DORSET RftTaR&L HISTORY
6M1B.
EDITED BY
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.. F.B.S.,
Hon. Secretary.
VOLUME XXI.
Dorchester :
FEINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE.
1900
( MAY 2 8 1965
4
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Index to Plates and Engravings
Rules as revised Ap. 29, 1901
Notice to Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v.
List of Officers and Honorary Members . . . . . . . . . . vi.
List of Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii.
List of New Members elected since the publication of Vol. XX. . . . . xvii.
The Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field
Club during the Season 1899-1900, by Nelson M. Richardson, B. A.,
F.E.S . . . . xix.
Anniversary Address of the President, May 8th, 1900 xxxviii.
Hon. Treasurer's Statement of Receipts and Expenditure from August 1st,
1899, to May 3rd, 1900 . . . . * Ixvii.
Hon. Secretary's Accounts from May 1st, 1899, to May 1st, 1900 . . Ixviii.
General Statement, May 3rd, 1900 Ixix.
Special Donations of Plates, Printing, &c., towards Vol. XXI Ixx.
The Influence of Climatic and Geological Changes upon the British Flora,
with Remarks upon Three New Dorset Plants, Erica Lusitanica,
Spartina Townsendi, and Setaria Verticillata, by J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, D.L., F.L.S., F.G.S 1
On New and Bare British Spiders, by Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A.,
F.RS., &c 18
Notes on Bronze, by H. J. Moule, M.A 40
An Ancient British Trackway, by Alfred Pope 105
Returns of Rainfall, &c., in Dorset in 1899, by Henry Storks Eaton (Past
President of the Roy. Met. Soc.) Ill
A List of Plants found in the Parishes of S. Minver, Cornwall, and Brad-
ford Abbas, Dorset, by R. Darell S. Stephens, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. 125
On Horseshoes, by Captain Arthur Rickards . . . . . . . . . . 137
The Portion relating to Dorset of a Journal of an Excursion to Eastbury
and Bristol, &c., in May and June, 1767, by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. 143
Poxwell Circle, by Rev. W. Miles Barnes 150
Notes on the Book of Cerne, by E. Doran Webb, F.S.A 158
On some Roman Pavements and some Intrecci of this Country, chiefly
with respect to their Meaning, by Hy. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A. 162
Chalbury Rings and Rimbury, by H. J. Moule, M.A 188
Notes on some Early English Printed Bibles, with Illustrations from the
Originals in his Possession, by Nelson M. Richardson, B.A., F.E.S. 193
Dungeon or Dunset Camp, by E. Cuuuiugton 203
Preston Roman Pavement, by Hy. Colley March, M.D., F.S.A 205
The Church of Wootton Glauville, by Rev. Canon C. H. Mayo, M.A. . . 210
Roundchimueys, by C. W. Dale, F.E.S 218
( )n thu Collections at Glanvilles Woottou Manor House, by C. W. Dale,
F.E.S 223
Paruham, by Vincent J. Robinson, C.I.E 229
Report on Observations of the First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c.,
and the First Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1899, by Nelson
M. Richardson, B. A., F.E.S 236
INDEX TO PLATES, ENGRAVINGS, &c.
PAGE
OB
TO FACE
PAGE
NEW AND BARE BEITISH SPIDERS 18
AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY
Section of a supposed Koadway from Town to Amphitheatre
discovered in excavating for new Stores adjoining the
Dorchester Brewery. August 2nd, 1899 105
Map shewing position of Trackway 110
RETURNS OF RAINFALL, &c., IN DORSET IN 1899
Table L, Monthly Depth of Rain in Inches in 1893 . . . . 118-9
Table II. , Rainfall in 1899 .. 120-1
Table III., Average Monthly Rainfall 122
Table IV., Statistics of the Temperature of the Air, and of the
Humidity and Amount of Cloud at Winterbourne Steepleton
Manor at 9 a.m., forwarded by Mr. H. Stilwell . . . . 123
Table V., Rainfall on Days of Thunderstorm and of Heavy Rain 124
NOTES ON THE BOOK OF CERNE
Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. The four coloured Illustrations of the Evan-
gelists, from photographs taken from the
original in the Cambridge University Library,
by Nelson M. Richardson 158
Fig. 5. A page of the Book of Cerne from a photograph of the
original taken by Nelson M. Richardson (with tran-
script) 160
ON SOME ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND SOME INTRECCI OF THIS COUNTRY,
CHIEFLY WITH RESPECT TO THEIR MEANING
Roman Pavement found in Olga Road, Dorchester, in 1899, and
now laid on the Floor of the Dorset County Museum . . 162
Figs. I. XXIII. Various Intrecci, &c., with an Account of the
Illustrations 162
NOTES ON SOME EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM THE ORIGINALS IN HIS POSSESSION
Fig. I. Part of first page of 13th cent. MS. of Isaiah on vellum ;
the large initial V is in blue, green, yellow, white, and
red on a gold ground. (Full size.) 193
Fig. II. The Byble * * * * truly and purely translated
into Englysh by Thomas Matthew. M,D,xxxvii,.
Woodcut from Exodus x. The plague of locusts.
(Full size.) 196
Fig. III. Thomas Matthew's Bible, 1537. Woodcut from
Revelation vi. The opening of the first four seals ;
the four horsemen. (Almost full size : reduced by
one- eighteenth) 196
PAGE
OB
TO FACE
PAGE.
Fig. IV. The. holie. Bible. 1568. First edition of The Bishops'
Bible. Woodcut from Revelation x., ver. 1, 2. (Half
the size of original.) 200
Fig. V. The. holie. Bible. 1">68. First edition of The Bishops'
Bible. Engraving of The EARL OF LEICESTER at the
beginning of the Book of Joshua. His coat of arms is
in the fir.>t initial A of the Book. (Slightly over half
size.) A similar portrait of Lord Bmieigh is engraved
in the initial B of the first Psalm, and one of Elixabeth
on the title page 200
Fig. VI. Authorized Version ; First issue, 1611. Facsimile of
Ruth iii., 15, containing the misprint "he " for
" she " in " and he went into the citie," from which
this is called the " He Bible." (Full size of original) 201
Fig. VII. Authorized Version ; First issue, 1611. First page of the
G enealogies which occupy 34 pages. (Greatly reduced :
size of framing line in original, 13| by 83 inches) . . 202
PRESTON ROMAN PAVEMENT
Roman Pavement in situ at Preston, near Weyinouth . . . . 205
PARNHAM
East Front 229
REPORT ON OBSERVATIONS OF THE FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS,
&c., AND THE FIRST FLOWERING OF PLANTS IN DORSET DURING 1899
First Appearances of Birds in Dorset in 1899 240
Earliest Dorset Records of Plants in Flower in 1899 . . . . 241
First Appearances of Insects, &c., in Dorset in 1899 . . . . 242
RULKS
OF
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY
AND
ANTIQUARIAN FIELD CLUB.
(As amended at the Annual General fleeting held April zg///,
igoxj
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
i. The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and
Antiquarian Field Club, and shall have for a short title The
Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an
interest in the study of the Physical Sciences and Archaeology
generally, especially the Natural History of the County of Dorset
and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It shall
use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of
rare plants and animals, and to promote the preservation of the
Antiquities of the County.
2. The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President,
Honorary Secretary, and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected
annually and shall form the Executive body for its management ;
(ii.) Vice-Presidents, of whom the Honorary Secretary and
Treasurer shall be two, ex-officio ; (iii.) The Honorary Editor
of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ;
(v.) Honorary Members. The President, Vice-Presidents, and
Editor shall form a Council to decide questions referred to them
RULES OF THE D.N.H. AND A.F.C.
by the Executive. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the
incoming Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretary's,
who shall be nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by
the President or Treasurer, and elected by the Members at the
Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill
interim vacancies in the Executive Body until the following Annual
Meeting.
PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
3. The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and
have an original and a casting vote on all questions before the
Meeting. In addition to the two ex-officio Vice-Presidents, at
least three others shall be nominated by the President, and
elected at the Annual Meeting.
HON. SECRETARY.
4. The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ;
cause a programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member
seven days at least before such Meeting ; make all preparations
for carrying out Meetings, and with or without the help of the
Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field Meetings. On
any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary)
and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary-
shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share
of the day's expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs
and charges of the Meeting, rendering an account of the same
before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer; any surplus of
such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any
deficit be defrayed out of that fund.
HON. TREASURER.
5. The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and
all other moneys of the Club received and of all Disbursements,
rendering at the Annual General Meeting a balance sheet of the
RULES OF THE D.N.H. AND A.F.C.
same, as well as a general statement of the Club's finances. He
shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each
year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for
that year (as nearly as may be possible, in the order of such pay-
ment), to Honorary Members and to such Societies and indivi-
duals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint to receive
them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting,
containing the names of all Members' in arrear, with the amount
of their indebtedness to the Club. He shall also give notice of
their election to all New Members.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
6. Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part
in the Club's proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the
published " Proceedings" of the Club, when issued, for the
year for which their Subscription has been paid.
7. Every Candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing
by one member and seconded by another, to one of whom at least
he must be personally known. He may be proposed at any
Meeting, and shall receive programmes of Meetings and exercise
all the functions of a Member except voting and bringing friends
to Meetings. His name shall appear in the programme of the
first following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall
be elected by ballot, one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve
members shall form a quorum for the purpose of election. A
Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings, and may
be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide,
notice being given in the Programme.
8. The Annual Subscription shall be ios., which shall become
due and payable in advance on the first of January in each year.
Subscriptions paid on election after September in each year shall
be considered as subscriptions for the following year, unless other-
wise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer. Every
Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten
shillings as entrance fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscrip-
tion.
RULES 01- THK 1).X.H. AND A.F.C.
9. No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise
any privilege as such until he has paid his entrance fee and first
subscription, and no Member shall be entitled to receive a copy
of the " Proceedings" for any year until his subscription for that
year has been paid.
10. A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to
any Member whose subscription is two years in arrear at the date
of any Annual Meeting, demanding payment within 28 days, failing
which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club, but shall,
neverthless, be liable for the arrears then due.
u. Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the
same in writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but unless such
notice is given before the end of January in any year they shall be
liable to pay the Annual Subscription due to the Club on and
after January ist in that year.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
12. Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for
scientific or natural history attainments, and shall be elected in
the same way as Ordinary Members, except that they must be
proposed and seconded by two of the Executive. They pay no
Subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members
except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the
first week in May as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing
President's Address (if any) and the Treasurer's financial report ;
to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing year ; to
determine the number (which shall usually be three or four),
dates and places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer,
and for general purposes.
14. Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about
the months of December and February for the exhibition of
Objects of Interest (to which not more than one hour of the
time before the reading of the Papers shall be devoted), for the
reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes,
RULES OF THE D.N.H. AND A.F.C.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings
shall be decided by the Executive.
15. A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to
the following restrictions : No person (except the husband,
wife, or child of a Member) may attend a Meeting unaccom-
panied by the Member introducing him, unless such Member
be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may
take with him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose
name and address must be submitted to and approved by the
Hon. Secretary.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the
Acting Secretary at the Meeting.
1 6. Members must give due notice (with prepayment of
expenses) to the Hon. Secretary of their intention to be present,
with or without a Friend, at any Field Meeting, in return for
which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card of admission
to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member
who, having given such notice, fails to attend will be liable only
for any expenses actually incurred on his account, and any
balance will be returned to him on application. The sum of is.,
or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may consider
necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field
Meeting for Incidental Expenses.
17. The Executive may at any time call a Special General
Meeting of the Members upon a written requisition (signed by
Eight Members) being sent to the Honorary Secretary. Any
proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the Notice, which
shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven
days before the Meeting.
PAPERS.
1 8. Notice shall be given to the Secretary, a convenient time
before each Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or
communication desired to be read, with its title and a short
sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of these in the
Programme is subject to the consent of the Officers of the Club,
or any two of them.
RULES OF THE D.N.H. AND A.F.C.
PUBLICATIONS.
iq. The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the
Executive, who shall appoint annually Three or more ordinary
Members to form with them and the Editor a Publication
Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents of the
Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers
and communications written for the Club, and either read, or
accepted as read, at a General Meeting ; also ot the Secretary's
Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's Financial Statement and
Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club, and of
those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of
their proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be
edited by the Editor subject to the direction of the Publication
Committee.
20. Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each
author whose communication shall appear in the volume as a
separate article, on notice being given by him to the Publisher
to that effect.
NEW RULES.
21. No alteration in or addition to these Rules shall be made
except with the consent of a majority of three-fourths of the
Members present at the Annual General Meeting, full notice of
the proposed alteration or addition having been given both in
the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
NOTICES.
THE PLATE FUND.
The Executive desire to call the attention of liberal and
public-spirited Members of the D.F.C. to the existence of a
"Plate Fund" for defraying the very heavy expense of the
Illustrations in the volumes, of Proceedings. In some cases, as
in certain Papers of this volume, the writer generously presents
the engravings ; but in order to maintain the high standard of
excellence attained by recent volumes, without again incurring
so deep an obligation to an individual Member, a special subsidy
would be extremely valuable.
NOTICE BY HON. TREASURER.
VOLS. OF PROCEEDINGS.
There are found to be a few complete sets of back numbers of
Field Club Proceedings in the Treasurer's hands for disposal at
the following rates, to Members only :
s. d.
A. Complete set of 20 vols. at 75. . . . . 7 o o
B. Half set of 10 later vols. at 8s. . . . . 4 o o
C. Quarter set of 5 later vols. at 93. ..250
Separate Vols. los. each, except copies of the scarce early
Vols., I. IV. inclusive, which are 123. each. All applications
must be prepaid and will be dealt with in order of priority ; of
two or more simultaneous applications the larger order will take
precedence.
Copies of the General Index to the first 16 volumes of
Proceedings can be obtained at 6d. each.
Copies of the Rules can be obtained at $d. each, post free.
orset
istorg
t Ap
utilitarian Jwltt flub.
^i J J
INAUGURATED MARCH 26th, 187 o.
J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, ESQ., D.L., F.G.S., F.L.S.
THE LORD EUSTACE CECIL, F.R.G.S.
W. H. HUDLESTON, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
VAUGHAN CORNISH, ESQ., M.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S.
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, ESQ., B.A., F.E.S.
(Hon. Secretary}.
CAPTAIN G. R. ELWES (Hon. Treasurer}.
J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, Esq., D.L., F.G.S.,, F.L.S. (President.)
NELSON M. RICHARDSON, Esq., B.A., F.E.S. (Hon. Secretary),
Montevideo, near Weymouth.
Captain G. R. ELWES (Hon. Treasurer), Bossington, Bournemouth.
W. CARRUTHERS, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum
(Nat. Hist.), South Kensington.
Rev. OSMOND FISHER, M.A., F.G.S., &c., Harlton Rectory,
Cambridge.
A. J. JUKES-BROWNE, Esq., F.G.S., 28, Jermyn Street, London,
S.W.
R. LYDEKKER, Esq., F.R.S., The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts.
ALFRED NEWTON, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Zoology and
Comparative Anatomy, Magdalen College, Cambridge.
CLEMENT REID, Esq., F.R.S., 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
A. SMITH-WOODWARD, Esq., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), South Kensington, London.
Mr. A. M. WALLIS, 29, Mallams, Portland.
LIST OF MEMBERS
& Jlnfiquaricm
The Eight Reverend the Lord
Bishop of Salisbury
The Eight Reverend the Bishop
of Southwark
The Bight Hon. Viscount Portman
The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace
Cecil
The Eight Hon. Lord Digby
The Eight Hon. Lord Stalbridge
The Eight Hon. Lord Walsingham
Acland, Captain John E.
Acton, Rev. Edward
Acton, Mrs.
Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
Allen, George, Esq.
Allhuseu, Wilton, Esq.
Anthony, Eev. E. Solly
Baker, E. Whitley, Esq.
Bankes, Albert, Esq.
Bankes, Eustace Ealph, Esq.
Bankes, Eev. Canon Eldon S.
Bankes, W. Ealph, Esq.
Barnes, Mrs. John lies
Barnes, Eev. W. M.
Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq., F.L.S.
Bartlett, Eev. E. G.
Baskett, Eev. C. E.
The Palace, Salisbury
Dartmouth House, Blackheath Hill, London,
S.E.
Bryanston, Blandford
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Minteme, Dorchester
Motcombe House, Shaftesbury
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk
Wollaston House, Dorchester
Hinton St. Mary Vicarage, Blaudford
Iweme Minster Vicarage, Blandford
Shirley, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth
Strangways, Mamhull, Blandford
Clevelands, Lyme Eegis
Almoudbury. Poole
Glencaim, Wimbome
Wolfeton House, Dorchester
Norden House, Corfe Castle, Wareham
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wiinbome
Summer Hayes, Blandford
Monkton Eectory, Dorchester
Weymouth
Corfe Castle, Wareham
Birstwith Vicarage, Eipley, Leeds
IX.
Baskett, S. E., Esq.
Bassett, Eev. H. H. T.
Batten, Colonel Mouut
Batten, H. B., Esq.
Beckford, F. J., Esq.
Beesley, Eev. T. B.
Bellasis, W. Dalglish, Esq.
Bond, N., Esq.
Bond, Wm. H., Esq.
Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
Bower, H. Syiidercombe, Esq.
Bower, Eev. Charles H. S.
Bowker, James, Esq.
Bowles, Lieut. -Col.
Brandreth, Eev. F. W.
Breimaud, W. E., Esq.
Brough, Colonel W., E.A.
Brown, J., Esq.
Brown, Miss
Browning, Benjamin, Esq., M.D.
Brymer, Eev. J. G.
Bullen, Colonel John Bulleii
Synies
Burt, Miss Emma
Busk, W., Esq.
Butts, Captain
Carter, William, Esq.
Chadwick, Mrs.
Chudleigh, Bev. Augustine
Chudleigh, Mrs.
Church, Col. Arthur
Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq.
Clarke, E. Stanley, Esq.
Climenson, Eev. John
Colfox, Miss A. L.
Coif ox, T. A., Esq.
Colfox, W., Esq.
Cope, Eev. J. Staines
Cornish, Vaughau, Esq., M.Sc.
F.C.S., F.E.G.S.
Cother, Eev. P. S.
Evershot
Houghton Eectory, Blandford
Monu'ugton Lodge, West Kensington,
London
Aldon, Yeovil
Witley, Parkstone
Cheselbourne Eectory, Dorchester
4, Cromwell Place, London
Creech Grange, Wareham
Tyneham, Wareham
Seaborough Court, Crewkerne
Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Blandford
Hinton St. Mary, Sturminster Newton,
Dorset
Piccadilly Club, London, W.
Clovelly, Eodwell, Weymouth
Bucklaud Newton, Dorchester
Blandford
Parsonage Farm House, Fordington, Dor-
chester
Maiden Newton
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Eoyal Terrace, Weymouth
Childe Okeford Eectory, Blandford
Catherston, near Charmouth
Purbeck House, Swanage
West Walks, Dorchester
The Salterns, Parkstone, Dorset
The Heritage, Parkstone
Chetuole, Sherborne
West Parley Eectory, Wimbome
West Parley Eectory, Wimbome
St. Alban's, Eodwell, Weymouth
Coaxden, Axminster
Eiver House, Tilliiigton, Petwoiih
Shiplake Vicarage, Henley-ou-Thames
Westmead, Biidport
Coneygar, Bridport
Westmead, Bridport
Chaldou Vicarage, Dorchester
7'2, Princes Square, London, W.
1, Clearruouut, Weymouth
Cox, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., F.E.G.S.
M.G.S., &c.
Crespi, Dr.
Crickmay, G. R., Esq.
Cross, Bev. J.
Cull, James, Esq.
Cunningtou, Edward, Esq.
Currne, Decimus, Esq.
Curtis, C. H., Esq.
Curtis, Wilfrid Parkinson, Esq.
Dale, C. W., Esq.
Dausey, Miss S. J. T.
Davis, Geo., Esq.
Digby, J. K. D. W., Esq., M.P.
Dixon, Eniest E. L., Esq.
Drucker, Adolfe, Esq.
Du Boulay, Mrs.
Dugmore, H. Radcliffe, Esq.
Dundas, Rev. Canon C. L.
Eaton, Henry S., Esq.
Edwards, Miss Sarah Powell
Eldridge, J. R., Esq.
Elford, H. B., Esq.
Elwes, Captain G. R. (Vice-
President and Hon. Treasurer)
Erle-Drax, W. S., Esq.
Evans, Rev. Canon
Everett, Mrs.
Everett, Herbert, Esq.
Falkuer, C. G., Esq.
Fane, Frederick, Esq.
Farley, Rev. H.
Farrer, Oliver, Esq.
Ferguson, Col. C. J. O'u.
Filleul, Rev. S. E. V.
Filliter, Freeland, Esq.
Filliter, George, Esq.
Filliter, Rev. W. D.
Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
Fletcher, W. J., Esq.
Floyer, G. W., Esq.
Radipole Manor, near Weymouth
Wimborue
Weymouth
Baillie House, Sturmiuster Marshall, Wim-
bome
47, Phillimore Gardens, Campdeu Hill,
London, W.
Alma House, Weymouth
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Blandford
Aysgarth, Parkstone Road, Poole
Glanvilles Wootton, Sherborne
Fairfield, Weymouth
Dorchester
Sherborne Castle
28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
39A, Curzon Street, London, W.
2, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
The Mount, Parkstone, Poole
Charminster Vicarage, Dorchester
The National Club, 1, Whitehall Gardens,
London, S.W.
Peubryn, Weymouth
142, High Street, Poole
Dunraveu, Parkstone Road, Poole
Bossington, Bournemouth
Ollantigh Towers, Wye, Kent
St. Alphege, Parkstone, Dorset
Peveril Tower, Swanage
Peveril Tower, Swanage
The College, Weymouth
Moyles Court, Fordingbridge
Lytchett Minster, Poole
Binuegar Hall, Wareham
2, Loughill Terrace, Weymouth
All Saints' Rectory, Dorchester
Wareham
Wareham
Steeple, Wareham
Fairlawn, Worthing, Sussex
The Chantry, Wimborue
Stafford, Dorchester
XI.
Forbes, Mrs.
Forde, Henry, Esq.
Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq.
Forrester, Mrs.
Freame, R., Esq.
Freeman, Eev. H. P. Williams
Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
Fullaway, Mrs.
Fyler, J. W. T., Esq.
Gallwey, Captain E. Payne
Galpin, G., Esq.
George, C. E. A., Esq.
George, Mrs.
Girdlestone, Mrs.
Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
Glyn, Lt.-Gen. J. P. Carr
Glyn, Eev. F. W.
Glyn, SirR., Bart.
Godmaii, F. Du Cane, Esq., F.R.S,
Gollop, Ralph Josephus, Esq.
Gorringe, Rev. T. R.
Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D.
Griffin, F. C. G., Esq., M.B.
Groves, T. B., Esq.
Groves, W. E., Esq.
Hadow, Rev. J. L. G.
Haggard, Rev. H. A.
Hall, Chas. Lillington, Esq.
Hainbro, Mrs. Pereival
Hankey, Rev. Canon Montagu
Hausford, Charles, Esq.
Hard wick, Stewart, Esq.
Harrison, Rev. F. T.
Harston, Comclr. F.A. (late R.N.)
Hart-Dyke, Rev. Canon P.
Hart, Edward, Esq., F.Z.S.
Hasluck, Rev. Ernest
Hassell, Miss
Hawkins, W., Esq.
Hayne, R., Esq.
Head, J. Merrick, Esq.
Heiming, Mrs.
Hibbs, Geo., Esq.
Shillingstone, Blandford
Luscombe, Parkstone
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury
Bryanston, Blandford
The Chantry, Gillingham
Aff puddle Vicarage, Dorchester
17'2, Edmund Street, Birmingham
Sturminster Newton
Hethfelton, Wareham
Rodwell, Weymouth
Clarendon Court, Clarendon Road, Bourne-
mouth
Fleet House near Weymouth
Fleet House, near Weymouth
Langtoii Herring Rectory, Weymouth
Woodleaze, Wimborne
Uddens, Wimborne
Fontmell Magiia, Shaftesbury
Gaunts House, Wimborne
South Lodge, Lower Beeding, Horsham
The Cottage, Corfe Mullen, Wimborne
Manstou Rectory, Blaudford
Rodney House, Bournemouth
Royal Terrace, Weymouth
Broadley, Westerhall, Weymouth
Dorchester
18, Royal Terrace, Weymouth
Thomford, Sherbome
Osmingtoii Lodge, Osmington, Weymouth
Sedgehill House, Shaftesbury
Maiden Newton Rectory, Dorchester
Dorchester
21, Commercial Road, Bournemouth
Milton Abbas School, Blandford
Newlands, Glendeiiniug Avenue, Weymouth
Lullingstone, Wimborne
Christchurch
Handley Vicarage, Salisbury
Westfteld Lodge, Parkstone, Dorset
Broadwey, Dorchester
Fordington House, Dorchester
Pennsylvania Castle, Portland
Frome, Dorchester
Bere Regis, Wareham
Xll.
Highton, Rev. E.
Hogg, B. A., Esq.
Honeywell, F., Esq.
House, Edward, Esq.
Howard, Sir E. N.
Hudleston, W. H., Esq., F.R.S.
Huntley, H. E., Esq.
Hurdle, H. A., Esq.
Hussey, Rev. J.
Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
Kettlewell, Geo. Douglas, Esq.
Lafontaiue, Alfred C. de, Esq.
Lange, Mrs. R. M. de
Langford, Rev. J. F.
Lawton, H. A., Esq., M.D.
Leach, J. Comyns, Esq., M.D.
Leeds, Oglander, Esq.
Lee, W. H. Markham, Esq., I.S.M,
Legge, Miss Jane
Le Jeune, H., Esq.
Leslie, Rev. E. C.
Linklater, Rev. Robert
Lister, Arthur, Esq.
Lister, Miss Guilelma
Lock, Mrs. A. H.
Lock, B. F., Esq.
Lock, Miss Mary C.
Lonsdale, Rev. J. H.
Lush, Wm. Vaudrey, Esq., M.D.,
F.R.C.P.
Lush, Mrs.
Lynes, Rev. John
Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
Macqueen, J. Rainier, Esq.
Manger, A. T., Esq.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., Esq.
(President)
Mansel-Pleydell, Mrs.
Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. J. C.
Mansel, Miss Louisa
March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.
Tan-ant Keynston Rectory, Blandf ord
Dorchester
The Elms, Surbiton Road, Kingstou-on-
Thames
Tom&oii, Blandford
Weymouth
8, Stanhope Gardens, Queen's Gate, London
Charlton House, Blandford
2, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Pimpeme Rectory, Blandford
South Street, Dorchester
Eagle House, Blandford
Athelhampton, Dorchester
The Haven, Upwey, Dorchester
The Parsonage, Place Anglicani, Nice
98, High Street, Poole
The Lindens, Sturminster Newton, Bland-
ford
The Cottage, Bridport
Wyke Regis, Weymouth
Alington Villa, Bridport
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Rectoiy, Dorchester
Holy Trinity Rectory, Stroud Green, Lon-
don, N.
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
53, High West Street, Dorchester
11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London
42, High East Street, Dorchester
Foutmell Magna, Shaftesbury
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Percy House, Wimbonie
County Asylum, Dorchester
Brookhouse, Chailey, Sussex
Stock Hill, Gillingham
Whatcombe, Blandford
Whatcombe, Blandford
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Blandford
Sulby Hall, Rugby
Portisham, Dorchester
Marriott, Sir W. Smith, 1 Bart.
Martin, Miss Eileen
Mate, William, Esq.
Maunsell, Rev. F. W.
Mayo, Eev. Canon C. H.
Mead, Miss
Medlycott, Sir Edwd. B., Bart.
Middleton, H. B., Esq.
Middleton, Miss L. M.
Miller, Rev. J. A., B.D.
Milne, Rev. Percy H.
Moorhead, J., Esq., M.D.
Moriice, G. G., Esq., M.D.
Morton, Mrs.
Moule, H. J., Esq.
Moullin, Arthur D., Esq.
Murray, Rev. R. P., F.L.S.
Okeden, Colonel Parry
Palmer, Colonel R. H.
Pass, Alfred C., Esq.
Patey, Miss
Payne, Miss Eleanor
Payne, Miss Florence
Pearson, W. E., Esq.
Peck, Gerald R., Esq.
Penny, Rev. J.
Perkins, Rev. T.
Peto^ Sir Henry, Bart.
Phillips, James Henry, Esq.
Phillips, Mrs.
Philpot, J. E. D., Esq.
Philpots, John R,, Esq., L.R.C.P.
and S. Ed., J.P.
Packard- Cambridge, A. W., Esq.
Pickard- Cambridge, Mrs.
Pickard- Cambridge, Rev. 0.,
M.A., F.R.S.,
Pike, T.M., Esq.
Pond, S., Esq.
Pouting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
Pope, A., Esq.
Pope, George, Esq.
Prideuux, C, S., Esq.
The Down House, Blandford
2, Greenhill, Weymouth
62, Commercial Road, Bournemouth
Symoudsbury Rectory, Bridport
Longburton Vicarage, Sherbome
5, Brunswick Buildings, Weymouth
Ven, Milbome Port, Sherborne
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Lulworth
The College, Weymouth
Evershot Rectory, Dorchester
1, Royal Ten-ace, Weymouth
Holy Trinity Vicarage, Weymouth
14, Victoria Terrace, Weymouth
The County Museum, Dorchester
Fermaiii, Parkstone
Shapwick Rectory, Blaiidford
Tumworth, Blaiidford
8, Clydesdale Mansions, Clydesdale Road,
London, W.
Hawthomden, Clifton Down, near Bristol
Saxilby Vicarage, Lincoln
13, Greenhill, Weymouth
Rydal, Wimbome
4, Westerhall Villas, Weymouth
Sandacres, Parkstone
Tarrant Rushtou Rectory, Blaiidford
Tumworth Rectory, Blaudford
Chedingtoii Court, Misterton, Crewkerne
Poole
Okeford Fitzpaine, Blaiidford
Holme Cleve, Lyme Regis
Moorcroft, Parkstone
Balliol College, Oxford .
10, Gloucester Row, Weymouth
Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham
c/o Miss Pike, Elim, Shortlands, Kent
Blandford
Wye House, Maiiborough
South Court, Dorchester
Bourne Hall, Bournemouth
51, High West Street, Dorchester
Prideaux, W. de C.
Pye, William, Esq.
Radclyffe, Eustace, Esq.
Ratcliff, Mrs. M. E.
Ravenhill, Rev. Canon H., R.D.
Reeve, Mrs. Henry
Rendell, W. F., Esq.
Reynolds, Alfred, Esq.
Reynolds, Mrs. Arthur
Richardson, N. M., Esq. (Vicc-
Prcsidcnt and Hon. Secretary}
Rickards, Captain Arthur
Ridley, Rev. O. M.
Ridley, Rev. J.
Rixon, W. A., Esq.
Robinson, Mrs. Octavius
Robinson, Sir Charles, F.S.A.
Robinson, Vincent, Esq.
Rodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
Rooper, T. G., Esq.
Ruegg, L. H., Esq.
Russell, Colonel
Russell, Miss Katherine
Schuster, Rev. W. P.
Schofield, F., Esq., M.D.
Searle, Allan, Esq.
Shearman, John, Esq.
Shephard, Colonel C. S.
Shepheard, T., Esq.
Sherren, J. A., Esq.
Simpson, Jas., Esq.
Simpson, Miss
Slater, Robert, Esq., F.G.S.
Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.E.C.P.
Snook, S. P., Esq., M.R.C.S.
Engld., L.R.C.P., Lond.
Solly, Rev. H. S.
Sowter, Rev. F. B., the Yen.
Archdeacon of Dorset
Sparks, W., Esq.
Stephens, R. Dun-ell, Esq., F.G.S.,
F.L.S., F.Z.S.
51, High West Street, Dorchester
Dunmore, Rodwell, Weymouth
Hyde, Wareham
Alberta, Weymouth
Buckland Newton Vicarage, Dorchester
Rutland Gate, London, W.
Hallow Dene, Parkstone
Milborne Port, Sherbonie
Westland, Bridport
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Weymouth
Wellington Lodge, Weymouth
East Hill, Charminster, Dorchester
The Rectory, Pulham, Dorchester
Alfoxton Park, Holford, Bridgwater
Redlynch House, Downton, Salisbury
Newton Manor, Swanage
Paniham, Beaminster
Chardstock House, Chard
Pen Selwood, Bournemouth
Westbury, Sherbonie
Clavinia, Weymouth
Thorneloe, Bridport
Vicarage, West Lul worth
Windermere, Spa Road, Weymouth
Wilts and Dorset Banking Company, South-
ampton
Peveril House, Swanage
Southcot, Charminster, Dorchester
Kingsley, Bournemouth
Weymouth
Mintenie Grange, Parkstone
12, Greenhill, Weymouth
Waverley, Swanage
Buckland House, Bucklaud Newton, Dor-
chester
20, Trinity Road, Weymouth
Bridport
Clevedon Lodge, Wimborne
Crewkeme
Treworuau, W
XV.
Stephens, W. L., Esq.
Stilwell, Mrs.
Stone, Walter Boswell, Esq,
Storer, Lt.-Col., late E.E.
Stopford, Admiral
Stroud, Eev. J.
Stuart- Gray, Colonel Hon. Jas.
Stuart, Hon. Morton G.
Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
Sturt, General C. S.
Sturt, W. Neville, Esq.
Suttill, H. S., Esq.
Swift, B. E., Esq.
Sydeuham, David, Esq.
Sykes, Ernest E., Esq.
Symes, G. P., Esq.
Taylor, J. Herbert, Esq.
Tennant, Major- General
Thompson, Eev. G.
Thomson, J. Eoberts, Esq., M.D.
Thurlow, Eev. Alfred E.
Tomson, Arthur, Esq.
Troyte-Bullock, Mrs.
Tucker, Mrs.
Turner, W., Esq.
Udal, The Hon. Chief Justice
Usher, Eev. E., F.L.S.
TJsherwood, Eev. Canon T. E.
Vawdrey, Mrs.
Vosper-Thomas, Eev. A. F. C.
Vosper-Thomas, Eev. S.
Walker, Eev. S. A.
Ward, Eev. J. H.
Warre, Eev. Canon F.
Watson, Eev. C. O.
Watts, Eev. Canon E. E., E.D.
Waugh, Eev. W. E., F.E.A.S.
Weaver, Eev. F. W., F.S.A.
Webb, E. Doran, Esq., F.S.A.
Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
Wilcox, B. A., Esq.
Wilkinson, H. A., Esq.
Westbury, Bridport
Steepleton Manor, Dorchester
206, Iffley Eoad, Oxford
Keavil, Bournemouth
Shroton House, Blaudford
South Perrott, Crewkeme
Kinfauns, Perthshire
2, Belford Park, Edinburgh
Trigoii, Wareham
Branksome, near Bournemouth
The Dinedors, Weymouth
India Office, London, S.W.
Pymore, Bridport
45, South Street, Dorchester
Bournemouth
3, Gray's Inn Place, Gray's Inn, London,
W.C.
11, Victoria Ten-ace, Weymouth
Grayrigg, Parkstone
8, Belvedere, Weymouth
Highbury, Bodorgan Eoad, Bournemouth
Monkchester, Bournemouth
Weymouth
Sydling St. Nicholas, Dorchester
North Coker, Yeovil
Treverbyn, Weymouth
High Street, Poole
Antigua, W. Indies
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
Eossmore, Parkstone
Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth
St. Luke's, Bilston, Staffordshire
Moxley, Wednesbury, Staffordshire
Spetisbury Eectory, Blandford
Silverton Eectory, near Exeter, Devon
Bemertoii Eectory, Salisbury
The Vicarage, Bothenhampton,near Bridport
Stourpaine Eectory, Blandford
The Observatory, Portland
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
Mitre House, Salisbury
Frome St. Quiutiii House, Cattistock, Dorset
28, Portrnan Square, London, W.
Maiden Castle House, Dorchester
XVI.
Wilkinson, Rev. J. H.
Williams, E. W., Esq.
Williams, Miss
Williams, Robert, Esq., M.P.
Williams, Mrs.
Wilton, Dr. John Pleydell
Wilton, E. H., Esq.
Woodhouse, Miss
Workman, J. Reece, Esq., C.E.
Wright, H. E., Esq.
Yeatman, Mrs.
Young, E. W., Esq.
Melcombe Binghain Rectory, Dorchester
Herringston, Dorchester
Osmington House, Weymouth
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Pulteney Buildings, Weymouth
32, High Street, Evesham, Worcestershire
Chiknore, Austy, Dorchester
Catherington, Millbrook, Southampton
4, West Garden Street, Glasgow
Treverbyn, Wai-minster
Dorchester
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and on
February 28th, 1901.
of
The names of the Proposer and Seconder are given in brackets opposite to the
name of the new Member. The addresses may be seen in the general list of
Members.
PROPOSED DECEMBER 19m, 1899; ELECTED FEBRUARY 26TH, 1900.
1. Mrs. H. Du Boulay { =2., M.D.
2. Herbert A. Wilkinson, Esq. { * <^ch ; g*. M.D.
3. William de Courcy Prideaux, Esq. { g-
4. Walter L. Stephens, Esq. { g";
5. Colonel C. J. O'n Ferguson {
PROPOSED FEBRUARY 26TH; ELECTED AT DORCHESTER DECEMBER 13iH, 1900.
1. Jame, Bowter, E sq . {
2.Mi SsBr own {
3. Eev. Cha,.es H. 8. Bower
PROPOSED MAY STH; ELECTED AT DORCHESTER DECEMBER 13iH, 1900.
4. Admiral Stopford j - 6 ^ r ' aer
\ H. S. Bower, Esq.
5. Henry Cox, Esq., F.S.A., F.K.G.S., / J. Moorhead, Esq., M.D.
M.Gr.S., &c. ( E. Cunuington, Esq.
6. George Pope, Es q . { ^. ^ ou E ,e?Es q .
T.Rev.E.C.Le S He {gr.ajT.IW
8. Colonel Storer { Hon. Treasurer.
\ President.
9. Arthur Tomson, Esq. { i hn g ro ^ n ' , Es( l-
I Eev. M. Hankey.
10. F. Schofield, Esq., M.D.
4. A. Si-WoodwmnL S^-, F.G^.
L, fu^ LSJL {
OF THE
IVvoct Tiatitral' /Mr,tovr> tV JhTtiquavian
DURING THE SEASON 1899-1900.
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A., F.E.S.
The work of the Club daring the season 1S99-1900 has comprised two Indoor
Meetings at the County Museum, Dorchester, on Tuesday, December 19th, 1899,
and Monday, February 26th, 1900 : the Annual Business Meeting at the County
Museum on Tuesday, May 8th, 1900 ; and Field Meetings at Glanvilles Wootton
on Friday, June Sth : at Winchester on Thursday and Friday, July 26th and
27th : and at Poxwell and Moreton on Monday, September 10th, 1900.
Volume XX. of the " Proceedings " was issued during the winter.
THE FTBST WESTER MEETTXG was held in the Beading Boom of the Dorset
County Museum on Tuesday, December 19th, at noon. The President being
absent through illness, the chair was taken by Bev. Sir Talbot Baker, about 20
members and friends being present.
XEW MEXBERS, Seven were balloted for and elected and six were proposed.
NATIONAL TRUST FOE PLACES OF HISTORIC INTEREST OR XATTRAL BEArrr.
The Secretary (Mr. Hugh Blakiston) gave an account of the objects of this
Trust, which was founded in 1894, with the Duke of Westminster as President,
for the purpose of holding such places in trust for the Xation. It was desirable
that it should Lave the co-operation of all Field Clubs and similar societies, and
he had come for the purpose of inviting the Dorset Field Club to affiliate itself
to the central society.
It was resolved that the Club be thus affiliated, and (at a later meeting on
June Sth) that a subscription of 1 Is. per annum be paid to the Trust.
A Sub- Committee was subsequently appointed. (See under meeting of
Feb. 26th, 1900.)
XX.
GENERAL BUSINESS. The following publictitions, lately received, were laid m
tin table and presented by the Club to the Dorset County Museum Library:
The 28th Annual Report of the Chester Society of Natural Science,
Literature, and Art, 1898-9.
Part I., Vol. IV., of the Bulletin of the Geological Institution of the
University of Upsala, 1898.
Fascicule xi., Tomo ii., of the Anales del Museo Nacional de Montevideo, 1899.
It was resolved to exchange publications with the Somerset Archaeological
Society.
EXHIBITS.
BY CAPTAIN A. RICKARDS :
(1) A fossil Crustacean found in a bay nine miles west of Torquay.
(2) A fine two-handled bronze pot with three feet, dredged up in the German
Ocean. At the British Museum it was believed to be Irish, and more than 1,000
years old. Presented to the Dorset County Museum.
(3) An iron stand for a lamp, from a tomb in Devonshire.
BY THE Hox. SECRETARY :
(4) Pomegranates brightly coloured and ripe, or very nearly so, grown on a
south wall at Montevideo, Chickerell, fully exposed, and picked in Dec., 1899.
The tree had been planted about 10 years, and flowered every year, often
profusely, but this was the first year in which it had borne fruit. He believed
the occurrence was unusual in England. He also exhibited photographs of the
pomegranates on the tree, and of a plant of Aralia Sieboldi in flower in his
garden.
BY THE CURATOR OF THE MUSEUM :
(5) Four casts of the jaw of Mcyalosauriis Bucklamli in Sherborne School
Museum. The casts are beautifully made, and have been recently purchased for
the Museum. The original was found in the neighbourhood of Sherbonie in the
Freestone of the Inferior Oolite, and was reported on by Professor Owen as being
of great value, no such perfect specimen being in the British Museum. See
Proc. V., p. 144, and XII., p. xxvii.
BY REV. W. R. WAUGH :
(6) A fine fossil Pcctcn from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis. Presented to the
Museum.
PAPERS. The following papers were read and will be found in full in the
present volume-:
1. "A few notes on a supposed Ancient British Trackway, discovered on
excavating for the new works near the Dorchester Brewery," by Alfred
Pope, Esq.
2. " Notes on Bronze " by H. J. Moule, Esq.
3. " On some Roman Pavements and some Intrecci of this County, chiefly with
respect to their Meaning (freely illustrated)," by H. Colley March, Esq., M.D,
XXI.
An address was given by Rev. Sir Talbot Baker on " Facts or Fancies gathered
at Rome, of some interest to Dorset folk."
The address contained various matters with regard to buildings in Rome which
had some connection with this country, and especially Dorset ; amongst others
the finding of a jar of English coins. This jar was found in 1884-5 in excavating
a mediaeval house near the Forum, which was built of portions of an earlier
house of The Vestal Virgins, according to Lanciani. The jar was of terra cotta,
and contained 835 small silver coins " pennies" and one gold coin. The silver
coins were all stamped with the names of Anglo Saxon Kings, beginning with
Alfred and going on to Athelstau, the founder of Milton Abbey and, perhaps,
Athelhampton. He was a great coiner, and very much improved the mints and
coinage. He called a Synod at Greatley, between Salisbury and Andover, and
decided that there should be certain mints, including Shaftesbury, Wareham, and
Dorchester, where coining should be carried on, but not elsewhere, under a
penalty of the loss of the right hand. Shaftesbury was the largest of these. Of
the coins 390 bore Athelstau's name and his rude image, and several scores were
also stamped with the name of the mint Shaftesbury. The jar bore the inscrip-
tion in raised letters DOMINO MARINO PAPA, which would refer it to the
end of the 10th century, A.D., 970-90. It would seem therefore probable that
these coins were paid as Peter's pence by some Dorset landowner of that period.
The meeting broke up at about 4.30 p.m.
THE SECOND INDOOR MEETING was held in the Reading Room of the County
Museum on Monday, Feb. 26th, 1900, at noon, the President being in the chair.
About 40 members and friends were present.
NEW MEMBERS. Four were proposed, and out of six balloted for five were
elected.
NATIONAL TRUST SUB- COMMITTEE. The following were appointed to act as a
sub-committee of the Club to represent Dorset in connection with " The National
Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty" : Lyme, Mr. L. B.
Clarence, Axminster ; Beammster, Sir H. Peto, Bart. ; Bridport, the Rev. H. S.
Solly ; Sherborne, Canon Mayo, Longburton ; Maiden Newton, Mr. John Brown ;
Dorchester, Mr. H. J. Moule and Captain J. E. Acland ; Portesham, Dr. Colley
March and Colonel R. Williams, M.P. ; Weymouth, Mr. N. M. Richardson ;
Portland, Mr. Wallis ; Osmington, Colonel Hall; Lulworth, the Rev. W. P.
Schuster ; Purbeck, Mr. Eustace Bankes ; Parkstone, Captain G. R. Elwes ;
Blaudford, Mr. Mansel-Pleydell, Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., the Rev. J. Penny,
Tan-ant Rushton, and the Rev. T. Perkins, Turuworth ; Wimbome, Mr. W. J.
Fletcher ; Buckland Newton, Rev. Canon H. E. Ravenhill ; Shaftesbury, Mr. E.
Doran Webb, Salisbury ; and Bloxworth, the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, with
power to add to their number. Dr. H. Colley March (Portesham, Dorchester),
eventually undertook the post of Hon. Secretary of the Sub- Committee.
GENERAL BUSINESS. The following publications, lately received, were laid on
the ta.ble and presented by the Club to the Dorset County Museum ;
XX11.
Proceedings of The Hampshire Field Club, Vol. IV., pt. 1.
Proceedings of the Bristol Natural History Society, N.S., Vol. IX., pt. 1.
The British Association Report for 1899.
EXHIBITS AND NOTES.
BY MB. G. W. FLOYER :
1. Two curious words which were stated in " The Memories of Kegan Paul"
to be prevalent in Dorset were " beal," a name for a weasel, and " fay," which
latter Mr. Floyer thought might be derived from the French word " fait." Mr.
Moule said he had asked Mr. Thomas Hardy about the word and was told that
it meant "succeed" and not "do"; as, "That will not fay," "That will not
succeed."
BY KEY. H. WILLIAMS FREEMAN :
2. A thrush's nest built in a pear tree in his garden at Affpuddle. The bird
had used in making the nest a number of lengths of string which had been left
by the gardener on the walk close by. The loose ends of string now hanging
from the nest had been twined round the bough to keep the nest in its place.
The bird was veiy tame, and instead of flying off the nest when approached by
Mr. Freeman, pecked at him.
BY CAPTAIN G. E. ELWES :
3. A pewter pot, probably dating from the end of the 17th century, having the
lid engraved with an unknown coat of arms. This was one of a set of five which
he possessed.
BY REV. W. R. WAUGH :
4. Two fine fossils, Pygastcr scmisulcatus and Lima yigantca, from the Lias
and the Wiltshire Chalk respectively. These were presented to the Museum.
BY MR. Hoaa :
5. A bronze armilla found on a skeleton, probably Roman, during excavations
in 1898 in the Albert Road, Dorchester.
PAPERS. The following papers were then read, which will be found in full in
the present volume.
1. "The Influence of Climatic and Geological Changes upon British Flora"
by the President.
2. "On Horse Shoeing" by Captain A. Rickards.
3. " Notes on some Early Bibles, illustrated by examples of the second printed
and first Authorized English Bible (Thomas Matthew's, 1537), the first issue of
the present Authorized Version, 1611, a 13th Century MS. of Isaiah, and others,"
by the Hon. Secretary.
4. " Notes on Bronze " by H. J. Moule, Esq.
5. " Notes on the Book of Cerne" by E. Doran Webb, Esq. (illustrated by
photographs taken from the original in the Cambridge University Library by
the Hon. Secretary).
The meeting broke up at about 4.30 p.m.
XX111.
THE ANNUAL BUSINESS MEETING of the Club was held in the Reading Room
of the County Museum, Dorchester, on Tuesday, May 8th, 1900, at noon, the
President being in the chair.
It was found on reference that the Rules did not admit of balloting for jew
members being conducted at this meeting, as it was by Rule 7 confined to the two
" Winter " Meetings. The balloting for four members had therefore to be
postponed until December.
PBESIDENT'S ADDRESS. The President's address, which will be found in the
present volume, was delivered and a vote of thanks passed to him, on the pro-
position of Captain ELWES, seconded by Rev. O. P. CAMBRIDGE.
A PAPER " On New and Rare British Spiders" was read by Rev. 0. P.
Cambridge, and will be found in full in the present volume.
FINANCIAL REPORT OF THE HON. TREASURER. The Hon. Treasurer (Rev. O.
P. Cambridge) presented the usual Balance Sheet and General Statement of the
Club's financial position, which will be found later on in the present Volume.
REPORT ON THE ADDITIONS TO THE MUSEUM DURING THE PAST YEAR. Mr.
H. J. MOULE, the Curator of the County Museum, read the following report :
"This report, relating to the twelve months since the last annual meeting,
cannot be written in a very jubilant tone. As regards money, subscriptions are
much needed. As regards the Museum collections, for the most part they have
not been much increased. Indeed, it has been suggested that a circular asking
for Dorset specimens, using the word in a wide sense, might profitably be dis-
tributed throughout the county. Such a step was taken, and with some success,
by the Committee of the Albert Museum, Exeter, several years ago. In the
natural science department we received from the Rev. S. E. V. Filleul and the
Rev. H. P. Williams Freeman three noteworthy birds' nests. From the former
came a robin's nest built within the old nest of a song-thrush, and a golden-
crested wren's nest 18 inches long. This out-of-the-way form was caused by
the material somehow slipping through the tree fork in which the birds built,
and their perseveringly adding more to it as it sunk away. At last there was a
long tassel of moss and other things, with the actual nest at the top. For at last
and at length they got the stuff to settle. The third nest is a thrush's. It is
built mainly of pieces of soft twine. The Rev. H. P. W. Freeman's gardener
left them in the garden one evening. Next morning, when he wanted them for
raspberry-bush tying or some such work, behold they were turned into a nest in
an apple tree. Another strange but very different specimen comes from the
President. It is an elm root, which in its growth has imprisoned several flints.
Mr. M. H. Tilley and Mr. J. A. Pope have given us a curious wasp's nest and a
very large puff-ball respectively. The Rev. W. R. Waugh, who in former years
has repeatedly enriched the collection of Dorset fossils, has again done so. He
has given a Lima gigantca, and a very good Pcctcn from the lower lias. Very
few local antiquities have come into our possession of late, save a large collection
of worked flints which has been acquired from Mr. Cunnington. These imple-
ments, now arranged and labelled, are well worth study. With these flints came
XXIV.
a bit of bronze or brass with EAR engraved on it. To some eyes the letters have
a Eoman look. Mr. Read, of the British Museum, says, however, that the frag-
ment is the tip of the long handle of a saucepan -like vessel, which seems to have
been used as an alms dish in mediaeval and later times. To Mr. Cunnington, too,
we are indebted for several other relics ; for instance, a javelin head. Mr. Balls
has given two quarrel heads. Both these gifts are from Stoke Abbot. The
remarkable finds at this place are hitherto very sparingly represented in the
County Museum. Only the other day a perfect little rude Celtic urn from For-
dington Field was acquired. A very valuable gift has been bestowed by Mrs.
Piidham, through Mr. Cumiingtoii. It is a fine ancient urn from Eidgeway. A
great prize was given by the Rev. J. G. Brymer a worked flint of a very rare
type indeed. It was found by him, with flint arrow heads, on Hod. Its end is
polished finely to a blunt cone. ' A good authority, the late Lord Northesk,
believed this implement to have been used for delicate secondary chipping of
flints. It is affirmed that only two like it exist. Mr. Hogg has lent a bronze
armlet found at Dorchester. The directors of the Devon and Cornwall Bank
have most courteously given to the Museum the tesserae of a handsome fragment
of Roman floor found in levelling the site of their new building in South -street.
The piece of ornamental floor has been drawn, taken up, and reset by Mr.
Feacey, and is now on view. It may here be noted that the Council of the
Museum thoroughly canvassed the county respecting the large sum asked for the
Olga-road Roman floor found in 1899. The canvass was in vain. Of mediaeval
and modern Dorset things just gone or going out of use a few have been given or
bought. From Mr. Ryall we have a very old leather "bottle," altered into a
nail and gimlet wallet. Mrs. Short presented an antique looking " brandis " or
kettle stand, such as are still sparingly used in hearth fires. She uses one herself.
The Rev. Canon Bankes has given a very good brass or latten spoon, of the
" Apostle" type, found at Studland. The figure seems to be a female saint.
This spoon is described and admirably figured in the " Purbeck Papers." Mr.
Carter presented a curious leaden ounce weight, and Mr. Gould a large old key,
both found here. Our friend Mr. T. B. Groves has lately given a double-bar-
relled pocket pistol, with flint lock. Its barrels are one over the other, and so of
course are the priming pans. There is an ingenious arrangement to prevent both
primings acting at once. Ingenious, too, is the triple screw fastening of a pair of
old iron handcuffs from Wimbome, given lately by Mr. Hogg. A curious gauze
and tinsel lady's dress was presented by Mr. Jacob. An old oak cradle from
Corfe has been lent by Mr. A. Bankes. It is specially interesting from its
bearing not only the date, 1674, but also the name of its occupant, John Uppill.
We are indebted to the Rev. C. R. Baskett for an interesting collection of old-
world crockery and glass, 26 pieces in all, gleaned by him from Dorset cottages.
Through Captain Acland's kindness we have acquired a flail and a " kevin rake,"
used in connection with flail-threshing. Another recently obsolete implement in
use about farms is greatly desired by the Museum. This is a " plump" or upright
chum. Mrs. Short, who has often worked one, has most kindly tried to supply
us with a specimen, but so far in vain. There are two sorts. One is wooden, of
cooper's work. This is the kind which is chiefly desired. The other is of earthen-
ware, and smaller. Of specimens not connected with Dorset the following may
be mentioned : From Dr. Eiisor, a South African agate and rich gold quartz ;
from Mr. Jukes Browne, F.G.S., specimens of Dartmoor granite ; from Mr.
Moore, a very ingenious guinea weigher ; from. Captain Bickards, a fine bronze
crock fished out of the sea off Lowestoft ; from Miss Coombs, a whip-snake set
up by Ward, the noted taxidermist ; from Mr. Slater, a fine specimen of Clypeas-
tcr JEyyptiacus. The library has been a good deal enriched. Such books, &c.,
as relate to Dorset will first be named. We are unspeakably indebted to the Eev.
W. Miles Barnes for his continued skill, labour, and outlay in carrying forward
the photographic survey of Dorset. Already six large volumes, admirably
arranged by him, are in the library, and six more are in hand. All the photo-
graphs are platinotype. From the same gentleman we have received a drawing
of the old Steepleton Eectory. Mr. A. C. Higgs has given two photographs of
the Olga-road Roman floor. A framed photograph of Colonel Cox, first Chief
Constable of Dorset, was given by Mrs. Cox. Our constant friends, Mr. Sime
and Mr. Stone, have not failed us. The latter has supplied a serious want by
giving a copy of Pouncy's " Dorset photographically Illustrated." He also has
given several other books connected with the county for instance, some volumes
of the Sherbome " Weekly Entertainer," and " Abbot's Dorsetshire." He has
also given a framed copy of Buckler's large engraving of Sherborne Minster.
Mr. Sime has added several volumes to the Museum Dorset collection. Among
them are " The Dorchester Guide, or house that Jack built," a political squib,
with caricatures ; Cook's "Dorsetshire," and "Observations on Sea-bathing,"
containing also a short history of Weymouth. Last, but not least, the Dorset
Field Club has presented Vols. XIX. and XX. of its Proceedings. Of books not
relating to Dorset the Club has also given several. Among them are Vol. ix., pt. 1,
of the Journal of the E.S.A. of Ireland ; and the last volume of the Brit. Associa-
tion report. From Sir E. Glyn we have received his valuable yearly gift of
the publications of the Egypt Exploration Fund, including pt. iii. of the " Exca-
vations at Deir el Bahari," and a volume on Deiidereh. Captain Acland has
given several books, including Turner's " History of the Anglo-Saxons." From
the Trustees of the British Museum have come two books, namely, " Facsimiles
of Autographs," pt. iv., and " Guide to the Exhibition Galleries." The Eev. E.
E. Cunnington and Mr. Hansford have given two small but interesting books,
" The Modem Chess-player" and " An Account of Ancient Musical Instruments."
The latter is illustrated with plates of specimens from the almost matchless
collection of the Eev. F. Galpin, a native of Dorchester. Ansted's " Ancient
World" has been given by Lieut. -Colonel Marriott Smith. Lowndes' "Biblio-
grapher's Manual," 6 vols., has come from Mr. Stone. On the whole the library
has done pretty well during the last twelve months. Would that the same could
be said of the local collections in the Museum itself. Past doubt a number of
relics of various kinds are found every year within the county. But of these very
XXVI.
few indeed of any value are either given, lent, or even offered for sale to the
County Museum. Buying, it is true, is not easily accomplished. The income of
the Museum has decreased. During last year more subscribers were lost than
gained. The offer made by Mr. Dixon-Galpin to double his subscription if 20
other subscribers will do the same has not been very heartily met. But this
report must not become a mere jeremiad. Let it end with a few lines about the
work of the twelve months. It was more of a task than anyone not having tried
such labour would believe to arrange and label the lately arrived Cumiington
collection of worked flints and other relics. The flints alone are nearly 800 in
number. Another work most important for the Museum has been achieved, at
least one branch of it. Locally-found coins were for some years partly aiTanged,
partly shown in order of arrival, in Case xix. Here they were on the whole well
seen ; but from the steepness of the stand on which they were placed they were
liable to be dislodged. This caused confusion and even loss. So they have been
all moved to table Case xix. c, partly with the old labels, partly with rewritten
ones. It is intended to use xix. for mediaeval and post -mediaeval relics. These
are now being moved from xiii. c. Moving involves re-arranging in some cases.
For instance, the group of post- Roman keys has been set up on a card carefully
labelled. The same has been done with the mediaeval and more recent small
ornaments, such as rings. These two tasks sound trifling. In reality they mean
an infinity of time and contriving. But the labour is, it is hoped, well bestowed.
When to these keys and rings are added such other post-Eoman relics as Case
xix. can receive, the Roman and pre-Roman general collections can be expanded
in arrangement by spreading into Case xiii. c. This is much needed as regards
the existing collection. But it is hoped, at all events earnestly wished, that fresh
arrivals of Dorset relics may bring more and veiy welcome work to your humble
servant, the Curator."
SUMMER FIELD MEETINGS. Invitations to tea in connection with a meeting
which it was proposed to hold at Chalbury, Poxwell, &c., were received from Mrs.
Baxendale, at Moreton House, and from Rev. W. S. Cope, of Chaldon, of which
the former was accepted.
Other meetings proposed were the neighbourhoods of Milton Abbey, Breamore,
Frampton Roman Pavement, Exeter, Isle of Wight, Winchester, and Bath, the
last four being for two days each. On the votes being taken the result was as
follows : Milton Abbey, 17 ; Glanvilles Wootton, U ; Winchester, 11 ; Poxwell,
10 ; Exeter, 8 ; Breamore, 8. The first four were therefore chosen, but the
Milton Abbey meeting had afterwards to be given up.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The President and Secretary were unanimously re-
elected, on the proposal of Mr. W. COLFOX and Rev. J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL,
seconded respectively by Mr. G. W. FLOYER and the PnEsiDE> f T.
The TREASURER (Rev. 0. P. Cambridge) in resigning his office which he had held
for 18 years, proposed as his successor Captain G. R. Elwes. This was seconded
by the PRESIDENT and unanimously passed. The President expressed the regret
felt by the members of the Club at losing the Rev. O. P. Cambridge us Treasurer
XXV11.
after so many years of valuable service, and offered their thauks to him for all that
he had done for them.
VICE-PRESIDENTS. According to Rule 3 the President nominated the Lord
Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S., Mr. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.K.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., and
Mr. Vaughan Cornish, M.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S., to be Vice -Presidents, in addition
to the two cx-officio Vice- Presidents viz., the Hon. Secretary and Treasurer.
GENERAL BUSINESS. The following alteration in the Eules was passed at the
instance of the Hon. Secretary :
Rule 15. Instead of "and approved by the Hon. Secretary" to insert "the
Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive."
The Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological Society, lately received, was
laid on the table and presented by the Club to the Museum Library.
A Report on the work of the Corresponding Societies Committee at the Dover
(1899) Meeting of the British Association was communicated by the Club's
delegate, Mr. Vaughan Cornish. The chief matter dealt with was coast erosion.
In consequence of a suggestion made by Mr. Cornish at Bristol in 1898 permission
had been obtained to make use of the Coastguards for procuring regular reports
from time to time as to coast erosion, and memoranda of the points on which
information was desired. It was hoped that this scheme might greatly increase
the reliable data on the subject. Another matter was a discussion on the best
way of making the meetings of the Committee more generally useful to the
Corresponding Societies, and it was hoped that arrangements might be carried
out at Bradford and at subsequent meetings of the British Association which
would have that effect.
EXHIBITS AND NOTES.
BY THE PRESIDENT:
(1) Portions of two cores of coral rag rock from the coal borings at Dover and
Branbourne, distant a few miles westward, at a depth respectively of 809 and
990 feet, similar to the iron- shot ferruginous beds at Abbotsbury, and on the
same geological horizon. Although so near to each other, the coal is present at
Dover and absent 1 at Branboume, owing to an anticlinal, which brings the trias
in conjunction with a fine argillaceous, unfossiliferous sandstone, considered to
be Devonian (ty, and consequently below the coal measures, from which it may be
inferred that the western boundary of this coal field does not extend as far south-
west as Braubourne. It will be observed that the oolitic grains of oxide of iron
are cemented together by the sandy material of the rock.
BY CAPTAIN ARTHUR RICKARDS :
(2) A slice cut from the meteorite No. 22 in the British Museum, South Ken-
sington, and marked " Arva (Salanicza) Hungary, 1844," as the date and place
of find. This slice is 44 grains ; the entire meteorite was 9,010*7 grains, or rather
more than l^lb.
(3) Two balls of Iron Pyrites (not infrequently mistaken for meteoric stones)
from a chalk formation.
BY DE. H. COLLEY MAECH :
(4) Dr. Colley March exhibited some stone implements which, as far as he
knew, were unrepresented in any of the Museums. He went into Pembrokeshire
last summer in order to examine the evidence of glaciation there, for the
glaciatiou of South Wales had a strong bearing upon any supposed glaciation
of Dorset. Glacial striae had been discovered by Professor Hicks on the rocks
at St. David's Head. They ran from the north-west to the south-east, and it
was thought that the ice sheet that caused them came from Ireland, and at the
point of transit was at least a thousand feet thick. Dr. March was able to expose
a mass of igneous rock, and found striations pointing in the direction of Preselly
Mountain, and proving the occurrence of a secondary local glaciation. He was
at first disappointed on finding only a few flint implements, when he had expected
to come home laden with them. It should be remembered, however, that no flint
was procurable in that region except a little in the drift. But after a while he
began to find implements made of the igneous rocks of Pembrokeshire. Glacial
striae can be detected on some of the unflaked surfaces, but none elsewhere.
This is evidence that the implements, though they are very rude, are neolithic.
All this in his mind had reference to a glaciation of Dorset. He had been told
by objectors to his theory that in Dorset there were 110 scratched stones, no
grooved stones, and no erratics. Now all these had been found. If there were
any flint collectors present he asked them to look out for implements of green -
sand chert, because they might have some bearing upon the question of the
glaciation. In his neighbourhood there were hill fortresses with pit dwellings,
and some things of great interest had been discovered which should be brought
before the club next winter.
BY ME. W. COLFOX :
(5) Papal seal of Clement V. (Bernard de Goth), who ruled from 1305 to 1314.
He removed the Papal chair to Avignon and suppressed the Order of the Templars.
For an account of him see Milman's " History of Latin Christianity," book xii.,
chap. i.-v. Dante (Inferno XIX., 82-84) places him among the simoniacal, and
calls him the " lawless shepherd."
Inscriptions CLEMENS : PP (= PAPA) : v.
The other side reads SPA SPE (SANCTUS PAULVS SANCTUS PETBUS) above their
traditional portraits.
This seal was found about 1866 in an ironmonger's shop at Bridport, and is
now in the possession of Mr. James Balls, Bridport.
BY REV. H. S. SOLLY:
(6) The following letter, sent by Mr. Solly to the Secretary, was read :
" I write to you to convey a small piece of information which I have just received
respecting the octagon on the summit of Eggardon Hill. Mr. S. Wrixon, of
King's Farm, whose father was bom there in 1810, tells me that his father told
him that the octagonal ditch and bank were made to protect a plantation of
young trees. This is intrinsically probable, and from one point of view the linos
along which the trees were planted are plainly visible, so that the mystery may
be considered solved. A continuation of the story may or may not be true viz. ,
that the plantation was attempted by a noted smuggler who then occupied
Eggardon Farm, and who thought a sea mark on the top of the hill would be
useful to him. The Government, it is said, destroyed the plantation. The high
winds, however, would be quite sufficient to account for the failure of the trees
to grow ; and the smuggling story, like so many others of the same sort, may be
a mere legend."
See Proceedings XX., pp. xxxviii., 174.
BY COLONEL J. P. CAMBEIDGE :
(7) Two curious fungoid growths on ash from trees cut down at Bloxworth.
BY CAPTAIN G. E. ELWES:
(8) Kubbings of ancient stone crosses.
BY KEY. W. E. WAUOH:
(9) Fossil wood from Lyme Eegis.
BY MR. T. B. GROVES :
(10) Portions of two letters to the Hon. Secretary from Mr. Groves in regard
to the paper by the former, entitled " Notes on the Effect of the Gale of Feb.
11-13, 1899, on the Beach to the East of Weymouth," were read as follows :
See Proceedings, Vol. XX., p. 179.
" April 15th, 1900.
" I have been reading in the Field Club Book your useful account of the injury
to the Preston Beach by the storm of Feb. 13th, 1899. You appear to be in
doubt if a similar accident had occurred in recent times. I can enlighten you
upon the point. At the mature age of four years I was sent to a school at
Osmington kept by a relative of my father, and remained there four years.
During my stay there the pupils were amazed to hear from the music master that
he had had to cross the Beach from Weymouth in order to get to his destination,
for the sea had broken over it and washed a large portion into the road. That
must have been about the year 1835. The shingle then deposited remained there
till the G.W.E. thought proper to complete their line to Dorchester, when it
was used as ballast. For many years afterwards shallow ponds showed in
winter (and perhaps it is so now) where the deposit had been.
" The beach at that time was much higher than it is at present, as the shifting
process was of a dual character, the movement towards Weymouth being
counteracted by a reverse movement towards Preston when the S.E. wind (which
gave us our heaviest seas) blew."
(Extract from letter of April 23rd, 1900).
" The present road was, I have no doubt, made subsequently to the storm of
1835 ('r), but when or how I do not know. I remember it was ouce proposed
Xxx.
to carry the road diagonally across Lodmoor, so avoiding the beach, but the cost
was prohibitive."
A paper by Mr. Groves on " The Erosion of the Coast near Weymouth by the
Action of the Sea" will be found in Proceedings, Vol. X., p. 180.
NEW MEMBERS. Six were proposed.
The meeting ended at about 4.45 p.m.
GLANVILLES WOOTTON MEETING. The first Field Meeting of the Clul> was
held at Dungeon Camp and Glanvilles Wootton, at the invitation of the owner,
Mr. C. W. Dale, on Friday, June 8th, 1900, about 80 members and friends being
present.
The main body started from Dorchester in breaks on the arrival of the 10.7 S. W.
down train, other breaks coming from Blandford, and drove by the old Sherbome
Eoad to Dungeon Camp, on which a paper was read by Mr. E. Cuimington.
This will be found in full later on in the present volume.
Dr. MARCH mentioned that portions of the Eoman tiles alluded to in the paper
might still be picked up -in the camp, and showed some which he had just
found.
