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PROCEEDINGS 


OP  THE 


26th  NOVEMBER,  1903,  TO  29th  JUNE,  1905. 


SECOND   SERIES,  VOL.  XX. 


LONDON : 

FEINTED   BY  J.   B.   NICHOLS   A.ND   SONS,  FOR 

THE    SOCIETY    OF    ANTIQUARIES, 

BURLINGTON    HOUSE. 


DA 


v, 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PAGE 

Remains    of   Monumental    Brass    of    John   Moore   in    York 

Minster         -                                                    -       (Plate  facing)  4 
Bronze  Sun-Chariot,  found  in  Trundholm  Moss,  Zealand 

(Plate  facing)  6 

Bronze  Horse  in  the  Collection  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  7 

Design  of  the  front  of  the  Trundholm  disc   -  8 

Design  of  the  back  of  the  Trundholm  disc    -  8 

Irish  Sun-disc  on  car  (restored)  -         -  9 

Bronze  Sun-disc  from  Ireland      -  9 

Gold  Foil  from  Sun-disc  found  in  Ireland    -                             -  10 

Gold  Disc  from  Kilmuckridge,  co.  Wexford                             -  11 

Winterton  Church  Tower,  Lincolnshire         -  22 
Winterton  Church    Tower.      Details   of    early   masonry  on 

south  side     -         -                             -                                       -  23 
Anglo-Saxon     Silver     Ornaments    found     at     Trewhiddle, 

Cornwall,  in  1774                              -          -      (Plate  facing)  47 

Silver  Chalice  found  at  Trewhiddle,  Cornwall      -  49 
Part  of    Bronze  Collar  from   Lochar  Moss,  Dumfries ;    and 

Enamelled  Bronze  Ring  from  Bapchild,  Kent 

(Plate  facing)  57 

Enamelled  Bronze  Ring  from  the  Fay  vim      -                             -  57 

Silver  Death 's-Head  Spoon,  1655-6      -  61 

The  Castellani  and  Towneley  Brooches         -      (Plate  facing)  65 

Jewel  from  Cross  of  King  Agilulf                   ...         -  67 

Floriated  Cross    *  69 

Coptic  Silk  Medallion.  72 

Conventional  Tree  Designs  -                         •    -  77 

Two  Roman  Gold  Bars  from  Egypt      -                                       -  91 

Silver  Figure  of  a  Sphinx    -  98 

Cartorche  of  Sequenen-Ra  on  figure  of  a  silver  sphinx-         -  99 

Silver  Figure  of  Tehuti  or  Thoth          -----  101 


PAGE 

Silver  Figure  of  the  Goddess  Bast 

Silver  Figure  of  An-heru 

Silver  Figure  of  Taurt, 

Silver  Figure  of  a  Kneeling  King  or  Prince 

Cloth  and  Pins  forming  part  of  a  Charm      -                             -  155 

Incised  Leaden  Grave-cross  found  at  Southampton 

(Plate  facing}  169 
Iron  Ingots  from  Switzerland 
Iron  Bars  used  as  Currency 

Bronze  Weight  found  at  Neath,  Glamorganshire                      -  189 

Basalt  Weight  in  the  Mayence  Museum        -                             -  189 

Flint  Implement  from  Hill  Top,  Midhurst  -                             -  199 

Flint  Implement  found  at  Fittleworth,  Sussex      .                    -  200 

Flint  Implement  found  at  Coates,  Sussex     -                             -  202 

Silver-gilt  Cup  from  Babbacombe  Church,  Devon                    -  208 
Fourteenth-centm-y  Bridge  at  Claypole,  Lines. 

(Plate  facing)  210 

Late-Celtic  Antiquities  found  at  Colchester      (Plate  facing)  213 
Maze  from  a  Roman  Mosaic  Pavement  found  at  Harpham, 

Yorks.                                                                                          -  217 
Cast-iron  Grave  Slab  in  Rotherfield  Church,  Sussex 

(Plate  facing)  220 
Painted  Wooden    Memorial   Tablet  in  Adderbury  Church, 

Oxon                                                                -     (Plate  facing)  221 

Dagger  found  in  London       -                                                           -  230 

Spurs  found  in  London                                       -     (Plate  facing)  232 

Antiquities  found  in  London                               -     (Plate  facing)  234 

Swedish  Painted  Cloth                                       -     (Plate  facing)  241 

Crucibles  from  Rhodesia      -                                       -  243 

Italian  Bronze  Vessel                                         -     (Plate  facing)  266 

Part  of  a  Roll  of  Norfolk  Swan-marks           -     (Plate  facing)  277 
Portions  of  a  Roll  of  Norfolk  Swan-marks 

(Plate  between)  278  and  279 

Bronze  Rim  of  a  Roman  Bucket  found  in  Spain            -         -  291 

Lambeth  Salt-cellar  of  the  Company  of  Parish-Clerks,  1644  313 

*Mano  Pantea  found  at  Tusculum  in  1903    -         -         -         -  324 

Mano  Pantea  found  near  Gaeta    -                   ....  325 

*  The  Society  is  indebted  to  Mr.  F.  T.  Elworthy,  F.S.A.,  for  the  loan  of 
this  illustration. 


PAGE 

*Terra-cotta  Hand  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum     -                  -  326 
*  Roman  open-hand  Standards  from  the  Columns  of  Antoninus 

and  Trajan  -                                    -                                    -  327 

*Mano  Pantea  found  at  Herculaneum  -         -                            -  329 

Disco  Sacro  in  the  British  Museum     -                                     -  332 

*Mano  Pantea  from  the  Payne  Knight  Collection                  -  333 
Bronze  Armlet  said  to  have  been  found  in  Furness,  Lanes. 

(Plate  facing)  335 

Roman  Bronze  Plaque  found  at  Sandy,  Beds.       ...  340 

Bronze  Pins  found  in  the  Thames  at  Hammersmith     -         -  345 

Bronze  Ring- headed  Pin      -                                      ...  346 

Cast-bronze  Pin,  Ness,  Caithness                              -                  -  347 

Bronze  Pin,  Keady  Mount,  co.  Derry  -  348 

Ibex-headed  Pin,  Sandy,  Beds.     -                                               .  349 

Pottery  Vase,  Sandy,  Beds.                                       .                   -  349 

Bronze  Pin,  Ireland     -                                                                  -  349 

Bronze  Pin  of  Hand-type,  Moresby,  Cumberland  -                   -  349 

Enamelled  Pin,  Craigy  warren  Bog,  co.  Antrim     ...  353 

Enamelled  Pin,  Clogher,  co.  Tyrone     ...  353 

Incised  Silver  Pin  and  detail  of  front  -                                       -  353 

Stone  in  Stanbridge  Churchyard,  Beds.        -                             -  355 

Coffin  Lid  in  Milton  Bryan  Church,  Beds.    -                            -  356 


*  The  Society  is  indebted  to  Mr.  F.  T.  Elworthy,  F.S.A.,  for  the  loan  of 
these  illustrations. 


CORRIGENDA. 

Page  33,  line  20, 

For  "  James."  read  "  John." 

Page  61,  title  of  illustration, 

For  "  1655-6,"  read  "  1670-1." 

Page  62,  lines  27-33, 

For  the  description  of  the  marks  on  the  spoon,  substitute: 

"  The  first  is  the  York  date-letter,  a  courthand  0  for 
the  year  1670-1.  The  second  is  the  maker's  mark,  two 
letters  with  a  dot  above  them  within  a  heart-shaped 
sinking.  The  second  letter  is  M,  the  first  was  almost 
certainly  T,  and  the  mark  is  that  of  Thomas  Mangy,  a 
well-known  York  silversmith.  The  third  is  the  York 
mark,  the  dimidiated  fleur-de-lys  and  leopard's  head." 

Page  72,  title  of  illustration, 

For  "  Celtic,"  read  "  Coptic." 


PKOCEEDINGS 


OF    THE 


SOCIETY   OP  ANTIQUARIES 

OF  LONDON. 


SESSION  1903—1904. 


Thursday,  26th  November,  1903. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  PRESIDENT  called  attention  to  a  recent  Resolution  of 
the  Society  (on  8th  January,  1903)  protesting  against  the 
proposed  destruction  of  the  church  of  All  Hallows  Lombard 
Street,  in  the  City  of  London,  and  appealing  to  the 
parishioners  to  withhold  their  assent  to  any  scheme  that 
would  involve  its  demolition. 

He  was  now  able  to  report  with  satisfaction  that  at  a 
recent  meeting  a  very  large  majority  of  the  parishioners  had 
voted  against  such  a  scheme,  and  the  church  might  now  be 
looked  upon  as  saved. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Compiler,  Kev.  Edwin  Burton  : — Catalogue  of  books  in  the  libraries 
at  St.  Edmund's  College,  Old  Hall,  Ware,  printed  in  England,  and  of  books 
written  by  Englishmen,  printed  abroad,  to  the  year  1640.  8vo.  Ware, 
1902. 

From  Lt.-Col.  W.  E.  Sharp  : 

1.  Observations  on  certain  ancient  pillars  of  memorial  called  hoar-stones. 
By  William  Hamper,  (With  copious  MS.  additions.)  4to.  Birming- 
ham, 1820. 

VOL.  XX.  A 


2  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1903, 

2.  Collections  on  Runic  Inscriptions.     (With  MS.  additions.)     By  William 

Hamper,  F.S.A.    4to.    n.p.     1823,  etc. 

3.  Various  Archaeological  Papers  by  William  Hamper,  F.S.A.     (With  MS. 

notes  and  additions.)    4to.    n.p.     1817,  etc. 

4.  Observations  on  certain  Pillars  of  Memorial  called  Hoar-stones.      By 

William  Hamper,  F.S.A.    4to.    London,  1832. 

From  the  Author  : — A  Memorandum  giving  a  Short  Account  of  the  Byzantine 
Capitals  placed  in  the  Church  of  the  Wisdom  of  God,  Lower  Kingswood. 
By  Edwin  Freshfield,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.  Fol.  n.p.  n.d. 

From  the  Earl  of  Crawford,  K.T.,  F.S.A.  : — Bibliotheca  Lindesiana,  Collations 
and  Notes.  No.  7.  Catalogue  of  a  Collection  of  1500  Tracts  by  Martin 
Luther  and  his  contemporaries,  1511-1598.  Privately  printed.  4to.  n.p. 
1903. 

From  the  Author,  E.  A.  Webb,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  The   Church    of   St.   Bartholomew  the   Great,  West    Smithfield :    its 

Foundation,    Present    Condition,    and    Funeral    Monuments.      8vo. 
London,  1902. 

2.  Views  of  the  Ancient  Priory  Church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great, 

West  Smithfield,  with  Notes  by  E.  A.  Webb.     Obi.  8vo.     Oswestry, 
n.d. 

3.  A  Guide  to  the  Churches  of  Cbislehurst.     8vo.    London,  1901. 

From  the  Ven.  D.  R.  Thomas.  M.A.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  The  Life  and  Work  of  Bishop  Davies  and  William  Salesbnry,  with  an 

account    of    Some    Early    Translations    into    Welsh    of     the    Holy 
Scriptures,  etc.     8vo.     Oswestry,  1902. 

2.  A    History  of    the    Diocese    of    St.    Asaph,   general,    cathedral,    and 

parochial.    By  Ven,  D.  R.  Thomas.    8vo.    London,  1874. 

3.  Y  Cwtta  Cyfarwydd  :    <;  The  Chronicle  written  by  the  famous   clarke, 

Peter  Roberts."    8vo.    London,  1883. 

From  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  LL.D.,  F.S.A. : — The  Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the  People 
of  England.  By  Joseph  Strutt.  Enlarged  edition.  4to.  London,  n.d. 

From  the  India  Office : — Sand-buried  Ruins  of  Khotan.  By  M.  Aurel  Stein. 
8vo.  London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  :  — Materials  for  a  History  of  Moulton.  By  S.  J.  Madge.  8vo. 
Northampton,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — Britain's  Burse,  or  the  New  Exchange.  By  T.  N. 
Brushfield,  M.I).,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — Roman  Roads  in  Britain.  By  Thomas  Codrington.  8vo. 
London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — Cup-marks  as  an  Archaic  Form  of  Inscription.  By  J.  H. 
Rivett-Carnac,  C.I.E.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Hertford,  1903. 

From  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  V.P.S.A.  : 

1.  Illustrierter  Fiihrer  durch  das  Provinzialmuseum  in   Trier.     Von  Prof. 

Dr.  Felix  Hettner.     8vo.    Trier,  1903. 

2.  Der  Dom  zu  Meissen  sein  Bau  und  seine  Geschichte.     Von  Domprediger 

Korner.     8vo.    Leipsic,  n.d. 

From  the  Author  :  -Chester,  a  Historical  and  Topographical  Account  of  the  City. 
By  B.  C.  A.  Windle.  8vo.  London,  1903. 


Nov.  26.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  3 

From  the  Author  :— A  Catalogue  of  the  Muniments  at  Kirklees.     By  Sir  Geonre 
J.  Armytage,  Bart.    Privately  printed.    8vo.    n.p.     1900. 

From   the  Author  :-History  of  the  Parishes  of  Roxton  and  Great  Barford 
Bedfordshire.     By  Rev.  Carleton  Greene.    8vo.    Bedford,  1903. 

Fromthe  Author  :— "  Souvenir  Normand."    Note  sur  le  chateau  de  Hastings 
Par  Charles  Dawson,  F.S.A.     8vo.     Uckfield,  [1903]. 

From  the  Author,  Robert  Day,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  Silver  chalice  of  Baltimore  Parish  Church. 

2.  Cup-marked  monolith,  co.  Cork. 

3.  The  medals  of  the  Irish  Volunteers. 

4.  Silver  medal  of  the  Royal  Irish  Constabulary.     8vo.    n.p.     1903. 

From  the  Author  :— A  Solution  of  the  Gcrgon  Myth.  By  F.  T  Elworthv 
F.S.A.  8vo.  Westminster,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Round  Church  and  Earl's  Bu  of  Orphir,  Orkney.  By 
A.  W.  Johnston,  F.S.A.  Scot.  8vo.  Coventry,  1903. 

From  the  Author,  the  Vicomte  Aveneau  de  la  Granciere  : 

1.  Le  prchistorique  et  les  epoques   Gauloise,  Gallo-Romaine  et  Merovin- 

gieune  dans  le  centre  de  la  Bretagne-Armoriqne.    8vo.    Vannes,  1903. 

2.  Les  villages  preromains  en  Bretagne-Armorique.     8vo.     Saint  Brienc 

1902. 

3.  Notes  d'archeologie  romaine.     Quelques  statuettes  de  bronze  int-dites. 

8vo.     Vannes,  1901. 

From  J.  E.  Pritchard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  The  Correspondence  of  Sir  John  Gordon,  Bart.,  of  Invergordon.    8vo. 

Edinburgh,  1835. 

2.  Memorial  Records  of  the  Curlings  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet.     Collected  by 

Robert  Curling.     Privately  printed.     8vo.    London,  1886. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Spencers  of  Bedfordshire.  By  Rev.  John  Holding. 
8vo.  Leeds,  n.d. 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  on  the  orientations  and  certain  architectural  details 
of  the  old  churches  of  Dalkey  Town  and  Dalkey  Island.  By  J.  P.  O'Reilly. 
8vo.  Dublin,  1903. 

From  Max  Rosenheim,  Esq.  : — Der  Kreuzgang  des  Stiftes  Neumiinster  zu 
Wiirzburg.  (Six  photographs.) 

From  the  Author  : — An  Inventory  of  the  Jewels,  Ornaments,  Vestments,  etc. 
belonging  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Michael's  Mount,  Cornwall.  By  II.  M. 
Whitley.  8vo.  n.p.,  n.d. 

From  the  Author  : — Memorial  Brasses  in  Hertfordshire  Churches.  By  W.  F. 
Andrews.  (Second  edition.)  8vo.  Ware  and  London,  1903. 

From  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  V.P  S.A.  : — An  engraved  portrait  of  himself, 
from  a  painting  by  A.  S.  Cope. 

From  T.  C.  Hughes,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Nine  photographs  of  a  sculptured  stone 
cross  recently  discovered  at  Lancaster. 

From  Professor  A.  H.  Church,  D.Sc.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.  :— A  photograph  of  a  stone 
with  sculptured  cross  and  Ogham  inscription  at  Aboyne,  Deeside. 

Z 


4  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1903, 

The  Right  Hon.  William  Thomas,  Lord  Bolton,  was  proposed 
as  a  Fellow,  and  his  election  being  proceeded  with  in  accor- 
dance with  the  Statutes,  ch.  i.  §  5,  he  was  duly  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Society. 

J.  CHALLENGE  C.  SMITH,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the 
following  note  on  the  monumental  brass  of  John  Moore  in 
York  Minster : 

"  Last  autumn,  whilst  I  was  occupied  in  making  rubbings 
from  the  brasses  in  York  Minster,  one  of  the  cleaners  casually 
remarked  that  there  was  some  printing  on  the  old  weather 
cock  which  was  lying  in  a  corner  of  the  vestry,  and  on  my 
proceeding  to  examine  that  object,  I  found  that  it  formed 
the  greater  part  of  what  was  originally  a  monumental  brass. 
By  a  reference  to  Dodsworth's  Minster  inscriptions  it  was  a 
simple  matter  to  identify  the  plate  from  which  the  vane  was 
cut  as  one  that  had  commemorated  John  Moore,  a  barrister, 
who  was  buried  .within  the  lady  chapel  on  December  23rd, 
1597.  By  the  kindness  of  Mr.  A.  S.  Scott-Gatty,  F.S.A., 
I  have  been  able  to  refer  to  the  monumental  inscriptions 
appended  to  Dugdale's  Visitation  of  York  at  the  College  of 
Arms,  and  therein  the  plate  in  question  is  shown  to  have  been 
originally  accompanied  by  two  differing  shields,  each  in  dupli- 
cate, trickings  of  which  are  given  in  the  MS.  but  without 
tinctures.  The  one  pair  of  shields  bore  quarterly :  1  and  4, 
a  fess  dancetty  gobony  between  three  mullets  (for  Moore  of 
Oxfordshire) ;  2  and  3,  a  fess  between  three  roses  (which  I 
cannot  explain),  impaling  barry  of  six,  on  a  canton  a  chaplet 
(for  Holme  of  Paul  Holme).  Inasmuch  as  this  Moore  family 
had  from  an  early  date  quartered  argent  a  fess  between  three 
annulets  gules  *  it  is  conceivable  that  the  charges  in  the 
before  mentioned  quartering  should  have  been  tricked  in 
the  MS.  as  annulets  and  not  as  roses.  The  impalement  of 
Holme  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  our  John  Moore 
had  married  Katherine,  daughter  of  John  Holme  of  Paul 
Holme,  widow  of  Marmaduke  Constable  of  Wassand.  The 
second  pair  of  shields  has  Moore  without  any  quartering, 
impaling  the  fesse  between  three  roses.  We  appear  therefore 
to  have  here  an  ancestral  impalement,  which  is  of  unusual 
occurrence  on  a  brass  of  so  late  a  date. 

This  More  or  Delamore  family  was  seated  in  Oxfordshire 
for  several  generations  previous  to  the  period  of  this  brass, 

*  No  doubt  through  the  marriage  of  John  Moore,  temp.  Henry  VI.,  to  Alice 
Eschallers,  whose  family  bore  those  arms. 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  4. 


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KEMAIXS  OF   MONUMENTAL  BKASS  OF  JOHN   MOORE  IN  YORK  MINSTER.     (£  linear.) 


NOV.  26.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  5 

and  in  1542  John  More  of  Bampton  devised  his  estate  at 
Bewick,  in  the  county  of  York,  to  his  son  Robert,  who  then 
or  afterwards  lived  at  Bewick  Hall.  On  Robert's  death  in 
1581  the  estate  passed  by  his  will  to  the  elder  of  his  two  sons 
John ;  not  improbably  the  same  John  whose  name  occurs  in 
the  Register  of  Oxford  University,  1555,  as  of  Christ  Church 
but  undoubtedly  the  John  Moore  who  was  of  Lincoln's  Inn, 
1560-69,  and  was  commemorated  by  this  brass. 

In  1645  an  Order  went  forth  that  all  the  "  loose  brass,"  etc., 
in  the  Minster  was  to  be  sold,  and  in  default  of  precise 
evidence  it  is  permissible  to  guess  that  the  Moore  brass,  with 
all  the  others  on  the  floor,  found  its  way  to  the  workshop  of 
a  latoner  or  brazier  where  it  lay  for  several  years.  The 
fabric  rolls  of  the  Minster  show  that  in  1666  the  turret  upon 
the  Lantern  was  built,  and  old  prints  of  the  Minster  prove 
that  this  turret  was  surmounted  by  a  weathercock. 

In  December,  1803,  the  turret  was  demolished,  but  the  vane 
was  preserved,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  will  now  be 
permanently  retained  on  account  of  its  two-fold  interest." 

PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  read  a  paper  on  the 
Roman  wall  of  the  City  of  London  at  Newgate,  which  will 
be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations. 

Before  concluding  the  Meeting  the  President  said  that  he 
thought  it  his  duty  to  remind  the  Fellows  of  the  loss  that 
archaeological  science  had  sustained  by  the  death  of  the 
learned  historian,  Professor  Theodor  Mommsen,  an  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Society,  whose  labours  in  the  field  of  classical 
archaeology  were  almost  phenomenal  in  their  range  and 
thoroughness.  If  so  learned  a  colleague  had  done  nothing 
during  his  long  life  but  produce  the  invaluable  Corpus 
Inscriptionum  Latinarum  he  would  not  have  lived  in  vain. 
He  proposed  on  behalf  of  the  Society  to  address  a  letter  of 
condolence  to  Professor  Mommsen's  widow,  which  was 
unanimously  approved. 


6  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1903, 

Thursday,  3rd  December,  1903. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  J.  Challenor  C.  Smith,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Views  of  Reading  Abbey,  with 
those  of  the  churches  originally  connected  with  it,  in  the  County  of  Berks. 
4to.  London,  1805. 

From  G.  Dunn,  Esq.  :— La  chancnn  de  Willame.    4to.    London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  :— The  Testament  and  Will  of  Agnes  Morley,  widow,  foundress 
of  the  Free  Grammar  School  at  Lewes,  dated  1511  and  1512.  By  R. 
Garraway  Rice,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Lewes,  1903. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  The  Music  of  the  Mass  for  the  Dead  adapted  to  the  English  Text  from  the 

Sarum  Manuale.    By  Rev.  G.  H.  Palmer.    8vo.     London,  1902. 

2.  Antiphonale  Sarisburiense,  Fasciculi  3  and  4.      Prepared  for  members 

of  the  Plainsong  and  Mediaeval  Music  Society.    Fol.     London,  1903. 

From  Allan  Wyon,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — A  collection  of  30  impressions  of  seals  made 
for  the  Colonies,  etc. 

The  gift  was  also  announced  of  a  Grangerized  version  of 
Collinson's  History  of  Somerset,  in  fourteen  volumes,  by  Mrs. 
Adlam,  in  accordance  with  the  express  wish  of  her  late 
husband,  Mr.  William  Adlam,  F.S.A. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  7th  January,  1904,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be 
balloted  for  was  read. 

REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
paper  on  sun-discs  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  the  British  Museum  : 

"  A  recent  discovery  in  Denmark  has  not  only  added  a 
most  important  item  to  the  magnificent  collection  at  Copen- 
hagen, but  thrown  a  flood  of  light  on  a  small  series  of  Irish 
antiquities  in  the  British  Museum,  and  on  the  connection 
between  the  two  countries  in  prehistoric  times.  In  September 
last  year  Trundholrn  moss  in  the  north  of  Zealand  was  being 
brought  under  cultivation  for  the  first  time,  and  the  plough 
struck  the  bronze  horse  of  a  sun-chariot  which  was  ultimately 
recovered  almost  entirely.  (See  Illustration.)  There  can 
be  no  doubt  as  to  the  nature  of  the  find:  the  fact  that 


Dec.  3.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


intentional  damage  had  been  done  before  deposit  shows 
that  this  was  a  votive  offering.  It  has  been  fully  described 
and  illustrated  *  by  Dr.  Sophus  Miiller,  keeper  of  the 
Danish  National  Museum  of  Antiquities,  and  also  reproduced 
with  a  brief  description  in  the  Reliquary  (October,  1903). 
A  disc,  10  inches  in  diameter,  of  moulded  bronze  is  fixed 
vertically  in  the  centre  of  an  axle  to  which  are  attached 
two  bronze  wheels  of  four  spokes,  while  in  front  is  a 
bronze  horse  on  four  wheels  attached  to  the  rear  axle  by  a 
rigid  bronze  bar.  The  horse  is  cast  hollow,  and  inside  are  the 


Fig.  l. 


BRONZE   HORSE  IN  THE  COLLECTION  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OP 
ANTIQUARIES.      (£.) 


remains  of  the  clay  core  and  marks  of  the  bronze  stays  that 
kept  the  inner  and  outer  parts  of  the  mould  asunder  m 
casting  The  eyes  are  filled  with  the  resinous  substance  otten 
used  in  Scandinavia  for  inlaying  bronze  during  the  early 
Bronze  Age ;  and  the  tail  is  provided  with  a  socket  which 
was  no  doubt  originally  filled  with  a  horsehair  continual 

*  Nordiske  Fortidsminder,  i.  303. 


8 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1903, 


The  body  of  the  car  is  well  constructed,  and  the  wheels, 
which  were  made  to  revolve  on  the  axles,  are  of  the  primitive 
form  actually  recovered  from  the  Swiss  lake  dwellings.  The 


Fig.  2.     DESIGN  OP  THE  FRONT   OP  THE  TEUNDHOLM  DISC.      Q). 

Trundholm  car  has,  however,    two  more   wheels  than  the 
oldest  examples  of  the  kind  known  elsewhere. 

Except  that  the  object  mounted  is  different,  the  model  car 
found  near  Thebes  in  the  tomb  of  Queen  Aahhetep,  wife  of 


Fig.  3.     DESIGN  OP  THE   BACK  OF  THE  TEUNDHOLM  DISC.      (£). 

Kames  and  mother  of  Ahmes  (Amasis)  I.,  affords  a  remark- 
able parallel.     A  fully-manned  boat,  made  of  gold  and  silver,* 

*  I1I^str^atedl,in1cQ0iurS,  b?.Pr'  S>  Birch>  Fa°*™iles  of  the  Egyptian  Relics 
from  Thebes  #c.  18C3,  pi.  vm.,  p.  4  ;  Revue  generate  de  V  Architecture  et  des 
travaux  publics,  Pans,  1860,  xviii.  110  and  plate. 


Dec.  3.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


is  borne  on  a  car  with  four  bronze  wheels,  each  with  four 
spokes  and  a  diameter  of  3f  inches,  which  is  2  inches  less 


Fig.  4.      IRISH  SUN-DISC   ON  CAB  (RESTORED). 


than  the  Danish  examples.     This  takes  the  idea  of  votive  or 
ceremonial  model  cars  back  to  about  1650  B.C.    It  may  further 


Fig.  5.     BRONZE  SUN-DISC  FROM   IRELAND.      (§). 

be  mentioned  that  the  Society  possesses  a  bronze  horse  (fig.  1) 
evidently  of  the  late  Keltic  period,  that  may  possibly  have 


10 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1903, 


belonged  to  a  sun-chariot.  Unfortunately  it  has  no  history  ; 
but  if  the  holes  in  the  feet  are  for  the  axles,  and  the  looped 
tail  to  hold  the  rein,  it  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  Trund- 
holm  specimen,  and  would  show  that  sun-worship  in  this  form 
survived  the  Bronze  Age. 

The  disc  itself,  mounted  in  such  a  fashion,  can  be  nothing 
but  a  representation  of  the  sun,  and  the  likeness  is  emphasised 
by  the  application  of  gold  foil  to  the  punched  surface  of  the 
bronze,  the  design  being  shown  on  the  gold  by  pressure, 
while  the  edge  was  fixed  by  means  of  a  copper  wire  hammered 
over  the  gold  into  a  channel  near  the  margin  (fig.  2).  A  similar 
channel  filled  with  copper  wire  occurs  on  the  other  side  of  the 
disc,  which  is  made  up  of  two  slightly  convex  plates  ;  but  no 
gold  plate  was  fixed  to  the  back,  and  the  design,  though  very 


Fig.  6.  GOLD  FOIL  FROM  SUN-DISC,  FOUND  IN  IRELAND.  (§). 

similar,  is  not  identical  with  that  on  the  front,  the  spirals 
being  of  the  C  pattern  (fig.  3) .  From  the  edge  nearest  the  horse 
projected  a  small  loop  which  evidently  held  one  end  of  a  rein, 
the  other  passing  through  a  similar  loop  under  the  horse's 
neck.  This  is  supplied  in  the  illustration  (fig.  4)  representing 
the  probable  restoration  of  the  Irish  disc  of  bronze  (fig.  5) 
in  the  British  Museum.  It  lacks  the  gold  covering  and  has 
been  broken  across  the  middle,  so  that  it  has  as  much  right  to 
be  called  votive  as  the  Danish  examples.  Though  much  less  in 
diameter  (2f  inches)  this  example  has  two  loops  both  intact, 
in  the  same  relative  positions  as  on  the  Trundholm  disc,  the 
lower  one  to  fit  into  a  socket  on  the  centre  of  the  axle.  It  is 
slightly  convex  and  the  back  is  plain,  but  there  was  doubtless 
a  similar  plate  at  the  back  originally.  The  decoration  is  also 


Dec.  3.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


11 


of  the  same  kind  with  the  exception  of  the  spirals,  which 
on  metal  objects,  at  least,  do  not  seem  to  have  passed  beyond 
Scandinavia  in  their  transmission  from  the  Mediterranean 
during  Mycenaean  times.  The  concentric  rings,  which  are 
generally  held  to  have  been  debased  spirals,  are  now  shown 
to  be  the  work  of  an  artist  who  was  capable  of  engraving  the 
true  spiral,  and  must  therefore  not  be  regarded  as  necessarily 
later.  This  has  an  important  bearing  on  Irish  antiquities, 
for  the  concentric  design  is  very  frequent  in  that  country 
during  the  Bronze  Age.  That  it  had  there  too  some  intimate 
connection  with  sun-worship  is  strongly  suggested  by  its 
occurrence  not  only  on  the  bronze  disc  just  mentioned,  but  on 
one  of  gold  leaf  which  was  in  all  probability  once  attached 
to  a  bronze  plate  as  in  the  Trundholm  example.  This  disc 


Fig.  7.     GOLD  DISC  FROM   KILMUCKBIDGE,   CO.  WEXPORD.      (§). 

(fig.  6),  2-7  inches  in  diameter,  is  markedly  convex  and  has 
the  edge  turned  in  all  round,  the  design  being  much  the  same 
as  before.*  Two  other  discs  in  the  national  collection,  with 
diameters  of  2'8  inches  and  1'7  inch,  are  flat,  while  the 
ornamentation  takes  the  form  of  a  cross  (fig.  7),  which 
resembles  the  four-spoked  wheel  of  the  chariot,  and  is 
itself  a  well  known  sun-symbol.  It  is  sometimes  held 
that  this  represents  the  sun  as  a  wheel,  referring  to  its 
apparent  motion  across  the  sky,  and  dates  back  to  the 
neolithic  period  ;  but  Dr.  MUller  considers  examples  in  neo- 
lithic graves  to  be  later  additions,  and  the  cross  within 
a  circle  not  to  be  intended  for  a  wheel,  nor  earlier  than 

Worms  it  ,  in 


*  A  pair  of  similar  gold-foil  discs  (2|  inches  diameter) 
the   Wiesbaden   Museum  ;    and  a  large   oue  (8  inches   * 
with   a   bronze  sword  and  two  palstaves  at  Tellmgstedt,   N. 
Schleswig-Holstein. 


12  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1903, 

1000  B.C.*  Both  symbols  occur  in  the  British  Bronze  Age, 
the  cross,  for  example,  on  the  base  of  a  food-vessel  f  found  by 
Canon  Greenwell  at  Alwinton,  Northumberland,  and  con- 
centric rings  on  the  bottom  of  an  incense-cup  from  Bulford, 
Wilts,|  both  in  the  British  Museum. 

A  fourth  gold  disc  in  the  same  collection  is  2  inches  in 
diameter  and  has  a  plain  centre,  with  three  concentric  rings 
of  dots  near  the  edge.  This  is  a  somewhat  different  represen- 
tation from  the  others  and  comes  from  the  Isle  of  Man ;  but 
probably  belongs  to  the  same  period,  and  was  used  in  the 
same  way.  It  has  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  designs  on 
the  base  of  incense-cups  found  at  Camerton,  Somerset,  and 
Beckhampton,  Wilts. §  Small  flat  discs  with  cruciform 
designs  are  well-known  in  Ireland,  and  some  have  been 
published  many  years.  Roach  Smith  illustrated  two  in  1854: 
one  found  with  its  fellow  at  Ballyshannon,  co.  Donegal ;  ||  and 
the  other  from  Castle  Treasure,  Douglas,  co.  Cork,  now  in  the 
British  Museum.^  But  the  most  striking  example  is  an 
imperfect  bronze  disc  with  its  battered  gold  covering,  3  inches 
in  diameter ;  this  was  certainly  found  in  Ireland,  but  further 
details  of  its  discovery  are  wanting.**  It  furnishes  an  exact 
parallel  to  the  Trundholm  disc,  and,  in  association  with  the 
others  mentioned,  suffices  to  show  that  the  same  religious 
ideas  and  practices  existed  in  Ireland  and  Denmark  at  least 
3,000  years  ago.  Other  signs  of  intercourse  may  here  be 
mentioned. 

A  certain  number  of  early  bronze  celts,  of  a  form  recog- 
nised as  characteristic  of  Ireland,  have  been  found  in  South 
Sweden, ft  Jutland,  JJ  and  in  the  Island  of  Zealand;  §§  and 
Prof.  Montelius  was  able  to  trace  their  Irish  origin  not  only 
by  their  form  but  also  by  the  small  amount  of  nickel  in  them 
as  compared  with  the  metal  from  Central  Europe  used  in 
Scandinavia.  Another  indication  of  contact  in  the  early 
Bronze  Age  is  the  appearance  in  two  of  the  Danish  Islands  of 

*  See  also  Montelius,  Hjvlet  som  en  religios  sinnebild  i  for  Kristen  ocJi 
Kristen  tid  (Nordisk  Tidskrift,  1901,  p.  1). 

t  British  Barrows,  fig.  71,  p.  86. 

J  Archaeologia,  xliii.  369,  366.  figs.  54,  50. 

§  A  rchaeologia,  xliii.  369,  figs.  56,  57. 

||  Collectanea  Antiqita,  iii.  149 ;  Gibson's  Camden,  2nd  edition  (1722),  ii. 
1412  ;  Walter  Harris'  edition  of  Sir  Charles  Ware's  History  and  Antiquities 
of  Ireland  (1764),  i.  pi.  1.  No.  4,  p.  126. 

^f  Collectanea  Antiqua,  iii.  223. 

**  Collectanea  Antigua,  iii.  139. 

ff  Archiv  fur  Anthropologie  (Brunswick),  xxvi.  15,  fig.  154  (near  Malmo)  ; 
and  p.  501,  fig.  294  (Schonen). 

JJ  Norditke  Fortidsminder,  i.  76,  fig.  3  (Gallemose,  Harridslev). 

§§  Archiv,  p.  14,  figs.  152,  153. 


Dec.   3.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  13 

gold  collars  of  crescent  shape  evidently  copied  from  the 
i'amiliar  Irish  type,  which  also  found  its  way  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Loire  and  to  Normandy.  One  at  least  of  the  rock-carvings 
in  Bohuslan  represents  a  warrior  armed  with  a  circular  shield 
which  has  a  strong  family  likeness  to  those  found  in  the 
Thames  and  elsewhere  in  Britain,  but  very  rarely  occurs  in 
Scandinavia  or  its  neighbourhood. 

The  Trundholm  discovery  incidentally  provides  a  fixed 
point  for  the  chronology  of  the  Irish  Bronze  Age.  The 
wealth  of  the  Scandinavian  museums  in  antiquities  of  bronze 
enables  the  archaeologist  to  determine  the  relative,  and  some- 
times the  absolute,  date  of  objects  so  distinctive  as  the  sun- 
disc  in  question.  While  Dr.  Miiller  places  the  Trundholm 
find  before  the  year  1000  B.C.,  Professor  Montelius  (in  a  letter) 
assigns  it  to  the  end  of  his  own  second,  or  possibly  to  the 
beginning  of  his  third,  period  of  the  Scandinavian  Bronze 
Age,  that  is  about  1300  B.C.  In  any  case  there  can  be  no 
hesitation  in  placing  the  invention  of  bronze  among  the  Irish 
well  in  the  second  millennium  B.C.  The  number  of  primitive 
copper  axes  from  that  country  show  that  metal  working  is  of 
very  old  standing  there,  even  if  not  contemporary  with  the 
Copper  Age  which  coincides  with  the  last  stage  of  "the  neolithic 
period  in  certain  parts  of  the  continent.  Again,  the  common 
Irish  halbert  blades  of  bronze  show  that  Ireland  was  not 
behind  the  rest  of  Europe,  even  if  at  present  we  hesitate  to 
refer  these  implements,  with  Professor  Montelius,  to  the 
sixteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries  B.C.  In  fact,  as  it  is 
generally  allowed  that  the  Bronze  Age  began  earlier  in  the 
British  Isles  than  in  Scandinavia,  owing  to  our  abundant 
home  supply  of  tin  and  copper,  it  is  quite  conceivable  that 
this  form  of  sun-symbol  was  imported  with  other  bronze 
objects  through  Ireland  and  Britain  into  Denmark,  and  there 
adopted  by  native  craftsmen  and  embellished  with  the  spiral- 
ornament  which  found  its  way  along  the  amber  route  from 
the  Adriatic." 

C.  J.  JACKSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  ornamental  cut- 
steel  casket,  probably  Flemish  work  of  early  sixteenth-century 
date,  lately  purchased  by  him  in  Brittany. 

The  Rev.  C.  V.  COLLIER,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  <1)  a  heater- 
shaped  lead  weight,  2|  inches  long,  and  of  early  fourteenth- 
century  date,  charged  in  relief  with  the  arms  of  England, 
found  some  time  ago  at  Winchester ;  and  (2)  a  similar  shaped 
weight,  3fk  inches  long,  also  of  the  fourteenth  century,  with 
a  shield  charged  with  a  crowned  fleur-de-lis,  lately  dug  up  at 


14  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

Wetwang,  E.R.  Yorks.  Despite  the  difference  in  the  sizes  of 
the  weights,  they  both  weigh  almost  exactly  one  pound 
avoirdupois. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  10th  December,  1903. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  : — Donatello.  By  Lord  Balcarres,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London, 
1903. 

From  the  Author  :— The  rectory  of  Fishlake.  By  F.  R.  Fairbank,  M.D.,  F.S.A. 
8vo.  Leeds,  n.d. 

From  Henry  Yates  Thompson,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  Facsimiles  of  two  "  Histoires  "  by  Jean  Foucquet,  from  vols.  i.  and  ii.  of 

the  Anciennetes  des  Juifs.     Privately  printed.     Fol.    London,  1903. 

2.  Four  photographic  facsimiles   (by  three-colour  process)  from  detached 

pages  of  a  fifteenth-century  manuscript  of  "  Histoire  ancienne  jusqu'a 
Cesar,"  and  "  Faits  des  Remains."  Privately  printed.  Fol.  London, 
1903. 

From  the  Compiler  : — Register  of  the  Marshams  of  Kent  down  to  the  end  of  the 
year  1902.  Compiled  by  the  Hon.  Robert  Marsham-Townshend,  M. A.,  F.S.A. 
Obi.  fol.  London,  1903. 

The  Eight  Hon.  William  Thomas,  Lord  Bolton,  was 
admitted  Fellow. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  7th  January,  1904,  and  a  list  of  candi- 
dates to  be  balloted  for  was  read. 

The  rest  of  the  Meeting  was  devoted  to  an  adjourned 
discussion  on  the  paper  by  Mr.  Philip  Norman,  Treasurer,  on 
the  Roman  wall  of  London,  read  at  the  Ordinary  Meeting  on 
26th  November. 

Messrs.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Henry  Laver,  J.  G.  Waller, 
and  the  Treasurer  took  part  in  the  discussion. 


Jan.  7.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  15 

The  PRESIDENT  thought  that  a  suggestion  by  Mr.  Hope 
that  excavations  should  be  made  within  the  precincts  of  the 
Tower  to  trace  the  south-east  corner  of  the  Roman  wall  was 
worthy  of  the  attention  of  the  Society,  and  might  properly  be 
recommended  to  the  Council  to.  arrange.  This  was  agreed  to 
nem.  con. 


Thursday,  7th  January,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  on  the  authentic  Portraits  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots, 
based  on  the  researches  of  the  late  Sir  George  Scharf,  K.C.B.,  re-written  in 
the  light  of  new  information  by  Lionel  Cust.  8vo.  London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — On  the  Monumental  Remains  of  the  Aztecs  in  Mexico.  By 
J.  N.  Shoolbred.  8vo.  n.p.  1903. 

From  Harold  Sands,  Esq.  : — Notes  on  the  Old  Town  Wall  of  Nottingham.  By 
James  Shipman,  F.G.S.  8vo.  Nottingham,  1899. 

From  the  Author : — A  Heraldic  and  Physiological  Curiosity  Thirty-nine 
Children  of  One  Father  and  One  Mother  (Seven  Sons  and  Thirty-two 
Daughters),  amply  proved.  By  George  Grazebrook,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

Notice  was  given  from  the  Chair  that,  in  compliance  with 
a  requisition  of  thirteen  Fellows  under  the  Statutes  ch.  iv. 
§  iv.  the  evening  meeting  of  Thursday,  21st  January,  would  be 
made  Special  at  8.45  p.m.  for  the  consideration  of  a  proposal 
relating  to  the  opening  of  the  Society's  Library  in  the 
evening. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  Election  of  Fellows 
no  papers  were  read. 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m., 
when  the  following  were  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the 
Society : 

John  Burgess  Preston  Karslake,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Rev.  Lewis  Gilbertson,  M.A. 
George  Willoughby  Fraser,  Esq. 
Walter  Burton  Harris,  Esq. 


16  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Howard  Pease,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Lt.-Col.  George  Babington  Croft  Lyons. 

John  Walker  Ford,  Esq. 

Charles  Partridge,  Esq.,  M.A. 

James  George  Wood,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.B. 


Thursday,  14th  January,  1904. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  James  Curtis,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Devonshire  Screens  and  Rood  Lofts. 
Part  II.  By  F.  B.  Bond.  8vo.  n.p.  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Ancient  Crosses  and  Holy  Wells  of  Lancashire.  The 
Hundred  of  Amounderness.  By  Henry  Taylor,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Manchester, 
1903. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Early  Christian  Monuments  of  the  Glasgow  District. 
By  J.  Romilly  Allen,  F.S.A.  4to.  n.p. 

Special  votes  of  thanks  were  accorded  to  the  editors  of 
The  Athenaeum,  The  Builder,  and  Notes  and  Queries  for  the 
gift  of  their  publications  during  the  past  year. 

The  following  letter  from  Major  ANSTRUTHER  THOMSON, 
F.S.A.,  dated  14th  December,  was  read  : 

"  I  see  on  page  172,  vol.  xix.  of  Proceedings,  a  statement 
by  the  Rev.  R.  B.  Gardiner  with  regard  to  my  late  regiment, 
the  Royal  Horse  Guards,  as  follows :  '  They  do  not  appear 
to  have  served  in  Flanders  either  under  William  III.  or 
Marlborough.'  As  a  matter  of  fact  the  '  Blues '  shipped  for 
Flanders  in  May,  1689,  and  returned  to  Portsmouth  22nd 
April,  1690.  They  took  part,  among  other  minor  engage- 
ments, in  the  battle  of  Walcourt,  which  was  Marlborough's 
first  victory. 

This  is  probably  of  little  interest  or  importance,  but  I  like 
to  point  out  anything  which  might  tend  to  detract  from  the 
historical  accuracy  of  the  Proceedings" 


Jan.  14.]  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES.  17 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

Rev.  Lewis  Gilbertson,  M.A. 

James  George  Wood,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.B. 

The  Rev.  HENRY  GEE,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
notes  on  recent  discoveries  in  the  Castle  of  Durham  : 

"  My  purpose  to-night  is  to  try  and  interest  you  in  some 
investigations  which  have  recently  been  made  in  Durham 
Castle,  and  will,  we  hope,  prove  to  be  merely  the  beginning 
of  more  elaborate  and  fruitful  exploration.  This  Norman 
castle,  now  University  College,  Durham,  and  probably  the 
only  fortress-college  in  existence,  was  built  by  William 
the  Conqueror  shortly  after  the  Conquest,  or  rather  whilst 
that  Conquest  was  still  in  progress  so  far  as  the  north  of 
England  is  concerned.  We  are  not  without  some  information 
concerning  the  early  buildings  erected  upon  this  unique  site, 
as  we  possess  the  interesting  Latin  poem  of  Laurence,*  first 
monk  and  then  prior  of  Durham  Abbey.  This  poem  was 
written  about  the  year  1150,  and  includes  a  very  full 
description  of  the  castle  buildings  as  Laurence  knew  them. 
Unfortunately  there  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  exact 
character  and  position  of  much  that  the  writer  describes,  but 
the  chapel  and  the  well  and  the  keep  mound  are  beyond 
dispute.  I  shall  not,  however,  trouble  you  on  this  occasion 
by  any  attempt  to  identify  the  details  of  the  old  monk's 
description.  I  start  with  the  place  as  it  is  to-day. 

The  oldest  portions  of  the  castle  are  the  Norman  chapel, 
the  undercroft  beneath  the  hall,  and  the  Norman  mound 
on  which  the  modern  keep  stands.  There  is  no  doubt  about 
the  date  of  the  Norman  chapel.  Laurence  describes  it, 
and  quite  recently  Commendatore  Rivoira  has  examined 
it  critically.  He  decides  that  the  capitals  of  the  pillars 
are  older  than  any  ornamentation  in  the  cathedral,  which 
was  begun  in  1099.  We  are  probably  safe  in  assigning 
the  chapel  to  the  year  1072,  when  according  to  Simeon  of 
Durham  the  castle  was  built.  The  eastern  windows  had  been 
blocked  up  at  some  date  unknown.  We  opened  them  out  this 
summer  and  found  that  they  were  widely  splayed  outwards, 
giving  the  idea  that  they  originally  looked  out  upon  some 
adjacent  building  and  were  so  splayed  in  order  to  catch  as 
much  light  as  possible.  What  this  building  was  is  absolute 
conjecture,  since  its  place  has  been  taken  by  later  work  which 
has  covered  in  the  area  or  yard  or  space  into  which  the  windows 

*  Published  by  the  Surtees  Society,  vol.  70. 
VOL.   XX.  B 


18  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

looked.  The  herring-bone  floor  of  the  chapel,  thought  by 
many  to  be  more  recent  than  the  chapel,  we  found  to  be 
contemporary  with  it.  We  hope  to  find  another  adit  to  the 
keep,  and  so  to  do  away  with  the  barbarous  stairs  which 
were  hacked  out  through  the  north-east  bay  of  the  chapel 
seventy  years  ago. 

In  the  north-west  tower  of  the  castle  (which  Mr.  C.  C. 
Hodges  considers  to  belong  to  the  thirteenth  century,  though 
it  may  well  be  older)  we  took  up  the  flooring  of  a  chamber  in 
the  wall  and  found  an  ancient  latrine.  Bits  of  thirteenth- 
century  glass,  an  old  cresset,  and  fragments  of  all  kinds  were 
discovered  in  this  latrine.  It  was  probably  adapted  to  modern 
use  in  the  eighteenth  century. 

But  the  chief  interest  of  our  investigation  is  connected 
with  work  undertaken  in  August  and  September  by  Mr.  Jones, 
our  architect.  Laurence  speaks  of  a  well  of  good  water,  and 
seems  to  connect  it  with"  that  part  of  the  castle  which  is  the 
present  courtyard.  The  exact  locality  has  been  a  matter  of 
conjecture.  It  became  necessary  to  make  a  drain  across  the 
courtyard  in  order  to  carry  off  the  water  from  the  keep.  A 
channel  was  therefore  dug,  and  most  fortunately  this  brought 
the  workmen  right  across  the  ancient  well,  which  was  found 
to  have  been  filled  up  at  some  time  or  other.  The  well  is  of 
excellent  Norman  work  and  is  four  feet  in  diameter.  We 
proceeded  to  clear  it  out.  I  had  hoped  to  be  able  to  tell  you 
of  interesting  relics,  if  not  of  truth  itself  discovered  at  the 
bottom  of  the  well.  Unfortunately  the  wetness  of  the  season 
has  interfered  with  our  operations,  and  after  getting  down 
58  feet  the  work  was,  for  the  time,  abandoned.  A  Tournois 
penny,  dated  1633,  was  found  in  the  rubbish  within  the  well, 
and  this  proves  that  the  filling  in  cannot  have  taken  place 
before  the  seventeenth  century.  Mr.  Grueber  tells  me  that 
the  piece  of  money  in  question  is  an  instance  of  a  coin  which 
was  very  usual  in  England  at  that  time.  Besides  the  coin  an 
old  pitcher  of  rough  earthenware  was  dug  up.  We  hope  to 
resume  the  examination  of  the  well  when,  or  if,  fine  weather 
returns. 

The  drain  brought  to  light  other  masonry  of  early  date,  as, 
for  instance,  the  paving  of  the  well  house,  and  a  footing  from 
which,  probably,  in  Norman  times  the  staircase  ascended  to 
the  great  hall.  Other  buildings  were  unearthed  which  are 
probably  Norman.  Their  original  use  is,  at  this  stage,  a 
matter  of  conjecture." 

The  Rev.  J.  T.  FOWLER,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for 


Jan.  14.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  19 

Durham,  read  the  following  note  on  the  grave  of  Richard  of 
Bury,  Bishop  of  Durham,  1333  to  1345 : 

"  As  the  grave  of  Bishop  Richard  de  Bury  in  the  '  Nine 
Altars '  of  Durham  Cathedral  has  recently  been  opened,  I 
think  some  record  of  what  was  found  should  be  preserved  in 
our  Proceedings.  The  occasion  of  the  opening  was  the 
presentation  of  a  new  grave-cover  by  the  members  of  the 
Grolier  Society  of  New  York,  the  original  one  described  in 
Rites  of  Durham  having  been  lost  or  destroyed  when  the 
floor  was  relaid  about  a  hundred  years  ago.  Hence  the  place  of 
the  grave  was  known  only  by  the  statement  in  Rites*  that  it 
was  before  the  altar  of  St.  Andrew  and  St.  Mary  Magdalene, 
following  that  of  William  de  Chambre,  quoted  below.  But 
before  laying  down  the  new  cover,  it  was  thought  desirable 
to  verify  the  site  by  actual  inspection.  This  was  done  in 
September,  1903,  and  the  following  account  was  sent  by  our 
Fellow,  the  Dean  of  Durham,  to  the  Durham  Advertiser  of 
2nd  October.  The  earth  and  stones  with  which  the  grave 
was  filled  had  no  doubt  been  thrown  in  when  the  floor  was 
relaid  and  the  original  cover  discarded,  as  in  the  case  of  two 
of  the  graves  in  the  chapter-house.t  After  quoting  the 
description  of  the  original  cover  given  in  Rites,  the  Dean 
goes  on  to  say  : 

'  All  this  has  been  swept  away,  but  following  the  hints 
here  given  we  removed  one  or  two  paving  stones  and  found 
ourselves  at  the  north-east  corner  of  a  vault,  with  no  slab 
over  it,  full  of  earth  and  stones.  This  vault  was  just  over 
7  feet  long  and  19  inches  wide  at  the  foot  and  20  at  the 
shoulders ;  it  ends  westward  with  a  blunt  angle.  When 
cleared  out  to  the  floor  of  the  vault,  and  the  lowest  course  of 
masonry,  we  found  the  skeleton  of  our  bishop  lying  unpro- 
tected on  the  floor.  He  had  evidently  been  placed  in  a  common 
wooden  coffin,  of  which  we  could  find  only  the  nails,  much 
rusted,  and  some  mouldering  stuff,  which  was  nothing  but 
decayed  wood.  His  skull,  strangely  enough,  was  broken  into 
three  pieces,  the  rest  of  the  bones  were  regularly  laid  out, 
with  legs  apart,  and  arms  not  folded  over  the  breast  but  laid 
straight  down  his  sides.  The  bishop  was  a  man  of  just  six 
feet  in  height.  There  was  nothing  more  to  be  discovered,  so 
we  did  not  disturb  the  body  and  protected  it  from  future 
neglect,  placing  over  it  the  new  Sicilian  marble  slab.' 

I  may  add  that  the  sides  of  the  grave  are  built  of  squared 


*  Ed.  1903,  p.  2. 

f  Arelueologia,  xlv.  390,  391. 

JJ2 


20  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

stones  of  unequal  sizes  in  four  courses;  it  is  about  3^  feet 
deep  and  has  one  floor-stone  under  the  head  and  another  under 
the  feet,  the  rest  of  the  floor  being  of  earth.  The  angle  at 
the  head  is  as  nearly  as  possible  a  right  angle.  No  pontifical 
insignia  were  found,  nor  any  gold  thread,  silk,  or  other  traces 
of  vestments.  All  this  accords  with  the  statement  of  Adam 
of  Murimuth,  a  contemporary  of  the  bishop,  '  Imminente  vero 
termino  vite  sue,  sui  familiares  omnia  bona  sua  mobilia 
rapuerunt,  adeo  quod  moriens  unde  corpus  suum  cooperire 
poterat  non  habebat,  nisi  subtunicam  (altered  from  super- 
tunicam)  unius  garcionis  in  camera  remanentis,' *  and  with 
that  of  William  de  Chambre,  that  he  was  '  quodammodo 
honorifice,  non  tamen  cum  honore  satis  congruo,  coram  altari 
beatae  Marias  Magdalenas  ad  australem  angulum  Dunelmensis 
ecclesise  tumulatus.'  f  The  earth  and  stones  mentioned  above 
were  not  put  back  into  the  grave,  but  it  was  carefully  closed 
with  covering  stones  before  the  marble  slab  was  laid  down  in 
September,  1903." 

Dr.  Fowler  also  read  the  following  account  of  a  discovery 
of  a  primitive  nave  at  Winterton,  Lincolnshire : 

"  The  church  of  All  Saints  at  Winterton  is  at  present  under- 
going extensive  repairs,  including  new  roofs  and  certain 
additions,  under  the  direction  of  our  Fellow,  Mr.  C.  Hodgson 
Fowler.  A  thick  coat  of  plaster,  laid  on  all  over  the  interior 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  has  been  removed,  and 
this  removal  has  resulted  in  a  very  interesting  discovery. 
Hitherto  it  has  been  supposed  that  at  Winterton  we  have  an 
Early  English  nave  taking  the  place  of  an  Early  Romanesque 
nave  of  the  same  date  as  the  lower  part  of  the  existing  tower, 
which  has  midwall  shafts  and  other  characteristics  of  the 
style  that  prevailed  before  the  coming  in  of  the  later  Roman- 
esque or  Norman  fashion  in  building.  We  now  find,  however, 
that  the  early  tower  has  been  built  up  against  and  partly 
upon  the  west  end  of  a  still  earlier  nave,  the  date  of  which  I 
am  quite  unable  to  fix.  We  always  knew  that  there  had  been 
a  church  earlier  than  the  present  tower,  because  the  lintel  of 
its  west  door  is  formed  of  a  grave  cover  with  an  exceedingly 
rough  plain  cross  in  relief.  But  that  earlier  church,  from  the 
grave-yard  of  which  this  primitive  memorial  had  doubtless 


*  MS.  Hivrl.  3836,  f.  49  v,  printed  for  the  first  time  in  The  PhilobiUion, 
edited  by  Ernest  C.  Thomas  (London  1888),  Introduction,  xlvi.  The  passage 
from  which  the  words  here  quoted  are  taken  has  been  overlooked  both  by  the 
editors  of  Murimuth  and  by  the  biographers  of  Bishop  de  Bury. 

t  Historic  Dunelmensis  Scriptores  tres  (Surtees  Society  9),  130. 


Jan.  14.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  21 

come,  might  have  been  of  wood,  or  of  wattles,  for  anything 
we  knew.  We  now  see  that  it  was  built  of  rubble  masonry 
with  good  quoins,  of  the  local  stone,  but  without  any  long 
and  short  work.  And  moreover,  it  was  certainly  plastered 
and  whitewashed  outside,  a  matter  of  great  interest  in  con-, 
nection  with  what  we  know  of  white  churches  in  Saxon 
times.  We  are  told  that  when  St.  Wilfrid  '  restored,'  as  we 
say  now,  the  church  at  York,  he  had  it  whitewashed;  the 
words  are,  'Parietes  quoque  la  vans,  secundum  prophetam, 
super  nivem  dealbavit.'  *  There  are  no  less  than  eleven  places 
called  Whitchurch  or  Whitechurch,  there  are  at  least  two 
White  Chapels  at  the  present  time,  and  there  was  one  White 
Church  at  Durham,  if  indeed  there  were  not  two,  before  the 
present  cathedral  church  was  built. 

For  the  excellent  drawings  now  exhibited,  and  also  repro- 
duced on  a  large  scale  by  means  of  the  lantern  slides,  as  well 
as  for  some  of  the  remarks  that  I  am  about  to  make  in  con- 
nexion with^them,  we  are  indebted  to  Mr.  T.  A.  Bolton,  of 
York,  the  clerk  of  the  works,  but  I  may  add  that  Mr.  C. 
Hodgson  Fowler  has  carefully  examined  all  the  masonry,  and 
quite  agrees  with  us  in  our  interpretation  of  it,  as  to  which, 
indeed,  there  can  hardly  be  two  opinions. 

The  drawings,  with  a  few  words  of  explanation,  speak  for 
themselves. 

The  tower  has  long  been  what  is  called  an  '  engaged '  tower, 
the  Early  English  aisles  being  carried  westward  so  as  to  end 
flush  with  its  western  face,  so  that  the  north  and  south  sides 
of  the  tower  have  for  many  centuries  been  indoors. 

The  illustration  shows  the  south  side  of  the  tower  as  it 
appears  now  that  the  plaster  has  been  removed.  The  lower 
part  is  pre-Norman  in  style,  the  top  stage  is  Early  English  of 
about  the  same  date  as  the  present  nave,  the  grotesque  corbels 
under  the  cornice  have  probably,  in  great  part  at  least,  been 
brought  up  from  the  line  above  the  clock,  the  battlement  and 
pinnacles  are  modern.  Behind  the  clock  face  is  a  character- 
istic '  sound-hole  '  as  on  the  other  three  sides,  and  as  shown  in 
the  north  elevation.  The  mid  wall  shafted  window  also  appears 
on  all  four  sides,  but  the  narrow  slit,  shown  on  a  larger  scale 
in  another  drawing,  that  which  represents  the  tower  arch,  is 
on  the  south  side  only.  And  now  we  come  to  the  points  of 
special  interest,  namely  that  the  south  wall  of  the  tower  does 
not  bond  into  the  corner  of  the  earlier  nave,  but  is  built  up 
against  it  with  a  straight  joint,  and,  at  about  the  top  of  the 
old  nave  wall,  rests  upon  it.  Next,  on  taking  out  one  or  two 

•  Eddii  Vita  Wilfridi  (Rolls  Series  71),  24. 


22 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1904, 


.qnilTH-ELtlVATIQM- 


(Scale,  T*Q  inch  to  a  foot.) 


WINTERTON  CHUBCH,  LINCOLNSHIRE. 


Jan.  14.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


23 


stones  from  the  south  wall  of  the  tower  at  the  point  of  junction, 
we  found  a  coat  of  plaster  and  whitewash  on  the  west  wall  of 
the  old  nave,  abutted  on  by  the  pre-Norman  tower. 

The  stones  used  for  the  face  walling  of  the  tower  and  that 
of  the  old  nave  are  pretty  much  the  same,  not  nearly  so 
different  as  would  appear  from  the  drawing  alone.  They 


WINTBRTON  CHURCH  TOWER.      DETAILS  OF  EARLY  MASONRY  OK 
SOUTH  SIDE. 

may  be    better   compared   in   a  photograph  . taken  by   my 
nephew,   Mr    Charles  Fowler.     (See   Illustration.)     But  the 
similarity  in  masonry  proves  nothing  as  to  date, 
from  the  quality  of  the  local  stone,  and  indeed  the  masonry 


24  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

of  the  Early  English  upper  stage  of  the  tower  is  not  per- 
ceptibly  different  from  that  of  the  lower  stages. 

The  long  vertical  joint  between  the  north  and  south  walls 
of  the  tower,  and  the  plastered  and  whitewashed  west  face  of 
the  old  west  wall  of  the  nave,  rising  from  the  floor  to  a  height 
of  14  feet  6  inches  without  any  bond,  and  then  stepping  east 
on  to  the  west  wall  its  full  width,  where  the  tower  first 
defines  itself  by  the  adoption  of  its  own  quoins,  is  very 
important,  because  from  this  evidence  it  is  undeniable  that 
there  was  a  building  prior  to  the  tower,  up  to  and  on  to 
which  the  tower  is  built.  It  is  also  observable  that  the 
thickness  of  the  west  wall  of  the  old  nave,  which  was 
originally  2  feet  9  inches,  has  been  augmented  by  the  builders 
of  the  tower  to  3  feet  3  inches  on  the  west  side,  in  order  to 
adapt  it  to  the  thickness  of  the  east  wall  of  their  tower,  and 
this  produces  the  straight  joint  shown  on  the  plan  of  the 
tower. 

Coming  now  to  the  east  side  of  the  tower,  originally  the 
west  end  of  the  nave,  we  observe  the  tower  arch,  an  insertion 
of  course,  and  there  are  signs  of  disturbance  in  the  masonry 
on  either  side  of  it,  not  at  present  shown  in  the  drawing,* 
because  they  are  temporarily  concealed  by  some  timber.  Over 
the  tower  arch,  and  partly  destroying  it  and  the  long  slit 
over  it,  so  constantly  found  in  towers  of  this  date,  a  recess  for 
an  organ  was  made  some  time  about  1840.  This  recess  was 
filled  up,  and  the  arch  and  slit  were  restored  in  1872. 

The  north  elevation  of  the  tower  shows  the  junction  with 
the  older  nave  as  on  the  south  side. 

I  have  referred  to  the  absence  of  long  and  short  work,  not 
only  in  the  tower  but  in  the  older  nave.  But  it  has  been 
clearly  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Micklethwaite  and  others  that  this 
kind  of  work,  though  often  found  in  very  early  buildings,  is 
by  no  means  a  constant  feature  in  pre-Norman  work,  and  that 
ordinary  quoins  are  found  in  pre-Norman  buildings  of  all 
dates.  In  connexion  with  the  outside  plastering  of  Saxon 
churches,  I  may  remark  that  in  long  and  short  work  the  flat 
slabs  that  alternate  with  the  long  corner  pieces  are  cut  down 
for  about  half  an  inch  where  the  plaster  was  meant  to  go, 
while  the  long  pieces  were  given  that  much  projection.  And 
the  quoins  of  the  oldest  work  at  Winterton  project  a  little, 
just  enough  to  give  room  for  a  coat  of  plaster  flush  with  their 
outer  surfaces." 

Dr.  Fowler  further  read  the  following  note  on  -fireplaces  in 
vestries  at  Morpeth  and  at  Warkworth : 

*  This  drawing  is  not  here  reproduced. 


Jan.  14.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  25 

"In  connexion  with  the  fireplaces  at  Durham  Cathedral 
and  elsewhere,  described  by  me  a  year  ago*,  Mr.  C.  Hodgson 
Fowler  has  called  my  attention  to  two  interesting  examples  of 
vestry  fireplaces,  described  and  figured  by  him  in  the  Eccle- 
siologist  for  1866.t  I  regret  that  I  did  not  know  of  these 
in  time  to  mention  them  when  I  brought  the  subject  of 
the  Durham  fireplace  before  the  Society,  but  I  have  had  a 
lantern-slide  made  from  Mr.  Hodgson  Fowler's  illustration, 
thinking  it  of  sufficient  interest  to  bring  before  you  now. 

It  will  be  seen  by  the  plan  of  Morpeth  Church  how  the 
west  wall  of  the  vestry  was  originally  open  to  the  church- 
yard, but  that  the  space  left  to  the  west  of  it  was  afterwards 
enclosed  as  an  aisle  to  the  chancel.  The  drawings  speak  for 
themselves,  and  I  have  only  to  say  that  the  circular  outlet 
shows  remains  of  cusps  which  have  converted  it  into  a 
quatrefoil,  and  that  the  stones  of  the  fireplace  show  no  signs 
of  burning,  so  that  it  has  probably  been  meant  to  hold  an 
iron  thing  of  some  sort.  Perhaps  the  grooves  marked  CC 
may  have  been  connected  with  something  that  could  be  fixed 
into  the  stone  structure. 

The  Warkworth  example  is  in  a  similar  situation,  and  it 
will  be  seen  that  it  has  an  outlet  consisting  of  three  slits." 

Dr.  Fowler  also  exhibited  a  volume  containing  a  collection 
of  engraved  views  of  French  Monasteries,  on  which  he  read 
the  following  note : 

"  The  collection  which  I  have  the  honor  to  exhibit  this 
evening  came  to  the  University  Library  at  Durham  in  1855, 
with  the  rest  of  the  fine  library  presented  by  the  late  Dr. 
Martin  Joseph  Routh,  President  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 
It  consists  of  149  copper-plate  engravings  of  monasteries,  all 
in  France,  mostly  represented  in  bird's-eye  views.  The  plates 
have  been  a  little  cut  down  in  binding ;  they  now  measure 
18£  by  25  inches,  are  folded  down  the  middle,  and  are 
mounted  on  guards.  Some  are  not  dated  ;  the  dates  of  those 
which  are  range  from  1674  to  1702.  One  has  the  inscription : 
'  D.  Franciscus  Vrayet  delineavit  1676,"  and  the  others  seem 
to  be  the  work  of  the  same  hand.  A  few  of  the  plates  have 
references  to  the  pages  of  some  work  which  they  seem  to  have 
been  meant  to  illustrate,  e.g.  that  of  St.  Ouen's,  Rouen, 
exterior  '  p.  197,'  interior  <  p.  196.'  A  written  memorandum  is 
pasted  in  stating  that  there  are  only  two  other  copies  known, 
one  in  Eibliotheca  Rothomagensi,  another  in  Eibliotheca 

*  Proceedings,  2nd  S.  xix.  179-185. 
t  Vol.  xxvii.  218. 


26  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

Parisiensi  de  Arsenal,  and  that  there  is  a  description  of  the 
work  in  Hist.  Litteraire  de  la  Congregation  de  St.  Maur,  by 
Dom  Tassin  (Paris,  about  1766).  Some  years  ago  I  wrote, 
as  librarian  of  the  University  of  Durham,  to  the  librarians 
of  the  two  libraries  that  were  said  to  contain  copies  of  the 
work,  sending  full  particulars  and  enquiries,  but  I  never 
received  any  reply.*  After  it  came  to  Durham  the  book  was 
unfortunately  rebound,  but  on  the  inside  of  one  of  the  old 
covers,  which  has  been  preserved,  is  the  following  note  in 
Dr.  Routh's  writing :  '  It  was  stated  to  me,  on  the  authority  of 
Mr.  Pugin,  the  architect,  that  there  were  not  more  than  three 
copies  known  of  this  book.' 

I  yesterday  consulted  the  work  of  Dom  Tassin,  an  imperfect 
copy  of  which  is  in  the  King's  Library  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  there  I  found,  at  page  154,  that  one  Dom  Michael  Germain, 
who  was  born  in  1645,  professed  1663,  and  died  1694,  projected 
and  indeed  wrote  a  history  of  monasteries  of  the  congregation 
of  St.  Maur,  that  was  to  be  in  three  volumes,  and  obtained 
permission  to  print  it  under  the  title  of  Monasticon  Galli- 
canum.-\-  Engravings  were  made  of  most  of  the  monasteries, 
but  the  work  remained  in  MS.  at  St.  Germain  des  Pres,  where, 
as  well  as  elsewhere,  were  collections  of  the  '  plans,'  so-called, 
to  the  number  of  152.  The  remainder  had  not  been  executed 
when  Tassin  wrote  in  1770. 

There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  the  volume  now  on  the 
table  contains  one  of  these  collections,  though  three  of  the 
views  appear  to  be  wanting.  There  is  nothing  in  the  volume 
to  indicate  where  it  was  previously,  or  how  it  came  into  the 
possession  of  Dr.  Routh." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


*  I  have  lately  been  told  that  French  sarans  will  not  reply  unless  stamps  be 
enclosed  for  postage.  I  was  not  aware  at  the  time  that  this  was  expected. 

f  A  reproduction  of  the  plates  was  issued  in  three  volumes,  4to,  at  Paris  in 
1870,  under  the  following  title,  Monasticon  Gallicanum,  Collection  de  168 
planches  de  vues  topograpliiques  [par  Michel  Germain,  d.  1694]  rcpresentant 
leg  monasteres  de  I'  Ordre  de  Saint- Benoit.  Le  tout  reproduit  par  M.  Peigne- 
Delacourt,  avec  line  preface  par  M.  Leopold  Dclisle" 


Jan.  21.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  27 

Thursday,  21st  January,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  :— Raleghana.  Part  V.  The  History  of  Durham  House  By 
T.  N.  Brushfield,  M.D.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  n.p.  1903. 

From  the  Author  :— Excavations  at  Castle  Neroche,  Somerset.  June-July  1903 
By  H.  St.  George  Gray.  8vo.  n.p.  1903. 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  :— Illuminated  Manuscripts  in  the 
British  Museum.  Miniatures,  borders,  and  initials  reproduced  in  gold  and 
colours.  With  descriptive  text  by  G.  F.  Warner,  M.A.  Fourth  series,  fol. 
London,  1903. 


Lieut.-Col.  George  Babington  Croft  Lyons  was  admitted 
Fellow. 

At  8.45  p.m.  the  meeting  was  made  special,  in  accordance 
with  a  requisition  of  Mr.  H.  Thomson  Lyon  and  thirteen  other 
Fellows,  which  had  been  laid  before  the  Council  and  submitted 
to  the  Society  at  its  evening  meeting  on  7th  January,  for  the 
consideration  of  a  proposal  that  the  Library  be  open  one 
evening  a  week  until  10  p.m.,  without  being  closed  for  an 
interval,  and  that  it  remain  open  on  meeting  nights  until 
8.30  p.m.,  or  to  make  such  other  arrangements  as  the  Fellows 
shall  consider  most  convenient. 

The  discussion  was  opened  by  Mr.  H.  Thomson  Lyon,  who, 
after  explaining  his  reasons  for  bringing  the  matter  forward, 
formally  proposed  the  Resolution  of  which  he  had  given 
notice. 

As  the  Resolution  was  not  seconded  the  matter  dropped. 

The  business  of  tho  ordinary  meeting  was  then  resumed. 

The  following  Report  from  Dr.  T.  Gann  to  the  Governor  of 
British  Honduras,  which  had  been  transmitted  to  the  Society 
for  information  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies, 


28  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

of  a  visit  to  the  ruins  on  the  Colombia  branch  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  was  read : 

Belize, 
20th,  April,  1903. 

"About  6  a.m.  on  Thursday,  16th  April,  I  left  Punta  Gorda 
in  company  with  Mr.  Phillips,  the  District  Commissioner ; 
after  one  hour's  ride  we  arrived  at  Mr.  Watrous'  bank  on  the 
Jacinto  branch  of  the  Rio  Grande,  where  we  were  met  by  our 
six  men  whom  we  had  sent  forward  the  previous  night  with 
the  heavy  luggage  and  food,  in  a  cart.  Everything  was  packed 
into  two  large  doreys,  and  after  only  half  an  hour's  delay  we 
set  out.  Twenty  minutes  good  paddling  brought  us  to  the 
main  stream  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  for  about  fifteen  miles  we 
travelled  up  this  river  without  obstruction.  The  river  is  very 
tortuous,  but  its  general  direction  is  also  due  east  and  west. 

About  eighteen  miles  from  the  mouth  we  encountered  the 
first  obstruction  called  Corona  Falls,  unless  a  narrow  ledge  of 
stone,  running  across  the  river,  about  ten  miles  lower,  be 
accounted  a  fall.  Corona  Fall  is  somewhat  inappropriately 
named,  as  it  is  semicircular  and  not  crown  shaped  ;  the  water 
is  about  12  inches  deep  at  the  shallowest  part  of  the  river. 
About  a  mile  above  this  fall  is  Castillo  Bank,  an  old  mahogany 
station  of  two  years  back.  This  is  considered  nearly  half  way 
to  the  Colombia  branch,  though  owing  to  the  latter  half 
containing  over  twenty  falls  it  takes  twice  as  long  to  cover. 
The  banks  of  the  river  are  here  from  8  to  20  feet  in  height 
and  composed  of  a  soft  slate-like  stone  very  regularly  stratified. 
In  every  shallow  part  of  the  river  large  quantities  of  whelk- 
like  shells,  known  locally  as  huties,  are  to  be  found,  these  are 
greatly  esteemed  by  the  Indians  as  an  article  of  diet.  Iguanas 
are  also  plentiful,  so  that  the  traveller  up  this  river  need 
never  starve.  A  few  miles  further  up  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
river  we  passed  the  opening  of  Indian  Creek,  which  at  this 
season  of  the  year  is  almost  dried  up.  The  banks  here  are 
composed  of  a  sort  of  loose  friable  sandstone,  varying  from  a 
light  yellow  to  heavy  black  in  colour,  where  the  stone  has 
been  much  weathered.  We  next  came  to  '  Cuchara  '  or  Spoon 
Fall,  most  appropriately  named  as  the  only  aperture  for  the 
doreys  was  through  a  spoon-shaped  opening  in  a  high  ridge 
of  rock  which  completely  blocked  the  river  at  this  point;  we 
were  all  compelled  to  leave  the  doreys,  and  even  thus  lightened 
it  was  as  much  as  the  men  could  manage  to  pull  them  over. 
Immediately  above  this  fall  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river, 
are  Hicatee  and  Agua  Caliente  Creek  No.  1  with  a  common 
opening.  After  another  few  miles  we  heard  the  roar  of  big 


Jan.  21.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  29 

falls,  and  soon  had  the  doreys  engaged  in  these,  the  highest 
falls  on  the  river ;  the  falls  really  double  the  upper  fall,  being 
about  24  feet  in  height  and  the  lower  l£  feet,  the  whole  is 
horse  shoe  shaped  and  reaches  right  across  the  river.  If  the 
water  had  been  but  a  little  lower  I  fear  we  should  have  found 
these  falls  impassable.  From  two  or  three  miles  above  big 
falls  we  came  to  Mr.  Watrous'  mahogany  camp,  where  Mr. 
Hill,  the  manager,  very  kindly  put  us  up  for  the  night.  We 
passed  during  the  day  twenty-three  runs  and  falls  great  and 
small  in  our  passage  up  the  river.  Next  morning  we  set 
out  soon  after  six,  and  after  crossing  several  small  runs 
we  came  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colombia  branch,  about  five 
miles  above  Mr.  Watrous'  bank.  This,  the  largest  branch  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  opens  on  the  left  bank  of  the  main  stream,  its 
course  being  about  west-south-west.  The  mouth,  which  is 
nearly  12  yards  across,  was  completely  blocked  by  large  trees 
and  other  floating  rubbish  as  the  river  is  a,t  this  time  of  the 
year  quite  impassable  even  for  the  smallest  craft.  About 
three  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Colombia  we  came  to  an 
old  camp  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  named  Hunterman's 
Camp ;  here  we  disembarked  all  our  cargo  and  making  it  up 
as  equally  as  possible  into  six  loads,  started  on  foot  along  an 
old  truck  pass  to  find  the  ruins.  After  about  five  miles 
walking  we  struck  the  Colombia,  at  what  was  supposed  by 
former  visitors  to  have  been  a  wharf  or  landing  stage  connected 
with  the  ruins,  and  indeed  at  first  sight  one  might  easily  fall 
into  this  error,  especially  if  they  did  not  take  the  trouble  to 
descend  the  bank  and  make  a  closer  and  more  minute  exami- 
nation. The  so-called  wharf  is  a  space  of  about  15  yards  in 
length  by  10  yards  in  breadth,  gently  sloping  down  from  the 
perpendicular  bank  of  the  river  to  the  water's  edge,  it  is  paved 
throughout  with  irregularly  quadrilateral  stones,  and  is,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  a  purely  natural  formation,  as  anybody  who 
had  noticed  the  conformation  of  the  banks  of  the  river  lower 
down,  where  numbers  of  similar  '  wharves '  are  to  be  found, 
might  see  for  themselves.  We  followed  up  the  Colombia  for 
another  mile,  and  then  pitched  our  camp  on  its  bank,  as  the 
most  convenient  site  available,  being  within  a  short  distance 
of  the  ruins  and  well  supplied  with  good  water  both  for 
drinking  and  bathing.  Next  morning  (Saturday)  we  set  out 
very  early  for  the  ruins,  which  we  reached  after  fifteen  minutes' 
smart  walk.  These  ruins,  though  at  first  sight  not  so  imposing 
in  appearance  as  the  great  palaces  of  Palenque,  Mitla,  Chichen- 
Itza,  etc.,  or  even  as  the  huge  sculptured  Stellac  of  Quinqua  and 
Lorrillard,  yet  grow  upon  one  gradually  and  by  degrees  from 
their  very  vastness,  combined  with  an  after  lack  of  minor  orna- 


30  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

mentation  of  any  kind.  There  is  no  sculpture,  no  bas-relief  in 
stone,  no  painted  stucco,  no  monolith,  nothing  in  fact  to 
catch  the  eye  and  divert  it  from  the  unrelieved,  unadorned 
vastness  and  plainness  of  the  huge  stone-faced  pyramids  of 
which  the  ruins  consist.  When  one  comes  to  compute  the 
amount  of  finely-cut  stone  employed  in  facing  the  terraces 
and  pyramids  alone,  one  is  simply  appalled  at  the  vastness  of 
the  undertaking. 

The  ruins  consist  of  a  series  of  terraced  stone-faced 
truncated  pyramids  standing  upon  two  stone-faced  platforms. 
The  lower  and  principal  table  or  platform  is  slightly  over 
300  yards  in  length,  by  slightly  under  70  yards  in  breadth; 
it  varies  from  6-8  to  18-20  feet  in  height,  and  is  faced  with 
cut  stone  throughout  its  whole  extent.  Near  the  centre  of  this 
last  is  a  smaller  platform,  also  faced  throughout  with  cut 
stone,  and  of  a  uniform  height  of  2  J  feet ;  it  is  100  yards  in 
breadth,  and  runs  back  the  whole  depth  of  the  main  platform. 
It  is  upon  this  smaller  platform  that  all  the  best  preserved 
mounds  stand  to-day.  Perhaps  the  finest  of  all  the  mounds 
is  that  marked  No.  2  on  the  plan;  it  is  31  yards  square  at  the 
base,  33  feet  in  height,  and  composed  of  four  narrow  terraces, 
separated  by  four  walls;  the  walls  incline  towards  the  summit  so 
that  the  quadrangle  at  the  summit  of  the  mounds  is  only  24  feet 
square.  The  corners  of  the  mound  are  rounded,  and  the  whole 
surface  of  the  mound  is  covered  throughout  with  the  most 
exquisitely  squared  blocks  of  hard  crystalline  limestone ;  the 
east  and  north  sides  of  the  mound  are  almost  perfect ;  the 
west  and  south  sides  have  unfortunately  fallen  away  some- 
what owing  to  the  fact  that  several  trees  had  taken  root  in 
them,  and  forced  the  stones  asunder  with  their  growing 
roots.  Upon  the  summit  of  the  mound,  where  in  all  proba- 
bility a  small  temple  at  one  time  stood,  is  now  nothing  but  a 
great  heap  of  worked  stones.  Throughout  the  whole  of  the 
ruins  both  mounds  and  terraces  point  exactly  east  and  west, 
and  except  in  one  solitary  instance  the  corners  of  both 
mounds  and  platforms  are  rounded  and  not  angular.  There 
are  in  all  six  mounds  upon  the  small  platform  ;  that  marked 
No.  1  on  the  plan  is  37  yards  in  length,  24  yards  in  breadth, 
30  feet  in  height,  and  has  three  terraces.  No.  4  is  6  yards 
in  breadth,  42  yards  in  length,  and  8  feet  in  height;  it  has 
but  a  single  terrace.  No.  3  is  25  feet  in  height,  and  is  a 
mere  mass  of  ruins  in  which  the  original  number  of  terraces 
and  walls  cannot  now  be  made  out.  No.  5  is  also  only  a 
mass  of  ruins,  but  is  remarkable  from  the  fact  that  it  stands 
upon  the  edge  of  the  main  platform,  which  it  transgresses 
for  fully  15  to  20  yards.  No.  C  was  a  small  circular  heap 


Jan.  21.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  31 

of  ruins,  24  feet  in  diameter  and  3  feet  in  height,  and  into 
this  we  made  a  large  circular  excavation ;  nothing,  however,  of 
very  great  interest  was  found,  with  the  exception  of  vast 
quantities  of  fragments  of  hard  red  brick  of  all  shapes  and 
sizes,  together  with  the  half  of  a  broken  rubbing  stone 
and  two  cylindrical  fragments  of  Esquipulus  stones,  which 
had  evidently  originally  formed  the  '  brasso '  of  a  rubbing 
stone.  An  excavation  was  also  made  to  a  depth  of  about 
10  feet  in  the  centre  of  mound  No.  4,  and  here  again 
vast  quantities  of  brick  were  found ;  indeed  this  brick 
appears  to  have  been  deliberately  manufactured  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  filling  up  the  interior  of  the  pyramids  beneath 
their  stone  facing,  whilst  large  flat  blocks  of  it  were  em- 
ployed for  paving.  The  entire  surface  of  the  large  platform 
was  at  one  time  covered  with  mounds  of  various  heights  all 
faced  with  squared  stone,  and  all  no  doubt  supporting 
'  cues '  or  temples,  but,  with  the  exception  of  the  three 
already  referred  to,  nothing  now  remains  of  them  but 
huge  piles  of  ruins,  upon  the  surface  of  which  are  scattered 
quantities  of  the  squared  stones  which  once  covered  them. 
The  mounds  which  still  remain  comparatively  intact  show 
conclusively  what  a  vast  and  gigantic  undertaking  the  whole 
structure  must  have  been,  and  incidentally  what  an  enormous 
population  the  now  desolate  bush  must  have  supported,  for 
many  hundreds  of  men,  working  for  years,  must  have  been 
required  to  square  the  stones,  and  lay  them,  alone,  besides 
quarrying  them  and  conveying  them  to  their  present  situa- 
tion. Whilst  digging  in  the  lesser  platform,  we  found  that 
to  a  depth  of  6  feet  (and  possibly  much  deeper)  the  whole 
structure  was  composed  of  chips  of  stone,  evidently  the  refuse 
and  "  debris  "  left  over  by  the  masons  who  chipped  the  stone 
for  the  covering  of  the  pyramids  and  terraces,  so  that  for  this 
purpose  alone  at  least  300,000  cubic  feet  of  waste  chips 
were  employed.  When  one  realises  that  every  individual 
one  of  these  exceedingly  hard  stones,  many  of  them  weighing 
four  to  five  cwt.,  had  first  to  be  quarried  (with  stone  im- 
plements alone),  next  brought  to  the  spot  by  manual  labour, 
and  lastly  exquisitely  chipped  (also  with  stone  implements), 
one  simply  stands  appalled  at  the  vast  amount  of  labour 
involved,  and  can  only  speculate  as  to  whence  the  builders 
came,  whither  they  have  so  silently  and  mysteriously  dis- 
appeared, and  how  it  is  that  they  have  left  no  vestige  of 
record  behind  them. 

Although  it  is  impossible  to  state  with  any  degree  of 
certainty  the  exact  object  of  the  builders  in  constructing 
these  vast  pyramids  elevated  on  platforms  above  the  sur- 


32  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

rounding  country,  yet,  judging  by  what  is  known  about 
other  similar  structures  in  various  parts  of  Central  America, 
it  would  appear  highly  probable  that  they  were  intended 
exclusively  for  religious  purposes.  The  stone-faced  pyramids 
simply  acted  as  bases  for  the  small  temples  or  '  cues  ' 
of  the  various  gods  of  the  Toltec  Tautucon,  whilst  the 
terraces  possibly  formed  promenades  along  which  the  priests, 
at  the  head  of  their  gorgeous  religious  processions,  and 
bearing  the  human  victim  for  the  sacrifice,  might  ascend  and 
descend  to  and  from  the  temples  in  sight  of  the  worshipping 
people  gathered  on  the  great  plateau  beneath,  which  itself 
overlooked  the  whole  of  the  surrounding  country.  One 
might,  however,  ask  in  that  case,  where  are  the  palaces  of 
the  kings  and  the  dwellings  of  the  priests  and  nobles  of  a 
people  who  could  afford  to  create  such  vast  structures  in 
honour  of  their  gods  ?  The  houses  of  the  common  people 
were  then,  as  now,  as  we  know,  built  of  leaves,  sticks,  and 
adobe,  and  perished  within  a  few  years.  It  may  be  that 
somewhere  back  in  the  as  yet  unexplored  bush,  beyond  the 
Rio  Grande's  head  waters,  there  may  exist  a  city  of  ruins  of 
which  this  is  the  ruined  temple,  for  the  bush  is  a  safe 
guardian  of  the  secrets  of  the  past,  and  one  may  easily  pass 
within  500  yards  of  the  ruins  of  a  vast  city,  buried  within  it, 
without  being  any  the  wiser.  One  significant  fact  about 
these  ruins  is  the  great  rarity  of  potsherds  amongst  them.  I 
do  not  think  we  found  more  than  three  or  four  small  fragments 
in  all,  and  yet  so  plentiful  are  potsherds  as  a  rule  over 
ancient  Indian  centres  of  civilisation  that  one  might  gather 
cartloads  of  them  in  the  surface  only.  This,  I  think,  goes  far 
to  prove  that  the  ruins  were  never  actually  inhabited,  but 
were  kept  exclusively  for  religious  purposes. 
I  would  urge,  lastly: 

(1)  That  some  steps  be  taken  to  explore  further  these 

ruins  and  their  environment,  and,  if  possible,  to 
open  a  pyramid,  preferably  No.  1  or  No.  2,  without 
damaging  it  externally. 

(2)  That   the   bush  be   thoroughly  cleared   over  the 

large  platform,  with  a  view  to  getting  an  abso- 
lutely correct  plan  of  the  ruins,  and,  if  possible, 
checking  their  destruction  by  the  growth  upon 
them  of  large  trees. 

(3)  That  no  outsider  be  permitted  on  any  account  to 

excavate  anywhere  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ruins." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communica- 
tion. 


Jan.  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  33 

Thursday,  January  28th,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  :— A  List  of  the  Palimpsest  Brasses  in  Great  Britain.    By  Mill 
Stephenson,  B.A.,  F.S.A.     8vo.     London,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : 

1.  Rnhorough  Camp,   Broomfield,  Somerset.    By  H.  St.  G.   Gray.     8vo. 

n.p.     1903. 

2.  Huish  Champflower  Barrow,  near  Raleigh's  Cross,  on  the  Brendon  Hills. 

By  H.  St.  G.  Gray  (Reprinted  from  Somerset  and  Dorset  Notes  and 
Queries,  September,  1903). 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

John  Burgess  Preston  Karslake,  Esq.,  M.A. 
John  Walker  Ford,  Esq. 

On  the  nomination  of  the  President  the  following  were 
appointed  Auditors  of  the  Society's  accounts  for  the  past 
year: 

Frederick  Andrew  Inderwick,  Esq.,  K.C. 
James  Challenor  Covington  Smith,  Esq. 
Ormonde  Maddock  Dalton,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Cyril  James  Humphreys  Davenport,  Esq. 

C.  TRICE  MARTIN,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  some 
Chancery  Proceedings  of  the  fifteenth  century,  which  will  be 
printed  in  Archaeologia. 

W.  H.  RICHARDSON,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze 
celt  found  at  West  Hagbourne  Hill,  near  Chilton,  Berks,  on 
which  he  read  the  following  Notes : 

"By  kind  permission  of  Mr.  Leonard  G.  Slade,  of  the 
Manor  Farm,  Blewbury,  Berks,  I  am  enabled  to  offer  for 
exhibition  a  bronze  socketed  celt  found  during  the  summer  of 
1893  by  a  shepherd  while  engaged  in  pitching  a  fold  on  West 
Hagbourne  Hill,  near  the  villages  of  Chilton  and  Upton.  The 
shepherd,  finding  the  point  of  his  iron  pitching  staff  obstructed 
by  some  unyielding  object,  proceeded  to  investigate  the  cause, 

VOL.  xx.  c 


34  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

and  unearthed  this  celt,  which  he  shortly  after  sold  to  Mr. 
Slade,  in  whose  possession  it  has  since  been.  Hagbourne  Hill 
where  this  find  was  made,  is  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Berkshire  Ridge  way,  and  about  three  miles  south-west  from 
Didcot  Station  on  the  Great  Western  Railway,  and  has  an 
extreme  height  of  400  feet.  The  celt  is  a  small  but  very 
perfect  specimen,  3£  inches  long  by  2£  inches  wide,  measured 
across  at  the  points  of  the  cutting  edge,  its  weight  being 
10£  ounces.  The  mouth  is  distinctly  square,  though  with 
rounded  angles,  the  collar  is  relieved  by  twin  headings,  with 
a  larger  one  between,  and  below  it  is  the  usual  loop,  but 
with  rather  flattened  projection.  The  appearance  of  the 
surface  on  both  sides,  especially  towards  the  edge,  seems  to 
suggest  marks  of  hammering.  On  comparing  this  celt  with 
the  examples  in  the  British  Museum,  and  with  illustrations  in 
Sir  John  Evans's  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  pp.  138-9, 
and  Cooke's  edition  of  Wakeman's  Irish  Antiquities,  p.  211, 
it  seems  to  me  to  approximate  more  closely  to  a  common 
Irish  type  than  to  any  other,  but  here  I  speak  of  course  with 
the  utmost  diffidence.  Any  interest,  however,  which  may 
belong  to  this  celt  is  enhanced  by  the  fact  that  in  the  spring  of 
1803  a  hoard  of  bronze  objects  was  found  on  this  same  hill,  in 
a  pit  at  a  depth  of  4  feet,  and  among  these  was  a  socketed 
celt.  An  account  of  this  find  is  given  in  Archaeologia* 
together  with  a  plate  illustrating  most  of  the  objects  dis- 
covered. All  these,  with  the  exception  of  the  celt,  are  now 
in  the  British  Museum,  but  this,  it  appears,  from  a  reference 
which  Mr.  Read  very  kindly  made  to  the  register  of  the 
Department,  was  not  given  to  the  Museum  with  the  other 
objects,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  make  that  exact  comparison 
which  might  otherwise  have  been  desirable.  Mr.  Clinch, 
however,  for  whose  kind  assistance  in  this  matter  I  am 
greatly  indebted,  has  been  so  good  as  to  make  lantern  slides 
both  of  the  celt  now  before  us  and  also  of  the  objects 
discovered  on  the  same  site  in  1803,  as  illustrated  in 
Archaeologia.  If  the  form  of  the  celt  shown  in  the  latter 
can  be  relied  on,  it  is  obvious  that  there  are  various  points  of 
difference  between  the  two,  but  whether  any,  and  if  so,  what 
inferences  may  be  drawn  from  these  differences,  in  relation 
to  the  fact  of  their  both  coming  from  the  same  site,  I  must 
leave  for  much  more  learned  heads  to  determine.  But  it  does 
seem  to  me  that  if  on  two  occasions  bronze  objects  have  been 
found  on  West  Hagbourne  Hill,  even  with  a  long  interval 
between,  it  might  not  be  unprofitable  if  some  expert  hands 
were  to  initiate  new  explorations  on  this  site,  which,  I  may 

*  Vol.  xvi.  348. 


Feb.  4.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  35 

add,  is  very  easily  accessible  from  the  railway.  With  a  view 
of  giving  a  little  additional  interest  to  the  subject,  I  have 
marked  on  a  map  of  the  county  all  the  places  where,  so  far 
as  I  can  ascertain,  bronze  relics  have  been  met  with.  These 
are  twenty  in  number,  and,  as  will  be  seen,  are  fairly  scattered 
over  the  whole  county,  though  chiefly  in  the  north,  but  only 
in  four  localities,  viz.  Hagbourne  Hill,  Yattendon,  Walling- 
ford,  and  Windsor,  have  socketed  celts  been  found. 

With  regard  to  the  lantern  slides  exhibited  this  evening,  I 
should  be  pleased  if,  with  Mr.  Clinch's  concurrence,  they  can 
be  added  to  the  Society's  collection." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  February  4th,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Professor  A.  H.  Church,  F.K.S.,  F.S.A.  :— Copy  of  Memoranda  furnished 
to  the  First  Commissioner  of  His  Majesty's  Works,  etc.,  concerning  the 
treatment  of  decayed  stonework  in  the  Chapter  House,  Westminster  Abbey, 
fol.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Ancient  Forests,  Chases,  and  Deerparks  in  Cheshire.  By 
William  Harrison.  8vo.  Manchester,  1903. 

From  the  Author :— Deerhurst,  Pershore,  and  Westminster.  By  Rev.  C.  S. 
Taylor,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Bristol,  n.d. 

A.  T.  MARTIN,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  submitted  a  Report  on  the 
excavations  at  Caerwent  in  1903. 

The  Report  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communica- 
tion. 


C  2 


36  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Thursday,  llth  February,  1904. 
W.  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  : 

A  guide  to  the  Antiquities  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  the  Department  of  British 
and  Mediaeval  Antiquities,  British  Museum.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

Subject  Index  of  the  Modern  Works  added  to  the  British  Museum,  1881- 
1900.  Vol.  iii.  8vo.  London,  1903. 

Catalogue  of  Early  German  and  Flemish  Woodcuts  in  the  Department  of 
Prints  and  Drawings,  British  Museum,  vol.  i.  8vo.  London,  1903. 

Franks  Bequest.  Catalogue  of  the  British  and  American  Book  Plates 
bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum  by  Sir  A.  W.  Franks,  K.C.B.,  vol.  i. 
8vo.  London,  1903. 

Catalogue  of  the  Collection  of  English  Pottery  in  the  Department  of  British 
and  Mediaeval  Antiquities  and  Ethnography  of  the  British  Museum. 
By  R.  L.  Hobson.  4to.  London,  1903. 

Supplementary  Catalogue  of  Chinese  Books  and  Manuscripts  in  the  British 
Museum.  4to.  Londou,  1903. 

EGBERT  BROWN,  Jun.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the 
following  remarks  on  a  Pictorial  Manual  of  Alchemy  belong- 
ing to  Mr.  Albert  Hartshorne,  F.S.A. : 

"  This  exceedingly  rare  and  interesting  little  book,  unique 
so  far  as  I  am  aware,  consists  of  twenty  symbolical  representa- 
tions of  alchemical  processes.  It  is  apparently  of  the  time  of 
Charles  I.,  and  a  few  notes,  difficult  to  decipher,  have  been 
added  by  some  student  about  100  years  later.  The  form  in 
which  the  doctrine  is  conveyed  would  render  it  unintelligible 
or  useless  in  the  hands  of  an  outsider.  The  field  of  the  pictures 
is  filled  in  with  meaningless  scenery,  houses,  etc.,  on  the  horror 
vacui  principle.  The  main  theme  of  the  work  is  the  philo- 
sopher's stone,  its  powers  and  properties.  In  the  religious 
world  this  is  the  master  ('  the  stone  of  Israel ')  and  true  faith  ; 
in  the  philosophical  world  it  is  truth  and  right  reason ;  in  the 
material  world  it  is  an  occult  composition  or  amalgam,  pos- 
sessed of  strange  powers  of  cleansing,  refining,  and  exalting, 
and,  in  particular,  of  producing  under  the  requisite  conditions 
virgin  gold.  Hence,  in  the  lowest  of  the  three  worlds,  this 
power,  technically  Multiplicatio,  is  the  crown  and  consumma- 
tion of  the  power  of  the  Magus.  Thus,  in  one  figure, 


Feb.  11.]  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES.  37 

the  fruitful  Queen,  with  ample  breasts,  sits  on  the  Lioness 
(=(1)  a  symbol  of  heat;  (2)  of  metals  in  ebullition,  the  par- 
ticular metal  being  distinguished  in  coloured  representations 
by  the  tincture  of  the  Lion),  whose  cubs  are  sustained  by  her 
blood,  whilst  the  Lady  holds  in  one  hand  a  circle  containing 
the  Pelican  vulning  herself  for  her  young.  In  another 
figure  the  fruitful  goddess  Nature,  crowned  with  the  five 
planets,  stands  'twixt  sun  and  moon,  on  the  primeval  watery 
abyss  (apparently  near  Dover  Castle),  which  is  blown  upon 
by  the  four  Winds  (cf.  Daniel  vii.  2).  The  place  of  the 
Venus-symbol  (?)  in  the  figure  is  specially  to  be  noticed. 
Kosmic  Harmony,  and  the  continued  force  of  things  (=  '  the 
Conservation  of  Energy ')  is  further  portrayed  by  the  seven 
Planets,  with  their  familiar  symbols,  and  certain  Zodiacal 
symbols  connected  with  them,  ringed  by  the  eternal  and 
etherial  fire  (  A ).  In  another  figure  the  same  principle  of  Kosmic 
Harmony  on  a  still  wider  scale,  including  our  entire  star- 
cluster,  is  shown,  the  whole  system  being  preserved  by  con- 
tinuous energy,  anthropomorphically  portrayed  by  Man 
(=  also  (1)  Sun,  (2)  Gold)  and  Woman  (=  also  (1)  Moon, 
(2)  Silver). 

Speaking  generally,  I  may  observe  that  ©  =  the  sun; 
0  =  gold,  the  King ;  D  =  silver,  the  Queen ;  £  =  copper ; 
$  =  mercury ;  ©  =  salt ;  $  =  sulphur.  Alchemically,  mer- 
cury =  the  watery  element,  salt  =  the  earthly  element,  and 
sulphur  =  the  fiery  element  of  things.  They  thus  compose 
a  mystical  triad.  A  =  fire,  A  =  air,  V  =  earth,  V  =  water 
(cf.  fig.  17). 

Turning  to  fig.  1,  Creatio  Lapidis  ('  The  Production  of  the 
Stone'),  we  observe  fruitful,  full-breasted  Nature,  moon- 
headed,  enringed  by  the  terraqueous  globe,  her  feet  in  the 
watery  abyss,  and  chained,  because  she  cannot  depart  from 
the  course  of  Kosmic  Harmony,  in  a  secret  place,  suckling  the 
young  sun  (gold).*  She  is  girt  by  the  four  elements,  the  fiery 
Dragon  (cf.  fig.  12),  the  Bird  (=  air),  Earth,  and  Water.  In 
fig.  2  the  parts  played  by  these  four  component  elements,  in 
the  order  Earth,  Water,  Air,  Fire  (note  the  Lion's  face)  are 
given,  they  being  symbolised  as  fruitful  women.  In  fig.  3  the 
compound,  but  harmonious,  nature  of  the  Stone  is  indicated,  as 
composed  of  gold,  silver,  mercury,  sulphur,  etc.  The  watery 
element  (mercury)  is  symbolised  by  the  three-headed  Hydra. 
The  Pelican  also  appears  (cf.  fig.  16),  and  the  Peacock  in 
her  pride,  a  symbol,  amongst  other  things  of  the  starry 
heaven  (Kosmic  Harmony).  Fig.  4  gives  an  explanation  of 

*  In  art  the  moon  at  times  nurses  the  young  sun. 


38  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

the  Sulphur-dragon  (side  sup.),  and  its  evolving  from  its 
hidden  state.  Fig.  5  represents  the  alchemist  at  work.  Upon 
his  table  stands  the  magic  cube,  and  at  it  sit  Sun  (gold)  and 
Moon  (silver),  on  either  side  of  a  mystic  figure  which,  accord- 
ing to  the  explanation  suggested,  =  Gold  personified.  In  the 
foreground  the  Fiery-principle  (Lion)  consumes  the  Watery- 
principle  (Snake).  A  long  explanation  is  given  of  Solutio 
(fig.  6),  which  is  symbolically  shown  by  the  Male-igneous- 
principle  approached  by  the  Female-principle,  bearing  the 
seven-fold  mystic  Rose  (itself  a  large  subject).  Towards  her 
springs  the  igneous  Lion  beneath  the  Sun.  A  retort  is 
also  shown  illustrating  that  practical  Alchemy  is  at  the  basis 
of  the  matter.  This  principle  is  also  illustrated  in  other 
figures.  In  fig.  7  Separatio,  Mercury,  with  Caduceus,  [stands 
betwixt  the  Male-martial-igneous-principle  (sun,  gold)  and 
the  female  dove-holding-Venus-principle.  In  fig.  8,  Con- 
junctio,  the  marriage  of  Sun  and  Moon,  union  of  gold  and 
silver  with  a  furnace  and  alembics.  Putrefactio  (fig.  9)  is 
explained  and  illustrated  by  a  skeleton,  standing  on  the 
dark,  primeval,  flame-girt  world  (see  illustrations  in  Robert 
Fludd's  works),  holding  a  night-bird.  The  two-winged, 
attendant,  female  figures  are  potencies  which  may  be  com- 
pared with  some  of  the  minor  personages  in  Greek  mystic 
and  Dionysiac  scenes.  Fig.  10  denotes  primarily  the  course 
of  the  Sun  through  the  four  quarters  (seasons)  of  the  year, 
but  more  occultly,  the  alchemical  steps  in  the  process  of  the 
Stone,  and  in  connection  with  gold-multiplication  (cf.  fig.  2.). 
Perhaps  the  design  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the 
ancient  Latin  incantation :  '  Tres  virgines  mensam  mar- 
moream  positam  habebant,  etc.'  Fig.  12,  Cibatio,  a  fine 
occult  design,  shows  the  generating,  germinating  powers  of 
Heat  (Dragon)  hidden  in  fluidity,  but  ringed  with  etherial 
fire,  on  gold  and  silver  (sun  and  moon,  cf.  fig.  1),  to  issue  at 
length  in  the  eternal  and  symbolic  Phoenix,  which  is  flanked 
by  the  other  birds  (aerial  powers)." 

ALBERT  HARTSHORNE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  also  communicated  the 
following  further  remarks  upon  the  Pictorial  Manual  of 
Alchemy  exhibited  by  him  : 

"  With  regard  to  the  artistic  character  of  the  MS.  in 
question,  it  may  be  convenient  to  add  some  notes  to  Mr. 
Brown's  observations.  The  drawings  are  made  with  great 
precision  and  exactness,  and  apparently  directly  in  ink  upon 
the  paper,  without  any  preliminary  pencil  lines.  The  minute 
figures  are  well  proportioned,  and  evince  a  considerable 
knowledge  of  the  human  form,  such  as  would  have  been 


Feb.  11.]  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES.  39 

acquired  by  a  practitioner  in  surgery  and  medicine.  Only  in 
a  few  instances,  as,  for  example,  in  Illustration  No.  7,  is  there 
clumsiness  in  the  nether  limbs.  The  drawings  No.  5  (Calci- 
natio),  No.  8  (Conjunctio),  No.  15  (Exaltatio),  are  excellent, 
as  is  also  No.  18 ;  and  the  minute  and  clear  work  in  the 
latter  and  in  Nos.  3  and  19  are  noteworthy,  though  not  drawn 
with  a  particularly  fine  line.  The  trumpet  blown  by  the 
angel  in  the  fourteenth  picture  is  of  the  same  character  as 
that  preserved  in  Warwick  Castle,  said  to  have  sounded  the 
fateful  charge  at  Naseby. 

The  costume  shown  in  the  pictures  Nos.  5  and  8  sufficiently 
indicate  the  date  to  be  about  1625.  This  point  naturally 
suggests  the  question  of  the  authorship  of  the  MS. 

In  the  latter  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  lived  a  famous 
and  disreputable  English  astrologer,  Simon  Forman.  born  in 
1552,  died  1611.  A  graduate  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford, 
he  practised  medicine  and  worked  at  astrology,  and  in  1594 
began  his  experiments  for  the  discovery  of  the  Philosopher's 
Stone,  and  took  to  magic,  employing  the  usual  fraudulent 
methods. 

A  pupil  of  Forman  was  Richard  Napier.  He  was  born  in 
1559,  and  was  also  a  graduate  of  Oxford,  from  Exeter  College. 
In  1590  he  was  ordained,  and  preferred  to  the  rectory  of 
Great  Linford,  Buckinghamshire,  which  he  held  for  40  years, 
until  his  death  in  1634.  He  also  practised  medicine,  as  many 
English  clergy  did  until  long  after  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  Forman  bequeathed  his  MSS.  to  Napier. 

Napier's  nephew  Richard,  was  born  in  1607  ;  he  was  entered 
of  Wadham,  and  elected  a  Fellow  of  All  Souls  in  1628.  He 
also  was  learned  in  astrology  and  medicine.  He  inherited  his 
uncle's  MSS.,  was  knighted  in  1647,  and  died  in  1676.  His 
son  Thomas  give  the  MSS.  of  his  father  and  great-uncle  to 
Elias  Ashmole,  and  they  are  now  in  the  Bodleian  Library. 

Thus  we  have  in  succession  three  English  astrologers, 
practitioners  also  of  magic  and  medicine,  closely  associated, 
and  it  is  suggested  as  not  improbable  that  the  MS.  now 
exhibited  may  be  from  the  hand  of  Richard  Napier.  This  is 
a  point  which  the  present  writer  has  not  yet  had  an  opportunity 
of  verifying  by  comparing  it  with  those  that  are  at  present  in 
the  Bodleian  Library. 

The  MS.  appears  to  have  been  obtained  by  Mr.  Kerrich 
when  a  Fellow  of  Magdalene  College,  Cambridge,  and  before 
his  marriage  in  1798." 

The  EARL  OF  YARBOROUGH,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  silver-gilt 
standing  cup  and  cover  presented  by  the  town  of  Enkhuysen 


40  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1904, 

to  William  the  Silent,  to  commemorate  the  victory  of  the 
Dutch  over  the  Bourbon  Spanish  fleet  under  the  Comte  du 
Bossu  in  1573. 

The  cup  and  cover,  which  were  described  by  C.  H.  Read,  Esq., 
Secretary,  will  be  illustrated  in  Archaeologia. 

G.  GRAZEBROOK,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  number  of 
miscellaneous  antiquities  found  in  the  River^  Thames  at 
Cookham  Strand. 

G.  M.  ARNOLD,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  the  leaden  matrix  of 
a  seal  of  the  thirteenth  century  lately  found  in  his  garden  at 
Milton  by  Gravesend,  Kent. 

The  seal  is  circular,  1£  inch  in  diameter,  and  has  for  device 
a  cross  flory  surrounded  by  the  legend  : 

+  SI6ILL  IOI]ANIS  MONAdl]! 

Above  the  cross  which  begins  the  legend  is  a  small  circular 
projection  upon  the  edge  of  the  seal,  for  attaching  a  cord  for 
suspension. 

A.  J.  COPELAND,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  the 
leaden  matrix  of  a  seal  of  the  thirteenth  century  found  some 
years  ago  at  Waynfleet,  Lines.  It  is  remarkable  for  being 
engraved  with  a  different  device  on  each  side. 

On  one  side  the  device  is  a  single-masted  vessel,  without 
any  sails,  with  the  encircling  legend : 

+  SI6ILL'  WILL'I  FILIJ  EENEWINI 

The  other  side  has  for  device  a  cross  flory,  but  the  surround- 
ing legend  is  much  worn.  It  seems  to  read  : 

+  SIGILK  SIM[ONIS  FIL'  ERNEWINI] 

The  seal  is  If  inch  in  diameter,  and  has  apparently  had  a 
loop  or  projection  for  suspension  on  the  edge. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions,  and  to  Mr.  A.  J.  Copeland  for  his  gift  to 
the  Society's  Collections. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  41 

Thursday,  18th  February,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  3rd  March,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be  balloted 
for  was  read. 

P.  H.  NEWMAN,  Esq.,  read  the  following  notes  on  the  pre- 
servation of  some  ancient  wall-paintings : 

"  It  is  now  about  twelve  years  ago  that  the  late  Mr.  Lof tus 
Brock,  a  Fellow  of  this  Society,  consulted  me  as  to  the  best 
means  of  preserving  some  ancient  mural  paintings  at  Canter- 
bury, which  were  at  that  time  in  a  ruinous  condition,  and  fast 
fading  from  the  walls  they  were  intended  to  adorn.  After 
some  consideration  of  a  subject  of  which  I  then  knew  theo- 
retically but  little,  and  practically  nothing,  I  suggested  a 
mode  of  treatment  which  Mr.  Brock  agreed  with  me  in  think- 
ing that,  if  it  did  not  absolutely  effect  the  object  desired,  it 
could  at  least  do  no  harm.  It  should  be  said,  moreover,  that 
any  compunction  we  might  have  had  as  to  risk  to  the  paint- 
ings would  have  been  lessened  by  the  observations  of  their 
then  guardian  on  what  was  as  obvious  to  ourselves,  that  if 
something  was  not  done  very  soon  there  would  be  no  paint- 
ings to  preserve.  The  works  referred  to  were  severally  at 
Eastbridge  Hospital,  and  in  the  church  of  St.  Alphege  at 
Canterbury,  and  St.  Nicholas,  the  church  of  the  Lepers' 
Hospital  at  Harbledown.  The  paintings  at  the  two  places 
last  mentioned  had  then  but  recently  been  uncovered,  and 
much  speculation  had  arisen  as  to  their  subjects.  It  was  my 
discovery  of  the  subjects  of  these  paintings  which  first  called 
attention  to  the  operations  I  was  engaged  in,  and  raised  ques- 
tion and  criticism  of  an  impatient  character  as  to  my  qualifi- 
cations for  dealing  with  these  ancient  monuments  with  the 
view  of  their  preservation.  My  reply  to  these  questions  was 
that,  as  my  operations  were  in  the  nature  of  an  experiment,  it 
would  be  both  premature  and  unfair  to  disclose  them,  both  in 
relation  to  myself  and  the  works  under  treatment,  and  might 
be  indeed  actually  mischievous  in  case  other  persons  with 
more  zeal  than  discretion  should  be  tempted  to  essay  else- 
where a  process  which  was  tentative,  and  at  the  best  had  not, 
and  could  not  at  the  time  have  been,  proved  successful. 
If  this  evasion  of  disclosure  gave  offence  in  some  quarters,  as 


42  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

I  have  been  led  to  believe  it  did,  while  I  regret  the  fact,  I  can 
only  say  that  it  was  in  the  nature  of  things,  and  that  no  other 
course  appeared  open  to  me. 

Before  coming  to  the  explanation  of  my  own  method  of 
treating  these  wall-paintings,  and,  as  I  conceive,  its  rationale, 
it  may  be  well  to  summarise  those  processes  for  preservation 
which  have  been  ordinarily  used,  so  that  points  of  similarity 
may  be  the  more  readily  observed. 

The  best  known  authorities  on  the  subject  are  Mr.  J.  G. 
Waller  and  Professor  A.  H.  Church.  Mr.  Waller,  after  giving 
careful  and  elaborate  directions  for  the  removal  of  superim- 
posed whitewash,  says :  '  In  discussing  the  mode  of  preserving 
these  paintings  by  a  varnish,  it  must  be  well  considered.  On 
stone,  or  upon  a  sound  wall,  no  doubt  some  such  manipulation 
may  be  very  effective,  if  properly  done.  But  the  decay  of 
wall-painting  when  exposed  to  the  air,  damp,  etc.,  arises  from 
the  loss  of  the  material  by  which  the  colours  were  originally 
tempered.  The  medium  is  not  so  durable  as  the  colour,  and 
damp  succeeded  by  dryness,  and  the  variations  of  our  climate, 
tend  to  its  disintegration;  it  comes  off  in  dust  or  powder. 
This  even  takes  place  in  "  fresco  buono,"  as  may  be  seen  in 
many  churches  in  Italy,  giving  rise  to  the  report  of  the 
colours  fading.  The  colours  do  not  fade,  they  simply  dis- 
integrate and  fall  off  in  dust. 

To  restore  to  the  decaying  tempera  painting  the  medium  it 
has  partially  lost  could  be  done  by  means  of  a  spray,  casting 
upon  the  surface  a  dilution  of  size  in  alcohol  and  water  to 
make  it  sufficiently  thin  for  the  process.  This  could  be  done 
to  any  wall,  however  soft,  with  success ;  but  a  hard  varnish 
upon  a  soft  wall  would  certainly  hasten  the  decay.' 

Professor  Church,  after  equally  careful  instruction  for 
removing  whitewash  from  the  surface  of  the  ancient  paintings, 
gives  the  following  recipe  for  a  fixing  solution : 

'  Melt  2  ounces  by  weight  of  pure  white  beeswax,  and  pour 
the  melted  wax  into  6  ounces  by  measure  of  oil  of  spike 
lavender  or  oil  of  orange  peel.  Warm  the  mixture  until  it  is 
clear,  and  then  add  10  ounces  by  measure  of  picture  copal 
varnish  and  26  ounces  of  freshly  distilled  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine. 

The  above  mixture  is  to  be  applied  warm  by  means  of  a 
broad  flat  soft  brush  to  the  wall  picture.' 

'  Sometimes,'  says  the  Professor,  '  it  is  necessary,  if  the 
colour  be  at  all  easily  detached  to  apply  the  fixing  liquid  to 
the  wall  by  means  of  a  spray  producer.  A  scent  distributor 
worked  by  an  india-rubber  ball,  by  bellows,  or  by  Fletcher's 
foot-blower  will  answer.' 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  43 

These  extracts  are  taken  from  Mr.  Keyser's  comprehensive 
List  of  Buildings  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  having 
Mural  and  other  Painted  Decorations,  published  by  direction 
of  the  Department  of  Science  and  Art. 

Now  while  agreeing  with  Mr.  Waller  that  a  hard  varnish 
will  hasten  the  decay,  it  is  possible  to  use  Professor  Church's 
recipe  with  success  provided  it  is  used  in  a  proper  way,  i.e. 
with  certain  modifications,  not  as  to  material,  but  applica- 
tion. But  first  let  us  gauge  the  effect  of  the  hard  varnish 
Mr.  Waller  judiciously  deprecates.  There  is,  of  course,  var- 
nish and  varnish,  and  many  kinds  darken  speedily,  especially 
if  they  contain,  as  in  the  commoner  sorts,  a  proportion  of 
litharge  as  a  drier.  The  use  of  such  a  varnish  as  this  by 
whatever  method  would  be  fatal,  as  in  a  short  time  on  stone 
or  plaster  the  painting  would  be  so  degraded  in  its  lighter 
portions  as  to  be  indistinguishable,  and  it  is  for  this  reason 
that  Professor  Church  suggests  a  recipe  for  a  fluid  which 
gives  the  least  chance  of  darkening.  But  this  risk,  after  all, 
is  incomparable  with  the  greater  one  of  using  a  viscous  fluid 
even  thinly  on  a  more  or  less  porous  wall  surface,  unless  it 
has  been  subjected  to  previous  and  careful  treatment.  The 
pores  are  choked,  the  surface  ceases  to  allow  perspiration  or 
evaporation  of  confined  moisture,  or  the  free  exit  of  rarefied 
air,  and  these  imprisoned  forces  quickly  burst  their  bonds, 
carrying  with  them  the  pigments  used  in  the  paintings. 

This  has  occurred  so  frequently  as  scarcely  to  need  further 
reference,  and  has  been  acknowledged  as  the  result  of  a  per- 
nicious practice  certain  to  result  in  a  short  time  in  the 
destruction  of  that  which  it  was  intended  to  preserve. 

Now  it  will  be  observed  that  Professor  Church  does  not 
recommend  the  use  of  the  medium,  of  which  he  has  given  a 
recipe,  in  a  state  of  viscosity;  he  is  careful  to  advise  its 
application  as  a  preservative  to  ancient  mural  paintings  in  a 
very  dilute  and  fluid  condition,  and  I  have  little  doubt  that 
its  use  in  many  instances  under  favourable  conditions  would 
be  attended  with  success.  But  in  dealing  with  the  paintings 
I  have  referred  to  I  had  neither  Professer  Church's  knowledge 
of  chemistry  nor  his  experience  of  the  behaviour  of  wall 
surfaces,  and  yet  it  was  essential  to  run  no  risks. 

I  therefore  determined  to  make  experiments.*  I  soon 
found  that  although  a  weak  size  medium  presented  more 
affinities  to  the  fixatif  originally  used  in  the  paintings  than 

*  These  experiments  were  made  in  my  own  studio  upon  plaster  surfaces  on 
which  I  had  painted  with  colours  containing  insufficient  tempera  medium  to  fix 
them,  thus  representing  as  nearly  as  might  be  the  condition  of  old  and  desiccated 
works. 


44  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

one  composed  of  oils  and  spirits,  its  application  either  by 
means  of  brush  or  spray  was  attended  by  considerable  danger 
of  smearing  or  obliteration,  and  I  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
any  medium  containing  water  should  be  avoided  altogether, 
and  that  if  the  paintings  were  to  be  preserved  intact,  after 
the  removal  of  the  whitewash,  some  spirit  or  varnish  medium 
must  be  used.  But  the  questions  still  remained,  What  ?  and 
How? 

I  had  about  the  time  of  which  I  am  speaking  been  paint- 
ing a  good  deal  in  spirit  fresco,  with  a  medium  from  a  recipe 
given  me  some  years  before  its  publication  by  the  late 
Gambier  Parry.  I  had  a  quantity  of  this  medium  by  me,  I 
had  made  it  myself,  and  could  rely  on  the  quality  of  its  com- 
ponents ;  they  were  with  one  exception  the  same  as  those 
used  in  the  preparation  of  the  preservative  recommended  by 
Professor  Church,  and  I  deemed  that,  if  this  could  be  used 
thinly,  my  Gambier  Parry  medium  was  exactly  the  material 
I  required  for  my  purpose.  But  then,  how  should  it  be 
applied  ?  Of  course  thinly,  as  I  knew  the  risk  of  choking  I 
have  referred  to,  but  how  thinly  was  the  point,  and  I  not  un- 
naturally decided  that  I  could  scarcely  use  it  too  thinly  to 
begin  with.  Theoretically,  I  may  be  told  that  I  was  entirely 
wrong,  but  the  result  has  most  fully  justified  my  theory, 
which  ran  something  like  this : 

If  I  drench  the  wall  with  approximately  pure  spirit  I  shall 
not  injure  the  tempera  painting  upon  it ;  while  in  a  compara- 
tively short  time  I  shall  render  the  wall  more  than  normally 
dry  by  evaporation,  and  lessen  the  risk  of  choking  and  subse- 
quent disaster. 

I  therefore  treated  the  wall  as  one  treats  a  photographic 
gelatino-bromide  film  one  is  anxious  to  dry  rapidly.  The 
after  measures  were  simple  enough,  but  involved  some 
patience  and  time.  The  climatic  and  local  conditions  being 
favourable  to  rapid  drying,  I  proceeded  the  day  after  the  pre- 
liminary drenching  to  use  the  medium  in  its  weakest  form, 
and  the  following  day  a  little  stronger.  I  used  three  strengths 
of  solution  of  the  medium,  but  nothing  at  all  approaching 
viscosity,  even  at  the  last,  when  the  wall  had  become  prac- 
tically non-absorbent,  and  I  used  the  liquid  warm. 

It  will,  I  think,  be  allowed,  if  the  method  indicated  be  con- 
sidered, that  the  result  of  applying  a  fixing  liquid  in  increasing 
strengths  after  the  normal  moisture  of  the  wall  has  been 
evaporated  is  to  run  the  least  risk  of  choking  until  the 
porous  surface  has  been  entered  or  permeated  to  some  depth, 
and  so  to  speak  built  up. 

And  if  this  be  so  the  process  affords  a  reasonable  hope  that 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  45 

the  bond  of  wall  and  painting  is  sufficient  to  give  it  consider- 
able permanence.  It  must,  I  think,  also  be  admitted  that 
although  practically  a  varnish  is  used,  the  method  is  not  that 
of  varnishing,  but  a  saturation  of  surface  to  a  considerable 
depth,  increasing  in  tenacity  from  the  depth  to  the  surface, 
and  affording  at  the  least  quite  as  good  a  keying  to  the  wall 
as  any  application  of  liquid  size,  and  without  the  accompany- 
ing inconvenience. 

If  it  should  be  objected  that  any  varnish,  oil,  or  spirit  fixer 
is  antipathetic  to  tempera  or  fresco  medium  in  which  these 
ancient  works  were  painted,  and  that  for  their  preservation 
nothing  could  be  better  for  the  purpose  than  a  liquid  con- 
taining such  ingredients,  I  must  at  the  risk  of  repeating 
myself  urge  the  weightier  objections  to  the  use  of  size  or  any 
aqueous  medium  at  all. 

The  first  is  of  course  that  by  the  use  of  water  you  are 
adding  moisture  to  a  surface  you  wish  to  dry,  and  the  noxt  is 
that  the  colours  of  these  paintings,  desiccated  by  time,  with 
much  of  their  original  fixing  perished,  are  exceedingly  soluble 
in  water  and  apt  to  run  either  under  brush  or  spray.  At 
any  rate  my  experience  goes  to  show  that  the  work  is  done 
much  more  safely  with  spirit  than  with  water,  a  fact  that 
may  be  emphasized  by  another,  viz.  that  I  have  found  very 
rare  instances  where  it  was  necessary  to  use  a  spray.  In 
nearly  all  cases  I  have  been  able  to  effect  even  the  earliest 
saturations  with  a  large  flat  brush  fully  charged  with  medium 
and  drawn  once  only  lightly  over  the  painting.  I  have  not 
in  this  paper  referred  in  any  way  to  the  preliminary  removal 
of  coatings  of  white  or  colour  wash,  this  will  vary  in  process 
with  the  circumstances,  but  I  should  remark  that  before  the 
drenching  process  or  application  of  any  medium  the  work 
should  be  lightly  but  thoroughly  brushed  with  a  painter's 
badger  softener. 

These  methods  or  processes  of  preservation,  as  I  have  said, 
I  used  at  Canterbury  twelve  years  ago.  More  recently  I  have 
been  honoured  by  the  request  of  Mr.  Keyser  to  collaborate 
with  him  in  an  investigation  of  the  walls  of  the  church  of 
St.  Mary  at  Aldermaston.  The  discovery  of  paintings  there  is 
sufficiently  well  known  to  call  for  any  further  reference  than 
in  connection  with  the  subject  of  this  paper,  and  to  say  that 
the  same  treatment  which  I  am  advocating  now,  and  which 
was  successful  at  Canterbury,  I  used  with  equal  success  in 
the  preservation  of  the  Aldermaston  paintings. 

Mr.  Keyser's  wide  knowledge  of  mural  paintings,  as  shown 
in  his  valuable  catalogue,  constitutes  him  so  reliable  an 
authority  on  the  condition  of  these  works  when  uncovered 


46  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

and  at  subsequent  periods,  that  I  have  been  much  gratified  to 
hear  from  him  from  time  to  time  that  the  paintings  show  no 
sign  of  deterioration  or  degradation  of  colour  from  their 
original  state  after  the  removal  of  the  superimposed  white- 
wash, and  when  they  emerged  in  their  strength  on  the  first 
application  of  the  medium.  In  regard  to  the  state  of  the 
Canterbury  paintings,  I  visited  Mr.  Crosse,  the  Master  of 
Eastbridge  Hospital,  in  the  summer  of  1896,  i.e.  about  three 
years  and  a  half  after  my  experiment,  with  the  view  of 
ascertaining  the  result  after  what  I  deemed  a  reasonable 
interval.  In  Mr.  Crosse's  presence  I  sponged  portions  of 
the  Eastbridge  painting  with  water,  and  afterwards,  when 
dry,  brushed  it  over  with  turpentine  spirit;  none  of  the 
pigment  coming  off  under  either  process.  I  applied  the 
same  severe  test  to  the  paintings  on  the  wall  of  St. 
Alphege's  and  the  splay  of  the  window  of  St.  Nicholas, 
Harbledown,  where  I  had  found  and  treated  with  preserva- 
tive solution  the  subject  of  the  Annunciation.  The  painting 
at  St.  Alphege's,  the  Adoration  of  the  Magi,  stood  the  test 
well ;  the  Annunciation  at  Harbledown  not  quite  so  well, 
there  being  a  tendency  for  the  pigment  to  yield  in  some 
places.  I  think,  however,  it  is  a  fair  surmise  to  account  for 
a  little  failure  of  fixation  in  the  Harbledown  splay  from  the 
fact  that  the  time  at  my  disposal  there  did  not  allow  of  my 
carrying  out  the  process  with  the  same  care  or  thoroughness 
as  I  had  the  opportunity  of  doing  at  Canterbury.  In  any 
case,  however,  it  is  desirable  to  bear  in  mind  that  under  no 
circumstances  would  it  have  been  possible  for  the  paintings 
to  have  stood  these  tests  had  the  fixation  been  attempted 
with  liquid  size. 

Before  concluding  this  paper  it  may  be  well  to  refer  to  the 
application  of  the  process  to  the  particular  instance  of  the 
painting  on  the  west  side  of  the  window  in  the  transept  or 
chapel  at  Aldermaston.  On  the  removal  of  the  whitewash 
here  we  found  a  fifteenth- century  canopy  surmounting  some 
fragments  of  a  s abject  of  a  kneeling  figure,  probably  St. 
Nicholas,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Keyser  in  his  description  of 
Aldermaston  Church  in  Ike  Archseological  Journal  for 
December,  ]  898.  This  picture  in  a  fragmentary  condition  had 
been  painted  over,  and  was  adhering  to  the  earlier  diapering 
of  rectangular  pattern,  possibly  executed  a  hundred  years 
previously.  The  entire  work  was  thus  in  the  nature  of  a 
palimpsest,  and  I  experienced  no  little  difficulty  in  retaining 
any  of  the  later  painting  upon  the  wall.  I  refer  to  this 
picture  and  its  condition  because  I  am  bound  to  say  that  I 
could  have  done  nothing  in  the  matter  of  its  preservation, 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page,  47. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  47 

had  I  been  restricted  to  the  use  of  fluid  size  or  size  and 
alcohol.  I  could  not  have  dared  an  application  of  any 
aqueous  medium  at  all.  As  it  was,  though  the  difficulties 
were  great,  they  were  not  insuperable,  and  with  much  care 
I  was  able  to  restore  the  adhesion  of  surfaces  in  addition 
to  their  permanent  preservation  by  injecting  between  the 
diapering  and  the  superimposed  picture  white  lead  thinned 
with  a  solution  of  shellac. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  there  was  not  more  of  this 
particularly  interesting  subject  left  to  preserve,  but  the  lower 
portion  had  been  ruthlessly  cut  away  for  improvements 
when  the  churchwardens  a  few  generations  ago  battened  the 
building  throughout,  and  lined  it  with  lath  and  plaster. 

The  question  may  well  arise  whether  these  ancient  paintings 
are  in  ail  cases  worth  the  trouble  expended  on  their  preserva- 
tion, and  whether  after  careful  note  and  copy  by  hand  and 
photograph  they  might  not  in  many  instances  yield  place  to 
something  less  crude  or  even  to  a  fair  surface  of  plain  wall. 
With  that  question  I  have  nothing  to  do  at  the  present  time ; 
if  it  arises  at  all  in  my  mind  it  is  only  to  emphasize  the  fact 
that  there  are  some  of  these  mural  works,  notably  some  of 
those  to  which  I  have  herein  refered,  where,  as  priceless 
heirlooms  of  a  dead  past,  monuments  of  local  or  national 
intellectual  efforts  at  certain  periods,  they  deserve  for  their 
own  sake,  as  well  as  for  ours,  our  tenderest  care,  our  most 
circumspect  and  earnest  efforts  to  preserve  them." 

REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
notes  on  some  Anglo-Saxon  silver  ornaments  found  at 
Trewhiddle,  Cornwall,  in  1774: 

"  Some  apology  is  needed  for  further  treatment  of  a 
discovery  already  brought  before  the  Society  on  two  occasions, 
and  published  by  Mr.  Philip  Rashleigh  in  Archaeologia,*  and 
by  Mr.  J.  J.  Rogers  in  our  Proceedings,^  as  well  as  in  the 
Journal  of  the  Royal  Institution  of  Cornwall ;  J  and  in 
The  Archaeological  Journal  ;§  but  one  or  two  points  of 
importance  have  been  overlooked  in  these  accounts,  and  other 
points  have  not,  in  my  opinion,  been  sufficiently  emphasized. 

A  summary  of  the  facts  relating  to  the  discovery  may  be 
given  here. 

*  Vol.  ix.  187,  pi.  viii. ;  vol.  xi.  83,  pi.  vii. 

t  2nd.  S.  viii.  313.  .       „.,.,„., 

I  Vol.   ii.    292.      The    discovery  is    also    mentioned    in    Daviea    Uilc 
Parochial  History  of  Cornwall,  i.  49. 
§  Vol.  xxi.  183. 


48  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

Just  130  years  ago  some  tin-miners  were  searching  for 
tin  in  a  stream- work  near  St.  Austell,  and  discovered,  about 
17  feet  below  the  surface,  a  silver  cup  containing  a  variety  of 
gold  and  silver  objects  covered  by  a  slate  in  a  heap  of  loose 
stones.  Some  of  the  articles  were  no  doubt  lost  during 
removal,  and  those  of  gold  which  were  recovered  were  not 
presented  with  the  i*est  of  the  find  to  the  British  Museum  by 
Mr.  J.  J.  Rogers  in  1880,  having  no  doubt  previously  dis- 
appeared. The  cup  contained  a  gold  filagree  pendant  and 
small  ingot,  with  two  silver  rings  now  lost,  besides  a  poly- 
gonal-headed pin  (figs.  3  and  4),  a  penannular  brooch,  a 
scourge,  three  ornamented  bands  (figs.  5,  6  and  7),  and  a 
few  minor  pieces  of  bronze. 

