SET
HISTORY
MTIQQ&HMD FIELD
EDITED BY
HERBERT PENTIN.
VOLUME XXVIII.
Dorchester :
PRINTED AT THE "DORSET COUNTY CHRONICLE" OFFICE.
1907
\
MAY 2 8 i
OF
984725
D/Q
CONTENTS.
PAGE.
Eules of the Club . . . . . . . . . . vi.
List of Officers, Honorary Members, and Members . . . . xi.
List of New Members elected since the publication of Vol. XXVII. . . XX ^X'
Publications of the Club . . . . . . . . . . xxvii.
THE PROCEEDINGS or THE CLUB during the Session 1906-1907
First Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . xxviii.
Second Winter Meeting . . . . . . . . xxxvii.
Annual General Meeting . . . . . . . . xli.
MEETING IN THE VALLEY OF THE PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON . . xlvii.
British Valley Settlement .. .. .. .. ,,
Piddlehinton Church .. .. .. .. ,,
Ancient Commonfield Acres . . . . . . . . xlviii.
Piddletrenthide Church . . . . . . . . xlix.
Remote History of the District . . . . . . . . ,,
Plush .. .. .. .. .. .. li.
The Downs . . . . . . . . . . liii.
Alton Pancras . . . . . . . . . . ly.
Buckland Newton . . . . . . . . . . lyi.
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION . . . . . . . . Iviii.
MEETING AT WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH . . . . Ixvii.
St. Martin's Church .. .. .. .. .. ,,
The Walls .. .. .. .. .. Ixviii.
Wareham Castle . . . . . . . . . . Ixxii.
Lady St. Mary's Church .. .. .. ..
The Gardens of Lytchett Heath . . . . . . Ixxiii.
The Business Meeting . . . . . . . . Ixxv.
MEETING AT FORD ABBEY . . . . . . . . Ixxix.
Ford Abbey . . . . . . . . . . ,,
The Hon. Treasurer's Statement of Receipts and Expenditure . . Ixxxyi.
The Hon. Secretary's Accounts . . . . . . . . Ixxxvii.
Anniversary Address of the President . . . . . . Ixxxviii.
Notes on the Parish and Church of Piddletrenthide, by the Rev.
C. W. H. Dicker . . . . . . . . 1
Dorset Chantries, Part II., by E. A. Fry .. .. .. 12
The Pepys of South Dorset, by W. Bowles Barrett . . . . 30
Whitechurch Canouicorum, by the Rev. D. Holland Stubbs . . 51
The Cartulary of Cerne Abbey . . . . . . . . 65
The Cerne Cartulary, Translation by B. Fossett Lock, Barrister-at-Law 77
Fourteenth Century Life in Bridport, by the Rev. R. Grosvenor
Bartelot, M. A. . . . . . . . . . . 96
Returns of Rainfall, &c.. in Dorset, in 1906, by H. Stilwell . . 107
On New and Rare British Arachnida, by the Rev. O. Pickard-
Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S. .. .. .. .. 121
On Surface Waves produced by Sledges, by Vaughan Cornish, D.Sc.,
F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.C.S. .. .. .. .. 149
Coins Struck in Dorset during the Saxon, Norman, and Stuart Periods,
by Henry Symonds . . . . . . . . 159
The Liberty and Manor of Frampton. Rolls of the Court Leet and
Court Baron, by the Rev. W. Miles Barnes . . . . 168
Artesian Wells in Dorset and Elsewhere, by W. H. Hudleston, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.G.S. .. .. .. .. .. 185
Queen Eleanor Crosses, by Alfred Pope, F.S.A. . . . . 209
William Knapp, by the Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, M. A. . . . . 216
The Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, and her
connection with Wimborne Minster, by Walter J. Fletcher . . 219
The Ancient Memorial Erasscs of Dorset, by W. de C. Prideaux . . 225
Sorae Dorset Church Towers, by R. G. Brocklehurst . . 245
Club Notes .. .. .. .. .. .. 254
Report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c., and the First
Flowering of Plants in Dorset during 1906, by Nelson M.
Richardson, B. A. . . . . . . . . 258
Some Recent and Forthcoming Books 2SO
Index to Vol. XXVIII. .. 283
IV.
INDEX TO PLATES & ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE OR TO
FACE PAGE.
Little Bindon Chapel, West Lul worth . . . . . . Ixiii.
" Fossil -Forest," West Lulworth. " Broken Beds ".. .. Ixiv.
Tufaceous Concretion Eound Tree -stumps, " Fossil- Forest,"
West Lulworth .. .. . .. Ixv.
Ford Abbey, Dorset
Monks' Walk, Ford Abbey
The Cloisters, Ford Abbey
Parish and Church of Piddletrenthide
The Church
Norman Doorway
North-East Chapel
A D'Urberville Tombstone in the Churchyard
Ixxix.
Ixxxi.
Ixxxii.
6
7
9
11
The Pepys of South Dorset
Warmwell House.. .. .. .. .. 30
Whitechurch Canonicorum
Church of Saint White, or Candida, and Holy Cross, White -
church Canonicorum . . . . . . . . 50
Western Doorway . . . . . . . . 53
Inscriptions on Bells . . . . . . . . 53
Carved Stones . . . . . . . . . . 54
The Holy Grail .. .. .. .. .. 54
Norman Doorway . . . . . . . . 55
Interior of Church . . . . . . . . 56
The Font .. .. .. .. .. 57
The Shrine of St. Wita . . . . . . . . 60
Le Chemin de Sainte Blanche . . . . . . 62
New and Rare British Arachnida
Plates A and B .. .. .. .. .. 121
Surface Waves produced by Sledges
Plate I. Bringing down the Slates, Coniston . . . . 151
,, II. The Undulating Sledge-track, Coniston . . 152
Coins Struck in Dorset, with Description . . . . . . 162
Artesian Wells in Dorset and Elsewhere
Fig. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
2 .. .. .. .. .. ;. 194
3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 200
4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 203
Queen Eleanor Crosses
The Queen Eleanor Cross at Geddington . .. 211
,, ,, ,, near Northampton .. 212
,, ,, Waltham .. .. 214
The Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, and her
connection with Wimborne Minster
The Somerset Tomb, Wimborne Minster . . . . 220
Lady Margaret . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Ancient Memorial Brasses of Dorset
Sir John Tregonwell, of Milton Abbey . . . . . . 225
1. - Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey, 1565 . . . . 226
2.- John Artur, a Monk of Milton Abbey . . . . 230
3. Sir Gyles Strangwayes, Melbury Sampford, 1562 . . 232
4. Lawrence Sampford ,, ,, .. 236
5. John Brounyng ,, . . 238
6. Effigies in Melbury Sampford Church . . . . 240
Some Dorset Church Towers
Plate I. Iwerne Minster, Bradford Abbas, Trent . . 246
,, II. Bere Regis, Milton Abbey, Wimborne Minster,
Studlaud .. .. .. .. 248
, III. Charminster, Puddletown, Fordington St. George,
Beaminster . . 250
Club Notes-
Thomas Beach, the Dorset Portrait Painter (1738-1806) .. 256
ZTfoe Dorset
IRatural HMstotE anfc Hntiquartan Jfielfc Club,
INAUGUEATED MARCH 26ra, 1875.
Presidents ; .
1875-1902 J. C. Hansel- Pleydell, Esq., B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1902-1904 Lord Eustace Cecil, F.R.G.S.
1904 * Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
Vice -Presidents :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1880-1900 Rev. Canon Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., M.A.
1880-1900-General Pitt-Rivers, F.R.S.
1880 * Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S.
1885 * Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1904 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1904~ 19 2 } * Lord Eustace Cecn > F.R.G.S.
1900 * W. H. Hudleston, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1900-1904 Vaughan Cornish, Esq., D.Sc., F.C.S., F.R.G.S.
1900 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
1902 * H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A., Ed.
1904 * Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A., R.D.
1904 * Rev. J. C. M. Mansel- Pleydell, M.A., R.D.
1904 *R. Bosworth Smith, Esq., M.A.
Hon. Secretaries :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892 Hon. Morton G. Stuart-Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1902 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1902-1904 H. Colley March, Esq., M.D., F.S.A.
1904 * Rev. Herbert Pentin, M.A., F.S.A., Ed.
Hon. Treasurers :
1875-1882 Rev. H. H. Wood, M.A., F.G.S.
1882-1900 Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
1901 * Captain G. R. Elwes, J.P.
Hon. Editors :
1875-1884 Professor James Buckman, F.S.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
1885-1892 Hon. Morton G. Stuart- Gray, M.A., F.G.S.
1892-1901 Nelson M. Richardson, Esq., B.A.
1901-1906 Rev. W. Miles Barnes, B.A., R.D.
1906 * Rev. Herbert Peutin, M.A., F.S.A., Ed.
The asterisk indicates the present officials of the Club.
VI.
RULES
OF
THE DORSET NATURAL HISTORY AND ANTIQUARIAN
FIELD CLUB.
OBJECT AND CONSTITUTION.
1. The Club shall be called The Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club, and shall have for a short title The Dorset Field Club.
The object of the Club is to promote and encourage an interest in the study of
the Physical Sciences and Archaeology generally, especially the Natural History of
the County of Dorset and its Antiquities, Prehistoric records, and Ethnology. It
shall use its influence to prevent, as far as possible, the extirpation of rare plants
and animals, and to promote the preservation of the Antiquities of the County.
2. The Club shall consist of (i.) three Officers, President, Honorary Secretary,
and Honorary Treasurer, who shall be elected annually, and shall form the
Executive body for its management ; (ii.) Vice -Presidents, of whom the
Honorary Secretary and Treasurer shall be two, ex officio ; (iii.) The Honorary
Editor of the Annual Volume of Proceedings ; (iv.) Ordinary Members ; (v.)
Honorary Members. The President, Vice -Presidents, and Editor shall form a
Council to decide questions referred to them by the Executive and to elect
Honorary Members. The Editor shall be nominated by one of the incoming
Executive and elected at the Annual Meeting.
There may also be one or more Honorary Assistant Secretaries, who shall be
nominated by the Honorary Secretary, seconded by the President or Treasurer,
and elected by the Members at the Annual Meeting.
Members may be appointed by the remaining Officers to fill interim vacancies
in the Executive Body until the following Annual Meeting.
The number of the Club shall be limited to 400, power being reserved to the
Council to select from the list of candidates persons, whose membership they may
consider to be advantageous to the interests of the Club, to be additional
Members.
PEESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENTS.
3. The President shall take the chair at all Meetings, and have an original and
a casting vote on all questions before the Meeting. In addition to the two ex
officio Vice -Presidents, at least three others shall be nominated by the President,
or, in his absence, by the Chairman, and elected at the Annual Meeting.
Vll.
HON. SECRETARY.
4. The Secretary shall perform all the usual secretarial work ; cause a
programme of each Meeting to be sent to every Member seven days at least
before such Meeting ; make all preparations for carrying out meetings and, with
or without the help of a paid Assistant Secretary or others, conduct all Field
Meetings. On any question arising between the Secretary (or Acting Secretary)
and a Member at a Field Meeting, the decision of the Secretary shall be final.
The Secretary shall receive from each Member his or her share of the day's
expenses, and thereout defray all incidental costs and charges of the Meeting,
rendering an account of the same before the Annual Meeting to the Treasurer ;
any surplus of such collection shall form part of the General Fund, and any
deficit be defrayed out of that Fund.
HON. TREASURER.
5. The Treasurer shall keep an account of Subscriptions and all other moneys
of the Club received and of all Disbursements, rendering at the Annual General
Meeting a balance sheet of the same, as well as a general statement of the Club's
finances. He shall send copies of the Annual Volume of Proceedings for each
year to Ordinary Members who have paid their subscriptions for that year (as
nearly as may be possible, in the order of such payment), to Honorary Members,
and to such Societies and individuals as the Club may, from time to time, appoint
to receive them. He shall also furnish a list at each Annual Meeting, containing
the names of all Members in arrear, with the amount of their indebtedness to the
Club. He shall also give notice of their election to all New Members.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
6. Ordinary Members are entitled to be present and take part in the Club's
proceedings at all Meetings, and to receive the published "Proceedings" of the
Club, when issued, for the year for which their subscription has been paid.
7. Every candidate for admission shall be nominated in writing by one
Member and seconded by another, to one of whom at least he must be personally
known. He may be proposed at any Meeting, and shall receive programmes of
Meetings and exercise all the functions of a Member, except voting and bringing
friends to Meetings. His name shall appear in the programme of the first
following Meeting at which a Ballot is held, when he shall be elected by ballot,
one black ball in six to exclude. Twelve Members shall form a quorum for the
purpose of election. A Ballot shall be held at the Annual and Winter Meetings,
and may be held at any other Meeting, should the Executive so decide, notice
being given in the programme.
8. The Annual Subscription shall be 10s., which shall become due and
payable in advance on the 1st of January in each year. Subscriptions paid on
Vlll.
election after September in each year shall be considered as subscriptions for the
following year, unless otherwise agreed upon by such Member and the Treasurer.
Every Member shall pay immediately after his election the sum of ten shillings as
Entrance Fee, in addition to his first Annual Subscription.
9. No person elected a Member shall be entitled to exercise any privilege as
such until he has paid his Entrance Fee and first Subscription, and no Member
shall be entitled to receive a copy of the " Proceedings" for any year until his
Subscription for that year has been paid.
10. A registered letter shall be sent by the Hon. Treasurer to any Member
whose Subscription is in arrear at the date of any Annual Meeting, demanding
payment within 28 days, failing which he shall cease to be a Member of the Club,
but shall, nevertheless, be liable for the arrears then due.
11. Members desiring to leave the Club shall give notice of the same in
writing to the Treasurer (or Secretary), but, unless such notice is given before the
end of January in any year, they shall be liable to pay the Annual Subscription
due to the Club on and after January 1st in that year.
HONOEAET MEMBERS.
12. Honorary Members shall consist of persons eminent for scientific or
natural history attainments, and shall be elected by the Council. They pay no
subscription, and have all the privileges of Ordinary Members, except voting.
MEETINGS.
13. The Annual General Meeting shall be held as near the first week in May
as may be convenient ; to receive the outgoing President's Address (if any) and
the Treasurer's financial report ; to elect the Officers and Editor for the ensuing
year ; to determine the number (which shall usually be three or four), dates, and
places of Field Meetings during the ensuing summer, and for general purposes.
14. Two Winter Meetings shall usually be held in or about the months of
December and February for the exhibition of Objects of Interest (to which not
more than one hour of the time before the reading of the Papers shall be
devoted), for the reading and discussion of Papers, and for general purposes.
The Dates and Places of the Winter and Annual Meetings shall be decided by
the Executive.
15. A Member may bring Friends to the Meetings subject to the following
restrictions : No person (except the husband, wife, or child of a Member), may
attend the Meeting unaccompanied by the Member introducing him, unless such
Member be prevented from attending by illness, and no Member may take with
him to a Field Meeting more than one Friend, whose name and address must be
submitted to the Hon. Secretary and approved by him or the Executive.
The above restrictions do not apply to the Executive or to the Acting Secretary
at the Meeting.
IX.
16. Members must give due notice (with prepayment of expenses) to the Hon.
Secretary of their intention to be present, with or without a Friend, at any
Field Meeting, in return for which the Secretary shall send to the Member a card
of admission to the Meeting, to be produced when required. Any Member who,
having given such notice, fails to attend, will be liable only for any expenses
actually incurred on his account, and any balance will be returned to him on
application. The sum of Is., or such other amount as the Hon. Secretary may
consider necessary, shall be charged to each person attending a Field Meeting, for
Incidental Expenses.
17. The Executive may at any time call a Special General Meeting of the
Members upon a written requisition (signed by Eight Members) being sent to the
Honorary Secretary. Any proposition to be submitted shall be stated in the
Notice, which shall be sent to each Member of the Club not later than seven days
before the Meeting.
PAPEES.
- 18. Notice shalli be given to the Secretary, a convenient time before each
Meeting, of any motion to be made or any Paper or communication desired to be
read, with its title and a short sketch of its scope or contents. The insertion of
these in the Programme is subject to the consent of the Officers of the Club, or
any two of them.
19. The Publications of the Club shall be in the hands of the Executive, who
shall appoint annually Three or more Ordinary Members to form with them and
the Editor a Publication Committee for the purpose of deciding upon the contents
of the Annual Volume. These contents shall consist of original papers and
communications written for the Club, and either read, or accepted as read, at a
General Meeting ; also of the Secretary's Reports of Meetings, the Treasurer's
Financial Statement and Balance Sheet, a list to date of all Members of the Club,
and of those elected in the current or previous year, with the names of their
proposers and seconders. The Annual Volume shall be edited by the Editor
subject to the direction of the Publication Committee.
20. Twenty -five copies of his paper shall be presented to each author whose
communication shall appear in the volume as a separate article, on notice being
given by him to the Publisher to that effect.
THE AFFILIATION OF SOCIETIES AND LIBEAEIES TO THE CLUB.
21. Any Natural History or Antiquarian Society in the County may be
affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual fee of Ten Shillings,
in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of the Field Club shall
be sent to such Society.
Every affiliated Society shall send the programme of its Meetings to the Hon.
Sec. of the Field Club, and shall also report any discoveries of exceptional
X.
interest. And the Field Club shall send its programme to the Hon. Sec. of each
affiliated Society.
The Members of the Field Club shall not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any
Meetings of affiliated Societies, and the Members of any affiliated Society shall
not be eligible, ipso facto, to attend any Meetings of the Field Club. But any
Member of an affiliated Society shall be eligible to read a paper or make an
exhibit at the Winter Meetings of the Field Club at Dorchester.
Any Public Library, or Club or School or College Library, in England or
elsewhere, may be affiliated to the Dorset Field Club on payment of an annual
fee of Ten Shillings, in return for which the annual volume of the Proceedings of
the Field Club shall be sent to such Library.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES.
22. Small Committees may be appointed at the Annual General Meeting to
report to the Club any interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various
sections which they represent ; and the Committee of each section may elect one
of their Members as a Corresponding Secretary.
NEW EULES.
23. No alteration in or addition to these Eules shall be made except with the
consent of a majority of three-fourths of the Members present at the Annual
General Meeting, full notice of the proposed alteration or addition having been
given both in the current Programme and in that of the previous Meeting.
XI.
Dorset
natural lIMstor^ anfc Hntiquanan jfielfc Club.
INAUGURATED MARCH 1th, 1875.
President :
NELSON M. EICHAEDSON, ESQ., B.A.
Vice-Presidents :
THE LORD EUSTACE CECIL, F.E.G.S.
KEY. HEEBEET PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and
Editor}.
CAPTAIN G. E. ELWES, J.P. (Hon. Treasurer}.
EEV. W. MILES BAENES, B.A.