Mr. C. W. DALE said that 100 years ago the camp was covered with brushwood
whereas it was now ploughed. It was said that in one spot there was a well
filled with coins. On the ground being cleared about 1790 by the late Mr. Foy,
of Castle Hill, human bones, antique pickaxes, sword blades, Roman coins, and
other remains were dug up.
Captain ELWES, whom the Hon. Secretary introduced to the Club as their
new Hon. Treasurer and Vice-President, and who was at his request acting as
President, suggested that the derivation of Dungeon was from the Norman
donjon, a keep, and Dunset from scdcs domini.
Thanks having been offered to Mr. Holford by the HON. SECRETARY for his
pel-mission to visit the camp, the party returned to the road and drove to " Bound
Chimneys," the property of Mr. C. W. Dale, now used as a farmhouse. A paper
was read by Mr. DALE, which will be found in the present volume incorporated
with one upon his own residence. On the way the breaks were stopped that two
fine oaks called Gog and Magog might be admired.
After seeing " Bound Chimneys" the members drove back to Glanvilles
Wootton Church, on which a paper was read by the Bev. Canon Mayo. This
will also be found in the present volume printed in full. The party then walked
to the Manor House, on which Mr. Dale read his paper, and afterwards inspected
his fine entomological collections and the other curiosities to which he had
alluded, and, after tea on the lawn and thanks to their host, drove back to Dor-
chester rut Minteme and Cerne to catch the 7.0 p.m. train.
NATIONAL TRUST FOR PLACES OF HISTORIC INTEREST OR NATURAL BEAUTY.
It was decided on the application of the Secretary of the Trust that the Club
should subscribe one guinea a year.
MEMBERS. One was proposed.
xxxi.
WINCHESTER MEETING. The second Field Meeting was held at Winchester on
Thursday and Friday, July 26th and 27th, 1900, and was attended by about 30
members and friends. The President was unable to be present, but three of the
Vice -Presidents viz., 'Mr. Vaughan Cornish, the Hon. Secretary, and Hon.
Treasurer took his place during different parts of the meeting.
The party reached Winchester at 12.48, and made the George Hotel their
head- quarters. On assembling at the West Gate at 2.0 p.m they were conducted
by Mr. Jacob over some of the most interesting portions of the town. The West
Gate is the last remaining one of the four city gates. It had been cleared from
accumulations of rubbish and was now in much the same condition as when
used as a prison in Queen Mary's time. The room above it is used as a Museum
by the Corporation, and contains amongst many other interesting articles
standard weights and measures of the time of Henry VII. and Elizabeth, a
leaden box which when found in 1823 contained 6,000 silver coins of William
the Conqueror, &c. The County Hall, a modern structure, and the Great Hall
of the Norman Castle were next visited. The architecture of the latter is, how-
ever, chiefly Early English. On the wall hangs " King Arthur's Round Table,"
inscribed with the names of himself and his 24 Knights. It was first mentioned
as hanging in its present position by John Harding early in the 15th century, and
the earliest account of it which we have is of an order by the builder of the palace
about the time of Heniy III. to construct a wheel of fortune. Its origin, how-
ever, seems to be uncertain. The Parliaments met in this Hall for nearly 400
years ; and there is an arrangement of a hole in the western wall by means of
which the King could hear their proceedings in his private apartment.
A subterranean passage runs beneath the castle, and was entered by some of
the party, who afterwards visited one or two old houses and the City Cross on the
way to the College, which they reached at four o'clock. Here they were re-
ceived by the Headmaster, Dr. Fearon, who, assisted by the Bursar and others,
showed them the various buildings and gave some account of the College and its
institutions. It was founded by William of Wykeham in 1382, but there had
existed for a long period an earlier school in the same locality, under the Monks
of St. Swithun's Priory, at which William of Wykeham and, it is said, the Kings
Ethel wolf and Alfred attended. The College was founded for 120 persons, and
there are now 70 scholars, besides between 300 and 400 not on the foundation,
called " Commoners." The cellar was first inspected, together with the passage
outside, containing the well-known picture of the " Trusty Servant" and the lines
describing his qualities. This painting was probably originally made in 1599,
but the present one is of the period of Queen Anne.
The Hall was visited and also some of the rooms near, in one of which was
some tapestry, presented by Archbishop Warhain, and some curious panels
painted with Spanish figure subjects, dating from the occasion when Philip and
Mary visited the College in July, 1553. Some of the tiles are Flemish, of the
15th century. The chapel, finished in 1390, and added to in the next century,
has a fine roof and east window, but the old glass has nearly all been, replaced by
xxxn.
modern. The roof is fan-shaped and composed of thin layei*s of wood hung on
to a frame-work above, an invention of William of Wykeham. Owing to the
increase in the numbers of the school the Chantry Chapel, a loth century build-
ing, situated in the cloisters, and hitherto used as a library, has recently been
converted into a secondary chapel for the use of about 100 of the younger boys,
the library being removed to the scriptorium above it. The school, erected in 1687,
and till 1886 used for its original purpose, still bears the painting with the in-
scription " AUT DISCE AUT DISCEDE MANET SOES TERTIA C^DI," though its
present use is a concert room ! After a slight inspection of " Meads," the
College Museum, and other buildings, the party were kindly entertained to tea by
Dr. and Mrs. Fearon.
They then proceeded to Wolvesey Castle close by, an ancient Saxon palace,
where Mr. N. Nisbett gave an address, of which the following is the sub-
From very early times this Castle appears to have been a stronghold of
importance, but only a few portions of the walls and keep now remain above
ground. It was the palace of some of the Saxon Kings, but in later times
became the residence or headquarters of the Bishops of Winchester, and has
belonged to them ever since. It played an important part in the troublous times
of Stephen, and was much strengthened by Bishop Henry de Blois for military
purposes. Much of the building appears to have been done with materials taken
from the palace which William the Conqueror built for himself in the centre
of the town, near the market cross. A portion of this palace was burnt, and
when De Blois became Bishop he claimed the palace and used the fragments for
building and strengthening Wolvesey. In several of the walls round pillars,
evidently taken from another building, have been built in and used as bonding
stones. These pillars and other stones are evidently of the Norman period. The
castle at the other side of the town was held for Queen Matilda in the struggle
between her and Stephen, in whose time anarchy was rampant. The foundations
of this castle of De Blois have been traced by Mr. Nisbett and others so as to
enable an accurate ground plan to be prepared showing its dimensions and
design. The stone generally used in the building appears, like that used in the
construction of the Cathedral, to have been obtained from the Isle of Wight. The
castle withstood a severe siege in the time of Stephen's wars, but was dismantled
by Henry II. and Henry III., and destroyed by Cromwell in 1646. The Norman,
work is plainly visible in places, and also one of the earliest uses of the pointed
arch.
On the way back to the Hotel a short visit was made to the Guildhall Museum,
where the members of the Club were received by the Mayor (Mr. J. Marks), and
shown the very fine and noted Eosehill collection of prehistoric stone implements
and the many other curious and interesting contents.
After dinner, at which several local guests were present, an evening meeting
was held at the Hotel, and a most interesting address on " Fragments
from the History of Winchester" was given by Mr. W. T. WARKEN, illustrated by
XXX111.
a large number of photographs, and some maps and coins. Mr. "Wan-en referred
to the earthwork on St. Catherine's Hill, and drew a vivid picture of the time
when it was used for defensive purposes; also to other ancient British local
remains, such as six well -granaries, which had been found near the S.W.R.
Station. He then spoke of Eoman Winchester, alluding especially to the Walls,
and to the pavements, coins, and pottery, all of Roman origin, which have been
discovered. He ended with an account of the discovery of 6,000 Norman coins
in a lead box at Beaufort, in the parish of Cheriton, the box being preserved in
the West Gate Museum. The Hox. SECKETABY, as Chairman, offered the thanks
of the Club to Mr. Warren for his address, and to the other friends who had so
kindly helped them.
SECOND DAY. Friday, July 27th. The party drove at 9.0 a.m. to Headboume
Worthy Church, where the Rector acted as guide. The church contains Saxon
work, including a Saxon arch at the west end, other portions being of the 13th
century, which is also the date of the font. There are remains of frescoes. The
drive was then continued to St. Cross Hospital, about a mile out of Winchester,
where the party were met by Mr. Nisbett, who acted as guide through the build-
ings. St. Cross was founded by Henry de Blois in 1136, A.D., and was greatly
extended and enlarged by Cardinal Beaufort in 1445. Thirteen poor brethren
were originally provided for, but this number has now been increased. There is
also a dole of bread and beer to any wayfarer who applies for it, and certain
other aids to the poor. The church is an interesting archaeological study from
the succession of styles which it contains Norman, Transition, Early English,
and Decorated. The mouldings, dogtooth, zig-zag, &c., are very beautiful and
in good preservation. A triple arch is a striking feature in the exterior, and was
probably caused by the insertion of a doorway for some purpose, the nave wall
being partly cut away. The arches are elaborately decorated with zig-zag
mouldings. The Hall and other buildings were also visited. In the Hall is some
Early English stained glass, and an early German triptych. Captain ELWES
having thanked Mr. Nisbett for his valuable help, the party drove back to the
Hotel, whence, after luncheon, they proceeded to the Cathedral at 1.30 p.m.
Here the Dean kindly acted as cicerone, the following being the substance of the
information he imparted :
A Saxon church no doubt stood on the present site of the Cathedral, and gave
way to a larger church, consecrated in A.D. 900. A Norman Minster was
subsequently built, and the pillars of the same are portions of this Cathedral.
The present west front was partly built by Bishop Wykeham, the founder of the
college, although commenced by Bishop Edyndon. A platform is provided over the
entrance, from which the Bishops used to deliver their blessing. Near the entrance
and under the gallery on the north-west side of the interior is a very ancient grill,
the ironwork of which shows no rivets or bolts. It was formerly placed near
the choir steps. The large Norman pillars of the nave have been recased, but
their massive proportions, combined with the elegance of later times, form an
exceptional architectural beauty a stately beauty which wins the admiration
XXXIV.
of all. Considerable repairing lias been done to the timber work of the roof,
but the original timber cut by Bishop Walkelin from Hempage Wood more than
800 years ago still exists, and the roof might now be deemed safe for many years
to come. Just inside the entrance are two bronze figures, one of James I. and
the other of Charles I. Those were sold at the time of the Commonwealth to a
gentleman in the Isle of Wight, who buried them in his garden " until the times
did alter." They were then re-purchased and placed in their present position.
One of the chief objects in the nave, and one of the most beautiful in the
Cathedral, is the tomb of William of Wykeham. It is situated on the spot which,
as a scholar, he used to frequent for worship. The figure on the tomb is of white
alabaster, and represents the Bishop in his robes. Besides doing much for the
improvement of the Cathedral and founding Winchester College, he founded
New College, Oxford, and was twice Lord Chancellor of England. On the other
side of the nave is a dark marble highly decorated carved font, supposed to be
of the eleventh century. It will be remembered that the Norman kings visited
the Cathedral once a year in state. The massive Norman work of the north
transept was inspected and a visit paid to the crypt, in which there is an ancient
British well. From this well is drawn the water for baptisms at the present time.
The well is immediately below the high altar of the Cathedral. The building is
very rich in chantries and tombs, some of them being of exquisite workmanship,
and all of a most interesting character. They were duly visited and their history
and most beautiful features described by the Dean, who also drew attention to the
chair used by Queen Mary on her marriage with Philip of Spain. The chair is in
Bishop Langton's chantry, the screen of which, unlike the others, is of carved
woodwork. A visit was paid to the lady chapel, with its three magnificent
chancel windows, after which attention was drawn to the so-called tomb of
Ruf us in the choir, but which is believed to be the tomb of Henry de Blois, which
formerly stood in front of the chancel rails. The body of Eufus was interred
beneath the lantern tower, which fell soon afterwards, owing, it is said, to the
supposed desecration of the place thereby. The remains of some of the kings and
prelates have been collected at various times, and these have now been placed
in highly- decorated mortuary chests erected above the choir screen. Much
attention was bestowed on the reredos erected by Beaufort in the first half of
the 15th century. It has, however, undergone many alterations since that time,
and its thorough restoration has now been recently completed. The whole of the
work is of white stone, of delicate workmanship, and in the Perpendicular style.
The light appearance of the stonework is intensified by the dark oak -work of
the carved choir screen and benches below. It was in front of the high altar
that de Blois was interred. The library, with its fine collection of ancient manu-
scripts, many being in an excellent state of preservation, was next visited. It
contains over 3,000 volumes, most of wlu'ch were given by Bishop Morley. The
most valuable MSS. is the Vulgate (12th century) in three volumes, Imperial folio,
with splendid illuminations, and Bede's History (10th century). There is also a
MS. of the 12th century, the life of King Edward the Confessor, and a charter of
XXXV.
^thelwulf's (854). This bears the signatures of JEthelwulf , Alfred (when a little
boy), and their tutor St. Swithun, the patron saint of Winchester.
The thanks of the Club having been offered by the HON. TREASURER, the party
returned to the Hotel in time to catch the 4.4 train.
NEW MEMBERS. Two were proposed.
POXWELL AND MoRETON MEETING. This meeting, the third and last of the
Field Meetings, was held 011 Monday, September 10th, 1900, and was attended by
about 100 members and friends. The party met at Weymouth Station on the
arrival of the 10.30 S.W.R. train and drove to Chalbury Camp, a small earthwork
near Preston, where a paper was read by Mr. H. J. MOULE, which will be found
in the present volume. During the discussion Mr. E. CUNNINQTON read the
following short note on the subject :
Owing to its natural cone shape this hill was easily converted into a strong
position by taking all the loose earth off the top of the hill and spreading it all
round the sides in the construction of a well-made ditch or vallum, thus reducing
the apex down to the Portland rock, which appears untouched. In 1882 several
excavations were made here both in the interior of the camp and the surrounding
foss. Nothing, however, was found but specimens of British pottery, and these
wherever the ground was opened, and stone implements rather plentiful made of
the Portland chert. One of the barrows in this camp was opened by the late Mr.
"Warne, who found fragments of two British urns in it.
Lord Eustace Cecil acted as President, in the absence of Mr. Mansel-Pleydell
through ill-health, during the first part of the meeting, but, being unable to
remain during the whole day, his place was taken at Poxwell and subsequently
by Mr. W. H. Hudleston.
The next place visited was the Roman pavement at Preston, situated about
a quarter of a mile off the high road, and last seen by the Club on August 16, 1888.
(Proceedings X., 28.) The pavement was in very fair condition, being pro-
tected from the elements by a building over it, and from human depredators by
a wall of fine wire netting. A paper upon it was read by Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH,
and will be found in full later in this volume.
A good plan of the pavement was exhibited.
At Poxwell circle, three miles further on, a paper was read by Rev. W. M;
BARNES, which will be found later on in this volume. In it he criticised and
questioned Mr. Cunnington's views as to the Phoenicians in England as set forth
in his paper. (Proceedings XX., 113.) Some discussion followed, Mr. CUNNING-
TON maintaining his views.
Some of the geologists inspected on the west side of the ridge the extensive
deposits of fibrous carbonate of lime, resembling fossil wood, and locally called
" beef." A real fossil tree in a quarry near the road also caused much
interest.
Poxwell Manor House was next visited, where the party were kindly received
by the tenant, Mr. Kent. The house, with its picturesque gateway and gate-
XXXVI.
house, was duly inspected, and the following notes read by Rev. W. M.
BARNES :
Hutchins writes thus of Poxwell : " The Manor and farm, consisting only of
the ancient seat of the Hennings and a few cottages, is situated in a vale about a
mile and a-half S.W. from Warmwell. The ancient vill stood a little N.E. from
the church. It seems to have received its adjunct to its name from the well or
spring which rises in the middle of the village." According to Domesday it
belonged originally to the Abbey of Cerne. The family of Pokeswell probably
held it of the Abbot of Cerne. The pedigree of the Hennings of Pokeswell, who
were its later possessors, is given in Hutchins. The house and property now
belongs to the Cambridges. The house was built by one member of the Henning
family, and it was new when Coker wrote his Survey of Dorset, for he writes
thus of it " No we it is the dwelling of the Hennings whose faire newe house
much commends it." When was it built ? The only edition I have yet met with
of Coker's Survey of Dorset was printed in 1732. If this is the first edition it
must have been published long after Coker's death, for from internal evidence it
appears that Coker was contemporary with Sir John Williams, of Heningston,
and with his grandson, John, who succeeded him. Sir John Williams was born
in 1545 and died in 1617, when John Williams succeeded him. John died in
1632. If we put the writing of Coker's book a little later than this we shall
arrive at about the date which is cut over the porter's lodge, 1634, to which date
the architecture answers. Externally the house (but for the wood-framed
windows in the gable) is a good and well-preserved specimen of Jacobean or
Caroline domestic architecture, for the difference in style between the two is not
marked, and if it was furnished with lawns and flower beds after the fashion of
the time, and the old stone windows were replaced in the gable, it would not
present a very different appearance to what it did when old Coker wrote about it,
except that age has toned down the crudeness of its freshly cut stone and lent
that charm to it which antiquity alone can give. Of course the old house has its
ghost an old woman who sits knitting in the porter's lodge, but as she has not
been seen for many years, it is believed that the ghost has been laid, so she is no
longer a terror to superstitious servant-maids. As to the things to be noticed, I
would call your attention to the very picturesque porter's lodge. The wall on
each side of the lodge has been lowered, but the characteristic coping has been
replaced, and for two or three feet on each side of the lodge the wall is untouched.
Three ancient tiles found in pulling down the old wall will be seen built in over
the doorway between this lawn and the garden. You will pass through the
porch with its niches recessed in the walls, and which are characteristic of the
date, into the ancient passage with a stone arch opening into the hall on the
right, with the buttery hatch opposite. Some of the old wainscoting still
remains in the hall, together with the very interesting hall table, which seems to
be of the same age as the house. The pedestals which support the massive board
are original. These are of oak. Is the top of elm ? or of what wood is it ': A
few of the original balusters remain at the top of the staircase, and the original
XXX Vll.
fireplace is to be seen in the drawing-room. There is no fireplace in the hall ;
possibly this was heated by an open brazier of charcoal, as was the hall of St.
John's College, Cambridge, till recently.
On reaching Moreton Church, after a drive of six miles, the Rector, Rev.
VEENON A. BUSBEIDGE, said a few words about the church, though he admitted
that there was nothing really old in it.
The parish itself was interesting. They had a complete list of Rectors from
1298 down to himself. The old registers began in 1565 and continued to 1631 ;
but they were burnt in the great fire at the Rectory in 1740. Their present
registers began in 1741. The church had had two dedications. The first was to
St. Magnus the Martyr, and he still received letters thus addressed. The second
dedication was to St. Nicholas of Myra, in Syria. Originally the church consisted
of a chancel not an apse, as now nave, south aisle, and tower. Three bells,
with the tower, fell down in 1603. Mr. Frampton, the squire of the time, pulled
the old church down in 1777, and in the same year built the present one, which
was opened on December 21st. The north aisle was added in 1840 and the porch
in 1847. There were only two bells in the tower. Originally there were five,
but three were taken down on account of the ringers being nearly always in-
toxicated, and a clock was substituted for them. The clock had not been going
for some time, and he had ordered a new one, which would be dedicated by the
Bishop early in November. In the chapel was a brass dated 1523. The chapel,
which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was pulled down and rebuilt and con-
verted into a family pew with a comfortable fireplace. The fireplace had long
been unused, and the church was now very agreeably warmed by the new heating
apparatus. There seemed always to have been only one churchwarden for the
parish, who signed himself "sole churchwarden." His predecessor (the Rev.
Charlton Frampton) was repeatedly asked to have two, but did not like to break
through the old rule. The same request had been made to himself, but hitherto
he had evaded it.
An adjournment was then made to Moreton House close by, where the Club
had been kindly invited to tea by Mrs. Baxendale. After tea on the lawn the
members walked through the house and grounds and inspected the pictures and
other objects of interest. Amongst them are landscapes by Gr. Poussiii and Sebas-
tian Ricci, portraits by Holbein, including one of Lady Jane Grey, and a painting
representing Jacob and Esau, by Ghei'ardo della Notte. There are also some
beautiful and curious antique dresses and other garments, which were formerly
lent to the Dorset County Museum by the late Mr. R. Fetherstonhaugh-Frampton,
and china, books, &c. ; and in one of the walls of the extensive and picturesque
gardens is fixed a piece of carved marble from the Castle of St. Angelo at Rome.
Thanks having been offered to Mrs. Baxendale for her hospitality, the party
left at about 5.30 for Dorchester and Weymouth.
NEW MEMBEES. Four were proposed.
The meeting which it had been proposed to hold this summer at Milton Abbey
and in its neighbourhood had unfortunately to be given up.
of fe
f Head May Sth, 1900.)
|NE of my duties as President, and an extremely
melancholy one, is to refer in this Anniversary
Address to the removal by death of a member, or
of an eminent scientist, with whom our Club has
been in touch. The first to refer to is that of one
of my oldest and dearest friends, Sir Talbot Baker,
whose death took place on the yth of last month,
with awful suddenness. His loss is keenly felt, not
only by the members, but the county at large.
His amiable character and genial bearing secured an attached
affection from everyone who came in contact with him. His
connection with the Dorset Field Club dates from its commence-
ment. From the first he took the liveliest interest in its welfare,
and he rarely absented himself from either the in-door or the
field meetings. Only a few days before his lamented death he
intimated to the Honorary Secretary his intention to attend this
our meeting to-day. Alas ! It has been otherwise ordained.
His cultured tastes, especially for archaeology, enabled him to
take a prominent part in the papers and discussions upon the
antiquities and architectural treasures ol the county. The
volumes of our " Proceedings " contain several contributions from
his pen. His hospitable reception of the members at Ranston a
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. xxxix.
year and a-half ago must be fresh in our memories, when
Professor Boyd Dawkins delivered his brilliant address from
the summit of Hod Hill, which was illustrated by the ramparts
and earthworks of that prehistoric encampment. I feel sure
that I am only re-echoing the sincerest words of sympathy
from the heart of every member by conveying theirs and mine to
Lady Baker and to her son and daughters on this their deep
and sad bereavement.
Another member of the Field Club, also one of my dearest and
valued friends, has just now been added to the death-roll,
General Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S., D.C.L., known at the
earlier part of his life, in the scientific world, as Colonel Lane Fox ;
he passed away at his country seat on Friday last, after a long
and painful illness. He inherited the large and widely distributed
Rushmore estates of Dorsetshire and Wiltshire, on the death of
Horace, Lord Rivers, in 1880. His antiquarian instincts, aided
by a scientific education, led him from his earliest career to apply
himself to the unravelling of some of the problems of prehistoric
history in connection with man. Through life-long labour and a
natural deductive genius, he has done as much as any
archaeologist in tracing the various ethnic changes which have
occurred in this part of the country. Before General Pitt-Rivers
came to reside at Rushmore he had amassed a large and valuable
prehistoric and mediaeval collection, which he generously gave to
the University of Oxford, now deposited in the Ashmolean
Museum, and known as " The Pitt-Rivers Collection." This
collection, valuable as it is, is thrown into the shade by his
local Museum at Farnham, in which are deposited the relics
found at Rushmore and the neighbourhood, and several series of
industrial, metallurgical, agricultural, and fictile objects from a
wider area, showing in a most instructive manner an evolution or
variation of forms by gradual development from a primitive to an
improved culture. The central tables of the Farnham Museum
are covered with 1 1 8 models of the earthworks examined by
General Pitt-Rivers, carved in blocks of mahogany from con-
toured plans, made and surveyed by himself. The walls are
xl. 1'RKSIDKNT'S ADDRESS.
lined with diagrams illustrating the silting up of the ditches far
better than by any written description. The history of the
occupation of the district, during the period of silting, may be
attained by the pottery, the implements, and the animal remains,
especially those of man ; this is especially the case with the
pottery. In British ditches the fragments of the pottery of that
period will, of course, be found at the bottom, that of the
Bronze age intermediate, and the Romano-British uppermost.
Thus some idea may be formed of the length of time that has
elapsed since the execution of the ditch.
General Pitt-Rivers largely contributed to antiquarian litera-
ture. In the year 1872 he read an elaborate paper before the
members of the Geological Society on "The Discovery of
Palaeolithic Implements in the Gravels of the Thames Valley,"
for which he was complimented by Sir Joseph Prestwich and
Sir William Flower in the discussion which followed the paper.
There are also several of his papers published in the " Archaeo-
logia." His authority is claimed by Lord Avebury (Sir John
Lubbock) in " Prehistoric Times," by Sir John Evans in " Ancient
Stone Implements of Great Britain," by Professor Boyd Dawkins
in "Early Man in Britain," and " British Barrows" by
Canon Greenwell. General Pitt-Rivers published four quarto
volumes describing his explorations in the neighbourhood of
Rushmore, illustrated by maps, plates, diagrams, and tables,
which leave nothing to be desired. Among his works are also
The History of King John's House at Tollard Royal, illustrated
by 25 plates, his Inaugural Address at the annual meeting of the
Royal Archaeological Institute at Salisbury in 1887, printed in the
Archaeological Journal, Vol. xliv., p. 271, and another read at
Dorchester in 1897.
Failing health compelled him to reside almost entirely at
Rushmore, which made him all the more appreciate his Larmer
gardens, to which he had devoted so much labour and expense,
and which were a centre of attraction to the neighbourhood.
A portion of Rushmore Park was set apart for an interesting
collection of rare animals with the object of acclimatising them,
xii.
and for experiments on hybridization. He was a Fellow of
the Royal Society, of the Geological Society, and several others,
the Colonel of the South Lancashire Regiment, and a Vice-
President of the Dorset Natural Histoiy and Antiquarian Field
Club.
I should not do justice to the memory of the late Sir William
Henry Flower, K.C.B., if I did not refer to his death, which
occurred in July last, and by which science has lost one of its
most eminent followers. Although not a member of our Field
Club he gave us a helping hand on several occasions. In
1 849 he matriculated at the University of London with honours
in zoology. Five years after he became a member of the
College of Surgeons. He was attached to the 63rd Regiment
during the Crimean War, and on his return home he received
from the Queen's hand the medal with clasps for the Alma,
Inkerman, Balaclava, and Sebastopol.
In 1 86 1 the office of Conservator of the Museum of
the Royal College of Surgeons of England became vacant by
the death of Professor Quekett, and Sir William Flower was
nominated his successor. In 1864 he was elected a Fellow
of the Royal Society. In 1879 he succeeded the Marquis
of Tweedale as President of the Zoological Society. This
honourable post he held to the day of his death. In the
same year he was elected a Vice-President of the Anthropological
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, and the President in 1883.
The next year he was appointed Director of the Natural
History Departments of the British Museum, Cromwell-road, as
successor of Sir Richard Owen. He held this important post
until October, 1898, when, failing health compelling him to
relinquish active work, he gave up the directorship which he had
so long and ably held. The Royal Society awarded him one of
the Royal Medals in 1882 for his contributions to the Morpho-
logy and Classification of the Mammalia, and to Anthropology.
In 1887 he was made a C.B. and in 1892 a K.C.B. Sir
William's contributions to the literature of Anatomy and Geology
were various and voluminous. He contributed a long series
xlii. t>fcfcSIDBNT*S ADDRESS.
of articles on "Mammalia" in the eighth edition of the
" Encyclopaedia Britannica." The remarkable series of illustra-
tions of variation, coloration, mimicry, and the anatomy of
vertebrates which adorn the cases of the Central Hall of the
Museum are in themselves a monument of his genius.
I now turn to the subject of my Anniversary Address, which is
a continuation of that of last year, dealing with higher organisms
than that of the mollusca, on which it treated.
There is no section of the animal kingdom which in its
embryonic metamorphoses exhibits so many types and parallels
by which their ancestry can be traced as that of the vertebrates.
The changes are of peculiar interest to the biologist, in
comparing the fossil types through which the embryo passes to
maturity. With the exception of the lowest forms of fish, all
vertebrates have a dorsal column and a cartilaginous skeleton in
the embryo state ; a few only continue in this stage, the greater
part of them assimilate lime, and other mineral substances for
ossification.
Fish, which are the lowest type of vertebrates, have special
modifications which enable them to live in the water, move
through it with rapidity, and utilize it as a medium for respira-
tion.
The skeleton consists primarily of a vertebral column,
more or less perfect, which, at the anterior extremity expands
into a skull, which protects the cephalic portion of the
neural-axis to which the organs of sense are connected.
The canal for the lodgement of the neural-axis lies on
the upper side of the column. In addition to the head, trunk,
and tail, the skeleton has, in ordinary cases, a set of bones which
give support to two pairs of limbs ; those belonging to each pair
are connected with the vertebral column, by a peculiar arch of
which the anterior is termed the " scapular," the posterior the
" pelvic." In many vertebrates, although the internal skeleton is
fully developed, there is an external or dermal-skeleton as well.
'1 In- dermal-skeleton is sometimes composed of true bone. This
is the case in the Lepidosicus and Ostracion among existing
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. xliii.
fishes, as well as in the whole group of Ganoids, now almost
extinct. In the Crocodiles many of the dermal-plates show ossifi-
cation, and occasionally among the Mammalia. The armour
of the existing Armadilloes, and the extinct gigantic Glyptodon
afford a striking example of the co-existence of a well-developed
bony envelope, with a complete osseous endo-skeleton. There
is a variation in the structure of the vertebrae, even in the different
regions of the same animal ; there is one general plan pervading
throughout. The centra are disc-like, more or less elongated.
The posterior and anterior faces articulate with the next succeed-
ing centrum by an intervening cartilage. Each centrum has a
channel for the reception of the spinal-column, which is
protected by the neural arch, surmounted by the neural spine.
The neural-arch is articulated with the anterior one, by which it
is strengthened. Towards the extremity the vertebrae are
reduced to the centra only, the neural and haemal elements being
entirely absent.
In a description of the skeleton of osseous Fishes it may be
as well to remark that the distinction into regions, cervical,
dorsal, lumbar, and caudal, so well marked among the
vertebrates, is not so in the case of fishes. Owing to the
pectoral-vertebra being fixed to the lower base of the skull, and
the expansion of the haemal-arches for the protection of the
viscoral cavity, there is no neck, or cervical region. The dorsal
portion of the vertebral column must be considered as com-
mencing with the first vertebra, the pelvic-arch has no bony
attachment to the spinal column, there is no sacrum, and no
marked separation between the dorsal and caudal elements ;
there is consequently no proper lumbar region. In most fishes,
especially among the eel-kind, the caudal portion forms a con-
siderable part of the whole length of the body. The flexibility
of the vertebral-column of fishes affords free movement through
the water, and the function of the lateral-fins is only for
balancing the body, and not for locomotion. In the conforma-
tion of the skull there are several departures from that of the
ordinary form in the higher vertebrates, which adapt it for the
xliv. PRESIDENT'S ADbRBSS.
particular conditions of the life of a fish, besides those which
mark its lower grade of development. With the exception of the
Amp/iinxus, the Lancelet, and the Cyclostomi t Lampreys, the
dermal covering of all existing fishes is strengthened by carti-
laginous or by osseous scales, enclosed within the substance of the
true skin. These scales are of various shapes and sizes, and
in some instances merely stud the skin at intervals ; in others
they are in close contact at the edges or cover each other
in an imbricated manner, or are developed into large plates, and
firmly united into a sort of a cuirass, as is the case with many of
the Palaeozoic fish, especially those of the Old Red Sandstone.
Nearly all the osseous fish of the present day have cartilaginous
scales. The most simple instance of bony-scales is seen in the
shark tribe, where the skin is beset with small tubercles, giving it
a roughness, which is known as shagreen. The most perfect
instance of the dermo-skeleton of a fish is where the bony-
scales meet at their edges, and are covered externally with a
lustrous surface.
In the Palaeozoic age many of the predatory fish had
palatal as well as jaw-teeth, for crushing the bony armour
with which their prey was invested. The Teleostei, which
form the majority of the fish of the present day, are the
successors of the Ganoids, an Order to which the majority
of the fossil remains of the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ages
belong. They made their first appearance not earlier than
the Chalk. Instead of bony-plates their bodies are covered
with thin elastic scales and a well ossified endo-skeleton. After
this period the fish with palatal teeth began to decline. The
shark-tribe, which made their first appearance in the Devonian
Age, and culminated to 25 known genera, have now only
one living representative, Cestracion philippi, the Port Jackson
Shark.
The embryo of vertebrates passes through several changes
before arriving at maturity. This can be traced in certain fossil
groups which had preceded them. Their ancestral history can be
traced by this metamorphic development. These changes are of
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS: xlv.
the greatest interest both to the palaeontologist and the biologist.
Although all vertebrates have a general conformity in their
organisation, they show a great diversity of form, by which each
class and order can be clearly defined. The two upper vertebrae
of the cervical series of the vertebral column are designated the
axis and atlas. The centrum of the atlas is not joined to, but
remains either distinct from, or anchylosed to the axis.
The primitive position of the limbs of vertebrates is at right
angles to the axis of the body, and directed outwards. In the
majority of the Reptilia and Amphibia the limbs of the adults do
not depart very much from that direction. Changes of direction
are found with birds. With man the change is more divergent
from the types, for the axis of both the arm and the leg are
parallel to that of the body. The lowest vertebrates in the scale
retain throughout life their embryonic conditions. There is no
bone or true cartilage around the neural-arch, neither is there any
development of limbs ; worm-like they move by the flexion of
the body. The strength and rigidity of the spinal column
increases in proportion as the limbs are developed. They
never exceed four in number; in some cases two are absent,
and in others both pairs are wanting. The limbs of Fish,
Reptiles, and aquatic Mammals are modified for propulsion
through the water, and not for support. With terrestrial Quad-
rupeds, whether mammals or reptiles, the limbs are adapted for
the support of the body and for progression. With Birds the
anterior pair of limbs is developed into wings, by which the
body is more or less supported or propelled through the air.
Sight, smelling, hearing, and taste appear to be possessed by
most of the vertebrates. It is not uncommon for the visual
organs to remain undeveloped when the environments of the
animal render them useless, as in the case of those inhabiting
underground caves in which the rays of sunlight never enter,
or in the deep abysses of the sea. None of the limbs of
fishes are prehensile ; the mouth is propelled or guided by
them to their food, but the act of seizing it must be done by
the jaws; hence both the upper and lower are endowed with
xlvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
the power of retraction or protraction as well as of opening and
shutting.
The admirable adjustment of the jaw-apparatus compensates
for the absence of hands and arms. The whole organisation of
a fish is adapted for the element in which it lives and moves.
The viscera are packed into a small compass, and repose in a
cavity brought forward close to the head ; the consequent
obliteration of the neck more firmly connects the head to the
trunk. The sharks, whose form of body, and strength of tail,
enable them to swim near the surface, are further adapted for
an active life, the absence of an air-bladder being compensated
for by the large proportional size and strength of their pectoral-
fins for raising the body and preventing a rolling movement.
In long-bodied and small-headed fish the ventral-fin is placed
far back towards the tail, and acts as a balancer. In large-
headed fishes the ventral-fin is placed forward to assist the
pectoral-fin to raise the head, which with most fish is dispro-
portionally large ; this is necessary for rapid progression.
None of the extinct fish of the Silurian and Devonian Ages
have vertebral-centra ; some Ganoids, however, show the con-
version of the notochordal capsule into distinct bony segments.
The Lepidosiren of the present day retains this notochordal
condition, but without the compensating Ganoid scales. On
the other hand the Silurida, Cat-fish, combine the tuberculated
bony-dorsal-plates or scutes with a well-ossified internal skeleton.
The back-bone of the Teleostei consists of separate well-ossified
vertebrae ; they constitute the bulk of the fish from the Tertiary
Age to the present time. The skull retains much of the primitive
cartilage as in the case of the Salmon and the Pike. It is in the
abdominal fresh-water fish generally, that the semi-osseous
condition of the skull is present. There is generally a renewal
of the teeth during the whole of a fish's life, to which there are
exceptions.
Before proceeding to a general survey of the characteristic
structure of fish it will be desirable to bestow some attention to
the Amphioxtts or Lancelot, which seems to connect the
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. xlvii.
vertebrates with the invertebrates in a most remarkable way,
linking the lower orders of fishes with the Articulata and
Mollusca. Its usual length is not more than two inches. The
head, which is scarcely distinguishable from the body, has no ex-
ternal indications of the existence of the organs of sense. The body
is marked externally by a succession of oblique striae, seen through
the translucent skin, and which indicate the lateral muscles.
Almost the only trace of the vertebral column is to be found in
the fibrous and cellular structures surrounding and supporting the
neural-axis, which is nearly uniform in size from one extremity
to the other, showing no enlargement at its cephalic extremity,
which could be denominated a brain. In the neural-arch which
represents the vertebrae in other animals, there is only the most
indistinct indication of a subdivision into segments. It is in the
arrangement of the organs of nutrition that the greatest approxi-
mation to the invertebrate type is displayed ; the mouth is lined
with ciliae which have a rotary motion similar to those of the
Rotifercc. In examining the structure of the respiratory and
other organs of the Atnphioxus, we are at once struck with their
resemblance to the Ascidian Mollusca. The movements of the
Amphioxus are somewhat serpentine, rapid, and powerful. It
passes a large part of its time either buried in the sand or
lying flat on its surface. In these particulars the structure of
the Amphioxus is similar to the higher vertebrates at the
very early stages of development. There is no question that
it must be regarded as essentially a fish. Among the inferior
members of the early cartilaginous group, such as the Cyclostomi
or circular-mouthed fish, the characteristic structure of vertebrates
is further developed, showing the progressive steps towards the
development of the vertebral-column, from the first segmentation
of the notochord to the complete replacement of the vertebral
element with the full development of the neural and haemal-
arches. For instance, in the case of the Sturgeon, firm carti-
laginous rings form the outer portion of the notochord.
There are about eighty families of marine fishes, of which no
less than forty are almost universally distributed over the seas
xlviii.
of the globe ; of the remainder, many range from the North
Atlantic to Australia, six are restricted to the North Seas, one to
the South, six to the South Atlantic, fifteen to the Pacific.
Thirty-six families live exclusively in fresh-water ; these present
many interesting peculiarities in their distribution. The Palae-
arctic and the Nearctic regions together contain twenty families.
The Palaearctic is characterised by the absence of osseous
Ganoidei, Cobitidae (Loaches), and Barbels. The Nearctic is
characterised by osseous Ganoidei, Amiurina, Cat-fish, and
Catostomina (Suckers) ; no Cobitidae or Barbels. Among
the peculiarities of distribution, is a curious fish found only in
Lake Baikal, in the mountainous district of Russian Siberia,
2,oooft. above sea-level and 1,000 miles from the sea ; its nearest
ally is the Mackerel (marine). Osteoglossum is represented by one
species, the huge Arapaima, in Brazil and Guiana, one in
Borneo and Sumatra, a third in Queensland. The curious
Lepidosirenida are represented by existing genera, Lepidosiren of
the Amazons, and Protopterus of the rivers of tropical Africa.
Fresh-water fish of the present fauna came into existence
during the Tertiary Age, when the great changes in the
distribution of land and sea took place. Salt-water is not in-
variably a barrier, and we may account for instances of singular
disconnections of families and genera. The dispersal of a single
type over several distant continents may and does generally point
to its great antiquity, but it does not prove that it is more so
than others limited to one region only.
The Carboniferous and Permian Beds contain numerous fish
remains, allied to the Lepidosteus, the Gar-pike of North
America. Traces of Elasmobranchii, Sharks, and of Rays
in the Upper Silurians, become abundant in the succeeding
Devonian and Carboniferous Beds, and continue so to the
present day. The Ganoid, Ceratodus, which now lives in the
rivers and lakes of Queensland, reaches as far back as the Trias.
It is one of the very few instances where a genus, founded
upon the evidence of fossil specimens, has subsequently been
If liniM in 'A \\\"\Y\c* t^f\r\ r\ if \ y-v-k TJ* *1 A il r- .1
found in a living condition. Fossil teeth of the genus
were
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.
well known, but it was not until the year 1870 that the
existence of a living representative was brought to the notice
of science.
The Teleostei which constitute the majority of the fishes of the
present day are the successors of the Ganoids. They do not
appear earlier than the chalk. By far the greater number are
found in the Tertiary Beds, mostly marine. Ganoids are now
reduced to two genera only, Lepidosteus and Accipenser. There
is no period of the earth's history in which there was a more
varied development of Fish. Pectinate, thin-scaled (Ctenoid)
and circular-scaled fish (Cycloid), occurred at the later stages
of the Mesozoic Age.
The structure of the heart, brain, generative organs, and the
air-bladder of the Polypterus and Lepidosteus evidences a higher and
more Reptilian character than those of most other fishes. This
is, however, a question for the comparative anatomist, and not for
Palaeontology; Palaeontologists will point to the persistent
notochord and the heterocercal tail in the Palaeozoic and
Mesozoic fishes as evidence of an arrest of development or a
retention of embryonic characters in the fishes of early times. It
is remarkable that after all the mutations to which fish have been
subject, the edible forms, such as the Cod, the Turbot, the Salmon,
the Herring, became predominant immediately preceding the
advent of man.
Elasmobranchii Rays and Sharks. These differ greatly in the
shape of the body. That of the Shark is long, and more
or less cylindrical, the gill-openings lateral ; the body of the Ray is
flat, the gill openings are on the underside and not lateral ; tail
slender. The Order is largely represented in every geological
formation. The Shark is exclusively carnivorous, and soars, so
to speak, in the higher regions of the seas, maintaining itself near
the surface by its large and powerful fins without the aid of an
air bladder. The habits of the Ray are quite in unison with the
form of its body ; it leads a sedentary life, moving slowly at the
bottom, and rising rarely to the surface. It lives at more moderate
depths than the Shark.
1. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
The vertebral column of this Order is usually divided into
distinct segments, the centra are calcified, but do not consist
of true bone. Pahcospinax, from the Lower Lias, Lyme Regis,
is the first Elasmobranch with a well calcified centrum.
As a rule the Palaeozoic types are characterised by a
considerable development of the exo-skeleton, although there
are some, the Sharks for instance, which have no such bony
protection. The teeth of the modern Ray retain the primitive
type. They appear for the first time in the Cretaceous Beds of
Lewes, Sussex, and of the Lebanon, also in the Oligocene and
Miocene Beds of Germany. The Torpedo or Electric Ray is
remarkable for its large pectoral-fin, which is attached to the
head, where the electric organs are placed. The electric shock
is delivered voluntarily, either in self-defence, or for killing its
prey ; usually it lives at the bottom of the sea. They are not
all marine ; some live in inland fresh-water marshes. The
electric currents generated by these fish, exercise all the known
powers of electricity, rendering the needle magnetic, decomposing
chemical compounds, and emitting the electric spark. The body
is naked. Its first appearance was in the Tertiary Age. Torpedo
(Narcobatis) Egertoni, and T. gigantea occur in the Middle
Eocenes of Monte Bolca, near Verona. The Sting-Fishes
(Cyclobatis) differ from the Torpedo family in being furnished
with a series of spinous tubercles, and the rest of their bodies
and fins covered with minute prickles. They belong to the
Order Tygonida?. Three species are found fossil in the Upper
Lebanon. They have a wide distribution in the modern seas, the
majority inhabiting the tropical portions of the Indian Ocean and
the Atlantic. They preceded the Torpedoes in geological time,
but there is no evidence of their existence before the Eocene Age.
Chimaridct. Regarded by some writers as a sub-order of the
Sharks, to which, although they have some resemblance externally,
in the shape of the body, in the organs of propagation, and in
the structure of the egg-capsules, yet they present such important
differences as to relegate them to a distinct Order. The skeleton is
entirely cartilaginous, and the vertebral column is only imperfectly
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. ll.
segmented ; the notochord is surrounded by a series of
cartilaginous rings, some of which are partly calcined. This
feature, together with the continuity of cranial cartilage, shows a
relationship with the Ganoids and the Dipnoi. The living
Chimceras are few in number and of comparatively small dimen-
sions, not exceeding a length of five feet. In living forms the four
gill-clefts are covered by a fold of the skin. Like the Dipnoids
each jaw is armed with a pair of broad dental-plates, with the
addition of a pair of smaller cutting teeth in the upper jaw.
Unlike the Shark the mouth is always terminal. The fins are
similar in structure and position to those of the Sharks, also in
the absence of a swim-bladder. This genus is represented by
three species ; C. momtrosa, from the coasts of Europe, Japan,
and the Cape of Good Hope ; C. colliei, from the west coast of
North America ; and C. affinis, from the coast of Portugal ;
Chimccroids are principally found in the Mesozoic and Tertiary
formations. In the genus Callorhyncus we have apparently the
most specialised representative of the group with crushing teeth.
It is represented by an existing species in the seas of the
southern temperate zone. Another Chimaeroid, Myriacanthus
paradoxus, known by its spines and teeth, has been found in the
Lower Lias of Lyme Regis.
Sqv-atinida. There is only one solitary representative of this
once considerable family of the Shark tribe, Squatina [RhinaJ
angelus, the Angel or Monk-fish, which is not unfrequently caught
on our coast. Squatina occurs in the Lithographic Stone of
Solenhofen, Kimmeridgian, also in the Upper Chalk and the
Eocene.
Notidanidcc. Lateral teeth, comb-like, inclined backwards.
The primitive morphological position oiNotidanus is shown by the
persistent notochord and the character of the skull, which is only
very slightly removed from the original type. The teeth of this
group have been found in the Jurassic and later formations.
Four living species are known, which are distributed over nearly
all the tropical and sub-tropical seas ; their average length is
about fifteen feet.
lii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Cestracioniidtv. Dorsal fins, armed with a spine. Dentition
adapted for the prehension and mastication of crustaceous and
hard-shelled animals. This family is one of particular interest,
it occurs in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Beds. It is represented
at the present day by the Port Jackson Shark, Cestracion phtlippi,
which throws much light on the dentition of its fossil prede-
cessors. This Shark is harmless, its food consisting of
Crustaceans and shell-fish. After death the teeth are easily
detached from the jaws. Four species are known from Japan,
Amboyna, Australia, the Galapagos Islands, and California.
Lamnidce. These made their first appearance in the Carbon-
iferous Age. The majority of the family are found in the
Cretaceous and Tertiary Beds.
The fossil-remains of fish, which have excited more attention
than any others, are the large bony spines called Ichthyodorulites,
which appear to have been those of the anterior part of
the dorsal-fin of Elasmobranchii. The earliest genus is Onchus,
from the Silurian bone-bed of Ludlow. Ichthyodorulites are
found in most of the geological beds from the Palaeozoic to
the Pliocene. At the close of the Jurassic age they began
to decline, appearing in small numbers in the chalk, notably
in the chalk at Lewes. Agassiz relegates them to the
genera Hybodus, Spinax, Chimaera, and Ptychodus. They are
often associated with the teeth of Sharks, but as it cannot be
irrefutably proved to which species they belong, this distin-
guished naturalist gives a generic name to each.
Lamnidae. Owing to the variety in the shape of the teeth in
different parts of the same mouth, a satisfactory determination of
species is impossible.
Lamna (Oxyrhina) " The Porbeagles" Of the three living
species, L. cornulicus is the best known ; it frequently strays to
the British coast. It is carnivorous, feeding chiefly on fishes.
Our Hon. Secretary has a specimen of this Shark in his Museum
at Montevideo caught in the West Bay.
Scyllidw. The common " Dog-fish " of our coast. Frequents
the seas of the temperate zones. It was found by the Challenger
PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. Mil,
Expedition in the Pacific at a depth of 1,900 fathoms in company
with teeth of Carcharodon. In connection with the Expedition,
one of the most striking features of the fauna of the southern
temperate zone is the reappearance of types inhabiting the
corresponding latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, and at the
same time absent in the intervening tropics. There are two
British species, the Larger and the Lesser Spotted Dog-fish.
Carcharodon. Only one species of this genus is now living,
C. rondellelii. It is the most formidable of all the Sharks. Its
habits are pelagic, and it is found in all tropical and sub-tropical
seas, attaining a length of 4-oft. It made its first appearance in
the Tertiary Age. Teeth of enormous size of C. megalodon are
not uncommon in the Coral Crag of the Eastern Counties ; were
dredged up by the Challenger Expedition in the Pacific at a
depth of i,56oft, associated with the nodules of manganese and
Cetacean auditory-bones, the enamel of some of the teeth is more
than four inches in length along a serrated edge, and as large
as, if not larger, than the fossil C. megalodon. Carcharodon is
found in the Miocene Beds of North America, Belgium, Malta,
and Egypt.
Carchariinae, Carcharias. This must not be confounded with
Carcharodon, dorsal fins destitute of spines ; it comprises the true
Sharks. It is extremely common in the tropical, less so in the
temperate seas. The genus comprises thirty or forty species,
of which the most common is the Blue Shark, C. glaucus.
Some attain the length of 25ft. The Tope, Galeus vulgaris,
is met with on the British coast ; it has a wide range in the
tropical and temperate regions. It is common in California and
Tasmania.
The Hammer-headed Shark, Zygcena malleus, belongs to a
genus remarkable for the lateral extension of its skull, resem-
bling a hammer, which gives it the appearance of the head being
at right angles to the axis of the body. It is abundant in the
tropics. Its first appearance was in the Cretaceous Age.
Dipnoi. The researches of Professor Huxley on the anatomy
of Ceratodm show that the Dipnoi, notwithstanding their
Hv. PRESIDENTS ADDRESS.
affinities to the Chinuziida:, had better be retained as a distinct
Sub-Order of which Lepidosiren, Protopterus, and Ceratodus are
the only living representatives. Lepidosiren paradoxa is found
living in the system of the Amazons. Protopterus annectens is
limited to the rivers of tropical Africa, and is the only known
species of this genus. Ceratodus is one of the few instances
where a genus established on the evidence only of fossil
specimens has been afterwards found living. The teeth, which
were the only imperishable parts of this cartilaginous fish, had
long been known ; it was not, however, until the year 1870, that
a living specimen was brought from Queensland, and identified
as related to the fossil teeth of Ceratodus, from the Rhaetic Beds
.of Aust-cliff, near Bristol. The teeth are found in widely distant
regions of the world, in the Trias, in the Jurassic Beds of the
Colorado, South America, and in the Stonesfield Slates of these
Islands. The peculiarity of the living Ceratodus is its being
able to exist for a considerable time buried in the mud during
the dry rainless seasons.
Dipnoid Fish have a persistent notochord, which passes
uninterruptedly into the cartilaginous base of the skull, the
posterior part is more or less ossified. The fore-fins differ
from the pectoral fins of the Ganoids, they are flexible in
every direction, and in every part. The jointed axis of this
fin is retained in the Lepidosiren, which is destitute of rays ;
on the other hand that of the Protopterus is furnished with
fin-rays.
Ganoidei occupy an intermediate position between the
Selachii, Dipnoi, and Teleostei, having characters common with
each. They appeared as early as the Silurian Age, and were
contemporaneous with the Sharks and Rays, forming a large
proportion of Fish-life at that period. This Order is difficult
of definition owing to extreme diversities of the forms. The
body is either naked, or covered with a shagreen skin, with
large detached bony scales, like the Sturgeon, or with the true
ganoid scales. The vertebral column is either cartilaginous
or fully ossified ; the tail diphycercal, or heterocercal ; the
^RESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Iv.
teeth vary greatly in structure ; they are either borne on the
margin of the jaws or as flattened discs, attached to the roof of
the mouth. The borders of the fins are frequently furnished
with modified scales known as fulcra. The Order now comprises
only seven living genera, Lepidosteus, Polypterus, Calamoichthys,
Amia, Accipenser, Scaphirhynchiis, and Spatularia, which are
partially or wholly confined to fresh water lakes and rivers, and
are confined in the Northern Hemisphere. The terminal
part of the notochord is not ossified. The exo-skeleton of
Ganoids presents most extreme variations, Spahdaria is naked ;
Accipenscr and Scaphirhynchus develope numerous dermal plates,
composed of true bones. The single genus Amia, Avhich lives
in the fresh-waters of North and Central America, is covered
with cycloid scales, which not only overlap, but are fitted
.together with pegs and sockets. The endo-skeleton also differs
materially. Spatularia, Scaphirhynchiis, and Accipenser have a
persistent notochord, the sheath cartilaginous, showing rudi-
ments of the vertebral arches. The vertebrae of Polypterus,
Lepidosteus, and Amia are fully ossified.
Palceoniscidce. This family is extinct, and for the most part it
is Palaeozoic. It made its first appearance in. the Old Red Sand-
stone, and disappeared at the commencement of the Jurassic
Age*.
Cephahisptdw. The members of this group have the head and
the anterior part of the body covered with a continuous shield,
while the rest is studded with small angular plates or scales.
There are no traces of an endo-skeleton, of a lower jaw, or teeth.
The buckler is semi-circular in shape, the posterior sides ter-
minating in some cases in two long spines pointing backwards,
and truncate. There is not enough known at present about
these fishes to warrant any conclusions as to their distribution
in time or space. Cephalaspids occur in the Lower and Upper
Ludlow-beds, in the Downton Sandstone, in the Upper
Silurians of Russia and Gallicia, and in the lowest portion
of the Old Red Sandstone, assigned by geologists to the
Silurian.
hi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
As to their distribution in space, they have been found in the
West of England, in the East of Scotland, in Russia, in Gallicia,
and in the Eifel. The two pectoral-fins of Cephalaspis differ
from those of other Fish ; it is probable they had other functions
than those of mere locomotion, and were used to cause a current
of water to pass to the branchial organs, which were enclosed by
the great head-shield.
Pterichthys, discovered by Hugh Miller in 1831. The body
carapace consists of osseous-plates united together, and closed
both above and below, and at the sides, but open in front for
the head, and at its distal end, for the tail. The head is repre-
sented almost entirely by a dorsal shield, formed of plates united
by sutures. The pectoral-fins, one on each side, are long and
slender ; they probably served to aid the fish to shuffle along the
sandy bottom, and if left dry at low-water enabled it to escape.
They remind one of a mammalian humerus. The head-shield is
semi-elliptic in shape, rounded in front and truncated behind,
where it meets the body carapace. The hinder extremity of the
fish terminates with a heterocercal caudal fin, covered with
osseous-plates. There are four genera, all of which belong
to the Old Red Sandstone period, differing from each other by
the overlapping of the anterior median dorsal plates. Many
acquainted with popular geology and palaeontology may be sur-
prised to find that the Asterolepis is not the Asterolepis of
Stromness, which obtained some notoriety through the writings
of Hugh Miller, which is a huge Coccostean. The name could
no longer be applied to Hugh Miller's Stromness fish, which is
now named Homosteus Millcri, Pander. Asterolepis now stands
as a genus independent of Plcrichthys, and is represented in this
country by Asterolepis maxima, of Agassiz, from the Upper Old
Red Sandstone of Nairn.
Placodermi. This Sub-Order comprises the oldest vertebrate
remains, ranging from the Old Red Sandstone to the Carboni-
ferous Beds Pttrichthys. Head and trunk broad, the scutes
ornamented with tubercles, tail covered with scales slightly
imbricated. The cxo-skeleton is now well known, especially
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ivii.
owing to the researches of Hugh Miller, Pander, and
Traquair. The head and half the body are covered with bony
plates, forming a buckler, and a breastplate articulated at the
sides. The rest of the body is covered with ganoid scales.
Coccosteidae. Coccosteus has its maximum development in the
Old Red Sandstone. The helmet and cuirass are firmly united ;
there is no trace of pectoral fins, which characterise Pterichthys.
The unprotected part of the body shows an ossification of the
neural and haemal spines ; both jaws are furnished with from ten
to twelve teeth on each side, anchylosed to the bone. The
blank spaces between the neural- and haemal-spines indicate the
position of the perished notochord.
Lepidosteidae. Head and trunk much elongated, the large
teeth are set on the margin of the jaw, the rest are com-
paratively small. The genus Lepidosteus made its first appearance
in the Tertiary Age. It now only lives in the rivers of North
and Central America and Cuba. Fossil remains of it have been
found in Europe and in North America.
Lepidotidse, Lepidotus.The fulcra of the fins are well devel-
oped ; the genus occupies an important place in the Mesozoic
rocks, from the Trias to the Cretaceous and is largely represented
in the intermediate Jurassic, both in Europe and Asia. L. minor
is ve.ry common in the Purbeck Beds in the neighbourhood of
Swanage, L. maximus is abundant in the Kimmeridgian of
Bavaria ; a few of its teeth have been found in the Kimmeridge
Clay of Kimmeridge.
Ccelacanthidae. With this family we come upon a group of
fishes, not found in the older Palaeozoics, but extending from
the Carboniferous to the Upper Cretaceous, and linking the
extinct Osteolepis of the Old Red Sandstone with Calamoichthys,
a native of tropical Africa, which has not yet been found in a
fossil state. Polypterus, another genus of the same family and
which lives in the waters of the Upper Nile, is closely allied to
the extinct Osteolepis.
Accipenseridae. Sturgeons are geologically one of the most
recent of the family of the Ganoids. The two living genera
Iviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Accipenser and Scaphirhynchus arc now living in the Northern
Hemisphere ; and frequent the mouths of the rivers of Europe,
Asia, and North America. Of Scaphirhynchus four species are
known, one from the regions of the Mississippi, and three from
Central Asia. Their appearance in regions so widely distant is
a striking instance of the affinity of their fauna. The skull is
cartilaginous, preserving the typical form, and is overlain with a
series of dermal-bones. The notochord is persistent. The
neural- and haemal-arches are either cartilaginous or bony ; the
tail is heterocercal. The skin is naked, dotted over with bony-
scutes, or covered with rhomboidal-scales. They are not found
in beds earlier than the Eocene Age. Mr. A. Smith Woodward
remarks that the typical forms of this sub-Order constitute a
link, connecting the cartilaginous Ganoids with the Tdeostei,
whose bones are fully developed. The well-known typical
Sturgeon is a freshwater fish, characterised by its elongated
body, produced snout, and the toothless jaws of the adult. It
swims low, and grovels along the bottom, feeding in shoals on
decomposing animal and vegetable substances carried down by
the rivers with the debris of the continents through which
they pass. The sides and middle parts of the body are
protected by regularly arranged dermal-plates. This protection
renders the ossification of the endo-skeleton needless. The
exo-skeleton, which is relieved from much of its weight by the
detached instead of converted dermal-plates, is further aided by
a large air-bladder, by which it can with the greater facility rise
to the surface. These plates afford an insight into the habits
and conditions of the heavily protected Ganoids, so abundant
in the early periods of the earth's history.
Pycnodontidae. This family ranges from the Lias to the
Eocene Age. We have records of it in Europe, Asia Minor,
North America, and Australia. Their bodies are much com-
pressed, like the John Dory, and covered with large rhomboidal,
enamelled scales. The notochord is persistent, and the neural-
arches and ribs are entirely ossified. The maxillae are toothless,
the palate carries five longitudinal rows of oval or round teeth ;
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. lix,
those on the hinder part of the jaws are molar-like. Sir Philip
Egerton describes the scales as being regular, lozenge-shaped,
each bearing on its inner posterior margin a thick, solid bony-
rib, sliced off obliquely above and below on the opposite sides,
forming splices with the corresponding processes of the adjoining
scales.
Mesodon, Wagner. The head and opercular-bones externally
ornamented with granulations ; vomerine teeth arranged in five
longitudinal series, while the splenial are usually arranged
irregularly. M. damoni is a large species, known by the dentition
of the lower jaw ; the principal series on the splenial bone
consist of teeth twice as broad as long. It has been found in
the Portland Limestone, Upwey.
Microdon. The body of this fish is almost discoidal, with a
small abbreviated caudal pedicel. The scales of the anterior
part of the body are ornamented with rugae and pittings.
M. radiatus, Agassiz, is frequently found in the Purbeck Beds of
Langton, near Swanage. M. pagoda, Blake, in the Portland
Stone (flint-bed), Ridgeway, near Weymouth.
Gjrodus, Agassiz. The body of this fish is similar in shape to
the last ; the teeth are rugose and mammillated. Those of the
vomer are arranged in five, and the splenial in four series.
G. cuvieri, Agassiz. This is a large species, known only by its
dentition. It has been found in the Kimmeridge Clay at
Weymouth.
G. coccoderma, Egerton. A species only known by the denti-
tion. The vomer is furnished with a prominent median series of
teeth ; the outer row of the series are obtusely conical. There
are two fine vomers of this species from the Kimmeridge Clay of
Kimmeridge Bay in the Geological Department of the British
Museum which I presented to the Trustees. They were
described and figured by the late Sir Philip Egerton in the
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1869. One is
erroneously named Sphcerodus gigas.
Aspidorhynchidae, Aspidorhynchus, Head and trunk much
elongated, the snout projecting in advance of the lower jaw.
Ix. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
A. Fisheri, Egerton. Not uncommon in the Purbeck Beds of
Swanage. There is a nearly complete specimen of this fish in
the County Museum. The family ranges from the Lias to the
Purbecks, in fact throughout the whole of the Secondary Period,
but it did not survive into the Tertiary Period.
Teleostei. This is the last and the most highly organised
Order of Fishes. The exo-skeleton usually takes the form of
overlapping scales, the free-portions of which are for the most
part smooth and rounded at the edges. The vertebral centra
are always ossified, each face is deeply concave, and the
primordial cartilage of the skull is more or less replaced by
bone. It is difficult to define the point of separation of this
Order from the Ganoids. The body is usually covered with
thin cycloid, or ctenoid scales. The gills are suspended in a
gill-cavity, covered by an operculum. Sometimes there are
scattered dermal-plates either of true bone, or as in the body
of the Ostracion, which is guarded by a carapace of hexagonal
scutes, calcified, but not of a bony structure, or like the File-
fishes, the bodies of which are covered with innumerable small
spines somewhat similar to the shagreen of the Elasmolranchii in
appearance, but not in structure. The pelvic-fins are either
abdominal, or placed in advance of the pectorals. There are no
fulcra on the fins as in the Ganoids. It is now abundant in
tropical and sub-tropical seas, and appears for the first time in
the Middle Eocene of Monte Bolca. Most Teleostei possess two
pairs of limbs, the pectoral and ventral-fins ; the latter are often
absent, the former only occasionally. An air-bladder underlies
the vertebral column. It is absent in a smalt number of the
group, such as the Blennies, the Flat-fish, the Sand-eels, and a few
others. Some have accessory respiratory organs, which enable
them to sustain life for a considerable time out of the water
under exceptional circumstances, such as droughts and rainless
seasons.
Some Fish are ovoviviparous, eggs hatched within the body of
the parent ; without placental attachment. The young are able to
swim from the first moment of their birth with agility and
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Lxi.
freedom. Zoarces viviparus belonging to the Blenny family is an
instance. Among the Teleostei Lophobranchii have a pouch on
the lower side of the tail of the male upon whom devolves the
care of their young. Instances of the females taking care of their
progeny are extremely scarce in fishes, the living Aspredo and
Solenostoma do so, whose precursor Sdenorhynchutis found in the
Eocene of Monte Postale.
Among the Teleostei are the Sword-fishes, pelagic, occurring
in all tropical and sub-tropical seas. The upper jaw is produced
into a long cuneiform weapon, they are endowed with extra-
ordinary strength and velocity, and are rarely captured. They
are the largest of the sub-order, and not exceeded in size by any
other Teleostean. Sword-fishes never hesitate to attack Whales
and other large Cetaceans, and by repeatedly stabbing them
they generally come off victorious.
Fossil Sword-fishes from the London clay have been referred to
the genus Histiophorus, but they may be generically distinct. The
Mackerel, the Angler or Sea-Devil, the Millers-thumb, the Goby,
the Blenny, the Perch, all of which frequent our coast (as does
the Sword-fish*} belong to the Order Acanthopteri. The Cod,
the Haddock, Sand-eel or " Launce," the Whiting-pout, and
the Pleuronectidae or Flat-fishes belong to the Order Anacanthini.
They were unknown before the Eocene Age. The Cod is found
between 50 and 70 lat. N. to a depth of 120 fathoms, and not
nearer the equator than 40 lat. The deep sea Macruridae
with elongated tails, tapering backwards and without a separate
caudal fin, known only a few years ago, from a limited number of
examples, are found distributed throughout all the seas, occurring
in considerable numbers and variety at depths from 120 to
2,600 fathoms. The Sand-eels live in large shoals, rising as if
with one accord to the surface, or diving to the bottom, where
they bury themselves in the sand. The Flat-fish has the
head and part of the body unsymmetrically formed. Owing
to the absence of an air-bladder they are unable to
maintain their bodies in a vertical position, resting and
moving on one side only. Both eyes are on the upper-
Ixii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
side, and undergo remarkable changes. The larvse are per-
fectly symmetrical, with an eye on each side of the head, and
swim in a vertical position like other fishes. The manner
in which one eye is transferred from the lower to the upper
side is not accounted for. The head being cartilaginous,
it is not difficult to conceive the possibility of its being
twisted. They live at the bottom of the sea, and swim with an
undulating motion of the body. Rhombus, a genus which in-
cludes the Turlot and Brill, has been found fossil in the
Miocene Beds of Tuscany and Sicily, and in the Eocene Beds
of Monte Bolca. The mouth is furnished with vomerine teeth.
Pleuronectes, which includes the Plaice, the Flounder, and the Dal,
have none. The Sole, of which there are nearly forty species,
inhabits all the suitable localities in the tropical and temperate
zones.
Siluridae, Cat-fish. Of all the Teleostcam this family is more
nearly allied to the Ganoidei than any other. The connection
is through the Amiidae. Several of this family belong
exclusively to the Mesozoic Age. A. calva is its only living
representative, it lives in the rivers and lakes of North America.
The family Siluridae is represented by numerous genera exhibit-
ing a great variety of form and structure of the fins. They
inhabit the fresh-waters of all the tropical and temperate regions ;
a few enter the sea, but keep near the coast. The first
appearance of Siluridse is indicated by fossil remains in some
Tertiary deposits of Sumatra. Spines referable to Cat-fishes
have been found in the Tertiary formations of North America.
The exo-skeleton consists of osseous plates. Cope considers
the Sturgeon to be their ancestor.
Scopelidae, to which Ipnops belongs, is a singular genus
discovered for the first time by the Challenger Expedition.
Four examples were found off the coast of Brazil at depths
varying between 1,600 and 2,150 fathoms, all belonging to the
species I. murrayi. The eye seems to have lost its function of
ision and assumed that of producing light. Among other
Siluridae, the family of Carps is one of the most numerously
PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 1X111.
represented in the fresh waters of the Old and New World
Barbus, the Barbel, of which there are 160 species now living in
Europe, Asia, and America. B. vulgar is is abundant in the
Thames, from Putney upwards. B. steinheimensis is found fossil
in the fresh-water calcareous Miocene Beds of Wurtemburg, and
B. megacephalus in the Miocene Beds of Padang, Sumatra.
Cyprinus, the Carp Family came originally from China ;
and is now distributed throughout Europe. The fecundity of the
Carp is enormous ; their numbers would soon become excessive
were it not for the many enemies, which feed upon their spawn.
No less than 70,000 eggs have been found in the ovary of a single
individual. C. auraius is also a native of China. It is
distinguished by the golden colour of the membrane lying
immediately beneath the scales. In this country they are
naturalised and breed freely in open waters. Gobio fluviatilis,
Willoughby (Cyprinus gobio, Lin), the Common Gudgeon ;
Leuciscus rutilus, the Roach ; Z. vulgaris, the Dace ; Z. cephalus,
the Chub ; Z. alburnus, the Bleak ; Z. phoxinus, the Minnow ;
Abramis drama, the Bream ; Colitis barbatula, the Loach ; all
belong to the Family Cyprinidae. To the Esocidae, the Pike,
Esox lucius, belongs. It includes one genus only, and inhabits
the fresh-waters of the temperate parts of Europe, Asia, and
America. Fossil Pike have been found in the Miocene Beds
of Oeningen and several other places. The remains of the
Common Pike, with an extinct species E. Ottoi, Ag., are largely
distributed in the Quaternary Beds.
The Eel tribe, Muraenidae, is spread over almost all the fresh-
waters and seas of the temperate and tropical regions.