A  number  of  silver  coins  were  also  included,  which  have 
been  fully  described  by  Mr.  Jonathan  Rashleigh.*  Only  two 
or  three  of  the  parcel  are  now  preserved  with  the  other 
objects,  but  one  of  these  Mr.  Grueber  pronounces  to  be  an 
unpublished  variety  of  a  type  of  Ethelwulf,f  with  an  TV 
inverted  over  the  C7VNT  (Canterbury)  on  the  reverse,  the 
moneyer's  name  being  W  F  A.  About  114  pennies  were  found 
altogether,  and  as  only  two  occur  of  Alfred,  the  latest 
monarch  represented,  there  is  good  reason  for  supposing  the 
deposit  to  have  been  made  about  875,  a  coin  of  Ceolwulf  of 
Mercia  not  being  earlier  than  874.  This  part  of  the  country 
was  at  that  time  much  disturbed,  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle 
recording  a  Danish  invasion  in  877,  and  the  presence  of  twenty- 
three  Danish  ships  on  the  Devon  coast  in  the  following  year. 
Intercourse  between  the  English  and  Frankish  courts  was 
frequent  at  this  period;  and  in  the  last  quarter  of  the  ninth 
century,  the  occurrence  of  the  peculiar  Carlovingian  acanthus 
leaf  on  remains  in  this  country  would  not  therefore  have  been 
surprising,  though  there  is  little  trace  of  it  in  the  present 
case.  Egbert  had  left  the  court  of  Charles  in  802  to  ascend  the 
throne  of  Wessex,  and  had  marched  into  Cornwall  against  the 
West  Welsh  in  815,  but  it  was  not  till  823  that  the  conquest 
of  Cornwall  was  complete.  The  natives  of  this  district  joined 
the  Northmen  against  him  in  832,  and  were  beaten  in  835  at 
Hengestdun  (Kingston  Down).  Again  in  894  the  West  Welsh 
joined  the  Danes  against  Alfred,  and  revolted  against  Aethel- 
stan,  who  marched  to  the  Land's  End,  subdued  their  country, 
and  fixed  the  Tamar  as  their  boundary  about  928.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  at  the  time  these  relics  were  deposited  for 
security  there  was  much  unrest  among  the  Britons  and  the 

*  In  Journal  of  tlie  Riryal  Institution  of  Cornwall,  ii.  295. 
f  Type  i.  in  Catalogue  of  English  Coins  (Brit.  Mus.),  ii.  9. 


Feb.  18.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


49 


Saxon  settlers,  who  occupied  part  of  Exeter.  Further,  the 
saints'  names  in  the  southern  coast  of  Cornwall  show  an 
intimate  relation  with  Armorica,  and  as  an  English  bishopric 
was  not  created  in  Cornwall  till  931,  we  cannot  be  far  wrong 
in  supposing  these  relics  to  have  belonged  to,  and  perhaps  to 
have  been  concealed  by,  a  saintly  hermit  whose  equipment 
would  point  to  contact  with  Frankish,  rather  than  Irish, 
civilization.  Mr.  Borlase  puts  the  period  of  the  Irish  saints 
in  Cornwall  between  450-550,  that  of  the  Welsh  saints 
between  520-682,  while  the  Armorican  phase  was  the  last  of 


SILVER  CHALICE  FOUND  AT  TEEWHIDDLE,  CORNWALL,     (i-) 

native  Christianity,  previous  to  its  absorption  into  the  English 
system  *     The  history  and  identity  of  St.  Austell  himselt 
herself)  are  not  quite  clear.  . 

Before  proceeding  to  treat  some  of  the  pieces  m  detail, 
I  may  remark  that  the  remains  of  the  silver  cup  (before  the 
legitimate  restoration  it  has  recently  undergone)  showed 
that  it  had  been  broken  by  a  weight  falling  from  above,  n 

*  W.  C.  Borlase,  The  Age  of  the  Saints,  174  ;  for  St.  Anstell,  see  p.  156. 
VOL.   XX.  D 


50  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

doubt  the  slate  cover  referred  to,  which  had  shattered  the 
lower  part  of  the  bowl  and  driven  the  rather  stouter  stem 
into  the  base.  The  same  shock  probably  broke  the  long  and 
seemingly  disproportionate  pin  of  the  penannular  brooch  : 
this  pattern  generally  has  the  pin  flattened  in  the  centre,  and 
the  stump  has  evidently  been  subsequently  filed.  The  pattern 
is  common  enough,  and  the  lozenge  receptacles  for  inlaid 
glass  or  amber  at  the  ends  of  the  hoop  occur,  for  instance, 
on  a  very  similar  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  from  a 
crannog  in  co.  Roscommon.  The  typological  method,  which 
is  often  fallacious,  is  here  justified  by  a  comparison  of  this 
brooch  with  a  rather  undeveloped  example  from  Croy, 
Inverness-shire,  found  with  a  coin  of  Coenwulf  of  Mercia 
(795-818),  and  with  the  elaborate  productions  known  as  the 
Tara  and  Hunterston  brooches,  which  are  considerably  later. 

The  cup,  which  is  evidently  a  chalice,  was  made  in  three 
pieces,  and  is  devoid  of  ornament.  Just  below  the  rim  are 
rivet  holes  showing  that  a  border  had  been  applied,  but 
the  holes  do  not  agree  with  those  in  the  three  ornamented 
bands  included  in  the  find.  The  chalice  with  a  pair  of 
handles,  of  which  several  examples  exist  in  metal  and  glass, 
and  which  is  represented  in  later  times  by  the  famous 
Ardagh  chalice,  was  the  more  usual  form,  but  several  of 
more  modern  appearance  are  known  to  date  from  very  early 
times.  The  nearest  parallel  I  have  found  is  one  discovered 
in  the  Venetian  Alps  and  attributed  to  the  sixth  century.* 
It  is  of  silver,  8^  inches  high,  a  band  below  the  lip  having 
a  dedicatory  inscription,  while  the  Trewhiddle  chalice  must 
have  been  about  5  inches  high,  the  diameter  at  the  mouth 
being  4^  inches.  • 

The  scourge,  for  such  the  chain  of  plaited  silver  wire 
undoubtedly  is,  seems  to  be  the  only  existing  specimen  of  its 
class,  at  least  in  a  complete  state.  There  are  many  examples 
of  the  so-called  '  Trichinopoly '  chain  dating  from  the  ninth 
and  tenth  centuries,  and  it  will  be  remembered  that  a  very 
similar  piece  is  attached  to  the  Tara  brooch ;  but  the  only 
length  that  can  conceivably  have  formed  part  of  a  scourge 
was  found  in  a  woman's  grave  of  the  Viking  period  at 
Ballinaby.f  near  Loch  Gorm,  in  the  island  of  Islay,  on  the 
west  coast  of  Scotland,  not  40  miles  due  south  of  the  famous 
lona,  the  cradle  of  the  Scotic  church.  It  is  of  silver  wire 
plaited  into  a  hollow  tube,  £  inch  in  diameter,  and  imperfect 
at  one  end,  where  there  is  a  separate  plaited  band  placed 

*  Rohault  de  Fleury,  La  Messe,  iv.  71,  pi.  cclxxvi. 

t  Figured  in  Dr.  Joseph  Anderson's  Scotland  in  Pagan  Times  (Iron  A<*e), 
28,  fig.  23. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


51 


round  it  remarkably  like  those  on  the  Trewhiddle  scourge- 
At  the  other  end  is  a  silver  ring  and  a  similar  plaited  band, 
and  as  the  present  length  is  15  inches  it  is  just  possible  that 
this  too  was  a  scourge,  which  on  passing  into  feminine  hands 
lost  some  of  its  terrors  (in  the  shape  of  the  four  tails)  and 
became  a  personal  ornament.  The  Cornish  specimen,  without 
the  four  tails  which  spring  from  a  plaited  cross-band, 
measures  about  17  inches.  The  end  of  a  chain  with  ring,' 
closely  resembling  that  found  at  Ballinaby,  was  included  m 
the  Cuerdale  hoard.* 

The  three  silver  bands  (figs.  5,  6,  7),  which  bear  an  elaborate 
ornament,  are  more  puzzling.  Traces  of  niello  in  the  hatched 
ground  still  remain  and  show  that  the  design  was  enriched  in 
the  same  way  as  the  silver  pin-head.  As  to  their  use,  I  can 
only  suggest,  from  a  consideration  of  their  dimensions,  that 
they  belonged  to  a  drinking  horn  which  was  meant  to  be 
viewed  only  from  one  side ;  the  longest  was  originally 
9  inches,  the  complete  piece  is  7  inches,  and  the  smallest 
4|  inches,  the  depth  diminishing  in  proportion ;  and  in  spite 
of  its  "peculiar  shape  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  the  box- 
shaped  ornament  (figs.  1,  2),  which  has  a  cross  engraved  on 
its  plain  side,  was  attached  to  the  point  of  the  horn. 

It  is  indeed  a  piece  of  good  fortune  that  coins  were  included 
in  this  deposit,  for  otherwise  the  date  of  the  items  might 
well  have  been  disputed.  Besides  the  remarkable  chalice  and 
scourge  already  noticed,  the  pieces  bearing  decoration  have 
very  few  parallels  either  in  metal  or  stone;  and  it  is  of 
importance  to  connect  their  style  with  that  represented  by 
other  objects  belonging  to  the  obscure  period  following  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  into  England.  With  the  animal- 
forms  of  the  pagan  period  we  have  been  made  familiar  by  a 
comparatively  large  number  of  discoveries,  but  hitherto  little 
attention  has  been  given  to  subsequent  developments  apart 
from  the  exotic  styles  which  can  be  detected  in  certain 
centres.  A  point  of  departure  is  furnished  by  the  Lindisfarne 
Gospels  (Book  of  Durham)  in  the  national  collection,  the  date 
of  which  is  unquestionably  about  700.f  In  the  year  635 
Oswald,  who  had  accepted  Christianity  during  his  exile  in  the 
Irish  (or  Scotic)  monastery  of  lona,  became  king  of  North- 
umbria,  and  Aidan,  a  monk  of  that  house,  became  the  first 
bishop  of  the  diocese,  his  see  being  at  Holy  Island.  The  Irish 
style  of  decoration  in  MSS.  illuminated  by  the  school  there 
is  thus  easily  accounted  for,  and  need  not  further  detain  us, 

*  Archaeological  Journal,  iv.  129,  fig.  84. 

t  Sir  E.  Maunde  Thompson,  English  Illuminated  MSS.,  5. 

D   2 


52  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

but  it  must  never  be  forgotten  that  the  Franks  Casket  with 
its  Northumbrian  runes  was  precisely  contemporary  and  yet 
bears  only  the  slightest  trace  of  Irish  influence,  if  indeed  it  is 
not  purely  Anglian.  No  one,  I  think,  will  contend  that  the 
famous  casket  in  the  British  Museum  is  a  monument  of  the 
early  Church,  its  only  connection  with  the  Bible  being  a 
representation  of  the  capture  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus,  and  the 
adoration  of  the  Magi.  Asa  secular  relic  it  shows  the  change 
which  had  taken  place  in  ornamentation  since  pagan  times, 
certainly  not  more  than  a  century  before,  and  probably  much 
less.  In  contrast  to  the  degenerate  and  dissected  animal- 
forms  seen  on  the  grave-furniture  of  the  sixth  century,  the 
lions  or  other  animals  at  the  corners  of  each  face  of  the  casket 
are  at  least  recognisable  and  have  not  been  subjected  to  a 
ruthless  anatomy  by  the  artist ;  while  the  animal-forms  in 
the  centre,  though  not  triumphs  of  drawing,  are  not  of  the 
ribbon  species  characteristic  of  Irish  art.  It  is  true  that  the 
extremities  go  off  into  interlacing  bands,  but  these  are  com- 
paratively simple  and  do  not  interfere  with  the  body ;  the 
interlacing  also  includes  at  times  single  ivy  leaves,  and  the 
bodies  of  the  animals  are  not  interlaced  with  one  another. 
All  these  points  differentiate  the  art  of  the  casket  from  the 
style  prevalent  in  ecclesiastical  circles  at  the  time. 

Though  the  Irish  Church  had  most  influence  in  the  north 
of  England,  and  the  sculptured  stones  executed  in  the  Irish 
manner  are  mainly  found  in  the  northern  counties,  there  are 
traces  even  in  MSS.  illuminated  at  Canterbury  of  artistic 
sympathy  with  the  sister  isle  throughout  the  eighth  century.* 
On  the  other  hand,  the  Winchester  School,  which  produced 
the  Benedictional  of  St.  Ethelwoldf  about  970,  practised  a 
peculiar  method  of  drawing,  and  drew  largely  on  the  Car- 
lovingian  school  for  decorative  foliage.  Neither  this  distinctive 
foliage  nor  the  Irish  speciality  of  trumpet-spirals  and  inter- 
lacing ribbon-animals  appears  on  the  well-executed  specimens 
of  ornamentation  found  at  Trewhiddle ;  and  we  are  thus 
brought  by  a  process  of  elimination  to  what  after  all  is  a 
natural  conclusion,  that  the  ornamentation  is  native  Anglo- 
Saxon,  as  it  is  impossible  to  attribute  the  work  to  any  of  the 
Scandinavian  countries  at  that  period.  This,  however,  must 
not  be  taken  to  mean  that  the  style  was  an  independent  and 
original  invention  of  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  for  it  is  clear  that  in 
the  preceding  century  the  same  decorative  elements  were 

*  Sir  E.  M.  Thompson,  English  Illuminated  MSS.  10,  plate  2  (St.  Augus- 
tine's Psalter,  Cottonian  MS.  Vespasian  A.  i.)  ;  for  Royal  MSS.  (1  E.  vi.)  see 
p.  13,  and  Westwood,  Miniatures  and  Ornaments,  plates  14,  15. 

t  Illustrated  in  Archaeologia,  xxiv.  plates  i-xxxii. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  53 

common  property  among  the  illuminators  of  the  Merovingian 
MSS.  Parallels  could  be  supplied  I  think  for  all  the 
component  parts  of  the  designs  engraved  on  the  Trewhiddle 
pieces,  but  references  without  reproductions  would  here  be 
only  tiresome ;  and  one  example,  a  reproduction  by  Count 
Auguste  de  Bastard  of  initial  letters  from  a  MS.  of  the  late 
eighth  century,*  will  suffice  to  illustrate  the  sinuous  scrolls 
and  other  foliage  patterns. 

The  Merovingian  MSS.  cannot  in  any  case  be  later  than 
800,  and  we  must  remember  that  Charles  the  Great  began  to 
reign  in  768.  Though  they  furnish  abundant  examples  of 
interlacing  and  frets  of  various  kinds  that  occur  in  the  Irish 
illuminations,  they  cannot  be  regarded  as  dependent  on  the 
Irish  school  for  these  ornamental  motives,  which  undoubtedly 
came  ultimately  from  the  East,  from  Syria  or  Alexandria. 
What  I  wish  to  insist  on  here  is  that  the  style  persisted  in 
this  country  at  least  through  the  ninth  century,  and  was 
evidently  acclimatised  and  independently  developed  on 
English  soil. 

A  few  sentences  from  Dr.  Sophus  Muller's  book  on 
ornament  in  the  North  may  be  quoted.  In  his  chapter  on 
the  Carlovingian  style,  he  says  we  can  only  have  a  hazy 
idea  of  the  course  of  artistic  development  in  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  region  during  the  centuries  immediately  following  the 
general  acceptance  of  Christianity,  as  the  new  faith  put  an 
end  to  the  custom  of  furnishing  the  grave.  We  may,  he 
continues,  conjecture  that  the  Teutonic  style  continued  for 
some  time,  but  cannot  bring  forward  any  proof  of  this,  as  no 
object  decorated  in  this  old  pagan  Anglo-Saxon  manner  can 
with  certainty  be  ascribed  to  the  Christian  period.  Probably 
the  earlier  style  was  gradually  transformed  by  influences 
from  the  Continent,  and  especially  from  Ireland,  which  we 
can  trace  clearly  in  artistic  productions  of  the  eighth  and 
following  centuries.  By  the  ninth  century,  at  any  rate,  the 
Anglo-Saxons  had  quite  given  up  the  old  style  of  ornament, 
and  by  borrowing  from  Irish  and  Carlovingian  sources  had 
evolved  a  mixed  style  exemplified  in  a  certain  number  of 
illuminated  MSS.  which  must  date  between  800  and  900, 
the  latter  date  marking  the  introduction  of  a  new  style 
entirely  dependent  on  the  Carlovingian.t 

It  is  to  fill  up  this  gap  in  our  knowledge  that  I  would  draw 
your  attention  to  one  or  two  examples  of  the  same  school  of 
ornament  found  in  this  country. 

*  Preserved  since  the  ninth  century  in  the  diocese  of  Montpellier  (Bibliotheque 
Royale,  No.  163  dn  fonds  latin  de  S.  Germain), 
t  Die  Thier-ornamentik  im  Norden,  132. 


54  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

It  is  always  well  to  start  from  a  fixed  point,  and  I  think 
the  rings  of  king  Ethelwulf  (between  836  and  858)  and 
Ethelswith  of  Mercia  (855-889)  in  the  British  Museum  can 
be  put  in  the  same  class  as  the  ornamental  silver  work  from 
Trewhiddle.  Besides  the  use  of  niello  in  both  cases,  there 
are  animal-forms  in  the  same  cramped  position  on  Ethelswith's 
ring ;  *  and  on  the  hoop  of  Ethelwulf's,  opposite  the  bezel, 
occurs  a  peculiar  pattern  that  reappears  on  two  other  pieces 
of  ornamental  work  already  published.  Here  again  one  is 
dated  with  tolerable  accuracy.  It  is  the  silver  tag  of  a 
strap  f  included  in  the  famous  Cuerdale  hoard,  which  was 
deposited  about  the  year  910.  In  striking  contrast  to  the 
oriental  stamped  bullion  it  was  found  with,  it  presents  the 
design  already  referred  to,  which  is  closely  allied  to  one  of 
the  patterns  on  a  sword  found  at  Wallingford,  Berks.  It  is 
easy  to  account  for  the  loss  of  a  weapon  at  the  most 
important  ford  on  the  Thames,  but  I  am  disposed  to  attribute 
the  sword  to  the  early  part  of  the  tenth  century,  rather  than 
to  the  years  1006  or  1013,  when  the  Danes  were  in  the 
neighbourhood.  J  Nor  can  I  see  any  trace  of  Scandinavian 
work  on  the  handle ;  Danish  art  in  the  Viking  period  drew 
largely  on  the  Irish,  and  the  animal-forms  on  the  sword  hilt 
are,  to  my  mind,  distinctly  un-Irish  and  therefore  more 
probably  native  English.  Here  again  niello  was  used,  and 
the  decoration  by  compartments,  the  pearled  borders  and  the 
animal  heads  in  relief  as  terminals,  all  correspond  to  the 
Trewhiddle  silver  bands. 

Another  example  I  can  adduce  is  the  remarkable  sword- 
knife  §  found  at  Sittingbourne,  Kent,  now  in  the  British 
Museum ;  and  I  find  that  Sir  John  Evans  assigns  it  with  some 
diffidence  to  the  ninth  century,  basing  his  belief  on  the  forms 
of  some  letters  in  the  inscription.  The  ornament  appears  to 
me  to  compare  well  with  the  Trewhiddle  work,  the  foliage 
being  again  in  panels,  and  the  sinuous  scroll  appearing  once 
more.  The  use  of  ME  for  MEC  suggests  a  later  date  than  the 
Alfred  jewel,  but  I  am  assured  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Stevenson  that 
MEG  was  an  Anglian  form  sometimes  retained  for  metrical 
reasons  in  the  West-Saxon  dialect,  and  that  ME  was  the  usual 
form  in  Alfred's  time. 

In  conclusion  I  must  refer  to  the  ring  of  Alhstan,  who  was 
bishop  of  Sherborne  from  823  to  867.  It  is  of  gold  with 
niello,  and  is  divided  into  eight  sections,  circular  and  lozenge- 

*  Proceeding,?,  2nd  S.  vi.  305. 

t  Arch&ological  Journal,  iv.  190,  fig.  90. 

%  Archaeologia,  1.  536,  pi.  xxvii. 

§  Archaeologia,  xliv.  334,  pi.  xii. 


Feb.  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  55 

shaped  alternately,  the  latter  halving  animal  designs  which, 
from  the  woodcut,  appear  to  be  akin  to  those  t'rorn  Tre- 
whiddle,  as  they  have  a  lappet  attached  to  the  head,  and  are 
accommodated  to  the  form  of  the  panel  in  what  seems  to  be  a 
very  uncomfortable  manner."  * 

The  Rev.  EDMUND  FARRER,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  sculp- 
tured alabaster  tablet,  believed  to  have  come  from  Rushworth 
College,  Suffolk,  representing  the  Beheading  of  St.  John  the 
Baptist. 

The  saint,  clad  in  a  long  gown,  is  shown  kneeling  with  his 
hands  clasped  in  prayer  and  with  a  deep  gash  in  his  neck. 
The  executioner,  who  wears  a  short  girded  tunic  with  long 
full  sleeves,  tight  hose,  and  a  broad- brimmed  cap  with 
pendent  crown,  has  his  left  hand  on  the  saint's  head,  and  with 
his  right  is  lifting  up  his  sword  to  repeat  his  blow,  but  the 
upper  part  of  the  panel,  with  the  sword,  etc.,  is  broken  away 
above  his  head.  Behind  St.  John  stands  a  serjeant-at-arms 
in  short  girded  tunic  with  tight  sleeves  and  tight  hose,  bare- 
headed, and  holding  a  mace.  On  the  extreme  left  is  the 
daughter  of  Herodias,  in  a  gown  with  long  sleeves,  and  square 
headdress,  holding  the  charger  in  her  hands  to  receive  the 
saint's  head. 

The  panel  measures  9£  inches  in  width,  and  in  its  broken 
state  12^  inches  in  height.  It  is  one  of  the  usual  type  that 
are  believed  to  have  been  made  in  large  numbers  at  Notting- 
ham during  the  second  half  of  the  fifteenth  and  early  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  There  are  some  slight  traces  on  the  base 
of  the  usual  green  ground  with  groups  of  white  and  red  spots, 
and  the  background  as  usual  has  been  gilt.  Remains  of 
gilding  may  also  be  seen  on  the  hair,  girdles,  Serjeant's  mace, 
etc.,  of  the  figures.  Owing  to  exposure  to  the  weather  the 
surface  has  perished  to  some  extent.  The  back  has  the  usual 
cut  out  at  the  base,  and  several  of  the  lead  plugs  with  latten 
wire  fastenings. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


*  Arcliceological  Journal,  xxiv.  326,  fig.  4.    It  is  now  preserved  in  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum. 


56  PROCEEDINGS   OP  THE  [1904, 

Thursday,  25th  February,  1904 
PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  : — A  Manual  of  Musalman  Numismatics.    By  O.  Codrington, 
M.D.,  F.S.A.     8vo.     London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Contributions  to  the  Study  of  Earth-movements  in  the  Bay 
of  Naples.    By  R.  T.  Giinther,  M.A.    4to.     Oxford,  1903. 

From  the  Compiler : — Pedigree  of  Ray  of  Denston,  Wickhambrook,  and  other 
places  in  Suffolk.     By  G.  M.  G.  Cullum,  F.S.A.     8vo.    London,  1903. 

From  the  Authors  : — 

1.  On  a  Section  of  the  Thames  Alluvium  at  Bermoiidsey.  By  A.  S.  Kennard 
and  S.  H.  Warren.     8vo.     Hertford,  1903. 

2.  The  Blown  Sands  and  Associated  Deposits  of  Towan  Head,  near  Newquay, 

Cornwall.    By  A.  S.  Kennard  and  S.  H.  Warren.    8vo.    Hertford,  1903. 

From  the  Author  : — Lead  Architecture.     By  J.  Starkie  Gardner,  F.S.A.     4to. 
London,  1904. 

From  the  Imperial  Library,  Vienna  : — Anicia  Juliana  im  Wiener  Dioskorides- 
Kodex.     Von  Anton  von  Premerstein.     Fol.    Vienna,  1903. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  3rd  March,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to 
be  balloted  for  was  read. 

R.  BURNARD,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  some  notes  on  some  Late- 
Celtic  antiquities  found  during  excavations  in  Treceiri,  North 
Wales,  which  were  also  exhibited  by  R.  H.  WOOD,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 

A  report  of  the  excavations,  with  illustrations  of  many 
of  the  objects,  is  printed  in  Archceologia  Cambrensis  for 
January,  1904.* 

C.  H.  READ,  Esq.,  Secretary,  read  the  following  notes  on 
some  Late-Celtic  horse  trappings  : 

"  The  remains  of  Late-Celtic  civilisation  possess  such 
refined  artistic  qualities  that  I  make  no  apology  for  bringing 
any  recent  acquisitions  to  the  notice  of  the  Society.  On  the 
present  occasion,  however,  I  have  a  few  words  to  say  on 

*  Gth  S.  iv.  1-16. 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  57. 


02      a 
y     o 


3    S 


H     O 

5   « 


a 


Feb.  25.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


57 


other  points  in  regard  to  the  objects,  which  I  think  may  be 
held  to  justify  the  substitution  of  a  term  more  definite  than 
'horse  trappings/  words  that  have  been  used  as  a  locus 
pwnitentiae  for  indeterminate  pieces  of  metal  work  of  all 
periods. 

I  show  to-night 

1.  A  flat  bronze  enamelled  ring  found  at  Bapchild,  Kent 

(See  plate.)* 


ENAMELLED   BRONZE  RING  FBOM   THE  FAY0M. 


2.  A  similar  ring,  also  enamelled,  though  in  a  more 
elaborate  manner.  Found  in  the  Fay  urn,  Egypt. 
(See  illustration.)  These  two  rings  are  of  exactly 
the  same  size,  viz.  3^  inches  wide 

Both  rings  and  the  horse's  bit  following  are  to  be 
presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  our  Fellow, 
Mr.  Max  Rosenheim. 

*  This  has  already  been  published  in  Journal  of  the  British  Archaeological 
Association,  xvi.  pl.'xxii.  p.  269,  and  referred  to  in  Kemble's  Hires  Ferales, 
p.  196. 


58  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

3.  A  bronze  horse's  bit  of  a  well-known  type  found  in 

county  Wicklow,  Ireland. 

4.  A  portion  of  a  remarkable  tore  of  the  same   period 

from  Perdeswell,  Worcestershire.*  It  is  the  property 
of  Mr.  Allies,  who  has  kindly  allowed  me  to  show  it 
here. 

The  first  point  that  strikes  one  about  the  two  rings  is  the 
wide  distribution  of  the  form,  and  to  my  knowledge  no  other 
example  of  the  kind  has  hitherto  been  found  in  Egypt.  The 
type  in  fact  had  been  assumed  to  be  peculiar  to  our  islands. 
To  deal  first  with  the  ornament.  An  examination  of  the 
Fayum  specimen  shows  that  the  scroll  design  on  the  flat  part 
of  the  ring  is  a  not  uncommon  variant  of  the  classical  wave 
pattern,  duplicated  so  that  the  opposing  curves  interlock  at 
their  ends.  A  slight  difference  is  seen  in  the  outlines  of  the 
curves  on  the  two  sides,  due  no  doubt  to  the  Celtic  dislike  for 
mere  repetition.  The  execution  of  the  work  is  fully  equal  to 
the  artistic  quality  of  the  design,  the  lines  of  the  curves  and 
the  spacing  of  the  design  producing  a  singularly  pleasing 
effect.  While  the  charm  of  Late-Celtic  ornament  has  been 
readily  admitted  on  all  sides,  much  of  it  has  been  the  subject 
of  speculation.  The  eccentricity  of  the  scrolls  is  so  marked  a 
character  in  these  '  barbarous  '  designs  that  it  has  only  been 
with  difficulty  that  some  purists  have  been  forced  to  admit  a 
classical  and  symmetrical  origin  for  them.  In  order  to  show 
the  artistic  relations  between  the  Egyptian  and  the  Kentish 
rings  that  are  before  you,  I  have  reproduced  a  part  of  a 
well-known  bronze  collar  from  Lochar  Moss  in  Dumfries,  and 
now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  (See  plate.)  This  collar 
also  is  of  nearly  the  same  time  as  the  rings  and  certainly 
made  by  the  same  people.  Its  importance  at  the  moment  is 
that  it  seems  to  me  to  demonstrate  clearly  the  stages  by  which 
the  classical  wave  pattern  seen  in  the  Fayum  ring  came  to 
assume  the  peculiarly  Celtic  style  seen  in  the  Bapchild  one. 
I  will  not  endeavour  to  describe  the  points,  for  they  seem  to 
me  clearly  shown  in  the  objects  themselves,  When  one  is  deal- 
ing with  our  national  antiquities,  and  those  moreover  belong- 
ing to  a  period  for  which  the  objects  themselves  are  the  only 
records,  a  small  step  in  advance  is  of  importance. 

That,  however,  is  only  one  of  the  points  in  connection  with 
these  rings  that  I  wanted  to  bring  forward.  Their  use  has 
always  been  problematical,  though  they  are  found  in  consider- 
able numbers  with  hoards  of  horse-bits  and  similar  gear.  I 

*  This  also  has  been  figured  and  described  by  Mr.  Albert  Way  in  Arcliaeo- 
logia,  xxx.  554,  and  in  Allies'  Folklore  of  Worcestershire. 


Feb.  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  59 

notice  that  they  very  frequently  occur  in  pairs,  and  as  horse-bits 
also  are  found  very  frequently  in  pairs,  I  think  the  fact  bears 
out  my  argument  as  to  their  use,  which  is  that  they  were  the 
rings  through  which  the  reins  passed,  and  that  then  as  now 
they  were  fixed  to  the  horse's  collar.  In  confirmation  of  this 
suggestion  I  show  a  lantern  slide  from  a  plate  of  a  Gaulish 
chariot*  which  illustrates  the  use  of  such  rings  among  the 
Gauls,  probably  in  the  first  or  second  century  A.D.  Another 
slide  shows  the  same  arrangement  among  the  Egyptians  from 
a  sculpture  at  Medinet  Habu.t  Ginzrot  also  shows  an  Etruscan 
chariot  from  Velletri  on  his  pi.  xxxi.  Thus,  even  if  it  be  con- 
tended that  there  is  no  necessary  relation  between  these 
various  examples,  they  at  least  serve  to  show  that  such  rings 
were  usual,  if  indeed  not  an  actual  necessity.  We  know  from 
a  good  number  of  discoveries  both  in  England  and  abroad 
that  the  Early-Iron  and  Late-Celtic  people  habitually  drove  a 
pair  of  horses,  sometimes  if  not  always  with  a  pole,  and  if  that 
be  so,  some  attachment  to  prevent  the  reins  getting  astray 
while  at  rest  would  be  needful. 

It  only  remains  to  state  that  the  enamelling  of  both  rings 
is  of  the  champleve  class,  the  metal  being  hollowed  out  to 
receive  it.  In  that  from  Bapchild  there  is  a  faint  outline 
round  the  design  ;  the  ground,  shown  pale  in  the  figure,  is  of 
crimson  enamel,  now  changed  to  green  by  the  oxidation  of 
the  copper  composing  it,  and  the  circular  spots  in  the 
meander  design  are  of  translucent  pale  cobalt  blue,  but  little 
oxidised.  The  flat  bar  by  which  it  was  made  fast  to  the 
horse's  collar  is  now  broken  away.  In  the  Fayum  specimen 
this  is  a  hollow  square  with  an  iron  core.  It  has  an  original 
design  in  red  and  turquoise  blue  enamel,  and  the  same  colours 
are  used  in  the  wave  pattern.  In  both  rings  the  two  faces 
are  alike,  showing  that  when  in  use  they  could  be  seen  on 
both  sides,  an  additional  argument  for  their  position,  standing 
on  the  collar  of  the  horse  at  the  back  of  the  neck.  The 
Bapchild  one,  moreover,  is  worn  on  the  edge  in  such  a  way  as 
to  show  that  the  rein  passed  through  it  in  nearly  the  plane  of 
the  ring  itself. 

The  third  object  I  show  is  a  Late-Celtic  horse's  bit  of  a  well- 
known  type  found  in  Ireland.  The  only  features  to  which  I 
wish  to  draw  attention  are  the  excellence  of  the  workmanship 
and  the  graceful  outlines  it  exhibits.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  plates  forming  the  hinges  of  the  mouth  bar  have 

«  This   is  from   Ginzrot,  Die  Wagen  nrul  Fahrmerke  der  Vrieclmn  und 
Momei;  4°  Munich,  1817,  pi.  xxi.  p.  294. 
f  Op,  cit.  pi.  xxvi.  c.  p.  333. 


60  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

shoulders    at    one    point  and   prevent   the   bit   from   being 
reversed  in  the  horse's  mouth. 

The  portion  of  a  collar  from  Perdeswell,  near  Worcester,  is 
well  known  from  having  been  published  on  more  than  one 
occasion.  It  is,  however,  many  years  since  it  was  shown 
here,  and  it  is  of  such  an  unusual  character  that  I  thought  it 
worth  borrowing  from  Mr.  Allies  to  bring  here  this  evening." 

J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  example 
of  a  "  death's  head  "  spoon,  on  which  he  read  the  following 
notes : 

"  The  spoon  now  exhibited  is  known  to  have  belonged  to 
Mr.  Francis  Smyth,  of  Newbuilding,  near  Thirsk,  with  whose 
direct  descendants  it  remained  until  lately.  Mr.  Smyth  was 
born  in  1737.  He  was  an  antiquary,  and  was  elected  a 
Fellow  of  our  Society  in  1770.  He  died  in  1809.  New- 
building  came  to  him  from  his  cousin  Joseph  Buxton,  who 
had  it  through  his  mother,  who  was  niece  and  ultimately 
co-heiress  of  Sir  Thomas  Rokeby,  knt.,  a  Judge  of  the  King's 
Bench,  who  died  in  1699,  aged  68.*  Some  books,  plate, 
china,  and  other  things  which  belonged  to  Sir  Thomas 
Rokeby  are  known  to  have  passed  to  Mr.  Smyth,  and  it  is 
believed  that  this  spoon  was  amongst  them.  If  that  be  so, 
we  have  its  story  almost  to  the  beginning. 

Some  memory  of  the  custom  of  giving  spoons  at  funerals 
still  existed  in  rural  parts  of  Yorkshire  when  I  was  a  boy.  I 
remember  being  told  about  it  at  Hopton  in  Mirfield  parish 
by  an  old  relation  to  whom  I  owe  the  possession  of  several 
funeral  rings  and  an  example  of  the  printed  paper  in  which 
funeral  biscuits  used  to  be  wrapped  for  delivery  to  each 
house  in  the  place. 

Spoons  with  death's  heads  are  sometimes  mentioned  in  old 
wills,  but  that  now  on  the  table  is  the  only  one  I  ever  saw, 
and  it  is  likely  that  none  was  known  to  Mr.  C.  J.  Jackson 
when  he  wrote  the  comprehensive  paper  on  the  spoon  which 
is  printed  in  the  fifty- third  volume  of  Archaeologia,  or  he 
would  have  made  some  mention  of  them  there. 

Many  such  spoons  must  have  existed  once,  but  their 
present  rarity  is  easy  to  account  for.  They  are  not  beautiful, 
and  are  too  grim  to  be  put  to  ordinary  use,  except  perhaps 
by  some  dismal  ascetic  who  might  think  the  use  of  silver  not 
to  stand  with  the  health  of  his  soul.  They  were  in  fact  not 
intended  to  be  used,  but  to  be  kept  as  memorials  of  the  dead 
in  whose  names  they  were  given ;  and,  when  the  generation 

*  See  Rokeby  pedigree  in  Surtees  Society,  vol.  37. 


Feb.  25.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


61 


SILVER    DEATH'S-HEAD  SPOON,  1655-6.    (J.) 


62  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

to  whom  they  had  personal  associations  passed  away,  they 
would  be  put  aside,  and  soon  find  their  way  into  the  melting 
pot. 

The  present  example  is  a  roughly  made  but  substantial 
silver  spoon.  It  has  a  broad  bowl  slightly  narrowing  in  the 
lower  half  and  with  a  strong  '  tongue '  to  stiffen  it  behind. 
The  stem  is  flat,  and  but  for  its  special  additions  the  spoon  is 
of  a  form  common  in  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  very  like  that  shown  in  Mr.  Jackson's  fig.  56. 

The  stem  widens  towards  the  top  with  some  roughly 
engraved  ornament  on  front  and  back.  Above  that  is  what 
seems  to  have  been  intended  for  a  torse,  and  beyond  that 
again  a  roundel  just  an  inch  in  diameter.  On  the  front  of 
the  roundel  within  an  engraved  line  is  an  ill-drawn  skull,  the 
'  death's  head  '  which  gives  the  name  to  the  spoon.  On  the 
back  of  the  roundel,  also  within  a  ring,  is  a  lozenge  with 
arms:  a  cheveron  between  three  crosses  paty,  and  on  a 
canton  ermine  a  buck's  head  erased.  These  are  the  arms  of 
Strickland  of  Boynton  in  Yorkshire.  The  spoon  may  there- 
fore be  taken  as  having  been  given  in  memory  of  an  un- 
married lady  of  that  family.  On  the  top  edge  at  the  back 
of  the  roundel  a  minute  hook  has  been  formed  just  enough 
to  hold  on  a  thread  for  suspension. 

The  flat  on  the  front  of  the  stem  has  cut  along  it  in  bold 
letters  LIVE  TO  DIE,  and  on  the  back  in  like  manner  is  DIE 
TO  LIVE.  On  the  back  are  also  three  marks  all  imperfectly 
struck.  The  first  is  the  London  date  letter,  a  courthand  S,  for 
the  year  1655-6.  The  second  is  the  maker's  mark,  two  letters 
with  a  dot  above  them  within  a  heart-shaped  sinking.  The 
second  letter  is  M.  The  first  is  very  uncertain  owing  to 
defective  striking.  It  may  be  A.  The  third  mark  is  so 
blurred  as  to  be  unintelligible,  but  it  must  be  the  leopard's 
head. 

The  spoon  is  fresh  as  from  the  workshop,  without  any 
appearance  of  wear  either  from  use  or  cleaning." 

Mrs.  EDWARD  POWER  exhibited  a  small  stone  slab  with 
armorial  bearings  found  at  Brock  worth,  Gloucs.,  which  was 
thus  described  by  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Assistant 
Secretary : 

"The  object  exhibited  by  Mrs.  Power  was  found  a  few 
years  ago  when  digging  a  grave  in  the  churchyard  at  Brock- 
worth,  Gloucestershire. 

It  consists  of  a  slab  of  the  local  oolite,  3|  inches  long, 
inches  wide,  and  f  inch  thick. 

On  the  front  is  represented  a  shield  of  arms,  formed  by 


March  3.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  63 

cutting  away  the  surrounding  surface,  suspended  by  a  strap 
from  a  hook  or  boss  ;  and  at  the  corners  above  and  below  are 
incised  respectively  a  quatrefoil  within  a  square,  a  cockatrice 
or  wyvern,  an  acorn,  and  a  fleur-de-lys  The  shield  is 
similarly  incised  with  impaled  arms.  Those  on  the  dexter 
are  quarterly  per  fess  indented,  with  a  charge  in  the  first 
quarter  which  is  difficult  to  make  out ;  it  may  be  a  quatrefoil. 
The  sinister  bearings  are  per  fess,  in  chief  a  cockatrice  or 
wyvern  with  a  fleur-de-lys  in  its  mouth  and  in  base  three 
fteurs-de-lys.  It  will  be  seen  therefore  that  the  corner  devices 
correspond,  certainly  in  two  if  not  in  three  cases,  with  the 
charges  in  the  corresponding  quarters  of  the  shield. 

I  have  not  been  able  positively  to  identify  the  arms,  nor  can 
I  suggest  any  nearer  date  for  the  object  than  late  fourteenth 
or  early  fifteenth  century.  There  is  a  cramp  hole  on  each 
side  of  the  slab  for  fixing  it  to  something,  but  its  very  slight 
relief  makes  it  difficult  to  suggest  its  use." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  3rd  March,  1904. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Authors  :— A  probable  Palseolithic  Floor  at  Prah  Sands,  Cornwall. 
By  Clemeut  Reid,  F.R.S.,  and  Eleanor  M.  Reid,  B.Sc.     8vo.    London, 


1904. 


From  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  :— Chronicon  Ada;  de  Usk,  A.D.  1377- 
1421.  Edited  with  translation  and  notes  by  Sir  Edward  Mnunde 
Thompson,  K.C.B.  2nd  edition.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  Charles  H.  Read,  Esq.,  Secretary  :— Six  lantern  slides  in  illustration  of  a 
paper  on  some  Late-Celtic  horse  trappings  read  on  the  25th  ult. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows 
no  papers  were  read. 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m., 


64  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

when   the  following  gentlemen  were  declared  duly  elected 
Fellows  of  the  Society : 

George  Ulick  Browne,  Earl  of  Altamont. 
Rev.  Honyel  Gough  Rosedale,  M.A.,  D.D. 
William  Heward  Bell,  Esq. 
Thomas  Ashby,  senior,  Esq. 
Arthur  Locke  Radford,  Esq. 
John  Flavel  Curwen,  Esq. 


Thursday,  10th  March,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gift  was  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donor : 

From  the  Author  : — A  Register  of  the  Members  of  St.  Mary  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford.  New  series,  vol.  iv.  By  Rev.  W.  D.  Macray,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
London,  1904. 

O.  M.  DALTON,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the 
Crystal  of  Lothair,  which  will  be  printed  in  A  rchaeologia. 

Mr.  Dalton  also  read  the  following  paper  on  some  early 
brooches  of  cloisonnee  enamel  in  the  British  Museum,  with 
a  note  on  the  Alfred  Jewel : 

"The  circular  gold  brooches  in  question  have,  in  this 
country  at  least,  been  so  generally  accepted  as  Anglo-Saxon, 
that  it  may  appear  both  revolutionary  and  unpatriotic  to 
suggest  any  other  attribution ;  *  but  with  regard  to  two  of 
them  there  is  sufficient  evidence  to  make  a  continental  origin 

*  The  theory  of  an  origin  in  the  British  Isles  is  supported  hy  Mr.  Cyril 
Davenport,  in  the  Journal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Arts,  vol.  xlvii.  (1899), 
p.  315  ff,  and  the  Anglo-Saxon  Review,  vol.  vii.  (1900),  p.  168  ff  ;  and 
by  Mr.  J.  Starkie  Gardner  in  his  Introduction  to  the  Catalogue  of  a 
Collection  of  European  Enamels,  printed  for  the  Burlington  Fine  Arts  Club 
(London,  1897).  Continental  archaeologists,  when  they  have  noticed  the  brooches, 
have  seldom  discussed  them  at  any  length,  and  their  rejection  of  an  English 
origin  has  not,  I  think,  been  supported  by  sufficient  evidence.  The  Alfred  jewel 
in  the  Ashmolean  Museum  at  Oxford  is,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  only  early 
cloisonne  enamelled  ornament  in  England  to  which  an  English  manufacture  has 
occasionally  been  conceded  by  foreign  writers.  Everything  but  the  subject  of 
the  portrait  and  the  design  engraved  on  the  back  of  the  Alfred  jewel  lying  ont- 
side  the  scope  of  these  notes,  I  take  the  present  opportunity  of  saying  that  there 
seems  no  reason  to  differ  from  those  who  claim  both  the  enamel  and  the  gold 
setting  for  this  country.  The  portrait  does  not  belong  to  the  same  school  as 
those  on  the  brooches,  and  the  common  assumption  that  all  must  stand  or  fall 
together  is  surely  unnecessary. 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  p.  65. 


2. 


1. 


Fig.  1.— THE  CASTELLANI    BROOCH. 
Fit<    2.— THE    TOWNELEY    BROOCH. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  65 

probable.  In  the  case  of  the  third  I  have  found  no  analogies 
close  enough  to  justify  a  positive  conclusion ;  and  though  I 
think  the  probabilities  rather  in  favour  of  the  continent, 
the  supporters  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  derivation  are  here  in  a 
position  to  make  out  a  rather  stronger  case. 

1.  The  Castellani  Brooch.     This   is   a  circular   ornament 
containing   an   enamelled   portrait   (see   Plate,   fig.  1).     The 
surface  of  the  enamel  being  considerably  decayed,  the  original 
colours  are  not  very  clear,  but  blue,  green,  red,  and  opaque 
white  are  still  distinguishable.     The  person  represented  seems 
to  be  a  lady  of  a  royal  house,  though  some  of  the  details 
are  anomalous   (see   below).     The  gold   mount  is  of  a  type 
which  shows  Byzantine  influence,  but   was  probably   made 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  Eastern  Empire.     It  has  a  beaded 
circumference,  between  which  and  the  portrait  are  four  con- 
centric bands  of  ornament ;  two  are  composed  of  pearls  (the 
greater  part  now  lost)  alternating  with  the  gold  loops  through 
which  the  threading  wire  passed ;  the  third  is  a  band  of  formal 
design   in   cloisonne*    enamel;  and   the   fourth  a  plain   gold 
border  framing  the  portrait.     Projecting  from   the   circum- 
ference at  the  bottom  are  three  thick  loops  of  gold  wire  fixed 
in  a  line ;  and  at  the  back  is  a  bronze  plate  with  remains  of 
the  pin  and  catch.     The  brooch,  formerly  in  the  collection  of 
Signer  Castellani,  is  stated  to  have  come  from  Canosa,  and 
whether  the  locality  is  exact  or  not,  was  in  all  probability 
found  on  Italian  soil. 

2.  The    Hamilton,    or,    to     speak     more    correctly,    the 
Towneley  Brooch  (see  Plate,  fig.  2).      This  is  also  circular.  ^  It 
is  set  with  a  slightly  convex  enamelled  medallion,  bearing 
a   dark   blue    floriated    cross,   with  red   centre   and   yellow 
extremities,  executed  in  very  fine  cloisons  on  a  translucent 
dark  green  ground.f     Round  the  medallion  is  a  convex  gold 
border  with  applied  scrolls  cut  in  strips  of  gold  similar  to 
those  forming  the  cloisons,  and  ornamented  at  regular  intervals 
by  seven  pearls  in  plain  settings ;   while  the  outer  circle  is 
composed  of  gold  hemispheres  with  similar  applied  scrolls  and 
central  pearls,  alternating  with  flat  discs  of  green  enamel,  each 
bearing  a  dark  blue  quatrefoil  with  a  yellow  centre.     At  the 
back,  rather  above  the  centre,  are  the  hinge  and  catch  for  the 
pin.     The  brooch  is  of  fragile,  not  to  say  flimsy,  construction, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  found  in  Scotland. 

3.  The  Dowgate  Hill  Brooch,  found  at  the  place  of  that 
name    in    Thames    Street,    in    the    City,    is    described    by 
Mr.  Roach  Smith  in  Archaeologia*    It  has  in  the  centre  a 

*  Vol.  xxix.  pp.  70  ff. 

t  Figured  in  colours  by  M.  Digby  Wyatt,  Metal-work  and  its  Artutic  Denyn. 
(London,  1852),  pi.  47. 

VOL.   XX.  E 


66  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

convex  enamelled  medallion  with  a  portrait  bust  of  a  king 
wearing  a  mantle  fastened  on  the  right  shoulder,  and  a  crown 
from  which  rise  three  globes  on  rather  high  stems.  The 
medallion  is  framed  in  a  broad  gold  border  of  fine  open 
scroll-work  enriched  by  frequent  gold  pellets,  and  having  at 
equidistant  points  four  pearls  in  plain  settings  alternating 
with  open  circles,  each  covered  by  three  flat  gold  strips  which 
bisect  each  other  at  their  centres  and  form  as  it  were  a 
wheel  with  six  spokes.  The  excellent  coloured  plate  given 
by  Mr.  Roach  Smith  dispenses  with  the  necessity  for  further 
description. 

There  are  two  principal  reasons  why  the  Castellani  Brooch 
should  be  ascribed  to  the  continent  of  Europe  rather  than  to 
the  British  Isles.  The  first  is  that  through  the  possession  of 
the  three  loops  at  the  bottom,  which  are  intended  to  support 
three  pendants,  it  diverges  from  all  known  Anglo-Saxon 
brooches,  and  approximates  to  a  continental  form.  This  type, 
which  is  first  met  with  on  early  Byzantine  coins  and  mosaics,* 
occurs  at  a  later  period  on  coins  t  of  Lombard  dukes  of 
Beneventum  struck  in  the  eighth  and  ninth  centuries  in 
imitation  of  the  solidus  of  Justinian,  and  is  reproduced  as  late 
as  the  eleventh  century  in  a  MS.  representing  the  Emperor 
Henry  III.J  The  presence  of  the  three  loops  points  either  to 
some  part  of  the  Eastern  Empire  or  to  a  foreign  country 
where  Byzantine  models  were  easily  accessible;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  believe  that  the  extremely  rude  enamelled  figure 
is  the  work  of  a  Byzantine  goldsmith,  for  its  uncouthness 
surpasses  that  of  the  earliest  Byzantine  work  known  to  us. 
It  would  be  more  natural  to  suppose,  even  upon  these 
grounds,  that  it  is  a  barbarian  attempt  at  the  portrait  of  a 
princess ;  for  the  brooch  with  pendants,  which  is  seen  upon  the 
breast,  would  appear  to  be  confined  to  royal  personages. 
Such  general  considerations  might  alone  almost  suffice  to 
indicate  Italy  as  the  home  of  this  remarkable  jewel,  but 
the  conclusion  is  further  supported  by  the  close  resemblance 
of  the  setting  to  a  known  example  of  Italo-barbaric  gold- 
smith's work. 

Fig.  1  represents  a  detail  in  the  cross  of  the  Lombard  King 
Agilulf  (I  A.D.  615)  preserved  in  the  treasury  of  the  cathedral 
of  Monza,  which  has  but  to  be  compared  with  Plate,  fig.  1,  to 
make  the  relationship  manifest.  Other  analogies,  if  not  so 

*  Coins  as  early  as  Theodosius  I.  ;  Mosaic  of  Justinian  in  San  Vitale,  at 
Ravenna  ;  see  J.  Strzygowski,  Hyzantinische  Denkmdler,  i.  (1891),  119. 

t  C.  F.  Keary,  Coinages  of  Western  Europe  (1879),  pi.  iii.  fi^.  22. 

j  Gospels  of  the  Emperor  Henry  III.  at  Upsala,  Zeitschr-ift  fur  Christliche 
Kunst,  vol.  xiii.  (Diisseldorf,  1900),  p.  90  and  pi.  v. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  67 

definite,  point  in  the  same  direction.  The  band  of  enamelled 
ornament  between  the  two  bands  of  pearls  upon  the  brooch 
which,  regarded  from  two  different  points  of  view  may  be 
either  a  series  of  quatrefoils  or  a  row  of  circles  each  divided 
into  segments  by  four  curved  lines,  is  too  common  and  too 
cosmopolitan .*  to  supply  an  argument  by  itself  ;  but  when  we 

that  it  too  is  to  be  seen  on  another  important  piece  of 
barbaric  goldsmith's  work  at  Monza,  the  bookcover  of  Queen 
Ineodelmda,  it  may  be  allowed  a  few  grains'  weight,  and  help 
to  further  incline  the  scale  in  favour  of  Lombardy.  The  Monza 
cross  and  bookcover  have  both  been  in  that  city  since  the 
nrst  halt  ot  the  seventh  century,  at  which  time  the  Lombards 
were  interior  m  artistic  capacity  both  to  their  Greek  neigh- 
bours at  Ravenna  and  their  Ostrogothic  predecessors.  The 

3llam  brooch,  by  its   employment  of  cloisonne  enamel 


Fig.  1.     JEWEL   PROM  CROSS  OF   KING  AGILULF 
(after  Bock,  £leinodien,  pi.  34). 

by  the  presence  of  a  triple  loop  for  pendants,  and  by  its 
ornament  of  threaded  pearls,  shows  a  manifest  Byzantine 
influence,  and  this  may  even  extend  to  the  design  of  the 
enamelled  band,  which  was  already  a  familiar  motive,  and 
must  have  been  known  in  Italy  in  the  time  of  Theodoric. 
On  the  other  hand  this  pattern  may  have  been  imitated  from 
Ostrogothic  jewellery  inlaid  with  garnets  or  pastes  like  the 
bookcover,  which  is  itself  quite  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  may 

*  For  instance,  it  occurs  as  a  detail  of  sculpture  at  Serjilla  in  Northern  Syria, 
on  the  carved  doors  of  S.  Sabina  at  Rome,  in  illuminated  borders  of  the  Syrian 
MS.  of  Rabula,  in  the  border  of  miniatures  of  the  MS.  of  Dioscorides,  on  the 
crown  of  the  Visigothic  King  Reccesvinth,  and  on  a  gold  inlaid  plaque  from  the 
Terek  region  in  S.  Russia,  all  of  which  are  earlier  than  the  eighth  century, 
and  on  textiles,  etc.,  of  the  later  Middle  Ages.  It  seems  probable  that  the  ornament 
was  first  used  in  the  East,  passed  into  Italy,  and  was  thence  transmitted  to  such 
barbarian  peoples  as  came  into  relation  with  the  peninsula ;  to  the  Goths  and 
Lombards,  therefore,  rather  than  to  tribes  dwelling  further  to  the  north. 

E  2 


68  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

have  been  made  outside  the  Lombard  area.  If,  as  has  been 
suggested,  it  was  one  of  Gregory  the  Great's  gifts  to 
Adalwald  the  infant  son  of  Agilulf  and  Theodelinda  in  A.D. 
603,  it  may  be  the  work  of  a  goldsmith  trained  in  the 
Ostrogothic  school.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  design  perhaps 
helps  to  determine  the  date,  for  in  jewellery  at  least  it  seems 
to  be  characteristic  of  the  seventh  century.  This  is  the 
period  indicated  by  the  other  considerations  already  men- 
tioned, and  if  the  evidence  is  accepted,  the  Castellani  brooch 
must  be  about  two  centuries  older  than  has  commonly 
been  supposed.  The  principal  difficulty  lies  in  the  fact 
that  the  earliest  surviving  Byzantine  enamels  are  not  prior 
to  the  eighth  century,  which  is  hardly  early  enough  to 
admit  of  their  having  served  as  models  for  such  primitive 
barbaric  work  as  this.  But  we  know  that  enamels  were  made 
in  Constantinople  at  any  rate  as  early  as  Justinian's  time ; 
and  if  none  of  these  has  survived,  that  after  all  is  not  very 
remarkable  in  an  iconoclastic  world. 

The  portrait  of  the  enamel,  which  appears  to  represent  a 
lady,  wears  over  the  breast  (not  in  the  usual  manner  on  the 
shoulder)  a  circular  brooch  with  pendants  like  the  Castellani 
brooch  itself.  On  each  side  of  the  face  is  a  long  lock  of  hair 
to  which  is  attached  a  pear-shaped  ornament  of  the  kind  seen 
on  the  imperial  busts  on  the  diptych  of  the  Consul  Flavius 
Taurus  Clementinus  (A.D.  513).*  It  is  just  possible  that  the 
three  high  loops  at  the  top  of  the  head  may  be  due  to  a  mis- 
understanding of  the  enameller,  who  took  for  hair  the  triple 
aigrette  which  is  seen  on  the  same  busts.  This  triple  aigrette 
is  worn  by  the  emperor,  not  by  the  empress,  and  as  some  of 
the  earlier  Byzantine  emperors  were  very  feminine  in  appear- 
ance, there  may  be  a  confusion  as  to  sex  as  well  as  headgear. 
If  the  brooch  with  three  pendants  was  really  only  worn  by 
emperors,  such  a  mistake  in  the  present  instance  becomes  even 
more  probable.  The  knife-shaped  figures  in  the  field  on 
either  side  of  the  face  are  not  easy  to  explain.  But  they 
resemble  designs  found  in  the  same  position  on  Coptic 
tapestry  medallions,  where  they  seem  to  represent  palms. 
Their  outlines  are  rather  like  those  of  the  conventional 
cypress  trees  of  Byzantine  miniatures  and  ivory  carvings. 

The  second,  or  Towneley  brooch,  commonly  called  the 
Hamilton  brooch,  but  really  acquired  by  the  Museum  with  the 
Towneley  collection,  has  also  close  parallels  on  the  continent, 
though  in  this  case  we  have  probably  to  deal  with  a  Byzantine 


*  In  the  Free  Public  Museums,  Liverpool.     Westwood,  fictile  Irorifs,  Nos. 
54,  55  ;  Molinier,  Ivoires,  p.  23. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  69 

enamel  and  not  with  a  Western  imitation.  Fig.  2  shows  a 
floriated  cross  on  a  cloisonne  enamel  medallion  attached  to 
the  imperial  mantle  belonging  to  the  Coronation  Insignia  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire  in  the  Hofburg  at  Vienna.*  The 
resemblance  in  style  to  our  brooch  is  exceedingly  close,  and 
the  scheme  of  colour  employed  upon  this  and  the  other  medal- 
lions upon  the  mantle  is  also  similar.  Medallions  of  this  kind 
are  held  to  have  been  exported  from  Constantinople  in  con- 
siderable numbers  between  the  tenth  and  thirteenth  centuries, 
and  to  have  provided  some  of  the  models  for  the  German 
enamellers  of  the  late  tenth  century.  Examples  of  similar  fine 
conventional  ornament  are  not  infrequent  even  on  the  limited 
group  of  Byzantine  enamelled  objects 
which  have  survived  to  our  time,  but  I 
need  only  refer  to  the  medallions  with 
symmetric  floral  patterns  on  the  reli- 
quary of  the  Emperors  Constantino 
Porphyrogenitus  and  Romanus  II.  (A.D. 
948-959)  now  at  Limburg  on  the  Lahn.t 
This  reliquary  also  provides  examples  of 
the  quatrefoils  seen  in  the  outer  circle  of 
the  Towneley  brooch,  but  ^ these  are  so  . *™"™  c 
frequent  in  work  of  the  period  that  they 
deserve  no  more  than  a  passing  notice.  The  floriated  crosses 
on  the  other  hand  are  so  exceedingly  delicate  that  they  are 
unlikely  to  have  been  made  by  Teutonic  workmen,  even  those 
in  the  service  of  Archbishop  Egbert  of  Treves ;  and  although 
Celtic  hands  may  have  been  equal  to  the  task,  the  closest 
parallels  point  to  Constantinople  rather  than  to  Ireland. 

That  the  gold  setting,  unlike  the  enamel  which  it  contains, 
was  made  in  Western  Europe  is  very  probable.  The  applied 
scroll-work  produces  a  rather  jejune  effect,  accentuated  by  the 
use  of  thin  strips  of  gold  set  on  edge  instead  of  wires.  There 
may  exist  other  examples  of  goldsmith's  work  which  exactly 
correspond  to  it,  but  it  differs  from  the  usual  scroll  filigree 
work  alike  of  the  Carlovingian  and  Romanesque  periods.  A 
portable  altar  in  the  minster  of  Freiburg  J  has,  stamped  in 

*  F.  Bock.  Kleinodien  des  romisclien  Reich*,  pi.  xxv.  fig.  37.     Other  examples 
of  enamels  of  the  same  class  at  Aachen,  Essen,  and  in  the  collection  of  Freiherr 
von  Heyl  at  Darmstadt,  are  cited  by  S.  Beissel,  Kunstsohatze  des  Aact 
Kaiserdomes  (1904),  text  to  pi.  ii. 

t  E.  Aus'm  Weerth,  Das  Siegeskreuz  der  byzantimschen  Kaiser  Lonsta 
tin  VII.  und  Romanus  II.,  pi.  ii.  (Bonn,  1866). 

t  Zeitschrift  fur   Chriatlichc  Kunst  (Diisseldorf,  1903),  pp.  42  ff.,  article  by 
,T  Braun.     Professor  Venturi  has  compared  the  enamels  of  the  Towneley  brooc 
to  those  of  the  Paliotto  of  Sant'  Ambrogio  at  Milan  and  to  those  of  a  cover  of  I 
gospels  at  Chiavenna  (Storia  delV  arte  Italiana,  ii.  242),  but  I  do  a*  think 
the  resemblance  is  in  either  case  so  close  as  that  which  has  been  noted  above. 


70  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

the  bronze  covering  of  its  border,  medallions  with  scrolls  of 
analogous  design,  which  are  considered  to  have  been  copied 
from  contemporary  jewellery ;  and  if  this  is  the  case,  the 
originals  must  have  been  very  like  the  setting  of  our  brooch. 
The  portable  altar  has  usually  been  assigned  to  the  twelfth 
century,  but  there  is  no  detail  in  its  ornament  which  makes 
the  eleventh  century  impossible,  and  the  work  is  almost 
certainly  German.  It  seems  most  probable  therefore  that 
the  Towneley  brooch  was  made  in  Germany,  perhaps  in  the 
eleventh  century,  as  a  setting  for  an  imported  medallion  of 
Byzantine  enamel ;  and  that  it  too  should  be  removed  from 
the  category  of  Anglo-Saxon  jewels. 

It  is  not  so  easy  to  find  parallels  to  the  third,  or  Dowgate 
Hill  brooch.  Both  the  enamelled  royal  portrait  and  the 
filigree  setting  are  somewhat  exceptional  in  character,  and  an 
Anglo-Saxon  origin  seems  less  impossible  in  this  case  than 
in  the  others.  In  the  enamel  the  manner  of  treating  the 
features  of  the  king  follows  other  conventions  than  those 
adopted  at  Constantinople,  and  the  costume  is  that  worn  by 
princes  of  Teutonic  race  and  not  by  Byzantine  emperors 
between  the  ninth  and  twelfth  centuries.  Such  analogies 
as  can  be  found  for  the  gold  setting  would  appear  without 
exception  to  be  also  of  Western  origin,  and  Frankish  or 
German  goldsmiths  are  practically  the  only  competitors  to 
dispute  the  manufacture  with  the  Anglo-Saxons.  The  form 
of  crown  tells  us  nothing  in  favour  of  either  side,  as  it  is 
found  in  miniatures  as  well  as  on  coins  and  seals  produced 
on  both  sides  of  the  Channel  in  the  tenth  and  eleventh 
centuries ;  the  mantle  is  also  cosmopolitan.  If  the  portrait  is 
compared  with  the  Alfred  jewel,  the  only  example  of  these 
enamelled  portraits  which  seems  to  possess  serious  claims  to  a 
British  origin,  it  does  not  reveal  any  convincing  evidence  of 
relationship.  The  execution  is  here  far  finer,  and  the  conven- 
tionalisation of  the  features  is  not  the  same.*  The  pendants 
on  either  side  of  the  head  may  be  intended  for  hair,  but  they 
seem  to  issue  from  the  crown,  and  if  so  may  be  analagous  to 
the  pendent  side -pieces  of  Carlo  vingian  crowns  commonly 
seen  in  the  miniatures.t  The  enamelled  medallion  of  this 
brooch,  like  the  Towneley  example,  is  convex,  and  has  a 
similar  narrow  border  of  a  lighter  colour  round  the  edge.  The 
resemblances  between  the  details  of  the  gold  border  and  that 

*  Two  very  barbarous  enamels  on  copper,  one  in  the  Welfenschatz  and  the 
other  in  private  possession,  should  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  conventional- 
isation of  features  in  early  Western  cloisonne  enamels.  See  De  Linas,  Leg 
Expositions  retrospectives  (Paris,  1881),  pp.  118  and  189;  F.  Bock,  JByzan- 
tinische  Zellemschmelze,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  2. 

f  See  Viollet-le-Duc,  Dictionnaire  du  mobilier  franfais,  iii.  308. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  71 

of  the  setting  of  the  Alfred  jewel  are  also  not  more  convincing 
than  those  which  may  be  noticed  in  work  of  Frankish 
origin.  The  settings  of  cabochon  gems  upon  the  paliotto  of 
S.  Ambrogio  at  Milan  also  have  round  their  edges  a  zigzag  or 
wavy  line,  while  between  pearls  in  high  settings  they  show 
ornaments  formed  of  crossed  strips  of  gold  not  unlike  those 
of  the  oponwork  circles  in  our  brooch.*  The  use  of  such 
strips  is  also  a  feature  which  may  be  remarked  upon  jewelled 
bookcovers  of  Carlovingian  workmanship.  The  filigree  scroll- 
work itself  helps  us  but  little,  for  it  was  a  popular  form  of 
ornament  down  to  Gothic  times ;  a  free  use  of  pellets  is  not 
uncommon  in  Romanesque  as  well  as  earlier  scrollwork,  t 


A  NOTE  ON  THE  ALFRED  JEWEL. 

The  following  note  is  of  a  purely  iconographical  character, 
and  is  therefore  not  concerned  with  the  technical  qualities  of 
this  remarkable  jewel.  It  will  be  within  general  recollection 
that  the  enamelled  figure  beneath  the  crystal  on  the  upper 
side  holds  a  floriated  wand  or  sceptre  over  each  shoulder,  and 
that  this  peculiarity  is  shared  by  various  Celtic  monuments, 
both  manuscripts  and  sculptured  stones,  though  the  attributes 
are  usually  not  two  wands  or  sceptres,  but  a  wand  over  one 
shoulder  and  a  cross  over  the  other.  The  most  remarkable 
sculptures  are  those  of  the  Irish  high  crosses  J  and  the 
cross  at  Sand  bach  in  Cheshire,  where  the  figure  with  these 
attributes  is  always  Christ  in  glory.  The  illuminated  books 
which  reproduce  the  type  are  the  St.  Chad  Gospels  at 
Lichfield,  where  the  portrait  of  St.  Luke§  has  a  floriated 
sceptre  and  a  cross,  and  the  Book  of  Kells,  where,  in  the 
remarkable  illumination  representing  the  Temptation,  a  small 
bust  with  a  pair  of  floriated  sceptres  appears  in  an  aperture 
low  down  in  the  structure  of  the  Temple.  ||  I  think  it  may  be 

*  G.  Ferrario,  Moniimcnti  xacri  e  profani  delV  imperial?  e  reale  Basilica 
di  Sant'  Ambrogio  in  Milano  (Milan,  1824),  pi.  17  and  18;  details  opposite 
p.  122. 

f  Compare  the  ornament  on  a  reliquary  in  the  collection  of  Reinhold  Vaster*, 
exhibited  at  Diisseldorf  in  1902  (Zvitschrift  filr  Chrixtliche  Kunxt.  Diisseldorf, 
1902,  pi.  154)  ;  the  reliquary  of  the  Emperor  Otto  in  the  cathedral  treasury  at 
Qnedlinburg  (photos,  Ernst  Kliche,  Quedlinburg)  ;  two  bookcovers  in  the 
treasury  of  the  cathedral  at  Trieste,  the  chalice  of  St.  Remi  at  Rheims,  etc. 

J  J.  Romilly  Allen,  Early  Christian  Symbolism  in  Great  Britain,  and 
Ireland  (London,  1887),  pp.  168  ff. 

§  Palceograpliwal  Society  :  Facsimiles  of  MSS.  and  Inscription*,  ed.  Bond 
and  Thompson,  vol.  ii.  (1873-1883),  pi.  21. 

||  Westwood,  Facsimiles  of  the  Miniaturer  of  Ornament*  in  Anglo-Saxon  and 
Irish  MSS.,  pi.  ii. 


72 


PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE 


[1904, 


assumed  from  the  evidence  afforded  by  these  examples  that 
the  sceptres  and  crosses  held  in  this  peculiar  manner  are 
intended  to  signify  a  state  of  glory  or  beatitude  either  already 
attained  or  of  certain  prospect,  and  that  they  are  only  confined 
to  figures  of  Christ  and  St.  Luke  because  Celtic  artists  restricted 
themselves  almost  exclusively  to  the  representation  of  divine 
and  saintly  figures. 

What  is  the  origin  of  an  iconographical  detail  of  so 
exceptional  a  character  ?  Why  should  the  Celtic  religious 
art  of  the  British  Isles  on  an  object  like  the  Alfred 
jewel,  which  was  probably  made  in  a  place  where  Celtic 
influence  was  strong,  stand  alone  in  adopting  this  manner 
of  symbolising  beatitude  ?  I  do  not  know  that  any  solution 
of  these  two  problems  hitherto  offered  has  been  based  upon 


Fig.  3.    CELTIC  SILK  MEDALLION  (after  Strzygowski). 

archaeological  rather  than  literary  evidence ;  I  therefore 
venture  to  draw  attention  to  a  curious  analogy  from  the 
other  end  of  the  Christian  world,  which  may  indeed  simply 
be  the  result  of  a  coincidence,  but  is  on  the  other  hand  at 
least  susceptible  of  a  logical  explanation. 

Fig.  3  shows  a  silk  medallion  from  a  Coptic  tunic  found 
in  the  cemetery  of  Akhmim  (Panopolis)  in  Egypt.*  In  the 
centre  is  a  bust,  apparently  that  of  a  lady,  holding  two  branches 
or  wands,  one  over  each  shoulder,  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  figure  of  the  Alfred  jewel ;  while  in  the  border  above  and 
below  f  are  two  crosses,  testifying  that  the  wearer  of  the 

*  J.  Strzygowski,  JahrbucJt,  der  Koniglich-preussischen  Kunstsammlungen, 
xxiv.  (1903),  164. 

t  Not  shown  in  the  illustration. 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  73 

garment  was  a  Christian.  This  is  not  the  only  occurrence  of 
these  attributes  in  Egypt ;  other  examples  are  known  from 
Coptic  cemeteries,*  so  that  it  would  appear  to  be  a  fairly 
common  type.  The  question  which  we  now  have  to  ask  is : 
was  there  any  particular  reason  why  this  bearing  of  wands 
should  have  appeared  in  Egypt,  and,  so  far  as  I  am  aware, 
nowhere  else,  during  the  earlier  centuries  of  the  Christian 
era? 

On  the  monuments  of  pagan  Egypt  the  god  Osiris  habitually 
carries  in  this  way  his  attributes,  a  sceptre  and  a  whip  or 
flail,  as  symbols  of  dominion  and  sovereignty.f  Now 
Ogiris  was  Lord  of  the  Under  World,  and  we  know  that 
Egyptian  Christians  were  wont  to  draw  parallels  between 
Osiris,  Isis,  and  Horus  and  the  central  figures  of  the 
Christian  faith,  considering  not  merely  Horus,  but  also  Osiris, 
in  his  character  of  judge  of  the  dead,  as  typical  of  Christ. 
There  are  several  reasons  why  this  syncretism  should  have 
entered  the  domain  of  Christian  sepulchral  art.  At  the 
end  of  the  pagan  period  in  Egypt  the  dead  were  actually 
identified  with  Osiris  ;  their  mummies  were  made  in 
the  form  of  the  god,  and  given  his  attributes.  The  British 
Museum  possesses  the  mummy  of  a  child  in  this  form,  dating 
from  about  A.D.  200,  from  Akhmim  (the  very  site  whence  the 
textile  was  derived),}  and  bearing  the  god's  crooked  sceptre 
and  flail ;  and  in  the  same  collection  there  is  ^a  late  Ushabti 
figure  of  one  Soter,§  a  sailor,  in  which  for  the  sake  of 
symmetry  the  flail  has  been  suppressed  and  replaced  by  a 
second  sceptre.  Now  it  is  surely  possible  that  a  community 
like  the  Copts,  constantly  reminded  as  they  were  of  the 
funeral  usages  of  their  ancestral  religion,  and  predisposed  to 
retain  such  portions  of  the  ancient  belief  as  could  be  decently 
assimilated  to  the  new,  might  easily  have  perpetuated  this 
bearing  of  wands  or  sceptres  as  a  convenient  and  universally 
intelligible  sign  of  celestial  felicity.  To  the  old  Egyptians  it 
signified  that  the  bearer  had  safely  passed  the  tribunal  of 
Osiris ;  to  the  Christian  it  would  mean  that  the  departed  was 
numbered  among  the  elect.  It  is  in  their  funeral  usages  that 
peoples  are  most  conservative,  and  if  many  a  trace  of  the 

*  R.  Forrer,  Seidentextilien  ant  dem  Grdberfeld  ran  Achmim-Panopolts 
(Strasburg,  1891),  pi.  v.  fig.  8,  and  pi.  xv.  fig.  6». 

f  On  mummy  cases,  Ushabti  figures,  etc.,  pastim.  Cf.  also  E.  A.  Walhs  Budge, 
The  Gods  of  the  Egyptians,  vol.  ii.  p.  138  (London,  1904),  and  pp.  131  ff.  On 
the  attitude  of  Coptic  Christians  to  Osiris,  Isis,  and  Horus,  see  the  same  work, 
pp.  220,  221. 

J  Second  Egyptian  Room,  wall  case  66. 

§  First  Egyptian  Room,  wall  case  155.  For  the  information  as  to  these  objects 
I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  E.  A.  Wallis  Budge. 


74  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1904, 

crudest  heathen  superstition  has  survived  to  this  day  in  the 
funeral  customs  of  Christian  Europe,  it  may  be  taken  as 
certain  that  the  Copts  did  not  so  lightly  sever  the  links 
which  united  them  to  the  impressive  cult  of  their  fathers.  As 
time  passed,  they  would  cease  to  adhere  rigidly  to  the  precise 
emblems  of  Osiris;  we  have  seen  that  in  the  case  of  the  sailor 
Soter  the  flail  had  already  dropped  out.  They  would  rather 
employ  the  palms  which  symbolised  victory  over  death ;  or  if 
they  kept  the  sceptre  as  an  appropriate  emblem,  they  would 
either  duplicate  it,  or  associate  with  it  instead  of  the  now 
meaningless  flail,  the  cross,  the  chief  symbol  of  Christianity. 
There  is  thus  a  definite  reason,  to  be  taken  for  what  it  is 
worth,  why  this  bearing  of  emblems  over  both  shoulders 
should  have  arisen  in  Egypt  rather  than  any  other  country. 
It  was  a  consecrated  manner  of  signifying  triumph  over 
death. 

But,  it  may  be  said,  it  is  one  thing  to  establish  a  probability 
of  connection  between  a  Pagan  and  a  Christian  type  within 
the  limits  of  Egypt,  and  quite  another  to  prove  a  relationship 
between  a  Coptic  and  an  analagous  form  in  the  extreme  West 
of  the  ancient  world.  It  may  be  urged  that  mere  coincidence 
is  less  unlikely  than  such  an  extraordinary  instance  of  action 
at  a  distance. 

Yet  there  are  many  facts  which  go  to  prove  that  the 
ancient  intercourse  between  Western  Europe  and  the  Eastern 
Mediterranean  persisted  right  through  the  Roman  occupation 
of  Gaul  and  Britain  into  Frankish  and  Anglo-Saxon  times. 
On  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  Oriental  traders,  chiefly 
Jews  and  Syrians,  who  already  swarmed  in  the  cities  of 
Southern  France,  exerted  a  dominant  commercial  influence, 
for  political  power  was  now  in  barbarian  hands,  and  organ- 
ised commercial  competition  on  the  part  of  the  Romans  was 
removed.  Between  the  fifth  and  eighth  centuries  they  are 
ubiquitous  in  the  cities  of  Gaul,  and  we  find  them  in  every 
large  city  from  Narbonne  to  Lyons,  from  Paris  to  Treves.  As 
time  progressed,  they  became  more  and  more  assertive,  and 
obtained  a  moral  and  religious  influence  which  helped  them  to 
disseminate  Oriental  usages  and  the  veneration  of  saints  hither- 
to unknown  in  the  West.  The  history  of  Syrian  enterprise 
has  been  investigated  with  some  thoroughness  in  recent  years,* 

*  The  evidence  is  collected  in  a  convenient  summary  by  L.  Brehier,  "  Les 
Colonies  cTOrientanx  en  Occident  an  commencement  dn  Moyen  Age,"  in 
Byzantinische  Zeitxchrift,  xii.  (Leipzig,  1903),  1-40  ;  the  various  essays  and 
books  by  previous  writers  on  the  subject  are  mentioned  in  this  article.  See 
also  A.  Marignan,  Etudes  stnr  la  civilisation  franqaise  ;  vol.  i.  La  Soeiete 
Aferoringienne,  pp.  144-146;  J.  Strzygowski,  Kleinasien,  ein  Neuland  der 
JCunstgeschichte,  pp.  230  ff  ^Leipzig,  1903);  and  Der  Dom  zu  Aaclien  nnd  seine 
Entstellung  (Leipzig,  1904). 


March  10.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  75 

but  the  term  '  Syrian '  was  often  used  generically,  and  also 
included  Jews  and  Egyptians.  There  was  a  regular  maritime 
intercourse  between  Alexandria  and  Marseilles  in  Prankish 
times,*  and  among  articles  of  import  we  read  of  dates,  ivory, 
papyrus,  and  (a  quaint  detail)  the  roots  which  formed  the 
fare  of  the  hermits  of  the  desert,  now  destined  for  the  use  of 
Prankish  ascetics.  Silk  and  other  textiles,  which  were  a 
most  valuable  import  from  Syria,  can  hardly  fail  to  have 
been  also  introduced  from  Egypt,  where  they  were  produced  in 
abundance.  When  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  there 
was  a  general  tendency  to  follow  the  example  of  Oriental 
monks  and  eremites,  Western  bishops  are  found  passing  years  as 
anchorites  in  the  Thebaid.  Cassian,  founder  of  the  monastery 
of  St.  Victor  at  Marseilles,  was  in  the  desert  seven  years,  t 
and  Eusebius,  Bishop  of  Vercelli,  had  also  proved  the  rigours 
of  the  Egyptian  hermit's  life  before  founding  a  monastery  in 
his  own  diocese.  The  zeal  for  Oriental  monasticism  was  accom- 
panied by  a  competition  for  Oriental  saintly  relics,  which  were 
introduced  by  merchants  or,  like  the  ubiquitous  ampullae  from 
the  shrine  of  St.  Menas  near  Alexandria,  by  Western  pilgrims 
who  had  visited  the  East.  Settled  colonies  of  Orientals, 
traders  and  pilgrims  passing  to  and  fro,  monasteries  and 
churches  in  communication  with  each  other  across  the  Medit- 
erranean, all  these  were  so  many  agencies  for  the  diffusion  of 
Oriental  wares  and  exotic  ideas.  In  a  word,  Gaul  was  almost 
in  a  state  of  Eastern  pupilage ;  and  though  the  intercourse  of 
the  Gallic  Church  with  the  daughter  Church  of  Britain  was 
checked  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  invasion,  with  Western  Britain 
and  with  Ireland  it  was  never  wholly  interrupted.  It  is 
held,  indeed,  that  with  these  parts  of  the  British  Isles  a 
more  direct  maritime  intercourse  with  the  East  was  still 
maintained  ;J  but  by  whatever  route  they  came,  Oriental 
influences  both  artistic  and  ecclesiastical  must  have  found 
entry  during  this  period,  and  portable  works  of  art  like  MSS. 
and  textiles,  for  which  the  Church  had  a  continual  use, 
probably  crossed  the  water  with  them.  Many  signs  of  Eastern 
inspiration  are  visible  alike  in  Prankish  and  Irish  art ;  and  the 

*  Gregory  of  Tours,  Historic,  Franconim,  iv.  42,  v.  5,  vi.  6  ;  Heyd,  Getchichte 
des  Levanthaiidelx,  i.  69. 

t  Comte  de  Montatemhert,  The  Monk*  of  the  West  (English  ed.,  London, 
1896),  i.  355.  The  trend  of  the  Conferences  of  Cassuin  is  towards  the 
propagation  of  Egyptian  ideas  ;  see  Dom  Cuthbert  Butler,  Tim  Lauxiac  History 
of  Palladim  (vol.  vi.  of  Texts  and  Studies,  ed.  by  Prof.  J.  A.  Robinson,  Cam- 
bridge, 1898),  p.  246. 

t  For  example,  when  the  Merovingians  proposed  to  send  St.  Columba  bt 
his  own  country  they  put  him  on  board  a  ship  at  Nantes  which  was  trading  tc 
Ireland  (quae  Scotorum  commercia  vexeraf),  tec  T.  Hodgkm,  Italy  am 
Invaders,  vi.  125. 


76  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

wand-bearing  motive  would  have  encountered  no  insurmount- 
able obstacle  in  the  course  of  its  migration  from  Egypt.  If  it 
really  did  so  migrate,  the  Temptation  Miniature  in  the  Book 
of  Kells  receives  a  simple  interpretation.  The  small  figure 
with  the  sceptres  would  represent  Our  Lord  free  from  all  the 
vicissitudes  incident  to  mortality ;  and  it  would  be  placed 
where  it  is  to  remind  the  reader  of  the  manuscript  that 
however  formidable  might  appear  the  temptation  depicted 
above,  its  issue  would  inevitably  be  vain.  The  identification  of 
the  portrait  upon  the  Alfred  jewel  is  not  essentially  furthered 
by  the  hypothesis,  which  is  consistent  with  either  of  the  two 
usual  explanations :  the  figure  may  represent  either  Our  Lord 
or  a  saint,  but  in  any  case  not  a  living  person. 

The  note  may  be  concluded  by  a  few  remarks  upon  the 
ornament  engraved  on  the  gold  plate  at  the  back  of  the 
Alfred  jewel.  The  late  Professor  Earle,  in  a  very  interesting 
monograph  published  a  few  years  ago,*  suggested  that  the 
design  was  wholly  symbolic ;  that  it  represented  a  sword 
plunged  in  a  human  heart;  and  that  it  was  devised  to 
remind  the  beholder  of  the  deeper  experiences  of  our  spiritual 
nature.  One  might  well  wish  that  so  poetic  a  fancy  were 
unassailable;  but  it  is  impossible  for  any  one  acquainted  with 
the  ornament  of  the  period  between  late  Roman  and  Roman- 
esque times  to  accept  it  as  a  scientific  interpretation.  The 
figure  represents  in  fact  not  a  sword  but  one  of  those  con- 
ventional tree-designs  which,  with  variations  of  detail,  are 
so  common  during  the  first  millennium  of  our  era.  They  are 
frequently  seen  in  MSS.  from  the  seventh  to  the  tenth 
century,  and  may  be  traced  in  the  textiles  of  the  Christian 
East  a  few  centuries  earlier;  they  are  common  features 
in  Sassanian  art,  where  they  served  more  especially  to 
divide  confronted  figures  of  men  and  animals,  and  are 
quite  possibly  remote  descendants  of  the  '  sacred  trees '  of 
the  ancient  East.  For  the  sacred  tree  of  Assyrian  art 
was  perhaps  from  the  very  first  not  a  botanical  type  but  a 
conventional  and  artificial  composition,  and  when  its  religious 
significance  had  been  forgotten  it  was  removed  from  the 
precincts  of  the  temples  and  planted  out  in  the  general 
garden  of  ornament.t  The  annexed  figure  illustrates  one  or 
two  examples  of  these  conventional  tree-designs  of  various 
periods.  Fig.  4  a  is  from  a  Coptic  textile  in  the  Victoria  and 
Albert  Museum ;  b  is  from  the  Psalter  of  Augustine  in  the 

*  J.  Earle,  The  Alfred  Jewel  (Oxford,  1901). 

t  On  sacred  trees  and  their  part  in  the  history  of  ornament,  see  A.  Eiegl, 
StUfragm  (Berlin,  1893),  99  ff.  ;  W.  H.  Goodyear,  Tlie  Grammar  of  the  Lotus, 
175  ff.  (London,  1901). 


March  10.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


77 


British  Museum  (Cotton,  Vespasian  A.  1.) ;  c  is  from  the 
Codex  Vigilanus  m  the  Escurial,  a  manuscript  dating  from 
the  Carlovmgian  period.*  In  all  these  examples  the  formal 
knots  and  joints  from  which  the  branches  and  leaves  issue 
are  clearly  accentuated,  as  in  the  Alfred  jewel,  and  c  bears 
traces  of  its  construction  out  of  acanthus  elements,  just  as  the 
ancient  sacred  trees  seem  to  have  been  built  up  of  elements 


Fig.  4.     CONVENTIONAL  TREE-DESIGNS. 

derived  from  the  lotus.  It  has  under  it  the  word  '  arbor/ 
showing  that  it  is  intended  for  an  ornamental  type  and  not 
for  any  real  species :  an  equally  prosaic  explanation  must,  it  is 
to  be  feared,  replace  the  esoteric  symbolism  of  Professor  Earle. 
In  conclusion,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  hatched  background 
is  also  found  in  the  Bible  of  Charles  the  Bald,  and  may  be 
seen  in  the  Comte  de  Bastard's  reproductions." 

PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  by  permission  of  the 
Library  Committee  of  the  Corporation  of  London,  exhibited 
a  sculptured  but  mutilated  head,  of  life  size,  found  lately  on 
the  site  of  Newgate  prison,  which  he  suggested  may  have 
belonged  to  one  of  the  images  that  were  set  up  on  Newgate 
when  it  was  rebuilt  in  1672.  The  head  is  now  in  the  Guildhall 
Museum. 


*  a  is  from  a  photograph  kindly  furnished  by  the  authorities  of  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum  ;  b  is  from  Westwood's  Facnmilet,  pi.  iii. ;  c  is  after  Riegl, 
as  above,  fig.  176,  p.  320. 


78  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

E.  P.  WARREN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  number  of  pewter 
and  base  metal  spoons,  portions  of  Venetian  glass  vessels,  and 
other  antiquities,  found  in  Westminster  during  excavations  at 
the  junction  of  Great  College  Street  and  Barton  Street. 

Among  the  finds  was  a  portion  of  one  of  the  detached 
Purbeck  marble  twisted  shafts  that  once  adorned  the  shrine 
of  St.  Edward  in  Westminster  abbey  church.  Owing  to  its 
excellent  preservation,  except  that  all  the  mosaic  work  has 
perished  or  been  picked  out,  this  interesting  fragment  has 
been  restored  to  its  place  on  the  shrine. 

WILLIAM  W.  PORTAL,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  sword 
which  had  been  found  in  the  course  of  excavations  for  the 
enlargement  of  Waterloo  railway  station. 

The  sword  was  pronounced  by  the  President  to  be  a  cutlass 
of  a  date  circa  1820  to  1830,  with  a  Solingen  blade. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  17th  March,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gift  was  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Picardy  : — Monographic  de  1'eglise  Notre- 
Darne  Cathedrale  d' Amiens.  Tome  II.  Mobilier  et  accessoires.  4to. 
Amiens  and  Paris,  1903. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

George  Ulick  Browne,  Earl  of  Altamont. 

John  Flavel  Curwen,  Esq. 

Rev.  Honyel  Gough  Rosedale,  M.A.,  D.D. 

The  PRESIDENT  referred  in  suitable  terms  to  the  loss  which 
the  Nation  and  the  Society  had  sustained  by  the  death  of 
H.R.H.  The  Duke  of  Cambridge,  and  proposed  the  following 
Resolution,  which  was  seconded  by  PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq., 
Treasurer,  and  carried  unanimously  : 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  79 

"  That  in  consequence  of  the  lamented  death  of  H.R.H. 
George  Duke  of  Cambridge,  a  Royal  Fellow  of 
this  Society,  the  meeting  this  evening  be  restricted 
to  the  formal  business  of  the  Society." 

Notice  was  given  that  the  Annual  Election  of  the  President, 
Council,  and  Officers  of  the  Society  would  be  held  at  the 
Anniversary  Meeting  on  St.  George's  Day,  Saturday,  23rd 
April,  at  2  p.m. ;  and  that  no  Fellow  in  arrear  of  his  subscrip- 
tion for  the  current  year  would  be  entitled  to  vote  on  that 
occasion. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  (see  next  page)  was  read,  and 
thanks  were  voted  to  the  Auditors  for  their  trouble  and  to 
the  Treasurer  for  his  good  and  faithful  services. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  formal  business  the  Meeting  was 
then  adjourned. 


80  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

We,  the  AUDITORS  appointed  to  audit  the  ACCOUNTS  of  the  SOCIETY 
to  the  31st  day  of  December,  1903,  having  examined  the 
find  the  same  to  be  accurate. 

CASH  ACCOUNT  FOR  THE  YEAR 


RECEIPTS. 

1903.  £      s.    d.        £      s.     d. 

Balance  in  hand,  31st  December,  1902          .  .  100810    9 

Annual  Subscriptions : 

11  at  £3  3s.,  arrears  due  1902     .        .  .        34  13     0 

4  at  £2  2s..  ditto  .  .  880 

493  at  £3  3s.,  due  1st  January,  1903     .  .     155219    0 

109  at  £2  2s.,  ditto  .  .      228  18    0 

1  at  £1  11s.  6d.  .  .  1  11     6 

3  at  £3  3s.  Od.,  paid  in  advance  for  1904      .          990 

1835  18     6 
Composition : 

1  Fellow  at  £55  ....  55    0    0 

Admissions  : 

20  Fellows  at  £8  8s.      .  .  .  .  168    0    0 

Dividend  on  £10583  19s.  7d.  Metropolitan  3  per 

cent.  Stock  .  .  ....  301  12  11 

Works  sold     ......  162     4     3 

Stevenson  Bequest : 

Dividend  on  Bank   Stock  and  other  Invest- 
ments ......  635     6     6 

Owen  Fund  : 

Dividend  on  £300  2J  per  cent.  Annuities        .  720 

Sundry  Receipts  ....  95     1     8 


£4268  16     7 


March  17.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  81 

OP  ANTIQUARIES  OF  LONDON,  from  the  1st  day  of  January,  1903, 
underwritten   ACCOUNTS,  with  the  Vouchers  relating  thereto,  do 

ENDING  31st  DECEMBER,  1903. 


EXPENDITURE. 
1903. 
Publications  of  the  Society  : 
Printers'  and  Artists'  Charges  and  Binding    . 
Library  : 
Binding  ...... 
Books  purchased             .... 
Subscriptions  to  Books  and  Societies    . 

Grant  to  Research  Fund        .... 
House  Expenditure  : 
Insurance 
Lighting               ..... 
Fuel         
Repairs  : 
Bookshelves             .            .        386  18    5 
General        .            .            .          62  17     7 

£      s. 

89    6 
264    9 
49  18 

d. 

0 

8 
0 

£      H.    d. 
1275  16    3 

403  13    8 
50    0    0 

R79.   11      1 

40  13 
110  10 
19  19 

449  16 
18     9 
33     1 

9 
10 
0 

0 
9 
9 

Tea  at  Meetings             .... 
Cleaning  and  Sundries 

Income  Tax  and  Inland  Revenue  License    .  17  6 

Legacy  Duty  and  Costs  :  Stevenson  Bequest .  13  12  7 
Pension  : 

E.C.  Ireland      .  .      160    0    0        ^    Q  Q 

Salaries : 

Assistant  Secretary        ....      350 

»*        •  '     J2LJL!          530     0     0 

Porter,  and  Wife  as  Housemaid,  and  Hall  Boy  177  15    6 

Official  Expenditure  :  , 

Stationery  and  Printing 
Postages  .... 

.      Ditto    and  Carriage  on  Publications  '  11 

Sundry  Expenses  . 


Cash  in  hand : 

Coutts  &  Co.,  Deposit  Account 

Ditto          Current  Account  .          o    -Q    n 

Petty  cash          .  691    2    2, 


£4268  16    7 


•  This  does  not  include  the  balance  in  hand  (£45  14s.  3d.)  of  the  Research  Fund. 


VOL.  XX. 


82  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1904, 

RESEARCH  FUND  ACCOUNT  FOE 

RECEIPTS. 

£    s.   d. 

Balance  in  hand,  3 1st  December,  1902      .  .  .  .  78    3    7 

Dividends  : 

12  months'   Dividend  on   £1805    13s.    4d.    India 

3£  per  cent.  Stock  .  59  1 5     6 

12  Months'  Dividend  on  £500  J.  Dickinson  &  Com- 

pany,  Limited,  5  per  cent.  Preference  Stock          23  10     9 
12  months'  Dividend  on   £527  Is.   3d.  Victorian 
Government  3  per  cent.  Stock        .  .  14  19    5 

98     5    8 

Grant  from  General  Account .  .  .  .  .  50    0    0 


£226     9     3 

We  have  examined  the  above  Account  and  Research  Fund  Account  with  the 
set  forth  in  the  annexed  List,  and  certify  to  the  accuracy  of  the  same. 

36  Walbrook,  London,  E.G. 
\&th  March,  1904. 


STOCKS  AND    INVESTMENTS, 

A  ™  Value  on 

Am?nn,fc    31st  December, 
of  Stock. 


£ 

B. 

d. 

£ 

8. 

d. 

Metropolitan  3  per  cent.  Stock 

10583 

1!) 

7 

10266 

9 

3 

Bank  Stock 

2128 

9 

6 

6704 

13 

11 

Great  Northern  Railway  Consolidated  4  per  cent. 

Perpetual  Preference  Stock 

2725 

0 

0 

3201 

17 

6 

London  and  North  Western  Railway  Consolidated 

4  per  cent.  Guaranteed  Stock     . 

2757 

0 

0. 

3432 

9 

4 

North  Eastern  Railway  Guaranteed  4  per  cent. 

Stock     ...... 

2761 

0 

0 

3382 

4 

6 

Midland    Railway    2£    per    cent.    Consolidated 

Perpetual  Guaranteed  Preferential  Stock 

592 

5 

10 

444 

4 

4 

£21547 

U 

11 

£27431 

18 

10 

OWEN  FUND. 

2i  per  cent.  Annuities 

300 

0. 

0 

263 

5 

0 

RESEAECH  FUND. 

India  3£  per  cent.  Stock    .... 

1805 

18 

4" 

1859 

16 

9 

J.  Dickinson  &  Co.,  Limited,  5  per  cent.  Preference 

Stock       ...... 

500 

0 

0 

567 

10 

Q 

Victorian  Government  3  per  cent.  Consolidated 

Inscribed  Stock,  1929-49 

527 

13 

.0 

453 

1* 

7 

£2833     6     4      £2881     2     4 


March  17.]                  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  83 

THE  YEAB  ENDING  31st  DECEMBER,  1903. 

EXPENDITURE. 

Cretan  Exploration  Fund  (Explorations  at  Knossos)       .  •             60    0    6 

Waverley  Abbey  Excavation  Fund             .            .  25    0    0 

Silchester  Excavation  Fund            ....  50    0    0 

St.  Mary's  Abbey  (York)  Excavation  Fund          .            .  550 

Caerwent  Exploration  Fund            ....  25    0    0 

St.  Augustine's  Abbey  (Canterbury)  Excavation  Fund    .  10    0    0 

Derbyshire  Archaeological  Society  (Excavations  at  Brongh  Fort  500 

Malmesbury  Abbey  Excavation  Fund      '  .            .            .  10  10    0 

Balance  in  hand,  31st  December,  1903       .            .            .  45  14    3 


£226    9    3 

Books  and  Vouchers  of  the  Society,  and  have  seen  the  Stocks  and  Investments 

C.  F.  KEMP,  SONS,  &  CO. 


31ST  DECEMBER,  1903. 

Amount 
of  Stock. 
£      s.    d. 
In  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  Chancery  Division. 

In  the  suit  of  Thornton  v.  Stevenson. 

The  Stocks  remaining  in  Court  to  the  credit  of  this  cause  are  as 
follows : 

Great  Western  Railway  5  per  cent.  Guaranteed  Stock         .        8894    0    0 
Midland  Railway  2£  per  cent.  Preferential  Stock       .  .      15145  12    7 

£24039  12    7 


After  payment  of  the  Annuities,  now  amounting  to  £400  pet  annum,  the 
Society  is  entitled  to  one-fourth  share  of  the  residue  of  the  Income  on  the  above 
Funds.  This  is  payable  after  the  10th  April  and  10th  October  in  every  year. 


Witness  our  hands  this  16th  day  of  March,  1904. 

F.  A.  INDERWICK. 
J  CHALLENOR  C.  SMITH, 
CYRIL  DAVENPORT. 
ORMONDE  M.  DALTON, 

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SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


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86  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE 

Thursday,  24th  March,  1904. 
Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Sir  J.  Charles  Robinson,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  The  Vision  of  the  Twelve   Goddesses.    A   Royall   Masque  by  Samuel 

Daniel.     Reprinted  and  edited  by  Ernest  Law.     8vo.     London,  1880. 

2.  Catalogue   of   the   Pictures   in   Her   Majesty's  Gallery   and  the   State 

Rooms  at  Buckingham  Palace,  1885.     8vo.    London,  n.  d. 

3.  Handbook  to  the  Bowes  Museum,  Barnard  Castle.    8vo.     Darlington,  1901. 

4.  Histoire  des  Faiences  et  Porcelaines  de  Moustiers,  Marseille  et   autres 

fabriques  meridionales.    Par  J.  C.  Davillier.    Svo.     Paris,  1863. 

5.  Musee  Imperial  du  Louvre  :  Musee  de  la  Renaissance.     Series  G.     Notice 

des  fayences  peintes  italiennes.     Par  Alfred  Darcel.     Svo.    Paris,  1864. 

6.  Copilacion  de  las  leyes  capitnlares  de   la   Orden  de   la    Cavalleria  de 

Santiago  del  Espada.    Folio.     Valladolid,  1605. 

7.  Descrizione  di  tntte  le  pnbbliche  pitture  della  Citta  di  Venezia  .  .  .  .  di 

Marco  Boschini.     12mo.     Venice,  1733. 

From  Maurice  St.  John  Hope,  Esq.  : — Order  of  Ceremonial  at  the  Funeral  of 
Field-Marshal  H.R.H.  the  Duke  of  Cambridge,  K.G.,  at  Westminster 
Abbey,  March  22nd,  1904. 

From  Philip  Norman,  Esq.,  Treasurer  : — Ground  Plans  of  the  Church  of  St. 
Catherine  Cree,  Leadenhall  Street. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  on 
St.  George's  Day,  Saturday,  23rd  April,  and  lists  were  read  of 
the  Fellows  proposed  as  President,  Council,  and  Officers  for 
the  ensuing  year. 

The  Very  Rev.  the  DEAN  OF  DURHAM,  D.D.,  F.S.A.,  ex- 
hibited Letters  Patent  of  Edward  I.,  dated  1303,  re  lands  at 
Covenham,  Lines.,  on  which  he  read  the  following  notes : 

"  Some  years  back  I  received  a  letter  from  the  Reverend 
H.  T.  King,  M.A.,  vicar  of  Wanborough,  Wilts,  asking  me 
whether  I  would  look  at  an  '  ancient  Roman  document ' 
which  one  of  his  farmers  had  lately  dug  up  from  under  the 
church  path.  He  added  that  in  the  village  there  was  a 
tradition  that  this  path  was  an  ancient  Roman  road.  The 
document  was  sent  down  to  me,  and  I  was  amazed  to  find 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  87 

that  it  was  no  classical  MS.,  but  a  beautifully  preserved  deed 
of  Edward  I.,  with  the  great  seal  in  admirable  condition, 
protected  by  a  case  of  ancient  silk.  It  appears  that  this 
document,  when  found,  was  protected  by  an  old  leathern  case  ; 
this,  as  it  seemed  valueless,  the  farmer  unfortunately  threw 
away. 

It  is  singular  that  so  well-preserved  a  document,  in  no  way 
connected  with  the  district,  should  have  been  discovered  in  a 
small  country  village,  far  from  the  great  highways. 

These  Letters  Patent  show  the  '  English  Justinian '  neutral- 
ising his  own  law,  the  law  "  De  religiosis,"  or  as  it  is  usually 
styled  'the  law  of  mortmain.'  This  law  was  passed  in  the 
Parliament  of  1279,  and  the  Letter  was  issued  in  1303.  The. 
king's  favourite  motto, '  Pactum  serva,'  was  in  force  for  him  only 
so  far  as  it  suited  him.  When  struggling  against  the  restric- 
tions of  the  Forest  Articles  he  found  a  reason  for  breaking 
through  the  agreement  he  had  very  reluctantly  made  in  1299 
and  1301 ;  he  did  not  hesitate,  and  his  promise  went ;  so  now, 
finding  the  mortmain  law  too  great  a  restriction  on  his  royal 
authority,  he  suspended  it  boldly,  saying,  quite  truly,  that  he 
did  so  for  the  good  of  his  people,  though  it  was  at  the  same 
time  to  his  own  personal  loss. 

'  Though,'  he  says  at  the  outset,  '  by  the  common  counsel  of 
Our  realm,  We  have  decreed  by  statute  that  it  is  not  lawful 
for  Religious  men  or  others  to  enter  on  the  Fee  of  any  one, 
so  that  it  would  thereby  fall  into  "  the  Dead  Hand,"  without 
our  permission  or  that  of  the  chief  Lord  from  whom  it  is 
immediately  held;— Still  desiring  to  confer  a  special  favour 
on  the  Religious,  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  S.  Carileph  in 
the  Diocese  of  Le  Mans,  we  have  granted  and  given  licence  to 
them,  for  ourselves  and  our  heirs,  so  far  as  lies  in  us,  to  assign 
to  the  Abbot  and  Convent  of  Kyrkestede,  and  for  that  house 
to  accept,  the  Manor  of  Covenham  in  Lincolnshire  with  all  the 
appurtenances  of  it,  to  be  held  by  them  and  their  successors 
in  free,  pure  and  perpetual  almonry,'  that  is,  in  Frankal- 
moyne ;  so  being  relieved  from  all  duties  of  contribution. 

This  Statute  of  Mortmain  was  a  reproduction  of  the  old 
Roman  Law,  under  which  no  corporation  of  any  kind  could 
hold  property,  '  unless  it  were  enabled  by  some  special  privi- 
lege.' The  actual  Roman  phrase  is,  'Collegium,  si  nullo 
speciali  privilegio  subnixum  sit,  haereditatem  capere  non 
posse,  dubium  non  est.'  And  in  Edward's  Statute  the 
restriction  is  not  limited  to  the  'Religious,  though  they 
naturally  take  the  prominent  place;  it  is  spread  over  all 
corporations  alike.  When  the  king  issued  this  mortmain 
Statute  he  entered  on  an  acute  struggle.  Yet  it  was  quite 


88  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

worth  his  while;  for  if  these  wealthy  bodies  could  excuse 
themselves  from  all  feudal  services  and  from  all  taxation,  the 
result  would  have  been  ere  long  the  failure  of  the  whole 
financial  basis  of  the  king's  government.  The  'religious'  were 
good  landlords,  bad  payers  of  taxes ;  they  ever  used  the  pro- 
verbial subtlety  of  churchmen  to  escape  from  these  burdens. 
They  went  even  so  far  as  to  argue  that  by  putting  up  a  cross 
on  the  gable  of  a  barn  they  could  sanctify  the  whole  building 
out  of  the  reach  of  taxation. 

It  was  but  a  sorry  struggle ;  for  clearly  they,  above  all 
others,  were  bound  to  contribute  to  the  maintenance  of  the 
State.  They  could  not  fight ;  their  convents  had  often  been 
sacked  by  hungry  invaders.  Such  a  use  of  the  cross  to  pro- 
tect their  wealth  was  peculiarly  offensive.  When  Bunyan,  in 
the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  describes  his  miser,  you  will  remember 
that  he  has  in  his  hand  not  the  cross  but  the  muck-rake. 

Bishop  Stubbs  says  that  Edward  I.  was  thus  carrying  out 
the  view  of  Henry  II.,  who  held  that  the  Church  must  bear 
a  due  share  of  public  burdens,  and  must  not  risk  national 
liberty  or  the  freedom  of  the  law  by  depending  on  the  out- 
side power  of  Rome ;  *  and  he  points  out  that  at  this  time 
two  important  Statutes  were  issued  together,  the  De  religiosis 
(1279)  for  churchmen,  the  Quia  emptores  (1290)  for  laymen. 
He  adds  that '  it  was  unquestionably  called  for  by  the  preva- 
lence of  an  abuse  which  had  existed  from  the  first  days  of  the 
Church  establishment  in  England — the  fraudulent  bestowal  of 
estates  on  religious  foundations  on  the  understanding  that 
the  donor  should  hold  them  as  gifts  of  the  Church,  and  as  so 
being  exonerated  from  public  burdens.' 

I  have  printed  in  a  footnote  f  a  most  interesting  project  by 

*  Stubbs,  C.  E.  ii.  115. 

f  And  when  J>e  kyng,  be  J>e  meanes  aforsaid  or  oj>er  wyse,  hath  gotyn  agen  his 
lyvelod,  yff  then  it  wolde  lyke  is  most  noble  grace  to  establysh,  and,  as  who  sayth 
amortyse  J>e  same  lyvelod  to  is  crowne,  so  as  it  mey  neuer  be  alyened  }>erfro, 
withowt  J>e  assent  off  his  Parlement,  wych  than  wold  be  as  a  newe  ffundacion  of 
is  crowne,  he  shall  be  £erby  the  grettest  ffounder  off  J>e  world."  Then,  after 
enlarging  on  the  advantages,  Fortescue  breaks  forth  into  prophecy.  "And 
trewly  yff  J>e  Kyng  do  this,  he  shall  do  J>erby  dayly  more  almes,  }>an  shall  be  do  be 
all  the  ffundacions  J>at  euer  were  made  in  Englond.  Ffor  euery  man  off  ]>e  lande 
shal  by  this  ffundacion,  euery  day  be  J>e  meryer,  ]>e  surer,  ffare  J>e  better  in  is  body 
and  all  is  godis  as  euery  wyse  man  mey  well  conseyve.  The  ffundacion  of 
abbeys,  of  hospitals  and  suche  o]>er  houses,  is  nothyng  in  comparisoun  herof .  For 
this  shalbe  a  collage  in  whiche  shul  syng  and  pray  for  euermore  al  ]je  men  of 
Ingland  spiritnel  and  temporel.  And  ther  song  shalbe  suche  among  o]>er 
antemes  :  I  Blissed  be  oure  Lord  God,  for  that  he  hath  sent  Kyng  Edward  the 
iiij  to  reigne  upon  vs.  He  hath  don  more  for  vs,  than  euer  dide  Kyng  of 
Inglond,  or  myght  have  don  before  hym.  The  harmes  that  hath  fallen  in  getyng 
of  his  Realme  beth  now  bi  hym  turned  into  onr  altheyr  goode  and  profite.  We 
shul  nowe  mowe  enjoye  oure  owne  goode  and  live  vnder  justice,  which  we  have 
not  don  of  longtyme,  God  knowyth.  Wherfor  of  his  almesse  it  is  that  wee  have 
al  that  is  in  oure  wone." — (Governance  of  England,  ed.  Plummer,  154-156. 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  89 

Fortescue.  It  shows  how  that  after  a  time  lawyers  came  to  see 
that  the  king  might  very  fairly,  as  well  as  the  monasteries, 
take  advantage  of  mortmain  tenure.  The  Crown,  he  held, 
might  easily  both  protect  its  actual  possessions  and  might 
greatly  enlarge  them,  so  creating  a  huge  fund  for  his  personal 
needs  and  acts  of  charity.  Writing  in  the  days  of  Edward  IV., 
days^of  feudal  transition,  and  much  confusion,  in  which  the 
king's  power  seemed  sadly  in  need  of  strengthening,  Fortescue 
comes  to  the  strange  conclusion  that  if  the  king  would  put 
all  his  estates  into  mortmain,  he  could  then  escape  all 
charges  on  them,  and  so  create  a  splendid  endowment  for  the 
Crown. 

In  the  case  before  us  there  is  no  question  of  royal  greed,  or 
royal  bounty,  which  so  often  came  to  mean  corruption ;  it  was 
but  a  wholesome  transfer  of  English  land  from  a  French 
Abbey  to  an  English  House. 

In  the  Patent  Rolls  and  in  the  Calendar  is  printed  in  full 
a  Charter  of  William  I.  of  the  year  1082.*  The  Conqueror, 
guided  by  William  of  St.  Carileph,  Bishop  of  Durham,  pre- 
sented this  piece  of  property  (which  he  does  not  style  a 
manor,  though  Edward  I.  does)  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Carileph ; 
and  that  Benedictine  House  sent  over  a  prior  and  some 
brethren,  who  settled  down  there,  and  made  it  a  Cell  of  the 
St.  Calais  House.f  It  obviously  suited  the  king,  while  his 
throne  was  still  precarious,  to  secure  points  at  which  his 
Normans  might  feel  at  home,  and  be  safe  amidst  a  sullen 
population. 

Covenham,  in  the  Lindsay  district  of  Lincolnshire,  remained 
in  French  hands  till  the  time  of  these  Letters  Patent. 
Edward  I.  foresaw  that  he  and  the  King  of  France  would 
shortly  come  to  blows,  and  that,  if  this  took  place,  this 
Lincolnshire  house  with  French  inhabitants  might  become  a 
danger;  he  therefore  decided  to  make  it  English,  and  with 
that  view  granted  a  special  privilegium  to  the  house  of 
Kirkstede  to  take  over  this  manor.  It  is  described  in 
William  I.'s  Charter  as  two  carucates  of  land  with  their 
appurtenances.  In  making  this  transfer  the  king  consented, 
at  the  same  time,  to  forfeit  an  annual  rent  of  twelve  pounds, 
which  he  had  hitherto  received  from  this  cell,  because  '  in 
time  of  war  raging  between  the  Kings  of  England  and 
France,  the  Prior  of  that  Cell  was  always  an  alien  (alienigena), 

»  See  Calendar,  31  Edw.  I.,  pp.  149,  150. 

t  St.  Carileph  (or  St.  Calais  now)  was  the  name  given  to  the  town,  after  the 
saint  had  there  founded  his  abbey,  in  the  sixth  century.  The  town,  on  the  banks 
of  the  little  tributary  the  Anille,  was  first  called  Anisola,  or  Anille  ;  when  the 
Tillage  grew  into  a  country  town  round  the  monastic  buildings  it  took  the  saint's 
name  instead.  It  is  now  the  cliefl'wu  of  the  arrondissement  (Sarthc). 


90  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

and  therefore  under  the  authority  and  dominion  of  the  King 
of  France.'  The  value  of  it  also  is  stated :  '  there  were  six 
acres  of  land  with  purtinences  belonging  to  the  Cell,  worth 
annually  3s.,  held  by  Warin  of  Hanteyne,  in  the  year  1303.' 
Of  this  Cell  some  considerable  remains  were  standing  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  They  are  figured  in  Stukeley's  Iter 
Boreale.  Nothing  now  remains  save  the  corner  of  a  building, 
thought  to  have  been  part  of  the  drum  of  a  tower. 

This  Abbey,  Kirks  tede,  to  which  Covenham  was  thus 
transferred,  had  been  founded  by  Hugh  Brito  (said  to  have 
been  a  Celtic  squire)  in  1139.  It  stood  on  a  site  described  as 
being  'a  place  of  horror  and  waste  solitude,  a  plain  land 
surrounded  on  every  side  by  wild  brambles,  thorns,  and 
marshes.'  In  this  relation  Covenham  continued  till  the  zeal 
of  Henry  VIII.  found  other  uses  for  it.  It  is  now  a  small 
country  village,  with  a  population  of  about  200  souls. 

It  is  perhaps  worthy  of  notice  that  in  the  Gallia  Christiana 
we  find  a  notice  of  St.  Calais,  interesting  as  throwing  some 
light  on  the  ancient  manner  of  making  war  by  the  English. 
After  giving  the  succession  of  abbots  down  to  William  (the 
33rd  abbot),  appointed  about  1229,  the  record  goes  on  to  say, 
'  Hie  plures  desunt  Abbates,  quorum  memoriam  deleverunt 
Angli  abbatice  chartulas  in  ignem  mittentes.'  The  list  begins 
again  with  Philippe  du  Bois  (34th  Abbot)  a.  1340." 

F.  G.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  Director,  exhibited  two  Roman 
gold  bars  for  coinage  from  Egypt,  upon  which  G.  F.  Hill,  Esq., 
M.A.,  read  the  following  notes : 

"  The  bars  described  in  the  following  notes  are  two  out  of  a 
number  which  are  said  to  have  been  found  at  Aboukir  in  the 
winter  of  1901-1902.  A  brief  account  of  the  find  is  given  by 
Dr.  Otto  Rubensohn  in  the  17th  volume  of  the  Jahrbuch  of 
the  German  Archasological  Institute,  Anzeiger,  p.  46.  The 
find  consisted,  according  to  this  report,  of  a  large  number  of 
gold  coins,  chiefly  of  Diocletian,  but  also  of  Severus  Alexander, 
^Emilianus,  and  Valerianus.  Together  with  these  coins  it  is 
supposed  that  eighteen  gold  bars  were  found.  Fourteen  of 
these  were  immediately  melted  down ;  three  well-preserved 
pieces  were  kept  for  sale,  and  the  eighteenth  seems,  in 
Dr.  Rubensohn's  opinion,  to  have  been  rescued  at  the  last 
moment,  when  it  was  already  damaged  by  melting.  Of  the 
three  bars  which  he  describes  as  well  preserved,  Dr.  Rubensohn 
has  only  seen  one,  that  which  is  described  below  as  A.  The 
bar  which  he  describes  as  half  melted  is  the  bar  B. 

According    to    another   version   only   fourteen  bars   were 


March  24.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


91 


discovered  ;  one  remains  in  the  possession  of  a  collector  in 
Egypt,  and  eleven  were  melted  down. 


TWO 


ROMAN   GOLD  BARS  FROM   EGYPT  (reduced). 


92  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Finally,  a  third  version  is  given  by  M.  Mowat:*  about  600 
aurei,  from  Severus  Alexander  to  Constantius  I.  Chlorus, 
eighteen  bars,  and  more  than  twenty  gold  medallions,  re- 
sembling those  of  the  Tresor  de  Tarse.  The  connection  of  the 
medallions  and  coins  with  the  find  of  the  bars  is  open  to  some 
doubt ;  and  M.  Mowat  says  that  the  eighteen  bars  (each 
weighing  345'50  grammes)  were  placed  on  the  Cairo  market 
in  December,  1901,  while  the  Roman  coins  and  medallions 
from  Gordian  III.  to  Constantius  Chlorus  are  said  not  to 
have  been  found  until  March,  1902,  and  the  twenty  '  Greek 
medallions '  not  until  April,  1902. 

I  now  proceed  to  the  description  of  the  two  bars  which 
Mr.  Hilton  Price  has  been  fortunate  enough  to  secure.f 

A.  Solid,  flat  bar,  183  x  18'5  x  8'5  mm.  (greatest 
measurements).  The  normal  width  is  16' 5  mm., 
the  wider  measurement  being  taken  at  the  points 
where  the  stamps  have  been  impressed.  Weight, 
5,325  grs.  troy  =  345'054  grammes.^ 

This  bar  bears  two  stamps,  both  at  the  same  end  of  the 
same  side : 

(1)  Rectangular,  about  31  x  13  mm. 


IACVEPPSIG 


WROB  AV  IT- 


The  middle  line  of  larger  letters  is  within  a  beaded  sunk 
rectangle ;  the  space  between  the  ends  of  this  and  the  edge  of 
the  stamp  is  occupied  by  a  tendril  design.  The  six  letters  in 
the  first  line  which  I  have  given  as  ANTI VS  are  all  but  certain, 
although  much  obliterated.§ 


*  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  nationale  des  Antiqitaires  de  France,  1902,  pp. 
281  f. 

f.  The  bars  have  since  been  acquired  by  the  British  Museum. 

I  Dr.  Rubensohn  gives  the  weight  (at  second  hand)  as  240  grammes ; 
possibly  a  misprint  for  340. 

§  Dr.  Dressel,  of  the  Berlin  Museum,  differs  from  me  in  reading  the  fifth 
letter  from  the  end  as  V  instead  of  N. 


March  24.1  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  93 

(2)  Rectangular,  13  x  9  mm.     No  decoration. 


6PMOY 

ERMV 

i. 


B.  Boat-shaped  bar,  187  x  18«5  x  17'5  mm.  (greatest  mea- 
surements).   Weight,  5,293  grs.  troy  =  342'98  grammes. 

This  bar  differs  from  all  others  known  in  being  more  or 
less  boat-shaped.  The  metal  has  been  poured  into  the  mould, 
which  has  been  tilted  first  to  one  end,  then  to  the  other.  The 
metal  in  cooling  has  adhered  to  the  edges  of  the  mould  at 
each  end,  very  much  as  in  the  boat-shaped  silver  coins  of 
Burma.  Finally,  a  trickle  of  metal  has  been  run  along  the 
interior  from  end  to  end.  At  one  end  the  interior  of  the  bar 
has  been  hammered,  and  on  the  comparatively  flat  surface 
thus  obtained  a  stamp  has  been  impressed  : 

Rectangular,  17  x  9  mm.     No  decoration. 


BENIGNV 
SCOXIT 


The  fact  that  this  stamp  is  perfectly  sharp  and  clear 
shows  that  the  bar  cannot  have  been  half  melted  down  as 
Dr.  Rubensohn  supposes. 

The  third  bar  I  have  not  seen,  but  Dr.  Dressel,  who  has 
been  more  fortunate,  kindly  informs  me  that  it  corresponds 
to  the  bar  A;  all  that  remains,  however,  of  the  PROBAVIT 
stamp  is  ...  S  above  and  .  .OBAVIT  below.  Its  weight  is 
34510  grammes  (5,325'62  grains  troy). 

The  bars  obviously  belong  to  the  same  category  as  those 
which  were  found  in  1887  in  the  extreme  S.E.  corner  of 
Transylvania,  in  the  county  of  Haromszek,  not  far  from  the 
Rumanian  border.*"  Those  bars  formed  part  of  a  barbarian 
treasure,  but  the  stamps  show  that  they  came  from  the  Roman 
mint  of  Sirmium  (Mitrovitz)  on  the  Save.  Like  Mr.  Hilton 

*  Arch.-Epigr.  Mittheilungen  aus  Oc»terreich~Ungarn,  xii.  pp.  1  S.,  66  ff. ; 
Num.  Zeitschr.  1888,  pp.  19-46  ;  Zeitschr.  f.  Num.  xvi.  pp.  351  ff. ;  C.  I.  L. 
III.  Snppl.  8080;  Num.  Zeitxchr.  1898,  pp.  211-235,  1899,  p.  38;  Willers, 
Die  Romischcn  Bronteeimer  von  Hemnwor  (1901),  pp.  228  ff. 


94  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Price's  bar  A,  they  have  more  or  less  the  form  of  our  modern 
sticks  of  sealing-wax.  Those  which  are  preserved  entire 
weigh  from  524  down  to  339  grammes.  The  stamps  enable 
us  to  date  them  to  the  second  half  of  the  fourth  century 
after  Christ,  or,  more  exactly,  to  some  time  between  367  and 
395  A.D.*  For  the  stamp  bearing  three  busts  of  emperors  and 
the  letters  DDD  NNN  (Domini  Nostri]  shows  that  they  belong 
to  a  time  when  three  persons  were  ruling  over  the  empire,  a 
condition  which  is  only  satisfied  for  the  mint  of  Sirmium  by 
the  dates  mentioned.  In  addition  to  the  stamps  with  the 
three  busts,  we  find  on  these  bars  the  following  four  stamps  : 

Lucianus  obr(yzam)  I  sig(navit],  followed  by  the  Christian 
monogram. 

Fl(avius)    Flavianus    Pro(bator)    sig(navit]    ad    digma, 
followed  by  a  palm-branch. 

Quirillus  et  Dionisus  [star]  Sirmi(i)  sig(naverunt)  [pain 
branch] . 

Sirm(ium),  with  personification  of  Sirmium  seated,  holding 
palm-branch ;  above,  star  or  Christian  monogram. 

From  this  it  appears  that  Flavianus  was  the  official  probator 
or  assay er  of  the  metal  at  the  mint  of  Sirmium.  He  took  a 
sample  (digma)  of  the  gold  and  tested  it.  Lucianus  confirms 
this  signature  in  a  formula,  which  is  best  expanded  as  Lucianus 
obryzam  in  qfficina  prima  signavit :  i.e.  Lucianus  signed  the  bar 
as  being  of  refined  gold  in  workshop  No.  I.  Quirillus  and 
Dionisus  further  sign  the  bars,  but  with  what  object  or  in 
what  exact  capacity  we  do  not  know.f 

The  bars  which  were  thus  attested  by  the  mint  officials 
would  then,  supposing  the  gold  to  have  been  brought  by 
private  persons,  be  returned  to  their  owners,  and  would 
serve  as  a  medium  of  exchange  in  large  transactions.^  As 
they  do  not  seem  to  conform  to  any  exact  weight,  the  scales 
would  be  brought  into  use;  indeed,  considering  the  com- 

*  Willers  prefers  the  date  393-395  (under  Theodosins  the  Great  and  his  two 
sons,  Arcadins  and  Honorius). 

f  Willers,  Die  Bronzeeimer,  p.  230,  thinks  that  they  too  were  probatores  ; 
that  they  actually  tested  the  bars,  and  Lucianus  confirmed  their  decision,  thus 
giving  the  bars  an  official  character. 

J  The  use  of  such  bars  in  commerce  at  a  later  period  is  proved  by  the 
passage  quoted  by  Willers  (loc.  cit.}  from  Paulus  l)iaconus.  An  army  of 
Saxons  who  had  invaded  Italy  with  the  Lombards  moved  about  574  into 
Southern  France.  On  their  way  they  cheated  many  people  by  passing  off  as 
gold  copper  b&rs(rcgulae  aeris)  which  were  so  '  coloured,' ?/£  auri probati  atque 
examinati  speciem  slmularent.  For  corresponding  silver  bars  from  Dierstorf 
(Kreis  Stolzeuau),  see  Willers,  pp.  231ff. 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  95 

parative  irregularity  of  weight  of  the  gold  coins  at  many 
periods  in  the  later  Roman  Empire,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that 
the  scales  were  required  for  these  also.  Some  of  these 
Sirmium  bars  bear  as  many  as  five  stamps ;  they  were  there- 
fore evidently  intended  to  be  chopped  up  if  necessary,  and  in 
fact  the  hoard  contained  a  large  number  of  fragments  thus 
produced. 

To  return  to  the  bars  from  Aboukir.  The  loss  of  so  many 
out  of  the  bars  which  were  included  in  the  find  makes  it 
impossible  to  discuss  Mr.  Hilton  Price's  bars  except  in  the 
most  tentative  way.  These  remarks  must  therefore  be 
regarded  as  only  preliminary  to  further  research.  The  first 
point  that  emerges  from  a  comparison  of  the  two  sets  of  bars 
is  that  they  cannot  be  separated  by  any  long  interval  of  time. 
Possibly  those  from  Aboukir  may  be  somewhat  earlier ;  the 
very  doubtful  evidence  of  the  reports  of  the  find,  connecting 
it  with  a  series  of  coins  ending  with  Constantius  Chlorus, 
points  to  the  end  of  the  third  century  or  beginning  of  the 
fourth.  The  moulds  were  approximately  of  the  same  shape 
in  both  cases,  with  sides  and  ends  sloped,  in  order  that  the 
metal  might  be  extracted  with  ease.  The  Egyptian  bars 
were  stamped  after  cooling  ;  this  is  shown  by  the  flattening 
produced  on  the  back  under  the  stamps,  and  by  the  spre<oding 
at  the  sides.  Considerable  force  must  have  been  used,  if  we 
can  judge  by  the  depth  of  the  impressions. 

The  Sirmium  stamps,  on  the  other  hand,  seem  to  have  been 
impressed  without  much  force,  and  probably  before  the  metal 
was  cool  ;  they  are  all  shallow,  and  have  not  caused  the 
bar  to  spread  much,  and  the  back  of  the  bar  is  in  no  way 
affected. 

I  have  so  far  failed  to  discover  any  very  satisfactory 
interpretation  of  the  middle  line  of  the  first  stamp  on  bar  A. 
SIG  is  of  course  sig(navit)  or  sig(naverunt}.  The  evidence 
of  the  Sirmium  bars  suggests  that  the  formula  contains  the 
names  of  two  probatores,  and  that  we  should  divide  it  thus  : 
Ac  .  .  .  .  Ve  .  .  .  .  pp(robatores)  sig(naverunt).  On  the 
other  hand  this  is  improbable  in  view  of  the  fact  that  on  the 
same  stamp  we  have  the  signature  of  the  probator  whose 
name  ends  in  ....  antius.  We  must  therefore  look  for 
another  resolution  of  the  abbreviation  PR,  and  the  word 
praepositue  at  once  suggests  itself.  This  title  is  used  of  mint 
officials:  thus  Ammianus  Marcellinus  (xxii.  11,  9 
Dracontiue  praepositus  monetae  at  Alexandria  in  362  A.D. 
Further,  in  a  Roman  inscription  of  the  time  of  Constantme 
the  Great  (C.  I.  L.  vi.  1145)  we  find  mention  of  Valen 
Pelagius,  v(ir)  e(gregius),  procurator)  s(acrae) 


96  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

u(rbis)  una  cum  p(rae)p(ositis)  et  officinatoribus.  The  abbre- 
viations on  our  stamp  may  therefore  with  some  probability 
be  resolved  in  this  way.  Ac  .  .  .  .  Ve  .  .  .  .  p(rae}p(ositi) 
sig(naverunt)  or  Ac  .  .  .  Ve  .  .  .  p(rae)p(ositus)  sig(navit), 
according  as  we  suppose  the  first  two  abbreviations  to  repre- 
sent two  persons  or  one. 

To  the  stamp  6RAVOY—  E  RM  V  there  is  no  parallel  afforded 
by  the  Sirmium  bars.  Two  explanations  are  possible.  In 
the  first  place  this  may  be  the  name  of  the  owner ;  Hermes 
is  a  common  man's  name  in  Egypt  in  imperial  times.  There 
would,  however,  be  little  point  in  impressing  on  this  bar, 
which  was  doubtless  meant  to  serve  as  a  medium  of  exchange, 
the  name  of  a  private  person.  I  am  more  inclined  therefore 
to  suppose  that  this  stamp  marks  the  bar  as  conforming  to  a 
certain  standard,  known  as  the  standard  of  Hermes.  Such  a 
name  would  be  given  to  the  standard  recognised  at  any  of  the 
places  containing  a  famous  temple  of  Hermes,  such  as  Hermo- 
polis  or  Hermopolis  parva,  both  of  which  are  comparatively 
near  to  Aboukir.  That  standards  were  named  in  this  way 
we  know  from  the  fact  that  one  form  of  the  artaba  was 
known  as  the  artaba  'Ep/iou.^  This  is  the  artaba  of  Hermon- 
this,  but  presumably  the  same  name  might  have  been  given 
to  the  gold  standard  of  Hermopolis. 

The  transliteration  of  GRAAOY  by  ERMV  instead  of 
representing  it  by  the  proper  Latin  form  HERMAE,  need 
not  surprise  us.  We  may  compare  (among  many  other 
instances)  the  spelling  EUZEblU  (instead  of  Eusebii}  on 
a  bronze  tablet  (C.  I.  L.  III.  Supp.  ii.  p.  2049,  No.  12077) ;  and, 
as  good  specimens  of  the  converse,  i.e.  the  transliteration  of  a 
Latin  genitive  into  Greek  letters  KEACEI  (for  Celsi),  and 
HPEIMOT-HPEIMI  on  Roman  lamps.f  Ordinary  words 
such  as  eiroiei  are  also  transliterated  into  Latin  letters.  Thus 
we  find  EPOEI  FELIX,  ONESIMVS  EPOl.t 

The  stamp  BENIGNVS  COXIT  is  also  without  parallel. 
The  usual  word  used  by  the  Romans  for  the  casting  of  metal 
for  coinage  was  flare,  of  which,  with  its  derivations  conflare, 
flator,  flatura,  flaturarius,  instances  are  common  enough. 
But  coquere  has  the  sense  of  not  merely  casting  but  refining  ;§ 
so  that  aurum  coctum  is  the  equivalent  of  obryza,  the  word 
which  we  find  on  the  Sirmium  bars.  Benignus  therefore 


*  Kenyon,  Greek  Papyri  in  the  British  Museum,  ii.  257  ff.  I  owe  this 
reference  to  Mr.  Kenyon. 

t  C.  I.  L.  xv.  6878,  6886.  I  owe  this  and  the  succeeding  reference  to 
Mr.  H.  B.  Walters. 

t  C.  I.  L.  xv.  5211,  5398. 

§  Cp.  the  instances  given  under  aunim  (9)  in  Forcelliui. 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  97 

would  seem  to  have  filled  the  same  position  in  the  Alexandrian 
mint  as  did  Lucianus  at  Sirmium. 

Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  received  a  letter  from 
M.  Seymour  de  Ricci,  who  suggests  A(ulus)  C(aecilius) 
Ve(stinus)  p(rae)p(ositus)  as  a  possible  expansion  of  ACVEPP, 
thus  confirming  my  conjectural  resolution  of  pp.  He  also 
interprets  €PMOY-ERMV  as  'E/j/iouTroXew?,  indicating 
the  place  where  the  bar  was  tried  or  made  (possibly  Hermu- 
polis  of  Lower  Egypt :  cf .  Archiv  f.  Papyrusforschung,  ii.  565, 
n.  122).  As  there  is  no  title  after  BENIGNVS,  he  considers 
that  this  man  was  probably  not  an  official  but  a  private 
person." 