W. H. HUDLESTON, ESQ., M.A., F.E.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
EEV. J. C. M. MANSEL-PLEYDELL, M.A.
H. COLLET MAECH, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A.
EEV. O. PICKAED-CAMBEIDGE, M.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.
E. BOSWOETH SMITH, ESQ., M.A.
HON. MOETON G. STUAET-GEAY, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S.
Hon. Editor :
Eev. HEEBEET PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed., Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford.
Executive Body :
NELSON M. EICHAEDSON, Esq., B.A. (President J.
Eev. HESBEET PENTIN, M.A., F.S.A. Ed. (Hon. Secretary and Editor),
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford.
Captain G. E. ELWES, J.P. (Hon. Treasurer}, Bossington, Bournemouth.
Publication Committee :
The EXECUTIVE, H. B. MIDDLETON, Esq., Dr. COLLEY MAECH,
and E. E. SYKES, Esq.
Honorary Members:
o.M. W. CAEETTTHEES, Esq., F.E.S., F.G.S., F.L.S., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), South Kensington.
1888 Eev. OSMOND FISHEE, M.A., F.G.S., Graveley, Huntingdon.
1889 Mr. A. M. WALLIS, 29, Mallams, Portland.
1900 A. J. JUKES-BEOWNE, Esq., F.G.S., Floriston, Cleveland Eoad, Torquay.
1900 E. LYDEKKEE, Esq., F.E.S., The Lodge, Harpenden, Herts.
1900 CLEMENT EEID, Esq., F.E.S., 28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
1900 A. SMITH WOODWARD, Esq., LL.D., F.E.S., F.G.S., British Museum (Nat.
Hist.), South Kensington, London.
1904 Sir WM. THISELTON DYEE, K.C.M.G., C.I.E., F.E.S., The Ferns,
Witcombe, Gloucester.
1904 Sir FEEDEEICK TEEVES, Bart., G.C.V.O., C.B., LL.D., Eichmond.
xii.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
Dorset ^lafuraC $istcm? &
Year of
Election.
1903
1903
1902
1884
1890
1892
(The initials " O.M." signify " Original Member")
The Most Hon. the Marquis of
Salisbury The Manor House, Cranborne
The Most Hon. the Marchioness
of Salisbury The Manor House, Cranborne
The Eight Hon. the Earl of
Shaftesbury St. Giles, Wimborne
The Eight Hon. Lord Eustace
Cecil, F.E.G.S. ( Vice -President} Lytchett Heath, Poole
1903 The Eight Hon. the Lady Eustace
Cecil
1904 The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Durham, D.D.
Lytchett Heath, Poole
Auckland Castle, Bishop's Auckland
The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Salisbury, D.D. The Palace, Salisbury
The Eight Eeverend the Lord
Bishop of Worcester, D.D.
1889 The Eight Hon. Lord Digby
1895 The Eight Hon. Lord Walsing-
ham, F.E.S.
Hartlebury Castle, Kidderminster
Minterne, Dorchester
Merton Hall, Thetford, Norfolk
1903 The Eight Hon. Lord Chelmsford Governor's House, Brisbane, Queens-
land, Australia
1907 The Eight Hon. Lord Wynford Wynford Eagle, Dorset
1907 The Eight Hon. Lady Wynford
1893 Acland, Captain John E., M.A.
1892 Acton, Eev. Edward, B.A.
1905 Aldis, T. S., Esq., M.A.
1899 Aldridge, Mrs. Selina
1892 Allhusen, Wilton, Esq.
1907 Allner, Mrs. George
1906 Atkins, F. T., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Ed.
Wynford Eagle, Dorset
Wollaston House, Dorchester
Iwerne Minster Vicarage, Blandford
Bowhayes, Bothenhampton, Bridport
Denewood, Alum Chine Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Pinhay, Lyme Eegis
National Provincial Bank, Sturminster
Newton
Cathay, Alumhurst Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Xlll.
1907 Atkinson, George T., Esq., M.A.
1907 Badcoe, A. C., Esq., B.Sc.
1902 Baker, Sir E. Randolf , Bart.
1887 Bankes, W. Albert, Esq.
1884 Bankes, Eustace Ralph, Esq.,
M.A., F.E.S.
1887 Bankes, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1906 Bankes, Mrs.
1902 Barkworth, Edmund, Esq.
1904 Barlow, Major C. M.
1894 Barnes, Mrs. John lies
1889 Bames, Rev. W. M., B.A., R.D.
(Vice -President)
1903 Barnes, F. J., Esq.
1903 Barnes, Mrs. F. J.
1884 Barrett, W. Bowles, Esq.
1906 Barrow, Richard, Esq.
1895 Bartelot, Rev. R. Grosvenor, M.A.
1907 Bartelot, Mrs. R. Grosvenor
1886 Baskett, Rev. C. R.
1893 Baskett, S. R., Esq.
1904 Baskett, Mrs. S. R.
1889 Batten, H. B., Esq.
1888 Beckford, F. J., Esq.
O.M. Bond, N., Esq.
1907 Bevan, E. R., Esq., M.A.
1903 Bond, Gerald Denis, Esq.
1906 Bond, Nigel de M., Esq., B.A.
1898 Bond, Wm. H., Esq.
1903 Bond, Wm. Ralph G., Esq.
1894 Bonsor, Geo., Esq.
1889 Bower, H. Syndercombe, Esq.
1900 Bower, Rev. Charles H. S., M.A.
1903 Bramble, Lieut. -Colonel James
Roger, F.S.A.
1898 Brandreth, Rev. F. W., M.A.
1901 Brennand, John, Esq.
1906 Brennand, W. A. B., Esq.
1885 Brennand, W. E., Esq.
Durlston Court, Swanage
County Education Office, Dorchester
Ranston, Blandford
Wolfeton House, Dorchester
Norden House, Corfe Castle, Wareham
The Close, Salisbury
Kingston Lacy, Wimborne
South House, Piddletrenthide
Southcot, Charminster
Summerhayes, Blandford
Monkton Rectory, Dorchester
Rodwell, Weymouth
Rodwell, Weymouth
2, Belfield Terrace, Weymouth
Sorrento House, Sandecotes, Park-
stone
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Fordington St. George Vicarage,
Dorchester
Bristwith Vicarage, Ripley, Leeds
Evershot
Evershot
Aldon, Yeovil
Witley, Parkstone
Holme, Wareham
Rempstone Hall, Corfe Castle
Holme, Wareham
156, Ashley Gardens, London, S.W.
Tyneham, Wareham
Tyneham, Wareham
The Gables, Spetisbury
Fontmell Parva, Shillingstone, Bland -
ford
Hinton St. Mary, Sturminster Newton,
Dorset
Seafield, Weston-super-Mare
Buckland Newton, Dorchester
Belmont, Parkstone
Sturminster Newton
Blandford
XIV.
1905 Bromley, Miss
1893 Brown, J., Esq.
1900 Brown, Miss
1891 Browning, Benjamin, Esq., M.D.,
D.P.H., Staff-Surgeon E.N.,
Fellow of the Sanitary Institute
of Great Britain
1895 Brymer, Eev. J. G., M.A.
1907 Bulfin, Ignatius, Esq.
1900 Bullen, Colonel John Bullen
Symes
1891 Burt, Miss Emma
1907 Bury, Mrs. 'Henry
1897 Busk, W., Esq., A.E.C.A.
1905 Busk, W., Esq.
1905 Busk, Mrs. W.
1901 Bussell, Miss Katherine
1903 Butler, Eev. Pierce Armar
1903 Butler-Bowden, Bruno, Esq.
1903 Butler-Bowden, Mrs. Bruno
1906 Butt, Eev. W., M. A.
1891 Carter, William, Esq.
1893 Chadwick, Mrs.
1905 Chadwyck-Healey, Esq., C. E. H.,
M.A., K.C., C.B., F.S.A.
1903 Champ, A., Esq.
1883 Chudleigh, Eev. E. Augustine,
M.A.
1897 Chudleigh, Mrs.
1901 Chudleigh, Miss W. M.
1894 Church, Colonel Arthur
1904 Clapcott, Miss
1892 Clarence, Lovell Burchett, Esq.
1905 Clark, Mrs. E. S.
1895 Clarke, E. Stanley, Esq.
1883 Colfox, Miss A. L.
1878 Colfox, T. A., Esq.
1905 Collins, Stephen, Esq., M.P.
1907 Collins, Wm. W., E.I.
1905 Colville, H. K., Esq.
1904 Coney/Major Wm. Bicknell
Grange, Florence Eoad, Boscombe,
Bournemouth
Maiden Newton
Belle Vue, Shaftesbury
Bec-en-Hent, Sidmouth, Devon
Childe Okeford Eectory, Blandford
The Den, Knole Hill, Bournemouth
Catherston Leweston, near Charmouth
Purbeck House, Swanage
Mayfield House, Farnham, Surrey
West Walks, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorchester
Thorneloe, Bridport
East Stoke Eectory, Wareham
Upwey House, Upwey
Upwey House, Upwey
Kempsford Vicarage, Fairford,
Gloucester
The Hermitage, Parkstone
Westfield, Cornwall Eoad, Dorchester
110, Harley Street, London, W.
St. Katherine's, Bridport
West Parley Eectory, Wimborne
West Parley Eectory, Wimborne
West Parley Eectory, Wimborne
St. Alban's, Eodwell, Weymouth
South Walks, Dorchester
Coaxden, Axminster
Westport, Wareham
Evershot, Dorchester
Westmead, Bridport
Coneygar, Bridport
Harborne, St. Ann's Hill, Wands -
worth, S.W.
Corfe Castle
Uploders House, Bridport
Martinstown, Dorchester
xV.
1902 Cornish, Eev. W. F., M.A.
1903 Cornish-Browne, C. J., Esq.
1891 Cother, Eev. P. L., M.A.
1900 Cox, Henry, Esq., F.S.A.,
F.E.G.S., M.J.S.
1906 Cox, Miss
1901 Crallan, G. E. J., Esq., M.B.
1886 Crespi, A. J. H., Esq., B.A.,
M.E.C.P.
1884 Cross, Eev. James, M.A.
1890 Cull, James, Esq.
1885 Curme, Decimus, Esq., M.E.C.S.
1896 Curtis, C. H., Esq.
1897 Curtis, Wilfred Parkinson, Esq.
1903 Dacombe, J. M. J., Esq.
1907 Daniell, E. H. S., Esq., M.B.
1907 Daniell, Miss Margaret
1905 Danneman, Eev. A. F. J.,
M.A.
o.M. Darell, D., Esq., F.G.S., F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.
1904 Davies, Eev. Canon S. E.,
M.A.
1894 Davis, Geo., Esq.
1904 Deane, Mrs. A. M.
1907 de Vesiaii, J. S. E., Esq.,
MJnst.C.E.
1904 Dicker, Eev. C. W. H., F.E.G.S.
1907 Dicker, Miss Eleanor H.
1903 Digby, Captain H. Montague
1906 Dixon, J. E. L., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P. Ed.
1907 Drew, J. A., Esq.
1906 Dodd, Frank Wm., Esq.,
MJnst.C.E.
1904 Dugdale, J. B., Esq.
1905 Duke, Henry, Esq.
1905 Duke, Mrs. Henry
1907 Duke. Miss M. Constance
1896 Dundas, Ven. Archdeacon, M.A.
Steepleton Eectory, Dorchester
Came House, Dorchester
1, Clearmount, Weymouth
Eadipole Manor, near Weymouth
9, Eoyal Terrace, Wareham
The Elms, Parkstone
Wimborne
Baillie House, Stumiinster Marshall,
Wimborne
47, Phillimore Gardens, Campden Hill,
London, W.
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Blandford
Aysgarth, Parkstone Eoad, Poole
27, Holdenhurst Eoad, Bournemouth
Dale House, Blandford
Dale House, Blandford
123, London Eoad, Calne, Wilts
Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming, Dart-
mouth, Devon
Wyke Eegis Eectory, Weymouth
Sunbeams, Icen Way, Dorchester
Clay Hill House, near Gillingham
Walpole Eoad, Surbiton, Surrey
Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Piddletrenthide Vicarage, Dorchester
Chalmington House, Cattistock, Dor-
chester
2, Wootton Gardens, Bournemouth
Carruthers, Wareham
Connaught Eoad, Weymouth
Sandford, Wareham
Clandon, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
The Limes, Dorchsster
Charminster Vicarage, Dorchester
XVI.
1891 Eaton, Henry S., Esq.
1897 Edwards, Miss Sarah Powell
1885 Elwes, Captain G. E. (Vice-
President and Hon. Treasurer)
1905 Evans, Miss Isabel Warwick
1905 Evans, Miss Annie Elizabeth
1886 Falkner, C.G., Esq., M.A.
1884 Farley, Eev. H., M.A.
1903 Fairer, Colonel Philip
1905 Feacey,. Jem, Esq.
1900 Ferguson, Colonel C. J. O'Neill
1904 Ffooks, Mrs. E. Archdall
1904 Fielding, Thos., Esq., M.D.
1892 Filleul, Eev. S. E. V., M.A.
1889 Filliter, George Clavell, Esq.
1896 Filliter, Eev. W. D., M.A.
1901 Fisher, Mrs. J. F.
1907 Fisher, Miss Lorna S.
1906 Fisher, Harry, Esq.
1890 Fletcher, W. H. B., Esq.
O.M. Fletcher, W. J., Esq., F.E.I.B.A.
1906 Fletcher. Mrs. W. J.
1907 Fletcher, Eev. J. M. J., M.A.
1885 Floyer, G. W., Esq., B.A.
1895 Forbes, Mrs.
1897 Forde, Henry, Esq.
1893 Forrester, Hugh Carl, Esq., B.A.
1893 Forrester, Mrs.
1878 Freame, E., Esq.
1895 Fry, Edward Alexander, Esq.
1903 Fry, George S., Esq.
1898 Fullaway, Mrs.
O.M. Fyler, Captain J. W. T.
O.M. Galpin, G., Esq.
1896 George, Mrs.
1906 Girdlestone, Mrs.
1890 Glyn, Captain Carr Stuart
1898 Glyn, Lieut. -General J. P. Carr
O.M. Glyn, Sir E. G., Bart.
Pentlands, Mill Eoad, Worthing,
Sussex
11, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bossmgton, Bournemouth
Clandou, Dorchester
Clandon, Dorchester
Ireton Bank, Eusholme, Manchester
Lytchett Minster, Poole
Binnegar Hall, Wareham
Culliford Eoad, Dorchester
The Dinedors, Spa Eoad, Weymouth
Fermain House, Sherborne
Milton Abbas, Blandf ord
All Saints' Eectory, Dorchester
St. Martin's House, Wareham
East Lulworth Vicarage, Wareham
Vines Close, Wimborne
West Walks, Dorchester ,
The Eosery, Florence Eoad, Boscombe,
B ournemouth
Aldwick Manor, Bognor, Sussex
The Chantry, Wimborne
The Chantry, Wimbome
The Vicarage, Wimborne Minster
West Stafford, Dorchester
Shillingstone, Blandford
Luscombe, Parkstone
St. John's Cottage, Shaftesbury
Westport, Wareham
The Chantry, Gillingham
124, Chancery Lane, London, W.C.
11, The Hawthorns, Church End,
Finchley
Childe Okeford, Blandford
Hethfelton, Wareham
Clarendon Court, Clarendon Eoad,
Bournemouth
Fleet House, near Weymouth
The Corner House, Alum Hurst Eoad,
West Bournemouth
Wood Leaze, Wimborne
Xorth Leigh, Wimborne
Gauuts House, Wimborne
XVII.
1F95 Godman, F. du Cane, Esq., F.E.S. Lower Beeding, Horsham
1883 Gorringe, Eev. P. R., M.A. Mansion Eectory, Blandford
1903 Gorringe, Mrs. P. E. Manston Eectory, Blandford
1906 Gowring, Mrs. B. W. 49, High West Street, Dorchester
1888 Greves, Hyla, Esq., M.D. Eodney House, Bournemouth
1904 Groves, Herbert J., Esq. Chiton, Weymouth
1906 Groves, Miss Thickthorne, Broadwey, Dorset
1906 Gundry, Joseph, Esq. Wales House, Prince of Wales Eoad,
Dorchester
1896 Haggard, Eev. H. A., M.A. Molash Vicarage, Canterbury
1907 Haig-Brown, Mrs. Alan Eoderick Lancing College, Sussex
1906 Hall, Miss Maude King's Stagg, Sturminster Newton
1903 Hambro, Everard A., Esq. Milton Abbey, Dorset
1905 Hambro, C. Eric, Esq. 70, Prince's Gate, London, S.W.
1893 Hankey, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D. Maiden Newton Eectory, Dorchester
1886 Hansford, Charles, Esq. Dorchester
1890 Harrison, Eev. F. T., M.A. Burton Bradstock Eectory, Bridport
1897 Harston, Comdr. F. A. (late E. N.) Newlands, Glendinning Avenue, Wey-
mouth
1896 Hart-Dyke, Eev. Canon P., M.A. Lullingstone, Wimborne
1900 Hasluck, Eev. Ernest, M.A. Handley Vicarage, Salisbury
1898 Hassell, Miss Westfield Lodge, Parkstone
1894 Hawkins, W., Esq., M.E.C.S. Broadwey, Dorchester
1903 Hawkins, Mrs. H. Eew House, Martinstown, Dorchester
1903 Hawkins, Miss Isabel Wyke, Sherborne
1893 Hayne, E., Esq. Fordington House, Dorchester
1889 Head, J. Merrick, Esq., M.E.I.A.,
F.E.G.S., F.P.S. Pennsylvania Castle, Portland
1905 Heath, F. E., Esq. The Woodlands, Weymouth
1905 Heath, Sidney H.S., Esq. TJpwey, Dorchester
1906 Heaton, Guy, Esq., M.A. St. David's, Bournemouth West
1899 Heiining, Mrs. Frome, Dorchester
1906 Higginbotham, J. C., Esq. (' ' Orme
Agnus ") Northport House, Wareham
1901 Hill, E. E., Esq. Long Lynch, Childe Okeford
1902 Hine, E., Esq. Beaminster
1902 Homer, Miss E. C. Wood Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
1907 Homer, Mrs. G. Wood Bardolf Manor, Puddletown
1907 Hovenden, Frederick, Esq., F.G.S.,
F.L.S., F.E.M.S. Glenlea, 1C9, Thurlow Park Eoad,
West Dulwich, S.E.
1897 Hudleston, W. H., Esq., M.A.,
F.E.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Vice-
President) West Holme, Wareham
XV111.
