  ;  whilst 
engaged  on  a  new  edition  of  the  Liber  Diurnus  he  caught  fever  and  died,  on 
Christmas  Eve  last  year,  at  the^age  of  31.  His  last  work  was  the  commencement 
of  a  supplement  to  the  Codex  Diplowiaticiis  of  Westphalia — the  home  of  his 
own  people, 


262  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

As  this  is  the  earliest,  so  it  is  the  simplest  typo  of  bulla.    On  the 
one  side  (hereafter  called  the  obverse)  is  the  name  only  of  the 

/SGP     STE 
pope,  disposed  horizontally  in   two  or   three  lines  (^Xv1    PHA 

NI 

for  example).     On  the  other  side  (hereafter  called  the  reverse) 
ig  the  word  'PAPAE'  in  two  lines  (  PjM.     Obverse  or  reverse, 

V  FAE  / 

sometimes  both,  bore  also  a  simple  cross  (  +  ),  sometimes  more 
than  one. 

(2.)  The  second  type  which  first  appears  with  Benedict  III.  is 
current  until  nearly  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century.  In  it 
the  letters  of  the  name  on  the  obverse  are  disposed  in  a  circle 
around  the  margin,  preceded  by  a  cross.  The  centre  is  occupied 
by  an  ornament  like  a  wheel  (or  star)  with  8  or  9  spokes  (or 
rays).  As  commonly  happens  the  old  method  was  not  defi- 
nitely discarded  once  and  for  all,  but  reappears  intermittently 
later.  Thus  the  known  bullae  of  popes  Marinus  I.  (882-884) 
and  Formosus  (891-896),  for  instance,  show  the  horizontal  dis 
position  of  the  letters  on  the  obverse.  To  this  I  take  occasion 
to  add  these  supplementary  notes: — (a)  Sometimes  the  centre 
ornament  is  a  cross  and  the  name  is  preceded  by  a  star.* 
(b)  Sometimes  the  legend  on  the  obverse  (name),  or  sometimes 
the  centre  ornament,  is  a  monogram.f  This  seems  to  be  more 
commonly  the  case  in  the  tenth  century,  the  bullae  of  which  are 
very  difficult  (from  the  numerous  Johns)  to  assign  to  their 

B-oper  owners.!  (0)  As  regards  the  reverse  I  can  make  good 
e  Rossi's  silence  on  the  subject  to  this  extent  only, — that  the 
earliest  example  of  deflection  from  the  old  rule  of  the  hori- 
zontal disposition  of  the  word  '  PAPAE  '  which  I  have  noticed  is 
a  bulla  of  Leo  IX.  of  the  year  1049  ;  §  in  other  words,  the  old 
method  was  not  altered  in  this  particular  during  the  second 
period. 

(3.)  With  the  middle  of  the  eleventh  century  occurs  another 
marked  innovation,  viz.,  the  addition  of  the  successional  num- 
bers to  the  name  of  the  pope  on  the  obverse.  The  earliest 
example  known  to  De  Kossi  is  a  bulla  of  Damasus  II.  (1048) 
in  the  numismatic  cabinet  of  the  Vatican.  Here,  again,  the 
change  was  not  definitive ;  Leo  IX.,  Damasus's  immediate 
successor,  used  two  types  :  the  earlier,  employed  at  least  up  to 

*  See  an  example  Brit.  Mus.  Coll.  xxviii.  2. 

f  See  Muratori,  Ant.  iii.  c.  132  (x.),  c.  133  (xi.),  and  Brit.  Mus.  Coll. 
xxxviii.  3. 

J  Perhaps  a  comparison  with  contemporary  coins  might  throw  light  on  the 
subject ;  though  I  have  not  found  help  in  Fioravante's  Vignoli — the  only  book 
on  the  subject  at  present  accessible  to  me. 

§  Figured  in  Ncncs  Archiv,  iv.  plate  at  p.  192. 


Feb.  3.J  SOCIETY  or  ANTIQUARIES,  263 

29th  October,  1049,  shows  no  successional  number,  whilst  the 
later  one,  in  use  before  the  end  of  the  next  year,  has  it.* 

The  certain  examples  of  the  second  half  of  the  eleventh  cen- 
tury are  rare.  It  is  true  that  several  are  figured  in  older  works, 
but  the  doubts  as  to  their  authenticity  are  so  great  that  it  seems 
best,  at  present,  to  leave  them  aside,  and  suspend  judgment 
until  the  extant  material  has  been  re-examined  by  competent 
persons  in  the  light  of  recent  research.  The  Museum  collection 
gives  no  help,  for  the  bullae  assigned  to  that  period  are  all 
forgeries.  It  seems  clear  that  this  WHS  a  period  of  transition 
and  irregularity,  during  which  a  new  type  was  developing  itself 
— a  type  that  was  already  adopted  by  the  beginning  of  the 
next  century,  and  has  since  remained  fixed.  Here  I  must  be 
content  to  describe  a  single  example  in  the  Staatsarchiv,  at 
Berlin,  which  marks  the  progress  from  the  old  to  the  new, 
a  bulla  of  Alexander  II.  (1061-1073)  :  on  the  obverse,  a 
legend,  in  circle,  '  +  Alexandri  Papae,'  in  the  centre  the  figure 
1  II.'  ;  on  the  reverse  a  bust  of  St.  Peter,  to  whom,  out  of  a 
cloud,  the  keys  are  being  handed,  and  around  is  the  legend, 
*  +  Qd  nectis  nectam  qct  solvis  ipse  resolva.'f  This  may  so 
far  serve,  perhaps,  to  accredit  yet  more  singular  bullae  of  the 
period,  described  or  figured  by  Ciacconius,  Mabillon,  and 
others. 

Diekamp  refers  to  Von  Pflugk-Harttung's  Ada  pontificum 
inedita  for  descriptions  of  bullae  of  the  antipopes  Clement  III. 
(No.  50)  and  (as  I  understand)  Gregory  VII.  (No.  30),  a 
book  to  which  I  have  not  access  here,  and  which  must  be 
referred  to  as  authority  under  reserve.  In  the  time-honoured 
book  of  Heineccius  is  figured  J  a  bulla  of  Urban  II.  with  the 
apostles'  heads ;  but  who  shall  assure  its  genuineness  any  more 
than  that  of  its  next-door  neighbour  (Tab.  ii.  7),  one  of  Leo  IX., 
which,  though  '  it  has  since  figured  in  all  works  on  papal  diplo- 
matics, I  hold,'  says  P.  Ewald,  ' for  a  forgery ' ?§ 

So  far  modern  research  seems  to  confirm  the  conjecture  put 
forth  by  old  Dom  Jacques  Doublet,  of  St.  Denis,  viz.,  that  the 
heads  of  SS.  Peter  and  Paul  first  began  to  figure  on  papal 
bullae  in  the  pontificate  ^of  Paschal  II.  (1099-1118),||  If  this 
be  so  the  Museum  contains  a  specimen  of  what  is  probably  the 
earliest  issue  of  the  new  type — earlier  than  any  seen  by  Die- 

*  P.  Ewald,  in  Neues  ArcJtiv,  iv.  186-7. 

f  Neues  Archiv,  ix.  635. 

J  Tab.  ii.  6,  cited  by  Diekamp,  MittUcilungen  des  Inst.  iii.  613. 

§  Neues  Archiv,  iv.  187. 

||  Doublet  is  not  here,  and  for  the  moment  I  cannot  lay  hand  on  the  authority 
for  the  statement ;  but  I  well  remember  to  have  read  this — somewhere.  By  the 
way,  from  the  foregoing  it  is  evident  that  the  bulla  Muratori  proposed  to  attri- 
bute to  Paschal  II.  really  belongs  to  Paschal  I.  (see  Antiq.  Ital.  iii.  col.  131, 
and  fig.  xiv.  col.  134). 


264  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

kamp,  who,  at  this  point,  with  the  turn  of  the  century,  takes  up 
the  thread  of  investigation. 

Let  us  first  recall  for  a  moment  the  elements  of  which  this 
new  type  is  made  up.  On  both  sides  a  marginal  circle  of  dots, 
serving  as  a  sort  of  frame.  On  the  obverse,  in  horizontal  lines, 
the  name  of  the  pope,  the  usual  abbreviation  of  the  word 
4  PAPA'  (PP),  and  his  successional  number.  On  the  reverse, 
dexter,  the  head  of  St.  Paul ;  sinister,  that  of  St.  Peter ;  both 
surrounded  by  a  framework  of  dots  ;  between  them  a  cross,  and 
above  them  the  legend  SPA  SPE.  The  hair  and  beard  of  St. 
Paul  are  represented  by  lines ;  those  of  St.  Peter  by  dots.  It 
is  obvious,  therefore,  that  whilst  the  die  for  the  obverse  must 
necessarily  be  changed  at  least  with  every  change  of  pontificate, 
that  of  the  reverse  might  last  an  indefinite  time,  either  until  it 
was  worn  out  or  it  pleased  the  pope,  or  some  official  of  the 
Chancery,  to  have  a  new  one  made.  Accordingly,  in  the  course 
of  the  century  and  a  half,  from  circa  1100  to  1250,  whilst 
Diekamp  has  found  but  five  types  of  the  reverse,  he  figures  not 
less  than  thirty-one  of  the  obverse.* 

To  take  the  shorter  series,  the  reverse,  first.  Were  the 
examples,  as  we  have  them,  commonly  perfect,  the  old  method 
of  testing  the  authenticity  of  the  bulla,  by  counting  up  dots, 
expressly  mentioned  and  employed  by  ancient  curialist  writers,! 
would  still  be  convenient.  As  a  fact,  they  are  so  commonly 
blurred,  indistinct,  and  knocked  about,  that  the  totting  of  dots 
and  measuring  of  millimetres  is  unsatisfactory,  or  impracticable 
enough.  But,  taking  the  series  as  they  stand  in  Diekamp's 
phototypic  plate,  each  die  presents  certain  features  of  difference, 
slight  indeed,  but  sufficient  to  supply  even  by  way  of  description 
a  test  easy,  simple,  and,  I  hope,  effectual ;  as  follows  : — 

I.  From  circa  1 100  to  1 139.  This  earliest  issue  (or  second,  if  I 
am  correct  in  supposingthe  Museum  bulla 4  xxxviii.  1 8,'  to  be  really 
earlier)  of  the  new  kind,  is,  as  might  be  expected,  the  roughest 
in  execution.  The  series  of  dots  forming  the  framework  to  the 
heads  is  so  closely  set  as  to  form  continuous  lines.  The  sim- 
plicity of  the  cross,  plain  and  unornamented,  forms  a  feature 
marking  it  off  from  all  later  dies,  the  lower  arm  being  without 
a  break  in  straight  line ;  the  ends  of  the  arms  are  slightly 
flattened.  The  beard  of  St.  Paul  (it  is  hereby,  so  far  as  1  have 
observed,  that  forgers  of  twelfth-century  bullae  are  continually 

*  See  his  plate  in  Mittheilungen  dcs  Instltuts  fur  ocsterreichisclie  Ges- 
cJiichtsforsclmng  (published  at  Innsbruck),  vol.  iii.,  between  pp.  626-7  ;  the 
relative  text,  p.  608  seqq.  A  second  article  containing  a  continuation  from 
1254  to  1334,  ibid.  vol.  iv.  p.  528  seyq. 

f  Cf.  Diekamp,  iv.  534  :  '  False  littere  percipi  possunt  in  bulla,  puncta 
numerando '  (Martinus  Polonus)  ;  and  another,  '  Et  circumferentia  utrobique 
certis  punctulis  est  expressa  ut  eo  difficilius  possit  falsificari  et  eo  facilius 
falsitas  valeat  deprehcndi.' 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  265 

to  be  caught ;  I  fear,  therefore,  this  beard  must  figure  frequently 
in  what  has  now  to  be  said) — the  beard,  then,  is  formed,  says 
Diekamp,  by  one  stroke  or  line,  from  dexter  to  sinister,  and 
five  from  sinister  to  dexter.  If  that  be  so,  his  facsimile  must  be 
taken  from  a  blurred  example ;  but,  at  any  rate,  it  shows  an 
arrangement  obviously  quite  different  from  the  heart-shaped 
beards  appearing  in  the  later  dies,  and  in  each  succeeding  one, 
with  greater  regularity  of  line  and  perfection. 

II.  A  genuine  bulk  for  the  years  1139-1143  is  still  a  deside- 
ratum.     But  in  the  latter  year,  the  last  of  pope  Innocent  II.,  a 
new  die  appears,  which  is  found  in  use  up  to  17th  May,  1155, 
that  is  until  the  middle  of  the  first  year  of  the  pontificate  of  oui 
countryman,  Adrian  IV.     In  this  die — (a)  the  frame,  or  chain 
of  dots,  round  the  heads,  though  perhaps  more  clear,  is  still  a 
continuous  line,  except  that  (6)  the  dot  opposite  the  end  of  each 
cross-arm  of  the  cross  stands  quite  detached,  clear  and  distinct, 
from  the   rest   of  the  chain.      This    is  the  mark,   the  unique 
feature,  which  distinguishes  this  die  from  the  rest  of  the  series, 
(c)  In  this,  and  all  succeeding  dies,  the  cross  is  more  orna- 
mental ;    the   arms  are   all   of  equal  length,  to  the   lower   is 
attached  a  shaft,  and  a  dot  surmounts  the  upper  arm.    (d)  The 
outline  of  the  beard  of  St  Paul  is  already  heart-shaped,  but  the 
lines  within  run  from  dexter  to  sinister.* 

III.  Sometime  between  17th  May  and  15th  July,  1155,  pope 
Adrian's  die  came  into  use,  lasting,  certainly,  until  December, 
1179  (qucere,  if  until  the  close  of  the  pontificate  of  Alexander 
II  [.  in  1181).     There  is  no  single  obvious  mark  (as  in  the  case 
of  I.  and  II.)  distinguishing  it  from  all  the  rest.     But  the  dots 
around  the  heads   (i.e.  of  the  gloriole)  are  now  for  the  first 
time  distinct ;  the  head  of  St.  Paul  shows  no  trace  of  ear ;  the 
beard,    though    heart-shaped,    bulges    out   irregularly    on   the 
sinister  side  ;  and  here,  too,  for  the  first  time,  the  lines  within 
run  parallel  with  the  outline,  i.e.  are  heart-shaped  too,  but  some- 
what rough  and  irregular. 

IV.  The  die   of  Lucius   III.    was   in   use  at   least  f   from 
November  1181  to  April  1185,  the  most  short-lived  of  all,  and 
the  least  easy  to  describe.     But  it  may  be  distinguished  from 
III.  immediately  preceding  (a)  by  the  ear  of  St.  Paul ;  (b)  by 
the  regularity  of  both  outline  and  inner  lines  of  the  heart-shaped 
beard ;   (c)  by  the  number  of  dots  in  the  gloriola  of  St.  Paul, 
viz.  25  (in  III.  23),  the  same  number  indeed  as  in  the  die 
immediately  succeeding,  from  which,  however,  it  is  at  once  dis- 

*  If  a  further  *  note  '  were  required  to  distinguish  II.,  the  head  of  St.  Peter 
supplies  one  ;  besides  being  unusually  ugly,  it  leans  on  one  side  somewhat. 

f  '  In  use,  at  least,'  i.e.,  these  are  the  extreme  dates  between  which  Diekamp 
has  actually  found  examples  of  it. 


266  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

tingnished  by  the  foot  of  the  shaft  of  the  cross,  as  will  bo 
explained. 

V.  The  next  die  cut  under  pope  Urban  III.  (and  in  use  at 
least  from  30  March,  1186)  had  the  longest  life  of  all.  Hitherto 
the  eyes  in  both  figures  are  shown  closed,  as  though  the  faces 
were  of  dead  men ;  in  this  die  a  line  is  introduced  under  the 
brows,  thus  showing  eyelids  and  pupils,  and  giving  something 
like  appearance  of  life.  It  is  thus  clearly  marked  off  from  the 
earlier  types,  and  not  less  so  from  the  later,  which  show  two 
lines  for  the  eyelids,  one  above  the  other  below  the  pupils.  The 
end  of  the  shaft  of  the  cross  is  no  longer  plain,  but  is  turned  into 
a  crescent,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  dot.  Finally  (and  in  the 
case  of  a  die  so  long  in  use  it  is  well  to  be  armed  even  in  small 
points  against  forgers),  some  of  the  dots  representing  the  beard 
of  St.  Peter  have  found  their  way  above  the  moustache — two  on 
either  side. 

The  manifest  attempt  to  improve  on  the  ugly  type  hitherto  in 
vogue  excites  some  interest  in  the  question  who  pope  Urban's 
Cellini  may  have  been,  the  more  so  since  his  workmanship  was 
as  durable  as  the  details  are  comparatively  delicate.  The  die 
remained  in  constant  use  during  the  next  sixty-six  most  busy 
years.  This  discovery,  as  Diekamp  points  out,  enables  us  to 
enter  into  the  meaning  of  a  letter  of  Innocent  IV.  of  5th  July, 
1252,  first  printed  by  Mabillon,*  in  which  the  pope  describes  its 
end  in  terms  that  do  not  admit  of  translation; — how  'jam 
attritum  innumeris  malleationis  diutine  percussuris,  extrema 
tandem  ictus  solid  passione,'  it  could  no  more,  and  burst  at 
length  under  the  hammer's  stroke.  The  event  for  which  no  one 
seems  to  have  been  prepared  caused  consternation  in  the  curia, 
as  usual  full  of  suitors  impatient  of  delay  equally  inconvenient  to 
person  and  pocket.  There  was  no  help  for  it,  and  business 
must  needs  wait  until  another  die  was  cut  in  haste.  But  the 
artificer's  hand  was  unskilful,  his  imitation  of  the  old  one  but 
rough  and  gross ;  the  letters  issued  under  it  excited  suspicion 
of  fraud  on  all  hands,  to  allay  which,  early  in  July  1252,  the  pope 
sent  letters  to  various  prelates  f  explaining  the  circumstances 
of  the  change  of  bulla,  and  sending  an  impression  of  the  new 
die  as  a  test  specimen.  But  it  is  clear  from  a  second  letter 
of  23rd  August  of  the  same  year,J  addressed  to  the  archbishop 
of  Milan  and  his  suffragans  (and  apparently  on  the  same  day 
to  all  archbishops,  etc.  etc.  and  all  the  faithful),  that  the  change 
of  bulla  had  been  the  signal  for  the  activity  of  a  host  of  forgers, 

*  Libr.  de  re  Dipl.  Suppl.    Paris,  1704,  p.  101. 

f  Mabillon's  print  is  from  a  letter  to  the  archbishop  of  Narbonne.  Diekamp 
suggests  plausibly  enough  it  was  sent  also  to  other  prelates — perhaps  '  omnibus 
Christi  fidelibus,'  like  the  one  mentioned  just  below. 

t  Potthast,  Nos.  14694-6. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  267 

and  the  pope  accordingly  recommends  the  utmost  circum- 
spection, and  a  minute  examination  of  every  detail,  bulla  and 
cord,  style  and  handwriting,  etc.  before  admitting  documents  of 
recent  date  now  current.  More  than  this,  the  pope  had  a  new 
die  cut  by  a  more  skilled  hand ;  this  is  figured  by  Diekamp 
as  his  sixth  type. 

But  here  I  must  close  the  series,  being  content  to  add  only, 
in  regard  to  No.  VI.,  that  (1)  though  designed  to  follow  type  V. 
it  is  much  coarser  in  execution ;  (2)  that  the  Public  Record 
Office,  in  the  documents  printed  in  the  new  Foedera,  i.  283-293, 
seems  likely  to  afford  better  material  for  the  elucidation  of  this 
particular  episode  of  bulla  history  than  any  that  Diekamp  had 
at  his  disposal.* 

So  much  for  the  reverse. 

As  regards  the  obverse,  the  plate  itself  in  the  Mittlieilungen 
des  Instituts  must  be  consulted  for  details.  For  practical  pur- 
poses two  points  may  be  selected  which  I  have  found  useful  for 
detecting  forgeries  (and,  be  it  added,  to  some  extent  the  period 
of  the  forgery) : — 

(a)  The  sign  of  contraction  over  the  PP  of  '  PAPA.'     From 
Paschal  II.  to  the  second  obverse  die  of  Eugenius  III.  the  sign 
is  a  simple  thick  stroke  — .    This  second  die  of  Eugenius  III. 
(in  use  at  least  from   May  1145  to  1148)  introduces  the  new 
form  -^-,  which  I  may  call  broken-backed.     The  old  plain  stroke 
is  revived  in  Eugenius's  third  die  occurring  in  1151  and  1152. 
With  his  fourth,  in  use  at  least  from  the  first  days  of  January 
1 153 ,  the  broken-backed  sign  reappears,  and  is  not  again  displaced. 

(b)  The  letters   are  regularly  Roman,  from  Paschal  II.  to 
(says  Diekamp)  Martin  IV.  (1281).     A  Museum  bulla  (xxxviii. 
158)  of  Innocent  V.  shows  the  Gothic  1],  which  (if  the  piece 
be  genuine,  and  I  saw  no  reason  to  suspect  it)  would  bring  back 
the  introduction  of  the  Gothic  to  Feb.  —  June  1276.     In  two 
cases,  indeed,  it  occurs  at  a  much  earlier  date^  viz.,  in  the  die 
of  pope  Urban  III.,  and  his  immediate  successor  Celestine  III., 
at  the  time  precisely  when  the  famous  reverse  V.  described 
above  was  cut. 

It  only  remains  now  to  apply  these  observations  to  the  col- 
lection at  the  Museum,  which  I  do  in  an  Appendix. 
Believe  me  to  be, 

Yours  very  truly, 

EDMUND  BISHOP." 

[For  Appendix,  see  pp.  268—270.] 

*  He  gives  an  account  of  two  further  dies,  one  cut  sometime  between  March 
1259  and  March  1260,  in  use  until  November  1284 ;  the  other  occurring,  at 
all  events,  from  1st  September,  1285,  lasting  for  the  next  fifty  years,  both  (he 
says)  reproductions  of  No.  vi. 


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SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


269 


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Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  271 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant-Secretary,  read  the  first 
part  of  a  paper  on  the  seals  of  English  bishops,  as  illustrated 
by  the  fine  series  of  casts  in  the  Society's  collection  of  seals. 
The  second  part  of  this  paper  was  read  on  February  10th,  but 
as  a  matter  of  convenience  the  entire  paper  is  here  printed  in 
the  Proceedings  of  this  evening : 

"  THE  SEALS  OF  ENGLISH  BISHOPS. 

It  has  been  suggested  by  Mr.  Franks  that  we  should  set  up 
what  may  be  called  a  series  of  archaeological  '  milestones,'  in 
the  shape  of  undoubted  dated  examples  of  every  class  of  object 
from  which  we  may  ascertain  the  approximate  date  of  any 
article  without  difficulty.  I  have  availed  myself  of  the  large 
collection  of  casts  of  seals  in  the  possession  of  the  Society  to 
analyse  the  characteristics  of  the  class  likely  to  yield  the  safest 
results  in  the  direction  indicated  by  Mr.  Franks,  viz.,  the  seals 
of  English  archbishops  and  bishops. 

I  hope  in  time  to  extend  my  investigations  to  all  the  chief 
classes  of  seals,  but  in  this  paper  I  shall  confine  myself  to  those 
of  the  English  episcopate,  from  Lanfranc  to  the  present  time. 
I  have  chosen  the  episcopal  seals  in  preference  to  any  other 
class  because  their  dates  must  always  nearly  coincide  with  the 
known  date  of  election  or  consecration  of  each  bishop.  We 
therefore  get  a  continuous  series  of  practically  dated  seals 
extending  over  the  whole  medieval  period  and  down  to  our  own 
day. 

Of  the  great  beauty  of  many  of  these  seals  it  is  hardly  neces- 
sary to  speak.  As  Professor  Middleton  rightly  says  :  '  They 
represent  the  best  art  of  each  period,'  and  a  comparison  with 
contemporary  foreign  seals  shows  that  the  English  seals  of  the 
thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  centuries  were  by  far  the 
finer,  both  in  design  and  execution. 

Episcopal  seals  are  divisible  into — 

(1.)  Seals  of  dignity,  with 

(2.)  their  counterseals ;  with  which  must  be  included 

(3.)  private  seals,  or  seer  eta ; 

(4.)  Seals  ad  causas ; 
to  which  may  be  added, 

(5.)  Seals  made  for  special  purposes,  such  as  the  palatinate 
seals  of  the  bishops  of  Durham. 

I  am  indebted  to  our  Treasurer,  C.  S.  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D., 
for  the  following  valuable  note  on  the  uses  of  episcopal  seals  : — 
(  While  the  sea.1  of  dignity,  as  we  have   called  it,  or  great 
VOL.  XI,  T 


272  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 


,  was  used  for  charters  and  other  instruments  affecting  the 
property  or  rights  of  the  see,  or  to  authenticate  copies  {vidimus 
or  iHspeximus)  of  important  documents  such  as  papal  bulls,  the 
secretum  or  sigillum  privatum  was  for  deeds  concerning  the 
private  estate  of  the  bishop  himself;  the  signet,  for  sealing  his 
private  correspondence,  both  being  occasionally  used  as  counter- 
seals  to  the  great  seal.  The  seal  ad  causas  was  appended  to 
copies  of  acts  of  court,  letters  of  orders,  probates  (where  no 
special  official  seal  was  in  use),  marriage  licences,  testi- 
monials, and  similar  instruments  of  a  minor  and  transitory 
interest.' 

(1.)  Seals  of  Dignity. 

Seals  of  dignity  consist  of  two  parts,  (1)  a  device  or  subject 
occupying  the  field,  surrounded  by  (2)  a  marginal  legend  or 
inscription. 

1.  The  device.—  From  Osbern  (Exeter,  1072*)—  the  earliest 
episcopal  seal  we  have  —  to  William  de  Sancta  Barbara  (Durham, 
1  143)  the  device  is  simply  a  figure  of  the  bishop,  vested  for 
mass,  holding  a  crosier  in  his  left  hand  and  giving  the  bene- 
diction with  the  right.  The  bishop  is  usually  represented 
standing,  but  sitting  figures  are  occasionally  found  at  all  dates. 

In  shape  the  seals  of  dignity  are,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
invariably  pointed  ovals.  This  form  was  adopted,  not  from  any 
fanciful  ecclesiastical  character  or  mystical  significance,  but 
solely  because  it  is  the  one  most  convenient  to  hold  a  single 
figure,  whether  standing  or  sitting.  It  has  also  the  advantage 
of  leaving  a  minimum  of  blank  space  on  either  side  the  figure. 
Its  unecclesiastical  character  is  well  shown  by  its  being  also 
used  for  seals  of  ladies,  and  for  precisely  the  same  reason  as 
the  bishops'  seals. 

In  seals  that  bear  a  single  figure  only,  the  utmost  is  made  of 
it  to  fill  the  field  and  reduce  the  area  of  the  side  spaces.  The 
most  successful  way  of  doing  this  was  by  strict  attention  to  the 
proportions  of  the  figure  —  a  point  often  overlooked  in  the  earlier 
seals  —  and  by  making  it  as  large  as  possible.  This  was  some- 
times done  by  interrupting  the  legend  at  the  top  and  bottom  to 
make  room  for  the  mitre  and  ground  on  which  the  figure  stands. 
The  convergence  of  the  lines  of  the  seal  towards  the  top  neces- 
sitates the  frequent  adoption  of  a  device  about  which  much  non- 
sense has  been  written,  and  that  is,  the  turning  inwards  of  the 
head  of  the  staff  in  the  bishop's  hand.  This  has  been  supposed 

*  The  year  is  in  every  case  that  of  accession  ;  and,  of  course,  is  almost  always 
the  date  when  the  seal  was  made. 


Feb.  3.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


273 


to  be  a  way  of  holding  it  peculiar  to  abbots,  but  it  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  that  the  evidence  of  seals  alone  is  quite  suffi- 
cient proof  that  bishops  and  abbots  alike  had  only  one  way  of 
holding  the  staff.  Conventionally  it  is  represented  turned  in- 
wards or  outwards  to  show  the  form  and  design  of  the  crook. 

The  first  step  in  the  development  of  the  design  on  episcopal 
seals  originated  in  the  desire  to  fill  up  the  blank  spaces  on  each 
side  of  the  figure.  The  sinister  side  is  always  fairly  covered  in  the 


SEAL  OF  RICHARD,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY,  1174-84. 


earlier  seals  by  the  bishop's  staff  and  the  fanon  hanging  from  his 
wrist,  but  the  dexter  side  has  only  his  uplifted  right  hand.  The 
seal  of  Anselm  (Canterbury,  1093)  exhibits  the  first  attempt  to 
overcome  the  difficulty  by  placing  a  large  open  book  in  the 
archbishop's  extended  left  hand,  and  his  crook  in  his  right. 
The  second  and  more  practical  effort  was  made  by  William. 

T  2 


274 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887 


Turbus  (Norwich,  1146),  who  introduced  a  large  conventional 
flower  on  the  dexter  side  of  his  effigy.  These,  however,  are 
two  isolated  cases,  and  it  is  not  until  the  last  quarter  of  the 
twelfth  century  that  examples  become  more  frequent.  Thus 
archbishop  Richard  (Canterbury,  1174)  diapered  the  whole 
field  with  lattice-work  (see  cut  on  preceding  page  *) ;  Richard 
Toclive  (Winchester,  1174)  has  on  the  dexter  a  hand  hold- 
ing a  long  processional  cross,  and  on  the  sinister  a  small 
quincunx ;  Godfrey  de  Lucy  (Winchester,  1189)  stands 


SEAL  OF  BONIFACE  OF  SAVOY,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY,  1245-70. 

between  a  church  and  a  hand  holding  the  keys  of  St.  Peter; 
Philip  de  Poitiers  (Durham,  1197)  stands  amidst  osiers  or 
willows  ;  Geoffrey  de  Henlaw  (St.  Davids,  1203)  has  a  star 
on  each  side ;  while  Richard  de  Marisco  (Durham,  1217), 
in  allusion  to  his  name,  is  represented  standing  in  a  marsh  or 
fen  (marucus);  his  successor,  Richard  le  Poore  (Durham,  1229), 
diapers  the  whole  field  with  a  rich  lattice  containing  stars  and 

*  ArcUacologia  Cantiana,  ii.  41, 


Feb.  3.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


275 


crescents,  and  places  on  the  dexter  side  II9,  to  show  that  he 
was  the  second  bishop  of  Durham  bearing  the  name  of  Richard  • 
and  archbishop  Boniface  of  Savoy  (Canterbury,  1266)  inserts 
four  tiny  Roman  gems,  two  on  each  side,  and  places  his  cathe- 
dral church  beneath  his  feet.*  (See  opposite  page.)  In  most 
of  these  examples,  however,  the  added  devices  are  in  such 
slight  relief  as  not  to  interfere  with  the  due  prominence  of 
the  bishop's  figure.  With  the  seal  of  archbishop  Richard 


SEAL  OF  RICHARD  WETHEKSHED,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY,  1229-31. 

Wethershed  (Canterbury,  1229)  begins  the  introduction  of 
a  class  of  accessories  in  high  relief,  which,  by  a  simple  but 
highly  interesting  process  of  evolution,  eventually  produced 
the  magnificent  seals  of  the  second  half  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury and  those  of  later  eras.  These  accessories  first  appear  in 
the  form  of  small  sunk  panels,  with  boldly  molded  edges,  one 
or  more  on  each  side  of  the  episcopal  effigy,  containing  heads  of 
saints,  etc.f  The  favourite  form  was  an  elongated  octofoil,  but 


Archacologia  Cantiana,  vi.  21& 


t  Hid.  viii.  284. 


276 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887, 


squares,  circles,  pointed  ovals,  quatrefoils,  and  sexfoils  also 
occur.  Kichard  de  Wendover  (Rochester,  1238)  adds  the 
letters  R  R  below  the  panels,  for  Ricardus  Roffensis,  and  his 
successor,  Laurence  de  St.  Martin  (Rochester,  1251),  inserts 
the  names  of  the  saints,  Andrew  and  Peter,  whose  heads  are 
shown  in  the  panels.  The  fine  seal  of  Roger  de  Weseham 
(Coventry  and  Lichfield,  1245)  has  his  effigy  on  a  diapered 
field,  standing  beneath  two  churches,  typical  of  his  dual  control, 
above  which  are  the  heads  of  two  priests  in  octofoil  panels, 
intended.  I  suppose,  for  a  Coventry  monk  and  a  Lichfield  canon. 
Beneath  his  feet  are  two  praying  monks. 


SEAL  OF  RICHARD  DE  LA  WYCHE,  BISHOP  OF  CHICHESTER,  1245-53.* 

The  seal  of  John  of  Exon  (Winchester,  1262)  brings  us  to 
the  second  step,  viz.,  the  substitution,  for  heads  only,  of  half- 
length  figures.  In  this  case  they  are  those  of  SS.  Peter  and 
Paul,  beneath  trefoiled  compartments. 

Walter  Giffard  (York,  1266)  advances  yet  further  by  intro- 
ducing whole-length  figures  under  crocketed  canopies ;  an 
arrangement  followed  by  Robert  de  Insula  (Durham,  1274). 

*  See  also  Archaeologia,  xlv.  445. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  277 

The  latter  has  also  the  letters  R.  D.  for  Ricardus  Dunelmensis, 
on  either  side  of  the  head.  Antony  Bek  (Durham,  1284)  also 
has  full-length  figures  of  SS.  Oswald  and  Cuthbert. 

A  canopy  over  the  central  figure  first  appears  on  the  seal  of 
Nicholas  de  Farnham  (Durham,  1241),  in  the  form  of  a  slight 
projection  overhead.  Another  early  instance,  as  well  as  a  good 
example  of  a  diapered  field,  occurs  on  the  fine  seal  of  Richard  de 
la  Wyche  (Chichester,  1245).  (See  opposite  page.)  The  intro- 
duction of  side  shafts  is  due  to  Aymer  de  Valence  (elect  of 
Winchester,  1250;  consecrated  1260),  but  they  are  not  found 
again  until  William  de  Luda  (Ely,  1290)  and  Walter  Reynolds 
(Worcester,  1308).  But  canopies  were  only  sparingly  adopted 
for  a  long  time,  and  did  not  become  universal  till  John  de 
Grandison  (Exeter,  1327),  and  those  with  supporting  shafts  till 
Richard  de  Bury  (Durham,  1333). 

With  the  introduction  of  canopies  came  about  the  final  step 
in  the  evolutionary  process,  viz.,  the  combining  into  one  group 
with  the  central  figure  the  side  panels  or  niches  with  saints, 
which  had  hitherto  been  isolated.  This  important  result  was 
due  to  Richard  Kellaw  (Durham,  1311),  whose  seal  has  his 
effigy  standing  between  the  two  great  saints  of  the  north, 
Cuthbert  and  Oswald. 

The  development,  just  described,  like  many  others,  was  but 
slowly  brought  about,  and  its  general  adoption  did  not  take 
place  till  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  up  to  which 
date  the  simple  canopied  effigy  held  its  own,  though  with 
increasing  richness  in  the  canopies. 

About  1345  a  change,  which  had  been  adopted  on  seer  eta  as 
early  as  1200,  and  on  ad  causas  seals  about  1300,  was  also 
extended  to  the  seals  of  dignity. 

This  was  the  introduction,  in  place  of  the  bishop's  effigy  and 
accessories,  of  a  group  of  saints,  or  a  subject — such  as  the 
Martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  or  the  Coronation  of 
the  Virgin — often  with  a  smaller  group  or  subject  in  chief;  the 
whole  having  elaborate  canopies,  with  splendid  buttresses  and 
pinnacles.  On  such  seals  the  bishop  is  represented  praying 
beneath  a  small  niche  or  archway  in  base. 

The  accompanying  engraving  of  the  seal  of  Thomas  Arundel 
(Canterbury,  1396)  well  illustrates  this  type.  (See  next  page.) 

The  earliest  example  of  this  arrangement  is  the  seal  of  Thomas 
de  Hatfield  (Durham,  1345),  which  has  St.  Cuthbert  and  St. 
Thomas  of  Canterbury,  with  Our  Lady  and  Child  in  chief;  but 
instead  of  the  kneeling  figure  in  base  a  shield  of  the  bishop's 
arms  is  introduced.  Thomas  de  1'Isle  (Ely,  1345)  has  figures 
of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury,  St.  Etbeldreda,  and  another 
female  saint,  with  the  Annunciation  in  chief,  and  his  own 


278 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887, 


kneeling  figure  between  his  shield  of  arms  and  that  of  the  see 
in  base. 

Further  examples  need  not  be  cited. 

This  beautiful  arrangement  is  found  side  by  side  with  the 
older  one,  where  the  bishop  is  the  central  figure,  until  about 
1375,  when  it  came  into  general  use,  though  the  other  form  is 
occasionally  found. 

The  effect  of  the  seals  is  now  considerably  enhanced  by  the 
addition  of  shields  of  arms.  The  earliest  seal  on  which  a  shield 


SEAL  OF  THOMAS  ARUNDEL,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY,  1396-1414. 

occurs  is  that  of  William  de  Luda  (Ely,  1290),  who  has  the 
three  crowns  of  the  see  of  Ely  beneath  his  feet.  David  Martyn 
(St.  Davids,  1296)  also  has  a  shield  under  his  feet,  but  charged 
with  his  own  arms. 

Heraldry,  however,  first  appears  on  the  fine  seal  of  Antony 
Bek  (Durham,  1284),  who  is  represented  sitting  on  a  rich  seat, 
between  the  canopied  figures  of  St.  Oswald  and  St.  Cuthbert, 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  279 

and  vested  in  a  chasuble  embroidered  with  his  arms — gules,  a 
fer-de-moline  ermine.  Above  his  head  is  a  lion  of  England, 
and  on  either  side  of  his  seat,  a  castle — in  allusion  to  his  office 
of  Constable  of  the  Tower  of  London — and  the  fer-de-moline  of 
his  arms.  It  is  particularly  interesting  to  find  that  the  chasuble 
embroidered  with  his  arms  was  a  reality,  and  not  a  conven- 
tional representation,  for  amongst  his  vestments,  of  which  the 
church  of  Durham  became  possessed  after  his  death,  were  seven 
'cum  una  cruce  de  armis  ejusdem  intextis,  quse  dicuntur 
ferrum  molendimV* 


*  Surtees  Soc.  ii.  13.  The  list  of  vestments  concludes  with  the  following 
interesting  account  of  what  became  of  Antony  Bek's  seals :  '  In  die  sepulturse 
ejus,  fracta  fuerunt  ejus  sigilla,  et  sancto  Cuthberto  oblata.'  This  appears 
to  have  been  the  regular  custom  at  Durham,  as  we  learn  from  the  following 
notices  : — 

Ralph  Flambard,  1099-1128  : 

'  Post  cujus  mortem  fracta  fuerunt  sigilla  ejusdem  et  Sancto  Cuthberto 
oblata.' 
Geoffrey  Rufus,  1133-1140 : 

'Post  obitum  ejusdem  fracta  fuerunt  ejus  sigilla  et  Sancto  Cuthberto 
oblata.' 
Philip  de  Poitou,  1197-1208  : 

'Post  obitum  ejusdem  fracta  fuerunt  ejus  sigilla  et  Sancto  Cuthberto 
oblata.' 
liichard  de  Marisco.  1217-1226  : 

'  In  die  sepulture  ejus  fracta  fuerunt  sigilla  ejusdem  et  Sancto  Cuthberto 
oblata.' 

Richard  le  Poore,  1229-1237;  Walter  de  Kirkham,  1249-1260;  Robert  Stick- 
hill,  1261-1274  ;  Robert  de  Insula,  1274-1283  : 

'  Post  ejus  obitum  sigilla  ejus  fuerunt  fracta  et  Sancto  Cuthberto  oblata.' 
Louis  de  Beaumont,  1318-1333  : 

'  In  die  sepulturas  sute  fracta  fuerunt  sigilla  ejus  cum  cathenis  argenteis 
et  Sancto  Cuthberto  oblata  ut  patet  per  Instrumentum  Hugonis  Palmer  inde 
confectum.' 
Richard  de  Bury,  1333-1345  : 

'Postmortem  Ricardi  Byry  Episcopi  fracta  fuerunt  iiij  sigilla  ejusdem 
et  Sancto  Cuthberto  oblata,  ex  quibus  Ricardus  de  Wolveston  JFeretrarius 
fecit  unum  calicem  argenteum  et  deauratum  qui  est  ad  Altare  Sancti  Johannis 
Baptistae  in  orientali  parte  Ecclesise :  sub  cujus  calicis  pede  sculpti  sunt  hi 
duo  versus  subscript! — 

Hie  ciphus  insignis  fit  Prsesulis  ex  tetra  signis 
Ri[cardi]  Dunolmensis  quarti  natu  Byriensis.' 
Thomas  de  Hatfield,  1345-1381 : 

'Et  audita  morte  ejus  fracta  fuerunt  ejus  sigilla  et  Sancto  Cuthberto 
oblata :  de  quibus  facta  fuit  una  Ymago  Episcopi  argentea  et  deaurata  ad 
caput  Feretri  appensa,  ac  una  lamina  argentea  et  deaurata  ex  transverso 
Ymaginis,  in  qua  sunt  hii  versus — 

John  Alvervilla  monachus  capiendo  sigilla 
Ex  Hatfeld  Thomas  sic  disponit  bene  pro  me.' 

See  also  Instiiimentum  super  oblacioncin  sigilloruin  domini  Lodoivici  episcopi 
ad  feretrum  S.  Outhberti  (Surtees  Soc.  9,  cxxviii.)  ;  and  Nota  deliberacionum 
sigillorum  Johannis  SJicrewod  quondam  episcopi  Dunelmcnsis  (ib.  ccclxxxvii.) 
'  In  connection  with  these  entries  it  may  be  worth  noticing  that  in  the  province  of 
Canterbury  the  ancient  custom  was  to  render  up  the  seals  of  deceased  bishops  to 
the  archbishop,  or  to  the  prior  of  Canterbury  if  the  metropolitan  see  was  vacant. 


280  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Walter  Reynolds  (Worcester,  1308)  advanced  a  step  by  intro- 
ducing two  shields,  with  the  arms  of  England,  on  either  side  of 
his  effigy.  Two  shields  of  England  likewise  occur  on  the  seal 
of  Richard  de  Bury  (Durham,  1336),  who  was  made  chancellor 
and  treasurer  of  England  in  1334.  Sir  Henry  Ellis*  considered 
that  the  introduction  of  the  arms  of  England  in  his  seal  might 
refer  to  his  high  office ;  and  it  is  at  least  a  curious  coincidence 
that  Walter  Reynolds  was  also  chancellor  while  bishop  of 
Worcester.  Adam  de  Orleton  (Hereford,  1317)  adopted  a 
similar  arrangement,  but,  instead  of  shields,  has  two  leopards' 
heads  jessant-de-lis.  Louis  de  Beaumont  (Durham,  1318)  has 
the  two  shields,  one  with  the  lions  of  England,  the  other  with 
the  arms  of  Jerusalem,!  but  in  addition  he  wears  his  own  arms 
— azure,  crusilee  a  lion  rampant  or, — embroidered  on  his  cha- 
suble. This  unusual  treatment  was  evidently  suggested  by  the 
seal  of  one  of  Beaumont's  predecessors^  Antony  Bek  (Durham, 
1284),  described  above.  Simon  de  Montacute  (Ely,  1337) 
places  the  arms  of  the  see  on  one  side  and  his  own  on  the  other. 
His  successor,  Thomas  de  1'Isle  (Ely,  1345),  does  the  same,  but 
the  shields  are  placed  in  base  on  either  side  of  his  kneeling 
figure.  Shields  are,  however,  not  generally  introduced  until 
about  1370,  from  which  date,  to  1400,  they  occur  in  the  various 
positions  indicated.  After  1400,  the  addition  of  angels  in 
penthouses  at  the  sides,  and  the  increasing  magnificence  of  the 
seals  generally,  necessitated  the  placing  of  the  shields  in  base 
on  either  side  the  kneeling  bishop,  where  they  remained  for 
the  next  hundred  and  fifty  years. 

The  saints  or  subjects  introduced  on  episcopal  seals  usually 
have  reference  to  the  dedication  of  the  bishop's  cathedral  church. 
Thus  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury  have  the  martyrdom  of  St. 
Thomas  or  the  Holy  Trinity ;  the  bishops  of  Rochester  and  Wells 
St.  Andrew ;  the  bishops  of  Durham  SS.  Cuthbert  and  Oswald  ; 
the  bishops  of  Lichfield  St.  Chad  and  Our  Lady ;  the  bishops  of 
Ely  St.  Etheldreda.  The  bishop's  own  patron  saint,  too,  occurs, 
e.g.,  the  figure  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  on  the  seal  of 
Thomas  de  1'Isle  (Ely,  1345).  But  the  most  commonly  found 

(See  Archaeological  Journal,  xi.  274.)  According  to  Mr.  Maskell  (Mon.  Rit. 
2d  ed.  ii.  clxv.)  the  seals  of  bishops  deceased  are  still  transmitted  to  Lamheth, 
where  they  are  broken.  Whether  such  a  practice  existed  in  the  province  of  York 
does  not  appear.  For  the  breaking  of  the  seal  of  a  defunct  abbot  of  Crokesden 
in  full  chapter,  immediately  after  the  election  of  his  successor  in  1313,  see 
"  Annals  of  Crokesden  Abbey,"  Coll.  Top.  et  Gen.  ii.  303.  And  Matthew 
Paris  records  the  breaking  of  the  seal  of  Kalph  de  Arundel,  abbot  of  Westminster, 
on  his  deposition  from  office  in  1214. 

*  Archaeoloffia,  xxvii.  401. 

f  Louis  de  Beaumont's  grandfather,  John  de  Bricnne,  was  crowned  King  of 
Jerusalem  in  1209. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  281 

figures  are  those  of  Our  Lady  and  SS.  Peter  and  Paul.  Mr. 
Maskell*  cites  a  most  interesting  English  f  Benedictio  novi 
sigilli  episcopalis,'  which  especially  mentions  these  particular 
saints.  It  is  as  follows  : — 


Benedic,  Domine  Jesu  Christe,  istud  sigillum,  in  testimonium  veritatis  para- 
turn,  et  concede  per  intercessionem  beatse  Marise  virginis  et  matris  tuse,  et  sanc- 
torum apostolorum  tuorum  Petri  et  Pauli,  ut  et  ipse  in  cujus  officium  et  usum 
excercebitur,  et  qui  ejus  nomine  eodem  utentur,  sic  justitias  et  veritatis  regulam 
teneant,  et  turpis  lucri  nemini  respuant,  ut  pro  temporal!  labore  perpetuam  a  te 
mercedem  consequi  mereantur.  Qui  vivis,  &c. 

Thorpe,  also,  in  his  Registrum  Roffense^  p.  129,  has  printed  a 
document  which  contains  a  contemporary  description  of  a 
medieval  episcopal  seal,  with  the  same  saints,  with  such  fulness 
that  the  arrangement  of  the  design  can  be  easily  made  out, 
although  no  impression  of  the  seal  has  yet  been  found.  The 
deed  bears  date  1394,  and  recites  the  exhibition  of  a  document 
of  William  de  Bottlesham,  bishop  of  Kochester,  1389-1400,  <  et 
ipsius  patris  sigillo  in  cera  rubra  sigillatum,  in  quo  sigillo  .  .  . 
sculptae  fuerunt  tres  ymagines,  videlicet,  ymago  sancti  Andreae 
in  medio  dicti  sigilli,  et  ex  una  parte  dictae  ymaginis  ymago 
sancti  Petri,  et  ex  parte  altera  ymago  sancti  Pauli  in  quodam 
tabernaculo  sculpta,  et  in  ipsius  tabernaculi  parte  superiori 
ymago  gloriosae  virginis  et  matris  domini  nostri,  et  sub  pede 
tabernaculi  predicti  ymago  episcopi  genuflectentis,  et  ex  una 
parte  dictae  ymaginis  scutum  habens  in  se  figuram  crucis  sanctae 
Andreae  apostoli  praadicti,  et  ex  altera  parte  scutum  armorum 
dicti  episcopi  ut  apparuit,  et  in  dicti  sigillo  circumferencialiter 
scripta  erant  haec  verba 

SIGILLVM  FRATRIS  WILLIELMI  DEI  GRACIA  ROFFEN.  EPISCOPI  ' 

Owing  to  the  size  of  the  seals  of  dignity,  ranging  as  they  do 
from  2J  to  3J  inches  only  in  length — the  majority  being  but  3 
inches  long — the  figure  of  the  bishop,  even  on  those  seals  where 
it  forms  the  main  device,  is  necessarily  small,  and  we  do  not 
therefore  find  the  same  attention  paid  to  the  details  of  the  dress 
as  on  a  monumental  effigy.  The  albe  is  invariably  shown 
without  apparels.  The  tunicle  is  always  omitted,  and  the  fanon 
sometimes  so;  and  only  occasionally  do  the  ends  of  the  stole 
appear.  If  any  enrichment  at  all  is  used  it  is  confined  to  the 
amice  and  dalmatic,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  have  even 
these  perfectly  plain.  The  dalmatic  appears  to  have  been  en- 
riched in  two  ways  ;  (1)  by  embroidering  it  all  over  with  a  kind 
of  fretty  diaper ;  (2)  by  embroidered  apparels  sewn  round  the 

*  Monumcnta  Ritualia  Ecclcsice  Anglicance,  2d  ed.  ii.  328. 


282  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

bottom  and  the  cuffs.  The  first  method  appears  on  the  seal  of 
Kobert  Bloett  (Lincoln,  1094),  and  as  late  as  that  of  Antony 
Bek  (Norwich,  1337).  The  second  occurs  first  on  the  seal  of 
Richard  Toclive  (Winchester,  1174),  and  is  found  on  many 
later  examples.  Richard  de  Marisco  (Durham,  1217)  combines 
both  methods.  After  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century 
some  of  the  dalmatics  appear  to  have  the  apparel  confined  to  an 
oblong  panel  sewn  on  the  front,  but  the  small  size  of  the  figures 
renders  this  uncertain. 

The  dalmatic  is  well  shown  on  one  very  interesting  seal,  that 
of  Aymer  de  Valence,  elected  bishop  of  Winchester  1250,  but 
not  consecrated  until  1260.  The  seal  is  that  made  on  his  elec- 
tion, and  represents  him  in  albe,  amice,  fanon,  and  dalmatic, 
and  holding  a  book  on  his  breast.  The  lower  part  of  the  figure 
is  unfortunately  broken  away,  but  enough  remains  to  show  that 
the  sleeves  have  embroidered  cuffs,  and  that  the  dalmatic  was 
open  up  the  sides  nearly  as  high  as  the  elbow. 

In  spite  of  the  greater  scope  for  enrichment  afforded  by  the 
chasuble  the  seal  engravers  generally  preferred  to  represent  it 
plain,  and  very  frequently  without  orphreys.  The  earliest  figures 
are  vested  in  a  chasuble  very  short  and  pointed  in  front  but 
square  behind,  and  so  ample  as  to  reach  to  the  ankles.  After 
1180  the  chasuble  assumes  the  normal  shape.  There  appears  to 
have  been  no  rule  or  fashion  as  to  whether  the  chasuble  should 
be  pointed  or  rounded  in  front,  and  both  forms  occur  through- 
out. The  idea  suggested  itself  that  the  bishops  of  secular  foun- 
dations used  the  former,  and  the  bishops  of  monastic  foundations 
the  latter,  but  this  is  not  the  case,  and  we  find  a  bishop  with  a 
pointed  chasuble  succeeded  by  another  in  a  rounded  one. 

With  regard  to  orphreys,  from  the  earliest  of  the  series  the 
6  pillar '  or  vertical  strip  is  contemporary  with  the  Y- shape. 
William  de  Sancta  Barbara  (Durham,  1143)  has,  however,  a  tall 
tau- cross. 

Kobert  Bloett  (Lincoln,  1094)  has  a  kind  of  scroll  ornament 
radiating  from  the  top  of  his  Y  orphrey,  which  is  placed  very 
high  up.  Ralph  Flambard  (Durham,  1099)  has  no  orphreys,  but 
a  rich  breadth  of  embroider}5-  round  the  upper  part  of  the  vest- 
ment. 

After  1200  orphreys  are  only  occasionally  met  with,  and  after 
Richard  le  Poore  (Durham,  1229)  they  altogether  disappear. 

The  singular  brooch  known  as  the  rationale  is  first  found  on 
seals  towards  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  earliest 
instance  is  that  of  William  Longchamp  (Ely,  1189);  the  latest 
that  of  Thomas  Bek  (St.  Davids,  1280),  so  that  it  continued  in 
use  for  about  a  century.  An  ornament  of  some  kind  appears  in 
the  same  position  on  the  seal  of  Robert  Bloett  (Lincoln,  1094), 


Feb.  3.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


283 


but  it  can  hardly  be  the  rationale.  The  brooch  is  also  found  on  a 
seal  ascribed  in  the  Way  Collection  'to  Henry  de  Burghersh 
(Lincoln,  1320),  but  it  is  more  probably  that  of  Henry  de 
Lexington  (1254),  and  therefore  well  within  the  limits  when 
the  rationale  was  worn. 

The  pallium  or  pall  worn  by  archbishops  over  the  chasuble 
must  be  noticed.  It  was  a  long  strip  of  lamb's  wool  put  on  in 
such  a  way  as  to  encircle  the  shoulders  and  hang  down  before 


SEAL  OF  STEPHEN  LANGTON,  ARCHBISHOP  OP  CANTERBURY,  1207-28. 

and  behind,  and  was  kept  in  its  place  by  pins  fastening  it  to  the 
chasuble.  The  usual  number  of  pins  seems  to  have  been  four, 
one  on  each  shoulder,  one  in  front,  and  another  behind.  The 
pins  almost  always  have  cruciform  heads,  hence  the  common 
error  of  speaking  of  the  pall  as  bearing  crosses.  The  pall  is 
seen  on  all  the  seals  of  the  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  from 


284  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 


Anselm  downwards,  but  the  pins  do  not  appear  until  Stephen 
Langton  (1207) — (see  cut  on  preceding  page),  who  has  them 
arranged  as  above-mentioned.  They  are  similarly  placed  on  the 
palls  of  Robert  Kilwardby  (1273)  and  John  de  Peckham  (1279). 
On  later  seals  they  are  not  visible,  in  many  cases  probably 
because  the  handling  of  the  seal  has  effaced  them.  The  seals 
of  the  archbishops  of  York  show  some  differences.  Thus,  .Roger 
de  Pont  1'Eveque  (1154)  and  Walter  de  Gray  (1215)  have  no 
pall  at  all ;  Godfrey  de  Ludham  (1258)  has  the  pall  fastened 
with  a  number  of  pins  ;  Walter  Giffard  (1265)  shows  five  pins ; 
while  William  Wickwain  (1279)  and  his  successor,  John  de 
Romaine  (1286),  show  three  as  in  the  Canterbury  seals.  No 
later  seal  of  an  archbishop  of  York  shows  the  pins. 

Two  more  details  remain  to  be  noticed,  the  mitre  and  the 
staff. 

The  earliest  seals  have  the  bishop  wearing  his  mitre,  as  it 
were,  sideways,  so  that  both  horns  Appear  in  front.  That  it 
was  actually  so  worn  seemed  to  be  proved  by  the  infula,  or 
labels,  which  issue  from  behind  in  the  usual  way. 

The  custom  of  wearing  the  mitre  turned  round  so  as  to  be 
seen  in  elevation  was  introduced,  like  many  other  novelties, 
by  a  bishop  of  Durham,  Hugh  de  Puisac  or  Pudsey  (1153), 
but  it  was  not  until  the  close  of  the  twelfth  century  that  the 
new  fashion  became  general,  and  the  horned  mitre  appears  side 
by  side  with  the  other  for  thirty-five  years.  The  latest  seal 
showing  the  old  fashion  is  that  of  Hugh  Nonant  (Coventry  and 
Lichfield,  1188). 

Seals  do  not  afford  much  information  as  to  the  staff.  Until 
about  1230  this  is  a  perfectly  plain  crook  with  a  single  coil 
forming  the  head,  sometimes  ending  in  a  dragon  or  leaf.  The 
seal  of  Hugh  de  Northwold  (Ely,  1229)  has  the  coil  divided, 
one  half  continuing  the  curve  inside  the  head,  the  other  curving 
down  towards  the  knop  from  which  the  crook  rises.  Both 
forms  are  found  indiscriminately  on  later  seals,  but  the  treat- 
ment is  as  simple  as  possible,  and  it  is  not  until  the  seal  of 
Adam  de  Orleton  (Hereford,  1317)  that  we  meet  with  a  richly- 
wrought  crook.  One  very  interesting  fact,  however,  which  the 
seals  prove  is  the  use  of  the  crook  by  archbishops.  This  is  a 
point  that  has  been  so  often  disputed  that  I  give  a  list  of  those 
seals  in  our  collection  which  attest  the  fact  :* 

Anselm  (Canterbury,  1093). 

Ralph  de  Turbine  (Canterbury,  1114). 

William  de  Corbellio  (Canterbury,  1123). 

*  The  seal  of  Lucas,  archbishop  of  Dublin,  1238,  represents  him  holding  a 
crosier,  and  not  a  cross. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  285 

Theobald  (Canterbury,  1139). 
Roger  de  Pont  FEveque  (York,  1154). 
Thomas  a  Becket  (Canterbury,  1162)'. 
Richard  (Canterbury,  1174). 
Geoffrey  Plantagenet  (York,  1191). 
Hubert  Fitzwalter  (Canterbury,  1193). 
Stephen  Langton  (Canterbury,  1207). 
Walter  de  Gray  (York,  1215). 
Richard  Wethershed  (Canterbury,  1229). 
Edmund  de  Abingdon  (Canterbury,  1234). 
Boniface  of  Savoy  (Canterbury,  1245). 
Simon  Islip  (Canterbury,  1349). 
Henry  Chicheley  (Canterbury,  1414) 

[on  his  counterseal  only] . 

Islip's  counterseal  also  shows  the  archbishop  holding  a  crozier. 
His  official  seal  has  this  additional  peculiarity,  that  the  shield 
of  arms  of  the  archiepiscopal  see  has  a  crozier  in  pale  on  either 
side  of  the  cross  and  pall.  I  am  quite  unable  to  explain  this. 
It  is  to  be  noted,  too,  that  although  Chicheley  carries  a  crozier  on 
his  counterseal,  his  official  seal  represents  him  holding  a  cross. 

After  1250,  with  the  exceptions  above  noted,  the  archbishops 
always  hold  crosses. 

The  earliest  example  is  the  seal  of  Godfrey  de  Ludham 
(York,  1258).  The  cross  is  usually  quite  plain,  but  Simon  de 
Meopham  (Canterbury,  1328)  holds  a  cross  floury,  and  his 
successor,  John  de  Stratford  (1333),  has  a  crucifix. 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  English  archbishops 
followed  the  universal  custom  of  carrying  a  crozier,  while  the 
cross  was  borne  before  them  by  a  crossbearer.  The  fact  of 
their  being  represented  holding  a  cross  is  no  proof  that  they 
actually  carried  it,  but  is  simply  a  conventional  way  of  dis- 
tinguishing them  from  bishops,  which  the  seals  prove  only 
dates  from  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

There  is  one  more  point  with  regard  to  archbishops  which 
should  be  particularly  noticed,  and  that  is  there  is  not  the 
slightest  authority,  so  far  as  the  seals  go — nor,  in  fact,  any 
other  medieval  evidence — in  support  of  the  commonly  received 
notion  that  archbishops  are  entitled  to  wear  a  coronet  round 
the  mitre.  Throughout  the  whole  series  of  seals  and  monu- 
ments, from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  Reformation  and 
beyond,  the  archiepiscopal  mitre  in  no  way  differs  from  that 
of  an  ordinary  bishop. 

1  am  afraid,  too,  that  the  generally  received  notion  that  the 
bishop  of  Durham  was  entitled  to  and  actually  wore  a  coronet 
round  his  mitre  must  be  given  up.  The  series  of  seals  of  the 


286  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

bishops  of  Durham  is  very  complete,  and  they  are  most  of  them 
of  great  beauty  and  excellence  ;  but  there  is  not  one  example 
throughout  the  series  where  the  bishop's  mitre  is  encircled  with 
a  coronet.  On  the  palatinate  seals  of  Thomas  de  Hatfield  (1345), 
of  John  Fordham  (1381),  Walter  Skirlaw  (1388),  Thomas 
Langley  (1406),  and  Robert  Nevill  (1438),  the  equestrian  figure 
of  the  bishop,  it  is  true,  has  a  coronet  encircling  the  base  of  the 
mitre,  but  this  is  merely  the  ornamental  coronet  round  the  top 
of  the  helm,  so  commonly  found  on  seals  with  equestrian  figures, 
from  which  the  crest  rises,  and  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
mitre  itself,  which  is  here  portion  of  the  bishop's  crest.  I 
would  point  to  Neville's  seals  in  confirmation  of  this.  The 
obverse  of  his  palatinate  seal  has  his  sitting  figure  with  no 
coronet  round  the  mitre ;  the  reverse  shows  him  011  horseback 
with  a  coronet  round  his  helm,  on  wrhich  is  his  mitre,  sur- 
mounted by  the  bull's  head.  His  secretum,  one  of  the  most 
beautifully  executed  seals  we  have,  shows  his  arms  surmounted 
by  a  splendid  mitre,  from  which  issues  ihe  bull's  head,  but  there 
is  no  coronet.  The  other  seals  tell  the  same  tale,  so  I  need  not 
describe  them. 

The  facts  deducible  from  seals  which  illustrate  changes  in  the 
fashion  of  the  vestments,  &c.,  are  somewhat  disappointing.  As 
has  been  already  pointed  out,  this  is  due  to  the  small  size  of 
the  figure  of  the  bishop.  The  introduction  of  canopies  and 
other  accessories  of  course  necessitated  the  figure  being  reduced 
still  smaller,  and  the  adoption  of  the  later  type  of  seals,  where 
the  bishop  appears  only  in  a  niche  in  base,  left  so  little  room 
for  the  figure  that  the  seal  engraver  often  had  to  be  content 
with  a  half  effigy  only  to  show  it  at  all. 

I  had  not  intended  to  deal  with  seals  later  than  the  Reforma- 
tion ;  but,  as  they  call  for  some  little  remark,  I  have  put  together 
a  few  notes  on  them.  Unfortunately  only  a  very  small  number 
have  been  preserved,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  trace  with  precision 
the  successive  changes  in  their  design,  which  finally  landed  us 
in  our  present  abomination  of  desolation. 

The  type  of  seal  having  for  device  a  canopied  group  of  saints, 
with  the  kneeling  figure  of  the  bishop,  or  a  shield,  in  base,  con- 
tinued in  use  from  137,5  to  the  Reformation,  the  latest  example 
being  the  seal  of  Nicholas  Heath  (Worcester,  1543).  After 
1500  the  Gothic  treatment  of  seals  gives  way  to  that  of  the 
Renaissance.  From  the  Reformation  to  the  end  of  the  six- 
teenth century  the  bishops'  seals  are  represented  in  our  collection 
by  ten  examples  only;  of  seventeenth-century  seals  we  have 
only  nine  ;  of  the  eighteenth  century  three  ;  and  of  the  present 
century  five. 

Few  as  these  are  they  illustrate  in  a  singularly  complete 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  287 

manner  the  changes  in  the  sentiments  and  religious  feeling  of 
the  times ;  and  some  of  the  subjects  are  amusing  as  well  as 
instructive.  The  following  is  a  short  descriptive  list  of  the  first 
twelve : — 

1.  Eobert  Ferrar  (St.  Davids,  1548).     This  bishop  shows  the 
uncertainty  of  his  opinions  by  placing  only  the  shield  of  arms  of 
his  see  on  his  seal. 

2.  John  Scory  (Rochester,  1551).    The  bishop  preaching  from 
a  pulpit  to  a  large  congregation.     In  base  a  shield  of  arms : 
per  pale,  on  the  dexter  the  arms  of  the  see ;  on  the  sinister  the 

words  NON  ASPERNOR  GRAMEN. 

3.  Reginald  Pole  (Canterbury,  1556).     The  restoration  of  the 
old  state  of  things  is  shown  by  the  re-appearance  of  a  seal  with 
a  figure  of  the  Holy  Trinity,  between  two  saints,  all  under 
canopies ;  with  shields  of  arms,  the  central  one  surmounted  by 
a  cardinal's  hat,  in  base. 

4.  John  White  (Winchester,  1556).      A  quaint  representa- 
tion of  Jacob  blessing  Ephraim  and  Manasseh ;  the  engraver 
has,  however,  curiously  blundered  the  '  guiding  of  his  hands 
wittingly,'  for  after  taking  pains  to  cross  Jacob's  arms  so  that 
the  right  hand  blessed  the  boy  kneeling  on  his  left,  he  has 
lettered  the  dexter  boy  EPHRAIM!     Shield  in  base  within  the 
garter. 

5.  Matthew  Parker   (Canterbury,   1559).     A  fine  and  late 
representation  of  Our  Lord  sitting  in  majesty.     Shield  in  base. 

6.  Nicholas  Bullingham   (Lincoln,   1560).      Apparently  the 
Giving  of  the  Law  on  Sinai.     Shield  in  base. 

7.  John  Jewell  (Sarum,  1560).     Christ  as  the  Good  Shepherd 
carrying  a  lamb  on  his  shoulders.     Shield  in  base. 

8.  Robert  Home  (Winchester,  1561).     The  whale  casting  up 
Jonah  !     Shield  in  base. 

9.  Richard  Davies  (St.  Davids,  1561).     The  bishop  preach- 
ing.    Shield  in  base. 

10.  Thomas  Cowper  (Lincoln,  1571).     A  copy  of  his  prede- 
cessor Bullingham's  seal  with  the  Giving  of  the  Law. 

11.  Thomas  Dove   (Peterborough,   1601).     A  man  feeding 
doves  or  pigeons,  and  another  about  to  kill  a  snake  with  a  long 
pole.   *In  chief  the  sun  appearing  beneath  a  cloud.     In  base  a 
shield  of  arms. 

12.  Richard  Montagu  (Chichester,  1628).     An  armed  figure 
holding  a  shield,  charged  with  a  lion.     Query,  Goliath  of  Gath, 
or  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  ! 

After  1630,  the  only  device  is  the  shield  of  arms,  generally 
surmounted  by  a  mitre.  The  seal  of  John  Cosin  (Durham, 
1660)  is  an  exception.  It  bears  a  half-length  figure  of  the. 

VOL.  XI.  TJ 


288  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

bishop  under  an  arch,  surmounted  by  a  mitre  and  in  base  four 
shields. 

The  later  seals  are  not  worth  describing. 


2.  The  legend,— 

The  wording  of  the  marginal  legend  on  seals  of  dignity  does 
not  vary  much. 

The  earliest  of  our  series,  that  of  Osbern  (Exeter,  1073)  has 
simply,— 

+  SIGILLVM  OSBERNI  EXONIENSIS  EPISCOPI 
The  next,  that  of  Gundulf  (Rochester,  1077),  is  yet  shorter, — 

+  SIGILLVM  GVNDVLFI  GPISCOPI 
Anselm  (Canterbury,  1093)  has, — 

+  SIGILLVM  ANSELMI' GRACIA  DEI  ARCHIEPISCOPI 

and  his  successor,  Ralph  de  Turbine  (1114), — 

+  RANVLFVS  ARCHIGPISCOPVS  CANTVARIENSIS 

All  later  seals,  until  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
have  one  or  the  other  of  two  set  formulae ;  e.g. — 

+  HVGO  DEI  GRACIA  DVNELMENS1S  EPISCOPVS 
or, 
+  SIGILLVM  WILLELMI  DEI  GRACIA  ELIENSIS  EPISCOPI 

After  1305  the  latter  form  only  is  used. 

Both  archbishops  and  bishops — with  two  or  three  exceptions 
— use  the  words  DEI  GRACIA,  until  the  beginning  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  when  they  were  finally  omitted.  The  last 
bishops  to  use  them  were  Thomas  Cranmer  (Canterbury,  1533) 
and  Nicholas  Heath  (Worcester,  1543). 

Stephen  Gardiner  (Winchester,  1533)  entitles  himself  bishop 
PERMISSIONS  D1VINA. 

There  are  two  medieval  variations  which  should  be  noticed. 

The  first  is  the  style  of  the  archbishops.  This  is  precisely 
similar  to  that  of  bishops — with,  of  course,  ARCHIEPISCOPVS 
for  EPISCOPYS, — until  Walter  Giffard  (York,  1266)  adds  the 
words  AR6LIQ;  PRISftAS.  The  legend  on  his  first  seal  is  unique : 

WALT6CRVS  DSI  6RACCIA  aBORACtecnSIS  addLGCSIQ: 
JftiniSTER. 

On  the  next  vacancy  Giffard's  example  was  followed  by  his 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  289 

brother  of  Canterbury,  Robert  de  Kilwardby  (1273),  the  legend 
on  whose  seal  ends  with  the  words,  TOCIVS  ANGKLI6C  PKIJHAS. 

The  same  title  occurs  on  the  seals  of  Peckham  (1279), 
Meopham  (1327),  Stratford  (1333),  and  Langham  (1366),  all  of 
Canterbury;  butlslip  (1349),  Courtenay  (1381),  and  later  arch- 
bishops omit  it.  Our  collection  has  very  few  York  seals,  but 
in  addition  to  Giffard  archbishops  "Wickwain  (1279),  Romaine 
(1285),  Neville  (1374),  and  Kemp  (1426)  all  style  themselves 
anglie  primatf. 

The  other  medieval  variation  is  the  introduction  of  the  bishop's 
surname.  This  innovation  is  first  found  on  the  seal  of  Willi?m 
de  Wykeham  (Winchester,  1367)— 

JH  :  fotllelmt :  tie  :  fopfcefyam  :  tit :  gratia  :  fojmtton  :  ept. 

It  next  appears  on  that  of  Thomas  Fitzalan  of  Arundel  (Canter- 
bury, 1396)— 

&>  :  tijome  :  aruttell :  tret :  gra  :  cantuarietute  :  ardjtepT. 
It  is  found  on  nearly  all  later  seals. 

The  following  variations  also  deserve  notice : — 
1305.  Henry  de  Merewell  (Winchester). 

FEAT'  :  tyeCNKICCVS  :  DI .  GRA  .  WIHTORianSIS  OPVS 

1374.  Alexander  de  Neville  (York). 

:  §?'  ;  alevaulfri  :  tit :  gra  :  ardjtept  :  eborac :  anglte  :  prtmat*  :  &  : 
apltce :  fetrfjJ :  legat* : 

1375.  Henry  de  Wakefield  (Worcester). 

Radium  :  magnti :  Rennet  |  tfef :  gra  :  OTjjgornmffe  :  epf  : 
1414.  Henry  Chicheley  (Canterbury). 

J^tgtllu  :  fjtnrtci :  tfei :  tt :  apltce  |  fetrt^  :  gra  :  arc^tepi :  canttiar'. 
1458.  John  Hunden  (Llandaff). 

^igtllttm  :  iotji&  :  eptfcopf :  |  lantraut'  •  ortlm*  •  p'ttuatoru  : 
After  the  Reformation  the  usual  formula  is  e.g. — 
t  SIGILLVM  .  NICHOLAI  -  BVLLINGHAM  .  EPISCOPI . 
LINCOLN  •    •    •  1560. 

and  so  on  to  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  The  earliest 
seal  we  have  with  the  legend  in  English  is — 

*  :  THE  .  SEAL  .  OF  .  THOMAS  -  IIAYTER  . 
BISHOP  ,  OF  •  NORWICH  .  1749  : 
u  2 


290  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  -  [1887, 

(2.)    Counter  seals  of  dignity;  and 
(3.)  Private  seals  or  secreta. 

The  custom  of  using  the  secreta  as  counterseals,  and  the 
counterseals  as  secreta,  was  so  common  throughout  the  medieval 
period,  that,  in  the  absence  of  any  help  from  the  legend,  it  is 
difficult  to  lay  down  any  rule  by  which  to  separate  the  two 
classes.  I  have  therefore  taken  them  as  forming  one  series. 