Mr.  Gowland  said  that  the  bars  had  been  made  from 
native  gold  (gold  dust)  which  had  been  refined  by  a  rude  but 
effective  process  well  known  to  the  Romans.  Tested  by  the 
touchstone,  they  contained  about  975  to  980  parts  of  gold 
per  thousand,  the  remainder  being  silver.  They  thus  closely 
resembled  in  fineness  the  bars  found  in  Transylvania  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  Roman  mint  at  Sirmium.  One  had  been 
cast,  by  a  method  practised  in  China,  in  a  rocking  mould,  so 
that  the  sides  towards  the  extremities  were  much  higher 
than  the  other  parts  of  the  bar,  and  the  surface  of  the  metal 
was  more  or  less  covered  with  waves.  The  bars  were,  as 
Mr.  Hill  stated,  undoubtedly  used  to  supplement  the  ordinary 
currency  for  large  payments.  Mr.  Gowland  instanced  several 
examples  of  the  similar  use  of  stamped  gold  bars  in  China, 
and  of  silver  bars  and  ingots  in  China,  Japan,  and  Korea. 
The  gold  bars  known  as  Pekin  bars  were  also  of  refined  gold, 
usually  991  to  992  in  fineness.  All  these  gold  and  silver 
bars,  like  the  Roman  bars,  were  of  varying  weights,  as  they 
were  always  weighed  when  payments  were  being  made.  The 
stamps  they  bore  were  those  of  the  refiner  who  made  them, 
sometimes  supplemented  by  those  of  an  official  who  tested 
them.  Some  also  bore  the  marks  of  the  bankers  or  merchants 
through  whose  hands  they  had  passed,  and  greater  weight 
was  often  attached  to  those  marks  than  to  the  others  when 
the  bars  were  being  received  in  payment. 

F.  G.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  Director,  exhibited  a  number 
of  Egyptian  silver  gods,  on  which  he  read  the  following 
notes : 

"Silver  was  a  very  rare  metal  in  Ancient  Egypt,  and  during 
the  Old  Empire  was  considered  the  most  valuable  of  all  the 
precious  metals,  as  may  be  adduced  from  the  fact  of  its 

VOL.  xx.  G 


98  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

standing  before  gold  in  early  inscriptions.  The  name  for 
silver  was  het-nub  or  white  gold. 

It  is  not  supposed  to  have  been  found  in  Egypt  during  the 
Early  Empire,  but  was  imported  from  Asia.  In  later  times 
it  became  commoner.  Under  the  Old  Empire  we  read  of 
'  Superintendents  of  the  House  of  Silver,'  '  Custodians  of  the 
House  of  Silver,'  '  Clerks  of  the  House  of  Silver,'  etc. 

There  are  many  interesting  and  valuable  objects  in  silver 
known  to  exist  in  public  and  private  collections  in  England 
and  the  Continent,  while  in  the  Cairo  Museum  some  early 
silver  vases  are  to  be  seen ;  likewise  a  boat  with  rowers  in 
solid  silver,  discovered  at  Kurnah,  near  Thebes,  many  years 


SILVER  FIGURE  OF  A   SPHINX.      Q.) 

ago  in  the  coffin  of  the  Queen  Aahhetep  of  the  XVIIth 
Dynasty,  which  was  accidentally  found  buried  in  the  sand. 

The  figures  I  have  the  pleasure  of  exhibiting  to  you  this 
evening  are  therefore  rare,  but  the  rarest  object  that  I  have 
to  draw  your  attention  to  is  the  figure  of  a  Sphinx,  which  is 
represented  with  the  body  of  a  lion  couchant,  with  its  fore 
legs  stretched  out  in  front,  its  tail  curled  over  its  right  hind 
quarters,  and  its  head,  which  is  thrown  back  in  a  dignified 
manner,  is  that  of  a  human  being,  intended  to  represent 
Heru-Khuti  or  Harmachis,  one  of  the  chief  forms  of  the  sun 
god  Ra,  to  whom  the  Sphinx  was  sacred. 

'  The  largest  known  monument  or  figure  of  Heru-Khuti  is 
the  famous  Sphinx  near  the  Pyramids  of  Gizeh,  which  was  his 
type  or  symbol,  and  is  of  unknown  age  ;  it  existed,  however, 


March  24.] 


SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


99 


in  the  time  of  Khephren,  the  builder  of  the  Second  Pyramid, 
and  was  probably  very  old  even  at  that  period '  (see  Budge, 
The  Gods  of  the  Egyptians).  The  head  on  the  other  hand 
might  have  been  intended  for  the  king.  The  face  is  beard- 
less, wearing  upon  its  head  the  large  covering  and  wig  such 
as  were  usually  worn  by  kings  at  the  time  of  the  Middle 
Empire ;  it  ends  with  a  pigtail  which  lies  along  the  back 
of  the  animal.  Upon  the  breast  is  engraved  the  collar  or 
usex. 

This  little  figure,  which  measures  1£  inch  x  2£  inches,  is  of 
excessive  interest,  not  so  much,  however,  on  account  of  its 
representing  a  Sphinx,  though  this  of  course  is  most  unusual 


CARTOUCHE  OP  SEQUENEN-RA  ON   FIGURE  OF  A  SILVER  SPHINX. 

in  this  metal,  but  on  account  of  the  cartouche  upon  its  base 
The  inscription  is  unfortunately  much  corroded,  but  enough  ot 
the  hieroglyphics  remain  to  prove  that  the  name  is  that  ol 
Sequenen  Ra,  who  was  one  of  those  warrior  kings  of  tl 
XVIIth  Dynasty  who  nourished  about  1750-1700  B.C.     Then 
were  three  kings  bearing  this  prenomen,  whose  nomen 
respectively  Tau-aa,  Tau-aa-aa,  and  Tau-aa-qen,  followed  by 
Kames  and  the  great  Queen  Aahhetep. 

It  would  appear  that  the  XVIIth  Dynasty  were  descend, 
ants  of  the  Ancient  Egyptian  line  of  kings,  and  that  during 
the  troublesome  times  of  the  Hyksos  invasion  they  nac 

G2 


100  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

gone  south  and  settled  in  Nubia,  but  later  on,  during  the 
decadence  of  the  Hyksos,  they  cauie  again  north  and  settled 
in  Thebes. 

There  appear  to  be  very  few  contemporary  objects  known 
bearing  the  name  of  Sequenen-Ra.  Petrie,  in  his  History  of 
Egypt,  vol.  ii.,  gives  the  following:  (1)  a  palette  in  the 
Louvre  on  which  he  is  said  to  be  beloved  of  Amen-Ra  and 
Safekh ;  (2)  a  throw-stick  found  in  the  tomb  of  Aqi-hor  at 
Draa-abul-negga,  which  bears  the  cartouche  of  Tau-aa  and 
the  name  of  the  king's  son  Thuau ;  and  (3)  an  important 
statue  of  the  king's  eldest  son  Aahmes,  made  by  his  father 
Tau-aa-a,  his  mother,  the  king's  daughter,  and  Queen  Aah- 
hetep  and  his  sister  Aahmes. 

In  all  probability  the  name  in  this  cartouche  is  that  of 
Tau-aa-qen,  the  last  Sequenen-Ra,  whose  mummy  was  dis- 
covered in  July,  1881,  in  the  "cache"  at  Deir-el-Bahari,  which 
contained  as  we  all  know  the  mummies  of  so  many  royal 
personages.  They  were  all  removed  to  the  Museum  at  Bulak, 
and  are  now  exhibited  in  the  new  Museum  at  Cairo.  Upon 
unrolling  the  mummy  of  Sequenen-Ra,  it  was  found  that  his 
skull  had  been  broken  in  many  places,  and  it  was  conjectured 
from  the  nature  of  these  wounds  that  this  king  must  have 
died  upon  the  h'eld  of  battle. 

For  the  account  of  the  appearance  of  the  mummy  when  it 
was  unrolled  by  M.  Maspero  on  June  9th,  1886,  I  here  quote 
the  statement  as  made  by  Dr.  Wallis  Budge  in  A  History  of 
Egypt,  vol.  iii.,  '  Egypt  under  the  Amenmhats  and  Hyksos ': 

'  When  the  swathings  were  removed,  one  after  the  other, 
it  was  seen  that  the  king's  head  was  turned  round  to  the  left, 
and  that  long  matted  tufts  of  hair  hid  a  large  wound  in  the 
side  of  the  head  in  front  of  the  ear.  The  lips  were  drawn 
back  in  such  a  way  that  the  teeth  and  gums  protruded  through 
them,  and  the  tongue  was  caught  between  the  teeth  when  the 
king  received  the  blow,  and  was  bitten  through,  probably  as 
a  result  of  the  shock.  The  left  cheek  was  laid  open,  also  by 
a  blow  from  an  axe  or  club,  and  the  lower  jawbone  was 
broken,  and  another  blow  from  an  axe  had  split  open  the  skull 
and  made  a  long  slit  in  it,  through  which  the  brains  protruded  ; 
finally,  a  stab  over  the  eye  from  a  dagger  probably  ended  the 
brave  man's  life.  He  was  about  forty  years  old  when  he  died, 
and  his  frame  was  strong  and  well  knit  together;  his  head 
was  small  and  was  covered  with  masses  of  black  hair,  the 
eyes  were  long,  the  nose  straight  and  large  at  the  base,  the 
jawbone  strong,  the  mouth  of  moderate  size,  and  the  teeth 
were  sound  and  white.  One  ear  had  disappeared,  but  locks  of 
his  hair  and  beard  were  visible,  and  M.  Maspero  thinks  that 


March  24.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


101 


the  king  was  shaved  on  the  morning  of  the  battle.  He  is 
thought  to  have  belonged  to  one  of  the  Barabara  races,  but 
whether  he  did  or  not,  the  race  to  which  he  was  akin  was  far 
less  mixed  than  that  to  which  Rameses  II.  belonged.  Ta-aa-qen 
is,  no  doubt,  the  king  who  is  referred  to  in  the  romance  in  the 
Sallier  Papyrus  which  we  have  already  described,  and  there 


SILVER  PIGUEE  OP  TEHUTI 
OB  THOTH.     (|.) 


SILVER  FIGURE  OP  THE 
GODDESS  BAST.     Q.) 


is  every  reason  for  believing  that  the  battle  in  which  he  fought 
so  splendidly  for  his  country  was  one  in  which  the  Hyk 
lostPheavilyyand  it  may  be  that  it  was  the  first  of  the  successes 
which  restored  the  fortunes  of  the  princes  of  Ihebes. 

As  the  name  of  Sequenen  Ea  is  so  rare  and  has  been  so 
seldom  met  with,  it  proves  this  Sphinx  to  be  of  histoncal 


102 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1904, 


value.  This  figure  might  well  have  been  the  personal  stamp 
or  seal  of  the  king  himself,  and  may  even  have  been  found 
in  the  coffin  of  Queen  Aahhetep ;  and  its  approximate  date 
would  therefore  be  about  1720  B.C.  The  other  figures  to 
which  I  beg  to  draw  your  attention  are  those  of  gods. 

Tehuti    or    Thoth,   he    was    styled    the   '  Measurer '   and 
typified  the  Moon.    He  is  represented  with  head  of  an  Ibis, 


SILVER  FIGURE  OP  AN-HERU.      (i.) 


SILVER  FIGURE  OF  TAURT.     (•$..) 


upon  which  is  a  large  wig  or  head  covering,  a  short  tunic 
round  his  loins,  his  left  leg  advanced  in  the  attitude  of 
walking,  with  both  arms  pendent. — H.  4|  inches. 

Bast,  who  was  the  wife  of  Ptah,  is  cat-headed ;  she  typified 
the  Dawn,  and  represented  the  beneficent  heat  of  the  Sun  as 
producer  of  vegetation.  She  is  draped  in  a  long  garment, 
with  short  sleeves,  wears  a  collar  round  her  neck,  and  holds 


March  24.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  103 

in  her  left  hand  the  aegis  of  Bast.  From  Deir-el-Bahari. — 
H.  4£  inches. 

An-heru,  son  of  Ra,  and  a  form  of  the  god  Shu,  in  the 
attitude  of  walking  with  left  leg  advanced,  wearing  a  short 
curly  wig,  with  uraeus  upon  the  forehead,  surmounted  with 
a  modius  of  four  tall  plumes;  he  has  a  long  plaited  beard 
under  his  chin.  He  wears  a  long  garment  reaching  to  the 
ankles,  over  which  he  has  the  shenti  or  tunic ;  his  right  arm 
is  uplifted,  and  his  left  is  brought  round  in  front,  in  which 
he  formerly  held  either  a  stick  or  cord. — H.  4^  inches. 

Taurt  or  Thoueris,  the  wife  of  Set,  represented  with  the 
head  and  body  of  the  hippopotamus,  wearing  a  wig  or  head- 


SILVER  FIGUBE   OP  A   KNEELING   KING  OR  PBINCE.     (|.) 


covering,  having  pendent  breasts  and  the  tail  of  a  crocodile, 
with  a  loop  behind  for  suspension.— H.  2£  inches.  m 

Kneeling  figure  of  a  king  or  prince  making  an  offe 
He   wears   a  large   wig  and   head-covering   with   a   pigtail 
behind  and  uraeus  on  his  forehead,  and  the  shenti  or  tunic 
round   his  loins.     In   each   hand    he   holds  a  vase.- 
inches.     From  Deir-el-Bahari.    XVIIIth  Dynasty. 


104  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Sir  J.  CHARLES  ROBINSON,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  two  Scottish 
brooches,  and  a  bronze  gilt  altar  cross,  on  which  he  also 
communicated  the  following  notes  : 

"I  send  herewith  three  'objects'  of  ancient  art  which  I 
desire  to  lay  before  our  Society. 

They  are  a  processional  or  altar  cross  in  copper,  originally 
gilt,  a  circular  brooch  or  fibula,  in  bronze  or  latten,  and 
another  circular  brooch  in  debased  silver,  inlaid  with  niello 
work. 

The  cross  was  obtained  in  Lisbon  many  years  ago,  and  it 
was  supposed  to  be  of  Portuguese  origin.  Although,  how- 
ever, it  came  to  light  in  the  Peninsula,  I  am  convinced  that  it 
was  not  made  in  that  part  of  Europe.  My  first  impression, 
indeed,  was  that  it  was  of  ancient  Irish  work,  but  our  late 
ever-to-be-lamented  President,  Sir  Augustus  Franks,  thought 
it  more  likely  to  be  of  Scottish  origin.  That  opinion  is  now, 
I  think,  strongly  supported  by  the  evidence  of  the  two 
Scottish  brooches  sent  with  it. 

These  were  obtained  by  me  in  Edinburgh  a  few  years 
ago,  and  I  do  not  recollect  having  shown  them  to  Sir  Augustus 
Franks. 

The  cross  appears  to  be  a  work  of  the  eleventh  or  twelfth 
century,  if  not  older,  but  the  brooches  are  doubtless  of  much 
more  recent  origin.  Considering,  indeed,  the  secular  per- 
manence of  ornamental  motives  in  the  less  advanced  European 
countries,  like  Scotland,  in  former  periods,  they  might 
perhaps  be  of  comparatively  recent  date ;  but  I  think,  never- 
theless, that  certain  indications  of  (  Gothic '  foliated  work  in 
the  larger  brooch  indicates  that  it  is  perhaps  not  later  in  date 
than  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  or  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  In  any  case,  I  think  there  seems  to  be  an  obvious 
analogy  of  style  betwixt  the  ornamentation  of  the  cross  and 
that  of  the  brooches,  strongly  tending  to  confirm  the  Scottish 
origin  of  the  cross. 

The  occurrence  of  objects  of  art  of  very  ancient  date  of 
Irish  origin  in  several  countries  of  Europe  is  well  known,  and 
the  fact  of  having  found  this  cross  in  Portugal  led  me  to 
believe,  on  the  assumption  of  its  being  of  Irish  work,  that  it 
had  found  its  way  to  Portugal  at  a  very  early  period,  but  on 
consideration  I  am  not  inclined  to  attach  any  weight  to  this 
consideration. 

I  apprehend,  in  the  first  instance,  that  there  would  not  be 
any  very  marked  difference  in  style  betwixt  similar  produc- 
tions of  the  same  date  made  in  Scotland  or  in  the  adjacent 
north  part  of  Ireland,  so  that  the  cross,  although  made  in 


March  24]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  105 

Scotland,  might  well  have  been  taken  to  Ireland,  and  from 
thence  to  the  Peninsula  by  some  one  or  other  of  the  early 
Irish  missionary  monks. 

Nevertheless,  I  think  it  more  likely  that  it  was  taken  to 
Portugal  at  a  much  more  recent  period.  Spain  and  Portugal 
were  the  especial  countries  of  refuge  for  the  Irish  Catholic 
refugee  ecclesiastics  in  the  sixteenth  century,  the  head- 
quarters of  their  settlements  being  in  the  western  part  of 
the  Peninsula,  where  to  this  day,  at  Salamanca,  and  I  think 
also  in  Lisbon,  there  are  Irish  colleges  and  seminaries  for 
young  Irish  priests. 

My  belief,  then,  is  that  this  cross  was  originally  a  local 
relic  most  likely  in  Ireland,  to  which  especial  sanctity  attached, 
and  that  it  was  taken  to  the  Peninsula  by  some  one  of  the 
Irish  Catholic  refugee  priests  in  the  sixteenth  century." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions 
and  communications. 


106  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 


ANNIVEKSAEY, 

ST.  GEORGE'S   DAY, 
SATURDAY,   23rd   APRIL,   1904. 


Viscount  DILLON,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

EDWARD  JOHN  BARRON,  Esq.,  and  ALBERT  HARTSHORNE, 
Esq.,  were  nominated  Scrutators  of  the  Ballot. 

Arthur  Locke  Radford,  Esq.  was  admitted  Fellow. 

At  2.30  p.m.  the  President  proceeded  to  deliver  the  following 
Address : 

"  St.  George's  Day  once  more  reminds  us  that  the  occasion 
has  arrived  for  considering  the  state  of  our  Society  as  regards 
losses  and  gains  in  personal  and  material  conditions.  The 
past  year  has,  I  am  glad  to  say,  been  in  many  ways  a  favour- 
able one ;  our  losses  in  the  matter  of  Fellows  have  not  been 
numerically  great,  our  gains  have  been,  I  think,  satisfactorily 
large.  I  will,  as  has  been  customary,  begin  with  reference  to 
those  Fellows  whose  presence  and  help  to  us  has  been  lost. 
As  on  previous  occasions,  I  will  take  those  losses  in  order  of 
standing  in  the  Society. 

The  following  Fellows  have  died  since  the  last  Anniversary  : 

Francis  Benthall,  Esq.     6th  May,  1903. 

Sir  Albert  Woods,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  Garter 

King  of  Arms.     7th  January,  1904. 
Thompson  Cooper,  Esq.     5th  March,  1904. 
William  Adlam,  Esq.     30th  May,  1903. 
Rev.  Anthony  Cocks  Lawrence,  B.A.     17th  February, 

1904. 

Humphrey  Wood,  Esq.     9th  February,  1904. 
Frank  Renaud,  Esq.,  M.D.     22nd  March,  1904. 
Beckitt  Nicholson,  Esq.     21st  February,  1904. 
Wilfred  Joseph  Cripps,  Esq.,  C.B.,  M.A.     26th  October 

1903. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  107 

William    Henry   Battie-Wrightson,    Esq.    28th  April 

1903. 

Henry  Griffith,  Esq.     18th  April,  1904. 
Francis  Brent,  Esq.     llth  August,  1903. 
Alfred  James  Hipkins,  Esq.     3rd  June,  1903. 
William  John  Charles  Moens,  Esq.     6th  January,  1904. 
Alfred  Higgins,  Esq.,  C.B.     25th  October,  1903. 
William  George  Thorpe,  Esq.     5th  November,  1903. 
Alexander  Stuart  Murray,  Esq.,  LL.D.      5th   March, 

1904. 
Walter   Meacock   Wilkinson,   Esq.      24th   September, 

1903. 

Ernest  Henry  Willett,  Esq.     30th  November,  1903. 
Thomas  George  Nevill,  Esq.     17th  August,  1903. 

The  following  have  resigned  : 

Dudley  George  Gary  Elwes,  Esq. 
Alfred  Joshua  Butler,  Esq.,  D.Litt. 
Ven.  Samuel  Cheetham,  D.D. 
Rev.  Charles  Francis  Routledge,  M.A. 
Robert  Steele,  Esq. 

The   following  have  been  elected   Fellows  since  the  last 
Anniversary : 

George  Ulick  Browne,  Earl  of  Altamont. 

Thomas  Ashby,  sen.,  Esq. 

Colonel  Eustace  James  Anthony  Balfour,  M.A.,  A.D.C. 

William  Heward  Bell,  Esq. 

William  Thomas,  Lord  Bolton. 

John  Flavel  Curwen,  Esq. 

John  Walker  Ford,  Esq. 

George  Willoughby  Fraser,  Esq. 

John  Garstang,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Rev.  Lewis  Gilbertson,  M.A. 

Walter  Burton  Harris,  Esq. 

John  Burgess  Preston  Karslake,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Rev.  Grevile  Mairis  Livett,  B.A. 

Lieut.-Col.  George  Babington  Croft  Lyons. 

Charles  Partridge,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Howard  Pease,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Arthur  Locke  Radford,  Esq. 

Rev.  Honyel  Gough  Rosedale,  M.A.,  D.U. 

Rev.  Thomas  Taylor,  M.A. 

James  G.  Wood,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.B. 


108  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Mr.  FRANCIS  BENTHALL  was  elected  in  May,  1841,  and  died 
on  6th  May,  1903.  I  do  not  find  that  he  contributed  to 
our  transactions.  Nor  did  the  second  Fellow  in  seniority,  Sir 
ALBERT  WOODS,  K.C.B.,  K.C.M.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  Garter  Principal 
King  of  Arms,  but  from  the  nature  of  his  high  and  ancient 
office  we  cannot  but  consider  that  his  death  was  a  note- 
worthy loss.  Among  the  many  changes  and  reforms  which 
we  hear  of  daily  now,  the  announcement  made  in  the  London 
Gazette  of  1st  April  that  His  Majesty  our  Patron  has  been 
pleased  to  command  the  creation  of  a  central  Chancery 
of  all  the  Orders  of  Knighthood,  and  that  the  issue  of  Insignia 
and  registration  of  Warrants  shall  be  carried  out  by  the  Lord 
Chamberlain's  department,  St.  James's  Palace,  this  change  or 
reform  I  say  cannot  but  be  an  object  of  deep  interest  to  many 
of  the  Fellows  of  this  Society. 

The  late  Garter  was  born  so  far  back  as  1816,  and  was  son 
of  a  former  Garter,  Sir  William  Woods,  K.H.,  1838-1842.  Sir 
Albert,  who  was  appointed  on  June  27th.  1837,  FitzAlan 
Pursuivant  of  Arms  Extraordinary,  did  not  become  a 
member  of  the  Chapter  of  Herald's  College  until  2nd  August 
the  following  year,  when  as  Portcullis  Pursuivant  he  took 
his  seat.  In  1841  he  was  named  Gentleman  Usher  of  the 
Scarlet  Rod  and  Brunswick  Herald  to  the  Order  of  the  Bath. 
On  the  birthday  of  His  Majesty  the  King  in  1841  the  future 
Garter  was  created  by  Letters  Patent  Lancaster  Herald.  In 
1847  he  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society.  In  1857,  when 
the  Order  of  the  Bath  was  remodelled,  he  resigned  the  two 
offices  he  held  in  that  Order,  and  was  appointed  Registrar 
and  Secretary,  becoming  some  thirty  years  later  a  Companion. 
In  1841  he  was  Norfolk  Herald  Extraordinary,  and  in  1869 
he  was  advanced  to  the  office  of  Garter,  which  he  held  till  his 
death  on  7th  June,  1904,  having  had  a  longer  tenure  than 
any  of  his  predecessors  except  Sir  Gilbert  Dethick,  1549-1586, 
and  Sir  Isaac  Heard,  1 782-1823.  His  whole  connection  with 
the  college,  sixty-seven  years,  has  never  been  approached  by 
any  one. 

His  duties  of  course  took  him  at  various  times  to  the 
courts  of  most  of  the  sovereigns  of  Europe,  and  he  was  present 
at  the  Coronation  of  Queen  Victoria  and  of  His  present 
Majesty.  Knighted  in  1869,  he  was  made  K.C.B.  in  1897, 
K.C.M.G.  1899,  and  G.C.V.O.  in  1903.  A  grandson  who 
became  Rouge  Dragon  died  in  1893. 

Though  of  late  years  much  incapacitated  by  ill  health  from 
the  active  exercise  of  his  many  official  duties,  he  always  took 
a  keen  interest  in  his  special  work,  and  amassed  a  fine 
genealogical  library. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  109 

Mr.  THOMPSON  COOPER,  who  was  elected  a  Fellow  in  January, 
1860,  and  died  on  5th  March  this  year,  was  the  son  of  the  late 
Mr.  Charles  Henry  Cooper,  author  of  Athenss  Cantabrigienses, 
but  does  not  seem  to  have  taken  any  active  part  in  the  proceed- 
ings of  our  Society.  As  a  parliamentary  reporter  he  was  of 
course  a  well-known  person  to  many,  and  his  wide  experience 
made  him  a  competent  biographer  of  celebrities,  a  small 
volume  concerning  whom  he  published.  He  was  also  one  of 
those  who,  with  the  late  Sir  Leslie  Stephen,  assisted  on  that 
monumental  work  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography. 
Indeed  his  communications  to  that  Dictionary  are  said  to 
have  outnumbered  those  of  any  of  his  fellow  workers.  On 
the  subject  of  the  history  of  shorthand  he  was  a  great 
authority,  and  was  no  less  well  informed  on  matters  concern- 
ing the  early  printing  press  and  its  developments. 

•  Mr.  WILLIAM  ADLAM,  who  died  30th  May  last  year,  was 
elected  a  Fellow  in  May  1871,  and  though  not  an  active 
worker  at  our  meetings,  at  his  death  he  bequeathed  to  the 
Society  a  magnificently  grangerized  copy  of  Collinson's  History 
of  Somersetshire,  for  which  county  Mr.  Adlam  was  J.P.  and 
D.L.  The  volumes  will  form  a  most  valuable  and  useful 
addition  to  our  Library. 

The  Rev.  ANTHONY  COCKS  LAWRENCE,  elected  a  Fellow  in 
March,  1874,  and  Mr.  HUMPHREY  WOOD,  elected  in  June,  1877, 
died  in  February  of  this  year.  Neither  of  these  gentlemen 
appears  to  have  made  contributions  to  our  publications. 

Dr.  FRANK  RENAUD,  who  died  on  March  22  of  this  year, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  84,  was  a  very  well  known  and  much 
esteemed  medical  man  of  Manchester.  He  contributed  many 
papers  on  archaeological  subjects  to  the  Chetham  and  the 
Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Antiquarian  Societies.  Of  the  history 
of  the  latter  county  he  was  an  active  student,  and  his  history 
of  the  Ancient  Parish  of  Prestbury  was  printed  by  the  Chetham 
Society  in  1876.  He  was  elected  a  Fellow  of  this  Society  in 
1878.  In  1886  he  exhibited  and  presented  drawings  of  the 
tiles  forming  the  pavement  of  John  de  Crauden's  Chapel  at 
Ely,  and  hfl897  received  the  special  thanks  of  the  Society 
for  his  gift  to  our  library  of  four  volumes  of  tracings 
medieval  tiles  from  all  parts  of  England. 

Mr  BECKITT  NICHOLSON,  elected  a  Fellow  in  January,  1879, 
died  21st  February  this  year,  but  was,  like  many  others 
Fellows,  a  silent  worker  only. 


110  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Mr.  WILFRED  JOSEPH  CRIPPS,  C.B ,  who  died  on  the  26th 
October,  1903,  was  a  very  well  known  and  popular  Fellow,  with 
a  very  large  circle  of  friends  independently  of  those  numerous 
fellow  workers  in  his  especial  line,  the  study  of  old  plate.  He 
was  not  the  first  student  of  that  particular  subject,  for  our 
Fellows  the  late  Mr.  Octavius  Morgan  and  Sir  Wollaston 
Franks  had,  before  Mr.  Cripps  turned  his  attention  to  it,  worked 
with  much  success,  but  as  one  of  the  latest  and  widest  workers 
he  will  always  be  remembered.  Mr.  Cripps  did  much  to  popu- 
larise the  study  for  those  who  up  till  then  had  been  unaware 
of  the  labours  of  his  predecessors.  The  interest  aroused  in 
old  church  plate  has  done  more  than  anything  else  to  preserve 
those  objects,  and  it  is  remarkable  how  quickly  and  widely 
the  study  spread  with  most  beneficial  results.  Mr.  Cripps's 
works,  which  included  several  editions,  on  English  Plate,  also 
embraced  French  Plate,  and  no  doubt  caused  everywhere  in 
Europe  and  also  in  America  a  keen  interest  in  the  subject. 
The  College  and  Corporation  plate,  for  the  study  of  which 
Mr.  Cripps  prepared  a  handbook,  published  by  the  Science 
and  Art  Department  of  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
afforded  him  also  a  wide  and  rich  field,  and  probably  from  the 
circumstances  of  the  ownership  of  the  pieces,  added  many 
valuable  and  trustworthy  materials  for  the  date  marks  and 
workers'  names.  The  interest  aroused  everywhere  no  doubt 
disturbed  the  existing  ideas  of  value  of  antique  silver,  and 
will  be  always  felt  more  and  more  as  the  objects  studied 
settle  down  into  museums  and  become  more  safely  guarded 
by  the  public  bodies  who  own  them.  One  proof  of  the  success 
of  Mr.  Cripps  in  his  labours  was  the  not  very  pleasant  fact  of 
several  unauthorised  works  in  which  his  and  his  predecessors' 
labours  were  not  always  duly  acknowledged  and  referred  to. 
The  numerous  prosecutions  for  falsification  and  transference 
of  marks  from  small  pieces  of  plate  to  larger  pieces  also 
showed  how  very  large  was  the  number  of  persons  who  came 
to  take  an  interest  in  his  special  study. 

Mr.  Cripps  also  interested  himself  in  local  antiquities  of 
various  kinds  and  had  a  small  museum  of  his  own.  He  was 
an  antiquary  of  the  better  kind  in  his  generous  help  to  others 
who  wished  to  learn,  a  virtue  which  was  not  always  as  com- 
mon as  it  now  is.  All  who  knew  him,  and  his  circle  of  ac- 
quaintances included  the  highest  and  best  in  most  European 
countries  as  well  as  many  of  our  Fellows,  will  regret  his  loss, 
which  occurred  at  the  comparatively  early  age  of  52.  He  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  was  elected  a  Fellow 
of  this  Society  in  1880.  In  1889  he  received  the  Companion- 
ship of  the  Bath.  His  contributions  to  our  Proceedings  were 


April  23.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  Ill 

not  many,  but  he  was  a  regular  visitor  to  our  rooms  when  in 
London. 

Mr.  HENRY  GRIFFITH,  who  died  on  the  18th  of  this  month, 
was  elected  a  Fellow  in  January,  1882.  In  1888  he  exhi- 
bited and  described  a  set  of  twelve  trenches  or  roundels, 
probably  the  finest  in  existence,  with  their  original  box. 
This  set  formed  part  of  a  most  important  bringing  together 
for  the  inspection  of  the  Society  of  no  less  than  sixteen  more 
or  less  complete  sets  of  these  interesting  memorials  of  the 
domestic  life  of  England  in  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries,  and  the  Society  was  then,  as  on  so  many  other 
occasions',  indebted  to  Sir  Wollaston  Franks  for  the  oppor- 
tunity of  seeing  so  many  examples  at  one  time. 

Mr.  WILLIAM  HENRY  BATTIE-WRIGHTSON,  elected  a  Fellow 
in  January,  1882,  died  28th  April  last  year,  and  Mr.  FRANCIS 
BRENT,  elected  in  January,  1885,  died  llth  August,  1903. 
Neither  of  these  Fellows  appears  in  the  number  of  those 
who  have  added  to  our  publications  by  exhibitions  or  com- 
munications. 

Mr.  ALFRED  JAMES  HIPKINS,  so  well  known  for  his  works 
on  musical  instruments,  was  elected  in  January,  1886,  and  died 
3rd  June  last  year.  A  great  authority  on  his  own  subject,  he 
does  not  appear  amongst  those  who  have  been  active  workers 
in  the  Society. 

Mr.  WILLIAM  JOHN  CHARLES  MOENS  was  elected  in  March, 
1886,  and  was  a  very  frequent  visitor  to  our  rooms.  Some 
years  ago  his  name  was  much  before  the  public  in  connection 
with  his  capture  by  and  subsequent  release  by  ransom  from 
brigands  at  Psestum.  This  incident,  recalling  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Middle  Ages,  was  fully  treated  by  Mr. 
Moens  in  a  book  he  published.  He  was  also  a  very  active 
member  of  the  Huguenot  Society,  of  which  body  he  was  a 
member  of  council,  and  was  closely  connected  with  many  pi 
the  interesting  and  valuable  publications  of  that  society,  in 
which  so  much  information  has  been  made  accessible  to 
students  of  the  development  of  the  arts  and  manufactures  of 
this  country  as  affected  by  the  large  immigration  due  to 
religious  persecution  and  other  causes  on  the  continent. 
Moens  died  6th  January,  1904.  He  was  also  much  interested 
in  the  local  antiquities  of  his  county,  Hampshire,  where 
he  was  our  Local  Secretary.  In  1900  he  assisted  in  the  pre- 
servation  of  the  Undercroft  in  Simnel  Street,  Southampton, 


112  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

and  in  1901  he  made  a  short  communication  to  the  Society 
on  the  subject  of  Romsey  Abbey  Church.  A  paper  on  the 
bibliography  of  "  The  Chronyc  Historie  der  Nederlundtscher 
Oorlogen,"  printed  by  Solen  at  Norwich,  1579,  will  be  found 
in  Archaeologia.  In  1890  he  exhibited  and  described  four 
silver  parcel  gilt  sacrament  cups  of  the  Dutch  Church  at 
Norwich. 

In  Mr.  ALFRED  HIGGINS,  C.B.,  who  died  25th  October,  1903, 
the  Society  and  the  antiquarian  world  at  large  have  sustained 
a  severe  loss.  Elected  a  Fellow  in  January,  1888,  he  soon 
afterwards  contributed  a  paper  on  recent  discoveries  of  the 
apparatus  used  in  playing  the  game  of  KOTTABOS.  This  was 
published  in  Archaeologia.  Another  paper,  entitled  "  Notes 
on  the  Church  of  St.  Francis  or  Tempio  Malatestiano  at 
Rimini "  was  published  in  Archaeologia,  1891.  In  1892  he 
communicated  an  account  of  two  painted  account  book  covers 
from  Siena,  and  the  next  year  read  a  paper  on  a  twelfth  or 
thirteenth  century  marble  statue  of  the  enthroned  Madonna 
at  Sta.  Margherita  in  the  Genoese  Riviera.  In  1899  a  descrip- 
tion of  an  illuminated  and  emblazoned  copy  of  the  statutes  of 
Edward  III.,  illustrating  the  genealogy  of  the  Fitzwilliam 
family,  was  printed  in  Archaeologia.  Mr.  Higgins  was  an 
accepted  authority  on  Italian  art.  A  valuable  paper  by  him 
on  Florentine  Art  as  regards  sculpture  in  England  will  be 
found  in  the  Archaeological  Journal  for  1894.  He  was  a  most 
amiable  gentleman,  and  always  willing  to  assist  antiquarian 
students.  He  was  Deputy- Accountant- General  of  the  Army 
from  1900,  and  in  1902  received  the  C.B. 

Many  of  the  Fellows  will  miss  the  face  of  our  Fellow 
Mr.  W.  G.  THORPE,  who  died  5th  November  last  year.  He  had 
been  till  very  lately  a  regular  attendant  at  our  meetings  since 
June  7th,  1888,  when  he  was  elected  a  Fellow.  In  1887 
Mr.  Thorpe  exhibited  the  Order  for  committal  to  Bedford 
Gaol  of  John  Bunyan,  an  interesting  document  for  both 
hemispheres,  and  acquired  by  him  by  purchase.  On  various 
occasions  Mr.  Thorpe  made  exhibitions  at  our  meetings  and 
often  took  part  in  discussions,  but  I  do  not  find  that  with 
the  exception  of  the  Bunyan  document  he  made  any  com- 
munications to  our  Proceedings. 

Mr.  ALEXANDER  STUART  MURRAY,  LL.D.,  Keeper  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities  at  the  British  Museum,  was 
a  Fellow  of  this  Society  since  7th'  March,  1889,  but  from 
February,  1867,  when  he  was  appointed  Assistant  in  the 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  113 

Department  of  the  British  Museum,  a  Department  of  which 
he  died  as  Keeper,  he  was  an  earnest  antiquary  and  entirely 
devoted  to  the  subjects  which  he  so  ably  represented  in  the 
national  collection.  He  will  be  remembered  as  having  made 
many  beneficial  changes  in  the  arrangement  of  the  antiquities 
under  his  charge,  and  having  edited  and  superintended  the 
many  publications  issued  by  the  Museum,  including  the 
popular  and  liberally  illustrated  guide  books  which  bring  the 
interests  and  value  of  the  collections  home  to  the  visitors  of 
our  national  collections.  Dr.  Murray  was  naturally  continu- 
ally appealed  to  for  information  by  students  and  others  on 
numerous  and  varying  points  and  questions  of  antiquity  of 
costume,  custom,  and  classical  art  and  life.  He  was  well 
known  to  his  colleagues  on  the  continent,  and  by  frequent 
visits  to  foreign  galleries  and  historic  sites  kept  himself  well 
up  to  date  on  all  questions  that  arise  from  day  to  day. 

He  was  a  Fellow  of  numerous  societies  abroad  and  at  home, 
and  though  not  a  voluminous  writer  he  produced  some  valu- 
able unofficial  works  on  sculpture,  mythology,  and  Greek 
archaeology.  His  loss  will  be  regretted  by  all  who  knew  him. 

In  1890  Dr.  Murray  read  a  paper  on  a  Tabula  Iliaca  and 
another  on  an  ivory  theatre  ticket  bearing  Latin  and  Greek 
characters  and  the  word  paraitonin,  and  in  the  following  year 
another  on  a  gladiator's  tessera.  In  1893  he  read  a  note  on  a 
Greek  inscription  from  Halicarnassus,  and  in  1895  a  memoir 
on  a  gilt  bronze  statuette  of  Hercules  found  on  the  Roman 
Wall,  which  was  published  in  Archaeologia. 

Mr.  WALTER  MEACOCK  WILKINSON  was  elected  in  May, 
1903,  and  died  on  24th  September,  1903.  Mr.  THOMAS 
GEORGE  NEVILL,  elected  in  January,  1900,  died  17th  August 
last  year.  I  cannot  find  that  these  Fellows  contributed  to 
the  Proceedings. 

The  last  year  has  not  been  marked,  as  some  previous  ones, 
by   any   great  archaeological   discoveries  or  work    but  the 
Society  has,  as  on  former   occasions,  given   its  advice  and 
assistance    to   many   works  of    antiquarian    interest. 
Silchester  Excavation  Fund  has  received  grants,  as  have  also 
the   excavations   at  Waverley  Abbey,  St   Mary  s,  York   bt. 
Augustine's  at  Canterbury,  the  Roman  fort  of   Brough  : 
Derbyshire,  and  excavations  at  Malmesbury  Abbey. 
Caerwent  we  have  had  excellent  and  very  careful  reports 
our  Fellow  Mr.  Martin,  and  the  Society  has  gladly  cont 
a  small  sum  in  aid  of   the  work.     Nor  has  the  active  and 
practical  sympathy  been  confined  to  the  limit* 

VOL.  XX.  H 


114  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

country.  A  grant  has  been  made  toward  the  important  work 
which  under  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans  and  others  has  been  going  on  at 
Knossos. 

The  Research  Fund,  founded  some  years  ago  at  the  instance 
and  suggestion  of  Sir  John  Evans,  has  been  the  means  of 
the  Society  being  thus  able  to  give  more  than  sympathetic 
encouragement  to  works  such  as  those  mentioned  above,  and 
I  may  take  this  occasion  of  pointing  out  to  the  Fellows  the 
excellent  opportunity  afforded  by  this  Fund  for  them  to  help 
in  work  which  their  ordinary  occupations  may  prevent  them 
from  more  practically  assisting  in. 

Apropos  of  the  Research  Fund,  the  Society  will  perhaps  be 
interested  to  learn  that  by  the  institution  of  the  National 
Art  Collections  Fund  an  opportunity  will  be  afforded  to  the 
favourably  disposed  and  patriotic  to  assist  in  the  purchase  of 
objects  which,  in  the  opinion  of  authorities  on  the  various 
classes  of  such,  are  desirable  for  our  national  collections. 
Similar  institutions  are  already  in  existence  in  foreign 
countries,  such  as  Les  amis  du  Louvre  and  the  Kaiser 
Friedrich  Verein  in  Berlin.  By  means  of  small  annual  sub- 
scriptions and  by  donations  of  larger  amounts,  it  may  be 
possible  to  prevent  objects  of  national  interest  and  importance 
leaving  our  shores,  as  has  too  often  happened,  owing  to  the 
meagre  grants  from  Government,  which  in  these  days  of 
millionaires  and  competition  often  prove  insufficient. 

It  has  long  been  felt  that  a  good  and  complete  index  to  the 
enormous  amount  of  antiquarian  lore  lying  to  much  extent 
hidden  in  the  volumes  of  our  Proceedings  was  most  desirable. 
We  know  what  a  convenience  the  Index  to  the  first  fifty 
volumes  of  Archaeologia  has  been  t6  many  of  us,  extending 
over  a  long  period  and  embracing  a  great  variety  of  subjects. 
This  is  even  still  more  the  case  with  our  Proceedings,  and  the 
work  has  been  entrusted  to  our  Fellow  Mr.  Mill  Stephenson, 
whose  successful  dealing  with  the  current  indexes  entitle  us 
to  await  a  no  less  useful  result  of  his  energies  in  the  present 
case. 

It  has  often  occurred  to  many  of  the  Fellows  that  much 
valuable  information  which  has  been  given  in  the  discussions 
arising  on  communications  and  exhibitions  in  this  room  has 
been  lost  for  all  but  those  present  on  the  occasion,  and  it  has 
been  suggested  that  there  might  be  some  means  of  checking 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  115 

this  waste  of  knowledge.  To  all  those  who  examine  our  Pro- 
ceedings it  is  evident  that  the  information  and  illustrations 
supplied  in  recent  volumes  very  greatly  exceeds  that  to  be 
found  in  the  volumes  of  thirty  years  ago,  and  it  is  not  un- 
reasonable to  hope  that  in  the  future  yet  more  progress  may  be 
made  in  the  preservation  in  our  Proceedings  of  much  valuable 
information. 

A  very  interesting  subject  will,  it  is  hoped,  be  brought 
under  the  notice  of  the  Society  within  the  next  year.  I  refer 
to  the  examinations  which  circumstances  will  now  permit  to 
be  made  of  certain  hitherto  only  conjecturally  determined 
details  of  the  old  Roman  wall  of  London.  The  Constable  of 
the  Tower,  Sir  Frederic  Stephenson,  G.C.B.,  has  given  per- 
mission for  small  excavations  to  be  made  within  the  Tower 
limits  to  determine  the  locality  and  nature  of  the  turn  west- 
ward of  the  Roman  wall  where  it  comes  southward  close  to 
the  White  Tower. 

Again,  on  the  land  recently  cleared  of  buildings  by  the 
demolitions  at  Christ's  Hospital,  it  is  hoped  that  H.M.'s 
Office  of  Works  will  facilitate  the  Society's  examination  of 
the  line  of  the  wall  containing  at  least  two  bastions,  etc. 

It  may  be  remembered  that  our  Fellow  Mr.  Lyell  kindly 
undertook  the  task  of  marking  on  a  large  scale  ordnance 
map  all  the  prehistoric  earthworks  contained  in  the  Govern- 
ment land  on  Salisbury  Plain,  and  noting  in  a  list  of  these 
any  mention  that  could  be  found  of  examination  of  such 
works  by  excavation.  The  object  of  this  record  was  also 
prospective,  so  that  in  case  the  Government  (which  was 
supplied  with  a  similarly  marked  map)  should  need  to  level 
or  otherwise  interfere  with  these  works,  timely  notice  might 
be  given  for  a  systematic  examination  to  be  undertaken.  It 
was  also  suggested  that  such  a  map  might  be  published  on  a 
somewhat  reduced  scale  for  subscribers.  Inquiry  has,  how- 
ever, shown  that  the  necessary  expense  for  such  a  publication 
could  not  be  met  by  subscription,  and  the  idea  of  reproduction 
of  the  map  has  been  perforce  given  up. 

A  large  series  of  carefully  executed  photographs  of  the 
interesting  figures  to  be  seen  on  the  west  front  of  Wells 
Cathedral  Church  has  been  purchased  for  our  Library,  which 
has  also  been  added  to  by  numerous  purchases,  and  especially 
by  the  gift  of  a  late  Fellow,  Mr.  W.  Adlam,  already  referred  to. 

The  rooms  of  the  Society  have,  as  on  previous  occasions, 

H2 


116  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

been  lent  to  the  British  Academy,  the  Hellenic  Society,  and 
other  learned  bodies. 

A  proposal  to  enlarge  the  extra  hours  of  opening  of  the 
Library  did  not  meet  with  success,  it  being  considered  that 
the  present  arrangement,  which  is  only  temporary,  has  not 
had  a  sufficiently  long  trial  to  justify  any  change  involving 
many  alterations  with  regard  to  supervision,  etc. 

The  domestic  history  of  the  Society  for  the  last  year  has 
been  comparatively  uneventful.  The  meetings  have  been 
very  well  attended,  and  deservedly  so.  A  suggestion  to 
change  the  hour  of  meeting  to  the  afternoon  was  formally 
brought  before  the  Society  and  most  clearly  rejected. 

The  Treasurer  will  tell  you  how  well  we  are  doing  in  his 
department,  and  the  Library  has  had  a  fair  share  of  our 
prosperity.  The  Research  Fund  has  been  well  drawn  on,  and 
as  in  previous  years  advice  has  been  given  when  asked  for  on 
numerous  occasions.  The  cataloguing  of  our  engravings  of 
monumental  effigies  is  progressing  under  the  care  of  our 
Fellow  Mr.  Mill  Stephenson,  and  it  will  soon  be  time  to 
consider  the  preparation  of  another  edition  of  our  Library 
Catalogue. 

The  excavations  at  Silchester  during  the  past  season  have 
been  more  than  usually  interesting. 

Besides  a  number  of  small  houses  and  minor  buildings, 
there  have  come  to  light  the  long  hoped-for  remains  of  what 
were  probably  the  principal  baths. 

The  plan,  so  far  as  it  has  been  revealed,  is  quite  complete, 
and  affords  a  good  example  of  a  Romano-British  bathing 
establishment  on  a  fairly  large  scale. 

There  are  also  evidences  of  interesting  alterations  and 
additions. 

The  excavation  of  an  attached  courtyard  has  yet  to  be  com- 
pleted, but  as  this  will,  I  understand,  be  the  first  work  of  the 
forthcoming  season,  we  may  hope,  when  the  account  of  last 
year's  work  is  laid  before  the  Society,  to  be  put  in  possession 
of  a  full  account  of  the  Silchester  baths. 

During  my  term  of  office  it  has  on  more  than  one  occasion 
occurred  to  me  that  a  slight  alteration  in  our  procedure,  in 
anticipation  of  the  Anniversary,  would  be  beneficial  to  the 
Society  at  large. 

Under   the  present   system  the  expiring  Council   can   do 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  117 

nothing  but  nominate  such  Fellows  as  seem  to  them  likely  to 
be  most  useful  on  the  new  Council,  and  at  present  there  is  no 
means  of  ascertaining  what  might  be  the  views  of  the  Society 
at  large  with  regard  to  the  constitution  of  the  new  body.  I 
am  aware  that  it  has  been  suggested  before  that  the  Fellows 
were  at  liberty  to  send  in  names  of  such  Fellows  as  might  be 
considered  useful  members  of  the  Council,  but  I  should  like  to 
suggest  to  my  successor  and  the  new  Council  whether  it 
would  not  be  beneficial  if  the  Council  were,  say  in  the  month 
of  January  each  year,  to  invite  suggestions  to  this  effect  from 
the  body  of  the  Society.  Such  a  plan  would  doubtless  add 
somewhat  to  the  difficulties  of  the  expiring  Council,  but  it 
might  well  be  that  the  additional  effort  to  make  the  Council 
thoroughly  representative  of  the  various  interests  of  the 
Society  would  be  justified  by  the  result. 

I  do  not  suggest  for  one  moment  that  the  various  Councils 
with  whom  I  have  had  the  pleasure  to  act  have  been  other 
than  representative,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  my  successor 
and  his  officers  will  take  equal  pains  in  the  same  direction 
whether  this  plan  be  adopted  or  not. 

I  cannot  conclude  this  my  last  Address  as  President  without 
referring  to  the  past  seven  annual  periods  in  which  you  have 
done  me  the  honour  to  elect  me.  As  in  the  Annual  Addresses, 
I  must  note  how  much  we  have  lost  in  the  way  of  antiquarian 
knowledge  and  experience  by  death.  But  first  I  may  refer 
to  the  death  of  our  late  Queen  and  Patron,  who  on  many 
occasions  by  gracious  acts  allowed  us  to  benefit  by  the  riches 
of  the  Royal  Collections.  In  the  Duke  of  Cambridge  we  have 
lost  a  Royal  Fellow  who  though  I  believe  he  never  honoured 
us  with  his  presence,  still  conferred  a  dignity  on  the  Society 
by  his  Fellowship.  As  to  the  distinguished  Antiquaries  who 
have  passed  away  in  the  seven  years,  there  were  many  whom 
we  were  wont  to  see  at  times  in  our  rooms,  while  many  whose 
faces  were  not  familiar,  yet  bore  names  the  fame  of  which  was 
not  confined  to  these  islands,  and  whose  learning  m  their 
various  departments  added  to  the  brilliant  roll  of  Antiquaries. 
The  names  of  General  Pitt  Rivers,  Bishop  Stubbs,  Lord  Act 
Chancellor  Ferguson,  Fortnum,  Oldfield,  Bond  Pearson, 
Leighton,  Barry,  Elton,  Cartwright,  Manning,  J.  J.  Howard 
and  many  others,  and  certainly  some  o  those  whose  deaths  m 
the  past  year  I  have  referred  ^  will  assuredly  not  lfo 
gotten  while  their  particular  lines  of  study  still  find 
and  searchers  after  the  truth. 

We  have  seen  in  the  seven  years  now  past 
and   careful   exploration   of   the   Roman  city  of 


118  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

adding  year  by  year  to  our  knowledge  of  Roman  life  in  its 
domestic  aspect  in  this  country.  In  Egypt  we  have  seen  the 
extension  of  the  sphere  of  observation  and  examination  by 
the  success  of  British  arms  and  the  work  of  British  as  well 
as  other  Antiquaries.  In  Crete,  the  important  discoveries  of 
Mr.  Evans  and  his  co-workers  have  opened  up  wide  fields  for 
discussion  and  inquiry  of  the  oldest  periods  of  civilisation. 

At  home,  the  partial  preservation  of  Stonehenge,  due  to  the 
friendly  acquiescence  of  the  owner  with  the  Council  of  this 
Society,  has  enabled  our  Fellow  Mr.  Gowland  to  assign  a 
date  to  this  prehistoric  monument.  Southampton,  Leicester, 
Chichesber,  St.  Albans,  Waverley,  and  the  Roman  remains  at 
Caerwent  and  Brough  Fort,  have  borne  evidence  to  the  living 
and  healthy  state  of  the  Society.  Grants  have  been  made  to 
many  undertakings.  The  Library  has  been  much  enlarged 
both  as  to  volumes  and  cases,  and  notably  by  the  generous 
action  of  the  Royal  Archaeological  Institute,  in  allowing  us 
to  fill  up  many  gaps  in  our  Library  from  theirs ;  and  the 
Treasurer  will  tell  you  how  successful  his  jealous  care  of 
our  finances  has  been  rewarded  by  our  standing  with  our 
bankers.  The  City  churches  of  London  have  not  been 
neglected,  nor  have  any  appeals  for  advice  been  left 
unanswered. 

I  rejoice  that  I  am  now  leaving  this  Chair  with  the  same 
amiable  and  efficient  supporters  that  I  found  when  I  first,  in 
1897,  owing  to  the  lamented  death  of  our  former  great 
President,  Sir  Wollaston  Franks,  accepted  the  honour  thus 
unfortunately  thrust  on  me  by  the  kindness  of  the  Fellows. 
The  seven  years  have  passed  quickly  and  happily,  and  I 
would  again  thank  the  Officers  of  the  Society,  the  Assistant 
Secretary,  and  Mr.  Clinch  for  the  unfailing  and  friendly 
manner  in  which  they  have  always  worked  with  me  for  the 
honour  and  efficiency  of  our  Society.  I  do  not  feel  that  I  am 
leaving,  for  I  hope  to  attend  the  meetings  for  some  years  at 
least,  and  to  have  the  pleasure  of  sitting  among  you  under 
the  presidency  of  one  who  has  a  mature  and  deserved  reputa- 
tion in  both  hemispheres." 

The  following  Resolution  was  thereupon  moved  by  Robert 
Hovenden,  Esq.,  seconded  by  Dr.  Talfourd  Ely,  and  carried 
unanimously : 

"That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Meeting  be  given  to  the 
President  for  his  Address,  and  that  he  be  requested  to  allow  it 
to  be  printed." 

The  PRESIDENT  signified  his  assent. 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  119 

The  following  Resolution  was  also  moved  by  Edward 
William  Brabrook,  Esq.,  C.B.,  seconded  by  Sir  John  Evans, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  and  carried  unanimously : 

"The  Society  desires,  at  the  same  time,  to  express  its 
sincere  regret  that,  under  the  provisions  of  the  Statutes,  it 
will  lose  the  services  of  Lord  Dillon  as  President,  and  to 
record  its  grateful  recognition  of  the  qualities  which  he  has 
exhibited  in  that  office,  qualities  which  will  live  in  the 
recollection  of  the  Society  and  deepen  the  regret  felt  at  his 
retirement." 

The  PRESIDENT  replied  in  suitable  terms. 

The  Scrutators  having  reported  that  the  Members  of  the 
Council  in  List  I.  and  the  Officers  of  the  Society  in  List  II. 
had  been  duly  elected,  the  following  List  was  read  from  the 
Chair  of  those  who  had  been  elected  as  Council  and  Officers 
for  the  ensuing  year  : 

Eleven  Members  fro'in  the  Old  Council. 

John,  Lord  Avebury,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  President. 

Philip  Norman,  Esq.,  Treasurer. 

Frederick  George  Hilton  Price,  Esq.,  Director. 

Charles  Hercules  Read,  Esq.,  Secretary. 

Leland  Lewis  Duncan,  Esq.,  M.V.O. 

Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S. 

William  Gowland,  Esq. 

Sir  Henry  Hoyle  Howorth,  K.C.I.E.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

John  Seymour  Lucas,  Esq.,  R.A. 

John  Thomas  Micklethwaite,  Esq. 

John  Green  Waller,  Esq. 

Ten  Members  of  the  New  Council. 

William  Paley  Baildon,  Esq. 

Sir  Caspar  Purdon  Clarke,  Knt.,  C.LE. 

Ormonde  Haddock  Dalton,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Cyril  James  Humphreys  Davenport,  Esq.,  V.D. 

Rev.  Edward  Samuel  Dewick,  M.A. 

Montague  Spencer  Giuseppi,  Esq. 

Francis  John  Haverfield,  Esq.,  M.A 

Richard  Rivington  Holmes,  Esq.,  O.V.U. 

William  Page,  Esq.  n  p  T 

Sir  Edward  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B.,  LL.U.,  u 

Thanks  were  voted  to  the  Scrutators  for  their  trouble. 


120  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  submitted  the  following 
Report  of  the  state  of  the  Society's  finances  for  the  period 
1897-1904  : 

"  For  seven  years  it  has  been  my  privilege  to  hold  office 
under  Lord  Dillon,  who,  although  we  may  hope  to  have  for 
many  years  the  advantage  of  his  wise  counsel,  in  conformity 
with  our  rules  is  now  about  to  vacate  the  chair,  while  I,  his 
subordinate,  am  eligible,  subject  to  your  good  pleasure,  for 
re-election.  It  is  right  that  beforehand  I  should  give  you 
some  little  account  of  my  stewardship,  so  that  you  may 
judge  whether,  in  the  words  of  the  statute.  I  have  '  exercised 
a  vigilant  superintendence  over  the  expenditure  of  the 
Society  and  in  all  things  consulted  its  interest.' 

I  was  elected  Treasurer  in  June,  1897,  and  on  the  first  of 
January,  1898.  the  Society's  expenditure  for  the  previous 
year  had,  as  I  have  since  found  out,  exceeded  its  income  by 
nearly  £444.  This  deficit  arose  chiefly  from  two  circumstances. 
The  cost  of  the  Society's  publications,  over  which  in  fact  I 
had  no  control,  was  unusually  heavy,  being  (omitting  shillings 
and  pence,  which  I  shall  do  generally  throughout  this  report) 
nearly  £1,059,  or  more  than  £200  above  the  average  of  the 
last  seven  years;  and  the  cost  of  repairs,  all  arranged  for 
before  I  came  into  office,  was  £496,  also  more  than  £200 
above  the  average  of  the  last  seven  years.  A  permanent 
annual  addition  of  £50  to  the  Society's  expenditure  under  the 
heading  of  salaries  had  also  just  been  made,  and  these  sums 
together  represent  a  few  pounds  more  than  the  deficit. 

In  1897,  and  for  the  three  following  years,  we  were  paying 
in  pensions  the  annual  sum  of  £510  ;  and  although  by  the 
fact  that  the  subscriptions  of  new  Fellows  had  been  raised 
from  £2  2s.  to  £3  3s.  the  income  of  the  Society  was  slowly 
increasing,  the  growth  under  the  head  during  my  first  three 
years  of  office  was  hardly  appreciable. 

In  1898  we  managed  by  economy  in  publications  and  other 
items  to  have  a  small  balance  in  our  favour  on  the  year's 
expenditure. 

In  1899,  through  the  lapse  of  an  annuity  under  the  Steven- 
son bequest,  we  came  into  a  sum  of  £25  a  year;  the  amount 
allotted  to  books  was  much  below  the  average ;  on  repairs  we 
only  spent  £74,  the  average  for  the  last  seven  years  being 
as  much  as  £292.  The  net  result  was  that  we  saved  nearly 
£250. 

But  in  a  sense  the  most  flourishing  year  of  the  seven  was 
1900,  when,  owing  to  the  sale  of  surplus  books  in  our  library, 
and  the  recovery  of  three  years'  income  tax  on  salaries  and 


April  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  121 

investments  to  which  it  had  been  found  that  we  were  entitled, 
our  income  was  unusually  large,  while  the  expenditure  on 
publications  was  much  below  the  average.  This  meant  a 
balance  to  the  good  of  over  £445,  so  that  we  had  not  only 
paid  off  the  liabilities  with  which  we  were  saddled  when  I 
came  into  office,  but  by  the  end  of  the  year  had  saved  a  small 
sum.  In  1900  our  late  Secretary,  Mr.  Knight  Watson,  passed 
away,  and  his  pension  lapsed. 

There  being  now  no  cause  for  anxiety  about  our  financial 
position,  in  1901  we  increased  the  capital  of  the  Research 
Fund  by  a  considerable  investment,  besides  granting  £100  for 
income,  and  since  then  other  grants  under  this  heading  have 
been  made.  It  has  also  become  our  policy  to  be  more  liberal 
in  the  purchase  of  books. 

In  1902,  by  taking  possession  of  the  porter's  rooms  and 
finding  him  money  to  house  himself  elsewhere,  we  permanently 
increased  the  outgoings,  while  owing  to  our  great  accumula- 
tion, of  books,  partly  from  the  bequest  of  Sir  Wollaston 
Franks,  partly  the  natural  increase  of  years,  we  have  had  to 
expend  large  sums  on  shelving,  with  the  result,  however,  that 
there  is  now  empty  space  for  some  thousands  of  volumes, 
while  our  valuable  manuscripts  are  far  more  safely  housed 
than  heretofore. 

Early  in  my  term  of  office,  urged  thereto  by  members  of 
the  Finance  Committee,  I  had  supplemented  the  old-fashioned 
system  of  account  keeping,  by  having  drawn  up  each  year  an 
income  and  expenditure  account,  which  for  my  own  private 
information  has  now  been  extended  back  to  1897.  From 
these  an  average  has  been  made  of  the  various  items  of 
income  and  of  expenditure  for  seven  years,  that  is  for  my 
term  of  office,  which  is  now  before  me.  The  net  results  are 
briefly  these. 

The  average  income  is  about  £3,234,  under  the  following 
heads:  Subscriptions,  over  £1,767;  Compositions,  over  £78; 
Admissions,  £229 ;  Dividends,  £303 ;  Works  sold,  £144 ;  in- 
come derived  from  Stevenson  Bequest,  about  £637  ;  Sundry 
receipts,  £74. 

On  the  other  side  we  have  an  average  expenditure  on  the 
Publications  of  the  Society  of  nearly  £850 ;  on  the  Library, 
what  with  books  purchased,  binding,  subscriptions,  etc..  a 
total  average  of  £330,  of  which  £193  comes  under  the  first 
item.  The  average  House  Expenditure  has  been  £559; 
average  of  Pensions,  £366;  Salaries,  £504;  Wages  nearly 
£119  ;  Official  Expenditure  has  averaged  £303  ;  the 
Average  Expenditure  being  £3,187.  It  has  been  sometimes 
objected  that  we  treat  the  Compositions  of  Fellows  as  income, 


122  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

while  they  should  be  added  to  our  capital,  but,  as  may  have 
been  observed  from  the  figures  I  have  quoted,  they  are  much 
more  than  balanced  by  the  books  acquired  each  year  by  the 
Society,  which  really  add  to  our  assets. 

To  sum  up,  without  I  hope  wearying  you  over  much,  during 
my  term  of  office  we  have  paid  off  liabilities  of  nearly  £450. 
The  large  amount  of  £952  has  been  spent  on  providing  fresh 
shelves  in  various  parts  of  the  Society's  quarters,  an  excep- 
tional expenditure  which  is  not  likely  to  recur  for  many 
years.  The  electric  system  of  the  Society's  rooms  has  been 
modernised.  Annual  payments  for  insurance  have  been  more 
than  doubled.  Part  of  the  cost  of  new  heating  apparatus  has 
been  met  by  the  Society.  A  much-needed  safe  has  been 
bought.  Expenditure  under  the  head  of  Salaries  and  Wages 
have  been  necessarily  increased.  The  apartments  of  the 
Society  and  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  have  been  kept  in 
excellent  condition. 

Last,  not  least,  the  Research  Fund  has  received  grants 
amounting  to  £750,  and  out  of  this  an  investment  of  nearly 
£528  Victoria  Government  Stock  was  made,  thus  materially 
increasing  the  annual  income  of  the  fund.  In  addition,  £100 
has  been  invested  from  a  bequest  of  the  late  Mr.  Frederick 
Davis,  F.S.A. 

There  has  also  been  an  average  saving  of  £47,  whereby  our 
capital  has  been  increased  by  between  £300  and  £400.  On 
the  31st  of  December  last  the  cash  balance  of  the  Society's 
General  Account  was  £691,  and  the  amount  due  for  accounts 
not  then  paid  by  the  Society  nearly  £303.  I  have  not 
touched  except  incidentally  on  the  Research  Fund,  the  income 
of  which  is  now  nearly  £100  a  year. 

On  the  whole,  we  may  perhaps  feel  satisfied  that  the 
Society's  finances  are  in  a  sound  condition,  while  not  forgetting 
that  in  order  to  keep  them  so  due  caution  must  always  be 
exercised  over  the  expenditure." 

On  the  motion  of  the  Chairman  a  vote  of  thanks  was 
accorded  to  the  Treasurer  for  his  Report. 

It  was  also  Resolved,  on  the  motion  of  Richard  Rivington 
Holmes,  Esq.,  C.V.O.,  seconded  by  Alfred  Charles  King,  Esq., 
that  the  Treasurer's  Report  be  printed. 

A  copy  of  Vetusta  Monumenta,  vol.  vii.  part  iii.,  on  the 
Gold  Cup  of  the  Kings  and  Queens  of  England,  was  laid  upon 
the  table. 


April  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  123 

Thursday,  28th  April,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

On  taking  his  seat  for  the  first  time  as  President,  Lord 
Avebury  said  that  his  first  words  from  the  chair  must  be  to 
express  his  sense  of  the  great  honour  the  Society  had  conferred 
upon  him  in  electing  him  to  the  Presidency.  He  felt  it  all 
the  more  deeply  when  he  remembered  the  list  of  eminent  men 
who  had  preceded  him,  not  forgetting  the  last  President,  his 
friend  Lord  Dillon,  in  recognition  of  whose  valuable  services 
the  Society  had  passed  so  strong  but  so  just  a  tribute.  If 
this  enhances  the  honour  it  also  adds  greatly  to  the  responsi- 
bility. He  relied,  however,  on  the  indulgence  and  support  of 
the  Fellows,  and  would  only  assure  them  that  he  would 
endeavour  to  do  his  best. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  : — De  Cogenhoe  and  Cogenhoe  Church,  Northamptonshire. 
(With  MS.  additions.)  By  Albert  Hartshorne.  F.S.A.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

From  Charles  H.  Read,  Esq.,  Secretary :— Laon  (Aisne).  Par  Henri  Potez.  8vo. 
Douai,  1896. 

From  the  Author  :— Thomas  Linley,  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan,  acd  Tiiomas 
Mathews,  their  connection  with  Bath.  By  Emanuel  Green,  F.S.A.  8vo. 
Bath,  1903. 

From  the  Author  :— Report  of  the  Cumberland  Excavation  Committee  for  1903. 
By  F.  Haverfield,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Kendal,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Who  performed  Lithotomy  on  Mr.  Samnel  Pepys  ?  By 
D'Arcy  Power,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : 

Two  publications  of  the  Plainsong  and  Mediteval  Mnsic  Society,  viz. : 

1.  St.  Gregory  and  the  Gregorian  Music.    By  E.  G.  P.  Wyall.     8vo. 

London, 1904. 

2.  The  Reproaches  (with  music).     8vo.    n  p.    n.d. 

The  PRESIDENT  announced  that  he  had  appointed  the 
following  to  be  Vice-Presidents  of  the  Society  : 

Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  Sc.D.,  F.R.S. 
William  Gowland,  Esq. 

Sir  Edward  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B,  LL.D    D.O.L. 
Sir  Henry  Hoyle  Howorth,  K.C.I.K.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 


124  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

A.  G-.  HILL,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  some  Post- 
Visigothic  Churches  in  Spain,  which  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  remarked  that  the  Church  in  northern 
Spain  was  to  a  great  extent  isolated  by  the  Arianism  of  the 
south,  and  her  early  edifices  were  consequently  not  influenced 
by  Italian  or  Merovingian  art.  So  in  England,  which  was 
also  off  the  main  route  and  politically  separated  from  Gaul, 
Anglo-Saxon  architecture  kept  a  distinctive  character,  and  is 
still  represented  in  many  early  buildings,  while  examples  of 
the  period  are  largely  wanting  in  France.  These  churches  of 
northern  Spain  are  exceedingly  primitive,  and  the  capitals  of 
the  columns  should  be  regarded  as  due  to  Visigothic  rather 
than  Byzantine  influence.  It  was  interesting  to  learn  that 
as  early  as  the  ninth  century  churches  were  being  built  in 
the  Moorish  fashion,  even  in  the  conservative  northern  pro- 
vinces of  the  peninsula.  The  author  had  broken  fresh 
ground,  and  supplied  material  for  a  fuller  treatment  of  early 
Christian  architecture  in  the  West. 

Mr.  PHENE  SPIERS  drew  attention  to  the  large  size  of  the 
masonry  in  these  tenth-century  churches,  whereas  work  of 
that  period  is  usually  said  to  be  of  small  stones,  ashlar 
coming  into  use  during  the  eleventh  century.  He  saw  some 
resemblance  between  early  churches  in  Aquitaine  and  those 
in  Spain,  but  agreed  that  the  ornament  was  Visigothic. 

Mr.  HILL,  in  replying,  said  that  the  acanthus  on  the 
capitals  was  very  severe,  and  the  work  seemed  to  fall 
between  the  Visigothic  and  Romanesque  periods. 

SOMERS  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
Report  as  Local  Secretary  for  Egypt  : 

"  I  beg  leave  to  lay  before  the  Society  such  information  on 
general  subjects  of  interest  to  archaeologists  as  I  have  been 
able  to  obtain. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  interest  has  centred  round  the  tomb 
of  Queen  Hatshepsu  (I  do  not  pretend  to  spell  this  name  in 
the  latest  fashion,  each  change  of  method  being  more  un- 
pronounceable than  the  last). 

By  the  liberality  of  an  American,  Mr.  Theodore  Davis,  a 
very  careful  exploration  of  the  Valley  of  the  Tombs  of  the 
Kings  at  Thebes  has  been  and  is  still  being  made.  What  has 
been  already  found  is  well  known. 


April  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  125 

The  entrance  to  the  tomb  of  Hatshepsu  was  discovered  many 
months  since,  being  indicated  by  a  deposit  of  the  nature  of  a 
foundation  deposit  just  outside  the  entrance.  It  turns  out 
that  Lepsius  had  penetrated  a  little  way  into  the  passage,  but 
did  not  discover  that  it  led  to  the  tomb  of  the  Queen.  'The 
untiring  energy  of  Mr.  Howard  Carter,  Chief  Inspector  of 
Antiquities  for  Upper  Egypt,  has  now  revealed  to  us  the 
full  extent  of  this  curious  and  somewhat  disappointing  tomb. 
It  is  placed  in  that  part  of  the  Valley  of  the  Tombs  of  the 
Kings  immediately  behind  the  temple  of  the  Queen  now 
known  as  the  Deir  el  Bahari.  A  high  ridge  of  rocks  lies 
between  the  temple  and  the  tomb  entrance.  The  slope  of 
the  passage  is  very  steep,  in  places  exceeding  45°  with  the 
horizon,  and  makes  direct  for  the  temple.  What  could  be 
more  promising  ?  What  valuable  theories  or  supports  to  those 
already  existing  did  not  learned  Egyptologists  found  on  this 
fact?  The  sarcophagus  was  to  be  immediately  under  the 
temple.  The  passage,  as  we  have  said,  made  very  directly 
for  the  east,  where  the  temple  lay.  To  the  great  chagrin  of 
the  learned  theorists  the  passage  extended  but  a  short  dis- 
tance in  the  desired  direction,  and  then  gradually  curved 
towards  the  south,  indeed,  somewhat  to  the  west  of  south ; 
always  descending.  It  continued  thus  for  a  long  way,  and 
then  gradually  turned  to  the  west,  finally  ending  in  the 
burial  chamber,  the  axis  of  which  is  towards  the  north. 
The  floor  of  this  chamber  is  not  less  than  97  metres  (300 
feet)  below  the  entrance.  The  length  of  the  passage  is  213 
metres  (some  650  feet).  From  these  figures  the  rapid  slope 
of  the  passage  can  be  realised.  It  passes  through  several 
chambers,  and  for  much  of  the  way  has  steps  on  one  side, 
the  sarcophagi  being  slid  down  the  other.  We  must  say 
'  sarcophagi/  for  in  the  tomb  chamber  were  two,  one  of 
Queen  Hatshepsu  and  the  other  of  Thothmes  L,  both 
empty. 

From  the  tomb  chamber,  which  is  rectangular  on  plan, 
there  extend  two  small  rooms  to  the  north  and  one  to  the 
west.  Except  the  sarcophagi,  a  chest  to  contain  canopic 
vases  and  sundry  fragments  of  vases,  the  chamber  was  empty 
of  all  furniture.  It  had  been  plundered  long  ago ;  the  roof 
had  also  fallen  in;  indeed  the  rock  through  which  the  long 
passage  is  cut  and  in  which  the  tomb  chamber  is  made  is  all 
very  poor  stuff,  quite  incapable  of  receiving  sculpture  such  as 
we  find  in  many  later  tombs  in  this  valley. 

The  sarcophagi  are  of  red  granite,  beautifully  executed. 
When  we  realise  that  the  whole  of  the  long  passage  was 
closely  packed  in  with  a  hard  mass  of  stone  chips  and  dust  we 


126  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

can  appreciate  the  great  labour  it  has  been  to  open  this  tomb. 
Hard  as  the  filling  in  was,  a  way  had  been  bored  through  it 
right  down  to  the  tomb  chamber.  The  bore  hole  had  after- 
wards been  left  open  for  centuries,  the  bats  having  made 
their  way  down  to  the  very  end,  as  was  proved  by  the  mass 
of  dry  deposit  left  there.  The  hole  became  closed  at  length 
by  the  operation  of  the  unfrequent  rain  storms  washing  in 
the  debris  surrounding  the  mouth  of  the  passage. 

The  plans,  etc.,  of  this  tomb  will  be  published  by  Mr.  Carter, 
at  the  cost  of  Mr.  Theodore  Davis. 

The  Temple. of  Mentuhetep. — The  ruins  of  this  building  lie 
immediately  south  of  and  parallel  with  the  temple  of  Deir  el 
Bahari.  It  is  being  excavated  by  M.  Naville,  assisted  by 
Mr.  H.  R.  Hall,  of  the  British  Museum,  for  the  Egypt  Explora- 
tion Fund.  Curiously  vague  statements  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time  of  what  has  yet  been  uncovered.  The  temple 
has  been  described  as  '  under  Deir  el  Bahari/  which  it  is  not 
in  any  sense ;  that  Deir  el  Bahari  is  a  copy  of  it,  which  is 
equally  untrue.  Mentuhetep  was  a  king  of  the  Xlth  Dynasty. 
The  lapse  of  time  between  him  and  Queen  Hatshepsu  is 
great ;  at  least  1,000  years  or  more  according  to  the  learned. 
The  plan  of  the  temple  of  Mentuhetep  as  at  present  laid 
bare  does  not  suggest  that  Hatshepsu  or  her  father  copied  it 
when  building  Deir  el  Bahari.  There  are  structural  simi- 
larities dictated  a  good  deal  by  similarity  of  position.  Each 
temple  being  on  a  hill  side  is  built  at  various  levels.  A 
sloping  ascent  is  required  in  each  case  to  reach  the  upper 
level  from  the  lower.  The  differences  of  level  demand  that 
the  sites  shall  be  terraced.  In  each  case  the  fronts  of  the 
terraces  are  adorned  with  a  double  colonnade.  The  upper 
terrace  at  Deir  el  Bahari  carries  an  open  court  with  columns 
around,  but  at  the  Temple  of  Mentuhetep  we  find  in  this 
place  a  very  large  covered  hall.  From  north  to  south  there 
must  have  been  seventeen  intercolumniations.  At  present 
seven  only  are  revealed  in  the  direction  of  east  and  west,  the 
temple  axis  ;  but  this  gives  us  a  hall  of  not  less  than  ninety- 
six  columns.  The  columns  are  octagonal,  as  against  those 
with  sixteen  sides  at  Deir  el  Bahari.  There  is  a  reasonable 
query  that  the  porches  of  the  two  temples  must  have  re- 
sembled each  other  pretty  closely.  The  masonry  of  the 
earlier  building  is  very  superior  to  that  of  the  later.  It 
may  be  conjectured  that  the  older  temple  was  used  as  a 
quarry  by  the  builders  of  Deir  el  Bahari.  The  little  sculpture 
that  has  yet  been  found  seems  hardly  equal  to  that  we  see  at 
Deir  el  Bahari. 

Mr.  R.  Mond  is  still  carrying  on  the  useful  work  he  has 


April  28.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  127 

already  entered  upon.  He  does  not  search  for  fresh  tombs, 
but  completely  clears  out  and  puts  in  order  those  already 
known,  and  neglected,  and  this  means  preserving  from  further 
defacement  some  of  the  most  interesting  and  beautiful  tombs 
at  Thebes.  If  by  chance  valuable  objects  are  found  in  the 
debris,  so  much  the  better,  but  his  object  is  a  single-hearted 
one,  to  preserve  what  is  already  more  or  less  known. 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  of  those  he  has  worked  upon 
this  season  is  the  tomb  of  Kha-em-hat.  Its  condition  sug- 
gested that  it  had  never  been  thoroughly  cleared  out.  All 
is  now  completely  revealed,  and  amongst  the  quantities  of 
broken  chips  in  the  debris  a  great  many  fragments  of  the 
sculptures  have  been  found  and  with  much  patience  stuck 
together  once  more.  In  incident,  variety,  and  even  in 
approach  to  naturalism  its  sculptures  are  not  surpassed. 

Philce. — This  island  presents  a  lamentable  appearance. 
Before  the  reservoir  is  filled  and  the  island  is  standing  above 
the  waters,  the  ring  of  trees,  dead  and  dying,  which  stand 
round  about,  the  smug  neatness  which  has  of  necessity 
resulted  from  the  works  of  conservation,  the  clean  washed 
unnatural  aspect  of  the  whole,  all  these  things  combine  to 
ruin  the  naturally  picturesque  charm  of  the  island.  When 
the  reservoir  is  full  the  temples  peer  above  the  waters,  half 
drowned,  whilst  the  surrounding  scenery,  its  vegetation  gone 
and  trees  rotting,  the  surface  of  the  river  at  an  unnatural 
level,  looks  the  picture  of  forlorn  decay. 

On  the  other  hand  it  must  be  said  that  up  to  the  present  there 
is  no  evidence  that  immersion  in  the  Nile  water  has  damaged 
the  ancient  stonework.  There  is  no  slime,  for  indeed  the  water 
is  not  impounded  until  it  is  free  from  any  thick  matter 
suspended  in  it.  Very  soon  after  the  water  has  retired  the 
island  becomes  dry,  and  a  little  brushing  removes  all  traces  of 
mud  or  vegetation  hanging  to  the  walls ;  the  place  is  indeed 
painfully  and  unnaturally  clean. 

Finally,  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  Egyptian  Govern- 
ment has  done  all  in  its  power  and  without  any  stinting  hand 
to  preserve  and  give  stability  to  the  buildings  on  the  lsl'ind- 
Not  less  than  £20,000  was  set  aside  for  this  purpose,  whilst 
the  necessary  underpinning  and  support  was  carried  out  wit 
the  greatest  skill  and    ingenuity.      The   'Report  upon   the 
Administration  of  the  Public  Works  Department  for  19 
sets  forth  how  ingeniously  and  conscientiously  the  work  waf 
done.  .     j 

In  view  of  the  benefits  to  the  country  already  rfceivec 
from  the  construction  of  the  dam  at  Assuan,  he  would  be  a 
bold  man  who  should  say  it  had  better  not  have  been  made, 


128  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE  [1904, 

and  unfortunately  there  was  no  other  place  where  it  could 
have  been  built  so  safely  or  so  economically. 

We  are  not  able  to  compliment  the  Department  of  Antiqui- 
ties on  the  pointing  and  filling  in  of  the  joints  in  the  masonry 
of  the  ancient  buildings  on  the  island.  Some  of  them  have 
been  hopelessly  and  unnecessarily  defaced  thereby.  This 
department  is  faced  by  the  most  serious  demands  on  its 
resources  from  the  necessity  of  maintaining  the  ancient 
buildings  under  its  charge.  These  demands  are,  to  a  great 
extent,  consequent  on  the  reckless  way  in  which  for  many 
years  past  vast  masses  of  debris  have  been  cleared  from 
within  the  buildings,  without  a  thought  being  given  as  to 
the  way  in  which  the  venerable  columns  and  walls  were 
being,  in  fact,  supported  in  their  old  age  by  the  debris  itself. 
As  the  stuff  was  removed  so  should  necessary  repairs  have 
been  executed.  The  tremendous  catastrophe  at  Karnak  was 
due  in  part  to  such  a  want  of  forethought.  The  columns 
which  fell  are  here  growing  apace. 

At  Edfu  Mariette  cleared  the  debris  from  within  the 
temple,  leaving  piles  of  accumulation  40  feet  high  pressing 
against  the  outside.  The  enclosure  wall  to  the  west  had  in 
consequence  bent  in  the  most  ominous  way  and  overhung  its 
base,  threatening  to  fall  on  the  adjacent  temple.  This  wall 
has  now  been  taken  down  stone  by  stone  and  rebuilt.  The 
work  is  on  the  point  of  completion. 

At  Kom  Ombos,  so  recently  cleared  by  De  Morgan,  the  east 
wall,  yielding  to  external  pressure,  has  actually  fallen  over. 
A  large  percentage  of  the  stones  is  broken,  whilst  their 
sculptured  face  is  crushed  off.  This  wall  is  now  being 
rebuilt. 

At  Cairo  the  new  Museum  of  Egyptian  Antiquities  is 
getting  into  shape.  Some  red  paint,  terribly  harsh  and 
coarse  in  effect,  is  unfortunately  being  put  on  the  walls,  to  the 
great  detriment  of  the  objects  it  is  supposed  to  show  off. 

The  new  Museum  of  Arab  Art  is  also  opened.  Its  arrange- 
ment is  excellent,  and  in  this  case  colours  have  been  most 
judiciously  selected,  acting  as  a  foil  to  the  objects  exhibited." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  129 

i 
Thursday,  5th  May,  1904. 

Lord  AVEBURY,  P.C,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author :— A  Short  Account  of  the  Wheelwrights'  Company.  By 
James  B.  Scott,  Clerk  of  the  Company.  4to.  London,  1884. 

From  Lady  Evans  : — Catalogue  of  a  Loan  Collection  of  Portraits  of  English 
Historical  Personages  who  died  prior  to  the  year  1625,  exhibited  under  the 
auspices  of  a  committee  of  the  Oxford  Historical  Society,  April  and  May, 
1904.  8vo.  Oxford,  1904. 

From  Eobert  Burnard,  Esq.,  F.S.A.: — An  Exploration  of  some  of  the  Cytiau  in 
Tre'r  Ceiri.  By  Rev.  S.  Baring-Gould,  M.A.,  and  Robert  Burnard,  F.S.A. 
8vo.  London,  1904. 

William  He  ward  Bell,  Esq.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  2nd  June,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be  balloted 
for  was  read. 

J.  G.  WALLER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the  hauberk 
of  chain-mail  and  its  conventional  representations,  which  will 
be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Viscount  DILLON  referred  to  the  recent  use  of  chain-mail  in 
Egypt.  The  late  Khedive  Tewfik  ordered  from  a  Birmingham 
firm  600  hauberks  made  of  split  rings  for  the  army  under 
Colonel  Hicks,  but  they  proved  worse  than  useless.  Many 
have  since  returned  to  Europe  as  crusaders'  coats.  In  North 
India  to-day  the  rings  are  simply  jumped  and  not  riveted. 
In  modern  times  pieces  of  chain-mail  have  been  attached  < 
leather  jerkins  in  such  a  way  as  to  protect  the  joints. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  agreed  with  the  author,  except  in 
regard  to  the  way  in  which  chain-mail  was  introduced  into 
Europe.     Mention   had   been   made   of    an    instance  on  an 
Assyrian  monument  showing  chain-mail,  but  the  sculpture 
question,  brought  to  the  British   Museum  by  Layard,  was 

VOL.  XX.  I 


130  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

Parthian.  These  nomads  lived  round  the  Caspian  Sea,  where 
chain-mail  is  still  manufactured  and  worn,  as  by  the  Circassian 
bodyguard ;  but  it  was  first  introduced  into  Europe  by  the 
Scandinavians,  and  its  first  representation  in  the  West  is  on 
the  Bayeux  tapestry.  It  is  there  indicated  in  two  different 
ways,  by  contiguous  rings  and  by  a  check  pattern.  The 
hauberk  of  mail  is  repeatedly  referred  to  in  the  Sagas  as  the 
burnie ;  this,  like  their  swords,  came  from  the  Caucasus  and 
the  Caspian  district,  and  rapidly  spread  through  Europe 
during  the  Viking  period. 

Rev.  C.  H.  EVELYN  WHITE,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following  notes 
on  some  table  and  other  cloths  of  damask  linen,  pictorially 
inscribed,  examples  of  which  he  also  exhibited  : 

"  The  art  of  damascening  linen  and  other  stuffs,  by  which  we 
understand  the  portrayal  in  a  kind  of  mosaic  of  foliage  and 
figures  of  a  more  or  less  elaborate  character,  is  supposed  to 
have  originated  in  Damascus,  and  is  a  process  of  fine  weaving 
produced  by  the  order  and  succession  in  which  the  weft  is 
interwoven  with  the  warp.  From  Damascus  it  is  thought 
to  have  spread  as  an  industry  through  Greece  and  Italy 
(which  is  regarded  as  its  European  home)  over  the  continent 
of  Europe,  and  to  have  been  confined  for  a  considerable  period 
almost  exclusively  to  Saxony,  Silesia,  and  Bavaria.  Those 
textile  fabrics  of  figured  linen,  in  relation  to  which  the  term 
' damask'  is  held  to  apply,  display  woven  designs  of  every 
variety  of  beauty,  scripture  subjects,  scenes  of  an  historical  or 
legendary  character,  heraldic  devices  and  other  quaint  forms 
of  pictorial  representation,  etc.,  in  which  the  influence  of 
German  or  Flemish  art  is  plainly  discernible.  Although 
figured  fabrics  may  be  traced  back  to  a  remote  period  among 
the  operatives  of  Asia,  and  have  a  place  among  the  stuffs  of 
Babylonian  origin,  it  was  not  until  the  twelfth  century  that 
Damascus  attained  the  particular  reputation  it  subsequently 
enjoyed. 

Linen  damask  cloths  for  table,  sideboard,  and  other  like  use, 
as  well  as  smaller  cloths  and  napkins,  were  imported  from 
France  as  early  as  1575,  while  damask  or  diaper  of  silk  and 
other  material  was  in  request  at  a  much  earlier  period  for 
personal  adornment.  It  was,  however,  in  the  manufacture  of 
linen  for  ecclesiastical  and  domestic  use  that  the  art  of  damask 
weaving  found  its  greatest  development. 

The  weaving  community  on  the  continent  (for  the  most 
part  an  impoverished  class,  drawn  almost  exclusively  from 
the  peasantry)  wrought  chiefly  in  their  own  homes.  They 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  131 

were  only  too  glad  when  opportunity  offered  to  exchange 
their  hard  lot  for  more  congenial  conditions  in  England. 

The  manufacture  of  damask  linen  in  England  was  certainly 
inconsiderable  before  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  never  attained  to  anything  like  the  proportions  of  the 
industry  in  Flanders,  from  which  country  it  was  mainly 
imported,  and  it  was  very  costly.  The  earliest  productions 
in  England  were  the  work  of  Flemish  weavers  who  settled 
here  in  the  time  of  Henry  III.,  in  1253.  But  as  late  as 
the  fourteenth  century  table  linen  was  very  uncommon  in 
England. 

So  far  back  as  1331  Edward  I.  of  England  invited  the 
Flemish  spinners,  who  were  dissatisfied  at  the  constant  state 
of  war  which  hindered  their  enterprises,  to  come  over  to 
England  and  settle  themselves  in  his  kingdom.  From  that 
time  a  constant  stream  of  emigrants  passed  from  Flanders  to 
England.  This  emigration  lasted  about  a  hundred  years. 
During  the  sixteenth  century  a  large  number  of  the  Ypres  * 
operatives  adopted  the  doctrines  of  the  Reformation,  and, 
anxious  to  escape  persecution  and  to  obtain  the  free  exercise 
of  their  religion,  began  again  this  emigration  which  had 
ceased  towards  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Letters 
in  the  archives  of  Ypres,  chiefly  dated  from  Norwich,  speak 
of  the  excellent  reception  which  the  refugees  received  on 
reaching  England,  and  are  full  of  recommendations  for 
others  to  join  them.  That  the  number  of  Flemish  was 
particularly  large  in  the  Eastern  Counties  is  evident  from  the 
fact  that  in  1567  the  Prince  of  Orange  begged  the  Flemish 
settlers  at  Norwich,  Ipswich,  Colchester,  and  Thetford  to 
render  him  assistance. 

Generally  the  introduction  of  damask  linen  into  England 
has  been  assigned  to  the  period  of  the  Duke  of  Alva's 
persecution  (1567),  but  it  really  originated  much  earlier. 
Dornix,  a  coarse  kind  of  damask  or  table  linen,  wrought  at 
Tournay  (Dorneck),  in  France,  was  subsequently  fabricated 
in  Norwich,  which  was  the  English  home  of  the  manufacture. 
The  '  dornick- weavers '  of  Norwich  in  1533  had  a  place  with 
their  banner  in  the  Corpus  Christi  guild  processions. 

Superior  linen,  damascened  probably  to  some  extent  with 
symbolical  designs,  must  have  been  in  requisition  for  eccle- 
siastical purposes  from  an  early  period.  After  the  ninth 
century  altars  were  covered  with  the  fair  white  linen  cloth 
for  the  celebration  of  the  Holy  Eucharist,  while  the  custom 

*  The  term  «  diaper  "  is  said  to  be  derived  fiom  the  town  of  Ipre  (Yprca), 
which  made  diaper  cloth  a  speciality. 

I  2 


132  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

of  decking  the  altar  with  three  such  cloths  was  common  in 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.  Mediaeval  church 
inventories  frequently  include  cloths  of  diaper  and  the  like  ; 
there  is,  however,  an  absence  in  the  descriptions  of  any 
distinguishing  reference  to  figured  linen,  although  diaper  is 
so  distinguished.  It  is  clear  that  such  inscribed  linen  was  in 
use  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries,  both  for  sacred 
and  secular  purposes. 

The  French  Protestant  refugees  certainly  gave  considerable 
impetus  to  linen  production  in  England  towards  the  close  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  There  were  several  settlements  of 
operatives  under  the  superintendence  of  skilled  workmen 
from  France,  the  necessary  funds  for  whose  support  was 
raised  by  certain  adventurers  who  owed  much  to  prominent 
individuals  in  the  locality.  Earlier  in  the  same  century  the 
industry  was  furthered  by  a  colony  of  Scots  who  settled  in 
the  north-east  part  of  Ireland  (temp.  James  I.),  and  Lord 
Deputy  Wentworth  was  instrumental  in  establishing  the 
linen  manufacture  in  that  country  upon  a  permanent  footing 
(1634).  Linen  is  largely  produced  both  in  Ireland,*  where 
it  was  a  staple  commodity  in  the  fifteenth  century  and  per- 
haps earlier ;  also  by  hand  loom  and  machinery  in  Scotland, 
Dunf  ermline  having  the  reputation  of  producing  a  quantity 
equal  to  the  whole  of  Europe.  Damask  linen  is  also  still 
made  at  Courtrai  and  Liege  in  Belgium,  in  Silesia,  Austria, 
and  elsewhere. 

Damask  table  linen  was  restricted  at  one  time  to  persons  of 
position  and  means,  viz.  those  who  had  an  annual  income  of 
6,000  marks.  So  wealthy  and  luxurious  a  nobleman  as  the 
Earl  of  Northumberland  (1512)  is  said  to  have  had  but  eight 
linen  cloths  for  his  personal  use,  while  his  large  retinue  of 
servants  had  but  one,  which  was  washed  once  a  month.  We 
find  in  the  previous  century  the  nuns  of  St.  Rhadegund,  at 
Cambridge,  purchasing  '  board  cloths,'  table  napkins,  and  linen 
for  their  naperie  (linen  closet),  which  seems  to  indicate  a  source 
of  supply  not  by  any  means  limited.  It  must  be  remembered 
that  linen  manufacture  was  at  first  a  domestic  rather  than  a 
commercial  undertaking ;  the  women  of  a  household  largely 
occupied  themselves  in  weaving  fine  linen  from  home-grown 
flax.  At  a  much  later  period  the  use  of  damask  was  regarded 
as  well  nigh  an  unwarrantable  luxury,  so  much  so  that  a 
Scotch  law  of  1621,  aimed  at  the  repression  of  luxury,  included 

*  Notably  at  Belfast  and  Lisburn,  where  a  number  of  Huguenot  families  settled 
after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  and  introduced  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  damask  after  the  method  and  with  the  machinery  then  in  use  in  the 
Low  Countries. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  133 

damask  table  linen.  If  we  are  to  judge  by  the  remaining 
examples  of  antique  damask,  it  can  scarcely  be  said  that  such 
cloths,  certainly  in  respect  of  design,  were  largely  produced  in 
England.  Not  until  the  seventeenth  century  did  the  manu- 
facture of  such  linen  attain  to  anything  like  considerable 
proportions  in  England ;  it  subsequently  became  much 
neglected. 

Before  proceeding  to  make  some  general  remarks  as  to  the 
significance  of  the  designs  found  woven  in  these  picture 
cloths,  I  must  point  out  certain  singular  and  interesting 
features  in  this  particular  class  of  textile  fabrics  as  a  whole. 
Bible  scenes  are  frequent.  We  find  leading  events  connected 
with  the  lives  of  Joshua  and  Elijah,  while  the  Annunciation 
and  Our  Lord's  interview  with  the  woman  of  Samaria  furnish 
a  representative  illustration  of  New  Testament  times.  Classic 
story  is  found,  as  in  the  Siege  of  Troy.  The  Coronation  of 
English  Kings  is  probably  commemorated  (i.)  in  the  fine  dated 
example  (1603)  which  displays  remarkable  heraldry,*  and  (ii.) 
in  other  cloths  having  views  of  London  (temp.  George  I., 
George  II.).  A  continuation  of  this  latter  feature  is  to  be 
found  in  the  recent  production  of  fine  damask  napery  with 
ornate  designs,  in  connection  with  the  Jubilee  of  Queen 
Victoria  and  the  Coronation  of  King  Edward.  But  apart  from 
the  character  of  the  design,  an  article  of  this  class  can  never 
possess  the  interest  or  importance  that  attaches  to  the  old 
hand  loom  examples,  few  only  of  which  were  wrought,  and  of 
which  single  examples  only  remain.  Battle  scenes  and  other 
great  events  in  European  history  are  figured,  e.g.  the  sieges  of 
Tournay.  Lille,  and  Belgrade,  the  taking  of  Buda  from  the 
Turks  in  1686,  etc.  Hunting  scenes  and  the  like  are  curiously 
depicted. 

One  peculiar  aspect  of  these  cloths  is  to  be  found  m  the 
singular  treatment  by  the  weaver  of  the  design,  manifestly 
owing  to  the  exigencies  of  the  loom.  An  abrupt  termination 
of  the  subject,  which  is  once  or  more  repeated,  causes 
particular  scenes  and  inscriptions  to  appear  in  reversed  order, 
and  the  members  of  a  body  to  become  detached,  etc.  The 
design  in  well  nigh  every  case  has  the  appearance  of  an 
origin  that  is  certainly  not  distinctively  English,  although 
the  cloths  may  have  been  worked  on  English  looms, 
as  the  interest  is  that  attaches  to  present-day  efforts,  several  of 
our  leading  artists  are  known  to  be  in  the  habit  of  furnishing 
sketches  for  linen  damask,  and  it  may  be  assumed  that 

*  Exhibited  10th  April,  1902.  See  Proceeding!,  2nd.  S.  xix.  86,  for  a  full 
description. 


134  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1904, 

designs  appearing  on  cloths  of  bygone  days  were  due  to  men 
of  recognised  artistic  skill. 

As  there  is  absolutely  no  '  literature '  connected  with  the 
subject,  and  as  this  is,  I  believe,  the  first  time  that  damask 
linen  embellished  with  designs  of  a  pictorial  character  has 
been  systematically  considered,  I  have  brought  together 
particulars  of  such  examples  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover 
of  this  interesting  form  of  textile  fabric,  supplemented  by  a 
catalogue  of  the  several  examples  at  South  Kensington. 

I.  A   cloth    (Flemish),  apparently   homespun,   very   much 
worn,  is  in  use  at  Hemingstone  Church,  Suffolk.    It  measures 
34|  inches  by  25|  inches.     In  the  centre  of  the  upper  portion 
is  a  trophy  of   four   regimental   ensigns   and    four   swords, 
points  to  centre,  all  in  saltire,  with  what  appear  to  be  four 
ensign  cases  in  fess  and  two  crowns  in  pale.     The  half  of 
a   similar   figure   is  also  represented  in  each  of  the   upper 
corners.     Descending  in  order  are  the  following  designs,  each 
represented  in  duplicate  and  parallel  with  its  fellow :  (1)  A 
figure   riding   at  full   speed,  astride  the   horse,  with  broad 
brimmed  hat  and  flowing  hair,  tied  behind  with  ribbon ;  on 
the  right  arm  is  slung  a  basket,  and  in  the  hand  a  short  staff, 
or   possibly  a   scroll,  rolled.      Above   is   the   word   GENIVS. 
(2)  Two  sprays  of  laurel  tied  below  with  ribbon  and  between 
them  the  following :   SISTE  \  SOL   IN   GIBEON  \  ET  LVNA  IN 
VAL  |  LEI'  AAJON.    (3)  A  church,  with  tower,  spire,  and  tall 
finial,  with  cross  on  gable.      Adjoining,  a  castle  with  four 
round  towers  and  large  central  gate-tower,  all  surmounted  by 
cupolas  and  tall  finials.     In  the  centre  of  the  large  portal  of 
the  gate-tower  is  a  cross.     The  foreground  represents  a  sort 
of  earthwork  or  irregular  set  of  bridges.     Above  the  whole 
are  the  letters  RisQSEL,  a  representation  of  the  moon  dividing 
the  letters.     Between  designs  2  and  3,  in  the  centre  of  the 
cloth,  is  a  representation  of  the  sun  '  in  splendour/  and  half 
of  the  same  figure  is  depicted  on  each  side,  adjacent  to  the 
border.     (4)   A  smaller   representation  of   a   fortress,  having 
eight   turrets   with   cupolas,   tall   finials,  ramparts,  etc.  and 
surmounted  by  the  word  CITADEL.      The  field  of  this  cloth 
is  sown  with  small  tufts  of  reeds(?). 

II.  The  Rev.  E.  Edwards   Montford,  of  Swan  ton  Abbot, 
Norfolk,  has  a  large  table  cloth,  9  feet  by  7  feet,  and  two 
smaller  (tray)  cloths,  29  inches  by  41  inches,  each  showing 
the  same  pattern.     The  design  is  illustrative  of  St.  John  iv. 
6 — 31,  and  represents  (1)  the  woman  of  Samaria  in  the  act 
of  drawing  water  from  the  well  of  Sychar  ;  (2)  the  buildings 
of  a  city ;   (3)  the  disciples   (three)  bringing  food  to  their 
Master.     There  is  a  repetition  of  the  pattern  in  reverse  order, 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  135 

which  has  a  singular  effect  of  presenting  the  words,  etc.,  back- 
wards way.  It  leads  occasionally  to  a  strange  and  abrupt 
termination  of  the  design.  This  is  a  feature  common  to  cloths 
in  which  the  design  reappears. 

III.  An  exactly  similar  large  cloth  is  now  exhibited  by  our 
Fellow,  the  Rev.  R.  B.  Gardiner. 

IV.  A  well-preserved  example  is  in  the  possession  of  Miss 
Watson,  of  Leamington.     It  is  of  somewhat  thicker  material 
than  those  already  noticed.     The  subject  is  presented  in  three 
several   groupings   or   scenes,  and    represents  the   death  of 
Jezebel  (2  Kings  ix.  30,  37).     It  is  within  a  wide  floral  border, 
enclosed  by  lines,  the  whole  surmounted  by  the  familiar  dice 
pattern,  and  measures  30  inches  by  46  inches.     At  the  top, 
surmounting  a  city  (as  usual  of  a  decided  German  appearance), 
is  the  descriptive  word  $fj5=tC0l  in  German  text.     The  main 
city  wall  shows  towers  and  vaned  turrets,  gates,  windows,  etc. 
Below  in  similar  lettering  is  $gafc?l  (Jezebel}.     The  woman  is 
seen  falling  headlong  to  the  ground.    Three  fierce  hounds  are 
bounding  towards  her.    The  ground  is  strewn  with  skull,  feet, 
and  palms  of  hands.     There  appear  underneath  the  words 
SJfftu:  HO:   (king),  who  is  represented  driving  in  a  chariot 
drawn  by  two  prancing  horses.     All  this  is  repeated,  pro- 
ducing the  odd  effect  of  figures,  etc.,  cut  in  halves. 

V.  A  large  tablecloth  formerly  belonging  to  the  late  Rev.  C. 
B.  Reid,  vicar  of  S.  Gregory's,  Norwich,  which  I  now  exhibit, 
affords  a  clue  to  the  date  of  the  majority  of  the  examples 
here  mentioned.     It  represents  King  George  II.  of  England, 
who  is  shown  on  horseback,  crowned,  wearing  a  wig  of  the 
period,  and   holding   in   his  hand   the  sceptre.     Above  the 
figure  of  the  king  are  the  words : 

GEORG1VS   .   DER  .   II   . 
KONIG  .  IN   .   ENG   : 
ELLAND 

Below  is  the  harp  of  Ireland  in  a  shield,  crowned ;  underneath 
is  a  representation  of  the  metropolis  surmounted  by  the  word 
LONDON.     On  either  side  of  the  flowing  river  (Thames),  ovei 
which  vessels  are  passing,  are  buildings,  conspicuous  among 
which  are  (presumably)  St.  Paul's  and  the  Tower,  with  cro* 
and  vane-crowned  turrets;  London  Bridge  connects  the  two 
sides  of  the  city.     These  several  '  views '  are  repeated  no  Je 
than  six  times  from  side  to  side,  and  again  and  again 
top  to  bottom.     The  similarity  of  character  and  workmanship 
to  other  specimens  of  the  kind  is  very  marked,  a  a 

general  rule  these  may  all  be  regarded  as  of  the  mid 


136  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

the  eighteenth  century,  and  of  German  or  Flemish  manu- 
facture.* 

VI.  A  large  cloth  similar  to  the  last-named,  exhibited  by 
Mr.  Walter  Money,  F.S.A.,  who  also  exhibits 

VII. ,  a  smaller  and  most  interesting  example  representing 
a  hunting  scene. 

VIII.  Mr.  Thomson   Lyon,  F.S.A.,  exhibits  a  remarkably 
interesting  cloth  (blue  and  white)  formed  of  linen  thread  and 
worsted,  of  somewhat  course  material.     Similar  in  design  and 
character  to  the  last  two  named  examples  but  with  important 
variations,  e.g.  KONIG  IN  ENGEL  LOND. 

IX.  The  Rev.  R.  R.  Duke,  F.S.A.,  exhibits  a  fine  example. 
In  the  centre  is  a  view  of  London  and  the  words  THAMESIS 

FLUVIUS — LONDINUM    BRITTANI^E    METROPOLIS    ET    EMPORIUM. 

Above  and  in  border  the  ornamentation  displays  birds, 
pomegranates,  fleurs-de-lys,  crown,  rose,  and  floral  decoration. 
On  dexter  side  appears  as  a  central  figure  Justice  with  her 
scales.  On  the  sinister,  Angel  (Fame)  with  trumpets.  In  the 
centre  within  a  circle  in  the  River  Thames  is  the  compass. 
The  whole  is  enclosed  in  a  checkered  border. 

X.  Mr.  C.  H.  Read,  F.S.A.,  exhibits  the  only  cloth  bearing 
a  classical  subject  and  it  is  an  important  specimen.     It  bears 
the  words  SIVITAS  TROIA.GRECORUM  EXERSITUS,  and  depicts 
the  dragging  in  of  the  Wooden  Horse,  etc. 

XI.  A  cloth  measuring  31i  inches  by  39|-  inches,  which  I 
exhibit,  belonging  to  Miss  Bolton,  of  Leamington,  has  within 
a  checkered  border  and  an  inner  border  displaying  drum  and 
trumpets,  kettledrum  and  flags,  with  other  military  tokens, 
half   appearing   on  either  side,  the   double-headed  eagle  of 
Austria  (central)  in  an  oval  surrounded  by  mantling.    Within 
a  shield,  crowned,  the  Cross  of  Savoy  with  griffin  supporters 
on  either  side.    Below  the  central  shield  right  and  left,  seated 
on  a  prancing  horse,  richly  caparisoned,  is  a  military  figure 
wearing  crown  and  flowing  wig  of  the  period.     A  military 
trophy  is  surrounded  by  trumpets.     Beneath  the  horses  and 
below  a  shield  charged  with  fleurs-de-lis  are  the  words  in 
large    Roman    capitals    LILIUM    CADIT.     Immediately  under, 
within   a   displayed   border,   ROBORE   EUGENIO.     Below  is  a 
fortified  town  covering  the  entire  width,  surmounted  by  the 
word  LILLE.    Extending  over  a  like  expanse  underneath,  a  siege 
is  depicted ;  guns  are  being  loaded  and  discharged,  the  gunners 
are   seen   ramming  in  the   charge   or   applying   the   match, 
cannon  balls  are  strewn  upon  the  ground.    A  stalwart  artillery- 

*  It  appears  likely  that  the  improving,  widening,  and  enlarging  of  London 
Bridge,  for  which  Acts  of  Parliament  were  granted  in  1760-1768,  is  commemo- 
rated, or  it  may  be  connected  with  the  coronation  of  George  II. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  137 

man  bears  a  lantern  and  sponge.  Below  is  another  fortified 
town  distinguished  as  TOURNAY. 

XII.  A  fine  linen  table  cloth  (4  yards  long)  belonging  to 
the  family  of  the  late  Rev.  H.  W.  Cottle,  rector  of  Harford, 
Devon  (now  in  New  Zealand),  represents  Caleb  and  Joshua 
carrying  grapes  from  the  Promised  Land,  etc.,  which  appears 
to  be  a  favourite  subject. 

XIII.  and  XIV.  In  a  paper  communicated  by  Mr.  Albert 
Hartshorne  to  Notes  and  Queries  *  two  interesting  pieces  are 
described,  one  bearing  scenes  in  the  life  of  Elijah,  the  other 
an  elaborate  hunting  scene. 

XV.  A  cloth  belonging  to  Sir  Henry  Dryden  represents  the 
re-taking  of  Buda  from  the  Turks  in  1685. 

XVI.  Mr.  A.  E.  Hudd,  F.S.A.,  has  an  interesting  Flemish 
cloth;  the  design  is  representative  of  a  walled  city,  with 
gates,  towers  and   churches,  above  which  appear  the  words 

DIE    STAT  CRANKAV,    and    below    GROS    MACHTIGER    KONIG    IN 

POLEN  FRIEDRICH  AVGVST,  with  the  king,  bearing  sceptre,  on 
horseback.  At  top  and  bottom  a  stretch  of  ground  is  covered 
by  military  tent,  artillery,  etc.  There  is  a  wide  floral  border. 

Such  cloths  are  sufficiently  scarce  to  render  it  difficult 
now  to  possess  them.  This  is  sufficiently  shown  by  the 
few  and  not  altogether  representative  specimens  at  South 
Kensington,  several  of  which  have  been  purchased  at  high 
prices.  There  is  not  a  single  dated  example  in  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum,  indeed  only  one  such  is  known,  viz. 
the  English  heraldic  cloth  of  1603,  to  which  reference  has 
been  made,  and  it  is  the  finest. 

It  may  be  well  to  close  this  series  of  descriptions  with  a 
short  account  of  the  examples  on  exhibit  at  the  South 
Kensington  Museum.  In  each  description  the  exact  measure- 
ments, the  price  paid  by  the  authorities  (or  name  of  donor), 
date  when  acquired,  etc.,  are  given. 

(A)  Table  Cloth.— Linen  damask,  woven  with  two  rows  of 
pattern,  each  representing  the  Siege  of  Belgrade  (1717) f  six 
times  repeated  ;  before  the  city  flows  the  Danube,  and  on  the 
opposite  side  is  the  Prince  Eugene  on  horseback  ;  above  is 
the   word  'Victoria'    within   an   ornamental   wreath. 

two  opposite  sides  are  bounded  by  floral  borders. 

Early  eighteenth  century.      6  feet  10  inches  by  6  feet  3  inches. 

Given  by  Lady  Charlotte  Schreiber.     368.     1^90. 

(B)  [Luncheon]  Cloth  of  white  linen  damask.     The  pattc 
in  the  centre  consists  of  dishes  containing  food  and  pla  es, 

t  I^tMs'war  against  the  Turks  Prince  Eugene  defeated  an  army  of  180,000 
men  and  took  Belgrade. 


138  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

with  knives  and  forks.  The  border  is  ornamented  with 
stems,  uniting  to  form  ogee-shaped  compartments,  some  of 
which  are  filled  with  flowers  and  leaves  springing  from  the 
stems,  whilst  each  of  the  others  encloses  two  birds.  First 
half  of  seventeenth  century.  3  feet  4 \  inches  by  2  feet  4  inches. 
From  the  Manor  House,  Walton-le- Wolds,  455.  1895, 
Leicestershire.  Given  by  Miss  Mason. 

(c)  Table,  Cloth. — Linen  damask  in  two  breadths,  the 
repeating  design  consists  of  four  rows  of  ogee-shaped  com- 
partments outlined  by  leaf  ornament.  In  each  compartment 
of  the  first  row  are  two  shields  of  the  arms  of  England ; 
quarterly :  first  and  fourth,  three  fleurs-de  -lis ;  second  and 
third,  three  lions  passant  gardant;  in  the  second  row  are 
Tudor  roses  supported  by  hounds ;  in  the  third  row  are  shields 
of  St.  George  supported  by  dragons ;  and  in  the  fourth  row 
crowned  Tudor  roses  with  the  letter  E  (for  Queen  Elizabeth) 
on  either  side.  Flemish.  End  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
7  feet  4£  inches  by  4  feet  8  inches.  Bought  £8.  1162. 
1893. 

(D)  Napkin. — Linen  damask.    Eoyal  shield  of  Henry  VII. 
of  England  and  supporters  within  the  Garter,  surmounted  by 
Crown.     Flemish.     Date  about  1500.     3  feet  10  inches  by 
2  feet  6  inches.     Bought  £50.     169.     1869. 

(E)  Table  Cloth. — Linen  damask,  with  pattern  of  alternat- 
ing rows,  in  which  are  repeated  the  Royal  Arms  of  England 
(England  and  France  quarterly),  crowned.     The  Tudor  rose 
crowned  with  greyhound  supporters,  the  shield  of  St.  George, 
the  Tudor  rose  crowned  with  dragon  supporters.      Flemish. 
Second   half   of    sixteenth   century.       10   feet   2   inches   by 
6  feet  9  inches.     Bought  £19  8s.  Qd.     56.     1890. 

(F)  Linen  Damask  Cloth,  woven  with  a  representation  of 
the  Annunciation  of  the  B.  V.  M.    Flemish.    Date  about  1500.* 
Bought  £75.      1894.     3  feet  9  inches  by  2  feet  6  inches. 
This  cloth  has  a  dice-pattern  border.     A  central  table  has  a 
lily  pot,  beneath  which  is  seen  a  cat  and  a  mouse.     It  is  much 
worn  and  repaired.t 

(a)  Napkin. — Linen  damask.  The  pattern  represents  at 
the  top  the  siege  of  a  city  called  'Bergh/and  lower  down 
Louis  XIV.  enthroned,  giving  orders  to  Marshal  Turenne  who 
kneels  before  him.  The  orders  are  expressed  by  the  words 

*  Perhaps  a  little  later. 

t  This  interesting  example  of  early  sixteenth-century  damask  was  exhibited 
by  the  Rev.  E.  Farrer,  F.S.A.,  12th  January,  1893.  (Proceedings,  2nd  S. 
xiv.  258.)  It  is  of  special  importance  as  being  essentially  ecclesiastical  in 
character,  yet  not  without  a  touch  of  domestic  life,  as  evidenced  by  the  quaint 
symbolism  that  lurks  beneath  the  homely  portrayal  of  cat  and  mouse. 


May  5.]  SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES.  139 

(under  a  shield  of  arms)  'Ludovicus  XIII.  Rex  imperat. 
Mareschalo  Turrinensi  ut  Hollundiam  Ecclesiae  Romance 
restituat  Anno  1672.'  At  the  bottom  are  the  Prince  of  Conde 
with  attendants  before  a  city,  and  the  words  '  Prins  Conde 
Vytrecht.'  Flemish.  Early  eighteenth  century.  3  feet. 
2  inches  by  2  feet  4£  inches.  Given  by  Sir  Henry  Sullivan, 
Bart.  277.  1872.  This  is  an  instance  of  repeated  pattern 
involving  reversed  order  of  arrangement.  Floral  border. 

(H)  Napkin. — Linen  damask.  The  pattern  shows  the 
Duke  of  Marlborough  on  horseback  in  the  centre,  shields  of 
arms  above,  with  various  royal  shields  and  quarterings, 
crowned  views  of  Belgian  towns  grouped  along  the  sides  and 
at  foot.  Quite  at  the  bottom  is  a  cavalry  combat.  Flemish. 
Early  eighteenth  century.  3  feet  6  inches  by  2  feet  10  inches. 
Bought  £2.  1834.  1888. 

PRINC   ET 

DVX  DE 
MARBOROVGH 

BELGIVM 
DE  BELLAVIT. 

The  left-hand  side  has  a  wide  floral  border. 

(l)  A  number  of  fragments  of  cloths  are  framed  (as  are  all 
the  South  Kensington  exhibits);  these  were  purchased  in 
1888  for  the  sum  of  £91.  Of  these  several  pieces  only  two 
call  for  any  description  here  : 

1.  Piece  of  linen    damask,  with  repeated  grape  pattern. 
German  (Saxony).     Seventeenth  century. 

2.  Piece  of  linen  damask,  with  repeated  pattern  of  a  city 
(Hebron  ?)  between  palm  trees  and  men,  carrying  bunches 
grapes ;  the  Hebrew  spies  returning  from  Canaan.     German 
(Saxony).     Seventeenth  century. 

The   other  fragmentary   specimens   at  South   Kensmgtc 
have  flower  patterns,  crowned  shields  with  fleurs-de-lis,  groups 
of  angels,  crowned  two-headed  eagles,  men  kneeling  in  prayer, 
lions  rampant,  etc. 

In  his  Textile  Fairies  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
Dr.  Rock  enumerate  the  following  examples  of  linen  damas 
1359.— Ypres  work.     (?)  Early  seventeenth  century. 
4456.— Table  cloth.     German  (dated  A.D  1585).     Ground 
of  coarse  canvas.    Very  elaborate  design  with  1 
inscriptions,  etc.     Measures  6  feet  by  6  feet  6  inches 
4457.-Table  cover.      Late   sixteenth  century      Agnus 
Dei  in  centre,  etc.     6  feet  3  inches  by  5  feet  8  inches. 


140  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

4458. — Napkin.     German.     Seventeenth  century.     3  feet 

by  2  feet  6^  inches. 
Do.  do.     late  fourteenth  century." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  19th  May,  1904. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  ESQ.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  : — English  Architecture.  By  T.  D.  Atkinson.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Documents  bearing  upon  late  Excavations  on  the  South 
Side  of  the  Cathedral  Church  of  Wells  in  1894.  By  the  Rev.  C.  M.  Church, 
F.S.A.  8vo.  n.p.  1894. 

From  the  Author : — Notes  on  the  Skeleton  and  Flints  found  in  Cough's  Cave, 
Cheddar.  By  H.  St.  G.  Gray.  8vo.  n.p.  1904. 

From  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker  : — Photograph  of  a  Portrait  of  Dawson  Turner,  F.R.S., 
&c.,  etched  by  Mrs.  Turner  from  a  drawing  by  J.  S.  Cotman,  of  Norwich. 

Sir  Thomas  David  Gibson  Carmichael,  bt.,  M.A.,  was 
admitted  Fellow. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  2nd  June,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be 
balloted  for  was  read. 

The  CHAIRMAN  called  attention  to  a  proposal  on  the  part 
of  the  Town  Council  of  Berwick-upon-Tweed  to  destroy  for 
building  purposes  the  remains  of  the  Edwardian  town  wall, 
and  proposed  the  following  Resolution,  which  had  been  drafted 
by  direction  of  the  Executive  Committee : 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  has  heard  with 
surprise  and  regret  that  the  Town  Council  of 
Berwick-upon-Tweed  has  in  contemplation  the 
destruction  of  some  of  the  Edwardian  wall  of  the 
town  for  the  apparently  quite  inadequate  purpose 
of  erecting  ordinary  dwelling-houses.  The  Society 
can  not  contemplate  with  anything  but  dismay  the 


May  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  141 

destruction  of  national  landmarks  of  such  unusual 
historical  importance,  and  would  urge  upon  the 
Town  Council  to  give  the  matter  further  consider- 
ation." 

The  Resolution  was  seconded  by  the  TREASURER,  and  on 
being  put  to  the  meeting  was  carried  nem.  com. 

On  the  suggestion  of  Lord  BALCARRES  it  was  also  agreed 
that  copies  of  the  Resolution  be  sent  to  the  Commissioners  of 
Woods  and  Forests,  and  to  the  War  Office,  in  whose  custody 
the  other  portions  of  the  town  defences  were  vested. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Assistant  Secretary,  read 
a  paper  on  the  Obituary  Roll  of  John  Islip,  Abbot  of  West- 
minster, 1500-1532,  in  the  possession  of  the  Society,  with 
notes  on  other  English  Obituary  Rolls. 

THOMAS  L.  HARE,  Esq.,  M.P.,  exhibited  in  illustration  the 
Obituary  Roll  of  John  Wiggenhall,  abbot  of  West  Dereham. 

In  the  discussion  on  Mr.  Hope's  paper,  which  will  be 
printed  in  Vetusta  Monumenta,  Mr.  J.  T.  Micklethwaite 
referred  to  the  pictures  of  the  Abbey  made  by  Basire,  which 
were  usually  accurate,  and  suggested  that  the  roundels  seen 
on  the  hearse  in  the  Abbot's  Roll  were  "  crowns "  of  glass 
intended  to  enhance  the  effect  of  the  candles.  The  medallion 
represented  over  the  altar  in  the  Chapel  of  St.  John  Baptist 
was  of  terra-cotta,  like  those  at  Hampton  Court,  and  probably 
the  work  of  Florentine  craftsmen.  There  was  a  large 
quantity  of  terra-cotta  at  Westminster  before  the  time  of 
Torrigiano,  but  fragments  found  could  never  be  pieced 
together. 

Mr.  E.  W.  BRABROOK  referred  to  a  cognate  roll  in  the 
possession  of  the  Worshipful  Company  of  Parish  Clerks, 
containing  a  list  of  persons  for  whom  they  were  bound  to 
pray. 

The  CHAIRMAN  remarked  on  the  industry  displayed  in  these 
rolls  of  40  to  70  feet  in  length,  though  the  earlier  examples 
were  of  somewhat  rude  execution.  Islip's  roll  was  representa- 
tive of  the  best  period,  the  flowers  being  of  especial  merit. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communication 
and  exhibition. 


142  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

Thursday,  2nd  June,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.E.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  Lady  Meux  : — The  Book  of  Paradise  :  being  the  Histories  and  Sayings  of 
the  Monks  and  Ascetics  of  the  Egyptian  Desert.  By  Palladius,  Hieronymus, 
and  others.  Translated  by  E.  A.  Wallis  Budge.  F.S.A.  2  vols.  8vo. 
London,  1904. 

From  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature  :—  Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  Levant  Com- 
pany. By  Rer.  H.  G.  Rosedale,  D.D.,  F.S.A.  Fol.  London,  1904. 

From  W.  A.  Littledale,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  : — A  Concise  History  of  Knighthood. 
By  Hugh  Clark.  2  vols.  8vo.  London,  1784.  With  numerous  MS.  notes 
and  coloured  engravings. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

The  following  letter,  addressed  to  the  President,  was  read : 

2nd  June,  1904. 
SIR, 

In  connection  with  the  subject  of  Archaeology  in  Egypt, 
there  is  a  matter  of  no  little  interest  not  only  to  ourselves 
but  to  archaeologists  of  all  nationalities. 

To  this  I  would  venture  to  call  the  attention  of  the  Society, 
although  it  may  be  very  probably  the  case  that  nothing  can 
be  done. 

Science  is  international,  and  in  no  country  is  archaeological 
science  more  international  than  in  Egypt. 

Italy,  Great  Britain,  Germany,  and  now  America  have 
taken  and  now  take  an  active  part  in  the  study  of  Egyptology  ; 
quite  as  active  a  part  as  France. 

By  the  arrangement  between  Great  Britain  and  France 
now  being  concluded,  or  perhaps  already  concluded,  the 
position  of  Director  of  the  Department  of  Antiquities  in 
Egypt  has  been  handed  over  to  France  to  the  exclusion  of 
other  nationalities. 

May  we  not,  at  least,  express  a  pious  hope  that  things  have 
not  yet  gone  too  far,  and  that  where  there  exists  already  an 
international  committee  the  directorship  may  also  be  made 
international. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  obedient  servant, 

SOMERS  CLARKE. 

To  the  President, 

The  Royal  Society  of  Antiquaries. 


June  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  143 

After  some  remarks  by  the  President,  who  thought  it  a 
matter  of  regret  that  such  an  arrangement  had  been  made, 
and  by  Sir  Henry  Howorth,  who  referred  to  the  exceptional 
difficulties  of  the  case,  and  was  of  opinion  that  the  Society 
should  protest,  not  as  politicians  but  as  archasologists,  it  was 
unanimously  resolved  that  the  matter  be  referred  to  the 
Council. 

Mr.  A.  F.  LEACH  called  attention  to  a  renewed  attempt  on 
the  part  of  the  Borough  Council  to  demolish  the  Whitgift 
Hospital  at  Croydon,  and  moved  the  following  Resolution, 
which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  M.  S.  Giuseppi,  and  carried 
unanimously : 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  hears  with 
great  regret  that  the  Croydon  Borough  Council 
proposes  to  promote  a  Bill  in  Parliament  to  destroy 
the  Whitgift  Hospital  for  the  purpose  of  widening 
the  road  in  which  it  stands. 

The  Society  ventures  to  express  the  hope  that 
the  Council  will  reconsider  the  matter,  as  it  is 
informed  that  the  object  in  view  can  be  effected 
without  destroying  this  interesting  and  beautiful 
building,  which  still  effectively  serves  the  purpose 
for  which  it  was  erected  three  centuries  ago." 

It  was  further  resolved  : 

"  That  copies  of  this  Resolution  be  sent  to  the  Croydon 
Borough  Council,  the  Trustees  of  the  Whitgift 
Hospital,  and  the  Charity  Commissioners,  and 
that  the  Council  of  the  Society  be  requested  to 
take  all  necessary  steps  to  give  effect  to  the  feel- 
ing of  the  Society." 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m., 
when  the  following  were  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the 
Society : 

Samuel  Pepys  Cockerell,  Esq. 

Gerald  Walter  Erskine  Loder,  Esq.,  M.P. 

Basil  Harrington  Soulsby,  Esq. 

George  James  Frampton,  Esq.,  R.A. 

Rev.  John  Augustus  Lloyd,  M.A. 

Lewis  Foreman  Day,  Esq. 

James  Griffith  Dearden,  Esq. 

Henry  Weyman,  Esq. 

Major  Victor  Farquharson. 


144  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 


Thursday,  9th  June,  1904. 

Sir  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B., 

Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  : — Roman  Hayling  :  a  Contribution  to  the  History  of  Roman 
Britain.    By  Talfourd  Ely,  D.Litt.,  F.S.A.     8vo.    London,  1904. 

From  the  Author: — Extracts  from  the  oldest  Registers  of  the  Parish  of  Syder- 
stone,  Norfolk.     By  Rev.  H.  J.  D.  Astley.     8vo.     Norfolk,    n.d. 

From  the  Author  : — Arbor  Low  Stone  Circle  Excavations  in  1901  and  1902. 
By  H.  St.  George  Gray.     8vo.    n.p.     1904. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

George  James  Frampton,  Esq.,  R.A. 
Major  Victor  Farquharson. 
Samuel  Pepys  Cockerell,  Esq. 
James  Griffith  Dearden,  Esq. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Assistant  Secretary,  and 
GEORGE  E.  Fox,  Esq.,  Hon.  M.A.  Oxon,  F.S.A.,  communicated 
a  report  on  excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Romano-British 
town  at  Silchester,  Hants,  in  1903. 

In  illustration  of  the  paper,  which  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia,  a  number  of  architectural  fragments  and  other 
antiquities  found  during  the  excavations  were  exhibited. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed,  Professor  Gowland  pointed 
out  how  the  alterations  in  the  baths  showed  the  varying 
fortunes  of  Silchester,  while  the  absence  of  decorated  archi- 
tectural fragments  and  articles  of  gold  and  silver  showed 
comparative  poverty.  The  mass  of  iron  oxide  (solid  rust),  of 
which  about  one-fifth  was  exhibited,  was  found  below  the 
basin  in  the  centre  of  the  frigidarium.  It  consisted  mainly  of 
iron  nails,  but  included  glass  fragments,  coins,  and  two  small 
lumps  of  lead  ore.  These  had  evidently  been  placed  inten- 
tionally where  they  were  found,  and  were  not  due  to  drainage. 
The  water  must  have  been  practically  stagnant,  and  the  mass 
formed  a  cast  of  the  drain,  8  inches  in  width.  There  was 
also  an  interesting  piece  of  pewter,  which  showed  a  fresh 
composition  for  Roman  metal,  namely  56  per  cent,  of  tin 
and  the  rest  lead.  This  was  the  poorest  specimen  of  Roman 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  145 

pewter   he   had  ever  examined.      The  material   of  a  small 
brooch  exhibited  proved  to  be  white  bronze. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  thought  the  scarcity  of  valuables  might 
be  explained  by  the  fact  that  Silchester  was  not  overwhelmed 
by  a  catastrophe,  but  was  abandoned  by  the  inhabitants,  who 
were  able  to  carry  away  all  moveable  property  with  them. 

Mr.  HAVERFIELD  pointed  out  the  necessity  of  publishing  all 
details  bearing  on  the  successive  structural  alterations  of  the 
baths. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  com- 
munication. 


Thursday,  16th  June,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Henry  Taylor,  Esq.,  F.S.A. :— Illustrated  Catalogue  of  the  Old  Manchester 
and  Salford  Exhibition,  1904.    8vo.    Manchester,  1904. 

From  H.  B.  Walters,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. :— The  Churchwardens' Accounts  of  the 
Parish  of  Worfield.     Part  ii.     1512-1523.     8vo.    n.p.     n.d. 

From  R.  Garraway  Rice,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— Eight  lantern  slides  illustrative  of  the 
excavations  of  Silchester  in  1903. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

Rev.  John  Augustus  Lloyd,  M.A. 
Gerald  Walker  Erskine  Loder,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Henry  Weyman,  Esq. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Charity  Com- 
mission with  reference  to  the  Whitgift  Hospital  at  Croydon, 
stating  "  that  there  is  not  at  present  any  application  before 
the  Charity  Commissioners  in  connection  with  the  Bill  which 
according  to  the  Resolution  of  the  Society  is  about  to  be 
promoted  in  Parliament.  If  any  such  application  is  made  to 
this  office  the  Resolution  in  question^  will  be  submitt 
Commissioners  with  the  application." 

VOL.  XX.  K 


146  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

W.  DALE,  Esq.,  F.S.A..,  exhibited  and  read  the  following 
paper  on  an  English  spinet  of  the  seventeenth  century  made 
by  Charles  Haward  : 

"  The  musical  instrument  I  exhibit  this  evening  is  a  spinet 
of  English  manufacture,  and,  so  far  as  I  know,  is  one  of  the 
earliest  made  in  this  country.  The  spinet  belongs  to  that 
class  of  stringed  instruments  with  a  keyboard,  in  which  the 
sound  is  produced  by  a  mechanical  plectrum.  Indeed  it  is 
from  the  thorn-like  point  plucking  the  string  that  the  spinet 
takes  its  name.  The  plectrum  was  usually  a  portion  of  a 
crow  quill  inserted  in  a  simple  but  ingenious  piece  of  mechan- 
ism called  a  'jack.'  When  the  key  is  touched  the  jack  rises 
and  the  quill  plucks  the  string,  passing  back  as  it  falls 
without  sound,  and  at  the  same  time  a  piece  of  cloth  in  the 
jack  damps  the  string.  Very  finely  drawn  wire  is  necessary, 
and  the  spinet  was  not  capable  of  any  expression.  Consider- 
able variety  of  tone  could,  however,  be  produced  on  the 
kindred  instrument,  the  harpsichord,  by  means  of  stops  which 
controlled  registers  acting  upon  one,  two,  or  three  strings, 
and  often  by  the  use  of  a  double  keyboard. 

The  spinet  is  not  the  oldest  stringed  instrument  to  which 
the  keyboard  was  applied.  That  honour  belongs  to  the 
clavichord  ,  the  earliest  instrument  with  strings  in  which  the 
sound  was  unlocked  by  a  clavis  or  key.  Clavichords  have 
but  little  in  common  with  spinets,  and  it  is  not  my  business 
to  speak  of  them  now  ;  but  as  I  have  occasion  to  refer  to  the 
collection  at  South  Kensington,  I  should  like  to  say  how 
much  the  nation  is  indebted  to  the  late  Carl  Engel,  who 
rescued  this  interesting  instrument  from  oblivion,  spending 
his  summer  holidays  in  hunting  up  specimens  as  well  as 
enriching  the  collection  in  other  ways. 

The  spinet  had  its  origin  in  Italy  very  early  in  the  sixteenth 
or  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It  was  known  there 
as  the  '  spinetta  traversa.'  Some  say  the  name  came  from  a 
Venetian  named  Spinetti,  but  the  thorny  derivation  is  the 
more  probable,  as  the  French  called  it  the  '  espinette '  and 
later  the  '  epinette.'  The  oldest  known  specimen  is  at  South 
Kensington,  and  is  dated  1521.  As  others  are  there  of  the 
same  period  I  need  not  trouble  you  with  any  description  of 
the  Italian  spinet.  It  is  certain  they  were  imported  into 
England  in  the  days  of  the  Tudors.  and  here  they  obtained 
the  name  of  virginals,  a  word  applied  as  well  to  the  harpsi- 
chords, which  as  early  as  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.  were  also 
imported.  The  word  spinet  does  not  come  into  use  until 
about  the  time  of  the  Restoration,  and  was  apparently  first 
used  in  its  French  form.  The  virginals  used  previously  were 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  147 

really  spinets  and  harpsichords  from  Italy  and  the  Nether- 
lands. Queen  Elizabeth's  virginal,  shown  in  1885  at  the 
Albert  Hall,  was  an  Italian  spinet.  The  '  2  payers  of 
virginalls  in  one  coffer  with  4  stoppes  brought  to  Greenwich ' 
in  1530  (Privy  purse  expenses  Henry  VIII.)  was  a  double- 
keyed  harpsichord  in  an  outer  case,  and  the  '  good  virginal ' 
which  the  painter  Gerbier  negotiated  the  purchase  of  for 
Sir  F.  Windebank  for  Charles  I.  in  1638  was  a  double 
harpsichord  with  four  stops  by  Hans  Ruckers  the  younger 
of  Antwerp. 