1906 Humphreys, Mrs. C. B.
1888 Huntley, H. E., Esq.
1906 Jameson, Mrs.
1903 Jenkins, Eev. T. Leonard, M.A.
1893 Kerr, E. W., Esq., M.D.
1895 Lafontaine, A. C. de, Esq., F.S.A.
1902 Langdon, Miss M.
1901 Langford, Rev. Canon, M.A.
1901 Lee, W. H. Markham, Esq.,
I.S.M.
1907 Lees, Captain Edgar, R.N.
1907 Lees, Mrs. Edgar
1900 Legge, Miss Jane
1899 Le Jeune, H., Esq.
1900 Leslie, Rev. E. C., M.A.
1902 Lewis, Rev. A., M.A.
1894 Linklater, Rev. Prebendary,
D.D.
1890 Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.R.S.,
F.L.S.
1890 Lister, Miss Gulielma
1905 Llewellin, W., Esq., M.A.
1900 Lock, Mrs. A. H.
1892 Lock, B. F., Esq.
1893 Lock, Miss Mary C.
1905 Lush, Mrs. W. Vawdrey
1901 Lys, F. D., Esq., M.R.C.S.,
L.R.C.P.
1888 Macdonald, P. W., Esq., M.D.
1902 Mainwaring, Lieut. -Col. F.G.L.
1890 Manger, A. T., Esq.
1907 Mansel, Miss Susan
1894 Mansel -Pleydell, Mrs.
1899 Mansel-Pleydell, Rev. J. C. M.,
M.A., R.D. (Vice- President]
1896 March, H. Colley, Esq., M.D.,
F.S.A., M.R.S.A.I., F.A.I.
(Vice-President}
1883 Marriott, Sir W. Smith, Bart.
1904 Marsh, J. L., Esq.
1897 Martin, Miss Eileen
Eagle House, Blandford
Charlton House, Blandford
Kenmare, Prince of Wales Road,
Dorchester
Leigh Vicarage, Sherborne
South Street, Dorchester
Athelhampton, Dorchester
Parrock's Lodge, Chard
Belle Vue, Higher Hooe, Plymouth
Wyke Regis, Weymouth
The Manor House, Upwey
The Manor House, Upwey
Allington Villa, Bridport
St. Ives, Upper Parkstone, Dorset
Came Rectory, Dorchester
Chardstock Vicarage, Chard
Stroud Green Vicarage, London, N.
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
High Cliffe, Lyme Regis
Upton House, Poole
53, High West Street, Dorchester
11, New Square, Lincoln's Inn, London
53, High West Street, Dorchester
Arnmore, Upper Lansdowne Road,
Bournemouth
Highclere, Rodwell, Weymouth
Herrison, Dorchester
Wabey House, Upwey
Stock Hill, Gillingham
Top-o'-Town, Dorchester
Longthorns, Blandford
Sturminster Newton Vicarage, Bland -
ford
Portesham, Dorchester
The Down House, Blandford
White Cliff Mill Street, Blandford
4, Greenhill, Weymouth
XIX.
1907 Mate, C. H., Esq.
1901 Maude, W., Esq., B.C.L.
1879 Maunsell, Rev. F. W., M.A.
O.M. Mayo, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D.
1902 Mayo, Miss B.
1907 Michell, Theo. Esq.
O.M. Middleton, H. B., Esq.
1900 Middleton, Miss L. M.
1890 Milne, Eev. Percy H., M.A.
O.M. Moorhead, J., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1905 Morgan, Mrs.
1898 Morrice, G. G., Esq., M.A., M.D.
1897 Moullin, Arthur D., Esq.
1905 Nicholson, Captain Hugh
1906 Oke, A. W., Esq.
1886 Okeden, Colonel U. E. Parry
1906 Okeden, Edmund Parry, Esq.
1904 Oliver, Weston, Esq., M.A.
1905 Page, Thomas, Esq.
1905 Page, Mrs. T.
1905 Paget, Miss Adelaide
1904 Palmes, Captain Gerald
1905 Parkinson, Miss M. B.
1890 Patey, Miss
1907 Paul, Edward Clifford, Esq.
1907 Paul, Mrs. Edward Clifford
1894 Payne, Miss Florence O.
1906 Pearce, Mrs. Thos. A.
1897 Pearson, W. E., Esq.
1901 Peck, Gerald E., Esq.
1878 Penny, Eev. J., M.A.
1894 Penny-Snook, S., Esq., M.E.C.S.,
L.E.C.P.
1907 Penny-Snook, Mrs. S.
1901 Pentin, Eev. Herbert M.A.,
F.S.A. Ed. (Vice - President,
Hon. Secretary, and Editor}
1894 Peto, Sir Henry, Bart.
1896 Phillips, Miss
1889 Philpot, J. E. D., Esq.
Elim, Surrey Eoad South, Bourne-
mouth
Brackenwood, Bournemouth
Symondsbury Eectory, Bridport
Long Burton Vicarage, Sherborne
Friar Waddon, Dorchester
Trewirgie, Wellington Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Bradford Peverell, Dorchester
Cliff Cabin, Worbarrow, Wareham
Hornblotton Eectory, Castle Gary
Bournemouth
Haselbury Bryan Eectory, Blandf ord
17, Eoyal Terrace, Weymouth
Fermain, Cranbourne Eoad, Swanage
Nettlecombe, Melplash, E.S.O.
32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex
Turnworth, Blandford
Moreton
Castle House, Weymouth
Trevissome, Parkstone Eoad, Poole
Trevissome, Parkstone Eoad, Poole
Park Homer, Wimborne
Bere Eegis, Wareham
Oaklands, Wimborne
Holmlea, Lincoln
Eastbrook House, TJpwey
Eastbrook House, TJpwey
Eydal, Wimborne
Ivythorpe, Dorchester
4, WesterhaU Villas, Weymouth
East Looe, Parkstone -on -Sea
Tarrant Eushton Eectory, Blandford
Netherton House, Weymouth
Netherton House, Weymouth
Milton Abbey Vicarage, Blandford
Chedington Court, Misterton, Crew-
kerne
Okeford Fitzpaine Eectory, Shilling-
stone
Holme Cleve, Lyme Eegis
XX.
1898 Packard-Cambridge, A. W., Esq.
M.A.
O.M. Pickard - Cambridge, Eev. O.,
M.A., F.E.S. (Vice-President)
1907 Pickard -Cambridge, Major
1886 Pike, T. M., Esq.
1903 Pike, Leonard G., Esq.
1903 Pitt-Eivers, A. L. Fox, Esq.,
F.S.A.
1904 Plowman, Eev. L. S.
1896 Pond, S., Esq.
1894 Ponting, Chas. E., Esq., F.S.A.
O.M. Pope, Alfred, Esq.
1906 Pope, Alfred Eolph, Esq., M.A.
1906 Pope, Mrs. Alfred Eolph
1905 Pope, Miss Hilda
1900 Pope, George, Esq.
1896 Prideaux, C. S., Esq., L.D.S.
1900 Prideaux, W. de C., Esq., L.D.S.
1905 Pringle, Henry T., Esq., M.D.
1905 Pringle, Mrs. Henry T.
1888 Pye, William, Esq.
1888 Eadclyffe, Eustace, Esq.
1905 Eamsden, Mrs.
1906 Eansford, Colonel
O.M. Eavenhill, Eev. Canon, M.A., E.D.
1 905 Eaymond , F. , Esq .
1906 Eaymond, Mrs. F.
1899 Eendell, W. F., Esq.
1886 Eeynolds, Mrs. Arthur
1904 Ehydderch, Eev. W.
1887 Eichardson, N. M., Esq., B.A.
(President}
1905 Eidley, Miss H. L.
1901 Eidley, Eev. J.
1894 Eixon, W. A., Esq.
1890 Eobinson, Sir Charles, F.S.A.
1886 Eodd, Edward Stanhope, Esq.
1907 Eoe, MissM.E.
1907 Eoper, Freeman, Esq.
1889 Russell, Colonel C. J., E.E.
1906 Samson, Miss E, A,
22, St. Margaret's Eoad, Oxford
Bloxworth Eectory, Wareham
Fordington House, Dorchester
c/o Mr. J. Pope, Wilts and Dorset
Bank, Wareham
Kingbarrow, Wareham
Hinton St. Mary, Blandford
Ibberton Eectory, Blandford
Blandford
Wye House, Marlborough
South Court, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
Culliford House, Dorchester
South Court, Dorchester
Weston Hall, Bournemouth
Ermington, Dorchester
12, Frederick Place, Weymouth
Ferndown, Wimborne
Ferndown, Wimborne
Dunmore, Eodwell, Weymouth
Hyde, Wareham
Great Bidlake, Bridestow, N. Devon
Talavera, Dorchester Eoad, Weymouth
Southlea, Queen's Avenue, Dorchester
Garryowen, Dorchester
Garry o wen, Dorchester
Hallow Dene, Parkstone
Wyndcroft, Bridport
Owermoigne Eectory, Dorchester
Montevideo, Chickerell, near Wey-
mouth
Charminster
The Eectory, Pulham, Dorchester
Turkdean Manor, North Leach
Newton Manor, Swanage
Chardstock House, Chard
Sandford Orcas Eectory, Sherborne
Forde Abbey, Chard
Clavinia, Weymouth
Elwell Lea, Upwey
XXI.
1905 Sanderson -Wells, T. H., Esq.,
M.D.
1905 Saunt, Miss
1905 Saunt Miss B. V.
1889 Schuster, Eev. W. P., M.A.
1907 Scott, J. H. , Esq., M.E.
1904 Seaman, Eev. C. E., M.A.
1883 Searle, Alan, Esq.
1906 Shephard, Col. C. S., D.S.O.
1896 Shepheard, Thomas, Esq.,
F.K.M.S.
1903 Shepherd, Eev. C. S., F.C.S.
1906 Shepherd, Eev. F. J.
1903 Sheridan, Mrs. A. T. Brinsley
1884 Sherren, J. A., Esq., F.E. Hist. S.
1897 Simpson, Jas., Esq.
LS95 Simpson, Miss
1906 Smith, Mrs. Alfred
1899 Smith, Howard Lyon, Esq.,
L.E.C.P.
1902 Smith, E. Bosworth, Esq., M.A.
( Vice- President)
1905 Smith, Eev. E. Heriz, M.A.
1888 Solly, Eev. H. Shaen, M.A.
1901 Sotheby, Eev. W. E. H., M.A.,
E.D.
1900 Stephens, W. L., Esq.
1905 Stephens, J. Thompson, Esq.
1903 Stilwell, H., Esq.
1900 Storer, Colonel, late E.E.
1900 Stopford, Admiral
1883 Stroud, Eev. J., M.A.
O.M. Stuart-Gray, Hon. M. G., M.A.,
F.S.A. Ed., F.G.S. (Vice-
President)
1895 Sturdy, Leonard, Esq.
1896 Sturdy, Philip, Esq.
1902 Sturdy, Miss Violet
1907 Sturdy, Alan, Esq.
1905 Sturdy, E. T., Esq.
6, Eoyal Terrace, Weymouth
Buxton, Eodwell, Weymouth
Buxton, Eodwell, Weymouth
The Vicarage, West Lulworth
Ardrossan, Sedgley, Bournemouth
Stalbridge Eectory, Blandford
Ashton Lodge, Bassett, Southampton
Shorttake, Osmington, Weymouth
Kingsley, Bournemouth West
Worth Matravers Vicarage, Wareham
Sherborne
Frampton Court, Dorchester
Helmsley, Weymouth
Minterne Grange, Parkstone
12, Greenhill, Weymouth
Newton House, Stunninster Newton
Buckland House, Buckland Newton,
Dorchester
Bingham's Melcombe, Dorchester
Tarrant Hinton Eectory, Blandford
Southcote, Alexandra Eoad, Parkstone
Gillingham Vicarage, Dorset
Colomberie, West Bay, Bridport
Wanderwell, Bridport
Steepleton Manor, Dorchester
Keavil, Bournemouth
Shroton House, Blandford
Lillesden, Broadstone
Kinfauns Castle, Perth, N.B.
Trigon, Wareham
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
The Wick, Branksome, near Bourne-
mouth
Norburton, Burton Bradstock, Bridport
1898 Sturt, W. Neville, Esq.
1893 Suttill, H. S., Esq.
1905 Suttill, John, Esq.
1898 Swift, B. Eyle, Esq., M.A.
1885 Sydenham, David, Esq.
1893 Sykes, E. E., Esq., B.A., F.Z.S.
1889 Symes, G. P., Esq., M.A., B.C.L.,
M.V.O.
1904 Symonds, Arthur G., Esq.
1904 Symonds, Henry, Esq.
1897 Taylor, J. Herbert, Esq.
1901 Telfordsmith, Telford, Esq.,
M.A., M.D.
O.M. Thompson, Eev. G., M.A.
1906 Thomson, Chas. Bertram, Esq.,
F.E.C.S.
1907 Tims, E. M., Esq., E.N. (retired)
1907 Tims, Mrs. E. M.
1907 Towers, Miss
1893 Troy te -Bullock, Mrs.
1905 Truell, Mrs.
O.M. Udal, J. S., Esq., F.S.A.
1897 Usher, Eev. E., M.A., F.L.S.
1890 Usherwood, Eev. Canon T. E.,
M.A.
1907 Waite, Arthur H., Esq.
1837 Walker, Eev. S. A., M.A.
1905 Ward, Samuel, Esq.
O.M. Warre, Eev. Canon F., M.A.
1904 Warry, Mrs. King
1904 Warry, Wm., Esq.
1905 Watkins, Wm., Esq.
O.M. Watts, Eev. Canon, M.A.
1905 Watts, Miss
1893 Weaver, Eev. F. W., M.A., F.S.A.
1905 Webb, H. K, Esq.
, 1904 Westcott, Eev. Canon F. B., M.A.
Baytree Farm, Great Horkesley, Col-
chester
Pymore, Bridport
24, West Street, Bridport
Holly Bank, Dorchester
Bournemouth
3, Gray's Inn Place, Gray's Inn,
London, W.C.
Monksdene, Weymouth
South Street, Dorchester
30, Bolton Gardens, London, S.W.
Grayrigg, Parkstone
Eomansleigh, Wimborne
Highbury, Bodorgan Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Eomansleigh, Wimborne
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Winfrith House, Winfrith
Whicham, Porchester Eoad, Bourne-
mouth
Silton Lodge, Zeals, Bath
Onslow, Wimborne
Antigua, Leeward Islands, West Indies
West Knoyle Eectory, Bath
179, St. James's Court, Buckingham
Gate, London, S.W.
Upwey Place, Upwey
Spetisbury, Blandford
5, Greenhill, Weymouth
Bemerton, Salisbury
39, Filey Avenue, Clapton Common,
London, N.
Westrow, Holwell, Sherborne
62, London Wall, B.C.
Bemerton, Salisbury
Bemerton, Salisbury
Milton Vicarage, Evercreech, Somerset
Bibury Cottage, Osborn Eoad, Brank-
some Park, Bournemouth
The School House, Sherborne
KX111.
189j Whitby, Joseph, Esq.
1901 Wildman, W. B., Esq., M.A.
1900 Wilkinson, Eev. J. H., M.A.
1892 Williams, E. W., Esq., B.A.
1903 Williams, Captain Berkeley C. W.
1897 Williams, Miss F. L.
1884 Williams, Robert, Esq., M.P.
1884 Williams, Mrs. Eobert
1906 Williams, Miss Meta
1903 Willis, Mrs. A. Eatcliffe
1905 Wills, A. W., Esq., M.P.
1906 Wiiiwood, T. H. E., Esq., M.A.
1905 Wood, Lady
1898 Woodhouse, Miss
1903 Woodhouse, Miss Ellen E.
1903 Woodhouse, Frank D., Esq.
1906 Woodhouse, Mrs. Frank D.
1893 Workman, J. Eeece, Esq., C.E.
1904 Wright, W. Southey, Esq., B.A.,
M.E.C.S., L.E.C.P.
1902 Wright, Eev. Herbert L., B.A.
1904 Yates, Eobert, Esq.
1896 Yeatman, Mrs.
1901 Yeatman, Miss E. F.
1893 Young, E. W., Esq.
Preston, Yeovil
The Abbey House, Sherborne
Melcombe Bingham Eectory, Dor-
chester
Herringston, Dorchester
Herringston, Dorchester
Westleaze, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
Bridehead, Dorchester
South Walk, Dorchester
Oriel, Wey mouth
3, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.
Moreton House, Dorchester
The Mount, Parkstone
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Chilmore, Ansty, Dorchester
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Old Ford House, Blandford St. Mary
Inglenook, Winchester Eoad, Bassett,
Southampton
Wool, Wareham
Church Knowle Eectory, Corfe Castle
Milton Abbas, Blandford
114, Denbigh Street, London, S.W.
King's Stagg, Stur minster Newton
Dorchester
The above list includes the New Members elected up to and including the
September meeting of the year 1907.
(Any omissions or errors should be notified to the Hon. Secretary.)
XXIV.
ELECTED SINCE THE PUBLICATION OF THE LIST CONTAINED
IN VOL. XXVII.
PEOPOSED Aua. 27TH, 1906 ; ELECTED DEC. 13TH, 1906.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Mrs. Gowring, of 49, High Captain G. R. Elwes Mrs. Jameson
"West Street, Dorchester
Mrs. T. A. Pearce, of Ivy- G. Galpm, Esq. C. S. Prideaux, Esq.
thorpe, Dorchester
The Rev. F. J. Shepherd, of S. R. Baskett, Esq. W. B. Wildman,
Sherborne Esq.
Mrs. Alfred Smith, of New- Rev. J. C.M.Mansel- Mrs. Mansel-
ton House, Sturminster Pleydell Pleydell
Newton
PJROPOSED DEC. 13TH, 1906; ELECTED FEB. 19TH, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Mrs. George Allner, of The Dr. J. Comyns Rev. J. C. M. Mansel-
National Provincial Bank, Leach Pleydell
Sturminster Newton
E. R. Bevan, Esq., M.A., of The Hon. Secretary R. Bosworth Smith, Esq.
Rempstone Hall, Corfe
Castle
Mrs. Henry Bury, of May- Captain G. R. Elwes The Hon. Secretary
field House, Farnham,
Surrey
J. S. E. de Vesian, Esq., J. Suttill, Esq. H. S. Suttill, Esq.
A.M.I.C.E., of 1, Ardlin
Road, West Dulwich
PEOPOSED FEB. 19TH. 1907 ; ELECTED MAY 2ND, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
J. A. Drew, Esq., of Car- W. H. Hudleston, Rev. W. D. Filliter
ruthers, Wareham Esq.
Miss M. Constance Duke, of Capt. J. E. Acland C. S. Prideaux, Esq.
The Limes, Dorchester
The Rev. J. M. J. Fletcher, W. J. Fletcher, Esq. The Hon. Secretary
M.A., of The Vicarage,
Wimborne Minster
XXV.