Nemichthys, a deep-sea form, living at depths from 500 to 2,600
fathoms, is found only in the Atlantic ; the Conger-eel, Conger
conger, is almost cosmopolitan, and plentiful in every European
sea. Three other species are known, of which C. marginatus
lives in the Indian Ocean. Gymnotns, the Electric Eel, is the
most powerful of electric Fishes, growing to a length of six feet ;
it is abundant in Brazil and the Guianas. The whole electric
apparatus which supply Gymnotus and Torpedo consists of 200
Ixiv. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
nerves ; and is much larger than the organs of sensation and
movement of the same animals.
Of all the Vertebrates, Fishes possess conditions the most
favourable for preservation in a fossil state. No other class has
furnished so complete and so numerous a list of remains, owing
to their having been covered by the fine sand or mud in which
they were deposited. The number of species of the present day
far outnumber those of past geological ages. During the
Tertiary Age some localities appear to have had a fish-fauna
analogous to the one now existing, both in numbers and variety.
The earliest remains of fish occur in the Upper Silurian Beds
of Ludlow. The most productive beds of this age are the
Provinces of the Russian Baltic. Compared with the Old Red
Sandstone, the other members of the Devonians of Europe are
very poor in fish-remains. The American beds of that period are
productive, but on the contrary they differ in the entire absence
of Pteraspidip.y Cephalaspfdce, and Acanthodidce. The fauna of the
Old Red Sandstone period appears to have been littoral, confined
to shallow-water, and probably brackish. The Pteraspidae and
Placodermi did not survive the advent of the Carboniferous Age,
whilst the Selachii {Sharks and Rays] which had hitherto been
rare began to take a prominent part, becoming less rare in the
succeeding Permian Age. The sudden interruption in the
development of animal life towards the end of the Palaeozoic
Age was equally shared by the Fish-fauna. Among the Dipnoi
the Ceratodus is conspicuous in the Trias and Jurassic Beds.
The appearance of the Teleostei in the Permian is doubtful. There
are, however, a few genera of that age, which, notwithstanding the
incomplete ossification of the vertebral column, bear some resem-
blance to them. The Order Lepidosteidae is characteristic of the
Fish-fauna of the Trias, and continues through the Jurassic to
the Cretaceous. Agassiz and Egerton assign 76 species to the
Lias out of 152 known Teleostei. The Lepidosiren, Protopterus,
Ceratodus, and Sturgeon are of some interest, as they recal to
mind the palaeozoic ancestry. The majority of the Upper
Jurassic fish belong to the families Lepidosteidse, Amiidse, and
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. Ixv.
Pycnodontidae : Lepidoius, Pleuropholis, Pholidophorus, Ophiopsis,
Histionotus, Aspidorhynchus, and Belonostomus occur in this
county.
At the commencement of the Cretaceous Age a great change
took place in the fish-Fauna. The most remarkable was the
depletion of the Ganoid, and the predominance of the Teleostei,
a few isolated types, however, lingered during the Lower
Cretaceous Age, when their extinction became nearly complete.
The London Clay of the Island of Sheppey has yielded about
100 species of fish-remains, of which 19 are Rays and 10 Sharks.
Among the Ganoids Pycnodus and Gyrodus have left their teeth.
All the other forms belong to Teleostei. Among the
40 genera only 4 are now living and are restricted to the
tropical seas ; the rest are extinct. The Lower Eocene Beds of
the Paris basin, in addition to scales of the Ganoid Lepidosteus
(now found living, only in North America), yield a large
number of shark's-teeth. The Calcaire of Monte Bolca, near
Verona, contains an important deposit of fish-remains.
Preraspidse, Cephalaspidse, and Placodermi are distinguished
from all other Ganoids by the development of the exo-skeleton,
recalling to mind such osseous fishes as the Mesozoic Siluridae,
which are separated by a considerable gap in point of time.
At all events it is reasonable to consider the Selachii, and more
certainly the Placodermi, to be derived from the ' primitive
Ganoidei. The relations between the Ganoidei and the Teleostei
are so close that is is difficult to decide the point of departure,
but taking everything into consideration the Siluridae {Cat-fish}
may prove to be that point. Towards the close of the Tertiary
Age, Fishes show a relationship with those now living. There
is a marked difference between the Fish of the Upper and
Lower Tertiaries. In the latter their living representatives are
restricted to the tropics, in the former, especially in the Pliocene,
to the temperate regions. Those of the Pliocenes of Sub-
Appenine Italy, the Roussillon of Southern France, Malta, and
Egypt, the Crags of Belgium and England almost without an
exception belong to genera now living in the adjoining seas.
Ixvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
I have now arrived at the end of my Anniversary Address,
in which I have endeavoured to trace the morphological history
of the earliest section of the Vertebrates. In case I am permitted
to do so I will take the rest of the sections, Reptiles, Birds,
and Mammalia in succession.
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SPECIAL DONATIONS OF PLATES, PRINTING, &c.,
TOWARDS VOL. XXI.
From HEXRY STORKS EATOX, Esq.
The Cost of Printing his Report on Returns of Rainfall in Dorset in 1899.
From H. COLLEY MARCH, Esq., M.D.
All the Plates, except two, illustrating his Paper " On Roman Pavements
and Intrecci."
From A. POPE, Esq.
The Plates illustrating his Paper on " An Ancient British Trackway."
DONATION TO THE PLATE FUND.
s. a.
R. S. Clarke, Esq. .. .. .. ..0110
The Club also desires to thank those who have given their time and skill in
making the original drawings and photographs for the plates contained in the
present Volume.
of
@Cimaftc cm6 ^eofogicaC granges
upon t$e ^rifisl? gffora,
WITH REMARKS UPON THREE NEW DORSET PLANTS, ERICA
LUSITANICA, SPARTINA TOWNSENDI, AND SETARIA
VERTICILLATA.
By J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, D.L., F.L.S., F.G.S.
(Read Feb. 26th, 1900. )
European Flora has been thoroughly and
systematically examined by the most eminent
botanists of the last century. It is generally
admitted that the majority of the European
plants have either migrated or originated
since the commencement of the Pliocene
Age, and that the original homes of the
immigrants must be looked for in Asia or
Arctic America. The late Mr. H. C. Watson
was the first of our British botanists who attempted to separate
the British Islands into provinces, by a line traced from the
south coast of England northwards to the Highlands of Scotland,
making the line correspond with the borders of the counties,
dividing those whose rivers flow into the eastern sea fijom those
2 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
which flow into the western. He then sub-divided these
longitudinal portions transversely into provinces, or groups of
counties, which together constitute the basin of a principal
river. In this manner 18 provinces or groups of counties are
traced. Dorsetshire forms part of the Channel Province, and is
associated with Wilts, Hants, and Sussex. He separated also
the surface into six zones of heat, the boundary between the
third and fourth being the line of the practicable cultivation of
grain and potatoes, which is equal to the Arctic Circle at
sea-level. Very little of the actual surface of Britain falls on the
cold side of this line, because it is only mountain peaks that
overtop it. The late Professor E. Forbes separated the British
Islands into five sections, four of which he restricted to definite
provinces, and the fifth, besides claiming for it a large part of the
area, he overspreads and commingles with all the others. In
No. I. He includes the mountainous districts of the west and
south-west of Ireland, characterised by the presence of a few
species belonging to the families Saxifrageae, Ericaceae,
Lentibulariae, Cruciferae, besides other species, including Allium
Ampdoprasum a. Balingtonii, which grows wild in this county.
They are all natives of Northern Spain. This is his Lusitanian
type. No. II. This flora is found in the south-west and south-
east of Ireland, and includes a number of species not met with
elsewhere in the British Islands, but is intimately related to the
flora of the Channel Islands and the neighbouring part of
France, and marks a type of vegetation characteristic of Southern
Europe. A number of the plants are found associated with this
type in Cornwall and the Southern Counties, such as Oxalis cornicu-
latus, Lotus hispidus, Corrigiola littoralis, Polycarpon tetraphyllum,
Erica ciliaris, Cicendia filifomiis, Medicago denticulata, Rubia
peregrina. This is Watson's Atlantic type. No. III. Comprises
the south-east of England, where the British Cretaceous rocks
are chiefly developed, supporting a number of species, equally
common on the opposite coast of France. The entomology of
this part of England is influenced by, and in some cases is
dependent on, its flora. This forms part of Watson's Germanic
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA.
and English types, and is represented in Dorsetshire by Clematis
Vitalba, Linurn perenne, Bryonia dioica, Gentiana Pneumonanthe ,
Tamus communis, Inula Conyza. The pulmoniferous mollusc
Clausilia Rolphii, which I added to the list of Dorset shells last
year, is connected with the flora of this province. No. IV.
Includes the mountainous districts of Scotland, Cumberland, and
Wales. This flora is more arctic in Scotland than in the other
two. It produces Draba rupestris, Astragalus alpinus, Sibbaldia
procumbens, Arctostaphylos alpinus, Veronica alpina, Betida nana,
This is Watson's Highland type. No. V. General Flora, Watson's
British type. There are some local species which constitute his
Germanic, British, and Highland types. The scarcer plants of
this section show the line of migration in their advance westward.
Excepting Myosurus minimus, the Mousetail, none occur in this
county. A similar absence is observable among the Vertebrates
and Invertebrates ; the Mole, the Squirrel, the Polecat, the English
Hare (Lepus timidus), and numerous molluscs are restricted to
this side of the St. George's Channel. Forbes considered the
Lusitanian flora to be the oldest of the five provinces, and of the
Miocene Age, when the North Sea was of smaller dimensions
than at present ; it did not then touch our present coast-line.
By a subsequent enlargement a direct communication was made
with the Arctic Sea, occasioned by a sinking of land, through
which the North Sea and the Atlantic became connected. Plants
could then migrate on dry land without hindrance over France,
Spain, and England. The Scandinavian flora, which Sir Joseph
Hooker considers to be of great antiquity, was driven south on
the approach of the Glacial Age, the survivors of which returned
during the succeeding temperate period. During the Pleistocene
Age there is evidence of a period of cold succeeded by a milder,
and of sufficient length for the reappearance of a temperate flora.
It may be well to bear in mind that the climate was tropical and
subtropical at the commencement of the Tertiary period, and
gradually became more temperate towards its termination. When
the Red Crag of the Eastern Counties was being deposited the
temperature was much lowered, and during the succeeding
4 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
Glacial Age the greater part of the British Isles was under
perennial snow ; but life was not entirely extirpated, there was a
survival of some portion of it. It is inconceivable that the whole
of the south of England was under an ice-cap, but that there was
an area left capable of supporting a considerable fauna and flora.
Dr. March, in his exceedingly interesting paper, read before the
Members of the Club last year, adduced proofs which he
considered sufficient evidence that Portisham and other parts of
the south of England had been glaciated. Mr. Clement Reid
shows that Ireland was entirely so during the Glacial Age. In a
paper read before the Members of the Geological Society in
1850 Mr. R. A. C. Austen proposed to reduce the existing fauna
and flora to two periods of origin, one of which came in after the.
deposition of the Glacial Drift. The other was of a local character
in districts insulated by the Pleistocene Sea, and whose floras have
outlived all subsequent changes. This is equally opposed to
Mr. Clement Reid's views.
A Russian Naturalist, M. Bogdanow, suggests that there were
two distinct migrations of northern animals to Central Europe,
from the north and the east, and that the Reindeer, t\\e Arctic Hare,
the Willoiv Grouse, &c., whose remains have been found in the
Pyrenees, are distinct from the. Siberian element, which in-
vaded Europe during the Glacial Age. He maintained that the
former had quite a distinct origin, and came from Scandinavia.
Our friend and distinguished geologist, Professor Boyd Dawkins,
gives a chart in his " Early Man in Britain " representing the
geography of Europe during the Pleistocene Age, indicating the
extent of an eastern and a southern migration during that period.
At the close of the Pliocene Age a very close connection with
Asia was caused by an elevation of land, and the British Isles
became the feeding-grounds of the animals whose remains are
found in the Forest-bed of the Eastern Counties and the Dogger
Bank, off Yarmouth. He considered that the migration of the
southern animals was contemporary with the westward migration
of the eastern group. Upon arriving in Europe the southern
forms went north in the summer, as did the eastern. The African
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA. 5
animals of the southern migration into Europe show that there
was a land connection between the two Continents. The Straits
of Gibraltar were not then in existence when the African
Elephant ranged as far north as Madrid, and the Caff re Cat,
Lynx, and Spotted Hyaena caught their prey on the Spanish
Peninsula. Thus Pleistocene Europe had a connection with
Africa on the south, and with Asia on the east, extending as far
west as Britain and Ireland. The soundings which have been
made indicate that the British Isles and Ireland formed the
uplands of a plateau, now submerged to the extent of 100
fathoms on the Atlantic side. Immediately to the west of this
line the sea deepens so suddenly that the depth increases rapidly
to 2,000 fathoms. By a 100 fathom rise the British Isles would
be united to the Continent, and the Thames and the rivers on
the eastern coast would be united with the Elbe and the Rhine,
forming a river which emptied itself into the North Sea. On
this point Professor Boyd Dawkins says " The Straits of Dover
would then be the watershed between the valley of the German
Ocean, as it may be termed, and that of the English Channel, in
which the Seine, the Somme, and other French rivers joined those
of the south coast of England, and ultimately reached the
Atlantic." The quantity of bones of the Mammoth, the Woolly
Rhinoceros, the Horse, the Reindeer, the Spoiled Hy&na, and other
animals which are continually dredged up by the fishermen in
the German Ocean is almost incredible. Forbes considered
that the presence of South European plants in the south-west of
Ireland was in favour of a survival, as there had been no land
connection between Ireland and the south of Spain since the
Glacial Age. On the other hand Mr. Clement Reid considers it
may be assigned to other causes, and shows how plants can dis-
tribute themselves by natural means and contrivances, such as
birds conveying seeds in their feathers, or mingled in the mud on
which they had trodden just before taking their migratory flight.
In his recently published volume " On the Origin of the British
Flora " Mr. Clement Reid says " The autumn migration of
mammals which takes place when nearly all the seeds are ripe
6 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
would have been southward in Britain, and could only have
carried them in that direction. Wading and swimming birds,
which commonly come to Britain from the north and from the
east in autumn, leaving the colder districts at a time when the
seeds are ripe, would be the means of bringing the smaller ones
to this country.
In a comparison of the plants of this country with those of the
Continent it is clear that both were conterminous at the time of
distribution. Those species which have a northern tendency
with us, have the same on the Continent. The characteristic
plants of our mountains and high summits grow on similar
altitudes on the Continent. On the other hand the delicate
plants of the south-west approach us from France and the
Spanish Peninsula. Mr. J. G. Baker points out that in studying
the distribution of our flora, it was accomplished before the
land and sea acquired their present relations, and considering
how long a time has elapsed since Great Britain has been
separated from the Continent, and the absence of endemic
types from its flora, it is a strong argument against the idea
of a rapid spontaneous differentiation of specific types in
plants.
The submersion which was supposed to have occurred during
the latter part of the Glacial Age affected the greater portion of
the British Isles, and when they became Continental the old
fauna was succeeded by a migration from the Continent ;
sufficient time, however, had not elapsed to complete it before
another subsidence, which cut off the further influx of purely
terrestrial animals and plants, leaving us without the number
of species which our variable climate and varied surface would
lead us to expect. To this cause must our comparative poverty
in mammalia and reptiles be ascribed. Germany possesses
nearly ninety species of land mammalia, Scandinavia about sixty,
while Britain has only about forty, and Ireland twenty-two ; as
the depth of the Irish Sea is somewhat greater than the German
Ocean, the connecting land would have a shorter time for their
migration. This has been the cause of the comparative
UPON THfi BRITISH FLORA. 7
zoological poverty in Ireland, which attains its maximum in
reptiles, as shown by the following figures :
Belgium has 22 species of Reptiles and Amphibia.
Britain 13 ,, ,,
Ireland 4 ,, ,, ,,
There appear to have been two distinct migrations, one
from the north to Central Europe of the Reindeer, the Arctic
Hare, the Willow Grouse, &c., the other from the east through
Siberia. Both of them took place during the Glacial
period. American geologists recognize the existence of two
well-marked varieties of the Reindeer (Caribou), a small
one with rounded antlers, the other, which is larger, has
antlers more or less flattened. The eminent French palaeonto-
logist, M. Gervais, was the first to point out that the remains of
the Reindeer from the north of France differed from those found
in the south. His compatriot, M. Lartet, referred the southern
European remains to the Barren Ground Caribou, and those from
the deposits of Central Europe to the Siberian variety of the
present day, which he considered to be allied to the Woodland
Caribou of North America. Mr. Andrew Murray, in his work on
"The Geographical Distribution of Mammalia," reviews these
Reindeer and their claims to be regarded as varieties or species.
He speaks of the Lapland Reindeer as differing from the Siberian
in the character of the horns, which, in common with the two
American forms, he thought to be of one stock, modified by a
difference of climate, and conditions of existence. He points
out, too, that the difference between the Siberian and the Lapland
Reindeer consists in the greater length of horn and number of
tines, with a general disposition to palmation on the part of the
former. The two forms appear mixed in the British deposits.
The round-antlered form seems to have arrived in Europe long
before the other. Both probably came over by two different
routes. Dr. Murray speculates upon a former land communi-
cation between North America, Greenland, and Spitzbergen.
8 INFLUENCE Otf CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
According to recent surveys a high sub-marine plateau, with a
steep fall of 1,000 fathoms towards the Atlantic, begins from
Northern Norway, and is continued as far as Spitzbergen.
Several islands arise from this plateau and may be viewed as the
remains of a sunken land. There was probably an interrupted
contemporaneous migration during the latter part of the Tertiary
Age over a direct connection between Greenland, Iceland, and
the Faroe Islands.
A series of transverse sections from the coast of England to
that of France, drawn north and south, will show that the
Channel area is one of depression, and that on either side, the
sedimentary strata have an inward dip. Much of the irregularity
of the present outline of the Channel is due to the nature of the
beds which occur along it, good illustrations of which may be
seen in the deep bay between Berry Head and Portland, con-
sisting of sands and marls. The process by which masses of
solid materials can be pared off parallel with the sea-level is due
to the action of wind, or surface waves. The whole area had at
one time a higher level, as proved by numerous instances, where
old forest-ground passes beneath the present sea-bed along the
coast. As proximity to the sea is unfavourable to forest-growth
we may take it for granted that the conditions of the land at the
forest-period were continental, indicated, too, by the great size
and height of the trees, none of which have their usual habitats
along the seaboard. We may safely conclude that the
forest-area previous to the Pleistocene age, was in the condition
of dry land, when the British Islands were connected with France
on the south and with Ireland on the west, and of a far greater
amount of elevation than at present. At this period we find a
wide-spread coniferous vegetation across the British Isles from
the coast of Norfolk on the east to Cardigan on the west, of
which Pinus sylwstris and Abies excelsa (the Spruce) are of some
interest, as the former is no longer indigenous in the British
Islands. It is recorded in submerged forests of the Neolithic age,
and at the base of peat-mosses, nearly throughout Britain and
Ireland ; Bovey Tracey, Devon ; Hoxne, Suffolk (Late Glacial) ;
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA.
Cromer Forest-bed (Preglacial), but is not found in the British
Interglacial Deposits. During Neolithic times it seems to have
been one of our commonest trees. After the Neolithic Period it
disappeared from the South of England, and has only been
recently re-introduced, now it spreads itself from seedlings. Mr.
Clement Reid, from whom I am quoting, says it appears to be
unable to re-establish itself here, now Britain is separated from
the Continent. The inability of the Spruce-fir to re-establish
itself is also difficult to be accounted for. It is found in the
Cromer Forest-bed, but unknown in the later British Deposits.
There is nothing in the modern distribution of this fir to suggest
that it is unsuited for our present climate, although it does
not tend to spread from seedlings like Pinus sylvestris, and Pinus
maritima.
I have already spoken of the probability of the preservation of
some of our plants and animals during the Glacial Age, and that
there was a survival of some portion of the Preglacial plants.
It is generally admitted that the ice-cap did not extend south of
London, and that there was an area left sufficient for the support
of a considerable number of Preglacial plants and animals. In
Switzerland a temperate flora is found in close connection with
glaciers. We may be led, therefore, to conclude that the climate
of the south of England during the Glacial Period did not
annihilate all previous life. Forbes thought that there was a
now sunken Atlantis, a continent which occupied a part of the
Atlantic basin in Miocene times. It is well ascertained that the
European and American floras were the same at that period, and
that their types continue still in America, but not in Europe.
Mr. Andrew Murray remarks that the bearing of these facts is in
favour of an Atlantis, but it is possible that a " north-west
passage " sufficient for the intercommunication of the two
continents may have existed, although not directly across the
Atlantic, and it may have been by Greenland. The climate at
the Poles at that time was genial, frost and snow were unknown ;
the south of Iceland, and several parts of the Arctic lands, such
as Disco Island Lat. 70 N., although now treeless, were densely
10 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC Atfb GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
wooded in the Tertiary Period. Forbes cited the Gulf-weed,
Siir&issum laccijerum, in support of his theory of a lost Atlantis,
which is met with in mid-ocean. Sir Joseph Hooker decides it to
be an abnormal condition of S. vulgare, a coast-line plant grow-
ing on vertical rocks, and within a very limited range, and
accounts for its abnormal variety by the submergence of an
ancient line of coast, that it is not propagated by fructification,
but by breakage, the young shoots pushing out from the detached
fronds becoming matured. He proposed to call it Sargassum
Imccifcnim. It seems, therefore, not an improbable conjecture
that the Gulf-weed indicates that land had been submerged,
and that its presence must always be taken into account
in any speculations on the past changes of the distribution
of land and sea. In none of the strata of a date anterior
to the Glacial Age have the remains of a boreal plant or
animal been met with. Life adapted to the rigours of cold
appears to have been developed for the contingency. Mice
and rats abound in the tropics, but are nowhere found in
the Arctic Circle, where Voles, which are absent in the tropics,
abound. They both meet in the warm temperate regions. Mice
are found in Tertiary beds, but not the Vole, until the subsequent
deposition of the diluvium at the commencement of the Glacial
Period. Nothing which remained in the Northern Hemisphere
could then escape alteration, except whatever moved southward.
Many geologists view the polished and scratched rock-surfaces
beneath the boulder-clay as evidence of a former extension of
land-ice, and that the counties of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hants,
Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, and a part of Wiltshire
were comparatively free of it. In temperate latitudes ice-sheets
and glaciers, unlike those in Arctic regions, terminate inland, as
is the case in Switzerland, the Himalayas, and in America.
During the alterations of warm interglacial periods (how many
they were we do not know) a return of animals and plants
northward took place.
That there was more than one migration is shown by the
Boulder Clay, an unstratified mass charged with angular,
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA. II
scratched, and polished stones, intercalated by deposits of sands
and gravels denoting warm periods, when vegetation was
luxuriant, and beds of lignite were laid down sufficiently thick to be
worked for coal. The trees are principally Willows and Alders.
Oaks, too, are frequently found rooted in the subject glacial clays.
These intercalated beds yield mammalian remains, Mammoth, Ox
(Bos primigenius), Irish Elk, and Horse. In the Swiss deposits of
this age are found the remains of Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros
megarhinns, Bos primigenius, Cervus elaphus (Red-deer), and the
Cave-bear, of which all are extinct except the Red-deer. . Dr. A.
Russell Wallace, in his "Island Life," quotes the late Professor
Asa Gray, who points out that hundreds of species of trees and
shrubs which still flourish in America are now completely
wanting in Europe. There is good reason to believe that many
were exterminated elsewhere by the rigours of the Glacial Period
owing to being cut off from their southern migration by the
Alps and the Mediterranean, whereas in Eastern America and
Asia, the mountain chains running in a northern and southern
direction, there was nothing to prevent the flora from being
preserved by a southern migration to a milder region.
We have now arrived at a point favourable for the examina-
tion of the age of the flora and fauna of the British Isles. It is
generally considered that the Lusitanian group is the oldest, and
that it arrived before the Glacial Age, and that the Eastern or
Siberian was the latest. It arrived in Germany from the east,
after the deposition of the Lower Boulder Clay, and therefore
after the former portion of the Glacial Period had passed away.
It makes its first appearance in the Forest-bed of Norfolk. On
this supposition the other migrations must have arrived in Great
Britain during the earlier part of the Glacial Age. Relics of an
Arctic Flora have been met with at Bovey Tracy in Devonshire,
comprising Betula nana, Salix cinerea, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi,
which are now natives of the British Islands. We have no less
than twenty-six species of the Siberian mammals which came as
far west as the British Islands. Nine of these now inhabit Great
Britain. We cannot obtain any evidence as to the geographical
12 INFLUENCE OP CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
distribution of British plants, on account of a break in the series of
the Tertiary strata. The Middle Tertiary Flora can be favourably
studied in the Oligocenes of Hampshire ; it is sub-tropical, and
allied to our present-day flora. During the succeeding Miocene
Period there appears to have been a period of earth-movement,
when the surface configuration of Great Britain was completely
changed. During the subsequent Pliocene Period there is
evidence of a slow refrigeration which culminated in the Glacial
Age. The strata of the older Pliocenes in Great Britain as
yet discovered are marine and laid down in a warm sea. It is
only in the later deposits we find a copious land fauna and flora.
The history of the plants now inhabiting Britain commences
with the Cromer Forest-bed, consisting of a series of estuarine
and lacustrine strata. At that period the Straits of Dover had
not been cut through, England \vas then connected with Belgium
and Holland by a wide alluvial plain. Dewlish, in this county,
has yielded bones of the Pliocene Elephant, Elephas meridionalis.
Owing to the close proximity of the deposit to the surface the
larger bones, such as the femur, humerus, scapula, pelvics, tusks
and molars only are preserved ; all the rest have been entirely
obliterated by atmospheric agencies, which will account for the
absence of any evidence of the contemporary fauna and flora.
The age of this deposit is earlier than that of the Forest-bed, and
when the climate was much warmer. The plants and animals of
the Forest-bed indicate a climate similar to that of the present
day. The presence of Najas marina in the Forest-bed suggests
that this plant is a survival, and was not exterminated by the ice,
and then re-migrated from its new home back to one spot in
Norfolk only, . in Hickling Broad. Although the Lusitanian
group in Ireland is represented by only a few species, they play
an important part in the vegetation of that region, and are all
found in the Spanish Peninsula, notably in the Asturias. A great
number of the species belonging to the South-Western British
flora appear to have originated in South-Westcrn Europe, or
at least to have spread over our Islands from that quarter ; their
home was probably in a warm, damp climate. At the time of
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA. 13
their migration, the temperature of these islands was much higher
than it is at present. Physical changes, climatal alternations,
and waves of migrations, make the exact successional order of
the deposits uncertain ; but a definite historical record is being
gradually built up by a comparison and correlation of the
numerous records. The work has been greatly facilitated by a
detailed examination of extensive areas. There are some British
botanists who ignore the essential differences between a varietal
form due to local conditions, and a true sub-species (for many of
our so-named sub-species have no more claim to separation than
luxuriant garden specimens). For instance the interminable
forms of the Water-crowfoot and the Lesser Spearwort growing in a
well-manured horse-pond have no claim to be considered to be
sub-species unless found under more natural conditions. Mr.
Clement Reid and Mr. Edmund Baker examined Saxifraga
umbrosa at its well-known habitat, Dingle Promontory with its
allied forms, each occupying well-defined areas, showing well-
marked off-type characters, and in proportion as more and
more of the patches were examined, these distinctions melted
away, so that finally nearly a complete series of intermediates
was obtained, the extreme at one end appearing to connect it
with Saxifraga Geum, growing in the same area. They were
evidently not hybrids. Botanical works are full of anomalies of
this sort, often due to a desire to announce the discovery of
a new form. No family has suffered more in this direction
than the Rubi, which happens to possess a remarkable power of
variation.
The Lusitanian forms which originated in the Spanish
Peninsula were able to make their way to North Africa, which
had then a land communication with Spain ; this may be inferred
by so many of the groups growing in Morocco, and reaching
from the coast to the Atlas Mountains, whereas none of the
characteristic Lusitanian plants are found in Tunis, where the
Oriental section of the British Flora is represented by many
species. The two plants of the Lusitanian group especially cited
by Forbes are Arbutus Unedo and Euphorbia hyberna. It has
14 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
been already shown that the Mediterranean must have had
communication with the Atlantic since the Miocene Age. Sir
Joseph Hooker and his companion, the late Mr. J. Ball, in their
" Spilegium Florae Maroccanae " show very distinctly that of
820 species of the great Mediterranean Flora which extends from
the Indus to the Atlantic Islands, 96 are common to Spain and
Morocco. Of these nearly all are found in the neighbour-
hood of Tangiers and Tetuan. They succeeded in making a
very large collection of plants, and among them a considerable
number of new species in the area of the Great Atlas, but no
new genera. The most singular point in Sir Joseph Hooker's
opinion about the Great Atlas flora was the presence of a
large number of the common species of Central Europe,
coupled with the fact that they were unable to adapt themselves
to different climatal conditions, and that many of them have no
nearer habitation than the mountains of Central or Southern
Spain. He found in the northern extremity of Morocco
together with the Mediterranean flora the infusion of another
element, which he denominated the Peninsula flora. Its limits do
not seem to extend more than 30 or 40 miles south of Tangiers
and Cape Spartel. Nearly all the 96 species mentioned above
are common exclusively to Morocco and Spain, having been found
in the neighbourhood of Tangiers and Spain. He sums up his
interesting preliminary observations on the flora of Morocco thus :
" The conclusion to which I am led by a consideration of the
facts, is the same that I have derived from rather long
observations of the mountain vegetation of Central and
Southern Europe, namely, that it is impossible to explain the
facts without admitting that a large portion of our present
flora is relatively very ancient, and that the species had assumed
their present characters at least as early as the Miocene
Epoch."
The discovery last year si Erica lusitanica, Spartina Townsendi,
and Seiaria verticillata growing wild in this county is of special
interest on account of their association with the Peninsula
flora.
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA. 15
I. Erica lusitanica, Rudolph (1799), non. Lin. E. arborca,
Brot, non. Lin., ex-parte (1804). E. polytrichifolia, Salisb.
(1802). E. codonodes, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. (1698). Inflorescence
forming a panicle from eight to twelve inches long, peduncle
shorter than the corolla, which is sub-campanulate, constricted
at the base, pale rose-colour, and larger than that of E. arborea,
Lin., longer than the divisions of the sepals, anthers furnished
with two equally long filiform hairy appendages, ovary glabrous ;
leaves verticillate, linear, involute, glabrous, with minute setae,
branches upright, stem greyish, downy, composed of simple
hairs ; stem from 3 6 feet high. Perennial, flowering as late as
November and January. It grows vigorously on the lovely
grounds of Lord Eustace Cecil at Lytchett Heath, spreading
itself considerably from year to year, and seeding freely. I hope
next year to ascertain the limits of its extension.
Hab., Lytchett Heath, England, and La Teste de Buch, near
Bayonne, France. These are its only recorded stations outside
the Spanish Peninsula, where there are records of it from Bilboa
in the north ; the mountains of Castile, Central Spain ; and two
in Andalusia; four in Portugal. The above census is taken
from Colmeiro's splendid " Topographical Catalogue of the
Plants of Spain, Portugal, and the Balearic Isles," consisting
of five royal octavo volumes of 3,419 pages.
Erica lusitanica is closely allied to E. arborea, from which it is
difficult to be distinguished, they differ, however, sufficiently to
justify a specific separation. E. arborea differs in the stem and
branches being clothed with woolly down, composed of short
and long hairs, the long hooked and branched, the flower-bearing
branches shorter than those of E. lusitanica, the stems and
branches of which are less profusely downy, and furnished with
setae.
E. arborea is abundant throughout the Spanish Peninsula from
the sea-level to the altitude of more than 1,000 feet. It is
found in every province from north to south, and, taking
Colmeiro's list as a guide, it appears to have a wide distribution.
It grows on the southern side of the Eastern Pyrenees near
1 6 INFLUENCE OF CLIMATIC AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES
the coast, at Gerona. I have gathered it on the northern side,
at Amilie les Bains at a considerable altitude, under the shadow
of Mont Canigou, the highest mountain of the range, and
several miles inland. It follows the Mediterranean coast to
Narbonne, Montpellier, and Cannes, crosses the Italian frontier,
traverses East and West Liguria, Istria, Dalmatia, Greece, and
Turkey. Sir Joseph Hooker found it at Mount Djebel, near
Tangiers, also at Tetuan. It extends as far west as the Canary
Islands.
II. Spartina Townsendi, H. and J. Groves (1881). Differs from
S. alterniflora in its leaves being shorter than the spike, the
lamina from five inches to one foot long, and jointed to the
sheath, ligule fimbriate instead of bristle-like ; glumes ciliated.
It has several of the characters of S. stricta, and appears to be
intermediate between both. S. Townsendi grows in company
with S. alterniflora on the mudflats of Southampton Water. It is
curious that it had evaded the notice of botanists until last year
(1899), wnen I found it in some abundance in one of the creeks
of Poole Harbour.
The genus Spartina has a wide range both in the Old and New
Worlds. S. stricta is met with on the coasts and estuaries of
France and England, but not inland. Colmeiro, however, notes
it in the neighbourhood of Madrid. Asa Gray cites six American
species, two of which, S. stricta and 6*. alterniflora, are European.
It has not been yet found in Germany or Scandinavia. Its most
northern limit appears to be the Netherlands. Sir Joseph
Hooker found Spartina stricta in North Africa, near Tangiers.
Setaria verticillata, Beauv. This grass, which Mr. H. J.
Goddard found at Upwey last year, does not reach farther
north than Lat. 58 N. It has a wide European range, the
Spanish Peninsula, the Eastern Pyrenees, Central and Southern
Russia, Hungary, Moldavia, Crete, the Ionian Islands, &c.
Sir Joseph Hooker found it near Tangiers, and at Mazagan,
on the north-west coast of Africa. Asa Gray reports it from
America, and Mr. Hemsley, from Burmah. It may have been
introduced with seed.
UPON THE BRITISH FLORA. 17
Since writing this paper I find from Lord Eustace Cecil that
he planted a single shrub of Erica lusitanica some years ago in the
Manor Grounds of Lytchett Heath, which is now the centre of
several hundreds of others, which have spread themselves over a
considerable area. This is only one of many instances of plants
which have been introduced into a new locality either accidentally
or by human agency under conditions favouring a permanent
occupation.
cm6
By Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., &c.
( Read May Sth, 1900.)
[WITH PLATE.]
LTHOUGH my own outdoor work among the Spider
tribes has been limited during the past year,
the help and work of some of my friends have
added some important items to our list of
indigenous species ; besides which I am now
describing for the first time some examples of
the female sex of several species found at
Bloxworth some years ago, but laid aside for
the time in hopes of the males being met with.
Thus the additions to our British list, since my
last communication to the Field Club, consist of five species not
before recorded as British, and eight species new to science.
Of those new to Britain one fine species Tegenaria pagana,
C. L. Koch was sent to me by Mr. F. P. Smith, by whom it was
found near Birmingham ; another, Cnephalocotes pusillus, Menge,
I received for examination from Mr. G. H. Carpenter, of the
Science and Art Museum, Dublin. This spider was found near
Southport, in Lancashire, a grand locality and the scene of many
hours pleasant and successful Spider-hunting in the years
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Pig. 1. Tegenaria campestris, C. L. Koch-Cambr. Female. Genital aperture.
la, natural lengths of three examples.
16. Tegenaria pagana,G.Ij. Koch-Cambr. Female. Genital aperture.
lc. From another example.
Id. .- Natural lengths of three examples.
2. Tetrilus arietinus, Thor.-Cambr. Male. Abdomen. 2a and 26,
palpus in two positions.
3. Sintula fausta, Cambr. Male. Eyes from above and behind. 3a and
3c, palpus in two positions. 36, palpus shewing palpal organs.
4. Sintula nescia, Cambr. Female. Cephalothorax without legs or palpi.
4a, eyes from above and behind. 46, genital aperture in front.
4c, ditto in profile.
5. Sintula prominens, Cambr. Female. Cephalothorax in profile. 5a, eyes
from above and behind. 56, genital aperture in front. 5c, ditto in
profile.
,, 6. Sintula nigro-tibialis, Cambr. Female. Eyes from above and behind.
6a, genital aperture from in front. 66, ditto in profile.
7. Eupolis excavata, Cambr. Female. Cephalothorax and eyes from
above and behind, la, ditto in profile. 76, maxillaB, labium, and
sternum, lc, genital aperture from in front. Id, ditto in profile.
8. Susarion ncglectum, Cambr. Female. Caput and eyes from above and
behind. 80, Cephalothorax in profile. 86, maxillaB, labium, and
sternum. 8c, portion of leg of 1st pair. 8d, genital aperture from
in front. Be, ditto in profile.
9. Gongylidium gibbum, Cambr. Female. Eyes from above and behind.
9a, portion of Cephalothorax. 96, hinder extremity of abdomen
underside, showing spinners and spiracular opening. 9c, genital
aperture from above.
10. Evansia merens, Cambr. Male. Cephalothorax in profile. 10a, eyes
from above and behind. 106 and lOc, palpus and palpal organs in
two positions. lOd, cubital and radial joints of palpus. We, radial
joint in another position.
Proc. Dorset. N.H.&AF.Clul Yd XXI, WOO.
Catnbnd&e
<4_-J
New and Rare British Spiders
M'Fa.rla.ns A. Erskine. Litl.Edm 1
NEW AXD RARE BRITISH SPIDF 1Q
1858-59. A third species new to the British list is Tapinocyba
pallfnsy Cambr., received from Mr. William Evans, of Edinburgh,
by whom it was found near Lanark, Scotland. The fourth is of a
species inhabiting the nests of Formica rufa, Thyrtosthenius
bwratus, Cambr., a female was found in a nest of that ant in
Guestliiig Wood near Hastings, Sussex, and kindly sent to me
by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, one of our most painstaking and
successful ' coleopterists." Both sexes have also since been
. d from Mr. Donisthorpe, found in ants' nests at Oxshott.
The 5th species, new to Britain, is an exceedingly remarkable
one. Tdrilus aridinus, Thor., found in the nests of Formica rufa
at Oxshott near London, and also sent to me, by Mr. Donisthorpe.
From Mr. Evans I have received four of the species new to
science. On one of these I have felt obliged to base a new
genus Eransia. It was found by Mr. Evans at Gleniarg,
Scotland. Three other new species found by Mr. Evans are
Sintufa fausla at Glenfarg, Sinfula ntscia, and Gongyh'Jium
gibbum at Comrie. The remaining four new species are those
found by myself at Bloxworth some years ago, as I have above
noted. On two of them I have based new genera. Whether
these will stand the ordeal of a thorough and systematic revision
of the numberless species of the great group to which they
belorig, it is not easy to say. These four are Sintvla prvmintns,
SitUula nigrvtil>itilis, Eupolis f.vearafa, and Susarwn n<gl t clum. I
should mention here that my friend Mr. Carpenter has what he
believes to be a new species of Agdtna, found at Southport in
Lancashire, and he proposes shortly to describe and figure it.
I can here say no more of it, as I have not seen the specimen.
LIST OF NEW AXD RARE SPIDERS FOUXD rx 1899.
DYSDERUX*:.
Dysdem crwela, C. L. Koch.
I have received this Spider from the Rev. R. J. Kckard-
Cambridge (St. Leonard's-on-Sea), from Mr. F. P. Smith
20 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
(Norfolk), from Mr. W. Evans (Scotland), and from Mr. H.
J. Moule, as well as from Mr. Prideaux (Dorchester). The
range of this species is thus a very extended one, but I have
not yet known it to occur in anything like abundance
excepting once, many years ago, near Salisbury.
FAM.
Drassus macer* Thor.-Cambr.
An adult male was sent to me from Kew in June, 1899, by
Mr. Nicholson, Sub-Curator of the Royal Gardens.
Prosthesima Latreillii, Sim.
An adult female from Mr. Nicholson (Kew).
Cluliona neglecta, Cambr.
An adult male from Mr. Nicholson (Kew), and another
from the Rev. E. A. W. Peacock, Cadney, Lincolnshire.
Chiracanthittm lapidicolens, Sim. = C. nutrix, Westr. -Cambr.
An adult female, from Mr. F. P. Smith, Norwich.
FAM. AGELENID^:.
Tegenaria pagana, C. L. Koch. Die. Arachn. viii., p. 31, pi. 262,
figs. 612, 613.
An adult female, from Mr. F. P. Smith, found near
Birmingham, in the Autumn of 1899. This species is nearly
allied to T. campestris, C. L. Koch-Cambr., but is larger.
It has not before been recorded as British.
Tdrilm arietinus, Thor., Syn. Eur. Spid., p. 165. Sub. Cryphoeca
arictina.
Adult and immature males of this spider were found
by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, in the nest of Formica ru/a, at
Oxshott, in Surrey. It is an exceedingly remarkable species,
from the great development of the palpal organs in the adult
male, and is a fine addition to the list of our indigenous
spiders.
Cryphoeca diversa, Cambr.
An immature male of this spider was also received recently
from Mr. Donisthorpe. It was found by him in a nest of
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 1
Lasius fuliginosus at Oxshott. The only example I have
before seen of it is the type of the species (an adult female)
found some years ago by Mr. F. O. P.-Cambridge near
Carlisle running on old railings.
FAM. DICTYNID^:.
Dictyna variabilis, C. L. Koch.
Received from Mr. George Nicholson, Kew.
FAM. THERIDIID^:.
Lilhyphantes corollatus, C. L. Koch.
This pretty species continues to occur in some abundance
in various spots on Bloxworth Heath.
Leptyphantes pallidus^ Cambr.
An adult female, received from Mr. A. Smith, of the
Grimsby and District Naturalists Society.
Leptyphantes nebulostis, Sund.
Received from Kew (Mr. George Nicholson), and from
Mr. Frank P. Smith, Norwich.
Porrhomma microphthalmum, Cambr.
An adult male, from Mr. W. Evans, near Edinburgh.
Porrhomma apertum, Cambr.
An adult female found on Bloxworth Heath.
Tmeticus concinnus, Thor.
From Scotland (Mr. W. Evans) and from Norwich (Mr.
Frank P. Smith).
Tmeticus reprobus, Cambr.
Both sexes, from Mr. W. Evans, near Aberdeen.
Tmeticus expertus, Cambr.
Adult males from Norwich (Mr. Frank P. Smith).
Sintula oblivia, Cambr.
An adult male, among grass roots on the lawn, Bloxworth
Rectory, in July, 1899.
Sintula Frederic i^ Cambr.
An adult male, at Birdlip, Gloucestershire, in June.
22 XKW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
Sinlnla promincns, sp. n. (p. 28 postea).
An adult female, among heather, Bloxworth.
Siniula nigrotibialis, sp. n. (p. 29 postea).
An adult female, among heather, Bloxworth.
Sintula fausla, sp. n. (p. 30 postea).
An adult male, from Glenfarg, Perthshire, Mr. W. Evans.
Siniula nescia, sp. n. (p. 32 postea).
An adult female sent to me from Comrie, in Scotland, by
Mr. W. Evans, by whom it was found in April, 1900.
Gen. nov. EUPOLIS (p. 26 postea).
Eupolis excavatus, sp. n. (p. 27 postea).
An adult female, among herbage in a wood, Bloxworth.
Gen. nov. SUSARION (p. 35 postea).
Susarion ncgleclum, sp. n. (p. 36 postea).
An adult female among heather in a Fir Plantation, near
Bloxworth.
Gongylidium tuberosum, Bl.
Both sexes adult from Chasetown, near Walsall (Miss
Ellen Astbury).
Gongylidhim gibbostim, Bl.
Adult males from Mr. George Nicholson, Kew.
Gongylidium gibbum, sp. n. (p. 33 postea).
An adult female received from Mr. W. Evans, by whom i t
was found at Comrie in Scotland.
Erigone promiscua, Cambr.
An adult male from St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex (Rev.
R. J. Pickard-Cambridge).
Entehcara Thorellii, Westr.
An adult male received from Mr. W. Evans, by whom it
was found on Bavelaw moss, near Edinburgh. This is only
the second example I have ever seen. Mr. G. H. Carpenter
records two examples of it from Ireland, " List of Irish
Spiders," Proc. R.I. Acad., 1898. I have not seen these
last specimens.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 23
Troxochrus scalriciilus, Westr.
An adult male from Southend-on-Sea (I\lr. Frank P. Smith).
Cnephalocotes obscurus, Bl.
An adult male from Glenfarg, Perthshire (Mr. W. Evans).
Cnephalocotes pusillus, IMenge-Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond.,
1872, p. 753, pi. Ixv., fig. i. Sub. Erigone sila, Cambr.
An adult male found at Southport, Lancashire, by Mr.
Randall Jackson, and sent to me for examination by Mr.
Carpenter. This species had not before been found in
Britain.
Cornicularia vigilax, Bl.
Males received from Southport, where it was found in
some abundance in April last by Mr. Cecil Warburton. I
have hitherto only met with it at rare intervals.
Gen. nov. EVANSIA (p. 37 postea).
Evans ia me mis, sp. n. (p. 38).
An adult male from Mr. W. Evans, found at Glenfarg,
Perthshire.
Tapinocyba pattens, Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1872, p. 753,
pi. Ixv., fig. 8. Sub. Erigone pattens.
An adult male from Mr. W. Evans, found near Lanark,
Scotland. This is its first record as a British spider.
Diplocephalus Alpinus, Cambr.
Examples of this species have again been received from
Mr. W. Evans, from Scotland, and Mr. Carpenter tells me
he has received one from Southport, Lancashire, whence I
have also myself lately received it from Mr. Cecil Warburton.
Diplocephalus speciosus, Cambr.
Adult males from Mr. W. Evans, Berwickshire.
Mr. Carpenter, in " List of Spiders of Ireland," 1898, Proc.
Roy. Ir. Acad., p. 163, speaks of this species as widespread
in Ireland. I have not seen any of the Irish specimens.
Diplocephalus Bcckii, Cambr.
An adult male from the neighbourhood of Edinburgh
(Mr. W. Evans).
24 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPtDERS.
Thyreosthcnius liovatus, Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1875,
p. 215, pi. xxix., fig. 22. Sub. Erigonc biovata.
An adult female, found in the nest of Formica ritfa
in Guestlmg Wood, near Hastings, Sussex, was sent to me
lately by Mr. Horace Donisthorpe. This spider appears to
be a regular inhabitant of the nests of the Ant, though
I believe the adult males are found wandering about at
times.
This is the first record of the species as British. Mr.
Donisthorpe has since also sent me adults of both sexes, from
nests of the same ant, from Oxshott, in Surrey.
Ceratinella brevipes, Wid.
Adults of both sexes from near Lanark, from Mr. W. Evans.
Ero luberculaldy C. L. Koch.
Adults of both sexes found by Mr. Cecil Warburton in the
New Forest in September, 1899. Two examples only had
been before recorded as British, one near Wokingham, the
other at Bloxworth, both many years ago.
FAM. ULOBORID^:.
Ulobonts Walckenaerius, Latr.
Mr. Cecil Warburton found this spider in September,
1899, in the New Forest, where it was first taken by myself
in 1858. It has only been, as yet, found in one other British
locality near Wokingham.
FAM.
Epeira lulea, C. L. Koch.
An example was taken in the New Forest by Mr. Cecil
Warburton in Sept., 1899.
FAM.
PhUodromus foilax, Sund.
Immature examples of both sexes were sent to me during
the past summer and autumn by the Rev. E. A. W. Peacock,
from Ingoldmells, and the shore of " the Wash," Lincoln-
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 25
shire ; it has only been recorded before from Portland,
Swanage, and Bournemouth ; but I find immature examples
of both sexes in a bottle of spiders sent to me some years
ago from St. Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex, by the late
Mr. Richard Beck.
Philodromus lineatipes, Cambr.
An immature example found in the New Forest in Sep-
tember, 1899, by Mr. Cecil Warburton.
Pistius tnmcatus, Pallas.
An immature female found by Mr. Cecil Warburton in the
New Forest, September, 1899.
Thomisus onuslus, Walck.
An immature specimen of the female, New Forest, by Mr.
Cecil Warburton, and another by Captain J. E. Reade at
Ilford, in Essex. This last was a very bright pink-coloured
example in the bloom of a double white stock, showing
that the colour of the spider is not always adapted to that of
the flower it inhabits. I have frequently found pale whitish
examples on pink heather, and bright pink ones on yellow
blooms.
Oxyptila sancfuaria, Cambr.
This spider has occurred again last summer at Bloxworth
Rectory, but only the males.
Xysticus ulmi'j Hahn.
Both sexes immature from Aylesby Marsh and New Ball
Wood, Lincolnshire. (Rev. E. A. W. Peacock.)
FAM. LYCOSID^:.
Lycosa, proximo,, C. L. Koch.
An adult male, Birdlip, Gloucestershire, by myself.
FAM. SALTICID^.
Dendryphantes hastatus, Clk.
An adult male, New Forest ; (Cecil Warburton, September,
1899.)
26 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
Hasa lilts arcualus, Clk.
An adult male, New Forest ; (Cecil Warburton, September,
1899-)
Attus pcfrensis, C. L. Koch.
An immature male ; (Cecil Warburton, New Forest, Sep-
tember, 1899.)
For synonyms, &c., of the spiders in the above list, see
"Spiders of Dorset," 1881, and papers on British Spiders
published subsequently in the Proceedings of the Dorset Nat.
Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, 1882-1900.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES.
Gen. nov. * EUPOLIS.
CephalothoraXt longer than broad, very broadly truncated at
the posterior extremity, the hinder slope, which is rather abrupt,
being strongly impressed or roundly excavated. Anterior
extremity also broadly and roundly truncated; lateral marginal
impressions at the caput distinct but not strong. Height of
clypeus less than half that of the facial space and sloping
forwards ; profile, nearly level behind the eyes. A slight
shallow dip before the hinder slope.
Eyes, subequal, in two equally but not strongly curved trans-
verse rows, of very nearly equal length, the front row slightly
shortest. The convexity of the curve of the posterior row is
directed backwards, that of the anterior row forwards. The fore-
centrals are smallest, but rather large for that position, and are
separated by nearly a diameter's interval, a full diameter
separating each from the fore-lateral next to it. The hind-
centrals are separated by rather less than a diameter from each
other, but by rather more from the hind-lateral next to it. The
* Nom. propr.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 2)
four centrals form a quadrangle, whose length is a little greater
than its width, and its fore side shortest, but not greatly so.
Legs, moderately long, subequal, rather slender (4, i, 2, 3),
furnished with fine hairs and a few bristles fas in Sintula).
Falces, long and strong, straight, outer margins, from in
front ; convex towards their base, and along the margin are
some short minute pale spines. No teeth on the anterior margin
of the fang-groove.
Maxilhe, short, strong, almost straight, nearly parallel, ex-
tremities broadest and rounded on the outer side.
Labium broader at the base than it is high, semi-circular.
Sternum considerably longer than broad ; shield-shaped.
Anterior margin straight, posterior extremity broadly drawn out
between the coxae of the hinder legs, and its termination nearly
truncate. The interval between these coxae being about equal to
two-thirds of the length of the joint.
Abdomen large, oval, strongly convex above. Spinners normal.
Eupolis excavatus, sp. n.
Adult female, length i line.
Cephalothorax, falces, maxillcc, labium, and sternum, yellow
tinged with brown. The cephalothorax has a narrow dark
marginal line, the normal converging indentations being indicated
with darker lines.
Legs and palpi pale yellow.
Abdomen projects greatly over the base of the cephalothorax.
Colour yellow brown. Genital process large prominent. Aper-
ture of very distinctive and characteristic form.
This spider was found some years ago at Bloxworth among
herbage in a wood, and mistaken for a female of Sintula oblivia,
Cambr. ; it is, however, clearly distinct, and the characteristic
form and structure of the cephalothorax, maxillae, and sternum
appears to require a new genus for its reception. It is allied to
Sintula, Sim., as well as to Microneta, Menge, and in the
excavated form of the hinder end of the cephalothorax it
reminds one of Auletta, Cambr.
2 g NEW AND RARE KRlTIStt SPIDERS.
Gen. SINTULA, Sim.
Sin/u/a prominent, sp. n.
Adult female, length rds of a line (i-i8th of an inch).
Cephalothorax, broad-oval, narrow, and rounded in front,
lateral marginal impressions at caput distinct but gradual ; lower
margin of clypeus considerably produced, and much impressed
beneath the ocular area. Caput a little elevated and prominent
in front, with a strongish dip in profile behind the occiput ; the
beginning of the hinder slope is also rather prominent in profile.
Colour, yellow-brown with a broadish black margin. The sides
also marked and suffused with blackish, indicating the normal
converging grooves.
Eyes, rather large, sub-equal, in two very nearly equal transverse
and equally curved rows ; anterior row slightly the shortest.
The convexity of the curve of the anterior row is directed
forwards, that of the posterior row backwards. Those of this
row are about equal in size, and are equally separated by little,
if anything, more than half a diameter's interval. Those of
the anterior row are separated also by equal intervals of less
than the diameter of the four centrals. The fore-centrals
form a quadrangle much longer than broad, and narrowest
in front.
Legs, tolerably long, and moderately strong, 4, i, 2, 3,
furnished with fine hairs, and a slender bristle on the genuae,
and another towards the hinder end of the upper side of the
tibiae. Colour pale-yellow, tinged with yellow-brown on the
femora, tarsi of the 4th pair distinctly but not greatly shorter
than the meta-tarsi.
Fakes, not very strong, a little divergent at their extremity.
Colour, dull greenish olive-brown.
Maxilla and labium, normal. Colour like the falces.
Sternum, normal in form, dark blackish brown.
Abdomen, oval, black, clothed with short coarsish hairs.
Genital aperture of characteristic form, placed at the extremity
of a very large, perpendicularly prominent obtuse process.
Found among heather on Bloxworth Heath.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 2Q
Sintula nigrotibialis, sp. n.
Adult female, length fths of a line (i-i6th of an inch).
Cephaiothorax short-oval, slightly hollow-truncate behind,
obtusely rounded in front, lateral marginal impressions at the
caput slight, but quite perceptible. A slight dip in the profile
line at the occiput. Height of clypeus a little less than half
of the facial space. Colour dull olive-greenish suffused with
blackish, and the normal indentations obscurely marked with
dusky blackish lines. The curve of the anterior row is directed
forwards, that of the posterior row backwards.
Eyes of moderate size, sub-equal. Those of each row are in an
equally curved line. Those of the posterior row are equally
separated by a diameter's interval, the central pair are scarcely, if
at all, larger than the laterals. The fore-laterals appear to be
rather the largest, and the fore-centrals smallest. These last are
separated from each other by a very small but distinct interval,
and are more than a diameter's distance from the fore-laterals.
The four centrals form a quadrangle as long as broad, but its
anterior side much the shortest.
Legs moderate in length and strength, 4, i, 2, 3 furnished
with coarse hairs, of which those beneath the tibiae and femora
of the anterior pairs are strongest. A strong erect bristle towards
the hinder extremity on the upper side of the tibiae and on the
genual joints ; the longest and strongest are on the tibiae of the
fourth pair. The meta-tarsi of this pair are much longer than the
tarsi. The colour of the legs is a dull yellow, tinged with olive.
The tibiae, especially of the first and second pairs, are strongly
suffused with dusky black.
Palpi similar to the legs in colour, radial joint double the
length of the cubital, but shorter than the digital.
Fakes rather long, moderately strong, straight, tapering,
similar in colour to the cephalothorax.
Maxilla very short, strong, directed towards the labium, but
their extremities still wide apart, similar to the falces in colour.
Labitim much broader than high, of a somewhat semi-circular
form, its apical margin bent downwards.
30 NKW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
Sternum heart-shaped, length and breadth nearly equal ;
surface convex ; fore-margin slightly hollow-truncate ; posterior
extremity a little drawn out and bent upwards in a broad obtuse
ending between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs. Colour of
sternum dark blackish-brown.
Abdomen oval, moderately convex above, of a dull blackish
colour, thinly covered with prominent bristly pale hairs. Genital
process in profile rather prominent ; the aperture (looked at
from above) of a very distinct and characteristic form. Spinners
normal, colour dull olive-greenish brown.
Examples of this spider were found many years ago on
Bloxworth Heath at the roots of the heather. Hoping to meet
with the male their record and description have been postponed
hitherto ; but that sex has not yet turned up. When the male does
appear the character of the dark tibiae of the female will
probably be found to be possessed by it in a still stronger
degree. It is possible that this spider may turn out eventually^
to be the female of Sinlula Frederici, Cambr.
Sintula fausta, sp. n.
Adult male, length |th of a line (i-i6th inch).
Cephalothorax broad-oval, upper convexity moderate, obtusely
pointed before, well rounded behind. No perceptible lateral
marginal impressions at the caput, which is slightly roundly
convex at the occiput, the profile line forming a slight dip
between it and the thorax. Height of the clypeus, which is a
little prominent at its lower margin, is half that of the facial
space. Colour somewhat greenish olive brown, the normal
grooves and indentations marked with a blackish hue.
Eyes rather large, sub-equal, in two transverse equally curved
rows, the anterior shortest ; the convexity of the anterior row is
directed forwards, that of the posterior backwards. The hind-
centrals are slightly larger than the hind-laterals. The interval
between them is equal to a diameter, that between each of them
and the lateral next to it is less. Those of each lateral pair are
placed obliquely on a low prominence, and are contiguous, or
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 31
nearly so. The fore-laterals are, perhaps, slightly the largest of
the eight, and the fore-centrals smallest. These last are almost
contiguous to each other, and each is less than half a diameter
from the fore-lateral next to it. Thus the lateral pairs and the
fore-centrals form a regular and continuous semi-circle.
Legs moderate and sub-equal in length and moderately strong,
i, 4, 2, 3 furnished with hairs, no spines, only an erect bristle
on the outer side near the hinder extremity of the tibiae, another
at the fore end of the genual joints, and a longer one on the
inner side of the hinder extremity of the femora of the fourth
pair. The tarsi and meta-tarsi of this pair are of equal length.
The colour of the legs is a pale dull yellowish tinged with
olive.
Palpi moderate in length, similar in colour to the legs, cubital
joints short, cylindrical, radial longer and much stronger,
gradually and greatly widening to the anterior extremity, the
inner side of which is produced into a strong, tapering, curved
pointed apophysis directed outward, and whose termination
appears to be bent downwards so as to make it difficult to see its
real form ; the outer side of this joint is also somewhat pro-
duced, and has a marginal row of bristles, digital joint, short,
broad, oval ; palpal organs rather complex, with two small black
prominent corneous points at their fore extremity, one sharp-
pointed, the other truncated, and a curved obtusely-pointed
process at their base on the outer side.
Fakes rather long, moderately strong, slightly divergent,
tapering, similar to the legs in colour.
Maxilla short, strong, broader at the extremity than in the
middle, strongly inclined to the labium, obliquely truncated
both on tlie inner and outer sides. Similar in colour to the
cephalothorax.
Labium broader than high, truncate at the apex, where it is
narrower than at the base, suffused with blackish, like the
sternum.
Sternum large, shield-shaped, convex, nearly as broad as long,
its posterior extremity a little produced, and bending upwards
3 2 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
into an obtuse point between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs.
Its anterior extremity is squarely and straightly truncate. Colour
like that of the cephalothorax, but rather suffused with blackish.
Abdomen oval, dull black in colour and covered thinly with
short coarse hairs. Spinners short and inconspicuous.
Received among other spiders kindly sent to me and collected
by Mr. William Evans in the Autumn of 1899 at Lander,
Berwickshire.
Sintula nescia, sp. n.
Adult female, length ird lines.
Cephalothorax short-oval, much narrower and roundly obtuse in
front ; lateral marginal impressions at caput slight ; posterior
margin strongly indicated ; height of clypeus less than half that
of the facial space, and rather prominent in a somewhat obtusely
pointed form at the lower margin. Looked at in profile the point
of junction of the caput and thorax is considerably depressed,
with a strongish elevation at the beginning of the posterior slope,
which is very slightly hollow. Colour of cephalothorax pale
orange yellow, with a narrow marginal black line. The fore part
of the ocular area black.
Eyes rather large, closely grouped in two transverse rows. The
anterior row is straight. The curve of the posterior row is
directed backwards and tolerably strong. The anterior row is
the shortest. The eyes of the posterior row are of as nearly as
possible equal size, the central pair, perhaps, slightly largest,
pearly white with narrow black margins, the two centrals are
separated from each other by rather less than a diameter's
interval, and each of them by about half a diameter from the
lateral on its side. The fore-central pair are smallest. The fore-
laterals the largest of the eight, and are separated from the
hind-laterals by a small but distinct interval. The central
quadrangle is broader than long, its fore-side being the shortest.
All the eyes of the anterior row are dark blackish-grey.
Legs moderately long, 4, 1,2, 3, rather slender, furnished with
fine hairs and a few slender bristles. Colour, orange-yellow,
paler at the articulations of the joints.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 33
Palpi slender, the cubital, radial, and digital joints darker in
colour than the legs, and furnished with stronger bristles.
Fakes moderate in length and strength, slightly divergent, and
somewhat contracted at their fore extremity ; colour like that of
the cephalothorax. Teeth on the inner margin at the fore
extremity very minute.
Maxilla short, strong, and much bent towards the labium.
Labium broad, very narrow, and its apical margin hollow-
truncate. Colour of maxillae and labium, pale yellow-brown.
Sternum, broad oval, truncate before, its hinder extremity a
little produced into a broad obtuse termination ; colour, yellow-
brown.
Abdomen, rather large, short-oval, upper convexity considerable,
genital process large, and very prominent ; the structure is very
characteristic, but somewhat resembling that of the most nearly
allied species, S. phokommoides, Cambr., on a large scale. The
abdomen is glossy, thinly clothed with short hairs, and of a dull
black colour. Spinners short, those of the superior pair smaller
than the inferior, both pairs two-jointed, the terminal joints very
short.
A single example of this species was found by Mr. W. Evans,
at Comrie, in Scotland ; it may be distinguished at once from
S. phokommoides by its much larger size, and greater development
of the genital process, as well as by other characters.
Gongylidium gibbum, sp., n.
Adult female, length nearly i^ lines.
Cephalothorax, short, broad, broadly and roundly truncated
before ; lateral marginal impressions at caput, slight and gradual ;
immediately behind the ocular area, looked at in profile, the
caput rises slightly and gradually to the occiput, with a distinct
kind of limpet-shaped elevation or gibbosity. The height of the
clypeus, which projects forwards is equal to slightly more than
half that of the facial space. The colour of the cephalothorax is
yellow-brown, with deep blackish-brown striated markings on the
caput and thorax following the normal indentations ; the ocular
34 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
area and a large patch from the occiput to the thoracic
indentation also blackish.
Eyes in normal position, two transverse rows ; the anterior
row shortest. The posterior row looked at above and sideways is
slightly curved, the convexity of the curve directed backwards ;
the eyes of this row are of equal size ; the interval between the
central pair is more than one diameter (nearly i diameters) ; that
between each and the lateral eye next to it is scarcely a diameter.
The four central eyes form a quadrangle whose posterior side is
the longest and its anterior the shortest. The anterior row is very
nearly straight, its two central eyes are rather less than half a
diameter apart, and rather more than half a diameter from the
laterals. The fore-lateral eyes appear to be the largest of the
eight, and are not quite contiguous to the hind-laterals.
Legs, moderate in length and strength ; 4, i, 2, 3, furnished
with hairs and a few bristles ; of the latter the most noticeable is
a long strongish one beneath the fore-extremity of the femora,
which are strong, especially towards the hinder end on the upper
side ; colour of the femora bright red-orange, the other joints
paler.
Palpi, similar in colour to the tarsi and metatarsi of the legs ;
furnished with hairs and bristles, the latter stronger and more
numerous on the radial and digital joints than on the legs ;
several of these bristles are almost spines.
Fakes, long and powerful, roundly convex and prominent
towards their base in front ; straight, perpendicular, of a yellow-
brown hue ; a few strong bristles in front.
Maxilla:, short broad, inclined to the labium, obliquely
truncated at their extremity on the outer side, and rounded on the
inner margin at the upper part.
Labium broader than high, somewhat semi-circular, or rounded
at the apex.
Sternum, as broad as long, shield-shaped, slightly hollow-
truncate before, posterior end produced into a broad elongation ;
spreading out a little, in a slightly fish-tail form, between the
coxae of the fourth pair of legs ; colour dark blackish brown.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 35
Abdomen oval, moderately convex above, clothed pretty thickly
with short coarse hairs ; colour black. Genital aperture of
distinctively characteristic form. Though somewhat resembling
its congener G. dentatum, Wid., in general appearance, this spider
may be easily distinguished by the form of this aperture, by its
rather larger size and the eminence at the occiput ; in G. dentatum
the occiput is only a little and roundly convex. Spinners short
and inconspicuous, immediately in front of them is a rather
conspicuous transverse curved slit or opening, no doubt the
entrance to a spiracular organ.
An adult female received from Mr. W. Evans, by whom it was
found at Comrie, Scotland, in April, 1900,
Gen. nov. * SUSARION.
Cephalothorax short, broad-oval, roundly truncated before ;
lateral marginal impressions at the caput distinct, but slight.
Upper part of caput a very little raised above the thoracic level.
Height of clypeus less than half that of the facial space.
Clypeus well rounded and rather prominent towards its lower
margin.
Eyes in two transverse rows, rather large sub-equal, fore-
centrals smallest, the anterior row rather the shortest ; both
rows are curved, the posterior curve strongest and its convexity
directed backwards, that of the anterior row forwards. All are
of a pearly white colour ; those of the anterior row are very near
together, the intervals equal and less than the diameter of a
fore-central eye ; those of each lateral pair are placed slightly
obliquely, and are separated by an interval equal to that between
the fore-centrals, so that these six eyes form an equally divided
semi-circle ; those of the hinder row are equally separated by
rather less than a central eye's diameter's interval, the four
centrals form a trapezoid whose fore side is shortest and its
length considerably greater than its breadth.
* Nom. propr.
3 6 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
Legs rather short, strong, sub-equal, 4, i, 2, 3 and furnished
pretty thickly with strong bristly hairs. Those beneath the tibiae
of the first pair are almost spines, and form two longitudinal rows,
reminding one of the genus Maso, Sim. ; towards the posterior end
of the tibiae of the third and fourth pairs is a long nearly erect
slender spine ; tarsi much shorter than the metatarsi.
I'\ilces strong, very convex in front, straight. A row of very
minute teeth on the front margin of the fang groove.
Maxilla short, strong, obliquely truncate at the extremity on
the outer side, inner side straight.
Labium more than double as broad at the base as it is high ;
at its apex the width is a little less than at its base.
Sternum as broad as long, very convex, fore-margin hollow-
truncate ; posterior extremity slightly produced into a broad
truncate termination between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs.
Abdomen short, oval. Spinners short, superior and inferior
pairs, apparently of equal length, and enclosed in a kind of
sunken cavity of a circular form.
This genus is apparently allied both to Sintula and Maso, but
differs in various respects from both.
Susarion neghctum, sp.n.
Adult female, length i line.
Cephalothorax of a dull orange colour, the normal indentations
indicated by indistinct brown lines, and a radiating patch of the
same at the occiput.
Legs and palpi of a clearer orange than the cephalothorax.
Fakes similar in colour to the legs.
Maxillae and labium suffused with brown.
Sternum darkish yellow-brown.
Abdomen dark brown tinged with yellowish, and furnished
thinly with coarse hairs. Genital aperture of very distinct and
characteristic form.
A single example of the female was found among heather near
Bloxworth in 1882, and has remained unique to the present time.
It seems to me to belong to no genus as yet characterized,
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS. 37
Gen. nov. EVANSIA.