The  use  of  the  word  virginal  had  become  so  common  that  it 
was  no  doubt  still  in  vogue  when  the  manufacture  of  instru- 
ments of  this  class  had  begun  in  England,  and  for  some  time 
was  applied  indiscriminately  to  all  three  forms,  viz.  : 

1.  The  harpsichord  (clavecin,  clavicembalo,  harpicordo, 

abroad) ; 

2.  The    smaller    '  clavecin    rectangulaire '    or    coffer- 

shaped  instrument ;  and 

3.  The  espinette  or  spinet,  a  continuation  of  the  Italian 

spinetta. 

The  expression  '  pair  '  of  course  means  a  single  instrument, 
meaning  perhaps  gradation  in  the  old  sense  of  the  keys  as 
steps  through  the  intervals  of  the  scale.  It  was,  how- 
ever, very  widely  used  in  respect  of  other  things.  John 
Bunyan  furnishes  the  House  called  Beautiful  with  a 
'pair  of  excellent  virginals'  on  which  Prudence  played  to 
Christiana.  Samuel  Pepys  notices  at  the  Fire  of  London  that 
the  '  river  was  full  of  lighters  and  boats  taking  in  goods,  and 
good  goods  swimming  in  the  water,  and  only  I  observed  that 
hardly  one  lighter  or  boat  in  three  that  had  the  goods  of  a 
house  in  but  there  was  a  pair  of  virginals  in  it.'  Two  years 
later,  in  April,  1668,  he  is  more  explicit :  '  To  Whitehall 
took  Aldgate  Street  on  my  way,  and  there  called  upon  one 
Hay  ward  that  makes  virginalls,  and  there  did  like  of  a  little 
Espinette  and  will  have  him  finish  it  for  me,  for  I  had  a  mind 
to  a  small  harpsichon,  but  this  takes  up  less  room,  and  will  do 
my  business  as  to  finding  out  of  chords,  and  I  am  very  well 
pleased  that  I  have  found  it.' 

This  is  the  earliest  instance  I  can  find  of  the  use  of  the 
word  espinette  or  spinet,  and  I  do  not  think  true  spinets  were 
made  in  England  much  earlier  than  the  Restoration.  I  nd.-r 
date  14th  June,  1661,  Pepys  says, '  I  sent  to  my  house  by  my 
Lord's  desire  his  shipp  and  triongle  virginal.'  Mr.  Wheatley 
in  his  Pepy niana  says  the  late  Mr.  A.  J.  Hipkins  does  not  know 

K  2 


148  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE  [1904, 

what  is  meant  by  a  ( triangle  virginal/  and  suggests  it  was  a 
spinet  on  a  three-legged  stand.  What  Mr.  Hipkins  does  say 
in  his  article  '  Spinet '  in  Grove's  Dictionary  of  Music  (which  I 
may  say  I  helped  him  to  compile)  is  that  '  a  pair  of  triangles 
for  my  spinet '  meant  a  three-legged  stand  such  as  you  see. 
'  My  Lord's  triangle  virginal '  was  a  spinet,  and  the  interest  of 
the  entry  is  that  the  form  was  novel,  and  being  different  from 
the  rectangular  or  coffer-shaped  virginal,  Pepys  coined  an 
expression,  and  from  its  roughly  triangular  form  called  it  a 
triangle  virginal. 

I  think  there  was  no  manufacture  of  instruments  of  the 
kinds  referred  to  in  England  before  the  middle  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  because  I  have  never  come  across  anything 
earlier  than  the  date  1651,  a  coffer-shaped  virginal  by  Thomas 
White,  nor  found  any  reference  to  English  makers  earlier. 
In  1885  I  arranged  a  large  loan  collection  of  old  keyboard 
instruments  at  the  Albert  Hall,  and  compiled  the  catalogue.  I 
have  also  spent  a  good  deal  of  time  in  collecting  particulars 
of  such  instruments  from  every  available  source. 

The  Ha  ward  spinet  I  show  to-night  came  from  Bildeston 
Hall,  in  Suffolk.  It  has  had  as  little  restoration  as  possible. 
One  or  two  pieces  of  ironwork  ornamentation  have  been 
supplied  and  a  new  jack  rail.  The  wire  is  the  same  gauge  as 
that  originally  used,  and  it  is  quilled  from  bundles  of  crow- 
quills  120  years  old  found  by  me  in  the  loft  of  a  harpsichord 
maker's  house  in  Soho.  It  is  very  English  in  its  extreme 
plainness,  but  the  sounding  board  shows  that  Haward  had  an 
Italian  model  before  him.  In  it  is  a  beautiful  rose -hole,  and 
there  is  also  a  simple  decoration  in  Indian  ink.  The  rose-hole 
was  afterwards  abandoned  by  spinet  makers,  and  retained 
only  by  Kirckmann,  a  harpsichord  maker  who  was  an 
apprentice  in  the  famous  house  of  Ruckers.  The  decoration 
is  a  survival  of  the  more  elaborate  forms  of  ornament  which 
characterised  the  instruments  made  in  Italy  and  the  Nether- 
lands. It  was  the  painting  and  decoration  of  these  instruments 
which  gave  the  Ruckers  of  Antwerp  an  entry  into  the  Guild 
of  St.  Luke,  the  painters'  guild.  Near  the  tuning  pins  is  put 
the  sacred  monogram  I.H.S.,  a  custom  adopted  by  the  Italian 
violin  makers.  The  name-board  bears  the  inscription, 
'  Carolus  Haward  Fecit '  and  over  each  key  the  name  of  the 
note  is  written.  That  this  was  done  by  the  maker  I  will 
prove  directly. 

The  other  notices  of  Haward  by  Samuel  Pepys  I  may  now 
quote,  but  firstly  there  is  an  entry  on  23rd  March,  1668,  as 
follows  : 

'  Thence  to  Bishopsgate  Street,  thinking  to  have  found  a 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  149 

harpsicon  maker  that  used  to  live  there  before  the  fire,  but 
he  is  gone,  and  I  have  a  mind  to  have  a  little  harpsicon  made 
me  to  confirm  and  help  me  in  my  musique  notions  which  my 
head  is  now  a  days  full  of,  and  I  do  believe  will  come  to 
something  that  is  very  good.' 

Then  comes  the  entry  of  April  4,  1668,  recording  his  first 
visit  to  Ha  ward,  already  quoted. 

The  next  is  July  10,  1668  :  'To  Ha  wards  to  look  upon  an 
Espinette  and  did  come  near  to  buying  one  but  broke  off.  I 
have  a  mind  to  have  one.' 

July  13,  1668:  'I  to  buy  my  espinette  which  I  did  now 
agree  for,  and  did  at  Haward's  meet  with  Mr.  Thacker,  and 
heard  him  play  on  the  harpsichon  so  as  I  never  heard  man 
before  I  think.' 

July  15,  1668:  'At  noon  is  brought  home  the  espinette  I 
bought  the  other  day  of  Haward,  costs  me  £5.' 

I  have  never  been  able  to  find  any  other  reference  to 
Haward  except  by  one  Thomas  Salmon,  M.A.,  in  1672,  in 
'  A  Vindication  of  an  Essay  to  the  Advancement  of  Music.' 
The  essay  he  vindicated  he  describes  as  (  An  essay  to  the 
advancement  of  music  by  casting  away  the  perplexity  of 
different  clefs,  and  writing  all  sorts  of  music  in  one  universal 
character.'  His  plan  was  that  the  notes  should  always 
occupy  the  same  position  on  the  stave  without  regard  to 
which  octave  might  be  used,  and  he  chose  such  position  from 
that  on  the  bass  stave,  i.e.  G  was  to  be  always  on  the  lowest 
line.  Removing  the  bass  clef  he  substituted  for  it  the  letter 
B,  signifying  bass.  In  like  manner  he  placed  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next  stave  the  letter  M  for  mean,  to  indicate 
that  the  notes  were  to  be  sung  or  played  an  octave  higher 
than  the  bass,  and  to  the  second  stave  above  he  prefixed  the 
letter  T  for  treble,  to  denote  that  the  notes  were  to  be  sounded 
two  octaves  above  the  bass. 

Matthew  Lock  criticised  the  essay  very  severely,  and  then 
Salmon  wrote  his  '  Vindication,'  in  which  this  passage 
occurs : 

'  Here,  Sir,  I  must  acquaint  you  in  favour  of  the  aforesaid 
B.  M.  T.  (bass,  mean,  and  treble)  that  t'other  day  I  met  with 
a  curious  pair  of  Phanatical  Harpsichords  made  by  that  Arch 
Heretick  Chas.  Haward  which  were  ready  cut  out  into 
octaves,  as  I  am  told  he  abusively  contrives  all  his,  in  so 
much  that  by  the  least  hint  of  B.  M.  T.  all  the  notes  were 
easily  found  as  lying  in  the  same  posture  in  every  one  of 
their  octaves.  And  that  Sir  with  this  advantage  that  so  soon 
as  the  Scholar  had  learned  one  hand  he  understood  them, 
because  the  position  of  the  notes  were  for  both  the  same.' 


150  PEOCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904. 

This  reference  of  Salmon's  proves  that  the  lettering  over 
the  keys  in  the  Haward  spinet  is  original. 

After  Haward's  time  there  were  many  other  spinet  makers, 
and  their  manufacture  continued  to  nearly  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  they  were  supplanted  by  the  square 
piano.  The  last  makers  were  Longman  and  Brodripp.  Of 
all  the  instruments  I  have  come  across  none  are  of  such 
beautiful  proportions  as  those  of  John  and  Thomas  Hitchcock, 
who  must  have  been  makers  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
and  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  although  we  have 
no  certain  date  as  to  when  they  flourished. 

By  way  of  comparison,  I  am  showing  you  to-night  a  photo- 
graph of  my  own  John  Hitchcock  spinet,  which  was  once  at 
Windsor  Castle,  and  came  to  me  with  the  tradition  that  it 
was  the  favourite  instrument  of  the  Princess  Amelia, 
youngest  daughter  of  George  III." 

E.  P.  WARREN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following  notes  on  a 
bridge  over  the  mill  stream  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
discoveries  in  connection  therewith : 

"  Great  College  Street  forms  the  southern  boundary  to  the 
garden  of  Westminster  Abbey,  from  which  the  street  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  well-known  mediasval  stone  wall  that  runs  along 
its  northern  side. 

In  many  old  maps  this  is  called  the  Dead  Wall,  and  sepa- 
rated the  garden  from  the  path  and  watercourse  the  situation 
of  which  are  accurately  represented  by  the  street  of  to-day. 
In  a  map  dated  1690,  at  the  British  Museum,  this  Dead  Wall 
is  shown  as  forming  the  southern  enclosure  of  the  Earl  of 
Lindsey's  garden,  the  eastern  portion  of  which  seems  to  have 
formed  part  of  the  site  of  the  Abingdon  Street  houses. 

Many  confident  statements  are  to  be  met  with  that  the 
watercourse  in  question  was  a  tidal  creek,  practicable  for 
boats  and  barges  as  far  as  the  ancient  Abbey  gateway,  repre- 
sented by  the  archway  at  present  giving  access  to  the  south- 
eastern corner  of  Dean's  Yard,  anciently  called  '  The  Elms.' 
A  study  of  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  century  maps  and 
plans,  however,  makes  it  clear  that  this  watercourse  was  a 
mill  stream  of  no  great  width,  and  serving  a  mill  placed  on 
the  liver  bank  at  the  southern  end  of  the  Victoria  Tower 
Garden. 

This  mill  is  clearly  shown  in  several  plans  and  '  birdseye ' 
views,  notably  in  the  plan  of  Pieter  Vanden  Keere,  1593,  in 
the  Print  Room  of  the  British  Museum.  In  this  plan  a 
double  structure  is  shown,  labelled  the  Queen's  Slaughter 
House  and  Mill. 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  151 

Norden's  Map,  in  the  Speculum  Britannice — the  first  parte, 
published  in  1593,  also  clearly  shows  the  Mill  and  Queen's 
Slaughter  House. 

The  Slaughter  House  existed  well  into  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  is  shown  as  the  King's  Slaughter  House,  in  the 
same  position,  in  a  plan  of  intended  improvements  to  West- 
minster Bridge  dated  1739,  at  the  British  Museum. 

In  view  of  its  position  on  a  tidal  river,  with  so  great  a  rise 
and  fall  of  tide  as  the  Thames,  the  Mill  in  all  probability 
must  have  been  worked  between  tides,  and  very  likely  by 
means  of  automatic  flood  gates,  which  admitted  water  as  the 
tide  rose,  and  held  it  back  as  the  tide  fell.  There  are,  I 
believe,  many  mills  of  this  sort  existing  on  Southampton 
Water  and  elsewhere,  and  I  have  lately  seen  one  near 
Chichester.  If  such  was  the  nature  of  the  Mill,  boats  or 
barges  could  only  have  passed  from  the  Thames  to  the  Mill 
Stream  at  high  tide  by  some  side  creek  or  lock,  which  I  have 
been  unable  to  detect  on  any  of  the  maps  or  plans  I  have 
seen,  and  in  the  recent  demolitions  of  buildings  in  Great 
College  Street,  and  the  subsequent  excavations,  nothing,  so 
far  as  I  am  aware,  has  been  discovered  either  in  the  nature  of 
quays  or  wharves,  or  in  that  of  fragments  of  boats  or  apparatus 
of  any  sort,  to  warrant  the  supposition  that  the  stream  was 
navigable. 

It  is  possible  that  the  other  branch  of  the  Tyburne,  which 
ran  along  the  northern  side  of  Thorney  Island,  and  fell  into 
the  Thames  further  down,  was  navigable  to  some  point  in  or 
near  the  enciente  of  the  Abbey  precincts,  but  of  this  I  have  no 
evidence. 

In  Richard  Bloom's  '  Mapp  of  The  Parish  of  St.  Margaret's 
Westminster  taken  from  the  last  Survey  with  corrections,' 
1720,  the  position  of  the  eastward  commencement  of  un- 
covered waterway  in  Great  College  Street  coincides  with  the 
bridge  recently  uncovered  at  the  junction  of  that  street  with 
Tufton  Street,  and  of  which  I  am  able  to  show  a  photographic 
view  and  measured  drawing  made  a  few  weeks  ago. 

Bloom's  map  shows  Tufton  Street  as  the  Bowling  Abbey, 
a  name  under  which  it  figures  in  several  contemporary  and 
earlier  maps,  and  indicates  several  small  bridges  crossing  the 
course  of  the  stream  in  what  is  now  Great  College  Street,  and 
connecting  the  path  that  ran  along  the  bank  under  the  old 
wall,  known  as  the  Dead  Wall.  It  further  shows  one  wide 
bridge  for  general  traffic  on  Millbank. 

The  bridge  as  shown  in  my  illustrations  consists  at  present 
of  a  round  brick  arch  or  vault  placed  between  two  stone  abut- 
ments or  flanking  walls  of  obviously  earlier  date.  The  brick- 


152  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

work  appears  to  be,  at  earliest,  of  seventeenth-century  character, 
and  the  arch  uncovered  recently  seems  to  me  to  be  the  end  of 
a  culvert  rather  than  a  bridge,  and  formed  between  the  stone 
abutments  of  a  demolished  bridge  which  was  probably  of 
timber,  merely  to  enable  the  street  to  be  carried  solidly  up  to 
the  entrance  of  Dean's  Yard. 

It  is  noticeable  that  the  exposed  end  of  this  brick  vault 
shows  that  there  is  no  invert  arch.  The  vault  indeed  springs 
from  the  clay  of  the  bed  without  anything  approaching  to 
foundations.  As  I  saw  it  in  the  spring  the  right-hand  or 
northern  side  of  the  vault  rested  upon  a  thin  slab  of  wood, 
which  on  inspection  proved  to  be  not  even  oak  or  elm,  but 
pine. 

I  have  no  possible  means  of  ascertaining  the  length  of  this 
brick  vault  or  culvert,  and  its  extent  would  throw  consider- 
able light  upon  its  purpose,  for  if  extending  back,  i.e.  west- 
wards, as  far  as  Great  Smith  Street,  it  would  lead  to  the 
supposition  that,  after  the  disuse  of  the  Mill  and  Mill  Stream, 
the  latter  was  vaulted  over  to  gain  ground  whereon  to  erect 
buildings  or  form  gardens  at  the  back  or  to  the  southward  of 
Dean's  Yard.  A  few  years  ago  the  northern  side  of  Little 
Smith  Street,  at  present  occupied  by  the  Church  House,  was 
formed  by  a  row  of  small  houses  whose  backyards  abutted 
on  the  mews  and  backyards  of  Dean's  Yard.  Under  these 
backyards  approximately  the  stream  must  have  passed. 
But  Norden's  map  shows  a  twin  stream,  the  southern  branch 
of  which  would,  I  think,  about  coincide  with  Little  Smith 
Street.  These  streams  seem  to  converge  at  the  bridge. 

It  will  be  noticed  in  Norden's  map,  of  which  my  illustration 
shows  a  portion,  that  there  is  a  group  of  buildings  precisely 
at  the  point  where  the  recent  excavations  have  discovered 
so  many  indications  of  seventeenth-century  usage.  These  are 
the  only  buildings  which,  in  1593,  seem  to  have  existed  on 
the  south  bank  between  the  Abbey  gate  and  the  river. 

The  stone  abutments  or  flanking  walls  of  the  bridge  are  in 
fairly  dressed  masonry  of  Kentish  rag,  and  are,  I  should  say, 
not  later  than  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Eastward  of  the  bridge,  and  marking  the  southern  bank  of 
the  stream,  is  a  row  of  small  timber  piles  or  camp-shedding, 
probably  placed  to  form  a  stable  site  on  the  bank  for  building 
purposes. 

Upon  this  site,  extending  between  Tufton  Street  (the  old 
Bowling  Alley)  and  Barton  Street,  a  much  more  recent 
thoroughfare  apparently,  there  stood  until  last  year  two 
blocks  of  houses  separated  by  a  narrow  passage  called  Black 
Dog  Alley,  and  all,  I  think,  of  the  eighteenth  century,  though 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  153 

the  brick-vaulted  cellars  beneath  those  in  the  eastern  block 
next  Barton  Street,  built  of  smallish  bricks,  had  the  appear- 
ance of  seventeenth-century  work. 

A  very  large  number  of  objects,  pottery,  spoons,  knives,  etc.. 
mostly  of  the  seventeenth  century,  were  found  in  the  recent 
excavations  beneath  these  houses;  some  of  these  I  had  the 
honour  of  showing  here  in  April,  together  with  a  portion  of  a 
Purbeck  marble  shaft  which  I  believe  to  be  the  upper  part  of 
the  shaft  from  the  north-eastern  angle  of  the  Confessor's 
Shrine  ;  it  exactly  fits  that  position.  I  shall  now  be  able  to 
show  other  objects  of  a  similar  character,  but,  before  doing  so, 
wish  to  offer  a  few  remarks  upon  the  course  of  the  stream  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Thorney  Island,  and  must  profess  my 
indebtedness  for  much  information  to  Mr.  J.  G.  Waller, 
Fellow  of  this  Society,  whose  paper  and  plan  contained  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  London  and  Middlesex  Archaeological 
Society  for  1890  is  of  extreme  interest  and  value. 

Mr.  Waller  derives  its  name  of  Tyburne  from  the  Saxon 
Tye  or  Teo  Bourne,  a  double  brook,  and  accounts  for  this 
name  by  the  duplication  or  bifurcation  which  forms  the  delta 
on  which  the  City  and  Abbey  of  Westminster  stand,  and 
which,  as  he  says,  it  must  have  done  much  to  form. 

He  points  out  that  in  its  southward  course,  from  its  rise  in 
the  Conduit  fields  below  the  hill  of  Hampstead,  to  the  Thames, 
it  gave  name  to  Brook  Street,  to  Conduit  Street,  and  to  Pump 
House  Ground,  at  the  junction  of  the  latter  with  Bond  Street. 
Hence  it  passed  by  the  rear  of  the  gardens  of  Berkeley  House 
and  the  end  of  Clarges  Street  to  the  Green  Park,  which  it 
crossed  to  the  front  of  Buckingham  Place,  where  in  Faithorne's 
map  of  1685  it  was  covered  in  from  view.  Passing  in  front 
of  the  Palace,  its  course  was  down  James  Street,  Chapel 
Street,  Orchard  Street,  between  the  present  Church  House 
and  the  south  side  of  Dean's  Yard,  to  the  bridge  at  the 
corner  of  Tufton  Street. 

Mr.  Waller  describes  the  junction  of  the  other  branch,  the 
bifurcation,  as  occurring  in  front  of  Buckingham  Palace, 
whence  he  says  it  made  a  bold  sweep  westwards,  forming 
the  ancient  boundary  of  Westminster,  and,  under  the  name 
of  the  King's  Scholars'  Pond  Sewer,  passed  into  the  Thames, 
running  close  to  Victoria  Station  (there  was  in  the  early 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century  a  brewery  here),  and  by 
Vauxhall  Bridge  Road  and  Tachbrook  Street  out  to  the 
river.  But  there  is  still  the  eastern  branch,  which  confined 
the  island  of  Thorney,  to  account  for,  and  this  is  more  difficult. 
In  Norden's  map  a  branch  is  shown  running  eastward  along 
St.  James's  Park,  until  close  to  Spring  Gardens,  somewhere 


154  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

about  the  present  Admiralty  buildings,  it  seems  to  be  covered 
in,  or  at  any  rate  disappears.  The  whole  lie  of  the  ground, 
however,  and  the  lines  of  the  houses  in  old  maps,  seem  to 
indicate  that  it  passed  through  Old  Scotland  Yard  or  there- 
abouts, and  made  for  the  Old  Scotland  Dock  shown  clearly 
in  the  plan  of  the  Palace  of  Westminster  published  by  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1747,  from  a  Survey  of  1680. 
There  seems,  however,  to  have  been  an  offshoot  of  this  branch 
running  southward  across  the  present  Parade  Ground  of  the 
Horse  Guards.  I  think  it  must  have  passed  along  a  portion 
of  the  eastern  side  of  St.  James's  Park,  as  excavations  along 
the  western  side  of  Delahay  Street  some  years  ago  discovered 
a  number  of  willow  trunks,  etc.,  and  down  Princes  Street, 
which  in  a  map  of  1685,  as  well  as  in  others,  is  called  '  Long 
Ditch,'  though  this,  of  course,  may  have  been  an  artificial 
ditch. 

The  water  has  long  since  been  diverted  from  the  natural 
course  of  the  stream  into  the  pond  in  St.  James's  Park  and 
into  various  sewers.  There  is  no  water  in  the  old  course  in 
Great  College  Street,  and  my  examination  of  such  portions  of 
the  course  as  were  recently  exposed  suggested  that  the 
diversion  of  the  water  and  the  silting  up  of  the  course  had 
rendered  the  stream  inoperative  as  a  mill  race  before  the 
brick  culvert  or  bridge  was  built. 

I  have  now  to  draw  attention  to  the  objects  found  in  the 
excavations  on  a  spot  bounded  by  Tufton  Street  or  the  old 
Bowling  Alley  on  the  west,  the  Mill  Stream  or  Great  College 
Street  on  the  north,  and  Barton  Street  on  the  east,  and 
extending  some  80  to  90  feet  southward  from  Great  College 
Street.  Most  of  the  articles  were  found  within  20  or  30  feet 
of  the  old  stream,  many  in  the  course  itself.  These  mostly, 
to  such  an  audience  as  this,  speak  for  themselves. 

They  consist  chiefly  of  spoons,  knives,  and  pottery.  Of  the 
spoons,  No.  1,  a  small  slip- ended  pewter  spoon,  is,  I  think,  the 
earliest,  probably  early  sixteenth  century,  and  much  like  one 
in  the  Ellis  Collection  at  South  Kensington,  having  the  date 
1523  assigned  to  it. 

No.  2,  marked  '  S.G.'  on  the  handle,  and  No.  3,  with  '  H ' 
on  the  back,  are  of  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century. 

No.  4.  A  pewter  spoon  with  a  touch  composed  of  two  crossed 
spoons  is  of  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

No.  5.  A  brass  spoon  circa  1660. 

No.  6.  A  brass  spoon  with  a  heart  as  the  touch  and  a 
pied  de  biche  handle,  probably  1680-90. 

No.  7.    A  spoon  marked  '  T.S.'   and  with  a  pied  de  biche 


June  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  155 

handle,  of  about  the  same  date,  as  also  is  No.  8,  a  pewter 
spoon  with  a  lozenge-shaped  touch. 

No.  9.  The  sifting  or  straining  spoon  of  brass,  from  the 
shape  of  its  handle,  must  be,  I  think,  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  probably  later. 

The  knives  are,  I  think,  all  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  No.  10,  a  knife  with  a  small 
blue  stained  short  wooden  handle  inserted  in  an  iron  ferrule, 
which  may  be  of  the  late  sixteenth  century. 

The  small  glass  bottles,  No.  13  and  14,  are  probably  scent 
or  essence  bottles. 

I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  W.  W.  Watts,  F.S.A.,  and  Mr.  Mitchell, 
of  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  for  kind  assistance  as  to 
dates  and  descriptions  of  these  articles. 


CLOTH   AND   PINS   FORMING   PART   OK   A  CHAIIM. 

The  most  interesting  find  has  been  No.  19,  the  'Gray 
beard '  jug  with  its  contents.  When  found  and  purchased 
by  me  it  was  stoppered  down  with  a  cork ;  upon  opening  it, 
and  washing  out  the  contents,  there  was  found  within  it  the 
objects  here  exhibited,  viz.  (i.)  a  small  piece  of  cloth  or  serge, 
formerly  red,  cut  carefully  and  neatly  into  a  heart  shape,  and 
stuck  full  of  brass  round-headed  pins,  each  pin  bent ;  and 
(ii.)  a  small  quantity  of  hair,  ostensibly  human,  and  some  small 
finger  nail  parings. 

I  think  there  can  be  little  doubt  as  to  the  nature  of  this 
deposit  inside  a  corked  jug,  found  in  the  clay  of  the 


156  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

Stream  bank.  It  is  a  malevolent  charm,  the  intended  victim 
of  which  was  a  woman,  and  it  is  perhaps  permissible  to 
surmise  that  the  depositor  and  evil-wisher  was  of  the  same 
sex.  Perhaps  a  maidservant  who  had  a  grudge  against  her 
mistress,  and  who  could  easily  obtain  the  clippings  and 
prunings  of  her  toilet. 

The  jug  and  its  contents  were  probably  buried  with  the 
accompanying  rite  of  a  fearful  incantation.  The  Lord's 
Prayer  may  even  have  been  said  backwards,  and  a  peculiarly 
malevolent  phase  of  the  moon  may  have  been  awaited.  If  it 
is  fair  to  form  these  somewhat  uncharitable  and  ungallant 
surmises,  the  opportunity  is  also  presented  of  adjusting  the 
balance  of  charity  and  of  gallantry  by  expressing  the  sincere 
hope  that  the  charm  was  ineffectual,  that  the  fair  intended 
victim  escaped  all  aches  and  pains,  and  that  the  only  pricks 
bestowed  were  upon  the  repentant  conscience  of  the 
depositor. 

Having  but  little  knowledge  of  the  black  art,  and  being 
unable  to  count  a  single  sorcerer  amongst  my  acquaintance, 
I  appeal  to  any  of  my  audience  who  are  more  erudite  or  more 
highly  favoured  to  assist  me  with  information  as  to  the 
science  and  practice  of  charms  of  this  order,  or  to  cite  similar 
or  correlative  instances  of  which  they  may  have  knowledge." 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  said  that  the  double  stream  was 
discovered  during  the  building  of  the  Church  House,  and 
the  branch  that  turned  round  by  Smith  Street  was  exposed 
two  or  three  years  ago,  when  the  red  brick  houses  were  built 
in  Dean's  Yard. 

Mr.  READ  drew  attention  to  an  early  feature  of  one  pottery 
vessel  exhibited,  the  bottom  rim  being  pressed  out  with  the 
finger  and  thumb,  as  in  the  Siegburg  ware.  The  plaque  was 
a  good  specimen  of  Flemish  art,  dating  from  the  seventeenth 
century.  Of  the  two  weights,  one  had  the  stamp  of  St. 
Michael  and  the  scales  (cf.  Proceedings,  xvii.  23). 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH,  referring  to  the  jug  containing  hair, 
etc.,  said  that  a  similar  charm  had  been  found  under  the 
thatch  of  a  cottage  at  Healey,  near  Rochdale.  The  Olaf 
saga  describes  the  custom  of  trimming  the  nails  and  hair  in 
the  grove  of  Olaf  and  taking  the  cuttings  into  battle.  This 
was  purely  a  Norse  tradition,  and  survived  long  after 
Christian  times. 

The  DIRECTOR  remarked  on  the  exceedingly  small  dimensions 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  157 

of  one  of  the  tobacco-pipes  exhibited,  and  assigned  it  to  the 
Elizabethan  period.  The  candlestick  belonged  to  the  early 
part  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  PRESIDENT  drew  attention  to  the  superstitious  use  of 
nail-parings  and  hair  in  the  South  Sea  Islands.* 

Sir  GEORGE  ARMYTAGE  mentioned  that  a  huge  pile  found  on 
the  site  of  the  new  offices  for  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire 
Railway  in  Great  College  Street  had  been  made  into 
newels,  and  so  preserved  on  the  staircase  of  the  building. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations. 


Thursday,  June  23rd,  1904. 

SIR  HENRY  H.  HOWORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  F.R.S., 
Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  :—  Reproductions  of  Prints  in  the 
British  Museum.  New  series,  part  xiii.  Specimens  of  line-engraving  by 
English  masters  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Kolio.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author:  -The  Union  Jack:  its  History  and  Development  By 
Emanuel  Green,  F.S.A.  Second  edition.  8vo.  London,  IS 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

Rev.  Thomas  Taylor,  M.A. 
Charles  Partridge,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Basil  Harrington  Soulsby,  Esq. 

SOMERS  CLARKE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
further  Report  as  Local  Secretary  for  Egypt  : 

"  I  had  the  honour  some  weeks  since  of  laying  before  the 
Society  a  short  statement  from  Egypt  with  particulars  of  a 


*  Much  information  on  this  superstition  ia   given   in   Pr- 
Sovffh.  i.  375  seq.     In  Fiji  the  shorn  hair  is  concealed  in  tl 

house  (p.  332). 


158  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

few  things  that  had  come  under  my  notice  in  connection  with 
works  of  exploration  and  discovery.  I  now  venture  to  add 
some  more  notes  to  the  very  imperfect  collection  I  have 
already  sent,  and  those  I  propose  to  lay  before  the  Society 
relate  chiefly  to  the  works  connected  with  the  repair  of  the 
mosques  and  the  remains  of  Early  Christian  art  scattered  up 
and  down  the  country. 

Before  I  touch  upon  these  it  might  be  well  to  give  a  side 
glance  upon  the  exploration  at  Alexandria.  We  have  already 
heard  of  the  discoveries  made  around  the  base  of  Pompey's 
Pillar  under  the  charge  of  the  late  Signer  Botti.  Since  these 
excavations  the  catacombs  at  Kom  es  Shougafa  have  been 
cleared.  They  are  of  a  very  late  date,  and  show  in  their 
sculpture  the  most  interesting  combination  of  the  old 
Egyptian  and  the  Roman  lines  of  art.  The  excavations 
are  carried  out  by  the  municipality  of  Alexandria.  One 
cannot  too  highly  commend  not  only  the  thoroughness  with 
which  the  work  has  been  done  but  the  care  taken  to  preserve 
the  catacombs  and  the  admirable  way  in  which  they  are 
illuminated  with  electric  light. 

Next  in  order  must  come  the  Christian  antiquities  in 
Egypt.  The  importance  of  these  has  been  not  unnaturally 
overshadowed  by  the  prodigious  remains  of  ancient  Egypt 
and  by  the  splendour  and  number  of  the  mosques.  There 
existed  the  Department  of  Antiquities  taking  charge  of  the 
ancient  remains,  and  the  Comite  de  Conservation  des  Monu- 
ments arabes,  which  looked  after  the  mosques  and  other 
objects  of  Saracenic  art.  The  remains  of  Roman  and 
Christian  art  were  left  out  in  the  cold. 

It  will  be  in  the  recollection  of  some  Fellows  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries  that  I  had  the  honour  of  calling  their 
attention  to  the  remains  of  the  great  Roman  fort  in  old  Cairo, 
known  as  the  Kasr  es  Shamma,  which  was  being  rapidly 
destroyed  by  the  over  zeal  of  a  most  benevolent  man,  Nakleh 
Bey  Barrati.*  The  photographs  of  this  vast  fortress  are  in  the 
keeping  of  the  Society.  Incorporated  with  this  fort  is  the 
church  of  El  Muallakah,  and  within  its  circuit  are  several 
other  venerable  churches. 

I  am  happy  to  say  that,  to  some  extent,  perhaps,  owing  to 
my  efforts,  Lord  Cromer's  attention  was  called  to  the  state  of 
neglect  from  which  these  and  other  relics  of  Christian  art 
were  suffering.  They  were  scheduled,  and  by  his  advice 
placed  under  the  care  of  the  body  before  mentioned,  the 
Comite  de  Conservation  des  Monuments  arabes.  They 

*  Proceedings,  N.S.  xvi.  58. 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  159 

cannot  now  be  pulled  about  and  recklessly  patched  by  well- 
meaning  but  ill-directed  zeal. 

The  most  striking  and  most  valuable  examples  of  Christian 
art  that  remain  in  Egypt,  and  which  are  in  part  fairly  well 
preserved,  are  the  churches  of  the  two  important  monasteries 
near  Sohag,  in  Upper  Egypt,  the  Deir  el  Abiad  and  the 
Deir  el  Ahinar.  I  have  before  referred  to  these  buildings  in 
sending  communications  to  the  Society.  Our  Fellows  will 
be  pleased  to  know  that  the  '  Comite  '  has  now  obtained  a  set 
of  very  careful  drawings  of  the  paintings  and  inscriptions 
with  which  the  walls  are  covered.  These  are  made  by  a 
M.  Cledat,  for  publication  in  the  book  on  the  Christian 
antiquities  of  Egypt  which  the  Comite  is  assisting  to 
produce. 

Going  up  the  Nile  in  the  month  of  November  last  I  visited 
the  Deir  el  Abiad,  and  was  much  alarmed  to  observe  how  far 
the  north  wall  had  sunk.  It  hangs  inwards,  and  threatens  at 
any  moment  to  collapse.  In  doing  so  it  would  crush  the 
northern  of  the  eastern  group  of  apses,  and  would  indeed 
reduce  to  ruin  the  only  sound  part  of  the  interior  that 
remains. 

Feeling  that  something  must  be  done,  that  it  was  impossible 
to  sit  still,  almost  to  '  assist '  at  the  destruction  of  so  vener- 
able and  important  a  monument  of  Christian  art,  one  which 
is  of  high  importance  whether  in  Egypt  or  elsewhere,  I  was 
moved  to  write  a  full  report  to  Lord  Cromer,  pleading  that  a 
sufficient  sum  should  be  found  to  put  the  building  at  least  in 
substantial  repair. 

Lord  Cromer  is  occasionally  credited  with  having  but  little 
regard  for  the  antiquities.  It  cannot  be  said  that  he  has  been 
other  than  most  kind  and  active  in  this  matter.  He  at  once 
put  himself  in  communication  with  the  Patriarch ;  he  arranged 
that  the  architect  to  the  "Comite,"  Herz  Bey,  should  in 
conjunction  with  a  representative  from  the  Patriarch  pay  a 
special  visit  to  the  two  Deirs,  el  Abiad  and  el  Ahmar ;  and 
finally  he  has  referred  to  the  subject  in  his  annual  report  in 
these  words :  * 

'  Out  of  some  £E2,000  set  apart  for  the  purpose  of  repair- 
ing Coptic  monuments  £E856  had  been  expended  up  to  the 
end  of  1903.  To  this  amount  the  Coptic  Patriarch  added 
£E395  during  the  years  1902-3.  There  is  probably  no 
community  in  Egypt  which  has  gained  more  than  the  Copts 
from  the  British  occupation.  It  is  notorious  that  many 

*  Egypt  No.  1  (1904).     Page  68.-  Preservation  of  Arab  Monument*.    Report 
by  H.M   Agent  and  Consul-General  on  Egypt  and  the  S      Ian,  19 


160  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1904, 

Copts  have  amassed  large  fortunes.  It  would  be  a  graceful 
act  on  the  part  of  some  of  these  gentlemen  if  they  would 
devote  some  very  small  portion  of  their  newly  acquired 
wealth  to  the  preservation  of  the  very  interesting  early 
Coptic  monuments  of  their  country.  My  special  attention 
has  been  called  by  a  competent  authority  to  the  desirability 
of  putting  the  celebrated  churches  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Sohag  (Deir  el  Abiad  and  Deir  el  Ahmar)  into  a  state  of 
repair.  I  venture  to  express  a  hope  that  funds  will  be  forth- 
coming which  will  enable  this  work  to  be  undertaken.' 

It  will  be  observed  that  regret  is  expressed  in  the  report 
that  the  Coptic  community  does  not  come  forward  and  assist 
the  grant  made  by  the  Government.  The  same  regret  has 
been  expressed  in  previous  reports.  The  Coptic  community 
still  remains  more  or  less  deaf.  But  is  this  to  be  wondered 
at? 

It  must  have  struck  some  of  my  hearers  that  the  statement 
in  the  report  begins  with  an  anomaly,  '  Preservation  of  Arab 
Monuments'  and  goes  on  at  once  to  speak  of  buildings 
erected  by  the  Egyptian  Christians  long  before  the  Arab 
invasion. 

The  Comite  de  Conservation  dos  Monuments  arabes  was 
established  as  a  purely  Musulman  body.  Its  work  is  carried 
on  at  the  office  of  the  Musulman  Wakf  (a  sort  of  Ecclesiastical 
Commissioners).  When  attention  had  been  called  to  the  fact 
that  the  monuments  of  Christian  antiquity  were  altogether 
neglected,  it  was  no  doubt  an  easy  thing  to  throw  the  charge 
of  these  monuments  on  the  Comite.  A  few  prominent 
members  of  the  Coptic  community  were  elected  as  members 
of  the  Comite,  or  the  arrangement  could  not  have  worked  at 
all.  We  can  well  imagine  how  unsatisfactory  this  arrange- 
ment has  turned  out. 

The  Coptic  community  knows  this  body,  and  has  long 
known  it  as  one  forming  a  part  of  the  Musulman  governing 
machinery.  It  views  and  persists  in  viewing  the  action  as 
regards  the  churches  with  some  degree  of  suspicion.  Quite 
unjustly,  no  doubt ;  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  it  declines  to 
spend  its  money  through  this  channel.  We  have  to  deal  with 
people  and  things  as  they  are.  Should  we  not,  indeed,  do  we 
not  see  precisely  the  same  feeling  displayed  here  in  England  ? 

I  need  not  labour  this  question.  It  is  self-evident.  In  the 
meantime  the  venerable  buildings  are  liable  to  suffer. 

THE  MONUMENTS  OF  ARAB  ART. 

The  members  of  the  Society  will  be  glad  to  know  that  the 
works  of  repair  at  the  great  mosque  of  Sultan  Hassan  are 


June  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  161 

steadily  progressing.  It  is  not  without  regret  that  I  have 
to  call  attention  to  what  seems  an  unnecessary  piece  of 
'  Restoration,'  with  a  capital  R. 

In  the  carefully  prepared  book  illustrating  the  mosque  of 
Sultan  Hassan,  which  is  in  our  Library,  will  be  found  the  plan 
(Plate  II.).  We  see  the  large  octagonal  basin  in  the  middle  of 
the  courtyard,  and  by  its  side,  towards  the  south-west, 
and  marked  3  on  the  plan,  is  seen  the  small  fountain  inserted, 
as  it  is  affirmed,  in  later  times  for  the  Hanafees,  that  section 
of  the  Moslem  community  which  considers  it  essential  for  the 
ablutions  to  be  made  with  running  water.  On  Plate  XIII. 
we  see  this  little  fountain  in  elevation.  It  has  been  taken 
away,  and  set  up  in  the  court  of  the  mosque  of  El  Merdani. 
Both  history  and  picturesqueness  are  interfered  with.  In 
other  respects  the  works  carried  out  are,  as  yet,  only  those  of 
careful  repair.  Would  that  the  Comite  could  bear  in  mind 
that  where  there  is  any  doubt  it  is  safest  to  retain  things 
as  they  are,  bearing  on  their  face,  as  they  do,  the  history 
of  change  and  evidence  of  the  passage  of  time. 

I  had  the  pleasure  of  visiting  several  other  mosques  with 
our  Hon.  Fellow  Herz  Bey,  and  in  the  case  of  most  of 
these  buildings  one  cannot  speak  too  highly  of  the  scrupulous 
care  with  which  the  absolutely  necessary  repairs  are  being 
carried  out.  In  the  mosques  of  Aslam  el  Bahai,  El  Kourdij, 
and  Ganim  el  Bahlaoun,  beyond  renewing  the  incrustations 
of  whitewash,  placing  new  stones  here  and  there,  and  carry, 
ing  out  substantial  repair,  nothing  in  the  way  of  '  restora- 
tion '  is  attempted,  whilst  parts  done  are  all  dated,  forming 
an  invaluable  record  for  those  who  follow  after. 

The  well-known  Blue  Mosque  (as  it  is  called  by  visitors, 
because  of  its  wall  lining  of  tiles),  or  Mosque  of  Ibrahim 
Agha,  is  also  under  repair.  Whilst  the  painter  and  lover  of 
the  picturesque  as  well  as  the  archaeologist  will  profoundly 
regret  the  removal  of  the  small  fountain  from  the  courtyard 
of  Sultan  Hassan,  he  will  be  pleased  to  know  that  the  group 
of  two  fountains  in  the  yard  of  the  Blue  Mosque  is  not  to 
be  meddled  with.  The  existing  floor  level  of  the  mosque, 
which  covers  a  good  deal  of  the  older  pavement,  will  be 
lowered  and  the  original  level  revealed.  In  this  case  such  a 
return  to  the  older  state  of  things  seems  very  desirable." 

In  connection  with  Mr.  Clarke's  Report  the  following 
Resolution  was  unanimously  adopted  : 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  has  heard  with 
much   gratification   of   the   efforts  that"  have   been 

VOL.  XX.  L 


162  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

made  by  the  Egyptian  Government  for  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  many  monuments  of  post-Roman  date  in 
the  country.  The  Society  would,  however,  venture 
to  suggest  that  some  definite  arrangement  should  be 
made  by  which  the  many  Christian  remains  in 
Egypt  should  be  placed  under  an  entirely  sympa- 
thetic body,  instead  of  confiding  their  custody  and 
conservation  to  a  body  primarily  charged  with  the 
care  of  Musulman  monuments." 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Assistant  Secretary,  and 
W.  R.  LETHABY,  Esq.,  read  the  first  part  of  a  paper  on  the 
Imagery  and  Sculpture  on  the  West  Front  of  Wells  Cathedral 
Church. 

Canon  CHURCH,  Sub-Dean  of  Wells,  referred  to  the  statute 
of  chapter  passed  in  1243,  the  year  after  Bishop  Jocelin's 
death,  to  the  effect  that  the  burial  place  of  the  laity  should  be 
in  front  of  the  west  end  of  the  church.*  The  west  front 
would  on  such  occasions  serve  as  a  kind  of  reredos  for  the 
edification  of  the  devout. 

The  CHAIRMAN  pointed  out  that  the  west  front  of  Wells 
need  not  fear  comparison  with  the  best  work  of  the  thirteenth 
century  in  Italy;  but  he  had  misgivings  as  to  the  colour 
scheme  of  which  there  were  still  evident  traces. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communica- 
tion. 


Thursday,  30th  June,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  F.  A.  Crisp,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Marriage  Licences  from  the  Official  Note 
Books  of  the  Archdeaconry  of  Suffolk  deposited  at  the  Ipswich  Probate 
Court.  1613-1674.  Folio.  London,  1903. 

*  The  text  is  given  in  Archaeologia,  1.  338. 


June  30.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  163 

From  John  Garstang,  Esq.,  B.Litt.,  F.S.A.  :— Roman  Brough-Anavio.  Report 
of  preliminary  Excavations  made  for  the  Derbyshire  Archreological  and 
Natural  History  Society.  8vo.  n.p.  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Church  and  Priory  of  St.  Mary,  Usk.  By  Robert  Richards. 
8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Mayor  of  Canterbury  and  the  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Trade  :— 
The  Ancient  City  of  Canterbury.  Written  by  F.  W.  Farrar,  D.D.,  Dean 
of  Canterbury,  C.  F.  Routledge,  Sebastian  Evans,  and  Francis  Bennett- 
Goldney,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Canterbury,  n.d. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A,  read  a  paper  on  the  Records 
of  the  Manor  of  Durrington,  Wilts,  which  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia. 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  Assistant  Secretary,  and 
W.  R.  LETHABY,  Esq.,  read  the  second  and  concluding  part  of 
a  paper  on  the  Imagery  and  Sculpture  on  the  West  Front  of 
Wells  Cathedral  Church. 

Mr.  E.  S.  PRIOR  pointed  out  that  the  whole  series  of  figures 
seemed  to  be  arranged  in  pairs  or  fours.  The  bishops  are 
distinguished  by  their  stiff  attitudes  and  large  heads.  North 
of  them  are  the  kings,  who  are  executed  in  a  more  lively 
manner,  while  the  warriors  further  north  still  have  large 
heads.  A  gradual  increase  of  delicacy  is  displayed  in  the 
long  series  of  bishops,  knights,  and  ladies,  and  the  finest 
sculpture  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  west  front.  These 
groups,  he  thought,  were  the  work  of  a  succession  of  artists 
trained  on  the  spot,  and  are  not  contemporary  productions  of 
equal  merit.  By  comparison  with  figures  in  the  church,  as 
well  as  at  Salisbury  and  Lincoln,  it  was  possible  to  date  some 
of  the  work  before  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century,  another 
group  about  1229,  and  the  rest  after  1240.  The  clumsy 
introduction  of  the  niche  with  the  Coronation  of  the  Virgin 
showed  that  the  west  front  had  been  altered  at  some  date. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  agreed  that  there  was  a  local  school 
of  art  at  Wells  for  the  decoration  of  the  west  front,  but 
remarked  that  the  artists  had  learnt  much  from  abroad.  The 
Arabic  and  Roman  numerals  which  had  been  cut  on  certain 
groups  in  the  fourteenth  century,  did  not  appear  to  him  due 
to  a  temporary  displacement  during  rebuilding. 

Messrs.  Hope's  and  Lethaby's  paper  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions. 


164  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1904, 

It  was  also  resolved : 

"That  the  best  thanks  of  the  Society  be  given  to  the 
Dean  and  Chapter  of  Wells  for  the  facilities  kindly 
afforded  to  antiquaries  for  examination  of  the 
sculptures  on  the  front  of  the  cathedral  church." 

The  Ordinary  Meetings  of  the  Society  were  then  adjourned 
to  Thursday,  24th  November. 


NOV.  24.]  SOCIETY    OF   AN'TIQUAHIES.  1(JO 


Thursday,  24th  November,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  : — Rake  in  Witley,  with  some  Notices  of  its  former  Owners. 
By  Montague  S.  Giuseppi,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  Lord  Sherborne  : — A  Calendar  of  the  Charters,  Rolls,  and  other  Docu- 
ments (dating  from  A.D.  1182),  as  contained  in  the  Muniment  Room  at 
Sherborne  House,  in  Gloucestershire,  belonging  to  the  Lord  Sherlxmic, 
Baron  of  Sherborne.  Privately  printed.  8vo.  n.p.  1900. 

From  the  Author  : — Remains  of  the  Prehistoric  Age  in  England.  By  B.  C.  A. 
Windle,  Sc.D.,  F.R.8.,  F.S.A.  Svo.  London.  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — A  Short  History  of  Tintern  Abbey  and  the  Lordship  of 
Striguil.  By  James  G.  Wood,  LL.B.,  F.S.A.  Svo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author : — Bregant-forda  and  the  Han-weal.  By  Montagu  Shar|>e. 
Svo.  Brentford,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :  —A  Royal  Descent ;  with  other  Pedigrees  and  Memorials. 
By  [Mrs.]  T.  Elizabeth  Sharpc.  Reprinted  and  corrected.  4to.  London, 
1904. 

From  the  Author  :— An  Outline  of  the  History  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Hellenic  Studies,  1879-1904.  By  G.  A.  Macmillan.  D.Litt  Svo. 
1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Osric  of  Gloucester.  By  Rev.  C.  S.  Taylor,  F.S.A.  Svo. 
Bristol.  1904. 

From  the  Board  of  Education,  South  Kensington  : 

1.  Japanese  Colour  Prints.    By  E.  F.  Strange.     Svo.     London,  1904. 

2.  English    Earthenware.       By  Professor   A.   II.    Church,   F.R.S.      Svo. 

London, 1904. 

3.  English    Porcelain.      By    Professor    A.    II.    Church,    F.R.S.       STO. 

London,  1904. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : 

Three  publications  of  the  Plainsong  and  Medieval  Music  Society,  viz. : 

1.  Antiphonale  Sarisburiense,  fasciculi  v.  and  vi.     1904. 

2.  The  Litany  and  Suffrages  from  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  with  the 

Music  from  the  Sarum  Processional.     1904. 

3.  Salve  Rex,  with  music,     n.d. 
VOL.   XX.  M 


166  PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE  [1904, 

From  F.  C.  Beazeley,  Esq.  : 

1.  Index  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire  and 

Cheshire.    Vols.  i.-li.  (1849-1900).     8vo.     Liverpool,  1904. 

2.  Notes  on  the  Parish  of  Woodchurch.   By  W.  F.  Irvine  and  F.  C.  Beazeley. 

8vo.     Liverpool,  1902. 

From  the  Author  : — Charms  employed  in  Cattle  Diseases.    By  Kobert  Day .  F.S.  A. 
8vo.    n.p.     n,d. 

Notice  was  given  from  the  Chair  that  by  order  of  the 
Council  the  Library  would  be  opened  as  heretofore  on 
Friday  evenings  from  6.30  p.m.  to  9.30  p.m.  until  the  end  of 
June,  1905. 

GEORGE  E.  Fox,  Esq.,  Hon.  M.A.  Oxon.,  F.S.A.,  communi- 
cated a  paper  on  some  probable  traces  of  Roman  Fulling  in 
Britain. 

Mr.  Fox's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communica- 
tion. 

Mr.  W.  H.  KNOWLES,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  North- 
umberland, called  attention  to  a  proposal  to  destroy  the 
Plummer  Tower  at  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  one  of  the  remaining 
fragments  of  the  defences  of  that  town.  There  appeared  to 
be  no  sufficient  reason  for  its  demolition,  and  local  efforts  to 
preserve  it  had  been  thwarted  by  the  denials  of  the  officials 
that  any  mischief  was  contemplated,  although  it  was  known 
that  the  Corporation  had  acquired  the  tower  in  order  to 
destroy  it. 

The  following  Resolution  was  accordingly  proposed  by 
Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH,  seconded  by  Mr.  PHILIP  NORMAN, 
Treasurer,  and  carried  unanimously  : 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  has  heard  with 
great  regret  of  the  possible  destruction  of  the  Plummer 
Tower,  one  of  the  few  remains  of  the  ancient  Edwardian  wall 
which  once  enclosed  the  town  of  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
would  venture  to  urge  strongly  upon  the  City  Council  the 
propriety  of  taking  into  serious  consideration  any  alternative 
scheme  by  which  the  tower  could  be  preserved." 


Dec.    1.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  167 


Thursday,  1st  December,  1904. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Editor  : — Work  for  Cutlers,  or  a  Merry  Dialogue  betweene  Sword, 
Rapier,  and  Dagger.  Edited  by  A.  F.  Sieveking,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

From  the  Editor  :— Hall  Marks  on  Gold  and  Silver  Plate.  By  William  Chaffers. 
Ninth  edition.  Pklited  by  C.  A.  Markham,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1905. 

From  the  Author  :— Haddon  Hall,  an  Illustrated  Account  of  the  Fabric  and  its 
History.  By  F.  H.  Cheetham.  8vo.  London  and  Manchester,  1904. 

From  F.  M.  Nichols,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — The  Epistles  of  Erasmus  from  his  earliest 
Letters  to  his  Fifty-first  Year.  In  two  volumes.  Vol.  ii.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

From  the  Editor  :— The  Letters  of  Dorothy  Wadham.  1609-1618.  Edited  by 
Rev.  R.  Barlow  Gardiner,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Turrets  and  Milecastles  of  the  Roman  Wall  in 
Northumberland.  By  Percival  Ross.  8vo.  Bradford,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Portuguese  Parallels  to  the  Clydeside  Discoveries.  By 
Rev.  H.  J.  Dukinfield-Astley.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— Catalogue  of  MSS.  and  other  Objects  in  the  Museum  of  the 
Public  Record  Office.  By  Sir  H.  C.  Maxwell  Lyte,  K.C.B.  Second  edition. 
8vo.  London,  1904. 

GEORGE  BLUNDELL  LONGSTAFF,  Esq.,  M.A.,  M.D.,  was  ad- 
mitted Fellow. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  12th  January,  1905,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be 
balloted  for  was  read. 


Foreign  Office, 
November  7tb,  1904. 


The  following  letter  was  read  : 

SIR, 

I  am  directed  by  the  Marquess  of  Lansdowne  to  inform 
you  that  a  copy  of  your  letter  of  the  27th  of  June  last, 
forwarding  a  resolution  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of 
London  respecting  the  preservation  of  early  Christian 

M   2 


168  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1904, 

remains  in  Egypt,  was  sent  to  His  Majesty's  Agent  and 
Consul-General  at  Cairo  for  any  observations  which  he  might 
have  to  offer. 

A  dispatch  has  now  been  received  from  Lord  Cromer 
reporting  that  he  has  disci.;  sed  the  question  with  Sir  William 
Garstin,  Adviser  to  the  Eg^  ptian  Ministry  of  Public  Works, 
who  states  that  the  Committee  charged  with  the  preservation 
of  ancient  buildings  is  already  largely  composed  of  non- 
Mahomedans,  and  .that  no  difficulty  has  ever  been  made  by 
the  Moslem  members  as  regards  repairing  and  preserving 
Coptic  monuments.  The  difficulty  hitherto  has  invariably 
lain  in  the  disinclination  of  the  Copts  themselves  to  provide  the 
necessary  funds.  Recently,  however,  the  Coptic  Patriarchate 
has  declared  its  willingness  to  give  a  sum  of  one  thousand 
Egyptian  pounds  for  repairs  to  the  two  Convents  at  Sohag. 
The  Committee  is  now  taking  steps  to  obtain  this  sum. 

In  view  of  the  facts  mentioned  above,  Lord  Cromer  does 
not  consider  that  it  is  desirable  or  necessary  to  change  the 
character  of  the  Committee  charged  with  the  preservation  of 
ancient  buildings  in  Egypt.  His  lordship  adds  that  he  has 
the  greatest  sympathy  with  the  objects  which  your  Society 
has  in  view,  and  that  he  is  taking  steps  to  impress  upon  the 
representatives  of  the  Coptic  community  the  necessity  of 
providing  the  funds  required  for  the  preservation  of  their 
monuments. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Your  most  obedient  humble  servant, 
F.  H.  VILLIERS. 

The  Secretary  to  the 

Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London, 

Burlington  House,  Piccadilly,  W." 

The  Duke  of  PORTLAND,  K.G.,  G.C.V.O.,  exhibited  a  gold 
Standing  Cup,  enamelled  and  jewelled,  on  which  C.  H. 
READ,  ESQ.,  Secretary,  read  some  descriptive  notes. 

Mr.  READ'S  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Professor  GOWLAND  pointed  out  that  the  light  colour  of  the 
gold  used  for  the  cup  was  due  to  a  large  proportion  of  silver. 
In  Japan  sacred  vessels  of  the  Temple  of  Ise  were  of  pale 
gold,  and  were  originally  made  of  gold-dust  which  occurred 
there  with  a  large  admixture  of  silver. 

W.  DALE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  by  permission  of  the  Rev.  Canon 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  lf>9. 


INSCRIBED   LEADEN   GRAVE   CROSS   (OBVERSE   AND   REVERSE), 
FOUND  AT   SOUTHAMPTON.      (J  linear.) 


Dec.  1.]  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES.  169 

Durst,   exhibited  an  inscribed  leaden  grave-cross   found   at 
Southampton. 

The  cross,  which  has  been  somewhat  rudely  fashioned  out 
of  a  sheet  of  lead  £  inch  thick  (see  illustration),  is  14£  inches 
long,  and  was  discovered  at  a  considerable  depth  in  excavat- 
ing for  the  foundations  of  the  tower  of  St.  Mary's  church, 
Southampton,  in  1884. 

On  the  obverse  is  the  inscription  : 

+IIIG  :   lACftT   :  VDffLINA   |  dffVOTA  :  MVLIffRVM 
and  on  the  reverse  : 

+AV6C  MARIA  GRACIA  PLENA  dOMINVS 
TV  IN  MVLIG:RIBVS 


In  three  places  the  engraver  has  cut  a  CC  instead  of  a  D  (in 
(Devota,  Dominus,  and  Benedicta). 

Mr.  F.  J.  Baigent  considers  the  cross  to  be  of  about  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  that  it  may  possibly 
commemorate  Hodelina,  the  wife  of  Ranulf  le  Nories,  both  of 
whom  were  benefactors  to  the  Priory  of  St.  Denis,  near 
Southampton. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  pointed  out  that  this  cross  differed 
from  the  earlier  examples  that  contained  the  formula  of 
benediction.  He  was  inclined  to  give  an  earlier  date  than  the 
thirteenth  century  to  the  lettering. 

Mr.  HOPE  referred  to  a  very  similar  cross  found  at  St. 
Pancras,  Canterbury,  and  recently  exhibited  before  the 
Society  ;  it  has  since  been  published  in  Archaeologia  Can- 
tiana* 

Mr.  READ  drew  attention  to  leaden  sepulchral  crosses  of  the 
square  type  illustrated  in  ArcJtaeologiaj  Examples  of  the 
Latin  cross  with  inscription,  from  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  were  in 
the  Society's  possession  and  at  the  British  Museum. 

The  Rev.  T.  S.  LANYON  exhibited  a  fragment  of  a  carved 
and  painted  alabaster  table  found  in  a  walled-up  piscina  in 
the  church  of  St.  Cleer,  Cornwall. 

It  shows  part  of  the  figure  of  a  deacon,  facing  to  the  left, 

*  Vol.  xxv.  237. 

t  Vol.  xxxv.  pi.  xiii.  ;  and  vol.  xxxvi.  pi.  xxi. 


170  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1904, 

and  bound  with  a  great  chain  of  long  squared  links.  The 
right  hand  is  raised  before  the  breast,  and  the  left  is  extended 
towards  a  broken  object  with  heavy  pendent  drapery.  The 
cuffs  of  the  tunicle  and  the  edges  of  the  drapery  are  painted 
red.  The  field  is  green  with  the  usual  groups  of  white  and 
red  spots,  and  there  are  traces  of  gilding  on  the  outer  edge  on 
the  left  side. 

The  figure  seems  to  represent  St.  Leonard. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  8th  December,  1904. 

WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  ESQ.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  12th  January,  1905,  and  a  list  of 
candidates  to  be  balloted  for  was  read. 

G.  F.  HILL,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the  Thirty  Pieces 
of  Silver,  which  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Sir  J.  CHARLES  ROBINSON,  C.B.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  (1)  an 
agate  scoop  or  spoon  mounted  in  silver-gilt,  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  (2)  a  silver-gilt  spoon  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
on  which  he  communicated  the  following  note : 

"  The  two  mediaeval  '  objects  of  art '  which  I  have  left  with 
you  for  exhibition  to  our  Society  were  obtained  by  me  at 
widely  different  intervals,  and  under  quite  different  conditions, 
the  one  earliest  in  date  having  been  the  most  recent  acquisi- 
tion. This  object,  the  Gothic  ritualistic  spoon,  I  acquired  a 
few  months  ago  by  purchase  from  Don  Justo  Gonzalez,  a 
priest  and  well-known  archaeologist  living  at  Merida,  in 
Spain. 

It  was  obtained  by  him  from  Sefior  Cimadavilla,  a  collector 
of  works  of  art  at  Santiago  de  Compostella.  That  gentle- 
man acquired  it  many  years  ago  from  the  authorities  of 
the  cathedral  church,  to  which  celebrated  fane  it  had  been 
in  former  years  given  by  a  pilgrim.  In  regard  to  this  account, 


Dec.  8.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  171 

I  may  add  that  it  is  within  my  knowledge  that  periodical 
sales  have  taken  place  of  objects  of  value,  mainly  jewellery, 
presented  by  devotees  to  the  chief  Spanish  pilgrimage  shrines, 
the  proceeds  being  devoted  to  the  upkeeping  of  the  fabric  of 
the  churches. 

As  to  the  '  provenance  '  of  the  other  spoon,  I  can  only  state 
that  I  bought  it  at  a  sale  at  Christie's  about  twenty  years  ago, 
no  description  being  given  with  it. 

The  first  named  of  these  'objects'  was  described  by  the 
vendor  in  the  French  language  as  a  '  pelle  d  hosties.'  Appa- 
rently he  did  not  know  the  equivalent  terms  in  the  Spanish 
language,  if  indeed  any  such  exists.  It  is  literally  a  spoon  or 
shovel  for  use  in  the  administration  of  the  sacrament,  and  it 
will  be  noted  that  it  is  in  the  form  of  a  baker's  peel  or  shovel 
with  which  the  loaves  of  bread  are  taken  from  the  oven. 

It  is  in  my  opinion  of  French  origin,  dating  about  1350, 
I  should  add  that  I  have  never  before  seen  any  such  object, 
and  conclude  that  it  must,  if  not  unique,  be  of  extreme 
rarity. 

The  other  spoon  with  the  St.  Christopher  handle  I  think 
is  more  likely  of  Flemish  origin,  and  of  about  the  middle  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  Not  having  given  it  any  special  con- 
sideration, and  never  having  seriously  endeavoured  to  decipher 
the  numerous  inscriptions  on  it,  I  am  unable  to  form  any 
definite  ideas  as  to  what  its  history  or  destined  use  may  have 
been." 

Mr.  HOPE  suggested  that  the  agate  scoop  was  actually  a 
miniature  baker's  peel,  used  in  the  preparation  of  the  hosts 
or  obleys  for  the  Holy  Eucharist,  the  making  of  which 
among  the  monastic  orders  in  particular  was  regarded  as  a 
solemn  religious  ceremony.  The  manner  in  which  the  gilding 
was  worn  away  on  the  under  side  showed  that  the  scoop  had 
been  used,  and  the  words  corpus  fljristt  engraved  on  the 
edge  of  the  metal  mounting  were  also  suggestive  of  its 
purpose. 

The  spoon  exhibited  was  also  described  by  Mr.  Hope.  I 
has  a  short  handle  surmounted  by  figure  of  St.  Christopher 
modelled  in  high  relief,  and  both  sides  of  the  bowl  are 
covered  with  engraving.  On  the  inside  this  represents  St. 
Anne  with  the  Blessed  Virgin  Mary  and  a  playmate  riding 
on  a  hobby-horse,  and  round  the  edge  is  inscribed  : 


non  ut  rtas  bto  0  rtas  ut  btbm  pott? 
ner  ftufcea*  cpu* 


172  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

i.e.  "  Non  ut  edas  vivas,  sed  edas  ut  vivere  possis,  nee 
studeas  epulas." 

On  the  outside  the  device  is  a  flowering  plant  growing  out 
of  a  winged  heart  which  is  pierced  by  a  two-handled  saw  and 
supported  by  a  naked  woman  on  the  dexter  and  a  woodwose 
on  the  sinister.  Above  the  woman  is  a  scroll  inscribed  : 
Hmot*  bittfit  Ota  et  nof  and  over  the  man  :  rafta  fft  quam 
nemo.  Below  each  of  the  figures  is  a  letter  A,  and  in  base  a 
compartment  containing  what  looks  like  a  syringe  and  several 
other  pointed  objects  surmounted  by  the  letters  C.P.  Round 
the  edge  is  inscribed  : 


oarfm  *  biros  •  fjtrteqtf  *  to«[n]t  in  rorp[or> 
dForma  biros  ntglecta  fcecet  *  ©brti9. 

The  first  of  these  lines  occurs  in  Ovid's  Metamorphoses, 
lib.  xiii.  850  ;  the  second  in  his  Ars  Amoris,  i.  509.  The  line 
"  Omnia  vincit  Amor  et  nos  [cedamus  Amori]  "  is  from  Virgil, 
Ecloga  x.  69. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  12th  January,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were   announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  W.  Bruce  Bannerman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : 
The  following  publications  of  the  Spalding  Club  : 

The  Miscellany  of  the  Spalding  Club.     2  vols.     1841,  1842. 
History  of  Scots  Affairs  from  1637  to  1641.     3  vols.     1841. 

Abredoniae  utriusque  descriptio.    A  description  of  both  towns  of  Aberdeen. 
1842. 

Extracts  from  the  Council  Kegister  of  the  Burgh  of  Aberdeen.     Vol    i 
1398-1570,  1844  ;  vol.  ii.  1570-1625,  1848. 

The   Civil   and   Ecclesiastical   History   of   Scotland.     By    Thomas   Inne^ 
A.D.  80-818,  1853. 

The  Brus.  from  a  Collation  of  the  Cambridge  and  Edinburgh  Manuscripts, 
1856. 


Jan.  12.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  173 

The  Book  of  the  Thanes  of  Cawdor,  1236-1742,  1859. 

Notices  of  the  Spalding  Club,  with  Animal  Reports,  List  of  Members,  and 
Works  printed  for  the  Club,  1839-1871,  1871. 

From  the  Author  : — A  History  of  Dagenham,  Essex.  By  Rev.  J.  P.  Shawcross. 
8vo.  London,  190+. 

From  T.  M.  Fallow,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Cathedral  of  the  Holy  Trinity  of  Down,  Down- 

patrick.    By  Edward  Parkinson.     8vo.     Downpatrick,  1904. 

2.  Collegiale  de  Saint- Quentin.     Par  Pierre  Benard.     8vo.     Paris,  1867. 

3.  Notice  Historique  sur  la  Cathedrale  de  la  Rochelle.    8vo.    La  Rochelle, 

1862. 

4.  Cathedrale  de   Limoges  :   histoire  et  description.     Par  1'abbc  Arbellot. 

8vo.    Paris,  1883. 

5.  Yorkshire  Plate  and  Goldsmiths.     By  T.  M.  Fallow,  M.A.,  F.S.A.    8?o. 

London,  1904. 

From  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  :— Calendar  of  Letter-Books  pre- 
served at  the  Guildhall.  Letter-Book  F,  1337-1352.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — The  Council  in  the  Marches  of  Wales  :  a  Study  in  Local 
Government  during  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries.  By  Caroline 
A.  J.  Skeel,  D.Litt.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  the  County  of  Louth  Archaeological  Society  : — Journal.  Vol.  i.  No.  1. 
4to.  Dundalk  and  Drogheda,  1904. 

From  the  Publishers,  Messrs.  James  Maclehose  and  Sons  : 

1.  Scottish  History  and  Life.    Fol.     Glasgow,  1902. 

2.  The  Scottish  Historical  Review.     Vol.  i.    8vo.    Glasgow,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  to  accompany  a  Pedigree  of  the  Family  of  Cornyshe 
of  Thurlestone,  in  the  County  of  Devon.  By  James  T.  lloussemayuc  du 
Boulay.  4to.  Winchester,  1903. 

From  William  Bemrose,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— Fac-siinile  of  the  Business-card  of 
Richard  Arkwright. 

From  Harper  Gaythorpe,  Esq.  : — Lantern  Slide  of  Runic  Tympanum  at  Beck- 
side,  Pennington,  near  Ul version. 

A  special  vote  of  thanks  was  accorded  to  Mr.  W.  Bruce 
Bannerinan  for  his  gift  to  the  Library. 

Special  votes  of  thanks  were  accorded  to  the  editors  of 
The  Atkenoeum,  The  Guilder,  and  Notes  and  Queries  for  the 
gift  of  their  publications  during  the  past  year. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  Election  of  Fellows 
no  papers  were  read. 

JOHN  BILSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  presented  an 
illuminated  Roll  of  Arms  (defective  at  the  beginning)  of  a 
date  circa  1530,  with  439  shields,  arranged  in  rows  of  five 
each. 


174  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

The  Rev.  J.  T.  FOWLER,  D.C.L.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  and  pre- 
sented a  bronze  Pax  of  English  workmanship,  of  a  date  circa 
1520.  This  particular  example  is  almost  exactly  like  another 
(but  different)  one  exhibited  to  the  Society  in  1821,  and 
engraved  in  Archaeologia,  vol.  xx.* 

BROWNLOW  R.  C.  TOWER,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous objects  in  wood,  iron,  and  leather,  found  in  a  hole 
in  the  tower  of  Ellesmere  church,  Salop. 

Mrs.  PEYTON  MACKESON,  through  G.  E.  STREET,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
exhibited  a  two-handled  leather  drinking  cup,  incised  on  one 
side  with  a  plough  and  various  other  agricultural  implements 
and  on  the  other  with  the  inscription  : 

God  speede  the  Plow  and 
Mistress  and  Master  Plowman 
Cowman  Dayman  and  Tasker 

God  save  the  King. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

Special  thanks  were  also  accorded  to  Mr.  Bilson  and  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Fowler  for  their  gifts  to  the  Society's  collections. 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m., 
when  the  following  were  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the 
Society : 

Edward  Stanley  Mould  Perowne,  Esq. 

Charles  Reginald  Haines,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Ven.  Edward  Barber,  M.A.,  Archdeacon  of  Chester. 

Joseph  Cox  Bridge,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Mus.  Doc. 

William  Fergusson  Irvine,  Esq. 

Robert  Junes,  Esq.,  M.D.,  B.S. 

Harold  Sands,  Esq. 

Walter  Henry  Brierley,  Esq. 

Hugh  Thackeray  Turner,  Esq. 

William  Richard  Lethaby,  Esq. 

William  Hinman  Wing,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Vernon  Bryan  Crowther-Beynon,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Joshua  James  Foster,  Esq. 

Philip  Berney  Ficklin,  Esq. 

*  Plate  xxiv. 


Jan.  19.]  SOCIETY  OP  ANTIQUARIES.  175 


Thursday,  19th  January,  1905. 

Sir  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  :— The  History  of  Denham,   Bucks.      By  the  Rev.  R.   II. 
Lathbury.     4to.     Uxbriclge,  1904. 

From  Clement  Reid,  Esq.,  F.R.S.  :— Das  Westpreussiscbe  Provinzial-Mnseum, 
1880-1905.     Von  H.  Comventz.    8vo.    Dantzig,  1905. 

From  the  Editor :— Early  Scottish  Charters   prior  to  1153.      Collected,  with 
notes  and  an  index,  by  Sir  Archibald  C.  Lawrie.    8vo.     Glasgow,  1905. 

From  the  Author  : — Museums,  their  History  and  cheir  Use.   By  David  Murray, 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.     3  Tola.    8vo.     Glasgow,  1904. 

From  the  Author,  Rev.  O.  J.  Reichel,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  Jocelin  de  Brakelond  and  the  "Servicium  debitum."    8vo.    n.p.     1904. 

2.  Some  doubtful  and  disputed  "  Domesday  "  Identifications.     8vo.     n.p. 

1904. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

Edward  Stanley  Mould  Perowne,  Esq. 
Hugh  Thackeray  Turner,  Esq. 

ARTHUR  J.  EVANS,  Esq.,  Litt.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper 
on  the  Tombs  of  Minoan  Knossos. 

The  following  is  the  substance  of  Mr.  Evans's  paper,  which 
will  be  printed  in  full  in  Arckaeologia. 

Last  season's  work  at  Knossos  was  largely  devoted  to  the 
search  for  the  tombs  in  relation  with  the  Minoan  palace 
and  city. 

On  a  hill  about  a  mile  north  of  the  palace  a  considerable 
cemetery  was  discovered.  One  hundred  tombs  were  here 
opened,  the  contents  of  which  showed  that  the  bulk  of  them 
belonged  to  the  period  immediately  succeding  the  fall  of  the 
palace.  The  civilisation  was,  however,  still  high,  and  the 
character  of  the  art  displayed  by  the  relics  found  showed  the 
unbroken  tradition  of  the  Later  Palace  Style.  Among  the 
objects  brought  to  light  were  a  number  of  bronze  vessels, 


176  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

implements,  and  arms,  including  swords,  some  of  them  nearly 
a  metre  in  length.  One  of  the  shorter  swords  has  a  gold- 
plated  handle  engraved  with  a  masterly  design  of  lions 
hunting  wild  goats.  The  jewellery  and  gems  discovered  were 
of  the  typical  '  mature  Mycenaean  '  class,  and  a  scarab  found 
in  one  of  the  graves  is  of  a  Late  Eighteenth  Dynasty  type. 
Among  the  painted  ware  '  stirrup  vases '  were  specially 
abundant,  some  with  magnificent  decorative  designs.  The 
tombs  were  of  three  main  classes  :  (a)  Chamber  tombs  cut  in 
the  soft  rock  and  approached  in  each  case  by  a  dromos ;  in 
many  cases  these  contained  clay  coffins,  in  which  the  dead 
had  been  deposited  in  cists,  their  knees  drawn  towards  the 
chin ;  (6)  Shaft  graves,  each  with  a  lesser  cavity  below,  con- 
taining the  extended  skeleton,  and  with  a  roofing  of  stone 
slabs ;  (c)  Pits  giving  access  to  a  walled  cavity  in  the  side 
below  ;  these  also  contained  extended  skeletons.  Unfor- 
tunately, owing  to  the  character  of  the  soil,  the  bones  were 
much  decayed,  and  only  in  a  few  cases  has  it  been  possible  to 
secure  specimens  for  examination.  A  certain  number  of 
skulls  are  to  be  sent  to  England. 

On  a  high  level  called  Sopata,  about  two  miles  north  again 
of  this  cemetery  and  forming  a  continuation  of  the  same 
range,  a  still  more  important  sepulchral  monument  was 
discovered.  This  consisted  of  a  square  chamber,  about  8  by  6 
metres  in  dimensions,  constructed  of  limestone  blocks,  and 
with  the  side  walls  arching  in  "  Cyclopean  "  fashion  towards 
a  high  gable,  though  unfortunately  the  upper  part  had  been 
quarried  away.  The  back  wall  was  provided  with  a  central 
cell  opposite  the  blocked  entrance.  This  entrance,  arched  on 
the  same  horizontal  principle,  communicated  with  a  lofty 
entrance  hall  of  similar  construction,  in  the  side  walls  of 
which,  facing  each  other,  were  two  cells  that  had  been  used 
for  sepulchral  purposes.  A  second  blocked  archway  led  from 
this  hall  to  the  imposing  rock-cut  dromos.  In  the  floor  of 
the  main  chamber  was  a  pit  grave  covered  with  slabs.  Its 
contents  had  been  rifled  for  metal  objects  in  antiquity,  but  a 
gold  hairpin,  parts  of  two  silver  vases,  and  a  large  bronze 
mirror  remained  to  attest  the  former  wealth  of  such.  A  large 
number  of  other  relics  were  found  scattered  about,  including 
repeated  clay  impressions  of  what  may  have  been  a  royal 
seal.  Specially  remarkable  among  the  stone  vessels  is  a 
porphyry  bowl  of  Minoan  workmanship,  but  recalling  in 
material  and  execution  that  of  the  early  Egyptian  dynasties. 
Many  imported  Egyptian  alabastra  were  also  found,  showing 
the  survival  of  Middle  Empire  forms  besides  others  of  early 
Eighteenth  Dynasty  type.  Beads  of  lapis  lazuli  were  also 


Jan.  19.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  177 

found,  and  pendants  of  the  same  material,  showing  a  close 
imitation  of  Egyptian  models.  Four  large  painted  amphorae 
illustrate  the  fine  architectonic  style  of  the  Later  Palace  of 
Knossos,  in  connection  with  which  the  great  sepulchral  monu- 
ment must  itself  be  brought.  The  form  of  this  mausoleum, 
with  its  square  chamber,  is  unique,  and  contrasts  with  that 
of  the  tholos  tombs  of  mainland  Greece.  The  position  in 
which  it  lies  commands  the  whole  South  /Egean  to  Melos 
and  Santorin,  and  Central  Crete  from  Dicta  to  Ida.  It  was 
tempting  to  recognise  in  it  the  traditional  tomb  of  Idomeneus ; 
but  though  further  researches  in  its  immediate  vicinity  led  to 
the  discovery  of  a  rock-cut  chamber-tomb  containing  con- 
temporary relics,  it  was  hardly  considerable  enough  to  be 
taken  for  that  of  Meriones,  which  tradition  placed  beside  the 
other. 

The  communication  was  illustrated  by  a  series  of  lantern 
slides. 

Mr.  THEODORE  FYFE,  architect  to  Mr.  Evans's  excavations, 
gave  an  account  of  the  architecture  of  the  Royal  Tomb  (which 
will  form  an  appendix  to  the  paper),  accompanied  by  plans 
and  sections. 

Sir  JOHN  EVANS  remarked  that  the  Eighteenth  Dynasty, 
which  was  of  great  importance  for  dating  the  Minoan  remains, 
began  between  1650  and  1600  B.C.,  so  that  the  objects  found 
at  Knossos  were  pre-Mycenaean.  He  exhibited  a  late  Minoan 
dagger  found  at  Pergamon,  and  another  found  near  Olympia, 
to  illustrate  the  weapons  from  the  tombs. 

Professor  GOWLAND  inquired  as  to  the  orientation  of  the 
Minoan  tombs  ;  there  was,  according  to  Dr.  Evans,  a  general 
tendency  towards  the  East,  but  early  tombs  m  Japan  were 
definitely  orientated  to  the  South.  The  second  type  described 
(a  simple  rock-hewn  chamber)  corresponded  to  those  in  Japan 
dating  from  the  second  and  third  centuries  A.D.,  which  no 
doubt  arose  independently ;  this  form,  with  a  dromos  or 
entrance-passage,  was  after  all  very  natural, 
also  terra  cotta  sarcophagi  in  the  Japanese  tombs  with  covers 
of  precisely  the  same  form  as  those  from  Crete,  but  the 
former  stood  on  more  than  four  legs.  The  loops  m  the 
Minoan  specimens  were  perhaps  not  so  much  for  tying  on  tl 
cover,  as  for  carrying  the  sarcophagus,  asm  Japan  where 
projections  served  the  same ^  purpose  The  last  type  of 
Minoan  tomb  (with  ante-chamber)  resembled  one  form  of  the 


178  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

chamber-tomb  in  Japan ;  the  interment  in  the  chamber  was 
always  in  a  stone  or  eathenware  sarcophagus. 

Mr.  READ  insisted  on  the  importance  of  observing  what 
was  not  found  in  such  excavations,  glass  vessels  being  a  case 
in  point.  Diminutive  amphorae  and  other  forms  of  this 
material  in  bright  variegated  colours  belonged  in  Egypt  to 
the  Eighteenth  Dynasty,  and  were  common  enough  some 
centuries  later  in  the  Greek  islands.  In  view  of  the  com- 
mercial relations  between  Egypt  and  Crete  in  late  Minoan 
times,  their  total  absence  from  the  tombs  was  remarkable. 
One  of  the  urns  shown  on  the  screen  was  ornamented  near 
the  foot  with  a  looped  pattern  closely  resembling  that  seen  on 
many  of  the  variegated  glasses. 

Mr.  HILTON  PRICE  added  that,  though  glass  bottles  of  that 
kind  were  found  in  Egypt  during  the  Eighteenth  Dynasty 
(1650 — 1400  B.C.),  some  specimens  had  been  attributed  to  the 
Twelfth  (about  2500—2250  B.C.). 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communi- 
cation. 


Thursday,  26th  January,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  : — A  List  of  Norman  Tympana  and  Lintels  with  Figure  or 
Symbolical  Sculpture  still  or  till  recently  existing  in  the  Churches  of  Great 
Britain.  By  Charles  E.  Keyser,  F.S.A.  4to.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Biographical  Annals  of  Jamaica.  By  Frank  Cundall, 
F.S.A.  8vo.  Kingston,  Jamaica,  1904. 

From  Harold  Sands,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :  Lantern  Slide  of  Monumental  Brass  to 
Nicholas  de  Gore,  c.  1320,  in  Woodchurch  church,  Kent. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

Harold  Sands,  Esq. 
Joshua  James  Foster,  Esq. 


Jan.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  179 

On  the  nomination  of  the  President,  the  following  were 
appointed  Auditors  of  the  Society's  accounts  for  the  past 
year: 

Ormonde  Maddock  Dalton,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Cyril  James  Humphreys  Davenport,  Esq.,  V.D. 
Richard  Phene  Spiers,  Esq. 
Freeman  Marius  O'Donoghue,  Esq. 

A  letter  was  read  from  the  Town  Clerk  of  Chichester  to 
Mr.  R.  Garraway  Rice,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Sussex, 
asking  him  to  convey  to  the  Society  the  thanks  of  the 
Chichester  Cross  Committee  for  the  valuable  services  rendered 
in  connection  with  the  repair  of  the  Cross,  which  had  been 
satisfactorily  carried  out  by  a  Committee  appointed  by  the 
Council  of  the  Society. 

REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
paper  on  the  ancient  British  Iron  Currency: 

"  Doubtless  most  of  us  have  at  one  time  been  familiar  with 
Caesar's  description  of  Britain,  and  recognise  its  importance 
as  a  document  for  our  early  history.  It  represents  the  con- 
dition of  our  island  a  century  before  the  Roman  conquest,  and 
is  no  doubt  founded  on  the  best  information  then  procurable. 
There  are,  however,  in  the  first  few  chapters  several  passages 
that  seem  opposed  to  the  facts,  and  some  authorities  have 
concluded  that  the  illustrious  author  said  the  thing  which 
was  not,  or  at  least  that  he  was  wrongly  informed.  One  of 
these  crucial  passages  I  venture  to  dwell  on,  in  the  hope  of 
throwing  a  fresh  ray  of  light  on  pre-lloman  Britain ;  and  in 
vindicating  Caesar's  accuracy  in  a  certain  connection,  to  settle 
the  reading  of  a  phrase  that  has  suffered  much  at  the  hands 
of  transcribers  and  editors  of  the  text. 

In  the  fifth  book  of  the  Commentaries  is  a  sentence  pur- 
porting to  describe,  however  briefly,  the  monetary  system 
of  the  Britons  at  the  time  of  Caasar's  visits  to  these  shores. 
Dr.  Long,  in  his  second  edition  (1860),  gives  the  pUBMgQ  as 
follows:  Utuntur  ant  aere,  aut  nummo  aureo,  out  ta lei*  ferret* 
ad  cerium  pondus  examinatis  pro  nummo.  Neglecting  for  the 
present  the  reference  to  coinage,  I  must  direct  your  attention 
to  certain  bars  of  iron  which  were  used  as  currency  at  that 
period ;  and  reserving  the  defence  of  this  reading  of  the 
passage  for  treatment  later,  I  will  at  once  proceed  to  consider 
a  remarkable  series  of  iron  bars  which  may  be  proved  to  your 
satisfaction  to  have  been  the  identical  money  of  certain  British 
tribes. 


180 


PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE 


[1905, 


These  bars  have  been  known  for  many  years,  but  for  want 
of  a  more  convincing  explanation  have  gone  under  the  name 
of  unfinished  or  unforged  sword- blades,  and  have  received  no 
special  attention.  Sir  Wollaston  Franks  furnished  a  list  of 
known  specimens  in  Horse  Ferales  (p.  177)  42  years  ago, 
and  evidently  dissatisfied  with  the  current  theory  as  to  their 
use,  and  failing  to  find  anything  obviously  parallel  on  the 
Continent,  suggested  a  comparison  with  certain  tapering  rods 
of  iron  with  square  section  found  among  Keltic  weapons 
on  the  battlefield  of  Tiefenau,  Berne.*  There  are  specimens 
of  the  latter  in  the  British  Museum,  and  one  is  illustrated 
by  Bonstetten.t  but  no  one  will  insist  on  a  close  resem- 
blance between  the  two  series,  and  personally  I  do  not 
think  there  was  any  connection  at  all.  The  Tiefenau 


IRON   INGOTS    b'ROM    SWITZERLAND.       (i  linear.) 

specimens  in  the  British  Museum,  which  are  10 J  and  12 
inches  long,  seem  to  be  more  closely  allied  to  certain 
spindle-shaped  bars,  of  which  a  number  are  preserved  at 
Mayence  \  and  attributed  to  the  Roman  period  ;  others  from 
Chesterford,  Essex,  are  in  the  museum  at  Audley  End. 
These  bear  some  analogy  to  the  osmunds  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  the  shape  may  have  proved  a  convenient  one  for  trans- 
porting the  raw  material.!  Dr.  Keller,  however,  communi- 
cated to  the  Society  in  1880  ||  notes  on  these  spindle-shaped 


*  See  also  Archaeologia,  xlv.  263. 

f  Supplement  au  recueil  d'antiquites  suisses  (1860),  pi.  xii.  figs.  1,  2  ;  more 
than  sixty  were  found,  with  an  average  length  of  30-34  cm.  =  12-13Jin.,  the 
heaviest  weighing  more  than  3£  Ibs. 

J  In  reply  to  an  inquiry,  Dr.  L.  Lindenschmit  informs  me  that  the  average 
weight  of  the  ingots  from  Bechtheim  is  between  6  and  7  kilos. 

§  Proceeding*,  2nd  S.  xvii.  25. 

||  Proceedings,  2nd  S.  viii.  314. 


Jan.  26.] 


SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


181 


iron  ingots  (see  fig.  nos.  2,  3,  4),  and  drew  attention  to  the 
similarity  between  the  iron  bars  (see  fig.  no.  1)  found  with 
them  in  Switzerland  and  the  unforged  swords  found  in 
Britain.  He  assigned  all  to  the  pre-Roman  period,  and 
quoted  the  talese  ferrex  of  Caesar.  I  have  since  made 
inquiries  as  to  the  weight  of  these  ingots,  and  have  been 
courteously  furnished  with  complete  details  of  those  at  Zurich 
by  Dr.  H.  Lehmann.  The  twenty-one  specimens  from  Letten, 
near  Zurich,  cannot  I  think  be  referred  to  any  particular 
weight-standard ;  the  three  best  preserved  weighing  640,  685, 
and  725  grammes  respectively,  having  lost  little  or  nothing 
by  decay.  The  rest  are  more  or  less  rusted  and  incomplete, 
but  in  their  present  state  range  between  540  and  050 
grammes.  Two  from  the  station  of  La  Tene*  weighed  G90 
and  720  grammes. 

The  bars  which  form  our  present  subject  roughly  resemble 
swords,  and  consist  of  a  flat  and  slightly  tapering  blade,  the 
edges  of  which  are  blunt  and  vertical,  and  the  faces  parallel. 


IRON  BARS  USED  AS  CURRENCY. 


A  rude  handle  is  formed  by  turning  up  the  edges  so  as  to 
meet  one  another  at  a  point  about  2  inches  from   the  end. 
(See  figure.)     The  average  length  of  the  twenty  specimens  1 
have  had  access  to  is  2  feet  7£  inches,  the  greatest  wid 
blade  usually  H  inch;  while  the  narrower  end  is  square,  n 
pointed,  and  is  usually  f  inch  in  width. 

*  E.  Vouga,  Lei  Helrete*  a  La  Tenc,  pi.  xii.  fig.  11  ;   V.  Grow,  La 
pi.  viii.  fig.  8. 

VOL.   XX.  N 


182  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [190 

An  important  point  is  that  such  bars  have  often  been  foun 
secreted  in  considerable  numbers  in  a  manner  recalling  th 
familiar  hoards  of  coins.  They  have  been  found  in  the  centi 
of  British  camps,  and  it  seems  much  more  probable  that  th 
Ancient  Britons  would  conceal  their  money  at  a  crisis  tha 
that  they  would  bury  half -made  swords.  It  must  be  remen 
bered  that  in  such  a  society  division  of  labour  was  not  in  a 
advanced  stage,  and  the  smith  who  shaped  these  bars  woul 
have  himself  produced  the  finished  article  if  swords  the 
were  to  be.  He  would  not  have  prepared  a  large  number  t 
hand  on  to  another  for  the  finishing  process. 

Again,  there  is  too  much  metal  in  them  for  the  mam 
facture  of  the  sword  of  the  period,  which  had  a  thin  bladi 
and  a  slender  rounded  tang  for  a  wooden  handle,  the  entir 
length  being  only  about  27  inches.  And  perhaps  the  stronger 
argument  I  can  adduce  in  favour  of  my  contention  is  tha 
there  was  a  smaller  series  of  the  same  form,  evidently  mear 
to  represent  half  the  value  of  the  ordinary  specimens,  and 
larger  series  four  times  the  weight  of  the  smallest. 

A  list  of  all  the  discoveries  of  this  kind  I  have  been  abl 
to  trace  will  show  the  distribution  of  these  bars,  and  perhap 
carry  conviction  as  to  their  use. 

Hod  Hill,  Dorset. — In  1868  Roach  Smith  published  a  brie 
account  of  this  famous  earthwork  near  Blandford,  and  illuj 
trated  an  iron  bar  which  is  now  in  the  national  collection. 
By  that  date  seventeen  had  been  found  at  Hod  Hill,  measurin 
on  the  average  34  inches  in  length  ;  and  he  believed  them  t 
be  imperfect  swords  fabricated  from  native  iron,  and  prepare 
for  the  final  strokes  of  the  war-smith.  There  are  eigh 
specimens  in  all  from  this  site  in  the  British  Museum. 

Spettisbury  Fort,  Dorset. — This  camp  is  also  known  a 
Crawford  Castle,  and  is  nearly  seven  miles  from  Hod  Hil 
A  detail  of  interest  in  the  discovery  of  specimens  there  i 
that  with  them  was  found  a  sword-blade,  the  upper  part  c 
which,  according  to  Mr.  Akerman,  resembled  a  fine  exampl 
of  the  late  La  Tene  type  from  the  Thames  and  now  in  th 
national  collection,  f  The  former,  however,  had  an  iron  seal 
bard ;  the  latter,  one  of  bronze.  There  are  two  complet 
specimens  from  this  site  in  the  British  Museum,  and  th 
handle  of  a  third ;  also  two  of  a  smaller  size  with  an  averag 
length  of  22  inches  and  a  thickness  of  £  inch.  Thes 
correspond  exactly  with  a  large  number  found  at  Malverr 
Four  more  of  the  larger  size  were  formerly  in  the  Durde: 

*   Collectanea  Antiqua,  vi.  pi.  ii.  figs.  2,  3. 

t  Collectanea  Antiqua,  iv.  pi.  xvi.  p.  67  ;  cf.  vol.  vi.  p.  5. 


Jan.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 

Collection  and  came  from  Hod  Hill,  Spettisbury,  or  some 
other  site  in  Dorset. 

Winchester,  Hants. — There  are  four  specimens  in  the 
British  Museum,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  h'nd  any  details  of 
the  discovery. 

Ham  Hill  (Hamdon),  Somerset. — An  illustration  is  given 
in  Proceedings  of  Som.  Arch,  and  Nat.  Hint.  Soc.*  of  a  so- 
called  iron  sword,  one  of  a  large  number  ploughed  up  on  a 
part  of  Hamdon  called  Stroud's  Hill  in  May,  1845.f  The 
length  deduced  from  the  illustration  was  about  28J  inches, 
but  the  end  of  the  grip  was  missing.  In  the  British  Museum 
is  one  from  this  site  measuring  27i  inches,  and  three  parts  of 
the  handle  are  wanting. 

Meon  Hill,  Gloucestershire. — In  1824,  in  the  middle  of  this 
encampment,  394  similar  blades  were  found  deposited  in  a 
heap,  each  measuring  about  30  inches  long  and  tapering 
slightly  away  from  the  handle.^ 

Bourton-on-the-Water,  Gloucestershire. — At  a  place  called 
'the  Camp,'  147  examples  were  found  closely  packed  together 
in  a  gravel  pit  about  l£  feet  below  the  surface, §  and  the 
remains  of  a  box  are  said  to  have  accompanied  them.|| 
Another  account  !T  says  140  were  found  lying  edgewise  in  two 
rows  of  seventy  one  above  the  other,  in  the  middle  of  the 
camp,  not  far  from  Addlestrop  Station.  There  is  one  specimen 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  another  in  the  Reading  Museum. 
For  details  of  the  latter  I  have  to  thank  Mr.  Colyer. 

Malvern,  Worcestershire. — In  one  of  the  dingles  on  the 
east  side  of  the  range,  between  Great  Malvern  and  the 
Wyche,  abutting  on  the  turnpike  road  about  a  mile  from  the 
pass  through  the  Wyche  towards  Col  wall,  150  specimens 
were  found  together  in  1856.  They  had  evidently  been 
intentionally  concealed  about  half-way  up  the  dingle,  and  lay 
at  a  depth  of  3  feet  below  the  turf,  covered  by  pieces  of  rock 
and  rusted  together  into  a  solid  mass.  In  the  following  year 
a  second  deposit  of  150  was  found  3  or  4  yards  further  up 
the  hill,  near  the  previous  site,  both  discoveries  having  been 
made  in  digging  road  material.  The  second  find  comprised 
100  complete  specimens,  the  rest  being  in  fragments  ;  and  the 
average  length  of  the  bars  was  22  inches,  with  a  width  of 
f  inch,  and  a  thickness  of  £  inch.  They  were  of  equal 

*  1886,  pi.  iii.  fig.  4,  p.  82. 
t  Arclueological  Jtmrnal.  i.  165  und,ng. 

J  Skelton,  Ancient  Armmir  at  Goodrich  Court,  pi.  xlv.  tig.  S. 
§  Proceed iny»,  2nd  S.  i.  233. 
If  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vi.  6. 
^|  Proc.  Orf or  A  AreJiit.  and  Hitt.  Sov.  i.  fi. 

N   2 


184  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905 

breadth  and  thickness  throughout  their  length,  with  one  end 
blunt  and  the  other  hammered  out  and  turned  up,  forming  a 
kind  of  socket.  They  were  thought  at  first  to  be  mining 
tools,  and  another  suggestion  was  that  they  were  ''gads'  01 
pieces  of  steel  usually  imported  from  Normandy,  Spain 
Cologne,  and  other  places  iu  garbae  or  sheaves  of  30  barf 
each.* 

Glastonbury  (lake-village),  Somerset. — Two  specimens  have 
been  recovered,  and  Prebendary  Grant  kindly  informs  me  thai 
they  weigh  4,653  grains  and  9,098  grains  respectively.  The 
handles  resemble  those  of  the  smaller  Spettisbury  and  Maiden- 
head examples ;  the  lighter  is  26  inches  long,  the  heavier  onl\ 
21  inches.  They  agree  well  with  the  standard  of  the  first  anc 
second  denominations. 

Maidenhead,  Berks. — A  bundle  of  seven  or  eight  iron  barf 
was  found  at  the  bridge  about  1894,  and  passed  into  the 
collection  of  Mr.  James  Rutland ;  one  is  in  the  British  Museum 
The  handle  is  represented  by  two  flanges  hammered  out  thin 
and  the  weights  of  two  show  them  to  have  double  the  value 
of  the  common  size. 

St.  Lawrence,  Ventnor,  I.W. — Two  were  found  in  188( 
6  feet  below  the  surface  in  the  cleft  of  a  rock,  and  were  broker 
by  the  workmen.  One  is  illustrated  in  Proceedings,^  anc 
measured  34  inches. 

Hunsbury  (Danes  Camp),  Northants. — Sir  Henry  Dryder 
illustrated  a  specimen  and  compared  it  with  the  Meon  Hil 
examples,  being  doubtful  of  their  use  as  swords.J 

The  following  table  gives  the  details  of  specimens  I  have 
myself  had  access  to,  or  about  which  I  have  been  able  tc 
elicit  information. 


IRON  CURRENCY-BARS. 

Specimens  of  unit  weight  (presumed  standard  being 
4,770  grains  =  309*74  grammes). 

Length.  Grains.          Gramme*. 

Glastonbury,  Somerset      -     26  inches         4,653  302 

Spettisbury,  Dorset  -         -     21£     „  4,703  305 

„       -        -     22f     „     t       3,117  202 

*   Catalogue  of  Museum  formed  at  Worcester :  Archaeological  Institute,  1862 
p.  13. 

f  2nd  S.  viii.  313. 

J  Associated  Societies'  Reports,  xviii.  60,  pi.  iii.  fig.  4. 


Jan.  26.] 


SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


185 


Specimens  of  double  weight  (presumed  standard  being 
9,540  grains  =  619'4  grammes). 


Glastonbury,  Somerset 
Spettisbury,  Dorset  - 

Length. 

21    inches 

991          + 
"trf     » 

Gniins. 

9,098 
6,726 

Gramme*. 

590 
436 

Hod  Hill,  Dorset      - 

29|    „ 

7,656 
11,484* 

497 
745 

»        »                - 

31f    ,, 

t 

9,679 

628 

»         »                -         - 

34      „ 

t 

8,804 

571 

»        »                -        - 

34}     „ 

9,844 

639 

»         »                • 

31i     „ 

9,734 

632 

»         )>                -         - 

29^     „ 

9,242 

600 

»        »                -         - 

31       „ 

10,827 

703 

Dorset  (Durden  Collection) 

29|     ,, 
33i     „ 

t 

8,969 
8,804 

582 
571 

'iQ3 

-L 

*7  XA*? 

J.S7 

33 

•   >vTC  i 

10  172 

•roi 
fifiO 

»         »        >/ 

32       „ 

t 

XV/j±  1  — 

8,859 

UOU 

575 

Hamdon,  Somerset    - 

t 

9,187 

597 

Bourton-on-Water,  Gloucs. 

32" 

8,094 

525 

„         „        „        „ 

30       „ 

t 

7,109 

461 

Winchester,  Hants    - 

32       „ 

8,367 

543 

»         »        » 

29       „ 

t 

7,164 

465 

»         »         » 

32}     „ 

7,657 

497 

„        „         ., 

30J     „ 

8,586 

557 

Hunsbury,  Northants 

28^     „ 

8,969 

582 

Specimens  of  quadruple  weight  (presumed  standard  being 
19,080  grains  =  1,238'8  grammes). 


Maidenhead,  Berks. 


Length. 

30f  inches 
31 


Grains. 

18,758 
17,719 


Gramme**. 

1,218 
1,150 


Mr.  Akerman  published  some  remarks  on  the  coinage  of  the 
Ancient  Britons  in  his  Numismatic  Jownal\  and  referred 
to  the  passage  in  Caesar  on  page  210;  but  he  accepted  the 
reading  annulis,  and  connected  that  form  of  the  British 
currency  with  the  gold  and  bronze  ring-money  of  Ireland.  § 
Mr.  Edward  Hawkins,  in  a  paper  on  British  coins  read  before 
the  Numismatic  Society  in  1838 1|  discussed  the  various 

t  The  handles  of  those  so  marked  are  impert'ect. 

*  This  specimen,  from  the  Koach  Smith  collection,  is  heaTily  coated  with 
wax. 

J  vol.  i.  1836-7. 

§  For  weights,  see  Ridgeway,  Origin  of  Metallic  Currency,  Appendix. 

||  Numismatic  Chranicle,  i.  13. 


186  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [19C 

readings  of  the  passage  in  question  ;  but  accepting  tlie  wo: 
annulis,  accounted  for  the  total  disappearance  of  the  ir< 
currency  by  oxidation.  Even  if  specimens  were  found,  1 
added,  any  stamp  on  them  would  have  vanished,  and  tl 
rings  would  be  thrown  away  as  useless  by  the  finder.  Mor 
over,  they  were  probably  too  unwieldy  to  be  easily  carrii 
about,  and  not  well  adapted  for  hoarding. 

The  apparatus  criticus,  which  was  also  set  out  by  Bea 
Post  in  1845  *  may  be  briefly  summarised  here.  Eckhel  res 
utuntur  aut  aere,  aut  taleis  ferreis,  ad  certum  pondus  exan 
natis,  pro  numo,  and  Ruding  utuntur  tamen  aere  ut  numt 
aureo,  aut  annulis  ferreis,  ad  certum  pondus  examinatis,  p 
nummis,  which  occurs  in  a  Roman  printed  edition  of  14( 
Both  these  authorities  were  prevented  in  this  way  from  a 
knowledging  the  fact  that,  in  spite  of  the  alleged  denial 
Caesar,  early  British  coins  were  found  in  this  countr 
Mr.  Hawkins  cleared  the  ground  considerably  by  acceptii 
the  reading  of  an  early  eleventh  century  MS.  in  the  Briti; 
Museum  :  f  utuntur  aut  aere,  aut  nummo  aureo,  aut  annul 
ferreis  ad  certum  pondus  examinatis  pro  nummo.  He  cit 
several  MSS.  in  support  of  this,  while  others  read  aliis  inste; 
of  annulis,  the  former  word  being  in  his  opinion  merely  ; 
abbreviated  form  of  the  latter.  Harleian  MS.  4106  rea 
aut  aleis,  and  one  Paris  MS.  (5764)  has  aut  taleis,  which  h 
also  the  authority  of  Scaliger. 

The  following  classification  has  been  kindly  communicat 
by  Mr.  Haverfield,  who  endorses  "the  view  taken   as  to  t 
correct  reading  of  the  passage.     '  The  good  MSS.  of  Caesa: 
De  Bella  G-allico  fall  into  two  classes,  usually  called  A  and 
Class  B   differs   from   Class  A  in   containing  various   ext 
words,  phrases,  and   sentences,  and  is  sometimes  held  to 
interpolated.      In  v.  12,  4,  A  reads:   utuntur  aut  aere  a 
nummo  aureo  aut  aliis  ferreis  ad  certum  pondus  examinat 
pro  nummo.     B  reads:  utuntur  aut  aere  aut  nummo  aei 
aut  taleis  (but  half  the  MSS.  read  aliis)  ferreis  ad  certu 
pondus  examinatis  (omitting  pro  nummO).     The  phrase  a 
aere  must  be  wrong,  and  the  conjecture  anulis  in  Add.  M 
10,084  was  plainly  an  attempt  to  explain  aliis.     As  aliis 
the  reading  of  A  and  part  of  B,  and  taleis  of  the  rest  of 
and  aut  aliis  can  hardly  be  other  than  a  misreading  of  a 
taleis,  this  latter  may  be  accepted  without  anxiety.' 

There  is  throughout  a  confusion  between  aereo  and  aure 
which  can  be  readily  understood,  but  now  that  it  is  possible 
recognise  the  form  taken  by  the  iron  currency  of  the  tin: 

*  Journal  of  the  British  Archceological  Association,  i.  226. 
f  Add.  MS.  10,084,  fol.  27b. 


Jau-  26.]  SOCIETV  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


1*7 


and  discoveries  have  shown  that  not  only  bronze*  and  gold 
but  also  tin  and  silver  coins  were  used  and  struck  by  the 
Ancient  Britons,  it  is  I  think  possible  to  corroborate  Dr. 
Long's  reading  of  the  passage  as  given  above. 

The  word  talea,  which  properly  means  a  slip  or  cutting  of 
a  tree  for  grafting  purposes,  is  used  by  the  elder  Pliny  in 
that  sense,  and  also  occurs  in  the  7th  book  of  the  Com- 
mentaries, cap.  73 :  ante  hiec,  talex,  pedem  loiujx,  ferreitt 
kamis  m/unSj  totss  in  terrain  infodielantur.  The  passage 
describes  the  defensive  works  encircling  Alesia,  which  a*re 
illustrated  in  plan  and  section  in  Napoleon's  edition.  Stakes 
were  sunk  in  the  ground,  and  into  the  top  of  them  were 
thrust  iron  hooks  of  bayonet  form.t  point  upwards,  to  serve 
as  caltrops  against  the  enemy's  cavalry.  Talea,  however,  is 
not  a  common  word,  and  may  easily  have  puzzled  a  tran- 
scriber, while  the  two  t's  in  aid  taleis  may  have  appeared  to 
be  an  incorrect  repetition,  to  remedy  which  the  second  was 
dropped  and  the  familiar  word  alvis  (dice)  evolved.  The  use 
of  dice  as  currency  may  well  have  been  doubted  by  another 
transcriber  or  editor  who  preferred  aliis,  equivalent  here  to 
etc.,  and  this  in  its  turn  may  easily  have  been  read  as  an 
abbreviation  of  annulis  (rings).  Other  words  suggested  by 
editors,  such  as  lanceis,  laminis,  lamcllin,  lancinis,  are  more 
or  less  arbitrary  emendations,  and  need  not  trouble  us 
further. 

Regarding  the  text  as  fairly  certain,  we  may  proceed  to  its 
elucidation.  Schneider,  the  German  editor  of  1849,  holds 
that  the  three  terms  introduced  by  aut  are  mutually  exclusive : 
that  is,  some  of  the  Britons  used  only  bronze  coins,  others 
only  gold  coins  (though  he  himself  rejects  aureo),  and  others 
again  only  an  iron  currency.  This  view  is  open  to  question 
on  grammatical  grounds  (as  Mr.  Haverfield  points  out) ;  and 
further,  coins  of  more  than  one  metal  have  been  found  in  the 
same  district  and  even  in  the  same  hoard  (as  at  Nunney, 
Dorset),  but  it  must  be  admitted  that  hoards  generally  contain 
pieces  only  of  one  metal.  Acre  may  be  taken  in  the  sense  of 
rough  copper  or  of  coined  bronze,  just  as  we  speak  of  coppers. 
Rough  copper  cakes  may  have  served  in  Wales,!  for  instniu-.  , 


*  It  is  thought  that  bronze  coins  were  not  struck  in  Britain  before  COM'* 
invasion. 

t  A  specimen  found  on  the  «te  in  figured  in  Kerne  Arek^oloyiyne,  N.  S.  iv. 
(1861),  pi.  xiii.  fig.  20. 

J  The  find  at  Neath  was  probably  not  a  founder's  hoard.  ni<*»t  of  the  objects 
being  in  good  condition  ;  bnt  pieces  of  rough  copper  were  inclnded  and  majr 
have  been  used  a*  bullion.  Cakes  of  copper  dating  from  the  Roman  period  have 
been  found  at  the  Parys  Mine,  Anglesey,  in  Kent,  and  elsewhere. 


188  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

as  coins  of  gold  and  silver  served  in  Kent ;  and  it  is  quite 
possible  that  the  iron  currency  was  due  to  the  ironworks  of 
the  Weald.  It  is  well  known  that  the  Romans  also  had  iron- 
works in  the  Forest  of  Dean ;  at  Lanchester,  Durham,  and 
elsewhere  ;*  but  Caesar  mentions  '  the  maritime  districts '  as 
rich  in  iron  (bk.  v.  cap.  12),  and  the  discoveries  indicate  that 
an  iron  currency  was  adopted  in  the  interior.  He  also  says 
somewhat  mysteriously  that  the  Britons  imported  bronze,  but 
he  does  not  mention  the  source  of  the  gold  coinage.  Cicero, 
whose  brother  Quintus  was  with  Csesar  on  his  second  British 
expedition,  says  in  letters  to  Atticus  and  Trebatius  that  he 
nad  heard  there  was  no  gold  or  silver  in  Britain.f  This  may 
have  only  been  Cicero's  way  of  saying  there  was  much  less 
precious  metal  in  Britain  than  the  Romans  had  expected  to 
find  ;  and  the  testimony  of  Tacitus  (Agricola,  xii.),  Strabo 
(iv.  199),  and  Solinus  (cap.  xxxi.  =  xxxv.)  to  the  contrary 
is  supported  by  discovery.  Sir  John  Evans  also  points  out 
that  Cicero  qualifies  his  statement  by  the  words  id  si  ita  est, 
and  speaks  of  pecunia  in  his  next  letter  to  Atticus. 

It  is  asserted  by  Schneider  that  the  phrase  ad  cerium, 
pondus  examinatis  does  not  imply  that  all  the  iron  bars 
were  made  of  one  weight;  in  fact,  the  word  examinatis 
means  here  little  more  than  factis,  but  was  preferred  because 
iron  bars  could  not  be  valued  without  weighing.  He  supposed 
that  unless  the  bars  were  all  regarded  as  of  the  same  value, 
the  weight  of  each  was  stamped  in  the  metal.  There  are, 
however,  no  signs  of  a  control-mark  on  the  specimens  pre- 
served, and  it  is  much  more  likely  that  the  iron  bar  was 
regarded  as  a  unit  or  a  definite  number  of  units,  and  that 
minor  variations  in  weight  were  disregarded. 

From  the  corrected  weights  of  20  specimens  I  have 
obtained  an  average  of  20£  oz.  (8,969  grains  =  581'25 
grammes),  the  extreme  weights  being  16£  oz.  and  26£  oz. 
The  average  length  of  the  20  specimens  is  2  feet  7£  inches, 
the  extremes  being  2  feet  5£  inches  and  2  feet  10|  inches. 
The  average  of  four  specimens  from  Winchester  is  just  under 
the  average  length,  but  falls  short  of  the  average  weight  by 
about  2£  oz.,  while  the  Dorset  specimens  (including  those 
from  Hod  Hill,  Spettisbury,  and  the  Durden  Collection)  are 
just  over  the  average  weight  and  length,  though  the  shortest 
specimen  of  this  denomination  occurred  at  Spettisbury.  The 
two  smaller  examples  from  that  camp  were  probably  intended 
to  be  half  the  value  of  the  larger,  but  differ  considerably  in 

*  Collectanea  Antiqua,  vi.  11 ;  Wright,  Celt.  Roman,  and  Saxon,  291. 
t  Episst.  ad,  Familiares,  vii.  7  ;  Epist.  ad  Atticuin,  iv.  16.     The  question  is 
fully  discussed  by  Sir  John  Evans,  Coins  of  the  Ancient  Britons,  p.  19. 


Jan.  26.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


189 


weight  (see  table) ;  but  the  two  together  (17|  oz.)  are  within 
a  small  fraction  of  an  ounce  of  one  of  the  larger  examples 
(17£  oz.)  found  on  the  same  site.  It  may  be  assumed  that 
the  soil  and  other  conditions  affecting  decay  were  here 
uniform,  and  I  think  this  equation  is  good  presumptive 
evidence  that  the  smaller  were  half  the  value  of  the  larger, 
and  that  both  denominations  were  current  together  among 
the  Britons  occupying  this  Dorset  stronghold  in  the  first 
century  B.C. 

All  the  existing  specimens  seem  to  be  in  fair  condition, 
except  that  the  handle  is  damaged  in  a  few  instances ;  and 
it  might  be  thought  that  the  heaviest  would  represent  the 
standard  most  faithfully.  I  have  taken  this  view  with 


BRONZE  WEIGHT  FOUND 
AT  NEATH,  GLAMORGAN- 
SHIRE. (Diara.  If  inch). 


BASALT   WEIGHT   IN   THE   MA.YENCE 

MUSEUM,     (l)iiim.  2J  inches.) 


regard  to  the  small  examples,  but  there  are  reasons  for 
treating  the  medium  size  differently.  I  may  here  mention  a 
coincidence  that  has  recently  come  to  my  notice.  Wear 
Neath,  Glamorganshire,  there  has  been  found  a  series  01  Late 
Keltic  bronzes*  evidently  a  hoard,  including  a  weight 
4  770  grains  (see  illustration).  It  is  of  a  common  Roman  form, 
cheese  shaped,  with  I  incised  on  the  top.t  A  similar  weight 
(see  illustration),  but  made  of  basalt,  is  in  the  museum  at 

*  Presented  by  Dr.  Bickerton  Edwards  to  the  Cardiff  Museum,  and  illustrated 
in  ArelMcologia,  Cambrensin.  6th  S.  v.  144. 

t  The  Roman  as  or  libra  weighed  5,050  grains. 


190  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Mayence,*  and  was  probably  found  in  that  neighbourhood. 
It  is  of  4,767  grains  (309  grammes),  and  may  be  considered 
identical  with  the  weight  from  Wales.  Now  the  average 
weight  of  our  iron  bars  is  20^  oz.  =  8,969  grains,  approxi- 
mately double  that  of  the  bronze  and  basalt  weights 
(4,484  grains  against  4,770  or  4,767  grains).  The  difference 
only  amounts  to  two-thirds  of  an  avoirdupois  ounce,  and  this 
could  be  easily  accounted  for  by  the  decay  of  the  iron.  Of  the 
two  smaller  bars  of  which  I  have  the  weights,  the  heavier  is 
more  likely  to  be  closer  to  the  standard,  and  between  4,703 
grains  and  the  bronze  weight  there  is  little  to  choose,  after 
allowing  a  trifle  for  decay  in  the  iron.  The  heaviest  of  the 
medium  bars  is  26]-  oz.  (11,484  grains),t  5f  oz.  above  the 
average,  and  4|  oz.  above  the  bronze  weight.  But  this  excess 
of  virtue  need  not  disconcert  us.  As  Professor  Ridgeway 
says,  all  primitive  peoples  estimate  the  value  of  copper 
or  iron  currency  by  measurement  rather  than  by  weight  ; 
and  this  particular  specimen  is  just  under  the  average 
length.  It  has  moreover  been  preserved  by  a  different 
method,  and  has  been  heavily  coated  with  wax.  It  was  the 
only  specimen  in  the  Roach  Smith  collection,  and  was 
found  at  Hod  Hill ;  nor  must  I  omit  to  mention  that  the 
Dorset  specimens  are  much  closer  to  what  I  beg  leave 
to  consider  the  standard  than  those  found  elsewhere  in 
Britain.  While  the  average  length  is  just  the  same  for  both 
groups,  the  average  weight  in  Dorset  is  21  oz.  (9,187  grains), 
only  -|  oz.  short.  The  same  accuracy  may  be  noticed  in  the 
large  and  ungainly  bar  from  Maidenhead,  now  in  the  national 
collection.  It  weighs  42|-  oz.  (18,758  grains),  as  against  the 
standard  19,080  grains  (4,770  grains  x  4),  and  I  think  must  be 
recognised  as  having  twice  the  value  of  the  medium  and  more 
common  denomination.  Particulars  of  another  from  the  same 
find  have  been  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  James  Rutland.  It 
closely  resembles  the  other  in  form,  has  a  length  of  31  inches, 
and  weighs  40|  oz.  (17,719  grains),  3  oz.  below  the  standard. 

Even  if  the  above  approximations  and  coincidences  are 
allowed,  it  may  seem  that  this  was  a  very  inconvenient  form 
for  money,  especially  when  bronze,  silver,  and  gold  coins  were 
in  circulation  in  the  same  area.  By  way  of  explanation  I 
need  hardly  remind  you  that  iron  bars,  spearheads,  and  other 
forms  with  uncomfortable  spikes,  are  used  as  currency  to  this 
day  in  several  parts  of  the  world,  as  for  instance  on  the  west 

*  Zeltschrift  Acs  Vereins  ziir  Erforscliung  der  rheinischen  Gescliiclite.  und 
Altertiimer  in  Mainz,  vol.  iv.  parts  2,  3,  p.  253,  no.  144.  The  illustration  shows 
three  unexplained  characters  above  the  I. 

"I"  The  Phoenician  (and  probably  Carthaginian)  mina  was  1 1 ,500  grains  (Cornish, 
Concise  Dictionary,  p.  764,  table  xi.  and  p.  491). 


Jan.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  191 

coast  of  Africa.*  At  Sierra  Leone  all  merchandise  is  reckoned 
by  the  bar,  which  is  now  equivalent  to  about  2.9.  3d  It  is 
thought  that  currency  of  this  kind  had  originally  some 
relation  to  the  length  of  the  human  limbs,  and  the  cubit  will 
occur  to  everyone  in  this  connection.  The  particular  pattern 
adopted  was  no  doubt  suggested  by  the  most  common  tools 
or  weapons  of  the  tribe,  though  it  would  be  as  incorrect  to 
describe  the  currency  of  the  Upper  Congo  as  unfinished  spears, 
as  to  call  our  British  specimens  unforged  swords. 

Nor  is  the  use  of  a  bar-currency  confined  to  savage  or  half- 
civilised  peoples.  The  Greeks  are  generally  credited  with 
the  adoption  of  coinage  during  the  seventh  century  B.C., 
though  the  electrum  of  Lydia  (perhaps  under  Gyges)  and  the 
gold  coinage  of  Croesus  no  doubt  preceded  the  silver  of 
^Egina.f  But  we  know  that  the  Spartans  of  a  later  period 
retained  an  iron  currency,  for  reasons  of  their  own.  More- 
over the  Spartan  money  took  the  form  of  bars,  which  were 
called  o/3e\oi  or  o/3€\lo-Koi,  the  former  word  occurring  in 
Homer  in  the  sense  of  a  spit  for  roasting.  From  Plutarch  J 
and  other  sources  we  learn  also  that  obol  (o/3o\o?)  was  derived 
by  some  from  this  word,  and  that  drachm  (Bpax/^n)  was 
thought  in  ancient  times  to  represent  a  handful  of  such  bars 
of  iron.  At  Athens  the  bars  seem  to  have  been  of  copper, 
and  may  have  been  gradually  reduced  to  the  size  of  nails ; 
but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  silver  obol  represented  the 
value  in  silver  of  the  ancient  copper  unit  from  which  it  took 
its  name.§ 

The  date  and  actual  services  of  Pheidon  of  Argos,  who  is 
generally  credited  with  the  first  coinage  of  ^Egina,  have  been 
much  discussed ;  but  we  may  take  it  that  he  lived  before 
600  B.C.,  and  may  render  the  words  of  the  Etymologicum 
magnum  on  the  subject  of  o/3e\tcr/cot  as  follows  :  '  Pheidon  of 
Argos  was  the  first  to  strike  coins  (in  Greece),  and  he  did  so  in 
yEgina ;  and  after  providing  a  coinage,  he  called  in  the  metal 
bars  and  dedicated  them  to  Hera  in  Argos.'  || 

It  is  conceivable  that  the  idea  of  using  iron  bars  as  currency 
came  to  the  Britons  from  the  Mediterranean ;  but  as  we  can 

*  See  an  illustrated  paper  by  Colonel  R.  C.  Temple  on  «  The  Beginnings  of 
Iron  Currency,"  in  Journal  of  the  Anthropological  Institute,  JN.b.  11.  (J  >•>)» 
99. 

•f  G.  F.  Hill,  Handbook  of  Greek  and  Roman  Coin*,  7. 

j  Lysander,  cap.  17  ;  for  arguments  againsUhis  etymology,  sc> 
Esxay  on  Ancient  Wciyhts  and  Measure*,  182. 

§  Ridgeway,  op.  cit.  310.  »  *  • 

f|  TlavTuv  $t  irp&roQ  *etc?wv  'ApyeTof  vofturiM  tico^iv  tv  Aifivy    '    » 
vouiaiia.   Ka\   avaXafcov  rove   <5/3eX.'cr<c6w<;,    aveO,,^   ry  iv  'Apvfi    Hp<f  .    .    .    . 
Ridgeway,  op.  cit.    214  ;   Hill,  op.  cit.  6.    These  seem  to  have  been  founc 
Waldstein,  The  Argivc  Heraeum,  i.  62,  77,  fig.  31. 


192  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

hardly  date  our  British  specimens  earlier  than  400  B.C.,  it  is  to 
Greek  or  Carthaginian  colonists  of  the  Western  Mediterranean 
that  we  must  apparently  trace  the  innovation.  Before  the 
fall  of  Tyre  and  Sidon  (early  sixth  century)  there  was  no 
doubt  Phoenician  trade  by  sea  with  our  island,  but  communi- 
cation by  way  of  the  continental  trade-routes  seems  more 
probable  in  the  Early  Iron  Age.  The  occurrence  of  the  basalt 
weight  at  Mayence  and  of  the  Roman  numeral  on  both  speci- 
mens suggest  the  Rhine  Valley  route,  and  this  is  rendered  all 
the  more  probable  by  the  famous  find  at  Aylesford.*  It  is 
also  difficult  to  set  a  term  to  the  use  of  an  iron  currency  in 
this  country.  Three  centuries  after  Caesar's  invasion  we  are 
told  that  certain  Britons  living  in  a  marshy  district  (perhaps 
the  Cambridgeshire  Fens)  'encircled  their  loins  and  necks 
with  iron,  deeming  it  an  ornament  and  evidence  of  opulence, 
in  like  manner  as  other  barbarians  esteem  gold.'  f 

It  is  perhaps  possible  to  be  more  precise  in  dealing  with  the 
standard  given  us  by  the  Neath  weight  and  the  bar-currency 
of  Britain.  Solon,  as  archon  at  Athens  in  594  B.C.,  so 
manipulated  the  coinage  as  to  give  debtors  a  bonus  of 
27  per  cent.,  the  same  quantity  of  silver  which  had  hitherto 
been  coined  into  73  drachmae  being  after  that  date  coined 
into  100 ;  but  the  commercial  mina  retained  its  old  value. 
Philip  Smith  J  says  the  Attic  standard  before  the  legislation 
of  Solon  was  the  same  as  the  Euboic,  and  this  was  still 
retained  for  weighing  all  but  certain  articles  (silver,  drugs, 
etc.)  after  Solon's  alterations.  The  ^Eginetan  talent  accord- 
ing to  the  same  writer  §  was  equivalent  to  the  Babylonian, 
which  had  been  introduced  into  Greece  by  the  commerce  of 
the  Phoenicians.  The  weights  were  as  follows : 

Euboic  (  =  Attic  commercial)  mina,  1  Ib.  5  oz.  48'611  grains 

=  9,236  grains. 

This  standard  was  increased  by  a  decree  still  extant, 
dated  by  Boeckh  160  B.C.;  ||  and  the  commercial 
mina  became  1  Ib.  6  oz.  350  grains  =  9,975  grains. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  Neath  and  Mayence  weights 

*  Dr.  Arthur  Evans,  ArcJtaeologia,  Hi.  342  (vase  at  Mayence),  and  388 
(The  Rhine  route). 

t  Herodian  (fl.  238),  xxxiii.  c.  2  ;  Mon.  Hist.  Brit.  p.  Ixiv. 

:£  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Antiquities,  1882  ed.,  932. 

§  Another  view  is  taken  by  F.  W.  Cornish,  Concise  Diet,  of  Greek  and  Hainan, 
Antiquities,  492,  764  ;  ^Eginetan  and  Attic  commercial  mina  =  9,750  grains  ; 
Enboic,  6,500  grains  :  Solouian,  6,700  grains. 

||  Corp.  Inscr.^o.  123,  §  4,  vol.  i.  p.  164  ;  Public  Economy  of  the  AtJienians 
(trans.  Lamb),  1857,  pp.  28,  32. 


Jan.  26.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  193 

are  together  about  midway  between  the  two  Attic  minse, 
being  about  300  grains  heavier  than  the  commercial  mina, 
and  400  grains  lighter  than  the  standard  enacted  in  1GO  B.C. 
Professor  Percy  Gardner,*  who  identifies  the  Attic  commercial 
and  ^Eginetan  coin  standards,  gives  9,700  grains  as  the 
weight  of  the  mina,  and  reminds  us  that  ancient  weights 
often  exceed  their  nominal  standard.  Half  this  valuation  is 
within  80  grains  of  the  Neath  bronze  weight,  which  may 
thus  be  considered  as  half  an  Attic  commercial  mina  of  the 
period  before  160  B.C.  From  the  fact  that  both  it  and  the 
Mayence  weight  bear  the  mark  I,  it  is  probable  that  the  half- 
mina  served  as  a  unit  of  weight  in  Britain  and  Western 
Europe  ;  hence  we  may  consider  the  smallest  denomination  as 
the  unit  for  our  iron-bar  currency,  the  others  being  twice  and 
four  times  the  unit  respectively. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  possibly  the  same  development  in 
Italy  as  in  Greece.  Though  the  derivation  of  the  word  as 
is  uncertain,  Professor  Ridgeway  suggests  a  connection  with 
asser,  a  rod,  bar,  or  pole,  which  would  be  in  complete  accord 
with  o/3eXo9.  The  link  in  the  chain  of  evidence  still  required 
is  some  indication  that  the  primitive  Italian  as  was  really  a 
metal  bar  ;  and  the  aes  rude  has  indeed  been  found  in  the 
form  of  rough  squares  hacked  off  a  copper  bar.f  These  were 
current  till  the  introduction  of  a  coinage,  probably  in  the 
fourth  century  B.C. 

Returning  from  these  digressions,  we  may  notice  the  later 
history  of  the  word  talea.  Professor  Skeat  says  the  word 
tally  corresponds  to  (but  is  not  necessarily  derived  from)  the 
French  taille,  the  y  of  tally  being  due  to  a  confusion  with  the 
participle  taille.  Chaucer  uses  the  form  taille,  and  the  deriva- 
tion given  is  from  the  Latin  talea,  a  slip  of  wood. 

It  is  easy  to  see  a  connection  between  the  rod  used  by  the 
ancient  Britons  as  currency  and  the  notched  stick  used  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  indeed  to  the  present  day,  for  keeping 
accounts  between  two  parties,  and  perhaps  it  is  not  an 
accident  that  runic  calendars  in  Norway  J  sometimes  take 
the  form  of  a  sword,  corresponding  closely  in  outline  and 
proportions  to  the  talev  ferrese  of  Caesar.  As  the  word 
'  tally  '  is  now  associated  with  numeration  and  the  notched 
stick,  I  would  suggest  '  currency-bars  '  as  a  convenient  rame 
for  the  earliest  known  medium  of  exchange  in  Britain." 


*  Smith's  Dictionary  of  Antiquities,  3rd  edition,  1891,  p.  452. 

!  8EESfe££*&I%  3  ftT-i 

121  ;  Camb.  Antiq.  Soc.  Communication*,  iv.  129. 


194  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

P.S. — On  the  composition  of  the  bars  Professor  GOWLAND 
has  obligingly  furnished  the  following  note : 

"In  order  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  iron  of  which 
these  bars  were  made,  Mr.  Read  kindly  permitted  me  to 
make  a  chemical  and  microscopic  examination  of  two  in  his 
possession.  On  analysis  they  gave  the  following  results : 

A.  B. 

Carbon  trace  '08 

Silicon  -09  "02 

Phosphorus  '69  '35 

Manganese  nil  nil 

Nickel  -23  nil 

An  examination  of  sections  under  the  microscope  showed 
that  they  differed  remarkably,  not  merely  in  composition,  but 
also  in  structure. 

Sections  of  bar  A  presented  no  slag  patches  such  as  are 
universally  found  in  wrought  iron,  but  closely  resembled 
meteoric  iron. 

Sections  of  bar  B,  on  the  other  hand,  were  identical  in 
structure  with  iron  which  has  been  produced  by  the  direct 
reduction  of  the  ore. 

Bar  A  has  hence  apparently  been  made  from  meteoric  iron. 
The  use  of  meteoric  iron  must,  however,  have  been  quite 
exceptional,  as  the  manufacture  of  iron  from  its  ores  was 
practised  by  the  Britons  long  before  the  coming  of  the 
Romans. 

Bar  B  was  forged  from  a  '  bloom '  or  lump  of  malleable 
iron  obtained  by  one  of  the  primitive  methods  of  smelting 
described  in  my  paper  in  Archaeologia. 

Both  bars  are  extremely  brittle  owing  to  their  largely 
crystalline  structure,  a  structure  which  they  cannot  have  had 
originally,  but  which  has  been  developed  during  the  long 
period  which  has  elapsed  since  they  were  made.  On  heating 
bar  B  to  a  bright  red  heat  the  original  toughness  of  the  metal 
was  restored. 

It  is  difficult  to  speak  with  certainty  of  the  source  of  the 
ore  from  which  the  metal  of  B  was  obtained,  but  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  it  was  the  Forest  of  Dean  and  not  the 
Weald." 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  said  it  was  interesting  to  find  a  MS. 
reading  of  the  eleventh  century  confirmed.  Among  local 
instances  of  uncoined  money  might  be  mentioned  blocks  of 
silver  stamped  with  special  signs  from  the  Peruvian  mines, 


Jan.  26:]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  195 

and  the  officially  stamped  copper  of  North  Sweden.  While 
the  Philippus  was  being  largely  imitated  by  Celtic  tribes 
north  of  the  Alps,  some  of  the  Britons  were  still  using  metal 
ingots,  just  as  the  early  Romans  had  used  copper  and  bronze 
bars.  With  regard  to  the  choice  between  the  readings  aere  and 
aereo  (nummo),  he  considered  all  the  bronze  coins  of  Britain 
to  be  later  than  Ceesar.  Some  connection  might  be  found 
between  the  Neath  weight  and  the  early  Italic  pound  of  272 
grammes,  which  preceded  the  Greek  standard  of  the  later 
Republic  (327  grammes).  The  iron  used  by  the  Britons  may 
have  been  meteoric ;  the  Eskimo  were  found  using  spears  and 
tools  which  were  traced  to  a  few  enormous  meteorites. 

Mr.  G.  F.  HILL  had  once  examined  the  readings  of  the 
passage  from  the  Commentaries,  and  concluded  that  aut  aere 
should  be  omitted :  these  words  had  probably  been  suggested 
by  the  subsequent  statement  aere  utuntur  importato.  The 
authority  for  the  use  of  iron  or  bronze  o/3e\tWoi  was  Plutarch, 
who  was  late  and  doubtful.  The  story  of  Pheidon  too  was 
only  corroborated  by  late  writers,  and  Ephorus  contradicted 
himself  in  this  connection.  M.  Th.  Reinach  says  Pheidon  only 
set  up  a  standard  of  weights  and  measures. 