The  Society's  collection  includes  about  one  hundred  examples, 
which  divide  themselves  conveniently  into  five  classes: 

I.  1129-1188    (with  one  of  1266).     Antique  gems,  with  or 
without  a  medieval  setting. 

II.  1186-1207  (with  one  of  1250).    Pointed  ovals,  with  figures 
or  subjects. 

III.  1206-1414.     Pointed  ovals,  with  saints  or  subjects,  and 
the  bishop  praying  in  base. 

IV.  1344-1476.    Eound  seals,  mostly,  if  not  all,  secreta  proper, 
with  saints  or  heraldry  or  both. 

V.  Signets — mostly  of  late  date. 

Of  Class  I.  we  have  only  seven  examples.  The  earliest,  that 
of  Henry  de  Blois  (Winchester,  1129),  is  a  small  gem  with 
two  heads  respectant.  The  second,  that  of  a  bishop  of  Norwich 
— either  Everard  (1121),  or  more  probably  William  Turbus 
(1146) — has  a  gem  with  Apollo  in  the  midst  of  a  number  of 
beasts,  with  the  strangely  inappropriate  legend — 

[+  A]V6C  :  M[AR]IA  :  GRA(I[IA  :  PLGCNA] 

The  third  and  fourth  seals  of  this  class  are  the  same,  used  by 
two  successive  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  Theobald  (1139)  and 
Thomas  a  Becket  (1162).  The  subject  is  a  fine  head,  with  the 
legend — 

+  SIGNVM  SECRETVM 

We  have  also  the  cast  of  another  small  counterseal  used  by  the 
same  archbishops,  with  a  full-faced  head,  but  the  legend  is 
illegible. 

The  last  two  seals  of  this  class  are — the  one,  an  oval  gem 
with  a  medieval  setting  used  as  a  counterseal  by  Gilbert  de 
Glanville  (Rochester,  1185)  ;  the  other,  a  rounded  oblong  gem 
i;ngraved  with  the  word  ' Allah'  in  Cufic  characters,  with  the 
legend  on  the  setting — 

+  S6CR6TVM  6PISCOPI 

This  is  the  secretum  and  counterseal  of  Hugh  Nonant  (Coventry 
and  Lichfield,  1188), 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  291 

With  this  class  should  be  placed  the  much  later  counterseal 
of  Walter  Giffard  (York,  1266).  It  has  a  fine  oval  gem  en- 
graved with  two  heads,  in  a  medieval  pointed  oval  setting 
inscribed — 

WALTGCRVM  DOTANT  QVOS  »VO  SI6NA  NOTANT 

Of  Class  II.  we  have  thirteen  examples.  Three  of  these  have 
for  device  the  bishop's  effigy  only ;  four  have  the  patron  saint 
of  his  cathedral  church ;  and  one — that  of  Giles  de  Braose 
(Hereford,  1200) — has  the  figure  of  a  priest  holding  a  book, 
and  was  probably  a  seal  used  by  its  owner  previous  to  his 
consecration.  The  counterseal  of  Henry  Marshall  (Exeter, 
1 1 94)  has  an  erect  figure  of  a  man  holding  a  book  in  his  left 
hand,  and  a  sceptre  in  his  right,  with  the  legend — 

-f  SIGILLV^  I?ENRICI  MARESCALLI 

That  of  William  de  Longchamp  (Ely,  1189),  Chancellor 
under  Eichard  I.,  has  for  device  a  large  star  surmounting  a 
crescent ;  above  and  below  the  latter  is  incribed 

W  D6C  LOR6O 
CCAMPO 

and  the  marginal  legend  is — 

+  DOMINI  R6C6IS  AN6LI6C  dAndeCLL' 

The  counterseal  of  Eichard  (Canterbury,  1174)  has  a  half- 


COUNTERSEAL  OF  RICHARD,  ARCHBISHOP  OP  CANTERBURY,  1174-84. 

effigy  of  the  archbishop  rising  out  of  the  waves,  with  the  manus 
Dei  above,  and  the  marginal  legend  : 

+  RICARDVS  DEI  GRA  TOCIVS  ANGLIC  PRIMAS 


292  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

The  counterseal  of  Godfrey  de  Lucy  (Winchester,  1189) 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  whole  series.  The  device 
is  the  head  and  shoulders  of  a  pike  or  luce  issuing  from  the 
water,  and  holding  a  crozier  in  its  jaws.  In  the  upper  part  of 
the  field  is  an  undecipherable  object,  and  just  below  it,  one  on 
each  side,  two  stars.  The  legend  unfortunately  is  partly  ille- 
gible : 


+  PE6CSVLIS  .  .  aNSEIS  SI6NO  CONSIGNOR  VTEOQ' 
The  counterseal  of  Stephen  Langton  (Canterbury,  1207)  has 


COUNTERSEAL  OF  STEPHEN  LANGTON,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY, 

1207-28. 

that  favourite  subject  of  the  archbishops  of  his  province,  the 
martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas,  with  the  rhyming  hexameter  — 

+  MOES  aXPEGCSSA  FOBIS  TIBI  VITA  SIT  INTVS  ASttOEIS. 

All  the  seals  of  this  class  are  pointed  ovals.  To  them  should 
be  added  the  counterseal  of  Aymer  de  Valence  (Elect  of  Win- 
chester, 1250),  a  small  pointed  oval,  with  effigy  in  a  dalmatic, 
and  holding  a  book.  The  legend  is  — 


+    9TEAS'  A.  GCLGCaTI  WINTONI6CNSIS. 

The  seals  of  Class  III.  are  all  pointed  ovals,  and,  as  indicated 
in  the  account  of  the  seals  of  dignity,  they  are  far  in  advance  of 
the  latter  in  elaboration  of  design.  The  device  usually  repre- 
sents the  patron  saint  or  saints  of  the  bishop's  cathedral  church 


Feb.  3  J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  293 


ften  with  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  introduced — with 
the  half-effigy  of  the  bishop  praying  beneath  an  arch  in  base. 
Thus  the  bishops  of  Durham  have  St.  Cuthbert ;  of  Winchester, 
SS.  Peter  and  Paul ;  of  Rochester,  St.  Andrew,  and  so  on. 
The  archbishops  of  Canterbury,  with  the  exception  of  Chicheley, 
all  have  the  familiar  representation  of  the  martyrdom  of  St. 
Thomas.  Six  of  the  seals  of  this  class  have  this  favourite 
device,  which  is  first  found,  I  believe,  on  the  counterseal  of 
Hubert  Fitzwalter  (1193),  which  is  not  in  our  collection.  The 
counterseal  of  Eichard  Wethershed  (1229)  is  one  of  those  with 
the  martyrdom ;  but  the  usual  niche  in  base,  instead  of  the 


COUNTERSEAL  OF  EICHAED  WETHERSHED,  ARCHBISHOP  OF  CANTERBURY, 

1229-31. 


kneeling  archbishop,  has  tw  o  attendants  holding  the  bridles  of 
the  horses  of  the  four  knights.  Chicheley's  counterseal  (1414) 
has  the  Holy  Trinity  between  Our  Lady  and  St.  Thomas,  all 
under  good  canopies  ;  and  in  base  the  archbishop  with  a  crozier 
and  not  a  cross,  in  a  niche  between  two  shields. 

Canopies  make  their  appearance  in  1224,  but  do  not  become 
general  until  sixty  years  later. 

Shields  first  appear  on  the  counter-seal  of  John  de  Sendale 
(Winchester,  1316),  but  were  not  generally  used. 

Several  of  these  seals  deserve  special  mention,  not  only  on 
account  of  their  devices,  but  for  the  interesting  legends  they 
bear,  which  differ  greatly  from  the  commonplace  ones  found 
on  the  seals  of  dignity. 

The  counterseal  of  Walter  de  Cantilupe   (Worcester,    1237) 


294  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

has  a  very  early  representation  of  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin, 
with  the  bishop  kneeling  in  base,  and  the  legend— 

TanecT  ^icc  TRORVS  micci}!  SIT  cv  mATRec  PATRORVS 


Boniface  of  Savoy  (Canterbury,  1245)  has  the  martyrdom, 
with  the  saint's  soul  ascending  in  a  sheet  to  a  half-effigy  of 
Our  Lord  above.  In  base  is  the  usual  praying  figure,  and  the 
marginal  legend  reads  — 

+  TRIN6C  :  DGCVS  :  PRO  :  SttGC  :  JftOVSAT  :  T6C  :  PASSIO  : 


The  counter  seal  of  Eoger  de  Weseham  (Coventry  and  Lich- 
field,  1245)  bears  a  three-quarter  effigy  of  St.  Chad,  standing 
between  the  two  cathedral  churches  of  Coventry  and  Lichfield, 
with  the  praying  bishop  in  base,  and  has  an  upper  tier  writh  a 
canopied  half-effigy  of  Our  Lady  and  Child.  The  legend  is  — 

deCDDA  ROGA  PV6CRV  RS6AT  VT  CCV  MATRGC  R066CRV. 
The  counterseal  (here  engraved*)  of  Richard  de  la  Wyche 


COUNTEESEAL  OF  EICHAED  DE  LA  WYCHE,  BISHOP  OF  CHICHESTEK, 

1245-53. 

(Chichester,  1245)  has  a  figure  of  Our  Lord  sitting  between  two 
upright  swords  on  a  canopied  throne,  with  a  praying  half-effigy 
of  the  bishop  under  an  arch  in  base,  and  the  legend, — 

Tff  :  RICCARDa  :  R6C60  |  TRINVS :  6CT  :  VNVS :  6C6O 

John  of  EXOIJ  (Winchester,  1262)  has  the  heads  of  SS.  Peter 
*  See  also  Archaeologia,  xlv.  445. 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  295 

and  Paul,  with  the  keys  and  sword  in  pale  between,  and  in 
base  the  half-effigy  of  the  bishop,  holding  a  scroll  with  the  first 
three  letters  of  his  name,  I0ty'.  The  legend  is  — 


+  SVM  VaSTGR  RATVS  PKOVaCCTVS  PONTIFICCAT9 

The  counterseal  of  Robert  de  Insula  (Durham,  1274)  exhibits 
a  half-effigy  of  St.  Cuthbert  under  a  canopy,  with  the  crowned 
head  of  St.  Oswald  in  his  left  hand  ;  on  either  side  of  the  canopy 
a  crescent  and  star  ;  and  in  base  a  praying  half-effigy  of  the 
bishop.  The  marginal  legend  is  — 

SI6RVM  :  CCVTBeCKTI  :  SI6RAT  :  SffCCKaTA  :  ROB6CRTI 


Thomas  Bek   (St.  Davids,    1280)    has  the  martyrdom  of  St. 
Andrew,  with  the  bishop  kneeling  at  the  side  instead  of  in 


Special  attention  ought  to  be  drawn  to  the  fine  counter- 
seal  of  Antony  Bek  (Durham,  1254),  on  account  of  its  great 
beauty.  The  subject  is  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  under 
a  good  double  canopy,  with  the  praying  bishop  below,  and  the 
legend, — 

ecaaec :  GCXALTATA  :  ecs :  SB  :  CHORDS  :  ANGKOR  : 

An  equally  fine,  but  later  example,  is  the  counter-seal  of 
Simon  de  Montacute  (Ely,  1337).  It  has  the  figures  of  St. 
Etheldreda  and  St.  Peter  under  a  fine  double  canopy,  with  a 
super-canopy  containing  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child.  On  the 
side  shafts  hang  four  shields  of  arms,  two  of  Ely,  two  of  Mon- 
tacute, and  the  panelled  buttresses  each  bear  a  large  crowned  6C. 
In  base  is  the  kneeling  effigy  of  bishop  Simon  under  a  richly 
crocketed  arch,  and  between  four  crowned  GC's.  The  legend 
is,— 

W 
•  PIA  .  S'  .  &  .  EGCSa  .  PeCTR6C  .  MAEIA 

I  have  specially  mentioned  this  seal,  because  it  is  almost 
certain,  from  its  style,  that  the  designer  of  it  was  connected 
with  the  works  in  progress  during  Montacute's  episcopate  on  the 
magnificent  Lady  Chapel  at  Ely.  This  interesting  circum- 
stance is  more  apparent  on  the  bishop's  seal  of  dignity. 

The  inscriptions  [  have  quoted  are  only  typical  examples  of 
the  majority  of  those  found  on  this  class  of  counter-seals.  Three 
have,  however,  the  common  formula,  beginning  SI6ILLVM  .  .  . 
etc. ;  and  two— those  of  Richard  (Bangor,  1237)  and  Richard 
de  Kellaw  (Durham,  1311) — are  respectively  lettered — 


296  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

S'  P'VAT[VM  EIGCAEJDI  eCPISCCOPI  BA60E6CN 
and 

EICCAEIH  DSI  6EA  6CPI 


and  are  undoubted  instances  of  secreta  used  also  as  counter- 


Of  Class  IV.  or  secreta  proper,  we  have  twenty-one  examples. 
They  are  all  round  in  form,  and  range  in  size  from  1  inch  to 
2J  inches  in  diameter. 

Of  these,  nine  have  figures  of  saints  and  twelve  are  heraldic. 

Two  of  this  class  are  evidently  instances  of  that  curious  form 
of  seal  which  had  the  matrix  in  two  parts,  sliding  one  within 
the  other,  and  so  contrived  that  the  central  portion  could  be 
used  separately  as  a  signet.  The  one  is  that  of  William  Bate- 
man  (Norwich,  1344),  and  has  the  central  die  engraved  with 
the  Trinity.  When  the  seal  is  complete  this  forms  part  of  a 
group  with  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  and  St.  Katherine  on 
either  side,  Our  Lady  and  Child  above,  and  the  kneeling 
bishop  below,  the  whole  being  richly  traceried.  The  legend 
is: 

WILL'I 


The  other  is  the  secretum  assigned  to  Simon  de  Sudbury 
(Canterbury,  1375).  The  central  die  has  the  Trinity  between 
angels  in  penthouses  ;  the  outer,  eighteen  mitred  heads  radiating 
from  the  centre,  and  each  canopied.  The  legend,  in  this  seal, 
was  inscribed  on  the  inner  circle  enclosing  the  central  die,  but 
is  provokingly  undecipherable. 

The  seals  with  saints  call  for  no  special  remark,  except  that 
five  of  them  have  shields  of  arms  in  base.  That  of  William  de 
Edyngton  (Winchester,  1346)  has  two  canopies,  the  one  with 
St.  Katherine,  the  other  with  his  own  kneeling  figure.  The 
secretum  of  William  de  Alnwick  (Lincoln,  1436)  has  his  pray- 
ing figure  in  base  between  two  shields  of  arms. 

The  earliest  of  the  heraldic  secreta  is  that  of  Thomas  de 
Hatfield  (Durham,  1345).  It  has  a  large  shield  of  the  bishop's 
arms,  supported  by  lions  sejant,  and  surmounted  by  a  half 
effigy  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  under  a  canopy  formed 
by  the  boughs  of  two  trees.  Henry  Despencer  (Norwich,  1370) 
has  his  shield  hanging  from  a  helm  surmounted  by  a  mitre, 
from  which  rises  an  enormous  crest,  and  places  two  other 
shields  one  on  either  side  of  the  helm.  William  Courtenay 
(Canterbury,  1381)  has  his  shield,  helm,  and  crest  only,  on  a 
diapered  field,  with  tracery  at  the  sides.  John  Fordham,  as 
bishop  of  Durham  (1382),  has  a  richly-diapered  shield  of  arms, 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  297 

supported  by  two  tiny  angels,  and  superscribed  tfa  gloriam  fceo. 
On  his  translation  to  Ely,  in  1388,  he  adopted  a  similar  seal, 
but  surrounded  his  shield  with  a  number  of  crowns  allusive  of 
the  arms  of  his  new  see. 

An  excellent  example  of  an  heraldic  secretum,  although  not 
in  the  Society's  collection,  has  already  been  engraved  in  Pro- 
ceedings,* and  is  here  reproduced.  It  is  that  of  Robert  Bray- 


SECEETUM  OF  EGBERT  BEAYBBOKE,  BISHOP  OP  LONDON,  1382-140i. 

broke    (London,  1382),  and  exhibits  a  shield  of  the  bishop's 
arms,  within  elegant  tracery,  and  the  legend — 

Jmretum  :  rofcertt :  fcragbrok :  ept  :  lonttmtenfte. 

The  Ststflum  armorum,  as  it  describes  itself,  of  Henry 
Beaufort,  bishop  of  Winchester  (1405)  and  cardinal,  has  a 
fine  shield  of  the  Beaufort  arms,  differenced  by  a  crescent,  and 
surmounted  by  a  great  cardinal's  hat,  the  tassels  of  which  fill 
up  the  side  spaces.  The  very  beautiful  though  unfortunately 
mutilated  seal  of  Robert  Neville  (Durham,  1438)  has  his  shield 
of  arms  hanging  from  a  most  splendid  mitre,  with  its  infula 
extended  on  either  side,  from  which  rises  the  Neville  bull's 
head,  with  a  ribbon  behind  it  inscribed  :  en  :  grace  |  af&'e.  The 
mitre  has  no  coronet  round  it.  On  either  side  of  the  shield 
is  a  monogram  in  black  letter,  which  I  cannot  decipher.  The 
last  seal  of  this  class — that  of  William  Dudley  (Durham,  1478), 
I  would  particularly  draw  attention  to,  because  it  is  the  only 
one  of  a  bishop  of  Durham  which  apparently  has  a  coronet 
round  the  mitre  which  surmounts  the  shield  of  arms.  Taking 
into  consideration  the  late  date  of  this  example,  I  am  inclined 
to  think  that  the  coronet  may  be  satisfactorily  accounted  for  by 
regarding  it  as  the  commonly  found  support  for  a  crest  like 
those  surmounting  the  Beaufort  shields  on  the  magnificent 

*  2d  S.  vol.  iv.  394. 


298  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

heraldry  of  the  gatehouses  of  St.  John's  and  Christ's  colleges, 
at  Cambridge.  Those  who  would  have  us  believe  that  the 
two  archbishops,  and  their  suffragan  of  Durham,  wore,  or 
were  entitled  to  wear,  coronets  round  their  mitres,  seem  to 
overlook  the  fact  that  the  mitre  was  usually  made  to  shut  flat 
(after  the  fashion  of  a  crush-hat)  for  portability,  which  the 
presence  of  a  rigid  metal  circlet  would  effectually  prevent  being 
done. 

The  legends  on  seals  of  this  class,  with  one  exception — so  far  as 
they  are  decipherable — are  of  the  usual  form,  beginning  either 
Semtum  .  .  .,  or  sigtllum  .  .  .,  or  s'tgtHum  prtbatum. 

Of  our  last  class  of  this  series,  the  episcopal  signets,  we  have 
only  four  pre-Reformation  examples,  and  about  a  dozen  later 
ones. 

The  earliest  is  clearly  an  impression  from  the  ring  of  William 
de  Wykeham  (Winchester,  1367),  the  sapphire  of  which  was 
apparently  an  intaglio  with  a  griffin  preying  upon  a  cat  or  other 
small  beast.  The  next,  that  of  Philip  Morgan  (Ely,  1426),  is 
also  from  a  ring.  It  has  a  good  half- effigy  of  St.  Etheldreda 
with  an  inscription  not  quite  legible.  The  third  signet,  that  of 
William  de  Waynflete  (Winchester,  1447),  has  a  prettily 
engraved  representation  of  Our  Lord  holding  a  banner  and  St. 
Mary  Magdalene  with  her  pot  of  ointment.  The  fourth  is  that 
of  Richard  Fitzjames  (Chichester,  1503),  and  has  a  small  three- 
masted  ship  and  the  letter  R. 

The  post-Reformation  signets  have  shields  of  arms  only  and 
call  for  no  remark. 


(4.)  Seals  ad  causas. 

Of  seals  ad  causas  we  have  only  twenty  examples  in  our 
collection,  ranging  from  1296  to  1577.  In  shape  they  are  all 
pointed  ovals.  The  earliest,  that  of  David  Martyn  (St.  Davids, 
1296),  has  the  figure  of  St.  Andrew  on  the  cross,  with  a  star  on 
each  side  and  a  shield  of  arms  in  base.  The  remainder,  with 
three  exceptions,  consist  of  a  subject,  or  one  or  more  saints,  all 
under  canopies  and  with  the  bishop's  praying  figure  or  a  shield 
of  arms  in  base.  The  three  exceptions  are  (1)  the  seal  of 
John  Trevor  (St.  Asaph,  1395),  which  has  a  richly  canopied 
figure  of  the  bishop,  with  the  arms  of  the  see  in  base ;  (2)  that 
of  William  Warham  (Canterbury,  1503),  which  has  the  arch- 
bishop's effigy  (without  the  pall)  under  a  rich  canopy,  and  a 
seated  figure  of  Our  Lady  and  Child  above,  and  in  base  a  shield 
of  arms — Canterbury  impaling  Warharn  ;  and  (3)  that  of 
Richard  Barnes  (Durham,  1577),  which  has  in  the  upper  half 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES,  299 

on  an  elaborate  throne  the  figure  apparently  of  the  bishop, 
bearded,  and  wearing  a  long  gown  and  square  cap,  holding  in 
his  right  hand  a  bunch  of  leaves,  and  in  his  left  an  open  book 
inscribed  VERBVM  DOMINI.  The  lower  half  has  a  large  shield  of 
his  arms. 

The  subjects  and  figures  on  the  other  sixteen  are  so  varied  as 
to  defy  any  regular  classification.  I  therefore  append  a  detailed 
description  of  each  ;  I  have  also  included  the  four  already  men- 
tioned, so  as  to  complete  the  list.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  in- 
scriptions, with  the  exception  of  the  pretty  couplet  on  the  seal  of 
Thomas  Arundel  (Ely,  1374),  do  not  present  much  variation. 

1296.  David  Martyn,  St.  Davids. 

Crucifixion   of  St.    Andrew   between    two   large   stars. 
Shield  in  base.     (Used  as  counter-seal.) 
Legend : 

maNecvecNS  GCPISCCOPI  AD  CAVSAS 

1299.  John  Salmon,  Norwich. 

Our  Lord  sitting  on  a  throne,  beneath  a  canopy.     Kneel- 
ing half-effigy  of  bishop  in  base.     (Much  mutilated.) 

1333.  Kichard  de  Bury,  Durham. 

Our  Lady  and  Child  and  St.  Cuthbert  under  good  rich 
canopies  with  panelled  backs.     In  chief,  a  lion  of  England. 
In  base,  kneeling  bishop  under  arch. 
Legend : 

SIGILLVM  KICCARDI  DVNGCLMaNSIS  6CPI  AD  CCAVSAS. 

1370.  Henry  Despencer,  Norwich. 

Holy  Trinity  under  rich  canopy  (much  mutilated).     In 
base,  kneeling  bishop  under  an  arch,  between  two  shields. 
Inscription  lost,  all  but  an  illegible  fragment. 

1370.  Thomas  de  Brantingham,  Exeter. 

St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  beneath  rich  canopies.    In  base,  a 
shield  of  the  bishop's   arms — a   fess   embattled   counter- 
embattled  between  three  Katherine  wheels. 
Legend : 

[£:  ti)]ome :  eronie :  ept :  att  :  caufatf. 

1374.  Thomas  Fitzalan  of  Arundel,  Ely. 

St.  Etheldreda  between  SS.  Paul  and  Peter,  under  rich 
canopies.     In  base,  three-quarter  effigy  of  bishop  praying, 
between  two  shields. 
Legend : 

caufas  auttte  abftt  collttffo  frauttfe. 


800  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

1375.  Simon  de  Sudbury,  Canterbury. 

Martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas,  with  two  figures  in  side  niches 
— all  under  canopies.     In  super-canopy,  the  Holy  Trinity, 
between  two  angels  in  penthouses.     In  base,  three-quarter 
effigy  of  archbishop  praying,  between  two  shields. 
Legend : 

&  atnumfe  to  ftittbtria  avdjupt  cantuawit  atf  taufad. 

1395.  John  Trevor,  St.  Asaph. 

Effigy  of  bishop  under  rich  canopy.     In  base,  a  shield 
bearing  a  key  and  crozier  in  saltire. 
Legend : 

£>  :  atf :  caufas  tofyfe  tot  grada  tpi  affa&tnfte. 

1395.  Kichard  Mitford,  Sarum. 

Our  Lady  and  Child,  with  Holy  Trinity  above,  and 
three-quarter  effigy  of  bishop  praying  below,  with  rich 
canopies.  On  each  side  a  shield ;  dexter,  France  ancient 
and  England  quarterly ;  sinister,  a  fesse  and  a  chief  dan- 
cette. 
Legend : 

&  :  atr :  caufa$  :  3&tcarttt :  tot :  gra  :  saru  :  tptfcopt  : 

1398,  Henry  Beaufort,  Lincoln. 

The  Assumption  of  Our  Lady,  supported  by  four  angels 
(two  on  each  side)  in  penthouses.     In  base,  a  shield  of 
Beaufort. 
Legend : 

^tgtllum  :  fjnrnci  :  ept  |  Itntnln  :  ati  :  nfit  .  ... 

circa  1400.  Louis  de  Bifort,  Bangor. 

A  somewhat  rude  seal,  probably  foreign,  with  Our  Lady 
and  Child  standing  between  two  saints,  all  under  canopies. 
In  base,  half-effigy  of  bishop  kneeling. 
Legend : 

+  S  +  LVDOVVICCI  +  ffPI  +  BARGOEan  +  AD  +  CCAVSAS  + 

1406.  Thomas  Langley,  Durham. 

Sitting  figure  of  Our  Lady  and  Child,  beneath  a  good 
canopy,  with  a  double-storied  penthouse  with  angels  a?  the 
sides.     Below,  three-quarter  effigy  of  bishop  praying  in  a 
niche,  between  two  shields. 
Legend : 

£'.  tfjonw  :  tot :  cjran'a  :  tpt :  ttunolmntfte  :  atf : 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  301 

1414.  Henry  Chicheley,  Canterbury. 

Our  Lord  sitting  between  a  bishop  and  another  saint 
(mutilated)  under  good  canopies,  with  Our  Lady  and  Child 
sitting  between  angels  in  penthouses,  at  top.  In  base, 
three-quarter  praying  effigy  of  archbishop  between  two 
shields. 
Legend : 

&'  :  afc  :  caufas  :  ^[enrtct  :  pmifftone]  tttbuta  cantuavien  :  ardjiepi : 

1420.  Thomas  Polton,  or  )  TT    Qp  „* 
1422.  Thomas  Spofford,      \  Heieford- 

St.  Anne  with  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary,  and  St.  Thomas 
of  Hereford,  all  under  one  fine  triple  canopy.     In  base,  a 
shield — three  leopards'  heads  jessant  de  lis. 
Legend  : 

&'  tfjome  &n  t  aplite  fettte  £ra  eplljerforton  att  caufag. 

1438.  Eobert  Neville,  Durham. 

Our  Lady  and  Child  sitting,  with  Holy  Trinity  above, 
between  St.  Oswald  and  St.  Cuthbert.  In  base,  in  a  niche, 
an  angel  holding  a  shield — a  saltire  charged  with  a  double 
ring —  between  two  shields ;  dexter,  a  chevron  between  three 
lions  rampant ;  sinister,  a  cross  between  four  lions  rampant. 
Legend  : 

^fgtllu  :  att  .  caufatf  .  rofortt  \  mbtle .  epi  ttunelmenffe. 

1443.  John  Stafford,  Canterbury. 

Holy  Trinity,  with  Our  Lady  and  Child  sitting  between 
angels  in  penthouses  above,  between  St.  Thomas  and  St. 
Augustine.  In  base,  praying  effigy  in  niche  set  in  masonry 
between  two  shields :  dexter,  Canterbury ;  sinister,  on  a 
chevron  a  mitre,  within  a  bordure  engrailed. 
Legend : 

&'  att  :  caufag  :  toijis  pmtffume :  tftbtna  :  cantuawn :  ardjupi. 

1444.  John  Lowe,  Kochester. 

Fine  standing  figure  of  Our  Lady  and  Child  between  St. 
Andrew  and  another  saint,  with  upper  subject,  and  probably 
bishop  and  shields  in  base.     A  fine  seal,  but  much  injured. 
Legend  : 

&  :  caufas. 

1503.  William  Warham,  Canterbury. 

Erect  figure  on  a  diapered  field,  of  an  archbishop  (with- 


302  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

out  the  pallium).  Above,  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  Child 
sitting  on  throne;  below,  shield  of  Canterbury,  impaling 
Warham. 

Legend  all  broken  away. 

1560.  Gilbert  Berkeley,  Bath  and  Wells. 

St.  Andrew  sitting  on  a  rich  seat  with  gabled  back, 
between    foliage.      In   base,   a   shield   with    a     chevron 
between  ten  crosses  charged  with  a  rose. 
Legend : 

+  SIGILLVM  •  GILLBERTI  -  BARCKLEY  •  BATHON 
ET  WELLEN  •  EPI  •  AD  •  CAVSAS. 

1577.  Kichard  Barnes,  Durham. 

Sitting  figure  with  bunch  of  hyssop  in  right  hand,  an  open 


book  inscribed     BV    IN     in  left,  on  chair  of  state.     Below, 
a  large  shield. 

(5.)  Episcopal  Seals  made  for  special  purposes. 

The  last  sub-division  of  episcopal  seals,  those  made  for  special 
purposes,  does  not  contain  many  examples. 

The  most  important  are  the  fine  series  of  large  round  seals 
used  by  the  bishops  of  Durham  as  princes-palatine.  Of  these 
we  have  eight  examples.  They  are  all  double  seals  and  of  the 
same  general  character,  the  obverse  having  a  figure  of  the 
bishop  sitting  on  a  throne ;  the  reverse,  his  armed  figure  on 
horseback.  The  idea  of  these  palatine  seals  seems  to  have  been 
suggested  by  the  great  seals  of  the  kings  of  England,  and 
naturally,  since  these  are  the  great  seals  of  the  prince-bishops  of 
Durham.  The  earliest  of  the  series,  that  of  Thomas  de  Hatfield 
(1345),  has  on  the  obverse  the  bishop  in  his  robes,  holding  a 
crozier  and  book,  and  sitting  on  a  throne  of  state  with  a  triple 
canopy.  The  legend,  which  is  uniquely  placed  on  two  vertical 
strips  at  the  sides,  and  so  that  it  may  be  read  without  turning 
the  seal  round,  is — 

J^tgtllu  :  tijonu  :  tin  :  gracta  :  ttunalm  :  tpt : 

The  reverse  has  the  bishop  in  complete  armour  with  his 
sword  and  shield,  and  on  his  head  a  large  coronetted  helm, 
surmounted  by  a  mitre,  from  which  issues  a  panache  or  plume 
of  feathers.  The  horse  is  covered  with  a  gorgeous  trapper, 
embroidered  with  the  same  arms  as  those  on  the  bishop's  shield, 
— (azure),  a  chevron  between  three  lions  rampant  (or). 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  303 

The  marginal  legend  is  simply  an  extension  of  that  on  the 
obverse  of  the  seal. 

The  next  three  bishops—  John  Fordham  (1381),  Walter 
Skirlaw  (1388),  and  Thomas  Langley  (1406)—  appear  to  havo 
successively  used  an  obverse  cast  from  the  same  mould,  and 
varying  only  in  the  first  word  of  the  legend  and  the  arms  on 
the  shields.  This  is  a  more  elaborate  one  than  Hatfield's  ;  the 
bishop  holds  up  his  right  hand  in  benediction  instead  of  carry- 
ing a  book,  and  the  canopy  is  richly  pinnacled,  and  has  niches 
at  the  sides  with  figures  of  St.  Michael  and  St.  George,  and 
outer  penthouses,  from  which  hang  shields  of  the  bishop's  arms. 
In  base  are  two  small  lions  sejant.  The  legend  is  the  same  on 
the  obverse  and  reverse,  and  reads  on  Fordham's  seal  — 

toljamul  :  ttct  :  gracta  :  tpuS  fctmolmmfte. 
The  reverse  has  the  fourth  word  in  full  — 


The  equestrian  figures  on  these  three  seals  all  face  to  the 
sinister,  not  as  in  Hatfield's  to  the  dexter.  The  horse  is 
covered  with  an  armorial  trapper,  and  the  bishop  carries  his 
sword  drawn  in  his  right  hand.  Fordham  surmounts  his 
coronetted  helm  with  a  mitre,  on  which  is  perched  a  bird  ;  but 
Skirlaw  and  Langley  place  on  the  coronet  their  crests  only 
without  the  mitre  ;  in  one  case  a  demi-angel,  in  the  other  a 
panache.  The  horses'  heads  are  also  surmounted  by  a  plume. 
Fordham's  seal  differs  from  the  others  in  having  a  rich  cusped 
border  round  the  inner  margin.  The  field  is  semee  of  small 
roundels.  Skirlaw  and  Langley  used  a  reverse  adapted  with 
slight  variations  from  one  model.  The  heraldry,  of  course,  is 
different,  and  the  first  word  of  the  legend  ;  the  one  also  has  the 
field  semee  of  roses,  while  Langley  strews  it  with  mullets  of  five 
points  like  that  in  his  arms. 

The  palatine  seal  of  Robert  Neville  (1438)  is  equally  fine,  but 
with  some  modifications  in  the  treatment  of  details.  The  canopied 
throne  has  a  super-canopy  with  the  Holy  Trinity,  and  the  side- 
shields  are  represented  by  one  in  base.  The  reverse  has  the  field 
covered  with  a  beautiful  floral  diaper,  and  the  bishop's  coronetted 
helm  is  surmounted  by  his  mitre,  from  which  issues  the  bull's 
head. 

The  only  other  pre-Reformation  seal  of  this  series  in  our  col- 
lection, that  of  Cuthbert  Tunstall  (1530),  has  the  same  general 
features.  The  bishop  is  sitting  between  erect  figures  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  and  St.  Cuthbert,  with  shields  at  the 
sides  and  in  base.  The  reverse  has  his  armed  equestrian  figure 
with  a  mitre  for  crest  and  the  arms  of  the  see  on  the  shield  and 
trapper. 

VOL.  XI.  X 


304  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Of  the  later  seals  we  liavo  two  examples.  That  of  Thomas 
Morton  (1632)  has  on  the  obverse  a  large  shield  of  the  arms  of 
the  see  impaling  Morton,  surmounted  by  an  uncoronetted  mitre. 
The  reverse  has  an  armed  equestrian  figure. 

The  obverse  of  the  seal  of  John  Cosin  (1660)  has  his  bust 
under  an  arch,  with  a  classical  arcade  behind,  and  in  base  four 
shields  of  arms.  In  chief  is  an  uncoronetted  mitre.  The  reverse 
has  the  armed  equestrian  figure. 

The  only  other  special  seals  are  that  of  Eobert  de  Waldeby, 
archbishop  of  York  (1390),  for  the  lordship  of  Hexham,  and  the 
great  seal  of  Antony  Bek  as  patriarch  of  Jerusalem. 

Waldeby  's  seal  is  a  double  round  one,  about  2J  inches  in 
diameter,  and  purely  heraldic.  The  obverse  has  a  shield  with 
the  old  arms  of  the  see  of  York,  a  pall  surmounting  a  cross-staff, 
impaling  Waldeby's  arms  —  a  lion  rampant  guttee  and  crowned 
within  a  bordure  componee.  The  reverse  has  a  splendidly 
diapered  shield  of  the  arms  of  the  see  —  two  keys  in  saltire,  and 
in  chief  a  crown.  Both  sides  hasre  the  spaces  filled  with  rich 
tracery,  and  bear  the  same  legend,  with  variations  in  the  con- 
tractions, which,  when  extended,  reads  — 

J^igtllum  :  robertt  :  tfcoracwfte  :  arrfjtqrifoipt  : 
anglte  :  primatfe  :  et  :  ttomtm  :  tfe  :  fyerttlttefijam  : 

The  truly  splendid  patriarchal  seal  of  Antony  Bek  forms  a 
fitting  ending  to  our  series  of  episcopal  seals. 

It  is  a  circular  one  of  the  unusual  diameter  of  4J  inches.  It 
contains  three  large  niches,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  divided 
into  three  tiers  and  is  surmounted  by  a  patriarchal  cross  as  a  finial 
to  the  canopy.  The  upper  tier  contains  the  rood,  with  St.  Mary 
and  St.  John  ;  the  second  tier  has  the  visit  of  the  three  Maries  to 
the  Sepulchre,  which  has  an  angel  sitting  at  one  end  pointing  to 
the  linen  cloths,  and  the  sleeping  soldiers,  or  knights,  as  our 
fore-  elders  preferred  to  call  them,  below.  The  lowest  tier  has  a 
trefoiled  arch,  under  which  kneels  bishop  Antoiry,  who  wears  a 
pall,  between  two  upright  patriarchal  crosses.  The  two  great 
side  niches  contain  fine  figures  of  Our  Lady  (crowned)  and 
Child,  and  St.  Cuthbert  holding  the  head  of  St.  Oswald.  Below 
011  either  side  is  a  roundel  containing  the  fer-de-moline  of  the 
bishop's  arms. 

The  marginal  legend  is  :  — 

S'  :  ARTOHII  :  DGCI  :  6EA  :  SCCCC  :  IJ]6CEOSOLOMIT'  :  GCCCCCLaSIGC  : 

:  GCT  :  6CPI  :  DVnaLM[€Cn'] 


It  is  interesting  to  find  unam  Crucem  Patriarchalem  argenteam 


Feb.  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  305 

et  deauratam  among  the  goods  belonging  to  Antony  Bek 
handed  over  after  his  decease  to  the  cathedral  church  of  Dur- 
ham.* 

The  great  value  of  episcopal  seals  for  dating  purposes  is 
especially  shown  in  the  lettering.  Of  this  there  are  no  less 
than  five  (perhaps  six)  types.  They  have  the  advantage,  too, 
of  being  so  sharply  defined  that  sometimes  the  change  can  be 
ascribed  to  a  particular  year.  Whether  this  is  the  case  with 
other  classes  of  seals  I  have  not  yet  been  able  to  ascertain,  as 
their  dates  are  not  so  easily  fixed  as  in  the  case  of  episcopal 
seals. 

The  types  of  lettering  are  as  follows  : — 

1.  From  Osbern  (Exeter,  1072)  to  Thomas  a  Becket 
(Canterbury,  1174): 

Roman  capitals,  which  almost  insensibly  change  into 

2.  From  Richard  (Canterbury,  1174)  to  Walter  deGray 
(York,  1215)  : 

A  kind  of  rude  Lombardic. 

3.  From  Josceline  (Bath,  1206)  to  Thomas   de   PIsle 
(Ely,  1345):  f 

Good  Lombardic. 

4.  From  Thomas  de  Hatfield   (Durham,  1345)  to  circa 
1425: 

Bold  black-letter. 

5.  From  circa  1425  to  1500 : 

Fine  close  black-letter. 

6.  After  1500 : 

Roman  capitals. 

The   following   summary   of  the   leading   features    of   pre- 
Reformation  episcopal  seals  may  be  found  useful : — 
CLASS  I.  Effigy  predominant — 

(a)  Effigy  only,  1072  to  1327. 

(b)  Effigy,  with  accessories  in  low  relief.     From  circa 
1175. 

(c)  Effigy,  between  panels  containing  heads,  in  some- 
what high  relief.     From  circa  1229. 

(d)  Effigy,  between  panels  containing  half  effigies  of 
saints.     From  circa  1262. 

(e)  Effigy,  between  full-length  canopied  figures  of  saints. 
From  circa  1266. 

*  Wills  and  Inventories  (Surtees  Society,  2),  12. 
f  Also  on  the  counterseal  of  Simon  de  Langham  (Ely,  13G2). 

X2 


306  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

CLASS  II.  Effigy  subdominant  and  kneeling  in  base — 

First  introduced  in  1345.     In  general  use  from  1375  to 
1548. 

Canopies  begin  1241,  but  were  not  generally  adopted  till 
1327.  Shafts  to  canopies  occur  in  1250,  1290,  and  1308,  but 
are  not  generally  found  till  1 333. 

Bishop  and  saints  were  combined  in  one  group  from  1311  to 
1375. 

The  foregoing  remarks,  it  should  be  remembered,  have  been 
founded  almost  entirely  upon  an  examination  of  the  examples 
of  episcopal  seals  in  the  Way  collection,  which,  though  pro- 
bably fairly  representative,  is  far  from  complete.  From  Osbern 
(Exeter,  1072)  to  Stephen  Gardiner  (Winchester,  1531),  inclu- 
sive, there  ought  to  be  at  least  six  hundred  and  seventy-two 
seals,  but  we  only  possess  casts  of  one-fourth  of  that  number. 

Some  additional  light  would  doubtless  be  thrown  on  the 
subject  if  the  inquiry  were  extended  over  a  larger  field."  * 

Mr.  HOPE  also  presented  casts  of  the  seals  of  dignity  of  the 
following  bishops : — 

Hugh  Nonant,  Coventry,  1188. 
Henry  Marshall,  Exeter,  1194. 
Herbert  le  Poore,  Sarum,  1194. 
John  de  Coutances,  Worcester,  1196. 
Richard  FitzNeal,  London,  1198. 
Joscelin,  Bath,  1206. 
Fulk  Basset,  London,  1244. 
Thomas  de  Brinton,  Kochester,  1373. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions 
and  communications,  and  to  Mr.  Hope  for  his  addition  to 
the  Society's  collection  of  casts  of  seals. 


Thursday,  February  10th,  1887. 
Hon.  H.  A.  DILLON,  Secretary,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

Erom  the  Author: — Famous  Kentish  Houses;  their  history  and  architecture 
By  S.  W.  Kershaw,  F.S.A.     8vo.     London,  1880. 

*  The  Society  is  indebted  to  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society  for  the  loan  of 
the  illustrations  of  the  seals  and  counterseals  of  archbishops  Richard,  Lana-tcn, 
Wethershed,  and  Boniface. 


Feb.  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES.  307 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries, "in  the  name  of  its  Vice- 
President,  the  Author : — Bornholms  Oldtidsminder  og  Oldsager.  Af 
Amtmand  E.  Vedel.  4to.  Copenhagen,  1886. 

From  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians:— List  of  the  Fellows,  Members,  Extra- 
Licentiates,  and  Licentiates.  8vo.  London,  1887. 

From  W.  H.  Richardson,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.:— A  View  of  the  present  state  of 
Derbyshire ;  with  an  account  of  its  most  remarkable  Antiquities  ;  illus- 
trated by  an  accurate  map  and  plates.  In  two  volumes.  By  James  Pilk- 
ington.  8vo.  Derby,  1789. 

A.  G.  HILL,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  three  richly- wrought 
Apostle  spoons,  seemingly  German  and  of  sixteenth  century 
date,  despite  the  year  <  1690 '  engraved  on  the  bowls.  The 
stems  bear  the  figures  of  St.  Matthias,  St.  Thomas,  and  St. 
James-the-Less.  Tho  hall-marks  are  two — (1)  A  script  capital 
D  ;  (2)  The  figure  13  in  a  square. 

GEORGE  PAYNE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  photograph  of  a 
carved  beam  or  panel  upon  the  front  of  a  house  at  Halesworth, 
Suffolk,  on  which  he  read  the  following  notes : — 

*'  During  a  short  residence  in  Suffolk  I  obtained  detailed 
photographs  of  a  curiously  carved  panel  upon  the  front  of  a 
house,  situate  in  the  High  Street  of  the  town  of  Halesworth, 
in  that  county.  The  panel  extends  across  the  entire  front  of 
the  building,  over  the  doorway  and  lower  windows.  The 
decoration  consists,  in  the  centre,  of  a  plain  shield,  with  heraldic 
lions  on  either  side  as  supporters.  On  the  left  is  a  griffin  with 
outspread  wings,  represented  between  the  legs  of  the  reclining 
figure  of  a  m'an  or  woman,  its  right  claw  clasping  the  left  arm 
of  the  latter.  The  right  arm  of  the  person  is  uplifted,  as  if  in  the 
act  of  striking  the  griffin  in  the  breast  with  a  block  of  wood. 
On  the  right  hand  side  of  the  lions  are  three  quaint  creatures 
— one  representing  a  dog  sitting  upon  its  haunches,  with 
the  fore  paws  resting  upon  a  basket;  a  second  is  an  animal 
with  a  duck's  head,  or,  perhaps,  a  hare,  standing  erect  on  one 
leg.  While  it  balances  a  block  upon  its  right  fore-arm  or  leg, 
the  left  hand  or  paw  holds  up  the  left  leg  at  right  angles. 
The  third  figure  is  that  of  a  cat,  in  the  familiar  attitude  of 
biting  its  hind  quarters,  with  the  hind  legs  erect  on  each  side 
of  its  head.  My  chief  object  in  bringing  this  matter  before 
the  Society  is  to  get  the  date  fixed  of  the  carving,  and  to 
ascertain  if  the  figures  have  any  symbolical  meaning.  My 
friend  Mr.  Henry  Taylor,  author  of  Old  Halls  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,  inclines  to  the  opinion  (so  far  as  he  can  judge 
from  photographs)  that  the  carving  is  circa  1500.  He  informs 
ine  that  similar  grotesque  carvings  may  be  seen  at  the  base  of 


308  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

an  oriel  window  in  Siour   Street,   Sudbury  ;  also  at  the  Swan 
Inn  and  Post  Office  at  Clare,  both  places  being  in  Suffolk." 

HENRY  TAYLOR,  Esq.,  through  George  Payne,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
exhibited  a  drawing  of  an  iron  casting,  accompanied  by  the 
following  remarks : — 

"  In  the  spring  of  last  year  I  discovered  in  a  blacksmith's 
shop,  at  Lower  Green,  near  Rusthall  Common,  Kent,  a  curious 
specimen  of  old  cast-iron  work,  of  which  I  have  since  obtained 
possession.  I  have  made  the  accompanying  full-sized  drawing 
of  one  end  of  it,  which  is  ornamented  with  female  nude  figures 
in  bas-relief ;  the  rest  of  the  casting  is  quite  plain. 

The  semi-octagonal  shape  and  the  chamfer  on  the  edge  of  it 
might  indicate  a  date  prior  to  the  Renaissance,  but  the  character 
of  the  figures  shows  clearly  that  the  casting  was  made  long  after 
the  expiration  of  the  Gothic  period. 

The  casting  is  2  feet  long,  19  inches  wide,  and  13  inches 
high  ;  it  is  hollow,  the  metal  being  about  J  of  an  inch  thick, 
and  the  smith  from  whom  I  bought  it  said  that  it  had  been 
used  from  '  time  immemorial,'  filled  with  water  for  cooling 
irons,  in  the  Lower  Green  smithy. 

What  its  original  uses  were  it  is  difficult  to  surmise,  unless  it 
was  intended  for  the  lid  of  a  box  containing  valuables,  but  I 
see  no  traces  of  hinges  or  lock.  I  have  also  failed  in  getting 
any  clue  as  to  the  subjects  represented. 

It  is  necessarily  of  considerable  weight,  taking  two  men  to 
lift  it." 

GEORGE  PAYNE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  also  read  the  following  notes 
on  a  Roman  leaden  coffin  recently  found  at  Plumstead,  and 
exhibited  drawings  of  it  and  a  cast  of  the  ornament  : — 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  report  the  discovery,  on  January  21st, 
of  a  Roman  leaden  coffin  at  Plumstead,  in  Kent,  in  a  field 
belonging  to  Mr.  W.  G.  Dawson,  which  is  bounded  on  the  south 
by  a  road  called  the  King's  Highway,  which  runs  from  Wool- 
wich over  Bexley  Heath,  and  on  the  east  by  Wickham  Lane. 
The  site  of  the  interment  is  thirty  yards  from  the  north  side  of 
the  former  road,  and  due  north  of  East  Wickham  church.  The 
coffin  contained  the  skeleton  of  a  female,  and  measures  6  feet 
in  length  and  15  inches  in  width,  the  lead  varying  in  thickness 
from  |th  to  f  ths  of  an  inch.  The  lid,  which  is  3  J  inches  longer 
than  the  body  of  the  coffin,  is  decorated  with  a  bead  and  double 
ring  moulding,  which  runs  round  the  lid  near  the  edge  ;  a  similar 
moulding  occurs  on  a  coffin  found  at  Milton  next  Sittingbourne, 
figured  in  Archceologia  Cantiana,  vol.  ix.,  and  upon  a  leaden 


Feb.  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  309 

ossuarium  preserved  in  the  Rouen  Museum,  and  engraved  in 
Collectanea  Antigua,  vol.  iii.     The  Plumstead  coffin  was  buried 
north  and  south,  head  to  the  north,  at  a  depth  of  two  feet  eight 
inches  from  the  surface.     Three  feet  from  the  coffin  a  second 
interment  was  met  with,   the  skull  and  two  vases  only  being 
found.     The  latter  are  of  the  following  dimensions :   (1)  vase 
of  red  clay,  handle  broken,  height  6  J  inches,  width  4 }  inches, 
base  f  th  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  neck  imperfect ;    (2)  vase  of 
black  Upchurch  ware,  height  7  inches,  width  5J  inches,  base 
2J  inches,  mouth  1  inch. 

All  the  circumstances  connected  with  the  removal  of  the 
Plumstead  coffin  are  so  ludicrous  that  they  are  worth  recording. 
On  the  discovery  being  made  known,  the  police  authorities  were 
communicated  with,  and  a  constable  was  sent  down  to  take  pos- 
session of  the  coffin ;  the  coroner  was  also  summoned,  likewise 
Dr.  R.  D.  Macgregor,  the  divisional  surgeon  to  the  police.  In 
order  that  the  coffin  should  be  removed  with  befitting  cere- 
monial, an  undertaker's  services  were  engaged,  and  the  ancient 
coffer  was  conveyed  to  the  mortuary  in  Plumstead  cemetery, 
where  it  remained  on  view  for  several  days.  Mr.  Dawson,  being 
anxious  that  the  coffin  should  be  preserved,  presented  it  to  Mr. 
Flaxman  Spurrell,  F.G.S.,  who  subsequently  arranged  with  Mr. 
Dawson  that  it  should  be  sent  to  Maidstone.  While  these  nego- 
tiations were  pending,  the  vicar  (Rev.  John  McAllister)  ordered 
the  remains  to  be  re-interred  in  the  cemetery,  at  eight  o'clock  at 
night,  on  Tuesday,  1st  February.  The  collision  between  the 
authorities  is  fully  set  forth  in  the  following  article  from  the 
Kentish  Independent : — 

'  On  Monday,  Mr.  Dawson,  having  given  the  coffin  to  the 
Maidstone  Museum  and  the  bones  to  Dr.  Boulter,  sent  an  under- 
taker to  remove  them  from  the  mortuary.  He  was  then  amazed 
at  learning  that  the  vicar  had  given  orders  that  they  were  not  to 
be  taken  away,  and  that  he  considered  it  his  duty  to  bury  them 
in  the  churchyard.  The  same  day  the  vicar  communicated  this 
to  Mr.  Dawson  as  his  intention,  and  Mr.  Dawson  at  once  asserted 
his  ownership  of  the  relics  found  upon  his  freehold,  and  protested 
against  their  confiscation.  However,  as  we  have  reported,  the 
vicar  carried  out  his  threat  on  the  following  day. 

We  are  informed  that  both  Mr.  Dawson  and  Dr.  Spurrell  saw 
the  vicar  and  protested  against  the  burial,  Mr.  Dawson  also 
sending  his  protest  in  writing,  and  claiming  the  relics.  The 
vicar  stated  that  he  was  acting  under  the  advice  of  a  clerk  at 
the  Home  Office,  and  that  any  one  dissatisfied  could  write  to  the 
bishop  of  the  diocese. 

We  are  authorised  to  state  that  the  coroner  gave  no  orders 
for  the  interment.  He  decided  only  on  Wednesday  morning 


310  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

that  the  case  was  not  one  for  his  interference,  and  he  sent  on 
that  clay  to  his  local  representative  an  instruction  to  return  the 
remains  to  the  custody  from  which  they  were  taken.  He  then 
learnt  that  they  had  been  buried.  This  proceeding  he  regards 
as  an  unauthorised  interference  with  his  duties,  and  he  has  called 
for  an  explanation.' " 

.After  some  discussion  on  the  high-handed  action  taken  by 
the  vicar  of  Plumstead  in  the  matter,  the  following  resolution 
was  proposed  by  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  and  seconded  by  Mr. 
R.  S.  Ferguson,  and  unanimously  carried  : — 

"  That  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting  it  is  highly  desirable 
that  the  Roman  coffin  found  at  Plumstead  should  be  preserved 
in  some  place  in  which  it  will  be  open  to  the  inspection  of 
antiquaries,  and  they  hope  that  some  means  may  be  found  for 
its  recovery." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant-Secretary,  read  the 
second  part  of  his  paper  on  the  seals  of  English  bishops.  This 
is  printed,  along  with  the  first  part,  in  the  Proceedings  of 
February  3rd  (see  p.  271). 

Mr.  HOPE  also  presented  casts  of  the  private  seals  of  the 
following  bishops : — 

Gilbert  de  Glanville,  Rochester,  1185. 
Hugh  Nonant,  Coventry,  1188. 
Richard  FitzNeal,  London,  1189. 
Henry  Marshall,  Exeter,  1194. 
Herbert  le  Poore,  Sarum,  1194. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications,  and  to  Mr.  Hope  for  his  gift  of  casts. 


Thursday,  February  17th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.P  S.  A .:— Impression  of  the  private 
seal  of  Timothy  Hall,  bishop  of  Oxford,  1088—1699. 


Feb.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  311 

From  C.  II.  L.  Woodd,  Esq.:— Genealogical,  Heraldic,  and  other  Records,  with 
tables  of  Founder's  kin,  of  the  Family  of  Woodd.  Privately  printed. 
Folio.  London,  188G. 

From  Harvard  College  :— Annual  Reports  of  the  President  and  Treasurer. 
1885—86.  8vo.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  1887. 

From  the  writer,  C.  Roach  Smith,  Esq.,  F.S. A.:— Letter  to  His  Royal  Highness 
the  Prince  of  Wales.  [Subject:  the  Coinage.]  4to.  Strood,  Kent,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — Local  Government  in  Canada:  an  historical  study.  By  J.  G. 
Bourinot.  [From  the  Trans,  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Canada,  vol.  iv.]  4to. 
Montreal,  1886. 

From  Professor  T.  Hayter  Lewis,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Syrian  Stone-Lore;  or,  the  monumental  History  of  Palestine.    By  C.  R. 
Conder,  R.E.     8vo.    London,  1886. 


Major  COOPER  COOPER,  F.S. A.,  exhibited  a  singular  figure 
of  carved  bone  and  a  small  alabaster  vessel,  both  found  in  Bed- 
fordshire, accompanied  by  the  following  remarks  : 

u  In  exhibiting  these  two  interesting  objects,  I  regret  that  I 
am  unable  to  give  a  more  detailed  account  of  their  discovery. 

I  have  known  them  for  very  many  years,  having  seen  them 
at  the  house  of  the  late  George  Pearse,  Esq.,  at  Harlington, 
Beds.  They  were  presented  to  me  in  August,  1885,  by  Miss 
Pearse,  daughter  of  the  late  Mr.  Pearse,  who  was  then  leaving 
Harlington.  In  her  letter  to  me  at  the  same  time,  she  writes  : 
4  The  figure  and  vase  were  both  found,  with  other  curious 
remains,  at  a  considerable  depth,  when  digging  sand  in  Bury 
Orchard,  the  field  next  the  churchyard  at  Harlington.  The 
little  figure  has  been  examined  by  several  antiquaries,  and  was 
supposed  to  be  a  Norse  chessman.' 

This  figure  is  rudely  carved  out  of  bone.  It  is  4  inches  high ; 
the  base  is  rhomboidal,  measuring  2J  inches  by  2  inches.  The 
hair  of  the  head  is  confined  within  a  circlet  or  diadem,  orna- 
mented with  a  zig-zag  or  vandyke  pattern.  The  ears  are  re- 
markable, and  there  is  a  curious  indenture  at  the  back  of  the 
neck. 

The  alabaster  vase  is  classic  in  shape,  but  roughly  made ;  it 
is  If  inch  high  and  1  inch  in  diameter.  The  sand-pit  has  been 
extensively  worked  and  much  sand  removed,  but  this  is  the  only 
find  I  can  hear  of  at  this  spot. 

Some  fine  specimens  of  Anglo-Saxon  urns  were  found,  many 
years  ago,  in  a  field  called  Wickhern,  belonging  to  the  late  Mr. 
Pearse ;  they  were  given  to  the  late  Mr.  James  Wyatt.  I  do 
not  know  what  has  become  of  them,  or  if  any  memoranda  relat- 
ing to  their  discovery  exist.  Wickhern  adjoins  Sheepwalk  Hill, 
in  Toddington  parish,  from  which  several  Anglo-Saxon  objects 
have  been  exhibited  before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries.'' 


312  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

W.  RANSOMS,  Esq.,  exhibited  the  following  miscellaneous 
antiquities : — 

1.  The  stem  and  foot  of  a  pewter  coffin  chalice  of  thirteenth 
century  date,  found  a  few  weeks  ago  with  an  interment  on  the 
site  of  a  preceptory  of  the  Knights  Templars  at  Temple  Dinsley, 
near  Hitchin. 

2.  A  small  ivory  panel,  measuring  2f  inches  long  by  2|-  inches 
wide,  carved  with  a  representation  of  the  Kood  with  SS.  Mary 
and  John.     Above  Our  Lord's  head  is  the  manus  Dei  and  on 
either  side  two  adoring  figures,  perhaps  SS.  Peter  and  Paul. 

This  panel  appears  to  have  formed  the  cover  of  a  small  book, 
or  it  may  have  been  used  as  a  pax.  It  was  found  in  the  vicinity 
of  London  Wall  about  four  years  ago,  and  is  evidently  of  early 
eleventh  or  possibly  tenth  century  date. 

3.  A  papal  bulla  of  lead  of  John  XXII.,  1410-1417.     On  the 
obverse  is — 

IOHA 

NNGS 

PP:  XXII 

within  a  dotted  circle  ;  and  on  the  reverse — 

•  S.PA-S.PE 

with  the  heads  of  SS.  Paul  and  Peter.     Found  in  London  about 
three  years  ago. 

4.  A  small  circular  reliquary  of  thin  brass  or  latten,  resembling 
the  top  for  a  glass  bottle,  with  a  lid  to  it.    The  latter  is  engraved 
with  a  half  effigy  of  a  saint,  perhaps  St.  Paul,  and  was  secured 
to  the  case  by  two  small  pins  passing  through  eyes  at  each  side. 
The  case  has  a  cable  moulding  round  it,  and  is  furnished  with 
two  small  rings  for  suspension,  one  on  each  side.     The  bottom 
is  lost,  but  seems  to  have  been  a  crystal  or  stone  through  which 
the  contents  of  the  case  might  be  seen.     This  object  was  also 
found  in  London  some  five  years  ago. 

G.  H.  WALLIS,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  large  number  of  objects  in 
glass,  terra-cotta  and  bronze,  many  of  considerable  beauty,  a 
portion  of  those  found  on  the  site  of  the  Artemisium,  near  Lake 
Kemi,  by  Sir  John  Savile  Lumley,  G.C.B.,  who  has  presented 
them  to  the  Nottingham  Art  Museum.  A  paper  relating  the 
circumstances  of  their  discovery  was  read  before  the  Society  by 
Mr.  K.  P.  Pullan,  F.S.A.,  at  the  ordinary  meeting  on  June  25, 
1885,  and  is  printed  in  the  Archaeologia* 

*  Vol.  1.  p.  58. 


Feb.  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  313 

A.  E.  HUDD,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following  note 
on  a  Eoman  interment  recently  discovered  near  Farmborough, 
Somerset : 

"  In  October  last,  some  men  were  ploughing  a  field  at  a  place 
called  Hobb's  Wall,  near  Farmborough,  Somerset,  when  the 
progress  of  the  plough  was  interrupted  by  a  block  of  stone  ;  this 
on  examination  proved  to  be  the  lid  of  a  large  stone  coffin, 
which  contained  a  second  coffin  of  lead.  A  resident  in  the 
neighbourhood,  on  hearing  of  the  discovery,  invited  a  friend 
and  myself  to  visit  the  locality,  which  we  did  in  the  following 
week,  when  the  farmer  told  us  that  after  his  men  had  opened 
the  coffins  and  found  nothing  of  value  contained  in  them,  they 
had  re-buried  the  remains ;  he,  however,  consented  to  have  them 
uncovered  for  our  inspection,  which,  with  the  help  of  three  men, 
was  soon  accomplished.  The  removal  of  about  six  inches  of  soil 
exposed  a  large  stone  coffin-lid,  now  broken  into  several  frag- 
ments, but  which,  when  discovered  in  the  previous  week,  had 
consisted  of  a  single  block  of  freestone  (oolite)  8  feet  in  length  by 
about  3  feet  in  breadth  at  the  widest  part.  On  removing  these  frag- 
ments of  stone  the  interior  of  the  stone  coffin  beneath  was  found 
to  be  entirely  fiJled  by  a  lead  coffin,  which  the  men  informed  us 
had  contained  a  nearly  perfect  human  skeleton,  partially  im- 
bedded in  a  stiff,  yellowish  deposit,  consisting  probably  of  lias 
clay,  which  had  penetrated  the  interstices  of  the  covers  from  the 
surrounding  soil.  In  their  search  for  valuables  the  men  had, 
though  they  found  nothing,  completely  smashed  the  skull  and 
most  of  the  larger  bones,  and  had  then  replaced  the  remains  in 
the  leaden  coffin,  which  they  filled  up  with  earth  from  the 
ploughed  field  and  re-buried. 

The  coffins  were  placed  exactly  north  and  south,  the  heads  to 
the  north.  Though  no  trace  of  inscription  or  marking  of  any 
kind  could  be  found  either  on  the  lead  or  stone,  and  nothing 
whatever  was  found  inside  to  throw  any  light  on  the  nature  of 
the  interment,  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  the  remains  belong 
either  to  late  Roman  or  early  post-Roman  times. 

The  stone  coffin  consists  of  an  oblong  block  of  oolite,  roughly 
hollowed  out  to  form  a  cist,  the  bottom  of  which  probably  rested 
on  the  lias  rock,  the  top  of  its  cover  being  about  a  foot  under 
the  original  surface  of  the  soil.  There  is  no  cavity  or  step  for 
the  head,  as  in  medieval  stone  coffins,  but  the  cist  is  wider  at 
the  shoulders  and  smaller  at  the  foot  than  at  the  head.  The  lid 
or  covering-stone  had  a  flange  all  round  from  four  to  five  inches 
wide,  which  fitted  over  the  cist,  as  in  the  case  of  a  Roman  lid 
found  at  Caerleon,  figured  in  Isca  Silurum.  The  shape  of  the 
lid  is  unusual,  being  ridged  or  coped,  roughly  rounded  off  at 
the  head  and  bevelled  at  the  foot,  leaving  a  triangular  sloping 


314  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

end.  About  throe  feet  from  the  smaller  end  were  two  iron 
clamps  or  handles,  very  little  rusted,  and  which  may  possibly 
have  been  added  at  a  later  date. 

Like  Roman  lead  coffins  found  elsewhere,  this  seems  to  have 
been  cast  in  thick  sheets  by  pouring  molten  lead  on  a  level  floor. 
The  sheet  of  lead  thus  formed  measured  about  8J  feet  by  3J  feet, 
and  weighed  about  2  cwt.  The  coffin  was  then  formed  by  cutting 
four  pieces,  each  about  a  foot  square,  from  the  corners,  turning 
up  the  edges  and  fusing  the  ends  to  the  sides,  probably  with  a 
hot  iron,  leaving  the  top  sheet  or  lid  to  be  fastened  to  the  upper 
edges  of  the  sides  and  ends  after  the  body  had  been  placed 
within.  When  we  first  saw  it  we  were  under  the  impression 
that  the  leaden  cover  '  fitted  on  like  the  lid  of  a  pill-box,'  as  it 
had  been  described  to  us,  but  on  closer  examination  we  now  feel 
certain  that  the  lead  has  been  cut  completely  through  all  round, 
about  an  inch  below  the  joint,  by  some  former  explorer,  who 
may  also  have  inserted  the  iron  clamps  for  the  purpose  of  re- 
moving and  replacing  the  heavy  stone  cover  without  injury. 

As  the  residence  of  the  late  liev.  John  Skinner,  of  Camerton 
— whose  antiquarian  explorations  in  the  neighbourhood  are  well 
known — was  only  a  few  miles  from  the  spot,  it  is  quite  possible 
that  these  remains  may  have  been  examined  by  that  antiquary. 
I  have,  however,  been  unable  to  find  any  record  of  the  discovery 
of  Roman  remains  at  Hobb's  Wall,  though  many  have  been 
found  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  place  is  about  four  miles  west 
of  the  great  Roman  road  from  Ilchester  to  Bath  and  Lincoln 
(the  Foss),  and  less  than  four  miles  from  Camerton,  where 
numerous  Roman  remains,  including  upward  of  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  Roman  coins  (most  of  which  are  in  the  Bristol 
Museum)  were  discovered  by  Mr.  Skinner. 

I  may  add,  in  conclusion,  that  as  there  was  some  doubt  as  to 
the  probable  date  of  the  interment,  I  wrote  to  Dr.  Collingwood 
Bruce,  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  and  the  Rev.  Prebendary  JScarth 
on  the  subject,  and  that  all  of  these  gentlemen  have  expressed 
the  opinion  that  the  remains  are  either  of  late-Roman  or  very 
early  post-Roman  date. 

Stone  coffins  of  undoubted  Roman  date,  similar  to  this  in 
shape,  size,  and  character,  have  been  found  at  Bath,  Caerleon, 
and  elsewhere,  but  large  leaden  coffins  contained  in  Roman 
stone  sarcophagi  are  very  unusual,  though  a  few  have  been 
recorded  in  the  Archaeologia,  the  Archaeological  Journal,  and 
other  antiquarian  publications." 

Rev.  CHRISTOPHER  WORDSWORTH,  M.A.,  communicated  a 
paper  on  (1)  a  Kalendar  or  Directory  of  Lincoln  Use,  and  (2)  a 
u  Kalendarium  e  Consuetudinario  monasterii  de  Burgo  sancti 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAIUES.  315 

Petri,"  to  which  Mr.  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE  added  some  explana- 
tory notes. 

Mr.  Wordsworth's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Arcliaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  February  24th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.E.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London: — Bronze  Medal  commemorative  of 
the  Reception  of  H.R.H.  Prince  Albert  Victor  of  Wales  on  the  occasion  of 
his  taking  upon  himself  the  Freedom  of  the  City,  June  29th,  1885. 

From  Messrs.  Giacomini  and  Capobianchi: — Catalogo  della  Collezione  Pandola. 
8vo.  Rome,  1887. 

From  J.  Brooking  Rowe,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — The  Devonshire  Domesday.  Part  iii. 
(Extra  vol.  of  Trans,  of  the  Devon  Association.)  4to.  Plymouth,  1886. 

From  C.  M.  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B.,  F.S. A.:— Merchant  Taylors'  Hall  anterior  to 
1666.  8vo.  London,  1886. 

The  PRESIDENT  called  the  attention  of  the  Society  to  the  loss 
they  had  sustained  by  the  death  of  Mr.  William  Michael  Wylie. 
who  for  nearly  thirty-six  years  had  been  a  valued  member  of 
their  body,  and  who  had  so  frequently  brought  subjects  of  great 
interest  under  the  notice  of  the  Society. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  March  3rd,  1887,  and  a  list  was  read  of  candidates 
to  be  balloted  for. 

The  following  Kesolutions,  passed  at  a  meeting  of  the  Council 
on  Tuesday,  February  22nd,  1887,  were  read  from  the  chair: — 

(1.)  That  the  President  and  Council  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, considering  the  manner  in  which  the  Roman  remains 
at  Bath  have  been  treated,  think  it  right  to  recommend  the 
Society  to  revoke  the  appointment  of  Major  C.  E.  Davis  as 
one  of  their  Local  Secretaries,  in  pursuance  of  the  Statutes, 
Ch,  XVII.  §  2. 

(2.)  That  a  copy  of  the  Resolution  be  sent  to  Major  Davis, 
and  that  the  subject  be  brought  up  at  the  ordinary  meeting  of 
the  Society  on  Thursday,  March  3rd. 


316  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Professor  J.  H.  MIDDLETON,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  oak  figure 
of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  forming  a  reliquary  (see 
accompanying  illustration),  which  he  thus  described  : — 

"  The  figure  is  16  inches  long  by  about  5  inches  wide.  The 
Virgin  is  represented  reclining  at  full  length  in  a  box-like  bed, 
covered  with  drapery,  probably  meant  to  suggest  a  manger. 
She  gives  suck  to  the  Infant  Christ.  Over  her  head  she  wears 
a  hood,  from  which  her  hair  escapes  in  long  wavy  tresses.  The 
treatment  of  the  carving  is  graceful,  and  at  the  same  time  very 
broad  and  sculpturesque  in  effect.  It  appears  to  be  English 
work  of  about  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

At  the  back  the  figure  is  hollowed  out ;  in  the  centre  there 
is  a  sinking  2^-  inches  by  2  inches  by  1  inch  deep,  evidently 
meant  to  receive  a  relic.  A  metal  plate  once  closed  this  cavity, 
fixed  with  closely  set  rows  of  iron  nails,  the  stumps  of  which 
still  remain.  Some  sort  of  wooden  plinth  or  feet  appear  once 
to  have  been  attached  to  the  figure,  and  a  large  nail-hole 
1J  inch  deep,  to  fasten  it,  exists  at  each  end  of  the  under-side. 
This  curious  figure  was  found  in  a  church  in  Yorkshire,  walled 
up  in  an  aumbry  near  the  high  altar,  about  forty  years  ago, 
when  it  came  into  the  possession  of  the  exhibitor's  father. 

Part  of  the  back  seems  to  be  worn  away  and  polished,  either 
by  kisses,  or  by  touching  with  the  hand." 

Professor  MIDDLETON  also  exhibited  half  of  a  circular  walrus- 
ivory  draughtsman  of  the  twelfth  century,  recently  found  in  a 
garden  in  Leicestershire,  accompanied  by  the  following  descrip- 
tive notes  : 

"  The  walrus-ivory  draughtsman  which  I  exhibit  was  recently 
found  in  a  garden  in  Leicestershire.  It  appears  to  be  a  work 
of  the  twelfth  century.  It  has  a  simple  incised  border  with  a 
chevrony  pattern  enclosing  a  subject  carved  in  high  relief.  Two 
men  dressed  in  long-sleeved  tunic  and  belt  seem  to  be  throwing 
a  third  figure  head  foremost  down  a  well,  or  some  other  opening. 
They  grasp  him  both  by  the  arms  and  legs.  The  victim  has 
caught  hold  of  the  long  neck-cloth  of  a  fourth  smaller  figure 
on  the  left. 

The  opening  into  which  the  man  is  falling  is  of  a  curious 
form,  with  branches,  as  if  it  were  a  hollow  tree ;  its  sides  are 
covered  with  a  sort  of  basketwork  pattern. 

On  the  edge  is  an  inscription  in  fine,  well-cut  letters  * : 

#  HI[C  POSITVS  EST  IN  CA]RCEEE  PER 
.    PERCEPTYM  («O  RE6IS. 

In  the  British  Museum  is  another  draughtsman  of  the  same 
*  The  words  in  brackets  are  only  conjectural. 


Proc.  Id  S.  Vol.  XI. 


To  face  page  316. 


FIGURE  OF  THE  BLESSED  VIRGIN  AND  CHILD 

FORMING  A  RELIQUARY. 

(Front  and  Back  View). 

£  full  size. 


l>roc.  2d  S.  Vol.  XL 


To  face  page  317. 


-1  •  i  «y '  i 


Figures  on  Beam. 


Side  View. 


Part    of 
Front  View. 


Front  View 
of  Hooks. 


ROMAN  STEELYARD  FOUND  NEAR  CATTERICK, 

(Half  size.} 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  317 

set  (apparently).     On  it  is  a  scene  from  the  life  of  St.  David — 
the  consecration  of  his  cathedral  church." 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  suggested,  in  the  absence  of  any  other 
interpretation  being  put  forward,  that  the  carving  represented 
Jeremiah  being  put  into  the  pit,  though  he  thought  it  equally 
likely  that  the  scene  was  taken  from  one  of  the  romances. 

Rev.  J.  T.  FOWLER,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  the  county 
of  Durham,  exhibited  a  drawing  of  a  Roman  steelyard  of 
bronze,  discovered  at  Catterick,  Yorkshire.  (See  accompanying 
illustration.) 

The  circumstances  of  the  discovery  are  given  in  the  North 
Star  of  February  14th,  1887,  as  follows:— 

66  An  exceedingly  perfect,  skilfully  constructed,  and  beauti- 
fully-finished balance,  of  the  Roman  period,  has  been  recently 
found  at  Bainesse,  near  Catterick.  There  have  lately  been  some 
new  buildings  and  other  improvements  carried  out  at  Bainesse 
by  Messrs.  Clark  and  Moscrop,  architects,  of  Darlington,  and 
if  is  through  them  this  beautiful  relic  has  been  brought  to  our 
notice.  While  the  improvements  were  going  on,  Mr.  Cooper, 
who  lives  at  Bainesse,  determined  to  place  a  sunk  fence  around 
the  garden,  and  it  was  by  the  men  excavating  for  this  purpose 
that  the  balance  was  found.  We  should  call  it  a  steelyard,  but 
that  it  is  made  entirely  of  bronze  and  not  of  steel.  By  far  the 
greater  part  of  it  seems  entirely  untouched  by  the  hand  of  time, 
being  as  perfect  and  as  little  corroded  as  when  it  left  the  hands 
of  the  maker. 