Cephalothorax, moderate in general convexity ; hinder slope
long ; caput distinctly elevated, in a blunt conical form, lateral
marginal indentations at caput scarcely defined ; height of
clypeus distinctly exceeds half that of the facial space, and its
profile follows on the slope of the fore part of the ocular area, its
lower margin well rounded. A little way behind each lateral pair
of eyes is a large oval cavity or indentation, its pointed end
directed backwards.
Eyes small, sub-equal, on small black spots, occupying the
whole fore side of the upper part of the caput, in two transverse
rows, the hinder row almost semi-circularly curved, the convexity
of the curve directed backwards, its eyes equal in size or nearly
so and equi-distant from each other, the laterals perhaps slightly
the smallest, the intervals nearly equal to two diameters. The
anterior row is slightly curved, its convexity directed backwards,
laterals contiguous and slightly obliquely placed. The fore-
laterals are very slightly larger than those of the hinder row ;
fore-centrals smallest, about half the size of the fore-laterals,
dark grey, the rest pearly white ; fore-centrals less than half a
diameter apart. The four central eyes form a quadrangle a little
longer than broad ; its fore side much the shortest.
Ltgs moderate in length, slender, sub-equal, i, 4, 2, 3,
furnished with coarse, rather bristly hairs ; a single short nearly
erect spine towards the hinder extremity of the tibiae of the first
and second pairs ; beneath the femora the hairs are somewhat
spiniferous and form two longitudinal parallel rows. Tarsal
claws on a claw-joint, superior claws slender, pectinations very
minute near the middle, almost sessile ; inferior claw very small ;
metatarsi of 4th pair much shorter than the tarsi.
Fakes moderately long and strong, straight and tapering,
about equal to the facial space in length ; the fore-margin of
the fang-grooves has a close set row of 6 7 minute teeth.
Maxilla short, strong, greatly inclined to the labium, very
slightly curved, obliquely truncate at extremities, which do not
nearly meet over the labium.
38 NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
Ldbium much broader than high, general form sub-triangular,
a prominent transverse ridge across the middle. Between the
extremities of the maxillae the tongue (lingua) rostrum (Sim.), is
very apparent, occupying the whole space between the maxillae,
the apex of the labium and the fangs at rest in their grooves, and
its outer surface is clothed thinly with hairs.
Sternum large, a little longer than broad, of a regular shield
form, very convex, its anterior margin nearly straight, its pos-
terior extremity a little drawn out into a broad obtuse point,
the interval between the coxae of the fourth pair of legs being
nearly or quite equal to the length of the coxal joint.
Abdomen oval, moderately convex above. Thinly covered with
short, somewhat bristly, slightly curved hairs. Spinners short,
inferiors and superiors equal in length, the former strongest.
Immediately in front of these is a transverse prominent rim,
probably covering the entrance to tracheal tubes.
* Evansia merens, sp.n.
Adult male, length rather more than one line.
The whole of the fore-part is of a somewhat pale brownish or
tawny yellow colour. The abdomen being of a rather duller darker
brown hue, with a slightly deeper-coloured longitudinal central
tapering stripe, and several pale angular lines or chevrons on the
hinder half of the upper side ; the legs are tinged with orange-
yellow.
The cephalothorax has a few bristly hairs in a longitudinal
central line on the upper side of the thorax, and others within the
area of the four central eyes.
Palpi moderately long, cubital joint short, rather larger at the
fore-end than behind. Radial joint much broader and stronger, its
fore-extremity produced into a long, broad, and obtusely ending
curved apophysis, directed rather outward, and on the inner-
* I hare given this name to the genus in acknowledgment of the great
kindness and liberality experienced from Mr. Evans in respect to the many rare
and netr spiders he has met with.
NEW AND RAR BRITISH SPIDERS. 39
margin of the curve near the posterior end of the produced portion
is a prominence ending in a curved pointed spine directed out-
wards. The digital joint is large, of an oval form, and is somewhat
angularly prominent towards its fore-extremity on the outer side.
The palpal organs are somewhat complex, greatly developed,
with a curved corneous blunt-pointed hook-like process at their
base on the outer side ; a corneous lobe, long and of irregular
form, projects considerably beneath and outwards, and a long
strong tapering circularly curved black spine issues from beneath
their extremity, and has its fine point in near connection with
the end of the corneous lobe mentioned above.
An adult male of this very distinct species was kindly com-
municated to me by Mr. W. Evans, of Edinburgh, by whom it
was found at Glenfarg, in Perthshire, in 1899. It is allied to
Tapinocyba, Sim., and more nearly to Prosopotheca, Sim., but is, I
think, distinct from both.
on
By H. J. MOULE, M.A.
(Read Feb. 26th, 1900.)
II LMOST all things made in ancient times of copper
alloy are called bronze. Is this always right,
however ? Speaking broadly, of course,
bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, brass of
copper and zinc. Zinc was not smelted, or
distilled, till last century. Therefore no
ancient copper alloy can be brass. This
sounds logical, and yet it is not. It seems
absurd to say that a metal was used before it
was discovered, much less smelted. This,
however, was what happened. Two ancient writers, a Greek
and a Roman, are * quoted as showing this. Aristotle says that
the Mossinecians made a bright and light-coloured x x x, not
by adding tin, but by fusing copper with a certain earth. Almost
without doubt this was an ore of zinc, f Pliny, again, speaks of
* Encyc : Brit : ' Zinc.'
t Pliny is not very clear apparently. He says (xxxiv. 2) [sesj "tit et ex
lapide ajroso quern vocaut cadmiam," and (xxxiv. 22), he speaks of cadmia as
"lapis, ex quo fit CDS." But again [ics] " Mariamtm cadmiam maxime sorbet,"
as if cadmia and aes were not so related as ore and metal are.
tfoifis otf BRONZE. 41
" cadmia," now known as an ore of zinc, changing copper into
" orichalchum." Copper and cadmia were fused together, the
former taking up as much as 25 per cent, of what must have
been zinc. This bronze, in other words, was brass. So, almost
surely, was Aristotle's light-coloured bronze. But yet another
doubt there is sometimes. * XaAxos may not only mean brass, or
bronze, but pure copper also, without tin or zinc or othei alloy.
Homer calls x a *X* fpvfyos, red. Some hold that, before losing his
sight altogether, he was somewhat colour-blind. But no one, if
perceiving difference of hues in the least degree, could call either
bronze or brass red. He must have meant copper. So at least
says Gladstone in his Homeric studies. Sir J. Evans doubts this
argument ; because some bronze is reddish brown when un-
corroded. He agrees, however, in thinking that Homer in places
means copper by x a *X*- For in one place at least (II. in., 348),
he speaks of spear-heads bending against shields, not likely if of
bronze. Sometimes, however, Homer means bronze, because
(II. iii : , 363), he tells us of a sword breaking into three or four
pieces, which copper could not do. Even now, however, we
have not done with the question, What is bronze ? For some
ancient bronzes contain other metals besides copper, tin and
zinc. In particular, there was the greatly noted aes Corinthium,
Corinthian bronze. This, by some, was thought to have been
accidentally produced by the fusing of ordinary bronze, gold, and
silver images together, in the burning of Corinth by Mummius.
Pliny (xxxiv. 3.), doubts this. He specifies three sorts of
Corinthian bronze. One is white, silver prevailing in its com-
position. Another was of the yellow tone (natura) of gold. In
the third the three ingredients were equal. No doubt the second,
with its high percentage of gold, was the kind which had the
great value often spoken of. Possibly, although of earlier date,
two vessels spoken of by Ezra may have been of some such
* Both x a ^X os an d ses, some say at times mean metal at large. Indeed, in
some passages they seemed used for iron. So much so, that the Germau eiseii,
iron, is thought to be cognate with ses.
4.2 NOTES ON BRONZE.
alloy. " Fine copper, precious as gold " was the material, an
alternative rendering being "yellow as gold." * (Ez. viii. 27).
Besides tin, zinc, gold and silver, there are two other metals used
in bronze alloy, lead and a little iron in a few instances. This
last produced a reddish colour. Lead often enters into the
composition in ancient and modern times. Pliny says that lead
and silver were added to produce certain colours in bronze
statues. He tells us that, with the addition of a tenth of lead
and a twentieth of silver to the copper, the bronze " maxime
colorem bibit quern Graecanicum vocant " (xxxiv. 20). What the
Graecanic colour was like he does not say, however, nor do
Valpy's notes. But it was, it seems, purple of some kind, for
just after he has the dictum, " cyprio si addatur plumbum colos
purpurae fit in statuarum praetextis." Lead, however, was used
not only for colour's sake, one sort of bronze prepared for
making pots and pans (temperatura ollaria) having three or four
per cent, of lead. The use of lead in these vessels may have
been to make them less brittle, for Pliny speaks of the copper,
lead and silver alloy as " ass tenerrima," very soft bronze. If so,
bronze, if it may be so called, of copper and lead only, was a
poor material for money. And yet for many years it seems the
Romans so used it. Lead bronze was found, on analysis, to be
the material of a collection of modern Chinese and Japanese art
vessels shown in Paris some years ago. They were remarkable
for their dark, blackish hue. Lead, again, enters into the alloy
of which guns are made. It probably accounts for the greyness
of gun-metal. A good deal has been said about varieties of
bronze. But there is one other which must be named, and that
the most interesting of all, in connection with the Dorset
Museum. It is a sort in which tin seems to predominate greatly.
In 1882 six little socket-celts were found in a barrow, near
Eggardon. They are rough from the mould, unsharpened. Now,
three of them show nothing of the usual bronze colour. They are
* The revised version lias " flue blight bi'ass." The ancient Syriac translation
"good Corinthian brass."
NOTES ON BRONZE. 43
of a grey tone, and by some have been pronounced to be pure
tin. Canon Greenwell, however, when here some months ago,
would not hear of this. Still, the entire absence of any trace of
copper colour seems to show that the percentage of other metal,
probably tin, is unusually great. It is possible, however, that
there may be some lead, as the celts in question on being
weighed do not seem to be especially light. It is believed that
celts of this sort of metal are very rare. In passing from this part
of the subject, the various alloying ingredients used with copper,
we may note by the way that of late years it has been found that
a percentage of phosphorus in bronze adds greatly to its strength
and elasticity. There is no sign of the ancients having stumbled
on that fine alloy, aluminium bronze, as they did on brass.
A few words must now be said about certain differences of
colour in bronze other than those above-named as arising from
differences of alloy. The varied colours now in question are
believed to arise from differences in the soils in which ancient
bronze relics have lain for ages. For instance the patina varies.
This, however, as we saw above, can be caused by metallic
combinations. Still, we may believe the assertion that soil has
much to do with the greater or less amount of oxidization,
producing much or little patina. In some specimens, e.g.,
Case xiiitf., 30, 32, 33, the patina is very abundant and bright in
colour. In others there is a little, but what there is is like in
hue. There are, however, two specimens of which the colour is
quite different. There is hardly any patina, and the metal is
brown, but not the same in the two. One is a very fine dagger,
xiii. 28, the other is an armlet, xiii. 60. Now these things,
especially the armlet, have a yellow metallic-looking coating in
places. This looks very much like a relic of gilding. If so one
might think that the brown, exposed surface may have escaped
oxidization through the protection of the gilding, lasting, as it
doubtless would do, for ages. But the experts, e.g., Sir J. Evans
and Canon Greenwell, affirm that this look of gilding is quite
deceptive. If, as is supposed, it is the effect of the quality of
soil in contact with the bronze, what soil ? It has been said, but
44 . NOTES ON BRONZE.
authority cannot be quoted, that peat soil causes this appearance.
This was affirmed in connection with a number of coins of the
Constantines in the Dorset Museum, which in a less degree have
this gilt look. (Case G. ii., 250, 254, &c.) The question is one
worthy of research, but not easy to work out.
A few sentences must be given to methods of working bronze.
A noteworthy quality of this alloy is that it is much harder than
either of its chief ingredients and more fusible. Also in alloy of
some proportions, such as Chinese gong-metal, with as much as
20 per cent, of tin, it is more brittle by far than is either of the
two simple metals. This brittleness is remedied by making the
bronze slightly red hot, when it can be forged and remains tough
permanently. Some cast bronze, with little tin, is, however,
pretty tough. This is evident from the socket-celts, which, from
their hollowness, could not well be hammered except close to the
edge. And also it is shown by the practice, which is affirmed by
some to have existed. This was, to hammer the bronze when
cold as a means of hardening and tempering it. Another way,
producing this result, is mentioned by Sir J. Evans, but doubt-
fully. This method is the cooling the bronze slowly, making it
(as affirmed) as hard as steel and less brittle. With the just
possible exception of some of the early plain wedge-shaped
celts, all weapons and tools seem to have been cast. So, too,
were a great part of the ornaments and other small Celtic or
Roman things made of bronze. It has been thought that all
bronze things found in Britain were imported, perhaps from
Etruria. But some celts and spear-heads were home-made, for
stone moulds for them have been found in England. Of these
two or more are from Dorset, but unfortunately neither of them
is in the County Museum.
The Romans, borrowing probably from the Greeks, as was
their wont, cast bronze statues of any large size hollow. Some
of them arc of extraordinarily thin metal. It may be in place to
say a word about this method. Some persons may be puzzled by
it, and in the Cunnington Collection here we have a fragment of
a hollow bronze statue. Moreover, every socket-celt and spear-
NOTES ON BRONZE. 45
head is a result of this method. A rough clay copy of the model
of the image, vase, or other thing to be cast was made, smaller
in every dimension than the model. The amount of difference
of dimension regulated the thickness of the bronze casting.
Then on the model of the image was moulded a clay coating, in
two or more pieces, closely fitting edge to edge. These pieces
were with the most exact care luted together over the core or
smaller image, or other object, above named. Of course the two
were adjusted so as to leave the interval between them quite
uniform. Finally this interval was filled with melted bronze.
When this was set the outer coating and the core were removed
and there was your hollow bronze image. Whoever wants to
partly realise the racking anxiety of producing a large work of
this sort, let him read Benvenuto Cellini's immortal tale of the
casting of his Perseus. In modern times, but not, as far as is
known, of old, a very ingenious method was used, called the
process " de la cire perdue." This appears to be as follows :
The core was made in the usual way. On it was applied a
coating of wax of the thickness desired for the bronze. On the
surface of this wax were artistically modelled the details of the
image. To this modelled surface was applied the coating of
clay, and that it seems all in one piece, as of course would be
possible. When the clay hardened the wax was melted and run
off. The melted bronze was then poured into the cavity. The
metal of course showed all the modelling of the displaced wax.
This method would seem to have two advantages : Firstly and
chiefly, it takes away the need of luting together the coating,
which may cause slight lines on the metal. Secondly, it secures
accuracy of the thickness of the metal. For large statues, the
casting is done in several portions which are afterwards fitted
together and joined with melted metal. Of course this casting
in sections must have been the method used for the gigantic
bronze statues of ancient times. A curious modification of
casting bronze with a core was anciently in use in Assyria and
Etruria. They sometimes made the core of iron, and retained it
of course within the bronze. But the method was bad, judging
46 NOTES ON BRONZE.
by one Etruscan image of this kind in the British Museum. The
iron has expanded and split the bronze. A sort of work cognate
with this is represented in the Dorset County Museum. A
highly ornamented armlet in the Cunnington Collection,
Case xv., has a core of some sort with a sheathing of bronze,
apparently not cast, however. Again, several rings and other
things in the very remarkable Belbury Find, in the same
collection, Case xiv., are of iron, thinly coated with bronze.
There remains the repouss process to be named as the last
touched on in this paper. It must not be passed over because
in the Cunnington Collection, Case xv., there is a rude, but very
curious and puzzling specimen of this sort of bronze work. We
have here to think only of the workmanship. The thin plate has
been " repousse* " into a human or divine figure with ornaments
round. It gives the idea, however, of not having been wrought
by hand-punches in the strictly repousse* manner, but with a
stamp and die at one blow as the ornaments of brass trays and
such like are done now.
Bronze wire was used largely by most ancient nations. This,
one may suppose, was of bronze without much tin, the rather as
the wire ornaments seem very liable to patination. Anyhow the
wire was of a pliable, tough nature, as is proved by its close
twisting in many specimens.
Everyone who cares about bronze acquires an extraordinary
fondness for the patina of it. This paper, therefore, should not
omit Professor Flinders Petrie's remarkable opinion on the
subject. He says, * " Patina is not usually formed out of the
surface metal, but is of metal drawn by slow action out of the
whole mass. A metallic object is not homogeneous, but is made
up of a multitude of minute crystals of pure metal and of the
various alloys formed by the impurities, or intentional additions,
which are present. Thus there are particles all through the
mass, which are more oxidizable than their neighbours, and
these forming a galvanic action with the less oxidizable are in
* Archaeological Journal, No. 177, p. 89.
NOTES ON BRONZE. 47
the very slow process of rusting transferred to the surface."
Now these words of Petrie's are strongly confirmed by specimens
in the Dorset Museum. In particular, a dagger, Br. 32. in
Case xiii. a, is in great part loaded with oxide, yet its surface
seems uninjured. Observe that Petrie says " usually." So it is,
for some bronzes, for instance, Br. 33. in Case xiii. a., have the
surface greatly pitted by oxidization.
Notes on ancient bronze must perforce contain a word on
the " Bronze age." Of course, the bronze age of one European
country was a very different epoch from that of another. Greece
was emerging from her bronze age 800 or 900 B.C. Homer
speaks of both bronze and iron weapons, iron being still scarce,
however. It seems to have come into use much later in Britain.
Indeed, the opinion has prevailed, and still exists, that it was
unknown here before the coming of the Romans. There are,
however, archaeologists, for instance Canon Greenwell, who do
not think so. They put back the date to from 300 to 200 B.C.
Certain it is that about 50 B.C., Julius Caesar found the Gauls
fully iron-age folk, almost in advance of the Romans. At least
it was clearly a novelty to him to find the Gallic Veneti using
iron chain cables. When Gaul was so far advanced it is difficult
to believe that imported iron, if not home smelted iron, was not
used in Britain then and long before. Canon Greenwell says of
the bronze plated iron things from Belbury above named : " I
think you may, without any hesitation, say that they are of a date
about B.C. TOO, with a rider that they may be a little later."
Here end these notes on bronze, imperfectly compiled from
several authorities, old and new. These are, chiefly, Pliny, Sir
J. Evans, Canon Greenwell, Professor Flinders Petrie, Dr. W. H.
Smith, and the Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Aristotle is not
accessible.
There is a strange spell about ancient bronze. The ancients
loved it, and some archaeological moderns there are who " go in "
for bronzes and only bronzes. Bronze has a magic drawing
power on the mind, or imagination rather, like that exerted by
another and widely different link with grey antiquity. The Wall
48 NOTES ON URONZE.
that is Hadrian's Wall. A man that has seen the Wall well,
he dreams of the Wall. Standing, say, on the hoary west-gate
masonry of Static Burcovicus, and looking this way and that, along
the great lonesome pastures fenced on the north for miles by the
Wall, he almost sees the cohorts patrolling, almost hears the
alarm blasts of the tuba echoed from crag to crag. So, in a
manner, it is with bronze. The very word bronze sets us imagin-
ing in our minds the ancient, the mediaeval, the vast, the delicate
works in that enduring metal the Mercury of Herculaneum
the gates of Ghiberti the seventy cubit Phoebus of Rhodes
the parcel-gilt enamelled fibula from Charminster, Dorset.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS
IN THE DORSET COUNTY MUSEUM.
Of bronze objects belonging to ancient times the weapons can
generally be assigned to the pre-Roman epoch. But there is much more
difficulty in giving a date, even roughly, to ornaments.
The things here catalogued are numbered Br. i, Br. 2., &c. ; Br.
standing for bronze.
i. CELTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 1.
xii.
Br. 2.
On Ridgeway Hill. Barrow 7 in the map
close by.
A little celt of the simple wedge form.
It is broken at the small end, 3^in. long.
Adhering to this celt is a little fragment
of cloth, the only ancient relic of this kind
in the Dorset Museum.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
A still smaller specimen of the wedge
formed celt. It is only 2^in. long.
Such a very small implement was used
as a chisel, not an axe, one may think.
Jordan Hill is a site where a multitude
of Roman relics have been found. But
from this celt being discovered there, as
well as a socketed celt and 2 bronze spear
heads, and many flint balls, the place
seems to have been before occupied by the
Britons.
With the
Cunnington
Collection.
With the
Warne
Collection.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Cue.
No. of
Object.
xiii. a.
Br. 3.
Locality, &c.
jYftjr Ahuhlox Barrow, Bere Regis.
This wedge-shaped celt from its deeply
pitted surface seems to be very old. Un-
fortunately the finder damaged it by filing.
4iin. long.
The simple wedge - shaped celt was
repeatedly improved. It must have been
difficult to fasten it to a shaft, lance wise,
or to an angular, elbowed handle, axewise,
firmly. With all the binding with small
thongs of hide or with sinews, it would in
time split the handle, and would also get
loose sideways. To prevent the latter the
celt was furnished with flanges, two at
each edge of the upper part, or with
triangular projections, or short flanges,
near the middle of its length. This kept it
from getting loose sideways. Then the
other evil, the risk of splitting, was pre-
vented by adding a ridge or shoulder on
each side, joining the flanges. A slotted
handle, of either lance or axe sort,
carefully fitted on to such a celt, or
palstave as it is called, and well lashed
round, would be quite firm. And all
chance of its dropping out was prevented
by adding an ear or ring, through
which part of the lashing was passed.
The Dorset collection here does not
contain specimens of the first two of the
improved sorts, the flanged and the winged
celts, but some from other parts are in
Case xvii.
How procured.
With the
General
Collection.
CELTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xvii.
Br. 4.
Br. 5.
Br. 6.
Br. 7.
Br. 8.
Of the regular shouldered palstaves the
Dorset collection has several, as follow :
Wareham.
A very light palstave, with only a shallow
shoulder. From its slight make it seems
possible that it was meant to be used as a
chisel rather than a lance or axe. It was
unskilfully cast, being honeycombed with
several holes, not caused by corrosion.
Wareham.
A small, narrow-edged specimen (if in.),
of much more solid make than Br. 4, but
like it in shallowness of shoulder-ridge.
Near Wareham.
A solidly made, rather rudely cast
specimen, with the normal curved edge,
2^in. wide. Shoulder deeper.
Near Dorchester, Eglesham Meadow (below
Colliton Walk).
A fully developed palstave, having well-
projecting wings, deep shoulders, and it
has had a ring or ear (see description
above), of which there is no sign in 4, 5,
or 6. This palstave is ornamented with a
' rat's-tail ' below the shoulder.
Same Locality.
Much like 7, but its wings project less
and are longer. Its ring or ear is perfect.
Besides a rat's-tail, or rather a slight ridge
from the shoulder to the bevel of the
cutting edge, it has a hollow on each side
of the upper part of that ridge. Both 7
and 8 are much oxidized.
With the
Cumiiiigtou
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do,
Do.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 9.
xvii.
Br. 10.
Br. 11.
Br. 12.
Fontmel Down. Ploughed tip.
This is a good palstave of finely curved
outline. Its edge is 3in. wide not follow-
ing the curve. Unfortunately, a piece of
the edge is broken away. On one side
there is a rat's-tail ridge, on the other
three small ones converging. And the
edges of the sides of the blade are brought
up into slight flanges. There has not been
an ear.
Same Locality.
This is smaller and less ornamented
than Br. 9, but with a great likeness to it.
No ear. Both 9 and 10 are free from
oxide.
Rew, Winterborne St. Martin.
A good specimen of a style of palstave
differing from others in these collections.
The shoulder is not a ridge uniting the
flanges or wings. The flange which
widens downwards is curved round to
make a deep shoulder and then tapers up
the opposite edge. Again, the faces of
the blade are convex, not flat as usual.
They are unornamented. This palstave
has, unfortunately, been a good deal
filed and brightened up. The ear is per-
fect.
Winterborne Steeple ton.
A palstave with wing-shaped flanges and
deep flat bedded shoulder. The blade is
adorned with a rat's-tail ridge on each
face. The ring is broken.
With the
Cunniiigton
Collection.
Do.
Lent by Sir K.
Edgcumbe.
Presented by
T. Wood, Esq.
CELTS. 53
SOCKETED CELTS.
The only other kind of bronze celt was a new invention, not a mere
improvement of the palstave type. Instead of the handle having a slot
to receive the upper part of the celt it is brought to a conical form and
fitted into the socket, of which the butt end of the celt consists. Such a
celt must have been a very handy, useful tool or weapon.
No of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 13.
Br. 14.
Br. 15.
Br. 16.
Br. 17.
Br. 18.
Br. 19.
Br. 20.
Six little celts, Br. 13 barely 3 Jin. long,
found with a seventh (?) in a barrow near
Eggardon Camp in 1882. These have
never been used, the edges being unground
just as they came out of the moulds. They
are all ornamented with slender fillets or
ridges ending in small knobs. Br. 14-17
have 4, Br. 13 only i, Br. 18 has 3 and is
of a make rather different from that of the
others. The sides are somewhat more
curved, and are angular, not almost flat
like the rest. All have a loop. Br. 13, 16,
and 1 8 are remarkable from their being
apparently made of almost or quite pure
tin ; but the weight, not less than bronze,
may show that there is a mixture of lead.
Jordan Hill, near Wey mouth.
A celt which, like Br. 13, 16, and 18,
seems to be made of almost or quite
pure tin.* It has three fillets on each side.
Milborne St. Andrew.
A celt ornamented with three fillets on
each side united by a ridge at the upper
end.
13, 14, with the
Hogg Loan
Collection.
15-18, with the
Cuimiugtou
Collection.
With the Warne
Collection.
Presented by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
* The Rev. Canon Greenwell does not accept this opinion.
54 J)ok.sET-EouNb CELTIC AKb ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Cue.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii, fl.
Br. 21.
Br. 22.
Near Fifehead Neville.
A celt ornamented somewhat differently
from the others in this Museum. It has
on each side two fillets, but curved in-
wards.
Near Wareham.
A celt with three fillets on each side.
Its ring is gone.
Presented by
C. Coimop, Esq.
Presented by
E. Fetherston-
haugh Framp-
ton, Esq.
ii. DAGGERS.
The weapons or tools now generally called daggers, or knives, were
formerly thought to be spear-heads. In some instances, this may be
true. One, only 3in. long, found at Roundway, Wilts, had a wooden shaft
about ift. long, which could not have been a dagger or knife. (Evans*
Bronze Implements p. 242.) On the other hand, several of these imple-
ments have been found with dagger handles remaining.
N.B. According to Sir J. Evans' classification in his " Bronze Imple-
ments," knives should come before daggers. But as B. 37 is the only
specimen, except dagger-knives, and as it may be a javelin head, it is
catalogued with spear-heads.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 23.
Br.
Clandown Barrow, Marlinstoivn.
This dagger is very imperfect, but it is
of much importance as seeming to give the
epoch of the rest of the noteworthy find,
with which it is grouped.
Frame Whitwell.
Dagger knife only iin. long, ^ rivet-
holes.
With the
Cunnington
Collection.
Do.
DAGGERS.
55
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 24.
xviii.
Br. 25.
Br. 26.
Barrow on Ridgeivay. (7 on map at the
other end of this case.}
From the third interment.
A good specimen retaining its three
rivets. y^in. long.
Same Barrow.
Fourth interment.
An imperfect specimen, but very interest-
ing, because some little remnant of the
wooden (?) sheath is still sticking to it.
It also shows an impression of the handle's
edge, with the characteristic semi-circular
notch plainly seen. It retains three of its
four rivets.
Same barrow and interment as 25.
It retains five of its six rivets.
Just below 25 and 26, found in the same
barrow, and probably belonging to one or
the other of these two weapons, are two
gold fittings, apparently of a dagger hilt.*
They are lettered A & B. One somewhat
like B is figured by Sir J. Evans (Bronze
Implements, Ed. i. p. 239). A. is almost
certainly the socket or pommel protecting
and ornamenting the butt end of the
hilt. Sir J. Evans (p. 227), says "the
lower end of the haft was often inserted
in a hollow pommel, usually of bone."
He does not seem to mention any made
of gold.
With the
Cuimingtoii
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Mr. Cuiiuiugtou does uot accept this opinion.
56 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AMD ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 27.
xiii. a.
Br. 28.
xiii. a.
xiii. a.
Br. 29.
Br. 30.
Lord's Dorvn, Dewlish.
A very good dagger, sin. long. It re-
tains its two rivets. It is ornamented with
the usual converging sets of parallel lines.
But, besides this, the space between the
two sets of lines is dotted thickly over with
minute punched superficial holes. It is
described and figured in Warne's Celtic
Tumuli of Dorset, Pt. i. p. 50, and plate of
weapons.
Boveridge House, Cranborne.
A very fine, although broken dagger,
i3in. long, ornamented with the usual
lines. It is remarkably free from patina,
and is of a copper colour. Towards the
point there are remains of what looks much
like gilding. As to this golden appearance,
however, Sir J. Evans says of a large
dagger found at Woodyates, by Sir R. C.
Hoare, : " This blade, like many others,
is described as having been gilt, but this
can hardly have been the case. Dr. Thur-
man has tested such brilliantly polished
surfaces for gold, but found no traces of
that metal." (Ancient Bronze Implements,
Ed. i, p. 236.)
Boveridge House.
A small imperfect dagger or knife, 4^in.
long.
Fordington.
A dagger imperfect at both ends, but
interesting from its showing the impression
of the rim of the sheath in the oxide.
With the
Wame
Collection.
Lent by H.
W. Brouncker,
Esq.
Do.
Presented by
the
Rev. H. Moule.
DAGGEkS.
No. of
No. of
Object.
Br. 31.
Br. 32.
Br. 33.
xiii. a.
Br. 34.
xiv.
Br. Ua.
Locality, &c.
Fordington.
A minute dagger shaped knife. It has
lost its point, but when whole, cannot
have been more then 2in. long. It has
two rivet holes.
N.B. Br. 30 and 31 are figured in the
Archaeological Journal, Vol. v., p. 323.
Laurence B arrow , Fordington (formerly
behind the site of Sidney Terrace).
A dagger, 8fin. long, imperfect at the
upper end.
Laurence Barrow.
A very small dagger or knife, imperfect
at the point. When whole it must have
been 4in. long. One of its two rivets re-
mains.
Winterborne Came. Barrow at the W. end
of the South Plantation.
A good dagger well preserved, except at
the upper end, where one out of the four
rivet holes has disappeared. This dagger
like Br. 28, has been broken. Can this
have been done ceremonially at the burial ?
Belbury Camp, Higher Lytchett.
An object made of iron, plated with
bronze. It is somewhat flat, widens from
about i in. in two hollow curves to about
2 in. In this wider edge is a hole, which
looks as if it were meant for the insertion
of a dagger blade. At the small end,
which is encircled by a thin bronze flange,
there seems to have been an iron tang,
probably for a wooden handle.
How procured.
Presented by
the
Rev. H. Moule.
Lent
W. Tilley
Do.
Presented by
the Hon. Mrs.
Dawson Dainer.
With the
Cunniiigton
Collection.
58 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
iii. SPEAR-HEADS.
Of bronze spear-heads, this Museum possesses only two found in
Dorset. They are from Jordan Hill, a Roman site. But inasmuch as
from the same place there are two bronze celts, one being of the earliest
shape (Br. 2), and the other, a socketed one (Br. 19), it would seem to
have been occupied by Bronze-age Celts before the Romans came.
These spear-heads, being like some of Sir J. Evans' illustrations, are
therefore here classed as Celtic. (See Evans* " Bronze Implements,"
Ed. i. p. 312, &c.)
No of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Br. 35.
Br. 36.
Br. 37.
Locality, &c.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
6|in. long. The socket's bore is fin.
Point imperfect, and much worn or ground.
A hole in the socket for a rivet. The
mid-rib has three facets, slightly hollow.
Jordan Hill.
5fin. long. Point very much ground
away. Socket fin. bore, no rivet hole.
The mid-rib is narrow but projecting
boldly with two facets. Parallel with the
edges are several slight, irregular lines, re-
calling those on daggers.
Hnvish Farm, Milton Abbas.
It is difficult to classify this object.
From its general shape it may be a light
javelin head. But against this there is the
shape of what remains of the socket, the
section of which is a narrow oval. This,
with the thinness of the blade, and its
having no mid-rib, perhaps show that
it is a knife rather than a javelin head,
Siin. long, in. wide. The socket is im-
perfect.
How procured.
With the Warue
Collection.
Do.
Do.
FRAGMENTS OF SHIELDS, ETC.
59
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
dii. b.
Br. 38.
From "Bronze Implements," Ed. i.,
p. 205, Br. 37 would seem to be a knife.
Fifehead Neville. Roman Site.
An object partly like a Celt of the
earliest form. It, however, at what in a
celt would be the narrow end, curves out to
a greater width than that of the edge.
This wide butt-end is straight and flat, in.
thick. From this shape, from its having
been found, as is quite believed, on a
Roman site, and from its small corrosion,
this implement cannot be Celtic as it seems.
Just possibly it may have been used for
cutting, held in the hand just as it is, with-
out a handle. It may have been for leather
cutting. It has been pronounced to be
Egyptian.
Given by
C. Coiinop, Esq.
iv. SHIELDS AND HELMETS.
According to Sir J. Evans' classification these come here. But the
specimens connected with them are very few, and their date, whether
Celtic or Roman, doubtful.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. I.
Br. 39.
Norton.
Six fragments of what may possibly have
been the rim of a wooden shield. Found
Given by
the Right Hon.
the Earl of
Shaftesbury.
with other things which were certainly
Roman.
60 DORSET-FOUNfa CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECT'S.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii.A.
Br. 40.
Br. 41.
Br. 4'2.
Near Dorchester.
Stud or boss, probably belonging to a
Roman shield. These studs were used for
riveting together the hide and wicker or
timber work forming the shield. 2^in. in
diameter.
Belbury. Higher Lytchett.
Several fragments of thin bronze, which
look as if they may be part of the covering
and of the rim of a wooden shield. See
descriptive label in Case xiv.
Belbury (belonging to the same find as
Br. 4 i/
Two pairs of curious objects, the use of
which is a puzzle. But Mr. Cunnington's
opinion that they belonged to two helmets
is a likely one. These things are thin and
hollow. One sort is a very grotesque repre-
sentation of a bull, with the legs rudely
conventionalized, and a strange tail, curled
over the back, and ending in a kind of
flower. The other sort is shaped like a
ridge tile. The hollow cylinder, forming
the crest, has a hole at each end. Mr. C.
thinks that the crest of the helmet had a
bull affixed at its front or upper end, and
one of the ridge-tile shaped things at the
lower end ; and that the holes in the latter
were to receive a wire sustaining a hanging
plume. It is probable that these holes also
held wires whereby the bronze was fastened
to the crest. For there arc no rivet-holes
in the side flanges of the ridge-tile shaped
Given by
E. Cuimingtoii,
Esq.
With the
Cunnington
Collection.
Do.
PINS.
61
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
objects. On the other hand, the bull has
two such holes in each leg. In some of
the holes the rusted iron rivets remain.
See descriptive label.
The late Sir A. Franks thought that
these things were chariot-fittings, the bulls
being for hitching the reins over. But
Mr. C. justly considers that they are not
strong or large enough for this purpose.
Possibly the helmet chin-strap may have
been hitched over them.
How procured.
v. PINS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Br. 43.
xii.
Br. 44.
Locality, &c.
S. W.R. Station, Dorchester.
(Classed here doubtfully. Very likely
Mediaeval.)
Three pins. One i^in. long, has a solid
head, rather large in proportion. The
others, 2^ and i^in. long, have twisted
wire heads, like those of modern pins.
Jordan Hill, Wey mouth.
A very curious pin, 3fin. long. The
pin itself is carefully made with a slightly
moulded head. But the remarkable thing
is that immediately below the head, there
has been fitted on to the shaft what may be
called a large bronze bead, ^in. each way,
of a truncated pear shape, fluted.
How procured.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
With the Warne
Collection.
62
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
Xo. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
xiii. a.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
Br. 44.
Br. 45.
Br. 46.
Br. 46a.
Locality, &c.
Holwell, Cranborne.
Needle, 2^in. long ; eye damaged.
Fifehead Neville.
Two plain pins, one without its head.
Dorchester.
This large pin is a puzzle. It is y^in.
long, but has probably been gin. The
shaft is |in. thick. At 3in. from the head,
there is (apparently an original part of the
shaft) a narrow, flat, lozenge-shaped piece
of bronze attached to the shaft. The
lozenge is if in. long. Opposite the lower
end of the lozenge is a small eye. Down
to this eye the shaft is covered with en-
graved ornament, mostly chevron, very
shallow and delicate. The flat head iin.
across, is extraordinary. Underneath it is
plain. Above it is adorned with concentric
ornaments in relief. Outeimost is a circle
of small conical projections, then one of
ten little circular fillets, then two fillet
concentric circles, and in the middle a
little cone. This very strange object is
thought to be a hair pin. The eye may be
for a string to keep it in place. As regards
size, it may be noted that at Coblenz there
are, or of late years have been, in use, hair-
pins quite as long, or very nearly so, but
flat. They are called Pfeile.
Dorchester.
Imperfect large pin, or perhaps nail,
consisting of a bronze half globular head
fin. wide, and an iron shank |in. thick,
How procured.
Given by
Dr. Smart.
Given by
C. Conuop, Esq.
With the
General
Collection.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
BRACELETS, ETC.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object,
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 46*.
2|in. long but with probably 2in. mis-
sing.
Dorchester, Roman stratum.
Fragment of a bronze pin consisting of
a polygonal head in. in diameter, through
which passes the shank 3-ioth in. thick.
Only Ain. of it remains.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
vi.-BRACELETS, ARMLETS, &e., AND RINGS OF VARIOUS
KINDS, SOME FOR HARNESS.
These two sub-divisions will be taken as they come without attempt-
ing to classify the specimens as Roman or pre-Roman.
No. of
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 46c.
Br. 47.
Maiden Castle.
Fragment of a bracelet ; delicately orna-
mented.
Wollaston Field, Dorchester.
This bracelet is the most curious in this
Museum. It is 3111. across, and Jin. thick.
It seems to be made of pottery or stone,
possibly Kimmeridge shale, and to be
plated with bronze. Two narrow flat
plates cover the inner face of the bracelet
faces rather the plates meeting at an
angle. The outer face is covered by a
plate of semicircular section, and appar-
ently rather thicker than the others. This
outer plate is divided into quarters by
With the
Cuimingtoii
Collection.
Do.
64 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
shallow transverse mouldings, viz. : A
cavetto bordered on each side by two
fillets. In three places this group of
mouldings comes singly. At the fourth
place it is doubled, with an interval of fin.
between. And in this space there is a
break, whether accidental or intentional
may be a little doubtful. But most likely
it was intentional, and each end of the
penannular bracelet in that case probably
had a slight enlargement or knob, of which
some sign remains. The four divisions of
the outside plate are differently and elabor-
ately ornamented. The first to the left of
the break, as the bracelet stands, is filled
with diagonally crossing close lines. The
second has similar lines further apart. In
the lozenge shaped spaces thus formed are
quatrefoils. The third may be described
as also having a sort of cris-cross effect,
but produced not by lines, but by what
seem to be two rows of leaves with their
points meeting, or slightly overlapping.
On these little leaves minute lines are
made. The fourth is bordered along each
edge by a row of diagonal lines. Between
these is a row of lozenges, in the middle of
each of which is another lozenge bearing a
quatrefoil. In each of the outer half
lozenges is a minute circle. Of this
elaborate ornament, the main features
seem to have been cast with the plate.
The slight lines appear to have been en-
BRACELETS, ETC.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xvi.
Br. 48.
xvi.
Br. 49.
Br. 50.
Br. 51.
Br. 52.
graved. It is puzzling to see how this
outer plate could have been applied to the
bracelet. This difficulty may make it
likely that the material of the bracelet is of
the nature of pottery, and was worked into
the hollow bronze plate, and the inner
plates then soldered to the edges of the
hollow one outwardly, and to one another
inwardly.
Dorchester.
This seems to be a fragment of a Roman
bracelet. It is richly if somewhat rudely
adorned with arabesque foliage, in the
midst of which is a human figure, ap-
parently a boy playing on a pipe.
Albert Road, Dorchester.
A solid, penannular oval bracelet, 2fin.
by 2^in. The metal is |in. thick, quite
plain, save that there are two shallow sunk
lines around each extremity. Roman ?
Albert Road, Dorchester.
A slight rude penannular bracelet of flat
wire. No ornament.
Near the Roman Wall, Dorchester.
A very good pair of penannular torque
braclets, zin. in diameter. Each is made
of four wires closely and evenly twisted.
At each end three of the wires are cut off
short. The fourth wire projects about in.
One of these projections is twisted into a
hook, the other into an eye. Both hooks
are in the eyes. One end of Br. 52, has a
little bronze band or ferrule, binding and
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
66
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN RRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
('as.'.
No. of
Object.
Br. 53.
xvi.
Br. 54.
xvi.
Br. 55.
xvii.
Br. 56.
Br. 57.
Locality, &c.
concealing the end of the wires, where the
eye is. Probably the other three cut ends
were so protected originally.
Dorchester.
An armlet of extreme slightness, of plain
thin wire. It is somewhat bent out of
shape. As it stands, it is 3! in. by 3in. One
end is flattened and bored to serve as an
eye, and the other is fashioned into a hook.
Dorchester.
An armlet bent out of shape, and slightly
made. It is formed of flat wire, bent edge-
ways. The edges of the rim are orna-
mented each with a row of small notches.
The notches of one row alternate with
those of the other. This gives to the out-
ward circumference of the armlet a zigzag
or vandyke appearance. No hook and eye.
South Street, Dorchester.
From its slight rusting, this iron armlet
seems to have been plated with bronze,
and therefore is classed with objects of the
latter metal. It is much out of shape. It
is made of a rod about in. thick. At each
end it tapers greatly, and is made into a
hook. These hooks are now on the same
plane, but most likely were originally at
right angles to one another so as to hook
together. This may have been rather the
handle of a can or small pail.
Eglisham Field (?), Dorchester.
Found during the making of the Stratton
Road, in connection with which a quantity
How procured.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
With the
Cuiiniiigtoii
Collection.
BRACELETS, ETC.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. b.
Br. 58.
Br. 59.
xiii. b.
Br. 60.
of soil was carted from that field, reducing
it to a level. It is the water-meadow
facing the northern part of Colliton Walk,
Dorchester. In the course of this level-
ling it is believed that this fine pair of
bracelets was found, and also the palstave,
Br. 8.
These massive bracelets are much honey-
combed, giving the appearance of great
age. The metal is of a semicircular
section, the inner, flat face fin. wide.
From their weight, and from their being
found with a palstave, it is probable that
they were worn by a man ; but he must
have had small hands. The inside dia-
meter, 2^in., would not admit a large
hand.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
An oval penannular plain armlet, 3iin.
by 2f in. made of a roughly quadrangular
rod about 3-1 6th in. thick.
Believed to have been found at Fifehead
Neville.
Half of a waist torque, 7! in. in diameter.
The closely twisted metal is about fin.
thick.
Near Woolland, Dorset.
An annular armlet, labelled " British
Armlet, found by Mr. W. W. Connop, near
Woolland, Dorset, at the head of Locket's
Stream, on the bank, about 1891." This
armlet is quite uncorroded, and is of a
curious blackish colour. It has patches of
With the Warne
Collection.
Given by
C. Connop, Esq.
Do.
68
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
xiii. />.
xiii. b.
No. of
Object.
Br. 61
to 66.
Br. 67.
Locality, &c.
a bright golden appearance, wonderfully
like gilding. In the case of bronze
daggers, however, Sir J. Evans pronounces
this appearance to be deceptive. The
armlet is quite without ornament, but it is
remarkable for a gradual taper in the metal
from 6- 1 6th in. to 3-1 6th in. Its outside
diameter is 3iin.
Roman foundations, Fifehead Neville.
Five penannular bracelets, and part of
another. These are all of one type. They
are fairly stout in make, apparently cast.
The metal is flat within, slightly rounded
without, about fin. wide, tapering a little
to the ends. 61, 63, and 65, have the ends
slightly overlapping. The ends of 62 are
a little thickened. The ornament consists
of groups of sunk lines or mouldings at
right angles to the length of the metal.
In 6 1 and 66, some ornament appears in
connection with these mouldings, but not
in the others. The groups of cross lines
are separated by three oblongs running
lengthwise on the metal. These oblongs
are variously ornamented with cris-cross
lines, and with diagonal or vandyke lines
of little circles and dots.
Fifehead Neville.
A penannular torque bracelet, of rather
stout make. It has been corroded down,
or filed down, so that the convexity of the
outer surface of the wires is almost done
away with.
How procured.
Given by
C. Coimop, Esq.
Do.
BRACELETS, ETC.
6 9
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
xiii.*.
Br. 68.
Br. 69.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii.*.
Br. 70.
Br. 10a.
Br. 71.
Locality, &c.
Fifehead Neville.
Two very slightly made bracelets. They
are penannular, but look as if the circle
may have been broken accidentally. Their
ornament is a kind of milling on the outer
edge.
Fordington.
Two halves of a slender torque bracelet.
Roman Well, Winterborne Kingston.
An imperfect and much bent torque
bracelet.
Albert Road, Fordington, Dorchester.
An expanding femoral, if a new name
may be used. This specimen is suspected
of being unique in regard to its use,
namely, to be worn above the knee. It
was found in 1896, by Mr.- Bull, foreman of
the Borough Work, in digging a trench for
a sewer. It was found tightly clasping a
full sized human femur. In getting it off,
it was expanded to its present diameter,
4in., and in doing this, it seems to have
been strained, so as to lose its spring. A
ring of the same size will not go over even
a small man's knee. But one of the size of
this specimen, if fully expanded, slips on
with the utmost ease. This remarkable
ornament consists of a rod of bronze about
in. thick, tapered a good deal at the ends.
Each end is twisted neatly round the rod,
so loosely as to move easily on it. When
not in use, the ring would contract, judg-
ing by the position in which it was found.
How procured.
Given by
C. Connop, Esq.
Given by the
Eev. H. Moule.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
Lent by
G.J. Hunt, Esq.
)0 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND kOMAN KRONZE OI'.JECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
The wearer would carefully expand it, slip
it over his leg and knee, and then let it
contract. Nothing is known of a second
being found, nor of any coins or pottery to
give a date. But graves with Roman
pottery were found close by. It may be
noted that these graves were in the limits of
the Roman fossa. Sir J. Evans has no
description of any similar ring in his hand-
book, but in a letter he describes one of
like construction and size. He does not,
however, know where it was found.
RINGS OF VARIOUS KINDS.
No. of
No. of
Object.
Br. 72,
74.
73,
Br. 75, 76.
Br. 77,
79.
78,
Locality, &c.
Dorchester. Roman stratum.
Three plain rings, about fin. in internal
diameter, probably thumb rings.
Jordan Hill.
Two plain rings, fin. and 9-1 6th in. in
internal diameter respectively. Perhaps
finger rings, but 76 is small and also
rough for this purpose.
Ford in gt 011.
77 is a rough little ring about fin. in
outside diameter. It seems to be of iron,
coated with bronze. 78 is lin. across,
neatly made of a rod in. thick. Both
these rings were found with, and almost
How procured.
With the
Hogg Loau
Collection.
With the
Wame
Collection.
Given by the
Rev. H. Moule.
RINGS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, fcc.
How procured.
xiii. b.
Br.80,81.
xiii. b.
xiii. Z.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
Br. 81.
Br. 82.
Br. S2a.
Br. 83.
Br. 84.
Br. 86.
certainly were connected with, 79. This is a
snaffle bit with the rings (z^-in. in diameter),
and the bronze eyes in which they are in-
serted very well made. These eyes are
attached to a snaffle bar of iron, which,
through rusting, has broken in two. See
descriptive label.
Fifehead Neville.
These, as regards their present size, may
be called rings, but very possibly they are
imperfect bracelets. 8 1 is of rather orna-
mented make.
Fifehead Neville.
A ring with slight ornament.
Fifehead -Neville.
A slight simple finger ring.
Barton's Town, Tar rant Hinton.
A rudely made ring, handle, or finger ring.
Roman Well, Winterborne Kingston.
A torque, which like 80 and 81 maybe an
imperfect bracelet.
Near the Union Workhouse, Dorchester.
This small object, found with Roman
things, seems to be of that epoch. It is
now a ring, but seems to be the rim of
what possibly may have been a thimble.
Albert Road, Dorchester.
A well-made finger ring set with blue glass,
the design on which is rude and puzzling.
Near Dorchester.
A slender, slightly ornamented finger
ring. On the small round bezil is what
may be a cross.
Given by
C. Comiop,Esq.
Do.
Do.
With the
General
Collection.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleyclell, Esq.
Given by
C. J. Foster,
Esq.
Lent by
G. J. Hunt, Esq.
With the
Wolfe
Collection.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 87.
Br. 88.
Br. 89
to 94.
Br. 95
to 104.
Dorchester.
This seems to be a finger ring. It is of
metal, about 5-1 6th in. in width. Two
shallow flutings go nearly round its
surface. Where they stop, and where
there is a fracture, it is possible that a
bezil may have been.
All Saints' Glebe, Dorchester.
Two rings, rin. in outer diameter,
looped together. They may have be-
longed to harness.
Six little rings found at Somerleigh Court,
Dorchester.
89, imperfect and quite plain. 90, with
a bezil for a stone or glass, now empty.
91, flat in the plane of its diameter.
This can hardly be a finger ring. Possibly
it is a little brooch which has lost its pin.
92, a ring of uncommon (?) shape. Half
of its circumference is circular. The other
half consists of a very small bezil, not
socketted for a setting, joined to the curved
part by two nearly straight pieces, one end
of each forming a well marked angle where
it unites with the curved portion. 93,
another angular ring ; within it is round,
outside it is heptagonal. 94, a very small
ring, only in. across within. Each edge is
notched, the two sets of notches alternating
so as to produce a zigzag pattern.
Dorchester.
Ten rings which for the most part require
no special remark. Three, 98, 101, and 104
Given by
C. J. Foster,
Esq.
Given by the
Rev. S. E. V.
Filleul.
Given by Sir
K. Edgcumbe.
With the
Hogg Loan
Collection.
CLASPS AND BtfCKLES.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 105.
Br. 106.
are apparently roughly cast, and intended
to have been filed smooth, which was
never done. 96 is penannular. 103 is too
large to be a finger ring. (Both 96 and
103 are very likely brooches minus their
pins).
Dorchester.
" Found upon a skeleton." This ring is
rather prettily ornamented.
Dorchester, Beggars' Knap.
Found in a patera beside a skeleton.
This is a very simple penannular ring, bent
out of shape.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
vii.-CLASPS AND BUCKLES.
No. of
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 107.
Beggars' Knap, Dorchester.
A clasp or buckle not easy to describe,
and to which various dates have been
ascribed, from pre-Roman to Saxon.
(Roman. Franks.) It is of cast bronze,
3fin. long, if in. broad, oblong, with semi-
circular ends. At the middle of each end
is a little circular projection in the same
plane. On each side of each of these pro-
jections are similar ones, pierced so as to
form what may be two eyelets at each end.
Each end has within it a projection so
With the
Cuiiningtoii
Collection.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
C.-ise.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
formed as to produce the effect of a double
foliation. The straight sides are widened
inwards and outwards, so as to be fin.
broad. The bronze where exposed has a
fine patina. But it is much adorned. The
front curved face of each end has seven
squares of red enamel, separated by six
squares of very dark blue, almost black,
enamel. In the middle of each of these
latter squares is a minute flower, partly
red. The two middle projections at the
ends seem to have had roundels of enamel,
apparently red. Lastly, the face of the
straight oblong side is covered with
irregular interlaced gold lines, the inters-
tices being brown enamel. There is no
ornament at the back of the buckle, but
the oblong side pieces have long hollows
as if intended for enamel.
It is difficult to understand the mode of
using this buckle. At the back there is a
stud at one end, the button of it fin.
across. At the other end there is a rivet,
which looks as if it had originally been a
similar stud. If this were all, one would
have supposed that one stud was buttoned
into one end of a leather belt, the other
stud into the other end ; and that through
the eyelets were fastened laces for more
security. But this seems disproved by
what look like the catch of a pin at one end,
and the remains of the attachment of a pin
at the other end. If we accept this it is
CLASPS AND BUCKLES.
75
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 108
to 114.
xvi.
Br. 115
to 117.
Br.
hard to understand what the studs were
for.
With the buckle, there is a letter from
Sir A. Franks, who says that this buckle is
of the utmost rarity. He gives a slight
sketch of one of two brooches found at
South Shields. This South Shields speci-
men seems to be very much like the one
here. The three are the only specimens
known to Franks. He pronounces them
to be Roman.
Dorchester.
Buckles not calling for detailed notice.
Br. no, is of the regular make, with a
tongue or pin. All the rest are without a
pin, having only a cross bar. Br. 1 1 1 and
1 1 2 are imperfect, 1 1 1 so much so as to
make it doubtful whether it is a buckle or
not. All are probably Roman.
Fordington Field and Dorchester.
Three bar buckles like those in the last
group, but larger. 115 is square, 1 1 6
dice box shaped, with a bluntly pointed
projection at each end. This is adorned
with a line across from side to side, and
another from the point at right angles to
the cross line. 1 1 7 is a double oval, like
a figure of 8. 108 is much like it, but
smaller.
Boveridge House, Cranborne.
Fragments of a brooch of thin flat cast
bronze, adorned with graceful curved triple
lines in relief. Late Celtic, Greenwell.
With the
Hogg Loan
Collection.
Do.
Lent by H.
W. Brouucker,
Esq.
7 6
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC ANt> ROMAN fiRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. *.
xiii.*.
Br. 118.
Br. 119.
Br. 120.
xiii.*.
Br.
Br. 121
to 124.
xiii. *.
Br. 125.
Tarrant Hinlon.
A double oval buckle like 108 and 117.
Across one of the curves it has three lines
or notches made with a file, it seems.
Gallows Hill, Dorchester.
A buckle like the above, but imperfect.
It has a small round projection from the
"middle of its remaining curve.
Stoke Abbot, Bridport.
A little buckle so like modern ones, that
it is hard to believe that it is Roman. Yet
it was found with a fibula close by, and
with other undoubtedly Roman things. In
place of being made to be sewn on to the
leather strap itself, it has an attachment of
thin brass ri vetted and folded round a
bronze bar or pin, to which it seems that
the leather strap was fastened.
Roman Well, Winterborne Kingston.
Fragment of a disk-shaped ornamental
brooch.
Somerleigh Court, Dorchester.
121, 122, and 124 buckles like 119 and
others of the 8 shape. But 121 is of im-
portance, because, unlike all the rest of this
construction, it has a pin. This pin is so
slightly fastened to the bar by a mere twist,
that the idea is suggested that all the other
pinless buckles originally had pins, which
have became loose and have been lost.
Somerleigh Court.
This seems to be a buckle of the same
plan, but not cast like the others. It is
Given by the
late Earl of
Shaftesbury (:}.
Given by
C. J. Foster,
Esq.
Given by
B. F. Hogg,
Esq.
Given by
J. C. Maiisel-
Pleydell, Esq.
Given by Sir
K. Edgcumbe.
Do.
BROOCHES.
77
No. of
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. b.
Br. 1250.
now a simple hollow oblong punched out
of a thin sheet of bronze. But there are
two marks of fracture seeming to show that
originally it was a double oblong. The
side of the existing oblong, the side
namely which was the middle bar, is
slightly notched, probably to enable a pin
to be attached more firmly.
Gussage St. Michael, Field 53.
A very curious buckle, if in. across, and
i fin. the other way. The bow is hinged
to the bar by interlacing eyes. There
have been three pins or prongs.
Given by
Miss Ward.
viii. BROOCHES. ROMAN.
No. of
Case.
xiii. b.
No. of
Object.
Bi. 126.
Br. 126.
Locality, &c.
Longbredy.
These (126 and 1260.) are the only per-
fect bronze brooches in the collections.
126 is penannular, i^in. across, the ends
doubled back and slightly ornamented,
the flattish ring having a faint cable
moulding on it. The pin is twisted round
the ring-metal so as to move freely on it,
but to be stopped by the doubled ends of
the ring.
Charlton Marshall.
The ends of the ring are formed into
knobs. Section of the metal of the ring
round.
How procured.
Given by
J. C. Maiisel-
Pleydell, Esq.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No of
CUM-.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 127.
Somerletgh Court, Dorchester.
This seems certainly to have been a
brooch like 126, but it is now without a
pin. It is also rather larger, being lAin.
across.
N.B. Br. 96 in case xvi. is catalogued
with the rings, but almost certainly should
be included among the brooches. So
possibly should Br. 103 in the same case,
although not penannular. In that case
there is an annular silver brooch or buckle,
which seems to be Roman. Whether
these completely annular contrivances were
buckles or brooches, *>., whether they
were meant to fasten straps, or two
portions of a dress, is difficult to decide.
Given by Sir
R. Edgcumbe.
ix.-FIBUL. ROMAN.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 128.
Br. 129.
Maiden Castle.
A plain harp-shaped fibula with the
catch imperfect. Twisted union of pin to
fibula.
Dorchester.
A good specimen, harp-shaped, but of
rather remarkably bold curves both of
fibula and pin. The fastening of the pin
is without twisting. The fibula is of bold
design. At the extreme end the hinge
With the
Cuimingtoii
Collection.
Do.
FIBULAE.
79
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 130.
Br. 131.
end the metal is formed into a little ring,
looking as if it might have had a lace or
string through it for safety. From that to
the actual joint of the pin, the metal opens
out into a semicircle an inch across.
Then comes the bar itself, widening a
little to the middle each way, and at the
middle formed into a slightly moulded
projection, with a smaller one at the catch-
end. This fibula is quite perfect, includ-
ing the hinge of the pin.
Dorchester..
A rather small, but boldly designed
fibula. Its hinge end is cross-shaped, the
limbs round and slightly moulded at the
extremities. The bar then swells into a
semi-circular curve with an almost circular
flange ornament formed on it near the
lower end. Then, in line with the upper
cruciform part, comes the tubular catch.
The pin, perfect and quite sharp, seems to
be welded into the fibula.
Dorchester.
A very simple fibula, but of good shape.
At the hinge end it has a cross bar from
which the main bar rises in a bold long
curve, and about the middle of this the bar
thins and widens into a plate with its inner
edge strongly curved and its lower edge
turned upwards to form the catch. The
pin, perfect and sharp, seems to have been
hinged to the head of the fibula, but the
construction there is a little out of order
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
80 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
One.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 132.
xvi.
Br. 133
to 138.
and is not easy to understand. A delicate
fillet, dying away to nothing, adorns the
top surface of the main bar, and there are
fillets where that bar and the cross bar
join.
North Square, Dorchester.
A roughly cast but remarkable fibula.
It is like 130 in its somewhat cross-shaped
upper end and in its semi-circular curve.
But below this it is different. Of the
remaining iin. of its length, fin. is
thickened downwards so as to be of square
section. On one side of this is a narrow
slot, deep and widening within into a
tubular form. This was the catch. The
pin is gone. This fibula is a good deal
ornamented, the cross ends being moulded,
and the rest of the fibula having cross lines.
Found in the Surface Drainage Work,
Dorchester, 1883.
133 is a very curious fibula, at present
only i fins. long. It may be described as
a narrow plain oblong, formed at each end
into a thin blunt wide point. One point is
imperfect and to it the catch must have
been attached. The pin, hinged to a
projection below the other point, has lost
its small end. The oblong has a hollow
upper surface, as if to hold enamel. 1 34.
Quite perfect. At the upper end there is
a plain cross bar. The curved main bar
widens out to give room for a diamond-
shaped bezil, which has probably been filled
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
FIBULAE.
81
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
with enamel. The pin is hinged and is
perfect. There seems to be a spring in
the shape of a small projection, pressing
on the inner surface of the cross bar. 135
and 136 are very much damaged. 137 has
lost its pin, but is a curious specimen, i|in.
long. It has a slightly adorned cross bar.
Its main bar is wide and thin, the slightly
convex upper surface having y diamond-
shaped ornaments in low relief. Further,
it has on each side a thin flange minutely
serrated. At the small end, this main bar
has three slight fillets partly round it, and
a semi-circular projecting flange as a
termination. 138, another small, imper-
fect, but most curious fibula, not easy to
understand or describe. The flat, slightly-
curved main bar, ijin. long, has at the
head a very thin, vertically flat cross bar,
each projection only |in. long. At half-
an-inch from the head of the main bar, a
thin, carefully-shaped, and slightly-orna-
mented strip of bronze is fastened to the
upper surface by one rivet, on which it now
can be turned, and rather looks as if it was
always able to do so. This little strip
reaches just beyond the head and its small
cross bars. It is there bent into a little
transverse eye or cylinder. Through this
passes a bronze wire, which has each end
twisted into a close spiral. The wire seems
to have lain against the little cross bars, to
which it possibly was fastened by delicate
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
xii.
Br. 139
to 145.
Locality, &c.
binding wire. Where the wire clears the
cross bars the spirals come, and are turned
so as to point towards the catch at the other
end of the fibula. Possibly the wire below
the spirals was straightened out and the two
lengths united somehow so as to form a pin.
But the whole make of this fibula is puzzling.
Jordan Hill, Wey mouth.
Five backs and two pins of fibulae.
Only Br. 142 calls for remark. This is the
back bar of a fibula of very light and
graceful make. The bar is of round
section, at the thinnest part hardly, if at
all, more than i-i6th inch thick. At the
hinge end it seems to have been worked
into two side arms as usual, but these are
broken off. Further, welded on to the bar,
between the arms, or possibly forged as part
and parcel of the bar, is the spiral spring of
the pin. At the most projecting part of the
curve of the harp-shaped bar is an ornament
consisting of a fillet moulding surrounding
the bar and a little projection from the
outer side on each side of the moulding.
These projections look as if they had
been joined so as to form a ring or arch.
The catch is curious. The ordinary little
plate joined to the lower end of the bar,
and at its outer edge curled up to secure
the pin point, is of unusual make. It is
not perfect. But it seems to have had four
openings pierced in it. These reduced
the plate to two slips each in. wide, and
How procured.
With the
Warne
Collection.
FIBULA.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
Br. 146
to 149.
Br. 150.
Br. 151.
Br. 152
to 155.
Br. 156.
Br. 157.
three extremely thin ends or wires, not
thicker than a thread.
Fifehead Neville.
Fragments of fibulae.
Dorchester.
A small cross-headed fibula, without its
pin. On the bow is a slight hollow, per-
haps for enamel.
Charlton Marshall.
Fragment of a fibula.
Winterlorne Kingston, in a Roman Well.
152, a small imperfect fibula cross and
ring-headed. It looks a little as if it had
been plated. 153, a large fibula with flut-
ing and other ornament. Pin gone and
also the ring. The cross bar is unusually
short. This has been a good specimen of
the flat-barred, harp-shaped fibula. With
the ring it must have been more than 3in.
long. 154, a pin only. Note the shoulder
or stop, whereby the springiness of the pin
was able to be used to make it take the
catch. 155, of no importance.
Winterborne Kingston, Roman Well.
An imperfect fibula of the kind made of
one wire beaten out at one end into a catch.
The other extremity forms the pin. The
curious twist forming a spring where the
bow joins the pin is well seen.
Stoke Abbot, Bridport.
A cross-headed fibula, the bow of tri-
angular section and boldly curved. The
pin is gone.
Given by
C. Connop, Esq.
Given by
A. Emson, Esq.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
Do.
Do.
Given b\
B. A. Hogg,]
84 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN RRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
auii. 4.
Br. 158.
Br. 159.
xiii. b.
Br. 159.
Cornwall Road, Dorchester.
A slight fibula, with a flat, narrow, gently
curved bow. The pin is perfect, but the
rivet is gone.
Near Charminster.
Probably at the northern end of the
parish in a field adjoining the road to
Godmanston, west of that road. Here a
handsome tessellated floor was found in
1891. A pair of tweezers (Br. 245) is from
the same spot. They are in this case.
This fibula (159) is by far the best in the
Dorset Museum. In shape it is of the
common cross-headed, flattish bowed type,
and is quite perfect. But in decoration it
stands alone in this Museum, for it is
parcel-gilt and on the bow has three
diamond-shaped bezils, two having blue
enamel and the middle one red.
Somerleigh Court Garden, Dorchester.
Bow of a fibula, 2 Jin. long not following
the bold curve. This bow is made of a
thin strip of bronze, rolled over so as to be
convex outwardly, flattish within. The
plate or flange on which was the catch
seems to be brazed between the meeting
edges of the plate forming the bow. At
the other end a strip of very thin bronze is
rivetted on to the outer surface of the bow.
This strip is imperfect. It seems to have
formed part of the joint uniting the pin to
the bow, or possibly it may have had to do
with the spring.
Given by
G. Mitchell,
Given by Sir
K. Edgcuuibe.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECfS.
5
The remaining: Bronze Things will be
Classed as MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS and taken as they come.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Br. 160
and 161.
Br. 162.
Br. 163.
Br. 164.
Locality, &c.
]\ I aid en Castle.
Two thin rods of bronze. 160, bluntly
pointed at one end and flattened towards
the other, where is a slight sign of an eye,
seems to be a bodkin. 1 6 1 may be one also.
Maiden Castle.
A minute, imperfect ring, and a round
wide-headed nail.
Maiden Castle, from the site of a Roman
House.
Fragment of a small statue the breast.
4^in. by 4in.
Maiden Castle. Same site.
A very thin sheet of bronze yf in. by 3! in.
For about half its length it seems to have
been rectangular, and above it tapered
roughly to a point. It is much but coarsely
decorated in repousse or stamped work of
very rude art. The chief object is a figure,
apparently female, about 5 in. high, with
helmet, lance, and what may be the aegis
of Pallas. The figure stands in a rec-
tangle bounded by cable moulding. The
rest of the bronze is occupied by chevron-
like, broad shallow ornament, except on
the dexter side, where, imperfectly pre-
served, is what possibly may be a round
shield. It has been suggested that this
curious bronze may have been an ornament
of a standard.
How procured.
With the
Cuimington
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
86
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
(as,-.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
XV.
xvi.
Br. 165.
Br. 166.
Br. 167.
Br. 168.
Br. 169.
xvi.
Br. 170.
Br. 171.
Wollaslon Field, Dorchester.
A good spoon, with the characteristic
curve joining the bowl to the pointed
handle.
Dorchester.
A very small key, iin. long.
Dorchester.
An aurist's instrument. (?) See Br. 206.
Wollaston Field, Dorchester.
A bronze fragment ijin. long, with an
oblong hole through it. Use ?
Fordington Field, Dorchester.
A curious thing of uncertain use. It is
a roughly heptagonal tube, iin. long, fin.
in bore. On three of the faces it is
curiously adorned with two parallel lines of
minute triangular dots. Close to one end
projects at right angles a thin flange, fin.
long, in. wide. On it are scratched VX.
At the outer edge the flange bears a thin
round rod, tapering and imperfect. It is
slightly curved, but runs nearly parallel to
the tube. This tube at the end by the
flange is partially closed. At the other end
a very slight, narrow strip of bronze divides
the bore into halves.
Fordington Field, Dorchester.
A stud, with shank imperfect, fin. across.
A risk Mill, East Lulworih.
A very rude figure of a cock, about 2 in.
each way. On its back is a small narrow
flower pot-shaped receptacle. It is sug-
gested that this thing may be an ornament
With the
Cunnington
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
No of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 172.
Br. 173.
Br. 174.
xvi.
Br. 175.
Br. 176.
xvi.
Br. 177.
Br. 178.
of a helmet. If so, the object on the
cock's back was most likely for holding a
plume.
Dorchester.
A Roman spoon, quite perfect.
Dorchester.
A spoon almost certainly mediaeval.
Dorchester.
A hanging drawer-handle of uncertain
date. The actual handle may be described
as an oblong with lower side and both ends
slightly curved inwards, the upper side
rising in two bold inward curves, which are
united by a slightly curved cross-piece,
which plays loosely in a roughly modelled
closed hand. The hand, of course, was
fastened to the drawer front, but it has lost
the bolt for this purpose. The six-sided
handle is made of rather thin bronze,
about in. broad. The outer face is orna-
mented with a row of little punched circles.