Mr.  READ  thought  the  weight  of  evidence  was  in  favour  of 
the  view  put  forward  as  to  the  use  of  these  bars,  and  was 
inclined  to  trace  them  to  a  Greek  source.  In  the  absence  of 
any  native  records  of  this  period,  it  was  specially  important  to 
understand  clearly  the  statement  of  our  chief  Roman  authority 
on  Early  Britain. 

Lord  BALCAREES  said  that  the  identification  of  these 
iron  bars  as  currency  would  be  important  to  continental 
archaeologists  as  well  as  to  ourselves,  and  he  hoped  that 
Professor  Gowland  would  continue  his  researches  into  the 
nature  and  source  of  the  metal. 

Mr.  SMITH  in  reply  drew  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
Neath  and  Mayence  weights  were  evidently  units,  but  were 
only  equal  to  about  half  a  mina ;  and  the  numeral  on  both 
specimens  was  Roman,  not  Greek.  The  foundation  of  Aqua) 
Sextige  near  Marseilles  in  122  B.C.  might  account  for  the 
apparent  confusion. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  this  communica- 
tion. 


196  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 


Thursday,  2nd  February,  1905. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author:— Burlington  House,  Piccadilly.  By  R.  Phene  Spiers,  F.S.A. 
(Extracts  from  The.  Architectural  Review,  October  and  November, 
1904).  fol.  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author,  H.  St.  George  Gray,  Esq.  : 

1.  Excavations  at  Small  Down  Camp,  near  Evercreech,  1904.     8vo.    n.p 

1904. 

2.  Miscellanea  :  Samian  Pottery  with  Potters'  Marks,  in  Taunton  Castle 

Museum ;    Notes  on  a  Further   Exploration   of   the   Fosse  Road  at 
Radstock ;  A  Copper  Celt  from  Staple  Fitzpaine ;  etc.    8vo.    n.p.    n.d. 

3.  The  Glastonbury  Lake  Village,  an  Account  of  the  Excavations  under- 

taken during  1904.     By  Arthur  Biilleid,  F.S.A. ,  and  H.  St.  George 
Gray.    8vo.     n.p.     1904. 

From  the  Compiler  : — A  Practical  Daily  Calendar  for  all  Years,  Past,  Present, 
and  Future,  from  Saturday,  January  1,  A.D.  1.  By  J.  J.  Gratrex,  M.A. 
Single-sheet.  Boston,  U.S.A.,  1904. 

From  W.Bartlett-Calvert,E<3q.,  F.E.S.  :— Notes  on  the  Prehistoric,  Pictographic, 
Gerographic  Writings  and  Geroplasts  of  the  Ancient  Peoples  of  the  Southern 
Hemisphere  of  the  New  World.  By  Daniel  Barros  Grey.  8vo.  Valpa- 
raiso, 1903. 

Dr.  Robert  Jones  was  admitted  Fellow. 

Mr.  T.  G.  JACKSON,  R.A.,  F.S.A.,  called  attention  to  the  pro- 
posed new  works  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Strand,  which, 
though  not  actually  threatening  the  churches  of  St,  Mary-le- 
Strand  and  St.  Clement  Danes,  would,  if  carried  out,  entirely 
destroy  the  architectural  effect  of  those  buildings  and  of 
Somerset  House.  He  accordingly  moved  the  following  Reso- 
lution, which  was  seconded  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Stevenson : 

"  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  desires  to  support 
the  memorial  lately  addressed  by  a  large  number  of 
architects,  painters,  and  sculptors  to  the  London 
County  Council  on  the  matter  of  the  Strand  improve- 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  197 

ments.  The  Society  believes  that  the  frontage  line 
recommended  by  the  Committee  of  the  Council  and 
the  contemplated  height  of  the  new  buildings  to  be 
placed  there  will  irreparably  injure  the  architectural 
effect  of  the  two  churches  and  Somerset  House, 
which  are  the  only  remaining  buildings  of  historic  or 
artistic  interest  within  the  range  of  the  alterations. 
The  Society  feels  strongly  that  mere  considerations 
of  economy  ought  not  to  prevail  in  the  case  of  so 
important  an  opportunity." 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  contended  that  the  matter  was  a  purely 
architectural  one,  and  as  no  old  buildings  were  threatened,  it 
did  not  fall  within  the  Society's  province  to  interfere.  He 
accordingly  moved  the  previous  question. 

Mr.  E.  TOWKY  WHYTE  seconded. 

Mr.  J.  W.  WILLIS-BUND  moved  that  the  matter  be  referred 
to  the  Council  to  take  such  steps  as  may  be  advisable,  and 
that  a  copy  of  the  memorial  be  also  submitted. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  seconded. 

On  a  show  of  hands  Mr.  Micklethwaite's  motion  was  lost, 
and  that  of  Mr.  Willis-Bund  carried  by  a  large  majority. 

R.  GARRAWAY  RICE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for 
Sussex,  read  the  following  communication  on  some  Pahoo- 
lithic  Implements  from  the  terrace  gravels  of  the  River  Arun 
and  the  Western  Rother : 

"  It  does  not  appear  that  any  discovery  of  Palaeolithic 
implements  in  the  river  gravels  of  the  county  of  Sussex  has 
been  recorded,  although  a  large  number  have  been  found  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  adjoining  county  of  Hampshire, 
notably  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Southampton,  in  the  gravels 
of  the  Itchen  and  the  Test.  Sir  John  Evans  m  his  monu- 
mental work  *  mentions  that  at  Bells  Field,  Fnston,  to  the 
west  of  Eastbourne,  Mr.  It.  Hilton  '  found  ovate  implements, 
both  ochreous  and  white  and  porcellanous,'  and  he  adds, 
'  Although  found  on  the  surface  and  not  in  gravel  or  br 
earth,  the  implements  present  types  which  seem  to  justity 
their  being  regarded  as  of  Palaeolithic  age.' 

*  Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain,  2nd  cd.  G22. 
VOL.   XX.  O 


198  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

says,  '  Farther  west,  in  the  so-called  elephant  bed  at  Brighton 
a  bed  apparently  of  subaerial  origin,  and  containing  numerous 
mammalian  remains  of  the  Pleistocene  period,  Mr.  Ernest 
Willet,  in  1876,  found  a  well-marked  ovate  implement, 
5£  inches  long,'  etc.  Sir  John  Evans  finally  remarks,  '  With 
these  exceptions,  if  such  they  be,  the  valleys  of  the  smaller 
rivers  along  the  southern  coast  of  England  have  as  yet  been 
barren  of  discoveries  of  implements  in  their  gravels,  until  we 
come  to  the  Itchen  and  the  Test,'  etc.  The  only  other 
instance  of  the  finding  of  a  stray  Palaeolithic  implement  in 
Sussex,  besides  those  recorded  by  Sir  John  Evans,  which  I 
have  been  able  to  discover,  was  made  by  Mr.  William  Hayden 
of  Chichester,  who  found  at  Appledram,  near  that  city,  on 
7th  August,  1897,  a  flat  ovate  Palaeolithic  implement,  trun- 
cated at  the  butt  end,  where  some  of  the  outer  crust  of  the 
flint  remains.  It  measures  4f  inches  in  length  by  3§  in 
breadth,  and  now  weighs  10  ounces  ;  it  is  slightly  water-worn 
and  of  a  light  brown  colour.  This  implement  was  picked  up 
from  the  surface  of  a  stubble-field  about  ten  feet  from  the 
shore  of  Chichester  Creek,  but  as  the  edges  were  much 
damaged  by  accidental  modern  chipping  (which  the  owner 
has  restored  with  putty),  it  is  clear  that  it  was  not  in  situ 
when  found.  The  small  river  Lavant  flows  into  the  creek 
about  two  hundred  yards  from  the  spot  where  the  implement 
was  discovered,  therefore  it  is  not  improbable  that  it  may 
have  been  derived  from  the  terrace  gravels  of  that  stream. 
Mr.  Hayden  has  kindly  lent  this  implement  to  me  for 
exhibition.* 

The  Palaeolithic  implements,  flakes,  and  worked  flints,  to 
which  I  have  the  honour  of  calling  the  attention  of  the 
Society  this  evening,  although  not  many  in  number,  have,  I 
venture  to  think,  a  special  interest  as  adding  another  of  our 
southern  counties  to  the  list  of  those  in  the  river  gravels  of 
which  Palaeolithic  implements  have  been  discovered.  For 
some  years  past  I  have  tried  to  ascertain  whether  Palaeolithic 
implements  were  to  be  found  in  Sussex,  and  with  that  view 
I  have  looked  over  all  the  gravel  which  I  have  seen  exposed, 
but  until  recently  the  few  pits  and  infrequent  excavations 
gave  but  occasional  opportunities. 

My  researches  have  been  mainly  directed  to  the  terrace 
gravels  of  that  portion  of  the  river  Arun,  and  its  principal 

*  In  view  of  this  paper  Mr.  R.  C.  Fisher  sent  nn  ovate  Palaeolithic  implement 
for  exhibition  which  he  found  on  the  surface  at  Hill  Top,  Mid  hurst,  Sussex,  in 
1893.  It  measures  3£  inches  in  length  by  2£  in  breadth,  and  it  is  a  little  under 
an  inch  through  at  the  thickest  part ;  it  is  considerably  patinated  of  a  dirty 
yellowish-white  colour,  and  somewhat  water-worn  (rig.  1).  From  its  appearance 
it  would  seem  to  have  been  exposed  on  the  surface  for  a  considerable  period. 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  199 

tributary  the  Western  Rother,  comprised  within  an  area  of 
about  ten  miles  in  length  by  three  in  breadth,  stretching 
diagonally  in  a  south-easterly  direction  from  Selham  in  the 
west  to  Wiggonholt  in  the  east.  The  Western  Rother,  which 
is  really  the  western  branch  of  the  Arun,  unites  with  the 
main  stream  near  Hardham  water-mill  in  the  parish  of  that 
name.  Within  the  above  area  no  less  than  eleven  pits  and 
sections,  showing  river-drift  gravel,  have  come  under  my 
notice  in  recent  years,  but  all  these  are  not  now  worked.  Of 
these  openings,  four  if  not  five  have  yielded  Palaeolithic 
implements  and  flakes,  therefore  1  propose  to  deal  with  all  of 
them,  for  it  is  not  improbable  that  upon  careful  examination 


Tig.  1.    FLINT   IMPLEMENT   FROM   HILL  TOP,  MJDHUKST.     (i  linear.) 

during  future  workings  most  of  these  pits  will  be  found  to 
be  implernentifurous. 

It  was  not  until  the  year  1898  that  I  saw  a  Palaeolithic 
implement  undoubtedly  derived  from  the  teriace  gravels  of 
the  Western  Rother.    The  late  Rev.  A.  B.  Simpson,  then  vicar 
of  Fittleworth,  showed  me  a  few  miscellaneous  antiquiti 
and  amongst  them  was  a  very  nicely  chipped  ovate  impk 
ment,  with   the   nature   of   which   he   was   not   acquainted. 
Mr.    Simpson   told   me   that  it   had   been    picked   up   f 
years  before  from  a  path  near  Fittleworth  church,  which  path 
had  been  metalled  with  gravel  obtained  from  either  a  pit  on 
Fittleworth  Common  or  another  on  the  common  of  the  adjoi 


o  2 


200  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1905, 

ing  parish  of  Coates.  Mr.  Simpson  made  inquiries,  and  wrote 
me  on  the  18th  of  October  in  that  year  thus:  'I  have  just 
ascertained  beyond  reasonable  doubt  that  my  Palaeolithic 
implement  came  from  Fittleworth  Common,  i.e.  from  the 
disused  gravel  pit  we  visited  on  Saturday.'  The  implement, 
formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  A.  B.  Simpson,  is  of  a 
dull  buff  drab  colour ;  it  measures  3£  inches  in  length  by 
2f  in  breadth,  and  weighs  4f  oz.  (fig.  2).  Upon  his  death  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Philip  Dawson, 
of  Sydenham,  by  whose  kindness  it  is  exhibited.  I  was  able 
to  examine  at  Mr.  Dawson's  house  on  the  14th  December, 
1904,  the  contents  of  the  little  box  in  which  Mr.  Simpson 
kept  the  implement,  when  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  find 


Fig.  2.    FLINT   IMPLEMENT   FOUND   AT    FITTLEWORTH,   SUSSEX.      Q  Hliear.) 

in  addition  to  the  implement  I  was  seeking,  a  beautifully 
chipped  ovate  sharp-rimmed  one  very  thin  in  proportion  to 
its  size.  This  implement  measures  3|  inches  in  length  by 
2|  in  breadth,  but  a  small  piece  at  the  point  is  missing ;  it  is 
only  |  of  an  inch  through  at  the  thickest  part,  the  weight 
being  3  oz.  70  grains.  It  may  be  compared  with  one  found 
on  Dartford  Heath.*  Mrs.  Dawson  has  no  doubt  that  this 
implement  was  also  found  at  Fittleworth,  and  acquired  by  her 
father  after  I  had  pointed  oub  to  him  the  interest  attaching 
to  the  one  he  possessed.  This  second  specimen  has  evidently 
remained  near  the  surface,  for  it  shows  no  sign  of  patination. 
Some  soil  still  remains  on  it,  whilst  the  structure  of  the  flint 

*  Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Gnat  Britain^  2nd  ed.  (JOG.  fig.  456. 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  201 

being  practically  unchanged,  except  for  a  slight  gloss,  might 
under  other  circumstances  almost  suggest  the  implement  to 
be  a  forgery. 

The  gravel  at  Fittleworth  Common  caps  a  high  sandhill, 
of  an  estimated  elevation  approaching  200  feet  above  Ordnance 
datum,  rising  somewhat  abruptly  from  the  low-lying  land  on 
the  northern  side  of  the  Rother,  from  which  it  is  about  900 
yards  north-east  measuring  from  Fittleworth  Bridge.  I  have 
visited  the  common  on  several  occasions ;  the  gravel  there 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  ever  extensively  worked,  and 
the  digging  is  now  apparently  relinquished,  the  pits  for  the 
most  part  have  become  overgrown  with  vegetation,  but  enough 
remains  open  to  show  that  the  gravel  is  subangular,  both 
white  and  ochreous,  and  mingled  with  it  are  pieces  of  water- 
worn  ferruginous  sandstone.  I  picked  up  at  this  disused  pit 
on  the  10th  October,  1904,  a  small  ochreous  flake,  which  has 
working  on  one  edge,  as  if  it  had  been  used  as  a  scraper. 

The  next  pit  is  situated  on  Coates  Common,  in  the  parish 
of  that  name,  about  one  mile  and  a  half  south-west  from  the 
old  pits  at  Fittleworth  ;  it  is  shown  on  the  6-inch  Ordnance 
map  as  a  'Gravel  Pit,'  and  it  is  on  that  part  of  Coates 
Common  marked  in  small  italics  as  '  Button  Common.'  The 
pit  is  on  the  top  of  a  sandhill  similar  to  those  at  Fittleworth, 
and  122  feet  above  Ordnance  datum  ;  it  is  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Rother  and  about  1,000  yards  due  south  from  it. 
The  old  pits  here  appear  at  one  time  to  have  been  extensively 
worked,  but  now  a  few  loads  of  gravel  only  are  dug  each 
winter  for  the  use  of  the  Coates  Estate.  I  visited  this  pit  on 
the  12th  May,  1904.  The  following  section  was  exposed: 

Surface  soil  ....  .1  foot 

Gravel,  consisting  of  large  mibangnlar  flints,  some 
ochreous,  others  cream  colour,  with  pieces  of  water- 
worn  ferruginous  sandstone,  and  a  few  fragments 
of  chert  ......  1  f<*>t  8  inches 

Yellow-brown  sand          .  .  .  .      1  foot  8  inches 

Coarse  sand  containing  a  little  gravel     ...  8  inches 

Fine  white  sand,  depth  unascertained     . 

Total        .      5  feet. 

A  heap  of  coarse  subangular  gravel,  containing  about 
twenty  loads,  from  which  the  sand  had  been  sifted,  was 
ready  for  carting.  Upon  the  surface  of  this  I  found  a  good 
external  flake  of  ochreous  colour  and  slightly  lustrous, 
3  inches  in  length  by  2  in  breadth,  which  had  been  chipped 
apparently  to  form  a  borer;  it  weighs  2±  oz.  Upon  visit- 


202 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


ing  the  heap  again  on  the  21st  of  May,  when  Mr.  Leland  L. 
Duncan  accompanied  me,  I  was  fortunate  enough  to  find 
sticking  out  from  one  corner  of  the  screened  gravel  a  well- 
formed  tongue-shaped  implement  5^  inches  in  length  and  3j 
at  its  widest  part,  weighing  1  Ib.  4  oz.  (fig.  3).  It  is  white  and 
somewhat  porcellaneous  on  one  side,  but  the  other  is  stained 
yellow ;  some  of  the  original  crust  remains  on  the  butt  end, 
which  admirably  adapts  it  for  being  held  in  the  hand. 
Having  obtained  permission,  I  turned  the  twenty  loads  of 
gravel  over  with  a  shovel,  but  without  finding  anything 
further.  On  the  12th  October,  1904,  I  visited  the  pit  again, 


Fig.  3.    FLINT   IMPLKMKXT   FOUND   AT   COATE8,   SUSSEX.      Q  linear.) 

this  time  in  company  with  Mr.  C.  Angell  Bradford,  who 
has  kindly  assisted  me  in  checking  my  notes  relating  to 
several  of  the  workings  mentioned  in  this  paper.  Digging 
had  been  resumed,  but  we  failed  to  find  anything  morn ; 
however,  whilst  examining  the  surface  of  a  road  in  the 
vicinity,  which  some  considerable  time  previously  had  been 
metalled  with  gravel  from  the  Coates  pit,  I  found  ground 
in  level  with  the  surface  a  pointed  ovate  implement 
measuring  2f  inches  in  length  by  2f  in  breadth ;  it  weighs 
2  oz.  160  grains.  Like  one  from  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  figured 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  203 

by  Sir  John  Evans,*  though  '  most  skilfully  chipped,  the  edge 
is  not  in  one  plane,  but  when  looked  at  sideways  shows  an 
ogival  curve.'  It  is  of  a  dull  amber  colour  and  somewhat 
translucent.  The  surface  is  slightly  water-worn,  although 
the  edges  are  sharp,  but  unfortunately  it  has  lost  about 
£  of  an  inch  of  its  point  from  a  recent  fracture.  There  was 
a  disused  gravel  pit  situated  on  lower  ground,  about  450  yards 
north-west  from  the  Coates  Common  pit,  and  about  half  that 
distance  from  Coates  parish  school.  The  site  is  marked  on 
the  Ordnance  map  as  '  Old  Gravel  Pits,'  and  the  elevation  as 
108  feet.  Upon  revisiting  this  pit  on  the  13th  October,  1904, 1 
found  that  it  was  again  being  worked.  The  section  exposed  was 
similar  to  that  in  the  Coates  Common  pit,  viz.  about  18  inches 
of  top  soil,  under  which  was  a  bed  of  sandy  subangular  gravel 
averaging  from  6  to  8  feet  in  thickness,  intercalated  by  seams 
of  coarse  sand.  This  pit  may  be  called  the  Bignor  Park  pit, 
Coates.  The  workmen  said  that  it  was  reopened  last  spring, 
and  when  shown  some  implements  and  flakes,  said  that  they 
had  occasionally  found  similar  stones,  and  always  in  the  sand 
at  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  below  the  gravel,  but  they  had  not 
preserved  them.  There  are  two  other  gravel  pits  marked  in 
the  Ordnance  map  as  at  Coates,  but  these  seem  to  have  been 
unworked  for  many  years  past. 

A  small  pit  was  opened  in  the  farmyard  of  Shopham 
Bridge  Farm,  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Burton,  about  1902. 
It  is  nearly  a  mile  north-west  from  Bignor  Park  pit ;  it 
adjoins  the  railway  on  the  north  side,  and  it  is  about  80  yards 
south-west  from  the  Rother  at  Shopham  Bridge ;  by  estima- 
tion it  is  not  more  than  15  to  20  feet  above  Ordnance  datum. 
A  section  of  about  8  feet  is  exposed  here,  showing  nearly  two 
feet  ot  top  soil,  over  a  bed  of  short  sandy  gravel,  containing 
in  addition  to  subangular  flints  of  both  ochreous  and  amber 
colour,  a  considerable  percentage  of  water-worn  ferruginous 
sandstone  and  chert.  When  I  examined  this  pit,  which  I 
discovered  on  the  15th  January,  1905,  there  were  about 
30  to  40  yards  of  screened  gravel,  but  I  failed  to  find  any 
evidence  of  worked  flints  on  the  surface  of  the  heap. 

The  gravel  pit  on  the  north  side  of  the  Rother  at  '  Perry- 
fields,'  in  the  parish  of  Tillington.two  miles  north-west  from 
Shopham  Bridge,  which  is  marked  on  the  Ordnance  map,  has 
not  been  worked  for  about  ten  years.  At  Selham,  four  miles 
north-west  from  Bignor  Park  pit,  and  a  short  distance 
to  the  east  of  Selham  Station,  the  railway  passes  through 
a  deep  cutting,  the  soil  on  either  side  of  which  is  capped 

*  Ibid.  541,  fig.  419A. 


204  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

in  places  by  a  bed  of  drift  gravel  of  an  ochreous  colour 
averaging  between  one  and  three  feet  in  thickness ;  the 
bench  mark  shows  that  it  is  62'3  feet  above  Ordnance  datura. 
The  ground  here  rises  with  a  continuous  gradient  from  the 
Rother,  which  is  on  the  north  side  of  the  line  and  about 
660  yards  from  it.  Upon  the  same  high  ground,  viz.  on  Fitzlee 
Farm,  there  is  a  pit  from  which  a  considerable  quantity  of 
ochreous  subangular  gravel  has  been  excavated.  It  is 
situated  about  475  yards  from  the  above  railway  cutting  and 
890  south  from  the  river  at  the  nearest  point ;  the  estimated 
elevation  is  about  100  feet.  I  visited  this  pit  on  the  6th 
July,  1904,  and  subsequently,  and  although  it  had  evidently 
not  been  worked  for  many  months,  there  was  a  heap  of  about 
seventy-five  loads  of  screened  gravel,  which  appeared  to  have 
been  exposed  for  some  time.  I  searched  the  surface  of  this 
heap  on  several  occasions,  but  without  success. 

When  passing  Lodsbridge  watermill  at  Selham,  on  the 
10th  October,  1904,  I  found  that  the  roadway,  which  is 
carried  along  a  cutting  on  the  edge  of  a  terrace,  a  short 
distance  from  the  Rother,  was  in  the  course  of  being  widened 
by  the  removal  of  some  of  the  bank.  A  section  of  about 
12  feet  in  depth  was  exposed,  exhibiting  top  soil  3  feet 
similar  gravel  in  sand  to  that  dug  at  Fitzlee  pit,  3  feet  and 
under  running  out  to  nothing,  superimposed  on  sand.  This 
section,  the  estimated  level  of  which  at  the  surface  above 
Ordnance  datum  is  about  55  feet,  was  within  a  few  hours  cut 
still  further  back  in  order  to  admit  of  the  erection  of  a 
retaining  wall.  On  the  13th  October  Mr.  Bradford  and  I 
very  carefully  examined  it,  when,  from  a  vein  of  dark  sand, 
we  obtained  five  ochreous  flakes,  which  seem  to  be  slightly 
worked  at  the  edges ;  but  before  definitely  pronouncing  this 
gravel  to  be  implemenbiferous  it  would  be  more  satisfactory 
if  something  of  a  more  decisive  character  were  found. 

At  Ambersham  Common,  on  the  same  side  of  the  railway, 
but  about  one  mile  and  three-quarters  further  south-west, 
and  about  one  mile  south  of  the  Rother,  a  large  quantity  of 
gravel  is  now  being  dug.  It  caps  a  high  sandhill  at  an 
elevation  of  about  200  feet  above  Ordnance  datum,  and  is  of  a 
whiteish  colour ;  so  far  I  have  not  found  any  worked  flints  in 
it,  nor  have  the  workmen  whom  I  instructed  to  look  out,  but 
probably  it  may  be  regarded  as  trail.  A  small  tributary  of  the 
Rother  flows  about  300  yards  south-east  from  this  pit. 

The  Arun  in  its  winding  course  through  the  marsh  from 
Stopham  to  Arundel  passes  close  to  Greatham  church  and 
house.  There  is  a  low  terrace  about  220  yards  to  the  east 
of  the  church,  which  rises  abruptly  from  the  marsh  land 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  205 

about  200  yards  south  from  the  river,  and  at  which  point  it 
returns  at  a  right  angle  ;  the  estimated  elevation  above 
Ordnance  datum  being  about  20  feet.  In  the  corner  of  this 
terrace  a  small  pit  was  opened  in  1904  by  Mr.  R.  L.  Batchelor, 
the  owner  of  the  Greatham  Estate,  and  it  is  still  worked.  The 
pit  is  situated  about  40  yards  from  the  northern  edge  of  the 
terrace,  and  about  half  that  distance  from  the  western.  The 
top  soil  averages  about  one  foot,  and,  resting  upon  a  subsoil 
of  sand,  is  a  bed  of  sandy  subangular  gravel,  mostly  ochreous, 
which  averages  two  feet  in  thickness,  and  in  the  lower  part, 
immediately  above  the  sand,  pieces  of  ferruginous  sandstone 
are  numerous  ;  a  few  fragments  of  chert  are  also  to  be  found. 
At  this  pit  I  obtained  some  pieces  of  lustrous  translucent 
flint,  which  when  held  to  the  light  are  not  unlike  dark 
amber.  One  of  these  has  a  notch  in  it,  apparently  chipped 
out,  forming  it  into  what  may  be  termed  a  hollow  scraper, 
but  the  stone  does  not  show  any  bulb  of  percussion.  From 
the  roadway  by  the  side  of  the  church,  where  some  of  the 
gravel  from  this  pit  had  been  spread,  I  obtained  a  tine  poly- 
gonal flake,  3£  inches  in  length  by  2$  in  breadth,  and  well 
patinated  of  a  creamy  colour,  with  a  slightly  lustrous  surface  : 
it  weighs  nearly  4  oz. ;  but  it  has  lost  a  little  from  accidental 
modern  chipping.  A  labourer  working  at  the  pit,  when 
shown  a  tongued-shaped  implement,  an  ovate  one,  and  a 
ridged  flake,  at  once  said  that  he  had  met  with  stones  like 
the  last  mentioned,  but  he  did  not  recognise  the  others. 

Mr.  Batchelor  was  good  enough  to  call  my  attention  to  a 
similar  pit  also  on  his  estate,  situated  about  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  south-west  of  the  pit  near  Greatham  church.  It 
is  on  relatively  high  ground,  the  estimated  elevation  above 
Ordnance  datum  being  about  75  feet.  The  river  is  about 
half  a  mile  to  the  north-west.  This  pit  lies  near  the  edge  of 
a  similar  terrace  to  the  one  near  the  church,  which  rises  from 
the  adjoining  marsh  land,  called  '  Gretham  Ham,'  on  the 
1-inch  Ordnance  map.  On  the  surface,  near  this  pit,  I 
picked  up  a  small  pointed  piece  of  translucent  flint,  of  the 
same  amber  colour  as  found  in  the  other  pit. 

Mr.  W.  Paley  Baildon,  to  whom  I  had  shown  some  of  the 
pits  in  the  locality,  was  fortunate  enough  to  find  a  fine  well- 
made  Paleolithic  ridged  flake  on  a  heap  of  gravel,  being  one 
of  many  shot  near  Parham  Park,  for  the  purpose  of  repairing 
the  roads.  This  flake  measures  4£  inches  in  length  by 
2 f  in  breadth ;  it  is  of  a  dark  ochreous- brown  colour  and  but 
slightly  lustrous,  and  weighs  nearly  5  oz.  By  Mr.  Baildon's 
kindness  I  have  been  able  to  add  it  to  my  collection,  and  it  is 
exhibited. 


206  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

I  carefully  examined  the  numerous  heaps  upon  several 
occasions,  with  the  result  that  I  found  a  small  but  interesting 
little  ovate  implement  made  out  of  a  flake,  the  bulb  of  per- 
cussion showing  on  one  side,  while  the  other  is  neatly  worked  ; 
it  measures  only  2^  inches  in  length  by  1^  inch  in  breadth. 
After  following  up  several  false  clues,  I  applied  tp  Mr. 
Joseph  Mathison,  surveyor  to  the  Thakeham  Rural  District 
Council,  and  he  was  good  enough  to  inform  me  that  the 
ochreous  gravel  carted  to  Parham  was  obtained  from  a  pit 
at  Wiggonholt,  specially  opened  by  him  for  the  purpose, 
early  in  1904.  It  is  located  on  high  ground  about  125  yards 
to  the  east  of  the  road  from  Pulborouo;h  to  Storrington,  near 
Wiggonholt  Common,  a  little  under  a  mile  south-east  from 
the  main  stream  of  the  Arun,  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
south  from  Wiggonholt  farm  pit.  It  is  100  feet  above 
Ordnance  datum.  Perhaps  this  gravel  should  be  assigned  to 
a  small  tributary  of  the  Arun,  which  flows  from  Storrington 
and  joins  the  main  stream  in  Pulborough  Marsh,  rather  than 
to  the  Arun  itself.  This  brook  is  called  the  Storr  in  the 
Ordnance  map,  but  the  name  does  not  appear  to  be  known 
locally.  The  land  at  Wiggonholt  upon  which  the  above  pit 
is  situated  rises  from  this  watercourse  with  an  easy  gradient 
in  a  south-westerly  direction  to  the  site  of  the  pit,  which  is 
on  the  top  of  the  hill  and  about  360  yards  south-west  from 
the  brook.  The  section  exposed  in  this  pit  shows  a  foot  of 
top  soil,  above  yellow  sandy  gravel,  of  upwards  of  5  feet  in 
thickness  in  places,  consisting  of  white  and  ochreous  sub- 
angular  stones,  with  pieces  of  water-worn  ferruginous  sand- 
stone. Mr.  Mathison  informed  me  that  he  obtained  110  yards 
of  stones  from  this  pit,  but  of  course  that  does  not  nearly 
represent  the  amount  of  material  excavated. 

On  a  low  terrace  which  skirts  the  marsh  at  Hardham,  a 
thin  seam  of  subangular  gravel  has  been  worked  inter- 
mittently for  some  years  past.  The  pit,  which  is  distant 
about  250  yards  south  from  the  Rother,  is  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Midhurst  branch  railway  near  its  junction  with  the 
main  line,  and  partly  within  the  Romano-British  camp.  It 
is  known  locally  as  the  '  Ballast  Hole.'  Less  than  a  mile 
to  the  south-west,  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Coldwaltham, 
Mr.  W.  Harwood  opened  a  small  pit  at  the  back  of  Oxford 
House  in  1902.  It  is  situated  on  a  similar  terrace  of  the 
Arun  ;  it  appears  from  the  bench  mark  that  it  is  76'9  feet 
above  Ordnance  datum.  The  Arun  flows  about  half  a  mile  to 
the  south-east  of  this  pit,  whilst  the  Rother  is  a  little  less 
than  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north.  The  gravel  averages 
from  one  to  two  feet  from  the  surface ;  the  flints  are  coarser 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  207 

than  from  the  other  pits,  and  mixed  with  them  are  numerous 
pieces  of  ferruginous  sandstone.  I  have  not  as  yet  found  any 
trace  of  Palaeolithic  worked  flints  in  either  this  pit  or  in  the 
Ballast  Hole. 

In  conclusion,  the  special  points  of  interest  in  this  discovery 
of  Palaeolithic  implements  in  Sussex  may  be  briefly  recapitu- 
lated thus:  the  locality  is  an  entirely  new  one;  the  great 
difference  of  the  levels  at  which  the  implements  have  been 
found,  e.g.  about  20  feet  above  Ordnance  datum  at  Greatham, 
122  at  Coates,  and  approaching  200  at  Fittleworth ;  and 
again,  the  variety  in  the  type  of  the  implements.  The  two 
latter  facts  taken  together  may  suggest  a  vast  difference  in 
the  age  of  the  cream-coloured  flake  from  Greatham  and  the 
tongued-shaped  implement  from  Coates.  Finally,  I  submit  this 
paper  as  a  pioneer  one  only,  recording  a  small  but  I  venture 
to  think  an  interesting  discovery,  and  indicating  deposits  of 
gravel  where  it  is  extremely  probable  that  further  research 
will  reveal  many  more  works  of  Paleolithic  man.  If  this 
should  prove  to  be  the  case,  then  the  object  of  this  paper  will 
have  been  fully  attained." 

Mr.  DALE  remarked  that,  in  spite  of  the  Inrge  number  of 
Palaeolithic  implements  found  in  the  adjoining  counties,  Sussex 
had  hitherto  proved  singularly  unproductive.  The  success 
attending  Mr.  Rice's  search  in  the  Rother  valley  suggests  that 
implements  only  needed  looking  for  in  other  parts  of  the 
county.  Many  of  the  ochreous  flints  exhibited  as  dubious  he 
considered  undoubtedly  natural  forms. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  said  that  Sussex  was  remarkably 
deficient,  not  only  in  Palaeoliths  but  also  in  the  mammalian 
fossils  usually  associated  with  them  in  the  gravels.  The 
trail,  which  south  of  the  Thames  replaces  the  more  northerly 
glacial-drift,  was  seen  in  some  of  the  photographs  overlying 
the  gravel  in  which  undoubted  Palaeolithic  implements  had 
been  found  in  the  Rother  Valley. 

Mr.  REGINALD  SMITH  drew  attention  to  a  very  similar 
series  of  Pala3oliths  in  the  Maidstone  Museum,  from  the 
valley  of  the  Beult,  near  Linton.  Whether  implements  or 
not,  the  ochreous  flints  exhibited  by  Mr.  Rice  resembled  in 
patina  and  rudeness  (though  less  in  form  and  condition)  the 
"  eoliths  "  of  the  North  Downs. 

Mr.  R.  C.  FISHER  exhibited  a  fine  ovate  Palaeolithic  imple- 
ment from  Midhurst,  which  is  higher  up  the  Rother  Valley 
than  the  sites  discussed  by  Mr.  Rice.  (Fig.  1,  and  note.) 


208 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


F.  W.  COCK,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  round  copper 
gilt  taper  box,  with  the  initials  of  James  II.  and  his  wife, 
or  of  his  son  and  his  wife,  Marie  Clementine,  containing  a 


SILVKR-OILT  CUP   FROM   I5.VBBA.COMBE   CHURCH,   DEVON. 

(<SVr  oyjMiite page,") 


Feb.  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  209 

number  of   little  paper   parcels   labelled   in   an   eighteenth- 
century  hand.     These  contain  Jacobite  relics  as  follow  : 

(1)  A  lock  of  hair  with  the  inscription  "this  was  taken 

out  of  the  paper  on  which  was  written  in  my  master 
the  K's  own  hand,  'the  Queen,  my  wife's  hair  cutt 
off  after  she  was  dead.  J.  R.' "  This  would  be 
Marie  Clementine  Sobieski,  ob.  1735.  The  hair  is 
that  of  a  fair  woman,  such  a-s  she  is  described  to 
have  been. 

(2)  "A  bit  of  the  lineing  of  the  Prince's  coat  he  fled 

from  Scotland  disguised  in." 

(3)  Two  of  the  gold  glazed  tesserae  from  St.  Edward's 

Shrine,  Westminster. 

(4)  "  A  bit  of  the  blanket  the  Prince  slept  on." 

(5)  Portion  of  the  veil  of  the  sacred  image  of  Our  Lady 
at  Loretto,  etc.  etc. 

Nothing  is  known  of  the  history  of  the  box. 

Rev.  J.  HEWETT,  M.A,  exhibited  a  diminutive  standing-cup 
and  cover  of  silver-gilt  only  7£  inches  high,  belonging  to  the 
church  plate  at  Babbacombe,  Devon. 

Mr.  READ  said  that  the  cup  was  one  of  those  domestic 
vessels  not  uncommonly  presented  to  a  church,  though  not 
suitable  for  ecclesiastical  use.  It  was  a  copy  in  miniature  of 
a  German  cup  dating  from  the  first  quarter  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  bears  the  mark  of  Hans  Weber  of  Niirnberg. 
Round  the  top  is  a  German  inscription  recording  that  it  was  a 
gift  to  commemorate  the  exile  of  Christof  Hammern  of  Eger, 
in  Bohemia. 

The  inscription  is  a?  follows : 

ANNO  1629  DEN  9  MAI  AM.  TAG.  HIOBS  HAT  MAN  CHKIKTOBH 
HAMERN  DES  RATHS  ZV  EGER  INS  EXILIVM  VER  TRIBEN. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


210  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 


Thursday,  9th  February,  1905. 

Sir  HENRY  HO  WORTH,  K.C.I.E.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S., 
Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author : — The  Classification  of  the  Somerset  Church  Towers.      By 
F.  J.  Allen,  M.D.     8vo.     n.p.     1904. 

From  the  Author : — The  Wallace  Collection  of  Arms  and  Armour.     By  R.  C. 
Clephan,  F.S.A.     4to.    Leipsic,  1904. 

From  the  Author  :— An  old  Galway  Silversmith.    By  Robert  I)ay.  F.S.A.     8vo. 
n.p.     n.d. 

From  the  Author  : — Chantry  Chapels  in  Ludlow  Church.     By  H.  T.  Weyman, 
F.S.A.    8vo.     n.p.    n.d. 

From  the  London  County  Council  : — Indication  of  Houses  of  Historical  Interest 
in  London.     Parts  1,  2,  and  3.     8vo.     London,     n.d. 

From  the  Compiler : — A  Catalogue  of  Zodiacs  and  Planispheres,  originals  and 
copies.     Compiled  by  Rev.  A.  B.  Grimaldi,  M.A.     8vo.     London,  1905. 

From  the  Edinburgh  Bibliographical  Society  : — A  List  of  Books  printed  in  Scot- 
land before  1700.     By  H.  G.  Aid  is.     4to.     Edinburgh,  1904. 

Also,  from  Arthur  Gardner,  Esq.  : — Lantern  slide  of  North  Tower  of  Wells 
Cathedral  Church, 

A  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  T.  Cecil  Woolley  calling  attention 
to  the  threatened  removal  of  the  medieval  bridge  across  the 
Witham  at  Claypole,  Lines.,  and  the  substitution  of  a  new  one 
in  its  place. 

Also  a  report  to  the  Executive  Committee  from  Mr.  T.  M. 
Blagg,  F.S.A.,  on  the  present  condition  of  the  bridge,  which  is 
a  very  perfect  and  picturesque  example  of  the  fourteenth 
century  (see  illustration),  now  rapidly  going  to  ruin,  through 
being  much  shaken  by  the  continual  passing  of  steam 
traction  engines  and  other  heavy  traffic. 

The  following  Resolution,  which  had  been  drawn  up  by  the 
Executive  Committee,  was  accordingly  proposed  from  the  Chair, 
seconded  by  Lord  Balcarres,  M.P.,  and  carried  unanimously. 

"It  having  been  reported  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  London  that  the  ancient  bridge  at  Claypole  has 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  210. 


FOURTEENTH   CENTURY   BRIDGE   AT   CLAYPOLE,    LINCS. 


Fob.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  211 

been   seriously   injured    by   the   passage   of    steam 
traction  engines  and  other  heavy  traffic. 

The  Society  wishes  to  express  its  opinion  that  the 
bridge,  which  is  an  unusually  perfect  example  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  and  a  very  picturesque  object, 
is  of  great  historical  value,  and  hopes  that  those 
responsible  for  its  custody  will  take  such  steps  as 
are  necessary  for  its  preservation." 

It  was  also  resolved  : 

"  That  copies  of  this  Resolution  be  sent  to  the  Kesteven 
County  Council  and  the  Claypole  Rural  District 
Council." 

HENRY  LAYER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Essex,  read 
the  following  notes  on  a  discovery  of  a  Late-Celtic  Burial  at 
Colchester : 

"  In  Dr.  Arthur  Evans's  paper  in  Arckaeologia,  vol.  lii.,  on  a 
find  of  Late-Celtic  burials  at  Aylesford,  he  mentions  the 
discovery  of  relics  of  this  period  at  Chesterford  and  other 
places  in  Essex  and  Suffolk. 

Since  this  time  further  finds  of  pottery  have  occurred  in 
Essex,  and  in  December,  1896,  at  a  meeting  of  this  Society 
some  remarkably  fine  examples  from  Shoeburyness  were 
exhibited. 

Other  burial  groups  from  this  district  have  been  found,  but 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  are  not  confined  to  this 
portion  of  the  county  of  Essex  only,  as  some  very  characteristic 
specimens  were  found  near  Southminster  in  making  the  rail- 
way. Last  year  the  London  newspaper  The  Graphic  gave  an 
illustration  of  a  portion  of  a  very  interesting  group  of  vases 
found  near  Braintree. 

These  will  be  referred  to  later  on,  in  describing  those  on 
the  table  lately  found  near  Colchester. 

Several  of  the  groups  I  have  mentioned  are  now  deposited 
in  the  Museum  in  Colchester  Castle,  as  is  also  the  fine  collec- 
tion of  Late-Celtic  relics  discovered  by  the  late  Mr.  George 
Joslin  on  the  north  side  of  the  London  Road,  about  a  mile 
from  the  town  of  Colchester. 

All  these  finds  show  that  agricultural  operations,  by  which 
so  many  of  these  shallow  burials  have  been  destroyed,  have 
still  spared  enough  to  prove  that  they  were  no  more  rare 
in  Essex  than  elsewhere  in  the  south-eastern  counties  of 
England. 

Since  the  publication  of  Dr.  Arthur  Evans's  epoch  making 


212  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

paper,  previously  referred  to,  antiquaries  have  been  enabled 
more  satisfactorily  to  identify  the  pottery  of  the  Late-Celtic 
period,  and  to  separate  it  from  the  later  Roman,  even  in  those 
transitional  examples  where  the  type  seems  to  have  continued 
after  the  Roman  occupation. 

In  process  of  time  it  will  probably  be  found  that  Late- 
Celtic  burials  are  not  so  rare  throughout  southern  England 
as  at  one  time  considered.  These  remarks  have  arisen  from 
observing  that  the  late  Mr.  J.  E.  Price,  in  cataloguing  the 
Joslin  collection,  described  all  the  Late-Celtic  relics  therein 
contained  as  probably  Roman,  induced  thereto  by  finding 
much  of  it  had  been  obtained  from  the  site  of  the  Roman 
cemeteries  around  Colchester,  although  some  of  the  most 
characteristic  examples  were  found  some  distance  from  them. 

Unfortunately  those  bronze  ornaments  and  vessels  which 
usually  accompany  these  Late-Celtic  interments  are  to  a  great 
extent  absent  from  the  finds  in  the  Colchester  district,  as  the 
soil  acts  very  prejudicially  on  all  metals.  Vessels  in  copper 
or  bronze  are  frequently  changed  into  so  much  carbonate  of 
copper,  falling  to  pieces  when  touched. 

In  this  last  find,  now  on  the  table,  the  bronze  relics  are 
sufficiently  preserved  for  their  original  forms  to  be  made  out. 

This  discovery  was  made  a  short  distance  from  the  town, 
within  the  bounds  of  the  borough,  during  some  excavations 
for  drainage,  and  as  every  effort  was  made  in  trying  to  save 
the  whole  of  the  vases  and  other  relics  comprising  this  fine 
and  unusual  burial  group,  possibly  the  whole  were  preserved. 

If  this  be  so,  it  consisted  of  four  earthenware  vases ;  two 
large  red  jugs;  a  small  bronze  drinking  cup ;  the  remains  of  a 
bronze  pin ;  and  also  of  a  very  fine  bronze  mirror. 

Taking  the  vessels  in  the  same  order,  it  will  be  well  to 
describe  first  the  large  pedestalled  urn,  in  which  the  remains 
of  the  bones  are  usually  placed  in  these  burials. 

In  Dr.  Arthur  Evans's  paper,  before  referred  to,  there  is  a 
vase  figured  Plate  viii.  No.  6,  almost  exactly  the  counterpart 
of  the  one  under  consideration.  It  is  about  the  same  size,  13 
inches  high,  but  instead  of  being  perfectly  plain  and  smooth 
externally  as  ours  is,  it  has  a  cordon  just  above  the  pedestal. 

The  second  vase  was  perfect  when  found,  but  was  very 
tender  and  friable.  This  one  may  be  compared  with,  as  it 
is  very  similar  to,  Dr.  Evans's  Plate  ix.  No.  7,  excepting  that 
there  are  no  zigzag  markings  below  the  cordons,  as  in  the 
one  quoted,  and  the  angular  shoulder  is  more  pronounced 
in  the  Colchester  specimen.  The  surface  of  this  is  like  the 
first,  very  smooth  and  well  finished.  It  is  6i  inches  high  and 
4  j  inches  across  the  mouth. 


reb.  9.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 

The  third  vase  is  almost  equally  well  finished,  its  dimensions 
,re  2£  inches  high  and  4  inches  across  the  mouth.  It  has 
hree  cordons  above  the  shoulder,  the  other  parts  of  the  surface 
>eing  perfectly  plain.  In  Dr.  Evans's  paper  there  is  no  pot 
|uite  similar,  but  No.  2  in  his  Plate  viii.  has  about  the  same 
>roportions. 

The  fourth  vase  is  of  considerable  interest,  and  as  far  as 
mown  is  of  a  unique  type,  and  therefore  nowhere  illustrated 
ir  described.  In  form  it  is  spherical  without  foot  or  flattened 
>ase,  wide  in  the  mouth,  which  has  a  somewhat  thin  edge 
vithout  any  upturned  part. 

Into  this  mouth  a  cover  fits,  kept  in  its  position  by  a  flange 
>rojecting  half  an  inch  into  the  mouth  of  the  pot  similarly 
o  covers  of  vessels  of  pottery  of  the  present  day.  This 
;over,  like  the  body  of  the  vase,  is  ornamented  with 
iordons,  two  of  which  encircle  it,  and  what  may  be  considered 
i,  third  one  runs  round  the  top,  projecting  sufficiently  to 
orm  a  convenient  handle  to  remove  the  cover  when  needed. 
Che  body  of  the  vessel  has  four  cordons  around  it ;  the  last 
orms  an  even  surface  for  it  to  stand  on.  The  whole  of  the 
urface  of  the  vase  and  cover  are  well  finished  and  smooth, 
ind  there  are  appearances  leading  to  the  supposition  that 
here  was  once  a  coating  of  black  upon  them.  Also  between 
he  upper  cordons  at  the  shoulder  there  is  an  ornamentation. 
Dhe  vase  was  quite  empty  when  brought  by  the  finders; 
he  lid,  which  had  not  until  then  been  raised,  had  so  close  a 
it  that  the  sandy  earth  in  which  it  had  been  interred  had 
>een  entirely  excluded.  The  dimensions  of  this  vase  are 
i|  inches  high,  with  a  diameter  at  the  widest  part  of  7£ 
nches,  and  at  the  mouth  4^  inches. 

It  may  be  well  to  mention  the  only  other  vessel  of  this 
ype  known  to  the  writer  of  the  paper.  It  was  found  about 
,wo  years  ago  at  Braintree,  and  is  now  exhibited  with  the 
Dolchester  specimen,  which  it  slightly  exceeds  in  size. 

The  body  of  the  Braintree  example  is  ornamented  with  five 
;ordons  and  the  lid  with  four,  including  the  handle.  Instead 
)f  being  empty  like  its  fellow  from  Colchester  it  had  been  used 
is  a  cinerary  urn  and  was  partly  filled  with  burnt  bones. 
Accompanying  this  urn  was  a  large  plain  vase,  a  small  one 
ike  the  fourth  previously  described,  some  portions  of  others, 
ind  the  foot  of  a  large  pedestalled  urn  like  those  so  frequently 
iccompanying  burials  of  this  period. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  no  one   conversant  wit 
;he  subject  was  present  at  the  discovery,  and  in  consequence 
-he  importance  of  saving  everything  turned  out  by  the  men 
vas  neglected.     Probably  the  field  in  which  they  were 

VOL.  XX.  p 


214  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

covered  had  other  burials  in  it,  as  broken  pottery  is  said  to 
be  very  common  there. 

There  is  a  notice  of  this  find  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
Essex  Archceological  Society*  but  the  writer  appears  to  have 
entirely  misunderstood  the  character  of  the  vessels  and  the 
period  to  which  they  belonged.  He  described  the  round  vessel 
as  being  ornamented  with  moldings  like  the  base  of  a  classic 
column  and  ending  in  a  very  narrow  neck. 

Perhaps  the  most  notable  vessels  in  this  interesting  Colchester 
group  are  the  two  large  brick- red  jugs,  with  a  coating  of 
powdered  mica  over  their  whole  surface,  giving  them  a  very 
metallic  appearance.  In  neither  is  there  any  lip  or  spout  to 
the  mouth.  The  dimensions  of  these  vessels  are,  height 
13|  inches,  diameter  at  shoulders  8  inches,  of  the  mouth 
4^  inches,  and  of  the  hollow  base  4-|  inches.  There  is  a 
single  cordon  on  one  only,  where  the  hollow  pedestalled  foot 
joins  the  body,  otherwise  the  whole  surface  is  plain.  The 
handles  are  attached  to  the  body  and  neck  in  the  usual 
position,  but  the  method  of  attachment  is  precisely  that 
adopted  by  workers  in  metal,  that  is,  a  hole  is  made  in  the 
neck,  the  handle  passed  through  and  as  it  were  riveted  inside. 
At  the  first  sight  these  jugs  might  easily  be  mistaken  for 
medieval  vessels. 

Unfortunately,  the  soil  in  which  this  group  was  placed  was 
not  favourable  to  the  preservation  of  the  bronze  articles  that 
were  there  deposited,  but  enough  remained  of  a  mirror  to 
show  it  must  have  been  a  very  fine  specimen.  The  back  is 
ornamented  with  a  spiral  pattern  and  the  handle  is  very  good 
and  quite  characteristic  of  the  period.  By  the  side  of  the 
mirror  is  a  portion  of  a  bronze  pin. 

The  only  other  bronze  relic  is  a  drinking  cup  3f  inches  in 
diameter.  The  body  of  this  cup  is  perfectly  plain,  but  the 
handle  is  very  well  formed,  and  ornamented  at  the  point 
by  having  a  piece  of  red  coral  inserted. 

The  importance  of  this  group  in  illustrating  the  productions 
of  the  potters  of  the  late-Celtic  period  must  be  my  excuse  for 
occupying  so  much  of  your  time  this  evening." 

Mr.  HILTON  PRICE  inquired  if  the  objects  shown  were 
found  in  a  grave  or  a  stone-cist.  Owing  to  the  absence  of 
any  hard  rock  in  Essex,  there  were  no  cists  of  the  period 
in  the  county. 

Mr.  REGINALD  SMITH  pointed  out  that  in  respect  of  number, 

*  New  Series,  ix.  195,  196. 


eb.  9.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  215 

lie  late-Celtic  sites  of  Essex  equalled,  if  they  did  not  surpass, 
liose  of  Kent.  Covered  urns  of  the  kind  exhibited  had  been 
:>und  in  the  lower  valley  of  the  Seine,*  where  cremation  was 
be  rule,  while  a  somewhat  different  pattern  was  found  in  the 
nrlier  unburnt  burials  of  Champagne.  The  trellis-pattern 
ppeared  also  on  early  Romano-British  urns,  and  a  red-ware 
ig  similar  to  those  shown  had  been  found  in  tunnelling 
he  Malvern  Hills.  The  coral  on  the  bowl-handle  was  not 
tie  only  exception  in  Britain  to  the  rule  that  this  material 
fas  replaced  by  enamel  in  the  third  century  B.C. 

The  CHAIRMAN  said  it  was  not  surprising  that  Camulodunum 
he  largest  town  of  Roman  (and  probably  pre-Roman)  Britain, 
hould  produce  many  excellent  examples  of  early  British  art. 
t  was  not,  however,  easy  to  reconcile  these  discoveries  with 
locumentary  evidence.  We  are  told  that  the  Belgae  occupied 
-  large  area  south  of  the  Thames,  but  archieoJogy  shows  that 
he  same  or  a  kindred  tribe  (Brigantes)  occupied  Yorkshire, 
,nd  it  was  from  that  quarter  that  the  art  spread  to  the  north 
if  Ireland.  Many  chariots  are  found  in  Yorkshire  graves, 
»nd  also  in  the  Marne  district,  but  no  mention  is  made  by 
Caesar  of  such  vehicles  in  the  latter  area ;  and  we  must 
:onclude  that  by  the  time  of  the  Roman  invasion  of  Gaul,  the 
hariot-usmg  population  had  been  driven  out  or  superseded 
iy  another  race.  The  occurrence  of  the  name  Brigantia  in 
Switzerland  (e.g.  Bregenz,  on  the  Lake  of  Constance)  suggests 
t  racial  connection  between  the  subjects  of  Cartismandua  and 
.he  Celts  who  occupied  the  later  Imperial  Burgundy,  from 
Switzerland  to  the  mouths  of  the  Rhine. 

The  Rev.  C.  V.  COLLIER,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  following 
lotes  on  a  discovery  of  Roman  remains  at  Harpham,  E.  R. 

iTorks : 

"About  the  beginning  of  the  month  of  June,  1904,  Mr.  F. 
Fhompson,  farmer,  of  Harpham,  drew  my  attention  to  a 
quantity  of  tesseras  which  had  been  found  in  one  of  his  fields, 
known  as  '  Cross  trod  field.' 

Somewhat  more  than  a  mile  to  the  north  of  this  field 
is  an  old  road  (very  little  used  now)  which  is  named  Wold- 
gate  and  often  spoken  of  by  the  people  of  the  district  as  a 
Roman  road.  Nearly  two  miles  further  north  from  this  is 
the  High  Street  running  in  a  westerly  direction  from 
Bridlington.  A  little  over  a  mile  and  a  half  westward  of 
Cross  trod  field  is  a  road  running  from  a  place  known  as 

*  Cochet,  Sepultures  Gaulouctt,  402  (Hallais,  Neufchatel). 
P   2 


•216  PROCEEDINGS  OP  THE  [1905, 

Street  End  (on  the  Bridlington  and  Driffield  road)  to 
Kilham ;  this  road  is  called  the  Street,  and  the  fields  on  the 
east  side  of  it  Street  fields. 

A  footpath  from  Burton  Agnes  to  Kilham  runs  almost  in  a 
straight  line  from  these  two  villages  and  passes  within  a  few 
yards  of  the  remains  in  Cross  trod  field. 

Mr.  F.  Thompson  informed  me  that  large  quantities  of 
sandstone  had  been  turned  up  from  time  to  time  in  Cross 
trod  field  and  had  been  carried  away  and  used  for  repairing 
farm  buildings,  for  rubbing  floors  and  doorsteps,  and  for 
whetstones.  Little  or  none  of  this  stone  is  turned  up  now, 
but  occasionally  pieces  are  ploughed  up  in  the  next  field  to 
the  north. 

On  visiting  the  place  where  the  tesserse  had  been  found  I 
noticed  a  number  of  loose  tesserae  of  brick  and  chalk,  with 
others  of  a  bluish  colour  and  smaller  than  the  rest.  Removing 
a  small  quantity  of  soil  from  one  of  the  deeper  furrows  there 
appeared  some  tesserae  in  situ  and  only  four  inches  from  the 
surface,  the  tesselated  floor  having  a  dip  northward  and 
working  to  the  surface  southward.  Replacing  the  soil  it  was 
decided  to  wait  until  the  corn  was  cut  before  making  any 
further  examination. 

As  early  as  possible  after  the  cutting  of  the  corn  I  visited 
the  site  and  picked  up  many  tesserae,  fragments  of  pottery  and 
glass,  also  two  beads  with  half  of  a  third ;  one  of  the  whole 
beads  and  the  half  bead  have  the  appearance  of  turquoise, 
the  remaining  one  has  the  appearance  of  opal.  Diligent  searcli 
was  made  for  more,  without  success. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  general  aspect  of  the  field  to 
suggest  that  Roman  remains  exist  so  near  the  surface ; 
certainly  the  spot  where  the  discovery  was  made  is  on  a 
very  slight  eminence,  but  this  is  all.  There  seems  to  be 
nothing  whatever  of  a  military  character  about  the  place 
unless  it  be  the  far-reaching  view  over  Holderness. 

I  again  visited  the  place  in  company  with  Mr.  St.  Quintin, 
the  owner  of  the  land,  and  Mr.  H.  O.  Piercy  his  agent.  The 
former  gave  me  permission  to  excavate,  and  the  latter  all  the 
help  in  his  power.  Accordingly  I  procured  the  services  of 
several  reliable  men  from  Harpham  and  Burton  Agnes,  and 
we  began  our  work  by  digging  trial  holes  in  various  parts  of 
the  eminence.  In  every  case  but  one  we  found  rough  chalk, 
salmon-coloured  mortar,  sometimes  a  bone  or  two,  and 
occasionally  a  few  loose  tesserae. 

Finding  no  walls  nor  anything  to  guide  us,  we  decided  to 
remove  the  soil  from  the  place  where  fragments  of  pavement 
had  been  taken  away  by  a  few  people  who  had  heard  of  the 


Feb.  9.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


217 


discovery ;  we  soon  came  upon  the  remains  of  what  had  been 
a  very  fine  tesselated  pavement,  and  we  followed  the  lines  of 
tesserae  until  we  had  uncovered  all  that  was  left  of  it  The 
red  tesserae,  which  I  had  noted  on  my  first  visit  to  the  place 


JIAZE    PROM    A    ROMAN    MOSAIC'   PAVEMENT    FOUND   AT    HAHI'HAM,  YOHKS. 


iroved  to  be  a  patch  on  a  pavement  of  red  and  white ;  for 

ome  cause  or  other  the  original  floor  had  been  broken,  and 

patch,  composed   of  coarser  and  larger  tesserae  than  the 


218  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

original  cubes,  had  been  inserted  to  mend  the  hole ;  the  whole 
of  the  patch  was  red,  and  about  5  feet  long,  varying  in 
breadth  from  2  feet  to  a  few  inches.  This  fragment  of 

(  o 

pavement  lay  almost  due  east  and  west,  and  measured  27-i- 
feet  in  length,  with  a  varying  breadth  of  5  feet  to  about  one 
foot. 

The  edge  of  this  floor  towards  the  north  was  fairly  intact, 
as  it  lay  more  deeply  below  the  surface,  but  in  all  other 
directions  it  was  so  much  broken,  probably  by  the  plough, 
that  it  was  impossible  to  ascertain  its  whole  dimensions. 

The  hard  bed  from  which  the  tesserae  had  been  torn 
remained  for  some  little  distance  southward,  but  this  was 
broken  by  the  plough. 

During  the  removal  of  the  soil  from  this  pavement  we 
found  bones,  apparently  of  red  deer,  some  fragments  of 
coarse  black  pottery,  which  seemed  to  be  the  remains  of  a 
large  vase,  oyster  shells,  and  broken  stone  roofing  tiles, 
together  with  blocks  of  chalk  and  plaster  with  the  colouring 
in  some  cases  quite  bright,  greens  and  reds  being  the  pre- 
dominating tints. 

About  fifteen  yards  southward  of  this  first  find  we  came 
across  a  quantity  of  solid  mortar  in  one  of  the  trial  holes,  and 
in  extending  the  sides  of  this  hole  we  struck  another  pave- 
ment. Following  the  lines  of  tesserae  as  in  the  first  case  we 
soon  came  to  the  edge  of  the  floor,  then  working  away  from 
this  base  we  eventually  uncovered  a  pavement,  which,  but  for 
the  holes  caused  by  driving  in  stakes  for  supporting  sheep 
nets,  etc.  was  perfect.  This  floor  was  about  one  foot  below  the 
surface,  and  measured  roughly  16  feet  by  17  feet.  The  centre 
piece  was  a  kind  of  quatrefoil  within  a  square  of  very  small 
tesserae  of  red,  white,  blue,  and  yellow,  the  rest  of  the  pave- 
ment was  composed  of  tesserae  of  chalk  and  sandstone ;  these 
were  disposed  in  such  a  way  as  to  form  a  maze  with  all  its 
angles  right  angles.  This  maze  was  framed  in  broad  bands  of 
similar  tesserae  to  the  rest  of  the  pavement. 

On  this  floor  we  found  quantities  of  flat  roofing  slabs  of 
West  Riding  sandstone.  The  largest  slab  (imperfect)  was  12 
inches  by  10  inches.  In  these  slabs  were  holes  for  nails,  and  in 
one  instance  the  nail  remained  fast  in  its  position.  Many  iron 
nails  were  found,  some  having  large  flat  heads.  There  was 
much  wall  plaster,  but  most  of  it  soon  crumbled  away,  yet 
we  secured  enough  to  get  an  idea  of  the  scheme  of  colouring. 
It  was  evident  that  the  walls  had  been  plastered  and  coloured 
at  two  different  times.  The  first  time  the  plaster  had  been 
coloured  in  bands  of  pink  and  green,  and  also  of  red  and 
yellow,  over  this  a  coating  of  plaster  £  inch  thick  had  been 


Feb.  9.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  21ft 

laid  and  painted  in  bands  of  yellow  and  green,  and  also  in 
bands  of  red  and  white,  with  a  narrow  line  of  black  between 
the  two  last  colours.  Pieces  of  plaster  were  found  disclosing 
the  earlier  scheme  of  decoration,  and  to  these  were  attached 
patches  of  plaster  revealing  the  later  scheme.  In  one  case 
the  lines  or  bands  of  colour  run  horizontally,  in  the  other 
perpendicularly,  or  vice  versa.  A  quantity  of  charcoal  was 
discovered,  and  with  it  a  broken  saucer-like  vessel  of 
yellowish  pottery  decorated  with  brownish  lines  arranged 
chevronwise.  Near  this  charcoal  was  a  great  number  of  oyster 
shells,  and  a  three-sided  arrow  point  of  iron,  measuring  about 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  from  the  point  to  the  end  of  the  tang. 
Another  saucer-like  vessel  of  fine  black  ware  was  found,  also 
fragments  of  coarse  black  pottery,  some  bones  and  teeth  of 
ox,  sheep,  dog,  and  pig,  a  few  small  bones  of  birds,  a  lump  of 
lead,  and  a  coin  of  Gallienus. 

Lying  north-east  of  the  last  pavement,  with  their  corners 
N.E.  and  S.W.  almost  contiguous,  was  another  pavement, 
which,  when  uncovered,  measured  21  feet  by  7  feet.  The 
design  is  composed  of  broad  bands  of  red  and  white  tessera?, 
the  inner  ones  ending  abruptly  at  a  central  square  of  white 
with  a  broad  border  of  red. 

Three  coins  were  found  during  the  uncovering  of  this  floor, 
one  of  Victorinus,  another  of  Tetricus,  and  a  third  which  we 
were  unable  to  identify.  We  found  some  more  fragments  of 
coarse  black  potterjr,  a  broken  bronze  buckle,  some  little  bits 
of  glass,  a  little  piece  of  twisted  lead,  a  few  oyster  shells, 
nails,  stone  tiles,  lumps  of  mortar,  pieces  of  chalk,  and  small 
portions  of  plaster,  so  friable  that  they  crumbled  on  being 
touched ;  there  appeared,  however,  on  some  little  bits,  traces 
of  a  reddish  brown  colouring. 

On  the  south-east  edge  of  the  eminence  we  unearthed  a 
block  of  masonry,  but  unfortunately  our  excavations  at  this 
point  were  brought  to  a  close ;  however,  it  is  intended  to 
resume  the  work  as  soon  as  favourable  weather  returns. 
The  pavements  and  the  other  objects  found  have  been  re- 
moved and  placed  in  the  Municipal  Museum  at  Hull. 

The  positions  of  the  objects  found  have  been  noted,  and  so 
far  as  possible  an  accurate  record  of  the  work  has  been 
kept." 

Mr.  MILL  STEPHENSON  hesitated  to  express  an  opinion  as 
to  the  full  nature  of  the  discovery  as  only  part  of  a  corridor 
and  wing  of  a  house  had  as  yet  come  to  light.  The  stone- 
work seemed  to  have  been  taken  away,  and  it  was  strange 


220  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

that  the  pavement  was  so  well  preserved.     He  was  glad  to 
hear  that  the  maze-pavement  was  now  in  a  good  museum. 

Mr.  LAYER  observed  that  the  replastering  and  recolouring 
of  Roman  houses  was  frequently  noticed  in  this  country. 
In  Colchester  Museum  there  was  an  example  of  three  re- 
colourings  ;  the  plaster  was  very  thin  but  held  very  firm.  At 
Alresford,  Essex,  there  were  three  or  four  such  recolourings. 

Mr.  HOPE  said  that  since  there  appeared  to  be  no  remains 
of  walls  on  the  site,  the  house  had  probably  been  half- 
timbered,  as  at  Silchester,  Darenth,  and  elsewhere.  The  device 
of  a  maze  in  the  middle  of  a  mosaic  pavement  was  rare  in  this 
country.  An  example  found  at  Caerleon  was  known,  and 
Mr.  Fox  had  mentioned  to  him  another  as  having  been  met 
with  in  Northants. 

J.  C.  STENNING,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  photograph  and  rubbing 
of  a  cast-iron  grave  slab  in  Rotherfield  Church,  Sussex.  (See 
illustration.) 

The  slab  is  6  feet  3  inches  long,  2  feet  4  inches  wide,  and 
1£  inches  thick.  The  device  is  a  double  cross  of  somewhat 
unusual  design. 

Rev.  R.  B.  GARDINER  thought  that  an  ancient  cross  had 
been  used  as  a  core  in  the  casting,  and  that  the  pattern  might 
not  indicate  the  date  at  all.  He  had  written  a  paper  on  grave- 
slabs  in  the  neighbouring  church  of  Wadhurst,  Sussex,*  but 
had  never  seen  anything  of  the  kind  exhibited,  earlier  than 
1630,  with  the  exception  of  the  Burwash  slab.t 

Mr.  GARRAWAY  RICE  said  this  form  of  cross-slab  was  well 
known  in  Sussex,  and  local  wills  show  that  they  date  from 
about  1650. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  assigned  the  Burwash  slab  to  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  or  the  early  fifteenth  century,  and 
regarded  it  as  the  beginning  of  iron  casting,  The  duplica- 
tion of  the  crosses  was  not  significant,  two  being  required  to 
fill  the  space.  The  core  must  have  been  cut  out  of  thin  wood, 
and  the  date  was  probably  sixteenth  century. 

Mr.  SANDS  said  that  wooden  cores  were  regularly  used  in 
Sussex :  one  for  casting  such  things  was  still  in  existence. 

*  Proceedings,  2nd  S.  xv.  307. 
f  Archaevlogia,  Ivi.  133. 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


7b/o0r jug*  221. 


rfO  OFTTOV1A5  MORF  GF.T:  W> 

ti  \-tD  T£OF  IAN   I5«6  AND  OFNIMMt  HIS  \)HfE  I).VGH:"R3 

D  ESQI^HOCVStD  "H»  MOVTvtNTTOBE  MADt   IV   LSI! 


MOVIE    \D  CERTAINE  6ELEEFE  OF  Tt  KESN'hRECTIOM  OF  H  m  hOOILS 
L*IED  HEKEBY. 


PAINTED  WOODEN   MEMORIAL  TABLET  IN  ADDEB.BUEY  CHURCH,   OXON. 


Feb.  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  221 

Mr.  HOPE  referred  to  Dr.  Cutts's  work  on  grave-slabs, 
where  such  repetitions  of  the  cross  were  noticed. 

The  CHAIRMAN  felt  that  the  difficulty  still  remained. 
There  would  be  no  models  for  such  a  beautiful  cross  in  the 
seventeenth  century,  and  if  it  were  of  pre-Reformation  date, 
its  occurrence  on  a  secular  grave  without  inscription  was 
extraordinary.  The  earliest  and  most  artistic  Sussex  fire- 
backs  known  to  him  dated  from  the  time  of  Edward  VI. 

Lord  BALCARRES  agreed  that  such  a  graceful  design  could 
not  possibly  date  from  the  seventeenth  century.  The  question 
was  a  very  difficult  one,  but  he  was  inclined  to  attribute  the 
slab  to  the  fourteenth  century. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  GEPP,  M.A.,  through  LIONEL  GUST,  Esq., 
M.V.O.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  painted  wood  memorial 
tablet  of  the  year  1586,  from  Adderbury  Church,  Oxon. 

The  tablet,  which  measures  4  feet  6  inches  in  height  by  2  feet 
7  inches  in  width,  is  composed  of  a  square  panel  with  black 
frame  relieved  by  gilding,  with  a  triangular  pediment  above 
containing  the  arms,  etc.  of  the  person  commemorated,  and  an 
inscription  below.  (See  illustration.) 

The  panel  has  in  base  a  white  tomb  with  a  skeleton  reclining 
thereon,  with  a  man  kneeling  at  the  foot  and  a  woman  at  the 
head.  The  woman  is  clothed  in  black  with  a  ruff  round  her 
neck  and  a  black  veil.  The  man  is  bareheaded  and  also 
wears  a  ruff,  and  is  clothed  in  a  tight-fitting  suit  of  black. 
Both  figures  kneel  upon  red  cushions  with  gold  tassels. 
Between  the  figures  is 

DATA  SVNT   IPSIS  QUOQ[VE]    FATA   SEPVLCHRIS 

and  on  the  side  of  the  tomb 

SO   FAR   IS  OVGHT   FROM   LASTING   AYE 
THAT  TOMBES   SHAL  HAVE  THER  DYIG  DAY. 

Over  the  tomb  is  a  large  oblong  cartouche  within  an 
arabesque  frame  with  the  verse : 

WE    HAVE  BENE   FLES"    AND   BLOODE,   WE   ARE    BYT   HOES 

AND   LIE   FOR   OTHER   FLESH   TO  TAKE  THER  VIEWE 

OVR  SIDES  WERE   NEVER  BRASSE,  OVR  STRETHE   NOT  STOES 

WE   COVLD  NOT  CHOOSE   BVT  BID   THE  WORLD  AD1EV 

FARE   WEL  THEN  SISTER   FLESH   AND  THINKE  ON  VS, 

NO   ODDS   BVT   TIME,   WE   ARE,   THOW   MVST   BE   THV.H. 


222 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


On  the  upper  edge  of  the  cartouche  stand  two  naked 
cherubs.  He  on  the  left  is  saying :  VIVE  PIVS,  MORIERE  PIVS. 
He  on  the  right  says :  OMNIS  SCRIBITVR  HORA  TIBI. 

In  the  dexter  corner  of  the  panel  is  depicted  a  niche  con- 
taining a  skull.  Over  it  is  the  admonition  QVASI  MORITVRVS 
VIVE,  and  under  it :  THAT  EARST  i  WAS  is  GONE  AND  PAST,  and 
a  shield  of  the  lady's  arms. 

In  the  sinister  corner  the  niche  contains  an  hour  glass  with 
a  red  frame  and  is  superscribed  MORE  FLVETIS  AQV^E.  Below 

it  is :    THE   FLETING   STREAM    [sic]   NOT   HALFE   SO    FAST,  and  a 

shield  of  the  arms  of  More. 

Within  the  pediment  is  painted  a  helm  with  red  and  white 
mantling,  and  crest,  a  mermaid  with  comb  and  mirror,  sur- 
mounting a  shield  of  arms :  silver  two  bars  vert  and  nine 
martlets  gules  (MORE),  impaling  silver  a  fess  gules  and  three 
pellets  sable  with  three  gold  bustards  on  the  fess  and  a  bordure 
engrailed  sable  (BUSTARD). 

Under  the  panel  is  a  narrow  tablet  on  which  is  written  in 
black  letters  (with  many  ligatures)  on  a  white  ground : 

THIS  IS  THE  REPRESENTATIO  OF  THOMAS  MORE  GET:  WHO 
DECEASED  THE  2  OF  IAN:  1586  '  AND  OF  MARIE  HIS  WIFE 
DAVGHT:  TO  ANTHONIE  BVSTARD  ESQ:  WHO  CAVSED  THIS 
MOVMENT  TO  BE  MADE  IN  TESTIMONIE  AD  CERTAINE  BELEEFE 
OF  THE  RESVRRECTION  OF  THEIR  BODIES  WCB  ARE  LAIED  HEREBY 


Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  remarked  that  the  tomb  bearing  the 
skeleton  differed  from  the  pagan  altar  usually  found.  A 
man  and  wife  praying  opposite  one  another  was  a  common 
motive,  and  painted  memorials  of  this  kind  had  no  doubt  been 
common.  It  was  interesting  as  a  document  for  the  history 
of  painting. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Feb.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  223 


Thursday,  16th  February,  1905. 

Sir  EDWARD  M.  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  : 

1.  Catalogue  of  Terra  Cottas  in   the   Department  of  Greek  and  Roman 

Antiquities,  British  Museum.  By  II.  B.  Walters,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Small 
4to.  London,  1903. 

2.  Catalogue  of  Sculpture  in  the  Department  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiqui- 

ties, British  Museum.  By  A.  H.  Smith.  Vol.  iii.  8vo.  London 
1904. 

3.  Index  to  the  Sloane  Manuscripts  in  the  British  Museum.    By  E.  J.  L. 

Scott,  D.Litt.     8vo.    London,  1904. 

4.  Catalogue  of  the  Greek  Coins  of  Cyprus.     By  G.  F.  Hill,  M.A.    8vo. 

London, 1904. 

5.  Franks  Bequest.     Catalogue  of  British  and  American  Book  Plates  be- 

queathed to  the  British  Museum  by.  Sir  Augustus  Wollaston  Franks, 
K.C.B.  By  E.  R.  J.  Gambier  Howe,  F.S.A.  VoK  ii.  and  iii.  8vo. 
London,  1904. 

From  the  Compiler: — Intrantes  :  A  List  of  Persons  admitted  to  Live  and  Trade 
within  the  City  of  Canterbury  on  payment  of  an  Annual  Fine,  from  1392  to 
1592.  By  J.  Meadows  Cowper,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Canterbury,  1904. 

From  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.  :— A  Hand-list  of  Ancient  English  Reli- 
gions Houses  and  Hospitals.  By  F.  A.  Gasquet,  D.D.  8vo.  n.p.  n.d. 

From  Henry  Taylor,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Ightham  Mote,  with  a  Pedigree  of  theSelby 
Family.  By  Henry  Taylor,  F.S.A.,  and  T.  C.  Colyer-Fergnsson.  8vo. 
London,  1905. 

From  R.  Phene  Spiers,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — The  Architecture  of  Greece  ami  Home, 
a  Sketch  of  its  Historic  Development.  By  the  late  William  J.  Anderson  and 
R.  Phene  Spiers,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1902. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  2nd  March,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be  balloted 
for  was  read. 

CYRIL  DAVENPORT,  Esq.,  V.D.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
notes  on  Samuel  Mearne  and  his  bindings : 

"  In  May,  1556,  Queen  Mary  granted  a  Charter  of  Incor- 
poration to  the  'Master,  Wardens,  and  Commonalty  of  the 
Mystery  or  Art  of  Stationers/  and  this  company  became 
quickly  one  of  great  power  and  importance.  James  I.  added 
considerably  to  the  powers  of  the  Stationers'  Company,  and 


224  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

gave  them  the  privilege  of  printing  almanacks,  hitherto  only 
enjoyed  by  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge.  In 
spite  of  all  this,  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century 
there  were  numbers  of  unlicensed  presses  which  gave  much 
trouble  to  the  authorities  and  caused  much  ink  to  flow. 
John  Milton,  among  others,  strongly  advocated  the  liberty  of 
the  press. 

At  the  time  of  the  Restoration  the  crusade  of  the  Stationers' 
Company  against  the  unlicensed  presses  was  in  full  force,  and 
Charles  II.  strongly  supported  the  Company,  and  selected 
Samuel  Mearne,  his  Royal  Binder,  to  assist  in  stopping  the 
piratical  presses. 

There  are  many  entries  in  the  state  papers  of  the  time 
concerning  Mearne's  very  active  share  in  this  matter,  and  in 
May  1668,  by  Charles's  request,  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  Stationers'  Company,  of  which  he  afterwards  became 
Master. 

The  earliest  account  of  bookbinding  in  English  was  written 
by  John  Bagford  about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  in  it  Mearne  is  mentioned  with  much  respect,  and  we  are 
told  that  he  had  a  first  rate  workman  of  the  name  of  Sucker- 
man.*  This  man  was  very  likely  the  designer  and  perhaps 
the  cutter  of  the  small  and  remarkable  book  stamps  which 
are  now  associated  with  Mearne's  name. 

In  1640  George  Thomason,  a  bookseller  at  the  '  Rose  and 
Crown '  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  began  an  important 
collection  of  contemporary  tracts,  by  command  of  Charles  I. 
There  were  eventually  about  two  thousand  bound  volumes. 
During  the  Civil  War  the  tracts  were  sent  to  different  places 
for  safety,  among  others  to  the  Bodleian  Library  at  Oxford, 
where  they  were  kept  until  1676.  Samuel  Mearne  purchased 
the  entire  collection  by  order  of  the  King  from  George 
Thomason  the  younger,  prebendary  of  Lincoln,  but  Charles 
never  took  possession,  so  that  in  1684  we  find  Anne  Mearne 
asking  permission  from  the  Privy  Council  to  sell  the 
collection. 

It  seems  likely  that  no  purchaser  came  forward,  as  in  1745  it 
was  bought  from  Anne  Mearne's  grandson,  Henry  Sisson,  a 
druggist  in  Cornhill,  for  £300  by  George  III. 

In  the  Record  Office  is  a  Royal  Grant  dated  1660,  to 
Samuel  Mearne  of  the  office  of  bookbinder  to  Charles  II.  for 
his  life.  Mearne  was  to  receive  a  retaining  fee  of  'six 
pounds  of  law  full  money  of  England  by  the  yeare.' 

Among  the  accounts  of  the  Great  Wardrobe  in  the  Audit 

*  No  doubt  of  German  origin. — C.  H.  R. 


Feb.  16.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTKJUAKIES. 


225 


Office  are  preserved  many  of  Mearne's  bills  for  bookbinding. 
They  are  all  of  interest,  and  I  have  them  all  here  in  full  to  be 
published,  in  a  privately  printed  book,  by  the  Caxton  Club  of 
Chicago ;  but  for  the  moment  the  most  interesting  information 
in  them  is  the  often  recurring  phrase  that  books  were  bound 
c  Rubro  corrio  Turci.'  Red  leather,  i.e.  morocco,  was  only  just 
coming  to  England  about  1660,  and  was  still  rare ;  none  of  the 
Tudor  or  Stuart  kings  had  books  bound  in  it,  as  far  as  I 
know,  and  except  for  a  set  of  small  books  bound  for  Charles  I. 
when  Prince  of  Wales,  we  find  no  examples  of  it  until  we 
come  to  Mearne's  time.  Charles  H.'H  library  came  by  gift  of 
George  II.  to  the  nation  in  1757,  and  with  the  rest  of  the 
royal  library  of  England  was  handed  over  to  the  trustees  of 
the  Sloane  and  the  Cottonian  Libraries  at  Montagu  House, 
then  newly  purchased  for  a  national  museum. 

The  majority  of  Charles  II.'s  books,  of  which  the  British 
Museum  possesses  a  large  number,  are  bound  in  red  leather, 
and  also  were  frequently  fitted  with  tie  ribbons,  as  Mearne 
says,  '  cum  teniola  ad  astringendum,'  but  unluckily  no  actual 


volume  can  be  identified  with  any  mentioned  in  Mearne's 
accounts,  because  he  gives  no  titles.  He  does,  however, 
mention  Bibles  and  Prayer  Books,  of  which  we  have  several. 
We  therefore  infer,  with  much  probability  of  truth,  that  these 
numerous  red  bindings  bound  for  Charles  II  in  red  leather, 
all  closely  resembling  each  other,  were  made  for  him  by  his 
official  binder,  Samuel  Mearne,  but  none  of  them  are  signed. 
So  that  although  I  shall  speak  of  these  bindings  as  Mearne  a. 
it  is  really  open  to  correction.  They  are  certainly  issued 

one  bindery. 

The  majority  of  the  books  are  simple,  the  sides  ornamented 
only  with  a  rectangular  line  decorated  at  the  corners  with  the 
royal  cypher  or  a  neuron.  They  often  have  also  very  fine 
decorative  gold  tooling  in  the  panels  ot  the  back,  and  from 
the  small  stamps  found  here,  which  are  of  characteristic 
designs,  we  can  identify  much  contemporary  work  of  a  more 
ornate  style,  on  which  they  also  occur,  as  the  work  < 
same  binder. 


226  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

Among  the  books  of  the  library  of  Charles  I.  there  are 
some  few  which  are  bound  in  a  fine  red  morocco,  then  new 
in  England,  and  on  these  volumes  are  found  stamps  very 
nearly  resembling  those  used  at  a  later  period  in  Mearne's 
workshop.  The  bindings  are  plain  on  the  sides  except  for  a 
handsome  stamp  of  the  royal  arms  with  supporters,  but  the 
backs  are  richly  tooled  with  remarkably  fine  gold  stamps. 

One  of  the  earliest  books  bound  for  Charles  II.  is  a  large 
Bible,  in  red  morocco,  on  the  sides  of  which  is  this  same  large 
royal  arms  with  supporters,  but  now  it  is  enclosed  within  a 
decorative  setting,  in  which  occur  the  stamps  used  by  Mearne. 
It  is  bound  by  Mearne,  and  has  upon  it  a  stamp  of  a  crowned 
dove  with  an  olive  branch  in  its  mouth.  This  reference  to 
the  return  of  his  Majesty  to  his  own  dominions  is  curious,  and 
it  is  probably  the  only  instance  in  which  Charles  II.  has  been 
typified  by  a  dove.  So  this  book  forms  a  link  between 
the  red  bindings  made  at  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Charles  I., 
and  the  red  bindings  made  at  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. 

Mearne  devised  three  chief  motives  for  the  decoration  of 
his  bindings,  and  there  is  some  reason  to  think  that  none  of 
these  is  actually  original.  They  seem  rather  to  be  modifica- 
tions of  designs  which  are  found  in  English  bindings  of  an 
earlier  date.  At  the  same  time  each  of  the  three  main 
divisions  into  which  Mearne's  book  designs  may  be  classed  is 
so  distinct  in  character  that  practically  the  motives  make  a 
new  start. 

First  comes  the  rectangular  form  of  decoration,  in  which  a 
single  or  double  gold  line  is  run  at  some  distance  within  the 
edges  of  the  boards  of  the  book  and  parallel  to  them.  These 
gilt  rectangles  always  have  a  fleuron  or  the  double  '  C ' 
cypher  of  Charles  II.  at  the  corners.  This  cypher  was 
invented  by  Mearne ;  it  consists  of  two  capital  C's  intertwined 
back  to  back,  crowned  and  partially  enclosed  within  a  double 
palm  spray.  It  is  found  somewhere  or  other  on  most  of 
Mearne's  royal  bindings,  often  on  the  backs,  and  now  and  then 
painted  on  the  forage.  Although  practically  new,  this  design 
can  be  seen  potentially  on  some  of  the  bindings  made  for 
Edward  VI.  by  Thomas  Berthelet. 

The  second  style  initiated  by  Mearne  is  known  as  the 
'  cottage  style.'  Here  the  rectangle  is  supplemented,  or  some- 
times broken  up,  above,  below,  and  at  both  sides,  by  an 
angular  gable  form.  The  gable  form  and  its  supporting  fillet 
is  often  all  stained  black,  especially  when  the  binding  is  of 
red  leather,  and  in  other  instances  it  is  only  shown  in  good 
tooling. 

Although  new  as  Mearne  used  it,  the  prototype  of  this 


Feb.  It).]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  227 

cottage  or  gable  design  can  be  seen  in  a  binding  made  by 
Thomas  Berthelet,  royal  binder  to  Henry  VIII.  The  binding 
is  of  calf  leather  and  covers  a  copy  of  Delvenus's  treatise  De 
tribus  hierarckiis  bound  for  Henry  VIII.  The  design  is  that 
of  a  rectangular  fillet  intertwined  with  a  diamond-shaped 
fillet,  and  the  main  lines  of  the  subsequently  developed 
cottage  design  are  here  prototyped,  but  of  course  whether 
Mearne  ever  saw  this  building  or  not  can  only  be  a  matter  of 
conjecture.  He  may  have  done  so,  since  as  royal  binder  he  no 
doubt  had  full  access  to  the  royal  library. 

The  third  style  inaugurated  in  England  by  Mearne  may  be 
called  the  '  all  over '  style,  as  the  design  is  repeated  until  the 
boards  of  the  book  are  covered  more  or  less  all  over.  The 
style  is  generally  supposed  to  have  originated  with  Le  Gascon, 
a  great  French  binder,  who  invented  the  method  of  scoring 
binder's  tools  across  at  right  angles  to  their  right  lines,  with 
the  result  that  the  impression  made  from  them  has  a  dotted 
effect.  This  dotted  work  appears  plentifully  on  many  of 
Mearne's  stamps.  Le  Gascon's  'all  over'  designs  consist  of 
an  intertwined  fillet,  in  the  interstices  of  which  are  impressed 
close  masses  of  fine  gold  tooling.  Mearne  adopted  this  style 
almost  exactly,  and  evidently  admired  it  much,  but  he  very 
shortly  evolved  from  it  a  style  particularly  his  own.  He 
substituted  a  line  of  separately  impressed  curved  stamps  in  the 
place  of  Le  Gascon's  continuous  fillet,  and  filled  his  spaces 
with  much  larger  and  more  boldly  designed  stamps. 

Mearne's  '  all  over '  bindings  are  bound  in  red  and  black 
morocco,  and  the  designs  upon  them  are  picked  out  in  colour, 
silver,  red,  or  black.  The  finest,  as  well  as  the  commonest, 
are  probably  those  in  black  morocco,  picked  out  with  silver. 
These  colours,  with  the  rich  gold  of  the  actual  tooling  make 
a  quite  charming  combination,  and  the  style  generally  is  one 
of  which  we  may  well  be  proud. 

Like  the  cottage  design,  the  '  all  over '  design  had  a  long 
vogue  in  England  after  Mearne's  death  in  1G83,  and  for  a 
long  time  the  master's  actual  stamps  were  used. 

The  cottage  design  has  especially  been  honoured  by  Court 
favour.  The  coronation  book  used  at  the  coronation  of 
King  George  II.,  as  well  as  that  used  at  the  coronation  of 
King  Edward  VII.,  were  both  bound  in  this  style. 

The  edges  of  books  have  been  ornamented  by  stamped 
work,  written  work,  or  paintings,  certainly  from  the  twelfth 
century,  and  perhaps  earlier.  The  earliest  English  em- 
broidered book  has  a  painted  armorial  forage,  and  several 
of  Henry  VIII. 's  books  are  similarly  ornamented.  All  these, 
however,  are  painted  upon  the  edges  when  the  book  is 
closed, 


228  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

Mearne  invented  a  new  way  of  executing  edge-painting 
He  had  it  done  when  the  book  was  open  and  the  leaves 
consequently  fanned  out,  so  that  when  the  book  is  shut  the 
painting  does  not  show.  Such  work  is  often  not  seen  unless 
properly  looked  for,  and  all  finely  bound  books  by  Mearne 
should  be  carefully  examined.  Mr.  Fairfax  Murray  has  lent 
a  fine  example  for  exhibition. 

The  fashion  of  painting  edges  of  books  in  this  disappearing 
fashion  was  dropped  after  Mearne's  death,  but  revived  about 
a  hundred  years  later  by  James  Edwards,  of  Halifax,  a  notable 
English  binder,  who  invented  a  method  of  rendering  vellum 
transparent,  so  that  paintings  underneath  it  are  quite  pro- 
tected. Edward's  brother  is  credited  with  having  painted  the 
edges  of  books  for  the  binder,  and  for  some  time  afterwards 
the  edges  of  small  books  are  often  found  charmingly  painted 
in  the  same  way.  It  has  never  been  yet  done  except  in 
England." 

Mr.  ALMACK  exhibited  an  iron-bound  Book  of  Wisdom  and 
several  volumes  bound  by  Mearne. 

Sir  HENRY  Ho  WORTH  referred  to  the  specimens  of  binding 
kindly  sent  for  exhibition  from  the  Victoria  and  Albert 
Museum,  and  wished  that  more  examples  of  artistic  or 
archaeological  interest  could  be  shown  to  the  Society  before 
being  immured  in  museums.  He  drew  special  attention  to 
the  skill  required  in  executing  the  "  all-over  "  patterns. 

Mr.  WHEATLEY  said  Mr.  Davenport's  researches  had  justified 
the  attribution  of  many  bound  volumes  to  certain  individuals  : 
this  was  impossible  25  years  ago,  but  Berthelet,  Mearne, 
and  Roger  Payne  were  now  well  known.  English  bindings 
had  a  peculiar  character,  and  the  Mearne  series  was  almost 
unequalled,  though  Le  Gascon  was  no  doubt  supreme.  The 
"  cottage  "  pattern,  which  was  English,  retained  its  character 
as  late  as  1727. 

Mr.  SKINNER  inquired  as  to  the  identity  of  Chas.  Mearne. 
There  were  in  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum  embroideries 
of  the  time  of  Charles  I.  not  only  with  caterpillars  like  those 
on  some  of  the  bindings  shown,  but  also  snails  and  butter- 
flies. 

Sir  GEORGE  ARMYTAGE  said  that  he  possessed  two  or  three 
bindings  by  Edwards.  There  were  two  men  of  that  name  at 
Halifax,  one  painted  the  fore-edges  of  books  the  other  bound 


Feb.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  229 

in  vellum.  He  mentioned  a  Bible  and  Prayer  Book  of  about, 
1775,  which  had  a  transparent  binding.  Washing  had  revealed 
a  design  of  Bartolozzi  on  the  back,  which  had  been  executed 
on  thin  vellum  and  covered  by  another  layer  of  the  same 
material. 

The  CHAIRMAN  thought  the  semA  bindings  better  than  the 
French,  the  English  craftsman  excelling  in  the  treatment  of 
large  books.  He  had  seen  a  library  in  which  the  front  edges 
of  the  books,  turned  outwards,  were  coloured  and  arranged  to 
form  a  picture. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITK  quoted  as  an  example  of  a  fourteenth 
century  book  with  painted  fore  edges,  the  MS.  Westminster 
Mass  Book,  which  was  so  decorated  with  armorial  bearings : 
its  date  was  about  1370. 

F.  G  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  Director,  exhibited  a  large  number 
of  antiquities  found  in  Thames  Street,  London,  on  which  he 
also  read  the  following  notes : 

"  The  antiquities  I  have  the  pleasure  of  laying  before  you 
this  evening  have  all  been  recently  found  in  an  excavation 
that  has  been  made  in  Upper  Thames  Street,  upon  the  shore 
of  the  Thames.  The  area  excavated  is  considerable.  About 
midway  between  the  backs  of  the  Thames  Street  houses  and 
the  actual  river  front,  a  thick  wall  composed  of  chalk  blocks 
was  found,  this  wall  appears  to  have  been  at  an  early  period, 
probably  in  late  Norman  times,  the  river  wall.  The  excava- 
tion has  been  made  to  a  depth  of  at  least  29  feet  from  the 
surface,  and  on  the  south  side  of  this  wall,  at  a  depth  varying 
From  24  feet  to  29  feet,  a  considerable  quantity  of  medieval 
antiquities  have  been  met  with,  for  the  most  part  consisting  of 
small  objects ;  there  has  been  very  little  pottery  or  glass,  and  no 
tobacco  pipes.  The  stratum  explored  appears  to  have  belonged 
exclusively  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries.  It  is  to  be 
regretted  that  the  superstructure  about  to  be  erected  did  not 
require  a  deeper  foundation,  as  in  that  case  we  should  have 
bad  an  opportunity  of  finding  antiquities  of  an  earlier  period. 
I'here  have  not  been  any  Roman  antiquities  found  on  the 
south  of  the  line  of  the  chalk  wall,  but  on  the  north  side  of 
the  wall  only  a  few  have  been  discovered,  and  those  are  of 
pery  slight  importance. 

It  would  be  interesting  to  know  whether  this  wall  of  chalk 
has  been  found  continuously  along  the  bank  of  the  river,  or 
whether  it  be  simply  the  wall  of  some  early  wharf, 

VOL.  XX.  Q 


230 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


This  part  of  Thames  Street  appears  to  have  been  extra- 
mural, as  the  walls  of  Londinium,  and  afterwards  of  London, 

did  not  begin  so  far  west,  but 
to  the  east  of  the  Walbrook 
where  it  fell  into  the  Thames 
by  Dowgate.  The  wall  then 
continued,  according  to  the 
investigations  of  Roach  Smith, 
along  the  upper  or  northern 
side  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Thames  Street  towards  the 
Tower.  It  is  therefore  not 
surprising  that  Roman  re- 
mains are  infrequent  in 
Thames  Street  to  the  west  of 
Dowgate. 

The  objects  that  have  come 
from  this  excavation,  and 
which  are  now  on  the  table, 
are  just  the  sort  of  things  that 
one  might  expect  to  have  been 
thrown  over  the  wall  into  the 
river  when  there  was  no 
further  use  for  them,  and 
they  are  precisely  the  same 
class  of  objects  that  have  been 
met  with  at  other  places  on 
the  river  side,  and  they  differ 
considerably  from  those  of 
the  same  period  found  in 
other  parts  of  the  city.  The 
damp  soil  by  the  Thames  has 
tended  to  preserve  the  leather, 
iron,  and  brass  objects. 

It  is  interesting  to  see  a 
collection  that  has  been  found 
in  one  place  and  belonging 
almost  exclusively  to  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies. This  leads  one  to  sup- 
pose that  the  site  must  have 
been  built  over  towards  the 
end  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
as  nothing  that  can  be  ascribed 

DAGGEE  FOUND  IN  LONDON,    (j.)      to   a   later   period    has   been 

found. 


Feb.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  231 

It  is  strange  that  so  little  pottery  has  been  met  with; 
beyond  a  few  fragments  of  domestic  ware,  the  only  piece 
worth  the  trouble  of  picking  up  is  a  little  jug  of  buff- 
coloured  ware  with  green  glaze  over  it,  which  may  be 
ascribed  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  first  thing  I  shall  mention  is  the  interesting  and  rare 
skirting  of  chain-mail ;  it  is  composed  of  flattened  links  or 
rings  of  iron,  £  inch  in  diameter,  fairly  closely  woven  together, 
with  an  edging  of  rings  of  latten.  The  depth  of  this  skirting 
is  2i  inches ;  it  belongs  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  daggers  are  likewise  interesting,  especially  a  three- 
edged  specimen  with  a  sort  of  bayonet  blade.  (See  illustra- 
tration.)  This  is  14^  inches  in  length  ;  it  is  furnished  with  a 
hexagonal  pommel  and  hilt,  and  the  grip  has  four  brass  rivets 
through  it,  still  in  situ.  The  grip  was  probably  of  bone  or 
wood;  now  perished ;  there  is  an  appearance  of  gilding  upon 
the  sides  of  the  grip.  The  total  length  is  18^  inches,  and  the 
date  may  be  ascribed  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

Another  is  a  type  commonly  called  a  ballok  dagger  or 
knife,  with  a  flat  back,  furnished  with  a  ball  of  wood  on  each 
side  of  the  hilt;  its  owner  must  have  had  a  serious  tussle 
before  throwing  away  his  weapon,  as  it  is  bent  nearly  double 
in  two  places.  It  is  16  inches  in  length,  and  again  dates  from 
the  fifteenth  century. 

A  dagger  or  knife,  much  bent,  is  19£  inches  in  length. 
Another  dagger  with  a  straight  bar  for  the  hilt,  one  side  turn- 
ing up  and  the  other  down,  and  a  flat  back,  has  the  point 
broken  off ;  it  was  found  sticking  into  the  soil  point  down- 
wards, and  has  a  length  of  14£  inches.  These  two  probably 
belong  to  the  sixteenth  century. 

The  upper  end  of  a  sword  blade  has  a  length  of  11  inches. 

Of  spurs  I  have  seven,  and  they  are  mostly  well  preserved 
and  fine,  all  made  of  iron. 

1.  Spur  with  a  rowel  of  six  points,  very  long  slender 

neck  slightly  curving  upwards,  shank  strongly 
curved,  with  well  defined  ridge  and  double  perfora- 
tion, oval  buckle,  buckle  end  and  strap  plates 
attached.  Time  of  Henry  VI.  or  Edward  IV., 
between  1422-1483 ;  it  is  11£  inches  in  length.  (See 
illustration.) 

2.  Spur  of  the  same  period  with  a  rowel  of  eight  points. 

Length  7-J-  inches. 

3.  Another  of  the  same  period,  but  the  rowel  is  wanting. 

Length  8f  inches. 

Q2 


232  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

4.  Spur  with  short  neck,  a  large  rowel  of  seven  unusual 

shaped  points,  strong  flat  shank,  a  flat  circular  crest, 
two  holes  for  the  buckles  and  straps.  Length  6f 
inches  ;  late  sixteenth  century.  (See  illustration.) 

5.  Spur  with  a  star  shaped  rowel  of  ten  points,  short 

neck  and  curved,  slender  decorated  shank,  double 
perforation  with  five  strap  ends  attached.  Length 
5|  inches,  sixteenth  century. 

6.  Spur,  another  rather  similar,  the  rowel  is  wanting ;  it 

has  four  buckle  plates  in  situ. 

7.  Spur  of  the  same  type,  having  a  short  neck  with  a 

rowel  of  six  points,  well-curved  shank,  double  per- 
foration, with  three  strap  ends  attached,  somewhat 
of  the  form  of  shells.  Length,  5^  inches ;  date, 
sixteenth  century. 

Of  the  knives,  some  are  hafted  in  wooden,  bone,  and  iron 
handles,  and  several  have  no  handles  at  all ;  many  of  them 
bear  the  makers'  marks  upon  the  blades  inlaid  in  brass. 

Two  are  currier's  knives. 

There  are  also  two  curry  combs,  the  method  of  fixing  the 
handles  differing  in  each  example  ;  four  pairs  of  small  iron 
shears  in  excellent  preservation ;  four  pairs  of  scissors  of 
different  shapes  ;  and  a  curious  nondescript  object  in  iron  with 
two  long  twisted  links  of  chain  attached. 

An  "  incendiary  arrow  "  head  has  a  long  four-sided  stem,  the 
blade  being  hammered  out  flat.  It  is  said  that  some  inflam- 
mable matericil  was  attached  to  the  blade,  then  ignited  and 
discharged  from  a  bow  with  the  intention  of  setting  fire  to 
buildings.  Length  6g  inches  ;  date,  fifteenth  century. 

There  are  many  minor  objects,  such  as  a  horseshoe,  keys, 
rush-holder,  buckles  (one  inlaid),  a  chisel,  fish  hooks,  a  grap- 
pling iron  with  four  hooks,  one  of  which  is  missing,  an  iron 
chain  with  nine  long  links,  etc. 

A  small  knife  with  brass  handle  terminating  in  the  head  of 
a  dragon  is  decorated  and  marked  upon  one  side  W.W.,  and  on 
the  other  I.AjW.;  its  length  is  only  4|  inches.  (See  plate.) 
With  it  was  found  a  stiletto  or  piercer,  the  handle  of  which 
has  been  covered  with  wood  or  bone,  but  that  is  now  wanting ; 
its  length  is  3^  inches.  (See  plate.)  Another  small  knife, 
length  4  inches,  has  the  handle  inlaid  with  brass ;  with  it  was 
also  found  a  small  stiletto,  length  3^  inches.  They  have  both 
lost  the  inlay  with  which  they  formerly  "were  embellished. 
Another  perfect  stiletto,  with  wooden  handle  and  brass  mount 


?eb.  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  233 

it  the  end  of  the  haft,  has  a  length  of  4£  inches,  and  another 
without  the  mounting  on  the  handle  is  3f  inches  in  length. 
May  not  these  small  knives  have  been  used  for  cutting  fruit 
>r  sweetmeats,  and  the  stilettos  been  used  in  the  sense  of  a 
!ork  for  picking  up  the  pieces  so  cut  up  ?  They  belong  pro- 
Dably  to  the  sixteenth  century. 

Of  spoons  there  are  six,  four  of  pewter  and  two  of  latten, 
.ogether  with  two  stems  of  pewter  spoons.  The  first  to  be 
lescribed  is  a  fine  example  of  the  '  Maidenhead '  type ;  it  is 
>£  latten,  with  a  fig-shaped  bowl,  hexagonal  stem,  knopped 
vith  a  maidenhead  or  female  bust,  rising  out  of  a  kind  of 
otus  flower,  with  a  well  modelled  head,  the  hair  being  tied  up 
ilose  under  the  nape  of  the  neck.  The  mark  on  the  bowl  is 
i  rose  crowned. 

Another  example  of  the  maidenhead  spoon  differs  from  the 
'ormer,  inasmuch  as  the  stem  is  rounder  and  the  whole  is  of 
Dewter,  the  bowl  fig-shaped,  the  stem  terminating  in  a  lotus 
lower,  out  of  which  emerges  the  bust  of  a  woman,  with  her 
lair  tied  behind  with  ends  hanging  down  her  back ;  she  wears 
i  chain  and  locket.  The  mark  on  the  bowl  is  'N  within  a 
drcle. 

There  are  three  specimens  of  pewter  spoons  of  the  type 
mown  as  '  slipped  in  the  stalk ' ;  they  have  fig-shaped  bowls 
md  hexagonal  steins.  One  is  marked  with  a  fleur-de-lys 
within  a  circle ;  in  the  second  the  fleur-de-lys  appears  to  be 
:rowned  ;  whilst  the  third  is  unmarked.  Then  there  are  two 
items,  one  of  a  very  rare  type,  belonging  to  the  fifteenth 
jentury,  consisting  of  a  hexagonal  stem  of  fine  pewter,  sur- 
mounted with  a  '  writhen '  knop,  gilt ;  also  the  stem  of  a 
pewter  spoon  with  the  '  diamond  '  knop.  All  these  examples 
Delong  either  to  the  fifteenth  or  sixteenth  centuries. 

To  the  north  of  the  chalk  wall  in  the  same  excavation  was 
found  a  fine  latten  spoon  of  the  type  known  as  the  '  puritan  ' ; 
it  is  marked  with  a  rose  in  the  bowl,  and  belongs  to  the 
middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  This  specimen,  as  fai- 
ls I  have  been  able  to  make  out,  is  the  only  instance  of  an 
object  being  found  of  later  date  than  the  sixteenth  century 
from  this  excavation,  unless  it  be  the  toy  knife  with  bronze 
handle  and  pewter  blade  (length,  2|  inches),  which  I  am 
inclined  to  place  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

The  few  objects  in  leather  that  have  been  discovered  are 
remarkably  well  preserved  owing  partially  to  the  dampness 
rf  the  soil,  and  mainly  to  the  careful  cleaning  and  prepara- 
tion of  my  friend  Mr.  Lawrence,  from  whom  I  obtained  this 
collection.  They  consist  of  the  slashed  and  decorated  collar 
af  a  leather  jerkin,! 3-^  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  portion 


234  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  '[1905, 

of  the  front  of  a  jerkin  likewise  slashed,  showing  seven 
button  holes.  Of  the  knife  sheaths  there  are  five  examples : 
one  is  a  part  of  a  sheath  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  dragon, 
length  4f  inches ;  another  is  stamped  with  many  fleurs-de  lys, 
length  9J  inches ;  another  has  scrolls  and  lions  stamped  upon 
it  in  ovals,  length  7  J  inches ;  another,  with  a  lining  of  wood, 
is  stamped  with  a  design,  8|  inches;  and  the  fifth  is  stamped 
with  a  conventional  ornament,  and  is  8£  inches  in  length. 
These  all  probably  belong  to  the  fifteenth  century. 

There  are  eight  specimens  of  shoes  of  the  same  period :  one 
complete  with  sole,  the  uppers  slashed  at  the  toe  and  instep ; 
three  other  perfect  shoes  with  the  heels  trodden  down  as  in 
our  modern  slippers ;  two  are  plain  and  one  is  slashed ;  a 
child's  shoe ;  and  three  '  uppers '  more  or  less  slashed. 

A  leather  strap  with  buckle  attached,  also  a  portion  of  a 
sword  hanger  with  two  buckles,  may  probably  be  assigned  to 
the  sixteenth  century. 

There  are  many  miscellaneous  objects,  chiefly  of  brass, 
including : 

A  sword  chape  decorated  with  fleurs-de -lys. 

A  chape  or  end  of  a  '  misericorde '  dagger  sheath  covered 
with  leather,  punctured  with  rows  of  square  holes. 
Length  4J  inches. 

Another  specimen  of  brass  without  covering.  Length  2| 
inches. 

Tweezers  and  earpick  combined,  brass. 

Tweezers,  earpick,  nail  cleaner,  and  tongue  scraper  (?) 
combined,  brass. 

Brass  rod  surmounted  with  a  cross.     Length  5£  inches. 

Three  small  brass  finger  rings,  and  one  in  pewter  with  orna- 
mented bezel,  possibly  intended  for  a  cross  paty. 

Hinge  of  a  box  or  book  in  brass  with  a  copper  pin 
through  it. 

Buckles. 

Brass  buckle  and  mount  for  sword  belt. 

Brass  ring  from  horse  harness. 

Brass  bell  from  horse  harness. 

Netting  needle. 

Silver-plated  bodkin.  Length  4|-  inches.  This  may  have 
been  a  surgical  needle. 

Small  brass  skewer. 

Two  pins  with  crooked  ends. 

Oval  brooch  with  engraved  decoration.  This  is  of  later 
date  and  was  found  on  the  north  side  of  the  wall. 

A  circular  ornament,  apparently  a  brooch,  in  brass,  orna- 
mented round  the  ring  with  five  shields  and  as  many 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  234. 


ANTIQUITIES   FOUND    IN    LONDON.      (->-.) 


Feb.  16.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  235 

crescents  in   brass.      Diameter  H   inches.      Date,  early 
fifteenth  century.     (See  plate.) 
A  button,  in  the  form  of  a  claw,  in  brass  (?)    holding  a 

topaz. 
A  strap  end  in  brass,  with  the  figure  of  St.  Christopher  in 

pierced   work  and  two  letters  above,  apparently  N.N. 

Length  3f   inches.      Fifteenth  or   sixteenth   century. 

(See  plate.) 
A  'print'  from  an  alms  dish  or  a  mazer,  of  copper,  engraved 

with  the  arms  of  the  eldest  son  of  Edward  I.    Diameter 

1|  inch.     Date,  fourteenth  century.     (See  plate.) 
Six  brass  needles. 
Seventeen  cards  of  brass  pins,  of  various  sorts,  some  very 

long,  some  quite  small,  some  with  round  knops,  others 

more  fanciful,  one  has  an  acorn  as  a  knop,  some  have 

pewter  heads. 

Two  cards  of  tag-ends  in  brass. 
Two  brass  loops  of  twisted  wire. 
Four  cloak  fasteners,  two  are  more  ornamented  than  the 

others,  which  are  plain  hooks. 
Some  brass  thimbles,  one  marked  with  an  anchor. 
Sixteen  poor  Nuremberg  tokens. 
Four  plain  brass  discs. 
A  gold  finger  ring  with  a  blue   stone   roughly  set ;  date, 

sixteenth  century. 
Tweezers  and  earpick  in  bone.     Fifteenth  century.     Length 

3 1  inches. 

Peg  of  a  musical  instrument  in  wood. 
A  button  made  of  string  (?) 
Drill  (?)  in  iron.     Length  5£  inches. 
A  hanger  for  a  lamp,  in  copper. 
A  tinned  nondescript  object.     ^>- -^^         "^     Length 

9|  inches.* 

A  lump  of  wax.     Length  2£  inches. 
A  pewter  ink-horn,  with  two  small  handles.     Height  2 

inches.     Sixteenth  century. 
Three  merchants'  marks  in  pewter. 
A  wooden  reel  of  large  size.     Height  2|  inches  by  2. 
A  pin  polisher  in  bone. 

All  this  list  of  objects  may  fairly  be  considered  to  belong 
exclusively  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries. 

There  are  a  few  of  earlier  date  found  north  of  the  chalk 
wall,  including : 

*  Tliis  may  be  a  modern  tic  for  bonding  hollow  bricks  in  walls,  but  if  of  the 
sixteenth  century  it  is  very  curious,  as  it  has  only  recently  been  patented. 


236  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

A  spindle  whorl  of  Kimmeridge  shale,  which  is  probably  of 

Roman  date. 

Two  unfinished  bone  pins. 
A  bone  stylus  with  metal  point,  which  may  be  Roman,  or 

it  might  belong  to  the  fifteenth  century,  as  we  know 

they  used  wax  tablets  at  that  time. 
A  pretty    bone  pin,    elaborately   made  in  the   form   of 

hippocampus,  which  has  been  considered  by  some  to  be 

late-Celtic.     (See  plate.) 

The  evidence  to  be  adduced  from  the  examination  of  these 
antiquities  is,  that  with  the  few  exceptions  already  mentioned, 
all  those  found  on  the  south  side  of  the  site,  which  during 
that  time  formed  part  of  the  river  bed  washed  by  the  tide, 
belong  to  the  period  of  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries. 
It  would  appear  that  at  some  time  towards  the  latter 
half  of  the  sixteenth  century  this  site  became  built  over,  as 
no  objects  of  later  date  have  be  found.  Upon  reference  to  the 
map  of  Ralph  Aggas,  produced  early  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth(?) 
no  buildings  are  shown  to  be  there.  In  a  later  map  by 
Norden,  1593,  the  spot  appears  to  have  been  built  over  and 
houses  have  occupied  the  site  ever  since." 

Mr.  READ  congratulated  the  Director  on  having  preserved 
this  collection,  which  was  of  special  interest  as  belonging 
exclusively  to  two  centuries.  The  Thames  mud  was  responsible 
for  the  good  condition  of  the  iron,  as  it  seems  to  have  peculiar 
preservative  qualities.  In  the  British  Museum  were  good 
collections  of  iron  and  leather  which  could  not  be  exhibited 
for  want  of  space. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  called  attention  to  the  defective 
machinery  for  preserving  such  antiquities  in  the  City  of 
London,  and  considered  that  Mr.  Price  was  doing  what  the 
civic  authorities  had  omitted  to  do. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


Feb.  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  237 


Thursday,  23rd  February,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  : — Letters  from  Rome  in  1903.  By  R.  H.  Edleston,  F.S.A. 
8vo.  Darlington  and  London,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Bag  ford's  Notes  on  Bookbindings.  By  Cyril  Davenport 
F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1904. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— The  Psalm  Tones  from  the  Sarum 
Tonale  with  Organ  Accompaniment.  (The  Plainsong  and  Mediaeval  Music 
Society.)  8vo.  London,  n.d. 

From  the  Author  : — Oltr'  Alpe.  Ai  cultori  della  civilta  Romana.  By  Giacomo 
Boni.  8vo.  Rome,  1905. 

From  the  Author  : — Coins  of  Japan.  By  N.  G.  Munro.  8vo.  Yokohama,  Japan, 
1904. 

The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava  was 
proposed  as  a  Fellow,  and  his  election  being  proceeded  with 
in  accordance  with  the  Statutes,  ch.  i.  §  5,  he  was  duly  elected 
Fellow  of  the  Society. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  2nd  March,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to 
be  balloted  for  was  read. 

T.  F.  KIRBY,  Esq  ,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  some  notes  on  four- 
teenth century  conveyancing,  which  will  be  printed  in 
Archaeologia. 

In  the  discussion  that  followed  Sir  FREDERICK  POLLOCK 
remarked,  in  regard  to  the  exception  of  professed  religious 
and  Jews,  that  it  was  not  necessary  to  suppose  an  anti- 
Semitic  feeling.  Grants  to  religious  houses  were  obviously 
objectionable,  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  Jews,  as  long 
as  they  were  allowed  in  England,  were  under  the  special 
protection  of  the  king,  who  did  almost  what  he  pleased  with 
their  property. 

As  to  the  number  of  deeds  required  in  conveyancing,  it  was 
now  not  safe  to  make  a  mortgage  without  two  or  three 


238  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

documents :  enactments  practically  obsolete  could  not  with 
safety  be  disregarded. 

Strictly,  any  seal  would  serve  on  a  document,  and  it  would 
not  be  necessary  to  use  the  seal  of  a  corporation.  A  company 
had  been  known  to  use  the  private  seal  of  its  chairman. 

As  to  local  customs,  free  tenants  commonly  held  without 
any  deed  at  all.  The  real  act  was  the  solemn  delivery.  In 
the  Isle  of  Portland  land  was  conveyed  by  public  transfer  in 
the  parish  church,  and  publication  there  was  equivalent  to 
delivery  on  the  spot :  the  ceremony  in  the  church  still  went 
on.  It  might  be  asked  whether  there  were  any  yearly  tenants 
without  any  writing  at  all  ?  The  elaborate  and  mysterious 
forms  of  strict  settlements  dated  only  from  the  Restoration. 

Mr.  FREER  referred  to  a  charter  of  Simon  de  Montfort 
granting  to  Leicester  that  no  Jew  should  be  allowed  to  live  in 
the  town :  there  was  no  doubt  a  considerable  feeling  against 
the  race. 

Mr.  GARRAWAY  RICE  remarked,  in  connection  with  the 
surrender  of  dower  in  return  for  board  and  lodging,  that  it 
was  a  common  practice  to  provide  this  for  a  widow,  even  the 
room  she  was  to  live  in  being  specified.  The  provision  was 
sometimes  made  by  the  testator  himself. 

Mr.  BLAKESLEY  suggested  that  this  practice  was  a  substitute 
for  a  will,  the  widow  turning  her  third  part  of  the  property 
into  something  more  concrete.  She  would  not  be  actually  in 
possession,  and  without  some  such  arrangement  would  have 
only  an  unascertained  third.  In  connection  with  the  separate 
seals  of  Warden  and  Scholars  at  Winchester,  he  drew  a 
distinction  between  corporations  sole  and  aggregate ;  and 
inquired  whether  there  was  any  evidence  that  a  solarium 
was  a  top  room  rather  than  one  on  the  first  floor. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  was  of  opinion  that  any  upper  room 
was  a  solar. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  asked  if  there  was  any  evidence  of  a 
grant  originating  this  common-law  custom,  which  enabled  a 
woman  to  dispose  of  property  in  this  extraordinary  way.  It 
would  confer  on  a  class,  disfranchised  in  early  times,  a 
privilege  at  issue  with  the  general  practice  of  the  law.  The 
meeting  would  acknowledge  the  vast  pains  Mr.  Kirby  had 
taken  in  producing  so  many  examples  of  legal  procedure. 

Mr.  KIRBY,  in  reply,  said   that   Winchester    College   was 


Feb.  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  239 

incorporated  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II.,  and  had  a  corporate 
seal,  but  this  was  not  used  on  the  deed  in  question.  Several 
documents  bore  the  warden's  seal  alone,  without  that  of  the 
scholars.  The  solarium  was  an  upstairs  room,  not  necessarily 
open  to  the  sun,  no  house  at  the  time  having  more  than  a 
ground  floor  and  one  upper  floor.  The  local  right  of  married 
women  to  dispose  of  property  was  no  doubt  included  in  the 
ancient  privileges  of  Winchester,  confirmed  from  time  to  time 
by  the  Crown  in  return  for  money ;  but  there  was  no  specific 
charter  granting  such  a  privilege. 

Mr.  KIRBY  also  exhibited  a  leaf  of  a  medieval  service  book, 
on  which  he  read  the  following  note  : 

"  This  sheet  of  ancient  music;  which  has  been  placed  in  my 
hands  by  the  Rev.  Sunnier  Wilson,  vicar  of  Preston  Candover, 
Hants,  owes  its  preservation  to  the  accident  of  its  having  been 
used  as  a  wrapper  for  a  roll  of  proceedings  in  a  Chancery 
suit  instituted  in  the  year  1590  by  the  bailiff  of  the  manor 
or  bailiwick  of  Hellifield,  in  the  West  Riding,  against  John 
Hamerton  as  defendant,  to  recover  from  the  latter  certain 
rents  in  arrear.  The  manor  of  Hellifield  was  parcel  of  the 
possessions  of  the  dissolved  hospital  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem 
in  England,  having  belonged  to  the  preceptory  of  Newland, 
near  Pontefract,  prior  to  the  dissolution.  The  editors  of  the 
Monasticon  *  state  that  the  preceptory  of  Newland  was 
founded  by  King  John  and  granted  in  36  Hen.  VIII.  to 
Francis  Jobson  and  others.  The  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Hellifield,  at  the  time  of  the  Chancery  suit,  was  Thomas 
Mounteney." 

Upon  this  exhibition  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Palmer  kindly  con- 
tributed the  following  note : 

"  It  looks  to  me  as  if  the  leaf  was  from  a  Dublin  mass  book, 
or  troper. 

The  first  page  begins  with  -nans  ab  utroque  Eleyson,'  which 
is  the  seventh  invocation  of  the  Kyrie  '  fons  bonitatis.'  As 
both  Sarum  and  York  read  '  ftuens  ab  utroque,'  and  Hereford 
'  flans,'  it  is  certainly  not  from  any  one  of  these  uses.  The 
word  may  probably  be  '  manans '  or  '  Emanans.' 

Next  conies  the  Kyrie  '  Rex  virginum  amator.'  According 
to  Mr.  Frere's  'Winchester  Troper 't  this  occurs  in  H,  0,  V, 
L,  and  D.  The  trope  is  given  at  length  from  C,  at  p.  122, 
with  two  variants  from  V  only,  which  agree  with  the  MS. 

*  Ed.  Caley,  Ellis,  and  Bandinel,  vi.  803. 
t  Henry  Hradshaw  Society,  viii.  223. 


240  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905. 

Then  follows  the  same  Kyrie-melody  (Cunctipotens)  un- 
farced.  Next,  the  Kyrie  generally  known  as  '  De  Beata '  in 
foreign  books.  I  have  never  before  seen  it  in  an  English  MS. 
After  that,  on  the  last  line  of  the  page,  comes  the  melody  of 
'  Fons  bonitatis  '  mentioned  above  with  the  farce  '  Virginitatis 
amator,'  which  according  to  Frere  (p.  222)  occurs  only  in  D. 

Next  comes  the  Kyrie  '  pro  defunctis,'  which  is  of  course 
unf arced.  Then  that  for  ferials. 

Lastly  a  Gloria  in  Excelsis,  for  Michaelmas,  Christmas,  and 
Easter  and  Whitsun-eves.  This  melody  does  not  occur  in  the 
Sarum  Grail,  but  a  form  of  it  is  found  in  the  Solesmes  books, 
'  In  festis  Solemnibus  (1).' 

I  will  not  presume  to  say  positively  that  this  leaf  is  from  a 
Dublin  MS.,  but  if  Frere's  catalogue  is  trustworthy  and 
exhaustive,  it  looks  like  it." 

J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  small  latten 
seal  of  the  thirteenth  century,  on  which  he  also  read  the 
following  note : 

"  This  seal  was  sent  to  me  lately  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stevens 
vicar  of  Tadlow  and  rector  of  East  Hatley,  with  the  informa- 
tion that  it  was  dug  up  by  a  labourer  at  Hatley.  It  is  a 
brass  seal  in  fair  preservation,  pointed  oval  in  form,  f  inch 
by  |  inch.  There  is  a  loop  for  suspension  at  the  back.  It 
bears  an  upright  key  in  the  field  with  the  marginal  inscrip- 
tion : 

S'.  NeCTLAVGC   6CLLISIS. 

Ellisis  looks  like  a  place  name,  but  I  have  not  been  able 
to  identify  it.  I  would  rather  have  an  English  identification  if 
it  might  be.  The  date  seems  to  be  about  the  end  of  the 
thirteenth  century  and  the  work  English." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
ions  and  exhibitions. 


March  2.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  241 

Thursday,  2nd  March,  1905. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  James  Curtis,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Le  premier  siecle  de  1'Institnt  de  France, 
25  Octobre,  1795—25  Octobre,  1895.  Par  le  Comte  de  Franqueville. 
2  vols.  4to.  Paris,  1895. 

From  the  Author:— Hull  Museum  Publications,  Nos.  2-4,  10-17,  19-23.  By 
Thomas  Sheppard,  F.G.S.  8vo.  Hull,  1902,  etc. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows, 
no  papers  were  read. 

PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  exhibited  a  painted 
Swedish  cloth,  of  the  date  1794,  with  curious  pictures  of 
the  visit  of  the  Three  Kings,  and  the  Wise  and  Foolish 
Virgins.  (See  illustration.) 

C.  E.  KEYSER,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  fine  series  of 
large  photographs  of  the  parish  churches  of  Childrey  and 
Sparsholt,  both  in  Berkshire. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m., 
when  the  following  were  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of  the 
Society : 

Robert  Rickards,  Esq. 

Edwin  Austin  Abbey,  Esq.,  R.A. 

Edward  Schroeder  Prior,  Esq.,  M.A. 

William  Henry  Fox,  Esq. 

Philip  Harry  Newman,  Esq. 

Arthur  Kay,  Esq. 


242  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

Thursday,  9th  March,  1905. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-Presidenfc,  in  the  Chair. 


The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donor : 

Prom  the  Author  : — Bury  Chroniclers  of  the  Thirteenth  Century.  Bv  Sir 
Ernest  Clarke,  M. A., "F.S. A.  8?o.  Bury,  1905. 

From  the  Oxford  Architectural  and  Historical  Society  : — Proceedings  and 
Excursions.  New  series.  Nos.  37, 38,  and  39.  8vo.  Oxford,  1891-1905. 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  on  the  Architectural  History  of  Wycombe  Parish 
Church.  By  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.  A.  870.  Aylesbury,  1904. 

From  the  Author :  —Some  Account  of  the  Family  of  de  Vere,  the  Earls  of 
Oxford,  and  of  Hedingham  Castle  in  Essex!  By  Key.  S.  A.  Ashhurst 
Majendie.  8vo.  Chelmsford,  1904. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

William  Henry  Fox,  Esq. 
Philip  Harry  Newman,  Esq. 

WILLIAM  GOWLAXD,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  Professor  of 
Metallurgy  in  the  Royal  College  of  Science,  London,  read  the 
following  notes  on  some  crucibles  from  Rhodesia  exhibited  by 
the  Right  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Chichester : 

"  The  crucibles  hereafter  described  were  found  by  the  Bishop 
of  Chichester,  on  July  7th,  1904,  when  in  company  with  the 
Rev.  R.  Alexander,  of  St.  Augustine's  Mission  at  Panhalanga, 
he  was  searching  for  '  Bushman's  paintings,'  on  the  splendid 
mass  of  granite  called  '  Castle  Rocks,'  near  Panhalanga. 

The  mission  station  is  some  14  miles  south  of  Unitali,  and 
only  a  few  miles  distant  from  the  Portuguese  border,  in  a  lovely 
country  of  mountains  and  streams. 

Hearing  that  the  natives  had  traditions  of  the  existence  of 
these  paintings  on  the  Castle  Rocks,  which 
are  very  remarkable  masses  of  granite  of 
peculiar  shape,  the  Bishop  and  Mr.  Alexander 
went  up  the  mountain  side  in  search  of  them, 
and  while  searching  a  great  granite  kopje 
somewhat  lower  down  on  the  mountain  side,  under  a  huge 
sloping  mass  of  granite,  and  in  a  spot  completely  sheltered 


March  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  243 

from  the  weather,  the  Bishop  found  the  crucibles  under  dry 
leaves,  six  in  number,  one  being  afterwards  left  by  him  at  the 
mission  station. 

The  '  Bushman's  paintings,'  in  a  very  good  state  of  preser- 
vation, were  afterwards  seen  on  the  interior  portion  of  the 
'  Castle  Rocks.' 

In  general  form  the  crucibles  (see   illustration)   resemble 


CRUCIBLES   FROM  RHODESIA. 

modern  clay  crucibles,  differing  from  them,  however,  in  the 
extreme  thickness  of  their  sides,  and  in  the  material  of  which 
they  are  composed.  They  are  very  coarse-grained  in  struc- 
ture, and  are  made  of  a  rather  fusible  clay  in  which  frag- 
ments of  quartz  are  imbedded.  Their  dimensions  are  as 
follows : 

Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  5     height  2f  inches,  diameter  2f  inches. 
No.  4  height  2§  inches,  diameter  2f  inches. 

They  differ  both  in  shape  and  in  the  manner  in  which  they 
have  been  used  from  those  of  prehistoric  or  early  historic 
times.  As  I  have  pointed  out  in  Early  Metallurgy  of 
Europe*  these  were  always  thick  shallow  dish-like  vessels, 
and  when  used  for  melting  were  not  heated  externally  by 

*  Archaeoliigia,  Ivi.  290,  et  seq. 


244  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

imbedding  them  in  the  fire  in  the  manner  practised  in  later 
times  and  at  the  present  day,  but  were  placed  in  a  shallow 
cavity  in  the  ground  so  that  their  sides  and  base  were  pro- 
tected from  the  direct  action  of  the  heat,  the  fire  being  then 
piled  up  above  and  around  them.  In  consequence  of  this  mode 
of  heating,  the  upper  edges  and  interior  alone  show  signs  of 
exposure  to  an  intense  heat. 

In  the  case  of  the  crucibles  from  Rhodesia,  the  heat 
required  for  the  melting  operations  has  been  applied  exter- 
nally by  imbedding  them  in  the  fire  of  a  simple  furnace  to 
which  a  blast  of  air  was  admitted  from  some  rude  kind  of 
bellows.  This  is  conclusively  shown  by  the  semi-fused 
appearance  of  the  exterior  of  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4.  They  have, 
however,  been  somewhat  protected  from  the  extreme  heat  of 
the  fire  by  placing  them  against  one  side  of  the  furnace,  the 
blast  entering  on  the  opposite  side;  this  being  necessary  owing 
to  the  fusible  character  of  the  clay  of  which  they  are  made. 

The  furnace  employed  was  apparently  a  small  rectangular 
or  circular  fireplace  with  clay  sides.  The  fuel  was  charcoal. 

The  crucibles  can  only  have  been  used  for  casting  small 
ornaments  and  other  objects,  and  not  for  the '  extraction  of 
metal  from  ore. 

Crucible  No.  1  had  been  greatly  softened  by  the  heat  of 
the  furnace,  and  is  much  cracked.  It  contained  a  few  very 
small  granules  of  a  copper  zinc-tin  alloy,  the  analysis  of 
which  is  given  below. 

Crucibles  Nos.  2,  3,  and  4  contained  a  few  minute  granules 
of  copper. 

The  granules  of  the  copper-zinc-tin  alloy  were  analysed, 
and  found  to  have  the  following  composition  : 

Copper  83'69  per  cent. 

Zinc  13-68 

Tin  1-87 

Lead  -  -76 


100-00 

The  copper  granules  were  analysed  and  found  to  contain 
99'65  per  cent,  of  copper.  They  hence  consisted  of  refined 
copper.  The  metal  was  tough  and  of  much  greater  purity 
than  it  would  have  been  if  it  had  been  obtained  by  a  native 
process. 

The  presence  of  so  much  zinc  in  the  copper-zinc-tin  alloy, 
which  is  really  a  crude  brass,  indicates  a  comparatively  recent 
date  for  the  crucibles, 


March  9.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  245 

The  original  alloy  could  not  have  been  made  locally  or  in 
early  times,  as  the  natives  could  not  have  been  acquainted 
with  the  metal  zinc,  and  it  is  hardly  possible  that  the 
cementation  process*  for  the  manufacture  of  brass  could  have 
been  known  to  them. 

The  source  from  which  it  was  derived  was  doubtless  the 
manilios,  copper  and  brass  penannular  rings  worn  as  orna- 
ments for  the  arms  or  legs,  which  were  imported  by  the 
Portuguese  into  their  African  settlements  for  use  in  barter. 

Curiously  the  alloy  contains  practically  the  same  per- 
centage of  zinc  as  some  of  the  ornamental  castings  from 
Benin,  which  had  a  similar  origin. 

The  crucibles  cannot,  therefore,  be  of  earlier  date  than  the 
visits  of  Portuguese  navigators  f  to  the  coasts  of  South  Africa, 
or,  more  probably,  than  the  settlement  of  Portuguese  colonists, 
in  Sofala  (1505  A.D.). 

An  important  feature  of  the  crucibles  is  the  almost  complete 
absence  of  any  incrustation  of  green  copper  carbonate  either 
on  them  or  on  the  granules  and  flakes  of  metal  adhering  to 
them.  This  is  very  strong,  in  fact  conclusive,  evidence  against 
their  antiquity,  even  although  the  locality  in  which  they  were 
found  is  a  dry  one,  and  they  were  in  a  position  protected  from 
the  weather.  It  points  really  to  a  comparative  recent  date. 

From  a  careful  consideration  of  the  data  which  the  examina- 
tion of  the  crucibles  and  their  contents  has  afforded,  I  am  of 
the  opinion  that  they  are  not  of  an  earlier  date  than  the 
Portuguese  settlement  mentioned  above. 

As  specimens  of  vessels  which,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
granules  of  metal  adhering  to  them,  might  well  have  been 
ascribed  to  a  much  earlier  period,  they  are  of  considerable 
importance,  and  will  be  valuable  for  reference  in  the  determina- 
tion of  the  age  of  others  which  may  be  found  without  any 
such  characteristic  metallic  contents." 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  considered  the  paper  a  good  example 
of  the  inductive  method  applied  to  archaeology.  It  gave 
another  proof  that  the  Portuguese  as  well  as  the  Arabs 
diverted  a  good  deal  of  native  African  art  into  new  channels. 
The  Benin  bronzes  proved  this  on  the  west  coast,  while  he 
had  seen  a  MS.  map  at  Lisbon  which  showed  the  wide  extent 

*  The  cementation  process  for  the  manufacture  of  brass,  which  was  practised 
hy  the  Romans  and  in  England  until  recent  times,  was  as  follows :  a  mixture  of 
granulated  copper,  charcoal,  and  calamine  (an  ore  consisting  of  carbonate  of 
zinc)  was  heated  in  a  crucible  ;  the  zinc  in  the  calamine  was  reduced  to  the  state 
of  metal  by  the  charcoal  ;  it  then  alloyed  with  the  copper,  forming  brass. 

f  Vasco  de  Gama  visited  the  east  coast  of  Africa  in  1497-8. 