PROPOSED FEB. 19iH, 1907; ELECTED MAY 2ND, 1907 continued.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Mrs. S. Penny-Snook, of S. Penny-Snook, Esq. The Hon. Secretary
Netherton House, Wey-
mouth
E. M. Tims, Esq., R.N., of The Rev. Canon The Eev. W. D. Filliter
Winfrith House, Winfrith Usherwood
Mrs. E. M. Tims, of Win-
frith House
Lord Wynford, of Wynford Lord Eustace Cecil N. Bond, Esq.
Eagle, Maiden Newton
Lady Wynford, of Wynford ,,
Eagle
PROPOSED MAY 2ND, 1907 ; ELECTED JUNE 20ra, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
G. H. S. Dauiell, Esq., M.B., R. Bosworth Smith, F. D. Woodhouse, Esq.
of Dale House, Blandford Esq.
Miss Margaret Daniell, of ,, ,,
Dale House, Blandford
Miss Eleanor H. Dicker, of Eev. C. W. H. Dicker Archdeacon C. L.
Piddletreiithide Vicarage, Dundas
Dorchester
Captain Edgar Lees, R.N., Lieut. -Col. F. G. L. The President
of The Manor House, Up- Mainwaring
wey
Mrs. Lees, of The Manor ,, ,,
House, Upwey
Edward Clifford Paul, Esq.,
of Eastbrook House, Up-
wey
Mrs. Paul, of Eastbrook
House, Upwey
Miss M. E. Eoe, of Sandford Canon C. H. Mayo The Hon. Secretary
Orcas Eectory, Sherborne
Freeman Roper, Esq., of Lt.-Col. U. E. Parry
Forde Abbey, Chard Okeden
Miss Towers, of Whicham, Captain G. R. Elwes The President
Porchester Road, Bourne-
mouth
Arthur H. Waite, Esq., of Lieut, -Col. F. G. L. ,,
Upwey Place, Upwey Mainwaring
XXVI.
PROPOSED JUNE 20TH, 1907 ; ELECTKD JULY OTH, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Ignatius Bulfin, Esq., of " The H. Le Jeune, Esq. A. D. Moullin, Esq.
Den, ' ' Kuole Road, Bourne-
mouth
Frederick Hovenden, Esq., A. D. Moullin, Esq. The Hon. Secretary
F.GKS., F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,
of Glenlea, Burlington
Road, Swanage
C. H. Mate, Esq., of Elim, The Hon. Treasurer G. Galpin, Esq.
Surrey Road South, Bourne-
mouth
J. Michell, Esq., of Tre- N. Bond, Esq.
wardyn, Porchester Road,
Bournemouth
Miss Evelyn Pope, of South Lt.-Col. F. G. L. Main-
Court, Dorchester waring
J. H. Scott, Esq., of Ardros- H. Le Jeune, Esq. J. R. L. Dixon, Esq.
sail, Winton, Bournemouth
PEOPOSED JULY 9iH, 1907 ; ELECTED JULY 27TH, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
George Atkinson, Esq., M.A., W. W. Collins, Esq. W. H. Hudleston, Esq.
of Durlston Court. Swan-
age
A. C. Badcoe, Esq., B.Sc., of W. J. Fletcher, Esq. B. R. Swift, Esq.
the Dorset County Educa-
tion Office, Dorchester
Major Packard- Cambridge, of The Rev. O. Pickard- The President
Fordington House, Dor- Cambridge
Chester
Alan Sturdy, Esq., of The Miss Violet Sturdy Miss E. C. Wood Homer
Wick, Branksome Park,
Bournemouth
PROPOSED JULY 27in ; ELECTED SEPT. 5m, 1907.
Member. Proposer. Seconder.
Miss Lorna S. Fisher, West Mrs. Jameson Mrs. Gowring
Walks, Dorchester
Mrs. Wood Homer, Bardolf Miss Violet Sturdy Miss E. C. Wood Homer
Manor, Dorchester
Miss Susan Mansel, Top o' Mrs. Gowring The President
Town, Dorchester
XXV11.
PUBLICATIONS.
Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian
Field Club. Vols. I. XXVIII. Price 10s. 6d. each volume, post free.
General Index to the Proceedings. Vols. I. XXVI. Price 6d., by
post 7d.
The Church Bells of Dorset. By the Eev. Canon RAVEN, D.D., F.S.A.
Price (in parts, as issued), 6s. 6d., post free.
Church Goods, Dorset, A.D. 1552. By the Rev. W. MILES BAKNES.
Price (as issued) 2s. Gd., post free.
By the late J. C. HANSEL -FLEYDELL, B.A., F.G.S., F.L.S.
The Flora of Dorset, 2nd Edition. Price 12s.
The Birds of Dorset. Price 5s.
The Mollusca of Dorset. Price 5s.
By the Eev. O. PICKAED-CAMBEIDGE, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S.
Spiders of Dorset. 2 vols. Price 25s., post free.
The British Phalangidea, or Harvest Men. Price 5s., post free.
British Chernetidea, or False Scorpions. Price 3s., post free.
The Volumes of Proceedings can be obtained from Captain Elwes, Bossing-
ton, Bournemouth ; the Church Bells and Church Goods of Dorset, from the
Rev. W. Miles Barnes, Monkton Rectory, Dorchester ; Mr. Mansel-PleydelPs
works, from the Curator of the Dorset County Museum, Dorchester ; the
Rev. O. Pickard- Cambridge's works, from the Author, Bloxworth Rectory,
Wareham ; and the General Index, from the Assistant- Secretary (Mr. H. Pouncy,
Dorset County Chronicle Office, Dorchester).
SOCIETIES IN CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE
FIELD CLUB.
British Museum.
British Museum of Natural History.
British Association.
Devon Association for the Advancement of Science.
Geological Society of London.
Hampshire Field Club.
Royal Society of Antiquaries, Ireland.
Society of Antiquaries, London.
Somerset Archaeological Society.
University Library, Cambridge.
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.
OF THE
'glafuvaC ^isforij & Jlnttqttarian
DURING THE SEASON 1906-1907.
WINTER SESSION, 1906-1907.
THE FIRST MEETING of the Club for the Winter Session was
held in the Reading Room of the County Museum on Thursday,
December i3th, 1906, at 12.45. The President (Mr. Nelson M.
Richardson) took the chair, and over sixty Members were
present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Four persons were elected Members and
four proposed for membership.
REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.
Mr. Ernest Sykes' report was then read :
" At the first meeting of the Corresponding Societies Mr. John Hopkinson, in
the chair, gave a brief address, pointing out that the present meeting was the
first at which both Affiliated and Associated Societies were represented.
" Some discussion took place on the fares charged by the railway companies to
Members of societies attending meetings ; and it was stated that in Hampshire
the railway company issue to Field Club Members tickets at a reduced rate upon
their presenting a form signed by the Secretary. This might well be worthy the
attention of the officers of the Dorset Field Club.
" Mr. Mill read a paper relating to the keeping of meteorological records, and
laid stress on the importance not only of making, but also of discussing, the
observations made. He called attention to the importance of seeing that the
instruments were of excellent quality, many observers spoiling their work by the
use of cheap instruments. The continuity of observations was of vital moment,
and this, he suggested, could be best obtained if the observers were under one
general control, that of some local society for preference. Of the necessary work
he laid stress on the need of observations of sunshine duration and rainfall ; that
the humidity should be recorded not only once a day ; and also called attention
to the methods of studying the upper air by means of kites.
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. xxix.
" At the second meeting Mr. Rudler read Mr. Jerome Harrison's paper on
'County Photographic Surveys and Eecords.' He stated that the first was
commenced at Birmingham in 1889, and that he thought that there should be a
general application of the movement, each county having (a) its photographic
survey and (#) a local dep6t (e.g., free library or museum), where sets are
available, and (c) facilities for exchange. The Warwickshire collection now
consisted of 110 folio volumes, containing over 3,000 prints. He stated that
there was no lack of capable workers, there being, for example, about 18,000
professional photographers in the county and probably ten times the number of
amateurs ; but there was a lack of systematic research under the guidance of
local experts. The unit of work should be the locality, and surveys might be
divided into branches, e.g. , archaeological and geological. Sectional reports were
practically conspicuous by their absence."
In regard to reduced railway rates for Field Club Members on
Club excursions, the Hon. Sec. was asked to apply to the
railway companies having lines in Dorset to grant the Members
of the Club the same concessions as are enjoyed by the Members
of the Hampshire Field Club. As to the question of a photo-
graphic survey of the county, the PRESIDENT testified to the
valuable work done by the Rev. W. Miles Barnes, and Captain
ACLAND assured the meeting that the work is still going on very
satisfactorily. Only yesterday he was offered some valuable
photographs of the Shaftesbury Abbey excavations by the
Rev. T. Perkins, of Turnworth. With regard to meteorological
records, the PRESIDENT remarked that Dorset was much to be
congratulated on being one of the best counties for meteor-
ological observation. It was due to the people of Dorset in
general, but also to Mr. Eaton, who had worked the matter up
so industriously.
EXHIBITS, &c.
AN ANCIENT DORSET FEAST IN LONDON. The PRESIDENT
exhibited a number of copies of The London Gazette of late in
the iyth century, containing several interesting local items. For
instance, he thought that it would be interesting to the Members
of the Society of Dorset Men in London to read the following
XXX. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
advertisement in the Gazette of Thursday, December ist,
1692 :
" The Annual Feast for the County of Dorset will be held at Merchant Tayler's
Hall in Threadneedle -street London, on the 8th of December instant. Tickets
are to be had at Garways Coffee-house near the Exchange ; at Mr. Bissons at
the Pauls-head in the Old Change ; at Mr. Baxters, Engraver, within the
Middle Temple Gate, and Mr. Dunfords at the Seven Stars at the corner of
Katherine- street, over against Somerset House in the Strand."
It was, indeed, interesting, observed the President, that Dorset
men in London should have had an annual feast in the City at
that remote period.
WEYMOUTH AS A IJTH CENTURY SEAPORT. The PRESIDENT,
continuing, said that Weymouth as a seaport was also mentioned
two or three times in these few copies of The London Gazette of
which he chanced to become possessed. In the same issue,
December ist, 1692, appeared the following paragraph :
" Weymouth, November 26. Yesterday came in the John and Richard,
privateer, Captain Humble Commander, with a French Prize of about 30 Tun,
laden with Brandy and Salt, which he took the 24th instant about 6 Leagues
N."W. from Guernsey, being bound from /St. Martins to Calais."
It is significant that in this number of the Gazette precedence
was given to Weymouth over ports now so important as
Plymouth and Portsmouth. In the next issue of the Gazette,
December i2th, 1692, appeared the entry :
" Weymouth, Dec. 7. On Monday last arrived here the Francis Ketch, of
London, John Avery, Commander, from the Canaries, whence he came about a
month ago. This Morning, the RooJce Frigat, Captain Mitchell, Commander,
came into Portland Road."
The extent of the maritime depredations that were made upon
French craft at this period of history is illustrated by the
following entry in the number of Monday, May ist, 1693 :
" Weymouth, April 26. On Monday last came into Portland Road the Ashby
Privateer, with a French Vessel of about 60 Tuns, laden with salt ; at the same
time passed by the William and Mary, and the John and Richard, for South-
ampton and Portsmouth, with two other prizes; which they took on the 18th
instant near the Isle of Bass, out of a Fleet of French Merchantmen that was
going under the Convoy of several Frigats from Rochelle towards Brest."
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXXI.
OLD LOTTERY AND HIRING TICKETS. The PRESIDENT also
exhibited an old lottery ticket of the end of the i8th
Century :
Lottery for the year 1793. Eighth Ticket, No. 45,921. The Bearer of this
share will be entitled to one-eighth part of such Beneficial Chance as shall belong
to the ticket numbered as above in the lottery to be drawn by virtue and in
pursuance of an Act passed in the thirty-third year of his present Majesty's reign.
A. 1901, Hazard Burne & Co., Eoyal Exchange.
The President also showed a curious little servant's hiring
ticket, inscribed "Hired Ann Jenkins from izth September,
1802, at five guineas per annum, and to find her own tea."
Gardner's Offices, No. ig, Narrow Wine-Street, Bristol.
LUNAR RAINBOWS AND SOLAR HALOS. The PRESIDENT read
a note written by Miss H. Lucy Ridley on a lunar rainbow seen
by her at Charminster on November 2nd, 1906, at 6.30 p.m. Its
appearance was that of a white arch. The Rev. C. W. H.
DICKER said that one was also seen at Piddletrenthide. There
was a good series of prismatic colours. The PRESIDENT then
read a note by Mr. C. S. Prideaux on a solar halo observed
by him on June yth. Capt. ACLAND observed that when he was
staying in the north of Cornwall he saw such halos almost
every day. There was nothing unusual about them.
CASTOR WARE. The PRESIDENT exhibited a fragment of
Castor ware, a kind of Romano- British pottery, named after
the place Castor, near Peterborough, where ancient kilns exist.
This fragment is apparently similar in material and even pattern
to a portion of a vase described and figured in the Catalogue of
British Pottery in the Geological Museum (1871, p. 69, fig. 45,
No. E. 89). "Vase siin. high. Paste yellowish brown with
black glaze (this fragment looks as if it had been black-leaded),
ornamented with elegant engobe scroll applied in white pipeclay.
Tool marks, before glazing, above and beneath the scroll."
This pottery is interesting as shewing the earliest British slip-
decoration, so much used in the iyth and i8th centuries for tygs,
dishes, &c., examples of which, now rare, are in his collection,
but hardly portable enough to be brought for exhibition.
XXX11. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
A RARE FIND. SUPERB ROMAN SWORD HANDLE. Captain
ACLAND exhibited a fine Roman sword handle in perfect preser-
vation. Upon it he read the following note :
This very interesting example of Eoman workmanship was found by a labourer
when excavating for laying foundations of a building in South Street, Dor-
chester, in the year 1905. It was discovered at the usual depth for Roman
relics, between 3ft. and 4ft. It passed first into the hands of Mr. B. A. Hogg, who,
with his well known thoughtfulness for the prestige of the County Museum,
offered it to the Council instead of sending it elsewhere. So unusual a find was
it that many people would not believe that it was a genuine Eoman sword
handle, and so, as the authorities of the British Museum are recognised as being
the final arbiters in such matters, it was submitted to Mr. C. H. Bead, of the
British Museum, who considers it a most charming acquisition, and requested
permission to make a cast of it for their own collection, remarking they had only
fragments of sword handles somewhat like this one. It was exhibited at a meet-
ing of the Society of Antiquaries in April, 1906, and figured for the Proceedings
of that Society, Mr. Reginald Smith drawing attention to the excellent
condition of the hilt, which seemed, he said, to be of pure Roman manufacture.
A very similar object may be seen figured in Archceologia, Vol. XLV., p. 251, but
I am assured that in reality it is nothing like so fine a specimen. It is interesting
to note that on the monument of the Roman Centurion at Colchester, Marcus
Favonius, of the XXth Legion, is shown wearing a sword which has a handle
of an almost identical pattern. This hilt now before you is made of bone ; it is
sufficiently hollow to take the iron tang, which is partly visible in the circular
plate inserted at the end. This relic of Roman days is probably of great value,
and is one of the most important acquisitions to our Museum for many a day.
ANCIENT NETTING NEEDLES. Captain ACLAND next showed
three bodkins for mending fishing nets, one from "lake
dwellings " in Switzerland, one from Abbotsbury, and one from
Jordan Hill, and read the following note upon them :
In bringing these little industrial implements to the notice of the Members of
the Field Club, I wish first of all to thank Dr. Colley March for his kindness in
allowing me to act for him on this occasion, and at the same time to state that he
has most generously given them to the County Museum. It will be seen that they
all bear a somewhat similar form, and it is believed that they all have been made
for a similar use, though one may well claim to date from pre -historic times, and
the others to belong to the 20th, or at least to the 19th, century of our own era.
They are merely the rudest form of needle made by fishermen for mending their
nets. The first is a bone implement, dredged up from the lake of Bienne, in
Switzerland, which formerly was studded with " lake dwellings, ' ' like its immediate
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXX111.
neighbour, the Lake of Neuchatel. In Munro's exhaustive work, "The Lake
Dwellings of Europe," it is shown that the objects recovered from the Bienne
district may be referred to the Stone Age or the Bronze Age ; and throughout the
book there are many illustrations of needles made of bone or horn, very similar to
that now before you, which was given to Dr. Colley March by a relative who was
living in the neighbourhood of the lake while the dredging was being carried on,
some twenty years ago. The second example was made and used by an
Abbotsbury fisherman. It will be noticed that the modern needle has a hole at
the end for taking the string, whereas the ancient one has merely a notch cut for
this purpose. In other respects, however, the ancient needle seems better
adapted for its work, as the curved shape would make it easier to use. The
third example was found on Jordan Hill by Mr. Cunnington, who, being
somewhat puzzled by its appearance, sent it to Sir John Evans for his opinion.
He replied: "Your curious object is, I think, of no great antiquity, and the
inscription on it is ' Extra Fine,' two letters being misplaced. It was possibly a
bodkin or needle used for sewing nets together." It has been shown to Abbots -
bury fishermen, who recognise it as an old tooth brush handle, which makes an
excellent needle for mending nets when perforated at the end. It will be seen
that the tooth brush handle is very much of the same shape as the needle from
Lake Bienne, and resembles it also as regards the material it is made of, namely,
bone. In this particular industry it would appear, therefore, that the
implements now in use are not an improvement on those made by the "Lake
Dwellers" of by-gone ages, and it is interesting to see them together.
OLD SHAFTESBURY AND ORAM. The Rev. S. E. V. FILLEUL
showed a fine aquatint engraving of Shaftesbury, and read the
following interesting note on an artistic and poetical celebrity of
Shaftesbury in the i8th century :
This old aquatint, by Pollard and Jukes, very scarce in colours, has some
interest in being, I believe, the only view of any consequence published of
Shaftesbury. It is taken from the west, i.e., from the Dorchester or Blandford
side. At the time of its publication, 1785, this old royal city was of greater
importance than now, but ignobly famous for the bribery and corruption of its
elections. Hutchins gives a long account of the celebrated petitions of that time,
the result being, in the case of one displaced member, fines amounting to 12,000.
The picture has additional interest in being the copy of a drawing by Mr. Samuel
Marsh Oram, a solicitor of the town, who died before reaching the age of 26.