Dorchester.
A weight. Roman ? (3^oz.)
Dorchester.
A puzzling spoon-shaped implement.
The round bowl is only fin. across. The
shank is only lin. long, but has been
more.
Dorchester, Wey mouth Road.
Roman tweezers.
Dorchester.
A small ring, on which are hung a pair
of tweezers and another little implement,
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OHjfeCfS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xvi.
xvi.
Br. 179.
Br. 180.
Br. 181.
Br. 182.
Br. 183.
Br. 184.
both imperfect. Possibly the second was
like Br. 180.
(On the same card with 178, &c., are
several small bronze fragments and a small
ring.)
Dorchester.
An imperfect, small Roman spoon,
without the curved neck. Also a little rod
which may be the shank of a spoon.
Dorchester.
An aurist's instrument. See Br. 206.
Gaol Grounds, Dorchester.
Near the tessellated pavements, of which
fragments are in the Museum. A stylus,
well made and perfect, but bent out of
shape.
Dorchester.
A small stylus, perfect but bent.
Dorchester.
Three bronze nails, iin. long.
Dorchester.
A fragment, the use of which is un-
known. A trefoil-shaped flat plate, about
i|in. by ifin. At its broad end it is
hinged to a piece of bronze about fin.
thick, curved downwards, with a curved
branch rising from it lin. away from the
trefoil. Both branch and stem are im-
perfect. Then beneath the trefoil and
nearly coinciding with its upper outline
are two curved arms, part and parcel of
the bar or stem. Both these arms are
broken at the ends.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do,
Do.
Do.
Do.
MISCELLANEOUS oBjECts.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 185.
xvi.
Br. 186.
Br. 187.
Br. 188.
Br. 189.
Dorchester.
A tool the use of which it is hard to
understand. Just possibly it may have
been for stamping leather or pottery. It is
like a shallow gouge. But instead of hav-
ing a sharp edge it has filed or sawn lines
on each side, eight outside and apparently
seven inside. These indented lines are
alternate, so that the edge, pressed verti-
cally down, makes a curved serrated im-
pression. The edge is lin. across. The
tool tapers for if in. where the shaft begins.
This is now fin. long, but is imperfect.
Dorchester.
A fragment, possibly of a lamp. It is
part of a round hollow vessel, ornamented
with concentric fillets in relief. N.B. On
the same card are two small fragments of
bronze, use unknown.
Fordmgton Field, Dorchester.
This looks like a barrel-key with two
opposite wards, which are broken off. The
handle consists of two flat rings united,
roughly lin. and in. across respectively.
The small one ends in two little knobs or
projections. The flat surfaces are roughly
engraved with slight ornament suggesting
sprays of foliage.
On the same card is a button of doubt-
ful date.
Dorchester.
Two flat-headed nails. 1 88, fin. across ;
189, ifcin.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
90 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No of
Case.
xvi.
No. of
Object.
Br. 190.
Br. 191.
Br. 192.
Br. 193.
Br. 191.
Locality, &c.
South Street, Dorchester.
A very puzzling fragment, looking some-
what as if intended to represent a bent arm,
but as it has been longer at the upper or
thicker end most likely that was not the
idea. The other end, what would be the
fore-arm and fist if meant for an arm, is
split. The fist is pierced as for a ring to
hang it by. This suggests that this curious
thing may been worn as a charm. It is
very slightly and indistinctly ornamented.
On this card is a spur, which, like several
similar ones in the Museum, is of doubtful
date.
From a circular pit, Wareham Road,
Dorchester.
A fragment of uncertain use. With it is
the thin, flat bar of a fibula (192), which
from its having some patina must have
copper in it. On the other hand part of
its surface is shining and silvery.
Dorchester.
A nail iin. long, square shank, round,
flat head. See 183 in the same case.
Dorchester.
A very curious thing, difficult to describe
or explain. It may be defined as a thin
bronze plate 2^in. long, bent round into
an incomplete pipe fin. in diameter. On
one edge this plate was bent outwards at
about right angles. This projecting plate
was then cut away partially so as to leave
three rhomboids at equal intervals. These
How procured.
With the Hogg
Loaii
Collection.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object,
Locality, Sec.
How procured.
Br. 195.
Br. 196.
xvi.
Br. 197,
are pierced and each carries a little wire
eye. Two of these eyes have, and doubt-
less the third has had, rings inserted.
Lastly, the tube, which is slightly orna-
mented, has three small holes, in one of
which a pin remains. Doubtless the
others also had pins. Is it possible that
these pin-holes were to allow of the
fastening of a thin wooden rod fitting into
the pipe, and serving as a handle ?
Further, may the rings have carried little
" hawks-bells," and may the whole thing
have been a child's rattle ?
Dorchester.
An imperfect rod, 2%'m. long and fin.
thick. Its perfect end looks as if the
whole thing is a model of a battering ram.
The shank has very shallow but note-
worthy ornament, consisting of three bands
of arches. Just possibly this thing may
have been the handle of a knife.
Dorchester.
A fragment of pretty stout bronze plate
i fin. long, in. broad at one end, iin.
broad at the other. This thing, imperfect and
seeming to be bent out of shape, may just
possibly be part of the handle of a vessel.
Orchard Street, Dorchester.
Two spur frames, one almost perfect,
the other a fragment. They are catalogued
here with the utmost doubt, for some,
perhaps most, antiquaries think them to
be post-Roman.
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
Do.
Do.
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xvi.
Br. 198.
Br. 199.
Br. 200.
Br. 201.
xii.
xii.
Br. 202.
Br. 203.
Br. 204.
Br. 205.
Albert Road, Dorchester.
A little key, barrelled, the ring only
fin. across. Roman ?
Jordan Hill, Wey mouth.
Two small spoons, with round bowls and
straight pointed handles. See 203.
Jordan Hill, Wey mouth.
A clasp or double hook. It may be
described as a hollow cigar-shaped object,
each end of which is drawn out into a
slender short pointed hook. The middle
of the hollow part has a hole through it, at
right angles to the plane of the hooks.
The hollow part, again, is curiously adorned
with four bands of engraved lines round it,
united by others running lengthwise. 2^in.
long.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
A little lamp, iin. each way, with three
openings.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
A spoon like 199 and 200, but with the
handle fluted.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
A stud or flat-headed nail, with the shank
broken off. It is |in. across and orna-
mented with a curvilinear hexagon, &c.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
A piece of metal, 2$ in. long, fin. broad
in the middle, tapering to a blunt point at
each end. It is curved, and within the
curve the bronze is worked into a ridge or
flange, tapering to nothing each. way. At
With the Hogg
Loan
Collection.
With the
Warne
Collection.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
93
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xii.
xiii. a.
xiii. a.
Br. 206.
Br. 207.
Br. 203.
the thickest part, measured through the
convex and concave faces, the object
measures ^in. The flange has a small
rivet hole through it in the middle. The
outer face of the object is ornamented with
fillets and other shallow mouldings, cross-
wise in the middle, lengthwise at the ends.
This thing seems to have been a fitting,
fastened by means of the flange and a rivet
to some appliance, probably of wood ; but
it is difficult to divine what this was.
Jordan Hill, Weymouth.
An instrument, sfin. long, a thin rod,
with a band of moulding round it 2in.
from one end. At this end there is a
minute flat spoon, round, in. across. At
the other end the rod or wire is slightly
thickened out into a cigar-shaped termina-
tion about fin. long. This instrument is
thought to have belonged to an aurist.
(On the same board are two other bronze
objects, of not much account.)
Thome) 1 Down.
Part of a javelin-head (?) 3in. long, cast
hollow. The section is a curved rhomboid.
Holwell, Cranborne.
A little implement which may have been
used, one end for making triple lines, the
other single ones, on pottery. It is a thin
slip of bronze 3 in. long, nearly $in. wide
at one end, and tapering to a point at the
other. The broad edge has two bits taken
out of it, leaving three points or little prongs.
With the
Wame
Collection.
Given by
Dr. Smart.
Do.
94 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
C;ist'.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii.*.
xiii. b.
Br. 209.
Br. 210.
Br. 211.
Br. 212.
Br. 213.
Near Cranborne (?).
Handle of a vase, sin. long.
Holwell, near Cranborne.
Fragment of twisted wire, perhaps part
of a torque.
South Street, Dorchester.
Ladle for dipping up wine, ift. long.
The end of the handle is hooked and
fashioned into two ducks' heads, one
slightly imperfect. The hook, doubtless,
was for hanging the ladle to the rim of the
large wine bowl, when out of use.
Norton, Dorset.
Base of a vase, of brownish bronze,
quite without patina. From its weight it
may in part be of lead, with a thin coating
of bronze, applied in some way which is
hard to understand. The remnant of stem
is cast hollow, the metal hardly i-i6th in.
thick. The base consists of a disk rounded
at the edge, or rather, brought to a blunt
curved edge, disk about in. in section.
Above and below this disk has a circular
fillet about 2in. across. A fine casting. The
disk has three minute holes drilled through
it, in a row. It is difficult to explain them.
Near Wareham.
With defaced coins, 1859. Two frag-
ments of a lamp. The thin, much damaged
bowl is 3^in. across at its widest part, but
narrows in at the top. The flat upper
portion is also damaged. It consists of a
disk jin. across, with a in. wick-opening
Given by
Dr. Smart.
Do.
With the
General
Collection.
Given by
the late Earl of
Shaftesbury.
With the
General
Collection.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
xiii. b.
Br. 214.
Br. 215.
xiii.
Br. 216.
xiii. b.
Br. 217.
Locality, &c.
in the middle. Round this and at the
outer edge is a fillet. Part of the nearly
flat handle remains. It is of curved outline,
artistically blending with the circle of the
top or cover into an ogee. Along the
edges it is adorned with a shallow outer
and deeper inner groove, leaving a fillet
between them. The patina of the bowl is
curious, showing patches of madder brown,
with green about their edges.
Dorchester (?).
A hook 2^in. long, but it has been
longer. It is lin. across. This seems too
large for a fish-hook, at all events for river
use, and the absence of a barb is against
its being for that purpose. On the other
hand its shape and sharp point give it the
appearance of a fish-hook.
Dorchester (?).
A spout 2^in. long over all. It seems to
have been cast, and then roughly worked,
partly with a file, into a rude dog's head,
with the actual spout in the mouth.
Roman Well, Winterborne Kingston.
Six thin fragments of bronze of uncertain
use. One of them, marked A, seems to
be mediaeval, having on it a repousse F,
apparently of that epoch.
Fifehead Neville.
Fragment, 4^in. long, of a curved rim of
possibly a wooden shield. It has three
rivet holes. With it is a little bit of bronze
bent round. It may have been a handle.
How procured.
With the
General
Collection.
Do.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
Given by
C. Coimop, Esq.
9 6
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN HRONZE OBJECTS.
Xo. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. b.
Br. 218.
xiii.
Br. 219.
xiii.i.
Br. 220.
xiii. i.
Br. 221.
Dorchester.
A rude little female figure, 3in. long.
It is cast hollow. The features have been
almost wholly worn away. The head-
dress, with its lappels falling over the
breast, suggest that the figure is meant for
Isis or some other Egyptian goddess.
The arms are placed across the body.
The lower limbs are concealed by drapery,
or what seems to be meant for it.
Dorchester.
A helmeted female bust, iin. long,
probably meant for Minerva. Towards
the lower end of the back are the remains
of a rivet. The little bust may have been
a helmet ornament.
Near Dorchester.
An implement consisting of a thin,
fluted, and prettily twisted quadrangular
rod, sin. long over all, at one end beaten
out into a spoon in. long, and at the
other end into what seems to have been
a similarly-shaped termination, but flat.
This part is imperfect. Possibly this may
have been a modelling tool.
Dorchester (?).
Perhaps a stylus. It is a thin, slightly
curved, round rod, 4^111. long over all. At
each end the rod is worked into a four-
sided, fluted point, fin. long. This has
been called a Roman stylus. But from an
article and figure in the Archaeological
Journal, V. 161, it may seem to be a
With the
General
Collection.
Do.
Given by the
Honble.
Mrs. Ashley.
Given by
J. Garland, Esq.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
97
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 222.
Br. 223.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
Br. 224.
Br. 225.
mediaeval stylus, or " greffe," a much
rarer thing.
Dorchester.
A solid stemmed, simple key, only if in.
long.
Dorchester.
A statuette of Mercury, 3 fin. high over
all. He is sitting on a rock of lead, to
which the statuette is fastened by little
pegs or dowels, cast in the bronze. The
workmanship is rough, but not inartistic.
The figure has not the petasus or hat, nor
the caduceus or serpent-twined rod, nor
the winged feet, all characteristic of Mer-
cury. But from the crumena or purse in
the left hand, wings on the head, and from
the identity of the general design with that
of the fine bronze Mercury of Herculaneum,
there is no doubt as to the attribution of
this statuette. It was found more than
1 40 years ago. (See Hutchins' "Hist, of
Dorset," ed. i., Vol. I., p. 38.)
West ham, Wejy mouth.
A statuette of Hercules, standing 4fin.
high over all. It is very rudely cast
Charlton Marshal, Blandford.
A pair of tweezers of better make than
other specimens here. See Br. 178 and
245. Br. 225 is not made like the others
of a simple flat strip of bronze. The arms
are brought to a convex shape outwardly.
At the upper end they are beaten out into
an oval flat shape, and are joined with a
Given by
J. Garland, Esq.
Given by
. Stone, Esq.
Given by the
Rev. A. Gordon.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
9 8
DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Oue.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
Br. 226.
xiii.i
Br. 227.
xiii. 4.
Br. 228.
Br. 229.
rivet in the middle. Above the riveted
part a round ring for hanging up is
fashioned, the metal being there also round
in section. These tweezers are in good
working order now. 2f in. long over all.
Dorchester.
A little ornament, perhaps intended for
a flower bud. It is fin. long, and has two
rivets for fastening it at the back. Possibly
it was an ornament of harness. See Br.
233. It is of very irony bronze.
Dorchester.
This seems to be a bronze, or rather
copper, lamp, crushed entirely out of shape.
It contains a dark substance, which seems
to be the remains of oil. (With it was
found what seems to be a much honey-
combed fragment of an early celt, like Br. 3.)
Fifehead Neville.
A fragment (lin. long) of a tube about
fin. across. At one end it is bent, crushed,
and broken off. Across the other end a
thin square bit of bronze, in. long, is
soldered. Use unknown.
Fifehead Neville.
A fragment fin. long, imperfect at both
ends. It is boldly curved and concave
outwards in section. From a width of
fin. at one end it tapers to 3-1 6th inch at
the other. Across the wide end there is a
sharply-formed semi-circular depression.
No explanation of the use of this thing
can be offered.
With the
General
Collection.
Given by
C. J. Foster,
Given b
J. Connop,
Do.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
No. of
Object.
Br. 230
and 230.
Br. 231
and 231.
Br. 232.
Br. 233.
Locality, &c.
Fifehead Neville.
Fragments of two spoons.
Fifehead Neville.
Two fragments, perhaps, of the same
ornament. Each consists of a piece of
very thin bronze i Jin. long, widening from
a blunt point to a width of about fin.
This wide edge is a fracture. The
sides are slightly curved, and along each
of these curved edges is a row of diagonal
dents, giving somewhat the effect of a
cable moulding. Near each point is the
remains of an iron pin or rivet. These
objects were doubtless ornaments, or parts
of one ornament, to be riveted on leather
or wood.
Fifehead Neville.
A ferule, well and boldly moulded. It is
fin. long and fin. across inside.
Fifehead Neville.
This thing is of the same sort as
Br. 226, but is a better specimen. It is
i fin. long and iin. across where widest.
It is curved in section, convex outwardly.
In shape it may be described as a heart
with the end formed into a trefoil. At the
back it has two rivets of its own substance.
These have their points clenched over,
showing that the material to which this
ornament was fastened was perhaps quite
fin. thick. On and between the rivets is a
remnant of this material, which may have
been leather. Each rivet has a little metal
How procured.
Given by
C. Connop, Esq.
Do.
Do.
Do.
100 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
uii. b.
Br. 234.
Br. 235.
xiii. b.
xiii. b.
Br. 236.
Br. 237.
xiii. 4.
Br. 238.
washer near its point. This ornament may
have been fastened to harness, or possibly
to a shield.
Fifehead Neville.
A very puzzling little object. It is a
slight pipe, fin. long and in. in bore,
closed at one end. At this end, at right
angles to the pipe, is a slightly orna-
mented ring, fin. one way over all, fin.
the other.
Fifehead Neville.
Two little strips of thin bronze, about
fin. by fin., joined near one end by an iron
rivet. This looks like a guard to preserve
the end of a narrow strap. The bronze is
slightly ornamented with minute notches
along the edges, and with two little con-
centric circles. It has been longer.
Fifehead Neville.
A bronze nail like Br. 183 and 193, but
with the flat head curiously out of centre
as relates to the shank.
Fifehead Neville.
A stylus 5 Jin. long, of very irony bronze.
It has been a pretty specimen, the stem
being pentagonal and separated from the
rounded point by a band of moulding. It
is a good deal covered both with red rust
and green patina.
Fifehead Neville.
Two wires or thin rods, about 5111. and
4in. long respectively. The longer one
may be of iron, is a good deal bent, and is
Given by
p,Esq.
C. Connop, '.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
101
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
xiii. b.
Br. 239.
Br. 240.
Br. 241.
Br. 242.
xiii. b.
Br. 243.
broken at both ends. Use unknown. The
other, a mere wire, of the thickness of a
large common pin, is pointed and bent into
a little hook at one end, and seems to have
been pointed at the other end also. This
little object, the use of which it is hard to
define, has a fine patina.
Fifehead Neville.
A little staple about fin. each way.
Fifehead Neville.
A thin disk, i Jin. across, imperfect. It
is stamped into concentric ornaments.
Probably it was fastened by a central pin or
rivet, to a shield or to harness. (On the
same card are several other small imperfect
objects.)
Roman Well, Winterborne Kingston.
A fragment of an apparently circular,
cast, ornamented object. On one side a
small ring projects. This possibly may be
part of a brooch.
Bartoris Town, Tarrant Hinton.
This round pointed square-tanged object,
i fin. long, looks like an arrow-head. The
shoulder of the pointed part is encircled
by a band of simple ornament.
Bartoris Town.
This, too, may possibly be an arrow-
head. It is a flat bit of bronze, 2in. long,
fashioned into a spear-shaped point, the
extreme end of which seems to have been
broken off. The other end is formed into
a tang. The tang is much bent.
Given by
C. Connop, Esq.
Do.
Given by
J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Esq.
With the
General
Collection.
Do.
102 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
Xo. of
Case.
xiii.i.
xiii.*.
No. of
Object.
Br. 244.
Br. 245.
Br. 246.
Br. 247.
Locality, &c.
Barton! s Town.
This may be classed with Br. 242 save
that it is larger, being 3$ in. long, and that
the point is polygonal.
Charminster Parish, North End.
Site of a Roman house, where was a
fine piece of tessellated floor, now utterly
destroyed. A pair of slight, simple
tweezers, imperfect.
Near Corfe Castle.
A pair of compasses 6|in. long, nearly
perfect. The two legs are joined by a
rivet of the form of a round-headed,
curved, stout nail fin. long. This is
secured by a substantial pin passing
through a hole in the shank of the rivet.
The pin, like the rivet, is curved. The
upper half of the legs is a good deal orna-
mented with cross and diagonal lines,
apparently cast. It may be noted that the
compass ornamented disk of Kimmeridge
shale in xii. a. was found pretty near.
Qua/re Bras, near Dorchester.
Iron tang of a dagger, with bronze
fittings. It is 3^in. long. At the upper
end is a hollow, diamond-shaped piece of
pretty stout bronze, i Jin. by iin. This is
still firmly united to the end of the iron
tang which passes through it. Then at
intervals of fin. are three oval bands about
in. wide and about in. by fin. across.
These bands are all in place, the intervals
between their inner surfaces and the in.
How procured.
With the
General
Collection.
Given by
E. Cunniugton,
Esq.
Do.
Given by
J. F. Hussey,
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
103
No. of
No. of
Object.
xiii. b.
Br. 248.
Br. 249.
Br. 250.
xiii. b.
Br. 251.
Locality, &c.
square tang being filled with oxidized
remains of the handle, apparently 'of wood.
The outside of the bands is ornamented
with two or three pairs of shallow lines
round them. " This may possibly be
Celtic, of the early Iron Age" (Canon
Greenwell).
Somerleigh Court Garden, Dorchester.
Seven little ornaments, or fragments of
ornaments, of doubtful use. No. 3 from
the top may be the pendant of an earring.
Somerleigh.
A pair of compasses, 3in. long. They
are very well made and quite perfect.
Somerleigh.
A slender ointment spoon, sin. long. It
consists of a thin rod, at one end of which
is a narrow spoon-bowl, iin. long and
fin. wide. At the junction with the bowl
the rod is slightly moulded. At the other
end the rod ends in an egg-shaped piece,
in. long and 3-1 6th inch thick. Perhaps
this was wrapped in wool, and dipped in
the ointment, which was thus applied to a
sore or wound. (See a similar end on an
aurist's instrument, Br. 206.)
Somerleigh.
A little hammer-head, zin. long. It is
not clear whether this small tool was cast
or hammered and filed into shape. Its
hammer surface is roughly round, fin.
across. Above it comes a rather clumsily-
made groove all round. Then for in. it
How procured.
Given by Sir
E. Edgcumbe.
Do.
Do.
Do.
104 DORSET-FOUND CELTIC AND ROMAN BRONZE OBJECTS.
No. of
Case.
No. of
Object.
Locality, &c.
How procured.
tapers. Then comes the flat, oval centre,
in which is the hole for the handle. This
hole seems to have been drilled, and is
only in. across. From the centre piece
the bronze, still flat, widens out to in.
broad. The end is square across. In the
middle of this end is a notch, giving the
tool the look of a claw-hammer. But in
its present state it could not be so used,
and there is no appearance of the claws
ever having tapered in a curve to a greater
length so as to fit them for drawing a nail.
Indeed the smallness of this tool seems
to prove that it could not have been so
used. The lightness of this hammer and
the thinness of the handle, as shown by
the hole, make it likely that it was used
only for very fine work, perhaps on gold.
L
Ancient
By ALFRED POPE
( Bead Dec. 19th, 1899. )
w ]
3 HEN, on the invitation of your Hon. Secretary, I con-
sented to read a few notes on a supposed British
trackway discovered in excavating for an addition
to the Brewery premises at Dorchester, it was with
a view to bringing the facts connected with the
discovery before the antiquarian members of the
Dorset Field Club, so as to raise a discussion and
gather their views and opinions thereon. I do
not pretend to a knowledge of the subject myself,
but rather give you the ideas I have borrowed from the late Mr.
Charles Warne through his "Ancient Dorset," and from con-
versations on the subject with our good friend Mr. Moule,
who is always so willing to impart the knowledge he possesses
for the benefit of others less well informed.
The ancient Britons, as is well known, had two kinds of roads
or trackways quite distinct from each other. The first one,
which we will for the purpose of distinction call a roadway,
was formed by the throwing up of a bank or causeway of
considerable width with a ditch of considerable depth on either
side. A good example of this kind of roadway may be seen
near the circle of stones or " Druids' Temple " at Pokeswell,
106 AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY.
where the road may be seen ascending the hill from the west
close to and partially broken by a large stone quarry, thence
passing a few yards to the left of the "Temple." Another
example of this type of road may be seen in some portions of
the Via Iceniana or Roman road on the crest of the hill on the
Dorchester side of East Compton Down, such portions probably
being originally British, but adapted by the Romans in making
their long straight road leading from Silchester through Durno-
varia past Eggardon Hill to the ancient Isca, the modern
Exeter. These roads were adapted for and doubtless used by
the ancient Britons for the wheel traffic of their cars or chariots,
in the use of which the Britons like the Gauls were, according to
Caesar, most expert.
The minor roads or trackways were considerably narrower
than those just described, and the term " hollow or covered way "
has been applied to this latter type of road by Sir R. C. Hall and
other antiquaries, conveying the idea of having been constructed
for the purpose of aifording shelter, concealment, or protection
to the traveller. These were formed by digging a moderately
broad and deep ditch and throwing up the soil into a bank on
one or both sides of the excavation, and it has been suggested
that many of these earthworks may have served a double purpose,
namely, as "ways" and also as boundary lines and divisions
between the property of contiguous tribes.
The ancient trackway discovered at Dorchester, and of which
I now produce photographic sections for your inspection, is of
the latter type. It appears to have run from the southern entrance
of Durnovaria, in a southern direction, diverging slightly towards
the east, but almost parallel to the old turnpike road to Wey-
mouth which was formed on the causeway of a Roman Vicinal
Way given off by the Via Iceniana as it passed through
Durnovaria, and is continued straight over Ridgeway Hill to the
shore at Radipole somewhat to the east, or possibly under the
eastern embankment of Maumbury Rings, which, if correct,
practically disposes of the theory, held by some, that it was the
road from the town to this ancient Roman Amphitheatre.
AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY. 107
Whilst the excavation was still open I carefully took the
dimensions of the dyke, and found it to be 5ft. 4in. in depth,
6ft. 6in. in width at the bottom, and 8ft. 3 in. wide on the top, and
that it had been filled with a mixture of chalk and soil, evidently
thrown in from the eastern side, as may be seen from the strata
in the photograph. The bottom of the trench is somewhat
rounded, but does not show signs of the crushing and wear of
the chalk which would be expected in a roadway used for wheel
purposes, the conclusion being that it was a minor trackway used
principally for foot and horse traffic. This trackway was also
struck some 40 yards to the north of where the section above
referred to was taken in the year 1880, when the Brewery
buildings were erected, and again some years later in digging
the foundations for a wall on the south side of the County Police
Barracks, when the same indications which have been described
were clearly perceptible, the sides having been sharply and
regularly cut and not worn in the chalk. In each case it had been
filled up with a mixture of mould and chalk. (A short account of
the opening of the trench will be found in Vol. VII., p. 67, of the
Club's Proceedings.) Although on careful inspection the direc-
tion of this trench or track did not favour the view that it led to
the adjoining entrance to Maumbury Rings, but that it rather
passed to the eastward thereof, the fact must not be lost sight
of that in the year 1879, on the occasion of a visit of this Club
to the county town, a trench some eight or nine feet deep was
dug across the northern entrance of this Amphitheatre for the
purpose of finding the "girt stone," supposed to be buried
there, but of which, however, no trace could be seen, when a
roadway some five or six feet wide, and as deep, formed in the
chalk, was discovered of much the same character as that struck
near the Brewery, so that the view held by some that the dyke
was the roadway from Durnovaria to the ancient earthwork is
feasible ; and this theory is strengthened by the fact that on
examining the railway cutting to the east of the Amphitheatre
I have been unable to discover any trace of the Trackway
having been continued over the line of railway.
108 AN ANCIfiNT BRITISH TRACKWAY.
Another of these supposed trackways was struck in Dorchester
some 1 5 years since in the cutting to the east of the railway
bridge on the Wareham Road. On the sides of the railway
cutting being carefully scraped down in the fresh face of the
chalk a notch, or dyke, clearly appeared, which must have been
equally visible when the cutting was made, but of which no
record seems to have been kept at the time. On each bank was
a large superficial notch filled in with earth. These can be seen
now, although not so clearly as when the chalk was in fresh
whiteness.
Some time after the discovery Wareham House was built close
by, to the south of the cutting. On the garden being laid out
the notch in the face of the cutting was found to be part of
a trench running right across the ground, slanting slightly
westwards, so as to strike the high road from Dorchester to
Wareham. So large was this trench that it was quite worth
while, for the improvement of the soil of the garden, to empty
the trench of its filling of earth and spread it on the surface,
making all level again with chalk. This trench was, by experts,
believed to be a trackway of Celtic times.
The late Rev. William Barnes rather thought that a hollow old
trackway in the belt of wood close to Came Rectory entrance
gate is part and parcel of this crossing Wareham House garden.
Mr. Strahan, one of the Government geologists who have
examined this neighbourhood, was much interested in what he
believed to be a fragment of a very ancient roadway in
Whitcombe Farm, running north and south, which might be a
further continuance of this ancient trackway, and which possibly
might have led to the great Celtic village of Bindon, Lulworth.
A very interesting account of British trackways, all converging
on the ancient Celtic town of Vindogladia, is to be found in
Warne's "Ancient Dorset" (page 23), where there also appears
a very good map of Vindogladia Celtica, showing no less than
ten British trackways, some being of the larger and more
important kind first described, and others minor roads or
trackways of the hollow or covered type to which the two I
AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY. IOQ
have mentioned as being struck here at Dorchester seem to
belong.
I think it may be fairly assumed that the wider and more
important British roadways were chiefly for wheel and cart
traffic, whereas the minor trackways which were sunk and
afforded considerable shelter, were used for horse and foot traffic.
That they were the roads or ways of the ancient Britons there can
be little doubt, as in almost every case they are found leading direct
to some well-known British settlement or town, and are invariably
found in connection with the earthwork of their own period, and
it is in the vicinity of these that they are more easily examined.
I am sorry I have not been able to throw more light upon this
subject, which I fear has been but very indifferently brought
before you. It is one which, although interesting, appears to
have been little studied, and upon which it is somewhat difficult
to find reliable information. If, however, by ventilating the
subject the views of those members of the Club of greater
experience and better able to judge of the use of these dykes or
trackways than myself can be elicited, I shall feel that my time
and yours has not been altogether lost in its discussion.
NOTE. Since writing this paper I have, on the suggestion of
the Rev. W. M. Barnes, made a more careful survey of the direc-
tion of the supposed trackway and marked its exact course, so far
as I have been able to follow it on the Ordnance Survey map, and
noted the places where it was cut through thereon. It appears
to have been first struck at the point E in the year 1879 at the
northern entrance of the Amphitheatre, as already stated ; next a
year later at the points A and B on the building of the Brewery
offices. Then it was cut through again about the year 1890 on
the extension of the police barracks, when the Rev. W. M.
Barnes made a careful examination of the excavations there and
a section to scale, which I understand from him is deposited in
the County Museum, and lastly it was struck during the present
year at the point C, where the photograph of the section above
referred to was taken.
110 AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY.
Mr. Warne tells us that the arena of the Amphitheatre was ten
feet below the present level; if this were so, the sunken way would
have come in at a level with the floor of the arena, and the
direction of the trackway, as mapped out, would certainly
tend to favour the views taken by Mr. Barnes that it was the
road from the ancient Durnovaria to the Roman Amphitheatre.
102
?*, m ,
XLVII j.ti.
////
DIRECTION OF ROADWAY FEOM AMPHITHEATRE TO TOWN SHOWN BY
DOTTED LINE.
OF SUPPOSED BRITISH TRACKWAY BY FAINT LINE.
DECEMBER 15iH, 1899.
of IglainfaCC, &c., in
in 1899.
By HENRY STORKS EATON
( Past President of the Royal Meteorological Society).
:HE only additions to the stations where observations
were taken this year are Beaminster, Tower
View, in N. Latitude 50 48' 20", W. Longitude,
2 44' 25", the gauge being 2O5ft. above sea-
level ; and Portland High Lighthouse, Portland
Bill of the Meteorological Office, in N. Latitude
50 31' 15", W. Longitude 2 27' 20", lySft. above
the sea. Both instruments are sin. in diameter
with the receiving surface ift. above ground. The losses are
Haselbury Bryan Rectory ; Lyme Regis, St. Michael's College ;
Steeple, Creech Grange ; Thornford Rectory ; and Wyke Regis,
Markham House. With the exception of Bloxworth Rectory the
daily returns have been given at length. At several stations the
rule of making the rain-day terminate with the morning
observation and entering the rain to the previous day has been
disregarded. In all such cases, where detected, the entries have
been assigned to bring them into conformity with the usual
112 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
custom. The Hamworthy register is again imperfect and
irregularly kept. When there is any uncertainty the figures are
in italics.
The Tables have been arranged as on previous occasions, with
an additional one (Table V.) shewing the distribution of Rainfall
on days of Thunderstorm during the great heat and on days of
heavy general rain.
The driest month was March. January, February, April, and
November were wet. But the most noticeable feature of the
year was the long dry summer weather with rain below the
average from May to October. The rain, too, was very unequally
distributed, falling in local thunderstorms of great severity.
Consequently while the ground was much parched in places the
country elsewhere was fairly off for moisture.
The ratio of the rainfall deduced from 37 stations, compared
with the period 1848-97, was as 90' i to 100. It varied from
80-9 at Horton and 827 at Cattistockto 106-9 at Dorchester and
106*5 at Herringston.
An inch or more rain was measured on i day in January,
February, April, May, and October ; on 2 days in July, August
and December; and on 6 days in November. Of the heavier
falls, when the average of the whole county exceeded three-
quarters of an inch, the amount was rzgin. on November 3rd;
refill., November gth; *9iin., September 5th ; '85^., April i3th;
84-in., October 27th ; and '78111. on November 4th. The distri-
bution of rain in the more severe thunderstorms of July, August,
and September, and on 2 days in November, when the average
exceeded an inch, is shown in detail in Table V. Another
thunderstorm on the 3rd of August produced '83^. of rain at
Chickerell, Montevideo, and "jSm. at the Rectory ; '74in. at
Portland Bill; '7iin. at Portisham ; -66in. at- Fleet ; 'sgin. at
Wyke ; less elsewhere. There was no rain at many of the
eastern stations.
Electrical disturbances were noticed on the 7th, izth, and
1 3th of February; the i2th and i6th of May; 28th of June;
nth and very generally from the 2ist to the 24th of July ; the
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 113
3rd, yth, and i5th of August, and from the 5th to the 7th of
September.
In the great thunderstorms of July many casualties from
lightning are mentioned in the Press as having occurred at
Sherborne, Gillingham, Motcombe, Shaftesbury, where " hail-
stones fell the size of a florin but much thicker," Upper Wynford,
Compton Valence, West Stafford, Watercombe, East Burton,
Wool, and Wareham. At the latter place magnificent sunsets
were noticed on the igth and zoth; and between 8 and 9 p.m.
on the zist the sky overhead glowed for a short time with
a fiery red. The drought over North Dorset was broken about
5 p.m. on the 2 2nd by a storm lasting 2 hours. The general
progression of the storms was from north-west eastwards. The
grain crops were not much damaged, as there was but little wind.
OBSERVERS' NOTES.
BEAMINSTER, TOWER VIEW. Average highest temperature :
Jan. 4 6'5, Feb. tf"j, March 49'6, April 54'2, May 6o- 3 ,
June 7o'6, July 73'2, Aug. 74'8, Sept. 66'3, Oct. 58'!,
Nov. 53'o, Dec. 43'i. Average 58'!. Highest maximum on
Aug. 3rd 84'6. During the year there were 80 days with the
shade maximum above 70, and of these 45 were consecutive
from the i4th of July to the 27th of August. Lowest reading of
the barometer corrected to sea-level 2 8 '42m. on December 29th ;
highest 30'77in. on November i7th.
BERE REGIS VICARAGE. July 22nd. We were on the edge
of the great thunderstorm. A cottage at Buddens, near Hyde,
was struck by lightning, the roof being shattered. A large hole
was made in the centre of the ceiling of the downstairs room.
The storm was really on the morning of Sunday, the 23rd.
On Sunday, the 23rd of July, after a week of intense heat, we
were visited by a memorable thunderstorm. Wareham seems to
have been the centre of the storm, and, fortunately for us, we
were more or less on the outskirts of it. At Wareham the
Church Tower was struck by lightning. At Binnegar Hall
2'85in. of rain was recorded at 9 a.m. and ruin, fell later in the
114 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
day. Our rainfall was only r2oin. in the two storms, at
Bloxworth Rectory I'og'm. The lightning and thunder were
quite appalling. On Thursday, September the yth, the severest
thunderstorm that has been felt at Kingston for years passed
over the village. The morning was hot and close, and about
one o'clock a terrific storm broke right over the village. It
came up without the slightest warning. The rain fell in torrents,
and the hailstones at Muston were as large as marbles. A flash
of lightning struck a chimney on a house, splintered a large
beam in the ceiling, passed down the chimney, broke the china
in the sitting room, and passed through the kitchen and out of
the door. Throughout the whole storm, which only lasted an
hour, the sun was shining on Bere Wood, and at Bere Regis
itself hardly any rain fell. W. A. N., in Bere Regis and Winter-
bourne Kingston Parish Mag., Aug. and Oct., 1899.
BLOXWORTH RECTORY. Rainfall in November was on
8 days 4*6oin., falling from 3rd to 9th inclusive. On the 3rd
i '5 2111., on 9th roSin. Heavy thunderstorm on September 6th
from 6 to 9 a.m. A small apple tree in my orchard was struck
and the bark ripped off; much larger and taller apple trees were
round this one on all sides from 20 to 3 oft. off, but none were
touched.
BROADWINDSOR VICARAGE. May : Strong dry easterly winds
till loth. July 2 1 st: Thunder; 22nd: Thunderstorm nearly all
night. September 5th : Thunderstorms evening and night.
October 2yth : Steady rain whole day. December nth: Snow
followed by rain ; 1 3th : Snow.
CHALBURY RECTORY. Highest temperature 82 on August
3rd. Lowest 22 on March 2ist, 22nd, and December i3th and
1 4th. Only one fall of rain in the year exceeded an inch, namely,
on November 3rd ; but there was scarcely any cessation of the
fall till late in the afternoon of November 4th ; so the continuous
downpour amounted to 2'i3in.
CHEDDINGTON. On the night of August 3rd from 9 till
ii o'clock very heavy thunder was heard, the lightning being
brilliant and continuous. On June 5th and 6th, July igth, and
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 115
August 1 5th and 24th, the thermometer rose to 87. On
December i5th it fell to 17.
CHICKERELL, MONTEVIDEO. On 25 days rain fell to a less
amount than 'oiin.
CHICKERELL RECTORY. February 4th and March 2ist and
23rd snow. October 22nd very heavy dew, almost *oo5in.
DORCHESTER WATERWORKS. The bulk of the abnormal
rainfall (2'56in. entered to the 22nd) fell in one hour between
7 and 8 a.m. on Sunday morning (23rd), accompanied by heavy
thunder. I should say that the record for the hour named
would be close on 2in.
DORCHESTER, WOLLASTON HOUSE. The heavy rain (2'4oin.)
entered against July 2 2nd really fell in the morning of the 23rd
in about 3 hours ; a remarkable downpour.
GILLINGHAM. August 1 5th : There was a very heavy thunder-
storm with rainfall for the day of i*67in. Of this i*6oin. fell in
|-hour from 2 to 2.45 p.m., with large hailstones.
HAMWORTHY. I am doubtful of the correctness of the (register
for the) early part of March and of April, being away at that time.
HORTON VICARAGE. January 24th-2gth, 6 frosts in succession ;
February 22nd-March i2th, 17 ditto; March iSth-zsth, ditto.
Thermometer, 18 on March 2ist, 24th, 25th. On June 28th,
hailstorm doing much damage, the stones being the size of
broad beans. July i5th-22nd, 8 warm days in succession,
8o-9i; July 25th-August 7th, 14 ditto, 8o-92. Highest
maximum in screen, 94 June 5th. September 6th, thunder-
storm 4 hours, rain '65^. September 7th, thunderstorm i hour,
rain "ji. December isth, lowest temperature 15. Temperature
taken in screen 4 feet from the ground.
PORTLAND, CHESIL. February i2th, thunder and lightning ;
1 3th, thunder, lightning, hail. July 22nd, lightning and thunder
after 9 p.m. ; 23rd, frequent lightning and thunder. August 3rd,
considerable lightning and thunder; 4th, summer lightning;
7th, lightning and thunder. September 5th, lightning and
thunder in evening and at night ; 6th, frequent lightning,
prolonged thunder and very dark, barometer rising slightly.
Il6 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
SWANAGE, VICTORIA HOTEL. September 6th, very heavy
thunderstorm from 6 a.m to 9.30 a.m., in which time 2-2 xin. of
rain fell.
VERWOOD MANOR. The features of the year were the spells
of dry (rainless) weather; from the i6th of February we had
20 days without rain, from the 2yth of July (excluding the
3rd and ;th of August) 31 days, and from November i2th
19 days.
WAREHAM, BINNEGAR HALL. The rainfall for 1899 is
i "98m. above the average of the years 1887 to 1898 both
inclusive, notwithstanding the great drought. The heavy
thunderstorms of Sunday, July 23rd, with a fall of 2 '85 in. and
ruin., largely causing this. The 2*85111. fell almost entirely
between 6.30 a.m. and 9 a.m., flooding every low ground and
washing out the roads, causing considerable damage.
WINTERBOURNE HfiRRiNGSTON. July 23rd, Sunday, *96in.
of rain fell in one hour and a-half before 8 a.m. with very heavy
thunder. Subsequently '6oin. fell in 1 5 minutes about 5 in the
afternoon. Up to the 22nd of July we had no thunderstorms.
WINTERBOURNE HOUGHTON. January : On 13 days the
maximum temperature exceeded 50, the highest being 54, the
minimum of the month 23. February nth: A high tempera-
ture of 58 was recorded ; thunderstorms at noon on the 7th and
about 4.30 p.m. on the i3th resembled in character summer
storms; minimum temperature 24 5. March: Extremes of
temperature 6i'5 and 21. April: 60 and 29. May: 69 and
31. June : 82 and 41. This was a warm month, on 21 days
the thermometer reached 70 and above. July was another
hot month. On 26 days the maximum temperature rose above
70, and on 8 above 80. The extremes of temperature were
85 and 47. The 23rd was rather remarkable for a thunder-
storm from 6 to 10 a.m. from the N.W., an unusual quarter for
the production of thunder in the summer. August was the
hottest month of the year. The maximum temperature exceeded
70 on 28 days, and on 9 days reached 80 and above. Extremes
of temperature 86'5 and 47 -. September : On the 6th a heavy
RAINFALL IN DORSET. II?
thunderstorm passed over, lasting from 6 to 10 a.m. Extremes
of temperature 83 and 38. October range of temperature
64 to 34. November: 59 on 3 occasions and 31. Decem-
ber: 55 and 18. Snow fell on the i3th and i6th.
WINTERBOURNE SxEEPLETON. The longest drought lasted
21 days from the z8th of May to the iyth of June, both days
inclusive.
us
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
Q MmfiU<N<N*ie*M<NM*iMo<Nttm<<Nm
g 8gg5g3S*28SS>SoSfepcS5is88 oS 83oo
O <NrHrHrt(N<N<N<NtNrt(N<N<NrH<NCO<J*CO5<ICOr-l IN CJ <N
j^ *....:*-. $-. . t *-. ^ r 1 .
^ ,-! rH -
*3
Hj
j|_l_
.^ I n?s
B J
(7 ^j OlO 00!MOOait^i-Hr~(NO5CO-*l^>COi-*WOO O 5O1^
<< ^ -*t^ ; U3 00 CO >^ O (>l 10 (M l^Oit^ rH (J-l CO 00 M OO O 04
pM coco IN c^ eo co eo co co co co eo <N co 4j< 4t< 4ji 4j< co co co 4i< *
8
T :::::::::::::::::: :|
W ::.:::.::: i:::::^
W
H
I
| s
ii . : .!* : Jli !
120
RAINFALL IN DORSfet.
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
1
c
O 00 OS CO tM T <OGOI>OO<MOOC^OO J-- Ci <M C5 i I OOO
C5 O i < 1>- - 00 t* 00 r-t 00 00 1
OJ OS O in i * 00 C
oo to oo us i
-uiio.
O 10 00 C5 t^ -
* 1C t^ 00 * ITS I
iH -O(M(Nr-(OO(Mi-HO5(M(M*1r-l -i-KMS-lrH
05tq(>5M0
9.IOIU I
JO'Utt
1 It : ll III :
^ 4t:
tj I CN C^ CO
:|Si
2 g
g !
j:f li-ss^'S ^
Illllfit II Jl j===! I 1
fri PH PH 32 cc X -Jl O2 P
lil
kAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE III. AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL.
1899.
44 years, 1856-1899.
Average
of 47
Proportionate fall (a).
Difference from 44
Days
of -01 in.
Proportionate fall (c).
Do. corrected for
Stations.
years average (b).
or more.
inequality of days (d).
In.
(a). (b).
In.
(c). (d).
January ..
4-567
153 + 55
21
3"295
978 951
February
3-623
121 +47
11
2-495
740 808
March .
605
20 -49
7
2-311
686 682
April
May
3-190
1-271
107 +41
43 -16
18
9
2-238
1-984
664 672
589 582
June
1-357
45 -21
5
2-222
659 657
July
1-372
46 -25
7
2-380
706 692
August
1-251
42 -36
6
2-639
783 761
September
2-524
85 - 8
14
3-127
929 949
October ..
2-322
78 -39
8
3-984
1172 1152
November
4-729
158 +52
10
3-572
1060 1073
December
3-050
102 - 1
18
3'484
1034 1021
Year
29-861
1000
134
33-695
10000 10000
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE IV. STATISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR,
AND OF THE HUMIDITY AND AMOUNT OF CLOUD
AT WlNTERBOURNE STEEPLETON MANOR AT
9 A.M., FORWARDED BY MR. H. STILWELL.
Temperature of Air.
In Stevenson Screen.
On Grass.
jjj
d
II
1899
Averages of
Extremes.
e c
'5
i]
t*l
^
si
U
V
.
0) %
I
a
CD
gs
8
I
> ^
o
B?
S
f.
1
1
1
January
47'0
36-5
42-0
53-0
23'3
30-6
13-7
88
6'9
February . .
March
48-4
50-0
35-0
32-0
417
407
55-9
60-2
21-8
16'5
29-0
24'3
13-1
8-0
88
80
7'6
4'6
April..
May
51-8
57-0
39-9
41-8
45-6
48-9
58-0
66-4
27-0
30-2
34-7
36-4
19-2
21-0
82
75
77
6-1
June
69-1
47-4
57-5
77-6
33-4
40-6
25-9
70
5'2
July
71-0
53-5
61-6
81-4
45-8
47-8
39'8
73
6-1
August
74-5
52'7
62-9
82-0
42-4
47-1
37-3
73
4'6
September . .
October
65-3
58-5
49-7
40-2
571
49-1
77-3
63-9
34-4
26-9
44-1
36-8
28-5
22-4
77
88
6-0
6'3
November . .
53-2
42-1
47-8
58-9
26-8
38-7
22-9
88
7'3
December ..
43-2
31-9
37-8
55-0
19-0
28'7
15'0
88
7'7
Year
57-4
41-9
49-4
82-0
16-5
36-6
8-0
81
6'3
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE V. RAINFALL ON DAYS OF THUNDERSTORM,
AND OF HEAVY RAIN.
July.
Aug.
September.
November.
21
22
23
Tot.
15
5
6
7
Tot.
3
9
in.
in.
in.
in.
in.
~iri!
in.
in."
in
in.
in.
Abbotsbury
15
40
25
70
>
75
08
83
1-18
i-oo
Beaininster, Tower View
04
15
19
38
1-11
01
01
1-13
1-25
1-25
,, Vicarage ..
06
19
18
43
1-18
02
1-20
1-28
1-25
Bere Regis
01
77
43
1"21
46
09
55
1-43
1-03
,, Whitelovington ..
Bridport, Coneygar
,, Portviile ..
01
05
07
72
1-52
1'92
42
14
14
1'15
1-71
2-13
54
1'20
1-15
6i
01
03
54
1-24
1-16
1-56
1-17
1-13
1-10
1-41
1-18
Broadwey
15
1'60
07
1-82
83
83
T22
1-18
Broadwindsor ..
04
1'15
29
1-48
V05
02
09
1-16
1-29
1-09
Blackclown
01
33
06
40
01
98
21
1-19
1-34
1-24
Buckhorn Weston
82
32
1-14
45
78
15
04
97
1-17
61
Cattistock
03
33
20
56
1-13
01
02
1'16
1-38
1'24
Chalbury
01
'01
02
58
03
92
1'53
1'44
'87
Cheddington
02
18
10
30
''
1-34
06
1-40
1-24
1'18
Chickerell, Montevideo
14
53
26
93
81
81
1-13
1'06
Rectory
16
54
31
1-01
79
6i
80
1-03
1'03
Corfe Castle, Furzebrook
Dorchester, Waterworks
10
11
1'40
2 '56
1'86
33
3'36
3-00
1-25
77
03
1-25
.80
1-43
1-42
1'23
1-30
Wollaston Hou e
10
2-40
12
2-62
82
01
83
1-37
1-37
Fleet .. .
15
60
22
97
'76
'76
1'30
1'07
Gillingham
02
88
01
91
1-67
66
i2
04
82
1'32
i-oo
Hamworthy
40
1-47
17
1-64
1'18
82
Holwell
05
59
65
1-29
99
09
ros
1-35
'74
Horton
01
01
52
13
71
1'36
1'31
87
West Lulworth
17
50
50
1-17
79
79
1-18
1-12
Melbury Sampford
04
46
17
67
01
I'll
6i
l'l-2
1-52
1-08
Parkstone..
04
28
32
2'06
25
2'31
1-35
91
Portisham
Jl
61
31
1-03
77
09
'86
no
1-19
Portland Bill ..
27
17
80
1-24
94
20
1'14
1-12
77
Chesil..
Shaftesbury
19
02
52
1'90
29
02
i-oo
1-94
1-24
85
70
ie
'85
86
94
1-54
i-oo
i-oo
Sherborne
01
'15
"23
'39
1 02
'02
"18
1' 9 2
1*47
'80
Stunninster Marshall .
01
'57
58
09
78
1'50
105
Sturminster Newton
02
07
46
55
50
33
83
1-46
69
Swanage
10
31
41
1'43
75
2-18
94
1-05
Victoria Hotel
31
31
2-21
02
2-23
98
1-06
Verwood
03
'07
'10
96
"96
1'34
86
Warehara
05
2-65
2-70
86
*'
86
1'19
1-07
Binnegar
04
2-85
I'll
4-00
64
17
81
1'31
1-17
Weymouth
15
43
26
84
62
01
63
97
i-oo
Wiinborne, Codford
39
39
80
10
01
91
1'43
1-09
,, Rowlands .
Winterbourne Herringston .
ii
96"
60
39
1-67
56
68
41
97
(58
1'80
1'35
1-35
1-25
Houghton
21
50
71
69
69
1-12
1-17
Steepleton
09
1-39
23
1-71
80
03
83
1-44
1-50
\V.,Whatcombe
01
53
54
45
15
78
1-38
1-51
1-04
Wykekegis .. .. ..
17
54
33
1-04
72
72
94
1-02
Rousdon
04
34
12
50
1-02
03
1-05
1-02
1-19
Larmer
02
08
10
52
15
02
69
142
1-02
Ruslnnore
-
06
06
53
18
08
79
1-30
1-00
izi of l^Tcmfe foun6 in
; of |>. ^T
By R. DARELL S. STEPHENS, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.,
ETC., ETC.
JJ1HE only thing the writer claims is that the plants
mentioned do occur in the two parishes named,
as, having known both for many years, he
knows all the boundaries. The Bradford Abbas
plants were all seen by the late Professor
Buckman. Nearly all the S. Minver ones
have been at Whatcombe, and were gone
through by Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, to
whom many thanks are due from the writer.
The S. Minver list is not as complete as the
Bradford Abbas one. The Bradford Abbas plants were gathered
in 1875-6 ; and the S. Minver ones, with very few exceptions,
in 1877.
NOTE BY J. C. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, D.L.,
F.G.S., F.L.S.
The plants enumerated in the following list were found
growing wild by Mr. Darell Stephens at Bradford Abbas, in
126 S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Dorsetshire, and at S. Minver, in Cornwall. They are widely
separated from each other, and differ essentially in their
geological features. Bradford is on the Inferior Oolite and
Fuller's Earth, S. Minver is on the Devonian, with eruptive
volcanic rocks interspersed. It differs, too, in having a seaboard
and some heath land, also in a climate favourable to such
southern types as Diplotaxis mtiralis, Fumaria pallidiflora,
Medicago denticulata, and Lotus angusti'ssimus, which, although
not maritime on the Continent, require a mean temperature such
as that which exists only on the southern coasts of England.
The influence which proximity to the sea exercises in reducing
the difference between summer and winter is very remarkable.
In Edinburgh it is 19*1, in York 23^4, in Leeds 20'8, in
Greenwich 22-3, Exeter 19-3. Mr. H. C. Watson gives, the
mean annual temperature of the coast of Cornwall to be 52,
that of the south coast of Devonshire 5 1, and of Dorsetshire 51.
The geology of a district influences its flora equally with the
climate, soils differ in their power of retaining or absorbing
moisture, calcareous rocks do not disintegrate freely, and resist
the abrading atmospheric influences ; the most absorbent of all
are those in which the argillaceous element predominates. If
we take a quantity of dry sand, and pour water upon it, we shall
find that it will not absorb more than a quarter of its own weight
of the water, but vegetable loam will absorb 40 or 50 per cent,
of its own weight, and dry argillaceous clay will absorb as much
as 60 or 70 per cent. Argillaceous soils are comparatively humid
and cold, and in dry weather become hardened and form a crust
on the surface. Arenaceous soils, on the other hand, are often
light and sterile, and in dry weather become parched. Under
equal climates and at equal elevations the argillaceous soil has a
more humid and boreal vegetation.
Number of plants common to both districts - 284
,, ,, found at S. Minver only - 138
Maritime plants, S. Minver - 32
found at Bradford Abbas only - 144
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
S. MINVER.
127
LIST I. PLANTS FOUND AT S. MINVER, WHICH ARE ABSENT
AT BRADFORD ABBAS.
Ranunculus Lenormandi.
Flammula.
,, sardous.
,, parviflorus.
Berberis vulgaris.
Papaver dubium.
,, hybridum.
Chelidonium majus.
Fumaria pallidiflora.
Lepidium Smithii.
Diplotaxis muralis.
Reseda Luteola.
Viola sylvatica, Fries., V.
Riviniana, Reich.
Cerastium glomeratum.
tetrandrum.
Stellaria uliginosa.
Arenaria verna.
Honkenya peploides.
Sagina ciliata.
,, subulata.
Linum angustifolium.
Hypericum Androsaenum.
Anthyllis Vulneraria.
Anthyllis Vulneraria, var. 0.
Dellenii.
Medicago maculata.
,, denticulata.
Melilotus officinalis, Desr., M.
arvensis, Wallr.
Trifolium medium,
stricfeum.
Trifolium scabrum.
,, striatum.
Lotus angustissimus, var.
diffusive.
Lathyrus tuberosus.
Prunus insititia.
,, avium.
Rosa spinosissima.
Alchemilla arvensis.
Crataegus Monogyna.
Pyrus torminalis.
Ribes nigrum.
,, Grossularia.
Sedum anglicum.
Hydrocotile vulgaris.
Smyrnium Olusatrum.
Apium graveolens.
Aegopodium Podagraria.
Carum Petroselinum.
,, segetum.
Anthriscus vulgaris.
Sambucus Ebulus.
Rubia peregrina.
Galium saxatile.
Centranthus ruber.
Serratula tinctoria.
Silybum Marian um.
Carlina vulgaris.
Centaurea nigra, var. deci-
pens, Thuill.
,, Cyanus.
Artemisia Absinthium.
128
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Filago minima
Petasites fragrans.
Tanacetum vulgare.
Anthcmis nobilis.
Achillaea Ptarmica.
Picris cchioides.
Leontodon hirtus, Thrincia
hirta.
Erica tetralix.
,, cinerea.
Calluna erica.
Gentiana Amarella.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Cuscuta Epithymum.
Hyoscyamus niger.
Solanum nigrum, var. 0. muri-
catum.
Veronica serpyllifolia.
,, scutellata.
,, montana.
,, officinalis.
Bartsia viscosa.
Euphrasia officinalis.
Pedicularis sylvatica.
,, palustris.
Mentha rotundifolia.
Thymus Chamaedrys.
Stachys Betonica.
Nepeta Cataria.
Marrubium vulgare.
Scutellaria minor.
Myosotis repens.
Anchusa sempervirens.
Cynoglossum officinale.
Echium vulgare.
Anagallis tenella.
Plantago Coronopus.
Atriplex hastata.
Rumex Hydrolapathum.
,, sanguineus.
,, pulcher.
Mercurialis perennis.
Spiranthes autumnalis.
Orchis mascula.
,, Morio.
,, incarnata.
Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus.
Scilla Verna.
,, Autumnalis.
Alisma ranunculoides.
Potamogeton polygonifolius.
Juncus effusus.
,, supinus.
,, bufonius, var. fascicu-
latus, Koch.
Cyperus longus.
Scirpus fluitans.
Savii.
Eriophorum angustifolium,
Roth., E. polystachium.
Carex pulicaris.
,, disticha, Huds., C. in-
termedia, Good.
divulsa.
,, echinata, Murr., C.
stellulata.
fulva, Good t C. speiro-
stachya, Sm.
,, flava.
,, ,, var. minor.
Alopecurus geniculatus.
Agrostis canina.
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS. 1 29
Agrostis alba. Bromus commutatus.
Koeleria cristata. Lomaria spicant.
Poa compressa. Asplenium Ruta-muraria.
,, nemoralis. Trichomanes.
Glyceria fluitans. Ceterach officinarum.
Festuca sciuroides, Roth., F. Polypodium Dryopteris.
bromoides, Sm. Osmunda regalis.
elatior.
S. MINVER.
LIST II. MARITIME PLANTS FOUND AT S. MINVER WHICH
ARE ABSENT FROM BRADFORD ABBAS.
Cakile maritima. Beta maritima.
Cochlearia officinalis. Suaeda maritima.
,, danica. Salicornia herbacea.
,, anglica. Euphorbia portlandica.
Silene maritima. Triglochin maritimum.
Lepigonum salinum. Juncus maritimus.
marginatum. ,, Gerardi.
,, rupestre. Scirpus maritimus.
Tamarix gallica. Carex arenaria.
Eryngium maritimum. Gastridium lendigerum.
Crithmum maritimum. Phleum arenarium.
Inula crithmoides. Ammophila arundinacea,
Calystegia Soldanella. Host., Psamma arenaria,
Glaux maritima. Roem. and Schultz.
Armeria maritima. Glyceria maritima.
Plantago maritima. Elymus arenarius.
Salsola Kali. Asplenium marinum.
BRADFORD ABBAS.
LIST III. PLANTS FOUND AT BRADFORD ABBAS WHICH ARE
ABSENT AT S. MINVER.
Thalictrum flavum. Ranunculus arvensis.
Ranunculus peltatus, var. R. Aconitum Napellus.
penicillatus. Nuphar lutea.
130 S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Thlaspi arvense.
Erophila praecox, D.C., E.
brachycarpa, ford.
Cardamine flexuosa.
Arabis sagittata.
Nasturtium palustre. D.C.,
N. Terrestre, X. Br.
Sisymbrium Alliaria.
Brassica Rapa.
Raphanus Raphanistrum.
Viola hirta.
,, canina, Linn.) V. flavi-
cornis.
,, tricolor.
Silene anglica.
Cerastium triviale.
semidecandrum.
Arenaria trinervia.
Linum usitatissimum.
Malva rotundifolia.
Hypcricum quadrangulum.
,, hirsutum.
Acer campestris.
Geranium pusillum.
,, lucidum.
Cytisus scoparius.
Medicago falcata.
Melilotus altissima, ThuilL,
M. officinalis,
Willd.
,, alba, Desr., M. vul-
garis, Willd.
Onobrychis sativa.
Vicia angustifolia, var. sege-
talis.
lutea.
Vicia sepium.
gracilis.
Lathyrus Aphaca.
,, sylvestris.
Rubus Lindleianus.
Rosa micrantha.
,, dumalis.
verticillacantha.
,, systyla, var. /3. stylosa,
Desv.
Ribes rubrum.
Epilobium angustifolium.
,, montanum.
Scleranthus annuus.
Sison Amomum.
Sium angustifolium.
Anthriscus sylvestris.
CEnanthe pimpinelloides.
,, Phellandrium.
^Ethusa Cynapium.
Silaus pratensis.
Cornus sanguinea.
Adoxa Moschatellina.
Viburnum Opulus.
,, Lantana.
Galium uliginosum.
Valeriana officinalis, var.
sambucifolia,
auct. angl.
,, dioica.
Cnicus acaulis.
,, palustris.
Petasites vulgaris.
Pulicaria dysenterica.
Chrysanthemum Parthenium,
PITS., Matricaria Parthenium.
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Anthemis arvcnsis.
Picris hieracioides.
Crepis taraxacifolia.
Hieracium umbellatum.
Leontodon autumnalis.
Veronica polita.
,, agrestis.
Scrophularia aquatica.
,, nodosa.
Orobanche minor.
Mentha sylvestris.
,, viridis.
,, sativa.
,, arvensis.
Calamintha Clinopodium.
Lamium amplexicaule.
Galeopsis Ladanum.
Stachys ambigua, Sm., S.
sylvatici-palustris.
Lithospermum arvense.
Symphytum ofBcinale.
Lysimachia vulgaris.
,, Nummularia.
Plantago media.
Chenopodium polyspermum.
,, rubrum.
,, album.
Atriplex littoralis.
Polygonum lapathifolium.
,, Convolvulus.
Rumex acutus, R. pratensis.
Daphne Laureola.
Quercus Robur, var. pedun-
culata.
Carpinus Betulus.
Populus alba.
Populus tremula
niger.
Salix alba.
,, triandra, var. amyg-
dalina.
,, viminalis.
,, Smithiana.
,, cinerea.
Orchis pyramidalis.
,, maculata.
Allium ursinum.
Anacharis Alsinastrum.
Alisma Plantago.
Sagittaria sagittifolia.
Potamogeton pectinatus.
,, crispus.
,, perfoliatus.
,, lucens.
Juncus obtusiflorus.
Luzula pilosa.
Scirpus setaceus.
,, lacustris.
,, sylvaticus.
Carex acuta.
,, distans.
,, paludosa.
Phleum pratense.
Agrostis alba, var. stolonifera.
Phragmites commimis.
Avena fatua.
,, pubescens.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Holcus mollis.
Briza media.
Glyceria aquatica.
Festuca myurus.
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Festuca rubra.
Bromus asper.
,, racemosus.
Agropyron caninum.
Hordeum pratense.
Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum.
Polystichum angulare.
Equisetum arvense.
palustre.
LIST IV. PLANTS WHICH OCCUR IN BOTH THE PARISHES OF
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS.
Clematis Vitalba.
Ranunculus sceleratus.
,, acris.
repens.
,, bulbosus.
Ficaria.
Caltha palustris.
Papaver Rhaeas.
,, Argemone.
Fumaria officinalis.
Senebiera coronopus.
Capsella Bursa pastoris.
Erophila vulgaris.
Cardamine pratensis.
,, hirsuta.
Barbarea vulgaris.
Nasturtium officinale, var. N.
siifolium.
Sisymbrium officinale.
,, Thaliana.
Brassica Sinapis, Vis., Sin-
apis arvensis, Linn.
nigra.
,, alba.
Viola odorata.
tricolor, var. arvensis.
Poly gala vulgaris.
Saponaria officinalis.
Silene Cucubulus.
Lychnis Flos-Cuculi.
,, Diurna.
,, vespertina.
,, Githago.
Stellaria aquatica.
,, media.
,, Holostea.
graminea.
Arenaria serpyllifolia.
,, serpyllifolia, var.
leptoclados.
Sagina apetala.
,, procumbens.
Spergula arvensis.
Linum catharticum.
Malva moschata.
,, sylvestris.
Hypericum perforatum.
,, humifusum.
,, pulchrum.
Acer Pseudo-platanus.
Tilia intermedia.
Geranium colombinum.
molle.
dissectum.
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Geranium Robertianum.
Erodium cicutarium.
Euonymus europseus.
Ulex europaeus.
Ononis arvensis.
Medicago lupulina.
Trifolium subterraneum.
,, pratense.
,, repens.
,, arvense.
,, hybridum.
,, fragiferum,
,, procumbens.
,, dubium.
,, filiforme.
Lotus corniculatus.
,, uliginosus, Sibth., L.
Major, Scop.
Ornithopus perpusillus.
Vicia Cracca.
,, sativa.
,, hirsuta.
tetrasperma.
Lathyrus pratensis.
Prunus spinosa.
Spiraea Ulmaria.
Geum urbanum.
Potentilla Anserina.
,, reptans.
Tormentilla.
,, Fragariastrum.
Fragaria vesca.
Rubus cassius.
Rosa tomentosa.
Agrimonia Eupatoria.
Poterium Sanguisorba.
Crataegus Oxyacantha.
Pyrus Malus.
Saxifraga tridactylites.
Sedum acre.
Cotyledon Umbilicus.
Lythrum Salicaria.
Epilobium hirsutum.
,, parviflorum.
,, lanceolatum.
,, tetragonum.
Circsea lutetiana.
Bryonia dioica.
Conium maculatum.
Apium nodiflorum.
Conopodium denudatum.
Pimpinella Saxifraga.
Chaerophyllum temulum.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris.
Angelica sylvestris.
CEnanthe crocata.
Heracleum Sphondylium.
Daucus Carota.
Caucalis Anthriscus, GmeL,
Torilis Anthris-
cus, Gaert.
,, arvensis, Huds.,
Torilis infesta,
Spreng.
, ; nodosa, Scop.,
Torilis nodosa,
Gaert.
Hedera Helix.
Sambucus nigra.
Lonicera Periclymenum.
Galium verum.
Galium Mollugo.
'34
S. MINVEfc. ANb BRADFOkD ABBAS PLANTS.
Galium palustre.
,, Aparine.
Sherardia arvensis.
Valeriana officinalis.
Valerianella olitoria.
,, Auricula.
,, dentata.
Dipsacus sylvestris.
Scabiosa Succisa.
arvensis, Knautia
arvensis.
Arctium majus.
Carduus nutans.
,, crispus, C. acan-
thoides.
,, pycnocephalus.
Cnicus arvensis.
,, lanceolatus.
Centaurea nigra.
,, Scabiosa.
Eupatorium cannabinum.
Artemisia vulgaris.
Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Filago germanica.
Tussilago Farfara.
Erigeron acre.
Senecio vulgaris.
sylvaticus.
,, Jacobaea.
,, aquaticus.
Inula Conyza.
Bellis perennis.
Chrysanthemum segetum.
,, Leucanthe-
mum.
Matricaria Chamomilla.
Anthemis Cotula.
Achillaea Millefolium.
Cichorium Intybus.
Lapsana communis.
Crepis virens.
Hieracium Pilosella.
Hypochaeris radicata.
Taraxacum officinale.
Sonchus arvensis.
,, oleraceus.
asper.
Tragopogon pratensis.
Specularia hybrida.
Ligustrum vulgare.
Fraxinus excelsior.
Vinca major.
Erythraea Centaurium.
Chlora perfoliata.
Calystegia Sepium.
Convolvulus arvensis.
Cuscuta Trifolii.
Solanum Dulcamara.
Verbascum Thapsus.
Veronica arvensis.
,, chamaedrys.
,, Anagallis.
Beccabunga.
,, hederaefolia.
,, persica.
Bartsia Odontites.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli.
Digitalis purpurea.
Linaria Cymbalaria.
,, spuria.
,, Elatine.
,, vulgaris.
S. MINVER AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
135
Linaria viscosa.
Verbena officinalis.
Salvia Verbenaca.
Lycopus europaeus.
Mentha Piperita.
Thymus Serpyllum.
Origanum vulgare.
Ajuga reptans.
Ballota nigra.
Teucrium Scorodonia.
Lamium album.
,, purpureum.
Galeopsis Tetrahit.
Stachys palustris.
,, sylvatica.
,, arvensis.
Nepeta Glechoma.
Prunella vulgaris.
Scutellaria galericulata.
Myosotis palustris.
,, caespitosa.
,, arvensis.