The  details  of  the  balance  are  exactly  similar  to  those  of 
several  which  have  been  found  at  Pompeii.  It  is  a  particularly 
complete  example,  however,  having  three  suspending  hooks, 
and  gradations  on  three  sides  of  the  bar,  and  being  able  to 
weigh  any  object  from  one  to  fifty  times  the  weight  of  the 
counterpoise.  This  latter  part  of  the  apparatus  is  all  that  is 
missing.  The  Romans  used  to  make  the  counterpoise  of  lead, 
and  this  has  totally  disappeared,  leaving  a  little  mass  of  oxidisa- 
tion at  ;the  point  where  it  was  connected  with  its  suspending 
hook. 

At  the  same  time  that  the  balance  was  found  a  silver  denarius 
(the  '  penny  '  of  the  Gospels)  was  found.  It  bears  '  the  image 
and  superscription  '  of  Vespasian  as  Csesar,  who  reigned  from 
A.D.  69  to  A.D.  79.  Two  other  Roman  coins  were  also  found. 
They  are  of  bronze  and  of  a  later  date.  The  foundations  of 
walls  were  also  discovered,  and  fragments  of  Roman  pottery. 
No  doubt  Mr.  Cooper's  house  at  Bainesse  stands  on,  or  very 
near,  the  site  of  a  handsome  Roman  villa  of  those  far-off  days. 


318  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

The  villa  was  probably  pillaged  and  destroyed  by  rebellious  or 
marauding  Britons,  the  vessels  of  earthenware  smashed,  and 
the  balance  thrown  aside  as  useless,  while  gold  and  silver 
articles,  and  other  objects  of  which  the  enemy  could  appreciate 
the  value,  were  carried  off." 


ALFRED  HIGGINS,  Esq.  exhibited  an  interesting  though  im- 
perfect example  of  an  ivory  box,  or  pyx,  originally  covered  with 
painting  and  gilding,  and  probably  of  thirteenth-century  date, 

urchased  by  him  in  Sicily.     The  exhibition  was  accompanied 

»y  the  following  remarks  : — 


lr 


"  1.  Description  of  pyx.  —  Having  been  allowed  the  pri- 
vilege of  examining  the  ivory  coffer,  presumably  of  Sicilian 
work  of  the  thirteenth  century,  which  was  exhibited  by  the 
dean  of  York  at  a  recent  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, I  am  induced  to  offer  for  exhibition  an  ivory  pyx 
or  cylindrical  box,  acquired  by  myself  personally  in  Sicily, 
on  a  visit  to  that  island  in  October,  1882.  The  York  coffer 
must,  in  view  of  its  general  characteristics,  be  classed  with 
a  group  of  more  or  less  similar  caskets  or  boxes  of  early 
date  and  unknown  origin,  variously  ascribed  by  different 
authorities  to  Byzantine,  Persian,  Siculo-Arabian,  or  His- 
pano- Moresque  sources ;  and  I  shall  perhaps  not  be  wrong 
in  supposing  that  the  main  reason  for  assigning  to  that  par- 
ticular coffer,  with  some  confidence,  a  Sicilian  origin,  is  the 
apparent  identity  of  its  peculiar  incised  markings  with  the 
ornamentation  found  on  the  early  chessmen  from  Catania,  in 
the  British  Museum.  I  therefore  venture  to  assume  that  my 
box  may  be  considered  worthy  of  careful  examination — firstly, 
on  account  of  its  being,  so  far  as  I  know,  the  only  work  of  its 
kind  obtained  direct  from  Sicily ;  secondly,  because  it  differs 
rather  widely  from  other  specimens  of  the  class  to  which  it 
belongs  ;  and  thirdly,  because  it  may  throw  light  upon  an  object 
of  art,  of  beauty,  and  interest  exhibited  here  some  years  ago, 
and  of  which  the  Society  possesses  good  drawings.  I  allude 
to  a  casket  which  is  the  property  of  the  corporation  of  Bodmin, 
and  said  to  have  come  from  the  priory  of  St.  Mary  and  St. 
Petroc. 

It  is,  of  course,  easy  to  attribute  a  false  importance  to  the 
recent  place  of  derivation  of  a  portable  object  of  considerable 
antiquity,  and  I  am  fully  sensible  of  the  fact  that  the  value  to 
be  attached  to  such  derivation  must  depend  upon  the  question 
whether  the  character  of  the  work  corresponds  with  the  known 
characteristics  of  the  art  of  the  locality  at  the  time  to  which  the 
origin  of  the  object  may  reasonably  be  ascribed.  Upon  this  point 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  319 

I  propose  to  offer  some  remarks  further  on,  although  I  must 
freely  confess  that  my  treatment  of  the  subject  will  necessarily 
be  superficial,  as  its  adequate  discussion  would  require  an  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  early  medieval  arts  of  design  amongst 
the  Mahommedan,  as  well  as  the  Christian  nations,  such  as  is 
rarely  to  be  found,  and  to  which  I  can  make  no  pretence.  I 
may  here  remark  upon  the  excellent  prospects  we  now  have  of 
arriving  at  accurate  conclusions  with  regard  to  the  history  of 
those  minor  arts  of  the  Mussulmans  that  exercised  so  important 
an  influence  upon  the  arts  of  Europe.  The  labours  of  oriental 
scholars  in  deciphering  the  inscriptions  upon  the  textiles,  metal- 
work,  and  pottery,  already  in  numerous  cases  allow  of  Saracenic 
works  being  dated  beyond  question,  and  will,  I  doubt  not, 
ultimately  clear  up  the  difficulties  connected  with  the  subject  of 
Sicilian  art  in  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  box  now  exhibited  was  purchased  by  me  from  the  sacristan 
or  custodian  of  the  church  of  the  Eremiti  at  Palermo,  the 
church  from  whose  belfry  the  signal  is  said  to  have  sounded 
for  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  in  1282.  However  appropriate  this 
mosque-like  building  may  have  been  as  a  finding-place  for  the 
oriental-looking  pyx3  the  connection  between  church  and  pyx 
is  probably  only  of  recent  date,  although  there  is  little  doubt 
that  the  preservation  of  the  box  is  due  to  its  having  been  used 
for  ecclesiastical  purposes  either  in  Palermo  or  elsewhere. 
Upon  questioning  the  sacristan,  who  had  a  few  valueless  pieces 
of  pottery,  etc.,  to  sell  to  passing  travellers,  he  informed  me 
that  he  obtained  the  box  from  Girgenti,  a  town  which  in  1882 
had  not  long  been  brought  into  direct  railway  communication 
with  Palermo,  and  which,  up  till  then,  must  have  been  little 
visited  by  foreigners,  except  the  adventurous  scholar  or  student 
of  ancient  art  who  risked  the  danger  of  brigandage  for  the  sake 
of  seeing  the  splendid  monuments  of  Akragas.  Girgenti 
appeared  to  me  to  be  a  very  likely  place  for  the  discovery  of 
small  objects  of  art  6f  medieval  time,  and  I  see  no  reason  to 
doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  information  given  me. 

In  order  that  my  subsequent  observations  may  be  intelligible, 
I  must  trouble  the  meeting  with  a  detailed  description  of  the 
box.  The  form,  as  already  indicated,  is  cylindrical,  and  has 
been  given  by  means  of  a  lathe,  as  is  evident  from  the  thinness 
to  which  the  ivory  has  been  worked.  The  diameter  of  the 
cylinder  is  4J  inches  and  the  height  3J  inches.  Of  the  latter 
dimension  2|  inches  belong  to  the  lower  part  or  body,  and 
J  inch  to  the  upper  part  or  cover.  The  discs  or  plates,  which 
closed  the  top  and  bottom,  are  unfortunately  wanting.  I  infer, 
from  the  fact  that  there  are  no  signs  whatever  of  any  mode  of 
fastening  on  the  unper  edge,  except  a  slight  rebate  on  the 

VOL.  XI.  Y 


320  PKOCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1887, 

inner  side,  that  the  top  must  have  been  a  simple  disc  of  ivory, 
retained  in  its  place  by  the  two  metal  clamps,  of  which  evident 
traces  are  seen  in  the  discoloration  of  the  ivory  at  the  back. 
The  bottom  was  probably  of  wood,  as  in  the  Bodmin  casket, 
and  it  was  certainly  held  in  place  by  wooden  pegs,  fitting  into 
holes  drilled  from  the  outside  downwards  and  inwards.  Two 
or  three  of  these  pegs  were  in  situ  when  the  box  came  into  my 
possession,  and  a  fragment  of  one  still  remains  in  its  hole. 

In  front  is  a  lock-plate  of  bronze  or  brass,  oblong  in  shape, 
with  projecting  pieces  from  the  centre  and  corners  of  the  upper 
edge.  The  plate  has  been  richly  gilded,  and  is  fastened  to  the 
ivory  with  copper  rivets.  A  single  metal  clamp  from  the  top  of 
the  box  passed  down  between  or  over  two  loops  of  copper  pro- 
jecting from  the  lock-plate.  The  form  of  the  two  hinged 
clamps,  which  passed  from  behind  over  the  top,  is  perfectly 
shown  by  outlines  marked  on  the  ivory. 

The  design,  as  it  appears  upon  the  box  in  its  present  state, 
would  at  first  sight  be  supposed  to  have  been  sketched  in  freely 
with  a  brush,  charged  with  some  liquid  having  the  property  of 
marking  ivory  with  a  delicate  brown  stain.  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  Franks  for  pointing  out  to  me  the  real  nature  of  this  stain- 
ing, and  I  have  verified  his  explanation  by  examining  a  number 
of  medieval  ivories.  It  is  more  especially  in  works  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  many  of  which  still  retain  a  considerable 
amount  of  their  original  gilding,  that  brown  markings,  similar 
in  character  to  those  here  in  question,  are  found  in  the  gilded 
parts.  On  the  borders  of  a  robe,  for  example,  one  edge  will  be 
gilded,  whilst  the  corresponding  border  on  the  other  side  of  the 
garment  will  be  marked  with  a  stain  only.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  whatever,  that  such  stains  result  from  gilding  which  has 
been  rubbed  off  in  the  course  of  time.  Some  one  has  suggested 
that  the  discolouration  may  be  due  simply  to  the  protection  of 
the  surface  of  the  ivory  from  the  effect  of  daylight,  but,  as  the 
lines  of  the  scroll-work  can  be  traced  by  a  darker  stain  where 
they  pass  across  the  figures,  it  seems  more  probable  that  the 
size  or  glue,  used  as  a  medium  for  affixing  the  gold  leaf,  is  the 
real  cause  of  the  markings.  It  would  therefore  appear  that  the 
whole  of  the  design  on  my  box — the  design  being  complete  in 
itself — was  originally  in  gold ;  and  if  the  surface  of  the  gold 
had,  as  we  may  suppose,  inner  lines  marked  with  a  bone  or 
agate  point — such  as  are  common  on  gold  backgrounds  in 
manuscripts — a  very  beautiful  effect  must  have  been  produced. 
That  the  design  was  relieved  upon  a  painted  ground  is  evident 
from  a  careful  examination  of  the  parts  of  the  ivory  where  the 
brown  markings  are  absent.  Traces  of  colouring  matter,  or 
rather  of  neutral  tint,  for  I  can  detect  no  distinct  colour,  will 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  321 

be  observed  ;  and  the  pigment  will  be  seen  to  have  a  sharp  edge 
where  it  adjoins  the  brown  stains,  showing  that  it  was  carefully 
laid  on  with  a  brush.*  Painted  ivory  coffers,  with  brilliant 
colours,  are  not  uncommon,  and  one  in  a  fine  state  of  preserva- 
tion, said  to  be  French  work  of  the  thirteenth  century,  is  in  the 
South  Kensington  Museum.  The  traces  left  by  the  rubbecl-off 
gilding  on  that  specimen  are  distinctly  seen,  but  are  not  so 
evident  as  on  others,  e.g.  on  a  box  which  is  called  '  Siculo- 
Arabian  of  the  twelfth  century,'  in  the  same  collection. 

I  come,  however,  to  the  important  point,  the  description  of 
the  designs,  of  which  the  record  is  preserved  on  my  box.  The 
upper  part  of  the  cylinder,  or  that  belonging  to  the  lid,  is  orna- 
namented  with  a  simple  plait  or  strap  pattern.  The  main 
portion,  or  body  of  the  box,  is  decorated  with  two  oblong 
panels,  occupying  the  space  on  each  side  of  the  lock-plate,  and 
below  the  plate  is  a  simple  running  leaf  pattern.  Taking  the 
panel  to  our  right,  we  find  that  it  has  been  filled  in  first  with 
two  elaborate  foliated  scrolls,  and  then  upon  the  scrolls  have 
been  superposed  two  groups,  the  one  distinctly  of  European 
style,  the  other  strikingly  oriental,  the  first  representing  an 
eagle  with  its  prey,  and  the  other  a  camel  ridden  by  a  man 
wearing  a  conical  cap,  and  carrying  a  stick  or  short  sword, 
which  he  holds  aloft  with  his  arm  bent  at  an  angle,  such  an 
action  as  may  be  observed  in  mounted  figures  on  Mosil  metal- 
work  of  the  thirteenth  century.  The  panel  to  the  left  of  the 
lock-plate  has,  first,  a  group  of  a  man  struggling  with  a  small 
feline  animal,  and  then  a  recumbent  deer  being  devoured  by  a 
beast  of  prey,  no  doubt  a  lion,  although  the  figure  has  become 
almost  entirely  obliterated.  These  groups  011  the  left  of  the 
lock-plate  are  superposed  upon  foliated  scroll-work,  like  those 
of  the  corresponding  panel  on  the  right-hand  side. 

Looking  to  the  general  style  of  the  drawing,  the  marked 
freedom  of  handling  and  vigour  of  conception,  we  could  not,  1 
think,  if  we  were  judging  of  a  work  of  purely  European  origin, 
assign  to  the  work  an  earlier  date  than  the  close  of  the  thirteenth 
or  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  extreme  thinness 
to  which  the  ivory  has  been  worked,  and  the  general  character 
of  refinement  and  elegance,  contrasting  so  strongly  with  the 
solid  coffer  lent  by  the  dean  of  York,  would  seem  to  confirm  the 
conclusion.  Plain  ivory  boxes  of  similar  shape  from  France 
and  Germany  are  generally  allowed  to  be  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  But  the  fact  is,  that,  as  regards  the  mere  shape  and 
proportions,  as  well  as  the  mode  of  affixing  clamps  and  locks,  we 

*  Instructions  for  laying  gold  upon  ivory  are  given  in  the  well-known  book  of 
Theophilus  or  Roger,  dating  from  the  eleventh  century.  See  Hendrie's  edition, 
published  by  Murray  in  1847. 

Y  2 


322  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

have  specimens  as  early  in  date  as  the  sixth  century ;  and  it  is 
well  known  in  the  case  of  architecture,  where  historical  data  are 
available,  that  it  would  be  a  great  mistake  to  attempt  to  date 
works  in  countries  which  were  open  to  direct  Mussulman  influ- 
ence by  what  has  been  observed  either  in  Italy  generally,  or  in 
the  north  and  west  of  Europe. 

2.  Comparison  with  Saracenic  work  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
— We  must  bear  in  mind  the  dominant  oriental  character  of  the 
specimen  under  discussion,  and  for  the  purpose  of  study  we 
should  in  the  first  place,  I  think,  compare  it  with  purely  Asiatic 
work,  ascertained  by  indubitable  evidence  to  be  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  and  if  possible  of  the  earlier  half  of  the  century.  Here 
I  may  be  allowed  a  word  of  comment  upon  the  astounding  out- 
burst of  art  in  that  great  century.  A  wonderful  manifestation 
of  artistic  energy  and  originality  was  shown,  which  extended 
through  the  Mahommedan  as  well  as  the  Christian  world,  and 
was  as  notable  in  Persia  at  the  far  East  as  it  was  in  England  at 
the  far  West.  Is  there  not  some  risk  that  the  attention  which 
is  now  given  to  the  purely  historical  methods  in  the  study  of 
archaeology  may  lead  the  student  to  neglect  the  historical  geo- 
graphy of  art  ?  In  civilised  countries  men  had  perhaps,  even 
in  early  times,  much  more  in  common  with  their  foreign  con- 
temporaries than  is  generally  allowed  for  by  the  historian. 

Of  the  Arabian  and  Persian  works  of  art  which  have  come 
down  to  us  from  medieval  times,  the  inlaid  work  in  brass  and 
bronze  is  probably  the  most  remarkable.  Exquisite  specimens 
of  it,  long  hidden  away  in  the  British  Museum,  have  of  late 
been  set  out  in  the  new  medieval  gallery ;  and  there  are  a  few 
very  beautiful  examples  at  South  Kensington.  The  earliest 
dated  specimens,  which  are  also  usually  the  finest  and  most 
elaborate,  were  made  in  Mesopotamia  in  the  first  half  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  Mr.  Lane  Poole  has  clearly  defined  the 
characteristics  of  the  Mesopotamian,  or,  as  he  calls  it,  the  Mosil 
style.  I  cannot  quote  his  definition  at  full  length.  It  will 
suffice  to  say,  that  the  chief  mark  of  this  style  is  the  free  intro- 
duction of  figures  of  men  and  animals  into  the  design.  These 
figures  are  generally  in  silver  relieved  upon  a  ground  of  bronze 
or  brass,  with  bold  arabesques  or  scroll-work  of  silver,  whilst 
bands  of  scroll-work  or  twist-pattern  divide  the  different  zones 
of  the  ornamentation.  It  will  be  admitted  that  this  description 
applies  almost  exactly  to  the  character  of  the  designs  on  my 
box ;  but,  as  thus  barely  stated,  it  would  equally  apply  to  modern 
Persian  metal-work.  Actual  comparison  would,  however,  show 
in  a  moment  the  vast  difference  between  the  ancient  and  modern 
specimens.  Allowing  for  the  difference  between  inlaying  and 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  323 

painting,  the  correspondence  between  the  Mosil  scroll-work  and 
that  on  my  box  is  very  close  indeed.  In  the  Mosil  work  the 
figures  are  of  solid  broad  plates  of  silver,  slightly  chased  upon 
the  surface,  whilst  the  relieving  back-ground,  where  it  is  not 
made  up  of  deeply  and  elaborately  chased  silver  or  brass  scroll- 
work, etc.,  is  filled  in  with  a  black  bituminous  composition. 

It  appears  to  me  to  be  highly  probable  that  the  peculiar  mode 
of  decoration  employed  upon  my  box,  which  has  been  shown  to 
consist  in  the  use  of  broad  and  more  or  less  plain  surfaces  of 
gold,  in  the  shape  of  blank  figures  of  men  and  animals,  relieved 
against  gold  scroll-work  with  interspaces  filled  in  with  pigment 
of  neutral  tint,  may  have  been  actually  suggested  by  the  metal- 
boxes  or  coffers  of  Mosil  work,  such  for  example  as  the  cylin- 
drical box  at  South  Kensington  made  for  El-'Adil,  grand- 
nephew  of  Saladin  (1238-40),  or  that  in  the  British  Museum 
made  for  Bedr-ed-din  Lulu,  Prince  of  Mosil,  who  reigned  from 
1233  to  1259.  One  of  the  British  Museum  caskets  (Henderson 
bequest,  No.  675)  has  scroll-work  bearing  the  closest  resemblance 
to  that  on  my  box.  Even  the  loop  on  the  lock-plate  and  the  form 
of  the  metal  clamps  correspond.  I  am  inclined  to  regard  the 
remarkable  degree  of  thinness  to  which  the  working  of  the  ivory 
has  been  carried  as  a  confirmation  of  my  conjecture  that  the 
peculiar  mode  of  decoration  employed  has  been  suggested  by 
and  adopted  from  a  metal  box. 

Although  it  is  true,  generally  speaking,  that  the  magnificent 
remains  of  Saracen  art  in  Egypt  conform  to  the  strict  Sunnite 
rule  as  to  the  exclusion  of  the  representation  in  art  of  men  and 
animals,  this  by  no  means  holds  true  so  far  as  the  thirteenth 
century  is  concerned.     Numerous  examples  are  quoted  by  Mr. 
Lane-Poole.     As  an  illustration  I  would  particularly  refer  to 
the  exquisite  carved  wood  panels  from  the  Maristan  of  Kalaun, 
dated  towards  the  end  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  containing 
admirable  representations  of  birds  and  animals  as  well  as  men. 
These  panels  are  figured  not  only  by  Prisse  d' Avenues  but  also 
by  Mr.   Lane-Poole  (Art  of  the  Saracens   in  Egypt,  p.   124), 
whose  remarks  with  regard  to  them  I  must  quote.    He  observes 
'  There  is  but  one  source  to  which  these  remarkable  carvings 
can  be  traced.     The  artists  who  engraved  the  hunting-scenes, 
the  water-fowl,  the  drinking-bouts  of  the  bowls  and  other  vessels 
of  bronze  and  brass,  made  at  Mosil  or  in  the  neighbouring  cities 
— the  artists,  in  short,  who  had  inherited  the  tradition  of  animal 
design  from  the  workmen  of  the  Sassanians,  the  Parthians,  and 
the  Assyrians — these  were  the  men  who  inspired,  if  they  did 
not  actually  execute,  the  carved  panels  of  Kalaun.'     Wonder- 
fully lifelike  as  are  the  men  and  animals  on  these  panels,  it  will 
be  noticed  that  conventional  attitudes  are  still  observed  as  regards 


324  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

the  men,  and  I  would  call  particular  attention  to  tlie  figures  with 
wine-cups  and  jugs.  The  peculiar  attitude  of  the  lower  limbs, 
stretched  as  in  the  act  of  running,  or  like  those  of  a  fencer  about 
to  deliver  a  thrust,  should  be  particularly  noted,  as  it  is  charac- 
teristic not  only  of  the  wrestler  with  the  leopard  on  my  box,  but 
also  of  the  two  figures  of  men  shooting  stags  in  the  interesting 
mosaic  which  decorates  the  so-called  stanza  of  Roger  in  the 
royal  palace  of  Palermo.  The  same  attitude  is  found  in  an 
Apulian  sculptured  representation  of  a  Saracen  of  the  eleventh 
or  twelfth  century,  which  I  shall  discuss  later  on.  The  good 
knowledge  shown  of  the  form  of  a  camel's  limbs  by  the  artist 
who  decorated  my  box  may  be  compared  with  the  splendid 
action  of  the  animals  on  one  of  the  Kalaun  panels. 

The  inference  which  would  be  drawn  from  these  conclusions 
by  some  students  would  be  that  the  ivory  box,  like  the  pottery 
from  Sicily  which  they  do  not  allow  to  be  Sicilian,  was  imported 
into  that  island  from  the  East.  Against  such  an  inference  I 
would  point  with  confidence  to  the  clear  traces  of  northern  in- 
fluence in  the  character  of  the  scroll-work,  to  the  free  style  of 
the  drawing  of  the  figure,  notwithstanding  the  conventional 
attitude,  in  the  man  struggling  with  the  leopard,  and  especially 
to  the  form  and  character  of  the  finely  designed  eagle,  which  has 
p.o  evident  a  stamp  of  the  style  of  the  imperial  eagle  in  German 
medieval  art.  The  long-drawn  form,  with  the  body  of  the  bird 
in  profile  and  both  wings  in  full  front  view,  is  widely  different 
from  the  spread-eagle  of  oriental  style,  such  as  it  appears,  for 
example,  in  a  Persian  illuminated  MS.  of  the  thirteenth  century 
reproduced  by  Prisse  d' Avenues  in  UArtArabe  (vol.  iii.p.  177). 
This  oriental  form  of  compact  shape,  with  both  body  and  wings 
in  full  front  view,  was  not  unknown  in  Sicily  in  the  twelfth 
century,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  marble  candelabrum  standing  in 
the  Palatine  chapel  at  Palermo,  and  figured  and  described  in 
Didron's  Annales  ArcMologiques,  vol.  xxvii.  p.  257. 

At  the  risk  of  being  wearisome,  I  must  add  a  few  remarks 
upon  the  gold-lustred  Persian  pottery,  the  resemblance  of 
which  to  the  Siculo-Arabian  vases  of  Mr.  Falkener  has  led  some 
authorities  to  ascribe  those  pieces  to  a  Persian  potter.  We  can- 
not trace  any  dated  piece  of  lustred  ware  of  earlier  time  than 
the  thirteenth  century.  The  earliest  known  dated  specimen  is, 
I  believe,  the  one  in  my  possession  which  bears  the  date  A.H. 
614=1217  A.D.,  and  is  decorated  with  two  rampant  long-eared 
leopards,  reserved  in  white  upon  a  lustred  ground. 

I  do  not  propose  to  dwell  at  any  length  upon  the  resemblance 
between  the  ornamentation  of  my  Sicilian  box  and  the  mode  of 
decoration  upon  the  lustred  Persian  vessels  of  glazed  earthen- 
ware, usually  ascribed  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries, 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  325 

with  animals,  birds,  etc.,  designed  in  what  I  may  call  a  gold 
silhouette  upon  a  dark-blue  ground.  I  do  not  imagine  that 
this  resemblance,  any  more  than  the  similar  resemblance  to 
Mr.  Falkener's  vases,  is  the  result  of  any  direct  imitation  of 
lustred  pottery  by  the  ivory  painter.  I  venture  to  suggest 
that  it  must  be  referred  to  the  fact  that  both  the  decoration 
of  the  box  and  that  of  the  pottery  are  derived  from  an 
earlier  art  of  metal-working.  We  have  seen  that  the  finest 
and  most  elaborate  silver-inlaying  is  to  be  found  on  the  Mosil 
bowls  and  caskets  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
In  contrast  with  this  we  find  that  the  dated  lustre-work  of  the 
earlier  part  of  the  century  is  rude  and  rough  in  drawing,  though 
vigorous  in  conception.  The  finest  lustre  is  of  the  latter  half  of 
the  century.  If  we  may  judge  by  a  solitary  specimen,  forty- 
five  years  older  than  the  next  dated  piece  of  which  I  have  a 
note,  the  art  of  producing  the  gold  reflet  was  still  only  half 
understood  when  the  earlier  piece  was  produced.  Upon  tho 
whole,  then,  there  is  fair  evidence  that  the  workers  in  metal 
had  a  good  start  of  their  fellow-craftsmen  who  painted  the  lustred 
pottery.  We  might  indeed  conjecture,  a  priori,  that  the  use  of 
gold  lustre  was  suggested  by  metal- work ;  but  I  think  the  best 
evidence  of  this  is  found  in  a  technical  point  to  which  I  beg 
special  attention.  In  the  lustred  tiles  of  the  earlier  time  (i.e. 
speaking  broadly,  of  the  thirteenth  century),  instead  of  the 
design  being  painted,  as  it  were,  in  liquid  metal,  upon  the 
white  enamelled  earthenware  ground — -which  is  the  obviously 
natural  method  and  the  one  actually  followed  in  the  later  work 
—the  surface  of  the  tile  was  covered  with  a  continuous  coating- 
of  lustre  paint,  except  where  the  design  was  '  reserved '  or  left 
blank.  The  result  was,  therefore,  a  design  in  white  on  a  gold 
background ,  corresponding  with  the  inlayer's  design  in  silver 
upon  brass  or  bronze ;  but  the  background  of  the  tile  was  not 
left  to  look  like  plain  metal.  Just  as  the  inlayer,  with  infinite 
labour,  chased  or  ploughed  the  metal  surface  of  his  background 
with  minute  scroll-work,  so  did  the  tile-painter  score  his 
imitation-metal  background  with  minute  scrolls,  which  he 
scratched  out  of  the  lustre-paint  with  a  wooden  or  bone  point 
while  the  pigment  was  still  soft.  This  seems  to  me  a  remark- 
able imitation  of  the  technique  of  one  art  by  another  art  funda- 
mentally different  in  its  ordinary  methods  of  work. 

3.  Comparison  with  other  specimens  called  Siculo-Arabian. 
— It  naturally  occurs  to  the  student  that  an  object  found  in 
Sicily  of  quasi-oriental  type  should  be  brought  to  the  test  of 
comparison  with  works  of  art  preserved  in  Sicily,  or  known  to 
have  come  from  thence.  Unfortunately,  setting  aside  for  the. 


326  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

moment  architectural  monuments,  such  works  of  art  are  of 
extreme  rarity ;  and  even  when,  as  is  the  case  with  some  half- 
dozen  pieces  of  pottery,  the  specimens  can  be  traced  to  Sicily, 
doubts  have  been  raised  as  to  whether  they  are  not  of  Eastern 
manufacture.  .  In  the  museum  at  Palermo  there  are  a  couple  of 
rooms  called  stanze  degli  oggetti  Arabi,  but  it  is  allowed,  even 
by  the  official  guide,  that  the  objects  exhibited  are  not  of  Sicilian 
origin.  We  must  except,  for  this  statement,  a  soffit  of  wood 
with  many  ornaments — stags,  birds,  etc.  Amongst  the  birds 
there  is  a  two-headed  eagle,  and,  on  the  strength  of  that 
emblem,  the  specimen  is  ascribed  to  the  period  of  the  Hohen- 
staufen  dynasty  (1194  to  1266).  '  If  the  work,  which  was  found 
in  the  royal  palace  at  Palermo,  is  really  Sicilian,  its  date  cannot 
be  made  to  depend  upon  the  occurrence  of  the  double-headed 
eagle,  as  that  emblem — which  has,  I  believe,  been  traced  back 
to  Assyria— occurs  on  Mahommedan  coins  and  purely  Saracenic 
work  of  the  thirteenth  century,  as,  for  example,  upon  a  perfume- 
burner  made  for  the  Amir  Beysary,  one  of  the  retainers  of  the 
last-ruling  king  of  Egypt  of  the  house  of  Saladin. 

It  is  probable  that  there  are  many  works  of  Sicilian  origin 
distributed  in  various  parts  of  Europe,  although  they  cannot  be 
recognised  with  certainty  until  Siculo-Arabian  art  has  been 
more  systematically  studied.  I  do  not  intend  to  enter  upon 
any  critical  discussion  with  regard  to  Siculo-Arabian  silicious- 
glazed  pottery,  a  thorny  subject  which  has  been  touched  upon 
in  a  masterly  manner  by  Mr.  Fortnum,  in  his  book  on  Majolica, 
etc. 

By  far  the  most  important  of  these  as  works  of  art,  and  also 
for  my  present  purpose,  are  the  two  large  jars  at  the  South 
Kensington  Museum  on  loan  from  Mr.  Falkener.  Dark-blue 
in  colour,  and  covered  with  a  brilliant  silicious  glaze,  they  are 
decorated  in  rather  faint  lustre  pigment  (somewhat  different  in 
appearance  from  the  Persian  lustre)  with  waterfowl  upon  a 
background  of  boldly-drawn  floriated  scroll-work.  The  resem- 
blance to  the  scheme  of  decoration  on  my  box  is  extraordinarily 
close ;  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  if  these  vases  are 
not  Sicilian  then  certainly  my  casket  cannot  be  so.  It  is 
possible  that  these  noble  vases  are  not  contemporary  with  the 
casket,  but  a  little  later ;  yet  a  strong  point  in  favour  of  their 
early  date,  if  they  are  Sicilian,  is,  as  Mr.  Fortnum  has  pointed 
out,  the  fact  that  they  bear  a  legible  Arabic  inscription.  They 
were  brought  by  Mr.  Falkener  himself  from  Sicily. 

I  regret  that  the  length  to  which  this  paper  has  run  will  not 
admit  of  my  discussing  the  most  important  but  exceedingly 
difficult  questions  which  arise  in  connection  with  early  Sicilian 
silks,  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  products  of  the  loom  the  world 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUABIES.  327 

lias  ever  seen.^  In  the  general  nature  of  the  designs  on  these 
textiles  there  is  nothing  opposed  to  the  Sicilian  origin  of  my 
box— so  far  as  I  can  see — but  I  can  point  to  no  striking  resem- 
blance of  detail  between  the  silks  and  the  ivory.  One  of  the 
characteristics  of  the  silks  generally  allowed  to  be  Sicilian, 
namely,  the  natural  action  of  the  animals  so  frequently  repre- 
sented on  them,  marks  also  the  representations  on  my  casket. 

I  have  already  alluded  to  the  ivory  coffer  from  Bodmin, 
which  was  exhibited  here  some  years  since.  It  would  have 
been  a  great  advantage  if  it  could  have  been  produced  for 
exhibition  to-night  in  order  that  the  technical  character  of  the 
decoration  might  be  compared  with  that  in  my  own  specimen. 
The  drawing  belonging  to  the  Society  cannot  unfortunately 
replace  the  original  for  that  purpose,  but  it  enables  me  to  call 
attention  to  the  style  of  the  scroll-work  in  the  corner  of  the  top 
of  the  coffer,  which  has  a  singular  resemblance  to  the  scroll- 
work on  my  box.  I  understand  that  the  Bodmin  coffer,  and 
two  similar  but  much  inferior  specimens  at  South  Kensington, 
are  considered  by  Mr.  Franks  to  be  Byzantine.  They  are 
certainly  specimens  of  a  very  debased  style,  but  with  all  deference 
to  ^  so  high  an  authority  as  Mr.  Franks  I  must  incline  to  the 
opinion  that  the  style  is  Saracen  imitated  by  European  hands ; 
the  feeble  character  of  the  imitation  arabesques  in  the  medal- 
lions seems  to  show  this.  With  regard  to  the  Bodmin  coffer,  I 
learn,  from  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  that 
the  Siculo-Arabic  style  of  the  decoration  was  noted  when  the 
object  was  exhibited ;  yet  for  some  unexplained  reason  the 
opinion  is  given  that  the  work  was  probably  Hispano-Moresque. 
All  the  evidence  seems  to  show  that  it  is  Sicilian. 


4.  Monumental  evidence  of  Sicilian  style. — In  my  opinion 
it  is  necessary  to  have  recourse  to  monumental  evidence  if 
we  would  gain  any  certain  idea  of  Si culo- Arabian  style  in 
the  lesser  arts ;  and,  of  course,  we  must  not  confine  our  atten- 
tion to  the  Island  of  Sicily,  but  must  include  Naples  and 
Apulia,  which  formed  part  of  one  and  the  same  kingdom  under 
the  Norman  and  Suabian  kings.  It  should,  however,  be  borne 
in  mind  that  a  mode  of  art  which  has  died  out  or  become  modi- 
fied in  architecture  and  monumental  sculpture  may  be  con- 
tinued in  the  lesser  arts,  as  is  well  exemplified  in  the  case  of 
carved  ivories  of  early  Christian  times,  which  retain  so  much  of 
classical  feeling  and  style.  My  remarks  upon  the  monumental 
evidence  must  be  very  brief.  All  the  purely  Saracenic  build- 
ings of  Sicily  anterior  to  the  conquest  by  the  Normans  have 
disappeared,  *  With  the  Norman  sway '  (says  Fergusson's 


328  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Handbook  of  Architecture,  vol.  ii.  p.  270)  ca  style  arose,  Greek 
in  essence,  Roman  in  form,  and  Saracenic  in  decoration.  No- 
where do  we  find  the  square  forms  covered  by  domes  of  the 
Greek  Church,  nor  one  suited  to  the  Greek  ritual.  These  have 
given  place  to  the  Roman  basilica  „  .  .  but  all  the  work  was 
performed  by  Greek  artists,  and  the  Roman  outline  was  filled 
up  and  decorated  to  suit  the  taste  and  conciliate  the  feelings  of 
the  worshippers,  who  were  conquered  Greeks  or  converted 
Moors.'  The  great  monuments  of  medieval  Sicily,  the  Capella 
Palatina  (1132),  the  Mortorana  (1113  to  1139),  and  the  cathe- 
dral of  Monreale  (begun  in  1174),  are  adorned  with  grand 
mosaics  in  the  Byzantine  mode.  The  style  of  drawing  the 
human  form  and  the  type  of  features  adopted  are  not  affected 
by  Saracenic  feeling,  and  it  is,  as  might  be  expected,  in  the 
purely  decorative  ornamentation  of  the  mosaic  work  that  the 
influence  of  the  Saracens  is  chiefly  felt.  Even  here  no  close 
resemblance  to  oriental  forms  is  commonly  found ;  at  all  events, 
at  Monreale,  where  the  pointed  arches,  though  of  stilted  oriental 
shape,  give  a  singular  impression  of  Gothic  feeling  to  the  eye  of 
an  Englishman.  At  Palermo  are  two  domestic  buildings,  '  La 
Siza '  and  c  La  Cuba,'  formerly  supposed  to  be  of  pre-Norman 
time,  but  now  known  to  be,  like  the  churches  mentioned  above, 
of  the  twelfth  century.  The  inscription  which  surmounts  La 
Cuba  has  been  deciphered  of  late  years,  and  it  turns  out 
that  the  Norman  King  William  II.  is  mentioned  in  it  by  name, 
and  the  date  given  (1180).  In  these  domestic  buildings,  as 
also  in  the  so-called  Stanza  of  Roger,  of  similar  date,  the 
Saracenic  influence  shows  more  strongly  than  in  the  churches. 
The  cathedral  of  Palermo,  which  contains  the  fine  porphyry 
tombs  of  the  early  kings,  is  chiefly  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  I  only  refer  to  it  here  to  note  how  thoroughly  it  differs  in 
its  style  of  ornamentation — which  yet  shows  evident  traces  of 
Oriental  influence — from  the  scroll-  or  strap-work  on  my  little 
box.  The  latter,  even  when  compared  with  the  most  Saracenic 
portion  of  the  Mosaic  work  of  the  twelfth  century,  is  distinctly 
more  oriental,  more  like  the  Mussulman  work  of  Egypt  and 
Mesopotamia  in  the  thirteenth  century,  than  any  Sicilian  archi- 
tectural ornament  of  the  fourteenth  century. 

We  must  next  inquire  whether  there  is  anything  in  the 
sculptured  work  of  Sicily  or  Southern  Italy  to  explain  the  types 
and  treatment  of  the  groups  of  animals  and  'men  on  my  coffer. 
Of  the  thirteenth  century  there  is  nothing,  so  far  as  I  am 
aware  ;  but  if  we  go  back  to  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries, 
we  shall,  I  think,  find  some  few  facts  of  value,  although,  natu- 
rally, we  must  look,  not  for  identity  of  style,  but  for  similarity 
of  types  or  motives.  Down  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth  cen- 


Feb.  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  329 

tury,  nearly  all  the  subjects  represented  in  art  were  more  or 
less  stereotyped,  following  the  Byzantine  or  Greek  rules.  In 
the  famous  bronze  gates  of  Trani  and  Monreale  by  Barisanus 
the  figures  are  in  the  Byzantine  manner,  and  even  in  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  gates  ascribed  to  Barisanus,  those  of  Ravello 
cathedral,  bearing  date  1 179,  the  Greek  ecclesiological  types  are 
followed,  although  there  is  some  freedom  of  style,  more  espe- 
cially in  the  lower  panels,  which  deal  with  subjects  not  eccle- 
siastical, but  taken  from  real  life,  viz.  an  archer  shooting  and 
two  warriors  fighting.  The  last-mentioned  subject  represents 
a  combat  between  two  Saracens,  who  fight  with  knobbed  sticks 
or  fine  metal  maces  and  round  shields.  Here  the  Byzantine 
or  Greek  manner  is  completely  abandoned,  and  these  panels 
may  be  fairly  set  side  by  side  with  those  of  the  noble  bronze 
doors  of  the  Baptistery  of  Florence  by  Andrea  Pisano,  made  one 
hundred  and  fifty  years  later.  It  is  a  point  of  great  interest 
that  this  freedom  of  style  is  shown  in  dealing  with  an  oriental 
subject,  on  the  doors  of  a  building  close  by  the  eastern-looking 
ruins  of  the  castle  of  Ravello.  One  of  the  tombs  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Palermo,  the  plain  ark -shaped  sarcophagus  of  Roger  I., 
is  supported  by  two  men  kneeling,  between  whom  is  a  sculptured 
ornament  in  relief.  The  turban  and — as  it  seems  to  me — well- 
marked  oriental  cast  of  countenance  of  the  left-hand  figure  at 
once  attract  attention ;  the  bare-headed  man  on  the  right  is 
probably  intended  for  a  Norman.  In  style  these  sculptures, 
which,  if  not  so  early  as  Roger's  own  time,  are  earlier 
than  the  Ravello  gates,  have  much  more  of  naturalism  and 
expression  than  the  typical  Byzantine  carving  of  the  period. 
They  stand  alone  in  their  character,  so  far  as  Sicily  is  con- 
cerned ;  but  if  we  return  to  Apulia  we  find  at  Bari  an  instruc- 
tive, and  for  my  purpose  important,  parallel.  In  the  church 
of  St.  Nicholas,  built  at  the  close  of  the  eleventh  century, 
there  is  a  marble  cathedra  or  throne,  which  Perkins  (Italian 
Sculptors,  1868,  p.  16)  describes  as  supported  by  three  wild, 
grotesque-looking  Arab  prisoners,  kneeling  on  one  knee,  and  by 
a  short  standing  figure  of  a  man  with  a  staff  in  his  hand  and  a 
conical  cap  upon  his  head.  He  wears  a  tunic  reaching  to  the 
knees,  with  close-fitting  sleeves.  The  other  supporters  of  the 
throne  are  naked  except  for  a  loin  cloth ;  the  left-hand  figure 
wears  a  turban,  and  has  the  face  of  an  Asiatic.  You  will 
observe  the  parallelism  between  the  supporters  of  this  throne 
and  those  of  king  Roger's  tomb.  There  is  every  probability 
that  these  figures  represent  Saracen  subjects  of  the  Norman 
king.  The  peculiar  position  of  the  lower  limbs,  in  the  case  of 
the  central  supporter  who  wears  the  conical  cap,  is  the  conven- 
tional one  mentioned  in  connection  with  the  woodwork  for  the 


330  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Maristan  of  Kalaun  in  Cairo.  We  may  infer  that  he  also  is  a 
Saracen,  especially  as  he  carries  a  club  or  knobbed  stick  pre- 
cisely like  the  weapons  wielded  by  the  fighting  men  on  the 
llavello  gates  of  1179.  It  will  be  remembered  that  the  man 
represented  on  my  box  as  riding  on  a  camel  wears  a  conical  cap. 
Now,  as  far  as  my  limited  observation  goes,  there  are  no  repre- 
sentations in  purely  Saracenic  art  of  men  wearing  such  head- 
dresses ;  and  it  may  possibly  turn  out  that  the  correspondence  in 
this  small  particular  between  the  marble  throne  at  Bari  of  the 
eleventh  or  twelfth  century  and  the  ivory  box  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  may  be  of  capital  importance  as  confirming  the  Siculo- 
Arabian  origin  of  the  latter.  I  should  be  glad  of  any  informa- 
tion from  oriental  archaeologists  which  may  bear  upon  this 
point. 

In  conclusion,  I  submit  that  the  assumed  origin  of  the  box 
exhibited  has  been  satisfactorily  proved,  and  that  the  proposed 
date  of  the  thirteenth  century  may  certainly  be  accepted,  also, 
with  less  certainty,  the  conjecture  that  the  work  dates  from  the 
earlier  part  of  that  century." 

Professor  J.  H.  MIDDLETON,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the 
methods  of  construction  used  in  ancient  Rome,  illustrated  by  a 
series  of  sections  and  diagrams. 

Professor  Middleton's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeo- 
logia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  March  3rd,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author  : — Immodesty  in  Art  :  a  Letter  to  Sir  F.  Leighton,  P.R.A. 
By  F.  G.  Lee,  D.D.,  F.S.A.    Svo.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Editors,  R.  S.  Ferguson,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  and  W.  Nanson,  B.A.,  F.S.A.  :— 
Some  Municipal  Records  of  the  City  of  Carlisle.     8vo.     Carlisle,  1887. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : — 

Lionel  H.  Cust,  Esq. 

B.  Herbert  Carpenter,  Esq. 


March  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  331 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

ALFRED  T.  EVERITT,  Esq.,  through  the  Treasurer,  exhibited 
a  number  of  miscellaneous  Egyptian  and  other  antiquities, 
recently  acquired  by  him. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  exhibition. 

Ih  accordance  with  the  notice  given  at  the  previous  meeting, 
the  Resolution  of  the  President  and  Council,  recommending  the 
Society  to  revoke  the  appointment  cf  Major  C.  E.  Davis  as  a 
Local  Secretary,  was  submitted  to  the  meeting. 

A  lengthy  discussion  followed,  in  which  the  President, 
Messrs.  Davis,  Micklethwaite,  Elton,  Edis,  Wyke-Baylis,  and 
Colonel  Colomb  took  part.  Eventually  the  matter  was  adjourned 
to  the  meeting  of  March  10th;  it  being  agreed  that  copies  of 
Messrs.  Middleton's  and  Hope's  reports  to  the  Council  of  the 
Society,  and  of  Mr.  Hope's  letter  to  the  President,  should 
meanwhile  be  sent  to  every  Fellow  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  Davis  undertook  to  supply  the  Fellows  with  copies  of 
Messrs.  Penrose's  and  Waterhouse's  reports  to  the  corporation 
of  Bath. 

The  ballot  opened  at  a  quarter  to  nine,  and  closed  at  half- 
past  nine,  when  the  following  candidates  were  declared  to  be 
duly  elected : — 

Professor  Alfred  Goodwin. 
George  Henry  Overend,  Esq. 
Edward  George  Bruton,  Esq. 
Edward  John  Tarver,  Esq. 
Gery  Milner  Gibson  Cullum,  Esq. 
Samuel  Joseph  Chadwick,  Esq. 
Alfred  James  Copeland,  Esq. 
George  Harry  Wallis,  Esq. 
Rev.  John  Charles  Cox,  LL.D. 
Rev.  Canon  Church. 


332  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 


Thursday,  March  10th,  188.7. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 

ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

• 

From  the  Author: — The  Romans  in  Westmorland,  a  Historical  Ballad.  By 
Cornelius  Nicholson,  F.S.A.  Ventnor,  1887.  (Broadside.) 

From  the  Author: — History  of  the  Sarsens.  By  Professor  T.  Rupert  Jones, 
F.R.S.,  F.G.S.  8vo. 

From  the  Author: — A  Lancashire  Pedigree  Case;  or  a  history  of  the  Trials  for 
the  Harrison  Estates.  By  J.  P.  Earwaker,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Warrington, 

1887. 

From  H.M.  Government  of  Madras: — Administration  Report  of  the  Government 
Central  Museum  for  the  year  1885-86.  By  Edgar  Thurston,  Superintendent. 
Folio.  Madras,  1886. 

From  G.  Lambert,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — Congressional  Directory,  compiled  for  the 
use  of  Congress.  By  Benj.  Perley  Poore.  1st  Edition.  8vo.  Washington, 

1886. 

From  John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A.:— Resultats  d'une  Mission 
Scientifique  du  Ministere  de  1'Instruction  Publi^que.  Les  Ages  Pre- 
historiques  de  1'Espagne  et  du  Portugal.  Par  M.  Emile  Cartailhae.  8vo. 
Paris.  1886. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : — 

Professor  Alfred  Goodwin. 
Samuel  Joseph  Chadwick,  Esq. 
Edward  John  Tarver,  Esq. 
George  Henry  Overend,  Esq. 
Alfred  James  Copeland,  Esq. 

J.  W.  TRIST,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  statuette  from 
Egypt  of  the  god  Phtah,  accompanied  by  the  following  note  : — 

"  I  forward  herewith  a  small  bronze  statue  of  the  ancient 
Egyptian  god  '  Phtah,'  thinking  it  may  be  interesting  for  exhi- 
bition. 

The  figure  is  now  in  my  collection,  and  was  purchased  some 
few  years  since  from  a  dealer. 

I  have  endeavoured  to  find  where  it  was  excavated  but  with- 
out success. 

You  will  observe  that  the  hair  and  beard  are  inlaid  with 
niello  work,  and  the  sacred  collar  has  been  decorated  with  gold 
and  enamel,  and  has  a  very  high  percentage  of  copper  in  its 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  333 

composition,  which  makes  me  believe  it  to  be  a  specimen  of 
extreme  rarity. 

The  style  of  the  work  seems  to  be  that  of  the  best  period  of 
Egyptian  art,  viz.,  about  the  time  of  the  eighteenth  dynasty 
(1600  B.C.),  but  doubtless  some  member  of  the  Society  will  be  - 
able  to  speak  with  more  authority  on  this  point." 

Professor  MIDDLETON,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
remarks  on  this  exhibition  : — 

"  This  remarkable  statuette  represents  the  Egyptian  god  Ptah 
or  Phtah,  who  symbolised  the  creative  power  of  the  Deity :  his 
usual  epithet  is  '  Lord  of  Truth.'  Ptah  is  one  of  the  oldest  gods 
in  the  Egyptian  hierarchy,  and  occurs  on  monuments  of  the 
fourth  dynasty,  c.  4000  B.C.  From  his  creative  or  constructive 
power  the  Greeks  confused  him  with  Hephaistos. 

Ptah  is  represented  as  a  mummy,  and,  like  the  other  deities, 
holds  the  staff  of  purity  and  the  crux  ansata,  or  symbol  of  life  ; 
together  with,  in  many  cases,  the  pillar  symbol  of  stability. 
Except  in  very  rare  instances,  Ptah  differs  from  the  other  gods 
in  not  having  the  crook  and  the  flagellum.  Inscriptions  of  the 
eighteenth  dynasty  and  later  describe  Ptah  as  the  primeval 
creator,  the  father  both  of  gods  and  men,  and  the  constructor  of 
the  sun-egg  and  the  moon-egg. 

Usually,  in  his  mummy  form,  Ptah  only  wears  a  close-fitting 
cap,  but  iii  other  cases  he  has  the  elaborate  striped  head-dress 
with  side-pieces,  surmounted  by  the  disc  and  the  ostrich  feathers 
of  Osiris. 

In  early  times  the  worship  of  Ptah  seems  to  have  been 
specially  cultivated  at  Memphis  ;  and  in  the  list  of  the  Memphite 
kings  he  is  named  as  the  first  king  of  primeval  Egypt,  with  the 
title  '  The  Southern  Rampart.' 

This  little  bronze  figure,  7J  inches  high,  represents  Ptah  in 
the  usual  way,  as  a  mummy  with  closely-fitting  cap  and  long 
wavy  beard  attached  by  straps  to  the  cap.  In  the  right  hand 
is  the  crux  ansata  (symbol  of  life),  and  in  the  left  the  staffer 
sceptre  of  purity.  Round  the  neck  is  a  deep  necklace  ;  on  the 
wrists  are  bracelets,  and  on  the  back  of  the  figure  is  another 
long  sort  of  pendent  ornament.  The  staff  has  prongs  at  its  foot, 
and  is  tipped  with  the  head  of  some  jackal  or  greyhound  treated 
in  the  usual  conventional  way. 

The  crux  ansata  is  unusually  elaborate,  and  seems  to  be  formed 
by  double-crossed  thongs,  the  central  part  of  the  cross-piece 
being  tightly  bound  round  by  other  smaller  thongs.  The  handle 
of  the  cross,  as  is  usual  in  Egypt,  is  oval,  not  circular,  in  form. 
It  should  be  noticed  that  this  form  of  the  crux  ansata  is  only 
found  in  Egypt.  The  somewhat  similar  object  which  occurs  on 


334  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Assyrian  and  Phoenician  works  of  art,  such  as  the  reverse  of 
silver  coins  of  Cyprus,  struck  by  the  Teukrid  king  of  Salamis, 
Euelthon,  is  distinctly  different  in  shape.  The  handle  is  cir- 
cular, there  is  an  interval  between  the  handle  and  the  cross-piece, 
and  the  ends  of  the  cross  do  not  grow  wider ;  and  in  many  non- 
Egyptian  examples  the  centre  of  the  handle,  which  is  circular 
not  oval,  is  filled  in  by  a  raised  boss.  This  makes  it  seem 
probable  that  this  other  symbol  is  of  Asiatic  origin,  and  may 
have  no  connection  with  the  crux  ansata  of  Egypt. 

In  its  technical  execution  this  statuette  is  one  of  very  rare 
beauty  and  interest.  The  modelling  of  the  face,  and  especially 
of  the  ear,  is  of  very  remarkable  beauty  and  realistic  vigour. 

Perhaps  the  modelling  of  the  animal's  head  on  the  staff  is 
even  more  surprising  for  its  extreme  delicate  minuteness,  the 
great  beauty  of  which  can  only  be  appreciated  with  the  aid  of  a 
microscope. 

From  its  style  I  should  suggest  that  the  statuette  is  the  work 
of  a  Greek  artist  under  one  of  the  early  Ptolemaic  kings  ;  pro- 
bably not  much  later  than  c.  300  B.C.  In  the  details  of  its 
ornament  this  figure  is  no  less  remarkable. 

It  appears  to  be  a  very  fine  i  cire  perdue '  casting,  hardly 
touched  by  the  artist  after  the  casting.  Its  state  of  preservation 
is  very  fine,  except  that  most  of  the  gold  inlay  has  been  extracted 
by  violent  blows  from  some  sharp-pointed  tool,  evidently  in 
ancient  times,  from  the  patinated  state  of  the  cuts  made  by  this 
tool  on  each  side  of  the  necklace.  The  whole  is  covered  by  a 
fine  green  patina,  over  which  in  some  parts  is  an  upper  patina 
of  red  colour.  Unfortunately  the  figure  has  slightly  suffered 
from  over-cleaning. 

A  very  rare  process,  that  of  darkening  the  bronze,  has  been 
applied  to  parts  of  the  statuette  — such  as  the  eyes  and  eyebrows, 
the  head-dress,  the  staff  and  cross,  and  as  a  ground-work  to 
increase  the  effect  of  the  gleaming  gold  inlay :  the  latter  was 
specially  useful,  as  the  figure  is  cast  in  a  fine  gold-coloured 
bronze,  which  when  new  would  differ  but  little  in  colour  from 
the  real  gold  of  the  inlay. 

The  method  employed  to  colour  the  bronze  was  probably  much 
the  same  as  that  used  by  modern  Japanese  bronze-workers,  who 
darken  their  metal  by  creating  an  artificial  patina,  not  by  apply- 
ing any  surface  lacquer  or  enamel.  This  is  done  in  Japan  by 
applying  sulphur  in  some  form  in  a  pasty  state,  laid  carefully  on 
the  parts  where  the  dark  patina  is  wanted.  The  metal  is  then 
heated,  its  surface  chemically  absorbs  some  of  the  sulphur,  and 
thus  a  thin  coating  of  a  dark  sulphuret  of  copper  is  produced  on 
the  places  where  the  sulphurous  paste  had  been  applied.  It  will 
be  found  that,  though  this  dark  patina  is  hard  and  durable,  yet  a 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  335 

slight  scratch  on  it  will  expose  the  same  gold-coloured  bronze  as 
that  of  the  imcoloured  part  of  the  figure. 

The  gold  inlay  in  the  statuette  is  applied  with  marvellous 
skill.  It  is  a  sort  of  damascene  work — lines  and  leaf- shaped 
hollows  were  cut  with  a  sharp  graver  into  the  bronze  surface, 
and  then  wires  or  other  bits  of  pure  gold  were  beaten  into  the 
hollows,  and  the  surface  then  polished.  The  extreme  minute- 
ness with  which  this  is  done  is  very  wonderful. 

For  example,  the  fine  incised  lines  which  separate  the  dark 
coloured  head-dress  and  strap  from  the  bare  flesh  were  once 
filled  with  a  gold  thread.  The  microscope  will  show  one  par- 
ticle of  this  gold  line  still  existing  by  the  left  cheek. 

The  bracelets  also  are  ornamented  with  fine  lines  of  gold. 

Broader  bands  and  rows  of  leaf-shaped  gold  ornaments  are 
used  for  the  necklace  and  the  ornament  on  the  back. 

The  cornea  of  the  eyes  was  also  inlaid  with  gold,  the  pupil  and 
iris  being  coloured  with  the  dark  patina. 

The  beard  is  worked  over  with  delicately  incised  wavy  lines, 
done  with  the  graver  before  the  dark  patina  was  applied. 

I  should,  perhaps,  note  that  the  staff  was  cast  separately  in 
three  pieces,  so  as  to  fit  in,  above  and  below  the  hands.  In 
short,  this  statuette  is  one  of  very  exceptional  interest,  both  for 
the  beauty  of  its  modelling  and  for  the  rare  technical  skill  dis- 
played  in  its  execution. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  hear  some  account  of  its  provenance" 

Mr.  FKANKS  objected  to  the  use  of  the  word  "  enamel "  as 
applied  by  Mr.  Trist  to  this  object ;  the  Egytians  used  enamel 
on  pottery  and  stone,  but  never  on  metal. 

W.  H.  H.  ROGERS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  iron  key, 
probably  of  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century  date,  found  at  Colyford, 
Devon. 


Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 


The  discussion  on  the  resolution  of  the  Council,  recommending 
the  Society  to  revoke  the  appointment  of  Major  C.  E.  Davis,  as 
a  Local  Secretary,  was  continued. 

Major  Davis  was  not  present,  but  the  following  letter  of  the 
8th  instant,  from  him  to  the  Director,  was  read,  and  his  printed 
statements  accompanying  the  copies  of  the  reports  of  Messrs. 
Penrose  and  Waterhouse  were  before  the  meeting  : — 

VOL.  xi.  z 


336  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

"  55,  Great  Pulteney  Street,  Bath, 

March  8th,  1887. 

DEAR  SIR, 

Will  you  allow  me  to  say,  with  reference  to  the  motion 
now  before  the  Antiquaries,  that  during  my  connection  with 
the  Society,  now  extending  over  more  than  thirty  years,  I  have 
endeavoured  in  all  respects  to  do  my  best  in  the  preservation 
and  discovery  of  antiquities,  more  especially  in  the  discovery  of 
the  Roman  Baths  at  Bath,  that  has  almost  occupied  a  lifetime. 
The  reports  of  Mr.  Penrose  and  Mr.  Waterhouse  are,  I  feel, 
particularly  complimentary,  and  do  not  merely  barely  approve 
what  I  have  done  in  Bath,  and  in  my  opinion  show  that  I  have 
done  my  duty  to  the  Society. 

I  hope  that,  on  full  consideration  of  these  reports,  the  Council 
will  consider  this  to  be  the  case,  allowing  for  the  inevitable 
differences  of  opinion  about  the  details  of  a  difficult  professional 
work  not  easily  to  be  estimated. 

By  the  apparent  neglect  in  answering  the  letters  no  offence  was 
intended,  I  being  on  the  Continent  when  one  letter  was  sent  till 
after  the  occasion  to  which  it  referred  was  past ;  and  as  to  the 
other  letter,  being  much  disappointed  with  the  turn  things  were 
taking,  and  not  being  sure  of  the  proper  course  to  pursue. 

Under  these  circumstances,  I  hope  that  the  Council  will  feel 
that  it  would  be  well  that  the  proposed  resolution  should  be 
withdrawn  or  postponed  for  due  consideration,  or,  at  any  rate, 
not  be  put  to  the  vote  on  Thursday,  as  proposed. 

I  have  the  honour  to  remain, 

Very  faithfully  yours, 

CHARLES  E.  DAVIS. 

The  Director, 

The  Society  of  Antiquaries." 


The  following  reports  of  Professor  Middleton  and  Mr.  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope,  and  letter  of  Mr.  Hope  to  the  President,  were 
also  before  the  meeting : — 

"  Westholme,  Cheltenham, 

July,  1886. 

GENTLEMEN, 

I  have,  as  directed  by  the  Council,  inspected  the  work 
now  being  done  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  Davis,  the  city 
architect,  at  the  newly-discovered  portion  of  the  Koman  baths 
at  Bath. 

The  accompanying  sketch  shows  roughly  what  now  exists  of 
the  original  Roman  work ;  the  chief  feature  is  a  room  nearly 
square,  with  a  series  of  pilasters  along  the  walls.  Merely  the 
bases  of  these  pilasters  remain,  and  the  rubble  wall,  covered 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  337 

with  fine  hard  '  opus  signinum '  behind  them,  is  at  present  only 
about  four  feet  high. 

New  walls  and  pilasters  carrying  arches  are  now  being  built 
on  this  Roman  work ;  and  the  whole  will  be  roofed  in. 

This  is  much  to  be  regretted,  but  the  problem  was  no  doubt 
a  very  difficult  one. 

The  remains  would,  of  course,  have  been  far  more  interesting 
and  instructive  if  the  whole  had  been  roofed  in  with  some  light 
iron  structure  supported  on  iron  columns,  arranged  in  such  a 
way  as  to  span  the  whole  place  without  raising  any  new  struc- 
ture on  the  ancient  walls;  but  this  method  would  probably 
have  been  more  troublesome  than  the  present  scheme  of 
6  restoration  '  which  is  being  carried  out. 

The  present  somewhat  objectionable  scheme  is,  however, 
being  carried  out  (so  far)  with  care,  and  with  as  little  damage 
as  is  possible  to  the  Roman  remains. 

There  appears  to  have  been  some  suggestion  that  the  circular 
bath  should  be  again  used  for  bathers,  but  this  is  very  unde- 
sirable, and  would  necessitate  so  much  restoration  of  its  walls, 
steps,  and  cement  lining,  that  it  would  practically  be  destroyed 
as  a  piece  of  genuine  Roman  construction. 
I  am,  Gentlemen, 
Yours  faithfully, 
J.  HENRY  MIDDLETON, 
Local  Sec.  for  Gloucestershire. 

The  President  and  Council  of  the 

Society  of  Antiquaries,  London. 


P.S. — Since  writing  the  above,  further  facts  have  come  to  my 
knowledge. 

Major  Davis's  scheme  includes  building  new  rooms  over  the 
hypocaust  indicated  on  my  sketch-plan,  the  walls  of  which 
would  cut  through  and  practically  destroy  it. 

A  drawing  made  by  Mr.  Irvine  some  time  ago  shows  this 
hypocaust  to  have  been  one  of  very  exceptional  interest,  being 
constructed  as  it  is  with  a  partially  hollow  floor,  in  this  way — 
(sketch  given) — apparently  with  the  object  of  forming  a  lighter 
floor  than  usual. 

Some  of  the  arches  are  also  formed  of  hollow  bricks  thus — 
(sketch  given) — shaped  like  true  voussoirs.  In  fact  the  whole 
place  is  full  of  very  exceptional  interest,  and  deserves  very 
different  treatment  to  that  which  it  has  received.  About  two 
years  ago  the  lead  plates,  which  wholly  lined  one  of  the  rect- 
angular tanks,  were  stripped  off  and  sold  for  old  lead  by  the 
Corporation. 

z  2 


338  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

These  plates  were  10  feet  x  5  feet,  and  weighed  more  than 
30  Ibs.  to  the  foot. 

I  fear  it  is  too  late  now  to  stop  the  mischief  which  is  being 
done. 

J.  H.  M.» 


'*  To  the  President  and  Council  of  the 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London. 

GENTLEMEN, 

In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I  went  to  Bath  on 
the  24th  inst.,  and  delivered  the  Secretary's  letter  to  the  mayor, 
by  whom  I  was  courteously  received.  He  expressed  his  entire 
sympathy  with  our  anxiety  to  preserve  all  the  remains  of  the 
Roman  baths,  and  informed  me  that,  in  accordance  with  the 
desire  of  the  Corporation  that  an  antiquary  of  eminence  should 
be  invited  to  inspect  any  remains  which  might  be  found  on  the 
site  before  the  projected  buildings  were  proceeded  with,*  the 
works  had  that  morning  been  visited  by  Mr.  F.  C.  Penrose, 
who  had  expressed  himself  satisfied  that  no  destruction  was 
taking  place. 

The  mayor  then  drove  me  to  Mr.  Davis's  residence,  and 
instructed  him  to  afford  me  every  facility  for  seeing  the  Roman 
remains,  and  to  show  me  any  plans  I  might  wish  to  see.  Mr. 
Davis  thereupon  produced  a  tracing  showing  what  had  been 
discovered  in  the  area  west  of  the  circular  bath,  and  how  he 
proposed  to  build  his  walls  on  the  Roman  ones.  In  answer  to 
my  question  as  to  the  respective  levels  of  the  Roman  floor  and 
that  proposed  to  be  laid  down,  he  replied  that  the  two  levels 
would  be  identical. 

We  then  went  to  the  site  of  the  new  buildings,  where  the 
mayor  left  us.  I  found  that  since  Mr.  Middleton's  visit  the 
site  had  been  cleared,  and  Roman  walls  laid  bare  in  various 
directions  of  a  height  varying  from  one  or  two  to  five  or  six  feet. 
They  in  parts  retained  their  original  plastering,  and  appeared 
in  good  preservation.  Owing  to  their  unequal  heights  these 
walls  were  being  levelled  up  by  the  workmen  with  Roman 
masonry  from  the  debris,  and  then  slate  slabs  were  laid  as  a 
damp  course,  and  the  work  carried  up  in  brick.  I  pointed  out 
to  Mr.  Davis  that  if  it  was  necessary  to  level  up  the  Roman 
masonry  it  had  better  have  been  done  in  brick,  and  so  have 
distinctly  marked  the  junction  of  the  old  and  new  work,  but 
he  said  that  the  rough  character  of  the  new  stonework  with  its 
black  mortar  was  sufficient.  Apart  from  this  mode  of  utilising 
the  Roman  walls  as  the  lower  portion  of  the  new  work,  the 

*  See  Town  Clerk's  letter  of  June  18th,  1886. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  339 

expediency  of  which  is  open  to  question,  there  did  not  appear 
to  be  any  destruction  of  the  Roman  work  going  on. 

In  the  large  apartment  next  to  the  circular  bath  there  is  a 
piece  of  the  hypocaust,  some  eight  or  nine  feet  square  apparently 
in  fair  preservation,  which  when  I  was  there  was  covered  up 
with  planks  to  keep  it  from  injury.  This  large  piece  is  in  the 
south-east  corner.  In  the  north-west  corner  of  the  same  room 
is  a  door  leading  into  a  corridor  running  due  west.  Imme- 
diately to  the  south  of  this  door  is  another  piece  of  the  hypocaust, 
perhaps  three  feet  or  so  square,  but  unprotected ;  while  the  whole 
of  the  corridor  nearly  as  far  as  the  street  retains  its  hypocaust, 
which  is  there  partly  covered  with  planks  for  protection.  Mr. 
Davis  pointed  out  a  portion  of  a  newly-discovered  bath  on  the 
north  of  this  corridor  which  he  had  instructions  to  explore,  but 
he  said  he  should  give  himself  no  trouble  in  the  matter  if  inter- 
fered with. 

We  then  went  to  the  circular  bath,  where  I  found  that  the 
works  reported  on  by  Mr.  Middleton  had  been  carried  up  to  the 
original  height  by  '  restoring '  the  Roman  piers  and  pilasters 
and  building  on  them  an  arcade  all  round  the  bath.  Apart 
from  the  '  restoration  '  no  harm  seems  to  have  been  done,  and 
the  difference  between  the  old  and  new  work  is  shown  by  setting 
back  the  latter  about  an  inch  everywhere,  so  that  the  faces  of 
the  two  works  are  not  in  the  same  plane. 

With  regard  to  the  great  rectangular  bath  nothing  has  been 
done,  but  Mr.  Davis  informed  me  that  the  Poor  Law  Offices, 
which  so  awkwardly  hang  over  the  area  of  the  bath,  were  at 
length  about  to  be  removed,  when  the  whole  of  the  bath  would 
be  laid  open. 

The  large  Roman  octagonal  tank  beneath  the  King's  bath  I 
was  not  able  to  see,  owing  to  its  being  full  of  water.  Mr. 
Davis,  however,  informed  me  that  since  its  discovery  the  whole 
of  its  original  lead  lining  has  been  stripped  off  and  sold  for  70/. 
as  old  metal. 

On  our  return  to  the  site  of  the  new  works,  one  of  the  work- 
men, in  digging  a  hole  for  a  foundation  of  a  short  length  of 
wall  to  be  built  against  the  south  wall*  of  the  large  room 
already  described,  came  to  the  original  floor  on  which  the  hypo- 
caust stands  ;  and  although  Mr.  Davis  had  assured  me  that,  with 
the  exception  of  the  portions  I  have  described,  the  whole  of  the 
hypocaust  had  perished,  it  now  became  clear  from  what  the 
workman  laid  bare  that  the  pilce  at  any  rate  remained  more  or 
less  perfect  over  the  whole  area  of  the  room.  A  few  feet  further 
west  the  workmen  were  clearing  away  the  superficial  ddbris  in 
order  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  cross  wall,  and  here,  too,  a 
*  This  wall  has  two  doorways  in  it  which  were  blocked  in  Roman  times. 


340  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

crowbar  showed  that  the  lower  floor  remained  perfect.  Mr. 
Davis  thereupon  instructed  his  assistant,  Mr.  Long,  instead  of 
a  continuous  foundation,  to  build  two  supporting  piers,  each 
two  feet  square,  upon  which  the  wall  could  be  carried  on  girders. 

The  remainder  of  my  visit  was  spent  in  a  discussion  with  Mr. 
Davis  as  to  the  new  levels,  and  here  there  is  much  ground  for 
anxiety,  for  it  depends  entirely  on  the  level  of  the  new  base- 
ment floor  whether  the  Roman  walls  and  remains  of  the  hypo- 
caust  will  be  effectually  concealed  under  concrete  and  plaster, 
or  made  accessible  for  examination  by  those  interested  in  them. 

According  to  Mr.  Davis's  present  plans,  the  site  of  the  large 
room  will  be  almost  entirely  filled  with  a  staircase  down  to  the 
basement.  This  will  open  into  a  corridor  running  north  and 
south,  taken  out  of  the  area  of  the  large  room,  of  which  the 
west  wall  will  be  built  upon  and  partly  consist  of  Roman  work, 
and  the  east  wall  is  that  to  be  carried  on  .the  piers  and  girders 
mentioned  above.  The  floor  of  this  corridor  is  to  be  laid  at  the 
level  of  the  floor  above  the  hypocaust.  The  Roman  corridor, 
with  its  hypocaust,  is  to  be  made  use  of  as  a  corridor  opening 
out  of  the  north  end  of  the  new  corridor,  and  its  floor  will  be 
laid  upon  that  supported  by  pilce.  The  south  end  of  the  new 
corridor  will  rise  by  steps  to  clear  the  Roman  wall  there,  at  the 
top  of  which  steps  a  trapdoor  will  be  constructed  to  permit 
access  to  a  small  square  Roman  chamber  beneath,  which  Mr. 
Davis  calls  the  labrum.  A  similar  trapdoor  is  to  be  made  to 
show  the  remains  of  the  hypocaust  in  the  south-east  angle  of 
the  large  room. 

The  corridors  lead  into  six  new  bath-rooms,  which  will  occupy 
the  remainder  of  the  area  now  laid  open.  If  these  corridors 
are  laid  at  the  levels  proposed  the  whole  of  the  remains  of  the 
hypocaust  will  be  effectually  concealed  and  practically  destroyed 
beneath  a  bed  of  concrete.  The  Roman  walls  will  meet  with  a 
similar  fate,  because  Mr.  Davis  says  they  cannot  be  left  exposed 
to  view  in  the  state  they  now  appear,  and  he  intends  to  *  plaster 
them  as  they  were  originally,'  marking  on  the  plaster  the 
height  of  the  old  work  and  inscribing  it *  ROMAN  ' ! ! 