Mr. Ehlvers, the Rector of Shaftesbury, has kindly given me the record of his
baptism from the registers. He is entered as the son of an Archelaus Oram,
baptised October llth, 1765. He also tells me that the name of the present town
crier is Mr. W. S. Oram. Hutchins mentions that the artist of this picture was
celebrated as the author of a little collection of sonnets and odes ; this was
XXXIV. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
published by Percival Stockdale in quarto in 179i, after the premature death of
the author. By the kindness of Mr. H. C. Forrester, of Shaftesbury, I am able
to exhibit a copy of this collection. There is an extravagant and laudatory
introduction of 12 pages to the 13 pieces by Mr. Stockdale, with allusions to
Parnassus, Demosthenes, &c., prefaced by four lines of epitaph :
" The sylvan nymphs with flowers adorned his hearse,
Ere time and culture had matured his verse ;
Yet had his breast inhaled Sol's purest ray,
His morn of life announced a beauteous day."
The odes are addressed to the nightingale, the redbreast, the wood lark,
morning, evening, night, &c. Two are of local interest to the Eiver Stour,
with allusion to Fielding ; and another upon Eastbury, the huge mansion of Bubb
Dodington.
About 500 copies were subscribed for, and the book was considered worthy of a
pretty vignette by Stothard. I cannot be audacious enough to question the
opinion of such a literary celebrity as Percival Stockdale on the merits of the
poetry. On page 5 of the introduction it is stated that the beautiful and
romantic scenes in the environs of his native town were his poetical academy his
tutor the genius of the groves, &c., and it mentions in this connection that he had
made great progress in the art of drawing, and that his " View of Shaftesbury "
was engraved and much admired. I have gathered these few notes of "In
Memoriam," thinking that some of our Members would appreciate this bringing
together of the finest samples of the brush and pen of a little known Dorset artist
and poet.
MISCELLANEOUS EXHIBITS. Three bones presented to the
Museum by Mrs. Gillingham, Mr. HUDLESTON thought to be
portions of antlers of the red deer. Captain ACLAND, as
honorary secretary and curator of the County Museum, expressed
the thanks of the Council to the Field Club, which often helped
them to acquire objects of interest for the Museum. The HON.
SEC. exhibited an old engraving of the Landslip at Lyme, sent
by the Rev. J. Cross. It was published in a little diary for the
year 1847. Canon RAVENHILL placed on the table specimens
of peat and decayed wood which he saw on November 6th,
brought up from a depth of 20 feet below the ground at
Winchester Cathedral, where a diver was engaged in laying
concrete in water at that depth. Lieut.-Colonel MAINWARING
produced a specimen of a honeysuckle, Lonicera Quinquelocularis^
THE FIRST WINTER MEETING. XXXV.
raised by him from seed imported from Chitral in the spring of
1903, and growing from seven to nine feet high in a cool
greenhouse at Wabey House, Upwey. Mr. CHAS. PRIDEAUX
showed in a bottle a fine specimen of a crayfish taken from the
.Frome. He had given it to the County Museum. Mr. W. DE C.
PRIDEAUX exhibited a leather bottle from Taunton, bearing the
date 1603. It was not large enough to be a black Jack, and was
called a black Jill.
THE BOVINGTON ARTESIAN WELL. Mr. C. S. PRIDEAUX
exhibited a skilfully-executed sectional drawing of an artesian
.well sunk by the War Office on Bovington Heath. (A paper
on this subject by Mr. W. H. Hudleston appears in this
volume.)
. BURTON. BRADSTOCK NODULES. Mr. T. S. ALDIS read some
notes on the nodules from the cliffs at Burton Bradstock. These
cliffs, he said, form a wall more than 100 feet high, capped by
Fuller's Earth clay, beneath which the whole of the Inferior
Oolite can be seen about eight feet thick. He suggested that
the irony nodules in which this stratum abounds are coprolites.
Mr. HUDLESTON said a few words about the conditions obtain-
ing at Burton Bradstock. There was a large development of the
Inferior Oolite sands, and superimposed upon them 12 or 13 feet
of various kinds of limestone, representing to a great extent
the Inferior Oolite. Though limited in the amount of material
it was excessively rich in the number of fossils, indeed one of the
richest deposits in the whole country, and some of the best
specimens in all the museums were extracted from that 13 or 14
feet, which included what geologists used to call the irony-
nodule bed, containing a great many flattened irony nodules.
Many of these so-called nodules were ammonites with a con-
cretion around them. He did not see the slighest foundation for
the theory of their being coprolites.
THE ROMAN ROAD AT KINGSTON LACY. Mr. FLETCHER
said that during the very dry summer the road across Highmead
was to be seen distinctly, and Mr. Le Jeune discovered the fort
that guarded the ford.
XXXVI. THE FIRST WINTER MEETING.
PAPERS.
The following papers were read :
(i.) " The Pepys of South Dorset a Diarist in the reign
of William III., by Mr. W. Bowles Barrett.
(Printed.)
(ii.) "The Parish Church of Piddletrenthide," by the
Rev. C. W. H. Dicker. (Printed.)
(iii.) "The Life of the Lady Margaret, Countess of
Richmond and Derby, and her connection with
Wimborne Minster, by Mr. W. J. Fletcher.
(Printed.)
" The Tregonwell Brass and the Monk's Brass in
Milton Abbey, by Mr. W. de C. Prideaux.
(Printed.)
xxxvn.
WINTER SESSION.
THE SECOND MEETING of the Winter Session was held at
the Dorset County Museum on Tuesday, February i9th, at
12.45. The President was in the chair, and over fifty members
were present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Four candidates nominated at the last
meeting were elected, and eight nominated.
REDUCED RAILWAY FARES. The HON. SEC. reminded the
Club that at the last meeting he was requested to write to the
railway companies having lines in Dorset and to ask them to
make the same concessions in railway fares to Members as were
granted to Members of the Hampshire Club. He read a reply
received from Mr. Henry Holmes, superintendent of the London
and South-Western Railway, stating that he was willing to agree
to cheap tickets being issued in connection with meetings of
the Club to persons travelling from L. and S.W.R. stations in
Dorset distant more than ten miles from the station serving the
place selected for the meeting at the single journey fare and a
quarter for the double journey. The Great Western Railway
Company and the Somerset and Dorset Joint line had also
agreed to the same terms.
THE BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. ANNUAL
CONGRESS IN DORSET. The PRESIDENT announced that he had
received the following letter from Mr. Charles E. Keyser, F.S.A.,
of 22, Belgrave Square, S.W., President of the British
Archaeological Association :
" February 18th, 1907. Dear Sir, The British Archaeological Association, of
which I have the honour to be president, is thinking of holding its annual
Congress this year in Dorset, making Weymouth its headquarters, in or
about the third week of July. Before settling anything we shall be glad to
know whether our visit will be agreeable to your local society, and whether we
may count on your kind and hearty co- operation to make our visit a success ? If,
as I hope, we may, I shall come down with our organising committee to make
the necessary arrangements ; and we shall, of course, like to meet you and other
leading local archaeologists to assist us in drawing up our programme. Awaiting
the favour of an early reply."
XXXV111. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
The President added that he felt sure that the Club would find
pleasure in giving the British Archaeological Association all the
help they could. Captain ACLAND said that, on behalf of the
Dorset County Museum, they would be glad to welcome the
visitors at the Museum.
A SUGGESTION OF SUB-COMMITTEES. Mr. CHARLES S.
PRIDEAUX suggested the appointment of sub-committees taking
cognisance of different departments of the Club's interests and
work, and each sub-committee presenting every year a report.
Captain ACLAND observed that, as a beginning, they might have
two sub-committees, as suggested by the title of the Club one
concerned with matters coming under the head of natural
history and the other concerned with matters antiquarian. Mr.
PRIDEAUX, in answer to a question, said that the Devon Society
had about a dozen sub-committees. The HON. SEC. mentioned
that a similar proposal was made by his predecessor in office,
Dr. H. Colley March, on his acceptance of the secretaryship.
An important advantage accruing from the appointment of such
sub-committees would be the issuing of annual reports of the
different departments. Mr. Prideaux's suggestion was received
with favour, and he was invited to develop it and put it on the
agenda for consideration at the Annual Meeting.
EXHIBITS.
EIKON BASILIKE, FIRST EDITION. The PRESIDENT ex-
hibited a copy of the rare First Edition of "Eikon Basilike.
The Pourtraicture of His Sacred Majesty in his solitudes and
sufferings." 1648. This little book is written throughout in
the first person, and purports to be composed by Charles I.
during his imprisonment. It consists of a series of pathetic
meditations and reflections on various events in his reign, in
which he explains his views and actions, justifying, or in some
cases expressing his regret, for them. The book went through
a great number of editions both in 1648 and later. The author-
ship has been claimed for Bishop Gauden instead of Charles I.
THE SECOND WINTER MEETING. XXXIX.
OTHER CURIOUS BOOKS. The PRESIDENT stated that Miss
Edwards, of Weymouth, had brought a number of old and
interesting books for exhibition. One was open for view at the
place " King Charles I. Majesty in Misery. An Imploration of
the King of Kings read by his Majesty during his captivity in
Carisbrooke Castle. Anno Dom., 1648, set to musick by the
Author." Another book was " The whole book of Psalms,
July 26th, 1628, with music."
OLD ENGRAVING OF WEYMOUTH BAY. Mr. H. F. RAYMOND
exhibited an interesting engraving of the north view of
Weymouth Bay, by William Delamotte, of the year 1792. Mr.
POPE described it as choice and rare.
COINS OF TACITUS. Captain ACLAND said that Lady
Wynford, who, they were glad to observe, had that day been
proposed as a Member of the Club, had sent for exhibition a
Roman coin which she found close to the Roman Road leading
to Eggardon Hill. It was of Tacitus, and, as that Emperor
reigned only one year, it was probably uncommon. Mrs.
FORRESTER stated that she found a Tacitus coin at Bryanston.
A PROBLEMATICAL STONE. Captain ACLAND exhibited a
curious carved stone, the origin of which appeared doubtful,
and he read the following note upon it :
This curious carved stone has quite recently been given to the Museum by the
Rev. F. Moudey, who informs me that it was. found about nine years ago on
opening out a new part of a quarry, owned by Messrs. Hill, at Portland, and was
given to him by Mr. H. W. Hill. It was discovered in a stone coffin, 5ft. below
the surface of the ground, and Mr. Mondey adds, " I should imagine other things
were found in the coffin no bones, however, and of that I am certain." Mr.
William Prideaux tells me that he heard it was found below where a coffin had
lain, but not within it, or within several feet. He has shown the stone to Mr.
Gray, at Tauiiton, and to the Somerset Archaeological Society, but they cannot
explain for what purpose it was made. It is certainly difficult to define its use ;
it has been called a lamp, and an incense burner, but I venture to add a third
suggestion namely, that it was a " reliquary." It is very unfortunate that there
should be any doubt as to whether it was found in the coffin, and therefore an
integral part of the burial, or not ; but if, as Mr. Mondey says, there were no
bones in the coffin when found nine years ago, we may assume that it had been
opened at any earlier date and the contents scattered. The small cavity, with the
Xl. THE SECOND WINTER MEETING.
lid which appears to have been fixed down, leads me to connect it with the form
of stone reliquary described by Bloxham in his "Ecclesiastical Architecture;"
he says they were sometimes constructed to contain precious objects, and some-
times they contained blood, in a small cavity, with a cover fastened down over it.
I think I am right in saying that the stone was not originally the single object
which it now appears to be. There are traces underneath of its being attached to
another stone, and in that case it may not perhaps have had originally much
connection with the coffin. Mr. Mondey calls it "an incense burner," because
he thinks it was connected with interments of the Stone and Bronze Ages.
Probably the date is much later.
The HON. SEC. said he ventured to think that Captain Acland's
theory was the right one. This was the form in which saints'
bones were placed in an altar as relics. The Rev. R. G. BARTELOT
suggested that it may have been a receptacle for the holy oil.
MEDIAEVAL HORSE ORNAMENT. The PRESIDENT exhibited
a small mediaeval copper shield enamelled with a lion rampant,
dug up at Preston, near the Roman pavement, at a depth of ten
feet from the surface. It is said to be one of a series of
ornaments for horse trappings and to be of rare occurrence. It
is hoped that a further note on it may be contributed to the next
volume.
PAPERS.
The following papers were read :
(i.) " Fourteenth-Century Life in Bridport, as shown
by the wills preserved in the Borough Archives,"
by the Rev. R. G. Bartelot. (Printed.)
(ii.) "New and Rare British Spiders," by the Rev. O.
Pickard-Cambridge. (Printed.)
(iii.) " Coins struck in Dorset during the Saxon, Norman,
and Stuart Periods," by Mr. H. Symonds.
(Printed.)
(iv.) " William Knapp, musician, of Poole (composer of
the hymn-tune ' Wareham ' ") by the Rev. S. E.
V. Filleul. (Printed.)
(v.) "Queen Eleanor Crosses," by Mr. Alfred Pope.
(Printed.)
xli.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Club was held on
Thursday, May znd, in the Reading Room of the Museum. The
President took the chair at 1245, and about 40 Members were
present.
THE MEMBERSHIP. Eight candidates proposed at the last
meeting were elected Members, and eleven candidates for
membership proposed for election at the next meeting.
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. The PRESIDENT then read his
Address, on the conclusion of which Canon RAVENHILL, as an
original Member of the Club, proposed a hearty vote of thanks,
saying that he should like to be allowed to add their warmest
thanks to the President for his deeply interesting and exhaustive
report. The Address deserved to be widely and carefully read.
It contained much food for thought, and they would all go
home thinking of many things that had not hitherto come to
their notice. The vote of thanks was seconded by Colonel
MAINWARING and carried unanimously.
AFFILIATION TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. The HON.
SEC. read a communication from Mr. Ralph Nevill, hon. sec. of
the Congress of Archaeological Societies, calling attention to the
desirabilty of the Club becoming affiliated to the Society of
Antiquaries. The Congress, he said, was founded in 1888 for
the purpose of bringing together the representative workers of
the various county and other societies. The object is to
promote the interchange of experience in the best method of
working societies, to render mutual help, and to enable the
societies to speak with more weight on public questions of
archaeological interest. An object is also to prevent the over-
lapping and duplicating of work and to do economically such
printing and other work as may be useful to all the societies. In
all these points the Congress has proved most valuable, and the
publications show the useful work that has been achieved at a
small cost. The subscription is ^i a year, commencing on
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
July i st. The Congress meets every year at Burlington House
early in July. Mr. Pentin reminded the meeting that the Club
was already affiliated to the British Association, which repre-
sented physical science ; and it was now proposed that the Club
should become affiliated to the Society of Antiquaries,
the body representative of archaeological science. Nearly all
the leading societies of the country were so affiliated, and he
could not understand how the Dorset Field Club had so long
remained without affiliation. The PRESIDENT observed that the
Club already exchanged publications with the Society, who sent
them two half-yearly volumes. Mr. POPE expressed the opinion
that it would be decidedly advantageous to become affiliated to
the Parent Society, and he moved that the invitation be
accepted. Canon RAVENHILL seconded, and it was carried
unanimously.
THE "CECIL" AND " MANSEL-PLEYDELL " MEDALS. The
PRESIDENT formally reported that the " Cecil" Silver Medal and
Prize of books or instruments, to the value of $, had been
awarded to Mr. Bertie James Eaton, B.Sc., F.C.S., of the
Institute for Medical Research, Kwala Lumpur, Malay Peninsula
(a native of Dorchester), for an essay on " Chemistry as applied
to Sanitation and Domestic Purposes, namely : Improved
Cottages, Air, Water, and Drainage." The committee much
regretted that no Member of the Field Club had sent in an essay
on "Ancient Camps in Dorset" for competition for the Mansel-
Pleydell" Medal and Prize, and that they could not, therefore,
be awarded this year.
MEDAL COMPETITIONS FOR 1907. The " Mansel-Pleydell "
Medal and Prize will be awarded for the best original paper on
" The Distribution of Living Plants in Relation to the Different
Geological Formations in Dorset." The competition will be
open to all Members of the Dorset Field Club, without regard
to age, including all those elected in 1907, but not after-
wards.
The "Cecil" Medal and Prize will be awarded for the best
paper on " Wireless Telegraphy : Its Past History, Present
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
Advantages and Defects, and Probable Future Development."
The competition will be. open to any person who is between the
ages of 1 8 and 30 on May 2nd, 1907 (that being the date of the
Annual Meeting of the Club), and who was either born in Dorset
or has on May 2nd, 1907, resided in the county for the previous
twelve months. A statement, giving particulars of qualification,
should accompany each paper sent in.
Papers for both medals must be clearly written, and may be
illustrated by drawings or photographs, provided that these are
the personal work of the candidate. The committee will attach
great importance to original observation. Papers should be
sent by March ist, 1908, to the President of the Club.
SECTIONAL COMMITTEES AND SECRETARIES. Mr. CHAS. S.
PRIDEAUX, in accordance with notice, moved :
"That every year small committees be appointed to report to the Club any
interesting facts or discoveries relating to the various sections which they
represent ; and that the committee of each section elect one of their number as
a corresponding secretary."
The plan, said Mr. PRIDEAUX, has been carried out for some
years by the Devon Field Club, and, judging by their reports, it
had been most successful. If the same plan was adopted by
the Dorset Club, then Members who made any interesting
discoveries and observations could communicate with the
Secretary of the section in question. The PRESIDENT observed
that it was an excellent idea. Mr. POPE said that a similar pro-
posal was made by the Honorary Secretary's predecessor, Dr.
Colley March, when he became Secretary of the Club, and it
was to a certain extent carried out. For instance, he himself
had the honour of being asked to undertake the topographical
section, and that led to his making the large collection of old
Dorset pictures which he exhibited to the Club some time ago.
The HON. SEC. said that Mr. Prideaux had supplied him with a
list of sectional committees appointed by the Devon Club,
namely, Climatological, Folklore, Dartmoor Exploration, Barrow
Exploration, Church Building, Camps, Photographic Survey,
xliv. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
Public and Private Collections of Works of Art, Verbal Pro-
vincialisms, Manuscripts, Records, &c. Mr. Pentin added that
already something had been done in this direction. Besides
Mr. Pope's attention to topographical matters, the President
collated the phenological observations recorded, and Mr. Henry
Stilwell dealt with the rainfall returns published in the Proceed-
ings. The Rev. C. W. H. DICKER seconded the proposition,
which was carried unanimously. Thereupon the PRESIDENT
said that the Executive would consider the matter ; and the
HON. SEC. added that they would do their best to start with a
few committees, in the hope that they would grow.
PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The HON. SEC. read a letter
from Mr. Edward Mavvley, Vice-President of the Royal
Meteorological Society, and phenological recorder to the same,
in the name of the Council of the Society, inviting the Club, as
a Correspondence Society of the British Association, to assist
them in obtaining a phenological observer in South Dorset or
South Wilts. The PRESIDENT said that, as he generally drew
up the phenological observations in Dorset, perhaps he had
better write to Mr. Mawley and say that they would do what
they could to help in the matter. Captain ACLAND suggested
that Mr. Richardson himself should consent to act for South
Dorset, as the influence of his name, as President of the Dorset
Field Club, would be valued. The PRESIDENT added that most
of the phenological observations of birds were due to Mrs.