,, collina.
,, versicolor.
Lithospermum officinale.
Lycopsis arvensis.
Primula vulgaris.
,, veris.
Anagallis arvensis.
,, ,, var. caeru-
lea.
Samolus Valerandi.
Plantago major.
,, lance olata
Polygonum amphibium.
Persicaria.
Polygonum Hydropiper.
,, aviculare.
Rumex crispus.
,, obtusifolius.
,, conglomeratus.
Acetosa.
Acetosella.
Euphorbia Helioscopia.
,, exigua.
Peplus.
Urtica urens.
,, dioica.
Parietaria officinalis.
Humulus Lupulus.
Ulmus montana, With., U,
glabra, Mill.
Corylus Avellana.
Alnus glutinosa.
Salix Caprea.
Listera ovata.
Iris foetidissima.
,, Pseudacorus.
Allium vineale.
Scilla nutans.
Tamus communis.
Triglochin palustre.
Arum maculatum.
Sparganium ramosum.
Juncus conglomeratus.
,, glaucus.
,, diffusus.
,, acutiflorus.
,, lamprocarpus.
,, bufonius.
Luzula campestris.
Carex vulpina.
1 3 6
S. MINYKR AND BRADFORD ABBAS PLANTS.
Carex muricata.
rcmota.
,, glauca.
,, binervis.
hirta.
riparia.
Anthoxanthutn odoratum.
Alopecurus pratensis.
agrestis.
Aira caryophyllea.
Deschampsia caespitosa, Aira
caespitosa.
Trisetum flavescens.
Holcus lanatus.
Cynosurus cristatus.
Dactylis glomerata.
Poa annua.
,, pratensis.
,, trivialis.
Festuca rigida.
,, ovina.
Bromus sterilis.
,, mollis.
Brachypodium sylvaticum.
Lolium perenne.
Agropyron repens.
Pteris aquilina.
Scolopendrium vulgare.
Polypodium vulgare.
Ophioglossum vulgatum.
By Captain ARTHUR RICKARDS.
(Read February 26th, 1900 J
> Y the kindness of the President, and by the courtesy of
our able Secretary, Mr. Richardson, I am able to
say a few words on the subject of horseshoes.
This is a matter in which in time past I have
much interested myself, and it is a great pleasure
to me to have the opportunity of speaking on the
subject to such an audience as that now around me.
I desire in commencement to say that I in no
way wish to unsay anything that anyone else
amongst us may have said ; nor to raise any uncomfortable
feeling or animosity towards myself or any other.
At an early meeting in last year, I think on the gih March, my
attention was much arrested by an exhibit then placed before us,
and which it was suggested we should accept as a " Roman
horseshoe," and I am quite sure, from the able and lucid manner
in which it was introduced to us, that the gentleman who made
the introduction quite honestly believed that it might be so. It
did not, however, strike me quite in the same manner, but as I
had only been a member of the Dorset Field Club for from five
minutes previously, I did not feel that I had any right to put
138 ON HORSESHOES.
forward an ill-mannered objection, so I held my peace, at all
events for the moment ; but I much fear that at luncheon on the
same day I must have spoken somewhat unadvisedly, though
certainly unintentionally so, on the matter ; I imagine I must
have said that iron (of which I believe the shoe was made) was
not known to the Romans ; that had it been made of bronze it
would have better supported the idea of being Roman, and I
think I remember quoting Dr. Smiles as saying in his " Lives of
the Engineers," that on their landing on this island the Romans
found themselves/0r the first lime in the presence of iron, which
had been welded into scythes and fixed on the wheels of the
chariots that were driven by the Britons through their ranks.
I mention this because a gentleman with a much-honoured
name most kindly wrote a letter to inform me of long previous
iron remains now being in our museums ; but these remains
were not of Rome, but of Egypt, and undoubtedly iron was
known and was extensively used by the Egyptians, by the people
of Nineveh, by the empire of Chaldaea, &c., and these are far,
far earlier days than those of Rome ; but they were not days, as
now, of speedy inter-communication between nations ; not days
of telegraphy, daily newspapers, and special correspondents.
The stone ages, the bronze age, and the iron age have existed and
succeeded one another in every country throughout the world, but
at vastly different periods, and when the Egyptians and people of
Chaldaea were well on in the latter, the iron age, the inhabitants
of Italy would have been hacking their tyro-days through Nature
with chipped flints and bone axes, and I can see no reason to
dispute Dr. Smiles's statement already quoted as to their later
arrival at the iron age, which succeeds the bronze age.
I know I shall be told that much turns upon the manner in
which I translate the Latin word " ferrum." I am not a
dictionary-maker, but I resent the idea that it means only
"iron." In the year succeeding the banishing of King
Tarquinius Superbus the Etruscans fell upon Rome, and the city
surrendered itself to her Etruscan conqueror. " His sovereignty
was fully acknowledged, the Romans gave up their arms, and
ON HORSESHOES. *39
recovered their city and territory on condition of renouncing the
use of ' iron ' except for implements of agriculture." These
words I quote from Arnold's History of Rome, and Pliny's words
describing this agreement are " invenimus ne ferro nisi in
agriculture, uterentur," and thus, since there may be some among
my audience who, like myself, have not thoroughly perfected
their studies in the Latin tongue, I will translate, as "we do
not find iron used except in husbandry," but I dispute that the
word " ferrum " means " iron." As we have translated it it will, as
I think, mean the metal with which the Romans made their arms,
and which arms they now gave up, and this was the time, or just
after that, of Tarquinius Superbus, and surely no one would
assert that in those days the Romans made their arms of iron,
when in the time of Julius Caesar they made their swords, and
even their razors, of bronze.
I know that it was for long contended, but without any
evidence, that the Romans coined money in iron ; and I recently
wrote to Messrs. Lincoln (the well-known Numismatists) asking
of this, and their reply is (as attached) " We hardly like to be
quite certain that there were no Roman coins struck in iron, but
we never saw any, and cannot recall to mind any records of the
existence of such." Dr. Smith writes " Not a specimen of
iron money is now extant, a fact easily accounted for by the
liability of the metal to rust."
I did not remark any deterioration of the shoe from the action
of rust. If it so completely destroys a coin of Roman time it
would, I think, hardly have so ignored the Roman shoe !
And saying this, the high value attached by the Romans to
their metal bronze, I will ask you, sir, to allow me to pass round
these coins ; this, the larger one, is the old (the original sized)
Roman " As," the equivalent of our shilling ; this, marked with
an " S," the semi-as, equivalent to our sixpence ; and this, the
" Trirens," marked with four balls, the equivalent of our three-
pence. These are all of them of the original size ; but these
which I now put forward are of the same value as the largest, the
full " As," but so reduced in size during the Punic Wars, on
140 ON HORSESHOES.
account of the great value of the metal and the demand for it to
supply their war weapons. And, speaking of war weapons, I
recently exhibited this Roman sword ; but time did not allow me
any opportunity to introduce it ; and I saw in the local paper
mention of it and the remark that it could only have been a
dagger on account of its small size. Dr. Smith, in his Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Antiquities, gives an illustration of the
Greek hoplite and another of the Roman soldier, and remarks
" On comparing them we perceive that the several parts of the
armour correspond, excepting only that the Roman soldier wears
a dagger on his right side instead of a sword on his left," and
this sword that I now show is the dagger that Dr. Smith names,
and was the only sword with which the rank and file of the
Roman legions were armed, and with which they won their
Empire of the world.
This much I have said on the subject of the metal. I re-assert
what I have already said, that the Romans did not know of iron
previously to their invasion of this island. Let us turn now to
the shoe itself.
I am aware that in the admirably ordered County of Dorset
Museum we are shown some " Roman horseshoes;" but are they
horses' shoes ? Are they Roman ? How are they known to be
so ? Where were they found ? and of what metal are they
fabricated ?
I do not know of any Roman horseshoes in the British
Museum ; I do not say there are none there, but that I do not
know of them.
I know many Roman equestrian statues, but none that I know
(I speak of real Roman statues) having shoes on the horses' feet.
I know of no passage in any Roman or Greek poet, or other
writer, speaking of " horseshoes." Surely had they existed such
writers as Homer, Menander, Plato, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, and
others, who searched every corner for their poetical similes,
would have made some mention of them !
Homer, again and again, speaks of the " solid hoofed horses."
I remember, by the way, that I always noticed this was mentioned
ON HORSESHOES. 141
in the feminine tense ; possibly this may have been dictated by
" poetical license." This we would of course all of us admire.
Xenophon, who led the retreat of the ten thousand Greeks
(and what a march and over what a country was this !), and who
wrote as a first authority on veterinary matters, teaches thus :
" The right way in which to treat the horse's foot and to
toughen it, is to let him stand at all time on the hardest stone,
and, Nature then adapting herself to circumstances, will grow the
hardest horn."
I always learned at school that the shoeing of horses arose
when the men-at-arms of the middle ages were clad with such
heavy armour that they had to be mounted on Flemish mares,
These were the most chosen war horses of those days ; immensely
powerful of build, but not particularly fast movers, nor of the
hardest pattern, I imagine, of bone or horn.
Haydn, in his Dictionary of Dates, tells us that the shoeing of
horses was introduced by the Normans, and this seems, I think,
very likely, and under their guidance the shoeing, no doubt,
throve.
Now dropping for the moment all polite fencing of words
what is the question before us ?
A horseshoe has been placed before us, and the suggestion
offered that we should accept it as being of Roman manufacture.
I find no fault with the matter so far, and I desire to bear
testimony to the particularly nice and delicate way in which the
horseshoe was introduced to us ; but I do object to its pretensions
most entirely.
I exclaim " You are an impostor ; horse-shoeing was only
introduced into this country by the Normans, and you wish us to
acknowledge you as a veteran ancestor of some six hundred
years previously ! "
I know that I am awakening embers of fire upon my head, and
I know well the admirably obstinate character of the ordinary
antiquarian. I know that you can only with difficulty convince
him that his pre-conceived opinion can be wrong; and I can
instance this from my own experience in this case. I heard of
142 ON HORSESHOES.
a well-known and very able antiquarian who had in his possession
an old horseshoe, and from whom, possibly, I should get some
information. I visited him and was shown the shoe, along with
numerous other antiquities. I asked him what date he would
assign to it ? He replied, " Oh, two thousand years at least."
I somewhat hesitated to accept this, and asked why he thought it
quite so old ? His answer was that he had found it with these
other articles, in a formation of coral rag ; and he laid before
me some excellent examples of the Palaeolithic stone age (though
amongst them was one that I certainly thought was rather of the
Neolithic). How he imagined that the man armed only with
chipped flints could have produced the iron shoe I did not
care nor think it worth while to enquire, and I mentally
remarked, " He's an antiquarian, he's got this shoe, he has said
it is 2,000 years old, and so I feel it has to be up to the time of
his decease."
Nor do I think the very learned Curator of the Dorset County
Museum will easily renounce his " Roman horseshoes."
Saddles were not used or known in England until about the
year 600 some 200 and odd years after the Romans had with-
drawn and no Roman ever wore the heavy armour of the
" man-at-arms," and the Roman was, I like to think, far too
practical a man to have so thoroughly impaired that splendid
animal, the horse, with shoes, as we more moderns have done.
No ; I fully hope this paper may give rise to discussion ; and I
hope the friends of the " Roman horseshoe " will not spare me
in any way. I claim a share of the obstinacy I so readily accord
the antiquarian, and I claim the date of the Norman invasion as
the eailiestl will allow for horse-shoeing in this country. I hold
the shoeing of horses to be the greatest crime man has ever
perpetrated against Nature, and I say " Let us lay that crime
against the right door."
of an
to @as;fl3ur9 a *t6 SBrtsfoC, &c.,
in ^Slatj an6 gune, 1767.
By Sir JOSEPH BANKS, Bart.
WITH NOTES BY S. G. PERCEVAL, ESQ., OF HENBURY AND
BRISTOL.
THE PORTION RELATING TO DORSET is HERE PRINTED
BY HIS KIND PERMISSION.
(Read by the President, March 9th, 1899.)
15. Set out this day for Eastbury in Dorsetshire,
on a visit to my Aunt M rs Grenvile. It is situate
about 100 miles from London. As I traveld post
and arrivd there the same night I made but few
observations upon the Road. I saw however
through the Windows of my Chaise, Myrica Gale
growing in Plenty upon a Bog near the 21 mile
Stone on Bagshot heath.
1 6. This morn hard rain. Amusd myself by looking over the
house. Found it exceeding large and possibly one of the
144 EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1)67.
heaviest piles of stone S r J no Vanbnigh ever erected. The
inside is fitted up magnificently with a great deal of gilding and
Ceilings painted after the antique. Upon the whole the inside is
much more convenient as well as more elegant than the outside
gives any hopes of. The Countrey about it is Pleasant, consist-
ing cheifly of open Downs and sheep walks, except towards the
west and N.W., where the town and enclosures of Tarent Gunvil
and the Woods of Cranbourn Chace give an agreable variety,
contrasting with the open countrey on the other sides. At
twelve Cleard up, went in Search of a Barrow which the
Bishop of Carslisle had informd me was somewhere in this
neighbourhood. Found it at the N. Corner of the Park, its
construction very singular, being a Bank of about 60 paces
in Lengh and 15 broad, N.E. b N. [N.E. by N.] and S.W.
b W. A small part of one end was within the pail that had
been opend, and a grotto made in the hollow. We were told
that when it was opend a number of Bones were found. I
was exceedinly desirous of opening the other end, which was
in a sheep walk without the pails, but upon inquiring whose
property it was, had the mortification to be told that it
belongd to an estate now upon sale, the Owner of which was
in London ; was therefore obligd to give over all thoughts
of it. Went to Look at the Village. Found nothing in it
remarkable but the name Tarent Gunvill, the name of Tarent
being affixd to several little villages which stand on a little
Brook or torrent.
17. This morn also Rainy and disagreable : venturd out
towards Chittle * in which Parish is situate a tolerable house, the
property of a M r - Chafin, f whose father was sometime Member
for the County: was agreably surprizd by finding within two
* CHITTLE, spelt Chettle. A village about six miles N.E. of Blandford.
fMr. CHAFIN. George Chafin, Esq., of Chettle, eldest son of George Chafin,
who died in 1766. The son died in 1776, aged 59.
EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1767. 145
feilds of the house, another Barrow * of exactly the same con-
struction as that found yesterday, only Larger, it being 100 paces
in lengh : its bearings also were different, it being pretty near
East and West. It had visibly been opend in two places, which
made me curious to enquire what had been found. Upon my
asking, the Young M r Charm inform'd me that his father had
opend it about forty years ago. One opening at the Eastern
extremity he carried down a little way below the surface of the
real Ground, when he found many Bones, Brass heads of Spears
and some Coin, all which were sent up to L d Pembroke. The
other, situate about one third of the whole Lengh of the Barrow,
more to the westward, was never carried deep enough, so nothing
was discoverd in it. On the side of the Barrow found Thesium
linophyllum and Othonna integrifolia [Senecio campestris].
1 8. This morn exceeding fine; went with the family to see
M r Portman's, situate upon the River Stour, just at the entrance
of the town of Blanford. It has from the Road, all the appear-
ance of a very pretty Place, but upon our finding M r Portman at
home, for Reasons of Ceremony, we were not permitted to see
it. In the way, however, discoverd a third Barrow like the other
two, which certainly is what the Bishop meant, being situate
upon the Downs. My time however is now so short, that it is
impossible to get men together to open it.
* ANOTHER BARROW. The Barrows which Banks saw this day and the day
before, are thus described in Hutchins' History of Dorsetshire, vol. iii.,
2nd edition, 1813, p. 168.
" There are two Barrows about f mile distant from each other, one of them
100 yards in length, the other about 60. The latter stands partly in the parish
of Chettle, and partly in that of Tarent Gunville : the boundary of the two
parishes passes lengthways over the summit of the Barrow, and divides it in
equal portions, one the property of the Marquis of Buckingham, the other of
Mr. Chafin. One end of the Marquis's part was formerly taken into Lord
Melcombe's park, and was excavated to make a grotto : many human bones were
dug out, but immediately interred again by his lordship's orders."
" The other Barrow is situate in a cornfield, near Mr. Chafin's house, and he
has been credibly informed that about the beginning of the last century, an
opening was made in the side of this Barrow, and that beneath the level of the
surface of the field a great quantity of human bones were found, and with them
heads of spears, and relics of other warlike instruments, which were presented
to the Earl of Pembroke, and are at this time at Wilton House."
146 EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1767.
j 9 . Went this morn to Kinston Hall in the Vale of
Winbourne, to see M r Banks,* my namesake, an old Batchelor
of 70 and more. His house is an exceeding good one, but
quite of the last age, as there is not one sash in the whole. Its
furniture, however, of Pictures is very Capital ; a Collection of
S r Peter Lellys portraits very fine ; two Spanish boys eating fruit
by Morellio [Murillo], a Lanscape by Bergem, a copy or original
of Rembrants Rabbi. But four pictures are Remarkably
Capital, perhaps Guido : they represent Pope Gregory the Great,
the Great St. Augustine and two more of the fathers : but
M r Banks has no Catalogue and knows very little about them.
In returning home this Morn, just at Blanford Horse Course,
saw two Remarkable Birds seeming to be of the genus of
Chcradrias. Some Shepherds informed me that they came here
to breed but are exceeding difficult to shoot. I could make no
particular observation but that they were near as large again as
grey Plover,f had a white spot in each wing and whistled
exceedinly shrill, not unlike a man : the shepherds also informed
me that they Laid 2 eggs. I had almost omitted that we saw
near M r Banks's, upon the top of a hill, a regular entrenchment,
consisting of three Banks raisd one above the other : had not
an opportunity of going near it, but at a distance it much
resembled one of those famous ones at Whitnam J near Dor-
chester in Oxfordshire.
20. Went to visit M r Stert at Critchill, who carried us to
another house he has at Horton about two miles beyond it,
* Mr. BANKS, of Kinston Hall. This was John Bankes, Esq., of Kingston
Hall, who died in 1772.
t OBEY PLOVER. These birds were probably Norfolk Plovers which are still
summer visitors to Salisbury Plain. [ED.]
J ENTRENCHMENTS AT WHITNAM. I am informed that this passage refers to
the well-known Sinodun or Dorchester Clumps, on the opposite side of the
Thames to Dorchester (Co Oxon.), and above the village of Long Wittenham ;
visible on the left, just after passing Didcot Station, on the way to London.
$ Mr. STBET. This was Humphry Sturt, Esq., of Crichel. Henry Gerard
Sturt, created a Baron in 1876 with the title of Lord Alington, is now the head
of the family. Seat at Crichel.
EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1767. 147
where he shewd us the finest peice of artificial water ** perhaps
in England. It covers 280 acres, winding between two hills, so
that one end is Generally out of sight. It has also an additional
beauty, a wood of very fine oats which come down quite to the
Banks. It is well stockd with Carp, which M r Stert sells to
people who carry them to London, by which method he receives
more money for the water than ever the Land brought him in.
It is drawn once in three years and all the fish of a certain size
sold. The last time 16000 weight were taken and sold for
6 pence a pound, which is 400 pounds. I should not forget to
mention one very remarkable circumstance which occurrd in
Raising the Head of this water. 35 feet was the hight requird,
25 feet of which they raisd without any difficulty, but when that
was compleated, were much surprizd to find that after several
days work they had not raisd it an inch. This put them upon
inquiring the cause, and they found that any quantity of Earth
they put, sunk in 48 hours to the original 25 feet. M r Stert not
* LAKE AT HOKTON. At page 59 of Hutchins' History of Dorsetshire, 1st
edition, 1774, vol. ii., is the following account of this lake :
"Mr. Sturt has lately made near his seat one of the finest pieces of water in
England, occupying 200 acres. On digging to make an head to it, about twenty
feet below the surface was found a stratum of oyster and other kinds of shells ;
the latter seemed strongly impregnated with ore, and appeared silvered over."
Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, F.G.S., F.L.S., of Whatcombe, near Blandford,
has been so kind as to inform me, that the stratum Hutchins refers to is the
lowest bed of the Woolwich and Reading beds, which rest upon the chalk. The
oyster is Ostrea Bellovacina, which is referred to on page xxxii. of his Flora of
Dorset.
I regret to learn from the Rev. W. Blachford Hill, the rector of Chettle who
has most kindly investigated the locality that the lake is no longer in existence,
having been drained 90 or 100 years ago. I will quote a portion of his interest-
ing letter :
" I next enquired at a cottage, where the man told me that the posts of the
flood gates that kept the waters in were still in their old places, and stood up 20
feet high. That was at the lower end of the lake. I went into the field, con-
siderable part of which formed originally the bed of the lake. The yellow Iris
I saw in full bloom where once the water spread. Afterwards I called at the
Vicarage and saw the Vicar. He told me that the property about 200 years ago
(i.e., from about 1690 to 1790 or thereabouts) belonged to the Sturts, and that
they lived then in the great house. Then, from 1790 or thereabouts, the pro-
perty belonged to the Shaftesbury family. They turned the great house,
formerly occupied by the Sturts, into a farmhouse, and, land being considered
more valuable to a farmer, drained the lake."
148 EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1767.
discouraged by this disheartining circumstance resolvd to back
the head with piles in hopes that they might hinder it from
sinking any further. This he did with trees 23 feet in Lengh,
which he drove down with an Engine constructed for the
purpose, at the same time taking account of the quantity of
Earth that sunk by measuring the hight of what he layd on.
His piles did no manner of service. The earth continued to
sink, and now he found the feild about twenty yards below where
they were drove in began to rise, raising with it trees, particularly
an Ash and an Oak, each of them Containing some tons of
timber. The top also Crackd into deep chasms, plainly shewing
that it was raisd by some lower stratum which the weight of the
head forcd under it. M r Stert still perseverd. After some time
his head began to rise and was then very soon compleated. The
Quantity that had sunk was then cast up, and it was found that
the head had sunk 87 feet, beside what was Lost before they
even guessd at the Cause which hinderd them from raising it.
The Soil on which the head was erected has not been examind
deep, but what has been seen is Sandy Gravel, under which is a
solid blue Clay containing most singular impressions of fish,
resembling them by M r Stert's account most exactly, not only in
shape, but in a silvery Colour like that of fish, very thinly spread
over them as the whole interior was clay. In that however was
the prints of their bones. They were of several sorts, but
cheifly whitings and Dories, very plainly to be distinguish^ .
They were so much impregnated with Vitriolick Salt that they
could not be preservd. Several that M r Stert carefully brought
home wasted in Less than 1 2 hours.
From hence we returnd to dine at Critchill. The house there
is pretty good, much more chearfully situate than the other ; a
great deal of the best Planted Oak. I have seen one of them,
nine feet in circumference, carrying up, I dare say, fifty feet of
Boll. M rs Stert keeps here several kinds of Birds and animals,
particularly a Sanguin which she has had a year. It lives con-
stantly in a small Deal box filld with wool and hay, had no
particular care taken of it. Here is also a favourite of a very
EXCURSION TO EASTBURY AND BRISTOL IN 1767. 149
extrordinary nature a Bull, the finest I have seen. He was
bred in Lincolnshire, and tho only 4 years old and very lean, the
Butcher Guessed his weight to be between 70 and 80 score. He
is a well-made beast and beautifully spotted. M v Stert always
uses him to draw by himself, for he will not do it with any other
Beast, but singly will do as much work and draw as large a
weight as two or three horses.
2 1 . This morn rains very hard, venture however out upon the
downs to Obs3rve the Long Barrow between the house and
turnpike road in the way to Blanford : Find it like the first I
examind, only Larger, its greatest lengh being about 100 paces,
its breadth 20, bearings N.W. b N. and S.E. b S. : On the side
of it one and only one plant of Othonna integrifolia, which is
very scarce in this countrey, as I have only found it on this and
one other Barrow.
I have now seen three of these long Barrows all within a circle
of about 2 miles in diameter. What the occasion of making
them in that shape is difficult to guess. Possibly they are the
Common place of interment of the slain in a Battle, as their
Long shape seems to indicate that they cover more than one
Body : but this is vague conjecture. I hope however some time
or other to have an opportunity of Opening one or more of them,
by which alone it can be determined for what use and when they
were erected.
Observd to-day in the Garden a very strong Plant of Mellitis
melissophyllum. As it is the only plant of any degree of
curiosity in the whole garden, it seems more than probable that
it came originally from the woods somewhere in this neighbour*
hood.
22. Set out this morn for Bristol.
trTMj
By Rev. W. MILES BARNES.
(Read Sept. 10th, 1900.)
HAVE been invited to be your guide at Poxwell, and
to give you some account of the megalithic
remains which are before you, and all too
lightly I consented to do so, but have since
had time to repent of having undertaken to
be the instructor of others on a subject about
which nothing definite is known.
On the last visit of the Field Club to this
spot your late Treasurer, Mr. Cambridge, was
your guide, and some notes of his from which
I shall quote, together with a sketch of the circle and the
surrounding country, will be found in Vol. X. of the transactions
of the Club. A plan will be found in the Reliquary Quarterly
Archaeological Journal and Review for Jan., 1871, with a
description, in which " the remains are described and their
probable origin fully discussed."
Hutchins' account, written in 1774, is as follows : " A quarter
of a mile S.E. of Poxwell House, near to the great road to
Weymouth, are 15 stones ranged in a circular form; one or two
seem missing on the N.W., where, perhaps, was the entrance.
POXWELL CIRCLE. 151
Some of these are quite level with, and some but little above, the
surface of the ground ; two of them on the S.W. above two feet,
and broad, some scarce a foot high. They are all extremely old,
rough, and irregular, and full of holes worn by the weather.
They stand on a lump, round which are the remains of another
circle. About 200 yards distance on the N.E. and E. are four
pretty large stones, which perhaps formed another larger circle,
or an avenue, to the former."
With respect to this description Mr. Cambridge says the
account is " generally accurate, except as regards the four stones
about 200 yards distant, and the almost complete disappearance
of the ditch."
" I ought to mention," he continues, " that about half a mile
or so N.E. of the circle, quite on the other side of the ridge,
are four other large stones from three to four feet in height (or
length) lying now in confusion, having been subjected to more
or less recent disturbance."
Some men have no idea of distance, as those who have had
occasion to inquire their way in the country will know, and it
seems possible the four stones which appeared to Hutchins'
informant about 200 yards away were really these stones which
are nearly half a mile distant, and that they are broken down
menhirs, monoliths, a kind of totem poles.
Dr. Colley March pronounces the material of these stones to
be a cherty limestone from the lower Purbeck, which crops out
here. Dr. March has examined most of the megalithic remains
in this part of the country, and this is the first instance he has
found of any other material than sarsen stone or tertiary con-
glomerate having been employed for this purpose.
As to the stone circles, menhirs, cromlechs, bee-hive huts,
dolmens, and other megalithic remains in this island, the
question will present itself Who built them, who built Stone-
henge and Avebury, and for what purpose were they built ? I
am afraid no very conclusive evidence can be offered on these
points, though several theories have been propounded. There
is one markworthy characteristic of all theories about works of
152 POXWELL CIRCLE.
prehistoric antiquity : they cannot be disproved because they are
prehistoric, and no documentary evidence about them exists. It
might be said that Stonehenge and Avebury were built by the
South Sea islanders, or with more semblance of truth by the
Egyptians, instances of work of a similar character being
adduced as evidence of the latter. You cannot prove that they
were not, because being prehistoric there is no evidence any way ;
you can only express your doubt, and your belief that they were
not built either by the South Sea islanders or by the Egyptians.
In prosecuting your enquiries, then, you have this very great
difficulty at the outset, that you have no documentary evidence
to guide you, and that you can only weigh probabilities and
accept the theory which seems to you most reasonable after
doing so.
Until comparatively recent times these remains were all
considered to be Celtic, and the circles were thought to be
temples in which the Druids conducted some of their rites,
perhaps associated with the. worship of the sun. The most
solemn oath administered by the Druids to their disciples
showed their reverence for the sun, and possibly their worship
of it. They swore " By the bright circle of the golden
Sun."
Some antiquaries, as Mr. E. Barclay (" Stonehenge," 1895),
ascribed Stonehenge and Avebury to the Britons of Roman or
Post-Roman times. First, because no mention of these stupen-
dous works is made by any Roman writer ; though no less than
six Roman historians wrote on Britain, and there are Roman roads
on each side of Stonehenge. And secondly, because at Stone-
henge some of the inner trilithons show signs of having been
worked by a tool, and chisels have only been found in tumuli of
late date.
Another theory is that all these megalithic structures
Stonehenge, Avebury, the smaller circles, beehive huts, dolmens,
cromlechs menhirs, were all the work of the long-headed
(dolichocephalic) Aryan race, who are supposed to have
migrated from Central Asia in the neolithic age, and to have
POXWELL CIRCLE. 153
spread gradually over Asia, including Arabia, India, and Syria,
and through Europe to Gaul and Britain. Megalithic remains of
a similar character to those found in this land are to be seen in
all these countries.
It is further supposed that most of these remains (not, of
course, beehive huts) are sepulchral, or connected with sepulchral
worship. If this theory should prove generally correct I suppose
it is possible that these circles may have been used for the
double purpose ; for interment, for it has been proved that there
have been interments in some of these smaller circles, and
for sepulchral rites, and for rites connected with the worship of
the spirits of the departed. The Roman mausoleum was some-
times thus used for rites in connection with the departed as well
as for a memorial of him, and a place to contain his ashes.
A Roman tomb outside the gate of Pompeii still contains, besides
the ashes of the dead, a funeral triclinium, upon which food was
offered, probably on the festival called Feralia, and some rites
performed to the manes of the departed.
Recent investigations by scientists have somewhat shifted the
ground of the enquiry. It is now held by many that the cradle
of the Aryan dolichocephalic race was Europe, not central Asia,
and that the Asian Indo-Iranians were a migration from the
main body in Europe. Stonehenge is " generally assigned by
Archaeologists," so Dr. Taylor states, " to the brachycephalic
(Celtic) race, which first introduced bronze weapons and Aryan
speech into Britain." The arguments are all most interesting,
and will be found fully stated in Dr. Taylor's " The Origin of
the Aryans," and Elton's " Origins of English History." I will
not take up your time by entering into them here, as they are not
directly connected with my subject. It will suffice to say that
the theories concerning these structures generally assign them
either to the primitive dolichocephalic race, which inhabited
these islands in neolithic times, or the Celtic brachycephalic race
which settled here at the close of that period.
There now seems to be a new theory that these stone monu-
ments and circles were constructed by the Phoenicians, who had
1 5 4 POXWELL CIRCLE.
colonies in Britain. As Mr. Cunnington has stated in "The
Influence of Phoenician Colonization," in last year's transactions
of the Field Club> the probabilities on that side, I will state some
of the probabilities which occur to me on the other side, so that
both may be weighed. And if I have to express myself rather
forcibly occasionally, I hope Mr. Cunnington will not feel that
forcible language springs from an unfriendly feeling, but rather
from a fear lest the argument should lose anything through the
restraints of friendship.
First, had the Phoenicians colonies in Britain ? Civilized
nations like the Phoenicians, who wished to plant colonies
amongst barbarians were in face of a difficulty which modern
nations have not. A battle in those days meant a series of single
combats in which the man with the longest sword and the
greatest skill and strength in using it was the victor ; something
was due to tactics and strategy, but the strong arm and practised
skill went for more. Consequently, the two sides had to be more
evenly balanced than in these days, when a few men armed with
Mausers, Creusot guns, and Pom-poms, are a match for thou-
sands of savages.
What force had the Phoenicians to bring to England besides
their colonists, to make good their possession ? Caesar, on his
first expedition to Britain, brought two legions with him. But,
presumably, finding two legions insufficient, in the following year
(B.C. 55), he brought five legions with him. He reduced the
Britons to subjection, but as he left no garrison the Britons
revolted on his departure. Boadicea utterly destroyed one legion,
and was very nearly defeating a much larger force. Suppose, we
say, that the Phoenician force was only equivalent to one legion,
10,000 men, and that these men were also the colonists, how
were they brought here ? Caesar fought his way up through
Europe, and had only to camp on the other side of the Channel
long enough to build vessels sufficiently strong and numerous
to transport his army across the Channel in settled weather. The
Phoenicians would have had to convey their whole army by sea
from Tyre, Cyprus, Carthage, or other Mediterranean ports, and
POXWELL CIRCLE. 155
to carry sufficient supplies and stores, including food for from ten
to fifteen thousand soldiers and sailors on a voyage of very
uncertain duration, since oars and sails were the only means for
propelling their vessels. The ships must also be large enough
and strong enough to face heavy gales in the Bay of Biscay, the
Atlantic, or the English Channel. At what period in their
history could they have done that ? If at all, could it have been
at any other period than when they were in the highest state of
civilization and in the zenith of their power.
We may arrive at the same conclusion from another point of
view. Glance at a map of ancient Europe, and you will see that
there is reasonable ground for believing that the colonies nearest
Phoenicia were planted before those that were more distant, so
that Cyprus, Rhodes, Crete, Carthage, perhaps Thrace, Sicily,
and Sardinia received their colonists before Spain and the parts
about the Straits of Gibraltar. As one evidence of this, note
that Carthage in Spain was called Carthago nova.
And this suggests a question how is it that, if England was
colonised by the Phoenicians at so late a period, there is no
record of it ? How is it that there is sufficient evidence of the
existence of these very early colonies, and none of the latest as
Britain, and at a time, too, when historical evidence was multi-
plying ? I have only to do with colonies. I do not enter into
the question whether there were any Phoenician settlers in Corn-
wall. It seems not improbable that there may have been a few
Phoenician settlers there connected with the tin trade ; they
might have come by the regular trade route, which, according to
Diodorus, was across the Channel to Gaul, thence through Gaul
to Marseilles and the Mediterranean, so that at the time to which
he refers the Phoenicians might have received tin from Britain
without leaving the Mediterranean.
But allowing that the Phoenicians did found colonies in
England. Where was the seat of them ? Besides Cornwall
Mr. Cunnington suggests Portland, the Isle of Purbeck, Salis-
bury, Marlborough, and elsewhere. The only kind of evidence
offered of the occupation of Portland is that there were beehive
on
of
By E. DORAN WEBB, F.S.A.
(Read Feb. 26th, 1900. )
HE Book of Cerne, now preserved in the University
Library at Cambridge, consists firstly of a
bound volume, each page of which measures
nine by seven inches, and, secondly, of a
number of loose leaves, which at present are
wrapped up in paper and tied to the former.
The oldest portion of the manuscript is
contained in the bound part, and consists of
four separate accounts of the Passion and
Resurrection of our Lord, taken from the Evangelists ; each
account is prefixed by an illuminated title page, photographs of
which, taken by our energetic Hon. Secretary, I have the pleasure
of laying before the Society. The accounts naturally vary in
length ; those taken from S.S. Matthew and Luke are each con-
tained in eighteen and a half pages, while that from S. Mark
occupies three pages less.
At the back of the illuminated title page of the Passion accord-
ing to S. Luke is an acrostic in the form of a prayer ; taking the
initial letter of each line the two following words are formed :
AEDELVALD EPISCOPUS. Mr. Fry notes in his pamphlet
The four Illustrations contained in the Book of Cerne, from photographs of
the original taken by Nelson M. Richardson. These represent the Evangelists
with their emblems, and are executed in rather dull water colours, chiefly red,
greyish blue, purplish brown, and pale yellow. The drawings at the bottom of
Figs. 1, 3, and 4 have been added by a later hand.
The inscriptions are as follows :
Fig. 1. HIC MATHEUS IN HUMANITATE. HIC MATHEUS IN ANGELICA ASSPECTU
VIDETUE.
Fig. 2. HIC MAECUS IN HUMANITATE. HIC MAECUS IMAGINEM TENET LEONIS.
Fig. 3. HIC LUCAS IN HUMANITATE. HIC LUCAS FOEMAM ACCEPIT VITULI.
Fig. 4. HIC lOHANNIS IN HUMANITATE. HlC lOHANNIS VEETIT FEONTEM IN
AUUILAM.
(Each figure occupies a whole page of the MS., and is here represented of
rather more than a third of the original size.)
FIG. 1.
FIG. 3.
FIG. 2.
FIG. 4.
NOTES ON THE BOOK OF CERNE, 159
on the manuscript that Bishop Ethelwold of Winchester, 963 to
981, the founder and first Abbot of Abingdon, had for a pupil
^ELFRIC the first Abbot of Cerne, who was afterwards Archbishop
of Canterbury.
It is worth noticing that ^ETHELWEARD was Bishop of Sher-
borne in 909 and ^ELFWOLD in 958.
It is not necessary for me to say more on this part of the
manuscript owing to the fact that an admirable editor has been
found in the person of Dom : Kuypers, who has recently com-
pleted a transcript of it, which is now passing through the
Press. I must confess to having devoted but little of the
somewhat scanty time at my disposal to the remaining pages of
the bound volume, a good part of which, namely, the sequences
used at Cerne, have already been printed in Weale's " Analecta
Liturgica," in fact, although the bound volume is of far greater
general interest than the loose pages, these latter, from the local
information which they contain, will naturally appeal to all
Dorset folk. The first entry on page one is the copy of an
indulgence of twenty days granted by E ,
Archbishop of Canterbury and Papal Legate ; this is followed by
a relaxation of fifteen days of penance granted by Jocelyn to all
those who by their almsgiving had helped on the work of the
re-edification of the Monastery of Cerne. Jocelyn de Bohun,
you will remember, was Bishop of Old Sarum from 1 142 to 1 184,
and helped to frame the " Constitutions of Clarendon."
A similar grant from the same prelate forms the next entry,
and then comes an account of how on [the i jih day of July] the
Feast of St. Basil, in the year of our Lord 1311, Gilbert, Lord
Bishop of Enaghdune, in Ireland, dedicated an altar in the
Chapel of Cerne Abbey [capella Abbatis Cernel] in honour of
S.S. Stephen and Laurence, martyrs, and S. Katherine, virgin
" et in annuis festis singlorum concessit xx. dies indulgentia."
In the same year " crastino Sancti Basiiii." The aforesaid
Bishop " dedicavit totam capellam de Infirmarii Cernelii in
honore gloriose virginis Marie, S. Margarete et S. Appolonie,"
and furthermore granted thirty days indulgence for ever.
!6o NOTES ON THE BOOK OF CERNE.
Simon of Ghent was then Bishop of Salisbury 1297-1315.
Eighty-five years passed away between the dates of this last,
entry and of the next, the izth of November, 1396, when Henry,
Lord Bishop of Enaghdune, in Ireland, Suffragan of our Lord
Bishop of Salisbury, Richard Medford, dedicated two altars in
the Chapel of Nuthercerne namely, the high altar in honour
of All Saints, and an altar " in australi parte sive JEla." of the
same Chapel in honour of St. Ethelrede, virgin, " tempore
D.M., Roberti xxiv., afcfct Sacristaria in manibus ejusdem aBBt
existent."
Henry Twillow, Suffragan to Richard Mitford or Medford,
Bishop of Salisbury, 1395-1407, was Bishop of Enaghdune, a
small bishopric some four or five miles from Tuam, in Ireland.
Jones in his "Fasti" says that he was made Suffragan igth
Jan., 1397 ; he was certainly acting in that capacity two months
earlier.
The latest entry in point of date on this page is that :
A.D., 1418, on the seventh of March, Roger de Mortevaus,
Bishop of Salisbury, dedicated the Hgh altar of the Church of
Cerne monastery " in honore dei genetricis Marie et Sancti
Petri apostolorum principis," the Bishop. Roger de Mortival
was Bishop of Salisbury from 1415 to 1430. Turning over
the page we come upon a petition from " Robert of Cerne,
a humble servant of the Church, to his illustrious lord, Henry,
king of the English." Then come copies of Charters. I have
copied one : " Henricus rex Anglie et Dux Normaniae et
Acquitaniae et Comes Andegaviae. Vicecomitis et ministris
suis toti : ? Angliae salutem. Sciatis me concessisse abbatie de
Cerne Wrekcum per omnis terras suas super mare et bellum et
polam et forum in villa de Cerne cum omnibus libertatibus suis
militibus et libere tenentibus et eorum servitiis faciendo in
servicium duorum militum ad scutagium et unum militum in
expeditione. Test. Ric : epo. Winton et Willielme com de Arundel
et Reginaldo comite Cornubie apud Wodestokam." After various
memoranda comes an inspeximus of Henry II., dated 24th of
May, quinquagessimo quarto ; the witnesses are W. Archbishop
TRANSCEIPT OF FIG. 5. (Page of the Book of Cerne).
quod nequiter egi- Suscipe penitentis lacrimas miserere misericors- iNdulge
quod feci et hoc praesta ne faciam- Tu conspicis domine pericula mea- in
quibus consisto- et quibus mails circum datus sum quantisque per meritum
meum premar aduersitatibus libera me protege me et defende ut non rideant
deme inimici mei tu es deus meus sola spes mea Ixte solum confido de nullius
hominum solacio spero- Guberna me ut pius pater ut post tantas talesque
procellas saeculi undique saeuientes ad portum salutis aeternae Te duce merear
per venire- et cum aliis quos eripuisti laudare- Te o bone deus per infinita
saecula saeculorum Amen :
DEUS gloriae qui unus et uerus Item sancta oratio qui solus et iustus es inquo
omnia et sub quo omnia per quern oinnia facta sunt exaudi me domine orantem
sicut exaudisti tres pueros in camino ignis exaudi me orantem sicut exaudisti
susannam et liberasti earn demanu duorum inimicorum testium
-iu omfttoif
m
r- tur in
iV f
conya^c far mlttitr t?owttit
ttr
^i- -11611 jid--- iVC
c, ^lonicce- out tttnts
pi 0|* (Mtj|hj|' u* J t jac cwtmt
.. mcra,
. fcwft mfi
m^-
FlG. 5. A page of the Book of Ceriie from a photograph of the
original taken by Nelson M. Richardson. A transcript is appended.
NOTE. The indistinctness in the photograph of the words " Item sea
oratio " is caused by their being in red ink.
(About half the size of the original page.)
NOTES ON THE BOOK OF CERNE. l6l
of York, H. Winton, C. Wygorn [Worcester], Bishop Richard, the
king's almoner, Wde. Valence, " fratribus nostris," John de
Warrenne, Comite Surr, Thorn. Basset, Robertus Walerand,
Roberto Aenginglum, Willielmus de Wyntheshyll, Willo Belet,
Radulphus de Bakepuz, Stephane de Edurick, Reg. de Wanton,
et aliis. Datum per manum nostram Westmanasterium.
After all these deeds with their somewhat dry legal phrases it
was a relief to come upon a record of what a mediaeval Dorset
Field Club had done in the way of making a topographical
survey of the County in 1225. Here is the heading :
" Hoc est perambulatio facta in Comitate Dorsetie.
Coram H. de Yeovile et Briano de Insula et magistro H de
Cernel et Wde Moreville et Johanne de Lanceleveie Justiciariis
Per isto milites juratos.
Scilicet : Henr. Tuneire, Walt de la Grave, Rob. de Port,
Henr. de Stokel, Will Cusin, Will, filium Henrici, Alexandrum
de Laverstoke, Luca Russel, Johann Pulein, Walt de Melebure,
Walt de Wike, Rob. de Blokesworde, Reg. de St. Edwarde,
Robertum de Wearmeulle."
The main results of the deliberations of these worthies of old
Dorset was that they determined the boundaries of the two great
forests of Gillingham and Blakemore. The deed itself is too
long to read to you now. I think that I have said enough to show
you how much of interest lies in the loose sheets of the Book of
Cerne ; quaint odds and ends of information are scattered
throughout its pages. In this way we learn from a table of the
Sovereigns of England from the Conquest, folio 4, part I., that
Henry the Second was called by his contemporaries "ffytz-
Empresse." I earnestly hope that an editor will be found who
will do for these loose sheets what Dom : Kuypers has done for
the bound volume. To transcribe these few pages of manuscript
and to publish them in a pamphlet of fifty pages or so would
not be an expensive matter, and should earn the gratitude of
every member of the Dorset Field Club.
some "giomcm l?fax>emettfs cm6
some ^frecct of tl?is g
n>ifl? respect fo f^eir
By HY. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A.
(Read Dec. 19th, 1899.)
I. ROMAN PAVEMENTS.
'OR present purposes, the tesselated Roman pavements
of this country may be divided into those that
exhibit nothing more than a general scheme
of decoration, and those that are set out into
panels or ornamental fields, which are occupied
on the one hand by symbols, and on the other
by mythological or allegorical subjects.
Orpheus charming wild animals, the various
divinities of a comprehensive pantheon, the pre-
sentment of a popular fable, emblems of the Seasons, Nereids,
Dolphins, and Hippocamps : all these tell their own tale.
But symbols have an esoteric meaning. To discover and
demonstrate this, let the tesselation recently exposed near
Dorchester serve for a text, while as illustration we possess
upwards of 50 others, of which the most important are at
Frampton, Silchester, Caerwent (Venta Silurum), London,
Brading, Lincoln, Leicester, Bath, Corinium or Cirencester,
Uriconium or Wroxeter, Great Whitcombe and Stockwood in
AN ACCOUNT OF THE ILLUSTRATIONS.
L 1. A fretted fylfot, with square sun in the centre. Mosaic, Newton
St. Loe, near Bath.
2. Normal curvilinear fylfot, with solar duplex in the centre. Mosaic,
Newton St. Loe.
3. Fretted fylfot, with lunar crescent in the centre. Pre-Christian
coin from Crete.
4-. Shell gorget, solar duplex. Found with other solar symbols in pre-
historic grave mounds, Fain's Island, Tennessee. Bureau of
Ethnology, 1880-81, p. 270.
5. Eight-rayed solar glory, fretted, with square central sun. Mosaic,
Newton St. Loe.
6. Solar cross, of equal limbs, with a solar duplex in each angle.
Mosaic, Lincoln.
II. A. Roman Altar with normal rectilinear fylfot in apposition with lunar
crescent. Hadrian's Wall, Northumberland. Art Journal,
1875, p. 369.
B. Roman Altar with normal rectilinear fylfot in apposition with solar
disc. Ditto.
III. 1. Detail from Egyptian Tomb Ceiling. Prisse. Flinders Petrie,
Art in Egypt, p. 37.
2. Detail from pre-Christian Greek Vase. Goodyear.
3. Detail from mosaic, Dorchester.
IV. 1. Fylfot isolated from a fret. Mosaic, Brading.
2. Empanelled fylfot. Mosaic, Silchester.
3. Ditto. Mosaic, London. A similar one occurs in a Pompeian
mosaic.
V. 1. Fylfot with disc in centre. Detail from a mosaic, Caerwent.
2. Solar cross, eight- rayed solar disc, solar path, and fylfot constructed
of avian heads. Shell gorget, from stone grave, Tennessee.
Bureau of Eth., 1880-81, p. 284.
VI. 1. Irradiant solar disc, with solar duplex in the centre. Mosaic,
Dorchester.
2. Solar -quadruplex. Ditto.
VII. Solar duplex, tri.quetra, and bind- knot, on a Christian cross. Disley,
Cheshire. Romilly Allen, Early Christian Monuments, plate vi.
VIII. Christian cross resembling the solar cross shown in Illustration I., 6,
with a twisted duplex at the end of each lateral limb, and two
peacocks feeding from a vase at its base. S. Pietro, Villanova.
End of VIII. century. Cattaneo, p. 208.
IX. 1. Solar disc with lotus glory, Temple of Isis, Pompeii. Goodyear.
2. Solar disc irradiant with lotus elemeuts, Baptistry at Cividale,
A.D. 737. Cattaneo, p. 109.
X. 1. Conventional vase. Mosaic, London.
2. Ditto. Mosaic, Dorchester.
3. Lotus elements from Egyptian tomb- ceilings. Goodyear.
4. Ditto, ditto.
5. Lotus curled-leaf motif. Detail from mosaic, Scampton, Lincoln.
6. Curled-leaf motif. Detail from mosaic, Silchester.
XL Solar triplex, empanelled by the lotus curled leaf motif. Mosaic,
Corinium or Cirencester.
XII. Roman Legionary Ensigns, all of solar significance. Elworthy.
XIIL A. Lotus elements becoming triangular. Pre-Christian vase, Ormidia,
Perrot and Chipiez, Art in Cyprus, //., 306.
B. Lotus elements fully changed into triangles and squares, on the
neck of a vase. On its body are conspicuous lotus flowers and
buds. Ditto, ditto, II., 308.
XIV. 1. Detail from neck of another Onnidian vase enlarged.
2. Vase with triangle supports Mosaic, Dorchester.
3. Vase from Etruscan cemetery, with feeding birds. Art Journal,
1882, p. 21. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria II., 437.
XV. Quadruplex and Biting Animal. Christian Cross, Durham.
XVI. Intreccio of "worm-knot:" the death-throe of Evil. Gosforth
churchyard, Cumberland.
XVII. Intrecci on the Tarsus seal, of haematite, B.C. 2000.
XVIII. Decorative Complex, representing a mat, on which a vase rests.
Mosaic, Frampton, Dorset.
XIX. Tied and tail-biting animals ; and a decorative complex. Saxon
coffin lid, Bakewell.
XX. Vineal intreccio. Eous Lench.
XXL Thor's Hammer and the serpent's death -knot. Monolith, Stenqvista,
Sweden.
XXII. Sigurd and the dragon Fafni, tied and pierced. Carved on granite,
Bamsundsberg, Malar Lake, Sweden.
XXIIL The " Forum Cross." Cattaneo, p. 190.
VIII
V
XDIA.
MB.
XVI.
XIX.
XX!
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. 1 63
Gloucester, Basildon in Berks, Bignor in Sussex, Worplesden in
Surrey, Mansfield Woodhouse in Nottingham, and Aldborough in
Yorkshire. And these British examples should be compared, in
the mind's eye, with the graceful mosaics of pre-Christian
Greece and Italy.
Turning now to the Dorchester pavement, let us ask ourselves,
Is it Roman at all, in the sense that it was wrought by Latin
artists from designs current in the Eternal City ? Is it Italian at
all ? Or does it not show, at any rate, a barbaric influence, an
attempt to satisfy exotic tastes ?
If such questions cannot be answered, at least they can be
asked, and they should be borne in mind as we proceed to show
that this mosaic has a solar significance and was addressed to
men who were attracted by a solar cult.
For who were the peoples brought hither by the Romans to
conquer and garrison this country ? From the north of Europe
were Batavi, Menapii, Frisii, Tungri, Morini, the Brittones who
were natives of Gaul, Nervii, Galli, Lingones, and Vangiones,
From the south came Daci and Rhseti, Thraces, Dalmatae,
Astures, Varduli, and Hispani, together with Hamii, who
furnished a company of Syrian archers. No doubt these troops
were, for the most part, officered by Italians, but we know of
some that " they passed into Britain under the command of their
own chiefs and added new laurels to their former fame." *
The Gaulish Atrebates had been sent into this country by
Caesar, under Commius the Prince of Arras, and had built a great
city at Silchester ; and the early towns of Ilchester and Bath
were the work of the Belgae.f And it is well to remember that
Carausius, an obscure Batavian pilot, was able, in the year 288,
to make himself Emperor of Britain, where he ruled for six years.
The favourite solar divinities in this country during the Roman
occupation were Apollo, Serapis, and Mithras. Of the Mithraic
cult little is known. It was introduced into Rome 70 years
before Christ, was established there under Trajan A.D. 98, and
* Tacitus, His. iv., 2. f Elton's Origins, pp. 304, 343.
1 64 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
was continued till the time of Julian, A.D. 360. It competed
with Christianity by using similar symbols, rites and festivals.
In the reign of Septimius Severus this worship was widely
diffused and highly popular in the western part of the Empire.
Elagabalus, who became ruler of Rome A.D. 218, and his first
cousin Alexander Severus, by whom he was succeeded in 222,
were both, while almost children, made priests of the Syro-
Phoenician sun-god. The cremated remains of Severus were
preserved in the " Portland Vase," upon the base of which
Mithras is represented adorned with a Phrygian cap. Coins of
Elagabalus in apposition with the sun-god have been found at
Uriconium or Wroxeter.
A bas-relief in the Court of the Belvedere at the Vatican,
represents Mithras slaying the bull, with the legend SOLI INVICTO
DEO.* In the year of Grace 321, Constantine issued an edict
by which he enjoined the solemn observance of the Dies Solis
or Sunday, whereby he pleased both Christians and Pagans.
Before his formal conversion in 337, his favourite divinity had
been the sun-god Apollo ; but his coins of copper were stamped
on the reverse with the words SOLI INVICTO COMITI, a phrase
usually applied to Mithras, and money with a like legend was
struck in London. f
At Bath was a temple to the Sun, whose head is carved on the
pediment ; and if Aquae Solis, be indeed Aquae Sulis, Sul is a
Belgic name.J
At Vindobala or Rutchester, was an altar inscribed SOLI
APOLLINI ; and at Magnae or Carvoran, were two addressed to
Jupiter Heliopolitanus. At other stations on or near Hadrian's
Wall, have been found many altars to Mithras. Hiibner records
twelve. Indeed more altars were dedicated in Britain to the
Invincible Mithras than to any other single god. There was
one at Vindobala or Rutchester, where the Frisians were
quartered ; at Corstopitum or Corbridge with the Nervii ; at
Lundy, p. 163. f Wright's Uriconium, p. 443. J Gaulish, Littre.
Nos. 99, 349, 434, 481, 541, 579, 645, 646, 650, 833, 890, 1,039.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. 165
Bremenium or High Rochester with the Varduli ; at Borcovicus
or Housesteads, with the Tungri, where the inscriptions are
INVICTO MITRAE, and DEO SOLI iNVicxo MiTRAE, and where
there was a Mithraic cave. At Riechester in Northumberland,
was an altar SOLI / HIERON / V.L.M., Hieronymus to the Sun ; and
Mithraic monuments have been discovered at Cambeck Fort, in
Cumberland.
Altars to Mithras have been found at Longovicus or
Lanchester,* with the first cohort of the Lingones, and at
Segedunum or Wallsend, with the fourth cohort of the same
troop. The Lingones were a portion of the Legio Secunda
Augusta, which also furnished garrisons at York, and, what is
more to our purpose, at Caerwent and the stations f between
Exeter and Richborough, doubtless including Dorchester. Small
sacrificial bulls of bronze have been found in Dorset, and are,
probably, of Mithraic import.
Hadrian devoted himself to Serapis, the divine equivalent of
Osiris, who was associated with the nocturnal sun-god of
Egypt ; | and Isis and Serapis were usually worshipped in the
same temple.
A college of priests of Isis was founded at Rome, B.C., 80 ;
a temple was built there in honour of Osiris and Isis, B.C., 44 ;
and soon afterwards their festival was recognised by the official
calendar. A portrait exists of Prescennius Niger, who is repre-
sented amid the friends of Commodus, as celebrating the
mysteries of Isis. ^f
The bust of Serapis appears on a gem with the legend
EIS 0Eos SARADIS. On another, Serapis is seated, whilst before
him stands Isis, with the legend H KYRIA isis AFNH, "the Virgin-
lady Isis." Her priests practised celibacy, the tonsure, and the
surplice ; and the flower she wore was the lotus.
* On Watling Street.
f Tamara, Isaca, Voliba, Uxella, Ischalis, Venta Belgarum, &c., Ptolemy.
| Vide "Hymn to Isis," Elton's Origins p. 340, and "Hymn to the sun-god
Ateu," Petrie's Hist, of EyyptTL. t 215.
$ Tacitus, Hist. IV., 84. U Spartien.
l66 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCl.
There was a Serapeum at York, as disclosed by an inscription
DEO SANCTO / SERAPI / TEMPLVM A SO / LO FECIT CL HIERONY /
MIANVS LEG / LEG VI. VIC.*
Tacitus observes that the worship of Isis was established
among the Alamanni, f and coins stamped with the effigies of
Isis, Horus, Osiris and Anubis have been found in Britain, and
some of them were struck in London.
It is clear that there was a wide stream of religious influence
flowing from Egypt to this country. Thanks to papyrus rolls,
we are acquainted with the beliefs that attached to the solar
cult on the Nile, and with the doctrines that concerned the
passage of the soul through the horrors and dangers of the
underworld, protected by Ra and guided by him through the
Gates of the Hours. To these religious conceptions, that filled
the minds of devout men in the centre and source of civilization
for thousands of years before the Christian Era, we must fre-
quently refer.
Rightly to consider mosaics like this of Dorchester, it is
necessary to proceed from the well-known to the less known,
and so to the unknown. Perhaps the most easily recognised
symbol in the world is the fylfot, otherwise termed swastika,
gammadion, and tetraskele. Opinions have differed as to its
realistic signficance. It has been called a fire-drill, lightning, a
pledge of blessedness or good fortune, the spiral sweep of the
stars, the axial rotation of sun or moon, the four winds of
heaven. But all these ideas are included in one sufficient ex-
pression : the fylfot is a symbol of divine energy.
Its normal curvilinear form is shown in Illustration I., fig. 2,
taken from the pavement of Newton St. Loe, near Bath. Pre-
cisely similar swastikas are found on mosaics at Caerwent,
Silchester, Wroxeter, and Lincoln.
Its normal rectilinear form is shown in Illustration II., figs, i
and 2, taken from Roman Altars on Hadrian's Wall, where it is
Carved in apposition with the lunar crescent and the solar disc.
* Wright, Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 329. f Gcrmania, ix*
ROMAN PAVEMENTS ANt) JNTRECCI. 167
One of these altars, at Amboglana or Birdoswald, was dedicated
to Jupiter by the Dacians ; another was raised at Bremenium, at
High Rochester, in the time of Elagabalus, by Lucius Coecilius
to Minerva, and the Genius of the College ; and a third was
erected at the same place by the ist Cohort of the Varduli,
whose cavalry was 1,000 strong, to their Genius and standards.
The fylfot, the "fully footed" symbol, had a great vogue in
Europe throughout an area co-extensive with that of the use of
bronze. It first appeared, according to present knowledge, at
Hissarlik, many centuries before the time of Christ. It is so
often presented in apposition or in conjunction with more
especial solar symbols, that D'Alviella regards it as a counter-
part sign of the sun.
The Egyptians, in the ceiling decorations of their tombs, had
evolved a beautiful wandering rectilinear design, Illustration III.,
fig. i, with no intention whatever of producing a swastika, for this
was a device of which they seem to have been wholly ignorant.
But the quick-witted Greeks, well accustomed to it, recognised its
familiar lines even in the implication of a foreign fret, and, as
Mr. Goodyear points out, on a geometrical vase assigned to the
vi. cent, before our era, this detail was separately treated. It
is shown in Illustration III., fig. 2, and for my own part
I have sometimes fancied I could read in it the archaic
Greek letters xpn __ . _^_^_ or XP*> a con-
imperative
a word some-
traction of xp*6u
present of x/>/
times placed on
FtLTEJl
a gift, with the
meaning " make use of me."
However that may be, we find on the Brading tesselation, that
the designer has detached this portion of an ordinary braid, has
placed it at the head of a beautiful mosaic pavement, and has
thrown an arch round it, to isolate it, and to prove to all
beholders that he, at any rate, could see a swastika even when
hidden in a fret, Illustration IV., fig. i. It was only another
step to empanel it, and to make it contribute, like an avowed
fylfot, to a general scheme of solar symbolism, as may be seen
1 68 fcOMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCl.
in examples from London and Pompeii,* and in all these cases,
the feet of the symbol rest on the empanelling, Illustration IV.,
figs. 2, 3.
It is not going too far, then, to say that the fylfot exists in a
cryptic form on the Dorchester pavement, Illustration III., fig. 3.
In what parts of Europe was the fylfot in favour at the time of
Hadrian ? In Greece and Spain, in the north of Italy, among
the Celts and Gauls and Germans ; with all the peoples, in fact,
who were brought hither to garrison Britain. In the Belgo-
Roman cemetery of Juslenville, it is carved on memorial stones,
in association with the lotus. But though it occurs on a medal
of Alexander Severus, it is remarkable that in Rome itself it is
not to be seen on any monument prior to the fourth century of
this era; and the only tombstone outside the catacombs on
which a fylfot appears is that of a Syrian. Was it then a cisal-
pine, or was it rather an alien taste that was considered by the
makers of these Britanno- Roman mosaics ?
Let us take another point in the argument. Fretted fylfots
occur on pre-Christian Cretan coins, and in their centre is placed
sometimes a lunar crescent, and sometimes that rosette which
represents the solar disc.f Illustration I., fig. 3.
We have already noticed a normal curvilinear fylfot in the
mosaic at Newton St. Loe. In a neighbouring panel of the
same pavement, Illustration I., fig. i, is a fylfot of the fretted but
free type : its feet are not in contact with the panelling : and its
centre is occupied by what we must take to be the sun, although
it is quadrangular as befits a fret ; whilst a tetraskele at Caerwent,
Illustration V., fig. i, has a solar disc for its centre and a solar
glory for its circumference.
But now another symbol must be noticed as occupying the
centre of a fylfot.
The axis of the normal curvilinear swastika at Newton St. Loe,
Illustration I., fig. 2, where Apollo adorns the mosaic, and at
* Bolton's Mosaic Pavings, PL v,, viii.
t D'Alviella, Migration of Symbols, pp. 57, 150.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND iNTRECCI. 169
Lincoln, at Silchester, and even in Algeria, presents the twin
interlaced ovals that we see on the Dorchester pavement, Illus-
tration VI., fig. i.
It is obvious that these two ovals are intertwined so as to form
a cross of equal limbs, which is a sign of the sun. A convenient
name for it will be the solar duplex. Its precise significance
belongs to those arcana of a solar cult that have yet to be dis-
covered. But we get light from Egypt, from the orientation of
the chief temples of Karnak to the solstices or the equinoxes,
and from the adoration of Ra. " O Prince," was the invocation,
" O Ra, with thy two eyes, lord of the two horizons, may we see
thy face again, for we love the circuits of the two Regions.*
The solar-duplex, then, which occurs on a mosaic at Pompeii, f
which is found in Africa and the north of Europe, and which
abounds on Britanno- Roman pavements, represents the sun's
path across the heavens and through the underworld at the winter
and summer solstices. And strange to say it has been met with
on a shell gorget, in the prehistoric grave-mounds of Tennessee,
together with a multitude of other forms of the solar cross, J
Illustration I., fig. 4.
The four protuberances of the symbol gave it a cruciform
character that was recognised by the early Christians of Europe,
and they sculptured it on their crosses and in their churches. For
that which was the sign of a solar god could be used quite as well
to designate the Sun of Righteousness. And, in addition, the
double interlacement could signify Christ's two inseparable
natures, the human and the divine. In like manner the three
protuberances 'in the knot of a single unbroken strand, the
triquetra, the symbol of a pagan triad, stood also for triunion in
the Christian Trinity. Examples may be seen on a cross at
Disley, Cheshire, Illustration VII. , and on a stone from the old
church at Dover of the IV. or V. century.
* Arch. Hi. 408 (viii. 9).
t Boltoii's Mosaic Pavinys, PL i.
t Holmes, Bureau of Eth., 18801881, PL Hi., p. 270.
jyo ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCL
Another of the shell gorgets of Tennessee demands consider-
ation.* It represents a solar cross upon a solar disc within an
eight-rayed solar glory and surrounded by the solar path
which indicates the four points of the sun's rising and setting
at the summer and winter solstices, Illustration V., fig. 2.
And outside all, arranged so as to form a fylfot, but a sign
according to some writers f of the Four Winds of Heaven, are
four heads of a bird that in Mr. Holmes' opinion resembles
the ivory-billed woodpecker. In other lands, other birds
were sacred to the Sun. The hawk, for example, and the
goose. In Asia Minor the cock, as herald of the dawn, is
often placed beside the triskele, and was made sacred to
Helios, by the Greeks. J On the Brading pavement is repre-
sented a man with a cock's head and feet.
The solar simplex formed of a single oval, turned upon itself
so as to resemble the figure 8, occurs at Pompeii, and on many
European mosaics, as well as on early Christian crosses in this
country. It is the simplest indication of the sun's diurno-
nocturnal path.
A solar cross, constructed of an ordinary cable pattern, is
a common device. There is one on the Lincoln mosaic,
Illustration I., fig. 6, and in each of the angles formed by its
limbs, is placed a solar duplex. Even this conjunction passed
into Christian art. In the church of San Pietro, at Villanova,
of the VIII. cent, is a precisely similar Latin cross, and at
either end of its lateral limbs is a double interlacement,
Illustration VIIT.
The solar duplex fills, as we have seen, an important panel of
the Dorchester pavement, Illustration VI., fig. i ; and it may
be noticed now, that it is surrounded by a solar glory of
lotus elements that are a little conventionalised. The Egyptian
hieroglyph for this "glory" is a semi-circular figure formed of
* Holmes, op. cit., PL lix., p. 248.
t Pictographs of Algouquins, cited by Stolpe, Amcrikansk ornamcntik, p. 28.
J D'Alviella, op, cit., p. 180.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. iji
half a disc, and four concentric bands of blue, green, and red,
and a fifth band marked with radiating lines.* In art these
rays are sometimes floral. In a mural decoration of the Temple
of Isis at Pompeii, the sun's face is encircled by an alternation of
lotus bud and blossom. This flower was an attribute of Isis ; it
was, too, a sign of life and fecundity ; and above all it was a
symbol of the sun, Illustration IX., fig. i.
With this may be compared a Christian sculpture, of the year
737, from the famous Baptistry at Cividalef which exhibits the
solar rosette, Illustration IX., fig. 2, encircled by the solar path
and adorned with a glory of lotus rays. This path is composed
of two separate meanders twisted together, and resembles that
which surrounds a cross on the Lincoln pavement. It ought,
however, to be made of a single meander that goes twice round
the circle, giving the appearance of two. Such a true intreccio
encloses the solar duplex on the Caerwent pavement, encircles
the solar disc on a spindle-whorl of Troy, and borders a scarab
of the XVIth dynasty 4
A square sun with a fretted solar glory is common in mosaic
panels, as at Newton St. Loe. Illustration I., fig. 5, In art
the rays of a star are usually five. An eight-rayed star was
employed by the Assyrians, B.C. 840, to denote the sun. Similar
devices were cut, as Mithraic signs, on Gnostic gems, and they
entered, at last, into Christian symbolism. The eight solar rays
having betokened a restoration of life, the octagon acquired a like
significance, and the number eight became a sign of Regenera-
tion.
The badges of the Roman legions are given in the Notitia
Dignitatum. They consist, in almost every instance, of a solar
cognisance, of a disc sometimes plain, sometimes rotate,
sometimes eight-rayed, and often in conjunction with the lunar
crescent. There is hardly a solar rosette on mosaic pavements
* Sixth Mem., Arch. Survey of Egypt, p. 30.
f Cattaueo, Arch, in Italy, Eugl. Trans., p. 106.
I Schliemann's Ilios, fig; 1847. J Flinders Petrie's Scarabs, PL 26, fig, 716.
172 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECci.
that cannot be matched in these ensigns. Illustration XII. shows
only a dozen out of many scores. The eight streamers that
issue from the limb of a circle two feet in diameter on the
Isurium pavement indicate, not a star, but the solar disc, with
a radial glory closely resembling that on the Tennessee gorget.
The Lotus, ultimately transformed by Christians into a lily and
made an attribute of the Blessed Virgin, was a sacred symbol
that had pervaded the whole of Egyptian art for 6,000 years. It
had spread with a religious impulsion into many lands, where it
was adopted with lessening sanctity as an ornamental motif,
and where it underwent by degrees a number of metamorphoses.
Some of these, it is necessary to examine.
At the outset we may glance at those ordinary presentments of
the lotus that adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs. We can
distinguish bud, blossom, disc, and leaves, Illustration X.,figs. 3, 4.