On  my  pointing  out  how  this  would  effectually  prevent  any 
of  the  old  work  being  seen,  Mr.  Davis  declined  to  discuss  the 
question,  and  stated  that  the  levels  of  the  floors  were  not  settled, 
and  need  not  even  be  thought  of  till  the  roof  was  on.  I,  how- 
ever, returned  to  the  subject,  and  suggested  that  the  levels 
should  be  raised  so  that  the  Roman  work  would  be  accessible, 
but  his  only  reply  was  the  Corporation  would  not  go  to  the 
expense.  To  my  suggestion  that  as  architect  to  the  Corpora- 
tion he  was  at  liberty  to  place  his  levels  where  he  thought  fit, 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  341 

Mr.  Davis  had  nothing  to  say.    The  practicability  of  raising  the 
levels  he  has  all  along  admitted.* 
In  conclusion,  I  am  of  opinion — 

(1)  that  there  was  no  necessity  to  utilize  the  old  Roman 
walls  in  the  manner  described,  as  the  new  basement  floor 
could  have  been  just  as  easily  carried  on  piers  and  girders 
at  such  a  height  above  the  old  work  as  to  allow  of  its 
being  accessible  to  students  in  the  condition  in  which  it 
was  found; 

(2)  that  the  new  work  has   been   commenced   for   some 
reason  without  a  proper  examination  of  the  site  having 
first  been  made ; 

(3)  that,  though  in  accordance  with  Mr.  Davis's  pledged 
word  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  the  Roman  work  will 
not  actually  be  destroyed,  yet  a  strong  personal  feeling 
that  has  unfortunately  been  aroused,  through  the  per- 
sistent opposition  to  the  proposed  plans  on  account  of  their 
destructive  character  by  some  of  the  Roman  antiquaries 
in  Bath,  will  most  certainly  end  in  the  whole  of  the 
ancient  work  being  effectually  concealed  beneath  plaster 
and  concrete,  and  the  few  trap-doors  to  be  provided  will 
be  of  no  use  whatever,  and  only  a  concession  made  to 
those  who  desire  that  the  Roman  work  should  be  made 
accessible  for  examination. 

Mr.  Davis  complains  of  the  Society  having  acted  on  reports  of 
what  was  going  on  at  Bath  without  consulting  him  first  as  Local 
Secretary,  but  he  assigns  no  reason  for  not  having  in  the  first 
place  as  Local  Secretary  reported  to  the  Society  the  discoveries 
made. 

I  append  a  rough  plan,  not  measured  or  drawn  to  scale,  of 
the  remains  exposed.  The  red  lines  show  where  Mr.  Davis's 
main  walls  come. 

I  am,  Gentlemen, 

Yours  obediently, 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE, 

Assistant-Secretary. 

August  26,  1886. 

"  Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  W., 

November  23, 1886. 

DEAR  MR.  PRESIDENT, 

I  went  to  Bath  yesterday  morning  in  company  with  Mr. 
Micklethwaite.  We  were  met  by  Mr.  Winwood,  who  guided 
us  direct  to  the  site  of  the  Roman  baths,  where  we  found  the 
mayor  and  a  number  of  town  councillors  occupied  in  examining 

*  See  his  Report  of  May  7th,  1886,  to  the  Hot  Mineral  Baths  Committee. 


342  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

the  place.  The  mayor  introduced  us  to  Mr.  Wilkinson,  the 
chairman  of  the  Baths  Committee,  and  he  kindly  showed  us 
over  the  Roman  remains. 

Since  my  visit  on  August  24th  last,  the  walls  mentioned  in 
my  report  to  the  Council  have  been  built  up  to  a  considerable 
height ;  a  hollow-tile  and  iron  girder  roof,  of  35  feet  span,  has 
also  been  erected  over  the  circular  bath. 

There  seems  to  be  an  idea  in  the  minds  of  some  of  the  Baths 
Committee  of  eventually  restoring  the  circular  bath  to  use,  but 
for  the  reasons  stated  in  Mr.  Middleton's  report  it  is  much  to  be 
hoped  that  nothing  will  be  attempted  in  the  way  of  '  restoration ' 
or  utilization. 

Nothing  is  to  be  done  until  next  year  with  regard  to  the 
removal  of  the  Poor  Law  Offices  overhanging  the  great  bath. 
When  this  building  is  removed,  the  bath  ought  in  some  way  to 
be  roofed  over,  as  the  old  masonry  and  carving  are  suffering 
from  exposure. 

The  intersecting  walls  described  in  my  report  as  encumbering 
the  chambers  west  of  the  circular  bath,  and  which  Mr.  Middleton 
speaks  of  in  his  report,  have  been  carried  up,  and  very  seriously 
obscure  the  arrangements  of  the  Roman  work.  The  wall  I  men- 
tioned as  that  Mr.  Davis  ordered  to  be  carried  on  piers  is  built 
instead  with  a  continuous  foundation  right  across  the  area,  on 
concrete  thrown  in  over  and  around  the  pike  which  stood  in  its 
line.  Parallel  with  it,  at  a  distance  of  a  few  feet,  is  another 
brick  wall  also  on  a  continuous  concrete  foundation,  and  in  addi- 
tion there  is  a  projecting  pier  of  some  size  which  supports  one 
side  of  an  arch  thrown  over  the  east  end  of  the  large  chamber. 

These  walls,  therefore,  divide  this  apartment  into  three  sec- 
tions, and  they  abut  against  the  Roman  masonry  at  their  south 
ends  and  conceal  it.  Their  concrete  foundations  also  practically 
destroy,  and  certainly  conceal,  the  portions  of  the  hypocaust 
embedded  in  them.  The  lower  portions  of  Mr.  Davis's  cross- 
walk are,  most  unfortunately,  in  several  places  constructed  of 
rough  stone  masonry.  This,  in  the  cellar-like  state  of  the  place 
now,  is  very  difficult  to  distinguish  from  the  old  Roman  walls, 
and  I  had  to  recall  to  mind  the  state  of  things  three  months  ago 
to  remember  which  walls  were  actually  Roman.  It  is  also  now 
very  difficult  to  distinguish  the  modern  masonry  used  to  level 
up  the  old  work  from  the  Roman  masonry,  despite  its  black 
mortar. 

Further  research  has  brought  to  light  some  more  interesting 
Roman  work  on  the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  new  works. 

After  examining  the  place,  we  were  asked  to  go  to  the  Guild- 
hall, where  we  found  the  mayor,  Mr.  Davis,  Mr.  Wilkinson, 
Mr.  Shorn,  F.S.A.,  and  two  other  members  of  the  Baths  Com- 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  343 

mittee.  Having  explained  the  private  nature  of  the  reports, 
I  handed  them  to  the  mayor,  who  read  them  to  those  present,  it 
being  understood  that  they  were  of  a  confidential  nature,  and 
not  able  to  be  made  public.  Exception  was  taken  by  Messrs. 
Davis  and  Wilkinson  to  the  postscript  of  Mr.  Middleton's  report, 
being  based  on  hearsay  evidence  only,  but  Mr.  Micklethwaite 
pointed  out  that  the  work  itself  which  they  had  just  seen  testified 
to  the  truth  of  what  Mr.  Middleton  had  said.  To  my  report  no 
objection  was  made,  except  that  Mr.  Davis  stated  I  had  mis- 
understood him  on  the  subject  of  the  levels,  and  he  emphatically 
disclaimed  having  told  me  that  his  level  would  be  identical  with 
the  Roman  one. 

After  some  discussion  it  was  explicitly  promised,  both  by  Mr. 
Davis  and  Mr.  Wilkinson,  that  the  new  basement  floor  should 
be  placed  at  such  a  height  above  the  hypocaust  floor  as  to  allow 
easy  access  to  the  Roman  work — except  over  the  eastern  portion 
of  the  hypocaust,  which  Mr.  Davis  proposes  to  put  under  a  glass 
floor.  It  was  also  promised  that  the  two  objectionable  brick 
walls  should  be  so  pierced  as  to  allow  of  uninterrupted  access 
from  one  end  of  the  large  chamber  to  the  other  end. 

The  promised  alteration  of  the  levels  is,  of  course,  satisfactory ; 
but  the  intersecting  brickwork  will  still  be  a  concealment  of  old 
work,  which  even  piercing  will  not  undo.  Its  presence  is  the 
more  to  be  regretted  since  it  was  quite  unnecessary;  for  the 
superincumbent  works  could  have  been  carried  on  piers  and  arches 
of  brickwork  spanning  the  whole  of  the  area  west  of  the  circular 
bath.  The  case  is  not  a  more  difficult  one  than  the  roofing  over 
of  the  circular  bath  itself,  which  Mr.  Davis  has  successfully 
accomplished. 

I  should  have  stated  that  Mr.  Davis,  in  answer  to  a  question 
by  Mr.  Micklethwaite,  said  he  had  allowed  a  height  of  17  feet 
from  the  hypocaust  floor  to  the  crown  of  his  lowest  vault,  so  that 
the  division  of  this  into  two  stories  will  be  easy. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Yours  obediently, 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE. 

John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  President." 

A  lengthy  discussion  followed,  and  ultimately,  on  the  proposal 
of  Mr.  Franks,  seconded  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Robinson,  it  was  agreed — 

t(  That  the  consideration  of  this  matter  be  postponed  until  the 
Council  has  had  an  opportunity  of  considering  Major  Davis's 
letter  to  the  Director  now  read." 


344  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Thursday,  March  17th,  1887. 
A.  W.  FRANKS,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.R,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society: — Proceedings.    New 
Series.    Nos.  i.-xii.  and  xviii.-xxix.    8vo.    Oxford,  1861-83. 

From  J.  W.   Carillon,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— English  Dialect  Society.     Thirteenth 
Report.    For  1885  and  1886.    8vo.     1887. 

George  Harry  Wallis,  Esq.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 

Notice  was  given  that  the  Anniversary  Meeting  for  the  elec- 
tion of  the  President,  Council,  and  Officers  of  the  Society,  would 
be  held  on  Saturday,  April  23rd, — being  St.  George's  Day — at 
the  hour  of  2  p.m. 

The  following  Kesolution,  passed  by  the  Council  at  their  meet- 
ing on  Wednesday,  March  16th,  was  communicated  to  the 
Society : — 

"  The  President  and  Council  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
have,  in  compliance  with  the  Resolution  of  the  meeting  of  the 
Society  on  Thursday,  March  10th,  considered  a  letter  dated 
March  8th,  addressed  by  Major  C.  E.  Davis  to  the  Director, 
and  other  documents  received  since  their  last  meeting. 

After  making  every  allowance  for  the  difficult  position  in 
which  Major  Davis  is  placed,  they  still  feel  that  he  has  failed  to 
extend  to  the  Roman  antiquities  at  Bath  that  protecting  care 
which  is  looked  for  in  a  Local  Secretary  of  the  Society,  and  to 
ensure  which  is  the  primary  object  of  the  office  ;  but,  after  the 
discussion  which  has  taken  place,  they  will  not  renew  their 
recommendation,  hoping  that  Major  Davis  will  henceforth  bear 
more  closely  in  mind  the  responsibility  which  the  post  of  Local 
Secretary  entails  on  those  who  fill  it. 

The  President  and  Council  think  it  right  to  add,  that  nothing 
that  has  come  before  them  has  lessened  their  trust  in  the  accu- 
racy of  the  reports  made  at  their  request  by  Professor  Middleton 
and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope." 

C.  D.  E.  FORTNUM,  Esq.,  V.P.,  exhibited  a  medieval  chalice 
and  paten  of  Italian  workmanship. 

The  chalice  is  7^  inches  high  and  of  copper  gilt,  with  the 
exception  of  the  bowl,  which  is  silver-gilt.  The  bowl  is  deep 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  345 

and  conical,  and  rises  from  a  calix  forming  the  top  of  the  stem. 
Four  of  the  six  petals  of  the  calix  are  engraved  with  leafwork ; 
the  fifth  has  a  cherub's  head,  and  the  sixth  a  demi-figure  of  a 
man  holding  in  his  right  hand  a  scourge,  in  his  left  a  palm- 
branch.  The  stem  is  hexagonal,  adorned  above  and  below  the 
knot  with  eagles  on  a  dark-blue  enamel  ground,  under  trefoil 
canopies  with  the  spandrels  enamelled  red.  The  knot  is  globular 
in  form,  with  six  circular  medallions  round  it,  with  leafwork  above 
and  below.  The  medallions  are  of  silver,  engraved  with  half- 
figures  of  a  bishop  holding  a  crosier  and  book,  a  saint  with  a 
cross  and  book,  and  a  bishop  giving  the  benediction,  all  once 
with  enamelled  grounds.  The  figures  alternate  with  the  letters : 

"ITi  RI  LA 

in  Lombardic  characters,  on  a  field  of  blue  enamel.  The  foot 
is  sexfoil,  w.ith  points  between  the  lobes,  engraved  with  cusping, 
.etc.  On  one  compartment  is  fixed  a  late-looking  shield  of  silver, 
per  fess  argent  and  azure. 

The  paten  is  a  very  flat  one  of  copper  gilt,  7-V  inches  in 
diameter.  The  centre  has  two  slight  depressions,  one  circular 
the  other  sexfoil.  The  central  device  is  a  circular  medallion, 
1J  inch  in  diameter,  with  a  figure  of  Our  Lord  rising  from  the 
tomb,  between  the  spear  and  the  sponge  and  reed,  the  whole 
being  covered  with  translucent  enamel.  The  lowest  field  of  the 
paten  and  the  spandrels  of  the  sexfoil  have  a  dotted  ornament. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  these  vessels.  They  were 
purchased  in  Florence  many  years  ago. 

Mr.  Franks  suggested  that  the  letters  on  the  knot  of  the 
chalice  had  been  misplaced,  and  should  really  read 

s"i  LA  RI 

for  St.  Hilary.  The  date  of  the  vessels  he  thought  was  circa 
1430. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  the  matrix  of  a  medieval  seal  of 
latten. 

It  is  of  the  usual  form  and  -f-f  inch  in  diameter.  The  device 
is  a  shield,  barry  of  six,  guttee  and  ermine,  in  chief  a  mullet  for 
difference,  with  the  marginal  legend  : 

*  Stgtttu  matfjn  fcofore 

The  stops  are  sprigs. 

Nothing  can  be  learnt  of  the  Matthew  Bower  who  owned  this 
seal,  nor  are  the  arms  given  by  Papworth  or  any  other  autho- 


346  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

rity.     The  only  similar  shield  is  the  much  earlier  one  assigned 
to  Thomas  Bradwardine,  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  1349,  viz., 
barry  of  six,  ermine  and  sable,  guttee  d'eau. 
The  date  of  this  seal  appears  to  be  circa  1460. 

WALTER  MONEY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Berkshire, 
communicated  the  following  Report : — 

"  I  regret  that  1  have  not  been  able  of  late  to  give  much  atten- 
tion to  my  duties  as  Local  Secretary  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
At  the  same  time  there  have  been  no  recent  discoveries  of  suffi- 
cient moment  to  form  the  subject  of  a  communication,  but  I 
may  mention  that  a  few  weeks  since  I  explored  a  group  of  burials 
at  Brightwalton,  about  nine  miles  north  of  Newbury,  consisting 
of  ten  or  a  dozen  skeletons,  lying  confusedly  together,  and  all 
evidently  deposited  at  the  same  time.  They  were  buried  at  the 
foot  of  a  sloping  bank,  above  which  the  higher  ground  rises  to 
the  height  of  some  4  or  5  feet,  at  a  depth  of  about  1  foot  6  inches 
below  the  natural  surface  of  the  lower  level.  One  of  the  skeletons 
was  that  of  a  large  and  strongly-built  man,  fully  6  feet  1  inch  in 
height,  computing  the  stature  by  multiplying  the  united  length  of 
the  femur  and  tibia  by  two,  and  adding  1  inch  to  represent  the 
plantar  integument  and  the  scalp.  The  head  had  been  sharply 
severed  from  the  neck,  and  no  trace  could  be  found  of  the 
decapitated  skull.  A  second  skeleton  was  also  headless.  All 
undoubted  evidences  of  identification  were  wanting,  and  the  soil 
was  absolutely  deficient  in  those  minor  relics  which  usually  afford 
a  clue  in  such  investigations ;  but,  after  a  careful  examination  of 
the  matter,  I  am  satisfied  that  these  bodies  are  those  of  assailants 
and  assailed,  who  fell  in  one  of  the  many  local  skirmishes  during 
the  Civil  War  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Raids,  either  defen- 
sive or  in  the  way  of  reprisal,  were  very  frequent  in  this 
neighbourhood,  and  the  subjoined  letter  from  Lord  Crawford  to 
Prince  Rupert  may  probably  refer  to  one  of  these  expeditions 
against  a  party  of  Roundhead  horse,  quartered  at  Brightwalton, 
which  is  the  most  direct  route  between  Newbury  and  Faring- 
don,  and  exactly  corresponds  with  the  distance  mentioned  in  the 
letter : — 

'  May  it  please  your  Highness, 

I  have  certain  intelligence  of  a  party  of  the  enemy  that  are 
within  some  fifteen  miles  of  my  quarters  towards  Newbury,  and 
they  plunder  all,  and  take  away  horse  and  men ;  they  are,  as  I 
hear,  not  above  one  hundred  and  fifty.  If  your  Highness  please 
to  give  me  leave,  I  will  give  you  an  account  of  them.  If  some 
dragoons  might  be  spared  to  go  with  my  horse,  I  should  be 
glad,  but  if  it  may  not  be  with  convenience  I  shall  go  with  those 


Proc.  2d  S.  Vol.  XI. 


To  face  page  347. 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  347 

horse  I  have.     I  crave  pardon  of  your  highness  for  this  boldness. 
I  am  your  highness's  most  humble  servant, 

CKAWFURD. 

Faringdon,  this  5th  May,  1643. 

P.S. — I  received  this  intelligence  from  one  who  was  prisoner 
with  them.' 

The  absence  of  accoutrements  or  weapons  does  not,  I  consider, 
affect  the  conclusion  arrived  at,  as  all  through  the  Civil  War 
there  was  a  great  scarcity  of  weapons,  arms,  and  accoutrements, 
which  were,  when  circumstances  permitted,  carefully  collected 
and  preserved  after  a  conflict. 

It  was  my  intention  to  make  a  report  on  the  discovery  of  a 
supposed  sepulchral  chamber  near  Lam  borne,  but  as  the  excava- 
tions have  been  inspected  by  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans  and  Mr.  James 
Parker,  and  pronounced  to  be  nothing  more  than  a  natural  for- 
mation, it  is  not  necessary  to  do  so." 

F.  G.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  drawings  of, 
and  read  the  following  notes  on,  an  oak  chest  in  the  parish 
church  of  Aldenham,  Herts. : — 

"  Some  time  ago  I  was  informed  that  there  was  a  remarkably 
fine  oak  chest  in  the  church  of  Aldenham,  Hertfordshire,  and 
that  it  would  well  repay  a  visit. 

Having  obtained  an  introduction  to  the  vicar,  the  Eeverend 
Kenneth  F.  Gibbs,  I  took  an  early  opportunity  of  going  to  visit 
him  and  inspect  the  chest. 

The  church  itself  is  dedicated  to  St.  John  Baptist.  It  is  prin- 
cipally Early  English,  having  a  lofty  square  embattled  tower  at 
the  west  end  with  a  shingled  spire  and  a  stair  turret  at  the  north- 
east angle. 

The  only  record  of  this  chest  that  I  have  been  able  to  dis- 
cover is  to  be  found  in  Cussans'  History  of  Hertfordshire.*  6  In 
front  of  the  large  double  monument  is  the  finest  parish  chest 
I  ever  saw.  It  is  9  feet  8  inches  in  length,  carved  out  of  a 
solid  piece  of  oak.  It  is  strengthened  with  thick  bands  of  iron, 
crossing  each  other  at  frequent  intervals.  The  lid  has  seven- 
teen massive  hinges,  and  is  secured  by  eight  hasps,  besides  locks 
and  an  iron  bolt.'  I  was  greatly  pleased  with  this  chest,  as  it  is 
certainly  the  finest  I  have  seen ;  and,  thinking  it  was  worth 
describing  and  illustrating,  I  was  induced  to  request  Mr.  Gibbs 
to  permit  an  artist  to  make  drawings  of  it ;  this  he  kindly  agreed 
to,  and  now  I  have  the  pleasure  of  placing  before  you  the  drawing 
(see  accompanying  illustration),  with  measurements  and  details 
as  done  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Emslie.  The  following  are  the  particulars : 

*  Vol.  iii.  p.  261. 


348  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

the  chest  is  of  solid  oak,  9  feet  10£  inches  in  length,  1  foot  10 
inches  high,  2  feet  1£  inch  broad.  There  are  two  compart- 
ments, one  7  feet  2f  inches  in  length,  the  other  2  feet  7J  inches; 
the  thickness  of  the  wood  is  3  inches.  The  lid,  which  is  very 
heavy  and  massive,  is  fastened  to  the  chest  with  seventeen  large 
hinges  of  wrought- iron.  It  is  encased  with  bands  of  iron  5  inches 
in  width,  crossing  each  other,  and  fastened  to  the  woodwork 
with  large  flat-headed  nails  or  studs.  There  are  three  locks  in 
front,  and  eight  massive  hasps,  varying  in  size  from  1  foot  by 
4-J  inches  in  width  to  10^  inches  by  4J  inches.  The  chest  was 
additionally  secured  by  long  iron  bolts,  one  for  securing  the 
cover  of  each  compartment,  which  passed  through  the  eyes  over 
which  the  hasps  were  drawn.  One  of  the  bolts  was  removed  by 
a  most  curious  key,  in  the  form  of  a  large  square-headed  screw 
with  a  ring  handle  attached  to  it  (see  illustration)  ;  this  was 
screwed  into  the  end  of  the  bolt  in  order  to  withdraw  it  from  its 
position.  The  key  is  3  inches  in  length,  that  is  to  say,  the 
square  flat-sided  head  is  1  inch  long,  and  the  screw  2  inches  in 
length. 
.  The  vicar  sends  me  the  following  note  about  the  chest : 

6 1  found  in  the  chest  when  I  first  opened  it,  in  the  small  com- 
partment, a  lot  of  churchwarden's  account  books,  in  one  of  which 
I  found  some  missing  entries  of  burials,  the  entries  for  eleven 
years  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century  (our  registers  date 
from  1559,  but  twenty  years'  burials  are  still  missing).  In  the 
long  compartment  I  found  much  rubbish,  and  the  remains  of  an 
old  barrel-organ  with  its  list  of  twelve  tunes,  such  as  Manchester, 
Old  Hundredth,  Winchester,  Nayland,  &c. ;  a  nice  old  tile, 
which  I  believe  I  submitted  to  you;  and  a  ' tally,"  dated  1711, 
for  a  rate  on  the  inhabitants  of  this  parish.  Last  year  I  moved 
the  chest  with  the  help  of  several  men,  and  raised  it  on  blocks 
of  wood,  so  that  the  air  might  pass  under  it.  As  it  was  rotting 
underneath,  I  had  the  bottom  painted  with  linseed  oil.'  " 

Colonel  COLOMB,  E.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following  notes  on  a 
letter  from  Thomas  Shepard,  of  Cambridge,  New  England,  to 
Hugh  Peters : 

"  Among  the  Clarendon  State  Papers  in  the  Bodleian  Library, 
Oxford,  is  the  following  letter  (No.  2060),  addressed : 

To  the  reverend  his  deare  brother  Mr  Peters,  minister  of 
Christ  every  where,  be  these  dd. 

MY  GOOD  BROTHER  PETERS, 

I  hartily  thank  you  for  yor  letter ;  we  do  greatly  rejoyce 
to  heare  how  greatly  instrumentall  god  makes  you ;  and  that  he 
keepes  you  spotles  &  blameles  in  your  course,  notwithstanding 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  349 

the  reproaches  of  some.  I  have  ever  thought  that  it  was  a 
divine  hand  that  sent  you  from  us  for  a  time,  &  therefore  till 
yor  woorke  be  done  in  England  I  would  not  have  you  to  returne 
to  New ;  tho  I  am  one  of  those  many  who  earnestly  long  to  see 
you  once  agayne :  be  very  watchfull  for  I  fear  nothinge  but 
some  sudden  stab,  or  some  Jesuit  neare  you  in  some  honest 
mans  forme.  Yor  child  is  very  well  with  us  what  ever  reports 
may  come  to  you  to  the  contrary  &  her  education  is  not  neg- 
lected, you  seeme  to  thinke  a  letter  I  writ  (but  never  thought 
it  would  have  been  made  publicke)  to  be  too  sharpe,  &  that 
honest  men  who  are  for  Christ  should  be  suffred  tho  they  run 
out  into  opinions :  I  desire  to  shew  the  utmost  forbearance  to 
godly  men  if  for  a  time  deluded ;  but  otherwise  I  see  no  more 
reason  to  beare  with  good  men  in  theire  opinions  then  in  theire 
morall  transgressions,  for  they  commonly  are  coupled  together : 
you  have  had  experience  of  the  gangrene  in  New  England  & 
how  soone  it  spread  in  a  little  time,  and  how  God  hath  borne 
witnesse  agaynst  that  generalie.  I  feare  greater  sorrowes 
attend  England  if  they  do  not  seasonably  suppresse  and  beare 
publike  witnesse  agaynst  such  delusions  which  fill  the  land  like 
Locusts  without  any  King,  &  will  certainly  (if  sufficed)  eat  up 
the  green  grasse  of  the  land :  I  know  there  may  be  some  con- 
nivance for  a  time  while  'tis  tumultuous  &  while  the  wars  call 
all  spirits  thither,  but  Toleration  of  all  upon  pretence  of  conscience 
I  thanke  God  my  soul  abhors  it :  *  the  godly  in  former  times 
never  sought  for  the  Liberty  of  theire  consciences  by  pleading 
for  Liberty  for  all,  but  they  bare  witnesse  to  the  Truth  with 
glorious  Trappijo-ia  &  boldnes  &  if  they  would  not  receive  theire 
testimony  they  desired  to  kisse  the  flames  &  fill  the  prisons,  & 
suffer  to  the  utmost,  as  knowing  that  suffrings  for  the  Truth 
were  more  advantagious  to  the  promoting  of  it  then  their  own 
peace  &  safety  with  Liberty  for  all  errour ;  I  know  the  case 
may  be  such  as  a  state  may  tolerate  all,  because  of  Necessity 
they  must,  the  numbers  are  so  many  &  the  hazard  more ;  but 
its  one  thing  to  be  under  such  a  misery,  another  thing  what  is 
mens  duty  out  of  such  a  desperate  case :  let  me  be  bold  (my 
deare  brother)  to  pswade  you  to  be  watchfull  over  yor  selfe,  least 
yor  hart  herein  out  of  love  to  some  men  growes  cold  to  God's 
truth :  there  is  but  one  truth  (you  know),  &  is  it  not  yor  dayly 
prayer  to  God  to  blot  out  all  errours  beside  from  off  this  earthe 
&  from  under  these  heavens,  &  can  yor  spirit  then  close  with 
such  or  beare  with  such  evills  in  yor  ministry  or  judgement,  wc 
yor  hart  in  secret  prayer  is  dayly  agaynst ;  is  it  not  high  time 
for  all  god's  ministers  to  awaken  and  purge  god's  floure  of  such 
chaff  wc  lies  uppermost  &  is  growen  so  active  &  witty  to  deceive 

*  The  italics  are  mine. 


350  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

in  these  evill  times :  I  know  the  honesty  of  the  hart  of  brother 
Peters  cannot  beare  with  it  but  he  will  take  to  him  the  zeale  of 
his  God,  &  do  woorthily  herein :  excuse  me  if  I  transgresse  my 
errour  is  of  love,  I  write  nothinge  to  greeve  you,  my  desire  is 
the  God  of  all  grace  may  fill  you  with  a  spirit  of  might  light  and 

flory  &  still  preserve  &  every  way  enlardge  you  for  the  good  of 
ion. 

You  should  do  very  well  to  helpe  or  Colledge  with  a.  more 
compleat  Library,  we  have  very  good  witts  among  us  &  they 
grow  up  mightily,  but  we  want  bookes  ;  be  intreated  earnestly 
to  helpe  us  herein  speedily,  God  will  certainly  recompence  that 
part  of  yor  care  into  yor  bosom  :  we  want  Schoolmen  especially, 
helpe  therein,  devise  some  way  to  furnish  us  :  we  were  thinking 
to  desire  the  A:Bishop's  Library,  &  that  the  Parlament  would 
recompence  yor  labours  for  publike  good  with  somewhat  more 
usefull  for  your  selfe ;  if  you  could  bring  about  some  such 
thing,  or  any  other  way  help  us,  you  could  not  but  be  remem- 
bered of  us  ;  forget  us  not  we  intreat  you ;  &  doe  something  in 
speciall  for  the  2  children  of  Dr  Ames  *  who  are  now  fatherles 
&  motherles,  William  (who  is  now  Sr  Ames)  a  fruit  of  yor 
ministry,  is  one  of  the  hopefullest  yong  men  that  I  know,  & 
of  a  very  gracious  spirit.  I  beseech  you  send  over  some  cloth 
or  some  such  thing  to  them  for  their  fathers  sake,  you  know 
the  wants  of  the  cuntry  otherwise ;  but  I  hold  you  too  long 
from  yor  worke  by  these  lines :  let  me  be  had  oft  in  yor  remem- 
brance &  prayers.  We  shall  never  forget  you:  in  hast  wh 
many  harty  remembrances  to  you  I  rest 

Yor  unwoorthy  brother, 

THO.  SHEPARD. 

Cambridge,  Deo.  27, 1645. 

Indorsed:  — 
To  Hugh  Peters, 

Dec.  27,  1645. 

It  is  of  course  very  well  known  who  Hugh  Peters  was.  But 
in  order  to  throw  light  upon  Mr.  Shepard's  quaint  and  singular 
letter  it  will  be  necessary  to  review  the  career  of  Cromwell's 
chaplain,  and  note  his  curious  connection  with  the  early  history 
of  Massachusetts. 

Hugh  Peters  was  born  at  Fowey,  in  Cornwall,!  in  1599. 
His  father  was  a  merchant.  His  mother  was  a  TrefFry,  a  family 
still  represented  in  the  county.  Hugh  Peters  went  to  Cam- 
bridge, where  he  seems  to  have  obtained  the  degree  of  B.A.  in 
1617,  and  that  of  M.A.  in  1622.  Several  accounts  say  he  was 

*  Dr.  Ames  was  a  friend  and  fellow-labourer  of  Peters  at  Rotterdam, 
f  Spelt  "  Foy  "  in  the  seventeenth  century. 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  351 

dismissed  from  Cambridge  for  misconduct.  Peters  had  a  brother 
named  Thomas,  who  was  evidently  a  Calvinist  preacher,  and  was 
driven  out  of  Cornwall  by  the  Royalists  in  1643,  but  afterwards 
returned  there.  The  American  writers  generally  dispute  the 
statement  that  Peters  went  on  to  the  stage  after  leaving  Cam- 
bridge, but  the  decided  assertion  of  a  biographer  who  appeared 
against  him  at  his  trial  as  a  witness,  also  supported  by  constant 
allusion  in  Civil  War  tracts,  seems  conclusive.  It  is  also  stated 
that  he  was  afterwards  promoted  to  be  *  a  jester,  or  rather  a 
fool,'  in  Shakespeare's  company  of  players.  But  he  is  said  to 
have  been  affected  by  a  sermon  he  heard  at  St.  Faith's  from 
Dr.  Dee ;  after  which,  on  his  renouncing  the  stage,  some  gentle- 
man procured  him  the  place  of  a  schoolmaster  in  Essex,  at  24Z. 
per  annum.  Yonge,  who  is  the  sole  authority  for  these  two 
statements,  next  relates  how  he  secured  possession  of  a  widow, 
<  one  Mistress  Bead,*  with  200/.  or  300Z.  a  year.' 

After  apparently  practising  for  some  time  as  a  voluntary 
preacher,  Peters  was  shortly  afterwards  ordained  deacon  and 
priest  by  Mountain,  bishop  of  London,  taking,  o£  course,  the 
oaths  of  allegiance,  supremacy,  and  canonical  obedience.  He 
became  a  lecturer  at  St.  Sepulchre's,  and  preached  against 
episcopal  government,  and  was  very  popular  with  the  female 
part  of  his  congregation.  Being  accused  of  improper  conduct, 
Peters  went  to  Rotterdam,  where,  according  to  Yonge,  he 
repeated  his  misconduct  at  the  house  of  a  man  called  Franklyn, 
whose  hospitality  he  abused. 

Yonge  describes  Peters  as  c  falling  distracted,  and  continuing 
so  for  three  years,'  after  which  friends  provided  him  with  500?., 
and  he  went  to  New  England.  It  will  be  seen  later  on  that  the 
New  Englanders  admit  that  the  climate  of  Holland  did  not  agree 
with  Peters.f  While  in  Holland  Peters  seems  to  have  been  in 
active  communication  with  the  great  Puritan  leaders,  the  Lords 
Say  and  Brooke  and  Sir  Arthur  Hazelrigg,  also  with  the  Win- 
throps,  and  he  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Massachusetts 
Company.  It  is  noteworthy  that  Peters  (and  Davenport)  in  Hol- 
land hired  one  Lyon  Gardiner,  a  soldier  engineer  under  the  Prince 

*  Mrs.  Eead  was  the  widow  of  Edmund  Bead  of  Wickford,  Essex,  and  mother 
of  Colonel  Thomas  Read,  afterwards  governor  of  Stirling,  and  a  partisan  of 
Monk  at  the  Restoration. 

^  f  There  are  frequent  remarks  in  the  writings  of  Americans  against  the  criti- 
cisms of  the  English  Dryasdusts,  who  in  viewing  the  career  of  Peters  are 
prone  to  echo  more  or  less  such  strictures  as  the  following,  which  I  extract 
from  Kennett's  Register,  p.  284  : — '  Peters  was  known  to  be  infamous  for  more 
than  one  kind  of  wickedness,  a  fact  which  Milton  himself  ....  did  not  dare 
to  deny  when  he  wrote  his  apology  to  this  very  end,  to  defend,  even  by  name, 
as  far  as  was  possible,  the  very  blackest  of  the  conspirators.' 
VOL.  XI,  2  A 


352  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  "    [1887, 

of  Orange,  at  100/.  per  annum,  as  Professor  of  Fortification  for 
the  New  England  settlement,  on  behalf  of  the  Company.  This 
circumstance  shows  the  influence  of  Peters. 

Peters'  arrival  in  New  England,  and  who  were  his  companions, 
is  noted  in  the  early  records  of  the  colony.  '  This  year,'  says 
one  account,  'came  over  that  famous  servant  of  Christ,  Mr. 

Hugh  Peters He  was  called  to  office  by  the  church  of 

Christ  at  Salem,  their  former  pastor,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Higginson, 
having  ended  his  labours  resting  in  the  Lord.' 

In  a  Journal  of  the  Colony  we  note : — 

'  1635,  Sir  Harry  Vane,  jun.,  arrived  in  New  England  .  .  . 
and  Hugh  Peters  chosen  pastor  of  Salem.' 

In  a  book  called  Life  and  Letters  of  J.  Winthrop,  by  a 
descendant,  the  author  says  Peters  '  arrived  in  the  Abigail  with 
oung  J.  Winthrop '  (afterwards  Governor  of  Connecticut)  '  and 
"  .omas  Shepard — soon  to  be  known,  and  ever  afterwards  to  be 
remembered,  as  the  eminent  minister  of  Cambridge.' 

Mr.  Winthrop  further  says  : — 

'  Mr.  Peter,*  pastor  of  the  English  Church  at  Rotterdam, 

being  persecuted  by  the  English  Ambassador and  not 

having  had  his  health  there  many  years^  consulted  with  the 
ministers  about  his  removal.' 

Another  account  says  :  *  Peters  was  one  of  the  earliest 
members  of  the  Massachusetts  Company,  and  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  instructions  to  Endicott '  (the  first  Governor)  '  in 
1628.' 

'  The  other  new  comer  in  the  Abigail,'  says  Winthrop,  con- 
tinuing and  quoting  early  accounts,  6  was  one  Mr.  Harry  Vane, 
son  and  heir  to  Sir  Harry  Vane,  Comptroller  of  the  King's 
Household  '  (Charles  I.)  '  Being  called  to  the  obedience  of  the 
Gospel,'  says  the  earliest  chronicler  Winthrop,  '  he  forsook  the 
honours  and  preferments  of  the  Court  {  to  enjoy  the  ordinances 
of  Christ  in  their  purity  here.' 

Upon  Sir  Harry  Vane,  senior — who,  as  Winthrop  takes  care 
to  specify,  was  far  from  being  <  godly  ' — explaining  to  Charles  I. 
the  whole  state  of  the  case,  the  king  c  commanded  him  to  send 
him  hither,  and  gave  him  license  for  three  years  to  stay.'§ 

Thomas  Shepard   (the   writer  of  the  letter  attached  to  this 

*  Peters  generally  omitted  the  final '  s '  in  signing  his  name. 

f  See  ante.  In  one  of  Mr.  Winthrop 's  notes— alluding,  no  doubt,  amongst 
other  things  to  the  Franklyn  legend— he  designates  Yonge's  book  as  '  scandalous.' 

$  It  is  plain  from  documents  in  the  Colonial  State  Papers  that  Sir  Harry 
Vane,  senior,  highly  disapproved  of  his  son's  proceedings. 

§  Mr.  Percy  Grey  in  his  very  recent  History  of  the  United  States  comments 
upon  the  extraordinary  provisions  of  the  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
Colony. 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  353 

paper)  came  over  in  the  Defence ;  he  succeeded  Thomas  Hooke 
as  minister  of  Cambridge,  New  England.  '  Shepard  was  born 
at  Towcester  (in  England)  on  the  day  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot,' 
and  was  educated  at  Cambridge. 

In  Masstts.  Hist.  Coll.  we  find,  in  a  list  of  ministers  in  New 
England,  c  at  Cambridge,  Master  Shepard,  pastor ;  Master 
Dunster,*  schoolmaster,  with  about  twenty  scholars  under  him' 
— evidently  the  nucleus  of  Harvard  University. 

The  following  extract  must  not  be  omitted  :  i  25th  May,  1636. 
The  Governor  Vane,  Deputy- Governor  J.  Winthrop,  Thos. 
Dudley,  John  Haynes  ....  Mr.  Peters  and  Mr.  Shepard  are 
instructed  to  make  a  draught  of  laws  agreeable  to  the  Word  of 
God,  which  may  be  the  fundamentals  of  the  Common  wealth. 'f 

Thomas  Shepard  had  been  ordained  deacon  and  priest  in 
England.  He  himself  describes  at  some  length  his  inhibition  by 
Laud,  bishop  of  London,  and  the  manifest  anger  of  that  prelate, 
who,  no  doubt,  gauged  the  intolerant  spirit  \  of  the  Calvinist  and 
conceived  a  prejudice  against  him.  The  inhibition  took  place  on 
16th  Dec.  1630. 

'  You  prating  coxcomb,'  says  Laud  to  Shepard,  '  do  you  think 
all  the  learning  is  in  your  brain  ?....!  charge  you  that  you 
neither  preach,  read,  marry,  bury,  nor  exercise  any  ministration 
or  function  in  any  part  of  my  diocese. '§ 

When  we  come  to  accounts  of  Peters  as  a  merchant  and  trader 
in  the  new  colony,  nothing  can  exceed  the  commendations  of  his 
chroniclers — they  quite  equal  their  approvals  of  his  conduct  as  a 
teacher  of  religion,  and  as  a  framer  and  administrator  of  laws. 
'  The  father  of  our  commerce  and  the  founder  of  our  trade  '  is 
only  one  of  the  many  terse  expressions  of  favour  lavished  upon 
the  memory  of  one  whom  Hume  designated,  in  allusion  to  his 
later  career,  as  f  Cromwell's  mad  chaplain.'  '  While  preaching  at 
Boston  and  Salem  he  moved  the  country  to  raise  a  stock  for 
fishing  as  the  only  probable  means  to  free  us  from  that  oppres- 
sion which  the  seamen  and  others  held  us  under.' [|  .  .  .  '  Being 
frequently  absent '  (from  Salem)  6  Mr.  John  Fiske  assisted  him 
in  his  pulpit.'IT 

The  following  letter  of  Hugh  Peters  combines  business  and 
religion  somewhat  smartly  : — 

<  SIB,— Mr.  Endicott  and  myself  salute  you  in  the  Lord  Jesus, 

*  Shepard  died  in  1649.  Dunster  was  afterwards  (1650)  the  first  president 
of  Harvard  University. 

f  Masstts.  Hist.  Coll.  3rd  series,  vol.  viii.  p.  204. 

j  See  the  passage  in  Shepard's  letter  to  Peters,  which  I  have  italicised. 

§  Masstts.  Hist.  Coll.  2nd  series,  vol.  viii.  p.  46. 

||  Ibid.  1st  series,  vol.  vi.  p.  250,  et  seq. 

1"  Possibly  some  ancestral  connection  of  the  more  famous  Jim  Fisk  of  modern 
daysf 

2  A2 


354  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

&c.  We  have  heard  of  a  divisioning  of  women  and  children  in 
the  bay,*  and  would  be  glad  of  a  share,  viz.,  a  young  woman 
or  girl,  and  a  boy  if  you  think  good.  I  wrote  to  you  for  some 
boys  to  Bermuda,  .  .  . 

HUGH  PETERS.' 

Peters  hero  is  of  course  writing  about  slaves.  Thus  early 
may  have  been  originated  that  rooted  objection  of  American 
girls  to  enter  domestic  service.  Peters,  who  found  out  the  good 
use  to  which  young  natives  might  be  put,  himself  had  a  share  in 
precipitating  a  war  with  the  Pequot  Indians.  '  Arriving  with 
three  other  ministers,  or  councillors,  at  Fort  Saybrook ' — (a 
name  recalling  those  aristocratic  members  of  the  Massachusetts 
Company,  the  Lords  Say  and  Brooke) — '  it  was  in  vain  that 
Lyon  Gardiner '  (professor  of  fortification,  &c.)  '  remonstrated 
against  the  ardour  of  these  gentlemen.' 

Peters  was  not  friendly,  in  later  times,  to  Indian  (  missions.' 
In  the  Hutchinson  Papers  it  is  recorded  that  '  he  opposed  the 
preaching  to  the  Indians,  though  one  of  the  committee  of  the  army 
for  the  advance  of  it?  f 

Both  Peters  and  Vane  were,  at  one  time,  in  favour  of  severe 
laws.  Finding  '  distractions  '  about  the  late  Governor  Dudley 
and  the  present  Governor  Winthorp,  they  seem  to  have  sided 
strongly  with  Dudley — a  tyrannical  Archon,  afterwards  the 
deadly  foe  of  Quakers.  The  elder  Winthrop  was  considered 
too  mild — though,  indeed,  he  by  no  means  favoured  the  liberty 
of  the  subject.  He,  however,  ate  humble  pie,  and  promised 
amendment  l  by  God's  grace,'  the  result  being  that  Eoger 
Williams  was  driven  from  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  for  non- 
conformity, to  live  how  he  could  in  the  wild  forests  of  New 
England — receiving,  it  is  true,  the  wretched  hospitality  of  the 
savages.  He  afterwards,  however,  became  the  founder  of 
Rhode  Island  colony. 

It  was  about  this  time,  1637,  that  *a  Church  Covenant' — 
perhaps  the  precursor  of  the  famous  Solemn  League  and 
Covenant — was  invented.  J 

*  He  means  captive  Pequot  Indians. 

f  The  following  from  Colonial  State  Papers  (8afavtibwry\  America  and 
West  Indies,  1661-8,  p.  26,  is  remarkable: — 'Through  the  motion  of  Parson 
Hugh  Peters,  England  contributed  900Z.  per  annum  to  Christianise  the  Indians 
in  New  England ;  which  money  found  its  way  into  private  men's  purses,  and  was 
a  cheat  of  Hugh  Peters/ — Letter  of  {?  Jno.  GiffarcT)  to  Secretary  Nicholas. 
Endorsed  by  Secretary  Nicholas  :  'Concerning  Massatts.  Bay  in  N.E.  and 
Hugh  Peters  cheats, ,' 

J  A  subject  worthy  of  investigation.  There  seems  to  have  been  much  corre- 
spondence with  the  old  country  on  the  subject  of  Doctrine  and  Discipline.  Vide, 
for  instance,  the  long  pamphlet  printed  in  London,  1643,  called  Church  Govern- 
ment and  Church  Covenant. 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  355 

Vane,  probably  in  consequence  of  his  being  the  eldest  son  of 
the  comptroller  of  the  king's  household,  was  elected  governor, 
and  Winthrop  and  Dudley  were  made  councillors  for  life.  This 
last  arrangement  was  supported  by  five  texts  from  Holy  Writ. 
Presently,  following,  came  the  ferocious  persecution  of  Anne 
Hutchinson  and  others — Peters  being,  apparently,  more  mode- 
rate than  the  other  rulers.  But  Peters  afterwards  changed  his 
tone,  and  opposed  Vane,  who  once  more  began  to  talk  of  that 
liberty  of  conscience,  of  which  he  became  in  England,  later  on, 
the  strong  champion ;  though,  while  sitting  in  the  governmental 
chair  at  Boston,  he  did  but  little  to  secure  it. 

In  1637  Peters  severely  blamed  Vane  to  his  face  for  his 
laxity  of  principle,  saying  that  '  it  sadded  the  ministers'  spirits 
that  he  should  seem  to  restrain  their  liberties,  and  that  he 
should  consider  his  youth  and  short  experience  in  the  things  of 
God.' 

It  may  not  be  amiss  to  close  these  remarks  upon  Hugh 
Peters'  career  in  New  England  by  a  quotation  from  the  work* 
of  the  most  recent  English  historian  relating  to  the  singular 
kind  of  government  set  up  by  the  founders  of  these  northern 
colonies :  *  The  disenfranchisement  of  Churchmen,  the  prohi- 
bition of  Anglican  worship,  would  have  sufficed  to  forfeit  the 
charter  of  Massachusetts  ;  as  they  suffice  to  show  the  utter 
absurdity  of  the  still  received  idea  that  the  expatriated  Puritans 
left  unstained  what  there  they  found — freedom  to  worship  God. 
Exclusion,  persecution,  inquisitorial  and  civil  despotism,  were 
the  very  essence  of  their  system,  the  first  principles  of  their 
theory  and  practice/ 

Hugh  Peters,  afterwards,  to  make  such  a  figure  in  the  Great 
Kebellion,  left  for  the  old  country,  according  to  one  account,  on 
a  most  appropriate  day — the  3rd  of  September  f — a  day  after- 
wards noted  as  Cromwell's  day,  sacred  as  it  was  to  the  memory 
of  Drogheda's  siege,  Dunbar  and  Worcester  6  fights,'  as  well  as 
of  the  dramatic  exit  of  the  successful  usurper  in  a  furious 
storm. 

Before  Peters  left  he  had  married  his  second  wife — another 
widow,  hight  Mrs.  Deliverance  Sheffield.  His  second  mar- 
riage was  in  1639 ;  his  first  wife,  formerly  widow  Read,  having 
died.J 

The  object  of  Peters  in  returning  to  England  was  twofold — 

*  Hist,  of  the  United  States,  vol.  i.    By  Percy  Grey.    1887. 

J  At  what  date  I  cannot  find  out.  She  appears  to  have  been  living  in  1637. 
I  find  no  certain  information  of  her  having  gone  to  New  England  at  all.  A 
charitable  pamphlet  at  the  Restoration  says  Hugh  Peters  sold  her  as  a  slave  to 
the  West  Indies — a  highly  improbable  tale.  Peters  brought  a  maid-servant  with 
him  to  New  England. 


356  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

one  aim  being  commercial,  the  other  political.     He  was  to  look 
after  the  interests  of  the  colony  at  home.     His  political  object 
is  best  illustrated  by  extracts  from  American  records. 
Governor  Winthrop,  on  January  2,  1641-2,  writes: — 
'  The  Parliament  of  England,  sitting  upon  a  General  Refor- 
mation of  Church  and  State,  and  the  Earl  of  Strafford,   and 
the   archbishop    (Laud)    our  great   enemy,    and   many   others 
imprisoned  and  called  to  account ;  this  caused  men  to  stay  in 

England  in  expectation  of  a  New  World The  General 

Court  (i.e.  in  Massachusetts)  thought  fit  to -send  some  chosen 
men  to  England  to  congratulate  the  happy  success  there,  and 
to  make  use  of  any  opportunity  God  should  offer  for  the  good 
of  the  country  here ;  as  also  to  give  any  advice,  as  it  should 
be  required,  for  the  settling  of  the  right  form  of  Church  dis- 
cipline there The  men  chosen  were  Hugh  Peters, 

pastor  of  the  church  in  Salem ;  Mr.  Thomas  Weld,  pastor  of 
the  church  in  Roxburg ;  and  Mr.  William  Hibbins,  of  Boston. 
They  departed  hence  3rd  of  the  6th  month,  1641.*  With  them 
went  John  Winthrop,  junior.'  f 

Vane  the  younger,  afterwards  the  troubler  of  Cromwell,  who 
apostrophised  him  in  those  famous  words,  '  The  Lord  deliver  me 
from  Sir  Harry  Vane ! '  left  at  the  same  time  as  Peters  with 
the  young  Lord  Ley,  son  of  the  Earl  of  Marlborough.  Just 
before  they  went  they  both  refused  to  dine  with  Governor  Win- 
throp '  for  conscience  sake.'  Ley  appears  to  have  been  dis- 
gusted with  all  he  saw  in  New  England,  and  commented  upon 
the  treason  against  the  king  that  he  had  heard  there. 

Peters  left  his  wife  <  Deliverance '  behind ;  also  a  young 
daughter. 

It  is  as  well  to  fortify  the  record  left  by  Winthrop  about 
Peters'  political  objects  in  crossing  the  Atlantic. 

i  Peters  went  to  England, 'J  says  another  account,  *  upon  the 
supposals  that  great  revolutions  were  now  at  hand.' 

Again,  in  Sion's  Saviours  in  New  England  it  is  stated  that 
6  the  Rev.  Hugh  Peters  and  his  fellow  helper  in  Christ,  Mr. 
Wells  '  (Weld)  '  steered  their  course  for  England  so  soon  as  they 
heard  of  the  chaining  up  of  those  biting  beasts  who  went  under 
the  name  of  Spiritual  Lords.'  § 

After  he  left,  Peters  continued  to  trade  with  Salem ;  and  in 
1642  he  had  a  joint  stock  of  5001. ^  on  which  he  made  eighty  per 
cent,  profit.  He  also  settled  the  affairs  of  the  Plymouth  colony 
as  well  as  those  of  Massachusetts. 

*  See  ante,  p.  355. 

t  Life  and  Letters  of  Winthrop,  p.  297.    J.  Winthrop,  junior,  afterwards 
married  the  step-daughter  of  Peters,  nee  Read. 
J  Masstts.  Hist.  Coll.  2nd  series,  vol.  vi.  p.  371. 
§  Id.  vol.  viii.  p.  27. 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  357 

It  would  exceed  the  limits  of  this  paper  to  quote  the  various 
opinions  of  recognised  historians  on  the  acts  and  conduct  of 
Peters  in  the  Great  Rebellion.  Burnet  (an  unfavourable  critic 
of  Charles  I.),  110  less  than  Clarendon,  condemns  him  utterly. 
I  have  quoted  Yonge  because  he  is  a  scarce  author,  and  because 
he  stated  at  the  trial  of  Peters,  as  well  as  in  his  Life,  that  he  was 
in  close  acquaintanceship  with  him  for  ten  weeks ;  also  because 
I  find  many  statements  of  Yonge  corroborated  by  other  autho- 
rities. 

We  find  various  mentions  of  Hugh  Peters  in  New  England 
documents  during  the  Usurpation.  Roger  Williams,  the  formerly 
persecuted  Baptist,  saw  him  at  Whitehall  in  1654,  and  states 
that  i  Peters  preacheth  *  the  same  doctrine,  but  not  so  zealous 
as  some  years  since ;  and  cries  out  against  New  England . 
rigidities  and  persecutions  ....  their  injustice  to  himself,  and 
their  un-  Christian  dealings  with  him  in  excommunicating  his 
wife.  All  this  he  told  me  in  his  lodgings  in  Whitehall,  which  I 
was  told  was  Canterburies ;  but  he  himself  told  me  that  that 
library  where  we  came  together  was  Canterburies,  and  given 
him  by  Parliament.' 

This  library,  by  the  way,  which  was  given  to  Peters  by 
Parliament  after  archbishop  Laud's  murder,  was  retained  by 
Peters  till  the  Restoration.! 

The  excommunication  of  Peters'  wife,  Deliverance  Peters,  is 
curious  ;  for  she  had  gone  mad,  as  we  learn  from  several  New 
England  accounts,  and  Peters  repented  of  having  married  her. 

A  letter  of  Peters  shows  that  his  property  in  New  England  was 
sold  off  at  a  loss,  apparently  without  authority.  His  '  distracted ' 
wife  joined  him  in  England  against  his  wishes. 

At  the  fall  of  Richard  Cromwell — called  c  Tumble-down- 
Dick  ' — fears  began  to  fall  upon  the  '  Godly  '  party.  Mr. 
Davenport — a  former  Rotterdam  associate  of  Peters — writes,  at 
Newhaven,  that  he  hears  intelligence  from  England  that  '  Mr. 
Hugh  Peters  is  distracted,  and  under  some  horror  of  conscience, 
crying  out  of  himself  as  damned,  and  confessing  hainous  (sic) 
crimes.' 

This  somewhat  agrees  with  Yonge's  statement  that  Peters 
about  this  time  announced  himself  to  be  '  Antichrist,'  and  stated 
that  he  '  must  shortly  be  destroyed.'  At  the  Restoration  he 
was  exempted  from  the  Act  of  Indemnity,  as  was  very  natural ; 
as,  no  doubt — from  what  is  recorded  about  his  sermons  against 
Charles  I.  as  well  as  his  having  been  the  privy  councillor  of 

*  Peters  was  preacher  at  Whitehall,  and  received  200Z.  per  annum,  paid 
quarterly.  Vide  State  Papers  Cal.  1657-8,  p.  556. 

f  When  his  papers  and  books  as  well  as  those  of  Thurloe  were  ordered  by  the 
House  of  Commons  to  be  seized. 


358  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Cromwell  and  Ireton — he  was  a  very  material  agent  in  the 
king's  destruction.  The  accounts  of  his  behaviour  at  Charing 
Cross,  where  he  was  hanged,  are  a  little  conflicting;  but  the 
weight  of  testimony  tends  to  show  that  he  did  not  exhibit  the 
audacity  of  some  others.  One  tract  affirms  that  Cooke,  the 
mock  solicitor-general,  who  was  the  only  regicide  that  repented, 
tried  in  vain  to  encourage  Hugh  Peters.* 

Peters'  wife  seems  to  have  remained  insane,  and  supported  by 
charity.  Appeals  were  made  in  her  behalf  to  New  England. 
What  became  of  his  daughter  does  not  appear.  It  is  possible 
she  may  have  returned  to  New  England. 

Peters  was  a  jester,  and,  like  Sir  Thomas  More,  probably  jested, 
if  not  on  the  scaffold,  a  little  time  previously,  notwithstanding 
his  low-spirited  state  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  some  sup- 
posed was  caused  by  his  having  been  drugged. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  he  was  what  Pepys  f  hinted,  '  a 
most  comical  man.'  Probably  he  had  had  some  little  expe- 
rience at  the  theatre  at  Blackfriars  in  histrionics. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  learn  what  parts  of  clown  or  '  fool ' 
he  actually  took  in  Shakespeare's  plays. 

In  his  last  advice  to  his  daughter,  called  a  Father's  Dying 
Legacy,  he  seems  to  be  parodying  the  broadside  t  containing 
the  last  words  of  the  Eoyal  Martyr  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth. 
King  Charles  advised  his  daughter  to  study  Hooker.  Peters 
recommended  his  child  to  study  Hooker.  But  the  king's 
Hooker  was  the  author  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  whose 
fifth  book,  in  defence  of  the  Anglican  Liturgy,  was  the  charter 
and  palladium  of  the  Anglican  army  of  martyrs.  The  Hooker 
of  Peters  was  the  obscure  Calvinistic  pastor  of  New  England. 

For  the  particulars  in  this  slight  sketch  of  Hugh  Peters — as 
far  as  his  connection  with  New  England  is  concerned — I  am 
chiefly  indebted  to  the  valuable  collections  of  printed  American 
records  which  are  to  be  found  in  the  library  of  this  Society, 
and  have  therefore  not  thought  it  necessary  to  give  many 
references." 

Col.  FITZROY  SOMERSET,  R.E.,  exhibited  a  supposed  portrait 
of  Hugh  Peters,  on  which  Col.  Colomb  submitted  the  following 
remarks  t — 

"  This  portrait  is  an  heirloom  in  the  Somerset  family,  which 

*  *  Despairing  Hugh  Peters '  is  the  expression  applied  to  him  in  a  mention  of 
his  execution.  Vide  Hist.  Com.  (Appendix),  5th  Report,  p.  175.  This  agrees 
with  Yonge's  account. 

f  Diary,  any  edition,  under  reference  to  Peters. 

j  Preserved  in  Collection,  British  Museum  Library. 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  359 

traces  its  descent  from  Henry,  first  marquess  of  Worcester,  the 
defender  of  Kaglan  castle. 

There  are  about  fifteen  portraits  of  Peters — prints  or  draw- 
ings— in  the  Sutherland  collection  in  the  Bodleian  library,  the 
largest  known  collection.  Some  of  them  bear  a  resemblance 
to  this  oil  painting. 

Col.  Fitzroy  Somerset  had  in  his  possession  a  written  descrip- 
tion of  the  career  of  Peters  of  a  very  old  date,  which  has 
unfortunately  been  lost  or  mislaid.  It  touched  upon  the  sus- 
picions entertained  that  Hugh  Peters  might  have  been  the 
executioner  *  of  Charles  I. 

As  the  marchioness  of  Worcester  kindly  wrote  a  letter  to 
Peters  saying  a  good  word  for  him — a  letter  which  Peters 
produced  at  his  trial — it  seems  not  unlikely  that  Peters  may 
have  presented  her  with  this  very  portrait  in  the  autumn  of  1 660. 
It  was  probably  executed  at  least  ten  years'  previously." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  March  24th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A.:— 

1.  A  Discourse  on  some  unpublished  Records  of  the  City  of  London.    By 
E.  Freshfield,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  V.P.S.A. 

2.  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Hellenic  Studies.     The  Journal  of  Hellenic 
Studies,  vol.  vii.,  No.  2.    2  vols.    Text  8vo.  and  Plates  Folio.    London, 
1886. 

From  S.  J.  Chadwick,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Kirklees  Nunnery.    By  S.  J.  Chadwick.    8vo. 

2.  Dewsbury  Parish  Church  and  its  Endowments.     By  S.  J.  Chadwick. 
8vo.    Dewsbury,  1886. 

3.  Kirkstall  Abbey:  a  descriptive  Guide  to  the  Abbey  Buildings.    By  J. 
Wreghitt  Connon.    8vo.    Leeds,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— Gyfla.    The  Scir  or  Pagus  of  the  Ivel  Valley,  Somerset. 

By  Thomas  Kerslake.    8vo.    1887. 
From  the  Eoyal  Society: — 

1.  Ammianus  Marcellinus.    Folio.     1681. 

2.  Allwood.    Literary  Antiquities  of  Greece.     4to.    1799. 

*  Yonge  seems  to  believe  in  the  alibi  set  up  by  Peters  at  his  trial  in  1660. 


360  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

3.  Baker,  Sir  K.    A  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  England.    .Folio.    1670. 

4.  Bianchina,  F.     Camera  ed  Inscrizioni,  &c.    Folio.     1727. 
6.  Boccalini.     I  Ragguagli  di  Parnasso,  &c.    Folio.     1669. 

6.  Correa  da  Serra.    Collecsao,  &c.     3  vols.    Folio.     1790-93. 

7.  Dante.    Folio.     1578. 

8.  Sir  W.  Davenant.    Works.    Folio.    1673. 

9.  Dion  Cassias.    Historia  Romana.     Greek  and  Latin.    Folio.    1606. 

10.  Dionysius  Halicarnassus.    Antiquit.  Roman.    Folio.     [1588.] 

11.  Epigrammata  Graeca.    Folio.     1600. 

12.  Fabrettus.    De  Columna  Trajani.    Folio.    1683. 

13.  Georgius,  A.  A.    De  Miraculis  Sancti  Coluthi,  &c.     4to.     1793. 

14.  Gibson.     Chronicon  Saxonicum.     4to.     1692. 

15.  Gorius,  A.  F.    Monumentum  s.  Columbarium,  &c.    Folio.     1727. 

16.  Grosson.    Recueil  des  Antiquites,  &c.    4to.     1773. 

17.  Index  Vetfigalium,  &c.    4to.    1670. 

18.  Mascon.    History  of  the  Ancient  Germans.    2  vols.    4to.    1738. 

From  J.  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  P.S.A.: — Arms  of  the  Nobility  and  Gentry  of 
Wales.    Folio.    MS.  on  paper. 

Special  votes  of  thanks  were  passed  to  the  President,  and  to 
the  Royal  Society,  for  their  gifts  to  the  Library. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : — 

Edward  George  Bruton,  Esq. 
Robert  Blair,  Esq. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  on  St. 
George's  Day,  Saturday,  April  23rd,  and  lists  were  read  of  the 
Fellows  proposed  as  Council  and  Officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 

JEFFERY  WHITEHEAD,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  medieval  mazer,  of 
the  usual  late  type,  with  silver-gilt  band,  and  a  circular  print 
with  an  engraving  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child. 

This  mazer  is  fully  described,  with  other  examples,  in  the 
Archaeologia* 

HYMAN  MONTAGU,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver  snuff- 
box, gilt  within,  with  an  engraved  portrait  on  the  lid  of  prince 
James  Stuart,  the  "elder  Pretender."  He  is  represented  in 
armour,  with  an  ermine  mantle  over  his  shoulder.  Around  the 
base  of  the  bust  are  flags,  drums,  swords,  etc.,  and  below,  a 
cartouche  inscribed : 

This  is  He 
Sam :  I. 
16:   12. 

Above  is  a  royal  crown  supported  by  two  angels,  who  hold 
respectively  a  sceptre  and  an  olive  branch. 

»  Vol.  I.  p.  175. 


March  24.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


361 


On  the  bottom  of  the  box  is  engraved  a  view  of  Boscobel 
House,  Salop.  It  coincides,  with  but  slight  variations,  with  one 
given  in  Knight's  Old  England.* 

The  box  is  apparently  of  the  time  of  queen  Anne,  and  forms 
an  interesting  addition  to  Stuart  relics  of  that  reign.  The  only 
mark  it  bears  is  a  partly-defaced  one  of  the  silversmith  inside 
the  lid. 

J.  W.  HARRISON,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  portrait  on  panel  of  an 
Englishwoman,  the  work  of  a  Dutch  or  English  painter. 

From  the  plain  character  of  the  picture  the  individual  depicted 
was  probably  a  person  of  no  special  importance. 

The  costume  points  to  a  date  circa  1600. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  a  curious  heavy  iron  padlock  of 
Swedish  manufacture,  together  with  a  Chinese  padlock  of 
similar  character,  on  which  he  read  the  following  remarks : — 


IRON  PADLOCK  FROM  SWEDEN  (half  size). 

"  The  padlock  exhibited  this  evening  was  obtained  by  me  last 
autumn  at  Stockholm,  and  was  reported  to  have  been  that  by 
which  the  door  of  the  church  at  Aspo,  a  village  in  the  neigh- 

*  Vol.  ii.  p.  176. 


362  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

bourhood,  had  until  lately  been  secured.  As  will  at  once  be 
perceived,  it  is  of  large  size  and  of  peculiar  construction.  In 
general  outline  it  resembles  a  tankard  with  a  large  handle,  and 
it  is  by  no  means  improbable  that  the  maker's  design  for  the 
form  originated  in  one  of  the  carved  wooden  tankards  such  as 
were,  and  indeed  are,  in  frequent  use  in  Sweden.  The  mate- 
rial of  which  the  lock  is  formed  is  wrought-iron  dexterously 
forged. 

The  cylinder  of  the  lock,  which  corresponds  with  the  body  of 
the  tankard,  is  formed  of  a  thin  sheet  of  metal  that  has  been 
bent  into  shape,  but  the  joint  which  runs  along  it  is  not 
welded. 

This  tube  is  about  5  inches  long  and  If  inch  in  external 
diameter.  At  the  base  is  a  flat  ring  2|  inches  in  diameter  and 
J  inch  thick,  which  embraces  the  tube.  This  ring  has  not  been 
welded,  but  one  end  of  the  metal  of  which  it  is  formed  has  been 
wrought  into  a  piece  of  ornamental  scroll-work,  about  If  inch 
wide,  which  extends  about  three-quarters  of  the  way  round  the 
tube,  and  consists  of  two  volutes  ornamented  by  punch-work. 
Between  these,  and  covering  the  joint  of  the  tube,  is  a  narrow 
strip  of  iron  ending  in  spirals.  This  is  at  one  end  held  in  place 
by  a  tongue,  welded  on  the  basal  ring,  being  turned  back  against 
it.  Above  these  scrolls  is  a  plate  of  iron  with  the  ends  drawn 
out  and  curled  over,  which  embraces  the  tube  and  extends  about 
three-quarters  of  the  way  around  it.  This  plate  is  about  1 J  inch 
wide,  ornamented  at  the  sides  with  semicircular  indentations 
punched  in,  and  in  the  middle  with  a  sunk  pattern  of  a  kind  of 
beaded  work,  also  produced  by  punches,  and  forming  a  square 
between  two  lozenges,  with  a  median  line  of  the  same  work 
running  through  the  whole. 

Near  the  top  of  the  tube  a  ring,  about  f  inch  wide,  orna- 
mented by  a  sunk  beaded  line  between  semicircles,  runs  round 
the  greater  part  of  its  circumference,  but  extends  in  a  loop  to 
form  a  hinge  for  the  hasp  of  the  padlock.  The  tube  is  closed  by 
a  plate  of  iron,  with  an  oblong  orifice  for  the  key.  This  plate 
is  not  quite  at  the  end  of  the  tube,  and  a  strip  of  iron,  ending 
in  coils,  is  secured  in  the  part  of  the  tube  which  projects 
beyond  it. 

The  hasp  of  the  padlock  is  very  heavy,  and  has  been  forged 
from  a  bar  of  iron  about  1  inch  by  f  inch.  The  hinge  part  has 
been  formed  by  the  bar  having  been  drawn  down,  with  a  sharp 
set  off,  until  it  was  only  about  f  inch  square.  The  end  of  this 
has  also  been  drawn  down  and  coiled  into  a  spiral.  This  reduced 
part,  after  being  passed  through  the  loop  on  the  cylinder,  has 
been  turned  back  to  join  the  original  bar,  and  thus  forms  the 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  363 

hinge.  The  other  part  of  the  hasp  has  been  formed  by  drawing 
down  the  bar  to  about  J  inch  by  f  inch  and  curving  it  into  a 
semicircular  form.  The  end  of  the  hasp,  which  enters  a  trans- 
verse slot  in  the  tube  just  above  the  basal  ring,  has  been 
flattened  out  and  has  a  hole  in  it  about  J  inch  square,  the  bar 
beyond  the  hole  being  contracted  and  again  expanded  so  as  to 
form  a  T-shaped  end,  writh  the  top  curved,  so  as  to  rest  against 
the  inside  of  the  tube  when  the  hasp  is  closed. 

The  catch  of  the  lock  consists  of  a  circular  plate  from  which 
originally  proceeded  three  spikes,  each  with  two  spring  barbs, 
destined  to  fit  into  the  square  hole  and  the  two  sides  of  the  T  of 
the  hasp.  Of  these  spikes  one  is  now  missing,  the  other  two 
were  about  3  inches  long,  but  from  each  of  them  one  of  the 
spring-catches  has  been  broken  off.  There  is  a  notch  in  the 
circular  plate  showing  where  the  third  spike  was  inserted. 

The  key  is  about  7  inches  long,  made  of  a  piece  of  flat  iron 
about  f  inch  wide.  It  is  turned  over  at  one  end  to  form  a 
loop  for  suspension.  The  other  end  is  bent  round  at  right 
angles  to  the  stem,  and  has  in  it  four  rectangular  notches 
destined  to  clip  and  hold  back  the  spring-barbs  of  the  catch,  so 
as  to  enable  it  to  be  pushed  out  of  the  lock. 

This  form  of  padlock,  with  spring-catches,  has  a  large  range 
in  time  and  space.  Some,  of  Roman  date,  have  been  figured 
and  described  by  General  Pitt-Eivers,*  together  with  others  of 
modern  times  from  Abyssinia,  India,  China,  and  Japan.  Pad- 
locks, made  on  this  principle,  were  in  use  in  this  country  in 
the  seventeenth  century,  as  there  are  two  upon  the  iron  chest 
of  the  Royal  Society,  which  was  presented  to  that  body  in 
1665. 

The  Chinese  padlock,  now  exhibited,  is  a  good  example  of 
this  form  of  lock  in  recent  times,  and  presents  many  points  of 
analogy  with  that  from  Sweden. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  to  assign  a  date  to  this  Swedish  lock. 
One  more  closely  resembling  the  Chinese  form  was  found  among 
the  ruins  of  the  fortress  of  Piksborg,  which  was  destroyed  in 
1434.  This  has  been  figured  and  described  by  Dr.  Hans  Hilde- 
brand.f  The  form  with  the  cylindrical  barrel  and  the  semi- 
circular hasp  appears  to  be  of  later  date,  and  would  seem  to 
have  been  in  use  from  the  sixteenth  to  the  eighteenth  century. 
The  example  now  before  you  may,  with  fair  probability,  be 
assigned  to  the  seventeenth  century." 

Rev.  W.  SPARROW  SIMPSON,  D.D.,   F.S.A.,   read  a  paper 

*  Primitive  Locks  and  Keys.    1883. 
f  Manads-Wad,  1875,  p.  167. 


364  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

descriptive  of  two  newly-found  Inventories  of  the  cathedral 
church  of  St.  Paul,  London,  for  the  years  1245  and  1402 
respectively. 

Dr.  Simpson's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Arcliaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  Society  then  adjourned  its  ordinary  meetings  over  the 
Easter  recess  to  Thursday,  April  28th. 


ANNIVERSARY, 

SATURDAY,  APRIL  23,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  Rev.  C.  M.  Church,  sub-dean  and  canon  of  Wells,  was 
admitted  Fellow. 

Joseph  Clarke,  Esq.,  F.R.I.B.A,,  and  C.  Knight  Watson, 
Esq.,  were  nominated  Scrutators  of  the  Ballot. 

At  2-30  p.m.  the  PRESIDENT  proceeded  to  deliver  the  follow- 
ing Address : — 

GENTLEMEN, 

The  period  has  again  arrived  when  it  becomes  my  duty  to 
address  to  you  a  few  words  at  our  Anniversary  Meeting,  and 
I  think  that  I  may  at  the  outset  congratulate  the  Society  upon 
its  continued  usefulness  and  upon  its  harmonious  working.  Our 
numbers,  although  sadly  reduced  by  a  somewhat  larger  propor- 
tion of  deaths  than  usual,  have  been  more  than  replenished  by 
the  election  of  new  Fellows,  and  at  the  present  time  the  roll  of 
our  ordinary  Fellows  is  619  as  against  599  at  our  last  anni- 
versary. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  365 

The  following  list  gives  the  names  of  our  deceased  Fellows  :— 

Ernest  Augustus  Charles,  Marquess  of  Ailesbury. 
*Edmund  Edward  Antrobus,  Esq. 

Joseph  Tom  Burgess,  Esq. 

Richard  Caulfield,  Esq.,  LL.D. 

Hugh  Welch  Diamond,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Joshua  Fielden,  Esq. 

Francis  Fry,  Esq. 

Edward  William  Godwin,  Esq. 

Ralph  Neville  Grenville,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Sir  William  Hardy,  Knt. 
*Ven.  Benjamin  Harrison,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of  Maidstone 

and  Canon  of  Canterbury. 
*General  John  de  Havilland,  York  Herald. 

Rev.  John  Harwood  Hill,  B.A. 

William  England  Howlett,  Esq. 
*Richard  Charles  Hussey,  Esq. 

Llewellynn  Jewitt,  Esq. 

William  Long,  Esq.,  M.A. 
*  Alexander  Nesbitt,  Esq. 

Rev.  George  Ornsby,  M.A.,  Canon  of  York. 

Richard  Kyrke  Penson,  Esq. 

Yen.  Assheton  Pownall,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of  Leicester 

and  Hon.  Canon  of  Peterborough. 
*John  Thomas,  Earl  of  Redesdale. 

George  Smith,  Esq. 

Rev.  William  Hepworth  Thompson,  D.D.,  Master  of  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge. 

Charles  Bosworth  Thurston,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Sir  Charles  Edward  Trevelyan,  Bart.,  K.C.B. 

Charles  Warne,  Esq. 
*James  Whatman,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S. 

William  Michael  Wylie,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Amongst  our   Honorary   Fellows  we   have   to    lament  the 
decease  of 

Signer  Gennaro  Riccio. 

and  to  these  must  be  added  the  names  of  the  following  gentle- 
men who  have  resigned  their  Fellowship  in  our  body : — 

Bezer  Blundell,  Esq. 

William  Oxenham  Hewlett,  Esq. 

*  Denotes  compounder. 


366  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

The  following  gentlemen  have,  during  the  same  period,  been 
elected  Fellows  of  the  Society  : — 

Lawrence  Alma-Tadema,  Esq.,  R.A. 