VOL.  XX.  R 


246  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

of  Portuguese  settlements  from  Angola  to  Mozambique  before 
the  Kaffir  invasion. 

HORACE  SANDARS,  Esq.,  read  a  paper  on  a  Roman  bas-relief 
from  Linares,  and  Roman  mining  operations  in  Spain. 
Mr.  Sandars's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  said  the  coin  with  sc  in  pounced 
characters  upon  it  was  of  special  interest,  and  he  knew  only 
one  that  could  be  compared  with  it,  and  that  had  been 
described  by  D'Ailly.  M.  Blacas  had  also  discussed  the  latter 
specimen,  and  shown  that  it  was  a  dedicatory  coin  left  at  a 
shrine  in  Italy  where  one  of  the  Naiads  was  worshipped. 
Roman  copper-workings  in  Spain  dated  perhaps  from  the  later 
Empire,  but  the  silver  mines  were  earlier.  It  was  a  curious  fact 
that  in  the  changes  of  standard  in  the  Republican  coinage 
of  Rome,  the  value  of  copper  seems  to  have  continually 
enhanced,  as  against  silver.  It  is  difficult  to  explain  this  if 
the  Romans  during  their  earlier  occupation  of  Spain  worked 
the  copper  mines  there  to  any  extent.  That  they  extracted 
silver  and  lead  at  that  date  is  clear,  and  many  coins  of  the 
Republic  have  been  found  there.  Archaeology  was  well 
served  both  in  Spain  and  England  by  men  of  Mr.  Sandars's 
energy  and  qualifications. 

Mr.  NORMAN  remarked  on  the  close  similarity  of  a  copper 
bucket  exhibited  from  the  ancient  workings  at  Belalcazar, 
Cordova,  to  the  modern  secchia  of  Venice. 

The  CHAIRMAN  said  the  lead  piping  exhibited  two  kinds  of 
joints,  and  the  copper-cake  was  of  precisely  the  same  form  as 
one  or  two  found  in  England.  It  was  clear  that  the  Romans 
did  not  adopt  the  same  form  for  pigs  of  lead  in  Spain  and 
England  ;  the  only  pig  in  England  of  the  kind  exhibited  was 
found  in  Cartagena  Harbour,  and  was  now  in  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum.  The  Romans  adopted  the  method  of 
mining  by  fire ;  instead  of  breaking  down  the  hard  rock  with 
chisel  and  hammer,  they  made  a  fire  against  it,  then  threw 
water  on  the  heated  surface,  and  then  removed  it  easily  with 
hammer  and  pick. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations. 


March  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  247 


Thursday,  16th  March,  1905. 
Lord  A  VEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Translator  : — Theophrastus  of  Eresns  ou  Winds  and  Weather  Signs. 
Translated  by  J.  G.  Wood,  Y.S.A.  Edited  by  G.  J.  Symons,  F.R.S.  8vo. 
London,  1894. 

From  the  Highgate  Literary  and  Scientific  Institution  : — Historical  and  Literary 
Associations  of  Old  Highgate.  By  John  Sime.  8vo.  London,  1905. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Antiphonale  Sarisburiense.  Fasciculi 
1  and  2  (Plainsong  and  Mediaeval  Music  Society).  Fol.  London,  1901  and 
1902: 

ROBERT  RICKARDS,  Esq.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 

A.  T.  MARTIN,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
report : 

"  In  the  latter  part  of  1901  I  received  from  Colonel 
Rolleston,  of  Saltford  House,  an  account  of  an  ancient 
interment  that  had  been  found  in  a  narrow  strip  of  plantation 
leading  out  of  his  garden.  At  his  request  I  went  to  Saltford, 
and  found  the  stone  coffin  still  in  situ.  The  cover,  however, 
had  been  broken  by  the  pick,  and  the  bones  inside  had  been 
disturbed ;  the  skull,  as  far  as  I  could  ascertain,  having  also 
been  broken  by  the  pick  or  spade. 

The  grave  was  a  very  shallow  one,  for  the  coffin  was  rest- 
ing on  the  solid  rock,  which  is  here  met  with  at  a  depth  of 
2  feet  10  inches.  Under  about  2  feet  5  inches  of  surface  soil 
the  upper  layer  of  lias,  which  is  here  about  3  inches  thick,  is 
met.  Under  this  stratum  is  a  layer  of  about  2  inches  of  clay, 
and  then  the  solid  rock  is  reached. 

The  height  of  the  coffin  and  lid  is  1  foot  3  inches,  so  the 
top  of  the  coffin  was  only  1  foot  7  inches  below  the  ground 
level.  The  coffin  is  a  very  small  one,  the  internal  length  being 
only  4  feet  8  inches.  It  is  made  of  a  variety  of  Bath  free- 
stone, which  differs  from  the  immediately  local  lias.  The 
head  of  the  coffin  is  curved,  but  the  lid  does  not  follow  the 
shape  of  the  coffin,  the  head  of  the  lid  being  finished  off  with 
two  ogee  curves. 

R   2 


248  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905 

The  contents  of  the  coffin  had  been  searched  through,  but 
nothing,  so  I  was  assured,  had  been  removed.  The  bones 
were  collected  and  sent  to  Dr.  Beddoe,  and  the  earth,  of 
which  a  large  quantity  had  worked  its  way  in  under  the  lid, 
was  carefully  sifted.  Nothing,  however,  of  any  importance 
was  found  except  some  fragments  of  small  nails,  which 
appear  to  have  been  sandal  or  shoe  nails.  One  of  these  is 
exhibited. 

Of  the  bones  Dr.  Beddoe  says  that  they  form  the  nearly 
perfect  skeleton  of  a  child,  probably  about  six  years  old, 
judging  from  the  dentition  and  the  long  bones.  The  size 
of  the  skull  as  far  as  could  be  inferred  from  the  fragments 
would  point  to  a  greater  age,  the  excess  of  size  being  chiefly 
in  breadth.  The  coffin  lay  with  the  head  to  the  north,  and 
on  the  whole  it  seems  probable  that  it  belongs  to  the  Romano- 
British  period.  Other  coffins  of  similar  type  have  been  found 
at  North  Stoke  across  the  river,  and  on  the  slopes  of  Lansdown 
near  Weston  and  in  Bath.  None,  as  far  as  I  know,  has  been 
found  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  but  at  Newton  St.  Loe, 
some  two  miles  to  the  south-east,  there  have  been  found 
remains  that  indicate  possibly  a  cemetery  as  well  as  a 
settlement. 

When  the  railway  was  made  a  villa  was  found  in  the 
cutting  where  it  crosses  the  Bath  road,  and  as  long  ago  as 
1869  skeletons  were  found  in  the  field  half  a  mile  to  the 
south  called  the  'Quarry  Field.'  Since  then  various  objects 
have  been  found  from  time  to  time,  and  Mr.  J.  P.  E.  Falconer, 
who  examined  the  site  in  1903,  has  put  together  an  account  of 
what  has  been  found,  and  it  is  now  published  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Bath  Natural  History  and  Antiquarian  Field  Club. 
The  remains  include  bones,  pottery  of  the  usual  types,  nails, 
brooches  and  pins,  rings,  and  a  socketed  knife.  The  coins 
that  have  been  found  are  said  to  include  those  of  Augustus 
and  Galba,  as  well  as  later  coins,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to 
examine  these  or  test  this  statement. 

I  am  indebted  to  the  same  enthusiastic  young  explorer  for 
an  account  of  the  remains  that  were  found  in  two  sites  in 
Bath,  but  outside  the  limits  of  the  ancient  walls.  These 
consist  of  human  bones,  pottery,  including  one  or  two  pieces  of 
Samian  ware,  and  a  rude  stone  coffin.  The  latter  was  found 
at  the  bottom  of  Guinea  Lane,  opposite  Walcot  church,  and 
the  bones  further  to  the  west  opposite  Morford  Street,  on 
what  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  line  followed  by  the 
Roman  road  from  Caerleon  and  Caerwent  as  it  entered 
Bath. 

In   Walcot    Street   were    found   in    December,    1902,    the 


March  16.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  249 

remains  of  five  piers,  rather  more  than  5  feet  apart.  The 
bases  of  these  piers  were  nearly  12  feet  below  the  modern 
ground  level.  Pottery,  flue  tiles,  and  some  coins  of  Con- 
stantine  were  also  found.* 

The  course  of  the  Roman  road  referred  to  above,  the  four- 
teenth Iter  of  the  Itinerary,  has  never  been  precisely 
determined.  The  stations  are  as  follows :  Isca  Silurum, 
Venta  Silurum,  and  then  apparently  the  Severn  is  crossed, 
for  the  next  station  is  Abone  (9  miles),  then  Trajectus 
(9  miles),  then  Aquse  Solis  (6  miles). 

I  shall  not  detain  you  with  a  discussion  as  to  the  identifica- 
tion of  these  stations,  t  I  shall  only  state  that  on  the  whole 
there  is  strong  evidence  for  assuming  that  the  route  was 
across  the  Severn  from  Caldicot  Pill,  near  Caerwent,  to  the 
junction  of  the  Trim  and  the  Avon  at  Sea  Mills.  This  would 
have  been  Abone  or  (as  Mr.  Haverfield  ingeniously  conjectures) 
Abone  Trajectus,  and  the  name  of  the  next  station  would  be 
missing.  The  mileage  would  make  it  Bitton,  where  there  is  a 
rectangular  camp  and  other  Roman  remains,  and  the  mileage 
of  the  next  stage  agrees  also  with  the  distance  of  Bitton  from 
Bath. 

Assuming  then  that  this  was  the  course  of  the  Iter,  we 
have  to  determine  how  it  came  to  Bath.  Mr.  Scarth  was,  I 
believe,  the  first  to  identify  it  with  the  grass  lane  which  is 
now  used  as  a  bridle  path  only  between  North  Stoke  and 
Weston. 

In  the  maps  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  this  lane  is  called  the 
Via  Julia,  and  it  is  perhaps  worth  while  to  repeat  that  what- 
ever be  the  character  of  this  lane  there  is  no  authority  for 
the  name,  except  that  of  the  notorious  Bertram,  who  produced 
the  forged  Itinerary  of  Richard  of  Cirencester.  Bertram  no 
doubt  had  borrowed  the  name  from  the  rhyming  couplet  of  a 
monk  named  Richard  of  Necham,  who  wrote  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  The  lines  are  as  follows  : 

Intrat  et  auget  aquas  Sabrinae  fluminis  Osca 
Praeceps  ;  testis  erit  Julia  strata  mihi. 

They  may  possibly  preserve  some  genuine  tradition,  but 
the  name  would  in  any  case  only  certainly  apply  to  some 
road  at  the  junction  of  the  Usk  and  the  Severn. 

By  local  antiquaries  the  identification  of  this  lane  with  the 
fourteenth  Iter  has  been  generally  accepted,  but  no  attempt 

*  A  short  account  of  these  finds  has  also  been  published  by  Mr.  Falconer  in 
the  same  number  of  the  Bath  Field  Club's  Proceedings,  vol.  x.  no.  3. 
"j"  See  Proceedings  of  the  Clifton  Antiquarian  Clvk,  i.  58. 


250  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

has  been  made  to  examine  it  with  the  spade.  At  my 
suggestion  therefore  the  members  of  the  Bath  Field  Club 
provided  the  necessary  funds,  and  some  trenches  were  cut 
across  the  lane  last  year. 

The  first  was  cut  a  little  to  the  west  of  its  junction  with 
the  lane  leading  from  Kelston  in  the  direction  of  Prospect 
Stile. 

At  this  point  the  lane  is  about  18  feet  wide,  and  its  surface 
almost  level.  It  is  bounded  on  its  north  side  by  a  slight 
mound  about  5  feet  wide  and  1  foot  high,  which  is  probably 
only  the  remains  of  an  old  hedgerow.  On  the  south  there  is 
a  shallow  depression,  some  8  inches  deep  and  2  feet  wide, 
between  the  road  and  the  bank  of  the  hedge.  On  removing 
the  turf  a  layer  of  small  stones,  averaging  perhaps  2  inches 
across,  was  found  carefully  rammed  in  and  set  close  together. 
The  stones  were  all  oolite  such  as  might  have  come  from  the 
neighbouring  fields,  and  the  depth  of  the  layer  was  not  more 
than  8  inches.  It  did  not  extend  across  the  whole  width  of 
the  road,  but  appeared  to  cover  on  the  average  a  width  of 
12  feet.  There  were  no  distinct  traces  of  any  other  layer  on 
which  the  stones  were  bedded  ;  on  the  whole  it  seemed  most 
probable  that  they  were  lying  on  the  natural  surface  of  the 
ground,  into  which  they  had  been  rammed. 

The  turf  was  taken  up  in  four  other  places.  In  all  of  them 
the  same  layer  of  stones  was  found,  and  it  is  at  any  rate  clear 
that  the  grass  lane  has  been  treated  in  this  fashion  from  the 
corner  of  the  lane  leading  to  Kelston  for  a  distance  of  200 
yards  to  the  west. 

This  layer  differs  from  ordinary  pitching  in  the  stones 
being  not  as  a  rule  set  up  on  edge.  It  is  not  quite  modern 
work,  inasmuch  as  in  one  place  the  stones  were  found 
under  the  roots  of  a  wych  elm  which  is  probably  from  80  to 
100  years  old.  Moreover  these  stones  cannot  have  been  laid 
down  by  private  hands,  or  for  the  convenience  of  some 
farmer,  as  the  lane  does  not  lead  to  a  farm,  and  appears  to 
have  always  been  under  public  control. 

On  the  other  hand  the  surface  is  quite  different  from  that 
of  other  great  Roman  roads,  e.g.  the  Fosse  Road,  which  was 
lately  reopened  by  Mr.  McMurtrie,*  or  the  road  which  ran 
between  the  east  and  west  gates  of  Caerwent.  It  differs 
moreover  from  the  road  which  was  opened  on  Clifton  Down 
in  the  year  1900.f  In  this  road  the  layer  was  composed  of 
much  larger  stones  which  had  clearly  been  brought  from  a 

*  Procct'dimjis   of  the   Somersetshire   Arclueoloyical    and  Natural  History 
Society,  1884,  p.  76. 
f  Proceedings  of  the  Clifton  Antiquarian  Clttl,  1900,  p.  75. 


March  16.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  251 

distance,  and  they  rested  on  a  bed  of  reddish  earth,  which  in 
its  turn  rested  on  a  layer  1  foot  thick  of  sandy  earth ;  this 
was  not  found  in  the  ditch  or  in  the  holes  off  the  line  of  the 
road,  and  was  in  all  probability  the  result  of  the  preparation 
by  crushing  and  levelling  of  the  surface  of  the  rock  in  order 
to  secure  a  level  bed  for  the  roadway.  This  difference  is 
important,  as  the  evidence  in  favour  of  the  road  on  Clifton 
Down  being  Roman  is  strong,  and  on  the  theory  mentioned 
above  it  would  have  formed  part  of  this  same  fourteenth 
Iter. 

While  therefore  it  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  presence 
of  these  stones  on  any  other  theory,  they  are  clearly  not  in 
themselves  sufficient  proof  that  this  lane  was  ever  a  Roman 
road.  If  this  was  the  case  we  must,  I  think,  conclude  that 
they  represent  not  the  surface  but  the  bottom  layer  of  the 
road,  the  upper  layers  having  been  denuded  away.  In  the 
Fosse  Road,  however,  which  has  been  reopened  this  summer 
with  results  entirely  similar  to  those  recorded  before,  the 
bottom  layer  was  formed  of  much  larger  stones.  The 
character  of  the  pitching  can  be  inferred  from  the  photograph, 
which  shows  what  appears  to  be  the  bottom  of  a  wheel  rut. 
There  are  indications  of  another  rut  running  parallel  with 
this  at  a  distance  of  4  feet,  but  they  are  not  very  definite. 
Under  the  stones  were  found  two  horseshoe  nails,  which  are 
possibly  Roman. 

So  far  then  the  evidence  is  not  conclusive,  but  our  examina- 
tion of  the  steep  scarp  where  the  lane  ends  and  descends  the 
hill  abruptly  by  a  narrow  sunken  path  towards  the  Weston 
lane  afforded  evidence  that  was  more  definite. 

Assuming  that  this  was  the  line  of  the  Roman  road,  it  has 
been  difficult  to  see  how  it  negotiated  the  descent,  and  it  has 
been  thought  that  it  possibly  avoided  the  hill  by  turning 
abruptly  to  the  south  and  following  the  ridge  in  the  direction 
of  Pen  Hill.  Trenches  were  cut  where  the  grass  lane  ends 
and  the  sunken  path  begins  to  descend  the  steep  face  of  the 
hill,  and  the  pitching  was  found  to  continue  in  the  direction 
of  the  path,  making  the  theory  of  a  turn  to  the  south  impos- 
sible. Moreover,  at  the  point  where  the  path  begins  the 
descent  it  is  bounded  on  the  south  side  by  a  narrow  bank  on 
which  bushes  are  now  growing.  This  bank  is  in  continuation 
of  the  line  of  the  grass  lane,  and  it  was  found  to  be  pitched 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  lane.  Under  the  stones  of  the 
pitching  was  found  another  horseshoe  nail.  It  is,  perhaps, 
impossible  to  say  positively  that  this  nail  was  Roman,  but  it 
is  quite  certain  that  no  rider  could  have  possibly  ridden  over 
this  bank  within  the  last  few  hundred  years. 


252  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

It  seems  certain  therefore  that  the  pitched  road  descended 
the  steep  face  of  the  hill.  The  ditch  has,  however,  become 
the  path,  and  the  bank  of  which  the  road  was  formed  has 
been  gradually  denuded  away  by  the  action  of  the  water, 
which  in  wet  weather  runs  down  the  slope  with  considerable 
force. 

If  then  we  review  the  evidence  as  a  whole,  it  points  with 
some  certainty  to  this  being  a  Roman  road,  and  if  this  is  the 
case  it  would  almost  certainly  be  the  fourteenth  Iter  of  the 
Itinerary. 

Our  next  task  was  to  find  evidence  of  its  course  between 
the  hill  and  Bath  itself. 

In  the  second  field  (called  Home  field),  immediately  to  the 
north  of  Weston  parish  church,  a  good  deal  of  pottery  and 
other  remains  that  are  clearly  Romano-British  were  found  last 
year  when  a  drain  was  made.* 

A  bank  that  ran  through  this  field  in  the  right  direction 
for  the  road  was  accordingly  trenched,  as  was  also  another 
bank  in  the  Mead  Field  further  to  the  west  that  seems  to  be 
a  prolongation  of  the  same  line.  The  dimensions  of  both 
these  banks  were  suggestive  of  a  road  with  a  surface  for 
traffic  of  about  9  feet.  In  both  of  them  was  found  a  layer  of 
large  stones  that  might  conceivably  have  been  the  bottom 
layer  of  a  Roman  road,  but  the  evidence  on  the  whole  pointed 
to  the  stones  having  been  part  of  an  ancient  dyke  or  bank. 
If  this  is  the  case,  these  banks  may  quite  well  have  been  part 
of  some  defence  of  an  early  settlement  at  Weston.  This  part 
of  our  investigations  has  therefore  added  no  fresh  evidence  to 
the  line  of  the  road.  But  there  are  other  indications  which 
we  hope  to  test  and  to  report  on  at  a  later  date. 


EXPLORATIONS  ON  LANSDOWN. 

Due  west  of  the  Grand  Stand  on  North  Stoke  Down  there 
is  a  well-defined  camp,  generally  called  the  British  camp,  of 
the  type  common  in  the  Cotswolds,  a  V-shaped  promontory  or 
tongue  of  land  defended  on  two  sides  by  a  natural  scarp,  and 
on  the  side  of  the  level  down  by  a  strong  ditch  and  bank. 
Inside  this  camp  there  are  two  tumuli,  and  a  bank  runs 
through  it  from  west  to  east.  This  bank  was  examined  by  a 
series  of  trenches. 

The  first  trench,  of  which  the  results  were  fairly  typical, 

*  These  have  been  recorded  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Bulleid  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Bath  Branch  of  the  Somersetshire  Archaeological  and  Natural  History 
Society,  1904,  p.  13. 


March  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  253 

was  dug  66  feet  west  of  the  gate  leading  on  to  the  open  down, 
the  second  300  feet  further  to  the  west,  and  the  third  400 
feet  still  further  to  the  west.  Under  the  turf  were  found  a 
layer  of  flat  stones  averaging  about  6  inches  across.  Beneath 
this  was  a  layer  of  rough  stones  packed  closely  together,  and 
under  this  was  a  third  layer  of  large  flat  stones,  of  which  a 
fairly  typical  example  measured  14  by  18  by  3  inches. 

The  width  of  the  top  layer  was  9  feet,  the  second  layer  was 
spread  out  to  about  12  feet,  and  the  lower  layer  was  on  the 
whole  rather  wider,  reaching  in  the  third  trench  to  about  20 
feet.  The  total  depth  of  the  bed  was  about  19  inches. 

There  seems  very  little  doubt  that  this  was  a  Roman  road, 
and  it  led  apparently  westward  in  the  direction  of  the  camp 
at  Bitton.  We  were  entirely  unable  to  trace  its  course  east- 
ward outside  the  camp  field.  It  leads  directly  towards  an 
earthwork  that  is  marked  in  the  Ordnance  Survey  map  as  a 
Roman  camp.  This  work  is  about  300  yards  west  of  the 
Grand  Stand.  It  is  roughly  rectangular,  measuring  430  feet 
by  170.  All  the  corners,  except  the  north-west  one,  are 
roughly  rounded.  The  north-west  wall  is  rather  irregular, 
the  others  are  regular,  and  consist  of  a  mound  about  2  feet 
high  and  4  feet  across.  There  is  a  shallow  ditch  on  all  the 
sides  except  the  north-western  one.  The  only  gate  is  on  the 
south-west  side. 

A  diagonal  trench  was  cut  across  the  interior  of  this  work, 
and  the  wall  was  also  cut.  A  trench  was  also  cut  in  the 
ditch  parallel  with  the  wall  to  the  south-west  of  the  gate. 
The  naturally  shattered  surface  of  the  rock  was  in  all  places 
met  with  from  6  inches  to  1  foot  under  the  turf,  and  nothing 
that  could  throw  any  light  on  the  date  of  construction  was 
found  except  one  small  flint  flake. 

A  bank  leads  up  to  the  gate  in  a  way  that  is  very  sug- 
gestive of  a  road.  We  cut  this  also,  but  the  result  showed 
clearly  that  it  was  a  dyke  or  wall,  and  certainly  not  a  road. 
There  is  therefore  no  evidence  at  present  to  lead  us  to  con- 
clude that  this  work  was  Roman  in  its  origin.  One  thing, 
however,  is  clear,  that  if  it  was  a  Roman  camp  it  represents 
only  half  of  the  original  work.  There  are  some  traces  of 
banks  outside  the  work  that  suggest  the  possibility  of  the 
north-western  half  having  been  obliterated,  but  they  are  too 
indeterminate  to  justify  the  definite  adoption  of  this  theory. 
If  this  was  the  case  the  north-west  wall  would  have  been  a 
possible  roadway,  and  might  have  been  a  continuation  of  the 
road  already  described  in  the  North  Stoke  Camp,  The  total 
width  of  the  work  would  have  been  about  340  feet,  a  measure- 
ment that  would  have  been  in  suitable  proportion  to  the 


254  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

length.  It  is  proposed  to  further  test  this  theory  at  a  later 
date. 

Some  other  curiously  irregular  mounds  to  the  north  of 
this  work  were  examined,  but  we  were  unable  to  determine 
their  nature.  On  the  whole  they  seem  to  be  the  remains  of  a 
small  group  of  barrows  that  had  been  disturbed  and  ploughed 
down. 

About  200  yards  to  the  north-west  of  the  so-called  Roman 
camp  there  are  two  well-marked  round  barrows  of  about  28 
to  30  feet  in  diameter.  These  were  examined  with  the  follow- 
ing results. 

Both  had  been  previously  disturbed,  and  in  the  second  the 
covering  stone  had  been  thrown  back  anyhow,  and  was  lying 
obliquely  close  under  the  surface.  On  the  stone  was  lying 
the  horseshoe  exhibited,  which  presumably  did  not  belong  to 
the  interment,  and  we  collected  out  of  the  earth  some  small 
fragments  of  pottery  and  bones. 

The  first  barrow  had  been  opened,  but  had  certainly  not 
been  properly  examined.  The  covering  stone  was  found 
slightly  tilted,  but  apparently  almost  in  its  original  position, 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  mound.  Underneath  was  a  circular 
cist  about  2  feet  in  diameter.  This  was  filled  with  black 
greasy  earth,  resting  for  the  most  part  on  a  3-inch  layer  of 
stones.  The  bottom  of  the  cist  was  reached  10  inches  lower 
down.  From  this  black  earth  we  collected  the  fragments 
which  are  exhibited.  Some  of  the  pieces  of  pottery  are 
unusually  thick,  and  it  is  clear  that  we  have  portions  of 
at  least  two  urns.  The  fragments  of  bones  had  all  been 
burned,  and  we  found  some  small  lumps  of  copper,  which  had 
all  been  apparently  fused.  Some  portions  of  these  have  been 
analysed,  but  not  perhaps  with  sufficient  accuracy.  The  traces 
of  tin  are  said  at  any  rate  to  be  slight. 

But  the  find  of  the  greatest  interest  is  the  fragmentary 
gold-plated  ornament  which  is  now  exhibited.  We  collected 
with  the  greatest  care  every  piece,  however  small,  that  could 
be  found.  Much  of  the  gold  plating,  notwithstanding  all  the 
precautions  that  we  took,  was  blown  away  or  lost,  but  enough 
at  any  rate  remains  even  now  to  establish  the  fact  that  it  was 
so  plated. 

Mr  Read  and  Mr.  Reginald  Smith  are  of  opinion  that  this 
is  an  example  of  a  sun-disc  of  the  type  that  has  already  been 
figured  and  described  in  Proceedings*  My  friend  Mr.  Grey 
had  attempted  a  restoration  of  the  fragments  on  the  theory 
that  they  represented  the  remains  of  the  back  of  a  hand- 

*  2nd  Series,  xx.  6-13. 


March  16.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  255 

mirror,  but  a  further  examination  shows  that  they  may  with 
much  greater  probability  be  restored  as  a  disc  of  which  the 
centre  consists  of  a  circle  surrounded  by  chevrons  or  rays 
pointing  outwards.  These  are  enclosed  in  a  large  raised 
circle,  outside  which  comes  a  border  of  small  raised  circles, 
and  the  rim  may  have  been  fixed  by  "  copper  wire  hammered 
over  the  gold  into  a  channel  near  the  margin,"  as  described  in 
Mr.  Reginald  Smith's  paper. 

In  conclusion,  I  am  glad  .to  have  this  opportunity  of 
expressing  our  thanks  to  the  owners  of  the  property,  Colonel 
Inigo  Jones,  Sir  Charles  Cave,  and  Mr.  Lawrence,  as  well  to 
the  tenants,  Mr.  Minett,  Mr.  Veale,  and  Mr.  Taylor,  for  their 
kindness  in  giving  us  every  facility  for  digging." 

Mr.  READ  said  the  fragments  of  embossed  bronze  exhibited 
obviously  belonged  to  a  sun-disc  of  the  kind  brought  to  the 
notice  of  the  Society  by  Mr.  Smith  last  session.  It  was 
most  unfortunate  that  the  grave  mound  had  been  previously 
disturbed,  as  there  would  otherwise  have  been  every  prospect 
of  recovering  the  model  horse  and  chariot  that  probably 
belonged  to  the  disc. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Fox  said  the  presence  of  a  villa  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Roman  burial  at  Saltford  could  be  taken  for 
granted.  The  smaller  roadways  of  the  period  were  only  beds 
of  rammed  gravel,  of  the  simplest  character. 

Mr.  LAWRENCE  mentioned  that  a  stone  coffin  measuring 
6  feet  inside  and  similar  to  the  Saltford  specimen  was  found 
in  the  neighbourhood  some  years  ago,  one  skeleton  lying 
within  it  and  two  outside. 

W.  J.  KAYE,  JUN.,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  note  on  some  Roman 
triple  vases. 

The  Rev.  H.  J.  CHEALES,  M.A.,  communicated  a  concluding 
paper  on  the  wall  paintings  in  Friskney  church,  Lines. 

Mr.  Cheales's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions. 


256  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 


Thursday,  23rd  March,  1905. 

Sir   HENRY   H.   HOWORTH,   K.C.I.E.,   D.C.L.,   F.R.S., 
Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author  : — The  Ancient  Crosses  and  Holy  Wells  of  Lancashire  (The 
Hundred  of  Lonsdale).  Bv  Henry  Taylor,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Manchester, 
1904. 

From  the  Author  : — Notes  on  the  Abbey  Church  of  Glastonbury.  By  W.  H. 
St.  John  Hope,  M.A.  8vo.  London,  1905. 

WILLIAM  HINMAN  WING,  Esq.,  M.A.,  was  admitted  Fellow. 
The  following  letter  was  read : 

"  Claypole  liural  District  Council, 
Newark,  Notts. 

March  22ud,  1905. 

DEAR  SIR, 

Re  Claypole  Bridge. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  above  Council  held  yesterday  the  sur- 
veyor reported  he  had  made  a  thorough  inspection  of  Claypole 
Bridge,  and  found  that  the  foundations  were  very  good,  with 
the  exception  of  one  or  two  stones,  and  stated  he  felt  sure  the 
present  bridge  could  be  repaired  and  made  to  last  a  number 
of  years.  He  estimated  the  cost  would  be  about  £100. 

After  discussion  my  Council  unanimously  resolved  that  the 
bridge  be  repaired,  and  that  the  Society  of  Antiquaries'  offer 
to  contribute  the  sum  of  £10  towards  the  repair  of  the  bridge 
be  accepted  with  thanks. 

Yours  faithfully, 

A.  FRANKS, 

Clerk." 

The  Rev.  W.  GREENWELL,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  communi- 
cated an  account  of  the  excavation  of  a  cemetery  of  the  Late- 
Celtic  period  in  East  Yorkshire,  which  will  be  printed  in 

Arehaeologia. 


March  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  257 

Mr.  BOYNTON  said  he  had  been  present  at  most  of  the 
excavations  described  in  the  paper,  and  could  fully  endorse 
Canon  Greenwell's  statements.  The  sword  with  enamelled 
handle  on  exhibition  he  had  himself  excavated  from  a 
previously  disturbed  grave-mound  in  the  gardens  of  Thorpe 
House,  Rudstone. 

Mr.  READ  referred  to  the  peculiar  charm  of  Late-Celtic  art, 
the  curved  motives  of  which  were  derived  from  the  stiff  and 
formal  patterns  of  classical  antiquity.  His  old  friend,  the 
author  of  the  paper,  had  often  expressed  his  regret  that  per- 
manent residence  in  the  country  prevented  him  from  consulting 
the  latest  literature  on  the  subject. 

Mr.  REGINALD  SMITH  considered  that  the  chronology  was 
the  most  important  problem  presented  by  the  paper ;  and,  in 
spite  of  uniform  inhumation,  there  seemed  to  be  indications 
of  a  date  after  the  Christian  era.  In  the  south  the  conditions 
were  different,  the  Aylesford  cemetery  showing  that  cremation 
was  in  vogue  in  the  first,  if  not  in  the  second,  century  B.C. 
The  Yorkshire  brooches  were  roughly  dated  by  the  hinged 
specimen  exhibited,  whereas  the  Aylesford  and  Chesterford 
examples  still  retained  the  coiled  spring  at  the  head  and  were 
made  in  one  piece  like  the  La  Tene  series.  As  nothing 
distinctly  Roman,  not  even  a  fragment  of  "  Samian "  ware, 
had  been  found  in  the  Danes'  Graves  or  at  Arras,  it  might 
well  be  concluded  that  Roman  influence  had  not  been  felt 
before  these  cemeteries  were  closed,  and  this  fact  would  place 
them  earlier  than  Agricola's  advance  into  Scotland.  The 
Rudstone  sword  was  decorated  with  multicoloured  enamels 
arranged  in  rectangular  and  other  simple  patterns  suggesting 
Roman  influence,  the  purely  British  enamel  being  of  red 
colour  and  arranged  in  curved  designs. 

The  CHAIRMAN  said  it  must  be  remembered  that  though 
Gaul  was  conquered  by  Julius,  Britain  did  not  pass  under  the 
Roman  yoke  till  a  century  later.  Caesar  never  mentions  any 
Gauls  who  fought  in  chariots,  but  noticed  them  at  once  on 
landing  in  Britain.  Hence  the  cemeteries  of  the  Champagne 
must  all  have  preceded  his  arrival.  These  chariot-using 
Gauls  had  been  displaced  by  Germans  from  beyond  the 
Rhine.  The  two  rites  of  burial  constituted  a  difficult 
problem,  but  cremation  was  almost  unknown  in  the  Gaulish 
cemeteries  of  Champagne,  where  coins  were  also  conspicuously 
absent.  The  introduction  of  coinage  into  the  West  had  been 
antedated :  the  third  century  was  too  early  for  the  circula- 


258  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

tion  of  coins  imitating  the  Philippus.  He  doubted  whether 
British  art  could  have  remained  intact  after  the  Romans  had 
been  in  the  island  for  half  a  century. 

E.  K.  CLARK,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  M.Inst.C.E.,  submitted  the 
following  report  as  Local  Secretary  for  Yorkshire  : 

"  I  have  the  honour  to  exhibit  certain  objects  which 
illustrate  the  methods  of  manufacture  of  palstaves  in  the 
Bronze  or  succeeding  period.  The  lead  celt  is  of  the  socketed 
form,  and  is  in  the  possession  of  the  Leeds  Philosophical  and 
Literary  Society.  According  to  the  record  of  its  acquisition 
it  was  found  at  Anwick,  near  Sleaford,  but  there  is  un- 
fortunately no  further  information  as  to  its  connection  with 
other  discoveries.  The  hollow  in  the  inside  has  been  formed 
by  a  sand  or  clay  core  made  from  a  jointed  corebox,  as  far  as 
can  be  judged  from  the  appearance  of  a  fin  down  the  centre 
of  two  of  the  sides.  Instances  of  complete  lead  instruments 
are  exceedingly  rare.  There  is  one  in  the  British  Museum 
from  Seamer  Moor,  Yorkshire,  but  I  know  of  no  others. 
Fragments  of  lead  have,  however,  been  found  adhering  to 
the  inside  of  bronze  moulds  for  socketed  celts  both  in  York- 
shire and  in  other  counties.  The  slide  shows  the  two  parts 
of  a  bronze  mould  from  the  Sheffield  Museum  discovered  at 
Roseberry  Topping,  to  one  side  of  which  there  is  lead  still 
adhering.  By  the  kindness  o£  the  authorities  of  the  Museum 
at  Leicester  a  portion  of  a  bronze  mould  is  exhibited  which 
contains  traces  of  lead.  This  latter  was  found  at  Beacon 
Hill,  Leicester. 

The  moulds  in  themselves  are  in  some  cases  beautiful  cast- 
ings. Their  workmanship  is  surprising,  and  it  is  in  view  of  the 
excellence  and  the  value  of  these  moulds  that  I  have  tried  to 
trace  a  connection  between  the  objects  exhibited  and  those 
represented  by  the  present  slides,  for  that  connection  would 
seem  to  confirm  a  partially  recognised  explanation  of  the 
discovery  of  lead  instruments  of  lead  deposit  in  moulds.  The 
making  of  such  moulds  must  have  been  a  very  difficult  opera- 
tion, and  as  the  constant  use  of  them  for  making  bronze 
castings  would  very  speedily  destroy  the  surface  and  fuse  the 
lighter  portions,  it  is  conjectured  that  these  valuable  thin 
bronze  moulds  were  not  used  for  bronze,  but  for  lead  castings, 
for  lead  is  a  metal  which  melts  at  1,338  degrees  less  than 
copper.  And  it  is  suggested  that  the  lead  result  was  in  the 
first  place  an  experimental  cast,  and  was  then  used  as  a  model 
upon  which  moulds  of  clay  were  formed.  This  would  account 
for  the  traces  of  lead  which  occur  in  bronze  moulds,  and  for 


March  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  259 

the  existence  of  the  very  few  lead  celts  of  which  we  know. 
It  is  the  frailty  of  the  bronze  moulds  which  appears  to  lend 
considerable  support  to  this  theory. 

The  lead  celt  might  not  only  be  used  as  a  model  for  making 
clay  moulds  upon.  It  might  also  be  hollowed  in  such  a  way 
as  to  make  a  corebox,  and  so  extended  as  to  provide  the 
portion  of  the  core  which  fits  the  core  print  or  holder.  This 
ingenious  suggestion  has  been  made  by  Sir  John  Evans  in 
his  Ancient  Bronze  Implements* 

Two  objects  which  are  figured  and  described  in  that 
exhaustive  book  (p.  440)  seem  to  have  so  close  a  connection 
with  the  present  subject  that  I  have  ventured  to  bring  them 
forward  again  by  means  of  lantern  slides.  It  seems  possible 
that  these  close-fitting  bronze  castings  are  themselves  repre- 
sentations in  bronze  of  such  clay  moulds  as  are  described 
above.  They  were  found  in  Wiltshire,  and  are  now  in  the 
British  Museum.  Upon  the  outside  of  each  in  two  places 
there  is  an  impress  of  strand,  but  the  strands  on  one  casting 
do  not  correspond  with  those  on  the  other.  The  puzzle 
presented  by  this  want  of  symmetry  is  perhaps  worth  while 
going  into  again. 

I  started  de  novo  and  experimented  myself,  assuming  that 
the  process  was  that  clay  temporary  moulds  were  formed 
from  a  permanent  model,  and  that  these  were  converted  into 
bronze.  My  experiment  substantially  confirms  Sir  John 
Evans's  description,  and  as  it  is  not  an  easy  problem  I 
venture  to  repeat  the  processes.  The  results  of  the  experi- 
ment are  on  the  table. 

The  description  of  these  moulds  is  as  follows : 

There  are  pegs  on  one  sheaf,  which  fit  into  depressions  on 
the  other  in  order  to  make  the  two  sides  find  their  places  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  resulting  casting  shall  be  symmetrical, 
and  one  sheaf  has  a  projection  at  the  end  which  stands  below 
the  other,  possibly  for  the  purpose  of  readily  separating  the 
sheaves  after  the  operation  of  casting,  before  the  metal  could 
set  and  adhere.  When  together  they  leave  an  opening  at  one 
end  for  the  metal  to  run  in  and  the  air  to  get  out ;  and  it  can 
be  supposed  that  they  were  held  together  by  being  rammed 
up  in  earth  or  tied  by  twine  when  the  metal  was  poured  in, 
but  the  twine  of  which  the  impression  remains  is  obviously  not 
that  which  was  used  to  keep  them  in  position  when  making 

*  Edition  1881,  page  44").  It  should,  however,  be  stated  that  the  Leeds 
Museum  lead  celt  has  apparently  been  made  hollow  by  means  of  a  core  made 
in  halves,  as  there  are  evidences  of  jointing  lines  inside  it  just  as  is  found  in  the 
inside  of  many  bronze  celts,  a  process  differing  from  that  referred  to  in  the 
text. 


260  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

the  final  casting,  as  the  two  sides  do  not  agree,  and  there  are 
four  strands  on  one  sheaf  and  three  on  the  other.  The  sheaves 
undoubtedly  represent  objects  made  in  clay,  as  the  twine  has 
sunk  in  places  into  some  moderately  soft  substance,  and  the 
problem  involved  suggests  a  consideration  of  the  manner  of 
making  clay  moulds  according  to  the  practice  suggested 
above  from  a  lead  model  of  a  palstave.  Clay  has  to  be 
moistened  and  well  beaten  in  order  to  take  a  form  with 
accuracy,  and  the  exact  extent  to  which  the  clay  object  can 
be  dried  sufficiently  to  hold  together  while  handled  would 
probably  be  well  known  to  artificers  of  a  period  when  urns 
were  constantly  made.  In  drying,  the  clay  would  contract 
considerably,  and  in  order  to  retain  its  form  it  might  be  the 
best  method  to  attach  the  clay  sheaf  to  the  lead  model  by 
means  of  twine  at  two  points,  as  appears  in  the  instance  on 
the  table.  Supposing  that  one  sheaf  is  thus  formed  and  tied 
to  the  palstave  till  moderately  dry,  it  could  be  then  used  as  a 
model  itself  while  still  tied  to  the  lead  palstave,  the  two 
objects  when  together  being  bedded  in  sand,  and  after  the 
string  had  been  cut  on  the  back  of  the  palstave  model  the 
latter  would  be  removed,  its  place  filled  by  clay  or  sand  in  its 
turn,  the  upper  and  lower  beds  of  clay  or  sand  separated  and 
the  clay  sheaf  taken  out,  being  lifted  by  the  loose  ends  of 
twine  from  the  lower  bed.  The  cavity  thus  left  could  be 
filled  with  bronze,  and  the  result  would  be  one  sheaf  with  an 
impression  of  twine  in  the  places  on  its  back. 

In  order  to  form  the  second  sheaf,  and  to  ensure  its 
complete  adjustment  with  the  first,  it  would  perhaps  be 
necessary  to  mould  it  upon  the  clay  model  of  the  first  sheaf, 
and  not  upon  the  bronze  cast  of  it,  so  as  to  avoid  any 
discrepancy  brought  about  by  the  contraction  of  the  bronze 
casting.  The  lead  model  would  then  be  placed  again  in  the 
first  clay  sheaf,  the  second  sheaf  moulded  upon  the  model 
and  first  sheaf,  the  projections  and  depressions  required  for 
subsequent  fitting  carefully  attended  to,  and  twine  bound 
round  the  three  objects  when  together.  A  mould  would  be 
made  as  before,  the  string  cut,  and  the  first  operation 
repeated,  and  the  result  would  be  what  appears  in  the 
photograph.  In  this  manner  an  explanation  is  to  be  found 
of  the  two  sets  of  twine  whose  impress  appears  in  the  rough 
sheaves,  two  sets  of  twine  which  do  not  necessarily  corre- 
spond. And  it  may  be  conjectured  that  when  the  manu- 
facturer came  to  make  the  second  application  of  twine  it  was 
found  better  to  carry  it  round  the  first  clay  sheaf  at  a  position 
clear  of  the  previous  binding,  where  the  clay  was  possibly 
bruised  and  disturbed. 


March  23.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


261 


In  closing  the  consideration  of  this  subject,  I  think  it 
would  be  important  to  record  all  traces  of  lead  found  in 
moulds,  and  that  information  is  especially  desirable  as  to 
the  discovery  of  lead  in  non-socketed  celt-moulds,  as  in  the 
instances  recorded  above  all  traces  of  lead  are  in  connection 
with  socketed  celts. 

I  exhibit  six  specimens  of  ordinary  bronze  axes  recessed 
for  application  to  a  split  handle.  They  each  have  a  stop 
ridge,  and  are  devoid  of  ornament,  but  have  a  stiffening  rib 
running  from  the  stop  ridge  down  the  blade.  Three  have 
been  fettled,  their  cutting  end  has  been  hammered  to  ensure 
hardness  and  a  fairly  sharp  edge.  Three  are  unfettled,  with 
the  fin  showing  the  junction  of  the  mould  sheaves  left  round 
them  just  as  they  came  from  the  mould,  and  it  is  clear  that 
the  metal  has  been  run  from  the  handle  end.  They  were 
probably  cast  vertically,  thus  providing  the  most  solid  metal 
for  the  cutting  edge.  They  were  all  found  together  in  digging 
foundations  for  a  house  in  Roundhay,  near  Leeds. 

The  analysis  is : 


Copper 

Tin 

Nickel 

Lead 

Iron 

/o 

lo 

1  o 

1  o 

/o 

A. 

86-50 

13-15 

Trace 

•24 

•11 

Taken  from  a  point 
near  axe  edge. 

B. 

86-62 

13-01 

Trace 

•19 

•18 

Taken  from  portion 
recessed  for  handle. 

The  analyst  says  that  the  slight  difference  between  A  and  B 
is  such  as  might  be  expected  between  any  two  analyses  of  a 
piece  of  metal. 

We  have  found  occasional  traces  of  Roman  roads,  and 
wherever  possible  they  have  been  recorded.  The  slide  shows 
a  portion  of  rough-paved  road,  which  has  been  lately  found 
18  inches  below  the  surface  of  Westgate,  at  Tadcaster.  It  is 
composed  of  water- worn  stones,  which  were  bared  when  laying 
drains. 

There  is  little  more  to  report  except  that  a  systematic 
record  of  such  discoveries  is  now  being  undertaken  by 

VOL.  xx.  s 


262  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

members  of  the  Leeds  University,  in  conjunction  with  our 
local  societies. 

The  next  photographs  show  a  type  of  iron  mine  to  which  I 
cannot  assign  a  positive  date.  Owing  to  their  shape  these 
excavations  are  called  bell  pits.  They  consist  of  a  shaft  sunk 
from  the  surface  to  a  bed  of  ironstone,  which  lies  about  20 
to  30  feet  below,  consisting  of  a  stratum  of  nodules  with  a 
thickness  of  1  to  3  feet.  This  is  the  bed  from  which  in 
modern  times  the  celebrated  best  Yorkshire  iron  has  been 
smelted.  The  ironstone  was  followed  and  abstracted  to  such 
a  distance,  presumably,  as  could  safely  be  done  without  a  fall 
of  the  roof,  the  result  being  a  conical  hole  with  the  apex 
uppermost,  terminating  at  the  surface  in  the  shaft  of  entry, 
with  a  diameter  at  the  base  from  20  to  30  feet.  It  is  interest- 
ing to  note  that  immediately  below  the  ironstone  there 
is  a  thin  bed  of  coal  which  did  not  receive  attention.  The 
assumption  would  be  that  the  iron  miners  who  made  these 
excavations  smelted  their  metal  by  charcoal  or  wood  fires 
before  the  days  of  converting  coal  into  coke  for  such  a 
purpose,  and  that  their  work  was  done  at  any  rate  before 
1700  A.D. 

These  pits  are  found  in  considerable  quantities  in  that  part 
of  Leeds  immediately  north  of  the  river  Aire,  where  some  of 
the  earliest  habitations  were  erected,  and  on  that  account  also 
it  is  supposed  that  the  workings  were  made  about  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Very  grave  difficulties  have  occurred  for 
architects  and  builders  wherever  old  Leeds  houses  have  been 
replaced  by  modern  buildings.  The  practice  had  evidently 
been  to  excavate  as  far  as  it  was  safe,  as  deep  as  it  was  pos- 
sible for  such  holes  when  only  naturally  ventilated,  and  to  tip 
the  spoil  into  the  last  hole  dug  out.  It  may  be  readily  under- 
stood from  an  architect's  plan  exhibited,  in  which  there  are 
twenty-eight  pits  in  an  area  of  790  square  yards,  that  many 
important  buildings  have  been  found  in  an  alarming  con- 
dition. 

The  extensive  rebuilding  of  Leeds  has  brought  about 
another  serious  danger.  We  are  constantly  in  fear  of  losing 
some  of  our  very  interesting  local  and  street  names.  Your 
local  secretary  and  local  Fellows  have  done  their  best  to  oppose 
the  abolition  of  the  old  names  and  the  loss  of  history  con- 
tained in  them,  but  we  should  welcome  any  advice  on  the 
subject,  or  any  prospect  of  co-operation  with  others  in  similar 
positions  in  other  equally  unfortunate  and  successful  cities. 

A  few  instances  will  suffice.  Leeds  is  a  city  of  '  lanes.' 
This  is  not  grand  enough  for  our  progressive  folk.  The  man 


March  23.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  263 

who  has  a  shop  in  Vicar  Lane  would  prosper  (so  he  says  in  the 
daily  paper)  if  this  were  changed  to  the  '  Strand.'  We  have 
lost  Lydgate  ;  Tenter  Garth  and  Tenter  Lane  may  drop  out ; 
and  I  am  afraid  this  year  may  see  the  end  of  Flay  Crow  Yard 
and  the  Isle  of  Cinder.  I  have  thought  that  this  matter  was 
of  sufficient  importance  to  claim  the  attention  of  the  Society. 

Kirkstall  Abbey  has  been  neglected  since  it  was  put  in 
order. 

The  drains  have  silted  up  and  in  some  cases  been  filled  bj 
elders,  and  the  pavement  in  places  has  been  disturbed  by 
seedlings.  Ivy  has  been  allowed  to  spread  over  important 
walls  concealing  architectural  features.  Tiles  and  special 
stones,  lead  pipes,  and  portions  of  brass  inscriptions  which 
have  been  from  time  to  time  discovered  have  been  dumped  into 
a  case  in  a  park  ranger's  room,  and  so  on.  This  is  what  has 
happened  in  eight  and  a  half  years,  and  it  has  not  been  easy 
to  inspire  the  corporation  with  any  interest  in  continuing  the 
preservation  of  the  building.  After  two  years  of  polite  cor- 
respondence, an  agreement  has  been  sanctioned  that  ivy  is 
again  to  come  off  the  walls,  and  a  general  instruction  has  been 
promised  that  only  those  creepers  will  be  retained  which  lose 
their  leaves  in  the  winter  and  do  not  insert  dangerous  fibre 
between  the  stones,  and  that  these  are  only  to  be  allowed  to 
spread  within  limited  areas.  By  this  means  the  leaves  which 
grow  so  dirty  in  a  place  like  Leeds  will  not  carry  their  black- 
ness from  one  year  to  another,  and  the  state  of  the  walls 
can  receive  a  periodical  examination  when  the  leaves  are  off. 
At  the  same  time  a  picturesqueness  which  need  not  neces- 
sarily be  condemned  will  be  maintained  sufficient  to  please  the 
numbers  of  people  upon  whose  votes  the  maintenance  of 
Kirkstall  Abbey  depends. 

In  the  monastic  buildings  the  most  perfect  fireplace  hearth 
is  formed  of  series  of  small  stones  set  on  edge,  which  were 
becoming  displaced  and  destroyed  by  the  weather.  This  has 
now  been  covered  with  glass,  and  glass  also  has  been  put  over 
some  tiling  which  is  in  the  floor  of  the  frater.  The  drains 
have  all  been  recleaned ;  the  invading  elders  taken  out. 

A  well-lighted  and  warmed  building  is  to  be  erected  in  an 
inconspicuous  place,  and  all  the  loose  tiles,  lead  pipes,  frag- 
ments of  sepulchral  brasses,  are  to  be  placed  in  an  orderly 
manner  in  locked  cases.  The  corporation  have  asked  me  to 
catalogue  them,  and  I  hope  that  with  the  kind  help  of  Mr. 
Hope  this  will  shortly  be  done." 

Mr.  GOWLAND  congratulated  the  author  on  the  way  he  had 
explained  the  method  of  casting  palstaves  and  their  bronze 

82 


264  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

moulds.  The  latter  could  only  have  been  used  once  or  twice, 
most  of  the  implements  being  from  moulds  of  clay.  The 
ironstone  mines  at  Leeds  were  probably  older  than  the  date 
suggested  in  the  paper ;  in  the  seventeenth  century  the 
underlying  coal  would  also  have  been  mined  for  smelting 
the  ore. 

Mr.  BAILDON  said  that  iron  was  being  worked  further  up 
the  Aire  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  There  was  a  charter  in 
the  British  Museum  specifying  a  contract  between  the  lord  of 
the  manor  and  an  ironmaster  for  the  use  of  a  wood  to  provide 
charcoal  for  smelting,  the  rent  being  twelve  pieces  of  iron 
yearly. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  had  assisted  in  the  excavation  of  the 
objects  exhibited  from  Kirkstall  Abbey,  and  regretted  that 
several  of  the  best  specimens  had  disappeared  since  1893. 
The  pottery,*  which  was  found  by  Mr.  Hope,  belonged  to  a 
type  overlooked  by  historians  of  English  wares,  f  The  mortar 
of  which  the  lower  stone  was  exhibited  he  thought  had  been 
used  to  pound  up  meat  rather  than  for  grinding  corn.  The 
stone  cylinders  were  also  called  mortars,  and  were  used  for 
lighting  passages  at  night.  The  tiles  were  mostly  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  one  with  knotwork  pattern  was 
specially  noteworthy. 

Mr.  BAILDON  added  that  the  tile  referred  to  bore  the  badge 
of  the  LacySj  and  the  pattern  was  not  of  Welsh  derivation. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions, and  to  the  Yorkshire  Philosophical  Society  for  the  loan 
of  certain  objects  exhibited  in  illustration  of  Dr.  Green  well's 
paper. 


*  Proceedings,  2nd  S.  xv.  6. 

t   Catalogue  of  English  Pottery  in  British  Museum.  56,  91-93i 


March  30.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  265 

Thursday,  30th  March,  1905. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice- President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Charles  H.  Read,  Esq.,  Secretary  : — Three  lantern  slides  illustrative  of 
Rev.  W.  Greenwell's  paper  on  a  Cemetery  of  the  Late-Celtic  Period  in 
Eastern  Yorkshire. 

From  E.  Kitson  Clark,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. : — Fifteen  lantern  slides  in  illustration 
of  his  Report  as  Local  Secretary  for  Yorkshire. 

0.  M.  DALTON,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.>  read  some  notes  on  the 
walls  and  fortifications  of  Famagusta,  Cyprus,  with  especial 
reference  to  the  alterations  caused  by  the  new  harbour  works ; 
the  notes  were  illustrated  by  a  few  lantern  slides.  Mr. 
Dalton  also  read  a  paper  on  part  of  an  early  Byzantine 
treasure  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kyrenia  and  now  the 
property  of  the  Government  of  Cyprus. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  remarked  on  the  very  pure  northern 
French  architecture  of  the  cathedral  at  Famagusta. 

Mr.  READ  recalled  the  fact  that  the  Society  had  appealed  to 
the  Colonial  Secretary  at  the  time  to  preserve  the  ancient 
walls  intact ;  and  the  slides  showed  that  the  work  had  been 
carried  out  in  the  most  innocuous  manner  possible.  The 
railway  was  still  to  be  built,  but  the  Society  was  assured  that 
no  harm  would  be  done  thereby.  The  island  was  full  of 
remains  of  all  periods,  and  as  a  British  possession  should  be 
available  for  archaeological  investigation.  An  organisation  on 
the  same  lines  as  the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund  might  well  be 
started,  and  he  thought  it  a  matter  in  which  the  Society 
might  very  properly  take  action. 

Professor  GOWLAND  agreed  that  exploration  in  Cyprus  was 
very  desirable,  but  the  difficulty  was  to  raise  the  necessary 
funds.  The  work  apparently  failed  to  interest  those  who 
could  most  easily  contribute  towards  the  expenses. 

F.  HAVERFIELD,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  communicated  the  fol- 
lowing note  on  a  small  bronze  vase  of  early  Italian  work,  said 
to  have  been  found  in  Bath  : 

"  The  small  bronze  vase  which  I  now  exhibit  was  bought  in 


266  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Bath  about  1858  by  the  late  Dr.  Wm.  Wilson  Cuxworth,  then 
a  Scottish  medical  student  visiting  the  town.  It  was  sold  to 
him  as  having  been  found  in  Bath,  but  no  details  of  the 
discovery  are  recorded.  The  purchaser  sent  it  to  his  cousin, 
Mr.  F.  R.  N.  Haswell,  of  North  Shields,  who  has  very  kindly 
lent  it  to  me.  It  has  been  published  once,  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Newcastle  Society  of  Antiquaries  for  1898,*  but  in 
such  a  manner  that  re-publication  and  re-illustration  seem 
desirable. 

The  vase  is  a  regular  shaped  round-bellied  vessel  with  a 
plain  curved  brim  unbroken  by  any  spout  or  mouth.  It 
measures  without  its  handle  4^  inches  in  height  and  4  inches 
in  greatest  diameter.  The  handle  is  a  plain  rectangular  strip 
of  bronze  -£$  of  an  inch  broad  and  ^  thick.  At  one  end  it 
expands  into  a  thin  piece  2  inches  wide  and  -^  of  an  inch 
deep,  and  this,  fastened  by  two  rivets  to  the  under  part  of 
the  outside  of  the  brim,  forms  the  attachment.  From  this 
attachment  the  handle  describes  a  curve  upwards  and  over 
the  mouth  of  the  vase,  and  then  descends  vertically  passing 
but  not  touching  the  side  of  the  vase  and  ending  in  a  well- 
wrought  horse's  hoof.  It  appears  never  to  have  been  fastened 
to  the  side  of  the  vase,  but  to  have  been  intended  by  the 
maker  to  hang  loose.  The  object  of  this  arrangement  was, 
I  think,  to  allow  the  vessel  to  be  hung  up  from  a  line,  so  that 
the  handle  would  serve  alike  for  handle  or  hook. 

This  is  not  a  very  wise  arrangement,  and,  as  we  might  expect, 
it  occurs  very  rarely.  No  parallel,  I  think  I  may  assert,  can 
be  found  among  the  bronze  vases  of  Roman  Britain ;  none, 
as  M.  Reinach  assures  me,  among  those  of  Roman  Gaul,  and 
none,  as  I  learn  from  Dr:  Graeven,  among  those  of  the  Rhine 
valley.  Its  true  home  is  in  Italy.  Vases,  agreeing  with  the 
specimen  now  exhibited  in  size  and  shape  and  in  the  looseness 
of  handle,  have  been  dug  up  in  the  cemeteries  of  the  Certosa  di 
Bologna  and  of  Vulci,  and  Professor  Nogara  tells  me  that  two 
of  these  may  be  seen  in  the  Museo  Gregoriano  at  Rome  (Sala 
dei  bronzi,  109  and  111),  which  differ  from  our  specimen  only 
in  the  substitution  of  an  animal's  head  for  the  terminal  horse's 
hoof  ,f  Such  vases  are,  however,  extremely  uncommon,  and,  I 
may  add,  until  now  no  adequate  illustration  appears  to  have 
been  published  of  any  one  of  them. 

*  Vol.  viii.  240.  with  illustration. 

t  See  the  (rather  small)  illustrations  in  A.  Zauuoni,  Scad  della  Certosa  di 
Bologna  (Bologna  ,1876),  plate  Ixiii.  4  ;  S.  Gsell,  Fouilles  de  Vulci  (Paris,  1891), 
plate  xvii.  4  ;  Museo  Etrusco  Gregoriano  (Rome,  1842),  vol.  i.  plate  v.  1.  I 
have  to  thank  Mr.  A.  J.  Evans,  Dr.  Huelsen,  Mrs.  Arthur  Strong,  and  Dr.  Zahn 
of  Berlin,  for  help  in  this  matter. 


Proc.  2ndS.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  jxiyc  26(5. 


ITALIAN    BRONZE   VESSEL.      (}.) 


March  30.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  267 

The  dates  of  these  Italian  vases  are  not  quite  certain.  But 
they  all  unquestionably  belong  to  a  period  considerably 
earlier  than  the  Roman  Empire  or  the  Roman  occupation  of 
Britain. 

The  problem  therefore  arises  how  an  early  Italian  vase  got 
to  Bath.  Two  solutions  present  themselves.  Either  the 
object  came  by  trade  and  must  be  added  to  the  scanty  list  of 
Mediterranean  products  which  made  their  way  to  Britain  in 
the  second  or  third  century  before  Christ.*  Or  some  modern 
traveller  brought  it  to  England,  and  here  it  was  lost,  possibly 
thrown  away  as  rubbish,  and  dug  up  in  after  years  as  a  local 
antiquity  ;  possibly  preserved  without  any  record  of  its  origin 
and  mixed  up  with  remains  of  genuine  local  provenance.  We 
have  no  evidence  in  the  present  case  to  enable  a  decision 
between  these  alternatives.  But  despite  this  doubt  this  ex- 
tremely rare  type  of  vase  seems  to  deserve  the  brief  attention 
of  the  Society." 

Professor  GOWLAND  considered  that  the  "  patina "  of  the 
vessel  pointed  to  burial  in  British  rather  than  in  Italian  soil. 

Mr.  READ  thought  the  alleged  provenance  quite  probable, 
and  referred  to  a  similar  jug  found  at  Tewkesbury,  and  now 
in  the  British  Museum. 

CHARLES  DAWSON,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  rapier 
found  at  Lissane,  co.  Deny,  Ireland,  on  which  he  communi- 
cated the  following  note : 

"This  rapier-shaped  blade  is  described  and  figured  in 
Sir  William  Wilde's  Catalogue  of  the  Museum  of  the  Royal 
Irish  Academy  (figs.  314,  315,  pp.  442,  443),  where  a  model 
of  it  is  exhibited.  The  total  length  is  301  inches,  7  inches 
longer  than  one  of  the  same  type  in  the  possession  of  Sir 
John  Evans,  found  at  Noailles,  near  Beauvais,  Oise,  France, 
and  is  but  f  of  an  inch  in  width  at  the  centre.  The  section 
is  somewhat  elaborate  (see  figure  in  before-mentioned  cata- 
logue). It  is  2£  inches  across  the  widest  part  of  the  base. 
The  blade  was  discovered  in  a  turf  bog  in  the  townland  and 
parish  of  Lissane,  co.  Berry,  Ireland,  on  the  property  of  the 
late  Sir  Thomas  Staples,  Bart.  It  has  since  been  carefully 
preserved  in  its  present  case,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of 
Mrs.  John  Henniker-Heaton,  junior. 

The  rapier  now  has  but  one  rivet,  the  other  seems  to  have 

*  See  A.  J.  Evuus  in  Arclueoloyia  U.i-oiuunsi#,  158-164. 


268  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

been  torn  away,  and  the  second  rivet,  as  shown  in  the 
diagram  in  the  catalogue,  is  probably  a  restoration  of  the 
draughtsman. 

The  blade  is  slightly  bowed  or  distorted  laterally. 

It  is  said  to  possess  a  wonderful  degree  of  flexibility,  but 
the  present  owner  has  not  had  the  courage  to  test  this 
quality,  and  has  no  desire  that  others  should  do  so.  It  is 
apparently  a  casting  from  a  fine  sand  mould,  and  the  absence 
of  patina  is  characteristic  of  specimens  preserved  in  certain 
marshy  deposits." 

Mr.  READ  said  this  was  one  of  the  most  perfect  pieces  of 
cast  bronze  he  had  seen,  but  thought  it  came  from  a  mould 
of  stone,  and  not  of  sand.  Moulds  of  metal  were  more 
probably  used  for  producing  others  of  clay  than  for  actual 
casting  of  metal.  The  rapier  was  for  thrusting,  but  the 
present  example  was  rather  for  parade  purposes  than  for  use 
in  warfare. 

Professor  GOWLAND  agreed  that  the  casting  was  of  the 
finest  quality,  but  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  produce 
such  a  slender  form  in  a  sand  mould.  The  mould  of  clay 
was  probably  heated,  as  in  Japan  at  the  present  day,  to 
ensure  an  easy  flow  of  the  metal  and  to  avoid  blow-holes. 
The  metal  was  an  alloy  of  copper  with  15  per  cent,  of  tin, 
the  best  composition  possible  for  such  a  purpose.  Hammer- 
ing gave  it  further  elasticity,  and  a  careful  polishing  completed 
the  process. 

HENRY  LAYER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  Local  Secretary  for  Essex, 
exhibited  the  lead  matrix  of  a  small  seal,  lately  found  by  a 
workman  when  making  a  drain  in  Creffield  Road,  Colchester, 
close  to  the  house  occupied  by  the  late  Mr.  Joslin. 

The  seal  is  only  1^-  inch  in  diameter,  and  bears  for  device 
a  stellar  flower,  with  the  marginal  legend  : 

S'f}ALAN[I]  LAMBffRT[I]. 

In  the  last  word  the  R  and  T  are  conjoined, 
This  seal  is  of  early  thirteenth-century  date. 

Dr.  OLIVER  CODRINGTON,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  glazed  yellow 
paving  tile  found  in  Peatling  Magna  Church,  Leicestershire. 

The  tile,  which  is  8  inches  square,  is  peculiar  in  bearing 
the  imprint  of  an  ordinary  4^ -inch  tile  which  bore  the  wore 
tf)U ;  this  is  of  course  reversed  in  the  example  under  notice. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  remarked  that  the   device  was  only 


April  6.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  269 

coloured  in  glaze  and  not  in  slip ;  clearly  it  was  not  a  paving 
tile. 

Mr.  READ  said  the  letters  in  relief  tfju  had  been  evidently 
produced  by  pressing  another  tile  on  the  unbaked  clay,  but 
whether  the  entire  surface  had  then  been  coloured  white  was 
uncertain.  The  ground  thus  covered  with  slip  subsequently 
received  a  yellowish  glaze,  reducing  the  glaring  red  of  the 
burnt  clay  and  toning  down  the  white  slip.  In  the  sunk 
parts  the  glaze  still  remained  bright  and  vitreous,  but  only  the 
slip  remained  on  the  worn  surface.  He  thought  the  tile  was 
produced  intentionally,  and  was  not  a  mere  freak  or  accident. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  6th  April,  1905. 
WILLIAM  GOWLAND,  Esq.,  Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  :— Oar  Sondan,  its  Pyramids  and  Progress.     By  John  Ward, 
F.S.A.     4to.     London,  1905. 

From  the  Author  : — Place  and  Field  Names,  Cookham  Parish,  Berkshire.    By 
Stephen  Darby.     Privately  printed.     8vo.     1899. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows  : 

Vernon  Bryan  Crowther-Beynon,  Esq.,  M.A. 
Terence  John  Temple,  Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava. 

Notice  was  given  that  the  Annual  Meeting  for  the  election 
of  the  President,  Council,  and  Officers  of  the  Society  would 
be  held  on  Monday,  1st  May,  at  2  p.m. ;  and  that  no  Fellow  in 
arrear  of  his  subscription  for  the  current  year  would  be 
entitled  to  vote  on  that  occasion. 

The  Report  of  the  Auditors  was  read,  and  thanks  were 
voted  to  the  Auditors  for  their  trouble  and  to  the  Treasurer 
for  his  good  and  faithful  services. 


270 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1905, 


We,  the  AUDITORS  appointed  to  audit  the  ACCOUNTS  of  the  SOCIETY 
to  the  31st  day  of  December,  1904,  having  examined  the 
find  the  same  to  be  accurate. 

CASH  ACCOUNT  FOR  THE  YEAK 


RECEIPTS. 

1904.  £      s.    d.        £ 

Balance  in  hand,  31st  December,  1903          .  691 

Annual  Subscriptions : 

12  at  £3  3s.,  arrears  due  1903     .  .        37  16    0 

5  at  £2  2s..  ditto  .        10  10    0 

1  at  £1  Is.,  completion  dittu  .          110 
505  at  £3  3s.,  due  1st  January,  1904  .     1590  15     0 
103  at  £2  2s.,                   ditto  .       216     6    0 

2  at  £3  3s.,  paid  in  advance  for  1905  .          660 
1  at  £2  2s.                ditto                     .  .          220 

Composition : 

2  Fellows  at  £55 
Admissions  : 

23  Fellows  at  £8  8s. 
Dividend  on  £10583  19s.  7d.  Metropolitan  3  per 

cent.  Stock  .....  301  19    7 

Works  sold     ......  190    9    4 

Stevenson  Bequest : 

Dividend  on   Bank   Stock   and  other  Invest- 
ments ......  620  15     3 

Owen  Fund  : 

Dividend  on  £300  2^  per  cent.  Annuities        .  730 

Sundry  Receipts  ....  94  17     8 


1864  16    0 
110    0    0 


193     4    0 


£4074     7    0 


April  6.] 


SOCIETY   OF*   ANTIQUARIES. 


271 


OF  ANTIQUARIES  OP  LONDON,  from  the  1st  day  of   January,  1904, 
underwritten   ACCOUNTS,  with  the  Vouchers  relating  thereto,  do 

ENDING  31st  DECEMBER,  1904. 


40  13    9 
79  13     1 
20  11     7 
.       163  10  11 
18    0  10 
34     8     3 

QX£     1  Q         K 

enue  License 
svenson  Beques 

t. 

OtJO     lO        O 

16    0    0 
13  15  11 

KXPENDITUEE. 
1904. 
Publications  of  the  Society  : 

Printers'  and  Artists'  Charges  and  Binding 

Library  : 

Binding  . 

Books  purchased 

Subscriptions  to  Books  and  Societies    . 


House  Expenditure : 
Insurance 
Lighting 
Fuel 

Repairs  . 
Tea  at  Meetings 
Cleaning  and  Sundries 


Pension  : 

E.G.  Ireland  160    0    0 


Salaries : 

Assistant  Secretary        .  .  .  .      387  10    0 

Clerk       .  .       197  10    0 


Wages  and  Allowances  : 

Porter,  Housemaid,  and  Hall  Boy 

Official  Expenditure  : 

Stationery  and  Printing             .            .  .      120  11  10 

Postages              .            .            .            .  12  13    0 

Ditto    and  Carriage  on  Publications  .        46  18     6 

Sundry  Expenses            .            .    •       •.  .       118    4    9 

Cash  in  hand  : 

Coutts  &  Co.,  Deposit  Account  .  .     1100    0    0 

Ditto          Current  Account  .  .      158  16  11 

Petty  cash  .  .  .  .  0  12    0 


s.    d.       £      •.    d. 

770  16    6 


447  19    8 


160    0    0 


585    0    0 


165  19     6 


298     8     1 


1259     8  11* 
£4074    7    0 


This  does  not  include  the  balance  in  hand  (£19  15s.  6d.)  of  the  Research  Fund. 


272 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


RECEIPTS. 

Balance  in  hand,  31st  December,  1903       .  . 

Dividends  : 

12  months'  Dividend  on  : 

£1805  13s.  id.  India  3£  per  cent.  Stock     . 

£500  J.  Dickinson  &  Company  Preference 

Stock  .... 

£527   Is.   3d.  Victorian  Government  3  per 

cent.  Stock  . 


RESEARCH   FUND 

£    s.   d. 
45  H     3 


99     1     3 


£144  15     6 


We  have  examined  the  above  Account  and  Research  Fund  Account  with  the 
set  forth  in  the  annexed  List,  and  certify  to  the  accuracy  of  the  same. 

36  Walbrook,  London,  E.G. 
'29th  March,  1905. 


STOCKS  AND  INVESTMENTS, 

.  Value  at 

4*£5     31st  December, 
of  Stock. 


Metropolitan  3  per  cent.  Stock 

Bank  Stock 

Great  Northern  Railway  Consolidated  4  per  cent. 

Perpetual  Preference  Stock 
London  and  North  Western  Railway  4  per  cent. 

Guaranteed  Stock  .... 

North  Eastern  Railway  4  per  cent.  Guaranteed 
Stock     ...... 

Midland    Railway    2J    per    cent.    Consolidated 

Perpetual  Preference  Stock 


per  cent.  Annuities 


OWEN  FUND. 


RESEARCH  FUND. 

India  3^  per  cent.  Stock    .... 
J.  Dickinson  &  Co.,  Limited,  5  per  cent.  Preference 

Stock       ...... 

Victorian  Government  3  per  cent.  Consolidated 

Inscribed  Stock  .  ... 


£ 
10583 
2128 

8. 

19 
9 

d. 
7 
6 

£ 
10372 
6438 

8. 

6 

12 

a. 

0 
8 

2725 

0 

0 

3215 

10 

0 

.  2757 

0 

0 

3391 

2 

2 

2761 

"o 

0 

3340 

16 

2 

592 

* 

10 

438 

6 

0 

£21547 

14 

11 

£27196 

13 

0 

300 

0 

0 

264 

0 

0 

1805 

13 

4 

1914 

0 

2 

500 

0 

0 

552 

10 

0 

527 

13 

0 

448 

10 

0 

£2833     6     4      £2915    0    2 


April  6.]                        SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  273 

ACCOUNT. 

PAYMENTS. 

£    s.   d. 

Cretan  Exploration  Fund               .            .            .            .  .  60    0    0 

Silchester  Excavation  Fund            .            .            .            .  .  50    0    0 

Caerwent  Exploration  Fund            .            .             .            .  .  20    0    0 

Excavations  at  Shaftesbury  Abbey             .            .            .  .  500 

Balance  in  hand,  31st  December,  1904       .            .            .  .  19  15     6 


£144  15    G 

Books  and  Vouchers  of  the  Society,  and  have  seen  the  Stocks  and  Investments 

C.  F.  KEMP,  SONS,  &  CO. 


31st  DECEMBER,  1904. 

Amount 
of  Stock. 
£      s.    d. 
In  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  Chancery  Division. 

In  the  suit  of  Thornton  v.  Stevenson. 

The  Stocks  remaining  in  Court  to  the  credit  of  this  cause  are  as 
follows : 

Great  Western  Railway  5  per  cent.  Guaranteed  Stock         .        8894    0    0 
Midland  Railway  2£  per  cent.  Perpetual  Preference  Stock    .       15145  12    7 


£24039  12    7 


After  payment  of  the  Annuities,  now  amounting  to  £400  per  annum,  the 
Society  is  entitled  to  one-fourth  share  of  the  residue  of  the  Income  of  the  above 
Funds.  This  is  payable  after  the  10th  April  and  10th  October  in  every  year. 


Witness  our  hands  this  29th  day  of  March,  1905. 

ORMONDE  M.  DALTON. 
FREEMAN  O'DONOGHUE. 
R.  PHENE  SPIERS. 


274 


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PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 

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[1905, 


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276  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

WILLIAM  MINET,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
notes  on  two  early  seventeenth-century  rolls  of  Norfolk 
Swan-Marks : 

"  Swan  rolls  have  twice  before  been  the  subject  of  communi- 
cations to  the  Society.  In  1847  Mr.  G.  Bowyer,  Fellow  of  the 
Society,  submitted  a  summary  of  the  old  laws  relating  to 
swans,  and  named,  though  he  does  not  seem  to  have  exhibited, 
a  roll  belonging  to  Denham  Court  which  gave  the  marks  in 
use  on  the  River  Colne  ;*  and  in  1810  Sir  Joseph  Banks 
brought  before  the  Society  certain  ordinances  of  May  24th, 
1523,  respecting  swans  on  the  River  Witham,  and  at  the  same 
time  exhibited  an  original  roll  of  swan-marks  appertaining  to 
the  proprietors  on  the  said  stream.  This  roll  is  reproduced  in 
the  volume  of  Archaeologia  containing  the  communication.! 

The  rarity  of  these  rolls,  and  the  ninety-five  years  which 
have  elapsed  since  one  was  exhibited  at  any  meeting,  must  be 
my  excuse  for  bringing  two  more  to  your  notice  this  evening. 

With  the  various  Acts  of  Parliament  and  regulations  dealing 
with  the  right  of  keeping  swans  I  do  not  propose  to  concern 
myself.  To  do  so  would  be  to  travel  over  well-beaten  ground, 
since  they  can  be  found  set  out  in  the  two  papers  just 
mentioned,  as  well  as  in  the  leading  case  on  the  subject 
reported  by  Lord  Coke.J  I  propose  to  limit  myself  to  saying 
what  I  have  been  able  to  discover  as  to  the  two  rolls  now 
before  us. 

The  swan  as  a  royal  bird  has  long  ceased  to  be  regarded  as 
sacred,  but  here  and  there  swan-marks  still  continue  in  use. 
On  the  Thames  an  annual  '  swan-hopping/  as  the  rounding-up 
of  the  swans  for  the  purpose  of  marking  is  now  vulgarly 
called,  takes  place,  and  the  royal  mark,  with  that  of  the 
Vintners'  Company,  remains  in  use ;  while  that  strange  fowl 
the  '  swan  with  two  necks '  survives  in  evidence  of  the  old 
custom. 

Norfolk,  with  its  many  waterways  and  broads,  must  at  all 
times  have  been  a  great  swan  land ;  and  to  this  day  the 
Corporation  of  Norwich  owns  swans  on  the  Yare,  and  makes 
it  a  boast  that  there  alone  lingers  the  true  knowledge  of  how 
to  fatten  and  cook  the  young  bird. 

It  is  to  Norfolk  that  both  these  rolls  belong,  or  rather,  each 
of  them  proves  itself  to  be  a  roll  of  Norfolk  swan-marks, 

*  Archaeologia,  xxxii.  423. 

f  Ibid.  xvi.  153. 

\  Queen  v.  Lady  Joan  Yonng.  Coke't  Beportg,  IT.  82  (London,  1826).  See 
also  a  paper  "  On  the  Regulations  antiently  prescribed  in  regard  to  Swans  "  by 
J.  R.  Bromehead  (Proc.  Arch.  Ins.  1848,  p.  296,  Lincoln);  and  a  paper  on  the 
same  subject  by  Ed.  Peacock  (Archceological  Journal,  xli.  291,  1884). 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  277. 


PART   OF   A  EOLL  OF  NOBFOLK  SWAN-MARKS. 


April  6.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  277 

though  neither  supports  the  claim  of  the  other.  Nor  is  it 
possible  in  the  case  of  either  of  them  to  satisfy  an  anti- 
quarian's first  demand,  for  a  definite  and  incontestable  date. 

The  first,  which  I  propose  to  call  the  Capell  roll,  is  the 
property  of  the  Earl  of  Essex,  by  whose  courtesy  it  is  that  I 
am  allowed  to  exhibit  it  here  to-night.  It  shows  twenty-five 
swans'  heads  on  each  side,  of  which  forty  bear  marks ;  it  is 
endorsed  at  the  end  '  Burhg  Swanne  roll,'  but  none  of  the 
forty  marks  are  attributed  to  any  owner,  except  the  one 
which  belonged  to  Sir  Arthur  Capell  himself.  This  has 
written  on  it  '  Sir  Arthur  Capell  for  Burgh  Margeret ' ;  the 
inference  is  I  think  clear,  that  this  mark  belonged  to  the 
Capells  in  right  of  their  ownership  of  the  Manor  of  Burgh 
St.  Margaret's,  a  manor  which  lies  in  the  Hundred  of  East 
Flegg,  on  the  River  Bure,  a  short  distance  to  the  north  of 
Yarmouth. 

Purchased  by  Sir  William  Capell  from  Thomas  lord  Dacre 
and  Ann,  his  wife,  in  1505,  it  remained  in  the  Capell  family 
for  many  years.  Sir  William,  on  his  death  in  1515,  left  it 
to  Gyles,  his  eldest  son,*  who  held  it  until  his  death  in  1556. 
By  a  settlement  made  in  1554,  on  the  marriage  of  his  grand- 
son, Henry,  with  Katherine  Manners,  sister  to  the  Duke  of 
Rutland,  Gyles  settled  this  manor  together  with  other  property 
on  Henry,  who  held  it  until  his  death  in  1588,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Arthur,  who  survived  until  1632.  We 
have  therefore  the  limit  1588-1632  as  the  probable  date  of 
the  roll.f 

The  second  roll  is  the  property  of  Mr.  T.  C.  Blofeld  in  right 
of  his  ownership  of  Hoveton  Hall,  near  Norwich,  a  manor 
also  situated  on  the  river  Bure.  Larger  than  the  first  roll,  it 
gives  sixty-one  swan-heads,  all  on  the  same  side  of  the  roll ; 
of  these  three  only  are  blank.  This  leaves  fifty-eight  marks  ; 
but  one,  Stalham,  being  repeated  twice,  there  are  really  fifty- 
seven.  The  interest  of  this  roll  is  far  greater  than  that  of 
the  first,  seeing  that  the  fifty-seven  marks  given  are  all 
identified  by  the  names  of  the  owners,  or  of  the  manors  in 
respect  of  which  they  were  enjoyed. 

A  comparison  of  the  rolls  will  show  that  they  are  very 
different  in  character.  The  drawing  of  the  Capell  roll,  though 
still  conventional,  is,  if  I  may  say  so,  more  artistic  than  that 
of  the  Hoveton  roll.  It  shows  the  swans'  heads  sideways,  in 
this  resembling  a  Lincolnshire  roll  now  in  the  Museum  at  the 

*  Will  proved  February  19,  1556.     P.  C.  C.  6  Wrastley. 

t  An  account  of  the  Capells,  with  a  pedigree,  will  be  found  in  Transactions  of 
tie  E***ex  AroJusolaffical  Society,  ix.  243. 

VOL.  XX.  T 


278  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Public  Record  Office ;  *  the  drawing  of  this  latter  roll  is,  how- 
ever, very  rude  and  conventional,  and  its  date,  1497-1504,  as 
well  as  the  character  of  its  drawing,  would  seem  to  place  it 
considerably  earlier  than  the  Capell  roll. 

The  Hoveton  roll  is  altogether  much  older  in  appearance 
than  the  Capell  roll ;  it  shows  the  heads  as  looked  at  from 
above,  resembling  in  this  the  Witham  roll  exhibited  to  the 
Society  in  1810.  The  Capell  roll,  as  I  have  shown,  must  fall 
between  1588-1632,  and  I  am  inclined  to  place  it  about  1620. 
The  date  of  the  Hoveton  roll  offers  a  very  curious  problem 
Looking  at  its  general  character,  as  well  as  the  names  it 
gives,  I  should  be  inclined  to  place  it  in  the  early  part  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  say  about  1530.  The  handwriting,  how- 
ever (all,  with  one  exception,  in  one  hand),  must  be  late 
seventeenth  century,  not  earlier  probably  than  1670.  The 
names  which  are  given  on  the  roll,  while  in  the  main  support- 
ing the  1530  theory,  are  yet,  in  one  or  two  instances,  certainly 
later. 

These  names  are  not  set  down  in  any  order,  geographical 
or  other ;  but,  with  the  view  of  seeing  what  help  they  afford 
in  fixing  the  date  of  the  roll,  I  have  arranged  them  in  four 
groups : 

1.  Religious  foundations  .  10 

2.  Names  of  owners       .  .  .  14 

3.  Names  of  properties .  .  .  19 

4.  Names  of  both  properties  and  owners  14 


57 


The  first  group,  religious  foundations,  would  lead  one  to  fix 
the  date  as  before  1532.  The  third,  names  of  properties 
only,  gives  no  help  at  all.  The  second  group  of  owners'  names 
does  not  assist  much,  as  in  only  four  out  of  the  fourteen 
instances  is  the  Christian  name  given  ;  and  where,  as  was 
often  the  case,  a  property  continued  in  the  same  family  for 
several  generations,  a  mere  name  is  no  guide  in  arriving  at 
the  date. 

Two  of  the  names  in  this  group  do,  however,  bring  the  roll 
back  towards  the  date  I  have  suggested,  1530,  for  Francis 
Calthrope  was  the  son  of  Sir  William,  who  died  in  1494,  and 
himself  died  in  1543.  Again,  we  have  Sir  Philip  Catchrope, 
but  seeing  that  I  can  find  no  such  name  connected  with  the 

*  Public  Record  Office  :  Museum,  Case  H,  75.  "A  roll  of  1497-1504,  with 
additions  dated  1515,  showing  the  distinctive  marks  upon  the  bills  of  swans 
belonging  to  various  persons  in  parts  of  Lincolnshire  and  Cambridgeshire." 


Proc.  2ndS.  Vol.  XX. 


PORTIONS  OF  A  BOL 


Between  pages  278  ,$•  279. 


OP  NOBFOLK   SWAN-MARKS.      Q.) 


April  6.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  279 

county,  and  also  that  the  roll  is,  as  I  shall  show  presently, 
full  of  errors  of  transcription,  I  take  this  to  be  a  scribe's 
error  for  Calthrope  (or  Cal thorp,  as  it  really  is).  Now 
Sir  Philip  Cal  thorp,  a  Norfolk  landowner,  died  in  1535. 

The  last  group,  which  gives  both  the  owners  and  the 
properties,  seems  the  most  promising,  especially  where  the 
Christian  name  is  also  given.  Let  me  first  use  it  to  support 
the  theory  I  am  advocating.  One  of  the  names  is  '  Sir  John 
Henningham  of  Kitringham  Hall.'  The  place  is  really 
Ketteringham,  near  Norwich,  and  belonged  to  the  family  of 
Heveningham.  Sir  John  '  called  a  knight  in  most  evidences, 
though  not  really  so/  as  Blomefield  tells  us,  was  the  owner  of 
Ketteringham,  and  died  in  1530  ;  nor  is  any  later  Sir  John  to 
be  found,  though  the  estate  continued  in  the  same  family. 
Sir  Richard  Clere  of  Ornesby  Hall  does  not  exist,  but  a 
Sir  Robert  Clere  owned  Ormsby  and  died  there  in  1529 ; 
and,  seeing  the  numerous  errors  existing  in  the  roll,  I  think 
that  we  may  safely  identify  the  two.  Another  Clere, 
Edmond,  is  described  as  of  Stokesby,  and  I  find  him  in 
Blomefield  spoken  of  as  being  a  minor  in  1491,  and  as  dying 
in  1553.  That  the  Southwells  owned  Woodrising  from  the 
time  of  Edward  IV.  to  1643,  and  that  the  Gurneys  were  at 
Barsham  from  an  early  date  to  1675,  carries  the  case  no 
further;  but  the  evidence  I  have  adduced  proves,  I  think, 
that,  though  the  handwriting  may  be  of  late  sixteenth  century, 
the  roll  itself,  and  most  of  the  ownerships  it  represents,  are 
about  1530. 

Against  this  is  the  fact  that  some  of  the  names  given  in 
the  roll  cannot  be  fixed  as  early  as  1530.  For  example, 
Sir  John  Hobart  only  inherited  Blickling  in  1625,  when  he 
built  the  house  still  existing ;  the  Corbets  of  Woodbastwick 
are  not  found  there  before  1545,  continuing  till  1660;  while 
the  only  Sir  Richard  Berney  of  Reedham  died  in  1668. 

I  now  turn  to  another  point  on  which  I  shall  rely  for  the 
theory  I  have  formed  to  explain  the  contradiction.  Odd 
spelling  one  is  accustomed  to  in  old  documents  ;  but  clear  as 
is  this  handwriting,  and  there  is  no  mistaking  a  single  letter 
of  it,  the  license  of  the  spelling  exceeds  all  experience ;  more- 
over the  mistakes  are  such  as  would  be  made  by  a  person 
copying  from  an  older  document,  and  unacquainted  alike  with 
the  character  of  the  writing  he  was  copying  and  with  the 
names  of  an  earlier  generation.  Catchrope,  I  have  already 
suggested,  should  be  Calthorp ;  Lord  Fishwater  is  meant,  I 
think,  for  Lord  Fitzwalter,  a  Norfolk  owner ;  Henningham 
should  be  Heveningham ;  while,  in  place  names,  Horstsad  is 
clearly  Horstead ;  Vickling,  Blickling;  Ornesby,  Ormsby: 

T  2 


280  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

liackey,  llackheath ;  and  Billoweby,  Billocky ;  to  give  only  a 
few  instances. 

I  have  not  wearied  you  by  accentuating  all  the  evidence  I 
could  have  drawn  from  the  document,  but  one  further  fact  I 
must  bring  to  your  notice.  Fifty-seven  of  the  entries  are  in 
the  same  handwriting;  the  fifty-eighth  is  in  a  different  and 
an  earlier  hand ;  but  it  is  a  repetition  of  one  of  the  57,  namely 
!3talham.*  I  cannot,  however,  assign  to  the  writing  of  this 
second  Stalham  entry  a  date  earlier  than  the  beginning  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  say  about  1620 ;  the  existence,  however, 
of  this  one  variant  in  handwriting  does  go  to  prove  that  the  roll 
is  earlier  than  the  writing  of  the  57  entries  would  lead  us  to 
suppose. 

The  conclusion  which  I  suggest  is,  that  for  the  roll  itself 
one  can  prove  no  definite  date,  though  it  looks  seventeenth 
century;  that  it  was  in  use  as  a  working  tool,  say  about  1620, 
when  it  bore  only  the  name  of  the  then  owner,  whoever  he 
may  have  been,  in  respect  of  his  property  at  Stalham,  in  this 
exactly  matching  the  Capell  roll,  which  shows  40  marks,  but 
only  actually  names  one  owner.  For  practical  purposes  this 
would  be  sufficient,  as  the  swanherd,  in  rounding  up  his  birds, 
would  be  mainly  concerned  to  know  his  own  mark  and  his 
own  swans.  Later  on  in  the  seventeenth  century,  when  the 
roll  was  no  longer  a  necessary  working  tool,  but  had  begun  to 
acquire  an  antiquarian  interest,  someone,  perhaps  from  mere 
curiosity,  copied  on  to  it  from  a  roll  of  about  1 530  the  names 
of  the  owners  of  that  date,  and  being  unable  fully  to  decipher 
the  writing,  copied  it  in  a  way  which  accounts  for  the 
numerous  errors  I  have  instanced  above.  In  three  or  four 
cases,  however,  he  must  have  attributed  the  marks  to  their  then 
actual  owners,  as  perhaps  having  knowledge  of  these.  This 
would  account  for  the  Hobarts,  Berneys,  and  Corbets,  none  of 
whom  existed  in  1530.  Moreover,  we  must  hold  that  he  did 
not  notice  that  Stalham  was  already  entered  on  the  roll  in  an 
earlier  hand,  but  himself  a^ain  entered  it. 

'  o 

The  theory  I  advance  is  certainly  complicated,  and  perhaps 
overstrained,  but  I  can  find  no  other  which  fits  the  facts,  and 
I  do  no  more  than  offer  it  until  a  better  be  found. 

Comparing  the  marks  on  the  two  rolls,  and  assuming  these, 
as  I  think  we  must,  both  to  be  Norfolk,  one  would  expect  to 
find  the  40  marks  shown  on  the  Capell  roll  reproduced  among 
the  57  on  the  Hoveton  roll.  But,  first,  I  can  say  with 
certainty  that  Sir  Arthur  Capell 's  own  mark  in  respect  of 
Burgh  St.  Margarets  is  not  to  be  found  on  the  Hoveton  roll ; 

*  The  illustration  of  the  Hoveton  roll  reproduces  both  the  Stalham  marks. 


April  6.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  281 

nor  does  the  name  of  the  manor  appear  on  it,  with  any  other 
mark  attributed  to  it.  Further  than  this,  I  think  I  must 
admit  that  I  cannot  connect  any  of  the  marks  on  one  roll  with 
those  on  the  other.  In  trying  to  compare  them  there  is,  of 
course,  the  difficulty  of  presentment ;  in  the  Hoveton  roll  the 
beak  is  looked  at  from  above,  and  the  whole  of  the  oblong 
slightly  convexed  upper  surface  of  the  beak  being  visible,  the 
whole  mark  can  be  shown  in  its  proper  position.  In  the 
Capell  roll,  on  the  contrary,  the  beak  is  shown  as  from  the 
side,  and  thus  only  one  half  of  it  is  seen.  Whether  the  artist 
meant  to  show  us  the  whole  mark,  or  whether  he  shows  only 
half  of  it,  leaving  us  to  imagine  it  either  repeated  or  con- 
tinued, as  the  case  may  be,  on  the  other  side,  I  cannot  say ; 
in  any  case  the  difference  of  drawing  makes  any  comparison 
very  difficult.  One  or  two,  an  arrow  for  instance,  and  some 
combinations  of  circles,  are  the  only  ones  I  can  claim  any 
identity  for.  For  this  absence  of  agreement  between  the  two 
rolls  I  have  no  explanation  to  offer. 

It  is  perhaps  worth  while  considering  the  Hoveton  roll 
topographically  for  a  moment.  The  place-names  it  gives  can 
almost  all  be  identified;  most  of  them  lie,  as  one  would 
expect,  on  the  three  great  waterways  of  the  county,  the 
Bure,  the  Yare,  and  the  Waveney,  which  meet  at  Yarmouth  to 
form  a  single  estuary.  One  or  two  are  in  the  north  towards 
Wells-next-the-Sea ;  while  another  small  colony  is  found  over 
in  the  west.  Two  of  the  latter  long  puzzled  me,  but  I  think 
I  have  solved  the  problem.  They  are  given  in  the  roll  as 
'  ffouldon  Houldrege  '  and  '  Dydlington  Houldrige.'  South  of 
Swaffham  are  two  small  villages,  Foulden  and  Didlington ; 
it  remains  to  account  for  Houldrege.  Now  it  appears  that  in 
Edward  the  Sixth's  time  and  apparently  earlier  the  Holdyches 
held  land  in  Foulden,  while  Richard  de  Holdych  owned 
property  in  Didlington  in  the  time  of  Edward  III.,  where  the 
family  continued  down  to  1650.  It  is  a  far  cry  from 
Holdyche  to  Houldrege,  but  the  instances  of  errors  already 
quoted  above,  tend  to  prove  that  tho  copyist  was  capable 
even  of  this." 

LIST  OF  NAMES  ON  THE  HOVETON  SWAN  11OLL. 


I.  RELIGIOUS  HOUSES. 

Names.  Notes. 

1.  Prior  of  S'  Oliues.  On  the  Waveney. 

2.  Prior  of  Can-owe.  Norwich. 

3.  Prior  of  Hyngham.  West  of  Wymomlhum. 

4.  Prior  of  Bromerton.  Bramerton.  on  the  Yare,  below  Norwich. 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1901 


RELIGIOUS  HOUSES — continued. 


5.  Prior  of  Norwich. 

6.  Abbott  of  Langley. 

7.  Abbot  of  S*  Bennets. 

8.  Cellar  of  S4  Bennitts. 

9.  Couent  of  St.  Bennits. 

10.  Bishop  of  Norwich. 


Near  Buckenham,  on  the  Yare. 
On  the  Bure. 

"  Conventus  "  or  general  body  as  distin- 
guished from  the  abbot  and  cellarer. 


II.  NAMES  OF  OWNERS. 


11.  M'-Sallett. 

12.  Huge  Austen. 

13.  Mr  Ynglowes. 

14.  Mr  Yeluerton. 

15.  Francis  Calthrope. 

16.  Sr  Phillipe  Catch  rope. 

17.  Mr  Henry  Smith,  late  tenant  to 

Thomas  Blofeld  Ksqre. 

18.  Lord  of  Burgauenie. 

19.  Lord  Fish  water. 

20.  Lord  Morley. 

21.  Duke  of  Norfolk. 

22.  Duke  of  Suffolk. 

23.  The  King's  [Majesty]. 

24.  Ospitall  of  Norwich. 


Probably  Hugh. 

The  family  of  Inglose  held  property  at 
Loddon,  on  the  Yaie,  up  to  1525. 

A  Sir  Francis  Calthorp,  of  Ingham, 
second  son  of  Sir  William,  died  1543. 

Probably  Calthorp  :  a  Sir  Philip  died 
1535. 


Lord  Abergaveney. 
Lord  Fitzwalter. 


III.  NAMES  op  PLACES. 


25.  ffrannes. 

26.  Oulton  Halle. 

27.  Billoweby  Hall. 

28.  Barsham  Hall,  in  Suffolk. 

29.  ffouldon  Houldrege. 

30.  Dydlingtou  Houldrige. 


31.  Marham  Halle. 

32.  Stalham  Halle. 

33.  Banyards. 

34.  Somerliton  Jerningham. 

35.  Dillm  Halle. 

36.  Caster  Halle. 

37.  Maudeby  Halle. 

38.  Hempstend  Halle. 

39.  Yeluerton  Halle. 

40.  Warham  Hall. 

41.  Smalborowe  Hall. 

42.  Waxham  Halle. 

43.  Claxton  Hall. 


(?)  Frenge  (also  found  as  Frense),  near 
Sedge  ford,  but  very  doubtful. 

On  the  Waveney. 

Billockby,  on  the  Bure. 

Near  Beccles. 

Foulden  and  Didlington  are.  two 
villages  a  little  south  of  Swaffham. 
The  family  of  Holdych  held  land  in 
both,  temp.  Edward  VI.  If  this  sug- 
gestion be  correct  both  these  should 
be  taken  in  Group  IV. 

West  of  Swaffham. 

On  the  Bure. 

On  the  Waveney. 
Near  Stalham. 
Near  Yarmouth. 
Mautby,  near  Yarmouth. 
?  Hempstead,  near  Holt. 
South-east  of  Norwich. 
Near  Wells. 
Near  Stalham. 
On  the  east  coast. 
South-east  of  Norwich. 


April  6.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


283 


IV.  NAMES  OF  OWNERS  AND  PLACES. 


44.  ffrancis  Louill — Harlinge  Hall. 

45.  Mr  Helmes — Rackey  Halle. 

46.  Mr  Hobarte— Beston  Halle. 


47.  Corbet — Woodbastewicke. 

48.  Sr   John    Hobarte  —  Mannr   of 

Blicklinge. 


49.  Mr  Sonthewell— Wood  Rising. 

50.  Mr  Gurney — Barsham. 


61.  Sr    Richard     Clere  —  Ornesby 
Halle. 


52.  Edmond  Clere — Stokesby. 

53.  Sr  John   Heninghain — Kitring- 

hatu  Hall. 

54.  Mr  Tindall  of  Vicklinge. 

55.  Mr  Blofeld— Halle. 

56.  Sr  Richard  Burney  of  Reedham. 

57.  Mr  Ward   of   Horstad— Abbys  of 

Buxton. 


D.  1530.     East  of  Thetford. 

Probably  Rackheath,  owned  by  the 
family  of  Helmes  1520-1590. 

A  Thomas  Hobart  married  Audrey 
Hare,  heiress  of  Beeston,  sometime 
after  1538. 

The  Corbets  owned  Woodbastwlck 
1545-1660. 

Sir  Henry  Hobart  bought  Blickling  ; 
his  son  Sir  John,  who  succeeded  in 
1625,  built  the  present  house  about 
that  date 

Near  Attleboro'  ;  the  Southwells  owned 
the  estate  from  Edward  IV.  to  1643. 

Anthony  Gurney  died  1555  ;  but  the 
family  continued  till  1675.  Near 
Fakenham. 

Ormsby,  on  the  broad  of  that  name, 
near  Yarmouth.  I  find  no  Richard, 
but  a  Sir  Robert  died,  owning  the 
estate,  in  1529. 

Near  Yarmouth.  Edmond  was  a  minor 
in  14!U,  and  died  in  1553. 

South-west  of  Norwich.  John  Hevening- 
ham,  "  called  a  knight  in  most  evi- 
dences, but  not  really  so."  died  1530. 

?  Blickling— but  I  can  find  no  Tindalls 
there. 

The  ancestor  of  Mr.  T.  C.  Blofeld,  the 
present  owner  of  the  roll,  as  well  as 
of  Hoveton  Hall. 

On  the  Yare— the  only  Sir  Richard 
died  1668. 

An  inscription  in  the  church  to 
Muryell,  wyfe  of  Ralphe,  son  of 
Ralph  Ward,  gent,  died  7th  July, 
1652  (Momimenta  Angliciina,  John 
le  Neve,  London,  1719,  v.  10)  con- 
nects the  family  with  Horstead. 


In  illustration  of  Mr.  Minet's  paper,  the  following  descriptive 
notes  of  an  earlier  Roll  in  the  Public  Record  Office*  were  read 
by  C.  TRICE  MARTIN,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A. : 

"  This  roll  consists  of  seven  membranes  of  coarse  parch- 
ment. The  beginning  is  lost,  and  many  names  at  the  begin- 
ning are  illegible. 

The  date  is  fixed  by  the  name  of  Philip,  Abbot  of  Croyland, 
who,  according  to  Dugdale,  held  that  office  from  1497  to 
1504. 

On  membrane  3  there  is  a  note :   . 

'1515  Jhon  Rooke  the  xij.  day  June  in  Wesbeshe.' 


Miscellanea  of  the  Exchequer, 


284  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905 

Rooke  was  probably  the  keeper  of  the  Roll.  Many  names 
have  been  totally  or  partially  erased  and  others  substituted, 
no  doubt  by  him. 

The  last  membrane  (7)  is  in  a  different  hand  from  the 
rest. 

The  swan's  heads  are  drawn  in  profile,  but  the  bill  is 
turned  round  so  as  to  show  the  whole  of  the  upper  surface. 
The  triangular  black  mark  at  the  point  of  the  bill  is  drawn 
in  the  middle,  but  the  lower  mandible  is  shown  as  if  the  bill 
was  also  in  profile,  and  the  nostril  is  represented  by  a  mark 
like  a  W  against  the  upper  line,  whereas  to  match  the  black 
mark  at  the  point  it  should  have  been  in  the  middle. 

On  membrane  7  the  eyes  are  painted  red,  with  a  black 
spot  in  the  centre  for  the  pupil. 

The  marks  do  not  appear  to  have  any  relation  to  armorial 
bearings,  as  persons  of  the  same  surname  have  quite  different 
marks,  e.g.  five  marks  are  assigned  to  persons  of  the  name 
of  Dymock ;  two  to  William  Kyme ;  two  to  persons  named 
Quadring ;  two  to  John  Wall. 

Few  marks  have  any  significance.     The  exceptions  are : 

John  Turner  uses  a  mark  representing  a  bugle-horn  ; 
Laurence  May  11,  a  pair  of  pincers ;  William  Calcrof t,  what 
may  be  a  key  ;  Richard  Freskeney,  a  spade  ;  John  Stevenson, 
of  Crowland,  apparently  altered  from  the  Convent  of  Crow- 
land,  a  fylfot. 

Someone  whose  name  is  erased  has  what  may  be  either  a 
pair  of  spectacles  or  a  tailor's  eye. 

Two  marks  bear  letters  : 

'  The  Abbot  of  Thorney,'  a  circle  inclosing  two  T's ;  '  My 
lady  Ely  nor '  *  an  E,  and  what  may  be  a  C. 

On  membrane  5,  one  mark,  consisting  of  two  oblique  lines 
nearly  meeting,  crosses  the  opening  of  the  bill,  and  is  con- 
tinued over  the  lower  mandible.  There  are  also  marks  on 
the  outline  of  the  bill,  a  pair  of  small  black  triangles,  close 
together,  projecting  from  the  outline.  Sometimes  there  are 
four  pair  of  these  marks.  I  think  they  must  represent 
notches  at  the  edge  of  the  beak. 

Among  the  names  are  the  following : 

Religious  Houses. 

The  Abbot  of  Thorney. 

Stephen  Stangreve,  Monk  of  Thorney. 

*  The  surname  is  doubtful.  Another  name  has  been  erased  and  the  word 
"Stamford"'  below  seems  to  belong  to  the  erasure,  while  "  Wellysthorpe  "  is 
written  on  the  swan's  head  by  the  same  band  as  "  my  lady." 


April  6.]  SOCIETY   OP   ANTIQUARIES.  285 

Dan  Richard  Holbech,  Monk  of  Thorney. 

Philip  Abbot  of  Crowland. 

Dan  John  Ramsey,  Monk  of  Crowland. 

Dan   William  -    — ,  Monk  of   Crowland,   whose   name   is 

erased. 

The  Abbot  of  Revesby. 
Dan  Thomas  Therfyld,  Monk  of  Ramsay. 
Thomas,  Prior  of  S  paid  ing. 
A  chantry  of  some  place  ending  in  "  ke  "  ;   the  rest  of  the 

name  is  illegible. 

Clergymen. 

The  parsons  of  Toft,  Leeke,  and  Leverton. 

The  vicars  of  Wainfleet,  Friskney,  and  Sybsa  (Sibsey). 

Guilds. 

The  Guild  of  Corpus  Christi  of  Croyland. 
The  three  guilds  of  Croyland. 

Other  names  are : 

'  Master  Knollys ;  the  clerk  of  the *  in  Boston  ' 

'  the  bailiff  of  Croft  and  Tatyrsal.' 

'  William  Bedell,  Treasurer  to  my  Lady's  Grace  the  King's 
Mother,'  i.e.  Margaret,  Countess  of  Richmond  and  Derby, 
mother  of  Henry  VII.  Bedell's  name  is  mentioned  as  her 
treasurer  in  accounts  of  her  property  after  her  death. 

Sir  John  Huse.  His  name  frequently  occurs  in  com- 
missions of  the  peace  and  commissions  of  sewers  for 
Lincolnshire,  Huntingdonshire,  and  Essex." 

Mr.  WELCH  said  the  City  of  London  swans  used  to  be  kept 
by  the  Bridge  Masters  in  connection  with  the  chapel  of 
St.  Thomas  on  old  London  Bridge,  but  there  was  no  record 
of  the  mark  used. 

Mr.  OSWALD  BARRON  mentioned  that  the  swan  mark  was 
frequently  conveyed  by  deed  or  will.  Davy  Cecil,  the  founder 
of  the  houses  of  Exeter  and  Salisbury,  was,  as  bailiff  of  Whittle- 
sey  mere,  named  keeper  of  the  royal  swans  in  four  counties. 

*  The  word  represented  bv  dots  is  nearly  illegible,  bat  looks  like  "  Ammarllys." 
Whether  this  is  some  form  of  "  Admiral  "  I  do  not  know,  but  regular  Admiralty 
jurisdiction  was  not  granted  to  the  town  until  1568,  and  the  list  of  judges  in 
Thompson's  History  of  Boston  does  not  begin  until  1581. 


.286 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1905, 


He  had  his  own  "  marke  of  swannes  markyd  with  laduls 
streght  up  and  down  the  by  11  and  the  legge,"  which  mark  he 
bequeathed  to  his  wife.  Henry  Welby,  his  son's  stepson, 
gave  to  his  executor  "  all  my  swans  marked  on  both  sides  of 
the  bill  with  the  print  of  a  key,"  the  said  mark  being  "  entered 
into  the  swanherd's  book,  which  book  is  in  the  custody  and 
keeping  of  John  Bocher  dwelling  at  the  Tabert  in  Stamford, 
debited  unto  Master  David  Syssell."  It  has  been  said  that 
swan  marks  bear  no  relation  to  armory,  but  Mr.  Barren  has 
discovered  a  rare  instance  to  the  contrary,  the  Stewards  of 
Sakingheath  using  in  the  first  half  of  the  sixteenth  century  a 
swan  mark  of  a  ragged  staff  derived  from  the  ragged  baston 
in  their  shield  of  arms. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  thought  that  such  marks,  attached  to 
feral  or  semi-feral  animals,  might  well  date  back  before  the 
introduction  of  heraldry.  Animals  that  ranged  widely  must 
have  been  sorted  out  by  means  of  such  marks ;  and  swans 
had  to  be  pinioned  every  year  in  order  to  increase  the  supply 
of  animal  food  in  the  winter. 

Mr.  THOMSON  LYON  asked  whether  any  marks  too  com- 
plicated to  be  cut  with  a  knife  were  ever  adopted.  Most  of 
them  were  mere  notches,  though  chevrons  were  frequent,  and 
the  brand  was  sometimes  used  to  make  circles  on  the  ragged 
staff. 

Mr.  MINET,  in  reply,  said  that  the  swans  were  rounded  up 
for  the  capture  of  young  cygnets,  so  that  they  could  be 
assigned  to  their  proper  owners. 


F.  G.  HILTON  PRICE,  Esq.,  Director,  read  the  following 
notes  on  some  miscellaneous  antiquities  recently  found  in 
London,  which  he  also  exhibited  : 

"  The  objects  which  I  exhibit  this  evening  are  more  or  less 
interesting,  as  having  been  found  in  various  parts  of  London 
during  the  past  few  months ;  some  of  them  may  be  a  little 
commonplace,  though  they  are  good  examples  of  their  kind, 
but  some  of  them  are  rare. 

I  will  begin  by  drawing  your  attention  to  the  Roman 
antiquities.  The  leather  found  in  the  City  is  often  very  well 
preserved,  and  the  three  sandals  exhibited  are  nearly  complete. 
There  are  also  several  fragments  of  stamped  leather,  portions 
vf  sandals,  together  with  many  soles  and  other  parts  of  shoes, 


April  6.]  SOCIETY   Of   ANTIQUARIES.  287 

but  only  the  best  specimens  are  now  before  us.  Also  a  fairly 
good  example  of  a  shoe  of  the  time  of  Henry  V.  or  VI.  They 
were  found  in  London  Wall. 

An  amphora  of  cream- coloured  pottery,  having  two  handles, 
height  10.J  inches,  also  Roman,  was  found  at  the  corner  of 
Broad  Street  and  London  Wall. 

A  chisel  in  bronze,  length  8  inches,  Roman,  from  London 
Wall. 

Head  of  a  woman  in  plaster  or  pipeclay,  with  her  hair 
dressed  in  classic  form,  Roman,  height  2|  inches,  from  the 
Strand. 

A  bone  modelling  tool,  Roman,  from  Fenchurch  Street. 

The  following  objects  belonging  to  the  Tudor  period  were 
found  in  Finsbury  or  Moorfields : 

The  handle  of  a  dagger  or  knife  in  wood,  length  4  inches. 

A  sheath  of  leather,  length  17^  inches. 

A  pewter  merchant's  mark. 

A  copper  scratch-wire  brush. 

A  pair  of  shoelaces  with  tags. 

A  rosary  of  wooden  beads  with  a  cross  attached. 

A  mount  of  a  gipciere,  in  brass,  length  7|  inches. 

Nine   knives  hafted   in  bone  or  wooden  handles,  some 

ornamented  with  brass  mounts. 

An  ink-pot  in  pewter  with  two  handles,  height  2  inches. 
An  ink-horn,  in  horn,  with  holes  pierced  in  the  rim  for  a 

loop,  height  2  inches. 
An  ink-horn,  in  wood,  of  elegant  form,  with  two  holes  in 

the  rim  for  attaching  the  loop,  height  2]  inches. 
A  pair  of  iron  shears,  length  5£  inches. 
A  small  bone  knife,  length  4|  inches. 
A  leather  case  with  a  comb  inside. 
A  housewife,  a  portion,  containing  pins. 

The  following  objects  are  from  various  localities  and 
dates : 

A  barber's  bowl  in  Lambeth  delft,  with  one  handle,  of 
the  same  pattern  as  the  pewter  bleeding  dishes. 
Height  6  inches  by  3  inches  diameter ;  seventeenth 
century,  found  in  Farrincjdon  Street. 

A  glass  mortar,  made  of  ordinary  bottle  glass,  about  £ 
inch  in  thickness,  coated  with  a  fine  iridescence. 
Height  7  inches  by  6  inches  in  diameter.  This  was 
probably  a  mortar  used  by  an  apothecary,  or 


288  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

perhaps  a  receptacle  for  holding  mercury ;  it  belongs 
to  the  seventeenth  century  and  was  found  in  White- 
cross  Street. 

A  bird-call,  in  green  glazed  earthenware,  found  at  the 
Bear  Garden,  Bankside,  height  2  inches  ;  sixteenth 
century. 

A  jug  of  cream  colour  ware,  coated  with  a  green  glaze, 
height  6  inches,  of  the  fifteenth  century,  from  Fen- 
church  Street. 

A  jug  of  red  earthenware,  height  6|  inches,  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  found  in  St.  Paul's  Churchyard. 

A  pitcher  of  cream  coloured  ware,  coated  with  a  green 
glaze  and  with  a  series  of  incised  markings  upon  it ; 
height  13  inches,  of  the  fourteenth  century,  from 
St.  Paul's  Churchyard. 

A  thrift  box  in  red  glazed  ware  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  from  Clare  Market ;  this  is  somewhat  late 
for  these  thrift  boxes;  they  are  usually  of  green 
glazed  ware  and  of  an  earlier  date. 

Four  earthenware  ink  wells  of  coarse  work,  three  of  them 
having  green  glaze  upon  them ;  they  belong  to  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  were  found  in  Lombard  Street, 
Whitecross  Street,  and  one  in  Thames  Street. 

A  slickstone  or  linen  smoother  of  unusual  size  ;  the  handle 
wanting ;  it  was  found  in  Fenchurch  Street,  and  is 
of  seventeenth-century  date. 

A  curious  doll  in  wood,  found  in  demolishing  an  old 
house  in  Bird  Street,  Oxford  Street,  it  may  have 
been  a  figure  in  a  Punch  and  Judy  Show,  height 
6  inches. 

A  brush  mounted  in  leather,  Tudor  period. 

A  pewter-headed  pin,  sixteenth  century.  ^00 

A  standard  pint  pot  in  pewter,  stamped  W.R, 
pewterer's  name  '  R.  Bache  of  S*  Cathe  Stairs';  in- 
scribed in  front  with  the  name  of  '  T.  Cooke,  White 
Bear,  Bear  Garden,  Bankside,'  found  near  the  Bear 
Garden. 

A  similar  pewter  pot,  inscribed  in  front,  '  A.  Mann,  Grey 
Coat  Hospital,  Grey  Coat  Street,  Westr.'      Maker's 
punch  or  touch  in  front  within  a  circle  ot  rings ; 
Westminster. 
These  two  are  of  the  time  of  William  III. 

A  pewter  candlestick  or  pepper  castor  without  a  lid, 
height  2f-  inches,  from  Tooley  Street. 

A  pewter  flask,  circular  with  nozzle,  diameter  4  inches ; 
found  at  Westminster,  1904. 


April  6.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  289 

A  cheek  piece  of  a  bridle  in  bronze,  fourteenth  century ; 
London  Wall. 

A  gipciere  mount  in  bronze,  sixteenth  century;  South- 
wark. 

A  bronze  key  with  a  large  flat  handle,  ornamented  with 
a  pierced  cross,  length  3  inches;  fourteenth  century  ; 
London  Wall.  ^^ 

A  brass  finger  ring  with  J{  on  the  bezel ;  fifteenth  cen- 
tury ;  Bear  Garden. 

A  brass  or  latten  ladle,  with  a  flat  stem,  seventeenth 
century,  from  the  Bear  Garden. 

A  wooden  patten,  leather  fasteners,  iron  on  the  sole, 
length  7^  inches,  seventeenth  century,  Oxford  Street. 

A  latten  or  brass  seal  topped  spoon,  with  a  '  rose '  in  the 
bowl,  sixteenth  century,  from  Spittles  Farm,  Wands- 
worth. 

A  brass  finger  ring,  with  HE  on  the  bezel,  probably  a 
merchant's  mark  :  fifteenth  century  ;  Tower  Bridge, 
Southwark. 

A  bronze  graving  (?)  tool,  length  3|  inches ;  fifteenth 
century  ;  from  the  same  locality. 

A  bulb  of  the  stem  of  a  Venetian  wine  glass,  containing 
fluid  ;  seventeenth  century,  from  Farringdon  Street. 

A  brass  probe ;  fifteenth  century  ;  near  the  Monument. 

A  Puritan  spoon  in  pewter ;  seventeenth  century ;  Great 
George  Street,  Westminster. 

A  leaden  badge,  from  the  Thames  at  London  Bridge. 

A  brass  candlestick ;  seventeeth  century  ;  City  Road. 

A  tapestry  prick  in  ivory;  sixteenth  or  seventeenth 
century  ;  found  in  excavation  near  the  Savoy,  Strand. 

A  cylindrical  iron  or  steel  pen  or  needle  case  with  fine 
hinges  and  spring  ;  length  3£  inches ;  Eagle  Street, 
Holborn. 

An  alabaster  figure  of  a  naked  woman,  wearing  a  hat, 
with  drapery  on  the  back,  holding  bunches  of  flowers 
or  fruit  in  the  right  hand,  height  10  inches,  from 
London  Wall.  ?  French,  time  of  Louis  XV.  _ 

Three  bone  skates  from  Fenchurch  Street.  It  is  rare  to 
find  them  in  any  other  locality  than  Moorfields,  but 
from  the  fact  of  their  being  discovered  there  points 
to  the  swampy  nature  of  that  part  of  the  City, 
hence  probably  the  name  Fenchurch  is  derived  from 
Fen. 

A  bronze  seal  from  London  Wall. 

A  pipe-clay  figure  of  a  man  on  horseback,  height  2| 
inches ;  also  a  pipe-clay  figure  of  a  you  tig  man  wear- 


290  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

ing  a  cloak  ;  he  has  long  hair  and  holds  a  large  sword 
in  front  of  him,  and  an  object  over  his  shoulder,  feet 
lost,  height  3  inches,  both  from  London  Wall ;  possibly 
sixteenth  century,  and  made  in  Cologne. 

The  end  of  a  large  wax  candle  from  Ironmonger  Lane, 
seventeenth  century. 

A  bellarmine  found  in  Westminster,  which,  when  found, 
was  corked  up,  and  in  it  were  found  some  old  pins 
and  rusty  nails;  it  had  been  probably  used  in  the  art 
of  Black  Magic. 

A  bellarmine,  bearing  the  arms  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Also  a  large  specimen,  with  a  badge  beneath  the  mask, 
and  a  medallion  of  perhaps  a  Roman  Emperor  on 
each  side  of  the  pot  with  an  illegible  inscription 
round  it.  It  was  found  in  Westminster,  1904. 

Some  years  ago  a  pot  containing  curies  or  clippings  of  coins 
of  Elizabeth,  James  I.,  and  Charles  I.,  was  found  in  the  City, 
they  having  probably  been  secreted  in  the  latter  reign  by  the 
clipper  in  a  place  of  safety,  and  he  probably  was  hanged  for 
a  similar  misdemeanour,  so  never  recovered  them.  Clipping, 
washing,  rounding,  and  filing  coins  had  always  been  con- 
sidered high  treason,  if  it  could  be  proved  that  it  was  done 
for  '  wicked  lucre  or  gains  sake.'  I  now  exhibit  a  few  of  this 
find,  and  together  with  them  are  three  shillings  of  Elizabeth 
and  Charles  I.  clipped  down  to  the  margin  as  illustration  of 
what  they  looked  like  after  the  process;  these  three  coins  have 
been  found  separately  in  London,  and  had  no  doubt  been 
passed  as  money  notwithstanding  their  mutilation." 

The  TREASURER  also  exhibited  two  bellarmines  which  he 
believed  were  found  in  London.  On  one  the  royal  arms 
occurred  three  times,  but  were  incorrectly  represented.  The 
larger  specimen  probably  came  from  the  Low  Countries.  Such 
jugs  were  largely  used  in  London  during  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  James  I. 

Mr.  W.  PALEY  BAILDON  remarked  that  the  royal  arms  on  the 
bellarmine  were  not  connected  with  Scotland.  The  harp  first 
appears  in  the  time  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  and  it  appeared  as 
if  the  potter  had  tried  to  copy  the  arms  of  the  Common- 
wealth. 

Mr.  HOPE  pointed  out  that  on  his  seal  the  arms  of  James 
VI.  of  Scotland  had  Ireland  in  the  third  quarter.  It  was 
also  customary  in  the  north,,  as  on  the  seal  in  question,  to  put 


April  6.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


291 


Scotland  in  the  first  quarter  and  repeat  it  in   the   fourth, 
England  only  appearing  once  in  the  second  quarter. 

Mr.  WELCH  congratulated  the  Director  on  his  collection,  but 
added  that  the  majority  would  be  merely  duplicates  in  such  a 
museum  as  that  at  the  Guildhall. 

HORACE  SANDAKS,  Esq.,  exhibited  the  bronze  rim  of  a 
large  bucket  of  the  Roman  period,  17  inches  in  diameter, 
found  in  ancient  workings  in  the  Rio  Tinto  mines.  Its  use 
was  doubtful,  but  a  bag  of  esparto  grass  had  probably  been 
attached  and  made  watertight  with  pitch  for  the  purpose  of 
baling  out  water,  or  possibly  for  transporting  the  ore. 

Professor  GOWLAND  agreed  that  the  bucket  had  been  used 
to  draw  off  the  water.  Wooden  buckets  were  used  in  Japan 
for  the  same  purpose. 


BRONZE  RIM  OF  A   ROMAN   JiUCKET,  FOUND   IN  SPAIN.      (J.) 


Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


292  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 


Thursday,  13th  April,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  "the  donors  : 

From  the  Author :— Our  Earliest  Cannon,  1314-13-16.  By  Lient.-Colonel  W.  H.  L. 
Hime,  late  R.A.  8vo.  Woolwich,  1900. 

From  W.  Bruce-Bannerman,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — Illustrations  of  the  Topography  and 
Antiquities  of  the  Shires  of  Aberdeen  and  Banff.  Vol.  iii.  4to.  (Spalding 
Club)  Aberdeen,  1857. 

From  W.  Paley  Baildon,  Esq.,  F.S.A. : — Revised  Pedigree  of  Calverley  of 
Calverley.  Single  sheet  folio.  1905. 

Also  from  Ralph  Griffin.  Esq.  : — Impression  of  monumental  brass  from  Burton 
Goggles,  Lincolnshire. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  the  Anniversary  Meeting  on 
Monday,  1st  May,  and  lists  were  read  of  the  Fellows  proposed 
as  President,  Council,  and  Officers  for  the  ensuing  year. 

LAWRENCE  WEAVER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  lead 
rain-water  heads  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries. 

In  opening  his  paper  Mr.  Weaver  said  that  the  artistic 
history  of  a  most  characteristic  English  metal  when  worked 
into  its  most  characteristic  English  form  had  been  greatly 
neglected.  Rain-water  heads  were  practically  peculiar  to 
England.  The  design  of  some  of  the  earlier  forms  was  in- 
fluenced by  the  grotesque  type  of  gargoyle,  and  two  heads  at 
Haddon  Hall,  the  faces  of  which  are  fashioned  as  grotesque 
faces,  were  shown  as  examples.  The  earliest  reference  to 
lead  down-pipes  is  in  the  Liberate  Roll  of  1241,  in  which 
Henry  III.  instructs  the  Keeper  of  the  Works  at  the  Tower 
of  London  to  fix  down-pipes  on  the  great  tower. 

Embryonic  down-pipes  are  found  on  the  Mayor's  Parlour, 
Derby,  a  house  of  the  last  quarter  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  arrangement  of  the  pipes,  gutters,  and  heads  at  Dome 
Alley,  Winchester,  was  shown.  The  lead  work  is  of  about 
1580,  and  the  vine  pattern  of  the  gutter  is  especially  interest- 
ing. The  system  of  water  leadwork  at  Poundisford  Park, 
Taunton,  is  very  complete,  including  an  ornamental  horizontal 
gutter,  discharging  through  a  turreted  head  into  a  circular 
cistern.  The  heads  at  Hampton  Court  of  1525  prove  to  be 
nineteenth-century  copies.  Later  examples  were  shown  from 


April  13.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  293 

Bolton  Hall,  Durham  Castle,  Haddon  Hall,  Bideford,  Buckle- 
bury  Manor,  and  Stony  hurst,  all  of  the  end  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  as  well  as  a  large  series  of  the  early  part  of  the  century 
from  Haddon  Hall,  Hatfield  Park,  and  Knole  Park,  Sevenoaks. 

About  80  slides  were  shown,  and  some  copies  of  ornament, 
as  well  as  the  original  head,  pipe,  and  gutter  from  a  cottage 
at  Bramhall,  Cheshire. 

Mr.  EMANUEL  GREEN  drew  attention  to  cases  where  the 
rain-water  head  had  been  recast  but  the  old  date  replaced. 
This  kind  of  work  was  too  expensive  for  general  adoption  at 
the  present  day. 

Mr.  THACKERAY  TURNER  remarked  that  modern  plumbers 
lacked  the  skill  of  their  predecessors.  Rain-water  heads  had 
been  recovered  from  the  ruins  of  Bucklebury  manor-house, 
near  Reading,  and  would  be  presently  exhibited  at  the  Victoria 
and  Albert  Museum.  There  was  a  very  good  example  at 
Canons  Ashby,  Northants. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  referred  to  two  pewter  heads  in 
Westminster  Abbey  which  were  removed  when  the  north 
transept  was  restored,  and  were  put  in  the  triforium  about 
1720. 

Mr.  HOPE  thought  that  the  mitre  on  the  example  shown 
from  Winchester  dated  from  about  1670,  but  the  guttering 
was  much  earlier. 

Mr.  THOMPSON  LYON  urged  the  preservation  of  lead  venti- 
lating quarries,  such  as  those  described  in  the  Journal  of  the 
Royal  Institute  of  British  Architects.* 

Mr.  WEAVER,  in  reply,  said  that  in  London  early  rain-water 
heads  were  scarce.  The  Westminster  examples  were  very 
ornate,  but  far  from  pleasing.  There  were  also  some  plain 
ones  in  the  Abbey.  He  would  like  to  think  the  gutter  at 
Haddon  Hall  belonged  to  the  twelfth  or  thirteenth  century. 
According  to  Mr.  Barren  the  mitre  at  Winchester  was  about 
1580.  Lead  ventilating  quarries  were  to  be  seen  at  Ewhurst, 
Haddon  Hall,  Hampton  Court,  and  Fountains  Abbey. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  com- 
munications. 


*  Vol.  xi.  143. 
VOL.   XX.  U 


294  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 


ANNIVEKSAKY, 

MONDAY,  1st  MAY,  1905. 


LORD  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Rev.  ROBERT  BARLOW  GARDINER  and  CHARLES  JAMES 
PR^ETORIUS,  Esq.,  were  nominated  Scrutators  of  the  Ballot. 

At  2.30  p.m.  the  President  proceeded  to  deliver  the  following 
Address : 

"  In  addressing  you  for  the  first  time  from  this  Chair  at  an 
Annual  Meeting,  I  must  begin  by  expressing  my  sense  of  the 
great  honour  you  have  conferred  on  me  in  electing  me  as 
your  President,  an  honour  enhanced  in  no  slight  degree  when 
I  call  to  mind  the  distinguished  men  who  have  preceded  me 
in  the  office ;  last,  not  least,  my  friend  Lord  Dillon. 

The  past  year  has  been  on  the  whole  of  uneventful 
prosperity.  We  have  had  interesting  meetings,  a  good 
supply  of  papers,  we  may  fairly  claim  that  we  have  made 
our  influence  felt  when  occasion  arose,  and  that  in  various 
directions  we  have  done  useful  work.  Our  numbers  are  full, 
and  there  is  a  good  list  of  candidates. 

The  following  have  been  elected  Fellows  since  the  last 
Anniversary : 

Edwin  Austin  Abbey,  Esq.,  R.A. 

Ven.  Edward  Barber,  M.A. 

Joseph  Cox  Bridge,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Mus.Doc. 

Walter  Henry  Brierley,  Esq. 

Samuel  Pepys  Cockerell,  Esq.,  B.A. 

Vernon  Bryan  Crowther-Beynon,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Lewis  Foreman  Day,  Esq. 

James  Griffith  Dearden,  Esq. 

Terence  John  Temple,  Marquess  of  Dufferin  and  Ava. 

Major  Victor  Farquharson. 

Philip  Berney  Ficklin,  Esq. 


May  1.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES,  295 

Joshua  James  Foster,  Esq. 

William  Henry  Fox,  Esq. 

George  James  Frampton,  Esq.,  R.A. 

Charles  Reginald  Haines,  Esq.,  M.A. 

William  Fergusson  Irvine,  Esq. 

Robert  Jones,  Esq.,  M.D.,  B.S. 

Arthur  Kay,  Esq. 

William  Richard  Lethaby,  Esq. 

Rev.  John  Augustus  Lloyd,  M.A. 

Gerald  Walter  Erskine  Loder,  Esq,  M.P. 

Philip  Harry  Newman,  Esq. 

Edward  Stanley  Mould  Perowne,  Esq. 

Edward  Schroeder  Prior,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Robert  Rickards,  Esq. 

Harold  Sands,  Esq. 

Basil  Harrington  Soulsby,  Esq. 

Hugh  Thackeray  Turner,  Esq. 

Henry  Thomas  Weyman,  Esq. 

William  Hinman  Wing,  Esq.,  M.A. 

The  following  have  resigned  : 

Alfred  Gibbons,  Esq. 
Joseph  Child  Priestley,  Esq. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  those  Fellows  whose  loss  by  death 
since  our  last  Annual  Meeting  we  have  to  deplore : 

Rev.  Joseph  Greenoak  Bailey,  MA.,  LL.D.    4th  April, 

1905. 

General  John  Bayly,  R.E.,  C.B.     12th  March,  1905. 
George  Henry  Birch,  Esq.     10th  May,  1904. 
Edward  Lennox  Boyd,  Esq.     9th  February,  1905. 
William  Carr,  Esq.     8th  January,  1905. 
Richard  Stephen  Charnock,  Esq.,  Ph.D. 
Alfred  Charles  Cronin,  Esq.    5th  February,  1905. 
Charles  John  Ferguson,  Esq.     1st  December,  1904. 
Wickham  Flower,  Esq.     19th  September,  1904. 
Rev.  Thomas  Fowler,  D.D.,  President  of  Corpus  Christi 

College,  Oxford.     20th  November,  1904. 
Rev.  William  Haworth.     6th  September,  1904. 
Lieut.-Col.  Gould  Read  Hunter- Weston.     12th  August, 

1904. 
Frederick  Andrew  Inderwick,  Esq.,  K.C.    16th  August 

1904. 
Austin  Joseph  King,  Esq.     28th  August,  1904. 

u  2 


296  PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE  [1905, 

Right  Rev.  Richard  Lewis,  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  D.D. 

24th  January,  1905. 

Rev.  Henry  Mitchell,  M.A.     21st  April,  1905. 
Frederick  David  Mocatta,  Esq.     16th  January,  1905. 
The  Rev.  Walter  John  Bruce  Richards,   D.D.     30th 

August,  1904. 
The  Rev.  William  Francis  Shaw,  D.D.    21st  November, 

1904. 

Arthur  Philip,  Earl  Stanhope.     19th  April,  1905. 
James  Lewis  Thomas,  Esq.     4th  October,  1904. 
Edward  Shimells  Wilson,  Esq.     23rd  December,  1904. 
Cumberland  Henry  Woodruff,  Esq.,  M.A.     4th  October, 

1904. 

And  one  Honorary  Fellow,  El  Conde  de  Valencia  de 
Don  Juan,  who  was  the  author  of  the  valuable  Catdlogo 
historico-descriptivo  de  la  Real  Armeria  de  Madrid,  1897. 

The  deceased  Fellows  were  men  distinguished,  and  some  of 
them  very  distinguished,  but  they  were  for  the  most  part 
prevented  by  other  duties  from  contributing  materially  to  the 
affairs  of  the  Society  either  by  contribution  of  papers  or  in 
other  ways. 