Subsequent changes have not greatly obscured the bud. The
disc, which Mr. Goodyear regards as the upper surface of the
seed-vessel, grew increasingly like a rosette, and in an especial
manner came to stand for the sun. The curled tip of the leaf
originated a striking motif, common enough on mosaic pave-
ments, and often seen on legionary stones to which it was
transferred from legionary ensigns. In those of the Batavi, of
the Marcomanni, and others, we find a curious zoomorphic
development ; but they are lotus derivatives, nevertheless, and
had a solar association. In its simpler form the curled leaf
appears at Pompeii,* at Corinium, at Lincoln, Illustration X.,
fig. 5, and, somewhat disguised, at Silchester, fig. 6.
We have already seen that the flower in profile is used to
construct a solar glory, Illustration IX., but its petals, in full
face, may be employed for the same purpose, as in the Dorchester
pavement, where the solar duplex is irradiant, Illustration VI.,
fig. i.
A careful study of Cyprian vases is needful in order to under-
stand the metamorphoses of the blossom into squares and
* Boltou, Op. Cit., PI. ix.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
'73
triangles. Its first stage is shown in* Illustration XIII. A.
The flower is easily recognised, but the outlines of its parts are
becoming rectilinear. At the same time the calyx is curling
over, on its way to the formation of a curious motif that does not
now concern us. An intermediate stage is seen on the neck of
an amphora,f Illustration XIII. B. A designer has come in, and
has constructed a pattern for textiles. He makes the lines of
the flower simple, straight, and symmetrical.
Next, he repeats this element. Then, he
adds an inversion so that a central square
is produced, as well as two lateral half
squares which are all dealt with, and filled
in like so many calyces. Lastly, he em-
panels the whole, and his pattern is
complete. But the lotus has now become
cryptic in a multitude of squares and
triangles. A still further stage of meta-
morphosis is witnessed in j Illustration XIV.,
fig. i., which represents a detail on the neck
of another Ormidian vase. But below the
cryptic flower, on the vessel's body, is a band of buds and
blossoms realistically treated, as if to show that the tradition
of the lotus is continued through all changes.
It is continued also, though perhaps sub-consciously, on the
Dorchester pavement, where an amphora has on its neck a
decoration of squares, and is supported on either side by a row
of large triangles, Illustration XIV., fig. 2. The amphorae of
Silchester and of Frampton have similar supports.
The vase as a sign of fecundity is also, by the fact itself, a
solar symbol. If Earth is the teeming Mother, the Sun is the
divine Father. The beneficence of nature was acknowledged at
curative springs by placing there a sculptured goddess who held
* Perrot and Chipiez, Art in Phoenicia and Cyprus ii., 306.
f Ibid, ii., 308.
J Perrot et Chipiez, Op. Cit. ii., 297.
174 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
an urn from which the healing water flowed. From an elegant
fluted vase, on a London pavement,* Illustration X., fig. i.,
flowers are issuing, and we should not doubt that a detail of the
Dorchester pavement, fig. 2, is a highly conventionalised treat-
ment of the same motif. From an aesthetic standpoint, the
large amphora would have been spoilt by any floral contact.
But the flowers that would otherwise have issued from its mouth
have been transferred, with an artist's licence, to a neighbouring
field.
This vessel is shown, Illustration XIV., fig. 2, together
with an amphora from a sculptured marble sepulchre that was
found in the Etruscan cemetery of Perugia, fig. 3. It belonged
to the Velemnas family who had Romanised their name into
Volumnius. The inurnments ranged from B.C. 200 to B.C. 48,
and this was the latest.f It has a gadrooned body and scrolled
handles. But be it noted that birds are feeding from its interior.
A closely similar amphora, known as the " Vase of the Doves,"
appears in the mosaic at the Capitoline Museum, Rome.
There is an amphora, too, at the base of the cross of the VIII.
century already noticed, Illustration VIII., but the birds that
find food in it are peacocks. In Christian art the peacock
denotes a glorified human being ; whilst the vase on the one
hand, and the decussated disc on the other, represent the
Eucharistic Species. A peacock feeding from an urn may be seen
on the Brading mosaic ; and in the cathedral at Pola, of the VI.
century, vine branches issue from a vase, and Christ's monogram
is placed between two of these birds.
Another sign must be dealt with. It is the last, and the least
understood. By those who have followed and who have yielded
any assent to previous arguments, it will be looked upon, in
advance, as a solar symbol. It is an intreccio, but a false one,
for it is composed of more than one strand. It is, in fact, an
interlacement of four ovals, Illustration VI., fig. 2. A similar
* Arch, xxxvi., 204.
t Art Journal, 1882, p. 21. Dennis' Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria ii., 437.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. 1 75
design occurs on the pavement at Caerwent. It will be con-
venient to call it the solar quadruplex. But what evidence
is there that it represented the four-fold path, the solstitial and
enuinoxial courses of the sun both across the heavens and
through the underworld ? The subterranean passage of Ra was
to the Egyptians a matter of supreme importance. The soul
of Osiris, the soul, that is, of every man who was beloved as
Osiris was adored by Isis and Nephthys, had to undertake
this perilous journey, safely perhaps if only he could sail in
Ra's barge, aid Ra in his dark struggle with fiends and
serpents all through the twelve dreadful caverns, and emerge
with him at last into the gladness of another life. Would any
scheme of a solar cult be complete without a symbol of this ?
"O beautiful youth," said the widowed ones, "come back to
thy temple, for we see thee not. The cycle of the gods goes
round thee as thou makest thy circuit, and they repulse the
fiends for thee. O great one, Osiris, the path which thou followest
cannot be told. Hail ! son of Ra, who sittest in the barge of
millions of years, come to thy hidden places." And the beloved
soul, provided with magical formularies, exclaims as he enters
the darkness, "I go through the tunnels of Ra. I know the
meaning of things. By them I repulse the fiend. I see the
mysteries ; I rise as a King ; I do not die in the underworld."
If the solar quadruplex had any significance of this kind, it is a
symbol of the restoration of life, and would be eagerly adopted
by Christians. We find it, indeed, on many early crosses, one of
which, from Durham, is shown in Illustration XV.
It is remarkable that the three Great Sacrifices which the
Emperor celebrates as head of the Chinese religions, take place
respectively at the solar solstices and the vernal equinox. The
autumnal equinox is ignored. At Corinium is an example of a
solar triplex, an interlacement of three ovals. It is surrounded
by curled lotus leaves, and the artist, in order to increase its
visual complexity, has, at intervals, changed the line of colour
from one side of the strands to the other, Illustration XL This
method has been followed in the Dorchester intreccio.
176 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
The beginnings of all knowledge have come to us either from
Greece or through Grecian channels. The Greeks were
the fathers of philosophy ; their art is unsurpassed ; their
mathematicians were employed by the Romans whose roads
were often constructed by Greek engineers. It has been well
said that even " Christianity made its appearance as a Greek
religion. Our whole ecclesiastical nomenclature is Greek, with
such words as bishop, deacon, baptism, eucharist ; and in the
Greek tongue were written our sacred books."
Two theatrical mosaics found at Pompeii are signed by
Dioscorides of Samos. In Britain, Greek inscriptions occur on
altars and memorial stones, and on the Isurium mosaic ; whilst
corresponding inscriptions in Latin are often corrupt. Three of
the four men whose names have come down to us as private
miners at Lutudarum, in Derbyshire, have Greek cognomina,
Abascantus, Protus, and Trophimus, the fourth being Vere-
cundus.*
Did Greek artists design British pavements to please Roman
and barbaric patrons ?
II. We now pass on to consider other intrecci. They differ
in type and in origin, i. There is that which is merely a
decoration, the skeuomorph of wickerwork or basketry. It existed
in Egypt, Assyria, and Mycenae. It borders the ancient Tarsus
seal, B.C. 2000, Illustration XVII. It runs riot in the cables
and braids of Roman pavements. On the Frampton mosaic,
Illustration XVIII. , a complex is constructed of an unbroken
fibre, and is laid out like a mat for the amphora, as it were, to
stand on. It may be seen, as a similar interlacement, on a
parapet in the church of San Clementi, Rome, of the VI. cent.,
which Cattaneof describes as perforated woven work like matting,
and which Leader Scott calls a piece of basket-work in stone.
* Haverfield, Proc. Soc. Antiq., xv., 189.
t Op. eft., p. 40. f The Cathedral Builders, p. 9,
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. 177
But the strand of which the Christian example is composed
has both a beginning and an end, and therefore cannot, as
Mr. Barnes thinks it does, represent Eternity.
This decorative interlacement, in highly intricate patterns,
occurs in the early churches of Armenia and Wallachia.*
It adorns the coped lid of a stone coffin at Bakewell, of the
IX. cent., Illustration XIX. ; and forms a sort of raiment which
clothes human figures on a cross at Checkley, Staffordshire,
leading Bishop Browne to suggest that crosses constructed of
wicker-work may have originated such a design. f
Indeed, the shafts of many crosses were covered with it, and
in " the Holy Rood," Caedmon's great poem, mention seems to
be made of it.
Ic gesawe Saw I
syllicre treow a rare tree,
on lyft laedau rising on high
ledhte bewundeu wrapt in light
begoten mid golde ; as though covered with gold.
Gimmas stoden (faegere) feowere, Four gemstones were placed
aet foldan sceatum, at the corners of the socket
Swylce Saer fife waeron and five too, there were
uppe on ftam eaxlespanne. on the shoulder- yoke.
Gesean ic Saw I
wuldres treow this wondrous tree,
wasdum geworftode, decked with raiment
wynnum scinan. winsomely bright.
Wccdum gewor^ode means * Adorned with weeds,' or clothing.
This word survives in the expression " widows' weeds." It is
from a root WAD to bind, and is allied to " wattle," a hurdle.
It was of interlacements that were simply ornamental that the
poet spoke. But there were others of a different kind.
2. Zoomorphic intrecci illustrated legends of divine powers
and of magical compulsion. A stone discovered in the church-
Fergusson's Architecture, I, 477, 478, 495. He calls it " basket-pattern,'
f Arch. L, 287-
178 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECC1.
yard at Gosforth has upon it a sculpture represented in
Illustration XVI. It sets out a well-known pagan story, how
Thor, the Defender of Man and the Serpent's Destroyer,
" Orms ein-bani," went fishing with the giant Hymi.* And
Thor rowed out so far from land that Hymi said it was perilous
there because of Midgarft's Orm, the great snake that lay in the
deeps and encircled the whole earth, the bane of seafarers.
And then, while Hymi began fishing for whales, Thor fastened
to his own hook an ox's head. And the Great Worm itself, the
enemy of the gods, gulped down the bait and was drawn up to the
gunwale. And Thor with his hammer smote the head of the
venom-streaked serpent, who struggled so furiously that Hymi,
filled with fear, severed the line with his axe, and the snake, the
Wolfs twin brother, fell back into the sea.
Above the head of the god, we see an intreccio. It is the
reptile-contortions that signify the defeat of earth's and
heaven's foe. A custom grew up among the pagans of the
north, when they raised a stone of commemoration, to carve
upon it Thor's head, or Thor's hammer, and to engrave
runes upon the sculptured body of the dying dragon. Thor
was mightier to save than the powers of evil to destroy. The
inscription on the memorial monolith, 10 feet high, found at
Stenqvista, Sweden, Illustration XXI. merely says " Helki and
Fraufair & Thorkaut raised these seven stones to Thiuthmunt
their father."
3 , There are some intrecci in early Syriac churches that sug-
gest a zoomorphic origin ; and the legend that would account
for them may be discerned in a highly-wrought allegory, the
Hymn of the Soul, written by Bardaisan, of Mesopotamia, the
great Gnostic theologian of the end of the II. cent.
" While yet a child and dwelling in my Father's House,
Brought up in luxury and well content therewith,
Out of the East, our Home, my Parents sent me forth.
* Corpus Boreale, Hymis Kvida.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. iyq
" And thus they promised me and wrote it in my heart ;
' If thou go down to Egypt and bring thence the Pearl,
' That which the Irssing Serpent guardeth in the Sea
' Then, with thy Brother in our Eealm, thou shalt be Heir.'
" Straight to the Serpent I advanced and near him dwelt,
The cruel hissing Serpent I began to charm
And lulling him to slumber, seized the Pearl."
4. Another dracontine intreccio indicates the death of the
earth-serpent Fafni. We may see the story told on a stone dis-
covered at Ramsundsberg, on the Maler Lake, Sweden. It is
shown in Illustration XXII.
Fafni guarded a hoard of gold, and Sigurd, his destroyer, dug
a pit beneath the dragon's trail, between the treasure-heap and a
stream. And as the Serpent passed by, Sigurd thrust him
through with his sword. Then Regin, the dwarf smith, who
was Fafni's brother, cut open his breast and drank the blood,
and desired Sigurd to toast the heart. And Sigurd, toasting it
on a spit, burnt his thumb and put it to his mouth, and so, tast-
ing dragon's blood, he suddenly understood the voice of the
birds that were talking together on a tree. And they said it
would be wise of Sigurd to make Regin shorter by the head, that
all the treasure might be his. And so Regin was slain.
No story was more popular than this. Everywhere, even, at
last, in Christian churches, the Fafni contortions were carved,
the intreccio that signified the overthrow of evil. Among
pagans we see it on Gotland circular brooches of bronze ; in a
tomb -carving at Maeshowe ; and on the hilt of Saxon swords.
Among Christians, we see it on church portals in Norway, and
on a cross in Halton graveyard, Lancaster, which presents many
details of this altogether heathen story, including the dragon's
death-knot.
None of these carvings is pre-Roman ; but what they relate
discloses a primitive state of society, and must have come down
from a remote antiquity. There is nothing like it in Roman
legends, and intrecci of this kind never came from Italy. On
the other hand, Egyptian influence, spreading through eastern
l8o ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
Europe to the North, strongly reinforced this legendary art, and
helped to carry it, with a hardly changed significance, into
Christian symbolism.
5. The next intreccio to be examined is connected with an
animal engaged either in seizing other animals, or in biting its
own body, and generally its own tail. A common representation
is of a serpent with tail in mouth. We may see it in a Saxon ear-
ring from Norfolk, which closely resembles what has been found
in Egypt of the Rameside period ; in a Saxon gold ring, from
Sussex ; and in a carving on a Saxon tomb at Bedale Church,
Yorkshire. This has been described as " two serpents interwoven
biting their tails," but it would be more correct to say that each
is biting its own tail. In Illustration XIX., is represented a
sculpture described by Boutell* as " Knotwork and monsters
half animal, half vegetable." A carving of the same class
appears on the Durham Cross, Illustration XV., and another on
a tympanum at Penmon Priory, Anglesey. How are these and
all others like them to be explained ?
It will be said, at once, that the coiled serpent of Egyptian type,
tail in mouth, represents Eternity. For the following reasons,
however, this cannot be \(a.) A mere symbol of Eternity, of
endless time, is the last thing a man in those days, or in any days,
would carve on a tomb. What he chiefly desired was to escape
as soon as possible from the underworld, and to obtain an
ultimate restoration of life, (b.) The interlacement often
consists of two or three serpents ; or the tail-biting animal is a
quadruped ; or, instead of the tail, it is biting its own or another's
body. fc.J Horapollo relates that when the ancient Egyptians
would represent past Eternity they delineate a serpent with its
tail covered by the rest of its body, which they call ovpaiov, the
Greeks 0ewiAjW>v, and its image in gold is placed on the head of
the gods.f (d.) The Egyptians had two ways of writing eternity,
* Christian Monuments, pp. 11, 12.
t Corey's trans., p. 6. Horapollo's work on hieroglyphics is of the V. cent.
A.D. Paul Pierret says : Le sens cles hieroglypes y est generalemeut bien saisi.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCl. l8l
and they both occur in a single sentence of the Book of the
Dead, chap. Ixii. " I am heir of eternity ; to me hath been given
everlastingness." The expressions differ.
In one, the solar disc is the determinative, and in the other,
the sign for the Delta, or land without horizon. Moreover, the
snake's attitude in the latter expression is not that of a circle, tail
in mouth, but it rather confirms Horapollo's description, though
the reptile is more like an asp than a urseus.
We must look elsewhere for an explanation. It is to be found
in the practice of magic, as revealed in the Book of the
Overthrowing of Apep. This was a sort of litany which was
recited in the temple of Amon Ra every day. The papyrus roll
which contains it was written B.C. 305, but the work itself is
much more ancient.
Apep was the Sun God's greatest foe in the underworld. It is
natural that the Book of the Dead should fully describe the
monster. He dwelt on a mountain and was 500 cubits in length.
The determinative attached to his name is a snake in five
undulations, with a sword stuck in each of them.* On the
Sarcophagus of Oimenepthaf his folds are intricate. Nothing
but his overthrow could bring a restoration of life to the dying
soul.
" Praise to Ra," we read in the litany, " the great god in his
disc, who destroyeth Apep in the underworld. O ye gods of the
south, north, west, and east, tie and fetter Apep ; set fetters round
about him. Ye starry deities of Orion fetter him ; and ye who
dwell in the decans fetter him. The Great Bear of the Northern
Heavens, cast him down. O ye fetterers, fetter ye, fetter ye Apep,
that enemy of Ra. Horus who dwelleth unseen cries ' Tie him
up, slay him with your swords, with sacred knives of flint.' Apep
shall be overthrown on sea, on land, and among the stars."
* It is remarkable that the name of the fourth Mexican monarch was Itzcoatl,
or " knife-snake," represented by a number of obsidian knives stuck in a
serpent's back.
t B.C. 1147.
1 82 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTkECCl.
The unhappy soul, terrified at the prospect of this encounter,
was to be succoured by magical arts. Inscriptions were to be
traced on fresh papyrus, and wax figures of Apep were to be
wrapped in it and cast upon the ground and into the fire. Make
the figure of a serpent, runs the instruction, having its tail in its
mouth, and a knife stuck in its back. Cast it upon the ground
and say, Apep the Fiend. Make a second serpent with the face
of a cat ; make two more serpents with other bestial faces.
Tie each one up and fetter it, and cast it upon the ground, saying
" O Apep, enemy of Ra, get thee back, down with thy head even
to the dust. May thy tail be placed in thine own mouth ;
mayest thou bite into thine own skin. Apep, the Fiend, be
fettered ! "
Such thaumaturgy may, perhaps, be recognised in the coils of
the serpent that protects the canopy over Ra, in his barge ;
and, tail in mouth, surrounded the solar disc which is the sign of
Ra, in his passage through the underworld.* Magical arts that
long ago came hither from the East are still followed in the
towns and villages of England by persons who, nevertheless, go
to church and listen to sermons that are sometimes scientific.
What may not have been practised when even priests believed
that Christ, the Sun of Righteousness, descended into hell and
waged war against his great foe, the evil one, in the underworld,
where the soul, exposed to unknown dangers, must wait until the
resurrection ? So spells were wrought against heaven's enemy,
and they were endowed with a certain permanence by being
made of metal or carved on stone. The two serpents on the
Bedale tomb, with tail in mouth, are entangled in their death
throe. The like may be seen displayed on the porch at Monk-
wearmouth. Elsewhere Christ, the divine Stag, is trampling
upon contorted reptiles. The feet of the monsters on the
Bakcwell coffin are fettered, and each is biting his own body.
Toils, also, are spread for the feet of the beast at Pcnmon
* Sarcophagus of Oimeneptha, Plates 4, 6.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI. 183
Priory, whose tail is in his mouth, whilst the mortal writhings of
a serpent are seen above.*
These are but samples of Saxon and Norman sculpture, of
similar intention, scattered through the kingdom. Mural paint-
ings of a later period which illustrate the " Harrowing of Hell,"
show a fiend in human form, bound with cords or chains,
according to the Book of Revelation, xx., 2. The universal
theme is the overthrow of Apep, of the old dragon which is the
Devil and Satan.
Perhaps this is the place to notice the lacertine interlacements
to be found in early f Irish, Saxon, Carlovingian, and Lombardic
MSS. They are later than much of the ruder work in metal and
stone ; and Miss Stokes truly remarks that " the scribe of the
VII. cent, in his illuminated page represents the graceful designs
of the pre-Christian artist in bronze and gold." The pen is a
more facile instrument than the chisel. The cloistered monk
was less exposed to undercurrents of pagan thought than his
masonic brother. It was the latter's business to excite the
imagination and enlist the sympathy of the common half-
heathen people. But the anchorite, setting loose his own fancy,
wrought his wondrous intrecci to embellish a copy of the Gospels
that a monastic reliquary was to enshrine. In his delightful task
he augmented, to the highest degree, the intricacy of his decor-
ation. But beneath it all, we recognise the bitings and
writhings of monsters that the Christ of the Gospels came to
destroy.
6. The next intreccio to be noticed is the magic knot.
Knitting knots as a means of witchcraft is still practised in
Britain. The bonds are tied either for evil or for good, and
that the spell may be undone, the knot must be loosed. Knots
were made of the branches of trees ; of the birch and the
* Eomilly Allen's Christian Symbolism, p. 386.
f Lindisfame Gospels, A.D. 698-721. Gospels of MacBegol, 820. Those of
DurroW, 879-916. Of MacDurnan, 891-92,5. Book of Kells, " before 1000."
Psalter of Ricemarch, 1089-1096.
184 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
willow. Woden, the Reader of Mystic Runes, declares " I know
a chant whereby, if a man hurts me by spells of the withy, the
curse shall seize him and not me."*
Sigurd boasts against Ey stein " I went all the way to Jordan,
and swam across the river, and there I twisted a knot of willows
which is waiting there for thee. For this knot, I said, thou
shouldst untie, or take the curse that is bound up in it."
And there were love-knots, too, and bonds of fidelity. But
knots knitted in stone, tied by the sculptor's hand, could not well
be undone. We may see them on a Roman altar of the Galli,
from Northumberland ; in a rock-sculpture of Scotland ; on a
stone coffin from Cambridge Castle ; and on Disley Cross,
Illustration VII.
Perhaps the latter examples indicate the bond that unites the
soul and the Redeemer.
7. Lastly there are phyllomorphic intrecci, or those which have
arisen from a decorative treatment of sacred trees. Assyrian art
had made them rigid and symmetrical. In a paper read to this
club two years ago, reference was made to the Arbor Pereclixion,
that grew amidst water-streams. It was a Mesopotamia!! con-
ception. Its fruit furnished food, the branches gave shelter, the
shade brought sleep. But, together with the doves that sought
its boughs, it was especially a charm against the cruel dragon.f
Such a tree seems to be intended by a sculpture at Ferrara, of
the VIII. cent.J Doves and peacocks, resting on the angular
and ungraceful branches, are secure from wild beasts below and
from serpents above. The advance of Christian art developed
this into the vineal intreccio shown in Illustration XX.
Mr. Barnes maintains, in his chapter of Leader Scott's book
The Cathedral Builders, that all the intrecci of this country were
* ffdva Mdl, Corpus Boreald.
t Arborem quoque Pereclixion iiicolere, ejus fructu refici, umbra requiescere,
ramis protegi, dicuut et a crudeli dracoue tueri. Istiusmodi physici de coluinba
docent. Vita B. Colombo Beatiua; v., 323.
J Cattaneo, Up. Git., p. 132.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS ANt) iNTRECCl. 185
brought hither by Italians, and more particularly that all the
intrecci on our Christian monuments were the work of the
Comacine Guild. It will already have become clear that this was
not the case ; that there was a strong and independent evolution
of interlacing designs in the North of Europe. Indeed it may
well have been that lacertine decoration spread from the North
into Italy. In the III. and IV. centuries B.C. there was a colony
of Gauls on the Adriatic, and in their cemetery have been
discovered, as Leader Scott herself relates, serpent ornaments
connected with a religious cult.
Attention has been drawn to a cross, or rather to portions of
one, that was disinterred from the church of SS. Cosmas and
Damian, Rome; and notwithstanding that Cattaneo, p. 190,
assigns it to the IX. cent, it has been claimed as the origin of
what is called the Irish Cross.
It is represented in Illustration XXIII. , and it may be seen
that it bears no resemblance whatever to any ancient cross in
Ireland, Cornwall, or Wales. In a small panel at the base of the
lower limb is a twisted withy band or magic knot, common
throughout Europe. Above it is a Byzantine decoration not
to be matched on any early cross in these islands ; whilst the
intreccio on the upper limb, suggesting as it does the Egyptian
Apep, and occurring on Assyrian cylinders, is equally foreign.
There can be no doubt that Augustine and Paulinus and other
missionaries brought masons with them, who may have been
Italians, though Beda expressly states that Benedict Biscop's
masons were Gauls. It is also certain that their object was to
introduce the basilican form of church and the Roman manner
of construction.
But as regards decoration, there is no evidence of an exclusive
Italian style.
The Comacine Guild was a receptive school of builders.
Greek, Byzantine, and Saracenic art had reached them ; they
were doubtless acquainted with the intrecci of Georgian and
* Illustrated Archaeologist, iv., 1.
186 ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCI.
Syriac churches ; and afterwards, in Sicily, they absorbed much
from the Normans.
The Italian interlacements that most resemble our own are in
the churches of S. Ambrogio, Milan, and of S. Prassede, Rome,
both of the IX. cent. It was during the dynasty of the Lombard
Kings, which began in 568 and lasted 200 years, that such
intrecci attained their greatest vogue in Italy. It is well, there-
fore, to consider who these men were who made themselves
masters of that country, and whose dependants the Comacine
Guild became ? Who were those princes who took with them
their guards and their court, and the decorated arms and
equipment of wealth and fashion ?
Gibbon suggests that the Lombard Kings were Scandinavians ;
but Latham points out that the names of the first four of them
were Anglo-Saxon : Edwin, Elfwin, Clapa, and Edgar : and
recalls that in the Anglo-Saxon Travellers Song ^Elfwine and
Eadwine are given as the royal names for Lombardy.
Spylce ic paes on Eatule Also I was in Italy
Mid yElfpine with Elfwin
Se haefde mon-cynnes who had, of all mankind,
heortan unhneapeste the amplest heart
hringa gedales in the giving of rings,
beorhtan beaga, of bright bracelets,
beam Eadpines * this child of Edwin.
The argument is capable of much extension, did time permit.
It is only possible to adduce, in conclusion, three cogent facts.
i. Early Irish churches differ from Italian churches of the
Lombard style in many particulars. They are diminutive in size
and are not basilican in form. The sanctuaries have square ends
and not a rounded apse. The jambs of the doors incline towards
each other at the top ; and there is no example of an open
arcade. 2. Early English churches were enriched by baluster
shafts of stone, turned on the lathe, instead of by short Roman
columns. These balusters have been found at Dover, at Worth
* Scald's Talc, Codex. Exon., Thorpe, p, WL
ROMAN PAVEMENTS AND INTRECCi. 1 87
in Sussex, at St. Albans, at Earl's Barton and Brixworth in
Northamptonshire, at Barton-on-Humber, and at Jarrow and
Monkwearmouth. There is nothing like this use of them in the
churches of Italy. 3. The Comacine sculptors, following a
habit of old Rome, were above all things fond of representing
the peacock ; but they made it, as was done in the catacombs,
an emblem of the redeemed. An example from S. Pietro,
Villanova, is shown in Illustration VIII. If only Italian con-
ceptions had been wrought here, and only Italian traditions
obeyed, peacocks would have covered the carved stones of
Saxon times. But where are these Imperial birds ?
It is certainly possible to show two, on a stone from Rous
Lench in Worcestershire, Illustration XX., discovered last year
built into the church's wall. Bishop Browne calls the sculpture
unique. It is certainly of great rarity. The full influence of
Italian art is displayed upon it, though no Italian was the artist.
We are permitted to see Christ as the True Vine, sickle in hand,
raising aloft a cluster of grapes of which two peacocks are tast-
ing. They are souls drinking new wine in the Father's Kingdom.
The tree is full of tendrils and fruit, and forms a wide-spreading
intreccio, which, like the Arbor pereclixion, protects the birds
on its boughs from the guile of the serpent. But the serpent
is neither biting its own body, nor writhing in the contortions of
death.
In fine, the Comacine interlacements have no depth of feel-
ing. They were got at second hand. Symbols that elsewhere
had a solar significance, or a zoomorphic meaning, are mis-
understood and distorted. Everything is turned into mere
decoration. There is no passion of living legend ; no emotion
of magic. The shafts and columns of Lombard Churches like
Csedmon's cross, waedum geworSode were clad with intrecci 'as
with a garment, to please a prevailing taste, but in no wise to
minister to a fear-stricken soul.
cm6
By H. J. MOULE, M.A
(Bead Sept. Wth, 1900.)
'T should be said first and foremost that this paper is
founded largely on the chapter on Chalbury
Rings in Warne's "Ancient Dorset," p. 46,
and on his description in " Celtic Tumuli,"
p. 58, of work at Rimbury.
Chalbury Rings is an earthwork very note-
worthy for its position its high, view-com-
manding position. It is 3yoft. above the sea.
Its construction is less remarkable. The
work is, as is understood, of that sort which
Mr. Cunnington holds to date from early times in the pre-
Roman epoch. This is the kind of construction in which no
soil is thrown upwards. At Maiden Castle and Poundbury
the crests of the valla are made of soil piled up. There
is no sign of anything of the kind at Chalbury. There they
tried to bother the foeman's storming party by simply paring
away the natural slopes round the precinct so as to make
them steeper. Seemingly the soil so removed was thrown
over the lower slopes, but this is not clear. A remarkable
CHALBURY RINGS AND RIMBURY. I 8q
feature on the north and east is a sort of platform close within
the scarp. The natural slope within the precinct is there very
sharp. If left unaltered the defenders would have been much
hampered by the insecure footing. They would also be greatly
exposed to arrows and sling stones from the enemy. So the
slope within the precinct was cut into, and a good, wide shelf
made, the stuff being here almost certainly tipped down the
lower, outside slope.* Across this ledge or terrace two slight
but plainly seen banks exist. They look as if they were made
for some use but what use ?
Another noteworthy feature is a ledge some way down the
very steep eastern slope. It gradually rises towards the south,
and seems to have been the road of approach.
Mr. Warne holds that stone was used to form a defence on the
top of the scarp of the enclosure. It seems almost certain that
this was the case. The absence now of anything in the way of
a breast-work makes it very likely indeed that there was one of
stone, probably a rough dry wall. Stone abounds at Chalbury.
Witness the quarry there, and the outcrops of rock in the
precinct. This dry wall, in after ages, when field fences were
thought of, would be irresistibly tempting as a quarry. For
these fences, the predecessors of the long lines of field-walling
close by, all the stones, almost, of the breast-work would
inevitably be cleared away. Nay, there is a spot which looks as
if the ground there had been a little dug away to an easier slope
for slides or sledges to go down with loads of stone.
The lofty situation of Chalbury Rings revives the old puzzle
about water supply. A well at such a height, and in a rocky
hill is quite out of the question. Close to the south-western
foot of Chalbury is the " Boiling Rock," so called. Here there
is a strong spring. Indeed for long years it supplied Weymouth.
The water was carried through bored wooden pipes. Some
years ago one or two of them were lying about on Lodmoor,
* It should be noted that Mr. Cunnington explains the mode of construction
differently.
I go CHALBURY RINGS AND RIMBURY.
and possibly are there now. This spring doubtless supplied the
folks of Chalbury Rings, but in time of siege it must have been
hard to come at.
An uncommon, although by no means unique, feature at
Chalbury consists of two barrows within the lines, towards the
east side. For the most part the Celts, like the Romans,
abstained from burying the dead among the dwellings of the
living. But the Celts at times broke this rule. In Poundbury
Rings, Dorchester, for instance, there is a barrow. One of the
much less complete Chalbury barrows was opened by the late
Mr. Warne. He found it a hard task, for the barrow is formed
" principally of rubble stones of a large size." Two urns were
found, both shattered to fragments, with remains of burnt bones.
At the bottom of the barrow a large quantity of bones of mice
were lying. Such, Mr. Warne says, have been discovered in
French barrows, and in Derbyshire barrows Mr. Bateman
constantly found rats' bones.
Besides the barrows within Chalbury Rings certain minor
disturbances of the surface there should be noticed " slight
shallow depressions and circular banks of earth," as Warne hath
it. It must be confessed, however, that to the untrained eye
these are not quite convincing as witness to the holding of the
site as a place of permanent dwelling.
Standing on Chalbury we can hardly fail to notice the rough,
up-and-down surface of part of Loddon, the hill just to the west.
These inequalities are marks of quarries. The tradition is that
" all t'wull annshent buildens to Darchester were mead out o'
Loddon stwun lovely stwun 'twas, too, come to that."
Lastly we must say a little about what seems to have been part
and parcel of Chalbury, not as a place of defence, but as a
permanent settlement. Considering the nearness of Chalbury to
the Ridgeway barrows, especially the Culliford Tree group, and
the five seen against the sky line on Bincombe Hill, the natural
idea is that in them or some of them lie the ashes of the head-
men of the Chalbury clan. It is possible. It is, however, made
less likely than otherwise it would be by the existence of old of
CHALBURY RINGS AND RIMBURY. IQI
a general burying ground a quarter of a mile from Chalbury
Rings. This can hardly be other than the common resting
place of its dead. This burying ground, taken with the apparent
signs of dwellings in Chalbury Rings, seems to shew that it was
a village, not a camp of refuge to be held only during a raid by
the enemy. The burying place was on Rimbury, a hill south-
east of Chalbury, or rather a spur of the same hill. During the
clearing of the top of Rimbury for the plough, the labourers
found between thirty and forty urns, which they promptly pelted
to bits. The farmer, as soon as he heard of this discovery,
stopped the clearing, and told three antiquaries of the find
Mr. Warne, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Medhurst. They made a careful
search and found over fifty more urns. Judging by * two
specimens in the Dorset Museum, and by Mr. Warne's speaking
of the absence of much difference among the urns, they were of
the flower-pot shape, with very slight ornament. Most of them
were placed mouth uppermost, and each was covered with a thin
flat stone. On the under side of one of these stones there was
seen a small line corresponding to the rim of the urn below.
This stone is in the Dorset Museum, but not the urn belonging
to it. It is believed that this circular groove was formed by
chemical action set up by decay of the burnt bones in the urn.
But why should this happen only in one case, as far as is known ?
Another curious feature in this burying ground was the existence
under the urns of many unburnt skeletons. To Mr. Warne,
with his large experience, this appeared " a singular and most
interesting peculiarity." Several of the skeletons were in kist
vaens, and apparently a good many of the urns in kists. These
terms, as used by Warne, are taken both to mean receptacles
made of flag-stones, the kist being roughly cubical, the kist-
vaen oblong, f Of the former an excellent and quite perfect
example was discovered by Mr. Cunnington in a barrow on
* Case xii., 39, 40, 40.
f The Encyclopaedic Dictionary differs, making the kist-vaen consist of six
stones only.
192 CHALBURY RINGS AND RIMBURY.
Ridgeway some years ago. It consisted of six flags, very neatly
put together. Of the oblong kist-vaens, among frequent
instances, may be mentioned several, perhaps many, uncovered
at Portland. The contents, and an interesting drawing, of one
of these are in the Dorset Museum. They are, by the way, very
noteworthy, as seeming to show that the burial was that of a
Celt in Roman times.
These few rough notes on Chalbury Rings and its burial hill-
top should not close without a word of the silent appeal of the
place to the imagination. Surely a thought picture, dim and
doubtful, but striking, is pourtrayed when we stand on this
impressive spot. Whosoever has in reality heard the Celtic
" keen " will likely enough hear it at Chalbury in phantasy. If,
that is, he tries to recall to sight the blue-tattoo' d clansmen and
women filing down Chalbury and along to Rimbury, over the
orange-brown bents, to bury their dead. And what a weird
" coronach " floated out, may be, to Weymouth Bay, and startled
the crew of Gallic long-ship there riding and echoed dimly-
back landwards from high Ridgeway with its crowded white
barrows. Yes, our fancy, as our bodily eyesight, has plenty of
scope as we stand on Chalbury Rings.
mum uuutfupcr
\>&\ & ttCvrilni iJtown r fcvn Lttttin - ^
Fio. I. Part of first page of 13th cent. MS. of Isaiah on
vellurn ; the large initial V is in blue, green,
yellow, white, and red on a gold ground. (Full
09 jsome (gctrtp
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE ORIGINALS IN HIS
POSSESSION.
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A., F.E.S.
(Read Feb. 26th, 1900. )
AM afraid that Dorset cannot claim any very close
connection with any of the printers or translators
of the earliest English Bibles, but the fact that
Bryanston at one time belonged to the ancestors
of John Rogers, to whom we owe the second
complete printed English Bible, will furnish an
excuse for bringing the subject before the Dorset
Field Club.
The history of the early Bibles is so interwoven with the history
of the Reformation and with many matters of a religious and
semi-religious nature which would be unsuitable for discussion
by our Club, that I must necessarily confine myself, as far as
possible, to an antiquarian view of the subject, and even on this
I can, on account of its extent, make but a few notes. Before I
proceed to the English Bibles I would exhibit a fine copy in
printed facsimile of the New Testament portion of one of the
earliest MSS., in uncial letters, dating from the 5th century, the
Codex Alexandrinus, which was presented to Charles I. by the
194 EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES.
Patriarch of Constantinople, and is now in the British Museum.
It is in Greek and forms one of the first links in the history of
all Bibles.
It is stated by Chrysostom that whilst the Romans were still
in Britain the British of that day possessed translations from the
Scriptures ; but the first known translation is in the form of a
poem written by Caedmon, at first a cowherd, but afterwards a
monk, in the latter part of the yth century. Other translations
by Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne (the Psalms), the Venerable
Bede, King Alfred, and others, were made and used ; but our
knowledge of what was done in this way up to the latter part of
the 1 4th century seems to be limited, and, as might be expected
from the early dates at which they were written, from the changes
of languages, and from the improved translation by Wycliffe
which superseded them, comparatively little remains of these
early efforts. Yet until Wycliffe's time such efforts seem to
have been mostly approved and aided by the civil and religious
authorities, though cases of persecution occurred from time to
time. Wycliffe finished his translation the first made of the
complete Bible about the year 1382, and various MS. copies of
the i4th and ifth centuries still exist. This translation, like those
that preceded it, was made from the Latin Vulgate. Here I exhibit
an ancient Latin MS. of the Book of Isaiah of the i3th century,
probably the early portion. [Fig. I.] It is in the form of a
large octavo volume, gj x 6|in., and is in very good condition.
The text is the central and largest writing, between the lines of
which are glosses or paraphrases of the text ; at the sides are
notes and explanations. I have also here the first printed edition
of Wycliffe's New Testament, dated 1731, or 350 years after its
completion by its author. Wycliffe's followers, the Lollards,
were much persecuted and repressed in England during the i5th
century ; and in 1408 an order was passed by Convocation to the
effect that no man should thereafter by his own authority trans-
late any text of Scripture into English until allowed by the
priestly authorities. This is stated by Sir Thomas More to be
the reason why Caxton did not print Wycliffe's translation ; and
EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES. 195
I regret to say that amongst the European nations England can
only take a very low place as regards the priority of her first
printed Bible in her own language. The first printed book
known is the Mazarine or Gutenburg Bible, in Latin, about 1455.
The first German complete Bible is dated 1466 ; Italian, 1471 ;
Low German, 1480 ; French, 1487 ; Bohemian, 1488 ; Dutch
(Old Testament only), 1477; English, 1535; Swedish, 1541;
Danish, 1550.
It may be assumed, however, that Caxton was quite ready to
print the Bible if he dared, as in his "Golden Legend" of 1483
he printed most of the Pentateuch and Gospels, though this fact
has been much overlooked, and thus produced the first printed
portion of the Bible in the English language. The translation
of the 7th verse of Genesis iii. is similar to that in the Genevan
version (1560) in regard to the word which is in our version
rendered "aprons," but in both of these "breeches," which
gives its name to the numerous editions of the Genevan version.
The first printed Breeches Bible, though incomplete, may, there-
fore, be said to have been Caxton's " Golden Legend" of 1483.
[Wycliffe's Bible has also this translation, but it was of course in
MS.] I exhibit a photograph of this verse from Caxton.
Our next English translator was Tyndale, his first publication
being the New Testament in 8vo., supposed to have been
printed at Worms about 1526, of which two copies only are now
known, which passed through several editions. He also trans-
lated the Pentateuch (1530) and one or two other books of the
Old Testament ; but nearly all were introduced surreptitiously
into this country, and many copies were burned, so that all are
now very scarce. Tyndale suffered martyrdom at Vilvorde, near
Brussels, on Oct. 6, 1536.
It was not until 1535 that the first complete English Bible was
printed, the work of translation in connection with it having
been until recently believed to have been done entirely by Myles
Coverdale. The printing has been ascribed to many different
places, but it would appear pretty certain, from evidence which
has only of late years been brought to light, that Jacob van
1 96 EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED RIBLES.
Mi'tcrrn, a printer of Antwerp, had a great deal to do with the
translation as we'll as Coverdale, and also printed the volume in
that city. It is now represented by but a few copies, and all I
am able to exhibit to you is a reprint made in 1847 w ^h a
facsimile title page. The original was in black letter, and
contained wood cuts and a map of Palestine. The Old Testa-
ment is practically an original translation, the New being
founded chiefly on Tyndale. The title page in the volume I
exhibit is dated 1536, this having been inserted in part of the
original edition, with the words (Translated) " from the Douche
and Latyn " omitted. Coverdale passed through many trials,
and with difficulty escaped the fate of Tyndale. He died in
1567 at the age of 81.
The second English Bible [Figs. II., III.] is the one which
IT. G)l) c b car f of }D Inrno if bar DrneB of <o&
Gtyc grcCt)Oppcr6Cfyc tfytcHc fcarcbnc*,
Fio. II. The Byble * * * * truly and purely translated into
Englysh by Thomas Matthew. M,D,XXXVII,.
Woodcut from Exodus x. The plague of locusts.
(Full size.)
A^^^A^^IS**^^
^^/C^Mi^^^<<^
'* ui*z5-jK'sag55C>.tt. ^>VTi._j^5flfyfc^' V fc ^f
S? *^s^*w&&*z^
^^^^^^^^^^^<^^^^
i^DjtatteiDfte t^eiambcopene&
jone of $ rcalf /j 3 fterDe one of
UbrftM rape/ag tt toetef nopfc
fatee
FIG. III. Thomas Matthew's Bible, 153".
Woodcut from Eevelation vi. The opening of the
first four seals : the four horsemen. (Almost full
size : reduced by one- eighteenth.)
EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES. 197
bears the name of Thomas Matthew, a pseudonym which was
assumed by John Rogers, the martyr, who was the great-great-
grandson of Sir Henry Fitz Roger, who held Bryanston about
the middle of the i5th century.
Of this Bible I am pleased to be able to exhibit a copy of the
original volume, now exceedingly rare. It was published in the
year 1537, and i s not > as tne title page might imply, an entirely
fresh translation, being composed of the translation of Tyndale
as regards the New Testament, the Pentateuch, and some few
other books, the rest being Coverdale's. The whole was then
revised and edited, with some alteration, by Rogers, who added
numerous notes and explanations. Great exception was taken
to these notes, and they were all omitted in the next edition
(1539). It will be observed that they have mostly in my copy
been erased in ink. This is probably owing to an Act of Parlia-
ment in 1543, by which all Bibles containing preambles or
annotations were to have them cut or blotted out under a penalty
of 403. each Bible. Summaries of chapters were allowed to
remain, as has been the case in this copy, in which also the
references are untouched.
Although this Bible was not the first, it was in many ways the
most important, as it was the first English Bible published with
the Royal Authority, as may be seen on the title page in the
words
" S*t fovth with the 2>iime0 m0t jmupMtf luwc." *
It is also the one which, when revised, became the Great
Bible of 1539, which in its turn was published in 1568, after
further revision, as the Bishop's Bible, the latter being the
chief foundation for the present Authorized Version, first
published in 1611.
* Two reprints of Coverdale's Bible were published in this year, one of which
also bears these words, but Fulke, writing in 1583, states that Matthew's was
" the first printed with authority."
108 I \RI.Y KXC.I.IM! I'RIMKI) UIMI.KS.
A few words on the history of John Rogers may be added.
Born near Birmingham about 1500, he was educated at Pembroke
Hall, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1525. He
was made a junior canon of Christ's, then the Cardinal's College,
Oxford, and afterwards held the living of Holy Trinity, London,
from 1532-4, when he accepted the chaplaincy of the Company
of Merchant Adventurers at Antwerp. He married in 1536 or
1537 Adriana de Weyden, by whom he had eleven children.
Little is known of his movements after the publication of his
Bible, except that he went shortly afterwards to live at Witten-
burg, and returned to England about 1548. He was made
Rector of St. Margaret Moyses and Vicar of St. Sepulchre, both
in London, in 1550, and Prebend of St. Pancras in St. Paul's
Cathedral in 1551. On the i6th of August, 1553, shortly after
the accession of Mar}', he was summoned to trial and confined,
first in his house and afterwards in Newgate. He suffered
martyrdom on Feb. 4th, 1555. A full account of his trial, written
by himself, is preserved ; but for any further particulars I must
refer you elsewhere.
In 1539 was printed in Paris and published "The Great
Bible," or " Crumwell's Bible," so called on account of its size,
and of the leading part taken in its publication by Sir Thomas
Crumwell, Henry VIII. 's Prime Minister. Coverdale was em-
ployed to edit Matthew's volume, and, shorn of its notes and
expressions, which were liable to give offence, it passed through
no less than seven editions in three years, the six last under Cran-
mer's superintendence, and called by his name. Four other Bibles
were also published in these three years, including Matthew's
in five volumes and three by Taverner, which were Matthew's
with slight alterations. But after 1541 comes an interlude, and
we meet with no more complete Bibles until 1549, when no less
than six appeared, including two Matthew's and three Cranmer's.
I have taken no notice of the editions of the New Testament
and other portions of Scripture which were published during
this period, but in every year since 1525 (except 1541, which pro-
duced three complete Bibles, and 1543, which was blank), one
EARLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES. I<)9
or more of these smaller volumes appeared, chiefly New Tes-
taments, so that the number in circulation must by this time
have been very considerable.
In Mary's reign no part of the English Bible seems to have
been printed in this country, though a few small portions, in-
cluding on$ New Testament, were printed abroad, and doubtless
found their way here secretly. This New Testament was printed
in 1557 at Geneva, where a large number of English Protestants
had collected together, having left England on account of the
persecution. The translation was made by William Whittingham,
and is remarkable as being the first English Edition of any part
of the Bible in which the chapters are divided into verses.
In 1560 was printed at Geneva what is known as the Genevan
or " Breeches " Bible, which is not the same translation as
Whittingham's New Testament, though he was one of the trans-
lators employed in the work, in which he was helped more or
less by Myles Coverdale, John Knox, and six others. John
Bodley, the father of the founder of the Bodleian Library at
Oxford, had much to do with the printing of this and the 1561
edition.
The Breeches Bible was, probably on account of its notes, an
extremely popular version, as may be seen by the fact that it
passed through no less than 40 editions between 1560 and 1600 ;
sometimes three in a year, and there are said to have been 200
editions of Genevan Bibles and New Testaments issued between
1560 and 1 630. It was in fact with some difficulty supplanted by the
present Authorized Version, and continued to be issued for many
years after the introduction of the latter in 1611 so much so
that in 1649 and some subsequent years the Authorized Version
was issued with the Genevan notes, to make the people take to it
better. I exhibit a quarto edition of 1607 of the Genevan or
Breeches Bible, belonging to the Museum. The great number
of editions accounts for the abundance of this version compared
with, say Matthew's Bible, of which only 1400 copies were
printed many years earlier, and probably a great portion of
them officially destroyed. The first Bible printed in Scotland
200 1 \KLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIBLES.
was the Genevan Version, published at Edinburgh in 1579, in
folio.
About 1563 Archbishop Parker, feeling the necessity of a
better translation than those in use, prepared, with the help of
many of the Bishops, and published in 1568, in a fine folio
volume, what is known as "The Bishop's Bible." [Figs. IV., V.]
i Cl* acnoel totf) tljc boofcr open, f, be CtocaretU tbcre fyalix no mop t pw,
&e geuttp ttjc boofee bnto 3ot)ti, toljiclj catctij it bp.
Fio. IV. The. holie. Bible. 1568. First edition of The
Bishops' Bible.
Woodcut from Kevelation x., ver. 1, 2. (Half the
size of original.)
All the woodcuts have borders of this character.
This was far less popular than the Genevan Version, and had
many fewer editions ; it was last printed in 1606 ; but it marks
one of the great steps in Bible publication. Besides these two
there was nothing of importance until 1611, the final edition of
Cranmer's, or the Great Bible, having been brought out in 1569.
I ought, however, to mention the Rheims version of the New
Testament made by the English College of Rheims, and published
FIG. V. The. holie. Bible. 1568. First edition of The
Bishops' Bible.
Engraving of The EAEL OF LEICESTER at the
beginning of the Book of Joshua. His coat of
arms is in the first initial A of the Book. (Slightly
over half size.) A similar portrait of Lord
Burleigh is engraved in the initial B of the first
Psalm, and one of Elizabeth on the title page.
EARLY ENGLISH PRI&TEt) BIBLES. 2Ot
in 1582, and the Douai version of the Old Testament, made by
the College of Douai, in Flanders, published in 1610. These
form the Authorized Roman Catholic English Version of the
present day, and were made direct from the Latin Vulgate.
We come now to the year 1611, in which was first printed,
in a large folio, our present Authorized Version, of which I
exhibit a very fine and perfect copy of the first issue, which goes
by the name of " The Great HE Bible," from the passage in
Ruth iii., 15, which is in this issue misprinted " and HE went into
the city" [Fig. VI.], as may be seen in the copy I exhibit. In the
tfyoufyaftbpon
ibljen Ctje Ijeiuc it, fte meafutefc fijce m-
fo'res of batle?, ana laioc it on ftet : ano
I)ett)entmtot()ecitie,
16 #ttD tt)t)en U)cc catne tofter mo*
tl)enniatb,fl)efa(D , natjo an tljou, nip
DaugDtetf anD(l)e tolDeljetaUtljattljc
wanlja&Donetoljer.
17 ^ItD fl)efatD, ILDcfC fijCe meafures
of baclev sane De me, fo? \yt faiD to me,
m not eniptie bnto tl)v niotDcc m law.
FIG. VI. Authorized Version ; First issue, 1611.
Facsimile of Euth iii., 15, containing the misprint "he" for
"she" in "and he went into the citie," from which this
is called the " He Bible." (Full size of original.)
second issue, also dated 1611, the words are "and SHE went into
the city." This is therefore called " The Great SHE Bible."
Both these renderings occur in subsequent editions for some
years. There are also numerous other small differences between
202 i:\RLY ENGLISH PRINTED BIHLfcS.
the two 1611 editions. Some of the " He" Bibles have a wood
cut first title, as in the present case, and some a copper engrav-
ing, of which a facsimile has been inserted in my copy. Besides
being the first, it is one of the finest [Fig. VII.] editions of the
thousands that have since been issued, and is now very rare. I
exhibit two other editions of the Authorized Version Field's
folio edition of 1660, containing also the prayer book, which, as
far as I can learn, is not usual, and what is said to be " The
smallest Bible ever printed ;" size jj x i x fin.; date, 1896.
That of Field's is a noted edition on account of its size, printing,
and the fine plates which are so thickly interspersed in its pages.
I have found it very difficult to curtail my notes on account of
the magnitude of the subject, and I have abstained from any
history of the translation of our present Authorized Version,
which is of the greatest interest, but very accessible. I might
also mention the many Bibles distinguished by curious misprints,
such as the "Vinegar Bible" (1717), of which the Club saw,
or might have seen, a fine copy at Sir William Marriott's. I feel
sure that there must be many other treasures in Dorset in the
way of old Bibles, probably in many cases unknown to their
owners, if only one knew where to look for them.
There are one or more translations in a modern colloquial style,
as proposed by Benjamin Franklin about the year 1780, which
were perhaps well intended by their authors, but to my mind
sound most objectionable ; and there are a series of American
Bibles which deserve notice, though hardly on account of their
earliness, as no English Bible was printed in America until 1782,
though an Indian translation was printed there in 1663, and a
German one in 1743. As a final exhibit I have brought a copy
of the Revised New Testament of 1881. It seems doubtful,
however, if it will come into general use, even as quickly as that
of 1 6 1 1, which is now so firmly fixed in the affections of the
English speaking people of the world.
FIG. VII. Authorized Version ; First issue, 1611.
First page of the Genealogies which occupy
34 pages. (Greatly reduced : size of fram-
ing line in original, 13f x 8| inches.)
or pumsef
By E. CUNNINGTON, Esq.
(Read June Sth, 1900.)
in HIS is sometimes called Dunset, a provincialism
meaning a small hill, but as the dimensions
furnished in our programme of this day says
it is 500 yards long and 200 yards broad, I
think it must emerge from the small-hill set.
It probably has its name of Dungeon from a
small tower left in the camp, and the plentiful
supply of tiles, stones, and building materials
left, justify the idea.
Dungeon is about a mile north of Buckland Newton, and
13 or 14 miles due north of Maiden Castle. On the visit of the
Dorset Field Club to this camp in July, 1878, two pieces of a
Roman quern were found in one of the valla. In making small
researches in 1881 in the vallum, three pieces of Roman pottery
were discovered ; one, the base of a small well-made drinking
cup with fluted sides of the Fordingbridge pottery ; the others
of black and fine red ware. There are plenty of Roman remains
inside the camp, consisting of flanged and other tiles of different
makes
204 bUNGEON OR DUNSET CAMP.
On September gth, 1881, a further excavation was made into
the vallum nearest Castle Hill House. Here more Roman black
pottery was found far under the raised materials, and a large
quantity of stone brought there from a distance, and seven
fragments of Roman querns. One of these was the upper half
of a very fine stone with a three-inch well-cut perforation
through its centre a work of no small difficulty, as the stone is
of old red sandstone with quartz crystals, and consequently
excessively hard.
The shape of this camp is oval, with one ditch. The vallum
is raised from the outside, above the level of the camp itself.
Its situation is most imposing, commanding the whole of the
Blackmore valley ; and as a military position it is of immense
strength and importance, its main features closely coinciding
with those noticeable in Maiden Castle, and again with those
of Cadbury Castle in Somerset.
It has not, perhaps, been noticed that Maiden Castle, Dungeon
Castle, and Cadbury Castle are almost exactly equi-distant from
one another, about 14 miles apart, in a straight line from south
to north in fact, in as straight a line as could be had with due
care for their physical and strategical requirements. Each
occupies a high position commanding a vast area to the north-
east and west, the consecutive work of the same people for the
same end or purpose.
In illustration of this idea I will quote from that interesting
work, " A Ride in the Great Sahara," by Mr. F. H. Forbes
" The tent was pitched amidst the ruins of a Roman city whose
name is unknown. It is situated in a remarkably strong position,
commanding the access to a mighty plain, from which passes
one of the tracks to the Great Sahara. Truly these Romans
knew what they were about when they chose their strategical
positions, using them also as heliographic stations." Those
remarks may aptly be applied to this camp and to the other two
which I have associated with it.
EOMAN PAVEMENT m situ AT PKESTON, NEAR WEYMOUTH.
[From a plan presented to the Dorset County Museum by Q. R. Crickmay, Esq.]
By HY. COLLEY MARCH, M.D., F.S.A.
(Read Sept. 10th t 1900.)
JTTHE Dorset Field Club just twelve years ago visited
Preston to see the pavement, when an account
was given of the finding on Jordan Hill, in
1832, of a so-called Roman temple, a sana-
torium, and a cemetery. Of this, the last
edition of Hutchins' History of Dorset contains
many particulars. The pavement was found
by accident in 1852 by Mr. Scutt, the tenant
of the farm ; and it was fully uncovered for
the British Archaeological Association in 1871.
Our lamented Vice-President, the late Sir Talbot Baker, roofed
it over, and it was furnished with a wire protection by this
society.
Much Romano- British pottery has been found in the
neighbourhood of this pavement, in the adjacent garden, in the
meadow, and in Preston churchyard, as well as many coins dating
from Gordian to Postumus, a period of about 30 years, in the
3rd century from A.D. 237 to 267. It is important to notice that
Postumus was an Emperor of Gaul, styled Germanicus Maximus,
who surrounded himself with a Gaulish court, and with artificers
of great merit.
206 PRESTON ROMAN PAVEMENT.
The room containing the pavement was ^ i feet square, and
the mosaic itself was about 1 5 feet square. The tesserae vary in
size and in shape. For the ordinary geometrical patterns of
corridors and so forth they exceed an inch square, whilst for the
work of delicate portions of the design some are less than half
that size ; and the square form is departed from as occasion
requires. The colours are, or were, black or brown, red, blue
or grey, and white or yellow, but the last are now hardly dis-
tinguishable. In many Romano-British mosaics, a row of
bluish tesserae is often interposed between the white row and
the red one. It should be noticed here that in the cable-pattern
the strand is composed of an outer and an inner line of black,
of a single line of red, and of a double line of white tesserae.
I venture to think that one of the latter, that next the red,
consisted of blue or grey, now utterly faded. The material is all
from the surrounding district, and is a little coarser than that
which composes the fine mosaic in Olga Road. The red
tesserae consist of broken tiles, and not of terra cotta ; the
black are Kimmeridge coal, and not a Devonshire marble ; the
white and bluish white are of Purbeck stone, of which beds
extend from Chalbury to Pox well. Near the latter place, an
exposure may be seen from which the banded specimen of blue
and white now shown was recently taken. By Mr. Crickmay's
drawing, prepared when the mosaic was uninjured, the scheme
can be easily understood. The management of the . tesserae
should be observed. The white ones which serve for filling-in are
arranged with skilful purpose. A special row of them follows
and supports all the chief lines of the design ; and a double
row emphasises the most important features. Even the tcsseral
joints possess a high value, for, set at right angles to the running,
they greatly enhance the beauty of the general effect.
At the meeting of the Club twelve years ago, it was contended
that the pavement belonged to Christian times, because it con-
tained no pictures of heathen mythology ; but this view is, of
course, quite untenable. The design strikingly resembles in
type that of the Dorchester tesselation, and belongs, doubtless,
PRESTON ROMAN PAVEMENT. 2OJ
to the same period. Those persons who think that man began
to adorn a variety of objects from an inbred tendency to
embellish things, will be inclined to go no farther. It will
suffice for them to say " Lo ! here is a decorated floor."
Others, who believe that the love of ornament has been of slow
growth, that it originated, on the one hand, from a close
attention to the forms of artifice and structure, and, on the other,
from efforts to fashion magical charms and devices, will see at
Preston what I have attempted to decipher on the Dorchester
mosaic.
The cordage motif, that plays its part here, we may recognise
also on early British vases, on Assyrian cylinders, and on the
propylons of ancient Egypt. It sprang from that expectancy of
completeness that was associated with fabrics of twisted fibre, of
basketry, and wattlework. And we witness, too, the mystical
mark, the auspicious token, which claimed alliance with the
divine life and power that shone forth from Heaven and that all
men knew and venerated. Sometimes this affinity was denoted
openly by a radiant solar circle, and sometimes it was indicated
by cryptic signs like those which were furnished by the Lily of
the Nile, the emblem of the sun. The Egyptians were,
naturally, the first people to develop their favourite motif into a
scroll, to insert into the opening spirals a lotus flower, and to
adorn the ceilings of their tombs with this fitting symbolism.
A thousand years afterwards, in B.C. 700, the Phoenicians had
carried the design across the Mediterranean, where it decorated
Melian vases. Ultimately it was adopted by the Greeks, who
handed on to Rome the lotus-frieze we now possess. In the
pavement before us, a parallelogram is bordered by a cable
pattern. From side to side, at the two ends of the oblong, runs
a lotiform scroll. By this treatment the oblong is resolved into
a square. This, broken up into an octagon, encloses another,
the predominant square, which contains the ruling device of the
entire scheme. All the ornamental fields are separated by the
binding motif, the same cable pattern. Outside the octagon,
the corners are filled with triangles ; between the octagon and
208 PRESTON ROMAN PAVEMENT.
tho inner square the space is occupied by fretted spirals ; and
the central panel sustains a rosette, a disc with eight rays. The
Preston pavement is signed with the signature of the lotus. The
rayed circle, the triangle supports, the fretted spirals, the floral
frieze, are, in all their details, lotus derivatives.
POSTSCRIPTUM.
The Vikings, in some of their wanderings, must have seen
the solar-duplex. They took it as a suitable sign for their
sun-god Frey, and, in their decorative metal-work, placed it
beside the triquetra (Worsaae, Danish Art, p. 197). A similar
association may be seen in a church at Assisi, IX. cent., where
the two symbols, now with a Christian significance, rest on the
lateral limbs of a Latin cross (Cattaneo, op. '/., p. 197).
The term "solar cross" is too restrictive. It would be better
to call it the " sign of orientation." Its equal limbs indicate
the four cardinal points. It stands as a solar symbol, and it
decussates the sun's disc, because it is the sun that determines
the east and the west, the south and the north. The equilateral
cross, which designates territorial expansion in certain picture-
writings, does so by spreading its equal arms to the four quarters
of the world. But it is especially the solar cross of North
America that should be called the Sign of Orientation, since it
was used by the Indians to specify the winds which were some-
times made to issue from holes in its limbs. A sign, among
the same people, that accidentally resembles the Latin cross,
stood for rain ; the heavens being represented by the transverse,
and the downpour by the vertical bar.
By the car-driving nations of the old world, the decussated
solar disc was developed into a six-rayed wheel, the " roue
solaire," which was used in Chaldaean worship, as a symbol of
the sun, B.C. 600 (Perrot and Chipiez, Hist, of Art, II., 275).
The Gaulish sun-god is represented as carrying a six-rayed
wheel on his shoulder (Gaidoz, Symbolisme de la Roue, p. 3).
PRESTON ROMAN PAVEMENT. 2 09
This "Amulet of the Gauls" was adopted by Christians, who
named it " the star of Constantine." Regarded as a chrisma it
was, not the Chi Rho, but the Iota Chi, that found its place in
the decoration of Syrian churches, as at El Barah (Vogiie,
Plates 42, 49), and afterwards in Italy.
The Labarum, a ringed Chi without the Iota, is called by
M. Gaidoz (pp. '/., p. 78) " la roue dquilaterale disposee
diagonalement."
The dates given to some Irish Illuminated MSS. in a footnote
(p. 183) are the earliest references to them by the Annalists.
The late Bishop Reeves, to whom the question of their antiquity
was referred by Haddon and Stubbs, assigned the Books of
Armagh, Moling, Dimma, Macdurnan, Durrow, and Kells to the
early part of the IX. cent. (H. and S., Councils and Ecclesiastical
Documents, I., 190).
of
By Rev. Canon C. H. MAYO, M.A.
C Read to the Dorset Field Club in Glanvillcs Wootton Church, Sth June,
1900.)
JHHE worthy Secretary of the Field Club has thought
fit to require me to write a paper on the Church
of Glanvilles Wootton, in which we find ourselves
to-day, and as the first duty of the members of
the Club is that of obedience to its officers, I
will do my best, though that best be but little,
to discharge the task which he has laid upon
me.
We are standing in a church which, like so many others, has
passed through the ordeal of restoration. And the first remark
that I have to make is to mention the fact which, upon examina-
tion, you could readily infer, that the chancel, chancel arch, and
the north wall of the nave have been newly built from the
foundations. This was done in 1875-6, under the superintendence
of Mr. G. R. Crickmay, and the church was re-opened for Divine
Service on 22nd April in the latter year. Some features from the
previous structure are preserved in the new walls, and to them I
will presently refer.
THE CHURCH OF WOOTTON GLANVILLE. 211
What the earliest church on this spot was like we have nothing
to inform us. No fragment of Saxon or Norman carving came
to light in 1875. There is one relic, however, that takes us back
to the 1 3th century viz., the ancient font of Purbeck marble,
with octagonal bowl, bearing on each face a pair of incised
pointed panels, and supported on a circular stem, surrounded
with eight small pillars. The base is also octagonal. The eight
pillars and the central stem or support are new. If an old plate
in Hutchins' History may be trusted, the stem of - the font was
previously a solid octagonal pier. This font formerly stood, as
we are told in The Gentleman's Magazine, within the chapel,
having been placed there some time after the suppression of the
chantry. The font cover is a good piece of work of the end of
the 1 7th century.
We may conclude, therefore, from the occurrence of this font
that a church of Early English or earlier date was formerly
existing here, a building which may have been, as I think there
are indications to show, of smaller dimensions than the present
edifice.
Passing from the Early English to the Decorated period, we
arrive at what is the great feature of interest in the present
building the chapel of the chantry, founded (Hutchins says
re-founded, but as I have not seen the original documents I
cannot say whether correctly or no) by Sibylla Glanville, 18
Edw. III., 1344, and endowed by her with the Manor of
Foffordeston (now called Forston), in the parish of Charminster,
and one messuage and lands in Glanvilles Wootton, for a chaplain
to celebrate Divine Service every day for ever at the altar of
B.V. Mary in this church.
The Glanvilles (members of a great legal family) were connected
with this parish from the time of Henry de Glanville, lord of
Glanvilles Wootton, circa 1216 (nephew of Ranulph de Glanville,
Chief Justice of England and Earl of Suffolk, who died 1190).
He was father of Geoffrey de Glanville, 1260, succeeded by John
de Glanville, who occurs in 1275, father of Sir Henry de Glanville,
who presented to the Rectory in 1302. His son, William de
212 THE CHURCH OF WOOTTOK GLAKVILLB.
Glanville, lord of Glanvilles Wootton and of FofTordeston, 1330,
married Sibyll, foundress of the chantry, who presented the first
chaplain 3rd March, 1344. Her son, John ds Glanville, was
the last owner of the name, and presented to the Rectory in 1350,
and to the chantry in 1396-7, and left a daughter and heir, Joan,
married to Robert More, of Marnhull, whose daughter, Edith,
carried the estate to the Newburghs, of East Lulworth, in 1422.
(See the Records of the Anglo-Norman House of Glanville, by
W. U. S. Glanville-Richards, 1882.)
The chapel of this chantry, measuring internally 21 ft. 4in. by
1 3ft. 8in., is a beautiful specimen of flint work with Ham stone
dressings, and is lighted with three large Decorated windows, the
tracery of each being of different design. Beneath the two
southern windows are arched recesses, in one of which a recum-
b'ent effigy is now placed. Below the east window is the ancient
altar slab, taken from the floor, repaired, and replaced in its old
position, but on new supports, in 1875-6. On each side are
brackets for statues, long since removed ; on the south side a
piscina with shelf, which has been repaired, and on the north
the remarkable double hagioscope. On two sides of the chapel
a stone bench runs at the foot of the wall. The whole is con-
nected with the nave of the parish church by a small doorway,
in which the door staples still remain, and a wide spreading
arch. Below this arch rested the recumbent effigy already men-
tioned. To quote the account of it in The Gentleman's Magazine,
1817 : " Under the arch which separates this chapel from the
body of the church is a stone coffin with the effigy of a man in a
loose dress, belted, a sword by his left side, and a lion or dog
broken off at his feet; length, when perfect, about 5ft. join.
From a piece of the lid being broken off, it appears that the
coffin was a plain stone chest." (Vol. for 1817, pt. ii., pp. 297-8.)
It may be noticed that the figure, of Ham stone, whose head,
with long flowing hair, rests on a cushion, while the hands are
folded in prayer, is dressed in a short tunic, gathered in at the
waist, the sleeves also being somewhat short. Over this is a
hood, with the peak swung round on the right shoulder. The
THE CHURCH OF WOOTTON GLANVILLE. 213
sword and belt are prominent objects ; but the writer in The
Gentleman's Magazine seems to have passed by the implement
dagger possibly, though it is not like one, nor on the usual side
which a friend, well versed in arms and armour, who visited the
church with me last year, could not satisfactorily account for.
A kind of pad or greave appears on each leg. On the left side
of the left leg it can readily be seen, and, on passing the hand
down the right side of the right leg, its lateral edge may be felt
in a corresponding position. The straps of the spurs are still
traceable.
It is to be regretted that a new and fancy face has been added
to the effigy. The right foot has also been restored, if the plate
in Hutchins is correct. The stone coffin, mentioned in The
Gentleman's Magazine, and also shown in the old plate already
mentioned, has wholly disappeared.