James  Theodore  Bent,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Edward  George  Bruton,  Esq. 

Richard  Herbert  Carpenter,  Esq. 

Samuel  Joseph  Chadwick.  Esq. 

Eev.  Charles  Marcus  Church,  M.A.,  Sub-Dean  and  Canon 
of  Wells. 

Edwin  Charles  Clark,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Regius  Professor  of 
Civil  Law  in  the  University  of  Cambridge. 

William  Henry  Cope,  Esq. 

Alfred  James  Copeland,  Esq. 

Walter  Arthur  Copinger,  Esq. 

The  Baron  de  Cosson. 

Rev.  John  Charles  Cox,  LL.D. 

Gery  Milner  Gibson  Cullum,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Lionel  Henry  Cust,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Rev.  Edmund  Fairer. 

Gerald  Beresford  FitzGerald,  Esq. 

Francis    William    Fitzhardinge    Berkeley,    Baron   Fitz- 
hardinge. 

Alfred  Goodwin,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  Uni- 
versity College,  London. 

Benjamin  Wyatt  Greenfield,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Hubert  Hall,  Esq. 

M.  Charles  Hettier,  Dr.  en  Droit. 

Alfred  Edmund  Hudd,  Esq. 

Robert  James  Johnson,  Esq. 

Frederick  Arthur  Heygate  Lambert,  Esq. 
*Hon.  Robert  Mar  sham,  M.A. 

Thomas  John  Mazzinghi,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Sir  Herbert  Eustace  Maxwell,  Bart.,  M.P. 

Hyman  Montagu,  Esq. 
*Iltyd  Bond  Nicholl,  Esq. 

Philip  Norman,  Esq. 

Charles  William  Chadwick  Oman,  Esq.,  M.A. 

George  Henry  Overend,  Esq. 

William  Page,  Esq. 

Rev.  Alfred  Stephenson  Porter,  M.A. 

Herbert  John  Reid,  Esq. 

Rev.  Ernest  Bickersteth  Savage,  M.A. 

Richard  George  Lumley,  Earl  of  Scarbrough. 

John  Oldrid  Scott,  Esq. 

*  Denotes  compounder. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  367 

Arthur  Sparrow,  Esq.,  J.P.  &  D.L. 

Edward  John  Tarver,  Esq. 

Frank  Tayler,  Esq. 

Rev.  Edward  James  Taylor. 

Michael  Waistell  Taylor,  Esq.,  M.D. 

Robert  Wright  Taylor,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.B. 

John  William  Trist,  Esq. 

Lewis  Edward  Upcott,  Esq.,  MA. 

John  Green  Waller,  Esq. 

George  Harry  Wallis,  Esq. 

Frederick  Arthur  Walters,  Esq. 

George  Frederick  Warner,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Rev.  Charles  Harold  Evelyn  White. 

And  as  an  Honorary  Fellow — 
Dr.  Hans  Hildebrand. 

Many  of  our  deceased  Members  had  in  various  ways  rendered 
valuable  services  to  the  study  of  Antiquity,  and  it  becomes  a 
somewhat  difficult  task  to  select  those  among  them  to  whose 
merits  I  should  first  render  a  passing  tribute. 

The  Fellow  who  had  been  for  the  longest  period  a  member  of 
our  body  was  the  Earl  of  Redesdale,  who  died  in  May  last,  at 
the  age  of  81,  and  who  joined  this  Society  in  1833.  His  career, 
however,  is  associated  with  recent  rather  than  with  ancient 
history,  and  he  will  long  be  remembered  as  an  efficient  Chairman 
of  Committees  in  the  House  of  Lords. 

The  next  in  seniority  is  Dr.  Hugh  Welch  Diamond,  who  was 
elected  a  Fellow  in  May  1834,  and  whose  name  stood  fourth  on 
our  roll.  He  was  descended  from  an  old  Huguenot  family 
(Demonte)  settled  in  Kent,  and  his  father,  Mr.  W.  B.  Diamond, 
was  at  one  time  a  surgeon  in  the  Hon.  East  India  Company's 
service.  He  was  educated  at  the  Grammar  School,  Norwich, 
and,  after  passing  through  a  medical  training  under  Abernethy 
and  others,  was  established  in  private  practice  in  Soho  Square. 
In  1832  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  efforts  to  grapple  with 
the  cholera;  but  subsequently,  becoming  more  interested  in  mental 
than  in  bodily  disease,  he  was  appointed  in  1848  Superintendent 
in  the  Surrey  County  Asylum,  and  10  years  afterwards  removed 
to  Twickenham  House,  where  he  established  a  private  asylum  that 
remained  under  his  charge  until  his  decease,  which  took  place 
in  June  last  in  tha  78th  year  of  his  age.  His  kindly  face  and 
genial  presence  will  be  well  remembered  by  most  of  our  older 
Fellows,  as  for  many  years  he  was  a  constant  attendant  at  our 
meetings. 

VOL.  XI.  2  B 


368  i'KOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

He  was  a  devoted  lover  of  art  and  an  ardent  collector,  and 
one  of  his  first  communications  *  to  the  Society  related  to  his 
remarkable  series  of  early  mezzotinto  engravings  which  was 
purchased  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum.  In  this 
communication  he  vindicated  the  claims  of  Ludwig  von  Siegen 
to  be  regarded  as  the  inventor  of  the  mezzotinto  process,  instead 
of  Prince  Rupert,  whose  earliest  efforts  are  long  subsequent  in 
date,  and  who  probably  learnt  the  art  from  von  Siegen. 

His  next  important  communication  related  to  the  works  of 
Maso  Finiguerra,f  the  inventor  of  the  art  of  taking  impressions 
on  paper  from  engraved  plates  of  metal,  in  which  he  showed 
that  what  is  now  known  as  the  art  of  copper-plate  printing  was, 
in  all  probability,  already  practised  before  1450.  In  1847  we 
find  him  communicating  an  account  of  wells  or  pits  containing 
Roman  remains,  discovered  at  Ewell  in  Surrey.}  Among  the 
numerous  vases  found,  he  particularly  called  attention  to  one 
which  was  perfectly  glazed,  both  inside  and  out,  of  a  green  colour, 
with  strips  of  white  or  pale  yellow  laid  on  it,  the  glaze,  as  Dr. 
Diamond  suggested  and  Professor  Faraday  determined,  being  a 
lead-glaze. 

In  November,  1849,  Notes  and  Queries  first  appeared  under 
the  auspices  of  the  late  Mr.  Thorns,  who  was  supported  by  many 
other  Fellows  of  this  Society.  In  1850  contributions  under  the 
signature  of  H.  W.  D.  began  to  appear,  and  in  the  following 
years  became  numerous  and  important.  The  art  of  photo- 
graphy was  then  in  its  infancy,  and  amongst  its  most  zealous 
and  successful  cultivators  was  Dr.  Diamond,  whose  chemical 
knowledge  stood  him  in  good  stead,  and  specimens  of  whose 
work,  exhibited  at  Lord  Rosse's  soiree  in  1852,  attracted  much 
attention.  The  application  of  photography  to  archseology  and 
its  practice  in  the  open  air  formed  the  subject  of  a  series  of 
papers  by  Dr.  Diamond  in  Notes  and  Queries,  for  the  autumn  of 
that  year  and  the  spring  of  1853,  in  which  he  gave  detailed 
instructions  for  adopting  the  collodion  process  and  printing 
positive  images  on  paper.  He  was,  indeed,  the  first  to  originate 
this  form  of  reproduction,  and  to  introduce  what  are  known  as 
cartes-de-visite.  So  acceptable  and  valuable  were  the  instruc- 
tions given  in  these  papers  by  Dr.  Diamond  that  an  address  of 
thanks  from  amateurs  of  photography  in  the  city  of  Norwich 
appeared  in  the  pages  of  Notes  and  Queries,  and  a  testimonial 
accompanied  by  a  purse  of  3001.  was  also  presented  to  him 
in  recognition  of  his  services.  For  ten  years  he  was  honorary 
secretary  of  the  Photographic  Society.  Many  of  his  photo- 


*  Archaeologiay  xxvii.  p.  405.  t  2bid.  xxxi.  p  404. 

|  Ibid.  xxx.  p.  451. 


April  23,]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  369 

graphs  of  objects  of  antiquity  were  exhibited  and  presented  to 
this  Society,  and  early  in  1854  he  was  appointed  Honorary 
Photographer  to  the  Society — a  title  which  he  retained  till  his 
death.  At  various  times  he  exhibited  objects  of  interest  at 
our  meetings — bronze  spearheads  and  medieval  brasses  among 
the  number — and  at  one  time  he  was  engaged  in  the  study  of 
Egyptian  antiquities  in  association  with  the  late  Dr.  Birch. 
His  zeal  as  a  collector  never  flagged,  and  his  home  at  Twicken- 
ham, which  of  late  he  rarely  left,  was  a  complete  museum  of 
works  of  ceramic  art. 

Sir  William  Hardy  died  on  March  17th  last,  in  his  80th  year, 
having  been  born  in  1807.  He  was  the  second  son  of  Major 
Thomas  Bartholomew  Price  Hardy,  and,  like  his  brother,  Sir 
Thomas  Duffus  Hardy,  he  at  an  early  age  exhibited  a  taste  for 
historical  research.  In  1823  he  entered  the  public  service  as  a 
clerk  in  the  Record  Office  at  the  Tower,  and  was  subsequently 
appointed  clerk  of  the  Kecords  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster.  On 
the  removal  of  the  Duchy  Records  to  the  Public  Records  Office 
he  was  appointed  an  assistant  keeper  of  the  Public  Kecords, 
and  on  the  death  of  his  brother,  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  Hardy,  in 
1878,  he  received  the  appointment  of  deputy  keeper,  from  which 
post,  owing  to  failing  health  and  strength,  he  retired  in  January, 
1886.  Among  the  historical  works  of  which  he  was  the  editor 
may  be  mentioned  the  Croniques  de  Jehan  de  Waurin,  and  their 
English  translation,  in  the  series  of  volumes  issued  by  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls. 

Sir  William  Hardy  was  also  a  member  of  the  Historical  MSS. 
Commission. 

.  He  became  a  Fellow  of  this  Society  in  May,  1837,  having 
already,  in  the  previous  year,  communicated  a  note  showing 
that  the  regnal  years  of  Richard  I.  were  calculated  not  from  his 
father's  death  but  from  his  own  coronation.*  In  1857  he  com- 
municated a  notice  of  two  important  charters  of  the  Empress 
Maud,  but  for  many  years  his  time  was  fully  occupied  with  the 
cares  of  the  important  office  in  the  management  of  which  he 
took  so  principal  a  part. 

Another  of  the  old  and  valued  Fellows  whom  we  have  recently 
lost  is  Mr.  William  Michael  Wylie,  who  died  on  February  16, 
1887. 

He  was  born  in  London  and  was  educated  under  the  care  of 
the  Rev.  Dr.  Povah,  proceeding  subsequently  to  Merton  College, 
Oxford,  where  he  graduated  in  due  course.  He  married  in 
1834,  and  his  wife's  health  being  delicate  they  spent  some  years 
in  Italy  and  in  travelling  on  the  Continent,  where  he  made 
many  friends.  On  returning  to  England  he  resided  at  Fair- 


*  Arcliaeologia,  xxvii.  p.  109. 
2B2 


370  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

ford,  in  Gloucestershire,  a   place  with  which  his   name  will 
always  be  associated. 

He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society  in  June,  1851,  but 
had  previously,  through  the  hands  of  Mr.  Roach  Smith,  and 
also  on  his  own  account,  exhibited  numerous  objects  from  the 
Saxon  cemetery  at  Fairford,  of  which  he  gave  a  detailed  account 
in  his  Fairford  Graves,  published  in  1852.  This  interesting 
work  gives  a  history  of  discoveries  and  excavations  extending 
from  July,  1850,  until  November,  1851,  and  embodies  the 
Plates  and  the  greater  part  of  Mr.  Roach  Smith's  Paper  which 
appeared  in  the  Archaeologist,  vol.  xxxiv.  Some  previous  dis- 
coveries in  the  same  cemetery  were  made  in  1847,  but  the  record 
of  them  is  meagre ;  while  Mr.  Wylie  gives  full  details  of  his 
work,  and  the  plates  for  the  most  part  were  drawn  by  his  own 
hands.  After  1852  Mr.  Wylie  was  again  a  frequent  visitor  to  the 
Continent,  and  the  volumes  of  the  A  rchaeologia  were  constantly 
enriched  by  his  communications  relating  to  the  discoveries  of 
the  Abbe  Cochet,  and  other  foreign  archaeologists.  His  accounts 
of  presumed  Teutonic  remains  near  Dieppe,  of  the  graves  of  the 
Alemanni  at  Oberflacht,  in  Suabia,  and  his  essays  on  the  Angon, 
on  certain  sepulchral  usages  in  early  times,  and  on  the  burning 
and  burial  of  the  dead,  all  of  which  were  published  before  1860, 
show  a  vast  amount  of  scholarship  and  industrious  application. 

In  1859  and  1860  he  was  among  the  first,  after  M.  Troyon, 
to  call  the  attention  of  the  Society  to  the  lake-dwellings  of 
Switzerland,  explored  by  Dr.  Keller  and  others,  which  have 
thrown  such  a  flood  of  light  upon  primeval  history.  From 
1860  to  1880  his  Papers  read  before  the  Society  were  numerous, 
and  he  seemed  to  form  a  medium  of  communication  between  the 
antiquaries  of  France,  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy  and 
those  of  our  own  country.  Whether  the  subject  were  Roman 
phalerae,  archaic  bronze  chariots,  medieval  painted  windows,  or 
the  worship  of  the  Deae  matres,  Mr.  Wylie  seemed  equally  at 
home,  and  whether  his  information  were  derived  from  French, 
German,  or  Italian  sources  his  linguistic  powers  were  never  at 
fault.  During  a  part  of  this  period  he  resided  at  Blackwater,*  in 
Hants,  for  which  county  he  was  our  Local  Secretary,  and  on  the 
antiquities  of  which  he  from  time  to  time  communicated  notices 
to  us.  Of  late  years  his  failing  health  prevented  active  exertion, 
though  in  1884  he  called  our  attention  to  a  pre-historic  road 
near  Brigg.  A  few  years  ago  he  came  to  reside  near  his  old 
alma  mater  at  Oxford,  where  the  Ashmolean  Museum  bears 
many  marks  of  his  liberality  in  the  shape  of  Saxon  antiquities 
from  Fairford  and  a  remarkable  archaic  bronze  chariot  from 
Lucera,  in  Southern  Italy. 

Mr.  Llewellynn  Jewitt  died  in  June  last  in  his  seventy-sixth 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  371 

year,  having  been  a  Fellow  of  our  Society  since  January,  1853. 
He  was  the  seventeenth  child  of  Mr.  Arthur  Jewitt,  author  of 
various  topographical  works,  principally  connected  with  Lincoln- 
shire and  Yorkshire,  who  during  his  son  Llewellymi's  youth 
resided  at  Duffield,  in  Derbyshire.  It  was  here  that  young 
Jewitt  formed  the  acquaintance  of  the  late  Mr.  Fairholt,  with 
whom  he  had  many  kindred  tastes,  and  with  whom  he  was  for 
thirty  years  on  terms  of  intimate  friendship.  In  1838  Mr. 
Jewitt  came  to  London,  where  for  many  years  he  exercised  his 
artistic  powers  as  a  draughtsman  and  wood-engraver.  Many  of 
the  illustrations  to  the  Pictorial  History  of  England,  Old  England, 
and  other  publications  of  Charles  Knight,  were  the  product  of 
his  graver.  From  London  he  moved  to  Headington  Hall,  near 
Oxford,  where  he  worked,  with  his  brother,  Orlando  Jewitt, 
at  the  illustrations  to  Parker's  Glossary  of  Architecture.  He 
subsequently  became  chief  librarian  to  the  Plymouth  Public 
Library — one  of  the  results  of  his  sojourn  there  being  his 
History  of  Plymouth.  In  1853,  however,  he  returned  to  Derby, 
where  for  fifteen  years  he  edited  the  Derby  Telegraph,  retiring 
from  his  post  of  editor  on  his  removing  to  Winster  Hall,  in  the 
Peak.  He  subsequently  took  up  his  abode  at  the  Hollies, 
Duffield,  where  his  decease  took  place  three  months  after  that 
of  his  wife,  to  whom  he  was  deeply  attached. 

Mr.  Jewitt  was  a  man  of  unbounded  industry,  and  any 
attempt  to  enumerate  his  works  would  occupy  more  space  than 
would  be  fitting  in  this  address.  I  may,  however,  mention  his 
Ceramic  Art  of  Great  Britain,  The  Wedgwoods,  The  Life  of 
William  Hutton,  and  The  Reliquary,  a  quarterly  journal  which 
he  first  brought  out  in  1860,  to  which  both  his  pen  and  pencil 
largely  contributed.  This  useful  periodical  has  now  commenced 
a  new  series  under  the  editorship  of  another  of  our  Fellows,  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  and  in  its  first  number  will  be  found  an  appre- 
ciative and  full  memoir  of  Mr.  Jewitt,  to  which  I  am  indebted 
for  the  facts  here  briefly  stated. 

The  Venerable  Archdeacon  Harrison  was  another  of  those 
links  between  the  past  and  the  present  that  it  is  always  so 
painful  to  lose.  He  was  ordained  in  1832,  and  in  1838  was 
appointed  one  of  the  chaplains  of  Archbishop  Howley,  becom- 
ing, in  1845,  Archdeacon  of  Maidstone  and  Canon  of  Canter- 
bury. In  these  official  capacities  he  witnessed  the  enthronement 
of  four  successors  to  Archbishop  Howley.  Archdeacon  Harrison 
was  the  author  of  some  theological  and  liturgical  works,  and 
was  eminent  as  a  Hebrew  scholar,  so  much  so  that  he  was 
selected  as  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  Old  Testament,  whose  work 
resulted  in  the  revised  version  published  by  the  Universities  of 
Oxford  and  Cambridge  a  few  years  ago.  He  died  on  the  25th 


372  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

of  March  last,  at  the  age  of  79,  having  been  a  Fellow  of  this 
Society  since  1854. 

Mr.  Alexander  Nesbitt  came  of  an  ancient  Scottish  family 
long  established  in  Ireland,  and  was  distinguished  in  many 
branches  of  archaeology.  His  first  attention  seems  to  have  been 
directed  to  Gothic  architecture,  especially  in  connection  with 
the  domestic  buildings  of  which  but  scanty  remains  exist  in  this 
country.  With  his  pen  and  pencil  he  assisted  our  late  Fellow, 
Mr.  John  Henry  Parker,  in  his  well-known  work  on  Domestic 
Architecture,  and  he  also  contributed  the  important  articles 
"  Baptistery,"  "  Church,"  and  others  to  Smith's  Dictionary  of 
Christian  Antiquities. 

In  May,  1859,  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society,  his 
communications  to  which  were  numerous  and  important.  Of 
those  published  in  the  Archaeologia,  I  may  cite  On  the  Brick 
Architecture  of  the  North  of  Germany,  On  the  Churches  at  Rome 
earlier  than  the  year  1150,  On  a  Box  of  Carved  Ivory  of  the 
Sixth  Century,  and  on  Wall  Decoration  in  Sectile  Work  as  used 
ty  the  Romans,  all  of  which  are  of  high  value  and  interest. 
'  His  memoirs  on  St.  Peter's  Chair  and  on  the  jewelled  covers  of 
the  Evange.Ua  Quatuor  belonging  to  the  Earl  of  Ashburnham 
appeared  in  the  Vetusta  Monumenta.  His  last  archa3ological 
work  was  the  revision  of  the  proofs  of  the  latter  memoir,  on 
which  he  was  engaged  during  his  lingering  last  illness. 

He  was  also  a  frequent  contributor  of  papers  to  the  Boyal 
Archaeological  Institute,  and  memoirs  from  his  pen  will  be 
found  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Sussex  Archaeological  Society. 

Mr.  Nesbitt  paid  much  attention  to  ancient  ivory  carvings, 
and  was  very  skilful  in  making  moulds  from  them  in  a  compo- 
sition of  his  own  devising.  The  moulds  thus  made  formed  the 
main  groundwork  of  the  collection  of  fictile  ivories  produced  by 
the  Arundel  Society. 

Another  object  which  occupied  much  of  his  attention  was  the 
history  of  ancient  glass,  to  illustrate  which  he  formed  a  con- 
siderable collection  of  fragments  which  are  now  in  the  British 
Museum. 

He  wrote  the  introduction  to  the  splendid  Catalogue  of  the 
Slade  Collection  of  Glass  which  was  privately  printed  by  our 
late  Fellow,  Mr.  Felix  Slade,  and  he  also  prepared  for  the 
Department  of  Science  and  Art  a  catalogue  raisonne*  of  the 
glass  collections  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum. 

His  death  took  place  on  June  21  of  last  year. 

The  name  of  Charles  Warne  will  ever  be  associated  with  the 
antiquities  of  Dorset,  in  which  county  he  for  many  years  resided, 
although  at  the  time  of  his  election  into  this  Society  in  1856, 
and  for  some  years  afterwards,  he  was  a  resident  in  London. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  373 

His  first  present  to  the  Society  was  indeed  a  plaster  model  of 
the  Eoman  Amphitheatre  at  Dorchester,  which  he  gave  us  in 
1854.  His  interest  in  this  relic  had  been  exhibited  in  1847, 
when  he  was  mainly  instrumental  in  preserving  it  from  the 
destruction  threatened  by  the  passage  through  it  of  the  new 
railway  to  Weymouth.  An  intimate  friend  of  Mr.  Roach  Smith, 
we  find  him  making  an  archaeological  tour  in  France  in  1853  and 
1854  in  company  with  Mr.  Smith  and  the  late  Mr.  Fairholt. 
Mr.  Warne's  notes  made  during  the  latter  tour  are  printed  in 
Mr.  Roach  Smith's  Retrospections.* 

In  1866  Mr.  Warne  published  his  work  on  the  Celtic  Tumuli 
of  Dorset,  containing  an  exhaustive  record  of  the  researches 
carried  on  by  himself  and  others  among  these  interesting 
remains,  of  which  not  less  than  forty-six  were  examined  per- 
sonally by  Mr.  Warne.  His  extensive  collection  of  sepulchral 
urns  and  other  relics  from  the  barrows  is  now  in  the  museum 
at  Dorchester. 

His  Illustrated  Map  of  Dorsetshire — its  Vestiges,  Celtic, 
Roman,  Saxon,  and  Danish,  had  already  appeared  in  1865,  in 
the  preparation  of  which  he  spent  fully  two  years  in  the  com- 
pany of  the  late  Mr.  George  Hillier  in  perambulating  the 
county. 

Mr.  Warne's  great  work  on  Ancient  Dorset  was  published 
in  1872,  and  gives  full  details  as  to  all  the  pre-Norman  anti- 
quities of  the  county  as  well  as  of  the  issues  of  the  Dorsetshire 
mints  in  Saxon  times.  Altogether  the  volume  is  a  model  of 
sound  conscientious  work. 

His  communications  to  this  Society  were  by  no  means  unim- 
portant. In  1861,  while  residing  near  Ewell,  he  examined 
some  of  the  shafts  containing  Roman  remains  of  similar  cha- 
racter to  those  which  had  been  explored  by  Dr.  Diamond,  and 
gave  reasons  for  regarding  them  as  places  for  the  deposit  of 
refuse.  He  also  offered  some  suggestions  as  to  the  course  of 
the  Stane  Street t  His  remarks  on  the  Roman  station,  Ibernium, 
communicated  that  same  year,  are  printed  in  the  Archaeologia,\ 
as  are  also  his  Observations  on  Vespasian's  first  Campaign  in 
Britain.  § 

In  1869 1|  he  gave  us  an  essay  on  certain  ditches  in  Dorset, 
called  Belgic,  and  in  1872  he  exhibited  a  photograph  of  the 
reconstructed  cromlech  at  Helstone. 

Mr.  Warne  also  communicated  papers  to  the  Royal  Archaeo- 
logical Institute  and  to  the  British  Archaeological  Association. 


*  Vol.  ii.  p.  261.  f  Proc.  2d  S.  i.  309. 

$  Vol.  xxxix.  p.  85.  §  Vol.  xli.  p.  387. 

II  Prog,  2d  S.  jy,  246, 


374  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Of  late  years  he  resided  at  Brighton,  and  though  in  feeble 
health  he  never  lost  his  interest  either  in  his  archaeological 
pursuits  or  in  his  antiquarian  friends.  He  died  on  the  llth 
of  April,  in  the  86th  year  of  his  age.* 

Dr.  Richard  Caulfield  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society  in 
1862,  bat  long  before  his  election  he  had  distinguished  himself 
by  his  antiquarian  researches.  His  Sigilla  Ecclesice  Hibernicce 
illustrata  was  published  in  1853,  and  in  1857  he  edited  for  the 
Camden  Society  The  Diary  of  Rowland  Davies,  D.D.,  Dean  of 
Cork  1689-90.  In  1859  he  published  the  Rotulus  pipes  Clou- 
ensis  in  Reg.  Cath.  Clonen.  asservatus,  which  was  followed  in 
1860  by  The  Autobiography  of  Sir  Richard  Cox,  Bart.,  Lord 
Chancellor  of  Ireland  1103,  from  the  original  MS.,  and  in  1864 
by  the  Life  of  St.  Fin  Barre,  the  First  Bishop  of  Cork,  transcribed 
from  a  curious  MS.  that  he  had  discovered  in  the  Bodleian 
Library  at  Oxford.  In  later  years  his  industry  was  exhibited 
by  the  Council  Books  of  Cork,  Youghal  and  Kinsale,  by  the 
Register  of  the  Parish  of  Christchurch,  Cork,  by  the  Annals  and 
the  Handbook  of  St.  Fin  Barrels  Cathedral,  and  the  Annals  of 
the  Cathedral  of  St.  Colman,  Cloyne.  He  has  also  left  in  MS. 
numerous  transcripts  of  Registers  and  other  Records  principally 
relating  to  Cork,  in  which  city  he  occupied  the  post  of  Librarian 
to  the  Royal  Cork  Institution  since  1864,  and  of  librarian  to 
the  Queen's  College  since  1876. 

Residing  at  a  distance,  and  being  principally  occupied  with 
Irish  antiquities,  it  was  but  rarely  that  he  was  able  to  assist  the 
Society,  but  an  engraving  of  a  remarkable  cruciform  object, 
discovered  within  the  chapter-house  of  the  cathedral  of  St. 
Colman,  Cloyne,  and  exhibited  by  Dr.  Caulfield,  will  be  found 
in  the  Archaeologia.-\ 

Dr.  Caulfield  entered  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  in  1841,  and 
proceeded  to  the  degree  of  LL.D.  in  1866.  For  some  years  he 
acted  as  editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Historical  and 
Archaeological  Association  of  Ireland,  and  he  was  a  correspond- 
ing member  of  several  foreign  Antiquarian  Societies.  His 
knowledge  of  all  matters  connected  with  archaeological  and 
genealogical  research  in  the  south  of  Ireland  was  most  exten- 
sive, and  was  always  at  the  disposal  of  those  who  sought  infor- 
mation from  him.  His  loss  will  be  deeply  felt  by  all  those  who 
are  interested  in  Irish  history. 

Mr.  Francis  Fry,  of  Bristol,  was  well  known  as  the  possessor 
of  one  of  the  most  remarkable  collections  of  Bibles  that  ever  was 
formed.  Of  some  portions  of  his  treasures  he  issued  reprints  in 

•  For  many  particulars  here  stated,  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith's 
Retrospections. 
f  Vol.  xliv.  p.  483. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  375 

facsimile;  among  them  one  of  Tyndale's  New  Testament  of  1525 
or  1526.  The  Prophet  Jonas  of  Tyndale,  the  Souldiers''  Pocket 
Bible  of  1643,  and  the  Souldiers*  Penny  Bible  of  1693,  were 
among  the  scarce  works  he  reprinted,  and  of  these  he  presented 
copies  to  our  library.  The  two  latter  works  consist  in  the  main 
of  warlike  texts,  and  the  tiouldiers'  Pocket  Bible  is  eminently 
characteristic  of  the  time  when  they  "  bound  their  stately  kings 
in  chains,  their  lords  in  iron  bands,"  and  when  their  'mouths 
were  filled  with  praises,  while  "in  their  hands  they  eke  did  bear 
a  double-edged  sword."  Mr.  Fry  became  a  Fellow  in  1863,  and 
died  in  November  last. 

In  Archdeacon  Assheton  Pownall  we  have  lost  an  active  and 
enthusiastic  worker,  especially  in  the  department  of  numis- 
matics. He  was  the  third  son  of  James  Pownall,  Esq.,  of 
Liverpool,  and  was  born  in  the  year  1822.  After  passing 
through  Harrow,  under  Dr.  Wordsworth,  he  entered  Brasenose 
College,  at  Oxford,  and  took  his  degree  in  1845.  He  was 
ordained  in  the  same  year,  and  in  1847  was  presented  to  the 
Eectory  of  South  Kilworth,  in  Leicestershire,  which  he  held 
to  the  day  of  his  death.  In  1867  he  became  Rural  Dean  of 
Gartree,  and  in  1884  Archdeacon  of  Leicester.  His  numismatic 
tastes  were  developed  early  in  life,  and  he  had  for  some  years 
been  a  member  of  the  Numismatic  Society  before  he  was 
elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society  in  1865.  From  time  to  time 
he  brought  under  our  notice  discoveries  of  antiquities  prin- 
cipally made  in  the  midland  counties,  admirably  filling  the  post 
of  Local  Secretary  for  Leicestershire.  In  nearly  all  of  the  later 
volumes  of  our  Proceedings  are  communications  from  his  pen ; 
the  last  on  a  plaque  of  lead,  bearing  the  arms  of  pope  Paul  III., 
is  dated  March,  1886.  Of  late,  Archdeacon  Pownall's  attention 
had  been  mainly  devoted  to  the  series  of  papal  medals,  but  he 
was  no  mean  authority  upon  the  English  silver  coinage ;  and  his 
essays,  printed  in  the  Numismatic  C/ironicle,  are  numerous.  He 
was  a  man  of  a  most  genial  nature,  and  of  the  highest  prin- 
ciples ;  and  many,  besides  myself,  must  have  mourned  the  loss 
of  an  old  and  valued  friend  when  he  was  suddenly  removed  from 
among  us  in  November  of  last  year. 

Mr.  William  Long,  of  Wrington,  Somerset,  was  well  known 
as  a  local  antiquary,  and  in  1871  became  a  Fellow  of  this 
Society.  In  1876,  at  the  urgent  request  of  the  Wiltshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society,  he  undertook  the 
exhaustive  paper  on  Stonehenge  and  its  Barrows,  which  ap- 
peared in  vol.  xvi.  of  their  magazine,  and  which  was  afterwards 
re-issued  in  a  separate  form. 

Although  distance  from  London  prevented  the  Rev.  J. 
Harwood  Hill  from  being  a  frequent  visitor  to  our  meetingSj 


376  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

he  was  a  diligent  antiquary,  and  did  much  for  topographical 
archaeology.  Many  of  his  works  are  on  the  shelves  of  our 
library  and  relate  principally  to  Leicestershire,  in  which  county 
his  living  of  Cranoe  was  situated,  and  to  the  neighbouring 
districts.  T  may  mention  his  Histories  of  Langton  and  of 
Market  ffarborough,  including  the  Gartree  Hundred  of  Lei- 
cestershire, both  of  which  are  illustrated  by  etchings,  the  work 
of  his  own  hands.  These  were  published  in  1867  and  1875. 
His  Chronicles  of  the  Christian  Ages,  in  two  volumes,  appeared 
in  1842,  and  his  Archdeacons  of  Leicester,  Bishops  of  Peter- 
borough, Family  of  Langton,  and  Notes  on  Rutlandshire,  at 
intervals  between  1862  and  1871,  in  which  latter  year  he 
became  a  Fellow  of  this  Society.  His  death  took  place  on 
December  3rd,  1886. 

General  John  de  Havilland  was  born  in  America,  but  was 
descended  from  an  old  Guernsey  family.  His  father  was  settled 
for  some  time  at  Taunton,  Somerset,  under  the  name  of  Havi- 
land,  but  the  name  of  de  Havilland  was  authorised  by  royal 
license  in  1869.  He  was  for  many  years  associated  with  the 
Heralds'  College,  having  been  appointed  Kouge  Croix  Pursui- 
vant in  1866,  vice  Mr.  J.  R.  Planche  promoted,  and  in  1872 
York  Herald,  vice  Mr.  T.  W.  King,  deceased.  It  was  in  that 
year  that  he  became  a  Fellow  of  this  Society.  He  died  on  the 
1 8th  of  September  last,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  age. 

The  Rev.  George  Ornsby,  Canon  of  York,  had  been  a  Fellow 
of  this  Society  since  1873.  Although  he  never  communicated 
anything  to  our  publications,  he  was  well  known  as  having 
edited  for  the  Surtees  Society  The  Remains  of  Denis  Granville, 
D.I}.,  Dean  of  Durham,  and  The  Correspondence  of  John  Cosin, 
D.D.,  Lord  Bishop  of  Durham.  He  was  also  author  of  Sketches 
of  Durham.  He  died  in  April  of  last  year  at  the  ripe  age  of  77. 

Mr.  Joseph  Tom  Burgess  was  born  at  Cheshunt  in  1828,  but 
his  father  afterwards  removed  to  Northampton.  While  still  a 
young  man  he  became  associated  with  the  newspaper  press,  and 
edited  a  paper  at  Ennis.  In  1865  he  became  the  editor  of  the 
Leamington  Spa  Courier,  and  13  years  later  editor  of  Barrow' s 
Worcester  Journal.  His  principal  independent  publications  were, 
Old  English  Wild  Flowers,  Historic  Warwickshire,  and  a  Hand- 
book to  Worcester  Cathedral.  As  an  antiquary  he  took  especial 
interest  in  the  history  and  archaeology  of  the  counties  of  War- 
wick and  Hereford,  and  several  memoirs  relating  to  these 
counties  will  be  found  in  the  Journals  of  the  Royal  Archaeological 
Institute  and  the  Archaeological  Association.  From  time  to  time 
he  also  exhibited  objects  of  interest  at  the  meetings  of  this 
Society,  of  which  he  became  a  Fellow  in  1876.  The  most 
remarkable  of  these  were  a  number  of  Anglo-Saxon  fibulae 


April  23.J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  377 

Warwickshire,  comprising  some  magnificent  examples.  He 
died  on  the  13th  of  October  last,  having  been  for  some  months 
in  failing  health. 

A  few  more  names  must  still  be  mentioned.  In  Mr.  Edward 
William  Godwin  we  have  lost  an  accomplished  architect  and  a 
great  authority  on  costume ;  in  Sir  Charles  Trevelyan  a  distin- 
guished financier  and  political  economist ;  and  in  Dr.  Thompson, 
the  Master  of  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  an  accomplished 
scholar  and  a  brilliant  wit. 

I  must,  however,  now  turn  to  the  events  of  the  past  year  in 
which  this  Society  has  been  principally  interested.  I  may  first 
mention  the  Domesday  Celebration,  in  the  organisation  of  which 
we  were  represented  by  our  Fellows,  Mr.  C.  Trice  Martin  and 
Mr.  Stuart  Moore.  The  idea  of  such  a  celebration  of  the  eight 
hundredth  anniversary  of  the  completion  of  this  unique  survey 
originated  with  the  Royal  Historical  Society,  and  the  success  of 
the  undertaking  is  in  great  part  due  to  the  energy  and  per- 
severance of  its  honorary  secretary,  Mr.  P.  E.  Dove.  That  it 
was  a  success  all  who  took  part  in  the  week's  proceedings  will 
readily  acknowledge.  The  exhibition  of  original  documents, 
both  at  the  Record  Office  and  at  the  British  Museum,  was  of 
the  highest  value  and  interest,  and  this  Society  was  able  to  con- 
tribute a  not  unimportant  quota  in  the  Winton  Domesday  and 
the  Liber  Niger  of  Peterborough,  of  which  the  Museum  autho- 
rities kindly  took  the  charge.  The  papers  read  on  the  occasion 
were  numerous  and  valuable,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  when 
they  are  published  in  a  connected  form  they  will  add  a  further 
impetus  to  the  detailed  study  of  the  Norman  period  which  the 
Domesday  celebration  so  well  and  happily  inaugurated. 

The  importance  of  the  preservation  of  our  ancient  monuments 
has  again  been  brought  under  our  notice  by  General  Pitt  Rivers, 
H.M.  Inspector  under  the  Ancient  Monuments  Act,  and  the 
Council  has  done  what  lay  in  its  power  by  appealing  to  the 
Local  Secretaries  of  the  Society,  and  the  various  "Archaeological 
and  Antiquarian  Societies  and  Associations  throughout  the 
country,  to  aid  in  the  preparation  of  the  schedules  of  the  more 
important  remains  within  their  districts.  It  is  much  to  be 
desired  that  some  efficient  means  of  intercommunication  between 
these  useful  and  zealous  associations  throughout  the  country 
and  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London,  as  a  central  body, 
could  be  devised.  There  are  many  matters  of  high  archaeo- 
logical importance  on  which  extensive  co-operation  could  not 
but  have  the  most  beneficial  influence ;  and  whether  for  the  pre- 
servation of  ancient  monuments,  for  the  record  of  antiquarian 
discoveries,  or  the  compilation  of  archaeological  maps  or  charts, 
I  am  sure  that  I  am  in  accordance  with  the  whole  body  of  the 


378  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Society  in  expressing  our  readiness  and  desire,  so  far  as  our 
means  and  appliances  will  allow,  to  assist  in  any  such  useful 
undertakings.  I  may  add  that  some  additions  to  the  Schedule 
have  already  been  made,  and  heen  duly  sanctioned. 

In  many  instances  within  the  last  few  years  our  aid  has  been 
invoked  to  ward  off,  if  possible,  the  destruction  of  ancient  and 
historical  buildings,  and  in  many  cases  our  efforts  have  been 
successful.  It  is  but  rarely  that  acts  of  really  wanton  vandalism 
are  perpetrated,  though  destruction  of  valuable  historical  monu- 
ments is  often  contemplated,  either  through  ignorance  of  the 
value  attached  to  them  by  antiquaries  and  lovers  of  the  past,  or 
from  some  consideration  of  modern  convenience  in  which  pounds 
shillings  and  pence  are  allowed  to  outweigh  historical  and  senti- 
mental associations.  Under  which  of  these  heads  the  destruction 
of  ancient  work  in  the  abbey  church  of  St.  Alban,  against 
which  we  vainly  protested,  is  to  be  classed,  I  will  leave  for  others 
to  determine.  I  must,  however,  record,  with  grief  at  the  loss, 
and  with  shame  at  such  outrages  on  good  taste  being  possible, 
that  the  front  of  the  south  transept  with  its  remarkable  Norman 
turrets  has  been  pulled  down,  and  that  a  nineteenth  century 
front  adorned  with  lancet  windows  is  being  erected  in  its  stead, 
in  which,  apparently,  none  of  the  ancient  features  will  be 
reproduced.  Moreover,  what  little  remained  of  the  Norman 
monastic  buildings  in  the  shape  of  the  well-known  slype  has 
been  pulled  down,  and  some  of  its  arches  affixed,  as  it  were  in 
terrorem,  to  the  south  wall  on  the  inside  of  the  church.  How  far  a 
faculty  for  the  restoration  of  a  church  can  extend  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  adjacent  monastic  buildings  is  a  question  for  the  con- 
sideration of  the  bishop  and  his  legal  advisers. 

Another  subject  which  has  been  constantly  before  the  Council, 
and  frequently  before  the  Society,  is  the  fate  of  the  newly-dis- 
covered Roman  baths  at  Bath,  The  question  came  before  the 
Society  on  the  8th  of  April  last  year,  when  a  resolution  was 
passed  expressing  a  hope  that  the  corporation  of  Bath  could  so 
modify  their  plans  as  not  to  involve  any  destruction  or  conceal- 
ment of  the  Roman  work.  On  May  13,  Major  Davis,  F.S.A., 
Local  Secretary  for  Somerset  and  architect  to  the  corporation 
of  Bath,  gave  to  the  Society  at  its  evening  meeting  a  full  assur- 
ance "  that  no  destruction  or  concealment  of  any  portion  of  the 
Roman  baths  already  or  to  be  discovered  would  take  place."  On 
November  25  it  was  reported  to  the  Society  that  Prof.  Middleton, 
F.S.A.,  and  our  Assistant- Secretary,  had  visited  the  baths,  and 
that  subsequently  they  had  again  been  visited  by  Mr.  Mickle- 
thwaite,  F.S.A.,  and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope.  From  their 
reports  it  appeared  that  the  Eoman  remains  to  the  west  of  the 
circular  bath  had  been  incorporated  in  the  basement  of  some  new 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  379 

baths  by  building  new  walls  upon  them ;  and,  moreover,  that  the 
remains  of  one  room  (with  a  hypocaust)  had  been  divided  into 
three  by  brick  partitions.  An  explicit  promise  had,  however,  been 
given  that  the  Koman  remains  should  be  preserved  intact,  and 
made  accessible  beneath  a  floor  placed  at  a  reasonable  height  above 
them,  and  that  openings  should  be  made  in  the  intersecting  walls. 
There  being  doubts  about  this  promise — which  has  now  been 
repudiated— being  fulfilled,  the  Council,  feeling  that  Major  Davis 
while  acting  as  architect  to  the  Baths  Committee  was  placed  in 
a  false  position  as  Local  Secretary  to  the  Society,  recommended 
the  revocation  of  his  appointment  to  that  post.  The  matter 
having  been  referred  back  to  the  Council,  they  have  thought 
well,  in  consideration  of  the  lengthened  period  that  Major  Davis 
has  been  a  Fellow  of  our  body,  and  of  the  difficulties  in  which 
he  may  have  been  placed,  to  withdraw  the  recommendation,  in 
the  hope  that  his  influence  at  Bath  will  in  future  be  more 
effectually  employed  towards  the  preservation  of  antiquities. 
"Wherever  the  fault  may  have  lain,  it  is  deeply  to  be  regretted 
that  some  other  site  was  not  chosen  for  the  new  baths,  and  that 
the  corporation  of  Bath  has  lost  the  opportunity  of  preserving 
in  their  entirety  the  most  complete  and  extensive  remains  of 
Roman  Baths  that  existed  in  Northern  Europe,  which  would 
have  been  at  once  an  ornament  and  an  attraction  to  the  city. 

A  matter  of  importance  to  all  antiquaries  is  the  administra- 
tion of  the  Law  of  Treasure  Trove,  which  during  the  past  year 
has,  mainly  in  consequence  of  representations  which  I  made  to 
the  Treasury,  undergone  a  considerable  modification.  Instead 
of  the  finders  of  objects  constituting  treasure  trove,  who  give 
them  up  to  the  Government,  receiving  merely  the  bullion  value 
of  the  coins  or  other  articles  found,  they  will  in  future  be  paid 
according  to  their  archaeological  value,  but  subject  to  certain 
deductions.  These  deductions  are  to  be  either  twenty  per  cent, 
of  the  antiquarian  value  of  the  objects  retained,  or  ten  per 
cent,  of  the  value  of  the  whole  of  the  objects  discovered. 
As  I  have  elsewhere  pointed  out,*  what  might  have  been  an 
important  step  towards  the  preservation  of  the  antiquities  from 
time  to  time  found  in  the  soil  has  been  practically  nullified 
by  this  stipulation  as  to  deduction.  In  order  that  coins  and 
other  valuable  objects  of  the  nature  of  treasure  trove  should 
stand  a  fair  chance  of  being  preserved,  it  appears  to  me  that 
two  conditions  are  necessary ;  one,  that  the  finder  shall  by 
disclosing  his  discovery  to  the  authorities  have  an  undivided 
and  indefeasible  property  in  what  he  has  found;  and  two, 
that  he  shall  be  assured  of  receiving  its  full  value  if  retained 
for  the  nation.  This  second  condition  he  is  now  assured  will 

*  Num.  Chron.  3d  S.  vi.  176. 


380  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

not  be  fulfilled,  as  he  is  told  in  express  terms  that  the  full 
value  will  not  be  given.  As  the  amount  of  the  stoppages  would 
probably  in  no  single  year  amount  to  100Z.,  it  does  seem  both 
short-sighted  and  over-parsimonious  that  an  impediment  of  this 
kind  should  be  placed  in  the  way  of  coins  and  antiquities  being 
offered  co  our  national  collections,  and  I  trust  that  ere  long  the 
regulations  may  be  re-considered,  and  the  full  antiquarian  value, 
without  any  deductions,  be  allowed.  There  is,  perhaps,  another 
point  to  be  borne  in  mind,  viz.,  promptitude  of  payment,  for  if 
a  finder  has  to  wait  an  indefinite  time  before  receiving  any 
remittance  from  the  Treasury,  he  will  often  prefer  ready  money 
and  the  melting-pot  to  waiting  on  the  mere  chance  of  receiving 
a  better  price.  In  communicating  with  the  Treasury  I  suggested 
the  machinery  of  the  Post  Office  as  ready  and  available  both  for 
the  reception  of  antiquities  and  for  the  remittal  of  their  value  or 
the  return  to  the  finder  of  such  objects  as  might  not  be  required 
for  our  national  collections.  Though  it  was  not  adopted,  the 
suggestion  still  appears  to  me  practical  and  practicable. 

In  speaking  of  undivided  ownership  vesting  in  the  finder, 
I  am  quite  aware  that  I  am  in  opposition  to  many  who  are  of 
opinion  that  some  share,  great  or  small,  in  a  "  treasure  "  should 
go  to  the  owner  of  the  soil.  Such  a  division  at  first  sight  seems 
equitable,  and  is  indeed  enforced  in  some  foreign  countries,  and 
where  a  servant  is  employed  in  excavations,  any  discoveries 
would  of  course  belong  to  the  employers.  But  where  a  treasure 
is  casually  found,  the  same  law  which  gives  it  to  the  finder,  if 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  ought  to  apply  to  a  treasure 
deposited  a  few  inches  it  may  be  below  the  surface.  Moreover, 
it  is  the  dread  of  various  claimants,  such  as  the  Crown,  the  lord 
of  the  manor,  the  owner  of  the  soil,  and  the  tenant,  that  has  in 
so  many  cases  led  finders  to  conceal  their  discoveries,  and  to  have 
objects  of  great  antiquarian  value  melted  down  under  the  seal  of 
secrecy. 

I  must  not,  however,  detain  you  longer  on  this  subject,  and 
will  only  add  one  word  by  way  of  reference  to  some  papers  by 
Mr.  T.  H.  Baylis,  Q.C.,  and  Professor  E.  C.  Clark,  F.S.A., 
which  have  appeared  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Archaeological 
Journal,  in  which  the  law  on  the  subject  of  Treasure  Trove  is 
carefully  laid  down.*  Into  this  I  do  not  propose  to  enter,  but 
may  remark,  that  the  case  of  a  single  coin  or  ring  or  similar 
object  found  in  the  soil  does  not  appear  to  have  been  considered 
by  the  authors.  Such  an  object  could  not,  in  the  first  place, 
constitute  a  treasure,  and,  in  the  second  place,  the  presumption 
would  be  that  it  was  lost  and  not  hidden,  so  that  even  under 
the  present  interpretation  of  the  law  it  would  belong  to  the 

*  No.  172,  1886. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  381 

finder,  and  to  no  one  else.  As  Blackstone  remarks,  it  seems 
that  it  is  the  hiding  and  not  the  abandonment  of  the  object  that 
gives  the  Crown  a  property.  It  is  indeed  by  him  made  a  ques- 
tion of  intention,  as  he  observes  that  what  is  casually  lost  and 
unclaimed,  and  also  such  as  is  designedly  abandoned,  is  the  right 
of  the  finder. 

With  regard  to  our  publications,  I  am  happy  to  congratulate 
the  Society  on  the  important  fact  of  all  the  arrears  in  our  publi- 
cations being  now  worked  off,  and  both  the  Archaeologia  and 
Proceedings  being  in  the  press  up  to  date.  For  this  desirable 
consummation  of  our  wishes  we  are  almost  entirely  indebted  to 
the  industry  and  energy  of  our  Assistant-Secretary,  Mr.  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope. 

The  Part  of  the  Archaeologia  that  is  now  about  to  appear  is, 
as  Fellows  are  aware,  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth  volume  of  the 
series,  the  first  volume  of  which  bears  the  date  of  1770.  Look- 
ing at  the  extent  of  the  series,  and  the  great  difficulty  that  exists 
for  recently  elected  Fellows  becoming  possessed  of  it,  it  will  be 
a  question  for  the  Council  to  consider  whether  it  would  not  be 
desirable  to  begin  a  new  series  with  our  fifty-first  volume,  while 
following  the  example  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland 
by  giving  a  title-page  in  duplicate  both  as  vol.  LI.  and  vol.  I.  of 
the  new  series,  so  as  to  retain  continuity  with  the  past  while 
showing  some  consideration  for  those  who  may  be  elected  into 
our  body  in  the  future. 

With  regard  to  one  matter  in  connection  with  the  completion 
of  the  fifty  volumes  of  the  Archaeologia  no  doubtful  question 
arises,  for  all  must  agree  in  the  desirability,  I  might  almost  say 
the  necessity,  of  our  having  a  complete  index  to  the  whole  series, 
or  at  all  events  to  the  last  twenty  volumes,  as  indices  of  the  first 
and  second  fifteen  volumes  have  already  been  published.  By  the 
liberality  of  two  of  our  Vice-Presidents,  Dr.  Freshfield  and  Mr. 
Franks,  the  main  expense  of  the  preparation  of  an  index  has 
been  provided  for,  and  I  hope  that  in  the  course  of  a  very  short 
time  the  work  may  be  undertaken  by  fully  competent  hands. 

The  Library  Catalogue,  which  has  been  so  long  in  hand,  is 
now  virtually  completed.  The  delay  in  its  issue  has  been 
principally  caused  by  the  necessity  of  comparing  the  volumes  in 
the  Library,  shelf  by  shelf,  with  the  catalogue  ;  a  work  which 
necessitated  a  vast  amount  of  labour,  and  the  calling  in  of  some 
extraneous  assistance.  The  Index  of  Names  and  Places  is  also 
ready  for  press,  so  that  Fellows  will  probably  be  able  to  obtain 
copies  by  the  end  of  June.  A  Subject  Index  would  form  a 
desirable  addition  to  the  Catalogue,  and  probably  means  will  be 
found  of  preparing  one  for  use  in  the  Library. 

In  June  last  we  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  our  apartments 


382  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

open  for  the  reception  of  a  large  and  varied  company ;  and  I 
take  this  opportunity  of  expressing  the  satisfaction  of  Mrs. 
Evans  and  myself  at  so  many  of  the  Fellows  and  the  ladies  of 
their  family  having  been  able  to  respond  to  our  invitation ;  and 
also  of  offering  our  hearty  thanks  to  those  kind  friends  who,  like 
the  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Mr.  Quaritch,  sent  most  valuable  and 
interesting  objects  for  exhibition,  and  thus  so  largely  conduced 
to  the  pleasure  of  the  evening. 

In  conclusion  I  need  hardly  remind  our  Fellows  that  in  June 
next  our  most  gracious  Patron  the  Queen  will  have  completed 
the  fiftieth  year  of  her  beneficent  and  illustrious  reign,  and  I 
am  sure  that  they  will  concur  with  the  President  and  Council 
in  offering  an  address  of  congratulation  on  so  auspicious  an 
occasion,  and  will  join  in  a  hearty  prayer  that  she  may  long  be 
spared  to  reign  over  a  loyal,  contented,  and  prosperous  nation. 

The  following  Resolution  was  moved  by  H.  H.  Howorth, 
Esq.,  M.P.,  seconded  by  C.  M.  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B.,  and  carried 
unanimously : 

"  That  the  best  thanks  of  the  meeting  be  offered  to  the  Pre- 
sident for  his  Address,  and  that  he  be  requested  to  allow  it  to 
be  printed." 

The  President  signified  his  assent. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  laid  upon 
the  table  a  copy  of  the  Archaeologia,  vol.  L.  part  i.  completing 
the  arrears  of  Archaeologia ;  a  copy  of  the  Archaeologia ,  vol.  L. 
part  ii.  complete  with  the  exception  of  the  Index  ;  and  a  copy 
of  Proceedings,  vol.  xi.  part  iii.  complete  up  to  date. 

The  Scrutators  having  reported  that  the  Members  of  the 
Council  in  List  I.,  and  the  Officers  of  the  Society  in  List  II., 
had  been  duly  elected,  the  President  read  from  the  chair  the 
following  names  of  those  who  had  been  elected  as  Council  and 
Officers  for  the  ensuing  year  : — 

Eleven  Members  from  the  Old  Council. 

John  Evans,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President. 

Henry  Howard  Molyneux,  Earl  of  Carnarvon,  D.C.L,, 
Vice- President. 

Augustus  Wollaston  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  Vice- 
President. 

Charles  Drury  Edward  Fortnum,  Esq.,  Vice- President. 

Charles  Spencer  Perceval,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  Treasurer. 


April  28.]  SOCIETY~OF  ANTIQUARIES.  383 

Henry  Salusbury  Milman,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Director. 

The  Hon.  Harold  Arthur  Dillon,  Secretary. 

John  Thomas  Micklethwaite,  Esq. 

Professor  John  Henry  Middleton,  M.A. 

Charles  Hercules  Read,  Esq. 

Rev.  William  Sparrow  Simpson,  D.D. 

Ten  Members  of  the  New  Council. 

Edward  William  Brabrook,  Esq. 

James  Ludovic,  Earl  of  Crawford  and  Balcarres,  LL.D., 

F.R.S. 

James  Hilton,  Esq. 
Henry  Hoyle  Howorth,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Stuart  Archibald  Moore,  Esq. 
George  John,  Earl  of  Northesk. 
Frederick  George  Hilton  Price,  Esq. 
Henry  Reeve,  Esq.,  C.B.,  D.C.L. 
Sir  John  Staples,  K.C.M.G. 
Alfred  White,  Esq. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  Scrutators  for 
their  trouble. 


Thursday,  April  28th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Hector  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate :— The  First  Volume  of  the 
Registers  of  St.  Botolph,  Bishopsgate.  Part  2.  Baptisms  (continued), 
1585-1621.  Transcribed  by  A.  W.  C.  Hallen,  M.A.  8vo.  Alloa,  N.B. 
1887. 

From  the  Bristol  and  Gloucestershire  Archaeological  Society: — An  Analysis  of 
the  Domesday  Survey  of  Gloucestershire.  By  C.  S.  Taylor.  8vo.  Bristol, 

1887. 

From  the  Author,  G.  T.  Clark,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — Cartae  et  alia  Munimenta  quse 
ad  Dominium  de  Glamorgan  pertinent.  4to.  Dowlais,  1885. 

From  Professor  A.  H.  Church:— The  Cartulary  and  historical  notes  of  the 
Cistercian  Abbey  of  Flaxley.  By  A.  W.  Crawley-Boevey,  M.A.  (Large 
paper  copy.)  4to.  Exeter,  1887. 

From  the  Author  of  the  above  volume : — A  second  copy  of  the  same  (small) 

paper). 
VOL.  XL  2  C 


384  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

From  the  Author,  Edwin  Freshfield,  Esq  ,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.:— Some  Remarks  upon 
the  "Rook  oi  Records  of  St.  Stephen,  Coleman  Street.  (From  Archaeologia, 
vol.  50.)  4to.  Westminster,  1887. 

From  the  Author,  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.  :— 

1.  English  Medieval  Chalices  and  Patens.     (In  conjunction  with  T.  M. 
Fallow,  M.A.)    8vo.    Exeter,  1887. 

2.  On  the  Praemonstratensian  Abbey  of  St.  Agatha  juxta  Richmond.    8vo. 
London,  1887. 

From  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope, Esq., M.A.:— Old  English  Plate.  By  W.  J.  Cripps, 
MA.,  F.S.A.  Second  edition.  8vo.  London,  1881. 

From  the  Author,  M.  Leopold  Delisle,  Hon.  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Memoire  sur  1'Ecole  Calligraphique  de  Tours  au  IXesiecle.    4to.    Paris, 
1885. 

2.  Testament  de  Blanche  de  Navarre.    8vo.    Paris,  1885. 

3.  Nouveau  Temoignage  relatif  a  la  Mission  de  Jeanne  d'Arc.    8vo.    Paris, 
1885. 

4.  Discours  prononce  a  la  Societe  de  1'Histoire  de  France.    8vo.    Paris, 
1885. 

5.  Notice  sur  des  MSS.  du  Fonds  Libri  conserves  a  la  Laurentienne,  a 
Florence.    4to.    Paris,  1886. 

6.  Exemplaires  Royaux  et  Princiers  du  Miroir  Historical.     4to.    Paris, 
1886. 

7.  Les  Miracles  de  Notre-Dame.    Redaction  en  prose  de  Jean  Mielot.    8vo. 
Paris,  1886. 

8.  La  Commemoration  du  Domesday-Book  a  Londres,  en  1886.     Charte 
Normande  de  1088.    Folio.    Paris,  1886. 

9.  Memoire  sur  d'anciens  Sacramentaires.    2  vols.    (Text  and  Plates.)   4to. 
and  Folio.    Paris,  1886. 

10.  Deux  MSS.  de  1'Abbaye  de  Flavigny  au  Xe  siecle.    Folio.    Dijon,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — Notice  historique  sur  MM.  Burnouf,pere  et  fils.  8vo.  Paris, 
1886. 

From  the  Author,  P.  Charles  Robert: — 

1.  L'Inscription  de  Voltino  et  ses  interpretations.    8vo.     Chartres,  1887. 

2.  Le  Noms  de  Cologne  a  propos  d'un  Denier  in  edit  de  Lothaire  lpr.    8vo. 
Paris,  1887. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  An  Exposure  of  the  Mismanagement  of  the  Public  Record  Office.    By 
Pym  Yeatman.     8vo.     London,  1875. 

2.  A  Practical  Grammar  of  the  Arabic  Language.    By  Faris  Ash-Studyaq. 
Third  edition.     By  the  Rev.  H.  G.  Williams.    8vo.    London,  1883. 

3.  Records  of  the  Borough  of  Nottingham.    Vol.  iii.    Hen.  VII.  to  Hen. 
VIII.     1485-1547.     8vo.     London,  1885. 

4.  Popular  County  Histories.    A  History  of  Berkshire.     By  Lieut.-Col. 
Cooper-King.    8vo.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — Old  Clapham.  Based  on  a  Lecture  delivered  in  1885.  By 
J.  W.  Grover,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1887. 

From  the  Rt.  Hon.  Sir  Edward  Fry,  Lord  Justice  of  Appeal,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.: — 
Two  Photographs  taken  of  pages  33  and  34  of  the  MS.  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle,  in  the  possession  of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  of  the  Society's  Accounts  for  the 
year  1886  was  read.     (See  page  385.) 


April  28.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


385 


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386  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Thanks  wore  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  Auditors  for  their 
trouble,  and  to  the  Treasurer  for  his  good  and  faithful  services. 

J.  W.  TEIST,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,. exhibited  a  bronze  statuette  of  the 
Egyptian  deity  named  Chonsu,  with  hieroglyphics  on  the  base. 
Nothing  is  known  of  its  history. 

WALTER  MYERS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  .  a  number  of 
Etruscan  antiquities  recently  acquired  by  him  in  Italy. 

The  most  remarkable  of  these  were  a  number  of  large  lunar- 
shaped  fibulae,  formed  of  lumps  of  amber,  with  bronze  pins. 
Other  noticeable  objects  were  a  double-headed  bull  of  bronze, 
a  bronze  buckle  of  unique  form,  and  a  number  of  hollow 
pippin-shaped  ornaments. 

P.  MARTIN  DUNCAN,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  exhibited,  through 
the  President,  a  terra- cotta  head  of  Roman  workmanship,  found 
at  Colchester. 

Major  HEALES,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  descriptive  of  the  pecu- 
liarities and  architecture  of  the  churches  of  the  island  of  Gott- 
land,  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of  photographs  and  rubbings 
of  monumental  slabs. 

Major  Heales'  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  May  5th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author: — Un  Carreau  Vernisse  trouve  a  Termonde.  Par  A.  Blomme. 
8vo.  Antwerp,  1887. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A. :— Cooke's  Topography  of  Great  Britain  ; 
or  British  Traveller's  Pocket  Directory.  The  following  volumes  of  the 
series:  Beds,  Berks,  Bucks,  Cambridge,  Cornwall,  Cumberland,  Derby, 
Durham,  Essex,  Hants,  Hereford,  Herts,  Hunts  and  Kuts,  Kent,  Lan- 
caster, Leicester,  Lincoln,  Middlesex,  Monmouth,  Norfolk,  Northants, 
Notts,  Oxford,  Salop,  Scotland  (2  pts.),  Surrey,  Sussex,  South  Wales, 
Westmoreland,  Wilts,  Worcester,  Yorks.  33  vols.  12mo.  London. 

From  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society: — Index  to  the  first  20  vols.  of  the 
Proceedings  (1791-1883).  8vo.  Boston,  1887. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAKIES.  387 

The  appointment  by  the  President  of  the  Earl  of  Crawford 
and  Balcarres  as  Vice-President  was  announced. 

W.  G.  B.  PAGE,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  gold  ring,  said  to  have  been 
ploughed  up  at  Hatfield,  near  Hornsea,  upon  which  C.  H.  Read, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following  remarks  :  — 


GOLD  RING  FOUND  AT  HATFIELD,  NEAR  HORNSEA. 
(Full  size.) 

"  The  ring  exhibited  by  Mr.  Page  is  of  a  very  unusual  type. 
It  has  five  oval  projections  round  the  outer  side.  One  of  these 
is  a  socket  in  which  a  stone,  now  lost,  has  been  set,  and  as 
there  is  a  trefoil-shaped  opening  at  the  back  of  the  setting  it 
is  probable  that  the  stone  was  a  transparent  one,  perhaps  a 
sapphire  or  ruby.  The  other  four  projections  have  engraved 
upon  them  the  following  subjects,  viz. : — The  Holy  Trinity,  the 
Blessed  Virgin  and  Child,  St.  George,  and  St.  Christopher. 
These  representations  are  of  the  design  and  style  commonly 
found  on  the  bezels  of  the  so-called  iconographic  rings.  Un- 
fortunately, the  edges  of  these  oval  projections  have  suffered 
somewhat  from  wear,  so  that  but  slight  traces  remain  of  the 
enamel  with  which  they  were  probably  once  decorated. 

Within  the  hoop  is  engraved,  in  black-letter  : — 

gut  +  got  +  fjumigu  +  anam^apta  + 

This  is  one  of  the  magical  formulae  very  frequently  found 
upon  rings  at  this  period,  sometimes  in  conjunction  with  the 
Tau,  as  mentioned  by  Mr.  King,*  where  this  figure  is  joined 
with  the  words  ANANIZAPTA  DEI  EMMANVEL  as  a  spell  against 
epilepsy. 

The  only  unusual  word  in  the  formula  on  this  ring  is  the 
one  I  read  as  fjunumt.  I  have  not  met  with  this  upon  any 
amulet  or  ring,  and  I  do  not  find  it  mentioned  in  such  works 
as  I  have  referred  to. 

Each  of  the  saints  engraved  upon  the  hoop,  as  well  as  the 
stone  itself,  probably  had  a  special  virtue  for  the  benefit  of  the 
wearer.  Mr.  King  f  gives  a  distich  about  St.  Christopher,  which, 
as  he  says,  would  account  for  that  saint  being  a  favourite : 

*  The  Gnostics  and  their  Remains,  p.  135. 
t  Ibid.  p.  135. 


388  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

'  Christopher!  faciem  die  quocunquc  tucris 
Illo  nempe  die  mala  morte  non  morieris.' 

The  ring  is  probably  of  English  work,  and  the  date  about 
1400." 

Rev.  W.  D.  MACRAY,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  matrix  of  a 
medieval  seal  found  at  Exeter  some  time  ago  while  clearing  out 
a  drain  near  the  cathedral  church. 

It  is  a  pointed  oval,  1J  inch  long,  of  latten,  with  a  loop  at  the 
back  for  suspension. 

The  subject  is  a  half-effigy  of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  crowned, 
and  holding  the  Divine  Infant  in  her  arms,  beneath  a  trefoiled 
arch  with  straight  crocket-mold,  and  panelled  and  pinnacled 
buttresses.  Under  a  trefoiled  arch  in  base  is  a  kneeling  ton- 
sured figure. 

The  marginal  legend  is — 

ALANO  •  NATV  .  FACC  .  VIKGO  .  iTICCIATV"  • 

The  date  of  the  seal,  which  is  one  of  a  common  type,  is  circa 
1250. 

EGBERT  DAY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  photograph  of  a 
communion  cup  and  cover  bearing  the  Youghall  town-mark,  on 
which  he  communicated  the  following  remarks  : — 

"  As  one  of  your  Local  Secretaries  for  Ireland,  I  have  the 
honour  to  announce  that,  through  the  kindness  of  Mr.  R.  U. 
Penrose  FitzGerald,  M.P.,  of  Corkbeg,  Cork  Harbour,  I  have 
had  the  privilege  of  examining  a  communion  cup  and  cover  of 
silver  now  used  in  the  parish  church  of  Corkbeg,  where  it  has 
been  transferred  from  the  disused  church  of  Ightermurragh. 

After  the  disestablishment  of  the  Church  of  Ireland  it  was 
found  necessary  to  group  certain  parishes  in  some  of  the  sparsely 
populated  districts.  One  of  these  junctions  was  formed  in  the 
diocese  of  Cloyne,  where  the  parishes  of  Castle  Martyr,  Ighter- 
murragh, and  Kilcredon  were  united,  and  now  form  the  parish 
of  Castle  Martyr.  The  parish  of  Ightermurragh  was  in  the 
centre  of  the  three,  flanked  upon  the  west  and  south  by  Castle 
Martyr,  and  bordered  on  the  north  and  east  by  Kilcredon  and 
the  church  of  that  name.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  conveni- 
ence of  the  parishioners  would  be  consulted  by  holding  divine 
service  in  the  two  last  named  ;  and  to  save  the  church  of  Ighter- 
murragh from  falling  into  ruin,  and  from  possible  desecration, 
it  was  ordered  to  be  taken  down.  This  was  accordingly  done, 
and  the  church  plate  was  taken  charge  of  by  the  Rev.  Canon 
Bolster,  rector  of  Castle  Martyr,  after  which  it  was  transferred, 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES,  389 

by  an  order  of  the  Dean  and  Chapter  of  Cloyne,  to  its  present 
home  at  Corkbeg. 

I  have  elsewhere  described  the  town  and  makers'  marks  on 
Cork-made  plate  of  the  seventeenth  century,*  and  have  cited  a 
chalice  in  the  cathedral  church  of  St.  Colman,  Cloyne,  that  was 
made  in  Bandon. 

I  am  now  enabled  to  add  another  of  the  walled  towns  in  the 
county  of  Cork,  namely,  Youghal,  to  the  list  of  places  in  which 
plate  was  manufactured  during  the  first  decade  of  the  last  century, 
and  to  identify  the  maker  with  the  initial  stamp  that  occurs  upon 
the  communion  cup  and  cover. 

The  cup  is  straight-sided,  and  is  8J  inches  high  and  4  inches 
wide  at  the  mouth.  Underneath  the  bowl,  and  springing  from  a 
baluster-shaped  stem,  is  an  open  rose  barbed  and  seeded,  the 
whole  resting  upon  a  circular  base  4J  inches  in  diameter.  It 
bears  within  a  Jacobean  scroll-work  the  inscription  : 

TJie  legacy  of  Mrs  Mary 
Brelsford  who  died  ye  3d  of 
Feb*  17*2  To  the  Church 
of  Ightermurrough. 

Beneath  the  lip  are  four  marks,  of  which  I  send  sealing-wax 

impressions  :  two  are  those  of  the  maker  E.G., 

and  two  the  town-mark  of  Youghal,  a  lymphad,  ^^ 

or  more  probably  a  yawl,  in  allusion  to  the 

name  of  the  town. 

E.G.  is,  I  have  no  doubt,  the  stamp  of  Ed-    TOWN-MARK  OP 
ward  Gillett,  whose  name  is  of  frequent  occur-        YOUGHAL. 
rence  f  in  6  the  council  book  of  the  Corporation 
of  Youghal,'  viz.   <  23rd  Feb.  1711.       It.  that  Edwd.  Gillett 
be  admitted  free  at  large,  and  that  he  keep  a  good  musquet  in 
repair  for  the  use  of  the  Corporation.' 

6  May  20,  1712,  Edward  Gillett,  gouldsrnith,  present  as  free- 
man, ordered  to  be  sworn  as  such.' 

In  1712  he  appears  among  the  list  of  the  '  common  council- 
men,'  and  in  1721  as  mayor. 

The  paten-cover  is  also  inscribed :  '  This  challise  is  the  legacy 

d 

of  Mrs.  Mary  Breseford  (who  died  the  3  of  ffeb   1712)  to  the 

oz.     pen. 

Church  of  Ightermurrough  19  :  11.'      This  being  the  combined 
weight  of  the  cup  and  cover. 

*  No.  45,  vol.  v.  and  No.  65,  vol.  vii.,  4th  Series,  Eoyal  Historical  and 
Archaeological  Society  of  Ireland. 

f  The  Council  Booh  of  the  Corporation  of  YovgJial,  by  Rd.  Caulfield  Billings 
Guildford,  Surrey,  1878. 


390  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

I  have  other  pieces  of  Irish  silver  in  my  collection,  the  town 
marks  of  which  I  am  as  yet  unable  to  fully  identify.  But  I 
have  little  doubt  that  silver  was  manufactured  in  many  of  the 
walled  towns  of  the  pale ;  that  from  the  disturbed  state  of  the 
country  it  was  impossible  to  send  such  to  be  hailed  at  the 
Dublin  assay  office,  and  that  these  towns  adopted  certain  marks 
which  were  usually  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  their  corporate 
arms,  as  the  marks  on  this  cup,  and  those  on  the  mace  of  the 
Cork  Guilds  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  fully  prove." 

J.  D.  LEADER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Yorkshire, 
communicated  the  following  report  of  the  discovery  of  cinerary 
urns,  etc.  at  Crookes,  near  Sheffield,  accompanied  by  a  drawing 
of  the  urns,  and  the  fragments  of  bronze  found  with  them: — 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  report  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
the  discovery,  on  Easter  Day  last,  of  a  cinerary  urn  containing 
calcined  bones,  a  small  so-called  *  incense  cup,'  and  some 
fragments  of  bronze  which,  when  placed  together,  form  a  rude 
dagger  or  spear-head.  The  discovery  was  made  on  high  ground 
called  the  Bole  Hills,  near  the  village  of  Crookes,  some  two 
miles  from  Sheffield.  A  young  man  named  Herbert  Gr.  Wat- 
kinson  was  inspecting  the  sides  of  a  cutting  that  had  been  made 
for  the  foundation  of  some  houses,  when  his  attention  was 
attracted  by  a  piece  of  dark  pottery  from  which  the  earth 
seemed  to  have  fallen  away,  and  which  stood  6  or  8  inches 
below  the  natural  level  of  the  ground.  He  removed  the  object 
carefully,  clearing  away  the  charcoal  and  earth  by  which  it  was 
surrounded,  and  found  two  urns,  one  inverted  within  the  other, 
and  covering  a  quantity  of  imperfectly  calcined  bones.  Among 
the  bones  was  a  small  vase  measuring  2J  inches  across  the 
mouth,  devoid  of  ornament,  but  pierced  on  one  side  with  two 
round  holes,  as  if  to  receive  a  thong  or  cord.  The  outer  urn 
fell  to  pieces  on  removal,  but  the  inverted  one  was  secured 
entire.  It  measures  9J  inches  in  height,  26  inches  in  circum- 
ference at  the  widest  part,  and  7J  inches  in  diameter  across  the 
mouth.  •  It  is  of  dark  clay,  ornamented  with  dots  and  per- 
pendicular and  diagonal  lines.  I  have  not  heard  of  any  similar 
discoveries  in  that  neighbourhood,  but  the  spot  overlooks  the 
valley  of  the  Eivelin,  in  which  two  Eoman  manumission  tablets 
were  found  in  1761,  already  recorded  in  the  books  of  our 
Society.*  I  have  been  to  see  the  place  where  the  urn  was 
found.  It  is  near  the  side  of  an  old  lane,  and  I  could  not  detect 
any  trace  of  a  mound  over  the  spot.  The  urn  had  lain  about 

*  Minute  Book,  viii.  373. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  391 

8  inches  below  the  natural  surface,  and  the  soil  around  was 
blackened  with  charcoal." 