LORD  STANHOPE,  though  not  specially  an  archaeologist,  was 
an  excellent  representative  of  those  who  take  an  intelligent 
interest  in  the  subject,  which  he  evinced,  for  instance,  by 
taking  a  leading  part  in  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society, 
of  which  he  was  president  for  some  years.  The  kind  hospi- 
tality shown  by  him  and  Lady  Stanhope  on  the  occasion  of 
their  annual  meetings  will  not  readily  be  forgotten.  Lord 
Stanhope  also  held  the  high  post  of  Lord  Lieutenant  of  the 
County  of  Kent.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  fifth  earl,  the 
distinguished  historian.  He  was  an  Ecclesiastical  Commis- 
sioner and  a  Church  Estate  Commissioner,  and  took  deep 
and  active  interest  in  Church  matters  generally.  His  father, 
I  need  hardly  remind  you,  was  our  President  for  many  years. 
He  was  only  born  in  1838,  so  that  his  friends  had  hoped  that 
he  had  still  many  years  of  active  and  useful  life  before  him. 

Mr.  GEORGE  HENRY  BIRCH  was  an  architect  by  profession,  who 
latterly  held  the  office  of  Curator  of  the  Soane  Museum,  where 
he  did  admirable  work  He  had  great  knowledge  of  London 
topography,  and  in  1896  brought  out  an  important  work  on 
London  churches  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
which  was  illustrated  by  splendid  photographic  reproduc- 
tions. For  years  he  took  a  leading  part  in  the  affairs  of  the 


May  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  297 

St.  Paul's  Ecclesiological  Society,  and  there  are  at  least  ten 
papers  by  him  in  its  Transactions,  chiefly  on  London  churches 
and  chapels.  In  1874-5  he  was  President  of  the  Architectural 
Association.  It  was  he  who  designed  the  picturesque  and 
accurate  Old  London  Street  for  the  1884  Health  Exhibition  at 
South  Kensington,  which  we  all  so  much  admired,  and  which 
was  afterwards  shown  in  America. 

Mr.  FREDERICK  ANDREW  INDERWICK,  K.C.,  served  more 
than  once  on  our  Council,  and  was  liked  and  respected  by  all 
who  knew  him.  He  had  a  very  successful  career  at  the  Bar, 
but  amidst  the  stress  of  his  professional  duties  found  time  to 
write  several  pleasant  books.  His  Report  on  the  Inner  Temple 
Pictures  of  Judge  Littleton  and  Sir  Edward  Coke,  1894,  and 
the  Calendar  of  the  Inner  Temple  Records  (3  vols.  1896-1901), 
which  he  edited,  are  valuable  contributions  to  the  history  of 
the  Inns  of  Court.  He  took  a  very  great  interest  in  Rye  and 
Winchelsea  ;  the  former  old-world  town  he  at  one  time 
represented  in  Parliament,  and  he  wrote  a  short  account  of 
Winchelsea,  where  for  many  years  he  resided  when  he  could 
spare  the  time.  Towards  the  end  of  his  life  he  became  a 
Lunacy  Commissioner. 

The  Rev.  Dr.  JOSEPH  GREENOAK  BAILEY  was  formerly  an 
assistant  inspector  of  schools  in  the  Rochester  diocese,  and  was 
recognised  as  a  Shakespearian  scholar. 

General  JOHN  BAYLY,  C.B.,  Colonel  Commandant  of  the 
Royal  Engineers,  who  died  at  the  age  of  84,  appears  to  have 
seen  no  active  service,  but  did  useful  work  as  a  Parliamentary 
Boundary  Commissioner,  and  from  1874  to  1882  as  executive 
officer  of  the  Ordnance  Survey. 

Mr.  WILLIAM  CARR,  of  Ditchingham  Hall,  Norfolk,  and 
Gomersall  House,  Yorkshire,  was  at  one  time  actively  engaged 
in  the  local  affairs  of  the  West  Riding. 

Mr.  CHARLES  JOHN  FERGUSON  belonged  to  an  old  Carlisle 
family,  being  brother  of  our  late  well-known  Fellow,  Chan- 
cellor Ferguson.  An  architect  by  profession,  he  devoted 
himself  largely  to  the  renovation  or  enlargement  of  old  and 
historic  buildings.  It  was  he  who  started  the  idea  of  con- 
verting Tullie  House,  an  ancient  Carlisle  residence,  into  a 
public  library,  art  gallery,  and  museum.  He  contributed 
various  papers  on  architectural  and  historical  subjects  to  the 
Transactions  of  the  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  Antiquarian 
and  Archseological  Society. 


298  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

Dr.  THOMAS  FOWLER,  President  for  more  than  twenty  years 
of  Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford,  originally  belonged  to 
Merton  College,  and  in  1854  had  taken  a  first-class  degree 
both  in  classics  and  mathematics.  He  held  various  high 
offices  in  his  university,  and  wrote  with  knowledge  and  effect 
on  philosophic  subjects.  Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned 
two  volumes  respectively  on  Deductive  and  Inductive  Logic, 
said  to  be  in  the  main  a  reproduction  for  Oxford  use  of  the 
logical  system  of  John  Stuart  Mill ;  an  edition  of  Bacon's 
Novum  Organon  with  notes  and  introduction  ;  an  edition  of 
Locke's  Conduct  of  the  Understanding ;  and  The  Principles 
of  Morality,  an  important  and  largely  an  original  work. 

Lieutenant-Colonel  HUNTER- WESTON,  who  lived  to  the  age 
of  81,  was  of  a  Scottish  family  and  had  served  for  many 
years  in  India.  He  distinguished  himself  in  the  Indian 
Mutiny,  taking  part  in  the  defence  of  the  Lucknow 
Residency ;  he  was  also  present  at  the  siege  and  capture  of 
Lucknow. 

Mr.  AUSTIN  KINO,  who  died  at  Bath,  where  he  had 
practised  as  a  solicitor,  took  a  prominent  part  in  local  affairs, 
and  was  part  author  of  a  work  on  The  Municipal  Records  of 
Bath. 

Mr.  FREDERICK  DAVID  MOCATTA  was  for  many  years  one 
of  the  most  respected  members  of  the  Jewish  community.  It 
does  not  appear  that  he  took  any  great  interest  in  anti- 
quarian pursuits  ;  but  he  was  a  philanthropist  of  the  best 
type,  always  ready  both  with  purse  and  person  to  help  a 
deserving  cause. 

The  Rev.  WILLIAM  FREDERICK  SHAW,  D.D..  was  a  writer 
of  Scripture  commentaries  and  Church  manuals,  who  also 
produced  a  volume  on  the  antiquities  of  Eastry,  of  which 
parish  he  was  for  some  years  vicar,  and  in  collaboration  with 
Chancellor  Parish  a  dictionary  of  the  Kentish  dialect. 

Mr.  LEWIS  THOMAS  was  an  architect  who  for  many  years 
held  the  post  of  chief  surveyor  to  the  War  Office,  and  designed 
the  Royal  Herbert  Hospital  at  Woolwich  and  other  important 
buildings  of  a  similar  kind. 

I  pass  on  now  to  the  archaeological  work  of  the  year,  and 
commence  with  London. 


May  1.]  SOCIETY  OB'  ANTIQUARIES.  299 

The  discovery  in  the  autumn  of  1903  of  considerable  Roman 
and  later  remains  on  the  site  of  Newgate  resulted  in  a  paper  by 
our  excellent  Treasurer,  which  will  appear  in  the  forthcoming 
volume  of  Archaeologia.  The  attention  of  Fellows  of  the 
Society  and  others  was  thus  directed  to  the  question  of  the 
Roman  wall  of  London,  which  for  years  has  been  somewhat 
in  abeyance. 

We  applied  for  leave  to  explore  at  the  Tower  of  London,  and 
in  October  last,  by  permission  of  the  authorities  there,  a  small 
excavation  was  made,  under  the  superintendence  of  our  Fellow 
Mr.  Herbert  Jones,  in  the  open  ground  south-east  of  the  White 
Tower,  and  south  of  the  remains  of  the  Wardrobe  Tower. 
The  object  was  to  trace  out  if  possible  the  line  of  the  Roman 
wall  south  of  the  piece  now  exposed  there,  and  to  find  the 
south-east  angle  of  the  Roman  city.  Unfortunately  this 
excavation  showed  that  south  of  the  point  where  it  now 
appears  above  ground  the  wall  has  been  entirely  destroyed, 
two  medieval  walls  having  been  met  with  at  a  lower  level. 
The  excavations  were  pushed  as  far  as  possible,  but  without 
finding  any  traces  of  Roman  work.  A  report  with  plans  will 
shortly  be  laid  before  the  Society  by  Mr.  Jones,  who  kindly 
gave  his  time  and  energy  to  the  work. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  are  due  to  the  Constable,  the 
Lieutenant,  and  the  Major  of  the  Tower,  as  also  to  the 
Officers  of  H.M.  Office  of  Works,  especially  to  Mr.  May  and 
Mr.  Webster,  not  only  for  permitting  the  excavations,  but  for 
active  help  in  carrying  them  out. 

Examinations  of  two  rather  important  pieces  of  the  Roman 
Wall  have  also  been  made. 

At  the  beginning  of  January  the  street  called  London  Wall 
was  opened  for  the  purpose  of  laying  telephone  wires, 
excavations   for   that  purpose  commenced  at   the  Moorgate 
Street  end,  and  were  carried  in  an  easterly  direction  ulti- 
mately extending  to  Bishopsgate.     Near  Moorgate  Street 
only  available  portion  of  the  roadway  was  found  to  be  the 
line  of  the  old  City  wall,  the  remains  of  which  were  found  to 
exist  3  or  4  feet  below  the  present  surface.     The  trench  was 
cut  right  into  the   core  of   the  wall,  the  line  of  which   i 
followed  directly  until  nearing  Throgmorton  Avenue,  when 
the  wall  deflected  towards  All  Hallows  church,  the  trench 
following  the  roadway  and  continuing  along  Camomile  fetra 
just  within  the  wall.  - 

In  the  first  part  of  the  excavation  a  considerable  amount  o: 
Roman  masonry  was  thrown  up  into  the  street.     This  1 
brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Society  by  Mr.  F.  W.  1 


300 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


who  has  written  ably  on  the  subject  of  Roman  antiquities  in 
London,  it  was  thought  to  be  a  favourable  opportunity  to 
examine  the  level  of  the  foundation  of  the  wall,  with  a  view 
to  getting  a  better  idea  of  the  relation  it  bore  to  the  stream 
of  the  Walbrook,  which  it  crossed  at  a  point  near  Bloomfield 
Street. 

It  was  not  found  possible  to  make  any  extended  examina- 
tion across  the  bed  of  the  stream  without  interfering  with 
the  progress  of  the  work,  but  leave  was  kindly  given  to  the 
Society  by  the  authorities  to  sink  a  shaft  at  any  point  they 
might  select.  This  limited  inquiry  was  carried  out  just 
opposite  Carpenters'  Hall  and  yielded  interesting  results. 
The  shaft,  7  feet  by  3  feet,  was  sunk  under  the  northern  foot- 
way, and  ran  down  the  outer  face  of  the  wall. 

Owing,  it  would  seem,  to  the  rapid  accumulation  of  soil 
against  the  wall  at  this  point,  its  outer  face  was  very  much 
better  preserved  than  in  other  parts  of  the  line.  It  presented 
the  usual  features  of  the  Roman  construction  from  5  feet  3 
inches  below  the  street  surface,  as  far  as  the  chamfered  plinth, 
which  occurred  at  a  depth  13  feet  from  the  surface.  Below 
the  plinth  came  the  usual  footing  of  slightly  projecting  rag- 
stone,  the  thickness  of  which  appears  to  vary  in  different  parts 
from  1  foot  to  3  feet.  Here  it  was  1  foot  3  inches.  This 
portion,  resting  on  a  puddling  of  clay  and  flint  or  clay  and 
fragments  of  Kentish  rag,  is  the  bottom  of  the  wall  in  all 
portions  hitherto  recorded,  but  here,  in  order  to  cross  the 
bed  of  the  stream,  a  further  construction  of  large  ragstones 
continued  for  a  distance  of  4  feet  6  inches,  which  again 
projected  beyond  the  usual  footing  another  ]2  inches.  This 
extended  to  the  ballast,  where  it  rested  on  the  bed  of  puddled 
clay  and  flints.  There  were  clear  indications  that  a  stream 
had  once  been  carried  against  the  wall,  above  these  were 
marshy  deposits  characteristic  of  the  district.  The  results  of 
the  exploration  in  detail  will  be  laid  before  the  Society. 

Another  fine  fragment  of  the  Roman  wall  was  uncovered  at 
the  back  of  a  house  on  the  south  side  of  Houndsditch.  It 
was  of  considerable  height  and  presented  rather  abnormal 
features.  This  was  measured  and  photographed,  note  being 
taken  of  the  various  facts  connected  with  it,  and  it  will  be 
duly  reported  upon. 

The  most  important  piece  of  the  City  wall  still  open  to 
view  stands  at  the  end  of  a  courtyard,  close  to  the  disused 
Tower  station  of  the  underground  railway,  on  the  east  side  of 
Trinity  Square.  This,  although  all  of  it  that  appears  above 
ground  is  mediaeval  in  character,  doubtless  stands  on  the 


May  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  301 

Roman  foundation,  and  is  a  portion  of  that  described  many 
years  ago  by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  and  others.  It  belongs  to 
the  Office  of  Woods,  and  having  of  late  become  somewhat 
disintegrated  by  the  weather,  the  authorities  there  applied  to 
us  for  advice  as  to  its  repair.  They  accepted  our  recom- 
mendations, and  it  is  now  likely  to  last  for  many  years.  Our 
thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  J.  F.  F.  Horner,  one  of  the  Commis- 
sioners, and  to  Mr.  Stanger,  the  Architect  of  the  Office,  for 
their  action  in  the  matter. 

It  seems  probable  that  important  remains  of  the  founda- 
tions of  the  City  wall  will  be  found  when  excavations  take 
place  over  the  ground  lately  occupied  by  Christ's  Hospital. 
These  will  be  watched  by  the  Society. 

As  regards  other  parts  of  the  country,  researches  have 
been  made  at  Silchester  and  at  Caerwent.  Substantial 
advances  have  been  made  towards  the  completion  of  the 
town  plans  of  the  two  sites  mentioned ;  at  Silchester  by 
the  total  uncovering  of  the  public  baths,  at  Caerwent  by  the 
discovery  of  the  south  gate  and  of  several  private  houses. 
Silchester  yielded  in  addition  an  inscribed  tile  which  carries 
back  its  written  record  to  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Nero,  a 
date  when  the  Romano-British  town  as  now  known  to  us  was 
probably  not  yet  in  existence.  Caerwent,  which  has  been  inves- 
tigated by  Mr.  Martin,  Mr.  Hudd,  and  Mr.  Ashby,  all  Fellows 
of  the  Society,  also  yielded  an  inscription,  set  up  (as  we  may 
conjecture)  by  an  immigrant  from  the  Moselle  Valley  who  was 
uncertain  whether  to  worship  a  god  of  his  adopted  or  of  his 
native  land.  He  illustrates  the  connection  which  existed  in 
Roman  as  in  pre-Roman  times  between  Britain  and  Northern 
Gaul,  a  connection  temporarily  broken  off  by  the  Saxon 
conquest,  yet  not  without  present  interest. 

Of  chance  finds  in  other  spots,  the  villas  at  Fullerton,  in 
Hants,  and  Harpham,  near  Hull,  deserve  notice.  Harpham 
has  been  well  cared  for  by  the  authorities  at  Hull,  where  a 
collection  of  Romano-British  antiquities  has  been  skilfully 
commenced  in  the  Town  Museum.  Of  the  Fullerton  villa  a 
proper  account  is  still  desired. 

The  North  of  England,  usually  fertile  in  Roman  finds, 
has  this  year  given  us  nothing  but  an  altar  to  a  native 
god,  Antenociticus,  found  near  Newcastle,  and  a  few  lesser 
trifles.  Across  Cheviot  the  harvest  is  richer,  but  its  _  best 
items,  such  as  the  discovery  of  a  fort  planted  by  Agricola, 
belongs  rather  to  1903  than  to  1904.  In  short,  we  have  in 
this  department  a  poor  or  lean  year.  In  part,  chance  is  to 
blame,  in  part  perhaps  the  competition  of  other  archreological 


302  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

interests.  But  there  is  one  hindrance  to  systematic  excava- 
tion which  those  who  can  best  judge  agree  to  be  very  serious. 
This  is  the  need  of  competent  supervisors.  We  all  recognise 
now  that  excavation  cannot  be  properly  conducted  without 
skilled  and  continuous  personal  supervision.  We  no  longer 
believe  in  the  old  methods  when  the  solitary  labourer  grubbed 
alone  or  the  possibly  experienced  foreman  directed  a  gang,  and 
was  himself  directed  by  a  visiting  committee.  But  we  have 
as  yet  no  supply  of  proper  supervisors,  and  it  were  not  amiss 
if  steps  could  be  taken  to  meet  the  want.  Abroad,  the  first 
appeal  would  be  made  to  the  Universities,  and  perhaps  our 
own  Universities,  fettered  though  they  are  to  linguistic 
studies,  might  help  us  here.  But  on  our  side  we  must 
recognise  that  such  workers  must  be  paid  at  least  their  out  of 
pocket  expenses,  board,  lodging,  travelling.  Unpaid  work  is 
always  irresponsible,  and  young  men  (for  it  is  young  men 
who  should  be  caught)  can  not  and  will  not  give  two  or  three 
months  to  close  personal  supervision  of  digging  and  defray 
the  cost  out  of  their  own  pockets.  Conscientious  supervision, 
tedious  and  often  disappointing,  yet  nothing  but  conscientious 
supervision  during  most  hours  of  most  days  will  do.  This  is 
not  the  place  to  elaborate  a  scheme.  But  the  need  is  urgent 
if  excavation  is  to  proceed  satisfactorily,  and  the  sooner  the 
conditions  of  the  need  are  realised,  the  faster  will  knowledge 
of  the  Roman  period  be  increased. 

The  Society  has  assisted  local  archaeologists  in  their  praise- 
worthy effort  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  Whitgift  Hospital, 
Croydon,  a  beautiful  example  of  a  building  structurally  more 
or  less  collegiate,  which  was  founded,  in  1596,  by  the  famous 
archbishop  of  that  name.  This  has  been  for  years  threatened 
by  various  schemes  for  so-called  street  improvements.  It  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  Town  Council  has  accepted  the  views 
expressed  by  this  Society,  and  at  greater  length  by  Lord 
Middleton,  in  an  able  speech  when  he  headed  a  deputation  on 
the  subject. 

Our  last  resolution  on  the  subject  of  ancient  buildings  was 
one  asking  the  Urban  District  Council,  if  possible,  to  preserve 
Claypole  Bridge,  Lincolnshire,  a  picturesque  fourteenth- 
century  structure.  We  corresponded  on  the  subject,  and 
eventually  the  authorities  agreed  with  us,  and  we  understand 
that  the  work  will  be  carried  out  as  we  suggested.  We  desire 
to  recognise  the  courtesy  they  have  displayed,  and  I  am  sure 
you  wTill  approve  of  our  contributing  £10  towards  the  work.* 

*  Since  this  sentence  was  written  the  Council  has  heen  informed  that  the 
authorities  have  found  it  to  be  impossible  to  preserve  this  interesting  bridge. 


May  1.]  SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES.  303 

In  these  various  cases  I  think  that  Fellows  of  our  Society 
may  fairly  congratulate  themselves  on  having  done  good  by 
their  action. 

In  the  course  of  the  year  the  Society  has  passed  various 
resolutions  favouring  the  preservation  of  ancient  buildings. 

One  of  these  resolutions,  namely  that  on  early  Christian 
remains  in  Egypt,  was  followed  by  a  letter  addressed  to  Earl 
Cromer,  in  which  we  expressed  our  hope  that  he  would  do 
what  he  could  to  save  these  remains,  and  we  received  from 
him  a  full  and  sympathetic  reply,  expressing  his  desire  to  do 
what  he  can,  while  at  the  same  time  pointing  out  the  diffi- 
culties. 

At  Berwick-on-Tweed  there  is  a  double  system  of  early 
fortification,  the  older  part  dating  from  the  time  of  the  first 
or  second  Edward.  This  belongs  to  the  freemen  of  Berwick, 
the  corporation  acting  as  their  trustees.  Of  late  a  consider- 
able section  of  this  has  been  levelled  and  the  ground  built 
over.  We  did  what  we  could  by  a  resolution  to  save  what 
remains. 

We  also  passed  a  resolution  begging  the  authorities  to 
preserve  intact  the  mediaeval  Plummer  Tower  at  Newcastle. 
Efforts  have  been  made  in  the  same  direction  by  men  of 
influence  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Newcastle,  Dr.  Thomas 
Hodgkin  taking  the  lead,  and  it  seems  likely  that  these 
efforts  will  be  successful. 

Grants  have  been  made  from  the  Research  Fund  to  the 
Cretan  Exploration  Fund  (£50),  the  Silchester  Excavation 
Fund  (£50),  the  Caerwent  Exploration  Fund  (£20),  and  £5 
was  given  for  explorations  at  Shaf tesbury  Abbey. 

A  case  affecting  Stonehenge,  one  therefore  of  supreme 
interest  to  our  Society,  and  indeed  to  archaeologists  all  over 
the  world,  namely,  The  Attorney-General  v.  Sir  Edmund 
Antrobus,  has  recently  been  decided  in  the  Law  Courts  by 
Mr.  Justice  Far  well.  The  Society  has  often  regretted  the 
damage  done  by  rough  visitors  to  this  incomparable  monu- 
ment. Our  primary  object  and  interest  is  that  it  should  be 
protected  from  injury. 

This  was  becoming  every  day  more  necessary,  but  it  cannot 
be  secured   unless  some   guardian  is   on  the  spot, 
tunately  neither  the   Government  nor  the  local  authorit 
have  shown  any  inclination  to  incur  the  necessary  expense. 
Moreover,  a  small  charge,  while  not  excluding  any  who  take 


304  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

an  intelligent  interest  in  the  monument,  will  keep  out  the 
loafer  and  the  tramp. 

On  the  other  hand,  as  The  Times  said  a  few  days  ago,  '  If 
it  is  within  Sir  Edmund's  power  to  enclose  Stonehenge  with 
an  open  fence  and  to  charge  a  shilling  for  the  right  of  entry,  it 
is  equally  within  his  power  to  enclose  it  with  a  high  park 
paling  or  a  brick  wall,  to  charge  a  guinea  for  admission,  or 
to  exclude  the  public  altogether.' 

This  is  true,  and  no  doubt  from  this  point  of  view  it  would 
be  desirable  that  a  unique  national  monument  should  be 
national  property,  but  as  that  is  not  the  case  we  are  fortu- 
nate that  it  is  in  such  good  hands. 

I  could  wish  indeed  that  Sir  Edmund  Antrobus  would 
follow  the  example  of  other  public  spirited  owners  of  monu- 
ments, and  place  Stonehenge  under  the  Ancient  Monuments 
Act.  Unfortunately  that  Act  is  only  permissive.  That  is 
not  ths  fault  of  the  promoters.  We  contended  for  ampler 
powers,  but  Mr.  Gladstone  considered  that  we  were  asking 
too  much,  and  insisted  that  the  Bill  should  be  permissive 
only. 

This  brings  me  to  another  point.  One  of  the  main  pro- 
visions of  the  Act  was  the  appointment  of  an  Inspector  of 
Ancient  Monuments,  who  should  not  only  visit  from  time  to 
time  and  keep  an  eye  on  the  monuments  generously  placed 
by  the  owners  under  the  Act,  but  by  virtue  of  his  official 
position  should  be  able  to  intervene  in  other  cases  where 
injury  is  threatened  to  monuments  of  national  interest. 

Archaeologists  have  always  attached  much  importance  to 
the  existence  of  this  office,  but  unfortunately  it  is  and  has  for 
some  time  been  vacant  Your  Council  has  made  representations 
to  Government  on  the  subject,  but  hitherto  without  effect. 
Moreover,  it  seems  to  me  that  owners  who  have  come  forward 
and  placed  their  monuments  under  the  Act  have  good  reason 
to  complain.  They  have  acted  in  a  public-spirited  manner, 
made  a  sacrifice,  and  are  fairly  entitled  to  ask  that  the 
nation  should  fulfil  its  part  of  the  bargain,  and  do  its  duty 
with  a  view  to  the  protection  of  our  ancient  national 
monuments. 

Passing  from  home  to  the  Mediterranean  area,  the  chief 
interest  still  lies  in  Crete. 

Our  Fellow,  Dr.  Evans,  has  continued  his  important  and 
interesting  work  at  Knossos,  with  the  object  of  ascertaining 
the  original  elements  of  the  palace.  He  has  also  discovered 
an  extensive  Minoan  cemetery,  belonging  for  the  most  part  to 
the  period  immediately  preceding  the  fall  of  the  palace.  In 


May  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  305 

particular,  he  has  found  a  magnificent  royal  tomb,  similar  to 
those  of  the  Greek  mainland,  but  differing  from  them  in 
having  a  square  central  chamber. 

In  this  context  it  is  appropriate  to  mention  the  re-discovery 
by  the  Earl  of  Altamont  of  three  important  fragments  of  the 
facade  of  the  Treasury  of  Atreus,  at  Mycenae.  These  had 
been  excavated  by  the  second  Marquis  of  Sligo  at  Mycenae, 
and  were  by  him  transported  to  Westport,  in  co.  Mayo.  By 
the  generosity  of  the  present  Marquis  of  Sligo  they  are  now 
a  part  of  the  collections  of  the  British  Museum. 

The  British  School  at  Athens  have  been  excavating  at 
Palaikastro,  in  Eastern  Crete,  and  laid  bare  the  foundations 
of  a  palace  or  government  house  of  the  latest  Minoan  period, 
which  had  a  ground  plan  of  exceptional  interest. 

The  excavation  of  the  remains  of  an  Hellenic  sanctuary  in 
the  same  neighbourhood  brought  to  light  an  inscribed  hymn  to 
the  Cretan  Zeus,  in  six  stanzas. 

Besides  carrying  on  these  researches  in  Eastern  Crete,  the 
British  School  has  begun  a  detailed  study  of  Laconia,  the 
first-fruits  of  which  are  some  important  topographical  identi- 
fications, a  series  of  new  inscriptions,  and  a  catalogue  of  the 
Sparta  Museum. 

The  British  School  at  Rome  has  issued  a  facsimile  edition 
of  the  Roman  architectural  drawings  attributed  to  Andreas 
Coner,  and  preserved  in  Sir  John  Soane's  Museum. 

Among  foreign  enterprises  in  the  Mediterranean,  the  French 
are  making  progress  with  the  publication  of  the  results 
obtained  at  Delphi,  the  Germans  are  at  work  at  Priene, 
and  the  Italians  in  Crete.  The  Austrians  have  continued 
work  at  Ephesus,  where  also  the  British  Museum  has  been 
endeavouring  to  clear  up  some  of  the  points  as  to  the  plan  of 
the  Temple  of  Artemis,  which  were  left  uncertain  by  Mr. 
Wood.  Danish  excavators  have  been  working  at  Lindon,  in 
Rhodes,  where  important  inscriptions  have  been  found.  These, 
it  is  said,  will  throw  much  light  on  the  chronology  of  the 
Rhodian  sculptors.  In  particular,  it  is  claimed  that  the  date 
of  the  sculptors  of  the  Laocoon  group  is  now  ascertained. 

As  regards  Egypt,  Mr.  Theodore  Davies,  who  has  lately 
issued  a  splendidly  illustrated  monograph,  prepared  by  several 
specialists,  on  the  tomb  of  Thothmosis  IV.,  discovered  by 
him  in  1893,  has  had  the  great  good  fortune  to  find  an 
untouched  tomb  in  the  Valley  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings, 
was  not  royal,  but  it  was  furnished  with  almost  royal  magm- 


306  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

ficence,  gold  and  silver  being  employed  in  profusion.  The 
mummies  and  funerary  equipment  of  the  father  and  mother 
of  Tei,  consort  of  Amenhotep  III.,  whose  name  is  so  well 
known  to  students  of  the  '  Mycenaean '  culture,  have  been 
safely  transported  from  it  to  the  museum  in  Cairo.  The  tomb 
furniture  (including  a  chariot  plated  with  gold)  is  the  most 
magnificent  yet  found. 

It  is  reported  that  M.  Legrain  continues  to  secure  for 
science  additional  specimens  from  the  vast  collection  of  votive 
statues,  etc.  of  almost  all  ages  which  had  been  consigned  to  a 
pit  behind  the  seventh  pylon  at  Karnak.  The  exploration  of 
this  pit  began  in  the  winter  1903-4.  From  the  preliminary 
account  furnished  by  the  discoverer  himself  in  the  last 
number  of  the  Recueil  des  Travaux  relatifs  a  I'Histoire  et 
V  ArcMologie  Egyptiennes  et  Axsyriennes,  it  is  clear  that  the 
results,  in  many  cases  combining  historical  interest  with  high 
artistic  merit,  infinitely  surpass  in  importance  even  Mariette's 
results  at  Serapeum. 

At  Deir  el  Bahari,  M.  Naville  and  Mr.  Hall,  representing 
the  Egypt  Exploration  Fund,  have  continued  the  exploration 
of  the  funerary  temple  of  King  Menthotep  III.,  and  have  dis- 
covered the  tombs  of  some  of  the  ladies  of  the  court,  one 
containing  a  sarcophagus  of  unique  style  and  workmanship. 
Five  statues  of  Usertsen  III.  (Twelfth  Dynasty)  have  also 
been  discovered,  and  more  important  Eleventh  Dynasty 
reliefs,  besides  an  Osiride  statue  of  Amenhotep  I.  (coming  to 
England  with  two  Usertsen  statues). 

Professor  Petrie  devoted  his  season  to  the  mining  district 
of  Sinai.  Unhappily,  many  of  the  historical  tablets  at  Wady 
Maghara  had  been  recently  shattered  by  prospectors  and  their 
Arab  imitators,  but  from  the  temple  at  Sarabit  el  Khadim  he 
has  obtained  much  new  material  in  the  way  of  inscriptions, 
and  doubtless  he  is  bringing  a  rich  store  of  archasological 
observations.  Dr.  Budge  and  Mr.  Crowfoot  have  carried  on 
archaeological  work  in  the  Sudan ;  Mr.  Garstang  has  excavated 
near  Hierakonpolis  (Kom  el  Ahmar),  and  Messrs.  Reisner  and 
Mace  have  carried  on  their  exploration  of  the  Giza  tomb 
field. 

With  regard  to  the  conservation  of  the  monuments  a  satis- 
factory step  has  been  taken  in  the  appointment  of  two 
additional  inspectors.  Mr.  Carter  now  takes  Lower  Egypt, 
Mr.  Quibell  the  neighbourhood  of  Memphis  and  Fayum,  with 
charge  of  important  excavations  at  Saqqarah,  M.  Lefebvre 
Middle  Egypt,  and  Mr.  Weigall  Thebes  and  Upper  Egypt. 

It  is  also  a  matter  of  rejoicing  for  archaeologists  that  the 


May  1.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  307 

raising  of   the  dam   at  Aswan   is  deferred  pending  further 
inquiries  into  its  engineering  aspect. 

The  system  of  opening  the  library  for  the  convenience  of 
Fellows  from  half-past  six  to  half-past  nine  o'clock  on  Friday 
evenings  has  now  been  tried  for  more  than  two  years,  and 
seems  on  the  whole  to  work  fairly  well.  Under  the  present 
arrangement  it  will  be  continued  until  the  end  of  June,  but 
no  doubt  if  attendances  are  good  it  will  be  carried  on  through- 
out July,  and  will  be  resumed  after  the  vacation. 

We  have  continued  our  recent  policy  of  lending  our  meeting 
room  when  we  can  conveniently  do  so  to  societies  with  which 
we  are  in  sympathy.  Among  those  availing  themselves  of 
this  privilege  during  the  past  year  are  the  British  Academy, 
the  Hellenic  Society,  the  Henry  Bradshaw  Society,  the  London 
Topographical  Society,  and  the  National  Art  Collections 
Fund. 

Our  finances  are  in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  as  con- 
siderable savings  have  been  effected,  and  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  the  Research  Fund,  originally  founded  through  the 
munificence  of  Sir  John  Evans,  has  proved  most  useful  and 
that  the  income  derived  from  it  is  insufficient  for  our  needs, 
the  Council  has  recommended  an  addition  to  the  capital  of 
this  fund  by  the  investment  of  £500.  For  our  satisfactory 
financial  position  we  are  greatly  indebted  to  our  Treasurer, 
.but  I  will  leave  him  to  tell  his  own  tale. 

Before  I  sit  down  I  must  acknowledge  the  kind  assistance 
I  have  received  in  preparing  these  notes  from  Mr.  Hope, 
Mr.  Haverfield,  Mr.  F.  LI.  Griffith,  Mr.  H.  R.  Hall,  and 
especially  from  Mr.  Read  and  Mr.  Norman." 

The  following  Resolution  was  thereupon  moved  by  William 
Minet,  Esq.,  M.A.,  seconded  by  Edward  William  Brabrook,  Esq., 
C.B.,  and  carried  unanimously  : 

"That  the  best  thanks  of  the  meeting  be  given  to  the 
President  for  his  Address,  and  that  he  be  requested  to  allow 
it  to  be  printed." 

The  PRESIDENT  signified  his  assent. 

The  Scrutators  having  reported  that  the  Members  of  the 
Council  in  List  I.  and  the  Officers  of  the  Society  in  List  II. 
had  been  duly  elected,  the  following  List  was  read  from  the 


308  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Chair  of  those  who  had  been  elected  as  Council  and  Officers 
for  the  ensuing  year : 

Eleven  Members  from  the  Old  Council. 

John,  Lord  Avebury,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  President. 

Philip  Norman,  Esq.,  Treasurer. 

Frederick  George  Hilton  Price,  Esq.,  Director. 

Charles  Hercules  Read.  Esq.,  Secretary. 

William  Paley  Baildon,  Esq. 

Rev.  Edward  Samuel  Dewick,  M.A. 

Montague  Spencer  Giuseppi,  Esq. 

William  Gowland,  Esq. 

Sir  Henry  Hoyle  Howorth,  K.C.I.E.,  D.C.L.,  F.R.S. 

William  Page,  Esq. 

Sir  Edward  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L. 

Ten  Members  of  the  New  Council. 

David  Lindsay,  Lord  Balcarres,  M.P. 

John  Willis  Clark,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Hon.  Litt.D.  Oxon. 

Lionel  Henry  Gust,  Esq.,  M.V.O.,  M.A. 

Harold  Arthur,  Viscount  Dillon,  Hon.  M.A.  Oxon. 

Sir  Herbert  Eustace  Maxwell,  Bart.,  P.C.,  M.P. 

William  Minet,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Freeman  Marius  O'Donoghue,  Esq. 

Henry  Francis  Pelham,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Richard  Phene  Spiers,  Esq. 

John  William  Willis-Bund,  Esq.,  M.A.,  LL.B. 

Thanks  were  voted  to  the  Scrutators  for  their  trouble. 

Pursuant  to  the  Statutes,  ch.  iii.  §  3,  the  name  of  Mr.  John 
Roberts  Boyle,  who  had  failed  to  pay  all  moneys  due  from 
him  to  the  Society,  and  for  such  default  had  ceased  to  be  a 
Fellow  of  the  Society,  was  read  from  the  Chair,  and  the 
President  made  an  entry  of  his  amoval  against  his  name  in 
the  Register  of  the  Society. 


May  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  309 


Thursday,  llth  May,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors  : 

From  the  Author,  E.  T.  Clark,  Esq.  : 

1.  The  Church  of  St.  Laurence,  Snaith  :   Notes  on  its  History.    Second 

edition.     8vo.     Leeds,  1904. 

2.  A  day  in  Suaith  Church  six  hundred  years  ago.     Svo.     Leeds,  11)05. 

From  the  Trustees  of  Sir  John  Soane's  Museum  : — General  Description  of  Sir 
John  Soane's  Museum,  with  brief  Notices  of  some  of  the  more  interesting 
Works  of  Art.  Eighth  edition.  Large  paper.  Svo.  Oxford,  1905. 

From  Albert  Hartshorne,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — English  Table  Glass.  By  Percy  Bate. 
Svo.  London,  n.d. 

From  Philip  Norman,  Esq.,  Treasurer  : — Templum  Vaticanum  et  ipsius  origo. 
Editum  ab  Equite  Carolo  Fontana.  Folio.  Korne,  1694. 

From  Messrs.  Farrer  and  Co.,  through  W.  Paley  Baildon,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— 
Printed  copy  of  the  Evidence  and  Judgment  in  the  case  Attorney-General 
v.  Sir  Edmund  Antrobus  (relating  to  the  enclosure  of  Stonehenge).  4to. 
1905. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted  Fellows : 

William  Fergusson  Irvine,  Esq. 
Arthur  Kay,  Esq. 

The  President  announced  that  he  had  appointed  Harold 
Arthur,  Viscount  Dillon,  to  be  a  Vice-President  of  the 
Society. 

Sir  JOHN  EVANS,  K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
paper  on  a  Lambeth  Salt-cellar  of  the  Company  of  Parish- 
Clerks: 

"  I  should  not  be  surprised  to  find  that  many  of  the  Fellows 
of  this  Society  are  as  little  acquainted  with  the  duties  and 
even  the  existence  of  the  London  Company  of  Clerks,  or 
Parish-Clerks,  as  I  was  myself  some  two  or  three  months 
ago. 

I  had  a  vague  remembrance  that  in  the  list  of  companies 

VOL.  xx.  x 


310  1'ItOCEEDIXGS   OF   THE  [1(JU5, 

given  by  Stow  in  his  Survey  of  London,*  the  name  and 
armorial  bearings  of  the  CLEARKES  appeared,  together  with 
the  following  remarks:  'The  Company  of  the  Clearkes,  com- 
monly tearmed  Paris h- Clearkes,  I  tinde  to  bee  very  ancient  in 
continuance,  and  stand  registred  in  the  Bookes  of  Guild -hall ; 
they  became  first  to  bee  incorporated  in  the  seventeenth  yeere 
of  King  Henry  the  Third  (1232-33),  and  followed  on  still  in 
all  the  Princes  Reignes  to  the  ninth  yeere  of  our  Soveraigne 
Lord  King  James! 

Strype  adds  that  the  Company  was  formerly  the  Fraternity 
of  St.  Nicholas,  whose  hall  was  near  Little  St.  Helen's, 
Bishopsgate,  where  they  had  seven  alrnshouses  for  poor 
clerks'  widows:  '  Unto  this  fraternity  men  and  women  of  the 
first  quality,  ecclesiastical  and  others,  joined  themselves;  who, 
as  they  were  great  lovers  of  church  music  in  general,  so  their 
beneficence  unto  parish  clerks  in  particular  is  abundantly 
evident  by  some  ancient  MSS.  at  their  common  hall  in  Great 
Wood  Street.  Charles  I.  renewed  their  charter  and  incor- 
porated them  under  the  name  of  "Master,  Wardens  and 
Fellowship  of  Parish  Church  Clerks  of  London,  Westminster, 
Southwark,  and  the  fifteen  out-parishes."  't 

An  account  of  a  MS.  fragment  relating  to  the  Fraternitas 
Divi  Nicolai,  containing  the  record  of  some  admissions  in  the 
year  1523,  is  given  in  Notes  and  Queries.^ 

I  find  it  recorded  §  that  in  1391  a  play  was  acted  at  the 
Skinners'  Well,  beside  Smithfield,  by  the  Parish  Clerks  of 
London,  which  play  continued  three  days  together,  the  King, 
Queen,  and  Nobles  of  the  Realm  being  present. 

Clerkenwell,  |(  moreover,  is  said  to  derive  its  name  from  a 
holy  well  at  which  the  Parish  Clerks  of  London  annually 
assembled  to  perform  a  miracle  or  scripture  play,  which  some- 
times lasted  for  a  week  or  more. 

The  original  Hall  of  the  Company  seems  to  have  perished 
in  the  Great  Fire  of  London  in  166(>,  and  the  present  Hall  in 
Silver  Street  must  have  been  erected  soon  after  that  time.  An 
account  of  the  Company,  with  a  view  of  the  interior  of  the  Hall, 
appeared  in  the  Illustrated  London  News  of.  15  February,  1890. 
In  the  City  Press  of  9  September,  1891,  'a  Parish  Clerk's 
Guest '  gave  an  interesting  account  of  Parish  Clerks'  Hall.lf 


*  Ed.  1633,  p.  (544. 
t  Strype's  Stow,  1720,  book  v.  231. 
i  2nd  S.  i.  295. 

S  Strype's  ed.  of  Stow's  London,  1720,  book  i.  p.  247. 

||   See  Stow,  first  ed.  1598,  p.  14  ;  Strype's  ed.,  1720.  book  i.  p.  24  ;  AVheatley's 
London  Past  and  Present,  1894,  p.  418. 
^[  Mr.  John  T.  Page,  in  Not  en  and  (Jiici-iei,  10th  S.  iii.  29i"i,  15  April,  liKKJ. 


May  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  311 

As  a  body  the  Company  of  Polish  Clerks  rendered  great 
service  to  the  community,  inasmuch  as  it  was  by  them  that 
the  Bills  of  Mortality  were  compiled,  but  they  also  made 
themselves  extremely  useful  in  another  direction,  for  the 
Company  of  Clerks  was,  I  believe,  the  first  to  issue  a  kind  of 
Directory  for  London  in  the  shape  of  '  New  Remarks  of 
London,  or  a  Survey  of  the  Cities  of  London  and  Westminster, 
of  Southwark  and  part  of  Middlesex  and  Surrey  within  the 
Circumference  of  the  Bills  of  Mortality,  &c.,  &c.  Collected 
by  the  Company  of  Parish  Clerks.  To  which  are  added  the 
places  to  which  Post  Letters  are  free,  &c.  The  whole  very 
useful  for  Ladies,  Gentlemen,  Clergymen,  Merchants,  Trades- 
men, Coachmen,  Chairmen,  Carmen,  Porters,  Bailiffs,  and 
others.'  The  edition  for  1732  is  printed  for  E.  Midwinter. 

The  frontispiece  to  this  book  gives  '  The  ARMS  of  the 
PARISH  CLERKS'*  with  the  motto  'In  Vino  Veritas'  and 
this  account  of  the  Company :  '  The  Company  of  Parish- 
clerks  was  incorporated  in  the  year  1232  in  the  17th  of 
Henry  III.  and  known  then  by  the  Brotherhood  of  St. 
Nicholas.  Their  Charter  has  been  confirmed  by  several 
succeeding  Kings.  They  consist  of  a  Master,  two  Wardens, 
and  seventeen  Assistants  who  are  as  Governors.  They  are 
the  54th  Company  of  London.' 

Burke  gives  the  arms  of  the  company  as  follows :  azure,  a 
jleur-de-lys,  or ;  on  a  chief  gules  a  leopard's  head  between  two 
song-books  (shut]  of  the  second,  stringed  vert.  Crest :  a  cubit 
arm  erect,  vested  azure,  cuff  ermine,  holding  in  the  hand  proper 
a  musick-book  (open)  of  the  last,  garnished  or,  stringed  vert. 
Motto :  Unitas  societatis  stabilitas,  a  more  sober  sentiment 
than  that  set  out  in  their  Remarks  of  London. 

It  appears  from  Mr.  James  Christie's  book,  to  which  I  shall 
shortly  have  to  refer,  that  these  arms  were  granted  in  1582 
in  lieu  of  a  new  grant  of  arms  received  in  1482,  which  in  the 
succeeding  century  were  held  by  the  master,  wardens,  and 
assistants  to  be  'over-much  charged  with  certayn  supersti- 
tions devysed  contrary  to  the  laudable  and  commendable 
manner  of  bearing  arms.'  They  were  accordingly  purged  of 
superstition  by  Robert  Cooke,  Clarenceux. 

The  book  just  mentioned  was  privately  printed  in  1893, 
and  is  thus  entitled  :  '  Pariah  Clerks.  Some  account  of  Pansn 
Clerks  more  especially  of  the  Ancient  Fraternity  Bretherne 
and  Sisterne  of  S.  Nicolas,  now  known  as  the  worshipful 
Company  of  Parish  Clerks.  Compiled  for  the  Company  by 

*  In  the  Franks  Collection  of   Book  Plates  in  the  British  Museum  (Catal. 
vol.'iii.  p.  308,  No.  34.226)  is  a  part  of  this  frontispiece  with  tl 
removed. 

x  2 


312  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

James  Christie,  Chaplain  to  the  North  Eastern  Hospital, 
Tottenham,  formerly  Curate  of  S.  Bartholomew,  Cripplegate.' 

The  author  gives  a  detailed  account  of  the  origin  of  the 
Guild  of  St.  Nicholas  and  of  the  Company,  of  its  present 
condition,  and  of  the  status  and  duties  of  Parish  Clerks, 
among  which  the  reading  of  the  First  Lesson  and  of  the 
Epistle  were  comprised.*  But,  what  is  more  to  our  present 
purpose,  he  gives  a  list  of  the  most  important  articles  of  silver 
plate  belonging  in  former  times  to  the  Company. 

In  1637  f  we  find  them  seized  of  393  oz.  of  plate  includ- 
ing 

oz.     dwti». 

One  faire  silver  salt,  white,  with  the  Com- 
panies armes  engraven  on  it.     Weighing  29  7£ 
One  other  silver  salt,  white          .         .  11     1 
One  silver  salt,  gilt,  with  a  cover         .         .  10     0 
One  other  silver  salt,  gilt,  with  a  cover        .  3  16 
One  small  silver  salt,  parcell  gilt          .         .  3     2£ 

This  inventory  is  carefully  continued  year  by  year  till 
1644,  when,  with  the  exception  of  thirty-one  spoons  and  the 
common  seal  of  the  company,  the  whole  of  the  silver  dis- 
appears from  the  list.  '  Owing  to  the  troubles  of  the  time 
the  silver  had  probably  been  removed  from  the  Hall  to  some 
place  of  safe  keeping.'  On  7th  October,  1645,  it  was  ordered 
that,  to  supply  the  present  urgent  occasions  of  the  Company 
for  money,  all  the  plate  should  be  forthwith  sold,  and  on  the 
10th  November  £51  9s.  Qd.  was  received  for  213  ounces  white 
plate  at  4s.  IQd.  per  ounce.  In  the  same  audit  appears  pay- 
ment for  '  2  dozen  glasses  and  3  earthen  salts  £00  08s.  OQd.' 
The  precise  cost  is  not  mentioned  by  Christie,  but  Mr.  J. 
Vincent,  the  present  Clerk  of  the  Company,  has  been  kind 
enough  to  examine  the  books  of  account  and  to  furnish  me 
with  the  exact  amount.  Until  I  knew  how  much  had  been 
expended  on  the  '  glasses  and  salts,'  I  thought  that  the  latter 
were  probably  more  elaborate  and  expensive  than  the 
Lambeth  earthen  salt  that  is  now  exhibited,  but  if  we 
distribute  the  total  cost  of  8s.  Qd.  among  the  twenty-seven 
articles  mentioned  we  get  an  average  of  less  than  4>d.  as  the 

*  An  interesting  Paper,  "  The  Parish  Clerks  of  Barnstaple.  1500-1900,"  by 
the  Hev.  J.  F.  Chanter  of  Parracombe  Rectoiy,  Barnstaple,  will  be  found  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Devonshire  Association,  xxxvi.  1904,  p.  390. 

A  Paper  on  "  Parish   Clerks   and  some   Duties  of   Parish  Clerks  "  in  pre- 
Reformation  times  will  be  found  in  Associated  Archit.  Soc.  Reports,  1899,  by 
the  Rev.  Hamilton  Kingsford.     See  also  The  Clerk's  Hook  of  1549,  edited  bj 
Dr.  J.  Wickhain  Legg  for  the  Henry  Bradsltaw  Society,  1903,  vol.  xxv. 
P.  199. 


May  11.; 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


313 


cost  of  each.  Possibly  the  glasses  may  have  cost  3s.  6d.  a 
dozen,  or  only  3|d.  each,  in  which  case  Qd.  apiece  would  be 
left  as  the  price  of  the  salts. 

The  reason  why  the  Company  should  have  laid  in  a  supply 
of  cheap  salt-cellars  is  made  clear  from  the  extracts  from  their 
books  already  given,  and  it  may  be  that  their  pecuniary 
circumstances  were  such  that  they  had  to  content  themselves 
with  three  salts  only,  and  those  of  the  cheapest  character,  of 
which  the  salt  now  exhibited  is  one. 


LAMBETH   SALT-CELLAR  OF  THE  COMPANY  OF    PARISH-CLKBKS,  1644.      (f  ) 

The  silver  plate,  including  the  five  silver  salts  already  men- 
tioned, was  withdrawn  from  use  in  1644,  the  very  date^  given 
on  that  before  us,  which  is  of  plain  cup-shaped  form,  abou 
inches  in  diameter  and  2*  inches  in  height,  covered  with  white 
tin  glaze,  and  decorated  with  the  arms  of  the  Company  of 
Parilh  Clerks,  outlined  in  blue,  with  the  date 


of   a  Lambeth  salt  of  somewhat  superior 


314  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

quality  I  exhibit  one  of  triangular  form,  the  sides  at  the  base 
5  inches  long  and  the  height  4|  inches.  Each  of  the  sides  is 
tastefully  decorated  in  open  work,  and  the  receptacle  for  the 
salt  is  of  trefoil  form,  with  the  arms  and  motto  of  the  Walters' 
Company,  Sal  sapit  omnia,  outlined  in  blue  at  the  bottom. 

Among  the  examples  of  Lambeth  pottery  in  the  British 
Museum  are  several  large  salts,  one  with  spots  of  white  on  a 
deep  blue  ground,  and  another  of  square  form  made,  in  imita- 
tion of  Palissy  ware.  These  at  all  events  prove  that  in  the 
seventeenth  century  earthenware  salts  of  more  or  less  elaborate 
design  were  in  use  either  to  supplement  those  in  silver  or  to 
occupy  their  place." 

ALBERT  HARTSHORNE,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  a  paper  on  the 
lately-discovered  figure  of  Roger  lord  Grey  of  Ruthin,  from 
the  brass  of  Sir  Hugh  Hastings,  in  Elsing  church,  Norfolk. 

By  the  kindness  of  the  Syndics  of  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum, 
Cambridge,  the  figure  in  question  was  also  exhibited. 

Mr.  Hartshorne's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

As  collateral  illustration  of  his  paper  Mr.  Hartshorne  ex- 
hibited by  the  kindness  of  Sir  J.  C.  Robinson,  F.S.A.  : 

1.  A  silver-gilt  buckle  of  a  transverse  sword  belt,  bearing 
the  arms  in  enamel  and  gold  of  Sir  John  Ingham,  of  Ingham 
in  Norfolk,  1260-1309,  father  of  Sir  Oliver.     To  the  buckle- 
plate  is  linked  the  belt  socket,  also  of  silver-gilt  and  orna- 
mented with  a  flory  design  in  niello  and  silver.     The  whole 
is  decorated  with  filagree  work,  and  the  date  appears  to  be 
about  1285. 

2.  A  copper-gilt  double-hinging  rectangular  link  or  plate  of 
a  baldric,  with  leafy  decorations  and  circular  open  tracery 
centre  in  silver.     Hinged  to  its  lower  edge  are  two  similar 
plates  in  diminishing  sizes,  the  lowest  ending  in  a  hook  with 
pierced  tracery  end,  for  the  suspension  of  a  weapon. 

3.  A  copper-gilt  buckle  of  a  transverse  belt  decorated  with 
leaves  engraved  and  in  relief,  with  socket  ornamented  with 
a  pierced   circular   tracery  plate   surrounded   by  foliage   in 
relief. 

4.  A  silver-gilt  coronal  of  a  bascinet,  baldric-wise,  consist- 
ing of  twelve  hinged  and  double  numbered  rectangular  links 
or  plates,  the  centre  of  each  filled  with  a  leopard's  head  in 
silver  and  red  enamel  on  green.      Each  hinge   is  decorated 
with  leaves  in  relief,  the  joints  being  gradually  widened  at 
the  bottom  from  the  back  to  the  front  to  follow  the  form  of  a 
special  bascinet.     Two  loops  are  attached  to  the  lower  edge 
of  the  front  plate  for  the  suspension  of  a  badge  or  decoration. 


May  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  315 

MILL  STEPHENSON,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
notes  upon  some  recently  discovered  palimpsest  brasses! 
Four  original  examples  were  exhibited,  viz.  one  from  King's 
Langley,  Herts ,  by  the  vicar,  the  Rev.  E.  P.  Anderson  ;  o^e 
now  in  the  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge,  by  the  Syndics 
of  the  museum  ;  one  from  Holme-by-the-Sea,  Norfolk,  by 
E.  M.  Beloe,  jun.,  Esq.,  and  Thomas  Nelson,  Esq.  ;  and  one  now 
in  the  possession  of  Messrs.  Gawthorp,  of  Long  Acre.  The 
remaining  examples  were  illustrated  by  lantern  slides  and 
rubbings : 

"  (1)  King's  Langley,  Herts.  The  figure  exhibited  by  the 
vicar  represents  Margaret,  wife  of  John  Cheyne,  gent.,  1578. 
Originally  the  brass  consisted  of  this  figure,  a  group  of  five 
children,  and  an  inscription  in  ten  English  verses  with 
another  line  giving  the  date  of  her  death  as  '  xxx.  Januarii 
1578  secundum  computationem  ecclesias  Anglicanae.'  The  in- 
scription and  children  are  now  lost,  but  of  the  former  there  is 
a  '  printing '  amongst  the  Society's  collection  of  rubbings. 
The  figure  is  of  an  ordinary  type  and  is  made  up  of  two 
pieces,  both  of  which  are  palimpsest.  The  larger  piece,  com- 
prising the  upper  part  of  the  figure,  bears  on  the  reverse  a 
portion  of  a  late  fourteenth  century  Flemish  brass  showing 
part  of  the  head  and  left  shoulder  of  a  lady  wearing  a 
wimple,  part  of  a  diapered  background,  and  one  cusp  of  the 
canopy.  This  piece  appears  to  have  been  a  waster,  as  the 
diaper  work  is  unfinished  and  the  engravers  have  used  the 
plain  surfaces  of  the  head  to  try  their  tools  upon  and  to  set 
out  circles  and  other  devices.  The  smaller  piece,  comprising 
the  lower  portion  of  the  figure,  bears  on  the  reverse  a  part 
cut  from  the  side  of  a  large  canopied  composition,  and  shows 
a  couple  of  lines  of  the  drapery  of  a  figure,  portions  of  the 
figures  of  two  saints,  one  under  a  square-headed  canopy,  and 
a  few  letters  of  a  marginal  inscription  of  which  one  word, 
'  moniali,'  is  perfect.  The  piece  is  also  Flemish  but  of  early 
fifteenth  century  work. 

(2)  Fitzwilliam  Museum,  Cambridge.  A  priest,  circa  1530, 
in  mass  vestments,  but  without  the  stole  and  fanpn.  The 
chasuble  has  a  curious  cross-shaped  orphrey  running  down 
the  front  and  is  diapered  on  either  side  at  the  bottom 
apparently  to  relieve  a  blank  space.  The  figure,  which  is 
much  worn,  is  of  coarse  clumsy  workmanship,  the  product  of 
some  local,  probably  East  Anglian,  school  of  engravers.  It 
has  been  recently  purchased  for  the  Museum,  but  nothing 
is  known  of  its  history.  The  reverse  shows  that  it  has 
been  cut  out  of  the  centre  of  a  large  figure  of  a  civilian  in 


316  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

gown  and  fur-lined  mantle,  of  about  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

(3)  Holme-by-the-Sea,  Norfolk.     An  inscription  to  Barbara, 
wife  of  William  Strickland,  of  London,  grocer,  1582,  now  in 
two  pieces  and  imperfect.     Both  pieces  are  late  thirteenth  or 
early   fourteenth    century   Flemish    workshop   wasters,    the 
larger  bearing  faint  traces  of  two  figures  of  saints  in  niches 
under  canopy  work,  but  it  is  little  more  than  a  trial  piece  upon 
which  some  apprentice  or  workman  has  been  trying  his  hand. 
The  smaller  piece  is  an  unfinished  fragment  of  a  marginal 
inscription    bearing    the    word    '  van '    within    ornamental 
borders.      It   also   appears   to   have   been   the   work   of   an 
apprentice  or  of  a  very  indifferent  engraver. 

(4)  Private  Possession.     The  fragment  exhibited  by  Messrs. 
Gawthorp  is  noteworthy  not  only  for  the  thickness  of  the 
plate,  nearly  one-quarter  of  an  inch,  but  also  for  the  excel- 
lence of  the  workmanship  on  both  sides.     It  is  a  portion  of  a 
late  sixteenth  century  marginal  inscription,  bearing  the  words 
'  (d)id  excell  in  natures/  which  has  been  cut  out  of  a  large 
armed  figure  of  English  work  of  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
shows  a  small  portion  of  a  sword  belt  worked  with  a  rich 
scroll  pattern,  and  with  a  boss  on  which  is  part  of  a  bird. 
Below  are  five  lines  of  the  mail  hawberk,  and  then  a  portion 
of  the  plate  armour  for  the  thigh.     This  fragment  has  been 
for  many  years  in  the  possession  of  the  firm,  but  nothing  is 
known  of  its  history. 

(5)  Binfield,  Berks.     Four  fragments  in  eight  pieces  from 
the   brass   to   Richard   Turner,  1558,   and  wife   Katherine.* 
These  fragments,  consisting  of  the  inscription,  now  mutilated 
and  broken  into  three  pieces,  two  Latin  verses,  also  muti- 
lated  and   in   three    pieces,    and    two    portions    of    mouth 
scrolls,  were  for  many  years  missing  from  the  church ;  but 
having  been  recently  found  stowed  away  in  the  rectory,  they 
have  been   mounted   in  a  brass  frame  and  replaced  in  the 
church.     All  the  fragments  are  palimpsest.     The  inscription 
has  been  cut  out  of  the  lower  part  of  a  large  figure  of  an 
abbot  in  mass  vestments,  holding  in  his  left  hand  a  book 
enclosed  in  a  bag  or  chemise,  the  neck  of  which  is  grasped  by 
the  fingers,  an  arrangement  unique  on  brasses.     This  interest- 
ing piece  may  be  dated  to  the  first  quarter  of  the  fifteenth 
century.     On  the  back  of  the  Latin  verses  is  the  greater  part 
of    an   inscription   to   one    William    Brampt(on),  stockfish- 
monger  of  London,  undated,  but  of  the  latter  part  of  the 
fifteenth  century.     The  two  scrolls  show  lines  of  drapery  on 

*  See  Ashmole's  Antiquities  of  BerlutJiire.  ii.  444, 


May  11.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  317 

the  reverse,  but  are  too  small  to  give  any  idea  as  to  the  form 
of  the  figure  from  which  they  have  been  cut. 

(6)  Charwelton,  Northants.     Thomas  Andrewes,  1541,  in 
armour,  and  wife  Agnes,  with  foot  inscription  and  two  shields 
of  arms.     This  brass  has  recently  been  relaid  and  two  missing 
shields   restored.     When   taken   up  it   was   found  that   the 
female  figure,  the  inscription,  and  the  two  original  shields 
were  all  palimpsest.     The  figure  of  Thomas  Andrewes  is  an 
appropriated  figure,  being  in  armour  of  the  date  circa  1510, 
and  untouched  in  any  way.     The  figure  of  his  wife  Agnes  is 
cut  out  of  a  slightly  larger  figure  of  a  widow  circa  1510, 
most  probably  the  companion  of  the  armed  figure  of  the  same 
date.     It   appears   as   though   the    brass   engraver    was    in 
possession  of  two  figures  of  this  date :   the  armed  figure  he 
allotted  to  Thomas  Andrewes  without  alteration,  but  he  was 
obliged  to  engrave  a  new  figure  for  the  wife  in  a  costume  more 
appropriate  to  the  time.     This  he  did  on  the  reverse  of  the 
widow,  but  in  order  to  get  the  outline  for  the  kennel-shaped 
head-dress  he  had  to  reduce  the  original  figure  slightly  in 
size  by  cutting  off  the  top  of  the  head.     The  brass  to  John 
Lymsey  and  wife,   1545,  at  Hackney,  Middlesex,  affords  a 
similar  instance  of  an  appropriated  armed  figure  of  date  circa 
1510-20  used  with  a  female  figure  of  later  date.     The  inscrip- 
tion plate  is  cut  from  the  centre  of  a  very  large  figure  but 
shows  only  a  few  straight  lines  of   drapery.     Of   the   two 
original  shields,  both  bearing  the  arms  of  Andrewes,  one  is 
cut    from  the  lower  portion  of    a  civilian  circa  1500,  and 
shows  a  portion  of  the  feet,  the  mound  on  which  he  stood, 
and  the  bottom  of  the  gown ;  the  other  is  cut  out  of  a  group 
of  children  and  shows  the  lower  portions  of  the  figures  of  two 
sons,  circa  1500,  in  the  usual  costume  of  the  period. 

(7)  Ossington,  Notts.     Reynold  Peckham,  1551,  in  armour, 
and   wife,   with   foot    inscription    and    mutilated    marginal 
inscription  with  text  from  Job  xix.  25-27.     Of  this  brass  the 
figure   of   Reynold    Peckham   and   two  small   strips  of  the 
marginal  inscription  have  recently  become  detached  from  the 
slab,  and  on  examination  prove  to  be  palimpsest.     Peckham's 
figure,  except  the  head,  which  still  remains  fast  in  the  slab, 
is   cut  out   of    a   large   fourteenth   century   Flemish   brass, 
apparently  of  a  lady  with  her  gown  tucked  up  under  her 
arm  in  order  to  show  the  embroidery  at  the  feet,  as  in  the 
well-known  examples  at  King's  Lynn.     The  two  pieces  of  the 
marginal  inscription  are  cut  from  a  plate  of  English  work- 
manship of  the  first  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.     One  shows 
a  few  lines  of  drapery  and  the  base  of  a  prayer  desk,  the 
other  a  portion  of  an  ornamental  border.     In  all  probability 


318  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

the  remainder  of  the  brass  will  be  found  to  be  palimpsest 
should  an  opportunity  arise  for  its  examination. 

(8)  Wonersh,  Surrey.    An  inscription  to  Elizabeth,  daughter 
of   Henry   Bossevile,  gent.,  1578,   aged   twenty-seven   days. 
This  inscription  is  cut  from  the  border  of  a  sixteenth  century 
Flemish  brass,  but   is  not   of   sufficient  width  to  give  any 
details,  being  only  8£  by  4  inches. 

(9)  Fryerning,    Essex.     Two   fragments   of    the   brass   to 
Leonard  Berners  and  wife,  1563,  have  recently  been  found 
in  the  church  chest ;   both  are  palimpsest.     The  larger  piece, 
4  by  3i  inches,  shows  the  left  foot  of  Leonard  Berners  encased 
in  a  broad-toed  sabbaton,  and  is  cut  out  of  the  centre  of  a 
figure  of  a  civilian,  circa  1500,  in  the  usual  fur-lined  gown. 
The  smaller,  6^  by  1  inch,  is  a  portion  of  the  scroll  which 
originally  proceeded  from  the  mouth  of  the  lady ;  it  is  now  in 
two  pieces,  one  of  which  bears  on  the  reverse  a  few  lightly 
engraved  lines,  the  other  some  well-defined  lines  of  drapery." 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  18th  May,  1905. 

CHARLES  H.  READ,  Esq.,  Secretary,  in  the  Chair. 
The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 

o    o 

same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Henry  D.  Eshelby,  Esq.,  F.S.A.:— The  Parish  Registers  of  Cundall  with 
Nortou-le-Clay,  North  Riding,  Yorkshire,  1582  to  1780.  Privately  printed. 
8vo.  1898. 

From  S.  Vaughan  Morgan,  Esq.: — John  Howes  MS.,  1582,  being  a  brief  note  of 
the  order  and  manner  of  the  proceedings  in  the  first  erection  of  the  three 
royal  hospitals  of  Christ,  Bridewell,  and  St.  Thomas  the  Apostle.  4to. 
London, 1904. 

Notice  was  given  of  a  Ballot  for  the  election  of  Fellows  on 
Thursday,  8th  June,  and  a  list  of  candidates  to  be  balloted 
for  was  read. 


May  18.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  310 

The  following  resolution,  which  had  been  drafted  by  the 
Executive  Committee,  was  proposed  from  the  Chair : 

'•  The  attention  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London 
has  been  called  to  a  proposal  to  transfer  ten  parishes 
from  the  county  of  Essex  to  Hertfordshire  for  the 
convenience  of  Poor  Law  Administration,  and  re- 
gardless of  the  fact  that  the  present  arrangement 
is  a  thousand  years  old.  Such  a  transfer  would 
produce  confusion  in  the  history  of  the  English 
counties,  and  for  this  and  similar  reasons  the  Society 
would  earnestly  deprecate  it." 

After  some  remarks  by  Mr.  WILLIS-BUND,  Mr.  W.  PALEY 
BAILDON  proposed,  and  Mr.  W.  BRUCE  BANNERMAN  seconded, 
by  way  of  amendment : 

"  That  the  Resolution  do  lie  upon  the  table." 
On  a  show  of  hands  the  amendment  was  carried  by  21  to  7. 

CYRIL  DAVENPORT,  Esq.,  V.D.,  F.S.A.,  read  some  notes  on 
enamelled  work  as  applied  to  bookbindings  in  medieval  and 
later  times,  illustrated  with  a  few  coloured  lantern  slides. 

The  CHAIRMAN  pointed  out  that  enamelling  was  quite  an 
accidental  feature  of  bookbindings,  and  was  itself  too  large  a 
subject  for  a  single  paper ;  but  the  specimens  shown  in  the 
admirable  series  of  slides  painted  by  the  author  illustrated 
this  subject  in  a  very  agreeable  manner. 

A.  T.  MARTIN,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  submitted  a  report  on  the 
excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Romano-British  town  at  Caer- 
went  in  1904. 

The  report  will  be  printed  in  Arcliacologin. 

Mr.  HAVERFIELD  made  some  observations  on  the  Caerwent 
fibulcv,  and  appealed  for  a  strict  and  detailed  account  of 
'all  objects  found  in  association  with  Roman  brooches  that 
could  'possibly  fix  their  chronology.  He  exhibited  some  of 
the  leading  types  by  means  of  lantern  slides. 

Mr.  HAVERFIELD  also  explained  the  inscribed  slab  found  in 
1904  at  Caerwent.  It  is  a  dedication  to  Mars  Lenus  aivf. 
Ocelus,  dated  A.D.  152,  and  put  up  by  one  Nonius  Romanus, 
who  had  entered  a  collegium  or  guild  free  of  fees.  Mars 


320  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Lenus  belongs  to  the  Mosel  Valley  in  Germany.  Probably 
Nonius  came  from  this  district,  and  attempted  on  the  altar  to 
amalgamate  German  and  British  deities.  He  was  therefore 
one  of  the  many  civilians  who  in  Roman  times,  for  one  reason 
or  another,  trafficked  between  Southern  Britain  and  the 
opposite  continent. 

Mr.  GEORGE  E.  Fox  dwelt  upon  the  importance  of  plans  in 
such  excavations,  which  must  be  studied  at  leisure.  The  present 
site  was  a  good  example  of  a  town,  showing  the  general  arrange- 
ment of  the  streets,  as  at  Cirencester ;  whereas  Silchester  was 
more  like  a  large  village,  with  open  spaces  and  detached 
houses.  The  rebuilding  and  alterations  of  houses  at  Caerwent 
made  the  problem  more  intricate  than  usual ;  the  mosaic 
pavement  shown  he  referred  to  the  Antonine  period. 

Mr.  MARTIN  in  reply  said  that  on  the  inscribed  stone 
referred  to  above  there  were  to  be  seen  the  feet  of  a  figure 
and  those  of  a  web-footed  bird,  the  latter  being  more  probably 
a  swan  than  a  goose. 

The  CHAIRMAN  pointed  out  the  disadvantage  of  seeing  the 
plans  only  a  few  minutes  before  the  meeting,  but  congratu- 
lated the  author  on  the  clear  and  concise  manner  in  which  he 
had  elucidated  them. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions. 


Thursday,  25th  May,  1905. 

Sir  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

Vice-President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the  same 
ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  Charles  H.  Read,  Esq.,  Secretary  : — An  Irish-English  Dictionary.  By 
Edward  O'Reilly.  With  supplement  by  John  O'Donovan.  4to.  Dublin, 
1864. 

From  the  Author  :— Historical  Tradition  at  Wells,  1464,  1470,  1497.  By  Rev 
C.  M.  Church,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  8vo.  London,  1905. 


May  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  321 

From  the  Editor  :— Memoirs  of  a  Royal  Chaplain,  1729-17(53.  The  correspond- 
ence of  Edmund  Pyle,  D.D.  Annotated  and  edited  by  Albert  Hartdhonie. 
8vo.  London,  1905. 

From  Maurice  E.  Webb,  Esq. : — Four  drawings  showing  recent  discoveries  at  the 
church  of  St.  Bartholomew  the  Great,  West  Smithfield. 

From  the  Library  Committee  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of  London  :— A 
medal  struck  in  commemoration  of  the  visit  of  their  Majesties  King  Edward 
VII.  and  Queen  Alexandra  to  the  City  of  London  on  the  25th  October,  1902. 
and  the  thanksgiving  on  the  following  day  for  the  King's  recovery. 

Notice  was  again  given  of  a  Ballot  foi  the  election  of 
Fellows  on  Thursday,  8th  June,  and  a  list  of  candidates 
to  be  balloted  for  was  read. 

EDWARD  A.  WEBB,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  some  Notes  on  the 
Augustinian  Priory  of  St.  Bartholomew,  West  Smithfield. 

In  the  course  of  the  paper  an  unpublished  bull  of  Pope 
Celestinus,  1191,  was  quoted  in  confirmation  of  the  state- 
ment by  FitzStephen  that  Smithfield,  a  portion  of  which  was 
granted  by  the  king  to  Rahere  for  his  church  and  hospital  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  was  not  only  the  King's  market,  but  more 
especially  also  a  horse  market.  An  interesting  agreement  of 
1210-12  was  also  referred  to,  made  by  Fitzailwin,  the  first 
Mayor  of  London,  with  the  Prior  of  St.  Bartholomew's  and 
the  Master  of  the  Hospital,  during  the  great  interdict  in  the 
reign  of  King  John,  whereby  the  citizens  were  allowed  to 
fence  off  a  portion  of  the  east  side  of  the  hospital  ground  to 
form  a  burying-place  for  use  until  interment  in  consecrated 
ground  should  be  once  more  allowed.  By  this  document  it 
appears  that  the  brethren  and  poor  of  the  hospital  were 
exempt  from  the  interdict.  The  complete  history  of  the 
disputes  between  the  priory  and  the  hospital  as  regards  the 
election  of  master  and  other  matters  has  been  traced.  The 
building  of  the  priory  church,  commenced  by  Rahere  in  1123, 
went  on  continuously  until  the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  Alterations  began  about  1336  with  a  new  Lady 
Chapel;  this  was  followed  about  sixty  years  later  by  the 
building  of  Bishop  Walden's  chantry  chapel  on  the  north 
side  of  the  quire;  and  ten  years  later  the  great  restoration 
commenced,  which  Stow  calls  the  rebuilding  of  1410.  The 
recently  published  grant  of  indulgences  by  Pope  Alexander  V. 
in  1409  to  all  who  offered  alms  for  this  restoration  gives  a 
graphic  account  of  the  state  of  the  monastery  at  that  time ; 
its  buildings  in  great  part  destroyed  or  ruined  by  age,  its 
income  reduced,  the  calls  on  its  hospitality  ever  increasing, 
and  a  heavy  debt  caused  by  the  rebuilding,  by  the  prior  John 
Watford,  of  the  cloister,  bell  tower,  high  altar,  and  chapter- 


322  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

house.  Three  bays  of  the  east  cloister  have  recently  been 
recovered  by  the  present  Restoration  Committee,  and  they 
show  the  fifteenth-century  work  of  this  rebuilding  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  earlier  Norman  work.  By  a  piece  of  good 
fortune  the  original  cloister  doors  have  been  found,  and 
rehung  in  the  archway  leading  from  the  church  into  the 
cloister.  Lord  Rich,  who  acquired  the  monastery  at  the 
Dissolution,  regranted,  among  other  parts  of  the  church,  the 
cloister  to  Queen  Mary,  who  put  in  the  Dominicans,  and  traces 
of  this  occupation  have  been  found  in  the  cloisters.  This  grant 
by  Rich  gives  a  very  exact  description  not  only  of  the  cloister, 
but  also  of  the  f rater  or  refectory  and  the  position  of  the  library 
above  at  the  north  end,  adjoining  the  dormitories.  In  some 
early  Chancery  proceedings  of  1596  a  description  has  been 
found  of  the  thirteenth-century  arch  which  leads  from  the 
church  into  Smithfield,  and  by  this  it  would  seem  that  it  was 
originally  a  gateway  with  rooms  over  it,  as  now,  and  led  into 
the  precincts  of  the  priory,  and  not  directly  into  the  church. 
By  the  particulars  for  sale  of  the  priory  to  Rich  in  the 
Record  Office,  and  by  the  aid  of  a  rental  of  Sir  Henry  Rich, 
made  in  1616,  also  in  the  Record  Office,  a  map  has  been 
drawn  showing  the  situation  of  many  of  the  monastic 
buildings,  and  by  whom  they  were  occupied  in  the  early 
seventeeth  century.  Lord  Abergavenny  was  living  in  the 
'dortor,'  now  the  City  Union  offices;  Sir  Thomas  Neale  in  a 
portion  of  the  f  rater ;  Sir  Percival  Hart  was  in  the  Lady 
Chapel,  with  the  crypt  for  a  cellar,  and  the  north  triforiuni 
for  '  a  chapel  chamber  ....  opening  into  the  church  within 
a  reasonable  distance  of  the  pulpit ' ;  subsequently  the  chapel 
chamber  became  the  parochial  schools,  and  the  Lady  Chapel  a 
fringe-maker's  shop.  Arthur  Jarvais,  a  clerk  of  the  Pipe, 
occupied  the  prior's  house,  with  the  chapter-house  in  rear. 
The  office  of  the  Pipe  was  kept  in  one  of  the  rooms.  Later 
on,  in  1636-1640,  this  house  was  occupied  by  the  Earl  of 
Middlesex ;  and  after  that  as  a  Nonconformist  meeting  house, 
with  a  Nonconformist  school  on  the  first  floor,  which 
extended  over  the  south  triforium  of  the  church.  Many 
celebrated  Nonconformist  divines  used  the  chapter- house  as  a 
place  of  worship.  It  was,  with  the  schools,  destroyed  by  the 
fire  of  1830.  The  street  names  of  1616  are  also  shown  on 
the  map  ;  all  are  different  from  the  present  names,  excepting 
Cloth  Fair.  Each  side  of  the  streets  had  different  names. 
The  leases  of  the  houses  in  Cloth  Fair  had  a  clause  reserving 
the  shop  on  S5.  Bartholomew's  Day,  three  days  before,  and 
three  days  after,  to  be  let  by  Lord  Holland  as  a  booth  in 
Bartholomew  Fair.  The  position  of  the  parish  chapel  in  the 


May  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  328 

monastery  and  the  origin  of  the  present  parochial  bells  were 
fully  discussed. 

Mr.  MICKLETHWAITE  suggested  that  the  door  in  the  eastern 
walk  of  the  cloister  was  not  the  f rater  door,  that  being  more 
probably  further  to  the  west. 

The  TREASURER  considered  that  the  door  leading  into 
Smithfield  was  now  proved  to  have  been  the  south  door  of 
the  priory  :  the  chamber  over  it  was  shown  in  Agas'  map. 
Parker,  in  18(53,  thought  the  apse  of  the  Norman  church  was 
never  completed,  but  this  view  is  now  proved  incorrect;  the 
original  seal  of  the  priory  showed  the  church  without  an 
apse. 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  stated  that  during  the  interdict  in 
the  reign  of  John,  it  was  possible  for  the  priors  of  !St. 
Bartholomew  to  have  Christian  burial.  During  the  previous 
interdict,  a  licence  was  granted  to  the  Dean  of  Salisbury  to 
perform  such  acts,  and  the  Dean  still  issued  marriage  licences 
under  powers  granted  in  the  time  of  Becket. 

Mr.  WELCH  said  several  documents  relating  to  the  priory 
were  still  unpublished,  and  in  the  hospital  existed  a  book  of 
deeds  going  back  to  the.  days  of  Rahere. 

Mr.  HOPE  thought  the  parish  chapel  was  attached  to  the  north 
side  of  the  nave,  and  perhaps  extended  westward  from  the  north 
transept,  which  served  as  its  chancel,  as  at  Romsey.  There 
must  have  been  at  least  one  and  possibly  two  western  towers, 
beside  that  in  the  middle,  and  a  church  of  such  pretensions 
would  probably  have  a  front  facing  Smithfield,  and  to  that 
front  the  large  south  doorway  yet  remaining  no  doubt 
belonged.  The  apse  would  certainly  be  the  first  part  of  the 
church  to  be  constructed. 

Mr.  WEBB,  in  reply,  said  some  remains  had  been  found  of 
the  apsidal  Lady  Chapel,  which  appears  on  the  seal,  and  was 
not  at  the  east  end.  Foundations  of  the  rood-screen  were 
found  in  1803-0.  He  had  quoted  many  deeds  from  the 
hospital  book  referred  to,  which  contained  many  papal  bulls 
not  in  the  Vatican  It  was  thought  that  the  effigy  on  the 
founder's  tomb  was  executed  shortly  after  Rahere's  death.* 

Mr.  Webb's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeolwjiu. 

*  Both  tomb  anil  effigy  are  certainly  not  curlier  than  the  beginning  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  — W.  H.  St.  J.  II. 


324 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


F.  T.  ELWOKTHY,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following  paper  on 
the  Mano  Pantea  or  so-called  Votive  Hand  : 

"  Throughout  the  museums  of  Europe  are  scattered  many 
specimens  of  the  peculiar  hands  of  which  I  now  exhibit  two 
fairly  typical  examples. 

One  of  these  was  found  in  an  excavation  in  Tusculum  in 
1903,  and  the  other  still  more  recently  in  an  excavation  by 
Signor  Roffi  near  Gaeta. 

Two   or  perhaps  three  characteristics  are  to  be  noted  in 


MANO    PANTEA   FOUND  AT   TUSCULUM    IN    1903  NOW    IN    POSSESSION 
OF   THE   AUTHOR.      (HEIGHT   4i   INCHES.) 


every  known  true  Mano  Pantea.  First,  all  are  of  one  and 
the  same  material,  bronze. 

Secondly,  without  exception  they  all  represent  a  peculiar 
manual  gesture,  i.e.  the  index  and  second  finger  raised  to- 
gether, while  the  third  and  fourth  are  closed  upon  the  palm, 
and  in  all  cases  the  thumb  is  posed  away  from  the  fingers. 

A  third  characteristic  is  to  be  noted  in  that,  though  there 
is  the  same  general  shape  in  all,  no  two  of  these  hands  are 
alike,  each  has  its  own  individuality,  either  in  the  exact  pose 


May  25.] 


SOCIETY   OP   ANTIQUARIES. 


325 


of  its  digits,  or  in  the  combination  and  position  of  the  various 
objects  embossed  upon  it. 

A  fourth  feature  possessed  in  common  is  that  every  one  of 
these  hands  known  to  me  has  a  serpent,  often  the  most  con- 
spicuous and  in  some  cases  the  only  symbol  found  upon  it. 
Some  of  these  hands  have  more  than  one ;  for  instance  this 
from  Tusculum  has  two,  others  have  three,  but  always  one 
large  and  protagonist  serpent  is  in  evidence. 

In  another  place  *  I  have  collected  drawings  from  various 


MANO  PANTEA  FOUND  NEAR  GAETA,  NOW  IN  POSSESSION  OP  THE  AUTHOR. 
(HEIGHT  4|  inches.) 

sources,   many   from   originals    never   before    published,   of 
nearly  30  different  hands;  in  fact  all  that  were  accessible  or 
known  to  me  at  that  time.     But  I  am  fully  aware  from  my 
own  experience  that  their  number  is  being  added 
ones  are  discovered.  .  fn  lno 

There  is  certainly  one  new  one  at  the  Louvre  since  last 
I  examined  them  there,  to  say  nothing  of  the  two 


VOL.  XX. 


*  Horns  of  Honimr,  chap.  iv. 
Y 


326  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

exhibit.  On  a  recent  visit  I  observed  an  important  addition 
to  that  collection.  It  is  the  smallest  true  Mano  Pantea 
known  to  me,  being  only  about  two  inches  in  height,  having 
the  objects  upon  it,  though  not  very  distinct,  of  proportionate 
size.  Another  from  Lebanon,  described  as  "  votive "  with 
a  plate  in  the  Revue  Arckeologique  of  April,  1905,  is  an 
open  hand,  evidently  a  Roman  standard,  though  bearing  an 
inscription. 

The  specimens  I  produce  may  be  taken  as  average  in  size, 
perhaps  a  little  smaller  than  the  majority. 

Taking  the  various  features  in  order,  the  invariable  material 
needs  little  remark,  being  a  self-evident  fact.  It  is  true  that 
there  are  plenty  of  ancient  hands  in  bronze,  terra-cotta,  wood, 
etc.  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  not  one  of  these  can  be  shown 
representing  the  peculiar  gesture  of  the  Mano  Pantea.  In 
the  Ashmolean  Museum  there  is  a  terra-cotta  hand  moulded 
like  these  to  stand  upright,  but  it  is  an  open  hand  denoting  a 
gesture  altogether  different.  The  general  question  of  manual 


TERRA-COTTA  HAND   IN  THE  ASHMOLEAN  MUSEUM. 

gesture  is  far  too  large  a  subject  to  be  more  than  hinted  at  in 
this  connection,  but  the  special  pose  of  these  hands  is  of  great 
importance.  It  is  that  depicted  in  the  earliest  as  well  as  in 
later  medieval  art  as  the  attitude  of  benediction  assumed  by 
the  second  person  of  the  Holy  Trinity ;  and  in  these  modern 
days,  when  minute  directions  are  given  in  Rubrics  for  special 
ritual  gestures,  this  pose  of  the  right  hand  is  confined  to  the 
Pope,  and  may  be  used  by  him  only.  Previous  to  the  great 
Schism,  and  in  some  places  so  late  as  the  thirteenth  century, 
both  this  gesture  of  the  Mano  Pantea,  and  also  that  of  the 
first,  third,  and  fourth  fingers  raised,  was  used  for  benediction 
throughout  the  Christian  Church.  At  present  the  latter  is 
confined  to  the  Greek  communion,  while  the  Orthodox  Russian 
Church  apparently  ignores  the  schism  and  retains  both  signs, 
as  may  be  seen  by  two  pictures  of  the  Saviour  in  St.  Isaac's 
at  Petersburg. 


May  25.] 


SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


327 


if  tnw  °    f^     Mmifchl^attltude'  bufc  withoufc  emblems  upon 
it,  now  in  the  Naples  Museum,  was  found  at  Herculanei 
but  was  evidently  intended  to  be  mounted  on  a  staTlfke Te 
Roman  open  hand  standards  *  here  show  from  the  columns 


•VfjMllf 

0 


ROMAN   OPEN-HAND  STANDARDS  FROM   THE  COLUMNS  OP  ANTONINUS 
AND  TRAJAN. 


A  hand  with  two  fingers  erect,  but  without  symbols  (3216), 
acquired  in  1898,  has  only  recently  been  exhibited  at  the 
British  Museum.  It  bears  an  inscription  to  Sabazios  like 
another  beside  it ;  but  the  two  are  different  in  character  in 
that  one  bears  symbols  and  the  other  does  not.  Another  of 
the  same  kind  without  symbols,  found  at  Pompeii,  is  also  at 
Naples. 

A  plain  bronze  hand  in  like  gesture  was  carried  on  a  staff 
before  the  early  Kings  of  France  at  their  coronation.  It  was 
called  La  Main  de  la  Justice,  and  was  preserved  at  St.  Denis 
down  to  modern  times.f  It  is,  however,  most  remarkable  that 
among  all  manual  gestures  of  modern  Neapolitans,  embracing 


*  See  also  illustration  in  Horns  of  Honour,  194. 
t  Horns  of  Honour,  195. 

Y   2 


328  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

nearly  every  other  position  of  the  fingers,  this  very  important 
and  significant  one  is  not  to  be  found.* 

We  must  thus  conclude  from  the  absolute  identity  of  gesture 
in  all  these  hands,  that  there  was  some  important  signification 
attached  to  it.  What  that  signification  may  be  I  shall  be 
thankful  to  learn. 

The  fact  that  every  known  Mano  Pantea  differs  in  some 
way  from  every  other,  proves  that  each  is  a  separate  and 
special  production,  doubtless  made  to  order ;  while  the  different 
symbols  represented,  as  well  as  their  several  combinations  and 
positions  on  the  hand,  seem  to  point  to  the  arrangement  and 
choice  of  symbol  according  to  the  devotion  of  the  person  for 
whom  it  was  made.  We  cannot  but  see  in  this  choice  of 
symbols,  which  we  assume  to  represent  different  deities,  an 
antitype  of  the  medieval  and  modern  choice  of  saints  as 
patrons,  represented  likewise  by  their  special  symbols,  such  as 
those  of  the  Evangelists,  the  sword,  key,  etc.  of  the  Apostles. 

Concerning  the  objects  upon  these  hands,  enough  has  been 
said  elsewhere.!  There  is  nothing  on  those  now  produced 
that  may  not  be  found  upon  other  specimens,  except  possibly 
the  one  on  the  back  of  the  Gaeta  hand.  This  may  be  meant 
for  an  altar,  a  symbol  distinct  on  more  than  one  known  hand, 
also  often  found  elsewhere  in  connection  with  Jupiter,  under 
more  than  one  of  his  attributes.  It  is  probable  that  a  pine 
cone  has  been  broken  off  from  the  forefinger,  just  as  the 
head  of  the  serpent  certainly  has  been  broken  off  from  the 
thumb. 

Time  and  space  do  not  permit  any  detailed  comparison 
with  others  ;  nor  of  dealing  at  length  with  the  several 
symbols  upon  these  specimens,  but  the  most  important 
questions  of  all  remain  to  be  decided.  What  was  the  origin 
and  meaning  of  this  particular  gesture  ?  What  was  the  real 
purpose  of  the  Mano  Pantea  itself  ? 

It  is  suggested  that  it  was  inspired  by  some  ritualistic 
ceremony  of  the  Phrygian  mysteries,  etc. ;  that  it  has  perhaps 
through  Jewish  influence  become  adopted  into  the  Christian 
system.^  This  is,  however,  rather  a  squaring  of  proofs  to  a 
speculative  theory,  needing  some  definite  evidence.  Perhaps 
the  best  clue  that  can  be  found  is  the  fact  that  dedications  to 
Sabazios  are  inscribed  upon  certain  hands  that  have  none  of 
these  symbols,  by  which  we  may  infer  that  the  particular 
gesture  was  peculiar  to  the  cult  of  that  divinity. 

*  See  Jorio,  Mimioi  degli  Antichl. 

+  Horns  of  Honour,  chap.  iv. 

J  Dussaud,  Revue  ArcMologique,  April,  1905,  p.  157.  The  other  six  hands 
from  Syria  named  in  this  article  all  bear  inscriptions,  but  are  all  open-hand 
standards.  The  hole  for  fixing  to  the  staff  proves  this. 


May  25.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


329 


Of  the  age  of  the  Mano  Pantea  there  can  be  little  doubt. 
It  must  have  coincided  with  the  early  Roman  Empire,  c. 
100  B.C.,  for  heads  of  Serapis,  Sabazios,  and  Cybele  are  found 
on  several  known  hands,*  while  each  of  them  is  further 
represented  by  many  distinct  symbolic  attributes.  The  occur- 
rence of  these  clearly  points  to  the  then  freshly  imported 
Egyptian  and  Phrygian  cults,  and  their  close  coincidence 


MANO  PANTEA  FOUND  AT  HERCULANEUM,  NOW  IN  THE  NAPLES  MUSI 

with  the  Jovian  eagle  and  thunderbolt  so  fr eq»ently  seen 
upon   the   finger   tips,    marks   off  the  period   down   to 
Antonines ;  for  no  hand  of  this  kind  has  been  **"***"* 
be  attributed  to  any  later  date.     It  is  therefore  safe  to  con- 
clude that  none  were  produced  after  about  A.D.  2 

*  Horns  of  Honour,  ch.  iv. 


330  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

The  earliest  known  example  of  which  we  can  certainly  fix 
the  date  is  that  found  at  Herculaneum,  now  in  the  Naples 
Museum  ;  of  this  I  reproduce  a  rough  sketch.  That  hand  then 
must  have  existed  before  A.D.  79,  but  how  much  older  it  may 
be  we  cannot  tell,  except  that  it  clearly  denotes  the  new  cult, 
and  so  could  not  have  existed  very  many  years  before  the 
destruction  of  Herculaneum. 

Here  we  have  Zabazios  unmistakably  as  the  prominent 
patron,  and  we  have  the  bust  of  the  same  god,  known  by  his 
Phrygian  cap,  on  the  Zurich,  Tubieres,*  and  on  my  Tusculum 
hands,  showing  all  these  to  be  contemporary.  In  the  Hercu- 
laneum example  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  god  himself  is 
posing  the  fingers  of  both  hands  in  the  same  attitude  as  that 
represented  by  the  entire  bronze  on  which  he  is  placed,  and 
that  the  Jovian  thunderbolt  with  eagle's  claws  rests  on  the  tip 
of  the  fingers.  The  reasons  given  may  then  be  safely  taken 
to  limit  the  designing  and  the  making  of  these  symbolic  hands 
to  the  period  between  B.C.  150  and  A.D.  150. 

The  serpent,  here  and  always  so  prominent,  is  another 
feature  by  which  the  age  of  these  hands  can  be  established, 
for  it  was  in  the  days  of  Nero  and  the  Epicureans  they  were 
so  much  in  evidence.  Then  it  was  that  the  Romans  had 
become  so  inordinately  concerned  and  anxious  on  the  score  of 
health,  t  We  may,  therefore,  fairly  conclude  this  to  be  the 
reason,  that  whatever  other  deities  were  included  in  their 
individual  worship,  those  of  health  were  never  omitted. 
Hygiea,  and  more  especially  Esculapius,  always  appear  con- 
spicuously by  their  special  symbol,  sometimes  he  alone  as  a 
serpent  appears  as  the  object  of  worship  upon  the  sacred 
hand. 

On  the  Herculaneum  example  are  two  small  snakes  upon 
the  thunderbolt,  and  it  is  here  suggested  that  these  indications 
of  SabaziosJ  upon  Jove's  special  symbol,  mark  the  identifica- 
tion of  the  Phrygian  as  one  and  the  same  as  the  Greco-Roman 
arch  deity. 

Lastly,  we  come  to  consider  the  use  and  general  purpose  of 
the  Mano  Pantea,  and  it  is  a  very  extraordinary  fact  that 
of  all  the  classical  writers  of  the  period,  so  far  as  I  know  or 
can  find  out,  no  one  of  them  has  made  any  mention  of  these 
remarkable  hands ;  yet,  judging  from  the  number  still  remain- 
ing, they  must  have  been  familiar  to  them  all  as  household 
words.  It  may  be  that  they  were  common  enough  to  have 
been  passed  over  as  not  worth  notice,  and  so,  like  many  things 

*  Horns  of  Honour,  244-249. 

f  Dill,  Roman  Society  from  Nero  to  Marcus  Aiirelius,  1904,  p.  459. 

j  Seyffert,  Dictionary  of  Classical  Antiquities  (Nettleship  and  Sandys). 


May  25.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  331 

belonging  to  our  own  daily  life,  find  no  place  in  serious 
literature.  Nevertheless  the  separate  manufacture  of  every 
hand,  with  the  special  modelling  of  a  mould  for  each,  must  in 
mere  labour  represent  considerable  value.  It  may  be  that 
they  were  objects  of  fashion  appertaining  to  the  richer  classes, 
among  whom  at  this  period,  according  to  Dr.  Dill,*  the  cult 
of  new  divinities  was  most  prevalent  and  also  somewhat 
secret.  The  few  modern  authors  who  have  written  anything 
about  them  have  each  followed  his  predecessor  in  calling 
them  votive  hands.  Not  only  is  this  persistently  followed  by 
the  British  Museum  authorities,  but  the  very  latest  writer  on 
the  subject,  M.  Rene  Dussaud,t  adopts  the  term  without  other 
question  than  by  inverted  commas,  and  even  these  he  omits 
towards  the  end  of  his  article. 

I  know  of  no  one  who  does  not  seem  to  have  taken  it 
for  granted  that  they  simply  existed  as  votive  offerings  to 
the  gods  symbolised  upon  them.  This  unquestioned  theory 
really  rests  upon  no  solid  foundation,  and  has  arisen  from  the 
fact  that  on  two  or  three  only  (perhaps  really  all  that  were 
known  when  they  first  became  noticed)  are  found  inscriptions 
cut  in  the  bronze,  which  imply  that  the  hands,  where  these 
appear,  were  devoted  as  offerings  to  certain  gods.  One  of 
these  now  in  the  British  Museum  is  perhaps  the  originator  of 
the  theory.  Had  Jahn,  Meyer,  Minervini,  Heuzey,  and  the 
rest  seen  or  known  of  the  number  of  others  in  existence 
they  would  doubtless  have  given  the  question  more  con- 
sideration, and  would  probably  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion 
that  the  very  inscriptions  on  which  they  relied  are  in  them- 
selves so  exceptional,  that  they  seem  to  prove  these  particular 
hands  to  have  been  given  as  special  votive  offerings,  and  that 
an  inscription  was  therefore  cut  upon  them  to  denote  that 
fact,  probably  at  the  time  they  were  taken  from  their  previous 
resting  place  to  be  presented :  how  old  the  hands  were  then, 
who  knows  ? 

There  is  no  record  of  any  one  of  them  having  been  dis- 
covered on  the  site  of  a  temple  where,  as  now,  offerings  were 
deposited,  but  all  of  them,  so  far  as  known,  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  ruins  of  private  or  domestic  buildings  of  the 
period  named.  Again,  the  hand  from  Herculaneum  points 
clearly  to  the  way  in  which  they  must  have  been  habitually 
used.  They  were  manifestly  intended  to  stand  on  a  flat 
surface,  presumably  in  a  house.  This  is  shown  by  the  plinth 
and  feet  cast  as  part  and  parcel  of  the  whole. 

*  Op.  cit.  p.  545  et  seq. 

t  Revue  ArchMogique,  April,  1905. 


332 


PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE 


[1905, 


Further,  plenty  of  undoubted  ex  votos  are  in  existence  of 
the  same  age,  but  they  consist,  like  those  seen  to-day  in  the 
churches,  of  single  objects,  a  leg,  an  arm,  breasts,  or  uterus,  and 
above  all  the  membrum  virile  so  fashioned  as  to  be  hung  up. 
On  these  hands,  however,  the  question  at  once  arises,  to  which 
of  the  many  deities  symbolised  upon  them,  they,  or  any  one 
of  them,  could  have  been  offered?  The  well-known  jealousy 
of  the  gods  would  have  been  fatally  excited  against  any 
mundane  devotee  who  should  show  such  a  marked  adoration 
of  any  one,  as  publicly  to  offer  to  him  or  her  an  object  bearing 


DISCO  SACRO  IN  THE  BRITISH   MUSEUM. 


the  symbols  of  other  and  hostile  deities  upon  it.  There  is 
besides  no  record  of  any  Mano  Pantea  having  been  discovered 
in  or  in  connection  with  a  tomb,  where  perhaps  of  all  places 
such  things  would  most  likely  be  found. 

The  bringing  together,  the  piling  up  of  symbols,  was  to  the 
Romans  no  new  thing.  On  tl  ie  Dischi  Sacri  *  are  to  be  seen 
similar  gatherings  of  objects,  many  of  them  identical  with 
those  on  these  hands,  and  all  of  them  precisely  of  the  same 

*  Proceedings,  2nd  S.  xvii.  59-71. 


May  25.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


333 


character.  Therefore  taking  all  this  evidence  into  considera- 
tion it  is  contended  that  the  Mano  Pantea  marks  a  develc 
ment  of  previous  contact  with  the  Greek  ideas,  that  it  is  an 
object  lesson  m  the  progress  of  the  well-known  importation 
of  deities  by  the  Romans,  from  the  nations  they  had  conquered 
In  illustration  of  this  contention,  and  by  way  of  reminder  to 

w  V  u  5r7'  *  ProduTCe  a  drawinS  from  the  one  disc  in  the 
British  Museum.  Here  the  thunderbolt,  caduceus,  and  vase 
appear  as  they  do  in  the  Payne  Knight,  upon  my  hands  here 


MANO  PANTEA   FROM   THE   PAYNE   KNIGHT  COLLECTION,   NOW  IN  THE 
BRITISH   MUSEUM. 


exhibited,  011  that  from  Herculaneum  and  several  others, 
while  the  ladder  on  the  disc  is  matched  by  its  alternative,  the 
wheel  of  fortune  on  the  hand.* 

The  lyre,  sun,  moon,  and  other  symbols  on  the  disc  occur 
on  several  of  the  published  hands,  but  no  one  of  all  the 
Dischi  Sacri  bears  any  special  trace  of  Phrygian  or  Egyptian 
cult ;  moreover,  not  one  has  any  serpent  upon  it,  thus  again 
fixing  the  time  to  which  the  Mano  Pantea  belonged.  The 
ancient  idea  of  appealing  to  a  multitude  of  protectors  has  not 


*  If  or  us  of  Honour,  2(J2. 


334  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

died  out  with  these  pantheistic  vestiges  of  pagan  Rome.  It 
survives  in  the  collecting  of  analogous  symbols  on  the  entirely 
pagan  Cimaruta  of  modern  Naples,  and  we  may  well  say  also 
in  the  many  objects  of  Christian  devotion  culminating  in  All 
Saints. 

It  is  thus  maintained  that  the  Mano  Pantea  was  by  no 
means  technically  votive,  but  on  the  contrary  distinctly 
prophylactic  and  propitiatory,  appealing  for  protection  to 
powerful  divinities  against  ever- threatening  danger.  If  any 
kind  of  thankoffering  existed  in  connection  with  these  hands, 
it  was  that  well  understood  to-day,  which  we  may  shortly 
define  as  gratitude  expectant. 

All  available  evidence  shows  them  to  have  been  domestic 
accessories,  and  it  is  here  submitted  that  they  were  the 
veritable  penates  of  the  houses  in  which  they  were  found. 
Who  knows  but  that  this  hand  found  at  Tusculum,  probably 
much  older  than  that  found  at  Herculaneum,  may  not  have 
been  Cicero's  own,  and  perhaps  have  had  its  place  on  his 
writing  table  or  on  a  shelf  in  his  dressing-room  as  a  special 
guardian  of  himself  and  household  ?  He  says  nothing  about 
it,  but  rather  laughs  at  such  superstitions,  so  does  many  a 
modern,  who  nevertheless  behind  the  scenes  is  afraid  of 
thirteen  at  table,  who  secretly  wears  a  charm,  if  merely  a 
crooked  sixpence  or  a  piece  of  coral. 

Of  late  years  a  small  copy  of  one  of  these  hands  has  been 
made  as  a  charm  by  the  Italian  jewellers  in  gold  and  silver, 
and  is  sold  both  in  Rome  and  Naples  avowedly  as  a  protec- 
tion against  the  Evil  Eye.  I  produce  two  specimens,  on  one 
of  which  occurs  the  word  so  often  used  in  this  short  paper, 
Pantea." 

Sir  HENRY  HOWORTH  mentioned  the  Phrygian  and  other 
coinages  of  Asia  Minor  as  likely  to  throw  light  on  the  meaning 
of  the  symbols.  There  was  an  attempt  at  the  time  to  make 
syncretism  fashionable,  and  symbols  of  the  benevolent  gods 
were  included  on  these  hands. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  commu- 
nications. 


Proc.  2nd  S.  Vol.  XX. 


To  face  page  335. 


BRONZE  ARMLET   SAID   TO  HAVE   BEEN   FOUND  IX   FURNESS,   LANCASHIRE. 


June  8.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


335 


Thursday,  8th  June,  1905. 

Viscount  DILLON,  Hon.  M.A.  Oxon.,  Vice-President, 
in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author,  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B. : 

1.  Bare  or  Unpublished  Coins  of  Carausius.    8vo.    London,  1005. 

2.  An  Advertising  Medal  of  the  Elizabethan  Period.    8vo.    London,  190-1. 

Froni  the  Author  :-The  Church  and  Monastery  of  Abbey  Dore,  Herefordshire. 
By  Roland  W.  Paul,  F.S.A.    8vo.    Bristol,  1905. 

This  being  an  evening  appointed  for  the  election  of  Fellows 
no  papers  were  read. 

H.  S.  COWPER,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  bronze  dagger  and 
armlet,  and  a  stone  implement  of  unusual  form  on  which  he 
has  since  communicated  the  following  notes : 

"  The  bronze  dagger  and  armlet  were  both  purchased  this 
year  at  the  dispersal  of  a  collection  made  many  years  ago  by 
the  late  Mr.  William  Hodgson,  of  Buxton  Place,  UJ  version , 
which  contained  numerous  local  relics.  The  dagger  is  14] 
inches  long,  and  is  very  similar  in  outline  and  general  type  to 
Fig.  315  in  Evans'  Ancient  Stone  Implements  (1881),  but  there 
are  no  flutings  on  the  blade.  It  was  found  at  Page  Bank, 
near  Rampside,  Aldingham,  and  is  I  think  the  only  example 
of  this  class  found  in  the  Furness  district. 

The  bronze  armlet  is  formed  of  a  plate  of  bronze  hammered 
into  a  tube,  and  then  bent  round  into  a  ring.  The  ends,  which 
are  narrower  than  the  centre,  have  overlapped  considerably, 
instead  of  simply  meeting,  but  one  of  these  ends  is  now  broken 
off.  Along  the  outer  side  of  the  tube  is  an  incised  pattern 
made  up  of  parallel  lines,  and  a  row  of  rings  each  enclosing 
a  central  dot.  Near  the  end  this  design  is  exchanged  for  a 
band  of  simple  transverse  lines.  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that 
the  general  design  must  have  had  a  zoomorphic  origin.  The 
external  diameter  is  4  inches. 

The  late  Mr.  W.  Hodgson  told  me  about  eighteen  years  ago 


336  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

that  this  armlet  was  found  in  Furness  and  acquired  by  him 
locally.  Mr.  C.  H.  Read,  who  has  examined  it,  writes  me : 

'  Your  armlet  is  quite  unlike  an  English  type,  but  I  will  not 
say  it  is  necessarily  foreign.  It  clearly  belongs  to  the  latest 
Bronze  Age  (Hallstatt  period)  and  is  interesting  anyhow.' 

I  cannot  find  any  closely  similar  type  in  the  books  at  my 
disposal,  though  armlets  with  overlapping  ends  seem  rather 
common  in  Scandinavia.  But  hollow  bracelets  of  this  type 
seem  very  rare.* 

The  stone  instrument  may  be  described  as  a  cone  of  stone 
with  a  flat  base,  and  also  flattened  laterally.  It  is  1|  inches 
high,  and  at  the  apex  is  a  notch  or  groove  about  |  an  inch 
deep,  highly  polished.  It  occurs  to  me  that  it  is  just  possible 
that  it  may  have  been  used  as  an  arrow  shaft  polisher,  but 
this  is  a  mere  guess.  I  bought  it  in  Smyrna,  but  it  possibly 
comes  from  the  Troad." 

The  Rev.  HENRY  BUCKSTON,  through  Albert  Hartshorne, 
Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  an  enamelled  (cloisonne)  silver  plate 
exhibiting  the  arms  of  Cotton,  ensigned  with  helmet  and 
crest,  and  the  arms  of  Tarbock. 

Sir  Edward  Tarbock,  bt.,  died  in  1607-8,  married  Dorothy, 
daughter  of  Sir  George  Cotton  of  Cumbermere,  who  died  in 
1612. 

It  may  be  suggested  that  the  plate  is  the  sliding  lid  of  a 
box  given  by  Sir  George  Cotton  to  his  son-in-law  at  the  time 
of  the  marriage,  a  date  which  is  borne  out  by  the  character  of 
the  enamelled  decorations. 

W.  BRUCE  BANNERMAN,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited,  by  per- 
mission of  their  custodians,  two  early  Surrey  parish  registers, 
one  from  Carshalton,  beginning  1538,  the  other  from  Limps- 
field,  beginning  1539. 

PHILIP  NORMAN,  Esq.,  Treasurer,  exhibited  a  Swedish 
stained  cloth  painted  with  scriptural  subjects. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  exhibitions. 


*  See  Worsaae,  Danish  Arts  (S.  K.  Art  Handbook),  p.  162  ;  Da  Chaillu, 
Viking  Age,  i.  121,  for  neckrings  and  armlets  made  solid,  but  overlapping  at 
the  ends  ;  also  Viking  Age,  ii.  229,  307,  for  other  variants  ;  Lnbbock,  Pre- 
historic Times  (1865),  22,  24,  for  armlets  with  incised  lined  ring  and  dot 
ornaments  ;  and  Babelon's  Guide  illustre  to  the  Antiquities  in  the  Bibliotheque 
Nationals  (p.  232)  for  a  hollow  bronze  armlet  from  Gournay.  The  massive 
snake  armlets  of  Scotland  are  worth  comparison  in  spite  of  the  great  difference 
in  fabric. 


June  22.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  337 

The  Ballot  opened  at  8.45  p.m.  and  closed  at  9.30  p.m.,  when 
the  following  gentlemen  were  declared  duly  elected  Fellows  of 
the  Society : 

Isaac  Saunders  Leadam,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Gervaise  Le  Gros,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Herbert  William  Underdown,  Esq.,  B.A.,  LL.M. 

William  Gershom  Collingwood,  Esq.,  M.A. 

Henry  Gervis,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P. 

Sir  John  Benjamin  Stone,  knt.,  M.P. 

Edward  Thomas  Clark,  Esq. 


Thursday,  22nd  June,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.O.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  dor^ors : 

From  the  Author  : — Les  chevets  du  xie  siecle  de  Saint-Augnstin  de  Cantorbcry 
et  de  Sainte-Marie  d'York.  Tar  John  Bilson,  F.S.A.  8vo.  Caen,  1905. 

From  T.  Cann  Hughes,  Esq.,  F.S.  A. :— The  Registers  of  Chester  Cathedral  1687- 
1812.  Privately  printed  for  the  Parish  Register  Society.  8vo.  London, 
1904. 

From  the  Author,  the  Rev.  Pere  Camille  de  la  Croix,  S.J.  : 

1.  Etude  sommaire  du  Baptistere  Saint-Jean  de  Poitiers.    8vo.    Poitiers, 

1904. 

2.  Relation  des  fouilles  archeologiques  operees  dans  la  rue  Paul  Bert.    8vo. 

Poitiers,  1904. 

From  the  Author  : — History  and  Guide  to  the  Hangman's  Wood  Deneholes, 
Grays,  Essex.  By  Edward  Biddell.  8vo.  Grays,  1905. 

From  Sir  Henry  Bemrose  :— Calendar  of  Ancient  Records  belonging  to  the 
Borough  of  Derby.  8vo.  Derby,  1904. 

From  J.  T.  Micklethwaite,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  :— Antiphonale  Sarisbnriense,  Fasciculi 
VII.  and  VIII.  (Plainsong  and  Mediaeval  Music  Society).  Folio.  London, 
1905. 

The  following  gentlemen  were  admitted   Fellows  of  the 
Society : 

Herbert  William  Underdown,  Esq.,  B.A.,  L|L.M. 
Edward  Thomas  Clark,  Esq. 
Henry  Gervis,  Esq.,  M.D.,  F.R.C.P. 


338  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  Esq.,  M.A.,  Assistant  Secretary,  read 
a  report  on  Excavations  on  the  site  of  the  Romano-British 
town  at  Silchester,  Hants,  in  1904. 

The  excavations  of  1903  were  in  some  respects  incomplete, 
owing  to  want  of  time  preventing  their  full  extension  west- 
wards to  a  definite  line  of  street,  and  it  was  also  not  possible 
to  explore  fully  the  courtyard  of  the  baths  and  the  ground 
west  of  them. 

The  operations  of  1904  accordingly  extended  in  these 
directions. 

They  brought  to  light  (i)  a  small  structure  near  the 
south  wall;  (ii)  a  group  of  other  minor  structures  further 
north ;  and  (iii)  a  fair -sized  house  of  the  corridor  type.  This 
last  overlaid  the  lines  of  an  earlier  house  of  some  interest, 
which  had  evidently  been  built  throughout  of  timber  on  a  low 
rubble  and  brick  foundation. 

The  baths  were  fully  uncovered  in  1903,  with  the  exception 
of  the  courtyard  of  approach  on  the  north. 

The  investigation  of  this  courtyard  was  actually  the  first 
work  undertaken  in  1904,  and  showed  that  it  was  originally 
of  moderate  dimensions,  consisting  of  a  peristyle  65  feet  long 
and  51-L  feet  wide,  with  a  covered  ambulatory  on  all  four 
sides.  The  wooden  roof  of  this  ambulatory  was  supported 
by  ranges  of  short  stone  columns  standing  on  a  dwarf  wall. 
The  entrance  was  by  a  wide  opening  in  the  north  wall. 

In  advance  of  the  peristyle,  covering  the  whole  of  its 
northern  side,  was  a  portico  about  8  feet  deep,  with  an  open 
Doric  colonnade  in  front.  The  bases  of  three  of  the  columns 
remained  in  place,  upon  a  broad  stone  step.  Originally  they 
were  eight  in  number,  forming  two  groups  of  four  each,  with 
an  entrance  in  the  middle.  To  the  east  of  the  portico  was  the 
latrine  of  the  baths,  an  oblong  structure  with  a  drain  running 
round  all  four  sides. 

The  arrangement  just  described  was  subsequently  swept 
away  to  allow  of  the  formation  of  a  new  line  of  street  running 
east  and  west  past  the  front  of  the  baths.  Owing  to  the 
portico  and  peristyle  being  not  parallel  with  this  line  the 
portico  was  demolished,  and  the  road,  which  was  at  a  slightly 
higher  level,  carried  over  its  site.  Henceforward  the  peristyle 
was  reached  through  an  archway  set  in  a  wall  which  bordered 
the  southern  edge  of  the  new  street.  The  latrine  also  under- 
went partial  reconstruction  at  the  same  time,  but  owing  to 
later  changes  it  is  not  easy  to  make  out  precisely  to  what 
extent. 

The  first  of  these  changes  was  the  enlargement  of  the 
latrine  itself  into  a  symmetrical  structure  45  feet  long  and 


June  22.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  339 

13  feet  wide,  extending  westwards  from  the  east  end  of  the 
old  latrine  as  far  as  the  archway  leading  to  the  peristyle.  To 
make  way  for  it  a  corresponding  length  of  the  street  wall  was 
removed,  and  the  building  allowed  to  encroach  somewhat 
seriously  upon  the  street  itself.  The  enlargement  of  the 
latrine  was  coincident  with  a  considerable  extension  of  the 
baths  themselves. 

A  further  extension  of  the  baths  was  accompanied  by  other 
changes  in  the  peristyle  and  latrine.  As  regards  the  former, 
the  peristyle  itself  was  lengthened  at  both  ends,  its  alleys 
reconstructed,  and  the  levels  raised.  This  involved  the 
removal  of  the  latrine  porch  and  the  opening  of  a  new 
entrance  in  its  south  wall. 

In  following  up  the  drain  of  the  latrine  in  a  westerly 
direction  there  was  brought  to  light  a  number  of  wooden 
piles,  which  proved  to  be  the  beginning  of  a  series  extending 
for  some  220  feet.  These  were  placed  exactly  parallel  with 
the  line  of  the  new  street,  and  were  found  to  group  them- 
selves into  series  associated  with  pieces  of  horizontal  and 
longitudinal  timbers.  It  seems  therefore  that  the  whole 
formed  originally  a  line  of  camp-shedding  bordering  the 
street  where  it  had  been  carried,  as  it  undoubtedly  was,  over 
a  piece  of  marshy  ground. 

A  subsequent  investigation  brought  to  light  traces  of  a 
wooden  causeway  extending  southwards  across  this  soft 
ground  a  little  to  the  west  of  the  baths. 

Mr.  Hope  further  pointed  out  that  the  site  of  the  baths  and 
a  good  deal  of  the  ground  east  and  north  of  them  were  covered 
by  a  deep  deposit  of  black  earth,  formed  apparently  at  the 
bottom  of  a  large  and  long  stagnant  pond.  Such  a  pond  he 
thought  had  been  caused  through  the  blocking  of  the  small 
opening  through  which  the  springs  that  rise  north  of  the 
baths  made  their  exit  through  the  town  wall,  and  the  conse- 
quent rising  of  the  water  until  it  reached  the  top  of  the  wall, 
which  served  as  an  efficient  dam. 

As  was  the  case  in  1903,  very  few  pits  were  met  with,  and 
their  contents  did  not  yield  many  objects  of  interest.  A 
single  well  was  discovered,  which  exhibited  the  peculiarity 
of  being  steined  throughout  with  brick.  Nothing,  however, 
of  importance  was  extracted  from  it. 

Mr.  G.  E.  Fox  said  that  with  regard  to  the  baths  nothing 
was  positively  known  of  the  superstructure  of  the  buildings. 
The  baths  themselves  were  the  third  found  in  this  country, 
but  differed  in  plan  from  both  those  at  Bath  and  Wroxeter 
(Uriconium).  The  Silchester  plan  resembled  that  of  two 


340  PROCEEDINGS   OF   THE  [1905, 

well-known    baths    at    Pompeii,   with    the    main    divisions 
parallel  to  one  another. 

Mr.  CLEMENT  REID  observed  that  the  presence  of  a  pond 
snail  in  the  black-mud  area  showed  there  had  formerly  been 
a  pond  at  this  spot.  The  cultivated  plants  found  would  be 
of  more  interest  if  there  existed  a  collection  of  pre-Roman 
specimens.  Wheat  and  not  barley  was  found  on  Roman  sites, 
whereas  in  earlier  settlements  the  two  are  mixed.  The 


ROMAN  BRONZE  PLAQUE  FOUND  AT  SANDY,  BEDS.   (A ) 

specimens  of  medlar  were  mysterious.  The  poppy- seeds 
found  were  used  in  Roman  bread,  the  opium  now  smoked 
being  made  from  the  unripe  poppy-seed. 

Mr.  Hope's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia , 

W.  RANSOM,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  (1)  a  Roman  bronze 


June  29.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  341 

scale-beam,  with  appendent  hooks,  found  near  Cambridge; 
(2)  a  Roman  bronze  plaque  with  a  head  of  Mercury  in  high 
relief  (see  illustration),  found  at  Sandy,  Beds ;  (3)  an  anvil, 
a  pole-end,  and  other  cart  furniture,  a  farrier's  buttress,  a 
hobbing-foot,  a  scythe-anvil,  a  key,  a  chisel,  and  two  other 
objects,  all  of  iron  and  of  the  Roman  period,  also  found  at 
Sandy  some  ten  or  twelve  years  ago. 

Mr.  Ransom  also  exhibited  three  other  Roman  objects,  said 
to  have  been  found  in  London  in  1889  in  the  middle  of  the 
Walbrook,  near  Bond  Court,  at  a  depth  of  from  20  to  22  feet, 
with  Roman  pottery,  bone  pins,  etc.  They  consist  of  part  of 
the  figure  of  a  river-god,  and  a  headless  statue  of  Fortune  (?), 
both  of  white  marble,  and  a  sculptured  stone  tablet  with  a 
figure  of  Mithras  encircled  by  the  Zodiac,  and  the  inscriptions  : 
VLPIVS  .  SILVANVS  .  EMERITVS  .  LEG  .  II  .  AVG  .  VOTVM  .  SOLVIT, 

and  FACTVS  .  ARAVSIONE.* 

All  three  objects  will  be  illustrated  in  Archaeologia. 

Sir  HEXRY  Ho  WORTH  referred  to  a  new  bookf  on  Mithraic 
ritual,  and  suggested  that  the  adoption  of  that  religion  by  the 
Romans  was  due  to  the  Mithridatic  wars  :  the  god  was 
always  shown  in  Persian  costume.  Silvanus  in  its  shortened 
form,  Silanus,  was  a  well-known  name  ;  and  the  double 
collar  on  one  of  the  two  other  sculptures  exhibited  resembled 
a  tore. 

Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communica- 
tions and  exhibitions. 


Thursday,  29th  June,  1905. 
Lord  AVEBURY,  P.C.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

The  following  gifts  were  announced,  and  thanks  for  the 
same  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the  donors : 

From  the  Author  :-Medeltida  Kalkmalningar  i  Skdnes  Kyrkor.      By  Dr.  Otto 
Rydbeck.     8vo.     Lund,  1904. 

*  See  a  note  by  Mr.  Haverfield  in  ArcJueological  Journal,  xlvii.  234. 
f  Franz  Cumont,  Mysteries  of  Mithra,  translated  by  Mc( 

VOL.   XX. 


342  .       PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE  [1905, 

From  V.  B.  Crowther-Beynon,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  : — The  Second  Annual  Report  of 
the  Rutland  Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society.  8vo.  Oakham, 
1905. 

From  the  Board  of  Education,  South  Kensington  : — Precious  Stones  considered 
in  their  Scientific  and  Artistic  Relations.  By  A.  H.  Church,  F.R.S.  8vo. 
London,  1905. 

From  the  Author  : — A  Guide  to  Tideswell  and  its  Church.  By  Rev.  J.  M.  J. 
Fletcher.  Third  edition.  8vo.  Tideswell,  1905. 

Sir  JOHN  BENJAMIN  STONE,  knt.,  M.P.,  was  admitted 
Fellow. 

A  list  of  Local  Secretaries,  nominated  by  the  Council  for 
the  quadrennial  period  1905-1909  was  laid  upon  the  table  and 
approved. 

CLEMENT  REID,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  read  a  paper  on  the  Island  of 
Ictis,  of  which  the  following  is  an  abstract : 

The  accounts  given  by  classical  writers  of  the  trade  with 
Britain  for  tin  seem  at  first  sight  irreconcilable,  and  it  has 
been  thought  to  be  impossible  to  make  the  description  of 
Ictis  given  by  Diodorus  Siculus  agree  with  the  geography  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  the  Vectis  of  later  authors. 

It  seems,  however,  that  Timasus  (who  flourished  from  350 
to  326  B.C.),  Diodorus  Siculus,  perhaps  following  Posidonius 
(about  90  B.C.),  and  Caesar  are  all  writing  of  the  same  route 
and  trade  emporium,  which  lay  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.  In  the 
days  of  Timseus  tin  was  brought  in  small  boats  a  six  days' 
coasting  voyage  apparently  from  Devon,  and  was  landed  in 
Mictis  (the  Isle  of  Wight).  Diodorus  mentions  Ictis  as  an 
island  connected  with  Britain  at  low  tide;  so  that  the  tin  was 
carried  across  in  wagons.  In  his  and  later  days  the  route 
had  changed  to  an  overland  one,  reaching  the  coast  near 
Lymington,  hence  also  Caesar's  statement  that  the  tin  came 
from  the  interior. 

These  accounts  are  all  reconcilable  if  Ictis  be  taken  to  be 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  but  they  cannot  refer  to  St.  Michael's 
Mount,  which  1,900  years  ago  was  an  isolated  rock  in  a 
swampy  wood. 

A  study  of  the  geology  and  physical  geography  explains  the 
clear  description  given  by  Diodorus.  Hampshire  shows  cliffs 
of  soft  material,  rapidly  wasting  under  the  attacks  of  the  sea. 
The  rate  of  loss  of  the  coast  west  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  is  a 
known  quantity,  averaging  about  3  feet  a  year.  At  one  place 
only,  close  to  Yarmouth,  has  there  been  a  continuous  rocky 
ledge,  such  as  would  resist  the  waves  for  any  length  of  time. 
If  a  strip  restoring  the  loss  of  land  during  1,900  years  be 


June  29.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  343 

added  to  the  map,  it  is  found  that  the  Solent  was  then  a 
narrow  channel,  across  which  from  shore  to  shore  stretched  a 
ledge  of  Bembridge  limestone  from  Yarmouth  to  near  Lyming- 
ton.  This  ledge  formed  the  half-tide  causeway,  passable  by 
wagons,  described  by  Diodorus,  but  perhaps  destroyed  soon 
after  he  wrote.  At  no  other  point  could  the  Solent  have  been 
passable,  for  on  each  side  of  this  ledge  the  water  must  have 
deepened  rapidly,  and  the  bottom  was  soft  sand  and  mud. 

Professor  RIDGEWAY  was  glad  to  know  that  geological 
evidence  confirmed  the  ancient  authorities,  but  the  verdict 
was  different  when  he  himself  wrote  a  paper  on  the  subject 
some  years  ago.*  As  to  the  place  names,  he  pointed  out  that 
Mictis  was  a  clerical  error  for  Ictis,  the  first  letter  coming 
from  a  preceding  insulam ;  and  the  steps  between  "I/crt?, 
"QvrjKTis  and  Vectis  were  phonetically  easy.  In  the  time  of 
Posidonius  the  sound  of  w  was  not  represented  (though 
probably  pronounced)  by  the  Greeks.  So  Velia  in  Lucania 
was  in  Greek  'EXea,  and  Victimuli,  a  gold  centre  in  the  Alps, 
was  '!KTOV/JLOV\OI.  There  were  insuperable  difficulties  in 
the  way  of  identifying  Ictis  with  St.  Michael's  Mount  or  the 
Isle  of  Thanet. 

Mr.  DALE  pointed  out  that  according  to  local  tradition  the 
ford  was  between  Lepe  and  Gurnard  Bay,  and  piles  were 
continually  being  found  at  the  former  spot. 

Mr.  EMANUEL  GREEN  contended  that  tin  was  not  worked 
in  Cornwall  before  or  during  the  Roman  occupation  of 
Britain,  and  only  to  a  small  extent  before  the  Norman 
Conquest.  The  early  workings  were  in  Devon,  and  those 
were  Streamworks,  not  mines.  It  was  an  unwarranted 
assumption  that  Ictis  was  a  British  island ;  the  Cassitendes 
lay  off  the  coast  of  Spain. 

Mr.  CLEMENT  REID,  in  reply,  said  there  was  plentiful  evi- 
dence of  Roman  tin-working  in  Cornwall,  such  as  the  coins 
dating  about  70  A.D.  found  in  a  jug  at  Carhayes,  and  the  to- 
at  Hale.     At  Glastonbury,  too,  tin  was  evidently  m  use  before 
the  Roman  period.     It  was  difficult  to  get   unimpea^habl 
evidence  in  Cornwall  owing  to  the  number  of  small  workings 
of  various  periods,  but  whether  from  Cornwall  or  Devon,  this 
overland  route  would  be  followed  to  the  Isle  c 

Mr.  Reid's  paper  will  be  printed  in  Archaeologia. 

«  Folk-Lore,  i.  (1890),  82,  «  The  Greek  Trade-routes  to  Britain." 
z  2 


344  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  Esq.,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  read  the  following 
paper  on  the  evolution  of  late-Keltic  pins  of  the  Hand  type, 
well  known  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  : 

"  With  all  its  faults  typology,  or  the  application  of  the 
principles  of  evolution  to  archaeology,  has  proved  of  immense 
service  in  determining  the  relative  chronology  of  several 
groups  of  antiquities.  It  is  sometimes  said  that  this  method 
has  been  worked  to  death,  but  I  venture  to  think  that  in  this 
country  full  use  has  not  been  made  of  this  potent  instrument 
of  research.  The  brooch  has  long  been  considered  one  of  the 
best  subjects  for  investigations  of  this  kind,  but  there  is 
another  toilet  article  of  importance  to  which  I  would  draw 
your  attention  this  evening;  and  with  a  view  to  reaching 
some  of  the  dark  corners  of  British  archaeology,  I  will 
endeavour  to  trace  a  special  and  local  development  of  the 
bronze  pin  over  ten  centuries  of  which  we  would  gladly  know 
more. 

The  characteristics  that  suggested  a  name  for  the  hand- 
type  of  pin  do  not  appear  in  the  early  stages  of  its 
development,  to  which  attention  may  now  be  directed.  The 
prototype  of  the  pins  which  form  the  subject  of  this  paper 
is  doubtless  of  continental  origin,  and  it  will  suffice  to  refer 
to  examples  from  Norway,*  the  Baltic,t  and  Jutland,}  which 
closely  correspond  to  one  (fig.  1,  a)  from  the  site  of  a  pile- 
dwelling  in  the  Thames  at  Hammersmith.  With  it  was  found 
what  seems  to  be  a  more  developed  type  (fig.  1,  &),§  in  which 
there  is  a  ring-head  with  the  indispensable  elbow  below  to 
prevent  the  pin  falling  out  of  the  hair  or  garment.  This 
form  has  occurred  near  Altona,||  and  suggests  a  connection 
between  North  Germany  and  Britain  at  a  time  now  to  be 
determined.  But  a  whole  series  of  developments  is,  so  far  as 
the  evidence  goes,  confined  to  the  British  Isles,  and  certain 
transitions  that  may  at  first  sight  appear  violent,  may  be 
justified  on  this  ground.  The  absence  of  freshly  imported 
patterns  would  naturally  lead  to  gradual  alterations  in  those 
of  home  production. 

A  convenient  starting  point  in  this  inquiry  will  be   the 

*  With  brooch  of  La  Tene  II.  type  in  an  urn,  Jarlsberg  :  Undset,  Avftrctcn 
des  Eisens  in  N.  Europa,  p.  486,  figs.  179,  182.  0 

t  With  burnt  bones  in  an  urn,  Ibsker,  Bornholm  :  Arbogerf.  nord.  oldltynd. 
1872,  pp.  24,  123,  pi.  i.  fig.  5. 

J  Memoires  de  la  SocietA  de»  Antiquaires  du  Nord,  1890-5,  pp.  342,  359. 

§  An  intermediate  form  may  be  the  crook-headed  pin  found  at  the  Laws, 
Forfarshire,  and  figured  in  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiqiiaries  of 
Scotland,  xvii.  (1883),  302. 

||  Miss  Mestorf,  Urnenfriedhofe  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  pi.  ii.  fig.  17. 


June  29.] 


SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


345 


Hagbourn  Hill  find,  to  which  the  attention  of  the  Society  was 
drawn  for  the  second  time  last  session.*    The  form  of  pin 
which  stands  at  the  beginning  of  our  local  series  is  repre- 
sented in  that  interesting  hoard  by  a  single  specimen.     This 
selection  of  a  fixed  point  is  of  course  arbitrary,  as  the  pedi- 
gree of  this  type  can  apparently  be  traced  back  considerably 
further,  but  this  particular  find  includes  characteristic  bronzes 
both  of  the  British  Bronze  period  and  of  the  Early  Iron  Age, 
and   may  be   assigned   to   the  years  of   transition.     In  the 
present  state  of  knowledge  it  is  impossible  to  say  when  the 
worker  in  metals  became  equal  to  the  task  of  making  bridle- 
bits  of  the  kind  found  at  Hagbourn  Hill,  or  when  it  occurred 
to  him  to  turn  his  attention 
to  their   manufacture,  for 
bronze-working  in  Europe 
had  reached  a  marvellous 
degree   of   excellence   cen- 
turies before  the  end  of  the 
Bronze   Age   proper.     The 
presence   of   two  socketed 
celts  of  a  common  pattern, 
and  two  lance-heads  looped 
and   socketed,   indicate   at 
all  events  that  the  hoard 
dates  from  the  latter  part 
of      our     British     Bronze 
period,  and   we   shall   not 
be  far  wrong  in  assigning 
the  date  of  manufacture  to 
the  fifth  or  fourth  century 
B.C.      If,    however,     coins 
were    really    included,    as 
they  are  said  to  have  been, 
this  date  must  be  brought 


Fig.  1.      BROMZE  PINS,  THAMES  AT 
HAMMERSMITH.      ($.) 


aLT^OO  BcTbu    the  coins  have  not  survived,  and 
e  artogether'fabalous  or  not  found  in  actual  as8oc,at,on 


" 


Proceed^*,  xx.  33  ;  plate  in  Archaeologia,  xti.  348. 


346 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE 


[1905, 


striking,  and  the  date  provisionally  assigned  to  both  is 
confirmed  in  an  interesting  way  by  the  further  occurrence, 
on  the  site  of  the  Hammersmith  pile-dwelling  of  four 
bronze  pins  in  the  British  Museum,  of  the  same  type  but 
of  somewhat  later  aspect.  On  the  same  site  and  at  the  same 
time,  though  not  in  indisputable  association,  were  found  three 
thin  bronze  discs  with  open-work  centres,  and  two  bronze 
brooches  of  the  type  known  as  La  Tene  I.,  dating  on  the 
Continent  between  400  and  250  B.C.,  but  possibly  a  little  later 
with  us.  The  discs  are  strikingly  similar  to  those  found  in 
the  famous  chariot  burial  of  Somme-Bionne,  De"pt.  Marne, 
which  is  undoubtedly  not  later  than  the 
latter  half  of  the  fifth  century  B.C.  ;  and  to 
one  from  a  cemetery  at  Alfedena  (the 
ancient  Aufidena,  Samnium),  attributed  to 
the  6  -5th  century,  B.C.* 

This  evidence,  as  far  as  it  goes,  is  there- 
fore all  in  favour  of  the  fourth  century  as 
the  lowest  date  of  the  Hammersmith  pins, 
and  I  may  now  point  out  how  some  of 
them  show  an  advance  on  the  Hagbourn 
Hill  specimen.  One  is  exceptionally 
massive,  and  measures  3  inches  in  length, 
the  section  of  the  ring-head  and  stem 
being  0'3  in.  across. 