Richardson, who was a very good observer. Mr. Eustace Bankes
was also another valuable worker in this field. The HON. SEC.
said he understood that either the President, or somebody else
nominated by him, would undertake the office.
THE HON. SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT. The HON.
SECRETARY then read his report as follows ;
Despite the large accession of Members during the past year the membership of
the Club remains about the same as during the last three years 390, or there-
abouts. This lack of increase in numerical strength is accounted for partly by
deaths and resignations and partly by the fact that the names of those Members
whose subscriptions get into arrear are promptly ruled off the roll.
TtiE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING. xlv.
The summer meetings last year were particularly well attended, especially
those in Dorset, and the meeting in Wiltshire was carried out without financial
loss. My statement of accounts shows a slightly decreased balance in hand ; but
it will be noticed that this year for the first time I have been able to pay out of
the Hon. Secretary's fund all the printing, as well as the other expenses in con-
nection with the summer meetings, and to increase (with the Executive's
approval) the honorarium to the Assistant Secretary.
THE HON. EDITOR'S REPORT. Mr. PENTIN also read his
annual report as Hon. Editor as follows :
The following are to be the first six items in the new volume : " The Parish
and Church of Piddletrenthide," by the Rev. C. W. H. Dicker ; " The Pepys of
South Dorset," by Mr. W. Bowles Barrett; "Dorset Coins," by Mr. Henry
Symonds; Mr. E. A. Fry will contribute the concluding portion of his list of
" Dorset Chantries ;" a portion of " The Chartulary of Cerne Abbey " will appear
in Latin and English (the translation has kindly been undertaken by Mr. B.
Fossett Lock) ; and Dr. Vaughan Cornish's paper on " Surface Waves produced
by Sledges " will be printed.
In addition, Mr. Sidney Heath hopes to conclude his " Cross-legged Effigies ;"
and the Rev. 0. Pickard Cambridge will contribute another chapter on " British
Spiders," and Mr. W. de C. Prideaux on " Dorset Brasses." Papers by Mr.
W. H. Hudleston on the " Bovington Boring;" the Rev. R. Grosvenor
Bartelot on " Bridport Wills ;" the Rev. W. Miles Barnes 011 " The Rolls of the
Court Leet and Court Baron of Frampton; " and Mr. Alfred Pope on " Queen
Eleanor Crosses" will be printed as far as space permits. There will also be
some shorter papers, and the official account of the Club's Meetings, the Rainfall
Returns, and the report on First Appearances of Birds, Insects, &c., will, of
course, appear as usual.
Thus the new volume promises to be of equal size with its immediate prede-
cessors, and to be no less interesting in the variety of its contents.
THE CLUB'S FINANCE. The Hon. Treasurer, who was unable
to be present on account of the death of his brother, deferred
his report till the next meeting. (It will be found printed in
this volume.)
ELECTION OF OFFICERS. The President, Vice-Presidents,
Hon. Secretary and Editor, and Hon. Treasurer were re-elected,
and the Hon. Secretary re-nominated Mr. H. Pouncy as Asssis-
tant Secietary.
Mr. Alfred Pope was appointed delegate of the Club to attend
the meeting of the British Association at Leicester.
Xlvi. THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
THE SUMMER MEETINGS. The next business was the choice
of the places of field meetings to be held during the ensuing
summer. Many suggestions of localities had been received,
and these were put to the vote, with the result that (i) the
Valley of the Pydel and Buckland Newton, (2) the marine
geological excursion from Swanage to Weymouth, (3) Wareham
and Lytchett Heath, and (4) Ford Abbey, were selected for the
outdoor meetings.
xlvii.
FIRST SUMMER MEETING.
THE VALLEY OF THE PYDEL AND BUCKLAKD NEWTON.
THE FIRST SUMMER MEETING was held on June zoth. The
party numbered about 80.
Driving from Dorchester, the party made their first halt, for a
minute only, on Waterson (or Walterston), where the highway
is crossed by an ancient road. Here Mr. Prideaux pointed out
the barrows which stud the ridge. Proceeding to a spot at
Little Pydel, the Rev. C. W. H. DICKER called attention to
traces of a
BRITISH VALLEY SETTLEMENT.
He had, he said, been in correspondence on the subject with
Mr. Gould, the Chairman of the Earthworks Committee of the
Society of Antiquaries, who had expressed the opinion that the
remains of the settlement belonged to an extremely remote age,
probably Neolithic, and that they were the enclosures in which
the stock-raising people who occupied these downs kept their
stock safe from the attacks of wolves, and also of human enemies
in time of war. The Members would in the course of their
journey that day pass a large number of these enclosures, many
of them upon the hills, and undoubtedly used as places of refuge
in time of war. The whole of that part of the valley and the
hillsides were all divided up into squares by mounds and ditches
which formerly were considerable works belonging to the
Palaeolithic Age.
PYDELHINTON CHURCH.
Here the Members of the Club were received by the Rector,
the Rev. J. E. Hawksley. Speculation was indulged in as to the
nature of the large carved stone which has been built into the
middle of the boundary wall of the churchyard alongside the
road. Mr. ALFRED POPE expressed the opinion that it may have
xlviii. VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON.
been the base, or a portion of the base, of a cross, and the
square cavity the socket into which the end of the shaft was
inserted.
Mr. HAWKSLEY, addressing the Members in the church, said
that the first information which he had obtained about the
parish of Pydelhinton was that it was given to the Priory of
Morteyn, or de Mortano, in Normandy, so that the prior was
practically lord of the manor and appointed to the rectory.
This system went on until the year 1472, when the manor came
into the hands of Eton College, which had held it ever since and
appointed the rectors. As to the date of the church, Hutchins
said that it was dedicated in 1295; but he (Mr. Hawksley)
thought that some parts of it, probably the chancel, may have
been of earlier date. The first rector was instituted in 1295.
The church was enlarged in 1867 whether it was improved was
another question. The nave was lengthened and the north aisle
added. He called attention to three brasses of interest, the
oldest of the date 1445, and also to the sedilia and the little
piscina. There were five bells in the tower. He exhibited the
old Communion plate, a pewter flagon and paten, a chalice, and
an alms dish bearing the date 1685. The chalice had become
so thin that he did not use it now. Among their rectors at
Pydelhinton were two known to fame, namely, Philip Montague,
who was rector in 1751, and was a great pluralist, being Dean of
Salisbury, Dean of Lincoln, Provost of Eton, and Chancellor of
the Garter, and finally Bishop of Lincoln ; and the saintly
T. T. Carter, who was rector at Pydelhinton from 1837 to l8 44>
and who became vicar of Clewer and canon of Windsor. On
the north side of the chancel outside the church he invited
admiration of the beautiful moulded doorway.
The PRESIDENT having thanked Mr. Hawksley, the party drove
on to South House, near which were pointed out the
ANCIENT COMMONFIELD ACRES,
which are still clearly visible in the sloping fields.
VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON. xlix.
Mr. DICKER, pointing to one of the three old commonfields
in the parish of Pydeltrenthide, said that the English brought
with them from the Rhine and the Elbe the system of
Commonfields. The land was divided between the villeins
in the various degrees, and it was cultivated by them on a co-
operative system, called the " Commonfield " system. Every
man had so many acres allotted to him according to his position
and social rank as a serf, a boarder, or a villein, the last having
at times 30 or more acres. No man had his acres together, and
a man who had 30 acres had them scattered all over the locality.
The system entered into English life and was continued as far
down as the beginning of the last century. An acre generally
consisted of a strip of land four rods wide and 40 long, the rod
being the pole which the ploughman used to use for " stimu-
lating" his oxen, and measuring about i6ft. long. He had
located one of these commonfields near the church, and had
found it mentioned as such on an ancient map. In England
they had so few evidences of the old Commonfield system that
those relics of it in the parish were of deep interest.
The party then proceeded to
PYDELTRENTHIDE CHURCH.
Here the VICAR said that he did not propose to spend much
time in speaking of the points of that church, as he had already
dealt with it in detail in a paper which was to be published in the
next volume of the " Proceedings" of their Club. (See
pp. i -i i of the present volume.}
REMOTE HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT.
But he had been asked to say a few words about the more
ancient aspects of the parish of Pydeltrenthide, because, after
all, they were the more interesting, and, indeed, almost unique.
At Pydelhinton he ventured to call their attention to those
rectangular enclosures in the valley a great feature of the
I. VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON.
Dorset downs. Mr. Gould, to whom he had sent some photo-
graphs of those enclosures, told him that they took him back to
an extremely remote age. The oldest remains of man in this
country belonged to the Drift period, a period long before the
separation of Great Britain from the Continent. There were no
remains of that period in this part of the country, but they were
found in several of the caverns at Torquay, Brixham, and else-
where. In that district they had many remains of the next
oldest inhabitants the long-headed men, known generally as
the Iberian race, from the peculiar shape of their skulls. They
buried their dead in long-shaped barrows, of which he should
have the opportunity of showing one later in the day. And the
long-headed men were divided into distinct epochs the
Palaeolithic and the Neolithic. The Palaeolithic epoch was
so-called because the men of that age used implements
of the oldest and most barbarous kind. They did not dig for
their flints, but they picked them up on the surface, and knocked
them rudely into shape. Then, after a long interval probably,
came the Neolithic division of those people, who discovered
that they could make better weapons if they dug for their
flints, and there were to be seen the remains of many pits
in which they quarried for their flints in the most accessible
and appropriate spots. After Neolithic man came the Celtic
stock belonging to the Aryan division of mankind, and they,
again, were divided into two groups first the Goidels and
then the Britons proper, the Brythonic race, who gradually
drove the Goidels into corners of the west country in Wales and
Cornwall, just as in later days they themselves were driven by the
Saxons. Professor Rhys had lately suggested, what seemed a
palpable fact, that the word " British " could be traced to a root
meaning "wearing woven clothes," whereas the most ancient
people the Neolithic and Palaeolithic races, and probably also
the Goidelic dressed almost entirely in skins, which accounted
for the enormous number of flints fashioned into scrapers for the
purpose of scraping and preparing the skins for their clothing.
As far as Roman remains were concerned, he knew nothing of
VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON. 11.
them. The Romans had left practically no trace whatever of
their occupation. Theirs was simply a passing visit. They may
have thrown up a little camp here and there and passed on, but
he had seen no trace of Roman occupation whatever in that
immediate district. Passing over the Roman occupation, and
coming down to the times of the English invasion, they had
many mementoes of their arrival and of their mode of life. He
had on the way a short time ago pointed out those Common-
fields farmed on a co-operative system, in which the whole of
the community had to take their part in the farm work, and the
village council decided which commonfield was to be laid down
in light crops and which field should be ploughed up. Every
man had his own acres distinctly marked out, but none of them
were fenced. If a man fenced in any part of his land he at
once forfeited his right of common feeding for his stock.
Throughout the Middle Ages the commonfield was universal in
England, and it was interesting that in Pydeltrenthide they had
the evidence of that system so well preserved. That day they
would be passing over ground which might be said to be an old
slate upon which the inhabitants of those uplands had left half-
rubbed-out traces of their operations from the very earliest
times.
After the PRESIDENT had thanked Mr. Dicker, a start was
made for
PLUSH.
Canon RAVENHILL, addressing the party in the Chapel of St.
John the Baptist, said
The tithing of Plush is a detached portion of the parish of Buckland Newton,
called Boclande Abbas in olden days. The late Dorset poet, Mr. Barnes, said
that " Newton" described Buckland as the new enclosure, Alton, the adjoining
parish, being the old enclosure. " Boclande," according to Blackstone, means
land held by book or charter, as opposed to Folcland, land held by common con-
sent. Plush is mentioned under the name of "Plis " in the Rentatia et Custom -
arium of Glastonbury Abbey. It formed part of the Manor of Buckland Newton,
and it was given with it, according to John of Glastonbury, by King Ethelwolf
111. VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON.
(833-857) to the Abbey of Glastonbury. The late Canon C. W. Bingham told
him that the word "Plis" meant a coomb or dell, but he did not know what
authority he had for this derivation. In the year 851 a great Danish invasion
took place, and, if Nettlecomb Tout and the Koman fosse at Plush could speak,
they would probably tell some stirring stories of those terrible times. Ethelwolf
was the father of Alfred, whose tower forms a striking object from Nettlecomb.
The grant was made to Glastonbury a century before the extermination of
wolves, which must have had a goodly run in the Forest of Blackmore adjoining
Plush. The roedeer are still to be seen wild in this district, and are on the
increase. They peep their heads occasionally from the coppice opposite the new
church. The old chapel was built on a very picturesque knoll about three-
quarters of a mile to the north of the present building and about the same
distance from Monkwood Hill, where the name reminds one of the connection
with Glastonbury. In the return in the Commission of 1650 the church was
described as a chapel of ease to Buckland, three miles distant. Plush then
contained 32 families and desired to be made a parish. Mr. Guilliam, the curate,
led a very disorderly life. His salary was 14 per annum and " other unlawful
advantages." The tithes of this tithing were 35 per annum. In the old church
more than half a century ago the Eev. William Butler, better known as Parson
Billy Butler, was cautioned not to enter the pulpit to preach, or he would disturb
a hen that was sitting there. The late Lord Digby told him this, and he had it
from Mr. Butler himself. The building, having fallen into decay, was pulled
down in 1847, and the materials were worked into the new church, which was
built nearer the hamlet and opened in 1848. The ancient carved stone font
narrowly escaped disappearing altogether. The Rev. Canon Bingham had a
great affection for it. It was now placed unrestored in the new building. Plush
abounds in antiquities. On the left, as one enters the village from Dorchester,
are to be seen lynchets or terraces, made in all probability so that the slopes
might be cultivated. Tumuli and pit-dwellings are plentiful on the downs. The
Roman fosse is clearly marked, and Nettlecomb Tout has much of its Celtic
earthwork remaining. On Whatcombe Down, between Buckland and Plush, is
a small Roman camp of observation commanding a view across the county from
north to south, also the site of an ancient British village. In 1872 seven British
urns were found by the late Mr. C. Miller in a barrow on the down between
Plush and Liscombe only about three feet below the surface. Alas for Dorset,
that the new Museum was not then in existence ! Dr. Rolliston, of Oxford, took
charge of these interesting remains and placed them in the Ashmolean Museum.
Mr. A. J. Evans, the present keeper of the Oxford Museum, says that these urns
evidently contained cremated remains. Calcined bones were still in one. The
urns are of rude British fabric, three of them fragmentary, with a rough indented
herring-bone pattern. In 1879 Mr. Cunnington found under an immense cairn
in a Plush barrow an urn of dark imperfectly -burnt ware, about nine inches high
and nine iuches broad, with faint rudiments of plain points round it and two out
of probably four small knobs inside.
VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON. llll.
Canon Ravenhill added that on their way to Plush Folly the
Members would visit the site of the old church on the hill. It
showed how carefully the monks chose the spots for their
churches. The stream took its rise from just under the old
church. The late President (Mr. Mansel-Pleydell) said that the
Pydel rose in Plush, as if that was its only source ; but the river
had two sources, the other being at Alton Pancras. The word
" Folly " was of interest. When associated with the name
" Plush " it had no reference to the conduct of a fool, but meant
a coppice of firs.
THE DOWNS.
After luncheon the party set off, under the leadership of Mr.
Dicker, to climb the steep down to the west and to walk over
Ball Hill and Church Hill, a distance of about two miles and
a-half, to Alton St. Pancras. On the way Mr. DICKER called
attention to the remains of the earthworks with which the downs
are almost entirely covered. He first pointed out traces of a
great prehistoric settlement, and observed that the whole settle-
ment was enclosed by a rampart. For the information of the
botanists of the party he showed a copse in which is to be
found the herb Paris, a liliaceous plant with four leaves. A
good example of an ancient dewpond was also observed, and
then the party came to what is generally called "a Roman camp
of observation " a small rectangular enclosure with a well-
defined rampart and ditch.
Canon RAVENHILL observed that Mr. Warne considered this
camp to be of Roman construction. Calling attention to the great
extent of country which it commanded, he remarked that on a
clear day they could easily see Stourton Tower on the north-
east and Hardy's Monument on the south-west. Mr. DICKER
said he should like to know what reason Mr. Warne gave for
assigning such a work to the Romans. Canon RAVENHILL said
that for one thing it was its oblong shape, he believed. Mr.
DICKER answered that he could show 50 oblong works in that
neighbourhood, some on the hills and some not on the hills,
llV. VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON.
which were certainly not of Roman construction. He was not
aware that any Roman remains had been found there to associate
the enclosure with the Romans. Possibly it might be Roman,
and his reason for admitting as much was that it was of so much
more recent date than any of the other earthworks on those
downs. The remains were so much bolder and sharper at the
corners that it pointed to a comparatively late date. The ditch
and bank would, of course, have been considerably higher many
years ago, and, with the bank surmounted by a palisade, it
would make a formidable entrenchment. Canon RAVENHILL
added that the enclosure was marked on the Ordnance map as
Church Hill, and it was supposed by the people of the country-
side to have been the site of a church ; but most antiquaries
considered it to be a Roman camp, and the Rev. William
Barnes, the Dorset poet, had laid it down that where a camp
was square or oblong it was probably of Roman construction.
Mr. C. S. PRIDEAUX observed that, as a rule, the Celtic
inhabitants of Britain, when constructing a camp on a hill,
followed the natural contour of the hill, so that such camps were
of irregular shape; but there was no evidence to show that, if
they were throwing up an earthwork on level ground, they would
not make it square.
A little further on Mr. Dicker called attention to a pit from
which, probably in the Neolithic age, flints were quarried.
Such pits were very common on the downs. He pointed out
that the party had now reached the edge of the great rampart
and ditch that ran round the whole of that huge hill settlement.
They could see the rampart running zigzag along the brow of
the hill, and he pointed out one place where there was a double
bank and ditch. Almost wherever they found this great double
bank they found pits along it, and what these pits were for was a
great problem. He had no theory to offer on the subject himself.
The whole of the land inside the rampart was divided up into
great squares by banks, which were obviously artificial. They
were evidently the work of some ancient people who spared no
labour, and at a tremendous cost built those great works for
VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON. Iv.
themselves and their flocks and herds. That settlement might
have been for thousands or tens of thousands of years occupied
by some dominant race of stock-raising people a race of such
extreme antiquity that they really could not take time into
account at all ; indeed, time did not count for anything on those
Dorset hills. A thousand years was as one day. Probably some
of the enclosures were extremely ancient before flints were
quarried at all.
Half-way down the steep hill leading into Alton Mr. Dicker
pointed out a beautifully symmetrical barrow of comparatively
late age, and in an almost perfect condition, although there has
been considerable subsidence.