EDWARD  PEACOCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  follow- 
ing transcripts  of  some  documents  relating  to  the  observance  of 
the  Gunpowder  Treason  and  Plot: 

"  The  following  documents  have,  I  believe,  never  been  printed. 
They  were  lent  to  me  by  the  late  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  As  every- 
thing relating  to  the  Gunpowder  Plot  is  of  interest  I  make  no 
apology  for  sending  a  transcript  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

6  Sal.  in  Chro.  I  do  send  you  inclosed  a  true  copy  of  such 
Ires  as  I  have  this  day  receiued  from  ye  most  Reuend  ffather 
in  god  my  very  good  L.  &  brother  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
burie,  his  G.  &  from  my  very  good  L.  &  Brother  the  Bishop 
of  London  touching  ye  celebracon  of  ye  vth  of  November  yearly 
for  such  causes  &  consideracons  and  in  such  maS  and  forme  as 
is  Ascribed  by  his  mates  Royall  aucthority  in  the  said  Ires.  The 
contentes  whereof  I  do  require  &  charge  you  in  his  mates  name 
out  of  hand  not  onely  to  publish  &  make  knowne  to  all  &  euy 
the  Parsons  vicars  &  curats  churchwardens  &  Inhabitantes  of 
euy  pish  in  those  two  Archdeaconries  of  Bedford  &  Bucking- 
ham but  also  to  cause  ye  same  from  tyme  to  tyme  to  be  duly 
ob?ed  &  put  in  execucon,  as  you  &  they  &  euy  of  them  do 
tender  the  good  of  the  church,  his  mates  favor  &  safety,  the  welth 
of  this  kingdome  of  England  or  yore  owne  creditt  or  quietnes  &  if 
you  shall  find  (whereof  I  require  you,  as  occasion  s9veth  to  have 
a  carefull  regard)  any  man9  of  pson  or  psons  whosoeu  to  be 
negligent  or  froward  in  pformeing  their  duety  then  to  certifie 
vnto  me  their  names,  surnames  &  qualityes  vnder  yor  hand  ;  y* 
I  may  censure  them  as  their  demits  shall  des9ve.  And  so  not 
doubting  of  yor  faithfull  diligence  in  ye  pmisses  &  willing  you  to 
adutize  me  of  the  receite  of  theis  my  Ires  wth  my  harty  comen- 
dacons  I  comitt  you  to  god.  ffrom  Buckden  this  viijth  of 
december  1605. 

Yor  very  loueing  friend 

W.  LINCOLN. 
To   Mr   Dr    Smyth   my   Comissary 

in  the  Archdenconries  of  Bedford 

&  Buckingham  hast  theis.' 

'  After  my  hartie  comendacons  to  yor  Lop.  I  haue  receyved 
Irs  fro9  my  lo.  grace  of  Canterburie,  dated  the  29th  of  this 
inoneth  of  November,  wharby  1  am  required  that  accordinge 
vnto  the  dutie  of  my  place  I  doe  forthewth  impart  the  same  vnto 
yor  Lop  the  tenor  whearof  followeth. 


392  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

Salutem  in  Chro.  It  is  not  vnknowne  vnto  yor  Lop.  what 
a  trayterous  plott  for  the  murtheringe  of  his  matie  was  layd 
by  the  Earle  of  Gowrie  and  his  brethren,  to  haue  byn  putt  into 
execution  vppo9  a  Tewsday  the  fift  of  August  whilst  his  matie 
was  in  Scotland  :  and  how  miraculously  his  Highnes  beinge 
trayned  craftely  to  the  said  Earle  his  howse  throughly  provided 
for  such  a  mischief,  vpp9  the  said  Tewsday  it  pleased  Almightie 
god  of  his  infinite  mercie  not  only  to  deliu  his  sacred  pson  fr9 
this  daunger,  but  as  an  argument  of  godes  wrathe  against  all 
traytors  to  cast  bothe  the  Earle  and  his  brethren  that  day  into 
the  same  gulphe  of  distraction  wch  they  had  barbarously  ppared 
against  their  soveraigne.  And  I  am  well  assured  that  yor 
Lp  hathe  heard  of  the  neu  before  heard  of  vilane  amongst  the 
most  savage  miscreantes  that  ever  the  earth  bare,  contrived  by 
certeyne  gentlemen  recusantes,  and  popishe  priestes  to  haue  byn 
putt  in  execution  vppo9  the  Tewsday  beinge  the  5*  day  of  this 
instant  moneth  of  November  by  gunpowder  wch  they  had  layd 
secretly  vnder  the  vpper  howse  of  Parliament,  to  haue  blowne 
vpp  at  a  blast,  the  kinge,  the  Queene,  the  Prince,  the  Lordes 
and  the  chefe  gentlemen  of  England,  knightes  and  Burgesses  of 
the  Lower  Howse  of  Parliament,  all  appoynted  to  wayt  that  day 
vppo9  his  matie  in  the  sayd  vpper  howse,  and  consequently  by 
that  one  vnspeakable  act  to  haue  overthrowne  the  trew  wor- 
shipp  of  god  in  this  kingdom,  and  to  haue  made  the  whole 
land  a  pray  to  forainers  and  straungers :  and  how  the  holy 
Ghost  did  so  illuminate  his  mates  hart  and  vnderstandinge  in  the 
expounding  of  certeyne  darke  speches  in  a  ir  written  to  a  noble- 
man, as  that  by  his  direction  the  gunpowder  ppared,  as  is  afore- 
sayd  was  discovered  vppo9  the  sayd  Tewsday  betwixt  the  howers 
of  one  and  twoe  of  the  clock  in  the  morninge  :  at  what  time  also 
a  cheefe  traytor,  one  ffaulx,  that  should  have  sett  the  gunpowder 
on  fier  was  taken  :  vppon  whose  examinacon  som  of  the  princi- 
pal! traytors  beinge  discovered  god  hath  deliu9ed  many  of  them 
togither  wth  their  complices  and  abettors  into  his  matcs  handes. 
In  remembrance  of  all  wch  infinite  mercies  of  the  almighte, 
extended  so  plentefully  both  towardes  his  Church,  the  kinges 
matie  and  this  whole  Hand  of  Great  Brittaine,  it  is  his  matcs 
pleasure  and  comaundement  that  as  vppo9  the  5t  of  August  every 
yeare  (wch  is  still  to  be  continued)  so  vppo9  the  5t  of  November 
ther  shall  be  yearly  thanckesgiueinge  to  or  heavenly  father,  the 
mighte  god  of  or  salvation  for  theis  most  wonderfull  deliuances 
and  mercies  aforesayd.  And  not  that  only  but  in  like  manner 
as  his  matie  hathe  hitherto  and  so  still  is  resolued  to  sanctifie  the 
remembrance  of  suche  the  lordes  most  extraordinarie  benefittes 
and  mercies  every  Tewsday  with  prayers  and  thankesgiueinge 
in  publiq9  congregation],  so  it  is  his  highnes  will  and  imutable 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  393 

direction  that  all  thos[e]  sermons  wch  hitherto  vsually  haue  byn 
accustomed  to  be  preached  in  any  cathedral!,  collegiate  or 
parochiall  church  throughe  out  this  realme,  either  vppo9  the 
wenesdayes,  ffrydays  or  other  dayes  in  the  weeke  shall  fro9 
henceforward  be  p  [reached]  vppon  the  Tewsdays  :  and  that  the 
preachers  on  suche  their  ?mons  shall  fro9  time  to  time  still  move 
the  people  to  prayse  and  magnifie  the  name  of  god  for  all  his 
sayd  most  infinite  mercies,  blessinges,  graces  and  benefittes  : 
besechinge  him  thorough  Jhesus  Christ  to  continue  the  same  not 
only  towarde  his  matie  for  his  safetie  but  for  the  jJservacon  of  the 
gospell  amongest  vs  and  good  estate  of  this  Hand  wth  the  rest  of 
his  mates  dominions  :  consideringe  that  the  inveterated  malice  of 
the  Romishe  broode  is  not  yet  asswaged,  but  that  they  are  very 
likely  still  to  psever  in  their  mischievous,  wicked,  desperate, 
most  irreligious  and  traiterous  enterprises  :  wch  wee  both  by 
prayer  and  all  other  good  meanes  are*  carefully  and  diligently, 
as  we  are  able  to  fivent. 

Accordingly  therefore  to  this  his  mates  direction  and  comaund- 
ment,  I  do  requier  your  Lop  forthewith  to  give  order  through- 
out yr  whole  dioces  for  the  obivation  of  the  fWsses  not 
doubtinge  of  yor  diligence  therein  and  likewise  advertisinge  you 
that  it  is  not  his  mates  will  that  the  translatinge  of  the  ?mons 
aforesaid  to  the  Tews  dayes  should  piudice  or  hinder  the 
ordinarie  and  publiq9  Svice  of  god  weekely  vppon  wensdayes  or 
ffridayes :  but  that  the  same  should  be  diligently  continued  and 
obs^ved  accordinge  to  the  orders  of  the  Churche  and  the  Lawes 
of  the  Realme  in  that  behalfe  provided.  There  are  twoe  formes 
of  prayers  and  thankesgiueing  to  be  vsed  yearly  vppo9  the  5*  of 
August  and  the  5fc  of  November  as  is  aforesayd  that  one  alredy 
printed,  and  wch  yor  Lop  is  to  take  order  for  that  every  parishe 
may  haue  one  of  them. 

What  I  write  to  yor  LOP  herein  I  desyre  that  accordinge  to 
the  dutie  of  yor  place,  you  doe  forthewth  impart  vnto  the  rest  of 
the  Bps  of  my  province,  as  I  my  selfe  will  tak  like  order  for  the 
advertising  in  manner  and  forme  above  specified,  of  the  Bps  of 
the  Province  of  Yorke.  And  so  w*  my  hartie  comendations 
vnto  yor  good  Lop  I  comitt  you  vnto  the  tuiton  of  Almightie 
god.  Att  Lambethe  the  29th  of  November  1605  yor  Lops 
Loving  brother  R.  Cant. 

I  praye  your  Lop  to  haue  that  care  of  the  speedy  puttinge  the 
same  in  execution  in  all  poyntes  wch  may  be  answerable  vnto 
his  mates  expectacon  and  pleasure  herein  signified,  and  the 
rather  because  it  is  or  speciall  dutie  in  regard  of  or  place  and 
callinge  to  shewe  or  selves  most  forward  in  this  action  of 

*  The  word  '  bound '  seems  to  be  required  here  by  the  sense. 


394  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

thankesgiueing,  that  by  or  example  all  the  people  of  the  Land 
may  be  incited  to  have  a  sensible  feelinge  of  the  incomparable 
goodnes  of  Almightie  god  in  so  miraculous  deliverance  of  the 
whole  Realme  fro9  such  a  fearfull  calamitie,  and  accordingly  to 
shewe  their  thanckfulnes  and  power  forth  their  prayers  and 
teares  to  the  god  of  their  salvation  and  strength  that  he  may 
still  p'ive  his  matie,  the  Queene,  the  Royall  issue  and  this  Land 
fro9  the  handes  of  or  bludthurstie  enemies.  And  so  I  coinit 
yor  Lop  to  godes  holy  protection.  Att  my  Palace  att  London 
this  day  of  1605. 

Yr  Lops  Lovinge  brother  in  Christ, 

Ric  LONDON. 

To  the  Right  Reuend  ffather 
in  god  my  verie  good  Lord 
and  brother  the  Lord  Bisshopp 
of  Lincoln. 

yeve  theis.' 

All  but  the  signature  is  in  the  hand  of  a  secretary.  The 
letter  has  evidently  been  sent,  as  there  are  marks  of  folding,  and 
of  its  having  been  fastened  by  a  wafer.  The  date  has,  therefore, 
we  may  assume,  been  left  out  by  accident.  *  Lincoln '  is 
written  in  the  secretary's  hand,  but  in  very  small  characters, 
very  near  the  wafer. 

The  following  curious  presentment  is  in  the  same  collection. 
The  priests  whose  conduct  William  Smith  commended  were, 
there  can  be  no  doubt,  Thomas  Sprott  and  Thomas  Hunt,  who 
were  executed  at  Lincoln  in  the  year  1600.  An  account  of 
them  may  be  seen  in  Bishop  Challoner's  Memoirs  of  Missionary 
Priests  under  the  above-mentioned  date.  It  appears  to  be  com- 
piled from  contemporary  records,  and  is,  I  have  little  doubt, 
authentic. 

*  William  Smith  the  younger,  of  Edlington  in  the  county  of 
Lincolne  husbandman,  did  iustify  and  comend  the  death  and 
cause  of  the  death  of  two  traiterous  priestes  (lately  executed  at 
Lincolne)  about  the  twentyeth  day  of  June  1605,  affirming  that 
the  sayd  preists  dyed  not  for  treason,  but  for  their  conscienc, 
and  wished  that  he  myght  dye  as  they  dyed.  These  wordes 
were  spoken  in  the  presence  of  me  John  Conyers  of  Thimolby. 
The  same  Wiftm  Smyth  vpon  mydsomer  day  last  past  in  the 
night  did  say  that  he  which  held  Justyfycation  by  faith  onely 
was  an  heriticke,  a  diveli  &  worse  than  a  dyvell,  and  further  he 
sayd  that  a  man  might  fullfill  the  comandment  before  god 
vnblameably  for  god  had  giuen  him  free  will  so  to  doe.  These 
wordes  were  spoken  in  the  psence  of  me,  allidging  for  the  fyrst 
St.  Jeames  &  for  the  second  Zachary  &  Elizabeth. 

Thomas  Overton  of  Carlton,  p7*. 


May  12.  J  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  395 

I,  John  Jackson,  of  Saint  Peters  in  Eastgate  in  Lincoln, 
did  heare  the  same  wordes.  The  said  Wiftm  Smythe  hath 
menteyned  the  carnall  eating  of  the  body  of  Christ  in  the 
Sacrament,  vouching  for  his  warrant  1  Cor.  ii.  Also  he  hath 
menteyned  an  ability  in  man  to  fulfill  the  Comaundemts,  vouch- 
ing as  aforesaid  Luke  i.  Lastly  he  hath  denyed  fJdistinacon. 
Thus  much  I  must  affirme  if  I  hereafter  bee  therevnto  called 
by  course  of  Lawe. 

p  me  Johem  Elton. 

Edw.  Turner,  Bach  of  Arte  and  v. 
of  Edlington  d.  Horncastle,  fJsented 
these  Articles  Nov.  27,  1606. 

Edward  Turner.'  " 

The  reading  of  these  documents  was  followed  by  a  discussion, 
in  which  the  President,  the  Director,  and  Mr.  J.  Willis- Bund 
look  part. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  May  12th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.K.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  Rev.  W.  C.  Boulter,  M.A.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  Court-Rolls  of  some  East  Riding  Manors,  1563-73.    By  Rev.  W.  C. 
Boulter.    8vo. 

2.  The  Arms  of  the  town  of  Kingston-upon-Hull.     By  T.  T.  Wildridge. 
8vo.    Hull,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — Blessed  Margaret  of  Salisbury.  A  Sketch  of  the  Life  and 
Times  of  "  The  Last  of  the  Plantagenets."  By  G.  Ambrose  Lee.  8vo.  Lon- 
don, 1887. 

From  the  Author,  T.  N.  Brushfield,  Esq.,  M.D.  :— 

1.  The  Bishopric  of  Exeter,  1419-20.    8vo.     1886. 

2.  Sir  W.  Ralegh :  a  Plea  for  a  surname.     8vo.     1886. 

From  the  Author : — Foreign  Quarterings  in  Lancashire  Shields.  By  Rev.  A.  E.  P. 
Gray.  8vo.  Liverpool,  1887. 

From  C.  M.  Clode,  Esq.,  C.B.,  F.S.A.:— Chronological  Table  and  Index  of 
Statutes.  Seventh  Edition.  1235-1880.  8vo.  London,  1881, 


396  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

From  the  Author: — A   Trilogy  of  the  Life-to-come,  and  other  poems.     By 
Robert  Brown,  Jun.,  F.S.A.     Sm.  8vo.     London,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — The  Asclepiad.    No.  14,  vol.  iv.    By  B.  W.  Richardson, 
M.D.,  F.S.A.     Svo.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Author  :— Cornhill  and  its  Vicinity.    By  F.  G.  Hilton  Price,  F.S,A. 
Read  before  the  Institute  of  Bankers.     Svo.    London,  1887. 

From  the  Author  :— The  Life  and  Legend  of  St.  Vedast.    By  W.  S.  Simpson, 
D.D.,  F.S.A.    Svo.    London,  1887. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  May  26,  1887,  and  a  list  was  read  of  candidates  to 
be  balloted  for. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  a  magnificent  onyx  cameo  bearing 
the  head  of  Medusa,  on  which  he  communicated  the  following 
descriptive  remarks : — 

"  The  onyx  cameo  of  the  head  of  Medusa,  which  is  now  before 
the  Society,  was  obtained  by  me  in  Rome  at  the  beginning  of 
this  year,  and  is  stated  to  have  been  found  in  the  bed  of  the 
Tiber.  There  appears  to  be  every  probability  that  this  state- 
ment is  true,  inasmuch  the  salient  parts  of  the  gem  are  some- 
what worn  away  by  attrition,  and  the  two  wings  which  once 
adorned  the  head  have  been  entirely  broken  off. 

Even  in  its  somewhat  abraded  condition  this  gem  is  remark- 
able for  its  size,  the  thickness  of  the  white  layer  of  the  onyx, 
and  the  wonderfully  beautiful  character  of  the  work.  The  brown 
layer  of  the  stone  is  about  3^  inches  by  2f  inches  in  extreme 
length  and  breadth,  and  is  sub-oval  in  outline.  The  lower  surface 
is  concave  in  the  direction  of  its  length  and  convex  in  that  of 
its  breadth.  A  notch  has  been  chipped  in  the  edge  at  one  part 
of  the  lower  layer,  but  it  has  not  injured  the  head  of  Medusa, 
which  covers  nearly  the  whole  surface  of  the  stone,  and  has  been 
carved  out  of  a  white  layer  somewhat  more  than  an  inch  in 
thickness. 

The  face,  which  has  a  peculiarly  sad  expression,  especially 
about  the  eyes,  is  for  the  most  part  surrounded  by  thick  masses 
of  hair  springing  low  on  the  forehead  and  from  the  upper  part 
of  the  cheeks  so  as  to  cover  and  hide  the  ears,  the  locks  being 
wreathed  in  graceful  waves,  one  of  which  extends  over  a  part 
of  the  right  cheek.  Two  snakes  intertwined,  so  as  to  form  a 
knot  below  the  chin,  surround  the  lower  part  of  the  face,  the 
brown  layer  of  the  onyx  being  just  shown  between  the  snakes 
and  the  face  by  means  of  deep  and  delicate  engraving. 

Although  found  in  Rome  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  this 
magnificent  work  was  the  production  of  a  Greek  artist,  not  im- 
probably of  the  Rhodian  school,  and  I  am  almost  tempted  to 
assign  it  to  the  studio  of  Agesander,  Poly  dor  us,  or  Athene- 


To  face  page396. 


ONYX        CAMEO 
WITH     HEAD    OF   MEDUSA. 


May  12.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  397 

dorus,  the  renowned  artists  of  what  Pliny  has  called  the  master- 
work  of  all  art,  the  group  of  Laocoon  which  once  adorned  the 
palace  of  the  emperor  Titus. 

The  Gorgon's  head,  or,  as  it  is  frequently,  though  perhaps 
somewhat  incorrectly,  termed  the  agis,  is  a  constant  accessory 
on  the  necks  of  many  of  the  Roman  emperors  when  represented 
on  their  coins,  and  makes  its  first  appearance,  I  believe,  on  some 
of  the  money  struck  under  Nero.  It  occurs  but  rarely  on  the 
coins  of  Galba  and  Vespasian,  and  I  do  not  remember  an  in- 
stance on  the  coins  of  Otho,  Vitellius,  or  Titus.  Under  Domi- 
tian,  however,  the  head  becomes  so  constant  an  adjunct,  especially 
on  the  sestertii,  that  it  would  appear  to  have  become  one  of  the 
best  recognised  imperial  emblems.  The  bust  of  Domitian  when 
wearing  the  Medusa's  head  is  usually  undraped,  and  there  is 
some  appearance  of  a  chain  both  above  the  head,  which  is  winged 
and  has  snakes  knotted  below  the  chin,  and  behind  the  neck.  It 
would  appear,  indeed,  to  have  been  worn  as  a  pendant  to  a  neck- 
lace. Probably  such  a  gem  as  that  before  us  would  be  too  heavy 
for  personal  wear,  but  it  may  well  have  adorned  some  imperial 
statue,  the  date  of  which,  from  the  style  of  art  exhibited  by  the 
cameo,  was  probably  not  later  than  the  days  of  Domitian. 

The  cameo  may,  however,  well  have  belonged  to  an  even  earlier 
period,  as  the  art  is  not  inconsistent  with  its  dating  from  the 
first  century  before  instead  of  after  our  era.  It  is,  however, 
improbable  from  the  place  of  its  discovery  that  it  was  entirely 
unconnected  with  the  imperial  dignity,  and  it  therefore  can 
hardly  be  assigned  to  pre-Augustan  times.  That  it  belonged 
to  an  aegis  rather  than  to  a  phalera  seems  to  me  pretty  clear,  as 
phalerae,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  were  always  engraved  on  stones  of 
nearly  uniform  colour,  such  as  chalcedony,  and  were  perforated 
for  the  purpose  of  attachment  to  the  belts  on  which  they  were 
worn.  The  finest  known  phalera  of  the  Medusa  type  is  that  in 
the  Marlborough  Collection,*  but  the  treatment  of  the  head  is 
different  from  that  on  the  present  example,  and  the  gem  is  of 
later  date. 

As  I  lately  observed  when  speaking  to  the  Society  on  another 
subject,!  by  far  the  majority  of  ancient  camei  are  representations 
of  the  head  of  Medusa ;  but  among  all  those  that  I  have  seen 
there  are  none  which,  either  for  size  or  for  combined  grandeur 
and  delicacy  of  treatment,  at  all  equal  the  gem  that  I  now  have 
the  pleasure  of  exhibiting." 

The  PRESIDENT  also  exhibited   eleven  Eoman  imperial  gold 
*  Vol.  ii.  Pl.  x. 

t  Arcliacologia,  vol.  xlix.  p.  444. 


398  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

coins,  acquired  by  him  at  the  sale  of  the  collection  of  the 
Viconte  de  Ponton  d'Amecourt,  of  which  he  gave  a  short 
account.  Among  them,  were  coins  of  Didius  Julianus  and  his 
wife  and  daughter,  Manlia  Scantilla  and  Didia  Clara;  of 
Victorinus,  Tetricus,  and  Claudius  Gothicus ;  and  a  coin  of 
Galeria  Valeria,  struck  at  the  mint  of  Siscia. 

^  J.  G.  WALLER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  full- 
sized  drawings  of  a  wall-painting  of  the  "  Ladder  of  the  Salva- 
tion," in  Chaldon  church,  Surrey. 

This  most  interesting  painting,  the  unique  subject  of  which 
was  lucidly  explained  to  the  meeting  by  Mr.  Waller,  was  dis- 
covered nearly  twenty  years  ago,  and  has  been  fully  described 
and  illustrated  in  Surrey  Archaeological  Collections,  V.  275-306, 
by  Mr.  Waller ;  further  notice  of  it  here  is  therefore  unnecessary. 

W.  MYERS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  second  instalment  of 
Etruscan  antiquities,  chiefly  from  Ancona,  principally  bronze 
fibulae. 

J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  fol- 
lowing notes  on  an  English  cope  at  Pienza,  and  on  another 
example  belonging  to  the  Lateran  : — 

"  On  April  5,  1883,  I  laid  before  the  Society  photographs  of 
a  remarkable  English  cope  of  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century  which  now  belongs  to  the  cathedral  of  Pienza ;  and  a 
full  description  appears  in  Proceedings  at  that  date.*  I  had  not 
seen  the  cope  itself  nor  had  Mr.  Middleton  who  had  sent  me  the 
photographs  some  time  before  they  were  exhibited.  But  last 
month  I  had  the  good  fortune  to  find  it  in  a  collection  of  textiles 
and  embroideries,  which  has  been  temporarily  got  together  in 
Borne.  And  the  examination  of  the  vestment  makes  it  neces- 
sary to  correct  a  few  mistakes  in  the  description  made  from  the 
photographs. 

The  groundwork  is  not  of  damask  but  entirely  wrought  with 
the  needle.  It  is  all  of  gold  with  diaper  patterns  which  are 
adapted  to  the  canopy  work  and  varied  in  the  different  divisions. 
Some  of  the  ornaments,  crowns — and  the  like — are  in  slight  relief, 
being  raised  with  flax,  which  has  been  worked  over  with  gold. 

There  is  a  small  spade-shaped  hood  altogether  missed  in  the 
photographs.  It  is  only  6  or  7  inches  long  and  is  all  of  gold, 
with  two  six-winged  seraphs  in  raised  work. 

By  a  slip  in  the  former  description  it  is  said  that  in  the  repre- 
sentation (No.  50)  of  the  bearing  of  the  soul  of  Mary  to  heaven 

*  Proceedings,  2d  S.  ix.  281. 


May  12.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  399 

the  two  lower  angels  are  playing  fiddles.  One  is  so.  The  other 
has  a  harp. 

It  has  struck  me  as  possible  that  the  figure  with  the  cross  on 
his  breast,  who  is  receiving  Mary  in  the  temple,  in  subject  No. 
29,  may  be  intended  for  a  templar.  The  order  was  in  its  greatest 
prosperity  when  this  cope  was  made,  and  it  would  be  quite 
natural  that  a  designer  who  represented  the  Jewish  high  priest 
as  a  Christian  bishop  should  on  occasion  show  an  officer  of  the 
temple  in  the  likeness  of  a  templar  such  as  he  had  seen. 

There  is  another  English  cope  shown  in  the  same  exhibition. 
It  belongs  to  St.  John  Lateran,  and  I  am  very  sorry  that  I  was 
unable  to  obtain  photographs  of  it.  But  a  note  of  it  may  be 
worth  a  place  in  our  Proceedings,  especially  as  the  present  owners 
of  these  vestments  appear,  so  far  as  we  may  judge  by  the  labels 
attached  to  them,  not  to  have  any  idea  of  their  age  and  value 
or  of  the  place  whence  they  come. 

The  Lateran  cope  is  of  like  work  with  that  from  Pienza,  but 
seems  to  be  rather  the  earlier  of  the  two.  It  has  suffered  more 
than  the  other  but  is  still  very  perfect.  It  has  the  same  arrange- 
ment of  tabernacle  work  in  three  main  rows,  and  the  number 
of  pictures  in  these  rows  is  the  same  in  each  case.  But  the 
middle  division  of  the  middle  row,  which  contains  the  repre- 
sentation of  the  crucifixion,  is  larger  than  the  rest,  taking  some- 
thing from  the  spandrel  space  on  each  side  ;  and  the  treatment 
of  the  spandrels  generally  is  rather  different  from  that  in  the 
Pienza  example. 

In  the. following  short  summary  of  the  subjects  represented 
I  keep  to  the  same  numbering  as  was  used  before,  so  that  the 
same  figure  denotes  a  picture  in  the  same  position  in  each  cope 
respectively. 

There  are  thirteen  pictures  in  the  lowest  ring,  and,  beginning 
with  that  on  the  left,  they  are — 

1.  The  last  supper. 

2.  The  martyrdom  of  St.  Andrew. 

3.  The  martyrdom  of  St.  Edward  the  King.     He  is  clothed, 
crowned,  and  "tied  to  a  tree,  and  is  being  shot  at  with  a  long 
bow. 

4.  This  is  much  worn,  and  I  am  not  sure  of  the  subject.     It 
seems  to  represent  a  male  saint  before  a  king,  with  other  figures. 

5.  The  martyrdom  of,  as  I  think,  St.  Margaret. 

6.  The  annunciation. 

7.  The  nativity  of  our  Lord. 

8.  The  adoration  of  the  kings. 

9.  St.  Katherine  and  the  wheels. 
10.  The  stoning  of  St.  Stephen. 

VOL.  XI.  2  D 


400  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

11.  The  martyrdom  of  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury. 

12.  The  martyrdom  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

13.  The  supper  at  Emaus.     The  vanishing   of  our   Lord  is 
curiously  indicated  by  the  lower  half  of  a  figure  shown  as  it 
were  rising  out  from  the  top  of  the  picture,  as  the  ascension  is 
often  shown. 

14-27.  In  place  of  the  Apostles  in  the  other  cope  we  have 
here  a  ring  of  angels  in  the  spandrels  of  the  lower  tabernacles. 

In  the  second  range  of  tabernacles  there  are  nine  pictures, 
namely — 

28.  Christ  before  Pilate. 

29.  Pilate  washing  his  hands. 

30.  The  scourging. 

31.  Christ  bearing  his  cross. 

32.  The  crucifixion.     This  is  the  central  picture  of  the  whole, 
and  is,  as  just  said,  taller  than  the  others.     From  two  of  the 
figures  at  the  sides  proceed  the  words  Descende  de  cruce  and  Eliam 
vocat  iste. 

33.  The  resurrection. 

34.  The  Maries  at  the  sepulchre. 

35.  Our  Lord  appearing  to  Mary  Magdalene. 

36.  The  doubting  of  Thomas. 

37-46.  A  ring  of  angels  as  in  lower  spandrels. 
In  the  top  row  there  are  five  pictures. 

47.  The  ascension. 

48.  The  Pentecost. 

49.  The  crowning  of  Mary  in  heaven,  being  the  middle  subject. 

50.  The  assumption. 

5 1 .  The  angel  announcing  to  Mary  her  coming  death.    . 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  subjects  in  the  two  upper  rows  are 
arranged  with  regard  to  their  chronological  order  as  well  as  to 
their  position  in  the  vestment.  And  there  is  a  certain  symmetry 
in  the  arrangement  of  those  in  the  bottom  row.  The  last  supper 
and  the  supper  at  Emaus  are  put  at  the  two  corners  ;  the  mar- 
tyrdoms of  the  Apostles  Andrew  and  Bartholomew  next  to  them  ; 
and  next  the  two  English  martyrdoms ;  SS.  Margaret  and 
Katherine  are  as  usual  pendant  to  one  another ;  and  the  three 
middle  pictures  begin  the  Gospel  story. 

If  any  proof  were  wanting  that  this  cope  is  English,  I  think 
the  introduction  of  St.  Edmund  would  supply  it.  The  death  of 
St.  Thomas  might  be  represented  beyond  sea  at  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  but  scarcely  that  of  St.  Edmund  ;  and  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  it  is  he  who  was  intended. 

The  orphrey  is  quite  different  from  that  on  the  Pienza  cope, 
but  is  of  the  same  work  as  the  rest.  In  the  middle,  that  is  on 


May  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  401 

the  neck  as  the  cope  would  be  worn,  is  a  small  figure  of  our 
Lord  seated  on  the  sepulchre  and  displaying  his  wounds.  On 
each  side  are  three  niches  one  over  another,  those  on  the  left 
hand  containing  respectively  two  kings  and  a  bishop,  and  those 
on  the  right  two  bishops  and  a  king ;  so  that,  as  worn,  a  king 
and  a  bishop  would  always  range  together.  There  is  nothing 
whereby  the  figures  can  be  named,  unless  perhaps  the  cross  held 
bj  the  bishop  in  the  top  niche  on  the  right  hand  side  is  intended 
to  mark  him  as  St.  Thomas.  The  niches  do  not  take  up  the  whole 
height,  and  in  the  space  between  them  are  the  four  Evangelists. 

There  is  a  small  tab-hood  like  that  on  the  other  cope. 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  English  embroideries  in  Italy 
I  will  mention  yet  another  example.  In  the  Archaeological 
Museum  at  Florence  there  is  a  very  splendid  altar  frontal  which 
came  from  the  church  of  Sta.  Maria  Novella  in  that  city.  I  could 
not  find  any  photographs  of  it.  but  I  hope  to  obtain  some,  till 
when  I  defer  further  description,  only  naming  it  now  because, 
so  far  as  I  know,  it  has  not  before  been  claimed  as  English  work. 
It  is  a  few  years  later  than  the  copes." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications,  and  to  Mr.  Waller  for  his  present  of  drawings 
of  the  Chaldon  wall-painting. 


Thursday,  May  26th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.B.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : — 

From  the  Author:— The  Bibliography  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  with  notes.    By  T. 
N.  Brushfield,  M.D.     4to.     Plymouth,  1886. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — 

1.  Nouvel  Abrege  Chronologique  de  1'Histoire  de  France.    5me  Edition.   In 
two  parts.    2  vols.     8vo.    Paris,  1756. 

2.  Description  de  la  ville  de  Dresde.    Par  J.  A.  Lehninger.    8vo.    Dresden, 
1782. 

3.  Manuel  du  Voyageur  en  Suisse  ;  par  M.  J.-G.  Ebel.    Traduit  de  PAlle- 
mand.     3me  Edition.     12mo.    Paris,  1816. 

4.  M.  Antonii  Mureti  Opera  Omnia.    3  vols.    8vo.    Leipsic,  1834 — 41. 

5.  Rouen,  son  histoire  et  ses  monumens:   Guide.     Par  Theod.  Licquet, 
3me  Edition.     12mo.     Rouen,  1836. 

6.  The  Septuagint  and  Hebrew  Chronologies  tried   by  the  test  of  their 
internal  scientific  evidence.    By  William  Cuninghame.   8vo.   London,  1838. 

2r  2 


402  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

7.  Alte  Denkmaler  erklart  von  F.  G.  Welcker.     3  vols.    8vo.    Gottingen, 
1849—51. 

8.  Norman  Architecture,  and  Gundulph,  Bishop  of  Rochester.    By  F.  K. 
Surtees.    8vo.    Maidstone,  1882. 

From  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.:— 

1.  Church  History:  a  lecture  delivered  at  Frodingham,  Jan.  6th,  1887.    By 
J.  G.  Constable.    8vo.    Hull. 

2.  History  of  Alkboro'  Parish  Church,  being  a  lecture  given  in  the  National 
School  Boom,  March  llth,  1886.    By  J.  G.  Constable.     8vo.    Hull,  1886. 

From  the  Author:— The  Manx  Oghams  and  the  Ogham  alphabet.    By  Alfred 
Haviland.    Broadside,    Douglas,  1887. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

J.  W.  TRIST,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  statuette  in  bronze 
of  the  Egyptian  god  Thoth.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  unusual 
height,  15  inches;  the  eyes  are  inlaid  with  niello,  and  it  is 
possible  other  parts  of  the  figure  were  similarly  ornamented, 
but  the  surface  has  perished  from  damp. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  this  statuette. 

L.  B.  PHILLIPS,  Esq.,  F.S.A,,  exhibited  a  black  jack,  for- 
merly the  property  of  the  Barbers'  Company  of  Oxford,  on 
which  he  has  communicated  the  following  notes  : — 

"  The  leathern  jack  exhibited  was  formerly  the  property  of 
the  Barbers'  Company,  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  It  is  15 
inches  high,  and  of  the  usual  make  and  form.  On  the  upper 
part  of  the  front  are  the  arms  of  the  University  of  Oxford  on 
an  ornate  shield,  and  on  either  side  is  a  much  defaced  shield, 
that  on  the  dexter  charged  with  the  arms  of  the  Barbers' 
Company — Quarterly  1  and  4,  sable,  a  chevron  between  three 
fleams  argent ;  2  and  3,  argent,  a  rose  gules,  crowned  or ; 
over  all,  on  a  cross  gules,  a  lion  of  England.  The  sinister 
shield  is  difficult  to  make  out ;  the  field  is  argent,  charged 
with  three  fleams  and  another  object,  gules. 

The  lower  part  of  the  front  is  inscribed — 


WILLIAM  SHERWIN. 


The  Barbers'  Company  was  incorporated  in  1348,  and  had 
statutes  under  seal  of  the  Chancellor  of  the  University.  The 
corporation  included  the  barbers,  chirurgeons,  and  waferers 
until  1501,  when  a  charter  was  granted  to  them  by  Henry 
VII.  which  added  the  hurers  or  cappers  to  the  fraternity.  This 
charter  was  laid  aside  by  the  barbers  and  waferers  in  1551, 
and  a  new  one  adopted  in  the  name  of  the  city.  This,  in  turn, 


May  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  403 

was  abandoned,  and  the  barbers  remained  unincorporated  until 
1675,  when  they  received  a  new  charter  from  the  University.* 

The  fourth  Master  under  the  new  charter  was  William 
Sherwin,  whose  name  appears  on  the  jack ;  he  was  elected  in 
1678,  which  gives  us  the  probable  date  of  the  vessel. 

The  jack  continued  the  property  of  the  Company  until  1839, 
when  it  was  sold. 

It  has  since  been  in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  R.  J.  and 
S.  P.  Spiers. 

The  Company  was  dissolved  in  1859." 

H.  S.  HAKLAND,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  curiously-shaped 
stone,  marked  with  incised  concentric  circles,  and  bearing  on 
one  side  the  initials  I.  S.,  and  on  the  other  the  date  [1]637. 
It  was  found  on  the  site  of  some  old  buildings  at  Old  Erring- 
ham,  near  Shoreham,  about  five  years  ago,  but  its  irregular 
shape  makes  it  difficult  to  suggest  what  was  its  use  or  origin. 

Mr.  Harland  also  exhibited  two  bronze  celts,  found  at  the 
Dane's  Dyke,  at  Flamborough.  One  of  these  has  a  cable 
pattern  round  the  mouth,  in  imitation  of  the  string  by  which 
the  celt  was  secured  to  its  handle. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  a  silver  communion  cup  and  cover 
formerly  the  property  of  the  parish  of  Wiggenhall  St.  Germans, 
Norfolk. 

The  cup  is  6|  inches  high,  and  of  a  type  peculiar  to  vessels 
manufactured  by  Norwich  silversmiths.  (See  illustration.) 

The  bowl  is  bell-shaped,  with  straight  sides,  and  measures 
4T3g-  inches  in  diameter  and  3f  inches  deep.  Round  the  middle 
is  a  band  inscribed 

FOR  •  THE  •  TOVN  •  OF  •  WYGENHSL  •  GftRMONDS. 

The  stem  has  a  central  band,  and  curves  out  at  the  top  and 
bottom  to  join  the  bowl  and  foot,  a  reeded  belt  being  placed  at 
each  junction* 

The  foot  has  a  plain  upper  ogee  member,  separated  by  a 
reeded  belt  from  the  lower  member,  which  is  stamped  with  the 
egg-and-dart  ornament.  The  diameter  of  the  foot  is  3  J  inches. 

The  cup  bears  the  following  hall-marks : — 

1.  The  maker's,  a  turbot  or  flat-fish  on  a  dish ; 

2.  A  castle  surmounting  a  lion — the  old  Norwich  mark  ; 

3.  A  Roman  c  in  a  square — the  Norwich  date-letter  for 
1566. 

Above  the  marks  is  a  zig-zag  indent  where  a  fragment  of 
the  metal  has  been  removed  for  assay. 

*  Wood's  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  University  of  Oxford  (Ed.  Gutchi 
Oxford,  1792),  i.  444-447. 


404 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887, 


The  cover  of  this  cup  is  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a  medieval 
paten  beaten  out  of  its  original  shape  to  make  it  tit  the  top  of 
the  cup. 


COMMUNION  CUP  (NORWICH,  1566). 
Lately  at  Wiggenhall  St.  Germans,  Norfolk. 

It  is  4-J-  inches  in  diameter,  and  bears  faint  traces  of  a  sexfoil 
sinking  with  leaf-work  in  the  spandrils.  The  central  device  is 
almost  hopelessly  obliterated,  but  it  seems  to  have  the  Vernicle, 
within  a  short  rayed  circular  band,  2  inches  in  diameter.  The 
rim  was  plain  and  bears  no  traces  of  hall-marks. 

The  paten  is  one  of  the  type  D*  of  Messrs.  Hope  and  Fallow, 
and  its  probable  date  circa  1495. 

*  Archaeological  Journal,  xliii.  156. 


Mav  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  405 

N.  H.  J.  WESTLAKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  late-sixteenth 
century  spur  of  Italian  workmanship,  of  steel  damascened  with 
silver  arabesques.  Also  a  number  of  Spanish  and  other  reli- 
quaries of  various  forms  and  dates. 

W.  MYERS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  number  of  Etruscan 
gold  ornaments  and  other  antiquities. 

ALFRED  WHITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  remarkable  object 
of  unknown  use  and  of  Roman  workmanship  found  many  years 
ago  embedded  in  clay  at  Cuxton,  near  Rochester. 

It  is  egg-shaped,  8  inches  long,  and  5  inches  in  diameter, 
and  formed  of  an  iron  ring  or  belt,  a  little  over  two  inches 
broad,  with  a  hemispherical  piece  fixed  at  each  end,  also  of 
iron.  At  one  end  was  fixed  a  short,  thick  stem,  and  at  the 
other  are  the  remains  of  a  three -flanged  arrangement.  The 
whole  is  covered  with  a  series  of  belts  of  different  widths, 
ornamented  with  various  simple  patterns  and  scroll-work, 
originally  inlaid  with  copper  foil  and  apparently  gilt.  It  has 
since  been  presented  by  Mr.  White  to  the  British  Museum. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

The  ballot  opened  at  a  quarter  to  nine  and  closed  at  half- past 
nine,  when  the  following  candidates  were  declared  to  be  duly 
elected : — 

John  Willis  Clark,  Esq. 

Frederick  Davis,  Esq. 

Hugh  Galbraith  Reid,  Esq. 

James  Roger  Bramble,  Esq. 

Professor  John  Wesley  Hales. 

William  Sykes,  Esq. 

Rev.  Richard  Trevor  Owen. 

Rev.  Andrew  Edward  Phillimore  Gray. 

Henry  Dawes  Harrod,  Esq. 

Rev.  Robert  Barlow  Gardiner. 

William  Rome,  Esq. 

Edward  Power,  Esq. 

Freeman  Marius  O'Donoghue,  Esq. 


406  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 


Thursday,  June  9th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  Author: — Notes  genealogical,  historical,  and  heraldic  of  the  Family 
of  Chichester,  of  Youlston,  Hall,  and  Arlington,  co.  Devon.  By  Sir  W.  R. 
Drake,  F.S.A.  Privately  printed.  Folio.  London,  1886. 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  : — 

1.  Catalogue  of   Greek   Coins.     Peloponnesus  (excluding   Corinth).    By 
Percy  Gardner,  F.S.A.    Edited  by  R.  S.  Poole.     8vo.    London,  1887. 

2.  Catalogue  of  English   Coins  in  the   British  Museum.      Anglo-Saxon 
Series.    Volume  i.     By  C.  F.  Keary,  F.S.A.    Edited  by  R.  S.  Poole.    8vo. 
London,  1887. 

From  J.  W.  Trist,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — History  and  Antiquity  of  the  Company  of 
Skinners.  By  J.  F.  Wadmore.  8vo.  London,  1876. 

From  the  Author: — Collecc,ao  de  Tratados  e  concertos  de  pazes  da  India.  Por 
Judice  Biker.  Vol.  xiv.,  and  last  of  the  Collection.  8vo.  Lisbon,  1887. 

From  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — 

1.  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge  Club.    8vo. 
1887. 

2.  Reform  Club.      Supplement  to  the  Library  Catalogue.     1886-7.     8vo. 
London,  1887. 

From  the  Author:— Historical  Notices  of  Haughton  Castle,  North  Tynedale. 
By  Rev.  G.  Rome  Hall,  F.S.A.  8vo.  1885. 

From  the  Author: — Giovanni  Gozzadini.  Di  un  Sepolcreto,  di  un  Frammento 
Plastico,  di  un  Oggetto  di  Bronzo,  dell'  epoca  di  Villanova  scoperti  in 
Bologna.  8vo.  Bologna,  1887. 

From  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.  :— The  Jervaulx  Abbey  Estate  in  the 
North  Riding  of  Yorkshire.  2nd  edition.  Folio.  London,  1886. 

From  Edward  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Four  modern  Broadsides,  printed 
between  1850  and  1857  for  the  use  of  the  scholars  in  Primitive  Methodist 
Sunday  Schools  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brigg,  Lincolnshire.  Viz., 
Belshazzar's  Feast.  Number  Seven.  Paul's  Defence.  The  Rainbow. 

From  T.  N.  Deane,  Esq.,  Local  Secretary  S.A.  Ireland,  Superintendent  of 
National  Monuments  in  Ireland: — Lithographed  measured  Drawings  of 
Mellifont  Abbey,  Drogheda.  1.  Ground  Plan.  2.  Plan,  &c.,  of  Baptistry. 

3.  Plan,  &c.,  of  Chapter-Room.     4.  Details  of  Chapter-Room. 

From  the  Author:— The  Signs  of  Old  Lombard  Street.  By  F.  G.  Hilton  Price, 
F.S.A.  4to.  London,  1887. 

From  the  French  Society  of  Archaeology  for  the  Conservation  and  Description 
of  Monuments: — Congres  Archeologique  de  France.  LIP  Session.  Seances 
Generates  tenues  a  Montbrison  en  1885.  8vo.  Paris,  1886. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : — 

James  Roger  Bramble,  Esq. 
Edward  Power,  Esq. 


June  9.]  SOCIETY  or  ANTIQUABIES.  407 

Frederick  Davis,  Esq. 
Rev.  Robert  Barlow  Gardiner. 
William  Rome,  Esq. 
Henry  Dawes  Harrod,  Esq. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  a  number  of  samplers,  chiefly 
English  and  German,  and  ranging  in  date  from  1675  to  1777; 
on  which  he  made  a  few  remarks. 

Rev.  Canon  CHURCH,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  head  of  a  crosier 
of  Limoges  enamel,  a  pontifical  ring,  and  an  impression  of  an 
early  episcopal  seal,  all  from  the  cathedral  church  of  Wells. 

The  head  of  the  crosier  was  found  in  a  coffin  in  the  precincts 
of  the  cathedral  church  of  Wells,  in  the  time  of  George  William 
Lukin,  dean  1799-1812.  It  is  exactly  12  inches  high,  and  consists 
of  three  parts,  (a)  the  crook  ;  (b)  the  knot ;  (c)  the  neck  ;  the 
whole  being  of  copper-gilt  and  enamelled.  The  crook  is  formed 
of  the  body  and  head  of  a  serpent ;  the  scales  are  filled  with 
dark-blue  enamel,  and  a  serrated  crest  runs  along  the  outside  of 
the  curve.  Inside  the  crook  is  a  winged  figure,  probably  St. 
Michael,  striking  a  spear  into  the  body  of  a  two-legged  lizard  or 
wingless  dragon,  whose  tail  runs  through  the  snake  forming  the 
crook  and  terminates  in  foliage.  The  dragon's  body  is  set  on 
either  side  with  seven  turquoises,  and  the  eyes  are,  like  those 
of  all  the  figures  on  the  crosier-head,  formed  of  some  dark 
stones,  seemingly  garnets.  Both  the  serpent  and  the  dragon 
have  the  heads  so  formed  as  to  show  a  face  on  each  side  of  the 
crook.  The  junction  of  the  crook  and  knot  is  masked  by  a  bold 
indented  cresting,  once  set  with  turquoises.  The  knot  is  a  flat- 
tened circular  boss  of  gilt  copper,  with  a  casing  of  open  work 
formed  of  six  wingless  dragons,  like  that  inside  the  crook,  three 
above  and  as  many  below,  each  biting  the  tail  of  the  one  pre- 
ceding, an  ornate  belt  dividing  the  two  groups. 

The  neck  of  the  crosier-head  is  four  inches  long,  ornamented 
with  beautiful  scroll  work  of  conventional  foliage  on  a  field  of 
dark  blue  enamel.  This  is  divided  lengthways  and  slightly 
spirally  by  the  bodies  of  three  serpents,  heads  downwards  and 
their  tails  curving  outwards  under  the  knot.  The  serpents  are 
gilt,  and  have  each  five  turquoises  on  the  back  and  garnets  for 
eyes.  The  whole  of  the  work  is  of  excellent  character,  and  still 
in  very  good  preservation.  The  crosier  head  was  put  together 
in  1834  under  the  advice  and  assistance  of  Mr.  Douce  and  Mr. 
Gage,  then  Director  of  the  Society,  before  which  it  was  exhi- 
bited on  February  6th  of  that  year.  The  wooden  staff  to  which 
it  is  now  fixed,  and  the  bronze  ferrule,  made  after  one  in  Mr. 
Donee's  possession,  were  added  by  Mr.  Willement. 


408  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

It  lias  been  suggested  that  the  staff,  when  entire,  might  have 
belonged  to  Savaric,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Glastonbury  1 192-1205, 
but  as  he  is  stated  by  Godwin  to  have  been  buried  at  Bath,  no 
other  connection  can  be  found  between  them  than  the  possi- 
bility of  the  bishop  having  used  the  crosier  in  his  lifetime. 

The  pontifical  ring  exhibited  was  found  with  the  crosier.  It 
is  of  gold  and  very  massive,  but  quite  plain.  The  stone  is  a 
pale  uncut  ruby,  the  Eastern  origin  of  which  is  evident  from  the 
perforation  through  its  longer  axis. 

The  staff  and  ring  are  now  preserved  as  heirlooms  in  the 
deanery  at  Wells. 

The  seal  is  a  much  broken  impression  in  red  wax  of  a  pointed 
oval  bearing  the  effigy  of  a  bishop  with  low  mitre.  It  was 
found  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Irvine  in  1873,  under  the  floor  of  the  old 
muniment-room  at  Wells.  The  legend  is  almost  entirely  broken 
away,  the  only  parts  readable  being — 

[S]IGI[LLVM]    ....    ASI 

M6CN  .... 

It  is  probably  a  seal  of  Gervase,  bishop  of  St.  David's, 
1215-1229. 

The  Rev.  F.  S.  FORSTER,  vicar  of  Chipping  Campden,  Glou- 
cestershire, exhibited  an  ancient  cope  and  two  medieval  altar 
hangings  belonging  to  his  parish. 

The  cope  is  of  crimson  velvet  powdered  with  gold  stars  and 
crowns,  and  measures  10  feet  7J  inches  along  the  edge.  It  has 
a  border,  2  inches  wide,  of  blue  edged  with  yellow,  and  worked 
with  a  running  pattern  of  gold  roses.  The  orphrey  is  6  inches 
wide,  edged  with  green,  and  consists  of  four  saints  on  each  side, 
under  canopies  supported  by  twisted  shafts.  The  ground-work 
of  the  figures  has  completely  disappeared,  and  the  saints  are 
much  damaged.  Those  on  the  right  side,  commencing  at  the 
top,  are — 

1.  A  female  figure,  with  long  hair;  emblem  lost. 

2.  A  crowned  female  figure  with  long  hair,  and  holding  a 
cross.     St.  Helena. 

3.  A  deacon  in  a  gold  dalmatic  lined  with  red,  holding  in  one 
hand  a  book.     Emblem  lost.     Probably  St.  Stephen. 

4.  An  old  man  with  long  beard,  holding  a  sword.     St.  Paul. 
The  figures  on  the  left  side  are — 

1.  A  young  man  holding  a  palm  branch  in  his  right  hand. 
The  emblem  in  his  left  is  lost,  but  the  figure  is  certainly  meant 
for  St.  John  Evangelist. 

2.  A  man  with  short  curly  beard  holding  a  long  staff;  pro- 
bably St.  Jude  or  St.  James  Minor. 


June  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAEIES.  409 

3.  Our  Lady  and  Child. 

4.  A  female  saint  with  long  hair  ;  emblem  lost. 

In  the  middle  of  the  length  of  the  orphrey  is  a  rectangular 
panel  10  inches  broad  and  6  inches  deep,  with  a  half- figure  of 
God  the  Father  under  a  canopy.  This  panel  seems  incomplete  ; 
perhaps  it  was  longer,  and  formed  the  hood  of  the  cope. 

Beneath  the  first  figure  on  the  right  side  of  the  orphrey  a 
similar  piece  of  embroidery  has  been  sewn  in.  It  is  5  inches 
square,  with  a  seated  figure  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  Child  in 
a  quatrefoil.  This  is  clearly  the  band  by  which  the  cope  was 
fastened  across  the  breast,  and  should  be  replaced  in  its  proper 
position  on  the  edge  of  the  orphrey. 

The  cope  is  apparently  of  late-fourteenth  or  early-fifteenth 
century  date. 

The  altar-hangings  are,  so  far  as  is  known,  the  only  ancient 
complete  set  now  existing  in  England.  They  consist  of  the 
nether  front  or  frontal  proper,  to  which  is  attached  the  apparel 
of  the  altar  cloth,  and  the  hanging  behind  the  altar  known  as 
the  upper  front. 

The  material  is  the  same  in  all  three  pieces,  a  beautiful  rich 
white  silk  damask  with  the  pine-apple  and  other  patterns.  The 
nether  front  is  10  feet  8J  inches  long  and  2  feet  4£  inches  deep, 
or  with  the  apparel  3  feet  0£  inch  deep.  It  is  formed  of  5J 
breadths  of  the  material,  and  is  powdered  with  three  rows  of 
large  gold  conventional  flowers,  of  a  not  uncommon  type,  with 
yellow,  green,  and  blue  centres.  In  the  middle  of  the  front  are 
the  remains  of  a  representation  of  the  Annunciation.  The  figures 
of  the  angel  and  the  Blessed  Virgin  have  been  carefully  and 
completely  removed,  but  portions  are  left  of  the  golden  cloud 
from  which  the  Holy  Dove  descended,  and  of  the  triple-flowered 
lily,  though  the  pot  in  which  the  latter  stood  has  gone.  The 
figures  were  placed  on  a  pavement  formed  of  two  rows  of  black, 
two  rows  of  white,  and  one  row  of  red  half-tiles,  alternating 
with  plain  white  ones  represented  by  the  ground  of  the  stuff. 

Along  the  upper  edge  of  the  nether  front  is  now  sewn  the 
apparel  which  originally  was  attached  to  the  linen  altar-cloth. 
It  is  8  inches  wide,  and  has  11  gold  flowers  like  those  already 
described.  It  has  also  a  separate  lining  of  the  blue  buckram  or 
canvas  which  lines  the  two  large  pieces. 

Possibly  the  nether  front  and  the  apparel  were  originally 
fringed,  which  would  then  bring  them  to  the  normal  height  of  a 
medieval  altar. 

The  upper  front  is  12  feet  3|  inches  long  and  3  feet  10  inches 
deep.  It  is  formed  of  six  breadths  of  the  material,  and  has  four 
rows  of  gold  flowers.  In  the  centre  is  a  very  perfect  representa- 


410  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

tion  of  the  Asbiimption.  The  Blessed  Virgin  is  vested  in  a  gold 
dress,  with  sideless  cote-hardi  of  silver,  and  a  gold  mantle  with 
silver  border,  lined  with  white  fur.  She  has  long  flowing  hair 
and  wears  a  gold  crown ;  behind  the  head  is  a  blue  nimbus 
edged  with  gold.  The  figure  is  set  on  a  gold  aureole  with  rays 
of  the  same,  and  is  supported  by  four  angels.  These  issue  from 
gold  clouds,  and  are  vested  in  cloth  of  gold.  Their  wings  are 
also  of  gold,  lined  with  peacock's  feathers.  Above  the  figure  of 
the  Virgin  are  two  hands  extending  from  a  golden  cloud,  and 
beneath  her  feet  is  an  angel  issuing  from  a  cloud,  and  holding 
in  his  outstretched  hands  a  scroll  inscribed : 

^Jffupta  e  maria  m  celu 

The  top  edge  of  the  upper  front  bears  traces  of  its  having  been 
nailed  against  something. 

These  fine  hangings  are  probably  of  late-fifteenth  century  date. 

WALTEK  MONEY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary,  communi- 
cated the  following  report  of  recent  discoveries  in  Berkshire  : 

"  Upon  excavations  being  made  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
flints  for  building  purposes  in  an  arable  field  on  Stancombe 
Down,  near  Lamborne,  about  fifty  yards  south-west  of  an 
ancient  British  trackway  leading  from  Lamborne  to  Wantage, 
and  the  well-known  l  Ridge  way,'  considerable  remains  of  what 
is  supposed  to  have  been  the  site  of  a  Roman  villa  have  recently 
been  disclosed.  In  a  neighbouring  field,  twelve  or  more  human 
skeletons  were  found  about  the  year  1871,  and  noticed  in  the  first 
volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Newbury  District  Field  Club. 
At  the  foot  of  one  of  these  skeletons  were  many  round-headed 
nails,  or  iron  studs  of  military  boots,  known  as  caligae,  such  as 
worn  by  the  Roman  soldiers,  exactly  corresponding  with  those 
found  by  myself  in  1883,  with  the  remains  of  four  human 
bodies  and  some  Romano- British  vessels,  on  the  crest  of  the 
hill  between  North  and  South  Fawley,  not  far  distant  from 
Stancombe.  The  foundations  of  the  building  were  about  three 
feet  wide,  composed  of  flints  grouted  in  strong  mortar,  but  its 
real  extent  cannot  now  be  ascertained,  as  the  greater  part  of  the 
materials  had  been  taken  away  before  my  attention  was  called 
to  this  discovery.  Judging  of  a  measure  I  made  by  footsteps, 
the  part  laid  open  covered  about  sixty  yards  square  of  ground. 
Several  stone  roofing-slates,  pieces  of  tessellated  paving-tiles, 
fragments  of  pottery,  of  various  shapes  and  sizes,  are  scattered 
about  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  in  a  short  time  I  picked  up 
fragments  representing  over  twenty  varieties  of  vessels  used  by 
the  Roman  settlers  for  domestic  purposes.  The  owner  of  the 


June  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  411 

land  informed  me  that  almost  over  the  whole  area  within  the 
walls  there  was  a  stratum  of  wood  ashes,  with  pieces  of  pottery 
and  coins.  There  were  also  several  portions  of  stencilled 
plastering,  which  had  fallen  from  the  walls.  With  respect  to 
the  coins,  the  greater  number  were  taken  away  by  a  gentleman 
who  has  left  the  neighbourhood,  and  therefore  I  cannot  give 
any  account  of  them,  but  one  found  when  I  was  on  the  spot,  in 
a  state  of  uncommon  preservation,  is  a  third  brass  of  Constan- 
tine.  It  is  intended  to  make  a  careful  examination  of  the  place 
when  circumstances  will  permit. 

I  may  add  that  a  barrow  on  this  same  Stancombe  Down, 
opened  by  Eev.  W.  Greenwell  and  myself,  in  1880,  produced 
exceptional  results.  In  connection  with  a  primary  interment 
we  found  a  small  globular  vessel  of  pottery,  a  perforated  axe- 
hammer  of  stone  (one  of  the  finest  yet  discovered,  and  now  in 
the  British  Museum),  a  second  hammer,  made  from  the  burr- 
end  of  a  red  deer's  antler,  an  l  incense  cup,'  and  a  bronze  knife. 
The  latter  article,  as  presenting  another  instance  of  the  concur- 
rent use  of  stone  with  bronze,  possessed  more  than  usual  interest. 

I  send  for  exhibition  to  the  Society  a  bronze  palstave,  which 
was  recently  dredged  out  of  the  river  Kennet,  at  Reading.  It 
measures  6|  inches  in  length,  -J  of  an  inch  broad  at  the  middle, 
1  inch  at  the  haft  end,  and  2  inches  across  the  widest  point  of 
the  blade,  and  weighs  one  pound  three  ounces.  The  loop  is 
perfect.  This  is  the  first  instance  which  has  come  to  my  know- 
ledge of  a  similar  implement  having  been  taken  from  the 
Kennet. 

.1  also  send  a  stone  hammer  recently  found  near  Newbury. 
The  perforated  hole  for  the  handle  narrows  to  the  centre,  it 
having  been  drilled  from  both  sides." 

T.  F.  KIRB Y,  Esq. ,  Local  Secretary  for  Hants,  communicated 
the  following  report  on  a  recent  discovery  in  the  cathedral 
church  of  Winchester  : — 

"  The  improvement  in  the  crypt  of  Winchester  cathedral 
church,  by  the  removal  of  the  bed  of  chalk  with  which  it  was 
partly  filled  up  during  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries, 
formed  the  subject  of  a  communication  from  me  more  than  a 
year  ago.*  The  improvement  has  now  been  completed  long 
enough  to  justify  us  in  congratulating  the  Dean  and  Chapter 
upon  its  success.  Some  water,  it  is  true,  did  come  in  during  last 
winter,  but  it  has  been  got  rid  of;  and  we  hope  that  the  floor 
of  the  crypt,  thus  restored  to  its  ancient  level,  may  remain  on 

*  Proc.  S.A.L.  2d  S.  xi.  99. 


412  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

the  whole  fairly  dry,  and  that  the  superstructure  may  not  be 
shaken  by  any  undue  lowering  of  the  ordinary  water-level. 

A  receptacle  has  been  recently  made  against  the  wall  on  the 
south  side  of  the  choir,  under  the  third  or  middle  bay  of 
bishop  Fox's  screen,  for  the  remains  of  bishop  Courtenay  (1486- 
1492),  which  have  lain  above  ground  ever  since  they  were  dis- 
interred in  the  course  of  removing  the  chalk,  on  which  the 
bishop's  grave  was  constructed  as  a  foundation.  While  making 
this  receptacle  the  workmen,  necessarily  or  otherwise,  opened 
the  tomb  of  Richard,  second  son  of  William  the  Conqueror, 
who  died  young,  either  gored  to  death  by  a  stag  in  the  New 
Forest,  or  of  a  fever  caught  there.  Where  he  was  originally 
buried  I  do  not  know;  but  his  bones  were  translated  to  the 
place  where  they  now  lie  by  his  nephew,  bishop  Henry  de 
Blois  (1129-1171).  They  lie  under  a  slab  of  Purbeck  marble, 
inscribed — <  me  IACET  RICARD[VS]  FILI[VS]  WLI  SENIORIS  EEGIS 
ET  BEORN  DVX'  ;  and  there  is  the  following  inscription — '  INTUS 

EST  CORPUS  RICHARDI  WILLIELMI  CONQUESTORIS  FILII  ET  BEORNIE 

DUCIS,'  in  letters  of  bishop  Fox's  time  (1500-1528)  on  the  arch 
in  his  screen,  which  is  turned  over  the  tomb  to  avoid  inter- 
ference with  it.  That  this  tomb  contains  the  bones  of  Richard 
is  beyond  dispute ;  and  it  would  seem,  from  the  inscription, 
that  he  bore  the  title,  honorary  no  doubt,  of  Duke  of  Beam  or 
Berry,  in  Normandy.  There  is,  however,  no  other  evidence,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware,  of  Richard  having  borne  this  title.  The 
absence  of  such  evidence  has  caused  a  suggestion  to  be  made, 
that  the  tomb  contains  the  bones  of  two  distinct  persons,  namely, 
of  the  said  Richard  and  of  a  certain  Earl  Biorn,  who  was  a 
nephew  of  Canute,  and,  according  to  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  was 
murdered  by  Sweyn  in  his  ship  off  Dartmouth,  when  he  went 
on  board  with  the  object  of  recalling  Sweyn  to  his  allegiance. 
He  was  buried  at  Dartmouth,  but  his  kinsman  Harold  dug  up 
his  bones,  and  removed  them  to  Winchester  cathedral  church, 
where  they  were  reinterred.  Reinterred  they  may  have  been 
along  with  Richard's  bones,  but  whether  they  were  or  not  was 
an  open  question.  However,  on  the  25th  of  May  last,  the 
dean  had  the  slab  and  stonework  in  front  of  the  tomb  removed. 
This  disclosed  a  leaden  coffer,  4  feet  2  inches  in  length,  16 
inches  in  depth,  and  12  inches  in  breadth,  with  iron  rings  to 
lift  it  by  at  the  head  and  feet,  and  the  following  inscription 
over  the  head : — 

RICARD9  FIL1*  WL'i  SENIORIS  REGIS  ET  BEORN  DUX. 

The  coffer  is  perfect,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  hole, 
apparently  caused  by  accident,  at  the  foot ;  and  there  are  no 
signs  of  its  having  been  disturbed  since  it  was  placed  there  by 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  413 

Henry  de  Blois.  Now  comes  the  question,  Does  it  contain  one 
set  of  bones  or  two  ?  The  inscription  on  the  coffer,  be  it  observed, 
is  ambiguous.  It  may  mean  '  Within  are  the  remains  of 
Richard,  son  of  William,  and  duke  of  Beorn  ' ;  or  it  may  mean 
*  Within  are  the  remains  of  Richard,  son  of  William,  and  of 
the  duke  of  Beorn.'  That  the  former  is  the  true  meaning  one 
would  infer  from  the  inscription  on  the  slab,  which  is  *  hie  jacet,' 
not  '  hie  jacent ' ;  but  what  was  the  use  of  drawing  inferences 
when  the  coffer  was  there,  exposed  to  view,  and  all  that  one  had 
to  do  was  to  open  it,  and  see  whether  one  or  two  sets  of  bones 
were  within?  The  dean,  I  am  happy  to  say,  resisted  the 
temptation  to  open  the  coffer ;  but  he  was  able,  so  far  to 
inspect  the  interior  of  the  coffer  through  the  hole  at  the  foot, 
by  means  of  reflected  light,  as  to  ascertain  the  presence  of  one 
set  of  remains  only.  The  question  may  therefore  be  regarded 
as  settled,  that  the  coffer  contains  the  remains  of  Richard  only, 
and  that  Richard  was  known  by  the  title  of  duke  of  Beorn, 
whatever  the  topographical  value  of  that  title  may  be." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  read  a 
paper  on  the  inventories  of  the  parish  church  of  St.  Mary, 
Scarborough,  1434,  and  of  the  White  Friars  or  Carmelites  of 
Newcastle-on-Tyne,  1538. 

The  original"  inventory  of  the  White  Friars,  found  by  Mr. 
Hope  amongst  the  Society's  collection  of  manuscripts,  was  laid 
before  the  meeting. 

Mr.  Hope's  paper  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Rev.  Canon  CHURCH  read  a  paper  on  Savaric,  bishop  of 
Bath  and  Glastonbury  1192-1205,  which  will  be  printed  in  the 
Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 


Thursday,  June  16th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
and  afterwards  H.  S.  MILMAN,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Director, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  E.  Peacock,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — A  Treatise  on  the  law  of  Eights  of  Common. 
By  H.  W.  Woolrych.    8vo.    London,  1824. 


414  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

From  S.  J.  Chadwick,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 

1.  The  Early  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Dewsbury.     By  J.  B.  Greenwood. 
8vo.     London,  1859. 

2.  Historical  and  Biographical  Notices.    By   G.    G.   Waddington.    8vo. 
Dewsbury,  1886. 

From  the  Smithsonian  Institution: — Fourth  Annual  Keport  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ethnology,  1882—83.  By  J.  W.  Powell,  Director.  8vo.  Washington, 
1886. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

Hugh  Galbraith  Reid,  Esq. 
Freeman  Marius  O'Donoghue,  Esq. 
Rev.  Charles  Harold  Evelyn  White. 

The  President  submitted  to  the  meeting  the  following  Address 
to  Her  Most  Gracious  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  Patron  of  the 
Society,  which  had  been  drawn  up  and  approved  by  the 
Council : — 


TO  THE  QUEEN'S  MOST  EXCELLENT  MAJESTY. 

May  it  please  your  Majesty, 

We,  your  Majesty's  most  dutiful  and  loyal  subjects,  the 
President,  Council,  and  Fellows  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  London,  gladly  embrace  the  opportunity  of  once  more 
approaching  your  Majesty,  and  tendering  our  heartfelt  con- 
gratulations on  the  completion  of  the  fiftieth  year  of  your  reign 
over  a  free  and  loyal  people. 

Amid  the  political  storms  which  have  passed  over  the  face  of 
Europe,  and  shaken  some  of  the  oldest  thrones  and  dynasties, 
true-hearted  Englishmen  are  proud  to  feel  that  a  constant 
attachment  to  the  Crown  and  person  of  their  Sovereign  has, 
with  the  course  of  years,  grown  in  intensity,  not  only  at 
home,  but  in  the  Colonies  and  Dependencies  of  the  British 
Empire. 

We  acknowledge  with  pleasure  and  pride,  that  in  the  growth 
of  the  Empire  abroad  and  in  large  fields  of  beneficent  legis- 
lation at  home,  in  literature  and  in  scientific  discovery,  in 
historical  inquiry  and  in  the  domain  of  Antiquarian  research 
(with  which  it  is  our  privilege  to  be  specially  connected),  your 
Majesty's  reign  may  confidently  challenge  comparison  with 
those  of  our  greatest  and  most  illustrious  princes.  But  we 
particularly  rejoice  to  believe  that  during  the  half-century  that 
has  elapsed  since  your  Majesty  ascended  the  Throne,  the 
humblest  and  poorest  classes  in  these  dominions  may  identify 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  415 

your  Majesty's  reign  with  a  sensible  diminution  of  ignorance, 
poverty,  and  suffering,  and  may  gratefully  remember  that  every 
good  and  kindly  movement  for  the  improvement  of  your  people 
has  received  the  gracious  impulse  of  your  Majesty's  sympathy 
and  support. 

We  desire  to  assure  your  Majesty  of  our  dutiful  and  affec- 
tionate attachment  to  your  Majesty's  person  and  throne,  and 
we  earnestly  pray  that  you  may  be  long  spared  to  promote  the 
happiness  of  your  subjects  in  the  exercise  of  your  high  office, 
and  by  the  example  of  your  private  virtues. 

Given  under  our  Common  Seal  at  our  Apartments 
at  Burlington  House,  this  fifteenth  day  of  June, 
in  the  year  of  Our  Lord  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eighty-seven. 

JOHN  EVANS,  f  \ 

President.    I  ) 

The  Fellows  present  signified  their  approval  of  the  Address. 

J.  C.  ROBINSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  wooden  standing 
cup  and  cover,  on  which  Everard  Green,  Esq.,  communicated 
the  following  descriptive  notes  in  the  form  of  a  letter  to  the 
Director : — 

"  16th  June,  1887. 

DEAR  MR.  DIRECTOR, 

Our  Fellow,  Mr.  J.  C.  Robinson,  exhibits  to-night  a  turned 
wooden  standing  drinking-cup  and  lid,  the  last  surmounted  by 
a  spice-box.  The  cup  is  dated  1614,  and  is  of  English  work- 
manship. 

The  measurements  are  as  follows : — 

Height  of  standing  cup     .      .    9^  inches.!  Total  height, 
Height  of  cover  and  spice-box    6 \  inches.  J    15J  inches. 
Diameter  of  cup 4  inches. 

The  wood  used  I  believe  to  be  beech,  but  maple  and  cherry 
have  been  suggested. 

The  cup,  with  its  stem  and  foot,  and  the  cover  with  its  spice- 
box,  are  wholly  covered  over  with  incised  ornament.  That  on 
the  cup  is  in  four  compartments,  in  each  of  which,  against  a 
sylvan  background,  is  an  heraldic  torse  or  wreath  bearing  a 

VOL.  XI.  2  E 


416 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887, 


crest.       These    four   crests    belong   to   the   families   of  Lisle, 
Herbert,  Ferrers,  and  Digby.     (See  plate,  figs.  1,  2,  3  and  4.) 

I.  A  hart  statant,  gorged  with  a  crown  and  lined,  for  Lisle.* 
Over  the  hart's  back  is  the  date  1614, 

II.  A  cockatrice  or  wyvern,  holding  in  its  beak  a  dexter 
hand,  for  Herbert,  f 

III.  A  unicorn  statant,  for  Ferrers,  if 

IV.  An  ostrich,  holding  in  its  beak  a  horseshoe,  for  Digby. § 


WOODEN  STANDING  CUP  AND  COVER,  1614. 

(i  linear.) 


*  Guillim. 

f  Foster's  Peerage,  sul  voce  Pembroke. 

J   Visitation  of  Warwickshire  of  1619,  Harl.  Soc.  vol.  xii.  p.  6 

§  Ibid.  p.  16. 


Proc.  2d  S.  Vol.  XL 


To  face  page  416. 


STAG 


2.      WYVERN. 


5.      PORCUPINE. 


6.      ELEPHANT. 


CEESTS  FROM  WOODEN  STANDING  CUP. 

1.  LISLE.  3.   FERRERS.  5.   SIDNEY. 

2.  HERBERT.  4.   DIGBY.  6.   KNOLLYS 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  417 

The  following  legend  in  rhyme  is  inscribed  around  the  lip 
and  base  of  the  bowl  : — 

Behold  What  Drinke  the  Lord  of  Lyfe  Doth  Giue 

Vnto  the  faithfull  Chofen  and  Elect 

Affuring  them  in  endles  loy  to  liue 

+   His  Word  and  fpirit  in  them  Workes  this  efect : 

The  stem  is  a  plain  baluster  one,  resembling  that  seen  on  the 
communion  cups  of  the  period.  Like  the  bowl,  the  ornament 
of  the  principal  member  is  also  divided  into  four  compartments, 
in  each  of  which  is  a  gilly-flower  slipped. 