The  second  has  the  ring-head  ornamented 
with  longitudinal  mouldings  which  give  an 
angular  section  to  this  part,  though  the  pin 
is  smooth  and  round.  The  third  and  fourth 
are  of  rather  slight  construction,  being 
little  thicker  than  stout  wire  but  have  the 
ring-head  decorated  with  transverse  lines 
or  notches  at  short  intervals  (fig.  1,  1  and  c). 
All  these,  with  one  from  Ballymena,  county 
Antrim,  having  a  moulded  head  like  the  second  from  Ham- 
mersmith, are  now  in  the  national  collection  ;  also  a  finely 
patinated  specimen  from  Bury  St.  Edmund's,  which  is  quite 
plain,  and  one  of  the  same  form  from  Crowland  Abbey, 
Lines. 

The  next  pattern  evolved  seems  to  be  one  equally  well 
represented  in  our  islands,  and  includes  a  novel  feature  that 
was  no  doubt  originally  due  to  a  happy  thought.  If  this 
solution  be  admitted,  I  think  the  succession  may  be  easily 
followed.  The  specimens  referred  to  above  have  the  ring- 


Tig.  2. 


*  Mmmnicnti  Antichi,  x.  322. 


June  29.] 


SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


847 


head  and  stem  all  in  one  plane;  but  it  probably  occurred  to 
someone  to  place  the  elbow  or  turn  of  the  stem,  which  was 
intended  to  hold  the  pin  fast  in  its  place,  not  at  the  side  as 
formerly  but  at  the  back.  There  is  indeed  a  constructional 
reason  for  this,  and  Mr.  Read  has  pointed  out  to  me  that  it 
would  be  easier  to  shape  the  pin  if  the  bend  in  the  stem  was 
not  allowed  to  counteract  the  bend  of  the  head.  The  bending 
of  the  stem  would  tend  to  straighten  out  the  bend  of  the  ring 
and  vice  versa;  and  the  best  way  to  obviate 
this  was  to  have  the  bends  in  two  planes 
at  right  angles  to  one  another.  The  result 
was  a  pin  resembling  in  all  essential  points 
a  modern  scarf  pin.* 

Several  specimens  of  this  pattern  have 
come  to  light  in  these  islands,  and  two  are 
on  the  table  this  evening.  One  of  these 
(fig.  3)  is  exhibited  by  our  fellow  Sir 
Francis  Tress  Barry,  who  discovered  it  on 
his  own  land  at  Ness,  Freswick  Bay, 
Caithness,  among  the  debris  of  masonry 
evidently  contemporary  with  the  neigh- 
bouring brochs.  The  second  (fig.  2)  has 
no  definite  history,  but  may  possibly  have 
come  from  the  Hon.  William  Owen  Stanley's 
excavations  of  hut-circles  in  Anglesey. 

A  plain  specimen  of  iron,t  3 '6  inches 
long,  was  found  during  excavations  at  the 
fortified  Hill  of  the  Laws,  Monifieth,  near 
Dundee,  Forfarshire;  and  though  in  another 
metal  was  precisely  of  the  same  pattern 
as  those  of  bronze.  Yet  another  of  iron 
occurred  in  the  cist  recently  excavated  at 
Moredun,  near  Edinburgh.}  The  body  was 
unburnt  and  was  accompanied  by  a  brooch 
that  I  should  not  assign  to  the  La  Tone 
series,  but  quite  agree  with  the  date  sug-  CA8T.BBONZE  PIN, 
gested — the  end  of  the  first  or  the  beginning  NESS,  CAITHNESS.  (§.) 
of  the  second  century  A.D. 

The  examination  of  a  large  refuse  heap  at  the  foot  of  a 
fortified  rock  known  as  Dun  Fheurain  (pronounced  Airen)  at 
Gallanach,  near  Oban,  brought  to  light  another  plain  bronze 

*  This  drooping  of  the  head  like  a  sunflower  was  common  in  the  Bronze  Age 
both  here  and  on  the  Continent,  but  the  head  was  conical  or  domed,  not  a  simple 
ring,  and  the  pin  sprang  from  the  centre  at  the  bacic. 

fProoJnSjk  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xviu.  (18  !3),  301, 
fig.  2  ;  iii.  (1862),  446. 

}  Ibid,  xxxviii.  (1904),  433,  438. 


Fig.  3. 


348 


PROCEEDINGS  OF   THE 


[1905, 


pin  *  of  this  type,  3  inches  long.  It  is  peculiar  in  having  a 
slight  projection  at  the  base  of  the  ring  which  forms  the  head, 
just  where  the  forehead  would  occur  if  the  sides  be  regarded 
as  horns.  As  no  relics  of  the  Bronze  Age  were  found  in  this 
midden,  and  one  fragment  of  Samian  ware  was  recovered,  it  is 
safe  to  assign  it  to  the  first  or  second  century  of  our  era. 

So  far  we  have  been  dealing  mainly  with  pins  made  of 
what  we  may  call  wire,  though  not  drawn  in  the  modern 
fashion  ;  and  the  next  advance  was  due  to  casting  the  bronze 
in  moulds  of  stone  or  clay.  One  of  the  latter  material  has 
indeed  been  found  in  the  broch  of  Lingrow,  Scapa,  Orkney, 
and  some  clue  to  its  date  is  afforded  by  the  discovery  in  the 
outbuildings  of  silver  denarii  dating  between  150  and  200  A.D.t 
The  first  or  second  century  of  our  era  is  therefore  a  likely 
date  for  the  specimen  of  cast  bronze  (fig.  4) 
of  exactly  the  type  made  from  the  Scottish 
mould,  found  at  the  moat  of  Kedeah,  on 
the  east  side  of  Ready  mountain,  in  the 
townland  of  Cashel,  about  eight  miles  east 
of  Limavady.  It  was  given  to  the  British 
Museum  in  1849,  and  was  perhaps  not 
finally  trimmed  after  casting  ;  but  there  is 
a  new  feature  that  distinguishes  it  from  its 
predecessors.  The  outline  and  dimensions 
are  practically  as  before,  but  the  ring-head 
becomes  wider  towards  the  base,  from 
which  the  stem  springs.  This  broadening, 
which  presented  no  difficulties  in  casting, 
„.  .  is  an  important  innovation,  and  gave  rise 

BRONZE  PIN,  READY  to  a  whole  series  of  pins  in  which  the  Late 
MT.,  co.  DERRY.    (§.)  Keltic  partiality  for  eccentric  curves  is  well 

illustrated. 

The  upper  part  of  the  head,  about  two-thirds  of  the  circum- 
ference, is  ornamented  with  transverse  lines,  which  in  my 
opinion  represent  the  cross-notches  seen  on  two  earlier  speci- 
mens noticed  above  (fig.  1,  b  and  c)  from  the  pile  dwelling  at 
Hammersmith.  Probably  to  most  people  this  ornamentation,  as 
seen  on  the  bronze  specimens,  would  suggest  a  pair  of  curved 
and  corrugated  horns ;  and  though  the  curve  is  not  quite  true 
to  nature,  they  may  best  be  compared  to  the  horns  of  the 
ibex.  The  same  pattern,  also  in  cast  bronze,  has  been  found 


*  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xxix.  (1895),  281, 
fig.  5. 

f  Ibid.  ix.  (1873),  359. 


June  29.] 


SOCIETY   OF  ANTIQUARIES. 


349 


Fip.  6, 

POTTEEY   VASE  WITH   SKCTIOX,  SANDY.     (§.) 


Fig.  5. 

IBEX-HEADED  PIN, 
SANDY,  BEDS.     (§.) 


Fig.  7. 
BRONZE  PIN,  IRELAND. 


(i-) 


Fig.  8. 

BKONZE   PIN  OF   HAKD-TYPK ,,  MOBKBBY, 
MBEKLAND.     (i) 


350  PROCEEDINGS   OF  THJE  [1905, 

in  Scotland,  in  the  broch  of  Bowermadden,  Caithness/*  close 
to  Ness,  where  an  earlier  form  (fig.  3)  was  found. 

These  two,  from  sites  so  far  apart,  are  practically  identical, 
and  the  pattern  was  probably  very  common  for  a  certain 
length  of  time.  A  third  specimen  (fig.  5)  has  now  to  be 
mentioned,  and  some  explanation  offered  of  its  locality  and 
execution.  It  was  found  at  Sandy,  Beds,  a  place  well  known 
for  its  Roman  remains,  and  was  associated,  probably  in  a 
grave,  with  a  remarkable  pottery  vase  (fig.  6),  which  enables 
us  to  estimate  the  date  of  both.  They  were  presented  to  the 
Museum  by  our  Secretary  a  few  years  ago,  and  I  have  come 
across  only  two  others,  both  from  Dept.  Aisne.  One  was 
found  on  a  Roman  site  at  Vermand,f  and  the  other  at 
St.  Audebert.J  The  latter  was  included  in  a  richly  furnished 
grave  of  Gaulish  character,  with  little  or  no  trace  of  Roman 
influence,  and  the  body  had  been  burnt,  the  ashes  being  col- 
lected and  placed  in  a  cinerary  urn  of  the  pedestal  type,  as  at 
our  own  Aylesford.  The  brooches  from  the  grave  belong  to 
the  second  and  third  type  of  La  Tene,  and  in  France  may  be 
referred  to  the  late  first  century  B.c.§  The  Sandy  vase  and  its 
Gaulish  parallels  have  a  peculiar  broad  lip,  set  almost  hori- 
zontally and  slightly  concave,  as  if  to  receive  a  cover,  but  there 
may  be  a  difference  of  several  years  in  their  dates.  If  not 
actually  within  the  Belgic  area,  Sandy  would  be  only  just 
beyond  it,  ||  and  was  quite  accessible  from  the  south  ;  and  the 
ware  is  similar  to  that  found  on  Belgic  sites  in  Britain.  Some 
advanced  civilisation  must  be  invoked  to  account  for  the  fine 
workmanship  of  the  ibex-headed  pin  accompanying  the  Sandy 
vase ;  and  it  may  be  that  a  Roman  worker  in  bronze  had  seen 
the  native  British  type  of  pin  then  in  fashion,  and  produced 
a  copy  that  revealed  his  own  superior  skill.  On  this  specimen 
the  broadened  base  of  the  ring-head  is  shaped  into  the  forehead 
of  the  animal,  and  the  horns  have  a  more  realistic  appearance 
than  usual.  To  assign  a  precise  date  to  the  Sandy  relics 
would  at  present  be  somewhat  rash,  but  they  appear  to  be 
contemporary  with  the  ruder  bronze  pins  (fig.  4)  from 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  which  were  no  doubt  of  local  manu- 
facture. 

I  will  now  ask  you  to  imagine  the  normal  development  of 
the  cast  bronze  pin  with  cross  lines  suggesting  the  horns  of 

*  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xxxviii.  (1904), 
436,  fig.  9  ;  Cat.  Scottish  Mus.  of  Antiquities,  229,  no.  91. 

f  Eck,  Deux  cimetieres  (Jallo-romains,  188,  pi.  ix.  fig.  9. 

t  Moreau,  Album  Caranda,  pi.  113  (Nouvelle  Serie),  fig.  4. 

§  This  date  is  confirmed  by  M.  Dechelette,  of  Koanne. 

||  In  the  days  of  Ptolemy  (early  second  century  A.D.),  Salinte,  near  Sandy, 
was  in  the  territory  of  the  Catyeuchlani. 


June  29.]  SOCIETY  OF   ANTIQUARIES.  H5l 

an  animal.  Hitherto  the  pin  had  been  of  a  fairly  uniform 
length  and  thickness,  but  the  process  of  casting  would  allow 
of  more  massive  forms,  and  the  additional  surface  thus 
provided  would  give  scope  to  the  artistic  faculties  of  the 
workman.  If  my  conclusions  are  sound,  it  was  now  first  that 
the  characteristic  trumpet-pattern  of  Late  Keltic  art  appears 
on  these  ring-headed  pins,  but,  be  it  observed,  only  in  Scot- 
land and  Ireland.  The  Roman  conquest  of  south  Britain  had 
arrested  and  probably  exterminated  native  art  in  that  area ; 
and  the  successors  of  those  who  had  produced  such  master- 
pieces as  the  Witham  and  Thames  shields  before  the  Con- 
quest, would  now  practise  their  craft  beyond  the  Roman 
sphere  of  influence,  or  perforce  adopt  the  arts  and  methods 
of  their  new  masters.  Hence  I  think  that  in  south  or 
central  England  we  should  not  expect  later  developments  of 
this  type  of  pin,  on  which  alone  the  trumpet-pattern  occurs. 
It  is  now  that  the  hand  type  appears,  and  I  hope  to  show 
that  it  was  evolved  from  the  type  we  have  been  considering. 
The  hand  type,  as  understood  in  Ireland  and  Scotland,  is  so 
called  from  a  certain  resemblance  between  the  pinhead  and 
the  closed  hand,  in  its  front  aspect.  The  broadened  base  of 
the  ring  represents  the  lower  and  exposed  part  of  the  palm, 
while  the  pellets  or  cylinders  above,  generally  four  or  five  in 
number,  represent  the  bent  fingers.  A  specimen  from 
Moresby,  Cumberland  (fig.  8),  in  the  British  Museum,  seems 
to  me  a  very  early  example  of  the  hand  type,  as  the  base  of 
the  ring  is  plain  and  the  upper  part  is  an  arch  of  pellets 
strongly  suggestive  of  the  corrugated  horns  of  earlier  date. 
The  changes,  however,  are  considerable,  and  I  recently  went 
to  Dublin  in  the  confident  hope  of  finding  one  or  more 
transitional  forms.  One  small  pin  here  illustrated  (fig.  7) 
out  of  a  large  number  filled  the  gap  exactly,  but  unfortunately 
nothing  is  known  of  its  history  except  that  it  was  doubtless 
found  on  Irish  soil.  The  curve  of  the  lower  part  of  the  ring- 
head  is  preserved,  and  a  Keltic  pattern  introduced,  while  the 
remainder  of  the  ring  consists  of  a  string  of  pellets ;  while 
its  general  resemblance  both  to  the  earlier  ibex-headed 
variety  and  the  later  Moresby  specimen  will  I  hope  be 
conceded.  -This  implies  that  the  chronological  sequence  is 
also  determined,  and  I  think  the  remaining  types  fall  easily 
into  place. 

The  next  stage  in  the  development  of  the  hand-pin  after 
that  exemplified  at  Moresby  was  marked  by  a  depression  of 
the  curve  of  pellets  and  a  still  further  broadening  of  the  base 
of  the  ring.  The  opening  in  the  centre  was  thus  diminished 
both  from  above  and  below  as  on  a  specimen  from  dough, 


352  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

co.  Antrim,  and  still  more  on  specimens  from  Trillick,  co. 
Tyrone,  and  Craigy  warren  Bog  (fig.  9),  and  the  pellets  were 
closer  packed  and  increased  in  number,  eventually  falling 
into  a  horizontal  line  and  becoming  cylindrical  to  hold  enamel.* 
Concurrently  the  semicircular  hollow  diminished  in  size  and 
finally  disappeared,  leaving  a  solid  semicircle  on  which  the 
Keltic  trumpet-patterns  were  freely  used  and  set  off  with 
coloured  enamels.  One  of  this  class  from  Clogher  (fig.  10)  is 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  another,  but  without  enamel,  is 
known  from  Lagore,  co.  Meath.f  To  judge  from  the  slow 
evolution  of  earlier  forms,  these  changes  must  have  ex- 
tended over  several  centuries,  and  there  is  little  evidence 
of  date,  though  a  comparatively  large  number  of  hand- 
pins  are  known  from  Ireland  and  Scotland.  There  is, 
however,  in  the  latter  country  one  find  that  throws  some 
light  on  the  rate  of  progress,  and  that  is  the  famous 
hoard  found  at  Norrie's  Law,  Largo,  co.  Fife.  It  contained 
three  silver  pins  of  the  hand  type,  two  of  which  are 
almost  a  pair,  each  being  9|  inches  long.J  The  lower  part 
of  the  head  consists  of  a  broad  semicircular  band  with  scroll 
ornament  of  Late  Keltic  form  on  a  ground  of  red  enamel ; 
while  the  upper  part  consists  of  three  cylinders,  not  touching 
each  other  but  connected  by  short  rods.  These  specimens 
illustrate  a  stage  in  the  development  before  the  idea  of  a 
circular  head  had  been  quite  lost ;  and  are  important  as  being 
approximately  dated  by  a  Byzantine  coin  about  the  time  of 
Tiberius  Constantine,  who  died  582. §  Roman  coins  of  the 
fourth  century,  and  even  one  of  the  Emperor  Claudius  (died 
54  A.D.),  were  also  associated  with  the  find,  but  have  no 
bearing  on  the  date  of  the  deposit. 

An  interesting  corroboration  of  the  date  suggested  for  the 
Norrie's  Law  hoard  is  afforded  by  a  hand-pin  found  at  Clon- 
macnoise,  King's  Co.||  It  is  of  bronze-gilt  richly  enamelled, 
and  has  engraved  on  the  reverse  of  the  head  a  representation 
of  the  Three  Holy  Children,  which  at  least  shows  its  use  in 
Christian  times. 

This,  however,  does  not  seem  to  be  the  end  of  the  evolu- 
tionary series,  for  there  are  three  specimens  in  the  British 

*  Two  of  this  type,  and  a  third  showing  transition  to  the  next,  are  figured  in 
Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xxxv.  (1901),  279. 

t  Wood-Martin,  Lake- Dwellings  of  Ireland,  110,  fig.  129. 

j  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xviii.  (1884),  244, 
fig.  10. 

§  Not  682,  as  repeatedly  stated  in  accounts  of  this  find. 

||  Figured  in  colours,  Trans.  R.  I.  Acad.  xxx.  291,  pi.  xix.  Another  from 
Gaulcross,  Banffshire,  is  figured  by  Stuart,  Sculptured  Stones  of  Scotland,  ii. 
75,  pi.  ix. 


June  29.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


353 


Fig.  9. 

ENAMELLED   PIN, 

CP.AIGYWARREX   BOQ, 

CO.  ANTRIM.     G.) 

Fig.  11 
INCISED  SILVER  PIN  AND  DETAIL  OF  FRONT 


Fig.  10. 
ENAMELLED  PIN, 

CLOOHER, 
CO.  TYRONE.     (J.) 

(i  ANDf) 


354  PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  [1905, 

Museum  of  a  type  easily  derivable  from  the  hand-pins  already 
described.  The  pellets  or  cylinders  have  now  disappeared, 
and  the  head  has  reverted  to  the  circular  form,  but  is  now 
solid  and  covered  with  triskeles  and  similar  designs  that  are 
to  all  appearance  debased  forms  of  the  trumpet-curves  of 
Late  Keltic  art  at  its  best.  Two  of  the  three  have  almost 
identical  ornamentation,  and  are  3'8  inches  and  6'3  inches 
long  (point  broken) ;  but  the  finest  specimen  is  the  third 
(fig.  11),  originally  in  the  collection  of  Lord  Londesborough, 
and  of  unknown  origin.  It  is  of  silver,  and  had  not  only  the 
disc  but  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  the  shoulder  at  the 
back  covered  with  incised  ornament  in  panels.  Its  extra- 
ordinary length  recalls  the  enormous  penannular  brooches 
of  silver  found  in  the  north  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Ireland,  and  dating  from  the  tenth  century,  though  evolved 
from  a  series  of  much  smaller  dimensions. 

Whether  a  further  stage  in  the  development  of  the  hand- 
type  of  brooch  was  ever  reached  I  cannot  at  present  say,  but 
Christianity  was  then  firmly  planted  throughout  our  islands 
and  may  have  brought  fresh  models  in  its  train,  to  the 
exclusion  of  native  patterns.  In  any  case  it  is  time  to  bring 
the  series  to  a  close,  after  tracing  it  through  more  than  ten 
centuries.  By  avoiding  side  issues  and  varieties  of  the  main 
types  *  I  have  endeavoured  to  make  the  succession  as  concise 
and  intelligible  as  possible,  and  should  be  glad  to  think  that 
a  step  has  been  made  towards  a  classification  of  Late  Keltic 
antiquities,  several  classes  of  which  are  still  undatable.  With 
the  usual  caution  as  to  overlapping  periods  and  stray  survivals, 
I  venture  to  think  that  this  arrangement  may  be  accepted  as 
a  working  hypothesis ;  and  with  this  proviso  am  content  to 
await  further  evidence,  whether  it  come  to  confirm  or  destroy 
the  scheme  I  have  suggested." 

WORTHINGTON  G.  SMITH,  Esq.,  communicated  the  following 
note  as  Local  Secretary  for  Bedfordshire : 

"  I  hardly  know  whether  the  sketches  of  two  incised  stones 
herewith  are  of  sufficient  interest  for  the  notice  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries. 

The  stone  with  the  cross  is  in  Stanbridge  churchyard,  2| 
miles  north-west  of  Dunstable.  It  is  a  large  natural  boulder 
of  coarse  indurated  iron  stone ;  it  was  dug  out  of  a  5-6  feet 

*  As  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  Scotland,  xv.  (1881),  81  ; 
and  one  from  Ireland  in  British  Museum.  Also  the  specimen  inlaid  with  coral 
or  shell  from  Danes'  Graves,  E.  K.  Yorks.  (Proceedings,  xvii.  120). 


June  29.] 


SOCIETY   OF   ANTIQUARIES. 


grave  in  1858.  It  appears  to  me  to  be  pre-Norman.  As  far 
as  I  know  no  illustration  has  been  published,  and  the  only 
record  known  to  me  is  one  of  my  own,  a  few  words  in  a  local 
guide  book, 


«2 


STONE   IN  STANBRIDQE  CHURCHYARD,  BBDS. 


The  coffin  lid  with  interlaced  work  is  at  Mil  tor  t  Bryan 
near  Woburn,  and  I  know  of  no  iUuBtr  .atlon,  other  thanjny 
own  herewith,  and  it  is  not  described  in  any  of  ^         1 
It  was  dug  up  near  the  church,  and  is  now  flat 


356 


PROCEEDINGS   OF  THE 


[1905, 


church  near  the  pulpit,  and  in  a  place  where  it  is  frequently 
walked  over,  although  it  is  5  inches  above  the  surface  line. 
It  is  a  very  tine  piece  of  (I  suppose)  late  Anglo-Saxon  work, 
made  from  a  local  boulder." 


ii 


COFFIN   LID  IN  MILTON   BRYAN  CHURCH,   BEDS. 
(Scale  =  £  in.  to  a  foot.) 


Thanks  were  ordered  to  be  returned  for  these  communi- 
cations. 


June  29.]  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES.  357 

The  TREASURER  asked  leave  to  call  attention  to  a  scheme 
for  widening  the  fine  seventeenth-century  bridge  over  the 
River  Tweed  at  Berwick  by  the  addition  on  each  side  of  iron 
footways  carried  from  pier  to  pier,  a  proposal  that  would 
involve  the  destruction  of  the  old  parapets  and  refuges,  and 
greatly  injure  the  character  and  appearance  of  the  bridge. 
He  accordingly  proposed  the  following  Resolution,  which  was 
seconded  by  Sir  J.  Benjamin  Stone,  M.P.,  and  carried 
unanimously  : 

<l  The  Society  of  Antiquaries  of  London  has  heard  that  a 
proposal  is  under  the  consideration  of  the  Town  Council  of 
Berwick-on-Tweed  to  make  certain  structural  alterations  in 
the  old  bridge  which  spans  the  river,  whereby  its  character 
and  appearance  will  be  altogether  changed. 

The  Society  would  earnestly  deprecate  the  adoption  of  any 
such  drastic  steps  in  the  treatment  of  a  monument  of  great 
public  interest  and  importance,  and  would  urge  on  the  Town 
Council  the  propriety  of  leaving  the  old  bridge  intact." 

It  was  also  resolved : 

"  That  copies  of  this  Resolution  be  sent  to  the  Town  Clerk 
of  Berwick,  to  the  local  Society,  and  to  the  local  Members  of 
Parliament." 

The  Ordinary  Meetings  of  the  Society  were  then  adjourned 
to  Thursday,  30th  November. 


VOL.  xx. 


2  A 


INDEX 

TO 

PROCEEDINGS,  SECOND  SERIES,  VOL,  XX, 


Aahhetep  (Queen),  model   car  found 

in  tomb  of,  8 
Abbey  (E.  A.,  R.A.),  elected  Fellow, 

241 

Abergavenny  (Lord),  residence  of,  322 
Aboukir  (Egypt),  gold  bars  found  at, 

90 
Adderbary  (Oxon),  painted  memorial 

tablet  from  church  of,  221 
Adlam  (W..  F.S.A.),  bequest  of,  6  ; 

death  of,  106  ;  obituary  notice  of, 

109 
Admissions  of  Fellows,  14,  17,  27,  33, 

78,  106,  129,  140,  144,  145, 167,  175, 

178,   196,  242,  247,  256,  269,  309, 

337, 342 

Agate  spoon,  silver  mounted,  170 
Agilulf  (King),  cross  of,  66 
Akhmin  (Egypt),  silk  medallion  from 

a  coptic  tunic  found  at,  72 
Alabaster  objects  :  figure  of  a  woman 

found  in  London,  289  ;  tablets,  with 

beheading  of  St.  John  Baptist,  55, 

with  figure  of  St.  Leonard,  169 
Alabastra,    Egyptian,   from    Knossos, 

176 

Alchemy,  pictorial  manual  of,  36,  38 
Aldermaston  (Berks.),  wall  paintings 

in  the  church  of,  45,  46 
Aldingham    (Lane.),    bronze    dagger 

found  at,  335 
Alexander  V.  (Pope),  indulgence  of, 

321 
Alexandria   (Egypt),  excavations   at, 

158 

Alfedena,  bronze  disc  found  at,  346 
Alfred  (King),  coin  of,  48  ;  jewel  of, 

71 
Alhstan  (Bishop  of  Sherborne),  ring 

of,  54 
Almack  (E..  F.S.A.),  exhibits   books 

bound  by  Samuel  Mearne,  228 


Alresford  (Essex),  Roman  remains 
from,  220 

Altamont,  Earl  of.  see  Browne.  George 
Ulick 

Altar  cross,  bronze  gilt,  104 

Altona  (Germany),  bronze  pin  found 
at,  344 

Alwinton  (Northumb.),  pottery  from, 
12 

Amoval  of  Fellow,  308 

Analysis  of  bronze  axes  from  Round- 
hay  (Yorks.),  261  ;  of  copper  from 
Rhodesia,  244  ;  of  iron  bars  used  as 
currency,  194  ;  of  pewter  from  Sil- 
chester,  144 

Anderson  (Rev.  E.  P.),  exhibits  brass 
from  King's  Langley  (Herts.),  315 

Andrewes  (Thomas  and  Agnes),  brass 
to,  317 

An-heru,  silver  figure  of,  103 

Animal  remains  :  Harpham  (Yorks.), 
218,  219  ;  Saltford  (Somerset),  248 

Anniversary  Meeting  (1904),  106  ; 
(1905),  294 

Antiquaries,  Society  of,  bronze  horse 
in  the  collections  of,  9 

Anvil  (iron),  found  at  Sandy  (Beds.), 
341 

Anwick  (Line.),  lead  celt  found  at, 
258 

Appledram  (Sussex),  stone  implement 
found  at,  198 

Arab  art,  monuments  of,  in  Egypt 
160 

Armlet  see  Bracelet 

Arms  and  armour  :  arrow  (iron),  "  in- 
cendiary," from  London,  232  ;  arrow 
point,  from  Harpham  (Yorks.),  219  ; 
chain  mail,  fifteenth  century,  from 
London,  231  ;  coronal  of  bascinet, 
314;  daggers  (bronze),  Aldingham 
(Lane.),  335,  (iron)  from  London, 


INDEX. 


359 


231  ;  dagger  chape  (brass),  from 
London,  234  ;  hauberk  of  chain 
mail  and  its  conventional  repre- 
sentations, 129  ;  spearhead  (bronze), 
from  Portslade  (Sussex),  345  ;  spurs 
from  London,  231  ;  swords  (bronze), 
from  Knossos,  176,  Lissane  (Ire- 
land), 267,  (iron)  from  London,  231, 
Rndstone  (Yorks.),  257,  Wallingford 
(Berks.),  54,  Waterloo  Station,  78  ; 
sword  belt  buckles,  314  ;  sword 
chape  (brass),  from  London,  234  ; 
sword  hanger  (leather),  from  Lon- 
don, 234 

Armytage  (Sir  George,  F.S.A.),  re- 
marks on  antiquities  found  in  West- 
minster, 157  ;  on  bookbindings,  228 

Arnold  (G.  M.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
leaden  matrix  of  seal,  40 

Arrow  (iron),  "incendiary,"  found  in 
London,  232  ;  point,  from  Harpham 
(Yorks.),  219 

Arun  river,  stone  implements  from  the 
gravels  of,  197 

Ashby,  Canons  (Northants.),  leaden 
rain-water  heads  at,  293 

Ashby  (Thomas,  sen.),  elected  Fellow, 
64 

Auditors,  appointment  of,  33,  179 

Avebury  (Lord,  P.O.,  F.R.S.),  elected 
President,  119,  308;  presidental 
address  (1905),  294  ;  remarks  on 
taking  the  chair  for  the  first  time, 
123  ;  remarks  on  the  superstitions 
use  of  nail-parings  and  hair  in  the 
South  Sea  Islands,  157 

Axes  (bronze), from  Konndhay  (Yorks.), 
and  analysis  of,  261 


Babbacombe   (Devon),    standing    cup 

belonging  to  church  of,  209 
Bache  ( R.),  pewterer,  288 
Badge  (lead),  found  in  river  Thames, 

289 
Bagford   (John),  account  of  English 

bookbinding  by,  224 
Baildon  (W.  Paley,  F.S.A.),  elected 

on  Council,   11?,  308;   remarks  on 

iron  workings  in   Yorkshire,   264  ; 

on  a  tile  from  Kirkstall  Abbey,  264  ; 

on  a  bellarmine   found  in  London, 

290 
Bailey  (Rev.  J.  G.,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

295  ;  obituary  notice  of,  297 
Balance  Sheet  (1903),  85  ;  (1904),  275 
Balcarres  (Lord,  F.S.A.),  elected   on 

Council,  308  ;  remarks  on  iron  bars 

used  as  currency  in  Britain,  195  ;  on 

an  iron  grave  slab,  221 

2   A 


Baldric,  copper-gilt  link  or  plate  of, 

Ballinaby  (Island  of  Islay),  silver 
scourge  found  at.  50 

Ballymena  (co.  Antrim),  bronze  pin 
found  at,  346 

Ballyshannon  (co.  Donegal),  discs 
from,  12 

Baltic,  the,  bronze  pins  from,  344 

Bands  (silver),  from  Trewhiddle 
(Cornwall),  48,  51 

Bannerman  (W.  Bruce,  F.S.A.),  ex- 
hibits two  Surrey  parish  registers, 
336 

Bapchild  (Kent),  enamelled  bronze 
ring  found  at,  57 

Barber,  (Ven.  E.,  M.A.,  archdeacon  of 
Chester),  elected  Fellow,  174 

Barber's  bowl  (Lambeth  dolft),  found 
in  London,  287 

Barron  (E.  J.,  F.S.A.),  nominated 
scrutator,  106 

Barron  (0.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on  swan 
marks,  285 

Barrow,  on  Lansdown,  near  Bath,  252, 
254 

Bars  (gold),  from  Egypt,  90  ;  from 
Transylvania,  93  ;  (iron),  used  as 
currency  in  Britain,  179  ;  analysis 
of  194  ;  found  at  Bourton-on-the- 
Water  (Glonc.),  183,  185,  Glaston- 
bnry  (Somerset),  184,  185,  Ham 
Hill  (Somerset),  183,  185,  Hod 
Hill  (Dorset),  182,  185,  190. 
Hnnsbury  (Northants).  184,  185, 
Maidenhead  (Berks.),  184,  185,  190, 
Malvern,  Great  (Wore.),  183, 
Meon  Hill  (Glonc.),  183  ;  Spettis- 
bnry  (Dorset),  182,  184,  185, 
Winchester  (Hants.),  183,  186, 
Ventnor  (Isle  of  Wight),  184 

Basalt  weight  in  Mayence  museum, 
189,  190,  192,  193,  195 

Bascinet,  coronal  of  (silver-gilt),  314 

Bas-relief,  Roman,  from  Linares 
(Spain),  246 

Bast,  silver  figure  of,  102 

Bath  (Somerset),  bronze  vase  found 
at,  265 ;  Roman  remains  at,  248, 
249,  250  ;  stone  coffin  found  at,  248 

Battie-Wrightson  (W.  H.,  F.S.A.), 
death  of,  107;  obituary  notice  of, 
111 

Bayly  (General  John,  F.S.A.),  death 
of,  295  ;  obituary  notice  of,  297 

Beads  (glass),  from  Harpham  (Yorks.), 
216;  (lapis  lazuli),  from  Knossos, 
176 

Beckhampton  (Wilts.),  pottery  from 

12 

Bedell  (William),  285 

2 


360 


INDEX 


Belgrade,  siege  of,  on  a  liuen  damask 

cloth,  137 
Bell    (W.   H.),    elected    Fellow,  64  ; 

admitted,  1 29 

Bell  (brass),  found  in  London,  234 
Bellarmines,  found   in  London,  290  ; 

in  Westminster,  290 
Bell  pits,  iron  mines  so  called,  2G2 
Beloe   (E.  M.,  jnn.),   exhibits   palim- 
psest brass,  315 
Benthall  (Francis,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

106  ;  obituary  notice  of,  108 
Berners  (Leonard),  brass  to,  318 
Berney  (Sir  Richard),  279 
Berthelet  (Thomas),  bookbinder,  226, 

227,  228 
Berwick  -  upon  -  Tweed,      bridge      at, 

resolution    of    the     Society,    357  ; 

walls  of,  resolution  of  the  Society, 

140 

Bewick  (Yorks.),  5 
Bideford   (Devon),  leaden   rain-water 

heads  at,  293 
Bildeston  Hall  (Suffolk),  spinet  from, 

148 
Bilson   (John,  F.S.A.),   exhibits  and 

presents  roll  of  arms,  173 
Binfield  (Berks.),  brass  at,  316 
Birch  (G.  H.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  295  ; 

obituary  notice  of,  296 
Bird-call     (earthenware),     found     in 

London, 288 

Bit  (bronze),  found  in  Ireland,  58 
Bitton  (Somerset),  Roman  remains  at, 

249 
Blakesley  (G.  H.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on 

conveyancing,  238 
Blofeld  (T.  C.),  swan  roll  belonging 

to,  277 
Bodkin      (silver-plated),      found      in 

London, 234 
Bolton    (Lord),   elected    Fellow,    4  ; 

admitted,  14 
Bolton    (Miss),    linen    damask    cloth 

belonging  to,  1 36 

Bolton    Hall    (Yorks.),    leaden    rain- 
water heads  at,  293 
Bone   objects  :    knife,   from  London, 

287  ;  modelling  tool,  from  London, 

287  ;    pin  polisher,  from    London, 

235 ;     pins,    from     London,     236 ; 

skates,   from   London,   289 ;   stylus, 

from    London,    236 ;    toilet   imple- 
ments, from  London,  235 
Book  bindings,   by    Samuel    Mearne, 

223  ;  enamelled,  319 
Book  edges,  painted,  227,  228,  229 
Bosseville  (Elizabeth),  brass  to,  318  ; 

(Henry),  318 
Bottles  (glass),  found  in  Westminster, 

155 


Bourton-oii-the-Water  (Glouc.),  iron 
bars  found  at,  183,  185 

Bowermadden  (Caithness),  bronze  pin 
found  at,  350 

Bowl  (porphyry),  from  Knossos,  176 

Box  (copper  gilt),  containing  Jacobite 
relics,  208 

Boyd  (E.  L.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  295 

Boyle  (J.  R.),  amoval  of,  308 

Boynton  (Thomas,  F.S.A.),  remarks 
on  a  late-Celtic  cemetery  in  East 
Yorkshire,  257 

Brabrook  (E.  W.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on 
an  obituary  roll,  141 

Bracelet  (bronze),  fonnd  in  Lancashire, 
335 

Braintree  (Essex),  late-Celtic  pottery 
found  at,  213 

Bramhall  (Cheshire),  leaden  rain- 
water head  from,  293 

Brampton  (William),  brass  to.  316 

Brasses,  monumental  :  at  Binfield 
(Berks.),  316  ;  Cambridge,  Fitz- 
william  Museum,  314,  315  ;  Char- 
welton  (Northants.),  317  ;  Elsing 
(Norf.)  314  ;  Fryerning  (Essex),318  ; 
Hackney  (Middsx.),  317;  Holme- 
by-the-Sea  (Norf.),  316  ;  King's 
Langley  (Herts.),  315 ;  Ossington 
(Notts.),  317  ;  Wonersh  (Surrey), 
318 ;  York  Minster,  4  ;  palimpsest, 
315  ;  private  possession,  316 

Brass  objects :  pins,  from  a  cbarm, 
1 55 ;  spoons  from  London,  232, 
Wandsworth,  289,  Westminster,  154, 
155  ;  various,  found  in  London,  234, 
235,  287,  289 

Brent  (Francis,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  111 

Bridge  (J.  C.,  M.A.,  Mus.  Doc.), 
elected  Fellow,  174 

Bridle,  cheek  piece  of  (bronze),  found 
in  London,  289 

Brierley  (W.  H  ),  elected  Fellow,  174 

Brighton  (Sussex),  stone  implements 
from,  198 

Brockworth  (Glouc.),  stone  slab  with 
armorial  bearings  found  at,  62 

Bronze  Age,  sun  discs  of,  6 

Bronze  objects  :  altar  cross.  104  ;  axes 
from  Roundhay  (Yorks.),  261  ;  bit 
from  Ireland.  58  ;  bracelet  from 
Lancashire,  335  ;  bridle,  cheek  piece 
of,  from  London,  289  ;  brooches  from 
Caerwent  (Mon.),  319.  Hammersmith, 
346,  Portslade  (Sussex),  345,  Scottish 
104  ;  bucket  rim  from  Spain,  291  ; 
buckle  from  Harpham  (Yorks.),  219  ; 
celts  from  Hagbourne  Hill  (Berks.), 
33,  Jutland,  12,  Portslade  (Sussex), 
345.  Sweden,  12,  Zealand,  12  ;  chisel 


INDEX. 


361 


from  London,  287  :  collar  from 
Lochar  Moss  (Dumfries),  58  ;  cup 
from  Colchester  (Essex),  212,  214; 
dagger  from  Aldingham  (Lane.)! 
335 ;  discs  from  Alfedena,  346, 
Hammersmith,  346,  Somme-Bionne 
(France),  346  ;  gipciere  mount  from 
London,  289  ;  graving  tool  from 
London,  289  ;  horse  in  the  collections 
of  the  Society,  9  ;  implements  from 
Knossos,  17(i ;  key  from  London, 
289  ;  Mano  Pantea  or  so-called 
votive  hands,  324  ;  mirrors  from 
Colchester  (Essex),  212,  214, 
Knossos,  176  ;  moulds  for  celts  from 
Leicester,  258,  Roseberry  Topping 
(Yorks.),  258,  Wiltshire,  259  ;  pax, 
174  ;  pins,  late-Celtic  of  the  hand 
type,  344,  from  Altona  (Germany), 

344,  the     Baltic,     344,     Bury     St. 
Edmunds    (Suff.),    346,    Colchester 
(Essex),  212,  214,  Crowland  Abbey 
(Line.), 346,  Hagbourne  Hill  (Berks), 

345,  Hammersmith  (Middsx.),   344, 
345.  346,  Ireland,  346,  348,  351,  352, 
Jutland,  344,  Moresby  (Cumb.),  351, 
Norway,    344,    Portslade     (Sussex), 
345,  Sandy  (Beds.),  350,    Scotland. 
347,  348,  350,   Thames  river,  344, 
345,    346 ;     plaque    with     head    of 
Mercury  from  Sandy  (Beds.).  341  ; 
rings,  flat  enamelled,  from  Bapchild 
(Kent),  57,  Fayum,  57  ;  scale-beam, 
Roman,  from  near  Cambridge.  341  ; 
seal,  from  London,  289  ;  spearhead 
from    Portslade,    345  ;    sun-chariot, 
from   Zealand,   6  ;  sun-discs,  of  the 
Bronze  Age,  6,  from  Lansdown,  near 
Bath,   254  ;   swords,  from    Knossos, 
176,  Lissane    (Ireland),  267;   tore, 
from  Perdeswell  (Wore.)  58;  vase, 
from  Bath,  265,  Tewkesbury(Glouc.), 
267  ;    vessels,    from    Knossos,   1 75 ; 
votive    hands,    324  ;    weight,    from 
Neath  (Glamorgan),  189, 192, 193, 195 

Brooch  (brass),  from  London,  234 ; 
(bronze),  from  Caerwent  (Mon.), 
319,  Hammersmith,  346,  Portslade 
(Sussex),  345,  Scottish,  104;  (gold 
enamelled),  in  British  Museum,  64, 
The  Castellani,  65,  66,  The  Dowgate 
Hill,  65,  70,  The  Hamilton  or 
Towneley,  65,  68 ;  (silver),  from 
Croy  (Inverness),  50,  Scottish.  104, 
from  Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  48 

Brown  (Robert,  F.S.A.),  on  a  pictorial 
mannal  of  alchemy,  36 

Browne  (George  Ulick,  Earl  of 
Altamont),  elected  Fellow,  64 ; 
admitted,  78 

Brush     (copper     scratch -wire),     from 


London,    287  ;     Gather-mounted) 

from  London,  288 
Bucket    rim    (bronze),  Roman,  from 

Spain,  291 
Buckle  (brass),  from    London,  234  ; 

(bronze)   from    Harpham   (York*.), 

219  ;  (copper-gilt)  of  a  sword  belt, 

314  ;    (iron)    from    London,    232  ; 

(silver-gilt)  armorial,  314 
Bucklebnry    (Berks.),     leaden     rain- 

water  heads  on  manor  house  of,  293 
Buckston     (Rev.     Henry),     exhibits 

enamelled  armorial  plate,  336 
Bnda,  capture  of,  on  a  linen  damask 

cloth,  J37 

B-ilford  (Wilts.),  pottery  from,  12 
Burgh  St.  Margaret  (Norfolk!  manor 

of,  277 

Barnard  (R.,  F.S.A.),  on  some  Late- 
Celtic  antiquities  found  in  Treceiri 

(North  Wales),  56 
Burton  (Sussex),  gravel  pit  at,  203 
Bury  (Richard  of,  Bishop  of  Durham), 

grave  of,  19 
Bury  St.  Edmunds  (Suffolk),  bronze 

pin  from,  346  ;  leaden  grave  crosses 

from,  169 

Bushman's  paintings  in  Rhodesia,  243 
Bustard  family,  nrrns  of,  222 
Bustard    (Anthony),    222  ;    (Marie). 

222 

Butler  (A.  J.),  resignation  of,  107 
Button   (bra<-s),   from    London,  235  ; 

(string),  from  London,  235 
Buttress,    farrier's    (iron),    found    at 

Sandy  (Beds.),  341 

Byzantine  treasure,  found  in  Cyprus, 
265 


Caerleon  (Mon.),  Roman  mosaic  found 

at,  220 
Caerwent  (Mon.),  excavations  on  site 

of  Roman  city  at,  35,  319 
Cairo  (Egypt),  Roman  fort  of  Kasr  en 

Sbamma  at,  158 
Calcroft  (William),  swan    mark    of, 

284 
Calthorpe  (Francis),  278  ;  (Sir  Philip), 

278,  279  ;  (Sir  William),  278 
Cambridge    (H.R.H.    the    Dnke    of), 

death  of,  and  resolution  of  Society, 

78 
Cambridge,    brasses     in     Fitzwilliam 

Museum     at,     314,     315;     Roman 

remains  fouud  near,  341 
Camerton  (Somerset),  pottery    from, 

12 

Candle  (wax),  found  in  London,  28 
Candlestick     (tmws)    from     London, 


362 


INDEX. 


289    (pewter)   from   London,   288  ; 

found  in  Westminster,  157 
Canosa  (Italy),  gold  enamelled  brooch 

found  at,  65 
Canterbury,  Eastbridge  Hospital,  wall 

paintings  in,  41,  46  ;    St.  Alphege, 

wall     paintings     in,     41,    46  ;     St. 

Pancras,  leaden  grave  cross  from, 

169 
Capell  (Sir  Arthur),  swan  mark   of, 

277  ;  (Giles),   277  ;  (Henry),  277  ; 

(Sir  William),  277 
Car,  model  of,  votive,  from  Egypt,  8 
Carmichael     (Sir     Thomas    1).    G.), 

admitted  Fellow,  140 
Carr   (W.,   F.S.A.),   death    of,   295  ; 

obituary  notice  of,  297 
Carshalton   (Surrey),   parish    register 

of,  336 
Cart  furniture  (iron),  found  at  Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 

Cash  account  (1903),  80  ;  (1904),  270 
Casket  (steel),  13 
Castellani  brooch ,  the,  65,  66 
Celestinus  (Pope),  bull  of,  relating  to 

the    priory    of     St.     Bartholomew, 

Smithfield,  321 
Celts  (bronze),  from   Hagbourne  Hill 

(Berks.),  33,    Jutland,    12,    Port- 

slade  (Sussex),  345  ;     Sweden,    12, 

Zealand,  12  ;  (lead),   from  Anwick 

(Line.),  258,  Seamer  Moor  (Yorks.), 

258  ;  manufacture  of,  in  bronze  or 

succeeding  period,  258  ;  moulds  for, 

from  Leicester,  258.  Roseberry  Top- 
ping (Yorks),  258.  Wiltshire,  259 
Cemetery,  of  the  late-Celtic  period  in 

East  Yorkshire,  256 
Ceolwulf  (King  of  Mercia),  coin  of, 

48,  50 

Chain  (iron),  found  in  London,  232 
Chain  mail,  fifteenth  century,  found 

in   London,   231  ;    the   hauberk   of, 

and  its  conventional  representations, 

129 
Chalice  ^silver),  found  at  Trewhiddle 

(Cornwall),  48,  50 
Chancery  proceedings  of  the  fifteenth 

century,  33 

Charles  I.  (King),  library  of,  226 
Charles  II.  (King),  library  of,  22G 
Charm,  found  at  Healey  (Lane.),  156, 

in  Westminster,  155 
Charnock  (R.  S.,  F.S.A.),  death   of, 

295 
Charweltou     (Northants.),    brass    at, 

317 
Cheales  (Rev.  H.  J. .  M.A.),  on  some 

wall  paintings  in  Friskney  Church 

(Line.),  255 


Cheetham  (Ven.  Samuel,  D.D.),  resig- 
nation of,  107 
Cheyne     (John),     315  ;      (Margaret) 

brass  to,  3 1 5 
Chichester  (Rt.  Rev.  The  Bishop  of), 

exhibits    crucibles    from   Rhodesia, 

242 
Chichester  (Sussex),  letter  relating  to 

repair  to  cross  at,  179 
Childrey    (Berks.),     photographs     of 

church  of,  exhibited,  241 
Chisel   (bronze),   from   London,    287  ; 

(iron)   from   London,   287  ;    Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 
Church  (Rev.  Cannon  C.  M.,  F.S.A.), 

remarks  on    the    sculpture    on   the 

west    front    of     Wells     Cathedral 

Church,  162 
Church      plate  :        of      Babbacombe 

(Devon).    209  ;      chalice    found    at 

Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  48,  50 
Clark  (Edwin  Kitson,  F.S.A.),  report 

as  Local    Secretary  for  Yorkshire, 

258 
Clark      (Edward      Thomas),     elected 

Fellow,  337  ;  admitted,  337 
Clark   (John   Willis,  F.S.A.),  elected 

on  Council.  308 
Clarke  (Sir  Caspar  P.,  F.S.A.),  elected 

on  Council,  119 
Clarke  (Somers,  F.S.A.),  letter  on  the 

subject    of    archaeology    in    Egypt, 

142  ;  report  as  Local  Secretary  for 

Egypt,  124,  157 

Clavichord,  a  musical  instrument,  146 
Claypole  (Line.),  bridge  at,  threatened 

destruction  of,  resolution  and  corres- 
pondence, 210,  256,  302 
Clere   (Edmond),  279;  (Sir  Robert), 

279 
Cloak    fasteners     (brass),    found    in 

London,  235 
Clogher  (co.  Tyrone),  bronze  enamelled 

pin  found  at,  352 
Clonmacnoise    (Ireland),    bronze    eii- 

amelled  pin  found  at,  352 
Cloth,  heart  shaped  used  as  a  charm, 

155;    linen   damask,  130;    painted 

from  Sweden,  241,  336 
Clongh  (co.  Antrim),  bronze  pin  found 

at,  351 
Coates     (Sussex),    stone    implements 

found  at.  201.  202 
Cock   (F.  W.,  F.SA.),  exhibits  box 

containing  Jacobite  relics,  208 
Cockerell  (S.  P.),  elected  Fellow,  143; 

admitted,  144 
Codrington  (O.,  F.S. A.),  exhibits  tile 

from  Peatling  Magna  church  (Leic.), 

268 


INDEX. 


363 


Coffin  (stone),  found  at  Bath  (Somer- 
set), 248  ;  Saltford  (Somerset),  247, 
255  ;  Stoke,  North  (Somerset),  248  ; 
Weston  (Somerset),  248 

Coffin  lid  (stone),  Milton  Bryan 
(Beds.),  355 

Coin  clippings,  pot  of,  found  in 
London, 290 

Coins  :  (Roman),  from  Bath  (Somer- 
set), 249  ;  Egypt,  92  ;  Harpham 
(Yorks.),  219;  Largo  (co.  Fife), 
352  ;  Saltford  (Somerset),  248  ; 
Scapa  (Orkney),  348 ;  (Saxon), 
from  Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  48 

Colchester  (Essex),  Late-Celtic  burial 
found  at,  211  ;  leaden  seal  from, 
268  ;  Roman  remains  from,  220 

Coldwaltham  (Sussex),  gravel  pits  at, 
206 

Collar  (bronze),  from  Lochar  Moss 
(Dumfries),  58 

Collier  (Rev.  C.  V.,  F.S.A  ),  exhibits 
early  weights,  13  ;  on  a  discovery  of 
Roman  remains  at  Harpham  (Yorks.), 
215 

Collingwood  (W.  G.,  M.A.),  elected 
Fellow,  337 

Colne  river,  swan  marks  used  on,  276 

Comb  case  (leather),  found  in  London, 
287 

Constable  (Marmaduke),  4 

Conveyancing,  fourteenth  century,  237 

Cooke  (T.),  pewter  pot  bearing  name 
of.  288 

Cookham  (Berks.),  various  antiquities 
found  in  the  Thames  at,  40 

Cooper  (Thompson,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
106  ;  obituary  notice  of,  109 

Copeland  (A.  J.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
and  presents  leaden  seal,  40 

Copper  from  Rhodesia,  analysis  of, 
244 

Copper  objects :  box  with  Jacobite 
relics,  208  ;  brush,  scratch  wire,  from 
London,  287  ;  buckle  of  sword  belt, 
314;  lamp  hanger  from  London, 
235  ;  link  or  plate  of  a  baldric,  314; 
mazer  print  from  London,  235 

Coronal  of  bascinet  (silver-gilt),  314 

Cottle  (Rev.  H.  W.),  linen  damask 
cloth  belonging  to,  137 

Cotton  (Dorothy),  336  ;  (Sir  George), 
336 

Council  and  officers,  election  of  (1904), 
119;  (1905),  308 

Covenham  (Line.),  deed  relating  to 
the  manor  of,  86 

Cowper  (H.  S.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
bronze  dagger  and  armlet  and  a 
stone  implement,  335 


Craigywarren  (co.  Antrim),  bronze  pin 

found  at,  352 

Crete,  excavations  in,  304,  306 
Cripps  (W.  J.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  106; 

obituary  notice  of,  110 
Cronin  (A.  C.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  295 
Cross,  grave  (lead),    from    Bury  St. 

Edmunds  (Suff.)  169  ;    Canterbury, 

St.   Pancras,    169 ;     Southampton, 

169 
Crowland  Abbey  (Line.),  bronze  pin 

found  at,  346 
Crowther-Beynon      (V.    B.,     M.A.), 

elected  Fellow,  174  ;  admitted,  269 
Croy    (co.   Inverness),    silver    brooch 

found  at,  50 
Croydon  (Surrey),  Whitgift  Hospital, 

threatened  destruction  of,  143,  146, 

302 

Crucibles,  from  Rhodesia,  242 
Crystal  of  Lothair,  64 
Cuerdale  (Lane.),  silver  tag  of  strap, 

found  at,  54 
Cup  (bronze)  from  Colchester  (Essex), 

212,  214  ;  (gold),  belonging  to  the 

Duke  of  Portland,   168  ;  (leather) 

174  ;  (silver)  standing,  from  Bubba- 

combe  (Devon),  209  ;  presented  by 

the  town  of  Enkbuysen  to  William 

the  Silent,  39 
Curies  or  coin  clippings,  pot  of,  found 

in  London,  290 

Currency,  the  ancient  British  iron,  179 
Curriers'    knives    (iron),    found     in 

London,  232 
Curry  combs  (iron),  found  in  London, 

232 
Curwen  (J.  F.),  elected  Fellow,  64  ; 

admitted,  78 
Cust    (L.    H.,    F.S.A.),    elected    on 

Council,  308 
Cyprus,  Byzantine  treasure  found  in, 

'2<!5 


Dagger  (bronze)  from  Aldingham 
(Lane.),  335  ;  (iron),  from  London, 
231 

Dagger  chape  (brass),  found  m  Lon- 
don, 234 

Dagger  handle  (wood),  found  in  Lon- 
don, 287 

Dale  (W.,  F.S.A),  exhibits  leaden 
grave-cross  from  Southampton,  168  ; 
on  an  English  spinet  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  146;  remarks  on 
palaeolithic  implements  found  in 
Sussex,  207  ;  on  the  Island  of  Ictin, 
343 


364 


INDEX. 


Dalton  (O.  M.,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Auditor,  33, 179  ;  elected  on  Council. 
119;  on  the  crystal  of  Lothair,  64  ; 
on  some  broaches  of  cloisonnee 
enamel  in  the  British  Museum,  with 
a  note  on  the  Alfred  jewel,  64,  71  ; 
on  a  Byzantine  treasure  found  in 
Cyprus,  265  ;  on  the  walls  and 
fortifications  of  Famagusta,  Cyprus, 
265 

Damask  linen  cloths,  130  ;  list  of.  134 

Davenport  (C.  J.  H.,  F.S.A.),  ap- 
pointed Auditor,  33, 179  ;  elected  on 
Council,  119;  on  Samuel  Mearne  and 
his  bindings,  223 ;  on  enamelled  work 
as  applied  to  bookbindings,  319 

Dawson  (Charles,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
bronze  rapier  found  at  Lissane 
(Ireland),  267 

Day  (L.  F  ),  elected  Fellow,  143 

Dearden  (J.  G.),  elected  Fellow,  143  ; 
admitted,  144 

Denham  Court,  swan  roll  belonging 
to,  276 

Derby,  leaden  rain-water  beads  on  the 
mayor's  parlour  at,  292 

Dewick  (Rev.  E.  S..  F.S.A.),  elected 
on  Council,  119,  308 

Dillon  (ViscDunt,  P.S.A.),  presidential 
address  of,  106  ;  resolution  of 
Society  on  his  vacating  the  chair, 
119  ;  remarks  on  chain  mail,  129  ; 
elected  on  Council,  308 ;  appointed 
Vice- President,  309 

Dionisns,  an  official  of  the  Sirmium 
mint,  94 

Dischi  sacri,  332,  333 

Discs  (brass),  from  London,  235  ; 
(bronze),  from  Hammersmith 
(Middex),  346  ;  Somme-Bionne 
(France),  346  ;  (gold),  from  Ireland, 
9,  10,  11,  12  ;  Isle  of  Man,  12 ;  sun- 
discs  of  the  Bronze  Age,  6 

Doll  (wood),  found  in  London,  288 

Dornix,  a  kind  of  damask  linen,  131 

Douglas  (co.  Cork),  discs  from,  12 

Dowgate  Hill  brooch,  the,  65,  70 

Drill  (iron),  found  in  London,  235 

Dryden  (Sir  Henry),  linen  damask 
cloth  belonging  to,  137 

Dufferin  and  Ava  (Marquess  of), 
elected  Fellow,  237  ;  admitted,  269 

Duke  (Rev.  R.  R.,  F.S.A  ),  linen 
damask  cloth  exhibited  by,  136 

Duncan  (L.  L.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119 

Durham,  Uean  of,  see  Kitchin,  George 
William 

Durham  Castle,  discoveries  in,  17  ; 
leaden  rain-water  heads  in,  293 


Durham    Cathedral,   grave   of    bishop 

Richard  of  Bury  in,  19 
Durrington   (Wilts.),   records  of    the 

manor  of,  163 


Ear  pick  (bone),  from  London,  235  ; 
(brass),  from  London,  234 

Earthworks  on  Lansdown,  near  Bath, 
252 

Edfu  (Egypt),  temple  at,  128 

Edward  I.  (King),  letters  patent  of, 
87 

Edwards  (James),  bookbinder,  228 

Egypt,  Christian  antiquities  in,  158, 
159,  161,  167  ;  excavations  in,  305, 
306 ;  flat  bronze  ring  from,  57 : 
letter  on  the  subject  of  archaeology 
in,  142  ;  monuments  of  Arab  art  in, 
160  ;  reports  of  Local  Secretary  for, 
124,  157  ;  Roman  coins  found  in, 
92 ;  Roman  gold  bars  from,  90 ; 
Roman  remains  in,  158 ;  silk  medal- 
lion from,  72  ;  silver  gods  from,  97. 
102 

Elections  of  Fellows,  4,  15,  64,  143, 
157,  174,  237,  241,  337 

Ellesmere  (Salop),  objects  found  in 
tower  of  church  of,  174 

Elsing  (Norfolk),  brass  at,  314 

Elwes  (Dudley  George  Carey),  re- 
signation of,  107 

El  worthy  (F.  T.,  F.S.A.).  on  the  Mano 
Pantea  or  so-called  Votive  Hands, 
324 

Enamelled  objects  :  armorial  plate, 
336  ;  bookbindings,  319  ;  brooches, 
gold,  64,  65,  66,  68,  70;  buckle, 
314  ;  coronal  of  bascinet,  314  ;  cup, 
gold,  168  ;  jewel  of  King  Alfred, 
71  ;  pins,  352  ;  rings,  flat  bronze, 
57 

Enkhuysen  (Holland),  cup  presented 
by  the  town  of.  to  William  the 
S'ilent,  39 

Essex,  proposed  transfer  of  parishes 
from,  31 9 

Essex  (Earl  of),  swan  roll  belonging 
to,  277 

Ethelswith  (King  of  Mercia),  ring  of, 
54 

Ethelwulf  (King),  coin  of,  48  ;  ring 
of,  54 

Evans  (A.  J..  F.S.A. ),  on  the  tombs  of 
Minoan  Knossos,  175 

Evans  (Sir  John,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Vice-President,  123 ;  elected  on 
Council,  119;  on  a  Lambeth  salt- 
cellar of  the.  Company  of  Parish 


INDEX. 


365 


Clerks,  309  ;  remarks  on  the  tombs 
of  Minoan  Knossos,  177 
Ewhurst,  lead  ventilating  quarries  at, 
293 


Famagusta  (Cyprus),  walls  and  fortifi- 
cations of,  265 

Farqnharson  (Major  Victor),  elected 
Fellow,  143  ;  admitted,  144 

Farrer  (Rev.  E.,  F.S.A..1,  on  a  sculp- 
tured  alabaster  tablet,  55 

Farrier's  buttress  (iron),  found  at 
Sandy  (Beds.),  341 

Fayum  (Egypt),  flat  bronze  enamelled 
ring  from,  57 

Ferguson  (C.  J.,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
295  ;  obituary  notice  of,  297 

Ficklin  (P.  B.),  elected  Fellow.  174 

Fireplace,  vestry,  Morpeth(Northnmb.), 
24  ;  Wark worth  (Northnmb.),  24 

Fi&her  (R.  C.),  exhibits  palaeolithic 
implement  found  at  Midhurst  (Sus- 
sex), 207 

Fish  hooks  (iron),  found  in  London, 
232 

Fittleworth  (Sussex),  stone  implements 
found  at,  199,201 

Fitzailwin,  Mayor  of  London,  agree- 
ment with  the  prior  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, 321 

Flavianus  (Flavins),  an  official  of  the 
Sirmium  mint,  94 

Flask  (pewter),  found  in  London,  288 

Flint,  xce  stone  implements 

Flower  (Wickham.  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
295 

Ford  (J.  W.),  elected  Fellow,  16; 
admitted,  33 

For  man  (Simon),  astrologer,  39 

Foster  (J.  J.),  elected  Fellow,  174  ; 
admitted,  178 

Fountains  Abbey  (Yorks.),  lead  venti- 
lating quarries  from,  293 

Fowler  (Rev.  J.  T.,  F.S. A.),  exhibits 
collection  of  views  of  Freuch  monas- 
teries, 25 ;  exhibits  and  presents 
bronze  pax,  174  ;  on  the  grave  of 
Richard  of  Bury,  bishop  of  Durham, 
18  ;  on  some  discoveries  in  Winter- 
ton  church  (Line.),  20;  on  fire 
places  in  vestries  at  Morpeth  and 
Warkworth,  24 

Fowler  (Rev.  Thomas,  F.S.A.),  death 
of,  295  ;  obituary  notice  of,  298 

Fox  (George  E.,  F.S.A.),  on  traces  of 
Roman  fulling  in  Britain,  166  ; 
remarks  on  Roman  remains  at  Salt- 
ford  (Somerset),  255,  on  excavations 
at  Caerwent  (Mon.),  320,  on  excava- 
tions at  Silchester  (Hants.).  339 


Fox  (George  E.,  F.S.A.)  and  Hope 
( W.  H.  St.  John,  M.A.),  on  excava- 
tions at  Silchester  (Hants.),  144 

Fox  (William  Henry),  elected  Fellow. 
241  ;  admitted,  242 

Frampton  (G.  J.,  R.  A.),  elected  Fellow, 
143  ;  admitted,  144 

Fraser  (G.  W.),  elected  Fellow,  15 

Freer  (W.  J.,  F.S.A.),  remirks  on  con- 
veyancing, 238 

French  monasteries,  views  of,  25 

Freskeney  (Richard),  swan  mark  of. 
284 

Friskney  (Line.),  wall  paintings  in  the 
church  of,  255 

Friston  (Sussex),  stone  implements 
found  at,  197 

Fryerniag  (Kssex),  brass  at,  318 

Fulling,  trace*  of  Roman  in  Britain. 
166 

Fyfe  (Theodore),  remarks  on  the  tombs 
of  Minoan  Knossos,  177 


Gaeta,  mano  pantea  found  at,  324,  326, 
328 

Gann  (Dr.  T.),  report  of  a  visit  to  the 
ruins  on  the  Colombia  branch  of  the 
Rio  Grande  in  British  Hondnras,  27 

Gallanach  (Scotland),  bronze  pin  found 
at,  347 

Gardiner  (Rev.  R.  B.,  F.S.A.), 
nominated  scrutator,  294  ;  linen 
damask  cloth  belonging  to,  135 ; 
remarks  on  an  iron  grave  slab,  220 

Gawthorp  (Messrs.),  exhibit  palimpsest 
brass,  315,  316 

Gee  (Rev.  H.,  F.S.A.),  on  recent  dis- 
coveries in  the  Castle  of  Durham, 
17 

Gems,  from  Knossos,  176 

George  II.  (King),  represented  on  a 
linen  damask  cloth,  135 

Gepp  CRev.  H.  J.),  exhibits  painted 
wood  memorial  tablet  from  Adder- 
bury  Church  (Oxon.),  221 

Gervis  (Henry,  M.I).),  elected  Fellow. 
337  ;  admitted,  337 

Gibbons  (Alfred),  resignation  of,  295 

Gilbertson  (Rev.  L.,  M  A.),  elected 
Fellow,  15  ;  admitted,  17 

Gipciere  mount  (brass),  fro:n  London, 
287  ;  (bronze),  from  London,  289 

Giuseppi  (M.  S.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119,  308 

Glass  objects  :  bulb  of  wine  glass  from 
London,  289  ;  mortar  from  London, 
287  ;  vessels  from  Westminster,  78, 
155 

Glastonbury  (Somerset),  iron  bar* 
found  at,  184,  185 


366 


INDEX. 


Gods,  silver      from  Egypt,  97,  102 
Gold    and    silver    model    car    from 

Egypt,  8 

Gold  mounted  objects  :  sun  discs  from 
Ireland,  10.  11,  12,  Lansdown,  near 
Bath,  254  ;  sword  from  Knossos, 
176 

Gold  objects  :  bars  for  coinage, 
Roman,  90,  93  ;  brooches,  enamelled, 
64,  65,  66,  68,  70  ;  cup  belonging  to 
Duke  of  Portland,  168  ;  discs  from 
Ireland,  11,  12  ;  jewel  of  King 
Alfred,  71 ;  pendant  from  Trewhiddle 
(Cornwall),  48  ;  pin  from  Knossos, 
176  ;  rings  of  Alhstan,  bishop  of 
Sherborne,  54,  sixteenth  century 
from  London,  235 

Gowland  (W.,  F.S.A.),  appointed 
Vice-President,  1 23  ;  elected  on 
Council,  119,  308 ;  note  on  iron 
bars  used  as  currency,  194  ;  on  some 
crucibles  from  Rhodesia,  242 ;  re- 
marks on  gold  bars  from  Egypt,  97  ; 
on  obituary  rolls,  141  ;  on  objects 
found  at  Silchester,  144  ;  on  a  gold 
cup,  168  ;  on  the  tombs  of  Minoan 
Knossos,  177  ;  on  Roman  mining 
operations  in  Spain,  246,  on  the 
casting  of  celts,  263  ;  on  explora- 
tions in  Cyprus,  265  ;  on  a  bronze 
vase,  267  ;  on  a  bronze  rapier  found 
in  Ireland,  268  ;  on  a  bronze  Roman 
bucket  rim  from  Spain,  291 

Grappling  iron,  from  London,  232 

Grave  cross  (lead),  from  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  (Sufi.),  169  ;  Canterbury, 
St.  Pancras,  169  ;  Southampton, 
169 

Grave  slab  (iron),  at  Rotherfield 
(Sussex),  220 

Graving  tool  (bronze),  found  in 
London,  289 

Grazebrook  (G.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
various  antiquities  found  in  river 
Thames  at  Cookham  (Berks.),  40 

Greatham  (Sussex),  stone  implements 
found  at,  205 

Green  (Emanuel,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on 
leaden  rain-water  heads  293  ;  on  the 
Island  of  Ictis,  343 

Greenwell  (Rev.  W.,  F.S.A.),  on  a 
cemetery  of  the  Late-Celtic  period 
in  Ea<t  Yorkshire,  256 

Grey  (Roger,  Lord  Grey  of  Ruthin), 
figure  of,  from  a  brass,  314 

Griffith  (Henry,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  111 


Hackney  (Middlesex),  brass  at,  317 
Haddon    Hall   (Derby),   leaden   rain- 


water heads  at,  292,  293  ;  leaden 
ventilating  quarries  at,  293 

Haines  (C.  R,,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow, 
174 

Hair,  human,  used  as  a  charm,  155, 
157 

Hagbourne  Hill  (Berks.),  bronze  celt 
found  on,  33  ;  bronze  pin  from,  345 

Hamerton  (John),  239 

Ham  Hill  (Somerset),  iron  bars  found 
at,  183,  185 

Hamilton  or  Towneley  brooch,  the. 
65,  68 

Hanimern  (Christof.),  cup  commemo- 
rating exile  of.  209 

Hammersmith  (Middlesex),  bronze 
objects  found  in  river  Thames  at, 
344,  345,  346 

Hampton  Court,  leaden  rain-water 
heads  at,  292  ;  leaden  ventilating 
quarries  at,  293 

Hands,  on  Roman  standards,  327  ; 
(terra-cotta).  Oxford,  Ashmolean 
Museum,  326  ;  votive,  see  Mano 
Pantea 

Harbledown  (Kent),  wall  paintings  in 
the  hospital  at,  41,  46 

Hardham  (Sussex),  gravel  pits  at,  206 

Hare  (Thomas  L.),  exhibits  obituary 
roll  of  John  Wiggenhall,  abbot  of 
West  Dereham,  141 

Harmachis,  figures  of,  98 

Harpham  (Yorks.),  Roman  remains 
found  at,  215 

Harris  (W.  B.),  elected  Fellow.  15 

Hart  (Sir  Percival),  residence  of,  322 

Hartshorne  (A.,  F.S.A.),  nominated 
scrutator,  106 ;  on  a  pictorialimanual 
of  alchemy,  38  ;  on  the  figure  of 
Roger,  Lord  Grey  of  Ruihin,  from 
the  brass  to  Sir  Hugh  Hastings,  in 
Elsing  Church  (Norf.),314  ;  exhibits 
buckles  of  sword  belt*  and  coronal  of 
bascinet,  314 

Hassan  (Sultan),  mosque  of.  160 

Hastings  (Sir  Hugh),  brass  to,  314 

Hatfield  Park  (Herts.),  leaden  rain- 
water heads  at,  293 

Hatley.  East  (Hunts.),  seal  found  at, 
240 

Hatshepsu  (Queen),  tomb  of,  124 

Hauberk  of  chain  mail.  129 

Haverfield  (F.  J..  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119 ;  on  a  bronze  vase 
from  Bath,  265  ;  remarks  on  Roman 
brooches  and  on  an  inscribed  stone 
found  at  Caerwent  (Mon.),  319 

Haward  (Charles),  spinet  made  by, 
146 

Haworth  (Rev.  W.,  F.S.A.).  death  of, 
295 


INDEX. 


367 


Head  (stone),  found  on  site  of  Newgate 
prison,  77 

Healey  (Lane.),  charm  found  at,  156 

Hellitield  (forks.),  manor  of,  239 

Hemingbtone  (Suffolk),  linen  damask 
cloth  in  church  of,  134 

Heraldry :  arms  of  Bustard,  222, 
Holme,  4,  Moore,  4,  222,  Parish 
Clerks'  Company,  311,  Strickland, 
62  ;  arms  on  an  enamelled  armorial 
plate,  336,  on  buckle  of  sword  belt. 
314,  on  lead  weights,  13,  on  stone 
slab  from  Brockworth  (Glouc.),  62  ; 
roll  ot  arms  presented,  173 

Herculaneum,  mano  pan  tea  found  at. 
327,  329,  330,  331 

Heru-Khuti,  figures  of,  98 

Heveningham  (Sir  John),  279 

Hewett  (Rev.  J.,  M.A.),  exhibits 
standing-cup  belonging  to  Babba- 
combe  church  (Devon),  209 

Higgins  (Alfred,  F.S.A.),  death  of 
107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  1 12 

Hill  (A.  G.,  F.S.A.),  reads  paper  on 
some  post-Visigothic  churches  in 
Spain,  124 

Hill  (G.  F.,  M.A.),  on  two  Roman 
gold  bars  from  Egypt,  90  ;  on  the 
thirty  pieces  of  silver,  170  ;  remarks 
on  iron  bars  used  as  currency  in 
Britain,  195 

Hinge  (brass),  found  in  London,  231 

Hipkins  (A.  J.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  107; 
obituary  notice  of,  111 

Hippocampus,  bone  pin  in  form  of, 
236 

Hitchcock  (John),  spinet  made  by, 
150 

Hobart  (Sir  John),  279 

Hobbing-foot  (iron),  found  at  Sandy 
(Beds.),  341 

Hodelina,  grave-cross  of,  169 

Hod  Hill  (Dorset),  iron  bars  found  at, 
182, 185,  190 

Holme,  arms  of,  4 

Holme  (  John),  4  ;  (Katherine),  4 

Holme-by-the-Sea  (Norfolk),  brass  at, 
316 

Holmes  (R.  R.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119 

Honduras,  British,  report  of  a  visit  to 
ruins  on  the  Rio  Grande,  28 

Hope  (W.  H.  St.  John,  M.A.),  on  a 
stone  slab  with  armorial  bearings 
found  at  Brockworth  (Glouc.),  62  ; 
on  the  obituary  roll  of  John  Islip, 
abbot  of  Westminster,  141  ;  on  ex- 
cavations at  Silchester  (Hants.), 
338  ;  remarks  on  a  grave-cross 
found  at  Southampton,  169,  on 
silver  spoons,  171,  on  Roman  re- 


mains found  at  Harpham  (Vorks.), 
220  on  an  iron  grave-dab,  221,  on 
the  heraldry  on  a  bellarmine  fouud 
in  London,  290,  on  leaden  rain- 
water heads,  2!»3,  on  the  priory  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  Sinithfield,  32*3 

Hope  (W.  II.  St.  John,  M.A.),  and 
Fox  (George  K.,  F.S  A.),  on  exca- 
vations at  Silchester  (Hants.),  144 

Hope  (W.  H.  St.  John.  M.A>,  and 
Lethaby  (W.  R.).  on  the  imagery 
and  sculpture  on  the  west  front  o'f 
Wells  Cathedral  Church,  162,  163 

Horn  ink-horn  from  London.  287 

Horse  (bronze),  in  possession  of  the 
Society.  9 

Horseshoe  (iron),  found  in  London 
232 

Horse  trappings.  late-Celtic,  56 

Housewife,  found  in  London,  287 

Hoveton  (Norfolk),  manor  of,  277 ; 
name*  on  the  swan  roll  of,  281 

Howorth  (Sir  H.  H..  F.S.A.),  ap- 
pointed Vice-Prenident.  123;  elected 
on  Council,  119,  308;  remarks  on 
post-Visigothic  churches  in  S|tain. 
124,  on  chain  mail.  129,  on  a  charm 
found  in  Westminster,  l.">6,  on  the 
west  front  of  Wells  Cathedral.  162, 
on  iron  bars  used  as  currency  in 
Britain,  194.  on  palieolithic  imple- 
ments found  iu  Sussex.  207,  on  a 
late-Celtic  burial  at  Colchester,  215, 
on  an  iron  grave  slab,  221,  on  the 
bookbindings  of  Samuel  Mearne. 
228,  on  some  antiquities  found  in 
London,  23(i,  on  conveyancing.  238, 
on  crucibles  fro  n  Rhodesia.  245,  on 
Roman  mining  operations  in  Spain. 
246,  on  a  late-Celtic  cemetery  iu 
East  Yorkshire.  2f>7.  on  swan  marks. 
286,  on  the  priory  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew, Smithfield.  323.  on  mano 
pantea.  334,  on  a  Mithraic  tablet 
found  in  London.  341 

HudU  (A.  E.,  F.S. A.),  linen  damask 
cloth  belonging  to,  137 

Human  remains  from  Bath  (Somerset). 
248;  Durham  Cathedral,  19;  Salt- 
ford  (Somerset),  247,  248,  255 

Hunsbury  (Northants).  iron  bam  fonnd 
at.  1X4.  185 

Hunter- Weston  (Lt.-Col.G.  R.,  F.8.A.), 
death  of.  21»5  ;  obituary  notice  of, 
298 

Huse  (Sir  John),  285 


Ictis,  island  of,  342 
"  Incendiary  arrow  "  (iron),  fonnd  in 
London,  232 


368 


INDEX. 


Income  and  expenditure  account  (1903). 
84  ;  (1904),  274 

Inderwick  (F.  A.,  F.S,A.),  appointed 
auditor,  33  ;  death  of,  295  ;  obituary 
notice  of,  297 

Ingham  (Sir  John),  buckle  of  sword 
belt  of,  314 

Ingots  (iron)  from  Switzerland,  180, 
181  ;  (silver)  from  Trewhiddle 
(Cornwall),  48 

Ink  horns,  pots,  or  wells  (horn),  from 
London,  287  ;  (pewter)  from  London, 
235,  287  ;  (pottery)  fn>m  London. 
288  ;  (wood)  from  London,  287 

Inscriptions :  on  leaden  grave-cross 
from  Southampton,  169  ;  on  leather 
drinking  cup,  174  ;  on  painted 
memorial  tablet  from  Adderbury 
(Oxon.),  221,  222  ;  on  silver  spoon, 
171,  172  ;  on  silver  standing  cup, 
209 

Roman  :  from  Caerwent  (Mon.), 
319  ;  London,  341  ;  on  gold  bars 
from  Egypt,  92-97,  from  Tran- 
sylvania, 94 

Ireland,  bronze  bit  from,  58  ;  bronze 
pin  from,  351  ;  linen  made  in.  132  ; 
sun  discs  from,  10, 11,  12 

Iron  mines,  Leeds  (Yorks.),  262 

Iron  objects  :  arrow,  "  incendiary," 
from  London,  232  ;  arrow  point 
from  Harpham  (Yorks.),  219  ;  bars, 
used  as  currency  in  Britain,  179, 
analysis  of,  194,  found  at  Bourton- 
oD-the-Water  (Glouc  ),  183,  185, 
Ham  Hill  ('Somerset),  183,  185, 
Hod  Hill  (Dorset),  182,  185,  190, 
Hunsbury  (Northants.),  184,  185, 
Glastonbury  (Somerset),  184,  185, 
Maidenhead  (Berks.),  184,  185,  190, 
Malvern  (Wore.),  183,  Meon  Hill 
(Glouc.),  183,  Spettisbury  (Dorset's 
182,  184,  185,  Ventnor  (Isle  of 
Wight),  184,  Winchester,  183,  185  ; 
buckles  Irom  London,  232  ;  casket, 
13  ;  chain  from  London,  232  ; 
chisels,  from  London,  232,  Sandy 
(Beds.),  341  ;  curry  comb  from 
London,  232  ;  daggers  from  London, 
231  ;  drill  from  London,  235  ;  fish- 
hooks from  London,  232  ;  grappling 
iron  from  London,  232  ;  grave  slab 
at  Rotherfield  (Sussex),  220  ;  horse- 
shoe from  London,  232 ;  ingots 
from  Switzerland,  180,  181  ;  keys 
from  London,  232,  Sandy  (Beds.), 
341  ;  knives  from  London,  231,  232, 
287,  Westminster,  155  ;  needle  or 
pin  case  from  London,  289  ;  pins 
from  Scotland,  347;  i scissors  from 
London,  232  ;  shears  fr^m  London, 


232,  287  ;  spurs  from  London,  231  ; 

stiletto   from   London,    232 ;    sword 

from  London,  231  ;  tools  (Roman), 

Sandy  (Beds.),  341 
Irvine  (W.  F.),  elected  Fellow,  174  ; 

admitted,  309 
Islip   (John,  abbot  of    Westminster), 

obituary  roll  of,  141 
Ivory   tapestry   prick    from    London, 

289 


Jackson  (C.  J.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits  steel 

casket,  13 

Jackson    (T.   G.,   F.S.A.),  moves  re- 
solution    relating     to    the    Strand 

improvements,    which    is    defeated, 

196 

Jacobite  relics  exhibited,  208 
Jarvais  (Arthur),  residence  of,  322 
Jerkin  (leather),  portions  of,  found  in 

London,  233,  234 
Jewellery,  from  Knossos,  176 
Jobson  (Francis),  grant  to,  239 
John  the  monk,  seal  of,  40 
Jones  (Robert,  M.I).),  elected  Fellow, 

174  ;  admitted,  196 
Juan  (El  Conde  de  Valencia  de  Don, 

Hon.  F.S.A.),  death  of,  296 
Jug  (earthenware),  containing  charm 

found  in  Westminster,  155  ;  medieval 

found  in  London.  288 
Jutland,  bronze  celts  from,  12  ;  bronze 

pins  from,  344 


Karnac  (Egypt),  temple  at,  128 
Karslake    (J.    B.   P.,   M.A,),   elected 

Fellow,  15  ;  admitted,  33 
Kay  (Arthur),  elected  Fellow,   241  ; 

admitted,  309 
Kaye  (W.  J.,  F.S.A.),  on  some  Roman 

triple  vases,  255 
Ready  mountain  (Ireland),  bronze  pin 

found  on,  348 
Key    (bronze)    from     London,    289  ; 

(iron)   from   London,   232  ;    Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 
Keyser    (C.    E.,      F.S.A.),    exhibits 

photographs  of  churches  of  Childrey 

and  Sparsholt  (Berks,),  241 
Kba-em-hat,  tomb  of,  127 
Kilmuckridge     (co.     Wexford),     gold 

disc  from,  11 
Kimmeridge  shale  spindle  whorl  from 

London,  236 
King  (A.  J.,  F.S.A.),  death  of  295  ; 

obituary  notice  of,  298 
King's  Langley  (Herts.),  see  Langley, 

King's 


INDEX. 


369 


Kirby  (T.  F.,  F.S.A.),  on  the  records 
of  the  manor  of  Durrington  (Wilts.), 
163  ;  on  fourteenth  century  con- 
veyancing, 237  ;  on  a  leaf  of  a 
medieval  service  book,  239 

Kirkstall  Abbey  (Yorks.),  repair  of, 
263 

Kitchin  (The  Very  Rev,  George 
William,  dean  of  Durham),  on  a 
deed  relating  to  the  manor  of 
Covenham  (Line.),  86 

Knife  (bone)  from  London,  287  ; 
(iron)  from  London,  231,  232,  287, 
Westminster,  155  ;  toy,  seventeenth 
century,  from  London,  233 

Knife  handle  (wood),  fonnd  in  London, 
287 

Knife  sheaths  (leather),  found  in 
London,  234 

Knole  Park  (Kent),  leaden  rain-water 
heads  at,  293 

Kuossos,  the  tombs  of  Minoan,  175 

Knowles  (W.  H.,  F.S.A.),  calls 
attention  to  threatened  destruction 
of  the  Plummer  Tower  at  Newcastle- 
on-Tyne,  166 

Kom  Ombos  (Egypt),  temple  at,  128 

Kyrenia  (Cyprus),  Byzantine  treasure 
found  at,  265 


Ladle  (brass),  found  in  London,  289 

Lagore  (co.  Meath),  bronze  pin  fonnd 
at,  352 

Lambert  (Alan),  seal  of,  268 

Lambeth,  Waterloo  Station,  sword 
found  near,  78 

Lambeth  ware,  salt-cellars  of,  309,  313, 
314 

Lamp  hanger  (copper),  found  in 
London, 235 

Lancashire,  bronze  bracelet  found  in 
the  Fnrness  district  of,  335,  336 

Langley,  King's  (Herts.),  brass  at,  315 

Lansdown,  near  Bath,  bronze  sun-disc 
found  on,  254,  255  ;  explorations  on, 
252 

Lauyon  (Rev.  T.  S.),  exhibits  alabaster 
table  from  St.  Cleer  (Cornwall),  169 

Lapis  lazuli  beads,  from  Knossos,  176 

Largo  (co.  Fife),  silver  enamelled  pins 
and  coins  found  at,  352 

Late-Celtic  remains  :  antiquities  from 
Treceiri  (Wales),  56 ;  burial  at 
Colchester  (Essex),  211  ;  cemetery 
in  East  Yorkshire,  256;  horse- 
trappings,  56  ;  pin  and  pottery 
from  Sandy  (Beds.),  350  ;  pins  of 
the  hand  type,  evolution  of,  344  ; 
pottery  from  Braintree  (Essex),  213 

Latten,  nee  Brass 


Laurence  (prior  of  Durham),  17 

Laver  (H.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits  lead 
matrix  of  seal  from  Colchester,  268 ; 
on  a  late-Celtic  burial  at  Colchester, 
211  ;  remarks  on  Roman  remains 
found  lit  Harpham  f  Yorks.),  220 

Lawrence  (Rev.  A.  C.,  F.S.A.),  death 
of,  106  ;  obituary  notice  of,  109 

Lawrence  (Mr.),  remarks  on  a  stone 
coffin  found  at  Saltford  (Somerset). 
255 

Leach  (A.  F.,  F.S.A.),  calls  attention 
to  a  proposal  to  demolish  the  Whit- 
gift  Hospital,  Croydon,  143 

Leadain  (J.  S.,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow. 
337 

Leaden  objects :  badge  from  river 
Thames,  289  ;  celts  from  Anwick 
(Line.),  258,  Seamer  Moor  (Yorks.), 
258  ;  grave  cross  from  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  (Suff.),  169.  Canterbury, 
St.  Pancras.  169,  Southampton,  169; 
lump  from  Harpham  (Yorks.),  219  ; 
matrix  of  seal  from  Colchester,  268, 
Milton-by-Gravesend  (Kent),  40 ; 
Waynfleet  (Line.).  40;  rain-water 
heads,  292  ;  ventilating  quarries, 
293;  weight  from  Wetwang  (Yorks.). 
13,  Winchester,  13 

Leather  objects  :  comb  case  from 
London,  287  ;  drinking  cup.  174  ; 
red  leather  used  for  bookbinding)*, 
225  ;  sandals  and  shoes  from  London. 
286,  287  ;  various  from  London,  233, 
234 

Lebanon,  matin  panlea  from,  32C 

Leeds  (Yorks.),  alteration  of  street 
names  in,  262  ;  iron  mines  under, 
262 

Le  Gascon,  French  bookbinder,  227. 
228 

Le  Gros  (Gervaise,  M.A.).  elected 
Fellow,  337 

Leicester,  Beacon  Hill,  bronze  mould 
for  celts  fonnd  at.  258 

Lethaby  (W.  R.),  elected  Fellow,  174 

Lethaby  (W.  R.)  and  Hope  (W.  H.  St. 
John,  M.A.).  on  the  imagery  and 
sculpture  on  the  west  front  of  Wells 
Cathedral  Church,  162,  163 

Lewis  (Rt.  Rev.  Richard,  Bishop  of 
Llandaff,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  296 

Library,  proposal  for  evening  opening, 
15,27 

Lille  (France),  Beige  of,  on  a  linen 
damask  cloth,  136 

Limpsfield  (Surrey),  parish  register  of, 
336 

Linares  (Spain),  Roman  bas-relief 
from,  246 

Lincolnshire,  swan  roll  for,  277 


370 


INDEX. 


Linen  damask  cloths,  130  ;  list  of,  134 

Lissane  (co.  Derry),  bronze  rapier 
found  at.  267 

Lochar  Moss  (Dumfries),  bronze  collar 
from,  58 

Lloyd  (Rev.  J.  A.,  M.A.),  elected 
Fellow,  143  :  admitted.  145 

Loder  (G.  W.  E.,  M.P.),  elected 
Fellow,  143  ;  admitted,  145 

London,  antiquities  of  the  Tudor 
period  from,  287  ;  antiquities  found 
in  Upper  Thames  Street,  229  ; 
churches  of  All  Hallows,  Lombard 
Street,  1  ;  St.  Bartholomew.  Smith- 
field,  321  :  Dowgate  Hill,  brooch 
found  in,  65  ;  Newgate  prison,  stone 
head,  found  on  site  of,  77  ;  priory  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  Smithfield,  321  ; 
Roman  remains  from,  5,  14,  236, 
286,  287,  299,  300,  341  ;  Strand 
improvements,  resolution  concerning 
defeated,  196  ;  views  of,  on  linen 
damask  cloths,  1 35,  136 

Lou^staff  (G.  B.,  M.A.,  M.D.),  ad- 
mitted Fellow,  167 

Lothair,  the  crystal  of,  64 

Lucas  (J.  S.,  R.A.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119 

Lucianus,  an  official  of  the  Sirmium 
Mint,  94 

Lymsey  (John),  brass  to,  317 

Lyon  (H.  Thomson,  F.S.A.),  requisi- 
tion by,  for  special  meeting,  15,  27  ; 
exhibits  linen  damask  cloth,  136  ; 
remarks  on  swan  marks,  286,  on  lead 
ventilating  quarries,  293 

Lyons  (G.  B.  C.),  elected  Fellow,  16  ; 
admitted,  27. 

Mackeson     (Mrs.    Peyton),     exhibits 

leather  drinking  cup,  174 
Maidenhead  (Berks.),  iron  bars  found 

at,  184,  185, 190 
Mail,   chain,  fifteenth   century  found 

in   London,   231  ;    the  hauberk   of, 

and  its  conventional  representations, 

129 
Malvern,    Great    (Wore.),    iron    bars 

found  at,  183 

Man,  Isle  of,  gold  disc  from,  12 
Mann  (A.),  pewter  pot  bearing  name 

of,  288 

Manners  (Katherine),  277 
Mano    Pantea    (bronze),   324  ;     from 

British    Museum,    327,    331,    333  ; 

Gaeta,  324,  325,  328  ;  Herculaneum, 

327,  329,  330,  331  ;    Lebanon,  326  ; 

Paris,  the   Louvre,  325  ;    Pompeii, 

327  ;      Tubieres     (France),     330  ; 

Tuscnlum,     324.    325,     330,     334  ; 

Zurich,  3SO 


Marble  statues,  Roman,  from  London, 
341 

Mars  Lenus.  inscription  to,  319 

Martin  (A.  T.,  F.S.  A.),  on  excavations 
at  Caerwent  (Mon.),  35,  319;  report 
on  some  antiquities  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Bath,  247 

Martin  (C.  T.,  F.S. A.),  on  some 
Chancery  proceedings  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  33  5  on  a  swan  roll  in  the 
Public  Record  Office,  283 

Maxwell  (Sir  Herbert  E.,  F.S.A.), 
elected  on  Council,  308 

Mayence  (Germany),  basalt  weight  in 
the  museum  at,  189,  190,  192,  193 
195 

Mayll  (Laurence),  swan  mark  of,  284 

Maze,  on  mosaic  pavements,  217,  218, 
220 

Mazer  print  (copper),  found  in  London. 
235 

Mearne  (Anne),  224  ;  (Charles),  228 ; 
(Samuel),  bookbinder,  notes  on.  223 

Medallion  (silk),  Coptic,  72 

Mentnhetep  (King),  tomb  of,  126 

Meon  Hill  (Glouc.),  iron  bars  found 
at,  183 

Merchants'  marks  (pewter),  found  in 
London,  235,  287 

Mercury,  head  of,  on  a  Roman  bronze 
plaque,  341 

Micklethwaite  (J.  T  ,  F.S. A.),  elected 
on  Council,  119  ;  on  a  silver  death's 
head  spoon,  60  ;  on  a  thirteenth- 
century  seal,  240 ;  remarks  on  an 
obituary  roll  of  an  abbot  of  West- 
minster, 141,  on  Silchester,  145,  on 
the  mill  stream  of  Westminster 
Abbey,  156,  on  the  sculpture  on  the 
west  front  of  Wells  Cathedral,  163, 
on  a  grave-cross  found  at  Southamp- 
ton, 169,  on  an  iron  grave  slab,  220, 
on  a  painted  memorial  tablet,  222, 
on  the  priory  of  St.  Bartholomew, 
Smithfield,  223,  on  bookbindings, 
229,  on  a  solar,  238,  on  objects  from 
Kirkstall  Abbey,  264,  on  the  cathe- 
dral of  Famagusta,  265,  on  a  tile 
from  Peatling  Magna  (Leic.),  268, 
on  pewter  rain-water  heads  from 
Westminster  Abbey,  293 

Middlesex  (Earl  of),  residence  of,  322 

Midhurst  (Sussex),  stone  implement 
found  at.  198,  199,  207 

Milton   Bryan   (Beds.),   coffin  lid   in 

church  of,  355 
Milton-by-Gravesend    (Kent),    leaden 

seal  found  at,  40 

Minet  (W.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on  Council, 
308  ;  on  two  seventeenth  century 
rolls  of  Norfolk  swan  marks,  276 


INDEX 


371 


Mirror     (bronze),     from     Colchester 

(Essex),  212,  214  ;  Knossos,  176 
Mitchell  (Rev.  H..  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

296 

Mithraic  tablet  found  in  London,  341 
Mocatta  (F.  D.,  F.S.A.),  death  of.  296  ; 

obituary  notice  of,  298 
Modelling  tool  (bone),  found  in  London, 

287 
Moens  (W.  J.  C.,   F.S.A.),  death  of, 

107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  111 
Momnisen     (Prof.      Theodore,    Hon. 

F.S.A.),  death  of,  5 
Monasteries,  French,  views  of,  25 
Money  (W..    F.S.A.),    linen   damask 

cloths  exhibited  by,  136 
Monifieth  (Scotland),  iron  pin  found 

at,  347 
Montford  (Rev.  E.  E.),  linen  damask 

cloth  belonging  to,  134 
Monza  (Italy),  cross  and  book  cover  in 

the  cathedral  of,  66,  67 
Moore  or  More  family,  arms  of,   4, 

222 
Moore  or  Moi'e  (John),  brass  to,   4  ; 

(Robert),  5  ;  (Thomas  and  Mary), 

memorial  tablet  to,  222 
Moredun  (Scotland),  iron  pin  found  at, 

347 
Moresby    (Cumberland),     bronze    pin 

found  at,  351 
Morocco,   earliest    use    of,   for    book 

bindings,  225 
Morpeth     (Northumb.),    fireplace    in 

vestry  at,  24 

Mortar  (glass),  found  in  London,  287 
Mosaic  pavements  at  Caerleon  (Mon.), 

220;  Harpham  (Yorks.),  217,  218 
Mould     for     celts     (bronze),      from 

Leicester,  258  ;    Roseberry  Topping 

(Yorks.),  258  ;  Wiltshire,"259 
Mounteney    (Thomas),    lord    of    the 

manor  of  Hellifield,  239 
Murray  (A.  S.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  107  ; 

obituary  notice  of,  112 
Music,  sheet  of  medieval,  239 


Nail  cleaner  (brass),  found  in  London, 

234 
Nail  parings,  used  as   a   charm,  155, 

157 
Napier     (Richard),     astrologer,     39  ; 

(Thomas),  39 

Neale  (Sir  Thomas),  residence  of,  322 
Neath    (Glamorgan),    bronze    weight 

found  at,  189,  192,  193,  195 
Needle  (brass),  found  in  London,  234 
Needle  case  (iron),  found  in  London, 

289 


Nelson  (Thoma«),  exhibits  palimpsest 
brass,  315 

Ness  (Caithness),  bronze  pin  found  at, 
347 

Nevill  (T.  G.,  F.S.A.).  death  of,  107  : 
obituary  notice  of,  113 

Newcastle-on-Tyne(Northumb.),Plum- 
mer  Tower  at,  threatened  destruction 
of,  and  resolution  of  the  Society 
166 

Newland  (Yorks.),  preceptory  of,  239 

Newman  (P.  H.),  elected  Fellow,  241  ; 
admitted,  242 ;  on  the  preservation 
of  ancient  wall-paintings,  41 

Newton  St.  Loe  (Somerset),  cemetery 
and  settlement  at,  248 

Nicholson  (B.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  106  ; 
obituary  notice  of,  109 

Nonius  Romanus,  inscription  put  up 
by, 319 

Norfolk,  rolls  of  swan  marks  in,  276 

Norman  (Philip,  Treas.  S.A.),  119, 
308  ;  calls  attention  to  proposed 
alteration  of  bridge  at  Berwick-on- 
Tweed,  357 ;  exhibits  stone  head 
from  site  of  Newgate  prison,  77  ; 
painted  Swedish  cloths,  241,  336, 
bellarmines  from  London,  290  ;  on 
the  Roman  wall  of  London  at  New- 
gate, 5,  14  ;  remarks  on  the  priory 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  Smithfield,  223, 
on  Roman  mining  bucket,  from 
Spain,  246  ;  report  on  the  Society's 
finances  for  the  period  1897-1904, 
120 

Norway,  bronze  pins  from,  344 

Norwich,  linen  made  at,  131 


Obituary  notices,  106,  295 

Obituary  rolls,  of  John  Islip,  abbot  of 
Westminster,  141;  John  Wiggenhall, 
abbot  of  West  Dereham,  141  ;  the 
company  of  pariah  clerks,  141 

Ocelus,  inscription  to,  319 

O'Donoghue  (F.  M.,  F.S.A.),  appoint- 
ed auditor,  179;  elected  on  Council, 
308 

Osiris,  attributes  of,  73 

Ossington  (Notts),  brass  at,  317 

Oxford,  Ashmolean  Museum,  terra- 
cotta hand  in,  326 

Oyster  shells,  from  Harpham  (Yorks.), 
218,219 


Page  (W.,  F.S.A.),"elected  on  Council, 

119,308 
Paintings,    bushman's,    in     Rhodesia, 

243 


372 


INDEX. 


Palaeolithic    implements  from  Sussex, 

197 
Palmer  (Kev.  G.  H.),  on  a  leaf  of  a 

medieval  service  book,  239 
Palstave,  see  Celt. 

Parham  Park  (Sussex),  stone  imple- 
ment found  in,  205,  206 
Paris,   the  Louvre,   mano   pantea  in, 

325,  326 
Parish  Clerks'  Company,  arms  of,  311  ; 

hall  of,  310  ;  Lambeth  salt-cellar  of, 

309,  313  ;    notes  on,  309  ;  obituary 

roll  of,  141  ;  plate  of,  312 
Partridge   (Charles'),   elected    Fellow. 

16;  admitted,  157 

Patten  (wood),  found  in  London,  289 
Pax  (bronze),  174 
Payne  (Roger),  bookbinder,  228 
Pease  (Howard),  elected  Fellow,  16 
Peatling    Magna    (Leic.),    tile    from 

church  of,  268 

Peckham  (Reynold),  brass  to,  317 
Peg  of    musical    instrument   (wood), 

from  London,  235 
Pelham   (H.   F.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 

Council,  308 
Pen    case    (iron),  found  in   London, 

289 
Pendant     (gold)     from     Trewhiddle 

(Cornwall),  48 
Perdeswell  (Wore.),  bronze  tore  found 

at,  58 
Perowne  (E.  S.  M. ),  elected  Fellow, 

174  ;  admitted,  175 
Pewter     objects  :      candlestick     from 

London,  288  ;    flask  from  London, 

288  ;    ink-pot    from    London,   235, 

287  ;      merchants'      marks      from 
London,    235,    287  ;     objects    from 
Silchester  (Hants.),  analysis  of,  144  ; 
pin,  pewter-headed,   from    London, 

288  ;   pint  pots  from  London,  288  ; 
rain-water  heads  from  Westminster 
Abbey,   293  ;     ring    from    London, 
234  ;     spoons    from    London,    233, 
Westminster,  78,  154,  155,  289 

Philae  (Egypt),  condition  of  island  of, 
127 

Pile  (wooden),  found  in  Westminster, 
157 

Pin  polisher,  bone,  found  in  London, 
235 

Pins  (brass),  from  London,  234,  235, 
Westminster,  155  ;  (bone)  from 
London,  236  ;  (bronze)  late-Celtic  of 
the  hand  type,  evolution  of.  344, 
from  Altona  (Germany),  344,  the 
Baltic,  344,  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
(Suff  ),346.  Colchester  (Essex),  212, 
214,  Crowland  Abbey  (Line.),  346, 
Hagbourne  Hill  (Berks.),  345, 


Hammersmith  (Middsx.),  344,  345, 

346,  Ireland,    346,    348,    351,    352. 
Jutland,  344,  Moresby  (Cumb),  351, 
Norway,    344,    Portslade    (Sussex), 
345,  Sandy  (Beds.),  350,  Scotland, 

347,  348,  350,    Thames  river,  344, 
345,    346  ;     (gold)    from    Knossos, 
176  ;    (iron)   from    Scotland,   347  ; 
(pewter-headed)  from  London.  288  ; 
(silver)  from  Largo  (co.  Fife),  352, 
Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  48 

Pint  pots  (pewter),  found  in  London, 

288 
Pipeclay  objects  :    female  head  from 

London,    287 ;      figures,     sixteenth 

century,  from  London,  289 
Plaque  (bronze),  Roman,  with  head  of 

Mercury,  341 
Pole-end     (iron),    found     at     Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 
Pollock  (Sir  Frederick),  remarks  on 

conveyancing,  237 
Porphyry  bowl  from  Knossos,  176 
Portal    (W.    W.,     F.S.A.),    exhibits 

sword  found  near  Waterloo  Station, 

78 
Portland   (Duke    of,   K.G.),   exhibits 

gold  standing  cup,  168 
Portslade  (Sussex),  bronze  implements 

found  at,  345 
Pottery  : 

Bellarminesfrom  London,  290,  West- 
minster, 290 

Bird-call  from  London,  288 

Clay  crucibles  from  Rhodesia.  242 

Lambeth  ware,  barber's  bowl  from 
London,  287  ;  salt-cellars.  309. 
313,  314 

Late-Celtic,  from  Braintree  (Essex), 

213  ;  Colchester  (Essex),  212,  213, 

214  ;  Sandy  (Beds.),  350 
Medieval,  from  London,  231,  288  ; 

Westminster,  155,  156 
Painted  from  Knossos,  176,  177 
Pre-Roman,  from  Alwinton  (North- 
umb.),  12  ;  Beckhampton  (Wilts.), 
12  ;  Bulford  (Wilts.),  12  ;  Camer- 
ton    (Somerset),  12  ;    Lansdown, 
near  Bath,  254 

Roman,  from  Bath  (Somerset),  248, 

249 ;     Harpham     (Yorks.),    216. 

218,  219  ;  London,  287  ;  Saltford 

(Somerset),  248  ;  triple  vases,  255 

Ponndisford  Park  (Somerset),  leaden 

rain-water  heads  at,  292 
Power  (Mrs.  Edward),  exhibits  stone 
slab  Mfith  armorial  bearings  found  at 
Brock! worth  (Glouc.),  62 
^  raetorins  (C.  J  ,  F.S.A.),  nominated 

scrutator,  294 
Presidential  Addresses,  106.  294 


INDEX. 


373 


Price  (F.  G.  H.,  Dir.  S.  A.),  119,  308  ; 
exhibits  Roman  gold  bars  from 
Egypt,  90  ;  on  some  Egyptian  silver 
gods,  97  ;  on  some  antiquities  found 
in  Upper  Thames  Street,  London, 
229  ;  on  some  miscellaneous  anti- 
quities found  in  London,  286  ; 
remarks  on  objects  found  in  West- 
minster, 156,  on  the  tombs  of 
Minoan  Knossos,  178,  on  a  Late- 
Celtic  burial  at  Colchester,  214 
Priestly  (J.  C.),  resignation  of,  295 
Prior  (K.  S  ,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow, 
24  J  ;  remarks  on  the  sculpture  on 
the  west  front  of  Wells  Cathedral, 
163 

Probe  (brass),  found  in  London,  289 
Public  Record   Office,   swan  rolls  in, 
278,  283 


Quirillus,  an  official  of  the  Sirmium 
mint,  94 


RaJford  (A.  L.),  elected  Fellow,  64  ; 
admitted,  106 

Rahere,  founder  of  the  priory  of  St. 
Bartholomew,  Smithfield,  321,  323 

Rain-water  heads  (lead),  of  the  six- 
teenth and  seventeenth  centuries, 
292 ;  (pewter),  from  Westminster 
Abbey,  293 

Ransom  (W.,  F.S. A.),  exhibits  Roman 
antiquities  340 

Ripier,  see  >word 

Read  (C.  H.,  Sec.  S.A ),  119,  308; 
exhibits  linen  damask  cloth,  136  ; 
on  a  silv  r  cup  presented  by  the 
town  of  Eukhuysen  to  William  the 
Silent,  40 ;  on  some  Late-Celtic 
horse  trappings,  56;  on  a  gold 
standing  cup  belonging  to  the  Dukeof 
Portland,  16S  ;  remarks  on  pottery 
found  in  Westminster,  156,  on  a 
leaden  grave  cross  from  Southamp- 
ton, 169,  on  the  tombs  of  Miuoan 
Kuossos,  178,  on  iron  bars  used  as 
currency  in  Britain,  195,  on  a 
standing  cup  from  Babbacombe 
church,  209,  on  some  antiquities 
from  London,  236,  on  a  sun-disc 
from  Lansdown,  near  Bath,  255,  on 
Late  Celtic  art,  257,  on  the  walls  of 
Famagusta,  265,  on  a  bronze  vase, 

267,  on  a  bronze  rapier  from  '  el>*hd, 

268,  on  a  tile  from  Peatling  Afagna 

269,  on  enamelled  bookbindings,  319, 
on  excavations  at  Caerwent,  320 

Reel  (wooden),  found  in  London,  235 

VOL.   XX.  5 


Reid  (Clement,  F.R  S.),  on  the  Island 
of  Ictis,  342  ;  remarks  on  the  plant 
remains  found  at  Silchester,  340 

Reid  (Rev.  C.  B.),  linen  damask  cloth 
belonging  to,  135 

Renaud  (Frank,  F.S.  A.),  death  of,  106; 
obituary  notice  of,  109 

Research  fund  account  (1903),  82  : 
(1904),  272 

Resignations  of  Fellows,  107,  295 

Rhodesia,  crucibles  from,  242 

Rice  (R.  Garraway,  F.S.A.),  on  some 
pake  >lithic  implements  from  the 
gravels  of  the  River  Arun  and  the 
Western  Rother,  197  ;  remarks  on 
an  iron  grave  slab,  220,  on  con- 
veyancing, 238 

Rich  (Lord),  322  ;  (Sir  Henry).  322 

Richards  (Rev.  W.  J.  B.,  F.S.A.), 
death  of,  296 

Richardson  (W.  H.,  F.S. A.),  on  a 
bronze  celt  from  Hagbourne  Hill 
(Berks.).  33 

Rickards  (R.),  elected  Fellow,  241  ; 
admitted,  247 

Ridgeway  (Professor),  remarks  on  the 
Island  of  Ictis,  343 

Ring  (brass),  horse  harness,  from 
London,  234 ;  (bronze),  flat  enamelled, 
from  Bapchild  (Kent),  57,  Fay  urn 
(Egypt),  57 

Rings  (brass),  from  London,  234,  289  ; 
(gold;,  of  Alhstan,  bishop  of  Sher- 
borue.  51,  of  King  Ethelswith,  54, 
of  King  Ethelwulf,  54,  sixteenth 
cmitury  from  London,  235  ;  (pewter), 
from  London,  234  ;  (silver),  from 
Trewbiddle  (Cornwall),  48 

Rio  Grande  river,  British  Honduras, 
report  of  a  visit  to  ruins  on,  28 

Robinson  (Sir  J.  C.,  F.S.  A.),  exhibits 
Scottish  brooches  and  bronze  altar 
cross,  104,  silver  spoons,  170.  buckles 
of  sword  belts  and  coronal  of  basuinet, 
314 

Rod  (brass),  found  in  London,  234 

Roman  remains  :  at  or  from  Alresford 
(Essex),  220  ;  Bath  (Somerset),  248; 
Bitton  (Somerset1,  249;  Caerleon 
(Mon.),  220;  Caerwent  (Mon.),  35, 
319;  near  Cambridge,  341;  Col- 
chester (Essex),  220  ;  Egypt,  90, 
158  ;  Harpham  (Yorks.),  215  ; 
Linares  (Spain),  246  ;  London,  5, 
14,  236,  286,  287,  299,  300,  341 ;  St. 
Audebert  (France),  350  ;  Salt- 
ford  (Somerset),  2t8  ;  Sandy 
(Beds.),  341  ;  Silchester  (Hants.), 
144,  33S  ;  Spain,  246,  231  ;  Tad. 
caster  (Yorks.),  261  ;  Transylvania 
93;  Vermand  (France),  350  ;  fulling 


374 


INDEX. 


in    Britain,    166  ;   gold    bars   from 

Egypt,   90;    mining   operations    in 

Spain,  246  ;  triple  vases,  255 
Rooke  (John),  283,  284 
Rosary  (wood), found  in  London,  287 
Eoseberry    Topping   (Yorks.),    bronze 

mould  for  celts  fonnd  at,  258 
Rosedale  (Rev.   H.  G.,   M.A.,  D.D.), 

elected  Fellow,  64  ;  admitted,  78 
llotherfield  (Sussex),  iron  grave   slab 

in  church  of,  220 
Rother  river,  stone  implements   from 

the  gravels  of,  197 
Roundhny  (Yorks.),  bronze  axes  fonnd 

at,  and  analysis  of,  261 
Routledge  (Rev.  C.  F.),  resignation  of, 

107 
Royal  Horse  Guards,  foreign  service  of, 

16 
Rudbtone   (Yorks.),   sword   found    at, 

257 
Rush-holder  (iron),  found  in  London, 

232 
Rushworth  College  (Suffolk),  alabaster 

tablet  said  to  have  come  from,  55 


Sabazios,  the  god,  327,  328,  330 

St.  Audebert  (  France),  Roman  remains 

found  at,  350 
St.  Christopher,  figure  of,  on  a  strap 

end, 235 
St.  Cleer   (Cornwall),  alabaster  table 

found  in  church  of,  169 
St.    John    Baptist,   beheading   of,  on 

alababtei  panel,  55 
St.  Leonard,  figure  of,  on  an  alabaster 

tablet,  170 
Salt-cellar    (Lambeth    ware),   of    the 

Parish  Clerks'  Company,  309,  313  ; 

of  the  Salters'  Company,  314 
Baiters'  Company,  Lambeth  salt-cellar 

with  arms  of,  314 
Saltford  (Somerset),  interment  found 

at,  247,  255  ;  Roman  remains  from, 

248 
Sandals   (leather),  fiund   in   London. 

286 
Sandars  (Horace),  exhibits  bronze  rim 

of  a  Roman  bucket  from  Spain,  291  ; 

on  a  Roman  bas-relief  from  Linares, 

and    Roman   mining   operations    in 

Spain,  246 
Sands  (Harold),  elected  Fellow,  174  ; 

admitted,  178  ;  remarks  on  an  iron 

grave  slab,  220 
Sandy    (Beds.),    Late-Celtio    remains 

from,   350  ;    Roman  remains    from, 

341 


Saxon   remains  :    Trewhiddle    (Corn- 

wall), 47 
Scale-beam    (bronze),   Roman,   found 

near  Cambridge,  341 
Sea  pa  (Orkney),  bronze  pin  found  at, 

343 

Scarab  (Egyptian;,  from  Knossos,  176 
Scissors  (iron),  found  in  London,  232 
Scoop  or  spron,  silver  mounted,  170 
Scotland,  brooches  from,  65,  104  ;  linen 

made  in,  130 
Scourge     (silver),     from      Ballinaby 

(Scotland),  50  ;  TrewhkJdle  (Corn- 

wall), 48,  50 
Scythe-anvil  (iron),  found   at   Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 
Seals  :  brass,  thirteenth  century,  from 

East  Hatley  (Hunts.),  240  ;   bronze, 

from  London,  289  ;  clay  impressions 

of,   from  Knossos,    176  ;  lead,  from 

Colchester  (Essex),  268,  Milton  by 

Gravesend    (Kent),    40;    Waynfieet 

(Line.),  40 
Seamer  Moor  (Yorks.),  lead  celt  found 

on,  258 
Selham  (Sussex),   gravel  pits  at,  and 

stone  implements  from,  203,  204 
Sepulchral  slab,  iron,  from  Kotherfiekl 

(Sussex),  220 
Sequenen-Ra.       cartouche       of,      99. 

mummy  of,  100,  objects  bearing  the 

name  of,  100 

Service  book,  medieval.  239 
Shaw  (Rev.  W.  F.,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

296  ;  obituary  notice  ci,  298 
Shears  (iron),  from  London,  232.  287 
bhoes   (leather),   from    London,    234, 

286,  287 
Silchester    (Hants.),    excavations    at, 

144,  338 

Silk  medallion,  Coptic,  72 
Silver     and    gold     model     car     from 


Silver  objects  :  bands,  ornamented, 
from  Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  48T  51  ; 
brooch,  from  Scotland,  £0,  104, 
Trewhiddle,  48  ;  buckle,  armorial, 
314  ;  chalice  from  Trewhiddle,  48, 
50  ;  coronal  of  bnscinet,  314  ;  cup, 
standing,  from  Babbacombe  church 
(Devon),  209,  presented  by  the  town 
of  Enkhuysen  to  William  the  Silent, 
39  ;  gods,  from  Egypt,  97,  102  ; 
ingot,  from  Trewbiddle,  48  ;  orna- 
ments, from  Trewhiddle,  47  ;  pin, 
from  Largo  (co.  Fife),  352,  Tre- 
whiddle 48  ;  ling,  from  Trewhiddle, 
48  ;  scourge,  fr<  m  Ballinabv  (Scot- 
land), 50,  Trewhiddle,  48,  50  ; 
sphinx,  from  Egypt,  98  ;  spoon, 
death's  head,  60,  fifteenth  century, 


INDEX. 


375 


170  ;  strap  tag,  from  Cnerdale 
(Lane.),  54  ;  vases,  troni  Kuossos. 
176 

Silver,  the  thirty  pieces  of,  170 

Simon,  son  of  Ernewin,  seal  of,  40 

Sirminm,  Roman  mint  of,  93,  94 

Sisson  (Henry),  224 

Sittingbourne  (Kent),  sword-knife, 
found  at  54 

Skates  (bone),  found  in  London,  289 

Skewer  (brass),  found  in  London,  234 

Skinner  (A.  B.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on 
Mearne's  bindings,  228 

Slickstone,  found  in  London,  288 

Smith  (J.  Challenor  C.,  F.S.A.), 
appointed  auditor,  33  ;  ou  a  brass  in 
York  Minster,  4 

Smith  (Reginald  A  ,  F.S.A.),  on  sun 
discs  of  the  Brou/e  Age  in  the 
British  Museum,  6  ;  on  some  Saxon 
silver  ornaments  found  at  Tre- 
whiddle  (Cornwall),  47  ;  on  the 
ancient  British  iron  currency,  179  ; 
on  the  evolution  of  Late-Keltic  pins 
of  the  hand  type,  344  ;  remarks  on 
palaeolithic  implement!  found  in 
Sussex,  207,  on  a  Late-Celtic  burial 
at  Colchester,  214,  on  a  Late-Celtic 
cemetery  in  East  Yorkshire.  257 

Smith  (Worthington  G.),  note  as 
Local  Secretary  for  Bedfordshire. 
354 

Smyth  (Francis),  spoon  belonging  to, 
60 

Sobieski  (Marie  Clementine),  hair  of, 
209 

Sohag  (Egypt),  monasteries  at,  159 

Soulsby  (B.  H.),  elected  Fellow,  143  ; 
admitted,  157 

Southampton,  inscribed  leaden  grave 
cross  found  at,  169 

South  Sea  Islands,  superstitious  use  of 
nail-parings  and  hair  in,  157 

Southwark,  various  antiquities  found 
in,  28S,  289 

Spain,  post-Visigothic  churches  in, 
124  ;  Koman  mining  operations  in, 
24(5  ;  Roman  remains  from,  24rf,  291 

Sparsholt  (Berks.),  photographs  of 
church  of,  exhibited,  241 

Spearhead  (bronze),  found  at  Port- 
slade  (Sussex),  345 

Special  meeting  of  the  Society,  to 
consider  proposal  for  evening  open- 
ing of  the  library.  15,  27 

Spettisbnry  (Dorset),  iron  bars  from, 
1*2,  184,  185 

Sphinx  (silver),  from  Egypt,  98 

Spiers  (R.  P.,  F.S  A.)  appointed 
auditor,  179;  elected  on  Council, 


308;  remarks  on  post- Visigoth  ic 
churches  in  Spain.  1*4 

Spindle  whorl  (Kimmeridge  shale), 
from  London,  236 

Spinet,  English,  seventeenth  century. 
146 

Spoons  :  agate,  silver-mounted,  170  ; 
brass,  from  London,  233,  Wands- 
worth,  289,  Westminster,  154,  165  ; 
pewter,  from  Loisdon,  233,  West- 
minster, 78,  154,  155,  289  ;  silver, 
death's  head,  60,  fifteenth  centurv, 
170 

Spurs  (iron),  found  in  London,  231 

Stanbiidge  (Beds.),  incised  btone  in 
churchyard  of,  354 

Stanhope  (Arthur  Philip,  Lord  Stan- 
hope), death  and  obituary  notice  of, 
296 

Stationers'  Company,  incorporation  of, 
223 

Steele  (Robert),  resignation  of,  107 

Stenning  (J.  C  ),  exhibits  rubbing  of 
iron  grave  slab  in  Rothcrfield  church 
(Sussex),  220 

Stephenson  (M.,  F.S.A.),  on  some  re- 
cently discovered  palimpsest  brasses, 
3 In  ;  remarks  on  Roman  remains 
found  at  Harpham  (York*.),  219 

Stevenson  (John),  swan  mark  of,  284 

Stiletto  (iron),  found  in  London,  232 

Stocks  and  investment  account  (1903), 
82  ;  (1904),  272 

Stoke,  North  (Somerset),  stone  coffin 
found  at,  248 

Stone  (Sir  J.  Benjamin.  M.I'.),  elected 
1'Yllow,  337  :  admitted.  342 

Stonehcnge  (Wilts.),  law  case  relating 
to,  303 

Stone  implements :  pa'a-olithic  from 
the  gravels  of  the  river  Arun  and 
the  Western  Rothcr,  197;  of  un- 
known use,  336 

Stone  objects  :  bas-relief,  Roman,  from 
Linares  (Spain)  '246  ;  c<  flin  lid  from 
Milton  Bryan  (Bed"),  355;  ciffins 
from  Bath,"  248,  Salt  ford  (Somerset), 
247,255;  Stoke,  North  (Somerset), 
248,  Weston  (Somerset),  248  ;  head 
from  site  of  Newgate  prison.  77  ; 
Mithraic  tablet  from  London,  341  ; 
slab  with  armorial  bearings  from 
Bnx-kworth  (Glour.).  62  ;  slickstone 
from  London,  288  ;  stone  in  church- 
yard of  Stanbridge  (Beds.),  354 

Stouyhnrst  (Lane.),  leaden  rain-water 
beads  at,  293 

Strap  (leather),  found  in  London,  234 

Strap  end  (brass),  with  figure  of  St. 
Christopher,  found  in  Ixmdon,  235 

Strickland  family,  arms  of.  62 


376 


INDEX. 


Strickland  (Barbara),  brass  to,  316  ; 
(William),  316 

S.ylus  (bone),  found  in  London,  236 

Suckennan  ( — ),  bookbinder,  224 

Sun-chariot  (bronze),  from  Truridholm 
(Zealand),  6 

Sun  discs  of  the  Bronze  Age,  6  ;  from 
Lansdown,  near  Bath,  254 

Sussex,  palaeolithic  implements  found 
in,  197 

Swan  marks  :  Capell  roll  of,  277  ; 
Colne  river,  276  ;  Hoveton,  roll  of. 
277,  281  ;  Lincolnshire,  277  ;  Nor- 
folk rolls  of,  276  ;  Public  Record 
Office  rolls  of,  278,  283  ;  Witham 
river,  276 

Sweden,  bronze  celts  from,  12  ;  painted 
cloths  from,  24 1,  336 

Switzerland,  iron  ingots  from,  180, 
181 

Sword  chape  (brass),  from  London, 
234 

Sword  hanger  (leather),  from  London, 
234 

Sword-knife  (iron),  from  Sitting- 
bourne  (Kent),  54 

Swords  :  bronze,  from  Knossos,  1 76, 
Lissane  (Ireland),  267  ;  iron,  fiom 
London,  78,  231,  Kudstone  ^  Yorks.), 
257,  Wallingford  (Berks.),  54 


Tablet  (alabaster),  from  St.  Cleer 
(Cornwall),  169,  with  beheading  of 
St.  John  Baptist,  55 ;  (wooden), 
painted  memorial,  from  Adderbury 
(Oxon),  221 

Tadcaster  ( Yorks.),  Roman  road  found 
at,  261 

Tag-end  (brass),  from  London,  235  ; 
(silver),  from  Cuerdale  (Lane.),  54 

Tapestry  prick  (ivory),  found  in 
London.  289 

Tarbock  (Sir  Edward),  336 

Taunton  (Somerset),  leaden  rain- 
water heads  at  Poundisford  Park, 
292 

Taurt,  silver  figure  of,  103 

Taylor  (Rev.  Thomas,  F.S.A.),  ad- 
mitted Fellow,  157 

Tehuti,  silver  figure  of,  102 

Terra-cotta  hand  in  Ashmolean 
Museum,  Oxford,  326 

Tewkesbury  (Clone.),  bronze  vase 
f-mnd  at,  267 

Thames  river,  bronze  objects  from, 
344,  345,  346;  lead  badge  from, 
289  ;  various  objects  from,  40 

Thebes  (Egypt),  vaUey  of  the  tombs 
of  the  kings  at,  124 


Theodelinda    (Queen),   bookcover   of, 

67 

Thimbles  (brass),  from  London,  235 
Thirty  pieces  of  silver,  the,  170 
Thomas  (J.  L.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  296; 

obituary  notice  of,  298 
Thomason  (George),  bookseller,  224 
Thompson   (Sir  E.   Maunde,  F.S.A.), 

appointed      Vice-President,      123  ; 

elected   on   Council,    119,   308;    re- 
marks on  bookbindings,  229 
Thomson  (Anstrnther,  F.S.A.),  letter 

of,    regarding    foreign     service     of 

Royal  Horse  Guards,  IS 
Thorney,  abbot  of,  swan  mark  of,  284 
Thorpe  (W.    G.,   F.S.A.),   death    of, 

107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  112 
Thotb,  silver  figure  of,  102 
Thothmes  L,  tomb  of,  125 
Thoueris,  silver  figure  of,  103 
Three    kings,  visit  of,  on    a   painted 

cloth,  241 
Thrift   box   (earthenware),  found    in 

London,  288 
Tiles,  encaustic,  from  Kirk  stall  Abbey 

(Yorks.),     264,     Peatling      Magna 

(Leic.),   268  ;    roof,   Roman,   from 

Harpham  (Yorks.),  218 
Tillington  (Sussex),  gravel  pit  at,  203 
Tin  trade  in  Britain,  342,  343 
Tobacco  pipes,  found  in  Westmins  er, 

157 

Toilet  implements  (brass),  from  Lon- 
don, 234  ;  (bone),  from  London,  235 
Tokens,  Nuremberg,  found  in  London, 

235 
Tongue  scraper  (brass),  from  London, 

234 
Tools  (iron),  Roman,  found  at  Sandy 

(Beds.),  341 
Tore      (bronze),      from       Perdeswell 

(Wore.),  58 
Tournay  (France),  linen  made  at,  131  ; 

siege   of,  on    linen    damask    cloth, 

137 
Tower    (B.   R.   C.),   exhibits    objects 

found  in  tower  of  Ellesmere  church 

(Salop),  174 
Towneley    or   Hamilton    brooch,   the, 

65,68 
Transylvania,  Roman  gold  bars  found 

in,  93 
Treceiri  ( Wales),  Late-Celtic  antiquities 

found  at,  56 

Tree  designs,  conventional,  76,  77 
Trewhiddle  (Cornwall),  Saxon  orna- 
ments found  at,  47 
Trillick  (co.  Tyrone),  bronze  pin  found 

at,  352 
Troy,  siege  of,  on  a  linen    damask 

cloth,  136 


INDEX. 


37T 


Trnndholm  (Zealand),  bronze  sun- 
chariot  found  in,  6 

Tubieres  (France),  mano  pantea  at, 
330 

Turner  (H.  Thackeray), elected  Fellow, 
174  ;  admitted,  175 ;  remarks  on 
leaden  rain-water  heads,  293 

Turner  (Richard  and  Katherine),  brass 
to,  316 

Turnor  (John),  swan  mark  of,  284 

Tusculum,  mano  pantea  found  at,  324, 
325,  330,  334 

Tweezers  (brass)  from  London,  234  ; 
(bone)  from  London,  235 

Tyburne,  derivation  of,  153 


Udelina,  grave-cross  of,  169 
Underdown    (H.    W.,  B.A.),   elected 
Fellow,  337  ;  admitted,  337 


Vase  (bronze),  f romBath,  265,  Tewkes- 

bury  (Glonc.),  267 
Ventilating  quarries  (lead),  293 
Veutnor  (Isle   of  Wight),  iron   bars 

found  at,  184 
Vermand   (France),    Roman    remains 

found  at,  350 
Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  list  of 

linen  dainask  cloths  in,  1 37 
Virginal,  a  musical  instrument,  146 
Virgins,  wise  and  foolish,  on  a  painted 

cloth,  241. 

Votive  hands,  see  mauo  pantea 
Vrayet    (Francis),   views    of   French 

monasteries  by,  25 

Waller  (J.  G.,  F.S.A.),  elected  on 
Council,  119  ;  on  the  hauberk  of 
chain  mail,  129 

Wallingford  (Berks.),  sword  found  at, 
54 

Wall  paintings,  at  Aldermaston 
(Berks.),  45,  46  ;  Canterbury,  East 
Bridge  Hospital,  41.46,  Harblcdown 
Hospital,  41,  46,  St.  Alphege,  41, 
46  ;  Friskney  (.Line.),  255  ;  on  the 
preservation  of,  41 

Wall  plaster,  Roman,  from  Alresford 
(Essex),  220 ;  Colchester  (Essex), 
220  ;  Harpham  (Yorks.),  218,  219 

Wanborough  (Wilts.),  deed  found  at, 
86 

Wandsworth  (Surrey),  brass  spoon 
found  in,  289 

Warkworth  (Northumb.),  fireplace  n 
vestry  at,  24 

Warren  (E.  P,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
antiquities  found  in  Westminster,  78 ; 


on  a  bridge  over  the  mill  stream  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  and  discoveries 
in  connection  therewith,  150 

Waterloo  station,  sword  found  near, 
78 

Watford  (John,  prior  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew), 321 

Watson  (Miss),  linen  damask  cloth 
belonging  to,  135 

Wax,  lump  of,  found  in  London,  235 

Waynfleet  (Line.),  leaden  seal  found 
at,  40 

Weathercock,  made  from  a  monu- 
mental brass,  4 

Weaver  (Laurence,  F.S.A.),  on  lead 
rain-water  heads  of  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  292 

Webb  (E.  A.,  F.S.A.),  on  the  Angus- 
tinian  priory  of  St.  Bartholomew 
West  Smithtield,  321 

Weber  (Hans),  cup  made  by,  209 

Weights  (basalt),  in  muaenm  at 
Mayence,  189,  190,  192,  193,  195; 
(bronze),  from  Neath  (Glamorgan), 
189,  192,  193,  195  ;  (lead),  armorial 
from  Wetwang  (Yorks).  13,  Win- 
chester, 13;  with  stamp  of  St 
Michael,  from  Westminster,  156 

Welch  (C.,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on  swan 
marks,  285,  on  some  antiquities 
found  in  London,  291,  on  the  priory 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  Smitnneld, 
323 

Well,  in  Durham  Castle,  18 

Wells  Cathedral  (Somerset),  imagery 
and  sculpture  011  the  west  front  of, 
162,  163 

Westminster,  antiquities  found  in,  78, 
150,  289,  290 

Westminster  Abbey,  mill  stream  of, 
150  156  ;  i>ewter  rain-water  heads 
from,  293  ;  shrine  of  St.  Edward, 
shaft  of,  78,  154,  te«»er»  from, 
209 

Weston  (Somerset),  stone  coflm  f< 
near.  248 

Wetwang  (Yorks.),  leaden  weight 
found  at,  14 

Weyman  (Henry),  elected  Fellow,  14 J 
admitted,  145 

Wheatley  (H.  B  ,  F.S.A.),  remarks  on 
Mearne's  bindings.  228 

White  (Rev.  C.  H.  Evelyn,  Is  .8. A.), 
cloths  of  damask  linen,  pu-tonally 
inscribed,  130 
Wicklow  (Ireland),  bronze  bit 

Wiggenhall  (John,  Abbot  of  West 
Derebam),  obituary  roll  of ,  1 41 

Wiggonholt  (Sussex),  grarel  pit* 
206 


VOL.  XX. 


2  C 


378 


INDEX. 


Wilkinson  (W.  M.,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

107  ;  obituary  notice  of,  113 
Willett  (K.  H.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  107 
William  the  Silent,  cup  presented  to, 

40 

William,  son  of  Ernewin,  seal  of,  40 
Willis-Bund  (J.  W.,  F.S.A.),  elected 

on  Council,  308 

Wilson  (E.  S.,  F.S.A.),  death  of,  296 
Wiltshire,   bronze    moulds    for    celts 

found  in,  259 
Winchester  (Hants),  iron   bars  from, 

183,  185  ;   leaden  rain-water  heads 

in  Dome   Alley,  292,  293  ;   leaden 

weight  from,  13 
Wing  (W.  H.,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow, 

174  ;  admitted,  256 
Winterton  (Line.),  discoveries  in  the 

church  of.  20 
Witham  river,  swan  marks  used  on, 

276 

Wonersh  (Surrey),  brass  at,  318 
Wood  (Humphrey,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 

106  ;  obituary  notice  of,  109 
Wood  (J.  G.,  M.A.),  elected  Fellow, 

16 ;  admitted,  17 


Wood  (R.  H.,  F.S.A.),  exhibits  Late- 
Celtic  antiquities  from  Treceiri 
(North  Wales),  56 

Wooden  objects :  painted  memorial 
tablet  from  Adderbury  (Oxon),  221; 
pile  from  Westminster,  157  ;  various 
from  London.  235,  287,  288,  289 

Woodruff  (C.  H.,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
296 

Woods  (Sir  Albert,  F.S.A.),  death  of, 
106  ;  obituary  notice  of,  108 

Woolley  (T.  Cecil),  calls  attention  to 
threatened  destruction  of  bridge  at 
Claypole  (Line.),  210 

Yarborough  (Karl  of,  F.S.A.),  exhibits 
silver-gilt  cup  and  cover  presented 
by  the  town  of  Enkhuy&en  to  William 
the  Silent,  39 

Yorkshire,  cemetery  of  the  Late-Celtic 
period  in  East  Yorks.,  256  ;  report 
of  local  secretary  for,  258 

Zealand,  bronze  celts  from,  12 
Zurich,  mano  pantea  at,  330 


Printed  by  J.  D.  NICHOLS  .k  Soxa,  Parliament  Mansions,  Victoria  Street,  S.  W. 


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