Observe the ancient tiles, some on the footpace of the altar,
others on the floor of the south-west arched recess, the most
interesting being two (now under the altar) representing a stag
hunt perhaps of the famous White Hart, slain, as the legend
says, by De la Linde. The remaining tiles are reproductions.
In the south windows are some fragments of old glass. The
Gentleman's Magazine speaks of a "neat figure of the Virgin, and
some other small fragments, in the east window." This figure of
the Virgin has disappeared, and the window is occupied by
modern glass. What remains in the other windows is a medley
of scraps of glass some of which are of Tudor date. I have
been told that some pieces, perhaps these, came from the old
domestic chapel at Grange, hard by. Two figures of Saints (not
Angels), swinging censers, are in their original position. There
is a curious scrap showing a nose and two eyes on a very large
scale, which must have belonged to a face of enormous size.
It is in the most eastern trefoil of the south-east window. The
panelled oak ceiling was renewed at the restoration.
Externally the chapel on its south side presents a very fine
piece of masonry, the windows deeply recessed, and the walls
supported by dignified buttresses. You will notice that the south
214 THE CHURCH OF WOOTTON GLANVILLE.
wall is some nine inches thicker below the windows than else-
where. This is to allow for the construction of the arched
recesses beneath the windows. Notice also that the east window
of the chapel is nearly flush with the exterior of the wall, thus
differing very markedly from the southern windows. The reason
of this variation will be apparent when it is observed that space
was required for the altar slab to rest on the sill below the east
window within the chapel, thus obliging the mullions and tracery
to be pushed eastward as far as possible. This east window had
been blocked internally by the monument of Mrs. Leigh, who
died in 1783, but, says Hutchins' Second Edition, the obstruction
was removed in 1806, when the monuments were repaired.
Another point to be noticed is that the chapel, and, indeed,
all the old church, including the tower, was at one time plastered
on the exterior and interior. The pick-marks on the Ham stones,
to enable the plaster to adhere, are in many places visible. This
plaster was removed in 1875, and, as far as the outer coat was
concerned, to the obvious detriment of the building, and the
clamp is now extensively finding its way in.
The most remarkable feature in connection with the chapel is
thr large, ribbed, skew archway, through which the double
hagioscope opens into the chancel. This had been mutilated
and blocked up on the chancel side, but was opened out at the
restoration. The little carved head on the north-east side was
found, I am told, built up elsewhere in the chancel wall, and was
replaced in its old position, to which it accurately fitted. The
cornice is a regrettable addition, made in 1875.
I may add that, at the date of the restoration, this chapel
seems to have been claimed by Mr. Sturt, now Lord Alington,
who relinquished, though he did not convey, whatever right he
had in it to the Dale family, by whom it was placed in its
present condition of repair.
Leaving the chantry, we may turn our attention to the porch,
south wall of the nave, and the western tower. All these are
Mil)M-quent to the date of the chapel, and were built in
"Perpendicular" times.
THE CHURCH OP WOOTTON GLANVILLE. 215
I mentioned just now that the older nave was probably of
smaller dimensions than the present one. Look at the door-
way, and you will see that where the Decorated and Perpendicular
work join, the north-west buttress of the chapel shows itself in
the wall. This buttress has been cut into to allow the insertion
of the end of the sloping head of the Perpendicular doorway.
If this was an external buttress it would seem that the wall of the
old nave, when the chapel had been built, did not overlap the
wall of the latter, as at present, and that the nave was con-
sequently narrower or shorter than that now existing. This
view is confirmed by another circumstance. When the north
wall of the nave was taken down in 1875 it was found to have
been built upon a line of wooden coffins. The coffins had
decayed, and the wall had naturally fallen outwards. I take it
that in the i5th century the nave was widened by setting the
north wall,- and what remained of the south wall, further apart
at any rate, by moving the north wall northwards. Probably the
nave was also lengthened.
I might here remark that we are now at the edge of a region
of diminutive churches, usually consisting of a nave and chancel,
on a small scale, with or without a western tower. Hermitage,
Hilfield, Holnest (enlarged by the addition of an aisle at the
close of the i5th century), Long Burton (rebuilt, except the
tower, circa 1450, when the church seems to have been
lengthened, so that the chancel was built outside the church-
yard, but on the glebe), Folke (rebuilt, with the exception of the
tower, on a larger scale in 1628, and lengthened so that the
chancel abutted against the east wall of the churchyard), North
Wootton, Haydon, Goathill, Caundle Marsh, Stock Gaylard,
Lillington, and Beer Hackett. Glanvilles Wootton I take to
have been another example of the same kind, and that before
the erection of the chapel and the Perpendicular work of the
1 5th century it consisted of a small chancel, nave, and porch
only.
There is nothing which calls for remark in the rest of the
south wall of the nave or in the tower- The entrance arcliM'av
2l6 HI 1C CHURCH Of WOOTTON GLANVlLLfc.
of the porch is of much the same character as that at Long
Burton (which dates from about 1450), but it is smaller. Traces
of red colour may be seen on the soffit of the slab above the
nave doorway ; and the indication of a holy water stoup appears
in the wall near the font. The tower arch resembles that at
Holnest, but is not so lofty.
In the north wall of the nave are re-inserted certain portions
of the old doorway and window (for there was only one window
in the former wall). There is a curious opening in the east side
of the archway of the north door. This was found in the old
wall, and was reinstated in the new, but I cannot tell whether it
was accurately reproduced. A wall painting, no longer in
existence, representing the miraculous draught of fishes, so I am
informed, came to light on the removal of the whitewash which
covered the north wall, aad another painting over the gallery
exhibiting the devil armed with a flail.
The chancel, which was pulled down at the restoration, was
about three feet longer than the present one. A round-headed
east window (cf. the former chancel at Holwell) had been inserted
in the i8th century, and fragments of its predecessor were found
built up in the wall. In the north wall was discovered an
Easter sepulchre, which had been mutilated and bricked up.
Its fragments may be seen in a rockery in the Rectory garden.
The former chancel arch, which was of no value, gave place to
what you now see. The two ancient features which remain are
the piscina with its ogee head, and the head of the priest's door-
way, and seem to suggest a former Decorated chancel.
I may briefly call attention to the mural monuments. Two,
to John Every and Barbara, Lady Henley, remain in the
chapel, others have been removed to the tower, where they are
rapidly perishing. The inscriptions may be found in Hutchins'
History.
The pulpit and lectern are excellent pieces of turnery, by
Mr. E. R. Dale, A.I.E.E.
The parish register dates from 1546, and when it opens a
scion of the Glanvilles appears in the marriage of Walter
THE CHURCH OF AVOOTTON GLANVlLLt. 21)
Hollwall, gen., with Joane Glandfeild, gn., 22nd May, 1546. The
parish account books begin in 1696.
The Communion plate consists of a chalice with cover and a
paten. The chalice is inscribed "Kiddle, churchwarden, 1689."
It has no hall marks, and is no doubt of provincial manufacture.
The fashion is much older than the date it bears, and the vessel
is either a copy of an Elizabethan chalice or is an old chalice,
bought second-hand by the parish in 1689. The paten bears
the name of the donor, Rev. John King, rector, 1755, who was
also owner of West Hall, some four miles off. Of this worthy it
is said that one day he left his sermon at home, and set the
Wootton people singing the 1 1 9th Psalm while his servant rode
to West Hall to fetch it. But this story is told of other localities.
There are four bells in the tower, inscribed respectively :
i. Sunt. mea. spes. hii. tres. xpc. maria. johes. Recast by
John Warner and Sons, London, 1878.
2. Ave Maria.
3. Thomas Knight, John Drake. Anno Dom., 1700.
From the. parish accounts it may be seen that the new casting
of this bell cost ^"8, and 25ib. of new metal i gs. gd., and
other incidental expenses i igs. icd.
4. Cast by John Warner and Sons, London.
This is a new bell, procured circa 1876.
A parish tradition says that Buckland Church has a bell taken
from this tower.
By C. W. DALE, F.E.S.
(Read JuneSth, 1000.)
ROUNDCHIMNEYS, now used as a farmhouse, in the
occupation of Mr. Charles Gould, formerly be-
longed to the great Duke of Marlborough, but
now forms part of my property. On the main
road near the turning by which the house is
approached stands a pair of ancient oaks, one
on each side of the road, called '* Gog and
Magog," survivors of the old Forest of Black-
more. When my grandmother was young she could ride all the
way from her house to Sturminster Newton, a distance of ten
miles, without encountering a single hedge, which gives one an
idea of how much the character of the country has changed.
The following notes are partly compiled from my " History of
Glanvilles Wootton," published some years ago.
Ancient records show that in 1231 a fair was granted at Black-
more or Newland Manor (which last name is derived from being
a new enclosure from the Forest of Blackmore) by King
Henry III.
1290. King Edward I. made a royal grant of the Manor of
Ncwland, with woods, lands, and rights in the said Forest of
ROUNbCHIMNEYS. 2I
Blackmore, to Simon de Monteacute (from whence a name for
the Manor, Newton Monteacute), at the rent of los. per annum.
1 320. King Edward II. granted a tract of waste land of about
140 acres, with all the rights, privileges, and advantages, to
William de Monteacute.
1350. Catherine, his wife, had as dower this hamlet (or
tything) from King Edward III. confirmed.
1377. This aforesaid William de Monteacute (Earl of Sarum)
died seized of this Manor of Blackmore, otherwise called Newton
Monteacute.
1379. King Henry IV. confirmed the same to John, Earl
of Sarum.
1429. King Henry VI. to Thomas, Eail of Sarum.
1430. Granted by patent for life to Alice (the Countess), his
wife, and, secondly, to Margaret, his daughter, wife of Sir
Richard Pole, and Countess of Sarum. For some disaffection,
whether real or imaginary, she was tried, committed, and
executed, and afterwards buried at Christchurch. The Manor,
which was then valued at 13 los. id., again reverted to the
Crown.
I 553- Queen Mary granted anew this said Manor to Francis
Hastings, Earl of Huntingdon, and Catherine, his wife (he died
in 1561), eldest daughter and co-heir of Henry Pole, Lord
Monteacute, son and heir of Margaret, Countess of Sarum, and
Sir Richard Pole, her husband.
1581. Queen Elizabeth confirmed the above Royal Grant to
Henry, Earl of Huntingdon, who died in 1595, and was
succeeded by his brother George, Earl of Huntingdon.
1596. It appears to have passed through the hands of
Gamage to the Churchills. John Churchill, of Mintern, was an
eminent counsellor, who greatly increased his property. He
compounded for assisting the King's forces at ,440. His son,
Winston, born at Roundchimneys, 1620, and admitted at St.
John's College, Oxford, in 1636, at the age of 16, quitted the
University on the death of his father without taking any degree.
He adhered to the Royal Cause, for which he suffered severely,
2io ROUNDCHIMNEYS.
being forced to take refuge with his wife, Elizabeth, at the house
of her father, Sir John Drake, at Ashe, Devonshire, and to
compound for ^446 i8s. In 1661 he was chosen member for
Weymouth, and soon after Fellow of the Royal Society. He
was author of " Divi Britannici," or " Remarks on the Lives
of all the Kings of this Isle." (London, 1675.) In 1663 he was
knighted, and died in 1688, leaving his property to his surviving
son, John, born at Ashe House, 1650, who was afterwards the
celebrated Duke of Marlborough. Sir Winston, before his
death, in 1685, sold the manor and estate of Newton Monteacute
to Dr. Simon Wellman, of Poundisford, Somerset.*
It remained in the possession of the Wellman family for 154
years, when it was purchased of Thomas Wellman and Charles
Noel Wellman, his son, in 1839, by James Charles Dale, father
of the present owner. The Mansion House, called from the
form of the chimneys Roundchimneys, and, in olden times,
Golden Grove stands on the north-east side of the parish,
about a mile from Glanvilles Wootton Church. The north side
of the house, which included the offices, was taken down some
years ago, and the remainder repaired by Mr. Thomas Wellman.
On a stone over the door, and over windows on a house taken
down near it, was the date 1632, the two middle figures being
reversed 1932. One of the chimneys bears the date 159-, the
fourth figure being defaced. Upon another chimney is a device,
perhaps a mason's mark x + x . It was one of the best planned
and most comfortable houses of the age of Elizabeth, and when
complete must have been a most excellent gentleman's residence.
The situation is pleasant, and the surrounding grounds appear
to have been formerly laid out into garden, fish ponds, and
every convenience for the residence of a man of fortune. Neither
painted glass nor arms remain in the windows or upon the
walls. The annexed considerable and very improvable estate
* On the deed are the seals and signatures of Sir Winston Churchill mid
Dome Elizabeth, Ldfd and Lady (Sarah) Churchill, and (Admiral) George
Churchill.
ROUNDCHIMNEYS. 221
consists chiefly of rich pasture lands, and abounds with oak and
other timber.
Roundchimneys was originally a royal manor ; and until quite
recently the Lord of the Manor had the right to appoint his own
constables, waywardens, and overseers. But I am afraid that the
regime of the District Councils has knocked all such prerogatives
on the head. However, the royal grant to Simon de Monteacute
gave the Manor the right of appointing its own officers. The
old Court Rolls commenced in 1612.
13 Edward II. William de Monteacute held a certain waste
in the Forest of Blackmore ; there \vas a certain free tenant who
paid i os. per annum, which rent, waste, and lands were held of
the King in chief as parcel of the Barony of Monteacute. It was
held of him by Giles Blakemore, being a carucate of land in free
socage.
1 8 Henry VI. It was held by Thomas Blakemore and Henry
Blakemore, Canon of Wells, whose names occur in an old deed.
24 Henry VI. A fine was levied between Sampson Brown
and John Holwel, querents, and Thomas Blakemore, deponent.
In 1573 it was purchased of William Holwel by John Clavel, of
Barnston, in the Isle of Purbeck, an ancestor of our respected
President. In later times these lands appear to have been
included in the Manor of Newland. The house stood in the
orchard adjoining the farmhouse of Over Newland, where still an
ancient yew tree stands as a relic from the past. There used to
be a picturesque rookery close to Roundchimneys, but about 60
or 70 years ago the ravens came and drove all the rooks away.
The origin of the names King's Stag and Vale of White Hart
is explained in the following story : King Henry III., having
disported himself in the Forest of Blackmore, spared a goodly
and beautiful White Hart, which afterwards one Sir John de
la Lynde with his companions hunted and killed at King's Stag
Bridge, in the parish of Lydlinch. On hearing of it the King
was so enraged that he not only punished them with imprison-
ment and a fine, but taxed the land over which the White Hart
was known to go, the owner having to pay a yearly sum of money
222 KOrNDCHIMNEYS.
into the Exchequer, called White Hart Silver. For Ball's Farm
the sum of one shilling and sixpence was paid in 1806. The
money was collected by the Lord of the Hundred of Buckland
Newton. The posterity of Sir John de la Lynde ever after gave for
their arms White Hart's Heads on a red shield. Their seat was
formerly at Hartley, under High Stoy, and they also owned
Hermitage. The story is represented on old encaustic tiles in the
chantry of Glanvilles Wootton Church. According to local
tradition, Sir John found the White Hart at Buckshaw, drove
him through Hartleaze, in Newland, to Hart's-foot Lane, where
he got a bit worried. If you said " Did ye see the splay foot of
him going up over the plusher " the people of these parts used
to get quite " shirty."
According to local tradition there was also a battle fought in
Glanvilles Wootton, probably in the turbulent times of King
John and his barons. In it Henry de Glanville, whose effigy is
in the chantry of the church, was killed, and was found under an
oak in Splitmead, now cut down, with a dog at his feet.
af
s; ^ooffon ^Tarror
By C. W. DALE, F.E.S.
( Read June Sth, 1900.)
LL of the old china you see has belonged to my
family for a great many years. The old
Chelsea is very valuable. One piece illus-
trates the method in which tithes used to be
paid the farmer with the tenth of the pigs
and eggs, his wife with the tenth child. It
belonged to my great great aunt, who was a
tenth child. The Chelsea cock is also
valuable ; the hen had its head broken
off. Our grandmother placed no value on them, and gave
them to myself and brother to play with and roll about the
floor. The tall Japanese vase belonged to Captain Dale's
brother, and on his death at sea was delivered up to Captain
Dale by his landlady. The Japanese tray and urn are enamelled
on copper. There are also some China saucers, with the three,
four, and five-claw dragons upon them. The barber's basin,
with the hole to fit the chin, is also curious. There are also some
224 COLLECTIONS AT r.LAXYILLKS WOOTTON HOUSE.
Worcester pieces with deer and other emblems upon them. On
the sideboard is a handsome breakfast and Derby dessert service
given to my grandmother on her marriage in 1788.
There are also some very old pictures and prints. One, done
originally by the ship's carpenter, is of Captain Dale's fight with
the pirate " Tullagree Angria," off the Coromandel Coast. In
the picture on the other side you will see him on the poop of his
ship, the Falmouth East Indiaman.
The paintings of the reading girl in red shoes and of the
rat-catcher are said to be very valuable. The two large paintings
in the hall are of Mr. Taunton, founder of the town of South-
ampton, and his wife. The latter is feeding her parrots with
cherries. Amongst the old East Indian engravings, which
were published according to Act of Parliament in 1754, you will
see one of St. Helena, the island prison of Napoleon, and now
the home of Cronje. Those two of woodcocks are not painted,
but artistically made of feathers.*
Two small drawings were done by my aunt, Mrs. Meggs, when
she was only seven years old. She was said to have been one of
the most beautiful ladies ever seen in Dorsetshire.
The worked samplers in the case with the freedoms f are very
old, one of them bearing the date of 1687. The ancient letter
is of the same date as the freedoms, and is from Lord and Lady
Glencairn, telling Captain Dale that they are sending him a
mutton, as it is better than anything he can get in Greenock.
I have also some old and curious books, including Albin's
original drawings of insects, the first edition of White's
" Selbornc," and an old edition of Aristotle, bearing the date of
1580.
The Rev. F. O. Morris, the well-known ornithologist, sent an
interesting account of Glanvilles Wootton and its owner to
* The bill, eyes, and legs are painted of course.
t ( !l:is<;ow, Kcnfrew, and Dumbarton. They were presented to Captain Dale
in 1 7.")0, liis ship l.oing driven by stress of weather up the west coast of Scotland,
where ut that time so large a ship wag seldom seen,
COLLECTIONS AT GI.ANYILLES WOOTTON HOUSE. 225
the "Naturalist" for 1837, of which I will give you a few
extracts :
" Glanvilles Wootton is a small country village, in a retired
and very lovely situation, between Sherborne and Dorchester.
Mr. Dale is the squire of the parish. Except in the summer
season, when he generally makes an entomological tour (for he
thinks nothing of a trip to Scotland or the Lakes in quest of a
rare butterfly), he is to be found at home. He has one room
occupied entirely by cabinets of British insects, stuffed birds,
and the most complete entomological library in England. He
has about one hundred and twenty drawers well filled with the
insects of our islands, to a number that I am almost afraid of
mentioning. They are all scientifically arranged according to
the excellent classification of Mr. Curtis, author of 'British
Entomology.' It would be an endless task to enumerate the
rarities which enrich Mr. Dale's cabinets. His brilliant dis-
coveries in the Stylops are well known, and any person, whether
entomologist or not, will receive a hearty welcome and have the
gratification of inspecting the collection, which he has been
upwards of thirty years amassing, and in the completion of
which he has spared neither time, trouble, nor expense.
The neighbourhood of Glanvilles Wootton is well wooded.
Mr. Dale used to take the Swallow-tail about twenty years ago,
on a rather high and dry hill, and elsewhere, but he has never
seen it since, which is very remarkable, as he did not take all the
specimens he saw, and the butterfly continues to appear every
year in the fenny counties in which it is found. Z. Act's, or the
Mazarine Blue, was at one time taken, in great numbers, on the
same hill as the Swallow-tail, but is now only occasionally met
with, and on the low grounds Plusia orichalcea, or the scarce
Burnished-brass Moth, was formerly abundant on the honeysuckle
in his garden.
Mr. Dale, in a letter lately received, informs me of a white
woodcock, a dusky one, and another with white wings, in the
collection of Sir Richard Colt Hoare, Bart. A nest was also
found on Middlemarsh Common in April, 1836. He also informs
226 COLLECTIONS AT GLANVII.I.ES WOOTTON HOUSE.
me of his liaving found a red cowslip growing wild, which I
believe is a very great curiosity."
As will be seen from the foregoing account, the Rev. F. O.
Morris stated that my father had a hundred and twenty drawers
full of insects in 1837. Now (1900) I have three hundred
and seventy-seven drawers all full of British insects. The
butterflies form the most important portion, being contained
in twenty large drawers. The most valuable drawer (the
bonne louche of the butterflies) is beyond question that of
the beautiful series of the Large Copper, taken by my
father at Whittlesea Mere. Since the Fen districts have
been drained and reclaimed, these lustrous denizens of the
marshes, as well as other species of insects and birds, have
disappeared. None have been taken since 1850, and their
nearest relatives are found in the Pontine Marshes near Rome.
Besides the three rows of the Large and Scarce Coppers, there
is a whole row of the Mazarine Blue, another extinct species,
formerly found at Glanvilles Wootton, and a fine series of both
the Small Copper and the Small Blue, containing good varieties,
especially of the former, one being entirely white. There are
besides in the drawer a couple of the rare Pea-pod Argus
(Bicticus), and also of Argiades, taken in Somersetshire by the
Rev. Seymour St. John's friend, Dr. Marsh. This drawer would
fetch at least ^"200. One specimen of the Large Copper, an
exceptionally dark variety, is one of the most valuable insects in
the world. If put up to auction it would probably fetch ^50 or
more, as it would be competed for not only by British entomolo-
gists but by those from France, Germany, and America. There
are two grand drawers of the Blues, containing a row of the
Large Blues, mostly taken at Langport by my father, and magnifi-
cent varieties of the Chalk Hill, Clifden, and Common Blues,
many of them being worth ^5 apiece. Another good drawer
of varieties is that of the Meadow Brown and Ringlet. The
two best of the former were taken by myself at Glanvilles
Wootton in 1864. A similar example to one of them was in
Mr. Briggs' collection, and fetched 7 at the auction in Stevens'
COLLECTIONS AT GLANVILLES WOOTTON HOUSE. 227
Rooms. The first drawer contains a fine series of the Swallow-
tail, one of the largest and most showy of our butterflies, and also
of the exquisitely delicate and sweet Black-veined Whites. They
both used to occur at Glanvilles Wootton up to the year 1815,
when they unaccountably disappeared. One of the most recent
additions I have made to the collection is a fine series of the
Heath and Glanville Fritillaries, containing many varieties
hitherto unpossessed, and including the original specimen of
Eos, taken at Peckham by Mr. John Howard in 1803. These I
purchased at the sale of the late Mr. Sam Stevens' collection in
May, 1900. Of specimens interesting to antiquarians, I may
mention a specimen of the Bath White, which formerly belonged
to old Petiver, and is almost two hundred years old ; and
specimens of the Camberwell Beauty, taken in 1793, and of the
Queen of Spain, taken in 1803.
There is also a fine collection of moths, including a row each
of the extinct Spurge Elephant Hawk Moth, Gypsy Moth,
cccnosa, subrosea, viduaria, circellata, and polygmmmata, and
specimens of the beautiful and extinct small moth, Cerostoma
asperella, which used to occur in the Glanvilles Wootton orchards.
Of varieties, I possess black ones of the Scarlet Tiger and the
Orange Under-wing, and the best series of that most variable
species the button moth Peronea cristana, w r hich ranges from
black to both white and red.
Apart from the Lepidoptera the most valuable insect I possess,
and probably the rarest insect in the whole world, is Halictophagus
Curt is ii, figured in Curtis' " British Entomology ;" and of which
my father took a couple at Lulworth and in Portland on August
1 5th, 1832, and June i6th, 1840. This variety, with its only
British allies Stylops melitta and Elenclms tenuicornis also
figured in Curtis' " British Entomology," and both taken in
Dorsetshire by my father, have been made into an Order by
themselves Strepsiptera of Kirby.
Another most valuable insect is Hemerobius (PsectraJ diptera,
one of the Neuroptera, but having only one pair of wings, which
was taken at Langport by my father on June 27th, 1843. This is
228 COLLECTIONS AT GLANVFLI.KS WOOTTON HOUSE.
the only specimen that has ever been taken in England, and
there are only six others known in Europe.
I possess all the British species of Dragon flies and ants ; and
fifty drawers of beetles, some of them containing more than a
thousand species. The other drawers contain bees, wasps, saw
flic's, caddis flies, scorpion flies, snake flies, earwigs, crickets,
locusts, grasshoppers, ichneumon flies, gnats, daddy long-legs,
midges, frog-hoppers, blight insects, &c.
Since my father died in 1872, I have added 1,950 species. In
the whole collection 4,564 species have been taken in Glanvilles
Wootton alone. Besides the " History of Glanvilles Wootton,"
I have written the " Lepidoptera of Dorset " and " British
Butterflies."
By VINCENT J. ROBINSON, C.I.E.
(The substance of an Address given at Parnham on the occasion of the
visit of the Club, July ISth, 1899.)
[O many fine places of about the same date as Parnham
have disappeared during the last hundred and
fifty years in England that admirers of their
beauty are haunted with the fear of the time
coming when nothing will remain to testify to
their former existence save the bare descrip-
tions of the historian. The epoch in England,
as in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain,
during which the finest of these historic
dwellings have been built, ranges from the
end of the i6th to the end of the i8th centuries. The
Renaissance style which gave rise to them commenced in Italy,
travelled into France, and thence finally into England. Great
Italian palaces of this period the production of the country
whence the ideas of the Renaissance started are often so large
that in many now standing abroad several families reside or
carry on the business of life, the descendants of the original
owners for whom they were built having decayed beyond the
power of keeping them up. For instance, the Via Nuova at
Genoa contains about ten houses, forming the larger part of the
2}0 I'ARXH.Ut.
street, and in most of them the representatives of the old families
occupy one or perhaps two floors, whilst the remainder of the
building is let out in tenements to twenty or thirty minor people.
Their designs are splendid in conception and noble in pro-
portions. The staircase, for example, of the Municipal Palace is
20 or 25 feet in width, ascending from a grand courtyard, leading
to splendid landings, on to which large and spacious rooms open.
Italian palaces gave rise to French chateaux ; and the style
travelled into Germany and Spain, and became what is now
known as the Renaissance, and in each country it was absorbed
and modelled to suit the tastes of the people. In France, where
they pirated the ideas of the more refined Italians, they fashioned
what they took, like children pulling the beautiful forms to
pieces as in wanton play, and re-formed them without reference
to construction More often splendid Italian invention was
frittered away in puerile efforts with grotesque details, encumber-
ing without helping the construction of the objects they were
intended to ornament.
In Germany the more rugged character of the people asserted
itself by transforming the designs so as to make it often difficult
to recognise their origin.
In England the Renaissance was less seriously felt, except in
very large and important works. The details were so scantily
ornamented, and the feeling so cold with which they borrowed
them, that England may be said to have been the least affected
by the style of any country in Europe, and to have lost much of
its beauty in consequence.
Italy, the great country of the Renaissance, was the one in
which it originated, and there it remained until the universal
decay of taste in Europe annihilated its beauty.
In the XVI. and XVII. centuries the style however travelled,
and the artists who built the Italian houses were in many cases
lent by the Prince or Pope, their employers, to the creators of
important buildings abroad. Thus it moved with the men who
UM-d it, and in this way England, last of all among civilised
nations, came to copy or assimilate as much as she could of the
PARNHAM. 13 1
Renaissance in architecture, and to embody it in the first place
in such buildings as exist still in the two Universities of Oxford
and Cambridge, and subsequently in the palaces built for
Henry VIII. , whose love of art, however, does not seem to
have arisen from his knowledge of, or from any personal appre-
ciation of it, but rather, perhaps, in a sort of rivalry with his
Continental contemporaries. The style thus introduced became
altered to suit the English tastes and habits, and, although losing
much of its original beauty, gained in other ways by adapting
itself to the domestic life of the people. Thus there were many
splendid houses built such as Knole, near Sevenoaks, and
Penshurst (in Kent), and Cobham, Hardwick, and Haddon (in
Derbyshire), Hatfield (in Herts), and many others still remaining,
though terribly disfigured by the hands of the recent restorer.
During the last century some hundreds of these splendid
examples of former magnificence have disappeared, mostly to
give place to the unmeaning adaptation of a Greek Temple,
with a fa9ade like the portico of a building originally designed
for heathen worship in a hot climate, neither the use nor the
climate having the least resemblance to our own.
Parnham, although a house of much less pretensions than those
' mentioned above, dates still earlier than most of them appear
to do.
In the time of Henry VII. it was a manor of the Strode family,
who owned a large part of Dorsetshire then and for long after-
wards. In the reign of Henry VIII. the Sir Robert Strode of
that date "re-edified and enlarged" the house and built the
present front very much as it now stands. He appears also to
have added a gate-house and a courtyard to the buildings, both
of which have since disappeared. At what time, or under what
circumstances these buildings were formed, or when they were
destroyed, there is unhappily no record to show. As it was left
in Henry VIII. 's reign so it remained until the end of the last
century, when, having passed by the marriage of the heiress and
last of the Strodes with .Sir William Oglander, of Nunwell, in the
Isle of Wight, it became a possession of this family, and at the
23 2 I'AKNUAM.
death of the last of the Oglanders it came to the present owner.
During the ownership of the Oglanders (about 1810) a certain
part of the old building was destroyed on the west side to make
room for some very unmeaning builder's Gothic work. This
part has, however, been altered so as to revive some of its
ancient beauty by harmonising it with the south-east front
remaining from Henry VIII. 's time.
A strict purist may possibly condemn this alteration as having
torn out a page of the history of the place and substituted
another for it ; nor can I defend myself from the charge without
comparing the present state of that side of the building with
the one it replaced.
There are occasions to which no general rule will apply, and
I believe the present is one of them. No one who is not an
expert could detect the alterations lately made, and then only by
comparing the colour of the stone used in the mullions of two
of the windows with that .of the older part of the building. Some
of the mullions put in recently have been made of stone worked
at the same date as the house, and are, therefore, identical with
them, so that no difference is discernible between those and the
older windows.
Previous to 1810 the Hall had been lighted both from the
eastern side, in which the windows remain, and from the western
one, where the windows only reached to about eight feet from
the floor, a pent roof on the side of the house, now occupied by
the dining-room, having filled the space beneath these windows
to the level of the garden on the outer wall. Their mullions
still remain buried in the brickwork, put into the wall to carry
the iloor of the room above the present dining-room. One
of these western windows has recently been opened, and the
mullions can be seen behind the silk above the panelling in
the dining-room. All the window mullions put in in 1810
had been constructed not of stone but of soft wood, and
had become absolutely rotten, whilst the stone windows put
there 150 years earlier remained perfectly sound.' Several
windows had been plastered up by the Oglanders in 1810 two
PAfeNHAAl. 233
in the parlour looking into the stable-yard, and the large eastern
windows in the drawing-room and bedroom over it. The two
windows in the oak parlour were filled up inside the glass in their
recesses with baulks of stone, but the other two window recesses
had been simply filled with lath and plaster inside the glass, so
that the stones were removed from the former recesses and the
plastering from the latter, and the windows remained intact as
they were at first built. Another piece of old work was revealed
by removal of plaster work papered over in 1810, which brought
the old buttery hatch to light in its original position, the door
even hanging, but crumbling to dust as it was opened after
ninety years of seclusion. The passage into which this opened
leads to the Great Hall, which in the Strodes' time was the
dining-room of the house.
In all these alterations the modern work was placed up against
the old without removing or disfiguring it in any way ; and it
appears to me that there was perfect justification for restoring the
ancient work, more particularly as the parts removed had no
claims of any kind to be considered as art productions they
consisted simply of lath and plaster, covered with paper.
The beauty of Parnham is greatly due to the perfectly Tudor
character of its architecture. In the Great Hall the Strode
windows remain with the Strode emblazonments in their original
glass from 1505 to 1703, and over the great chimney is a shield
with the quarterings of many of the Oglanders placed there in
1 8 10, whilst on the top of the screen are the arms of the
Robinsons, its present owners. It was, therefore, thought that
there would be no impropriety in putting a fine screen of the
actual date of the house in this hall in the position from which
one had evidently been removed by the Oglanders. And this
was done. The panelling also which originally adorned the
Great Hall is now to be found about other parts of the house ;
and preference was given to putting a series of panelling from a
Norfolk house of the same date as Parnham into the hall to
complete the restoration rather than to pulling the original down
from other rooms to place it in its original position.
ij4 I'ARNHAM.
This panelling was removed in 1810 and placed about the
passages and back staircase. It was thought, however, better
not to tear the passages to pieces in order to produce simply the
same effect. The dining-room was also built on to the western
wall of the house in 1810. It formed no part of the original
edifice, and, as it existed three years ago, was more like a whited
sepulchre than a room. It was a sort of double cube in shape,
with flat whited walls and ceiling, and three wooden mock Gothic
windows. There could be no impropriety in altering this and in
putting woodwork panelling inside the room with seats attached
to it. The wood sashes to the windows were also removed, and
were replaced with windows having stone mullions, brought, by
the permission of Lord North, from Wroxton Abbey. These
mullions date from the XVIIth. century, and have been contrived
so as to take the leadwork and the fine glass, painted with the
subject of St. George and the Dragon, formerly in Nonsuch
Palace, in Surrey, and which had been put there in the same
reign namely, that of Henry VIII. This room is thus lined
with Italian seats from the sacristy of a church outside Brescia,
and has a painted ceiling and a tiled chimney-piece, all about the
same date.
The library windows were treated in the same manner as those
of the dining-room, by the removal of the wooden sash frames
(much decayed) and the substitution of stone mullions in their
stead, the corner stone piers and the rest of the stonework being
left to receive the fresh mullions ; other small additions were
made to the room, but in most respects it remains as it was. In
the drawing-room the frieze is Italian, painted by Pietro del
Vaga, the artist who painted the ceilings and other work in the
Doria Palazzo at Genoa. This was removed from one of the
churches in Genoa between 1875 and 1880, and was bought by
the present owner of Parnham in 1887. The chimney-piece in
this room is formed of a fine Istrian marble frieze, brought from
a palace in Venice some years ago, and the opening of the fire-
place is lined with tiles from Kashan, in Persia. The south
windows also have been made to harmonise with the n-al
I'ARNHA.M. 235
window in the east end of the room one of the closed windows
already alluded to.
Here also hang the portrait of Cardinal Barberini, by
Domenichino, and the Paul Potter picture, formerly in the
possession of the Due de Pralin.
One of the most interesting rooms in the house is the one
already alluded to (the oak parlour) as having had the end
windows looking into the stableyard opened, and this was called
in the last century Sir Henry's business or smoking room. These
windows have probably never been renewed since the house was
" re-edified" in the reign of Henry VIII. , when they enlightened
men before the use of tobacco had clouded their intellects or
impaired their digestions. The panelling now adorning the room
came from the house in Norfolk before referred to, and was placed
here by the present owner. It has all the appearance to the ordi-
nary observer of having remained in situ since the room was built.
Over this oak parlour is the room known as Lady Maria's
room, now used as a boudoir or lady's morning room, containing
a suite of furniture, of Flemish origin, of inlaid marqueterie,
with a background of green silk for water-colour drawings. This
little room is the gem of the house.
The principal staircase, judging from its panelling, is of the
time of Charles the Second.
Many of the fire-places have tiles or azulejos, from Seville,
brought thence by the present owner, some of which were
removed from the sides of the patios of the Calle de las Duenas,
the Moorish Palace of the "Duke of Alba there.
In the gardens near the house are the yew hedges of former
days, and others have been added recently. Time alone is
needed to raise these last to the dignity befitting their position.
Fortunately grand trees still remain in the park (many even close
to the house), the necessary adjuncts to a house of the date and
character of Parnham. Many a noble structure suffers to-day,
standing like an isolated outcast, forlorn and desolate, left to
decay, as the result of its having been shorn of these surround-
ing beauties.
on
Jlppearcmceo of
of
of
IN DORSET DURING 1899.
., cm6
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A., F.E.S.
JHHE
(O. P. C.)
(H.J.M.)
(E. S. R.)
(G. H.)
(D. C.)
(S. C.)
(R. F. W.)
(E. J. B.)
names of those who have this year sent in returns
are as follows ; they are denoted in the Report by
initials :
(J. C. JVI.-P.) J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, What-
combe, near Blandford.
(N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte-
video, near Weymouth.
(E. R. B.) E. R. Bankes, Norden, Corfe
Castle.
Rev. O. P. Cambridge, Bloxworth Rectory.
H. J. Moule, Dorchester.
E. S. Rodd, Chardstock House, Chard.
G. Hibbs, Bere Regis.
D. Curme, Childe Okeford, near Blandford.
S. Creed, Coombe Farm, Sherborne.
Rev. Canon R. F. Wheeler, Haselbury Bryan
Rectory.
Rev. E. J. Bodington, Osmington Vicarage.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 237
NOTES ON RARE AND OTHER BIRDS IN 1899.
Very little has been recorded of interest. The few notes sent
in are given below. No rare birds appear to have been observed
this year.
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor}. Was
often heard and seen in Corfe Castle Rectory grounds all
through the spring and early summer, and most probably nested
there. (E. R. B.)
WRYNECK (lynx Torqm'lla). Much commoner at Corfe
Castle than they have been for many years past. (E. R. B.)
Nested at Osmington this year. (E. J. B.)
CUCKOO (Cuculus canorus}. Noticeably scarcer than I have
ever known them before, and the same was remarked to be the
case in other counties as well, and presumably it was the case
pretty generally throughout England. (E. R. B.)
NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus europ&us}. Much scarcer than I ever
remember them. (E. R. B., Corfe Castle.)
SWIFT (Cypselus apus). Numbers of swifts were seen on
June i passing over the heath from Bound Pond to Sturdy's
Lodge, from S.W. to N.E. (O. P. C., Bloxworth.)
vYiLD DUCK (Anas boscai). Owing to the mildness of the
winter our wild ducks and muscovy ducks began to lay in
January, 1899, a very early date for them. (E. S. R., Chard.)
STORMY PETREL (Procellan'a pelagica]. One was picked up
dead near to the S.W.R., about 3 miles W. of Chard Junction
station in September, evidently blown inland by the S.W. gales
that prevailed about that time. (E. S. R.)
NUTHATCH (Sitta cccsia]. One observed collecting small
acorns to store in January. (G. H., Bere Regis.)
BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula europcca}. A white variety seen on
several occasions. (G. H., Bere Regis.)
SAND-MARTIN (Cot He ripan'a.}. Many seen at a sand pit on
April 3rd, a warm day. On the weather becoming colder they
disappeared, but a quantity were seen again on April 20.
(G. H., Bere Regis.)
2j8 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
LINNET (Lino/a cannalina]. A perfectly white specimen was
seen with others of the natural colour. (G. H., Bere Regis.)
STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris). A nest of starlings was hatched
in the middle of February, and the old birds were seen going in
with food and the young ones heard for three days, after which
it is supposed that they died, as no more was seen or heard of
them. (S. C., Sherborne.)
SNIPE (Gallinago calestis). A large flight passed over the
Rectory grounds of Haselbury Bryan on Jan. 7. (R. F. \V.)
SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica). The swallows seemed not to be
so numerous as usual on their first arrival. The warm summer
and the abundance of insect food appeared to have a very
favourable influence on the hatching. They were very numerous
at the time of departure. One brood was observed to be hatched
out as late as the end of August, and very probably others were
also. (R. F. W., Haselbury Bryan.)
BLACK-CAP (S\'hia atricapilla). Seen and heard on March 16
at Osmington. (E. J. B.)
HEDGEHOG. On Nov. 16 one was running about the garden
and grunting. (N. M. R., Chickerell.)
Mr. E. S. Rodd, of Chard, sends the following note : " A
remarkably dry late spring and dry summer and autumn.
Pastures burnt up and water had to be carted miles for stock for
weeks. A good deal of thunder. On November 9 the weather
was wonderfully mild and the sun quite warm. A great year for
rabbits. A very early and abundant corn harvest. Up to
Christmas the weather was mild and dry generally, indeed one of
the driest and mildest Novembers ever known. About a fortnight
before Christmas we had a few days' frost an:l snow in the S. of
England and hunting was stopped for some days. Mild damp
\\vutln-r with alternate frosts ended the year 1899."
Canon Wheeler (Haselbury Bryan) sends the following notes
<>n wi-ather :
"February 7, 1899. Thunderstorm. Cyclone lasting five
minutes at 12.50 p.m. passed over a small part of the parish.
Ten apple trees were thrown down in our orchard, and damage
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 239
was done to the roofs and chimneys. The width of this path of
the cyclone was only a few yards, nor did it extend very far.
Feb. 12. Very strong gale. Trees uprooted.
Feb. 13. Strong gale. Thunder and hail at times.
Mar. 23. Heavy fall of snow."
Dr. Curme (Childe Okeford) records as follows :
" June 28. Heavy hailstorm : stones the size and shape
generally of marbles in. in diameter."
The lists of First Appearances, &c., are appended :
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-
INDEX TO VOLUME XXI. OF THE PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
sef ^laf uraC
&
fict6
By E. W. YOUNG.
Abbot's Dorsetshire, xxv.
Abies excelsa, 9.
Acauthodidas, Ixiv.
Acanthopteri, Ixi.
Aecipenser (Sturgeon), xlvii., lv., Iviii.,
Ixii., Ixiv.
Acland, Capt., xxiv., xxv.
JElfric, first Abbot of Ceriie, 159.
2Elfwold, Bishop of Sherbome, 159.
JEthelweord, Bishop of Sherbome, 159.
Aff puddle, xxii.
Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherbome, 194.
Alfred, King, xxi., 194.
Alington, Lord, 214.
American Cross, 169, 170, 208.
AmiidiB, lv., Ixii., Ixiv.
Amiurina, xlviii.
Anglo- Saxons, History of, xxv.
Aiiubis, 166.
Apep, 181, 182.
Apollo, 163, 164, 168.
Arapaima, xlviii,, xlix.
Arbor periclixion, 184, 187.
Arbutus unedo, 13.
Arctostaphylos alpinus 3.
uya-ursi, 11.
Armlet, xxii., xxiv.
Arrow Heads, xxiv.
Ashe (Devonshire), 220.
Aspidorhynchus, lix., lx., Ixv.
Aspredo, Ixi.
Asterolepis, Ivi.
Atlas flora, 14.
Ashmoleaii Museum, xxxix.
Astragalus Alpinus, 3.
Athelhamptoii, xxi.
Athelstaii, xxi.
Atlantis, 9.
Austen, R. A. C., 4.
Avebury, 151, 152, 156.
Baikal, Lake, xlviii.
Baker, E., 13.
J. G., 6, 13.
Rev. Sir Talbot, xxi., xxxviii.
Ball, J., 14.
Banks, Sir Joseph, 143.
Bankes, A., xxiv.
Canon, xxiv
E. R., 236.
John, 146.
Barbel, Ixiii.
Barclay, E., 152.
Barnes, Eev. W., 108.
Rev. W. Miles, xxv., xxxv.,
xxxvi., 109, 151.
Bamston, 221.
Baskett, Rev. C. R., xxiv.
Baxendale, Mrs., xxvi.
" Beal " (weasel), xxii.
Bede, Venerable, 194.
Beer Hackett, Church, 215.
Belonostomus, Ixv.
BetulaNana, 3, 11.
Bible, Early English, xxii., 193.
Authorized Version, 199, 201, 202.
Bishops', 200.
Breeches, 195, 199.
Coverdale's, 195.
Cranmer's, 198.
Crumwell's, 198.
Douai, 201.
Genevan, 200.
" Great He," 201,
" Great She," 201.
Matthew's, 197, 198.
Mazarine, 195.
Revised (New Testament), 202.
Rheiins (New Testament), 200,
Rogers, John, 191.
Taverner's, 198.
Translations of Aldhelm, (King)
Alfred, Bede, Caedmou,
Wycliffe, &c., 194.
Tyndale, 195.
Vinegar, 202.
" Whittingham's," 199.
"Bibliographer's Manual " (Lowucies),
xxv.
244
Birds, Fir>t Appearance of, 236.
Rare and ..tli.-r, in 1899,237.
Black Cap, 238.
Bullfinch, 2:57.
Cuckoo, 237.
Duck, Wild, 237.
Linnet, White, 238.
Nightjar, 23".
Nuthatch, 237.
ivtivl, 237.
Sand Martin, 237.
Snipe. 288,
Starling, 238.
Swallow, 238.
Swift, 237.
Woodpecker, Spotted, 237.
Wryneck, 237.
Blackrnore, Forest of, 218.
Blakemore, Forest of, 161.
Blakemore, Giles, 221.
Henry (Canon of Wells),
221.
Thomas, 221.
Blakiston, Hugh, xix.
Blenny, lx., Ixi.
Bodington, Rev. E. J., 236.
Bodley, John, 199.
Boulder Clay, 9, 11.
Boiling Rock, 189.
Hogdanow, M., 4.
Bos primigeiiius, 1 1 .
Bottle, Leather, xxiv.
Boulder Clay, 9, 11.
Bradford Abbas, 12.).
Brandis, xxiv.
Ill-ill, Ixii.
Bristol, Excursion to, in 1767, 143.
Natural Hist. Society, xxii.
British ASEOCII., Report, xxii., xxv.,
xxvii.
Bronze, Notes on, xx., xxii., 40.
Celtic and Roman bron/e
objects, Dorset-found, in
Dorset County Museum, 49
celts 49 socketed celts 53
daggers 54 spear heads 08
shields and helmets 59
pins 61 bracelets, armlets,
A:c., and rings of various
kinds, some for harness 63
rings of various kinds 70
elasps and buckles 73
brooches, Roman, 77
fibula-, Roman, 78 Miscel-
laneous S.~).
Browne, A. J. Jukes, xxv.
lliown, Sampson, 221.
Bryanston, 193.
Hryonia dioira. '.',.
Brymer, Rev. J. G., xxiv.
Buckland Newton, 20:1.
Biiekinan, Professor, 1 _.").
Buck iliaw, 222.
Butterflies, British, 22S.
i.dbury Castle, 204.
Carp, Ixii., Ixiii.
Cat-fish, Ixii.
Ciedmon, 194.
'i.laiuoichthys, lv., Ivii.
Cambridge, Col. J. Pickard, xxix.
F. O. Pickard, 21.
Rev. O. Pickard (Hon.
Treus.), xxiii., xxvi., 18,
150, 236.
Rev. R. J. Pickard, 19, 22.
2archarias, liii. _
Carcharodou, liii.
Carpenter, G. H., 18, 19, 22.
Carter, Mr., xxiv.
Castle Hill House, 204.
Caundle Marsh, Church, 21-5.
Caxton, 194, 195.
Cecil, Lord E., xxvii., xxxv., 15, 17.
Celtic, Tumuli, 188, Urn, xxiv.
Cephalaspidse, lv., Ixiv.
Ceratodus, xlviii., liv., Ixiv.
Ceme, Notes on Book of, xxii., 158.
Cestracion Philippi, xliv. lii.
Chafin, Mr. George, 1 14, 145.
Chalbury Rings, xxxv., 188.
Charles I., 193.
Chettle, 144.
Chimaeridse, 1., liv.
Christian Symbols :
Duplex, the, 169, 170, 208.
Lotus, the, 171, 172.
Octagon, the, 171.
Tail-Biting, 182.
Triquetra, the, 169.
Christ's College, Oxford, 198.
Chrysostom, 194.
Chub, Ixiii.
Churchill, John, 219.
Winston, 219.
Chum (" Plump"), xxiv.
Cicendia h'liforinis, 2.
Clavell, John, 221.
Clausilia Rolphii, 3.
Clematis Vitalba, 2.
Clypeaster ^Egyptiacus, xxv.
Coast Erosion, xxvii., xxx.
Cobham, (Derbyshire), 231.
Cobitidse, xlviii.
Coccosteidae, Ivii.
Cod, Ixi.
< 'ii'laeanthidse, Ivii.
Codex Alexandrmus, 193.
Coins, English, found at Rome, xxi.
Coif ox, W., xxviii.
Comacine Guild, 185, 186, 187.
Cook's Dorsetshire, xxv.
Coombs, Miss, xxv.
Coral Rag Rock, xxvii.
Cornish, Vaughan, xxvii.
Corrigiola littoralis, 2.
Covrr.lale, Myles, 11)5, 1%.
< '"X. < '!., lirot Chief Corn-table of Dor-
set, xxv.
Cradle, old oak, xxiv.
Cranborne Chase, 144.
Cranmer, 198.
Creed, S., 236.
Crichel, 146, 148.
Crickinay, G. E., 210.
Crockery, old, found in Dorset Cottages,
xxiv.
Crumwell, Sir Thomas, 198.
Crustacea,!!, Fossil, xx.
Cullifprd Tree Barrows, 190.
Cunningtou, E., xxiii., xxx., xxxv.,
154, 156, 157, 188, lyl,
203.
Kev. E., xxv.
Curme, D., 236.
Cyclostomi, xlvii.
Dace, Ixiii.
Dale, C. W., xxx., 218, 223.
Captain, 224.
E. R., 216.
Family, 214.
James Charles, 220, 225.
Dawkins, Professor Boyd, xxxix., xl.,
4, 5.
Devon and Cornwall Bank, gift from
Directors, xxiv.
Dewlish, 12.
Dipnoi, li., liii.
" Divi Britaimici," 220.
Dixoii-Galpiu, W., xxv.
Donisthorpe, Horace, 19, 20, 24.
Dorchester, xxi.
Mosaic, the (Olga Road),
163, 206, 207 (see also
illustration)
Political Squib, xxv.
Dorset Photographically Illustrated,
xxv.
Dory, John, Iviii.
Draba rupestris, 3.
Drake, Sir John, 220.
Dress, Lady's, xxiv.
Dungeon, or Dunset Camp, xxx.,
203.
Eastbury, Excursion to, in 1767, 143.
Eaton, Henry Storks, Ixx., 111.
Eel, conger, Ixiii.
electric, Ixiii.
sand, lx., Ixi.
Eggardon Hill, xxviii.
Egyptian Influence in Britain, 165, 166,
1, "0,207.
Egypt Exploration Fund, Publications,
xxv.
Elatmobranchii, xlix, lx.
Elephant, African, 5.
Elephas antiquus, 11.
nieridionalis, 12.
Elk, Irish, 11.
Elm Root, Curious, xxiii.
Elwes, Capt. G. R., xxii., xxiii., (Hon.
Trcus.), xxvi., xxjx., xxx.
Ensor, Dr., xxv.
Erica arborea, 15.
ciliaris, 2.
codonodes, 15.
lusitanica, 1, 14, 15, 17.
polytrichifolia, 15.
Eternity, Symbol of, 177, 180.
Ethelrede, St., 160.
Ethewold, Bishop of Worcester, 159.
Euphorbia hyberna, 13.
Evans, W., 9, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 39.
Every, John, Monument, 216.
Faroe Island, 8, 9.
" Fay " (" succeed" or " do 1 '), xxii.
Fearon, Rev. Dr., xxxi.
Filleul, Rev. S. E. V., xxiii.
Financial Report, xxiii.
Fir, Scotch ( Pinus Si/lrcstris), 8, 9.
spruce (Abies cxccha), 8, 9.
Fish, xlii.
Flail, xxivr
Flat-fish, Ixi.
Flints, worked, xxiii., xxiv.
Flora, British, influence of climatic and
geological changes upon, xxii.
Flower, Sir Henry, xli.
Floyer, G. W., xxii.
Foft'ordeston (now Forston), 211.
Folke, Church, 215.
Forbes, F. H., 204.
Professor E., 2, 3, 5,9, 10, 13.
Fordingbridge pottery, 203.
Fordington Field, xxiv.
Forest-bed (Cronier), 9, 11, 12.
Franklin, Benjamin, 202.
Frey, 208.
Fylfot, the, or Swastika, in Britain,
166, 167, 168, 171.
Galpin, Rev. F., xxv.
Ganoids, xliv., xlvi., xlviii, xlix, li.,
liv., Iviii., Ixv.
Garrisons in the Romano- British
Period, 163, 168.
Genoa, Via Nuova at, 229.
Gentiana Pneumouauthe, 3.
Gervais, M., 7.
Gilbert, Bishop of Enaghdune, 159.
Gillingham Forest, Boundaries of, 161.
Glacial Age, xxviii., 3, 6, 9, 10, 11.
Glandtield, Joane, 217.
Glanville, Geoffrey de, 211.
Henry de, 211,222.
Henry de, Sir, 211.
John de (1275), 211.
John de (1350), 212.
Ranulphde, 211.
Sibylla, 211.
William, 211.
Glanville-Richards, W. U. S., 212.
Glyn, Sir R., xxv.
Goathill Church, 215.
"Gog and Magog," xxx., 218.
" Golden Legend," 195.
Gould, Mr., xxiv.
Gray, Asa, 11, 16.
Greatley, Synod, xxi.
Greeks, the, 165, 170, 176, 207.
Greenland. N.
Grenville, Mrs., 143.
Groves, T. B., xxiv., xxix.
Gudgeon, Ixiii.
<; id t : - weed, 9.
(lyiodus, lix., Ixv.
Bidden (Derbyshire), 231.
Hull. Sii-R. C., 106.
Mr., 191.
Hampshire Field Club, Proceedings,
xxii.
Handcuffs, xxiv.
Hiiii:-t'i>rd, C., xxv.
Hani wick (Derbyshire), 231.
Hardy, Thomas, xxii.
HartsfootLaiie, 2-22.
Hattield (Herts), 231.
Haydon Church, 215.
Headbourne Walley Church, xxxiii.
Henley, Barbara, Lady, 216.
Henmngs of Poxwell, xxxvi.
Heury, Bishop of Enaghduue, 160.
Hermitage, Church, 21").
Hibbs, G., 236.
Higgs, A. C., xxv.
Hiltield Church, 21.5.
Histionotus, Ixv.
Hod Hill, xxiv.
Hogg, B., xxii., xxiv.
Holnest Church, 21").
Holwall, Walter, 217.
Holwell, Church, 21(5.
Holwel, William, 221.
" Holy Rood," its decoration, 177.
Holy Trinity, London, l!)S.
Hooker, Sir Joseph, 3, 10, 14, 16.
Horns, 166.
Horseshoes, Roman ('r), xxii, 137.
Horton, 147.
Hudleston, W. H., xxvii., xxxv.
Huntingdon, Francis Hastings, Earl of,
Henry., Earl of, 219.
Hutchins' " Dorset," 150.
Iceland, 8.
Ichthyodorulites, lii.
Implements, Neolothic, xxviii.
Insects, First Appearance of, 236.
Intrecci :
Magical, 183.
Meander, 171.
I'liyllimiiirphii-, 184.
<^uadrnplex, 174.
Skriioniorph of Basketry, I'd.
7x>oiii.i-phi.-, 177, 17N, 17'., 183.
Inula cony/a, 3.
Iri-h ChorohflS, 186.
Cross, is:>.
Illuminated manuscripts, IS:;, _>()<).
I-uiah, Book of, Latin MS. .,f ):;th
irntiirv, xxii., I'.ll.
I-K 1C,.-),' IC.fi, 1(17.
.1 aii ili, F., xxiv.
Javelin Head, xxiv.
Joscelyn de Bohun, 159.
Kent, W. D., xxxv.
King, Rev. John, 217.
King's Stag, 221.
Kingston Hall, 146.
Knole (Sevenoaks), 231.
Kuox, John, 199.
Kuypers, Dom:, 161.
Larrma cornubicus (Porbeagle), lii.
Lamp stand, iron, xx.
Lampreys (Cyclostomi) , xliv., xlvii.
Lancelet (Amphioxus), xliv., xlvi.,
xlvii.
Lartet, M., 7.
Legionary ' Ensigns, Roman, of Solar
significance, 171, 172.
Leigh, Mrs., Monument of, 214.
" Lepidoptera of Dorset," 228.
Lepidosiren, xlvi., liv., Ixiv.
Lepidosteus, xlii., xlviii., xlix., lv.,
Ivii., Ixv.
Lepidotida?, Ivii.
Lilliugton, Church, 215.
Linum perenne, 3, xxiii.
Lima Gigantea, xxii.
Loach, Ixiii.
Loddon, 190.
Lollards, 194.
Lombard Kings, the, 186.
Long Burton, 215, 216.
Lophobranchii, Ixi.
Lotus derivatives, 170, 171, 172, 17",
207, 208.
Lotus hispidus, 2.
Lusitaniau Flora, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14.
Lydlinch, 221.
Lynx, 5.
Lytchett Heath, 15, 17.
Mackerel, xlviii.
Maiden Castle, 188, 203, 204.
Mammoth, 5, 6, 11.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C. (President),
xxii., xxiii., xxvi., xxvii., 1, 125, 147,
236.
March, Dr. Colley, xx., xxviii., xxx.,
xxxv., Ixx., 4, 151, 162, 205.
Marlborough, Great Duke of, 218, 220.
Marriott, Sir W., 202.
Marriott- Smith, Col., xxv.
Mayo, Rev. Canon C. H., xxx., 210.
Medford, Richard, Bishop of Salisbury,
160.
Medhurst, Mr., 191.
Megalosaurus Bucklandi, casts of, xx.
Mendicago denticulata, 2.
Merchant Adventurers of Antwerp, 198.
Mesodon, lix.
Meteorite, xxvii.
Meteren, Jacob van, 196.
Mirrodon, lix.
Millrr, Hugh, Ivi., Ivii.
Milton Abbey, xxi.
Mithraic cult, 163, 164, 165, 171.
247
Miocene Age, 12.
Monteacute, Henry Pole, Lord, 219.
Simon de, 219.
William de, Earl of
Sarum, 219, 221.
Moore, Mr., xxv.
More, Robert (of Marnhull), 212.
Sir Thomas, 194.
Moreton Church, xxxvii.
House, xxxvii.
Mortevaus, Roger de, Bishop of Salis-
bury, 160.
Mortival, Roger de, Bishop of Salis-
bury, 160.
Mosaic Pavements, 162, 206.
Moule, H. J., xx., xxii., xxiii., 20, 40,
105, 188, 236.
Muraenidag, Ixiii.
Murray, Andrew, 7, 9.
Museum, Dorset County, xxiii, 49.
Musical Instruments, Ancient, xxv.
Myosurus Minimus, 3.
Myriacanthus, li.
Najas marina, 12.
National Trust for Places of Historic
Interest, &c., Sub- Committee for
Dorset, xix., xxi., xxx.
Neolithic Stone Implements, xxviii.
Newburghs, 212.
Newgate, 198.
Newland Manor, 218, 221.
Newland, Over, farmhouse, 221.
Newton Monteacute, 220.
Nicholson, Mr., 20, 21, 22.
Nisbett, Mr., xxxiii.
Norway, 8.
Notidanus, li.
Nunwell(I. of W.), 231.
Oglander, Sir William, 231.
Onchus, lii.
Ophiopsis, Ixv.
Osiris, 165, 166, 175.
Osteolepis, Ivii.
Ostracion, xlii.
Oxalis comiculatus, 2.
Palseouiscidae, Iv.
False ospinax, 1.
Papal (Clement V.) seal, xxviii.
Pamham, 229.
Architecture of, 231.
Patriarch of Constantinople, 194.
Peacock, as a symbol, 174, 184,
187.
Peacocke, Rev. E. A. W., 20, 24, 25.
Pecten, xx., xxiii.
Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 198.
Peiishurst (Kent), 231.
Perceval, S. G.Esq., 143.
Perch, Ixi.
Peter's Pence, xxi.
Phoenician Colonisation, xxxv., 154.
Pholidophorus, Ixv.
Photographic Survey of Dorset, xxv.
Pike, xlvi., Ixiii.
Piuus maritima, 9.
sj-lvestris, 8, 9.
Pitt- Rivers, General, xxxix.
Placodermi, Ivi., Ixiv., Ixv.
Plants, First Flowering of, 236.
Plants found at St. Minver, Cornwall,
and Bradford Abbas, Dorset, 125,
Found at S. Minver, absent at
Bradford Abbas, 127 Maritime plants
found at S. Minver, absent from
Bradford Abbas, 129 found at Brad-
ford Abbas, absent at S. Minver, 129
?lants which occur in both places,
32.
Pleistocene Age, 3, 4, 5, 8.
Pliocene Age, 4, 12.
Pocket Pistol, old, xxiv.
Pole, Sir Richard, 219.
Polycarpoii tetraphyllum, 2.
Polypterus, Iv., Ivii.
Pomegranates, xx.
Pope, Alfred, xx., Ixx., 105.
J. A., xxiii.
Postumus, " Emperor of Gaul," 205.
Poundbury, 188, 190.
Poxwell, Circle, xxxv., 150.
Manor House, xxxv., xxxvi.
Preston Mosaic, 205 (see illustration
also)
Preston Beach, effects of storm, xxix.
Prideaux, C. S., 20.
Pridham, Mrs., xxiv.
Protopterus, liv., Ixiv.
Pteraspidae, Ixiv., Ixv.
Pterichthys, Ivi.
Pycnodontidae, Iviii., Ixv.
Pycnodus, Ixv.
Pygaster semisulcatus, xxii.
Quarrel Heads, xxiv.
Ra, 169, 181, 182.
Rainfall, in Dorset in 1899, 111;
Observers' Notes, 113 ; Tables
monthly depth, 118; rainfall in 1899,
120 ; average monthly rainfall, 122 ;
temperature, &c., at Winterborne
Steepleton, 123 ; rainfall on days of
thunderstorm and of heavy rain, 124.
Rails, Mr., xxiv., xxviii.
Ray, xlix.
Reade, Capt. J. E., 25.
Red Crag, 3.
Red-deer, 11.
Reid, Clement, 4, 5, 9, 13.
Reindeer, Caribou, 5, 7.
" Reliquary Quarterly Archaeological
Journal and Review," 150.
Renaissance, architecture of, 231.
Richardson, Nelson M. (Hon. Sec.),
xxii., xxvi., 193, 236.
Rickards, Capt. Arthur, xx., xxii., xxv.,
xxvii., 137.
Ridgeway, xxiv.
Barrows, 190.
Rimbury, 188, 191.
2 is
Robinson, Vincent J., 229.
Kodd, E. S., 236.
Hog-r, Sir Henry Fitx, 197.
Ui.^Ts, John, 193, 197, I'.'S.
Rinnan I'aveinent (South Street,
Dorchester), xxiv. (Olga
I load, Dorchester) xxiv.,
xxv. (Preston) xxxv.
Pottery, 203, 201.
Quern, 203, 204.
Roman Legions in Britain, their com-
position, 163, 171.
Roundchiinneys, xxx., 218, 220 ; Royal
Manor, 22 L
Rubia peregriiia, 2.
Rules, Alteration of, xxvii.
Ryall, Mr., xxiv.
Sahara, 204.
Salmon, xlvi.
St. Margaret Moyses, rector of, 198.
St. Minver (Coniwall), 125.
St. Pancras, prebend of, 198.
St. Sepulchre, vicar of , 198.
Salix cinerea, 1 1 .
Sarum, Alice, Countess of, 219
John, Earl of, 219.
Margaret, Countess of, 219.
Thomas, Earl, of 219.
Sargassum bacciferum, 10.
vulgare, 10.
Saxifraga Geum, 13.
umbrosa, 13.
Scandinavian Flora, 3.
Scaphirhynohus, lv., Iviii.
ScopelidiE, Ixii.
Scyllidae, Dog-fish, lii.
Selachii, liv., Ixv.
Serapis, 163, 165, 166.
Setaria verticillata, 1, 14, 16.
Shaf tesbury, xxi.
Sliark, xlix.
blue, liii.
hammer- headed, liii.
Sherborne, Minster, Buckler's Engrav-
ing, xxv.
" Weekly Entertainer," xxv.
Short, Mrs., xxiv.
Sibbaldia procumbens, 3.
Sigurd, 179.
Siluridae, xlvi., Ixii, Ixv.
Sime, H. D., xxv.
Simon of Ghent, 160.
Slater, Mr., xxv.
Smith, F. P., 18, 19, 21, 23.
Solar Cult, 163.
symbols, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173,
17").
birds, 170.
duplex, 169, 170, 208.
glory, 170, 172, 207.
o^uaaruplex, 17").
simplex, 170.
triplex, 17;").
wheel, 208, 209.
Sole, Ixii.
Solenorhynchus, Ixi.
Solly, Rev. H. S., xxviii.
Somerset Archii'ological Society, Pro-
ceedings, xxvii.
Spatularia, lv.
Spartina alterniflora, 16.
stricta, 16.
Townsendi, 1, 14, 16.
Sphaerodus gigas, lix.
Spiders, New and Rare British, xxiii.,
18 List of new and rare, found in
1899, 19 descriptions of the new
genera and species, 26.
Spitsbergen, 8.
Spoon, Brass or latten, xxiv.
Squatina, li.
Stephens, R. Darell, 125.
Sting- fish, 1.
Stock Gaylard, Church, 215.
Stoke Abbot, xxiv.
Stone, W. Boswell, xxv.
Stoneheuge, 151, 152, 153, 156,
15".
Strahan, Mr., 108.
Strode Family, 231.
Sturt, Humphry, 146, 147.
Sword-fish, Ixi.
Tail-biting, symbol, 180.
Tamus coinmunis, 3.
Tarrant Gunville, 144.
Taylor, Dr., 153.
Teleostei, xliv., xlvi., xlix., liv., Iviii.,
lx., Ixiv., Ixy.
TesseraB, their arrangement and
material, 206.
" Thomas Matthew," xxii., 196.
Thrush's Nest, xxii., xxiii.
Tilley, M. H., xxiii.
Tope, liii.
Torpedo, 1., Ixiii.
Trackway, Ancient British, discovered
at Dorchester, xx., 105 another sup-
B)sed trackway previously struck at
orchester, 108.
Triangles, as a symbol, 173, 208.
Tunis, 13.
Turbot, Ixii.
Twillow, Henry, 160.
Tyudale, 195.
Lppill, John, xxiv.
Upwey, 16.
Vase, the, as a symbol, 173, 174.
Veronica alpina, 3.
Via Iceniana, 106.
Wallace, Dr. A. Russell, 11
Warburton, Cecil, 23, 24, 25.
Wareham, xxi.
Wame, Charles, 105, 190, 19 1 .
Wanie's " Ancient Dorset," 105, 190,
191.
Wan-en, W. T., xxxii.
Wasp's Xi-st, xxiii.
Watson, H. C., 1.
249
Waugh, Rev. W. R., xx., xxii., xxiii.,
xxix.
Webb, E. Doran, xxii., 158.
Wellman, Dr. Simon, 220.
West Hall, 217.
Weyden, Adriana de, 198.
Weymouth, Member for, 220.
" Observations on Sea
Bathing," xxv.
Wheeler, Eev. Canon, 236.
White Hart, 213, 221.
Williams-Freeman, Rev. H. P., xxii.,
xxiii.
Wimborne, xxiv.
Winchester, xxxi., History of, xxxii.
Cathedral, xxxiii.
County Hall, xxxi.
City Cross, xxxi.
College, xxxi.
Guildhall Museum, xxxii.
Hall, xxxi.
St. Cross Hospital, xxxiii.
Winchester, West Gate, xxxi.
Wittenburg, 198.
Wolvesey Castle, xxxii.
Woodward, A. Smith, Iviii.
Wootton Glanville, xxx., History of,
228.
Battle, fought at, 222.
Bells, 217.
Chantry, 212.
Communion plate, 217.
Church, xxx., 210.
Manor, 218, 219.
Manor House, xxx., 223.
china, 223.
Eictures, &c., 224.
isects, lepidoptera,
birds, &c., at, 225.
Register, 216.
Wootton North, Church, 215
Wycliffe, 194.
Zoarces viviparus, Ixi.
DA
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Dorset Natural History and
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