The  foot  is  circular,  ornamented  with  a  running  pattern  of  a 
rose-tree,  bearing  four  flowers,  whilst  round  the  edge  is  the 
legend — 

+   This  Good  affurence  in  this  Lyfe  they  finde  : 
When  they  are  changed  and  renewed  in  Minde 

Under  the  foot,  in  five  concentric  circles,  is  the  legend — 

-f-  By  the  Power  of  his  Death  and  refurrection  : 

they  Dy  to  Sinne  and  rife  to  holly  lyfe 

+   On  heauenly  things  they  Do  fet  their  affection : 

and  fhunne  earths  Vanityes  that  are  so  ryfe : 

that  is  to  them  a  Cure  and  certayne  token  : 

They  are  Graft  in  Chrift  and  cannot  of  Be  Broken 

Ther  is  no  condemnation  to  them. 

The  four  pinks  on  the  stem,  and  the  four  roses  on  the  foot, 
can  be  made,  by  following  the  language  of  flowers  in  Abbot 
Islip's  Roll,  to  mean  constancy  and  love  ;  as  in  the  Roll  the  rose 
bears  a  label,  with  the  legend  CHARITAS,  while  that  of  the  pink 
is  inscribed  CONSTANCIA.* 

The  cover,  or  lid,  has  figures  on  it  of  a  lion  passant,  and  a 
stag  courant,  between  the  crests  of  the  families  of  Sidney  and 
Knollys,  each  on  an  heraldic  torse.  The  last  is  an  elephant 
statant,f  and  the  former  a  fretful  porcupine,  crowned  and 
lined.J  (See  plate,  figs.  5  and  6.)  The  knop  of  the  cover  is 
hollowed  out  to  form  a  spice-box,  and  has  a  lid  surmounted  by 
an  acorn.  It  is  ornamented  with  four  ovals,  in  which  are 

*   Vetusta  Monumenta,  vol.  iv.  pi.  xvi. 
f  Lipscombe's  Bucks,  vol.  i.  p.  527. 
j  Miscellanea  Genealogica  et  Hcraldica,  vol.  ii.  p.  160. 

2  E  2 


418  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

respectively  engraved — a  fox  salient,  four  geese,  a  griffin  and 
a  swan.     Around  the  outer  rim  of  the  cover  is  the  legend — 

BlelTed  is  the  man  that  feareth  the  Lord  and 
Delighteth  Greatly  in  his  commandements  : 
his  seede  fhal  Be  mighty  Ypon  earth. 

In  1843,  our  then  Director,  Mr.  Albert  Way,  exhibited  a 
similar  engraved  standing  wooden  cup,  an  account  of  which 
is  given  in  our  Proceedings,*  and  in  1876  our  Fellow,  the  Rev. 
Dr.  F.  G-.  Lee,  exhibited  another  example,  also  described  in 
our  Proceedings.^ 

In  the  British  Museum,  our  Fellow,  Mr.  C.  H.  Read,  kindly 
let  me  see  and  handle  three  other  examples  of  similar  work. 
One  is  a  standing  cup  and  cover,  but  without  the  spice- 
box,  and  the  other  two  large  wooden  bowls,  one  with  a  stem 
and  foot,  and  the  other  with  a  cover.  These  two  last  are  dated 
1687.  The  decoration  on  all  the  examples  is  more  or  less  the 
same,  and  all,  I  believe,  came  out  of  the  same  workshop.  I 
may  add  that,  in  the  Introduction  of  Fairholt's  Londesborougli 
Catalogue,  J  a  similar  standing  cup  and  a  bowl  with  a  foot  are 
engraved. 

In  conclusion,  let  me  say  what  a  pleasant  task  it  would  be 
to  weave  together  proofs  of  friendship — may  be  even  of  kinship 
— of  a  Lisle,  a  Herbert,  a  Ferrers,  a  Digby,  a  Sidney,  and  a 
Knollys,  and  so  to  tell  the  true  story  of  this  POCULUM 
AMICORUM. 

I  am,  dear  Mr.  Milman, 

Yours  very  truly, 

EVERARD  GREEN. 

To  H.  S.  Milman,  Esq.,  Dir.  S.A.  London." 

P.S. — The  accompanying  table  shows  the  arrangement  of  the 
badges,  etc.,  on  all  the  known  examples  of  these  wooden 
vessels.  (See  next  page.} 

EDWARD  PEACOCK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  portion  of  an 
octagonal  stone  pillar,  with  an  inscription  in  Lombardic  cha- 
racters on  the  front  face.  The  fragment  is  about  14  inches 
high,  and  measures  8J  inches  from  front  to  back,  and  9J  inches 
from  side  to  side.  It  was  originally  sent  to  the  Society  for  ex- 
hibition about  ten  years  ago,  but  was  kept  back  because  the 

*  1st  S.  vol.  i.  p.  15. 
f  2d  S.  vol.  vii.  p.  77 
£  Page  xiii. 


June  16.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES, 


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inscription  could  not  be  read.  Mr.  Franks  has  now  succeeded 
in  deciphering  it.  It  is  in  eight  lines,  thus  : 

PEISZ 

PUE 

TIJZ 

aecAiiz 

K6C  OI7T 
A  YD6C 
A  ...  IE6C 

a  a  s  T- 

That  is,  Priez  pur  touz  ceauz  ke  ondt  ayde  a ...  ire  cest  : 

The  stone  was  found  in  pulling  down  an  old  building  on  a 
farm  at  Kedburne,  near  Kirton  in  Lindsey. 

The  PRESIDENT  exhibited  and  presented  the  brass  matrix  of  a 
seal,  fixed  into  a  block  of  wood.  It  is  oval,  2  inches  long,  and 
has  for  device  an  impaled  shield  surmounted  by  a  mitre.  The 
arms  are,  on  the  seal,  gules,  a  cross  potent  between  four  crosses 
patee,  impaling  chequee,  on  a  bend  a  leopard's  face  between  two 
annulets,  over  all  on  a  canton  a  mullet  between  four  ermine  spots. 
The  dexter  half  is  perhaps  meant  for  the  arms  of  the  see  of 
Lichfield,  which  usually  have  the  field  per  pale  and  the  same 
charges  counterchanged,  or  it  may  be  that  the  field  is  here  of 
one  colour  *  for  difference.'  The  sinister  half  of  the  shield  is 
easily  appropriated  from  the  marginal  legend,  which  runs  : 

•  SIG-HEN-RAYNES-VIOGEN-LICH-ET-COVEN. 

Henry  Eaynes  was  vicar-general  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry 
from  1713  to  1735.  His  father,  Sir  Kichard  Raynes,  knt, 
held  the  same  office  from  1682  to  1698,  and  died  in  1710. 

Burke  in  his  General  Armory  gives  a  shield  of  Raynes  differ- 
ing somewhat  from  that  on  this  seal :  6  chequy  or  and  gu.  a 
canton  erm.  over  all  on  a  bend  az.  a  griffin's  head  erased  of  the 
first  betw.  two  eagles  close  ar.' 

J.  W.  TRIST,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  good  example  of  a  bronze 
statuette  of  the  Egyptian  god  Osiris.  Nothing  is  known  of  its 
history ;  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  part  of  the  same  find  as  the 
beautiful  statuette  of  Phtah  exhibited  by  Mr.  Trist  on  March 
10th,  though  of  very  different  workmanship. 

J.  E.  NIGHTINGALE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  four  medieval 
chalices,  accompanied  by  the  following  remarks : — 

"  I  have  the  pleasure  of  exhibiting  to  the  Society  this  evening, 
by  kind  permission  of  the  incumbents  of  the  several  parishes, 
four  medieval  chalices,  two  from  the  Wilts  and  two  from  the 
Dorset  portion  of  the  diocese  of  Salisbury. 


June  16.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUAB1ES. 


421 


No.  l.--The  first  belongs  to  the  parish  of  Coombe  Keynes, 
Dorset ;  it  falls  very  readily  into  the  excellent  classification  of 
medieval  chalices  lately  formulated  by  Messrs.  St.  John  Hope 
and  Fallow,  under  the  type  Fb.*  It  is  a  beautiful  example, 
quite  perfect,  and  exceedingly  well  preserved.  The  dimensions 
are — height  6|  inches,  diameter  of  bowl  4  inches,  depth  2  inches, 


CHALICE— TYPE  Fb.      COOMBE  KEYNES,  DORSET. 

(Nearly  two-thirds  full  size.) 


narrowest  part  of  the  mullet-shaped  base  3|  inches,  widest  part 
to  the  points  of  the  knops  5  J  inches.  The  bowl  is  broad  and 
conical  ;  the  somewhat  slender  stem  is  hexagonal  and  quite 
plain,  with  ogee-moulded  bands  at  the  junctions.  The  knot  is 

*  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  xliii.  p.  147. 


422  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

full-sized,  having  six  lobes  spirally  twisted  with  traceried  open- 
ings, terminating  in  angels'  heads  crowned.  It  has  a  mullet- 
shaped  foot  with  plain  broad  spread  and  a  vertically  reeded 
moulding ;  the  points  terminate  with  an  elegant  knop  in  the 
shape  of  a  floriated  Lombardic  5ft.  In  the  front  compartment 
of  the  base  is  the  usual  crucifix  between  two  flowering  branches 
on  a  hatched  ground.  The  parts  gilt  are  the  interior  of  the 
bowl,  the  knot,  the  Crucifixion,  also  the  mouldings  of  the  stem, 
the  base,  and  the  knops.  No  hall-marks  are  found,  but  the  date 
is  about  1500,  perhaps  earlier,  certainly  not  much  later.  The 
weight  is  just  10  ozs. 

There  is  a  tradition  in  the  parish  of  Coombe  Keynes  that  this 
chalice  was  discovered  at  some  unknown  period  buried  in  the 
chancel  of  the  church.  Another  floating  legend  exists  relating 
to  the  finding  of  a  chalice  in  the  neighbouring  domain  of  Lul- 
worth  Castle,  the  seat  of  the  Weld  family.  It  is  said  that  the 
shepherd  noticed  that  the  sheep  would  never  walk  over  a  certain 
spot  in  the  park,  when  on  digging  a  hole  the  chalice  was 
discovered. 

No.  2. — This  chalice  belongs  to  the  parish  of  Codford  St. 
Mary,  Wilts ;  it  corresponds  very  nearly,  both  in  size  and 
details,  with  the  Coombe  Keynes  example,  with  the  important 
difference  that  the  original  shallow  bowl  has  been  replaced,  in 
modern  times,  by  one  of  much  larger  size,  thus  destroying  the 
proportions  of  what  must  originally  have  been  a  very  beautiful 
object.  The  engraving  of  the  Crucifixion  is  the  same,  but  the 
knops  at  the  points  of  the  mullet  foot  are  different ;  they  are 
crescent-shaped,  and  seem  to  correspond  with  the  description 
of  a  similar  chalice  given  in  an  inventory  of  church  goods'*  be- 
longing to  the  parish  of  St.  Margaret  Pattens,  London,  drawn 
up  in  1526,  and  described  as  '  half  mones,  otherwise  called 
knappes.'  There  are  no  hall-marks.  The  parish  of  Codford  St. 
Mary  adjoins  that  of  Wylye,  where  is  still  in  use  a  fine  chalice 
of  1525-6,  already  engraved.  Nothing  is  known  of  the  history 
of  this  chalice,  the  donors  might  possibly  have  been  some  of  the 
persons  mentioned  in  the  following  entry  which  is  found  in 
Hoare's  Wilts :  t  'In  1468,  Sir  William  Calthorp,  Kni,  and 
Elizabeth  his  wife,  and  Christopher  Harcourt,  Esq.,  and  Joan 
his  wife,  are  returned  as  holding  the  manor  of  Codford  St. 
Mary  and  the  advowson  of  that  church.' 

These  two  chalices  increase  the  number  of  those  known  of 
type  F  to  seventeen. 

No.  3.— This  chalice  belongs  to  the  parish  of  Ebbesbourne 
Wake,  Wilts.  It  falls  easily  into  type  G  of  Messrs.  St.  John 

*  Archaeological  Journal,  vol.  xlii.  p.  326. 
f  "  Heytesbury  Hundred,"  p.  230. 


June  16.J 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


423 


Hope  and  Fallow's  classification.  It  is  an  elegant  vessel,  and 
agrees  in  size  and  some  of  its  details  with  the  Jurby  chalice. 
The  bowl  is  wide,  conical,  and  shallow ;  it  has  a  plain  hexagonal 
stem,  with  the  usual  six-lobed  knot,  with  untraceried  Gothic 
perforations,  and  either  lions'  or  angels'  heads  on  the  facets. 
The  spread  of  the  foot  is  hexagonal  at  the  junction  of  the  stem, 
then,  slanting  outwards,  it  loses  itself  in  the  round.  The  base  is 
sexfoil,  edged  with  delicate  mouldings  enclosing  vertical  reeding. 


CHALICE — TYPE  G.     EBBESBOURNE  WAKE,  WILTS. 

(About  one-half  full  size.) 


The  monogram  if)C  is  engraved  within  a  circle  on  the  front 
compartment.  This  is  in  place  of  the  usual  crucifix,  and  is 
only  found  at  present  in  two  other  examples — those  of  Combe 
Pyne  and  Goathland.  The  parts  gilt  are  the  inside  of  the 
bowl,  the  knot,  the  mouldings  of  stem,  the  monogram,  and  the 


base  mouldings. 


424  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

The  dimensions  are— height,  5J  inches;  diameter  of  bowl, 
3  j  inches  ;  depth  of  bowl,  If  inch  ;  the  base,  3f  inches  and 
3J  inches.  By  a  certificate  in  the  Augmentation  Office  under 
the  hands  of  the  commissioners  directed  by  Edward  VI,  dated 
3rd  March,  1553,  '  concerning  the  order  of  all  and  singuler 
the  churche  goods  within  the  county  of  Wilts,  as  plate,  juells, 
&c.  remaining  in  churchis  and  chappells,'  it  appears  that  for 
this  parish  there  was  delivered  to  Robert  Wight  and  John 
Hunks,  '  one  cuppe  or  chalice  by  indenture  of  six  ounces  and 
a  half.'  The  present  weight  of  the  chalice  is  6  oz.  17  dwts. 
the  difference  being  accounted  for  as  nearly  as  possible  by  the 
estimated  weight  of  solder  used  in  repairs.  There  are  no  hall- 
marks ;  the  dates  of  the  known  examples  of  this  type  are 
1507-8,  1517-18,  1521-2.  With  the  exception  of  some  slight 
and  unimportant  repairs,  this  chalice  is  pretty  much  in  its 
original  condition.  Nothing  more  is  known  of  its  history.  Ebbes- 
bourne,  like  Berwick  St.  James,  where  the  earliest  English 
chalice  was  found,  lies  in  a  somewhat  unfrequented  valley  of  the 
Wiltshire  Downs. 

No.  4. — This  chalice  belongs  to  the  parish  of  Sturminster 
Marshall,  near  Wimborne,  Dorset.  Although  we  do  not  now 
see  it  in  its  original  state,  this  cup  has  some  features  of  con- 
siderable interest.  In  the  first  place  it  is  hall-marked  both  on 
the  bowl  and  base,  the  date  being  1536-7. 

It  comes  generally  under  Messrs.  St.  John  Hope  and  Fal- 
low's classification  of  the  H  series.  There  can  be  little  doubt 
that  the  upper  portion  of  the  present  stem,  although  old, 
does  not  form  any  part  of  the  original  work.  The  old  stem 
was  hexagonal.  This  is  indicated  by  the  remains  of  some 
cresting,  with  baluster- shaped  buttresses  round  the  upper  part 
of  the  foot.  When  the  present  circular  stem  was  somewhat 
clumsily  substituted  for  the  older  one,  the  details  of  the  old 
work  at  the  junction  were  nearly  obliterated,  but  enough 
remains  to  show  that  the  pattern  was  pretty  much  the  same  as 
that  found  in  a  similar  position  on  the  chalices  of  Wylye  and 
Trinity  College,  Oxford,  which  are  dated  1525  and  1527.  In 
both  these  cases,  at  each  angle  of  the  hexagon,  is  found  a 
baluster-shaped  ornament,  between  which  is  open  battlemented 
arcading.  In  the  present  example,  owing  to  the  semi-fused  state 
of  the  metal,  it  is  impossible  to  say  what  the  original 
decoration  was  between  the  balusters.  The  existing  stem 
and  knot  are  plain  and  circular,  the  knot  having  a  cable  mould- 
ing at  the  edge  and  at  the  junctions.  A  somewhat  similar  stem 
to  this  is  found  in  a  few  other  chalices  in  the  diocese  of  the  first 
quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century,  bearing  no  hall-marks,  and 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  425 

perhaps  of  provincial  manufacture.  The  foot  is  sexfoil,  but  the 
spread,  though  hexagonal  at  the  junction  with  the  stem,  is 
circular  and  plain,  and  descends  with  an  ogee  curvature  on  to 
the  flat  of  the  principal  member,  which  is  sexfoil,  with  edge  of 
vertical  reeded  moulding.  The  lowermost  member  of  the  foot 
is  a  plain  sexfoil  plate.  On  the  front  of  the  spread  is  engraved 
the  Crucifixion  under  an  ogee  arch,  INRI  over  the  cross,  atten- 
dant figures  of  the  Blessed  Virgin  and  St.  John,  with  a  skull 
and  bones  at  foot  of  cross.  The  present  dimensions  of  this  chalice, 
which  is  partly  gilt,  are — height,  6  J  inches ;  diameter  of  bowl, 
4£  inches  ;  depth  of  bowl,  2^  inches  ;  diameter  of  base,  4|  inches 
and  4J  inches. 

There  are  three  hall-marks : — 

1.  A  Lombardic  T,  the  London  date-letter  for  1536-7. 

2.  The  leopard's  head  crowned. 

3.  The  maker's  mark,  T  W  in  a  shield.* 

The  substitution  of  another  stem  to  this  chalice,  whenever 
made,  could  hardly  have  arisen  from  too  much  use,  as  all  the 
existing  old  parts  are  in  sound  condition. 

Richard  Phelip,  of  Charborough,  county  Dorset,  a  large 
landowner  in  this  neighbourhood,  by  his  will,  made  in  1556, 
left  certain  fields  to  the  use  of  the  parish  church  of  Sturminster 
Marshall,  besides  other  benefactions.f  He  also  caused  to  be  said 
or  sung  for  his  soul,  and  the  soul  of  his  wife  and  all  Christian 
souls,  '  dirige  and  comendacons  and  30  masses '  on  the  day  of 
his  dissolution,  and  for  six  years  afterwards.  By  a  codicil  to 
his  will  dated  18th  October,  1557,  he  directed  his  executor  to 
give  to  eight  of  the  poorest  parish  churches  next  to  Charborough 
and  Montague  '  viii.  chalices  with  patents  of  sylver  of  the  value 
of  41.  a  pece.' 

These  testamentary  directions  were  given  a  little  more  than  a 
year  before  the  death  of  Queen  Mary,  and  seem  to  show  that  the 
smaller  parishes  had  not  been  properly  supplied  with  chalices 
after  the  '  visitations  '  in  the  time  of  Edward  VI.  Mr.  Phelip's 
will  was  proved  in  1560.  At  present  no  chalices  have  been 
found  in  the  adjoining  parishes  to  Charborough  of  about  that 
date.  Sturminster  Marshall  is  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of 
the  Stour,  and  was  probably  never  a  <  poor  parish ';  besides  it 
had  at  that  period  a  good  chalice  of  the  old  time,  indeed  it  is  not 
impossible  that  he  might  have  given  this  very  cup  to  Sturminster 
Marshall,  as  the  date  of  it  is  only  some  five  and  twenty  years 

*  The  same  mark  occurs  on  a  paten  with  the  London  hall-marks  for  1533-4 
at  Salisbury  St.  Edmund. 

f  Hutchins'  Dorset,  vol.  iii.  p.  368. 


426  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

before  his  death.  As  Mr.  Phelip  mentions  that  Montacute,  near 
Yeovil  in  Somerset,  was  to  share  his  gift,  it  is  probable  that 
some  of  these  chalices  and  patens  must  be  looked  for  in  that 
neighbourhood." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  Assistant- Secretary,  commu- 
nicated the  following  note  on  the  leopard's  head  mark  on 
plate : — 

u  I  beg  to  bring  to  the  notice  of  the  Society  an  interesting 
point  in  connection  with  the  crowned  leopard's  head  mark  on 
medieval  plate,  which  has  not  been  observed  by  Mr.  Cripps  or 
any  other  writer  on  old  plate,  so  far  as  I  am  aware.  This  is, 
that  the  leopard's  head  found  with  the  date-letters  of  the  first 
two  cycles,  from  1478-9  downwards,  differs  materially  from 
that  used  with  Alphabets  III.  and  IV.*  The  accompanying 
cuts  show  clearly  the  difference  in  the  appearance  of  the  two 


LEOPARD'S  HEAD  MARK,  A.  LEOPARD'S  HEAD  MARK,  B. 

heads.  It  is  important  to  note  that  the  heads  do  not  change 
with  the  alphabets,  but  that  the  earlier,  or  head  A,  as  we 
may  call  it,  ceased  to  be  used  with  the  small  black-letter  t  for 
15 14- 15, f  while  the  later  form,  or  head  B,  is  first  found  with 
the  small  black-letter  g  for  1515-164 

The  importance  of  this  fact  becomes  evident  when,  as  some- 
times happens,  the  date-letter  is  badly  struck  or  illegible ;  it  is 
then  possible  to  place  the  date  one  side  or  other  of  1515. 

The  leopards'  heads  on  the  Nettlecombe  chalice  and  the 
Hamsterley  paten  are  apparently  of  a  different  form  from 
heads  A  and  B,  and  unlike  one  another." 

Rev.  CANON  CHURCH,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  pewter  coffin 
chalice  and  paten  found  in  the  cathedral  church  of  Wells. 

SOMEES  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the  cathedral 
church  of  Las  Palmas,  Grand  Canary,  with  notes  on  some 
churches  in  Teneriffe. 

*  Cripps'  Old  English  Plate,    Third  Edition.     1886. 
t  Cp,  a  paten  at  Heworth,  Durham. 

I  See  plate  at  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford,  and  at  Corpus  Christ!  College, 
Cambridge. 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  427 

Mr.  Clarke's  paper  was  illustrated  by  plans  and  photographs, 
and  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Professor  JOHN  FERGUSON  read  a  paper  on  the  bibliography 
of  the  English  translation  of  Polydore  Vergil's  T)e  Inventoribiis 
Rerum,  which  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications,  and  to  the  President  for  his  gift  of  the  seal  of 
Henry  Raynes. 


Thursday,  June  23rd,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS.,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President, 
and  afterwards  H.  S.  MILMAN,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Director, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  :  — 

From  A.  W.  Franks,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  V.P.S.A.:— Congres  International 
d'Anthropologie  et  d'Archeologie  Prehistoriques.  Compte-Rendu  de  la 
8me  Session,  Budapest,  1876.  Vol.  II.  parts  1  and  2.  8vo.  Budapest,  1878. 

From  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Harvard  College: — A  Record  of  the  Com- 
memoration, Nov.  5th  to  8th,  1886,  on  the  250th  Anniversary  of  the  Found- 
ing of  Harvard  College.  8vo.  Cambridge,  N.E.,  1887. 

From  the  Author: — The  Admission  Registers  of  St.  Paul's  School,  from  1748 — 
1876.  By  Rev.  R.  B.  Gardiner,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1884. 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  Cooper  Union  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  and 
Art:— The  26th,  27th,  and  28th  Annual  Reports.  8vo.  New  York,  1887. 

From  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.: — A  Form  of  Thanksgiving  and  Prayer 
to  Almighty  God,  upon  the  completion  of  fifty  years  of  Her  Majesty's 
Reign  ;  to  be  used  on  Tuesday  the  21st  day  of  June  next,  in  the  Abbey 
Church  of  S.  Peter's,  Westminster.  By  Authority.  4to.  London,  1887. 

SOMERS  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  called  the  attention  of  the 
meeting  to  the  fact  that  during  the  preparation  for  the  Thanks- 
giving Service  on  June  21,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  the 
Coronation  Chair  had  had  a  portion  of  the  woodwork  in  front 
"  restored,"  and  had  also  been  covered  with  a  coat  of  dark 
brown  uoak  stain,"  thereby  effectually  defacing  and  obliterating 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  decoration  done  by  order  of  king 
Edward  1.,  about  1300,  by  master  Walter  the  painter. 

Such  treatment  as  this,  he  thought,  ought  not  to  be  passed 
unnoticed  by  the  Society,  and  he  therefore  begged  to  propose 
the  following  Resolution,  which  was  seconded  by  Rev.  William 
Greenwell,  F.S.A. :— 


428  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

"  That  this  meeting  regrets  that  in  the  preparations  for  the 
Thanksgiving  Service  at  Westminster  Abbey,  the  ancient  Coro- 
nation Chair  has  been  defaced  with  a  coating  of  brown  -stain, 
and  requests  the  Council  to  make  enquiries  whether  something 
cannot  be  done  to  remedy  the  mischief,  and  to  prevent  the  pos- 
sibility of  such  outrages  in  future." 

After  some  remarks  from  the  President,  Mr.  Micklethwaite, 
and  others,  the  resolution  was  put  to  the  meeting,  and  carried 
nemine  contradicente ;  the  officers  of  the  Society  being  em- 
powered meanwhile  to  take  any  steps  they  might  deem  neces- 
sary in  the  matter. 

EDWARD  HAILSTONE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  good  example 
of  a  late  mazer.  It  is  a  small  cup  of  maple  wood,  3|  inches 
high,  2J  inches  deep,  and  3|  inches  in  diameter,  with  a  short 
stem  and  foot,  the  whole  being  in  one  piece,  with  a  silver-gilt 
band  f  inch  deep,  with  an  indented  edge  round  the  rim.  A 
similar  band  also  encircles  the  edge  of  the  foot.  Neither  band 
is  hall-marked,  but  the  one  round  the  rim  is  engraved  with  the 
letters  ^  In  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  is  a  small  silver-gilt 

button  or  print,  ^§  inch  in  diameter,  engraved  with  a  heraldic 
rose  encircled  by  the  legend  : 

*  Ebrietas ;  quid  non 

The  date  is  probably  late  Elizabethan. 

Mr.  Hailstone  also  exhibited  a  bowl  of  beech,  or  some  such 
soft  wood,  much  worm-eaten,  8j  inches  in  diameter,  3£  inches 
high,  and  2-j-|  inches  deep,  engraved  on  the  outside  with  flowers 
and  leafwork  in  outline.  A  little  below  the  rim  is  inscribed  : 

fyonor  antf  tfjanfcetf  for  euermore  If  gnu  unto  fljp  name    euen  fo  fce  ft 
lortr  fce  tt  Co  tljou  mgpjtge  ffott  of  tgme    anno  tfomtm  :  1610 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  either  of  these  vessels. 

J.  W.  TRIST,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  some  curious  mummied 
eyes,  apparently  of  cephalopods,  found  with  human  bodies  in  an 
old  Inca  burial-ground  two  miles  south  of  Arica,  in  Peru. 

J.  A.  ROLLS,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver  hennin,  of  com- 
paratively modern  date,  purchased  some  twenty  years  ago  in 
Algiers. 

J.  E.  WORSLEY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  429 

notes  on  the  discovery  of  a  grave  on  Ty-Clwyfau  farm,  near 
Llanfairfechan  : — 

"  Last  summer,  while  staying  at  Llanfairfechan,  in  the  county 
of  Carnarvon,  in  North  Wales,  I  was  told  that  an  ancient  grave 
had  been  discovered,  and  that  some  pottery  and  bones  had  been 
found  in  it.  Upon  making  further  inquiries,  I  found  that  the 
discovery  had  been  made  in  November  last,  upon  a  farm  called 
Ty-Clwyfau,  in  the  parish  of  Llanfairfechan,  on  high  ground 
at  the  foot  of  a  hill  at  the  end  of  the  village  called  Dinas,  and 
so  marked  on  the  Ordnance  Survey. 

The  farm  is  owned  by  Mr.  Richard  John  Jones,  of  Llanfair- 
fechan, who  was  present  when  the  discovery  was  made,  and 
who,  I  was  told,  had  immediately  stopped  further  excavating, 
and  had  built  a  large  wooden  shed  over  the  site  to  prevent  its 
being  further  disturbed  until  he  should  have  time  for  further 
search.  I  called  upon  Mr,  Jones,  and  found  him  very  desirous 
of  obtaining  information  as  to  the  value  and  antiquity  of  the 
discovery. 

1  went  with  him  to  the  farm,  and  found  the  site  of  the  grave 
covered  by  the  shed,  as  described  to  me.  The  grave  was  made 
by  the  placing  of  four  large  flat  stones  in  an  upright  position, 
and  covering  them  with  a  fifth.  The  stones  were  4  to  6  inches 
in  thickness,  and  the  inside  measurements  of  the  grave  were  as 
follows  : — length,  4  feet ;  and  width  at  one  end  2  feet  9  inches, 
and  at  the  other  1  foot  4  inches.  The  stones  at  the  ends  of  the 
grave  sloped  inwards,  reducing  the  length  to  3  feet  3  inches  at 
the  top.  The  whole  was  covered  by  a  large  stone  3  feet  9  inches 
long,  and  3  feet  2  inches  wide  at  one  end,  and  1  foot  11  inches 
at  the  other.  The  grave  was  2  feet  deep. 

I  was  also  shown  twenty- seven  fragments  of  pottery,  and 
about  four  ounces  of  calcined  bones  broken  into  small  fragments, 
which  I  was  informed  were  found  in  the  grave.  The  pottery 
is  ornamented  with  lines  and  chevrons,  very  rudely  drawn.  It 
is  of  a  light-brown  colour,  and  has  the  appearance  of  sun- 
baked clay.  Nothing  else  was  found  in  the  grave.  As  to  the 
discovery.  Mr.  Jones  informed  me  that  some  of  his  men  were 
levelling  the  ground  over  the  grave,  which,  for  a  circumference 
of  20  feet  or  so,  was  slightly  elevated,  when  they  came  upon 
the  cover  of  the  grave.  This,  upon  being  raised,  showed  the 
grave  full  of  earth  and  small  stones.  Amongst  the  earth  some 
of  the  pottery  and  bones  were  found  ;  but  whether  the  urn 
was  found  broken,  or  was  broken  by  the  men,  I  could  not 
satisfactorily  ascertain.  A  few  fragments  of  pottery  were  also 
stated  to  have  been  found  in  a  small  cist  about  a  foot  across, 
formed  of  upright  stones,  with  a  small  cover.  This  smaller  cist 
was  built  at  a  distance  of  about  two  feet  on  the  south  side  of  the 


430  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887 

larger  one.  The  fragments  of  pottery  when  I  saw  them  had 
all  been  mixed  together,  and  I  could  obtain  no  information  as 
to  which  pieces  were  found  in  the  larger  grave,  and  which  in 
the  small  one. 

Several  pieces  had  also,  I  was  told,  been  sent  away  by  Mr. 
Jones,  and  had  been  lost. 

I  made  a  further  search  around  the  grave  to  the  limits  of 
what  1  believed  to  have  been  the  base  of  the  tumulus,  but 
nothing  further  was  found.  I  left  the  grave  with  the  cover 
raised,  but  otherwise  undisturbed. 

Mr.  Jones  also  showed  me  a  large  and  beautifully  propor- 
tioned stone  axe,  a  smaller  stone  axe,  and  a  circular  stone 
ornament ;  the  larger  axe  is  of  granite,  and  weighs  10  J  Ibs., 
and,  with  the  ornament,  was  found  upon  Ty-Clwyfau  farm. 
The  smaller  axe  weighs  4  Ibs.  10  ozs.,  and  was  found  upon  a 
farm  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood,  called  Camernaint  farm, 
belonging  to  Mr.  Owen  Griffiths,  of  Llanfairfechan.  Above 
the  grave,  and  still  on  the  hill-side  at  the  foot  of  Dinas,  are  the 
remains  of  a  so-called  Druids'  circle,  which  is,  however,  pro- 
bably a  British  grave.  The  circle  is  well  defined,  and  many  of 
the  stones  are  standing.  The  grave  and  circle  are,  as  will  be 
seen  by  a  reference  to  the  Ordnance  map,  very  near  to  the  also 
so-called  Druids'  circle,  Meini  Hirion,  and  to  the  Dinas  on 
Penmaenmawr. 

The  ground  on  this  side  of  the  hill  below  Dinas,  and  above 
the  grave,  is  sloped  away  in  terraces,  and  has  all  the  appearances 
of  an  ancient  camp." 

Kev.  W.  GREENWELL  thought  from  the  drawings  Mr.  Worsley 
also  sent  that  the  pottery  was  of  the  usual  type  found  with  relics 
of  the  bronze  age. 

F.  G.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following  account 
of  the  opening  of  a  barrow  in  the  parish  of  Colwinston,  Glamor- 
ganshire, accompanied  by  the  exhibition  of  two  of  the  urns 
discovered,  and  other  relics : 

"  This  barrow  which  is  now  about  to  be  described  is  situated 
within  a  few  feet  of  the  high  road  from  Cowbridge  to  Bridgend, 
at  a  place  called  the  Golden  Mile,  upon  the  estate  of  Mrs.  Collins 
Prichard,  of  Pwllywrach,  the  lady  of  the  manor. 

Some  years  ago  it  is  asserted  that  the  then  owner  of  the  pro- 
perty, wishing  to  satisfy  his  curiosity,  made  an  opening  into  the 
mound  from  the  north  side,  near  the  centre,  and,  as  might  be 
expected,  did  not  find  any  interment ;  and  upon  meeting  with 
large  stones  at  a  distance  of  about  20  feet  from  the  outside  he 
gave  up  the  venture  as  hopeless.  The  next  excavation  was 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  431 

made  by  Mr.  Collins  Prichard  about  two  years  ago.  He  entered 
the  barrow  from  the  east  end,  driving  a  narrow  trench  in  about 
20  feet,  and  gradually  expanding  it  at  the  centre.  He  met  with 
no  less  than  nine  vessels  of  British  pottery,  all  arranged  near  the 
centre,  at  short  distances  apart ;  each  it  is  said  was  placed  upon 
a  flat  stone,  with  stones  arranged  round  the  sides  and  a  large 
stone  upon  the  top  as  a  cover.  The  vessels  are  stated  for  the 
most  part  to  have  contained  calcined  human  bones,  and  in  one 
was  a  flint  knife.  As  this  excavation  had  been  made  in  the 
hopes  of  discovering  treasure,  the  find  was  not  considered  to  be 
of  any  value ;  therefore  these  cinerary  urns  and  food  vessels, 
some  of  which  were,  from  descriptions  given,  of  an  ornamental 
character,  were  permitted  to  fall  in  pieces,  and  at  the  present 
time  only  one  small  fragment,  about  2  or  3  inches  square,  is  all 
that  remains  of  them.  Thus  no  exact  particulars  are  known  of 
this  important  find.  The  next  time  the  barrow  was  dug  into 
was  in  the  month  of  March  in  the  present  year,  this  time  by 
Mr.  J.  C.  Priestley,  who  was  then  a  guest  of  Mrs.  Collins  Pri- 
chard. He  having  heard  what  had  formerly  been  found  in  the 
Twmpath,  which  is  the  name  by  which  the  barrow  is  known, 
and  which  is  stated  to  signify  in  the  Welsh  tongue  a  burial- 
place,  determined  to  ascertain  for  himself  whether  there  were 
any  burials  left.  He  obtained  the  valuable  assistance  of  Mr. 
Bertie  Prichard,  and  in  the  course  of  an  hour  he  met  with  a 
cinerary  urn,  filled  with  calcined  bones.  It  was  discovered 
about  6  feet  from  the  centre,  upon  the  south-east  side  of  the 
barrow,  near  the  edge  of  the  trench  that  had  been  made  by  Mr. 
Collins  Prichard.  This  cinerary  urn  had  been  placed  upon  the 
earth  with  stones  built  up  to  protect  the  sides,  and  one  large  one 
placed  upon  the  top.  Mr.  Priestley  succeeded  in  getting  this 
fine  specimen,  which  is  called  No.  1  interment,  without  any 
mishap.  It  is  1  foot  2  inches  high,  1  foot  1J  inch  in  diameter, 
and  3  feet  5  inches  in  circumference  at  the  widest  part.  It  is 
ornamented  with  three  lines  made  with  twisted  thong,  pressed 
into  the  clay  when  moist,  then  follows  a  wide  zig-zag  ornament 
made  in  the  same  manner,  below  which  are  again  three  lines 
likewise  made  by  the  impression  of  twisted  thong,  and  imme- 
diately below  these  last  lines  are  thumb-markings,  on  a  raised 
rib  running  round  the  wide  part  of  the  urn.  There  is  a  similar 
raised  rib  with  thumb-markings  three  inches  beneath  the  first. 
The  urn  contained  calcined  bones  at  the  bottom,  the  top  part 
being  occupied  by  fine  earth.  Upon  examining  the  contents, 
mixed  with  the  human  bones  towards  the  bottom  of  the  vessel, 
but  in  the  centre,  was  the  skeleton  of  a  mole,  twenty-two  lower 
jaw  bones  of  the  field-mouse,  and  eleven  lower  jaw  bones  of  the 
shrew-mouse,  also  a  quantity  of  small  rib  bones.  The  question 
VOL.  xi.  2  F 


432 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1887. 


arises,  How  did  these  animal  bones  get  into  the  urn  ?  The  urn 
was  unbroken,  the  earth  inside  was  convex  on  the  top,  and  the 
covering  stone  apparently  fitted  tight;  there  being  a  perfect 
black  circle  upon  it,  the  impression  of  the  top  of  the  vessel. 
It  would  appear  from  these  facts  that  the  bones  were  deposited 
at  the  time  of  the  interment.  Indeed  animals  destitute  of  upper 
jaws  could  not  have  worked  their  way  in.  The  calcined  bones 
were  submitted  to  Dr.  Garson,  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons, 


CINEKARY  URN   FOUND  IN  A  BARROW  IX   THE   PARISH   OF   COLWINSTON, 
GLAMORGANSHIRE.     Q  linear.) 

who  pronounced  them  to  be  human  and  adult ;  mixed  with  them 
were  a  few  fragments  of  bones  of  pig,  also  burnt,  probably  the 
remains  of  the  funeral  feast.  This  urn  has  been  presented  to 
the  British  Museum. 

Interment  No.  2  was  found  about  two  feet  to   the  cast  of 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  433 

No.  1  upon  the  south  side  of  the  excavation.  It  consisted  of  a 
fine  cinerary  urn,  more  highly  ornamented  than  No.  1,  with  the 
twisted  thong  in  various  patterns  ;  its  dimensions  are  as  follows  : 
height  14J  inches,  diameter  of  mouth  13f  inches,  and  the  great- 
est diameter  14  J  inches.  It  was  placed  upon  a  stone  slab,  with 
protecting  stones  for  the  sides  and  top,  and  was  filled  with  burnt 
bones  among  which  was  a  bone-pin  calcined,  2  inches  in  length, 
with  a  large  eye,  the  end  broken  off.  It  is  well  made  and  one- 
third  of  an  inch  in  diameter  ;  and  no  doubt  served  to  fasten  the 
garment  on  the  body  before  the  cremation  took  place.  Such  pins 
do  not  appear  to  be  of  common  occurrence  as  Canon  Greenwell 
has  only  met  with  four  of  them  associated  with  burnt  bones, 
and  twelve  unburnt  bodies  each  accompanied  by  a  pin.  British 
Barrows,  p.  31.  One  rather  similar  is  figured  in  British  Bar- 
rows, p.  352,  fig.  141. 

Mr.  Priestley  having  obtained  permission  to  make  a  thorough 
examination  of  this  barrow,  he  invited  me  to  join  him,  and 
through  the  hospitality  of  Mrs.  Prichard  we  were  entertained 
during  the  week.  We  commenced  operations  on  the  25th  April 
lastwith  the  gamekeeper,  David  Mainwaring,  and  three  labourers. 
The  barrow  is  58  feet  in  diameter  and  between  4  and  5  feet 
high.  We  began  on  the  east  side,  by  making  a  trench  north 
and  south  cutting  off  the  edge,  throwing  back  as  we  went, 
until  we  turned  over  the  entire  barrow  with  the  exception  of  a 
small  portion  at  the  north-west  end,  which  judging  from  former 
experience  of  diggers  rarely  contains  any  remains  of  burials. 
Nothing  whatever  was  found  on  the  north  or  west  sides. 

During  the  process  of  throwing  over  the  earth,  Mr.  Priestley 
discovered  in  the  body  of  the  mound  a  flint  scraper  or  knife 
with  a  trimmed  edge,  1J  inch  in  length.  It  is  not  quite  per- 
fect, as  the  end  with  the  bulb  of  percussion  is  wanting ;  this 
and  other  flints  which  were  subsequently  found  in  the  body  of 
the  barrow  bears  out  the  experience  of  Canon  Greenwell,*  who 
says  '  there  is  a  fact  connected  with  these  implements  and  of 
some  interest  in  itself,  which  becomes  of  importance  from  the 
evidence  it  affords  in  relation  to  the  cause  of  such  articles  being 
deposited  with  the  dead.  Those  implements  of  flint  which  are 
found  placed  in  immediate  connection  with  the  body  appear  in 
most  instances  to  be  perfectly  new,  and  as  if  made  for  the  burial, 
whilst  those  found  in  the  material  of  the  barrows  and  not  asso  - 
ciated  with  an  interment  have,  as  a  rule,  been  evidently  in  use  • 
some  of  them,  indeed,  showing  abundant  signs  of  having 
answered  their  purpose  for  a  lengthened  time.' 

Subsequently  another  portion  of  a  flint  knife,  very  thin  and 
finely  trimmed,  was  found  among  the  material  thrown  over,  this 
*  British  Barrows,  p.  50. 
2  F2 


434  PKOCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

piece  is  nearly  1  inch  in  length  ;  as  well  as  a  small  scraper  of 
rounded  form,  but  thin,  Jths  of  an  inch  high  by  1  inch  wide. 

At  a  distance  of  15  feet  from  the  east  end  of  the  barrow,  and 
at  a  depth  of  2  feet  from  the  surface,  some  large  rough  pieces 
of  stone  were  met  with,  which  we  subsequently  found  extended 
from  north  to  south  for  a  length  of  18  feet,  occupying  the  central 
portion  of  the  barrow  ;  these  stones  formed  a  sort  of  rough  wall 
or  enclosure,  and  they  rested  upon  large  flat  slabs  of  mountain 
limestone ;  these  slabs  were  afterwards  discovered  to  extend 
over  the  whole  central  area,  the  dimensions  of  this  flooring 
being  25  feet  north  and  south,  and  18  feet  east  and  west. 

The  flooring  was  found  to  rest  upon  fine  earth  of  about  one  foot 
in  thickness,  below  which  was  the  natural  undisturbed  rock. 
Above  the  large  flat  stones  was  a  layer  of  small  rubbly  stones. 
Upon  the  east,  south,  and  west  sides  of  this  floor  was  a  sort  of 
rough  wall  composed  of  large  slabs  and  stones  about  two  feet  in 
width,  some  set  up  on  end.  This  wall  was  also  met  with  for  a 
few  feet  at  the  north-east  corner,  but  could  not  be  traced  further 
on  the  north  side.  It  was,  perhaps,  destroyed  when  the  first 
trench  was  cut  into  the  barrow,  or,  possibly,  may  never  have 
been  erected.  The  urns  were  mostly  found  at  a  uniform  depth 
of  two  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound,  covered  over  with 
loose  earth  and  clay,  over  which  a  large  quantity  of  irregular- 
shaped  stones  had  been  thrown  as  a  capping  to  the  barrow. 

It  is  a  very  rare  circumstance,  if  not  unique,  to  find  a  barrow 
paved  with  stone.  I  have  failed  to  find  a  parallel  case,  even 
amongst  the  large  number  opened  by  Canon  Greenwell ;  it  is 
also  rare  to  meet  with  enclosing  walls  within  barrows.  Some- 
thing of  the  nature  of  a  wall  was,  however,  found  by  Canon 
Greenwell  in  the  parish  of  Langton,*  in  the  East  Riding  of  York- 
shire ;  and  at  Etton,|  also  in  the  East  Riding,  he  found  what 
appeared  to  be  a  circular  wall  of  flints  and  chalk,  irregularly 
formed,  enclosing  the  place  of  burning ;  it  was  eleven  feet  in 
diameter.  Walls  have  been  found  within  long  barrows  in 
several  places,  but  it  is  a  remarkable  circumstance  to  have  met 
with  this  one  in  a  round  barrow. 

It  should  also  be  noted  that  in  all  cases  where  an  enclosing 
wall  has  been  met  with,  the  circle  or  enclosure  has  been  incom- 
plete, and  that  was  the  case  in  the  barrow  now  under  considera- 
tion. It  is  quite  certain  that  all  the  thirteen  interments  dis- 
covered within  this  enclosure  were  primary  and  that  those  on 
the  outside  were  secondary. 

Canon  Greenwell,  on  page  8  of  British  Barrows,  thinks  that 
if  the  idea  of  a  fence  be  entertained,  it  was  intended  to  prevent 

*  British  Barrows,  p.  137. 
t  Hid.  p.  284. 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES*  435 

the  exit  of  the  spirit  of  those  buried  within  rather  than  to  guard 
against  disturbance  from  without. 

In  some  parts  of  the  barrow,  for  instance,  on  the  south  side 
an|I  north-east  side,  at  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  from  the  out- 
side, several  black  streaks  and  patches  mixed  with  reddened  clay 
and  fragments  of  charcoal  were  met  with,  which  gave  the  idea 
that  after  the  cremation  some  of  the  d&bris  had  been  thrown 
into  the  barrow,  together  with  the  earth,  to  form  the  mound. 
Amongst  the  stones  thrown  out  from  among  the  material  of  the 
barrow  was  one  with  a  large  oval  hollow  in  the  centre ;  it  had 
been  broken  in  two,  and  only  one  half  was  found ;  it  measured 
11  inches  in  length  by  9  inches,  and  6  inches  in  thickness,  the 
hollow  or  cup  is  4J  inches  deep  and  5  inches  in  diameter.  It 
looked  as  though  it  might  have  been  part  of  a  quern  or  hand  mill- 
stone. It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  no  perfect  quern  has  ever 
been  discovered  in  a  barrow.  If  this  stone  has  formed  part  of  a 
quern  it  may  be  in  consequence  of  its  having  been  broken,  and 
therefore  of  no  further  use,  that  it  was  thrown  into  the  barrow 
to  help  to  fill  it  up. 

A  precisely  similar  one  was  discovered  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Blight, 
F.S.A.,  in  a  ring  barrow  at  Boscawen-Un,  in  Cornwall,  and  is 
figured  in  Ncenia  Cornubice  by  Mr.  Borlase. 

Four  other  flints  were  found  in  throwing  back  the  earth,  one 
a  scraper,  If  inch  in  length  by  1  inch  wide ;  another  If  inch  in 
length  by  1 J  inch  wide,  and  two  smaller  pieces,  all  incomplete  ; 
also  a  fragment  of  cherty  flint,  1J  inch  by  1J  inch. 

In  another  portion  of  the  barrow  an  angular  piece  of  soft 
stone,  about  6  inches  wide  by  4  inches  high,  having  deep  marks 
scored  in  it  with  some  blunt  instrument,  was  met  with. 

Interment  No.  3  was  discovered,  at  two  feet  from  the  surface 
of  the  mound,  on  the  south  side  of  the  walled  enclosure,  about  nine 
feet  east-south-east  of  the  centre,  and  consisted  originally  of  a 
small  cinerary  urn  of  reddish  colour,  with  the  usual  ornament 
made  by  means  of  twisted  thong,  but  owing  to  the  roots  of  a  tree 
growing  down  into  the  interment  the  urn  was  much  crushed ; 
what  remained  of  it  showed  that  it  had  been  inverted,  or  that  it 
rested  upon  a  flat  stone.  It  contained  calcined  bones,  which 
were  examined  by  Dr.  Garson,  who  pronounced  them  to  have 
belonged  probably  to  a  woman. 

Interment  No.  4  was  met  with  at  the  east  end  of  the  barrow, 
about  twelve  feet  north-east  of  the  centre,  and  about  seventeen  feet 
from  the  east  side  ;  it  was  placed  in  a  stone  cist  which  was  built 
up  against  the  internal  wall  of  the  barrow.  It  was  composed  of 
flat  stones,  one  placed  on  the  bottom,  and  others  were  set  up  on 
end  to  form  the  sides,  top,  back,  and  front.  The  height  of  the 
interior  was  1  foot  10  inches,  depth  1  foot  4  inches,  width  1  foot 


436  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

2  inches  ;  there  was  no  urn  ;  the  interment  was  after  cremation, 
and  the  calcined  bones  which  it  contained  were  insufficient  for 
Dr.  Garson  to  form  any  opinion  upon,  further  than  that  the 
remains  were  human.  Several  pieces  of  charcoal  were  among 
the  bones,  and  the  remainder  of  the  cist  was  filled  up  with  fine 
earth.  This  was  probably  a  secondary  interment. 

Interment  No.  5  was  found  at  about  seven  feet  south-south- 
east of  the  centre,  at  two  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound.  It 
was  enclosed  and  preserved  by  means  of  a  small  cist  built  up  by 
flat  stones  being  placed  on  edge.  The  urn  is  9  inches  in  height 
by  7J  inches  in  diameter  at  the  mouth  ;  it  is  ornamented  with 
five  encompassing  lines  made  by  impressing  a  piece  of  twisted 
thong  on  the  clay  when  soft ;  below  these  are  two  raised  bands  or 
ridges.  It  contained  calcined  bones,  and  was  filled  in  to  the 
brim  with  fine  sifted  earth ;  the  whole  contents  were  removed, 
and  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Herbert  Prichard  a  fire  was  lighted 
inside,  with  a  view  of  hardening  the  urn,  but  it  was  so  firmly 
wedged  in  between  the  side  stones  that  it  was  found  to  be  im- 
possible to  remove  it  without  first  taking  it  to  pieces.  The 
bones  were  much  comminuted,  and  Dr.  Garson  is  of  opinion 
that  they  are  those  of  a  child. 

Interment  No.  6.  This  was  a  secondary  interment ;  it  was 
found  on  the  south  slope  of  the  barrow,  about  1 6  feet  south-west 
of  the  centre,  and  at  5  feet  from  the  enclosing  wall ;  it  consisted 
of  a  small  hole  sunk  only  one  foot  from  the  surface  of  the 
mound,  the  sides  of  which  had  been  lined  with  clay  and  then 
hardened  by  making  a  fire  in  it,  the  clay  being  reddened  to  a 
thickness  of  two  inches  ;  it  contained  calcined  bones,  two  pieces 
of  bronze  and  fragments  of  bronze,  one  of  which  might  have 
belonged  to  a  knife,  the  other  to  a  pricker  or  awl.  As  to 
bronze  awls  or  prickers,  Canon  Greenwell  says  it  must  not  be  sup- 
posed, because  in  some  barrows  no  other  implements  than  those 
of  stone  have  been  found,  that  such  barrows  belong  to  a  time 
before  the  introduction  of  bronze,  for  its  absence  by  no  means 
proves  that  it  was  unknown.*  There  were  likewise  three 
curious  pieces  of  bone  with  holes  bored  through  them,  which 
may  have  served  as  beads.  The  bones  were  submitted  to  Dr. 
Garson,  who  from  their  fragmentary  character  could  not  say  to 
which  sex  they  belonged,  but  considered  them  to  be  of  an  adult. 
The  entrance  to  this  interment  on  the  southern  slope  was  pro- 
tected by  some  stones  being  placed  against  it. 

Interment  No.  7  was  on  the  south  side  of  the  barrow  at  one 
foot  beneath  the  surface  of  the  mound,  a  few  feet  eastwards  of 
No.  6  ;  the  urn  was  nearly  destroyed,  presumably  from  being 
so  near  the  surface,  only  a  few  fragments  were  met  with,  it  had 

*  British  £  arrows,  p.  46. 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  43? 

contained  calcined  bones,  and  the  earth  surrounding  it  was  much 
reddened  by  fire,  and  pieces  of  charcoal  and  ashes  were  plen- 
tiful The  interment  had  been  protected  by  being  placed  upon 
a  flat  stone,  with  one  laid  upon  the  top  and  others  placed  against 
the  mouth  of  the  hollow  which  had  been  made  on  the  south 
side. 

Interment  No.  8  was  upon  the  south-west  side  of  the  barrow, 
about  5  feet  from  the  enclosing  wall  and  18  feet  from  the  centre. 
Like  No.  6  it  consisted  of  a  large  pocket  made  of  clay,  and 
hardened  by  means  of  fire,  as  the  clay  and  surroundings  were 
red  and  black  to  a  depth  of  three  inches.  At  the  bottom  were  a 
quantity  of  calcined  bones,  too  fragmentary  to  be  identified. 
The  mouth  or  opening  made  to  this  interment  was  on  the 
western  slope  protected  like  the  others  with  stones  placed 
against  it. 

Interment  No.  9  was  on  the  southern  side,  about  18  feet  from 
the  centre,  and  at  2  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound;  it 
was  placed  like  the  former  in  a  hole  lined  with  clay.  In  it  were 
a  quantity  of  calcined  human  bones  and  much  charcoal ;  a  flat 
piece  of  stone  was  placed  on  the  top,  and  the  entrance  of  the 
hollow  on  the  south  was  protected  by  another  large  stone. 

Having  completed  this  brief  account  of  the  various  interments 
discovered  in  this  barrow  it  only  remains  for  me  to  add  a  few 
remarks. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  barrow  was  a  remarkable  one,  con- 
taining no  less  than  thirteen  primary  interments  after  crema- 
tion, that  is  to  say,  there  were  thirteen  urns  placed  upon  the 
platform  of  stones,  before  the  earth  was  thrown  up  over  it. 
Subsequently  five  secondary  interments  were  made  in  the  east, 
west,  and  south  sides  of  the  barrow  respectively.  I  fail  to 
discover  another  instance  of  so  many  interments  after  cremation 
of  this  early  period  being  recorded  from  either  England  or 
Wales. 

There  is  a  tradition  that  a  battle  was  fought  on  the  6  Golden 
Mile,'*  between  the  Irish  or  Saxons  and  the  Welsh,  in  the  seventh 
century,  under  a  prince  of  the  name  of  Meyric,  and  that  the 
slain  were  buried  in  this  mound  at  the  Twmpath. 

It  may  be  argued  that  we  cannot  compare  the  age  of  the 
Welsh  barrows  with  those  of  England,  as  the  inhabitants  of 
Wales  may  have  practised  their  ancient  rites  and  customs, 
perhaps,  for  long  after  they  were  abandoned  in  England,  but  even 
if  that  were  the  case  it  would  not  account  for  those  interments 

*  The  tradition  made  to  fit  the  name  of  the  now-enclosed  common  called  the 
*  Golden  Mile '  was  that  Jestyn  ap  Gwrgant,  last  native  chief  and  seventeenth 
in  descent  from  Meuric  ap  lewdric,  paid  tribute  in  gold  to  the  Normans  at  that 
place.  Another  story,  which  may  be  more  probable,  is,  that  it  was  so  called 
from  the  fapt  of  the  common  being  coyered  with  gorse. 


438  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1887, 

belonging  to  the  date  of  the  tradition,  as  at  that  time  the  Welsh 
had  been  subjected  to  the  advantage  of  Roman  civilisation,  and 
had  used  the  Latin  tongue  for  monumental  inscriptions,  etc., 
etc.,  for  several  centuries  before  the  time  of  those  seventh-cen- 
tury people.  It  is  quite  certain  that  from  the  nature  of  the 
urns,  and  other  circumstances  connected  with  the  primary 
interments  in  this  barrow,  that  it  is  before  the  time  of  the  use 
of  iron,  and  that  the  secondary  interments  also  were  probably 
of  the  bronze  period. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications . 


Thursday,  June  30th,  1887. 

JOHN  EVANS,  Esq.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in 

the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : — 

From  the  President  and  Fellows  of  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford  : — Con- 
tinuationem  Catalog!  Codicum  Manuscriptorum  Collegii  Corporis  Christi 
confecit  C.  C.  Plummer,  A.M.  4to. 

From  G.  W.  Tomlinson,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Yorkshire  Archaeological  and  Topo- 
graphical Association  Excursion  Programmes  ;  viz. : — Beverley,  1875  ; 
Bolton  Abbey  and  Skipton,  1877  ;  Templeborough,  Wentworth,  and  Rother- 
ham,  1880  ;  Helmsley  and  Rievaulx  Abbey,  1881.  8vo.  Huddersfield, 
Leeds,  and  Worksop,  1875—81. 

The  Eev.  John  Charles  Cox,  LL.D.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 

The  PRESIDENT  announced  that  he  and  the  Treasurer  had 
had  the  honour  of  presenting  to  the  Queen,  at  Windsor  Castle, 
on  Monday,  June  27,  the  Society's  Congratulatory  Address  to 
Her  Majesty,  who  had  been  graciously  pleased  to  receive  the 
same. 

The  PRESIDENT  stated,  with  reference  to  the  Coronation  Chair, 
that  in  consequence  of  Mr.  Plunket's  reply  to  Mr.  Ho  worth  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  on  June  24th,  he  had  written  to  Mr. 
Plunket,  pointing  out  that,  from  the  information  that  had  been 
laid  before  him,  he  feared  that  the  actual  condition  of  the 
Coronation  Chair  must  have  been  misrepresented  to  him.  He 
had  therefore  sent  the  Society's  drawings,  made  in  1863,  of  the 


June  30.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  439 

decoration  on  the  Chair,  to  Mr.  Plunket,  by  the  hands  of  Mr. 
W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  and  asked  him  to  examine  them,  and, 
if  possible,  personally  to  compare  the  Chair  with  them.  In 
reply  Mr.  Plunket,  while  signifying  his  readiness  at  all  times 
to  do  anything  in  his  power  of  service  to  the  Society,,  begged  to 
be  excused  from  examining  into  or  expressing  any  opinion  upon 
the  question  whether  the  Coronation  Chair  is  now  in  the  same 
condition  as  it  was  in  1863,  as  he  had  no  special  knowledge  or 
authority  to  speak  on  that  matter,  and  he  therefore  felt  that 
any  judgment  he  might  form  would  be  but  of  little  value.  He 
had  satisfied  himself,  by  personal  inspection,  that  the  Coronation 
Chair  is  now  practically  exactly  as  it  was  when  it  was,  a  few 
weeks  ago,  handed  over  to  the  charge  of  his  department,  and  he 
hoped  that  he  should  very  soon  be  able  to  restore  it  to  its 
regular  custodians. 

The  PRESIDENT  said  that  Mr.  Plunket's  reply  was  not  alto- 
gether satisfactory,  as  there  was  no  doubt  whatever  that  the 
Chair  had  been  overlaid  with  some  dark  colouring  matter, 
which  had  since  been  removed  with,  he  believed,  but  little 
permanent  injury  to  the  original  decoration  ;  he  had  therefore 
again  written  to  Mr.  Plunket,  that  as  he  was  now  no  doubt 
fully  aware  that  the  Coronation  Chair  had  actually  been  over- 
laid with  colour,  and  he  had  been  led  inadvertently  to  make  a 
statement  in  the  House  of  Commons  which  was  not  altogether 
in  accordance  with  the  facts  of  the  case,  he  ventured  to  hope 
that  he  had  seriously  visited  the  person  or  persons  who  had 
misrepresented  the  matter,  and  also  those  who  tampered  with 
the  Chair. 

The  PRESIDENT  added,  that  he  had  also  expressed  the  Society's 
appreciation  of  the  careful  manner  in  which  the  monuments  and 
structure  of  the  abbey  have  been  treated  by  the  Office  of  Works 
during  the  recent  preparations. 

Mr.  SOMERS  CLARKE  said  he  had  closely  examined  the  Chair, 
together  with  the  Dean  of  Westminster,  and  they  found  that 
the  brown  varnish  had  now  been  removed,  but  a  dark  stain 
remained  to  show  where  it  had  been  put  on.  There  could  be 
no  doubt  that  Mr.  Plunket  had  been  misinformed. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  said  he  also  had  seen  the  Chair  since  the 
removal  of  the  varnish,  and  the  surface  of  the  wood  was  now 
quite  different  from  what  it  was,  and  he  feared  it  would  become 
darker. 

After  some  further  remarks  from  Kev.  Dr.  Cox,  Mr.  Ralph 
Neville,  and  others,  the  subject  dropped. 

The  Rev.  J.  CHARLES  Cox,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of 
the  Marquis  of  Hartington,  exhibited  two  large  pieces  of  medieval 


440         PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  [1887. 

embroidery  from  Hardwick  Hall,  Derbyshire,  where  they  have 
been  for  a  long  time  used  as  coverings  for  the  altar-rails  in  the 
chapel.  They  are  composed  of  the  hoods  and  orphreys  of  some 
five  and  twenty  copes,  chiefly  of  late  date.  Besides  a  number 
of  single  copes,  several  sets  appear  to  have  been  cut  up.  The 
orphreys  have  saints  under  canopies,  and  the  hoods  such  sub- 
jects as  the  Holy  Trinity,  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin,  Our 
Lord  enthroned,  Our  Lady  and  Child,  and  the  Ancient  of  Days 
holding  up  a  napkin  containing  three,  sometimes  four,  small 
naked  female  figures.  There  are  also  the  remains  of  two  of  the 
bands  for  securing  a  cope  across  the  breast. 

The  whole  is  very  much  worn  and  decayed,  and  a  hope  was 
expressed  that  the  noble  owner  would  take  steps  for  the  better 
preservation  of  these  interesting  examples  of  English  needle- 
work.* 

HUGH  NORRIS,  Esq.,  M.D.,  Local  Secretary  for  Somerset, 
exhibited  a  perfect  bronze  fibula,  with  beautiful  blue  patina ;  a 
bronze  fastener,  with  ivory  or  bone  button  still  attached ;  and 
two  pieces  of  tinned  bronze,  all  found  at  Hamdon  Hill,  and 
apparently  of  late -Celtic  date.f 

W.  PAGE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  some  Northumbrian 
Palatinates  and  Kegalities,  which  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeo- 
ogia. 

N.  H.  J.  WESTLAKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  a  paper 
descriptive  of  some  ancient  paintings  in  churches  in  Athens, 
now  destroyed. 

Mr.  Westlake's  paper,  which  will  be  printed  in  the  Archaeo- 
logia,  was  illustrated  by  some  large  copies  of  the  paintings  in 
question  kindly  lent  for  the  purpose  by  the  Marquis  of  Bute,  by 
whose  direction  they  were  made  previous  to  the  destruction  of 
the  churches. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions  and 
communications. 

The  Ordinary  Meetings^of  the  Society  were  then  adjourned 
to  November  24th,  1887. 


*  The  Marquis  of  Hartington  has  since  given  directions  for  the  removal  of 
the  needlework  to  a  place  where  it  will  be  less  exposed  to  injury. 

f  These  have  been  figured  in  Proceedings  of  tlw  Somersetshire  Archaeologi- 
cal and  Natural  History  Society,  vol.  xxxii.  p.  82. 


INDEX 


TO 


PROCEEDINGS,  SECOND  SERIES,  VOL.  XL 


Accounts  for  1885,  report  of,  125 

Address  to  H.M.  the  Queen,  presented, 
438 

Album  Amicorum,  1 7th  cent.  233-4 

Alcazar,  Toledo,  photographs  of,  234-5 

Aldenham  (Herts),  oak  chest  in  church 
of,  347-8 

Algiers,  silver  hennin  from,  428 

All  Hallows,  Exeter,  vicar  and  church- 
wardens of,  exhibition  of  communion 
cup  and  cover,  and  a  medieval  mazer, 
170 

All  Souls  College,  Oxford,  warden  and 
fellows  of,  exhibition  of  mazers,  56 ; 
and  silver-gilt  "pilgrims'  bottles,"  242 

Alma-Tadema(L.,R.  A.),  elected  Fellow, 
190 

Altar  cruet  of  silver  parcel-gilt,  244 

Altar  hangings  from  Chipping  Camp- 
den,  408-9 

Ancona,  Etruscan  antiquities  from,  398 

Anderson  (John,  M.D.), admitted  Fellow, 
20 

Anglo-Saxon  inscribed  sepulchral  slab 
at  Stratfield  Mortimer,  224 

Anglo-Saxon  remains,  church  at  Deer- 
hurst  (Glouc.),  15,  155;  inscribed 
sepulchral  slab,  224 

Anklet,  ivory,  from  Africa,  62 

Anniversary  Meetings,  139,  364 

Apostle  spoons,  307 

Arncliff  Hall,  Northallerton,  hog-backed 
stone  found  at,  222 

Arnold  (G.  M.)t  exhibition  of  ancient 
vestments,  120-3 

Artemisium,  the,  lakeNemi,  antiquities 
from,  312 

Aspo,  near  Stockholm,  iron  padlock 
from,  361 

Athens,  paintings  on  churches  in 
440 

Atkinson  (Alfred),  account  of  pre- 
historic boat  found  at  Brigg,  199 


Auditors  appointed,  60,  242  ;  report  of, 

for  1885,  125 
Aylesbury,  manor  of,  34  ;  silver  penny 

struck  at,  34  ;  tokens,  34 

Bain  (Joseph,  F.S.A.  Scot.),  notes  on  a 
Scottish  charter  of  King  Alexander 
III.  98  ;  remarks  on  charter  of  Edw.  I. 
256 

Bainesse  (Yorks.),  bronze  steelyard 
found  at,  317 

Baker-King  (C.  R.)«  exhibition  and  re- 
marks on  fragment  of  inlaid  inscrip- 
tion from  Moreton  Morrell,  222 

Balance  sheet,  385 

Ballagawne,  Isle  of  Man,  cup-marked 
stone  at,  239 

Ballots  for  election  of  Fellows,  53,  96, 
174,  190,  235,331,405 

Bastille,  keys  of  the,  201 

Bath,  remarks  on  Roman  sculptured 
stone  found  at,  1 02-5  ;  Roman  baths 
at,  130-1,  155-6  ;  proceedings  of  the 
Society  with  reference  to,  194  ;  Regi- 
nald, bishop  of,  180;  Savaric,  bishop 
of,  413 

Beaven  (Miss),  exhibition  of  posy  ring, 
187 

Beck  (Rev.  James),  exhibition  of  pal- 
staves, fruit  trenchers,  and  gold  and 
brass  posy  rings,  168 

Bedfordshire,  carved  bone  figure  and 
small  alabaster  vessel  found  in,  311 

Beech,  bowl  of,  inscribed,  428 

Beg-er-Goalennec,  Quiberoh,  Brittany, 
discovery  of  a  manufactory  of  flint 
and  stone  implements  at,  117 

Belgium,  copper-gilt  chalice  from,  23 

Bell  (D.  C.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of  inlaid 
picture  frame  with  the  instruments 
of  the  Passion,  181 

Bennet(Rev.  Edw.  K.),  elected  Fellow, 
96 


442 


INDEX. 


IVnt  (J.  T.),  elected  Fellow,  190  ;  ad- 
mitted, 200 

Beorn,  Richard,  duke  of,  his  tomb,  412 

Berkeley  castle,  muniments  at,  255-8 

Berkeley  (Glouc.),  names  of  places  in 
parish  of,  257 

Berks,  seal  of  the  archdeaconry  of,  126; 
Scandinavian  sword  found  in,  1 96  ; 
Anglo-Saxon  inscribed  sepulchral 
slab  from,  224  ;  skeleton  found  in, 
346-7;  Roman  remains  in,  410-11 

Bildeston  (Suff.),  gold  and  brass  posy 
rings  found  at,  168 

Birdoswald  (Cumb.),  Roman  altar  found 
at,  208 

Bishop  (Edm.)j  notes  on  papal  bullae, 
260-7 

Black  jack  exhibited,  402 

Blackwell  (S.),  exhibition  of  fragments 
of  bronze  stirrup,  34 

Blair  (R.),  admitted  Fellow,  360 

BJakesley  (G.  H.,F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
carved  panel  of  death  of  St.  Francis, 
236 

Blaston  St.  Giles  (Leic.),  medieval  chalice 
and  deeds  from,  8 

Blyth  (Rev.  A.  T.),  exhibition  of  part  of 
latten  censer  from  Upper  Langwith, 
Derbyshire,  25 

Bode  (H.),  exhibition  of  standing  cup  of 
maple  wood,  57 

Bottesford  (Line.),  manor  of,  206 

Brabrook  (E.  W.,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Auditor,  242 

Bramble  (J.  R.),  elected  Fellow,  405  ; 
admitted,  406 

Brecknockshire,  exhibition  of  stag's 
horn  powder-flask  found  in,  82 

Brerton,  Geoffrey,  of  Rostorne,  letters 
of  administration  of  goods  and  chattels 
of,  216 

Brigg  (Line.),  prehistoric  boat  found  at, 
199 

Brightlingsea  (Essex),  Roman  tessellated 
pavement  and  pottery  found  at,  195 

Brightwalton  (Berks),  discovery  of  skele- 
tons at,  346-7 

Bristol,  carved  oak  board  from,  207 

Brock  (E.  P.  L.,  F.S.A.),  scheme  for 
preserving  remains  of  St.  Botolph's 
priory  church,  Colchester,  235 

Bronze  articles  : — Rapier  from  Sand- 
ford  (Oxon),  8  ;  spear-head  from  the 
Wrekin,  8 ;  hoard  found  at  Felix- 
stowe  (Suffolk),  8  ;  stirrup  from  Is- 
lington, 34;  implements,  weapons, 
and  nondescript  articles  found  at 
Eaton  (Norfolk),  42  ;  ring  of  Pope 
Paul  II.  70  ;  seal  of  Cardinal  Andrea 
de  Valle,  71  ;  scale-armour  and  fibula 
from  Hamden  Hill  (Somerset),  87  ; 


seal  from  Messingham  (Line.),  97  ; 
articles  from  various  places  in  Suffolk, 
98-9 ;  medallion  found  at  Plymouth, 
115;  strap-tag  from  Toddington 
(Beds),  131  ;  heraldic  roundels, 
134-6  ;  weapons  and  spectacle  brooch 
found  in  Lough  Erne,  157,  249 ;  two- 
handed  vessel  found  at  Woodbridge 
(Suffolk),  175  ;  Scandinavian  stirrup 
found  at  Mottisfont  (Hants),  196; 
steelyard  from  Bainesse  (Yorks.)  ,317  ; 
Egyptian  statuettes,  332-5,  380,  402, 
420  ;  pins,  double-headed  bull,  and 
buckle  from  Italy,  386 ;  fragments 
found  at  Sheffield,  391  ;  celts  found 
at  Flamborough  (Yorks.),  403  ;  pal- 
stave found  in  the  river  Kennet 
(Berks),  411  ;  Celtic  fibula  found  at 
Hamden  Hill  (Somerset),  440 

Brown  (J.  A.),  paper  on  discovery  of  a 
palaeolithic  workshop  at  Baling,  211- 
15 

Brown  (W.),  exhibition  and  present  of 
photograph  of  hog-backed  stone,  222 

Browne  (Rev.  G.  F.,  B.D.),  paper  on 
basket-work  images  of  men  on  sculp- 
tured stones,  and  on  an  incised  stone 
at  Skipwith,  170-3 

Bruton  (E.  G.),  elected  Fellow,  331  ; 
admitted,  360 

Buckland  (Glouc.),  standing  cup  of  lime 
or  sycamore  from,  56 

Bucks,  court  rolls  from,  34;  silver  penny 
and  tokens  from,  34 

Bund  (J.  W.,  F.S.A.),  appointed  Local 
Sec.  for  S.  Wales,  200 

Burgh-on-Sands  (Cumb.),  Roman  pot- 
tery found  at,  210 

Burmese  silver  bowl,  exhibited,  60 

Caerwent  (Mon.),  Roman  pavement  at, 
195 

Cambridge  (New;England),Thos.  Shepard 
writes  letter  from,  348 

Canterbury,  mazers  from  St.  John's 
hospital  at,  207 

Capitoline  Fasti,  original  position  of, 
186 

Carington,  (Richd.  S.),  elected  Fellow,  96 

Cariswood  (Suff.),  exhibition  of  palstave 
found  at,  168 

Carlisle,  silver  candlestick  belonging  to 
Glovers'  Company  of,  93 ;  salver  be- 
longing to  Shoemakers'  gild,  95 

Carmelites,  Newcastle,  inventory  of  the, 
413 

Carnarvonshire,  discovery  of  ancient 
grave  in,  429 

Carpenter  (R.  A.),  exhibition  and  pre- 
sent of  plan  of  Charterhouse,  82 ; 
elected  Fellow,  235  ;  admitted,  330 


INDEX. 