ALTON PANCRAS.
On arriving at Alton, Major and Mrs. Saunders gave the party
a hospitable welcome, and, on entering the church, the Vicar
(the Rev. G. B. Southwell) read the following notes :
This village must have been at one time a good deal larger and more important
than it is now. Both in the valley and on the hills there appear traces of human
habitations which no longer exist ; and the parish seems to have supported two
prebeiidal stalls in Salisbury Cathedral, Alton Austral and Alton Boreal. The
name Alton, the old town, indicates antiquity, as also does the dedication of the
Church to St. Pancras, Pancrasius, who was born in Phrygia.
I have with me a sketch of the old chancel arch, which may possibly throw
some light on the question of age ; the chancel appears to have been divided from
the nave by a solid screen of masonry pierced by a small arch with apparently
Norman mouldings and two hagioscopes ; but the abacus appears to indicate
something older.
The earliest record that I am acquainted with is extracted from the
" Miscellanea et Statuta quoad Sarum," in which the parishioners are reprimanded
by the Dean of Salisbury for not having a fit and proper place over the altar for
holding the reserved Sacrament, and are threatened with a fine of 6s. 8d. if they
do not provide one before the next visitation. This is dated loth April, 1483.
The next record is on the fly-leaf of one of the parish registers. It states
that the church was repaired in 1736 by contributions from the Dean and Chapter
of Sarum, the prebends of Alton Austral and Alton Boreal, and Thos. Haskett,
Esq., Lord of the Manor ; and at the same time a gallery was given and built at
Mr, Haskett' s sole expense. I remember seeing that gallery once. It was a
Ivi. VALLEY OF PYDEL AND BUCKLAND NEWTON.
huge affair extending from the belfry to the porch. In 1874, the whole church,
with the exception of the tower, was pulled down and rebuilt.
The rebuilding was of a somewhat revolutionary character. The double
piscina on the south side of the chancel was carefully preserved and is there
still ; but the chancel screen disappeared.
All we have left is an arch with dog-tooth mouldings, which has been built into
the churchyard wall, and is supposed by some to be the old chancel arch. It does
not quite tally with the one in the picture, but I cannot vouch for the accuracy
of the picture.
With regard to Parish Registers, there are nine books in all. The earliest
entry is in 1673. Most of the volumes are in a bad state, and many pages and
parts of pages have been cut out.
Where the schoolroom now stands there used to be a cottage which was called
" Parsonage," but there does not appear to have been any resident incumbent until
the Rev. Robert Shittler came in 1842, and built the present Glebe house, and
turned the old parsonage into a schoolroom. Robert Shittler was the author of a
commentary on the Holy Scriptures. I have had letters from booksellers and
book collectors asking whether any copy of the work exists in the parish or in
the neighbourhood. But the book is quite unknown here.
The party then drove on to
BUCKLAND NEWTON.
Canon RAVENHILL gave an outline of the history of the parish
church. He said that it appeared to have had two dedications.
According to Bacon's Liber Regis, it was dedicated to the Holy
Rood. There are still some of the steps up to the rood loft,
which must have been here before the Reformation, and in
Hutchins we read that Sir Nicholas Latimer, in his will dated
1504, ordered his body to be buried near the high altar in the
Church of St. Mary at Buckland. The University Church of
St. Mary at Oxford had two dedications, and the same occurs
at Hazelbury Bryan Church. The chancel here, of great length,
is the oldest part of Buckland Church, dating from about 1281.
The side windows are Early English, with Purbeck marble
shafts, capitals, and bases. Two on the north side at the west
end of the chancel remain in their original state. The other
north window, at the restoration in 1869, was rebuilt partly with
fragments of marble from the south side and partly with new
work. On the south side of the chancel, much of the Purbeck
VALLEY OF PYDEL ANt) BUCKLAND NEWTON. Ivii.
marble was gone, and the remainder was so dilapidated that it
had to be entirely removed. The work was carried out in exact
harmony with the old windows on the north side. The east
window is new, but in character with the others. All have been
rilled with memorial gifts of stained glass. The reredos was
painted by Miss Gunning on the wall especially prepared with
Mr. Gambier Parry's preparation. It has been done more than
30 years, and is in good preservation. The chancel arch is of
Ham Hill stone, with panelling in design similar to parts of
Sherborne Abbey. Mr. Buckle, the diocesan architect of Bath
and Wells, said that the arch was built in the i5th century, when
the nave and aisles seem to have been entirely re-built. They
are later Perpendicular. The tower arch, of Portland stone, and
the west window are Early Perpendicular. The porch on the
south side is of Tudor date, with a groyned roof of Ham Hill
stone. The roses in this are in harmony with the decoration of
the fine old octagonal font. The Elizabethan oak bench-ends
and some of the old carved panelling have, as far as possible,
been retained, and the new carving is in harmony with the old.
About a century ago the exterior of the church was covered with
stucco to protect the walls of chalk rubble from the driving
weather to which they are exposed at times. During the past
38 years more than ,3,000 has been spent on the church.
Canon and Mrs Ravenhill then invited the party into the
Vicarage for tea, and showed them the old Communion plate
and the parish register one of the most beautiful parish
registers preserved in the county of Dorset.
After tea a short business meeting was held, at which eleven
Members were elected and six candidates for membership
nominated.
Mr. Nigel de M. Bond and Mr. E. A. Fry were appointed to
represent the Club at the Congress of Archaeological Societies
in union with the Society of Antiquaries.
The PRESIDENT having, on behalf of the Club, heartily
thanked Canon and Mrs. Ravenhill for their hospitable recep-
tion, the party started on their homeward drive to Dorchester.
Iviii.
SECOND SUMMER MEETING.
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION FROM SWANAGE TO
WEYMOUTH.
An excursion was made in s.s. "Empress" on July gth from
Swanage to Weymouth, by the kind invitation of Mr. W. H.
Hudleston, a Vice-President of the Club and Past President of
the Geological Society of London. The party numbered about
a hundred and forty'.
The following "Notes," by Mr. Hudleston, contain the
programme of the day and a guide to the geology of the coast.
These ' ' Notes " were originally supplied to Members of the
Club as part of the circular announcing the excursion, but it is
considered that they are worthy of a verbatim and permanent
record in the Proceedings.
NOTES ON
THE EXCURSION TO THE CLIFFS OF THE ISLE OF PURBECK
AND THEIR CONTINUATION TOWARDS WEYMOUTH.
SOME PEEVIOTTS LITEEATUEE.
Englejield and Webster. Ninety- one years have elapsed since the issue of this
classical work on the strata of the Isle of Wight and their continuation in the
adjacent parts of Dorset. It was then that a man who was at once a geologist
and an artist brought to the notice of his contemporaries the remarkable features
of this wonderful region, probably for the first time that such things had been
described.
Webster's letters to his employer and fellow -author, narrating his discoveries
in the almost unknown regions of the west, read very much like the descriptions
of a traveller going over unexplored districts, which he depicts with mingled
astonishment and delight. First of all he describes the appearance of the cliffs at
Handf ast Point (The Foreland) as seen at a distance from the sea, and expresses
his surprise at the apposition of the vertical and horizontal beds, the latter being
pushed over the other in a curve. This appearance he held to be opposed to
every theory [then known] of the formation of strata. Webster proceeded to
land at " Swanwich," and took a boat for the closer examination of the cliffs.
He gives a description of the Chalk at the junction of the vertical and horizontal
beds, and notices the shattered condition of the flints, but did not observe anything
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION. lix.
very remarkable in the " joint," as he calls it, where the two sets of Chalk strata
meet each other. On the whole, he concluded that the strata of the Isle of
Purbeck generally could be successfully examined only from the sea.
Publications, $r., of the Geological Survey, An important memoir on the
Geology of the Isle of Purbeck, chiefly written by Mr. Strahan, was published in
April, 1899, whilst new one-inch maps coloured geologically were issued in 1895-6.
This work by Mr- Strahan is an important step in advance of anything previously
attempted, and he justly remarks that the district under consideration includes a
length of coast which is hardly surpassed in interest in any other part of England.
Meanwhile, a geological model of the Isle of Purbeck is now on view at the
Survey Museum in Jermyn Street, and a descriptive guide to this, also written by
Mr. Strahan and published in 1906, may be had for sixpence.
" The White Chalk of the Dorset Coast," by Dr. Eowe (Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
1901). This important paper deals with the zones of the Chalk, and contains
some fine photographs, illustrating the geology of the Chalk cliffs, by Sherbom
and Armstrong. As regards this particular district, the following paragraph gives
the author's impressions: "It is difficult to say which most compels one's
admiration, the marvellous beauty of this boldly -sculptured coast or the power
and magnitude of the physical forces which have determined a coast-line
possessing, in point of interest, variety, and strength of contrast, no parallel
among sections of the English Chalk."
It is this wonderful coast, so extolled by authors both old and new, that the
members of the Dorset Field Club are invited to inspect on board the steamer
" Empress," on the 9th of July next. The following scheme is suggested :
The Start. It is proposed to leave the pier at Swanage shortly after the
arrival of the 12.8 p.m. train, and to proceed, in the first instance, towards the
Foreland, where the detached rock known as Old Harry still laments the loss of his
wife. Distance from Swanage about three miles. The chief point of interest
here is the termination of Ballard Down in a sea-cliff, where the curving strata
of Chalk on the north are thrust over the vertical and hardened Chalk by the
Isle of Purbeck thrust-fault.
Ballard Point, Pmifield Cove, and Swanage Say. Returning south, pass
Ballard Point (382ft.), where the basal Chalk and Upper Greensand may be noted
dipping northwards 55 -60. In Punfield Cove the Lower Greensand and
Atherfield Clay dip to the north at 62 ; these beds are succeeded on the south by
Wealden shales, with Cyprids, Paludina, and other freshwater fossils. The
Wealden Beds of Swanage Bay consist of soft alternations of red and grey Clays
and variegated Sands with lignite ; the cliffs here are under 100ft., with northerly
dips from 16-20. Width of the Wealden outcrop 1 mile 2 furlongs.
Peveril Point and Durlston Say. At Peveril Point the Upper Purbecks are
first encountered, and there is much folding and faulting. The Paludina-
marble and Burr beds compose this group, the former being noted for remains
of the Swanage Crocodile, which has lately been found also in the Wealden
shales of Atherfield (Isle of Wight). It is calculated that this reptile
ix. MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION.
was capable of i* gape of over a yard. Durlston Bay presents the finest develop-
ment of the Purbecks known anywhere ; the width of the Bay, about 1 mile,
and the thickness of the beds, about 400ft., or twice the thickness obtained at
Lul worth. The following is the complete sequence :
Upper Purbeck
Faludina-maxbie.
Burr Beds.
Middle Purbeck
Corbula and Beef -beds.
Stone beds.
Cinder-bed with Ostrea distorta.
Stone Beds.
Flint Bed. Black Shale, and Mammal Bed.
Lower Purbeck
Marls with gypsum.
Caps.
Portland Stone.
Durlston Bay has yielded the bulk of the Purbeck fossils in the various
museums, and these mostly come from the Middle Purbecks. It may be noted
generally that the changes from marine through brackish to freshwater con-
ditions are gradual, whilst the changes from freshwater to marine are sudden.
The little Mammals occur in a sort of ft dirt-bed," a few inches thick, at the base
of the Middle Purbecks. There is Likewise an interesting example of a forked
fault, which strikes the coast and may be noted about the foot of the zigzag path.
As one faces the cliff the hard Cinder -bed on the left (south) is brought into
juxtaposition with the soft beds of the Lower Purbeck on the right (north), the
Cinder -bed itself being lifted high up in the cliff on the north side of the fault,
which has a down-throw of 100 -150ft. to the south.
Durlston Head, Tillywhim, and Anvil Point. The appearance of the hard
Portland Be is gives stability to the land, and thus commences a different type of
coast trending to the west. The junction of the Purbecks and Portlands is here
disturbed by many small faults. At Tillywhim there is a sequence from the
Portland chert -beds through the Portland freestones (Tillywhim Caves) to the
Oyster-bed (Perna Bouchardi), which here forms the top of the Portlandian
series, whilst the Purbecks occupy the surface of the promontory, and about a
mile west of the Light House there is a "dirt-bed" in the brow of the cliff.
From thence to Winspit the cliffs are very vertical, consisting of Portland Eocks
below with a slope of Lower Purbecks. There has been much quarrying in the
Portland Stone, and there are several small faults in the neighbourhood of
Dancing Ledge and Seacombe Cliff, and as far as the Valley at Winspit. This is
a very forbidding coast, yet vessels have in former times loaded with stone close
up to the rocks.
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION. Ixi.
St. Ealdhelm's (commonly called St. Allan's) Head and Etwnit Hill. St.
Ealdhelm's Head (353 ft.) is a prominent point showing a fine geological section.
We now perceive some of the effects of the Kimmeridge anticlinal, since
Kimmeridge Clay makes its appearance, though much obscured by fallen blocks
of Portland Kock, which also run out seawards and help to increase the turmoil
of the " Race." Above the Portland Sands there is an unusual development of
the Portland chert -beds, and it is this circumstance which seems to have
determined the salience of the most southerly and conspicuous headland in the
Isle of Purbeck. St. Ealdhelm's Chapel is just on the edge of the Lower Purbecks,
which there constitute the platform. Turning the corner and steering north for a
while, we note the long line of Emmit Hill on the right ; this is a fine example of
an escarpment face, where the Kimmeridge Clay at the base is succeeded by
Portland Sands, and these by Portland Eocks up to the summit platform. It is
here that the Portlandian escarpment, so characteristic of the Kimmeridge basin,
commences to wind inland, and, after producing the eminences of Hound-tout
and Swyre Head, passes in a noble sweep through Smedmore Hill and Tyneham
Cap into the final precipice of Gadcliff.
Chapman' 1 's Pool and JZncombe. 'Bot'h these places represent deep excavations
in the Kimmeridge Clay, which here attains an exceptional thickness. The
Upper Kimmeridge of these parts is reckoned to be nearly 700ft. thick, and is
characterised by paper-shales, bituminous shales, and cement-stone beds, which
latter in their continuation seawards form the dangerous Kimmeridge ledges.
The cliffs about Chapman's Pool are noted for Upper Kimmeridge fossils, such as
Lucina minuscula, Discina latissima, and, above all, Ammonites liplex (Olco-
stephanus pallasianus). Our late President obtained many excellent fossils from
these beds of Kimmeridge Clay, owing to his connection with Smedmore.
The Kimmeridge Coast. This may be described as extending from Chapman's
Pool on the east to Brandy Bay on the west, a distance of nearly 5 miles. The
stratigraphical features of this basin are interesting. The coastal cliffs are not
very lofty, though constantly disturbed by a series of small faults, which tend to
counteract the prevailing easterly dip until the inlet of Kimmeridge Bay is
reached. Here there occurs a kind of dome or anticlinal axis, the general effect
of which is to bring up lower beds of the Kimmeridge series. Thus beds of
undoubted Lower Kimmeridge occur in Hobarrow Bay. West of Kimmeridge
Bay the beds dip very strongly to the N.W., whilst the downthrow of the
numerous small faults is to the east, thus counteracting the effect of the dip,
which, however, is much steeper than on the south-east side of the axis. Owing
to the high angle of dip the exposure of Kimmeridge Clay is shorter on the
Brandy Bay side ; under Tyneham Cap the K.C. attains an elevation of 500ft.,
with a dip of 23 N.N.W., before disappearing beneath the Portlandian
escarpment. The Broad Bench is a salient platform, just above sea-level, made
up by stone beds in the K.C. It should be noted that Kimmeridge Coal occurs at
Clavell's Hard in the form of a bed of block-coal over 2ft. thick, succeeded by
10 or 12ft. of bituminous shales. Traces of this coal may also be seen on the
Ixii. MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION.
north-west side of the anticlinal in the cliffs between Hobarrow and Brandy
Bays.
Gadcliff, Worbarrow Say, and Rings Hill (Floivcrsbarroiv). These features
terminate the Isle of Purbeck on its west coast. Gadcliff (482ft.) presents a fine
escarpment facing the south, with beds dipping into the hill at an angle of 30 P .
The basal slopes consist of Kimmeridge Clay, passing into Portland Sands, whilst
the precipice consists of Portland Eock just capped by Lower Purbeck. There is
a fine development of Middle Purbeck at Pondfield Hole, where also the junction
between Purbecks and Portlands may be well studied. Worbarrow Tout marks
the extremity of the Purbeck series in the Isle of Purbeck itself ; here the beds
dip 40 N. The dips of the Wealden Beds in Worbarrow Bay range from 18
near the Coastguard Station to 30 under Eings Hill. The width of the Wealden
outcrop here is about half-a-mile, as against 1m. 3f. in Swanage Bay. In
Mupe Bay, about 2 miles westward, the outcrop is still smaller, and in Lulworth
Cove smaller still. Hence the bays of Swanage, Worbarrow, Mupe, and Lulworth
diminish in size in proportion to the areas of the Wealden, in which they have
been excavated. Eings Hill (567ft.) consists of Chalk with a base of Greensand.
The ancient British camp on its summit, known as Flowersbarrow, has been
partially destroyed by the slipping of the cliff, and thus serves to mark the
amount of coast erosion since those days.
Arish Mell and Mupe Say. Owing to the destruction of the rampart of
Oolitic rocks, which should stretch from Worbarrow Tout to the Mupe Eocks, a
distance of nearly two miles, the sea has once more reached the Chalk, and we
perceive the picturesque inlet of Arish Mell with nearly vertical cliffs on either
side. This is the commencement of the peculiar scenery of Lulworth ; dips of 75
in the Chalk on both sides. Cockpit Head, on the west, is conspicuous even on
this wonderful coast. The view of Lulworth Castle through Arish Mell Gap is
noteworthy. The wall of Oolitic rocks once more protects the coast from Mupe
Bay to Lulworth Cove, and here there is a complete section from Portland Beds to
Wealden.
Lulworth Cove and Stair Hole. It is probable that the party will land here
and perhaps inspect the famous " Fossil Forest." Here, if convenient, the Director,
might make a few remarks on the objects of the excursion. Note the effect of
earth -stresses (mountain making) in the contortions of the rocks the Upper
Purbeck folded and the Lower Wealden inverted. The basal bed of the White
Chalk (zone of Rhynchonella Cuvieri) forms the head of Lulworth Cove, whilst the
entrance is guarded by stout Portlandian rocks. The so-called "Fossil Forest "
is a dirt bed, or old soil cap, on which rest the stumps of coniferous trees with
their roots imbedded in the soil, whilst the trunks have been broken off at a
height of about 3ft. Both stumps and trees have been enveloped in domes of
tufa, presenting curious forms. The sigmoidal curvature of the Purbeck Beds at
Stair Hole is also noticeable.