443 


Cartmel  Fell  (Lanc.)»  wooden  rood 
from,  127 

Carved  oak  board  from  Bristol,  207  ; 
beam  or  panel  at  Halesworth  (Suff.), 
307  ;  chest  at  Aldenham  (Herts.), 
347 

Casterton  Hall,  Kirkby  Lonsdale  (West- 
moreland), silver  fibula  found  at,  223 

Castlenook  (Northumb.),  exhibition  and 
present  of  photographs  of  inscribed 
stone  from,  27 

Catterick  (Yorks),  Roman  bronze  steel- 
yard found  near,  317 

Cave  (Rev.  R.  H.),  exhibition  of  muti- 
lated oaken  figure  of  Our  Lord  cruci- 
fied, and  other  objects,  159 

Cave-Browne  (Rev.  J.),  exhibition  of 
ancient  tiles,  202 

Cawston  (Norf.),  note  on  carved  rood 
at,  128 

Censers  of  latten  exhibited,  25 

Chadwick  (S.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  331 ; 
admitted,  332 

Chalcedony  engraved  gem,  251 

Chaldon  (Surrey),  wall-painting  at,  398 

Chandler  (Prof.),  paper  on  court  rolls, 
72-7 

Channel  Islands,  gold  signet  ring  from, 
159 

Charterhouse,  plan  of,  presented,  82 

Charters,  of  king  Alexander  III.  of 
Scotland,  97 ;  of  Edw.  I.  to  John  de 
Segrave,  255 

Cheales  (Rev.  H.  J.),  exhibition  of,  and 
paper  on  Roman  and  other  remains 
found  at  Willoughby  (Line.),  65-9; 
paper  on  wall-painting  in  Friskney 
church,  160 

Chester  (Dean  of),  exhibition  of  medieval 
chalice,  207 

Chi  Chester  cathedral,  encaustic  tiles  from, 
112 

Chichester  ( W.),  exhibition  of  silver  mon- 
teith  and  punch  bowl,  53 

Chillington  (Somerset),  Egyptian  figure 
of  Osiris  from,  88 

Chipping  Campden  (Glouc.),  cope  and 
altar  hangings  from,  408 

Chollerford  (Northumb,),  flint  knife  and 
Roman  glass  found  at,  187-9 

Chonsu,  Egyptian  deity,  bronze  statuette 
of,  386 

Church  (Rev.  C.  M.),  paper  on  Regi- 
nald, bishop  of  Bath,  180;  elected 
Fellow,  331  ;  admitted  Fellow,  364; 
exhibition  of  crozier  head,  ring,  and 
seal  from  Wells,  407 ;  paper  on 
Savaric,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Glaston- 
bury,  413  ;  exhibition  of  pewter 
chalice  and  paten,  426 

Cilurnum,  Roman  station  of,  188 


Civita  Lavinia,  terra-cotta  head  of 
Jupiter  found  at,  187 

Clare  (Suffolk),  exhibition  of  fruit- 
trenchers  from,  168 

Clark  (Professor  E.  C.,  LL.D.),  elected 
Fellow,  175;  admitted,  181 

Clark  (J.  W.),  elected  Fellow,  405 

Clarke  (Jos.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
drawing  of  standing  cup  of  maple 
wood,  57  ;  and  of  alabaster  panel,  17 

Clarke  (Somers,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  Las 
Palmas  cathedral  and  Tenerifle 
churches,  426  ;  remarks  on  treatment 
of  Coronation  chair  in  preparation 
for  the  Jubilee  Thanksgiving,  427 

Clerkenwell,  vicar  and  churchwardens 
of  St.  John's,  exhibit  massive  ebor.y 
bowl,  58 

Cliburn  church  (Westmoreland),  in- 
scribed stone  found  in,  210 

Clinch  (Geo.),  exhibition  and  remarks 
on  a  collection  of  palaeolithic  and 
neolithic  implements,  161-6 

Clode  (C.  M.,  C.B.,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Auditor,  60 

Cockfighting,  silver  bell  awarded  for,  94 

Codford  St.  Mary  (Wilts.),  medieval 
chalice  from,  422 

Coffin-chalice  and  paten  from  Wells 
cathedral  church,  426 

Coins,  Roman  hoard  found  at  Yatton 
(Somerset),  29 ;  silver  penny  and 
tokens  from  Aylesbury,  34  ;  Roman 
imperial  gold  coins  struck  at  the  mint 
of  Siscia,  398 

Colchester,  Roman  tessellated  pavement 
and  other  remains  at,  195  ;  proposed 
scheme  for  preserving  remains  of  St. 
Botolph's  priory  at,  235;  Koman 
terra-cotta  head  found  at,  386 

Cologne,  latten  chrismatory  found  at,  15 

Colomb  (Col.,  R.A.,  F.S.A.),  notes  on 
a  letter  from  Thos.  Shepard  to  Hugh 
Peters,  348-58  ;  and  on  supposed  por- 
trait of  the  latter,  358 

Colwinston  (Glam.),  barrow  opened  at, 
430-8 

Colyford  (Devon),  iron  key  found  at,  335 

Cooke  (P.  B.  D.),  exhibition  of  bronze 
stirrup,  196 

Coombe  Keynes  (Dorset),  medieval 
chalice  from,  421 

Cooper  (Maj.  W.  C.,  F.S. A.), exhibition  of 
ancient  iron  nails  found  at  Toddington 
03eds.),107  ;  of  bronze  strap-tag,  131 ; 
of  drawing  of  medieval  paving  tile, 
202 ;  of  bone  figure  and  alabaster  vessel 
found  in  Bedfordshire,  311 

Cope  from  Chipping  Carnpden,  408 

Cope  (W.  H.),  elected  Fellow,  190  ; 
admitted,  233 


444 


INDEX. 


Copeland  (A.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  331  ; 
admitted;  332 

Copinger  (W.  A.),  elected  Fellow,  175; 
admitted,  181 

Corkbeg  (Ireland),  silver  cup  and  cover 
belonging  to  church  of,  388 

Cornewayll  (Edmund),  charter  of  feoff- 
ment  by,  217 

Coronation  chair,  ill-treatment  of,  427, 
438-9 

Court  rolls,  discussion  on  and  resolu- 
tion concerning,  77  ;  of  Aylesbury 
manor,  34  ;  committee  on,  appointed, 
83  ;  memorandum  of  special  com- 
mittee on,  1 10 

Cowper  (H.  S.),  exhibition  and  paper  on 
prehistoric  remains  from  North  Lane. 
227-231 

Cox  (Rev.  J.  C.,  LL.D.),  elected  Fellow, 
331;  admitted,  438;  exhibition  of 
medieval  embroidery,  440 

Crawford  (Earl  of,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Vice-President,  387 

Creeny  (Rev.  W.  P.,  M.A.),  elected 
Fellow,  53  ;  admitted,  139 

Crook,  use  of  by  archbishops,  284 

Crookes,  near  Sheffield,  discovery  of 
cinerary  urns  and  fragments  of  bronze 
at,  390 

Croydon  (Surrey),  threatened  destruc- 
tion of  palace  at,  200 

Crozier  head  from  Wells  cathedral 
church,  407 

Crucifixes,  exhibition  of,  in  carved  ivory, 
159 

Cullum  (G.  M.  G.),  elected  Fellow,  331 

Cumberland,  Roman  altar  found  in, 
208  ;  Roman  pottery  found  in,  210 

Cust  (L.  H.),  elected  Fellow,  190  ;  ad- 
mitted, 330 

Cuxton,  near  Rochester,  Roman  object 
found  at,  405 


Danes'  Camp  (Northampton),  earthen 
loom-weight,  querns,  fibulae,  and  pot- 
tery from,  175 

Danson  (J.  T.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
Burmese  silver  bowl,  60 

Davis  (Major  C.  E.,  F.S.A.),  resolution 
of  Council  recommending  the  revoca- 
tion of  hisappointment  as  Local  Secre- 
tary, 315  ;  discussion  on  proposal  to 
revoke  appointment  of,  331,335-343  ; 
resolution  of  Council  on  same,  344 

Davis  (Frederick),  elected  Fellow,  405; 
admitted,  407 

Dawkins  (Professor  W.  Boyd,  F.R.S., 
F.S.A.),  exhibition  and  remarks  on 
bronze  articles  found  at  Eaton,  near 
Norwich,  42-51 


Day  (Robert,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
bronze  weapons  from  Lough  Erne, 
157-9,  249-50  ;  remarks  on  cup  from 
Youghal,  388 

Deane  (T.  N.)>  exhibition  of  photographs 
of  Irish  monastic  and  ecclesiastical 
remains,  187 

De  Cosson  (Baron),  elected  Fellow,  190; 
admitted,  236 

Deerhurst  (Glouc.),  Saxon  church  at, 
15,  155 

De  Lisle  (Edw.  J.,  M.P.),  elected  Fel- 
low, 53  ;  admitted,  54 

Derbyshire,  latton  censer  from,  25 

De  Kos  (Lord),  exhibition  of  silver 
seal  of  Godfray  de  Ros,  178 

De  Valle  (Cardinal  Andrea),  gilt  bronze 
seal  of,  7 1 

Devonshire,  drawing  of  fragment  of 
stained  glass  from,  156}  silver-gilt 
communion  cup  and  cover  from,  170; 
mazer  from,  170;  iron  key  found 
in,  335 

Dillon  (Hon.  H.'A.,  F.S.A.),  nominated 
as  Secretary,  54 ;  elected,  77  ;  exhi- 
bition of  charter  of  Henry  VI.  (1446- 
1447),  105-6 

Dodington  (M.),  exhibition  of  standing 
cup  of  lignum  vitas,  57 

Dorsetshire,  medieval  chalice  from,  421, 
424 

Dover  (Bishop  of),  exhibits  three  mazers 
belonging  to  St.  John's  hospital, 
Canterbury,  207 

Draughtsman  of  walrus  ivory  from 
Leicestershire,  316 

Duka  (Theodore,  M.D.,  F.R.C.S.),  ex- 
hibition of  and  paper  on  African 
ivory  anklet,  and  Chinese  rhinoceros- 
horn  cup,  62-64 

Duncan  (P.  M.,  M.D.,  F.R.S.),  exhibi- 
tion of  Roman  terra-cotta  head,  386 

Durham,  silver-gilt  medieval  paten  from 
Hamsterley,  84 

Baling  (Middlesex),  palaeolithic  work- 
shop discovered  at,  211-15 

Earwaker  (J.P.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits  docu- 
ments with  seals,  216 

Eaton  (Norwich),  bronze  articles  found 
at,  42-51 

Ebbesbourne  Wake  (Wilts),  medieval 
chalice  from,  422-3 

Ecclesiastical  : — medieval  embroidery, 
107  ;  chasubles  and  other  vestments, 
120  ;  ancient  pall  or  herse  cloth  from 
St.  Petrock's,  Exeter,  122;  remains 
of  wooden  rood  from  Cartmel  Fell 
(Lanes),  126;  notes  on  carved  roods 
at  Kemys  Inferior  (Mon.)  and  Ludham 
and  Cawston  (Norf.),128  ;  brass  of 


INDEX. 


445 


William  Porter,  179  ;  notes  on  oak 
chest  at  Aldenham  (Herts.);  copes 
from  Pienza  and  the  Lateran  (Rome), 
398  ;  cope  and  altar  hangings  from 
Chipping  Campden,  408  ;  church  in- 
ventories, 413  ;  copes  from  Hard- 
wick  hall  (Derbyshire),  440 

Eden,  river  (Cumb.),  excavations  on 
line  of  Roman  wall  over,  209 

Edward  I.,  charter  of,  from  Berkeley 
castle,  255 

Egyptian  antiquities,  exhibition  of,  331 

Elections  of  Fellows,  53,  96,  174,  190, 
235,  331,405 

Ely,  palstaves  from  near,  168  ;  tile -pave- 
ment from  prior  Crauden's  chapel  at, 
203-5 

Engleheart  (J.  G.  D.,  C.B.),  exhibition 
of  Delft  salt-cellar,  187 

Episcopal  seal  from  Wells,  408 

Erringham,  Old  (Sussex),  incised  stone 
found  at,  403 

Essex,  silver-gilt  medieval  chalice  from, 
21;  Roman  tessellated  pavement  and 
pottery  found  in,  195,  386 

Eton  College,  proposed  destruction  of 
buildings  at,  6 

Etruscan  antiquities,  386,  398,  405 

Evans  (Arthur  J.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
spear-head  and  bronze  rapier  from 
Sandford,  Oxon,  and  bronze  spear- 
head from  the  Wrekin,  8 

Evans  (John,  F.R.S.,  P.S.A.),  paper  on 
bronze  antiquities  found  near  Felix- 
stowe,  Suff.,  8;  exhibition  of  and 
remarks  on  an  iron  puzzle-lock,  51 ; 
exhibition  and  present  of  leaden  im- 
pression of  seal  of  Inchaffrey  abbey, 
79;  exhibition  of  and  paper  on  an 
inlaid  sword-hilt  found  at  Wallingford, 
1 96;  present  of  specimens  of  flint  cores, 
206 ;  exhibition  of  and  remarks  on 
Swedish  and  Chinese  padlocks,  361-3  ; 
exhibition  of  and  remarks  on  onyx 
cameo  found  in  the  Tiber,  396  ;  ex- 
hibition of  Roman  coins,  397  ;  exhi- 
bition of  communion  cup  and  cover 
from  Wiggenhall  St.  Germans  (Norf.), 
403  ;  exhibition  of  samplers,  407  ; 
exhibition  and  gift  of  brass  matrix  of 
seal,  420 

Everitt  (Alfred  T.),  exhibition  of 
Egyptian  and  other  antiquities.  331 

Exeter,  medieval  seal  found  at,  388 

Fallow  (T.  M.),  exhibition  of  medieval 
chalice  from  Goathland  (Yorks), 
115-7 

Farnborough  (Soms.),  Roman  inter- 
ment at,  313 

Farrer  (Rev.  E.),  elected  Fellow,  175 


Felixstowe  (Suffolk),  bronze  antiquities 
found  at,  8 

Fenwicke  (Rev.  G.  C.),  exhibition  of  a 
chalice  from  Blaston  St.  Giles,  Leic., 
deeds  relating  to  the  manor  of  Blaston, 
and  a  pair  of  silver  snuffers  and  tray, 
6-7 

Ferguson  (Professor  John),  paper  on 
Polydore  Vergil,  427 

Ferguson  (R.  S.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
and  present  of  photographs  of  in- 
scribed stone  at  Castlenook,  North- 
umberland, 27 ;  exhibition  and  account 
of  flat  candlestick  of  silver,  a  silver 
bell,  and  a  salver,  93-5  ;  notes  on  a 
wooden  rood  from  Cartmel  Fell 
(Lane.),  126-7;  discovery  of  Roman 
altar  at  Birdoswald  (Cumb.),  208 ; 
excavations  on  line  of  Roman  wall 
in  Cumberland,  209  ;  and  in  Roman 
earn p  at  Muncaster,  210;  present  of 
photograph  of  inscribed  stone,  210  ; 
exhibition  of  and  notes  on  silver 
fibula,  223 

Fermanagh  (Co.),  Ireland,  swords, 
rapier,  spear-head,  and  spectacle 
broach  found  in,  249 

Fibulae,  silver,  Danes'  Camp,  Northamp- 
ton, 175  ;  Melbury  (Somerset),  87;. 
from  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  223  ;  bronze, 
98,  440 

Fitzgerald  (G.  B.),  elected  Fellow,  235  ; 
admitted,  259 

Fitzhardinge  (Lord),  elected  Fellow, 
206 

Fitzroy  Somerset  (Col.,  R.E.),  exhibition 
of  supposed  portrait  of  Hugh  Peters, 
358 

Flamborough,  bronze  celts  found  at,403 

Fletcher  (Wm.  Y.),  elected  Fellow,  96  : 
admitted,  96 

Flint  cores,  206 

Florence,  medieval  chalice  from,  344 

Foley  (Paul  Hy.),  elected  Fellow,  96 

Forster  (Rev.  F.  S.),  exhibition  of  cope 
and  altar  hangings  from  Chipping 
Campden,  408 

Fortnum  (C.  D.  E.,  P.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  terra-cotta  mask,  53  ;  further  notice 
of  signet  of  Queen  Henrietta  Maria, 
and  of  that  of  Queen  Mary,  60-2  ; 
exhibition  of  and  paper  on  seal  of 
Cardinal  Andrea  deValle(15 17),  71-2; 
appointed  Vice-President,  155  ;  ex- 
hibition of  medieval  chalice,  344 

Fowler  (Rev.  J.  T.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  iron  spear-head,  78  ;  exhibition  of 
drawing  of  Roman  steelyard,  317 

Fox  (G.  E.),  elected  Fellow,  53 ;  ad- 
mitted, 54 

Franks  (A.  W.,  V.P.S.A.),  exhibition  of 


446 


INDEX. 


medieval  latten  chrismatory  from 
Cologne,  15  :  silver-gilt  paten  from 
Hamsterley,  84  ;  remarks  on  remains 
from  near  Yeovil,  86  ;  exhibition  of 
embroidery,  123;  and  of  an  album 
amicornm,  233-4 

Freshfield  (Dr.  E.,  V.P.S.A.),  discovery 
of  silver  ornaments  at  Kief,  14 ; 
exhioition  of  and  remarks  on  photo- 
graphs of  Toledo,  234 

Fretton  (Wm.  Geo.,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
an  additional  Local  Sec.  for  Warwick- 
shire, 35 

Friskney  church  (Line.),  wall-paintings 
in,  160  . 

Fruit-trenchers  from  Clare,  Suffolk,  168 

Gaillard  (M.),  memoir  on  the  discovery 
of  a  manufactory  of  flint  and  stone 
implements  in  Brittany,  117 

Gardiner  (Rev.  R.  B.),  elected  Fellow, 
405;  admitted,  407 

Gatacre,  near  Bridgenorth  (Salop), 
enamelled  stone  from,  202 

Gildea  (Major  Jas.),  elected  Fellow,  96; 
admitted,  177 

Glamorganshire,  account  of  barrow 
opened  in,  430-8 

Glastonbury,  Savaric,  bishop  of,  413 

Gloucestershire,  standing  cup  of  lime 
or  sycamore  from,  56 ;  cope  and 
altar  hangings  from,  408  ;  Saxon 
church  at  Deerhurst,  15,  155 

Goathland  (Yorks.),  exhibition  of  me- 
dieval chalice  from,  115-17 

Gomme  (G.L.,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  archaic 
rules  of  succession  in  England,  83  ; 
and  on  the  history  of  Malmesbury,  241 

Goodwin  (Prof.  A.),  elected  Fellow.  331 ; 
admitted,  332 

Gottland,  Isle  of,  churches  in,  386 

Gray  (Rev.  A.  E.  P.),  elected  Fellow, 
405 

Grays  (Essex),  silver -gilt  medieval 
chalice  from,  21 

Grazebrook  (George,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  silver  ring,  186 

Greece,  paintings  on  churches  in,  440 

Green  (Everard,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  a 
diptych  of  the  chevalier  Hinckaert, 
19  ;  exhibition  of  silver-gilt  chalice 
from  Grays,  Essex,  copper-gilt  chalice 
from  Belgium,  and  a  medieval  ewer 
from  Kilburn,  21-3;  remarks  on  inlaid 
picture-frame  with  instruments  of 
the  Passion,  181-5;  notes  on  wooden 
cup,  415-18 

Greenfield  (B.W.),  elected  Fellow,  175; 
admitted,  181 

Grueber  (Herbert  A.),  elected  Fellow, 
96;  admitted,  109 


Gunpowder  Plot,  documents  relating  to, 
391-5 


Hailstone  (Edw.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
mazer  and  beech  bowl,  428 

Hales  (Prof.  J.  W.),  elected  Fellow, 
405 

Halesworth  (Suff.),  carved  beam  or 
panel  at,  307 

Hall  (Rev.  G.  R.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  and  remarks  on  articles  found  at 
Chollerford,  Northumb.  187-9 

Hall  (Hubert),  elected  Fellow,  235 ;  ad- 
mitted, 236 

Hamble(Hants),  St.  Andrew's  priory,!  23 

Hamden  Hill  (Somerset.),  Roman  and 
medieval  objects  from,  86 ;  bronze 
fibula  from,  440 

Hamsterley  (Durham),  silver -gilt  me- 
dieval paten  from,  84 

Hants,  bronze  Scandinavian  stirrup 
found  in,  196 

Hardwick  Hall  (Derby),  medieval  em- 
broidery from,  440 

Hardy  (W.  J.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
silver  "  Master  "  spoon,  236 

Harland  (H.  S.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
incised  stone,  and  bronze  celts,  403 

Harlington  (Beds.),  bone  figure  and 
alabaster  vase  found  at,  311 

Harrison  (J.  W.),  exhibition  of  por- 
trait on  panel,  361 

Harrod  (H.  D.j,  elected  Fellow,  405  ; 
admitted,  407 

Hartshorne  (Albert,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Auditor,  60,  242  ;  exhibition  of  seal 
with  royal  arms  of  Stuarts,  61  ;  ap- 
pointed Local  Secretary  for  Derby- 
shire, 200 

Hatfield,  near  Hornsea,  inscribed  gold 
ring  found  at,  387 

Hay  (Brecknock),  exhibition  of  stag's 
horn  powder-flask  found  near,  82 

Heales  (Major,  F.S.A.),  paper  on 
churches  of  Gottland,  386 

Henrietta  Maria  (Queen),  further  notice 
of  diamond  signet  of,  61 

Her  Majesty  the  Queen,  address  to,  414 

Heraldic  badges,  &c.  on  wooden  cups 
and  bowls,  419 

Heraldry  :— 

Family  arms  and  crests — Bek,  279; 
Beaumont,  280  ;  Berkeley,  302  ; 
Brantingham,  299 ;  Braose,  135  ; 
Braybroke,  279  ;  Butler,  37  ;  Car- 
rick,  37  ;  Cornwall,  217-20  ;  Digby, 
416;  Fanhope,  220;  Farnese  (Pope 
Paul  III.),  113 ;  Ferrers,  416  ;  Fitz- 
alan,  278  ;  Fitzgerald,  57;  Herbert, 
416 ;  Knollys,  417  ;  Langley,  303  ; 


INDEX. 


447 


Lisle,  416;  Neville,  301  ;  Parmetier, 
220;    Raynes,  420;    Sidney,  417  ; 
Skirlaw,  303;  Stafford,  30 1 ;  Stuart, 
60,134;    Truches,  113;    Waldeby, 
304  ;  Walter,  37  ;  Wingfield,  135 
Official  arms — Dean  and   chapter  of 
Westminster    and    city   of    West- 
minster,  36  ;    Episcopal     sees    of 
Augsburg,  113  ;  Canterbury,  278  ; 
Durham,  301;    Hereford,  301  ;    St. 
Asaph,  300;  University  of  Dillingen 
(Bavaria),    113;     vicar-general   of 
Lichfield  and  Coventry,  420;  Royal 
arms  of  the  Stuarts,  60-1 
Heraldic  roundels,  134-6;  various  arms 
on  paving  tiles,  202  ;  tabular  list  of 
badges    on    wooden    standing    cups 
and  bowls,  419 
Hereford  cathedral,  exhibition  of  brass 

belonging  to,  179 
Herm,  Isle  of,  gold  signet  ring  from, 

159-60 

Hertfordshire,     pewter    coffin     chalice 
found  in,  312;    old  chest  at  Alden- 
ham,  347-8 
Hettier  (Mons.  C.),  elected  Fellow,  190; 

admitted,  200 

Higgins    (Alfred),    exhibition    of    and 
remarks  on  ivory  box  or   pyx  from 
Palermo,  Sicily,  318-30 
Hildebrand   (Dr.   Hans),   elected    hon. 

Fellow,  175 
Hill    (A.    G.,    F.S.A.),     exhibition    of 

Apostle  spoons,  307 

Hilton  (Jas.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of  knop 
of  chalice  or  pyx,  and  gilt  dagger 
handle,  24  ;  exhibition  and  present  of 
encaustic  tiles  from  Chichester  cathe- 
dral church,  112;  exhibition  of  seals 
of  the  peculiar  of  Salisbury,  124 
Hipkins  (A.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  53; 

admitted,  54 
Hochstetter  (A.  A.),  album  amicorum, 

belonging  to,  234 
Hog-backed  stone,  222 
Hope  (W.  H.  St.  John,  M.A.,  F.S.A.), 
provisional  appointment  as  Assistant 
Secretaiy,  3  ;  paper  on  mace,  cup,  and 
snuff-box  belonging  to  the  city  of 
Westminster,  36-41 ;  exhibition  of  the 
great  mace  of  the  boroughs  of  Graves- 
end  and  Milton,  41  ;  paper  on  mazers, 
55  ;  remarks  on  silver  parcel-gilt 
paten  at  Wyke,  Hants,  86  ;  ratifica- 
tion of  appointment  of,  as  Assistant 
Secretary,  109  ;  exhibition  of  and  re- 
marks on  mace  from  Lyme  Regis, 
Dorset,  168-70  ;  exhibition  of  me- 
dieval tiles  from  Langdon  abbey, 
Kent,  175;  remarks  on  a  medievalsil  ver 
parcel-gilt  chalice?  207  j  exhibition, 
VOL.  XI.  2 


of  and  remarks  on  silver  parcel-gilt 
altar  cruet,  244  ;  remarks  on  a  sealed 
stone  from  Roche  abbey,  245;  paper 
on  seals  of  English  bishops,  271-306  ; 
present  of  casts  of  seals,  306-310; 
paper  on  inventories  of  St.  Mary's, 
Scarborough,  and  White  Friars,  New- 
castle, 413  ;  communication  on  leo- 
pard's head  mark,  426 

Houghton  (Right  Hon.  Lord),  elected 
Fellow,  54 

Hudd  (A.  E.),  elected  Fellow,  175  ;  ad- 
mitted, 176  ;  notes  on  a  Roman 
interment,  313-14 

Hutchinson  (P.  O.),  exhibition  of  notes 
on  a  drawing  of  a  saint  from  stained 
glass  found  at  Shute  (Devon),  156 


Ightermurrough  (co.  Cork),  silver  cup 
and  cover  belonging  to  disused  church 
of,  389 

Inchaffrey  abbey  (Scotland),  leaden  im- 
pression of  seal  andcounterseal,  79 

Incised  slab  at  Seclin,  near  Lille,  rub- 
bing of,  presented,  237 

Ingilby  (Sir  H.,  Bart.),  exhibition  of 
MS.  copy  of  the  Lcgenda  sanctorum 
aurea,  179 

Instruments  of  the  Passion  of  Our  Lord, 
picture  frame  inlaid  with,  181  ;  re- 
marks on  by  Everard  Green,  Esq., 
F,S.A.,  181-5 

Ipswich,  bronze  lamp,  key,  ring,  and 
lead  medallion  found  at,  98-9  ;  brass 
posy  ring  found  at,  168 

Ireland,  bronze  swords,  rapier,  spear- 
head, and  brooch,  found  in,  249 

Irish  mether  exhibited,  60 

Irish  monastic  remains,  exhibition  of 
photographs  of,  187 

Isaac,  carving  of  sacrifice  of,  159 

Isle  of  Man,  cup-marked  stone  at  Balla- 
gawne,  in,  239 

Islington,  bronze  stirrup  found  at,  34 

Italian  medieval  chalice  from  Florence, 
344-6 

Italian  spur,  exhibited,  405 

Italo-Greek  carved  panel,  exhibited,  236 

Italy,  antiquities  from,  187,  312,  398 

Ivory  box  or  pyx  from  Sicily,  exhibited, 
318 

Ivory  coffer  from  York  Minster,  ex- 
hibited, 259 

Ixworth  (Suff.),  early  medieval  bronze 
fibula  from,  98 

Jackson  (Rev.  J.  C.),  exhibition  of  iron 

sword,  found  in  London,  196 
Jacobean  weights,  exhibited,  134 
Jacobite  silver  snuff-box,  exhibited,  360 


G 


448 


INDEX. 


Jenner  (H.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on  threat- 
ened destruction  of  Croydon  palace, 
200 

John  XXII.  (Pope),  leaden  lulla  of, 
exhibited,  312 

Johnson  (R.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  190  ; 
admitted,  206 

Jupiter,  terra-cotta  head  of,  found  at 
Civita  Lavinia,  187 

Kalendars,  paper  on,  314 

Kemys  Inferior  (Mon.),  note  on  carved 
•wooden  rood  at,  128 

Kennet  river,  bronze  palstave  found  in, 
411 

Kent,  yew  or  lignum  vitse  bowl  from 
Sandwich,  58  ;  palaeolithic  and  neo- 
lithic implements  from,  161;  medieval 
tiles  from,  175;  Roman  lead  coffin 
found  in,  308;  cast  iron  work  from, 
308  ;  Roman  object  found  in,  405 

Kief,  silver  ornaments  discovered  in 
cathedral  church  of,  14 

Kilburn  priory,  medieval  ewer  from  site 
of,  23 ;  latten  water-tap  from,  260 

Kingston  Seymour  (Somerset),  Roman 
coins  found  at,  29 

Kirby  (T.  F.),  exhibition  of  silver  parcel- 
gilt  paten,  from  Wyke  (Hants),  84; 
notes  on  excavations  at  Winchester 
cathedral  church,  99  ;  memoir  on  St. 
Andrew's  priory,  Hamble(  Hants),  1 23 ; 
exhibition  of  and  remarks  on  water  - 
•work  panels  from  Winchester  college, 
196  ;  report  on  the  discovery  of  tomb 
of  Richard,  2nd  son  of  the  Conqueror, 
in  Winchester  cathedral  church,  412 

Kirkby  Lonsdale,  silver  fibula  found  at, 
223 

"  Ladder  of  Salvation,"  drawing  of  wall- 
painting  of,  exhibited  and  presented, 
398 

Lakenheath  (Suffolk),  medieval  bronze 
mordant  of  strap  from,  99 

Lambert  (Fred.  A.  H.),  elected  Fellow, 
175;  admitted,  177 

Lancashire,  prehistoric  remains  from, 
227-31  ;  wooden  rood  from,  127 

Langdon  abbey  (Kent),  tiles  from,  175 

Langhorne  (Rev.  John,  M.A.),  elected 
Local  Secretary  for  Kent,  79 

Langwith  (Derby.),  litten  censer  from, 
25 

Las  Palmas,  Grand  Canary,  cathedral 
church  of,  426 

Lateran,  notes  on  an  English  cope  be- 
longing to  the,  398-401 

Latteri  censers,  25  ;   water-tap,  260 

Laver  (Henry),  mayor  of  Colchester, 
communication  from,  on  Roman  re- 


mains at  Colchester  and  Brightling- 
sea,  195 

Leaden  Roman  coffin  found  at  Plum- 
stead,  308 

Leader  (J.  D.,  F.S.A.),  report  on  dis- 
covery of  cinerary  urns,  etc.  at 
Crookes,  near  Sheffield,  390 

Leicestershire,  silver  cup  from,  58 ; 
walrus-ivory  draughtsman  from,  316 

Lewes  (Sussex),  exhibition  of  palstave 
found  near,  168 

Lichfield  and  Coventry,  seal  of  Henry 
Raynes,  vicar-general  of,  420 

Lincoln's  Inn,  discussion  on  threatened 
demolitions  at,  33 

Lincolnshire,  Roman  and  other  remains 
found  in,  65;  wall-painting  in,  160  ; 
pre-historic  boat  found  in,  199;  in- 
scribed gold  ring  found  in,  387  ; 
inscribed  stone  pillar  from,  420 

Livres-de-beurre,  or  flint  cores,  206 

Llanfairfechan  (Carnarvon),  discovery 
of  grave  near,  429-30 

Local  Secretaries  appointed,  79,  200 

London,  leaden  bulla  of  John  XXII., 
and  brass  reliquary  found  in,  312  ; 
iron  sword  found  in,  196 

London  Bridge,  silver  ring  found  on, 
186 

London,  city  of,  bronze  medal  presented 
by,  53 

London  Wall,  ivory  panel  found  near, 
312 

Lough  Erne,  bronze  weapons  found  in, 
157-9,249 

Lucas  (Seymour,  A.R.A.),  exhibition  of 
15th  cent,  state  sword,  131 

Ludham  (Norf.),  note  on  carved  rood 
at,  128 

Lyme  Regis,  ancient  mace  of  borough 
of,  168-70 


MacCulloch  (Sir  Edgar,  F.S.A.),  exhi- 
bition of  and  letter  on  a  gold  signet- 
ring  from  Guernsey,  159-60 

Maces,  borough  of  Gravesend  and  Mil- 
ton, 41  ;  borough  of  Lyme  Regis,  168 

Maclean  (Sir  John,  Kt.,  F.S.A.),  exhibi- 
tion of  latten  censer  from  Ripple 
(Wore.),  25;  gilt  bronze  pinnacle  of 
censer  cover,  and  set  of  Jacobean 
weights,  134 

Macray  (Rev.  W.  D.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  seal  found  at  Exeter,  388 

Maidstone,  ancient  tiles  from  church  of 
All  Saints,  202 

Malmesbury,  paper  on  history  of,  241 

Manning  (Rev.  C.  R.),  exhibition  of 
paten  from  Runton  (Norf.),  24  ; 
elected  Fellow,  96 ;  exhibition  of  and 


INDEX. 


449 


remarks  on  three  heraldic  latten  or 
bronze  roundels,  134-6 

Manorial : — Court  rolls  of  Aylesbury,  34 ; 
Prof.  Chandler  on  the  value  of  court 
rolls,  72-7  ;  records  of  the  manor  of 
Bottesford  (Lines.),  206 

Marshall  (G.  W.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
standing  cup  of  walnut,  57 

Marsham  (Hon.  R.),  elected  Fellow, 
235  ;  admitted,  242 

Martin  (C.  T.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
brass  Moorish  powder-flask,  34 

Mary,  Queen  of  William  III.,  ring  with 
engraved  sapphire  belonging  to,  61 

Maskell  (Wm.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
carved  oak  board  from  Bristol,  and 
silver  seal,  207 ;  present  of  painting 
on  oak  panel,  220 

"Master"  spoon  exhibited,  236 

Maw  (Geo.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
Spanish  cut  paper  pictures,  26  ;  clay 
water-cooler  and  glass  bottle  from 
Wenlock  abbey,  112  ;  enamelled  stone 
from  Gatacre,  Bridgenorth,  202  ;  cast 
silver  medal,  221  ;  Moorish  dish,  233 

Maxwell  (Sir  H.  E.,  Bart.),  elected 
Fellow,  190 

Mazers,  exhibition  of,  54,  170,  207, 
360,  428 

Mazzinghi  (T.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  175  ; 
admitted,  181 

Medieval  objects  : — Needlework,  107-8, 
440;  chalices,  207-8,  420-6  ;  mazers, 
270,  360 

Medusa,  exhibition  of  cameo  head  of, 
from  Rome,  396 

Melbury  (Somerset.),  bronze  Celtic 
fibula,  and  other  articles,  found  at, 
87 

Micklethwaite  (J.  T.,  F.S.A.),  remarks 
on  the  Charterhouse,  82-3  ;  and  on  a 
wooden  rood  from  Kemys  Inferior 
(Mon.),  86  ;  notes  on  roods,  127-9  ; 
on  sealed  stone  from  Roche  abbey, 
247-8  ;  on  copes,  398 

Middlesex,  bronze  stirrup  found  in,  34 ; 
palaeolithic  workshop  discovered  in, 
211-15 

Middleton  (J.  H.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
a  ciotola  and  paper  on  the  Saxon 
church  at  Deerhurst  (Glouc.),  15  ; 
appointed  Auditor,  60,  242  ;  remarks 
on  uniformity  of  Roman  buildings, 
78  ;  letter  from,  on  Saxon  chapel  at 
Deerhurst,  155;  exhibition  of  oak 
figure  of  the  Virgin  and  Child,  and 
walrus-ivory  draughtsman,  3 16  ;  paper 
on  Roman  construction,  330;  notes  on 
Egpytian  statuette,  333 

Mildenhall  (Suff.),  medieval  bronze  ob- 
ject from,  98  ;  bronze  buckle  from,  99 


Mitchell  (F.  J.),  exhibition  of  remains 
of  wooden  rood  from  Kemys  Inferior 
(Mon.),  86;  remarks  on  Roman  pave- 
ment at  Caerwent  (Mon.),  195 

Moens  (Wm.  J.  C.),  elected  Fellow,  96; 
admitted,  177 

Money  (  Walter,  F.S.AL.),  letter  on  Roman 
remains  at  Silchester,  177  ;  report  on 
discovery  of  skeletons  at  Brightwalton 
(Berks.),  346;  reports  on  discoveries 
at  Stancombe  Down  (Berks.),  410-11 

Monmouthshire,  Roman  pavement 
found  in,  195;  note  on  carved  rood 
in,  128 

Montagu  (Myman),  elected  Fellow,  235 ; 
admitted,  236;  exhibition  of  silver 
Jacobite  snuff-box,  360 

Montdidier,  near  Amiens,  picture  on 
panel  from,  221 

Moore  (E,  St.  F.)  exhibition  of  bronze 
articles  found  in  Suffolk,  98-9;  ex- 
hibition of  loom-weight  of  baked  earth 
from  Northants,  and  bronze  vessel 
found  near  Woodbridge  (Suffolk), 
175 

Moore  (Stuart,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  death  and  burial 
of  Edward  II.  138 

Moorish  dish  exhibited,  233 

Moreton  Morrell  (Warw.),  inlaid  in- 
scription on  oak  panel  from,  ex- 
hibited, 222 

Morgan  (Octavius,  F.S.A.),  notes  on 
mazers,  54  ;  on  papal  rings,  70  ;  on 
photograph  of  supposed  keys  of  the 
Bastille,  201 

Mottisfont  (Hants),  bronze  Scandi- 
navian stirrup  found  at,  196 

Mummied  eyes  exhibited,  428 

Muncaster  (Cumb.),  account  of  excava- 
tions in  Roman  camp  at,  210 

Myers  (Walter,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
Etruscan  antiquities,  386,  398,  405 


Nairn  river  (Nairnshire),  silver  seal 
found  in,  178 

Naughton  (Suffolk),  exhibition  of  pal- 
stave found  near,  168 

Neale  (Jas.  F.S.A.),  letter  from,  on 
destruction  of  old  work  at  St.  Alban's 
abbey,  33 

Newbury  (Berks),  exhibition  of  stone 
hammer  from,  411 

Newcastle-on-Tyne,  inventory  of  Car- 
melites of,  413 

New  Testament  in  Greek,  Codex  of 
(circ.  A.D.  1100),  71 

Nicholl  (Iltyd  B.),  elected  Fellow,  190 

Nichols  (F.  M.,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  the 
Regia  in  the  Roman  Forum,  etc.  186 


450 


INDEX 


Nichols  (R.  C.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
portion  of  monumental  brass,  179 

Nightingale  (J.  E.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
and  remarks  on  a  seal  of  the  deanery  of 
Shaftesbury,  167  ;  exhibition  of  and 
remarks  on  four  medieval  chalices, 
420-6 

Niven  (W.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  and  pre- 
sent of  photograph  of  Jacobean 
"priory  pew''  in  Clare  church, 
Suffolk,  187 

Norfolk,  note  on  carved  roods  in,  128  ; 
bronze  articles  found  in,  42  ;  silver 
communion  cup  and  cover  from,  403 

Norman  cross  shaft  at  Sheffield,  exhi- 
bition of  drawings  of,  226 

Norman  (Philip),  elected  Fellow,  175  ; 
admitted,  177 

Norris  (Hugh,  M.D.),  exhibition  of  and 
remarks  on  Roman  and  medieval 
objects  from  near  Yeovil,  86  ;  exhibi- 
tion of  bronze  fibula,  440 

Northallerton  (Yorks.),  hog-backed 
stone  found  at,  222 

Northamptonshire,  triangular  baked 
earth  loom-weight  from  Danes'  Camp, 
175 

Northumberland,  inscribed  stone  found 
in,  27;  flint-knife  and  glass  from, 
188-9 

Northumbrian  palatinates  and  regalities, 
paper  on,  440 

Obituaries  (1885),  139-40,  (1886),  365 

O'Donoghue  (F.  M.),  elected  Fellow, 
405;  admitted,  413 

Old  Erringham,  near  Shoreham,  exhi- 
bition of  incised  stone  found  at,  403 

Oldfield  (Edmund,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Auditor,  60 

Oman  (C.  W.  C.,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow, 
235 

Orde-Powlett  (Hon.  W.  T.),  exhibition 
of  silver  ring  found  in  Richmond 
castle  (Yorks.),  79;  also  of  silver 
goblet,  80 

Osiris,  Egyptian  deity,  exhibition  of 
figure  of,  from  Somerset,  88 ;  and 
bronze  statuette  of,  420 

Overend(G.  H.),  elected  Fellow,  331; 
admitted,  332 

Owen  (Hugh,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
pewter  cup  from  Gloucester,  34 

Owen  (Rev.  R.  T.),  elected  Fellow,  405 

Oxford,  exhibition  of  black  jack  belong- 
ing to  Barbers'  Company  of,  402 

Padlocks,  iron,  Swedish  and  Chinese,36 
Page  (Wm.),  elected   Fellow,  235  ;  ad- 
mitted, 236;  paper  on  Northumbrian 
palatinates  and  regalities,  440 


Page  (W.  G.B.),  exhibition  of  gold  ring 
found  near  Ilornsea,  387 

Palatinates  (Northumbrian),  440 

Palermo  (Sicily),  ivory  box  or  pyx  from, 
318 

Palstaves,  exhibition  of,  168,  411 

Papal  leaden  bullae,  notes  on,  260  ; 
exhibition  of,  312  ;  tabulated  review 
of,  268-70 

Parker  (John,  F.S.A.),  paper  on  manor 
of  Aylesbury,  34  ;  elected  Local  Sec. 
for  Bucks,  79 

Passion,  instruments  of  the,  on  an  inlaid 
picture-frame,  181-5 

Paul  II.  (Pope),  gilt  bronze  ring  of, 
exhibited,  70 

Paving  tiles,  from  Langdon  abbey,  Kent, 
175  ;  from  All  Saints,  Maidstone,  ex- 
hibition of  and  notes  on,  202  ;  draw- 
ings of,  at  Ely,  203 

Payne  (Geo.  F.S.A.),  appointed  Local 
Sec.  for  Kent,  200  ;  exhibition  of  and 
notes  on  photograph  of  carved  beam 
at  Halesworth  (Suff.),  307  ;  and  on 
a  Roman  leaden  coffin  found  at  Plum- 
stead  (Kent),  308-10 

Peacock  (Edw.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
signet  ring,  impression  of  and  notes  on 
bronze  seal,  and  transcript  of  a  Scottish 
charter  of  Alex.  III.  97-8  ;  notes  on 
the  manor  of  Bottesford,  206  ;  tran- 
script of  a  charter  of  Edw.  I.,  and 
a  forester's  account  from  Berkeley 
castle,  255-8 ;  communication  of 
transcripts  of  documents  relating  to 
Gunpowder  Plot,  391  ;  exhibition  of 
inscribed  octagonal  stone  pillar  found 
at  Redburne,  near  Kirton-in-Lindsey, 
418 

Peckover,  (Alex.  F.S.A.),  exhibits  Codex 
of  New  Testament  in  Greek,  71 

Perceval  (C.  S.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.),  exhibi- 
tion and  description  of  specimens  of 
medieval  needlework,  107-8 

Peru,  exhibition  of  mummied  eyes  from, 
428 

Peters  (Hugh),  notes  on  a  letter  to, 
from  Thomas  Shepard,  348-50  ;  exhi- 
bition of  a  supposed  portrait  of, 
358 

Pewter  cup  from  Gloucester  exhibited, 
34;  coffin  chalice  exhibited,  312 

Phillips  (J.  B.,  F.S  A.),  exhibition  of 
silver-gilt  chalice,  233  ;  exhibition  of 
a  black  jack,  402 

Phtah,  Egyptian  deity,  exhibition  of 
statuette  of,  332-5 

Pienza,  notes  on  English  cope  at,  398- 
401 

Pinkerton  (Mrs,),  exhibition  qf  Irj§h 
mether,  60 


INDEX. 


451 


Pilgrims'  bottles  exhibited,  242 
Plate — silver  and  *ilver-gUt: — chalice 
from  Blaston  St.  Giles  (Leic.)>  6  ; 
snuffers  and  tray,  7  ;  chalice  from 
Grays  (Essex),  21  ;  paten  from 
Runton  (Norfolk),  24  ;  monteith 
and  punch-bowl,  53  ;  cup  or  pyx 
from  Wymeswold  (Leic.),  58  ;  bowl 
and  cup  from  Whitgift's  hospital, 
Croydon,  58  ;  Burmese  bowl,  60 ; 
plates,  78  ;  goblet,  80  ;  patens  from 
Wyke  (Hants)  and  Hamsterley 
(Durham),  84 ;  Albanian  vessel,  92  ; 
candlestick  belonging  to  Glovers' 
company  of  Carlisle,  93  ;  salver  be- 
longing to  Shoemakers'  gild,  Carlisle, 
95;  two-handled  caudle  cup,  115; 
communion  cup  and  cover  from  All 
Hallows,  Exeter,  170;  chalice,  207; 
German  chalice,  233  ;  "  Master  " 
spoon,  236;  "pilgrims'"  bottles, 
242;  altar  cruet,  244;  "apostle" 
spoons,  307  ;  chalice  from  Florence, 
344;  cup  and  cover  from  Corkbeg 
(Ireland),  389;  cup  and  cover  from 
Wiggenhall  St.  Germans  (Norfolk), 
403;  chalice  from  Coombe  Keynes 
(Dorset),  421  ;  chalices  from  Ebbes- 
bourne  Wake  and  Codford  St.  Mary 
(Wilts),  422 ;  chalice  from  Stur- 
minster  Marshall  (Dorset),  424 

Plumstead  (Kent),  leaden  Roman  coffin 
found  at,  308 

Poltross  Burn  (Cumb.),  excavations  on 
line  of  Roman  wall  at,  209 

Polydore  Vergil's  De  Invent oribus 
Rerum,  paper  on,  427 

Pontifical  ring  from  Wells  cathedral, 
exhibited,  408 

"Pore  Caitif  "  (Wycliffe's),  MS.  copy  of 
presented,  J09 

Porter  (Rev.  A.  S.),  elected  Fellow,  235 

Porter  (Wm.),  canon  of  Hereford,  exhi- 
bition of  brass  of,  179 

Portrait  on  panel,  exhibited,  361 

Posy  rings  (gold),  168,  187  ;  brass,  168 

Pottery  found  at  Danes'  Camp,  North- 
ampton, 175 

Power  (Edw.),  elected  Fellow,  405;  ad- 
mitted, 406 

Pownall  (Yen.  Archdeacon,  F.S.A.), 
exhibition  of  leaden  heraldic  plaque 
of  16th  cent,  with  description  and 
remarks,  112-15  ;  Limoges  enamel  of 
the  Passion,  174 

Prehistoric  remains  from  Lancashire 
and  Westmoreland,  exhibited,  227-31 

Presidential  Addresses,  139-152,  364-82 

Price  (F.  G.  Hilton,  F.S.A.),  notes  on 
excavations  at  Silchester,  78  ;  ap- 
pointed Auditor,  242  ;  notes  on  oak 


chest   at   Aldenham,    Herts.    347-8  ; 

account    of    opening    of    a    barrow, 

430-8 
Price  (J.  E.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of  and 

remarks    on    inscribed    Roman    tile 

found  in  London,  178 
Protestants,  expulsion  of,  from  Bavaria, 

exhibition  of  engravings  illustrating 

the,  221-2 
Pullan    (R.  P.,   F.S.A.),   exhibition   of 

terra-cotta  head  of  Jupiter,  187 
Purey-Cust  (Very  Rev.  A.  P.,  dean  of 

York),  elected  Fellow,  96 
Puzzle-lock  of  iron  exhibited,  52 


Querns    from     Danes'   Camp,    North- 
ampton, exhibited,  175 


Ransome  (W.),  exhibition  of  miscel- 
laneous antiquities,  312 

Raynes  (Henry,  vicar-general  of  Lich- 
field  and  Coventry),  brass  seal  of  ex- 
hibited, 420 

Read  (C.  H.,  F.S.A.),  notes  on  a  stirrup 
found  in  Hants,  and  an  iron  sword 
from  the  Thames,  196;  remarks  on 
gold  ring  found  near  Hornsea,  387 

Ready  (Mr.),  exhibition  of  silver  parcel- 
gilt  plates,  78  ;  and  of  seal  of  Tobias 
Mathew,  bishop  of  Durham,  80 

Redburne  (Line.),  inscribed  stone  pillar 
from,  420 

Regalities  (Northumbrian),  paper  on, 
440 

Reginald,  bishop  of  Bath,  paper  on,  180 

Reid  (Herbert  J.),  elected  Fellow,  190  ; 
admitted,  259 

Reid  (Hugh  Galbraith),  elected  Fellow, 
405;  admitted,  414 

Reliquaries  exhibited,  312,  405 

Renaud  (F.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
and  present  of  drawings  of  tile-pave- 
ment at  Ely,  203-5 

Resignations  in  1885,  140;  in  1886,365 

Rhinoceros-horn  cup,  63 

Richard  (second  son  of  the  Conqueror), 
discovery  of  tomb  of,  412 

Richmond  (Yorks.),  silver  ring  found 
at,  79 

Ripple  (Wore.),  exhibition  of  latten 
censer  from,  25 

Robinson  (Sir  J.  C.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
and  account  of  examples  of  Byzantine 
art,  88-92 ;  exhibition  of  incised 
wooden  standing  cup,  415 

Roche  abbey,  near  Rotherham,  exhibi- 
tion of  sealed  stone  from,  245 

Rochester  (Kent),  Roman  object  found 
near,  405 


452 


INDEX. 


Rogers  (W.  H.  H.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  iron  key  from  Colyford  (Devon), 
335 

Rolls  (J.  A.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of  silver 
hennin  from  Algiers,  428 

Roman  Forum,  paper  on  the  Regia  in,  1 86 

Roman  remains  : — House  discovered  at 
Wemberham,  and  coins  at  Kingston 
Seymour  (Somerset),  29;  tiles,  pot- 
tery, etc.  found  at  Willoughby  (Line.), 
68  ;  various  objects  and  brass  coins 
from  Hamden  Hill  (Somerset),  87 ; 
sculptured  stone  found  at  Bath,  102  ; 
baths  at  Bath,  130,  155,  194;  build- 
ings at  Silchester,  177 ;  tile  from 
Warwick  Lane,  London,  178;  silver 
ring  from  St.  Alban's,  186  ;  glass 
from  Chollerford  (Northumb.),  189  ; 
pavement  at  Caerwent  (Mon.),  195  ; 
tessellated  pavement  at  Colchester, 
195;  buildings  at  Brightlingsea,  195; 
altar  at  Birdoswald  (Cumb.),  208; 
bronze  steelyard  from  Bainesse,  Cat- 
terick  (Yorks.),  317;  terra-cotta head, 
386  ;  imperial  gold  coins,  397-8  ;  ob- 
ject from  Cuxton  (Kent),  405  ;  re- 
mains at  Stancombe  Down  (Berks), 
410 

Roman  steelyard  of  bronze,  drawing  of, 
exhibited,  317 

Roman  terra-cotta  head  from  Col- 
chester, exhibited,  386 

Roman  wall,  excavations  on  line  of  the, 
reported,  209 

Rome,  exhibition  of  ciotola  from,  15 

Rome  (Wm.),  elected  Fellow,  405  ;  ad- 
mitted, 407 

Roods,  still  existing  in  England,  notes 
on,  127-9 

Rowe  (J.  Brooking,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  silver  caudle-cup,  and  bronze  or 
latten  medallion,  115 

Rowes  farm,  West  Wickham  (Kent), 
flint  implements  found  at,  161-6 

Royal  arms  on  seals,  60-1 

Runton  (Norfolk),  exhibition  of  silver- 
gilt  paten  from,  24 

Rusthall  common  (Kent),  cast-iron 
work  from  near,  308 

Ruthwell,  Annan  (Scotland), suggestions 
for  preservation  of  a  Runic  cross  at,  6 

Rylands  (J.  Paul,  F.S.A.),  exhibition  of 
gilt-bronze  papal  ring,  70 

St.  Albans  (Herts),  exhibition  of  silver 

Roman  ring  found  at,  186 
St.  Alban's  abbey,  restoration  of,  19,  20, 

33 ;    demolitions   at,    reported,    and 

committee  on  same  appointed,  181 
St.  Bartholomew's  the  Great,  Smithfield, 

discoveries  at,  130 


St.  Botolph's  priory,  Colchester,  pro- 
posed scheme  for  preserving  remains 
of,  235 

St.  Francis,  Italo-Greek  carving  of  death 
of,  236 

St.  Mary's,  Scarborough,  paper  on  an 
inventory  of,  413 

St.  Paul's  cathedral  church,  paper  on 
recently  discovered  inventories  of, 
364 

St.  Peter's,  Isle  of  Thanet,  exhibition  of 
alabaster  panel  found  under  floor  of, 
175 

St.  Petrock's,  Exeter,  vicar  and  church- 
wardens of,  exhibition  of  mazer,  56; 
exhibition  of  ancient  pall  or  herse- 
cloth,  122 

Salisbury,  exhibition  of  seals  of  the 
peculiar  jurisdiction  of,  126 

Samplers  exhibited,  407 

Sandford  (Oxon.),  exhibition  of  bronze 
rapier  and  spear-head  dredged  from 
lock  at,  8 

Sandwich,  St.  John's  hospital,  governors 
of,  exhibit  a  yew  or  lignum  vitce 
bowl,  58 

Savage  (Rev.  E.  B.,  M.A.),  elected 
Fellow,  190  ;  account  of  a  cup- 
marked  stone  from  the  Isle  of  Man, 
239-41 

Savaric,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Glaston- 
bury,  paper  on,  read,  413 

Savoy  palace,  earthenware  salt-cellar 
found  on  site  of,  exhibited,  187 

Scandinavian  iron  sword  exhibited,  196 

Scarborough,  paper  on  an  inventory  of 
St.  Mary's  church  at,  413 

Scarbrough  (Earl  of,  F.S.A.),  exhibi- 
tion of  sealed  stone  from  Roche  abbey, 
245 

Scarth  (Rev.  H.  M.),  account  of  Roman 
house  discovered  at  Yatton,  and  of 
Roman  coins  found  at  Kingston  Sey- 
mour, Somerset,  29  ;  remarks  on  a 
sculptured  stone  found  at  Bath, 
102-5 

Scotland,  suggestion  for  preserving  a 
Runic  cross  at  Ruthwell  in,  6 ;  charter 
of  king  Alexander  III.  98 

Scott  (John  O.),  elected  Fellow,  235 

Seals,  Archiepiscopal  and  Episcopal  : — 
Bangor,  De  Bifort,  300  ;  Richard, 

295 

Bath  and  Wells,  Berkeley,  302 
Canterbury,  Anselm,  288  ;  Arundel, 
277,  289  ;  Becket,  290  ;  Boniface, 
274,  293 ;  Chicheley,  289,  293, 301  ; 
Courtenay,  296  ;  Cranmer,  288 ; 
Fitzalan  (see  Arundel)  ;  Fitzwalter, 
293  ;  Kilwardby,  284,  289 ;  Lang- 
ton,  283,  292  \  Meopham,  285, 


INDEX. 


453 


289  ;  Parker,  287  ;  Peckham,  284, 
289  ;  Pole,  287  ;  Richard,  273-4, 
291  ;  Stafford,  301  ;  Stratford, 
285,  289  ;  Sudbury,  295,  300  ; 
Theobald,  290 ;  de  Turbine,  288  ; 
Warham,  298,  301  ;  Wethershed, 
275,  293 

Chiehester,  Fitzjames,  298  ;  Mon- 
tagu, 287  ;  Wyche,  277,  294 

Coventry  and  Lichjield,  Nonant, 
284,  290;  Weseham,  276,  294 

Durham,  Barnes,  298  ;  Beaumont, 
280;  Bek,  277,278,  282,295,304; 
Bury,  280,  299  ;  Cosin,  287,  304  ; 
de  Insula,  276,  294  ;  de  Marisco, 
274,  282  ;  de  Sancta  Barbara,  282; 
Dudley,  297;  Farnham,  277;  Flam- 
bard,  282  ;  Fordham,  286,  296,  303 ; 
Hatfield,  277,  286,  296,  301  ;  Kel- 
law,  277,  295  ;  Langley,  286,  300, 
303  ;  Mathew,  80  ;  Morton,  304  ; 
Nevill,286,297,30l,  303;  Poitiers, 
274;  Poore,  274,  282;  Pudsey, 
284;  Skirlaw,  286,303;  Tunstall, 
303 

Ely,  Arundel,  299  (2)  ;  de  1'Isle,  277, 
280;  Longchamp,  282,  291 ;  Luda, 
277,  278  ;  Montacute,  280,  295; 
Morgan,  298  ;  Northwold,  284 

Exeter*  Brantingham,  299 ;  Grandi- 
son,  277;  Marshall,  291 

Hereford,  Braose,291;  Orleton,  280, 
284  ;  Polton,  301 ;  Spofford,  301 

Lincoln,  Alnwick,  296  ;  Beaufort, 
300;  Bloett,  282  (3)  ;  Bullingham, 
287,  289  ;  Burghersh,  283  ;  Cow- 
per,  287  ;  Lexington,  283 

Llandaff,  Hunden,  289 

London,  Braybroke,  297 

Norwich,  Bateman,  296  ;  Despencer, 
296,  299;  Hayter,  289;  Salmon, 
299;  Turbus,  274,  290 

Peterborough,  Dove,  287 

Rochester,  Bottlesham,  281  ;  Glan- 
ville,  290;  Gundulf,  288;  Lowe, 
301;  St.  Martin,  276;  Scory,  287; 
Wendover,  276 

St.  Asapli,  Trevor,  298,  300 

St.  David's,  Bek,  282,  295  ; 
Davies,  287 ;  Ferrar,  287  ;  Gervase, 
408  ;  Henlaw,  274  ;  Martyn,  278, 
298-9 

Salisbury,  Jewell,  287  ;  Mitford,300 
Winchester,  Beaufort,  297  ;  de  Blois, 
290;  de  Exon,276,  294;  de  Lucy, 
274,  292  ;  de  Valence,  277,  282, 
292 ;  Edyngton,  296 ;  Gardiner, 
288;  Home,  287;  Merewell,  289; 
Sendale,  293;  Toclive,  274,282; 
Waynflete,  298;  White,  287; 
Wykeham,  289,  298 


Worcester t  Cantilupe,  293;  Heath, 
286,  288  ;  Reynolds,  277,  280  ; 
Wakefield,  289 

York,  de  Pont  l'Ev6que,  284;  Giffard, 
276,  284,  288-9,  291  ;  Gray,  284  ; 
Ludham,  284,  285  ;  Neville,  289  ; 
Romaine,  284,289;  Waldeby,  304; 
Wickwain,  284,  289 
Archiepiscopal  and  Episcopal,  their 
peculiarities  as  to  canopies,  276-7, 
306;  coronet,  285-6;  crook,  284; 
cross  and  crozier,  285;  device,  272; 
diapering,  274-6,  groups,  277-8; 
half-length  figures,  276;  heraldry, 
278-80  ;  legend,  288-9  ;  mitre,  284  ; 
post-Reformation  devices,  286-7  ; 
pre-Reformation  features,  305  ; 
saints,  280 ;  shafts  to  canopies, 
306;  surnames,  289;  types  of 
lettering,  305  ;  vestments,  281-4 
Monastic  : — Inchaffrey  abbey  (Scot), 

79 

Official :— Archdeaconry  of  Berks,  126; 
vicar-general  of  Lichfield  and  Co- 
ventry, 420 ;  deanery  of  Shaftes- 
bury,  167;  peculiar  of  Salisbury, 
124-6 
Private : — from  Berkeley  (Glouc.),  97; 

from  Exeter,  388 
Seals  of  English  bishops,  paper  on,  read, 

271-306 

Se"clin  (near  Lille),  rubbing  of  incised 
slab  from  church  of  St.Piat  exhibited, 
237 

Secretary,  election  of,  69,  77 
Segrave  (John),  charter  of  Edw.  I.  to, 

255 
Shaftesbury,  exhibition  of  seal  of  the 

deanery  of,  167 
Sheffield,    exhibition    of    drawings    of 

Norman  cross  shaft  at,  226 
Shepard  (Thos.),  notes  on  letter  from, 

to  Hugh  Peters,  348-50 
Shirley  (S.E.),  exhibition  of  mazer,  207 
Shropshire,  enamelled  stone  from  Gat- 
acre,  202 
Shute  (Devon),  drawing  of  fragment  of 

stained  glass  from,  156 
Sicily,  ivory  box  or  pyx  from,  318 
Sieveking  (Sir  Edw.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 

of  chalcedony  gem,  251 
Silchester,    letter    on    preservation    of 

Roman  remains  at,  177 
Silver  fibula  found  at  Kirkby  Lonsdale, 

exhibited,  223 
Silver  hennin,  from  Algiers,  exhibited, 

428 

Simpson   (Rev.  W.  S.,  D.D.,  F.S.A.), 
paper  on  inventories   of    St.    Paul's 
cathedral  church,  364 
Siscia,  coins  struck  at  mint  of,  398 


454 


INDEX. 


Sitwell  (Sir  G.  R.,  Bart,  M.P.),  elected 
Fellow,  53  ;  admitted,  166 

Skipwith  (Yorks.).  incised  stone  in 
tower  of  church,  171 

Smith  (Cecil),  remarks  on  chalcedony 
gem,  251-5 

Smith  (J.  E.),  exhibition  of  charters  of 
13th  and  16th  cents,  relating  to 
Westminster,  136-8 

Somersetshire;  Roman,  Celtic, and  other 
objects  found  in,  87  ;  sculptured  stone 
found  in,  102  ;  Roman  baths  in,  130, 
155,  194;  Roman  interments  in,  3 13; 
crosier,  pontifical  ring,  and  impression 
of  episcopal  seal  from  Wells,  407  ; 
bronze  relic  from,  440 

Spanish  reliquaries  exhibited,  405 

Sparrow  (Arth.),  elected  Fellow,  175; 
admitted,  200 

Stancombe  Down  (Berks),  discovery  of 
Roman  remains  at,  410 

Standing  cups  of  wood,  56-8,  60 

State  sword  from  Newnham,  Gloucester- 
shire, exhibited,  131 

Statutes,  draft  of  proposed  alterations 
in,  4-5  ;  notice  of  suspension  of,  re- 
lating to  ballots,  110;  suspension  of 
clause  in  agreed  to,  153 

Stevenson  (John  J.),  admitted  Fellow, 
200 

Stirrup,  bronze,  found  at  Islington,  34 

Stratfield  Mortimer  (Berks),  account  of 
Anglo-Saxon  sepulchral  inscribed  slab 
from,  communicated,  224 

Stratton,  South  Petherton  (Somerset), 
heater-shaped  badge  from,  87 

Strong  (G.,  M.D.),  exhibition  of  silver 
Roman  ring,  found  at  St.  Albans, 
186 

Stuart  period,  silver  snuff-box  of,  ex- 
hibited, 360 

Sturminster  Marshall  (Dorset),  exhi- 
bition of  medieval  chalice  from,  424 

Suffolk,  exhibition  of  bronze  articles 
from,  98-9:  palstave  found  in,  168  ; 
posy  rings  from,  168  ;  fruit- trenchers 
from,  168;  gold  African  ring  found 
in,  168  ;  grotesque  carvings  in,  307 

Sullington  (Sussex),  gold  posy  ring 
found  at,  168 

Surrey,  three  wooden  bowls  from  Croy- 
don,  57;  silver-gilt  bowl  from  Croy- 
don,  59 ;  wall  painting  at  Chaldon,  398 

Sussex,  palstave  found  in,  168;  gold 
posy  ring  found  in,  168;  incised  stone 
found  in,  403 

Swedish  padlock  exhibited,  361 

Sykes  (Wm.),  elected  Fellow,  405 

Tarver  (E.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  331  ; 
admitted,  332 


Tayler  (Frank),  elected  Fellow,  190; 
admitted,  194 

Taylor  (Rev.  E.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  235 

Taylor  (Hy.),  exhibition  of  and  remarks 
on  drawing  of  an  iron  casting,  308 

Taylor  (M.  W.,  M.D.),  elected  Fellow, 
175;  admitted,  181 

Taylor  (R.  W.),  elected  Fellow,  235  ; 
admitted,  236 

Temple  Dinsley  (Herts),  exhibition  of 
pewter  coffin  chalice  found  at,  312 

Teneriffe,  paper  on  churches  in,  read, 
426 

Thames,  exhibition  of  iron  sword  found 
in,  196 

Thanet  (Isle  of),  exhibition  of  sculptured 
alabaster  panel,  from  St.  Peter's 
church,  in,  175 

Thomas  (Rev.  Canon,  F.S. A.),  exhibition 
of  powder  flask  of  stag's  horn,  82 

Thoth,  Egyptian  god,  bronze  statuette 
of,  exhibited,  402 

Tiber  (river),  exhibition  of  onyx  cameo, 
found  in,  396 

Tiles  (paving),  from  All  Saints,  Maid- 
stone,  202  ;  Toddington  (Beds.),  202  ; 
prior  Crauden's  chapel,  Ely,  203 

Toddington  (Beds),  bronze  mordant 
or  strap-tag  found  at,  131;  drawing 
of  medieval  tile  from,  exhibited, 
202 

Toledo  (Spain),  photographs  of  Alcazar 
at,  exhibited,  234 

Trist  (J.  W.),  exhibition  of  silver-gilt 
and  enamelled  ring,  35 ;  elected 
Fellow,  235  ;  admitted,  236  ;  exhi- 
bition of  bronze  statuettes  of  Egyptian 
deities,  332,  386,  402,  420  ;  of  mum- 
mied eyes,  428 

Tynte  (C'.  K.  K.),  elected  Fellow,  53 

Upcott  (L.  E.),  elected  Fellow,  235 

Vestments,   from   St.  George's  Roman 

Catholic     cathedral    church,    South- 

wark,  exhibited,  120-3 
Vinon  (Rev.  F.  A.  H.,  F.S.A.),  letter 

from    relative    to    Roman   baths    at 

Bath,  130-1 
Virgin  and  Child,  figure  of,  used  as  a 

reliquary,  316 

Waller  (J.  G.),  exhibition  and  remarks 
on  a  wooden  chest,  118-20;  notes  on 
15th  cent,  state  sword,  131-4  ;  elected 
Fellow,  175;  admitted,  177;  exhibi- 
tion and  remarks  on  a  rubbing  of  an 
incised  slab  from  Seclin,  near  Lille, 
237-9 ;  exhibition  and  gift  of  draw- 
ings of  wall-painting  at  Chaldon 
(Surrey),  398 


INDEX. 


455 


Wallingford  (Berks), exhibition  of  sword- 
hilt  found  at,  196 

Wallis  (G.  H.),  exhibition  of  brass,  terra- 
cotta, and  bronze  objects,  312;  elected 
Fellow,  331 ;  admitted,  344 

Walters  (F.  A.),  elected  Fellow,  175; 
admitted,  177 

Warne  (Geo.  F.),  elected  Fellow,  1 90 ; 
admitted,  206 

Warwick  Lane  (Newgate  St.),  inscribed 
Roman  tile  from,  exhibited,  178 

Warwickshire,  exhibition  of  inlaid  in- 
scription in  oak,  found  in,  222 

Water-tap  found  on  site  of  Kilburn 
priory,  260 

Webb  (Aston),  account  of  discoveries 
in  the  church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the 
Great,  Smithfield,  130 

Wells  (Somerset),  exhibition  of  crozier 
head,  ring  and  seal,  from  cathedral 
church  of,  407;  pewter  coffin-chalice 
and  paten  from,  426 

Wemberham,  Yatton  (Somerset),  Roman 
house  discovered  at,  29 

Wenlock  abbey  (Salop),  glass  bottle 
found  at,  112 

Westlake  (N.  H.  J.,  F.S.A.),  exhibition 
of  glass  beaker  and  pax,  35-6;  ancient 
horseshoe  found  at  Kilburn,  174  ; 
latten  water-tap  found  at  Kilburn 
priory,  260  ;  of  Italian  spur  and 
Spanish  reliquaries,  405 ;  paper  on 
paintings  in  churches  at  Athens,  440 

Westminster,  charter  of  Hen.  VI.  to 
commonalty  of,  105-6;  charters  relat- 
ing to,  136-8 

Westmoreland,  Roman  inscribed  stone 
found  in,  210  ;  silver  fibula  found  in, 
223;  prehistoric  remains  from,  227-31 

West  Wickham  (Kent),  exhibition  of 
palaeolithic  and  neolithic  implements 
from,  161 

Westwood  (Prof.  J.  O.,  M.A.),  account 
of  Anglo-Saxon  sepulchral  slab  found 
in  Berks,  224 ;  exhibition  of  drawings 
of  and  notes  on  Norman  cross  at 
Sheffield,  226 

White  (Alf.,  F.S.A..),  exhibition  of  Ro- 
man object  found  near  Rochester,  405 

White  (Rev.  C.  H.  E.),  exhibition  of 
Italian  or  Sicilian  reliquary,  65; 
elected  Fellow,  175  ;  admitted,  414 

White  Friars,  Newcastle,  original  in- 
ventory of  the,  413 

Whitehead  (Jeffery),  exhibition  of 
medieval  mazers,  207,  360 

Whitgift's  hospital,  Croydon  (Surrey), 
exhibition  by  the  governors  of  three 


wooden  bowls,  silver  cup,  and  silver- 
gilt  bowl,  57,  59 

Wiggenhall  St.  Germans,  exhibition  of 
silver  communion  cup  from,  403 

Willoughby  (Lines.),  exhibition  of 
Roman  and  other  remains  found  at,  65 

Wiltshire,  exhibition  of  medieval  chalices 
from,  422-3 

Winchester  cathedral  church,  notes  on 
excavations  in,  99-102  ;  discovery  of 
tomb  of  Richard,  second  son  of  the 
Conqueror,  in,  412 

Winchester  college,  exhibition  of  water- 
work  panels  from,  196-9 

Woodbridge  (Suffolk),  exhibition  of  gold 
African  ring  found  at,  168,  and  of 
bronze  vessel  from,  175 

Wooden  covered  and  incised  cup  exhi- 
bited, 415-18 

Wooden  cups  and  bowls,  exhibition  of, 
57-8  ;  tabular  list  of  heraldic  badges, 
etc.  on,  419 

Worcestershire,  latten  censer  from, 
exhibited,  25 

Wordsworth  (Rev.  Chr.,  M.A.),  his  paper 
on  a  kalendar  or  directory  of  Lincoln 
Use,  and  a  kalendar  of  Peterborough 
abbey,  3 14 

Worsley  (J.  W.,  F.S.A.),  communication 
on  discovery  of  a  grave  near  Llanfair- 
fechan,  429-30 

"Wreay  (Cumb.),  account  of  silver  bell 
belonging  to,  94 

Wrekin,  exhibition  of  bronze  spear-head 
from  the,  8 

Wycliffe's  "  Pore  Caitiff,"  MS.  copy  of, 
presented,  109 

Wyke  (Hants),  silver  parcel-gilt  paten 
from,  exhibited,  84 

Wylie  (W.  M.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  an- 
nounced, 315 

Wymeswold  (Leic.),  silver  cup  from, 
exhibited,  58-9 


York  (Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of),  elected 

Fellow,    96 ;     exhibition    of      ivory 

coffer,  259 
York,  ivory  coffer  belonging  to  the  Dean 

and  Chapter  of,  exhibited,  259 
Yorkshire,  exhibition  of  silver-ring  found 

in,  79  ;  incised  stone  found  in,  170  ; 

Roman    steelyard   found    in,    317  ; 

cinerary  urns  and  fragments  of  bronze 

found  in,  390  ;    bronze  celts  found 

in,  403 
Youghal  (Ireland),  silver  cup    bearing 

town-mark  of,  exhibited,  388 


WESTMINSTER : 

FEINTED  BY  NICHOLS  AND  SONS, 
25,  PARLIAMENT  STREET. 


DA    Society  of  Antiquaries  of 

20    London 

S64  Proceedings 

2d  ser., 
v.  11 


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