Dungy Head, Durdle Door, Bat's Head, etc. The wall of Oolitic rocks is
intact at Dungy Head, and forms a strong buttress against the inroads of the sea.
LITTLE BINDON CHAPEL, WEST LULWORTH.
(Photo, by Mrs. Hudkston.)
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION. Ixiii.
Beyond this the sea again obtains access to the Cretaceous Beds in St. Oswald's
Bay, which terminates in Man-o'-War Cove. Here and at Durdle Door we
perceive the maximum effect of the Isle of Purbeck thrust -fault. Note the
outlying rocks of Portland stone in which the " door " occurs. Facing this the
Cretaceous rocks are inverted and compressed, whilst the Upper and most of the
Middle Purbecks are squeezed out altogether. The Great Fault runs about
750ft. inland from the Durdle Door ridge, passing through the Chalk at various
elevations, and coming out in the cliffs beneath the Warren about the third of a
mile to the westward of Bat's Head. Outside (north) of the thrust-fault, at the
point where it runs into the sea, the dip is 25 N. by W. ; whilst inside (i.e., on
the south) the dips are vertical for some distance, and opposite Durdle Door there
are inversions to the extent of 30 (110 N.N.W. and 120 N.N.E). The Chalk
inside the thrust zone is much shattered. The phenomena of Ballard Down are
here repeated, but less easy to perceive.
White Nothe Point (summit 549ft. 1 ) is just about a mile west of the spot
where the thrust-fault emerges from the cliff and passes out to sea. The base of
White Nothe is formed by the Pecten asper-'beds of the Upper Greensand, which
dip 5 E., whilst the Chalk underneath the Coastguard Station dips 12 S.S.E.
These directions are nearly the reverse of those prevailing at Durdle Door, and
indicate a considerable amount of confusion in the stratigraphy. Notice the
" King Kock " and the " Old Castle " Eocks on the undercliff.
Holworth House and Ringstead Bay. Beyond the point of White Nothe and
underneath Holworth House there is a landslip coming down to the beach, and
towards the head of Eingstead Bay, at some little distance from the shore, is the
" burning cliff " in Kimmeridge shale. Underneath Holworth House the Gault
may be seen to rest uncomformably on Purbecks, Portlands, and Kimmeridge
Clay. Throughout part of Eingstead Bay a low cliff of Kimmeridge Clay, and
at its base the " coral-bed," or topmost Corallian may be seen. The Trigonia-
beds and Osmington Oolite of the Corallian series occur in the cliff beneath
Upton House, dipping 4 E. ; they also form reefs out to sea.
Osmington Mills. There is a complex fault and high anticlinal axis here, of an
age anterior to that of the Isle of Purbeck thrust- fault. This affects the Oolitic,
but not the Cretaceous beds in the vicinity. The stratigraphy of the interior at
Osmington Mills is extremely interesting and complex, but cannot be realized
from the coast. The great masses of stone hereabouts belong to the Bencliff
Grits of the Corallian series, and this feature may be noticed at several places in
the Weymouth peninsula. The Triffonia-loedLs on the shore west of Osmington
Mills have yielded many Coralliau fossils in a fine state of preservation.
By the kindness of Mr. Hudleston luncheon was served on
board the "Empress," soon after which Lulworth Cove was
reached ; here the party disembarked and walked along the
beach to the tiny chapel on the hill, said by Mr. Hudleston and
Ixiv. MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION.
Mr. Pentin to be connected with the original Bindon Abbey,
although the remains of the original Abbey are, perhaps, to be
sought underneath the surface, rather than in this chapel, with
its buttressed walls, its narrow, pointed, deeply-splayed east
window and corresponding doorway, both apparently Early
English.
The party next pressed on over the hill to the " Fossil Forest."
Here, Mr. HUDLESTON'S attention being called to the " Broken
Beds," and his opinion being asked as to the cause of their
present condition, he said that the Rev. Osmond Fisher had
paid attention to the matter, and his theory was that they were
limestones which were deposited upon the rotten trunks of trees
and masses of vegetable accumulations, and that when these
vegetable accumulations decayed, the limestone beds formed on
top of them collapsed, so as to fill up the cavity formed by their
decomposition. However, he (Mr. Hudleston) could not say
that he believed in this theory, for another explanation was, he
thought, very much more likely. If they looked over the edge
of the cliffs they would see a mass of the stiffest and strongest
rocks which one could possibly imagine, and these rocks had
withstood the assaults of the sea for ages. He was of opinion,
therefore, that these shaly limestones had simply been crushed
between the weight of the superincumbent strata and the stiff
unyielding rock below, especially as all these limestone beds
were gradually undergoing decomposition. Mr. WIEHE COLLINS
called Mr. Hudleston's attention to the stump of a tree, which
Mr. HUDLESTON at once described as a beautiful illustration of
the way in which tufaceous accumulations had gathered round the
original tree-stump, the accumulations being ten times the size
of the wood itself, which was here replaced by silica, as was the
case in many of the Formations. In India and Australia one
met with beautiful specimens of woody matter replaced by silica.
A curious stone which the PRESIDENT handed to Air. Hudleston
he at once pronounced to be a lump of limestone fragments
cemented by tufa. The ASSISTANT SECRETARY ventured to ask
Mr. Hudleston how long he supposed it might be since these
"FOSSIL-FOREST," WEST LULWORTH.
" Broken Beds " on the right.
(Photo, by Mrs. Hndkston.)
TUFACEOUS CONCRETION ROUND TREE-STUMPS.
"FOSSIL-FOREST," WEST LULWORTH.
(Photos, by Mrs. Ilttdleston.}
MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION. IXV.
fossilised tree stumps had been living, verdant things in the
vegetable world. The eminent geologist answered that in the
domain of geology all computations of time are utterly empirical ;
but, as the trees belonged to the Jurassic period, it would not be
at all excessive to put it down at eight millions of years.
On the party regaining the boat tea was served, and a short
business meeting was held. Six candidates nominated at the
last meeting were elected and four nominated.
The PRESIDENT then said that he had during his periods of
office, both as President and as Secretary of the Club, tried to
make many little speeches in acknowledgment of hospitalities
and kindnesses which the Club had received, but he did not
think that he had ever felt in a more difficult position than he did
now in having to express their hearty thanks for the most liberal
and magnificent entertainment which had been given to them by
their esteemed friend, Mr. Hudleston. (Applause.) When Mr.
Hudleston joined the Club he was welcomed as a most valuable
accession, for they had no other geologist of so distinguished a
standing as he ; and then, besides being a geologist, he was an
authority on many other subjects, and had a great store of
valuable miscellaneous knowledge. They had that day had
occasion to learn something of the extent of his scientific
attainments, and they had also had the great pleasure of enjoying
his unstinted hospitality ; therefore they all united in giving him
and Mrs. Hudleston warm thanks for their great kindness.
(Loud applause.)
Mr. HUDLESTON, in returning thanks, said they had that day
realised the truth of the old saying that " Fortune favours the
bold." In this moist and stormy summer it required a great
stretch of courage on the part of many people, especially the
ladies, to face the tempestuous waves. (Laughter.) However,
they had done so that day with complete success, and so far they
had survived the perils of the deep. (Hear, hear, and laughter.)
He hoped also that those with geological tastes might, partly
from what they had seen that day, and partly from the study of
the notes which he had provided for the occasion, be able to
Ixvi. MARINE GEOLOGICAL EXCURSION.
grasp the salient features of that most interesting Dorset coast.
He need not detain them any longer than to express his great
pleasure at having seen them all that day. (Applause.)
The PRESIDENT added that they were most kindly invited to
tea also at Holworth House by the Rev. Prebendary Linklater,
but they found it impossible to accept that kind invitation.
Nevertheless, they thanked Prebendary Linklater heartily.
Prebendary LINKLATER, who was cordially received, said that
he and Mrs. Linklater were very sorry that it was impossible for
them to come to Holworth, but they hoped they would be able
to do so on another occasion. (Hear, hear.)
This concluded the business meeting, and at 6.40 the
"Empress" came alongside Weymouth Pier, whence the
Members dispersed, having spent an instructive and delightful
day.
Ixvii.
THIRD SUMMER MEETING.
WAKEHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH.
THE THIRD SUMMER MEETING was held on July z^th. The
party numbered about 130.
Arriving at Wareham the Members were met by the Rector
(the Rev. Selwyn Blackett), who kindly acted as guide during the
morning.
ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH.
Mr. Blackett first conducted the party to St. Martin's Church,
and then showed a ground plan of the building made by an
architect, and indicating by five colours the composite nature of
the present building, in which, according to the draughtsman,
no less than five styles of architecture are represented Saxon,
Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular.
Addressing the gathering, Mr. BLACKETT said that he made
no pretensions to being in any sense of the word an antiquary.
He was simply a parish priest who had "got up" the history of
his own parish ; and when he told them that such and such a
thing was of such and such a date they should please bear in
mind that he was only echoing what authorities had told him.
As to St. Martin's, they at Wareham held that they had, not a
Saxon church, but a church upon the foundations of a Saxon
church and still containing some of the original Saxon work. The
original church was said to have been built by St. Aldhelm, the
builder of the well-known Saxon church at Bradford-on-Avon.
Mr. Blackett referred to an article from the pen of Mr. Charles
Lynam, F.S.A., reprinted from "The Builder" in 1898. Mr.
Lynam, in the course of it, says " That the remains of the first
church are of the middle of the Eleventh Century no one can
reasonably doubt. Its diminutive area, its excessive proportion
of height to width, the extreme simplicity of its parts, the walls
having no trace of a buttress, with a plain chamfered base, the
footings showing above ground, the quoins at the angles formed
Ixviii. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH.
of " long and short" work, the masonry built of rubble only, the
only remaining window, that on the north side of the chancel,
being small in dimensions and having its glass face close to the
outside these are points justifying the conclusion of a pre-
Norman date for the early church." In detail Mr. Blackett
called attention to the architectural features of the church, both
inside and outside ; and the visitors could appreciate the
"impression" of the picturesque little church given in
picturesque language by Mr. Lynam in an earlier passage, in
which he says *' Standing almost upon the edge of a deep
cutting in the road, which bounds its site on the west, backed
on the north by well-grown trees ; its small area but high
altitude, with its gabled south porch rising as high as the
church, its touch of ivy and grey walls and roof, produce a
picture not often presented in so small a building. The general
effect of the exterior is equal to that of the interior. Its high
walls, a north arcade of two bays, a chancel arch flanked by an
opening on each side, the remains of post-Reformation texts
and earlier fresco painted on the white- washed facings, the
barn-like roof, the riven rent in the walls, and the floor of sand,
together with a general air of forsaken neglect, give to the
place a very extraordinary yet interesting effect."
Mr. Blackett added the interesting statement that architects
have discovered five distinct periods marked by the frescoes.
Underfoot was one mass of burials ; for when they wished to
bury anybody they used simply to open a grave and push the
body in.
THE WALLS.
From St. Martin's Mr. Blackett led the large party along the
north-west wall, and, calling a halt near the corner, informed
them that they were standing upon a portion of the ancient
walls. Some people had claimed that they were British works,
others that they were Roman, and others again that they were
Saxon or Danish. But unfortunately they had never been able
to get leave to cut a trench right through the wall with the
WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH. Ixix.
object of finding any clue to the date. Under the trees inside
the corner they could see what was said to be a Roman amphi-
theatre. That Wareham was a Roman town had never been
questioned. The streets were laid out on the usual Roman
plan, with North, South, East, and West streets ; and, more-
over, a Roman road passed under those walls and on to
Dorchester. Others had said that it was not a Roman amphi-
theatre, but a mediaeval cockpit. He pointed to a neighbouring
part of the walls which was called The Bloody Bank, because a
number of the rebels of the Monrnouth rebellion condemned to
death by Judge Jeffreys at the Bloody Assize at Dorchester were
sent by him to Wareham to be executed, as a warning to the
neighbourhood, and the gallows were set up on that prominent
part of the walls.
The ASSISTANT SECRETARY observed that the Roman origin
of Wareham was by no means generally acknowledged. For
instance, it had been undoubtedly questioned by two of the
best Dorset antiquaries of the old school, namely, Mr. Charles
Warne and the Rev. William Barnes. In Mr. Warne's valuable
map of ancient Dorset, prepared after exhaustive investigations
and showing the prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish
towns, camps, forts, roads, &c., the town of Wareham was
indicated as being Saxon-Danish, the Danish period being, as it
were, a parenthesis in the Saxon. Moreover, Mr. Warne showed
no Roman road coming to Wareham or at all near it. If that
was indeed a Roman road which had been said to pass under
those walls and on to Dorchester, it was strange that it should
have escaped Mr. Warne's observation. Then, the Rev. William
Barnes rightly attached importance to the negative evidence that
no Roman tesselated pavement had been found near Wareham ;
the nearest find of such pavement (as Mr. Blackett had admitted)
being at Furzebrook, three or four miles away. The finding of
Roman coins, pottery, and other adventitious articles was of
comparatively slight value as evidence of Wareham having been
a Roman town. What, too, was the name of Roman Wareham ?
Now at Dorchester, the Durnovaria of the Romans, there was
1XX. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH.
abundance of evidence of extensive Roman occupation. There
were not only the earthen walls, but also, what was much less
conjectural, still standing upon the line of the rampart, a
fragment of the core of the Roman stone wall. Many tesselated
floors, some of them richly ornate, had been unearthed ; and, as
Mr. Warne's map showed, three or four Roman roads
converged upon the town, including the important Via Iceniana.
At Wareham there was a striking lack of such evidence. On
the other hand, proceeded Mr. Pouncy, there was good evidence,
both in the appearance of the town itself and in historical
records, of Wareham having been a town of some consequence
in Saxon days. Asser in 876 spoke of Castellum quod dicitur
Werham ; and Ethelwerd, the same year, made mention of
Oppidum quod Werham nuncupatur. Although it might be
questionable what Saxon work, if any, remained untouched in
the church of St. Martin which they had just left, there could be
no doubt that on that very spot in Saxon times stood a church ;
and in Wareham, on the banks of the Frome, was one of the
Saxon mints of Dorset. The geographical^ situation of the
town, then on an estuary of the sea, exposed it to attack by the
marauding Danes. For instance, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
recorded that in 876 the Danish army " stole away to Wareham,
a fortress of the West Saxons," and the next year it was stated
that " the army came to Exeter from Wareham." As to the
light which these historical records threw upon the problem of
the walls, good reason was shown why the Saxon inhabitants
should fortify the town against the repeated descents of the
Danish flotillas, and again why the Danes, when they had once
taken the town, which they occupied for a period, should
strengthen themselves in the possession of it. Then, expert
members of the British Archaeological Association, on their
recent visit to Wareham, stated that both the broad, shallow foss
outside the walls, so noticeable on the west and on the east, and
the clear space inside, between the walls and the buildings,
were typical of such earthworks thrown up by Saxons and
Danes. As to the so-called Roman "amphitheatre" was it
WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH. Ixxi.
really more than the space within the corner of the north and
west walls, where possibly the ground had been a little worn
away by children playing and animals straying ?
Dr. H. COLLEY MARCH said that, as far as he could see, the
only things in favour of the theory that Wareham was a Roman
town were that the walls were square and the streets laid out
cmciformly, as Roman streets often were. On the other hand
the evidence which Mr. Pouncy had cited, that no Roman
remains of importance had ever been found there, although
merely negative evidence, was very important ; and again there
was importance in the fact that no Roman road was recognised
leading to or from the town. Then with regard to the Danish
theory, the position of Wareham and its accessibility from the
sea made it very likely that the Danes would occupy it.
The HON. SECRETARY, referring to the ground plan of St.
Martin's Church which had been exhibited, said that it would
probably be nearer the mark to describe as Early Norman the work
which had been put down as Saxon. For instance, the splayed
window in the north wall of the chancel he considered would
to-day be called Early Norman. As to Mr. Blackett's statement
that the holes in the stonework outside the window may have
been for the reception of the wickerwork to keep birds from
flying into the window, he did not think that much importance
was to be attached to the holes, because they found similar holes
outside windows of as late date as the Perpendicular period. As
to the " amphitheatre," it was, he thought, a hopeless name for
it, and he wished that he had put the word in inverted commas
on the programme.
Dr. COLLEY MARCH added, in respect to the "amphitheatre,"
that a position inside the corner of the walls, close to the angle,
would be most unsuitable for an amphitheatre, as greatly
weakening the military strength of the corner.
Leading the party past the wall of the Rectory garden, Mr.
BLACKETT pointed to the interesting Norman doorway built
into the wall, a doorway probably from one of the demolished
churches of the town, and built into the wall to be preserved.
Ixxii. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH.
WAREHAM CASTLE.
Proceeding, Mr. BLACKETT said that when they were digging
the foundation of the stables near his house they went down six
feet and found some masonry, which some held to be parts of
foundations of Wareham Castle, of which hitherto no trace had
been discovered.
Mr. GEORGE BENNETT handed round, for the inspection of the
Members, a series of photographs of the excavations, and added
that Wareham Castle, which is believed to have been built by
William the Conqueror, covered an area of nearly 20 acres.
That very morning, by a singular coincidence, more masonry
had been found in a garden near by, in the course of carrying
out drainage works. One Member had the curiosity to ask Mr.
Bennett to guide him to the spot. The wall, he found, ran east
and west, at a depth of about three feet from the present surface.
It was about two feet four inches thick, of large, rough
foundation stones, but among them was a chamfered stone sill
with a groove moulding. The surface of the stones was burnt
black, as if the wall had been destroyed by fire. Mr. Bennett
estimated that the wall was within a hundred yards of the spot
described by Mr. Thomas Bond as the site of the keep in Castle
Close.
On nearing St. Mary's Church Mr. BLACKETT drew attention
to the picturesque gabled Priory and also to the site of the
Saxon Mint, now occupied by some old sheds.
LADY ST. MARY'S CHURCH.
The principal features of St. Mary's were pointed out by the
RECTOR, who also pointed to two carved stone pillars, which he
declared to be heathen altars upon which the Roman soldiers
of the garrison of Wareham worshipped heathen gods before
the introduction of Christianity. They would, of course, ask
him for his authority for this statement. It was none less than
that of Mr. Micklethwaite, the late surveyor at Westminster
WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH. Ixxiii.
Abbey, whose name was known to all architects and antiquaries.
He had had printed on a card " These two stones are believed
to be Roman altars " ; but Mr. Micklethwaite said " They are
Roman altars." Notwithstanding Mr. Micklethwaite's pronounce-
ment, the leading antiquaries of the party remained sceptical.
The visitors inspected with interest the chapel of St. Edward
the Martyr, and beyond it the small a'Becket chapel, within the
large buttress at the south end of the great east window.
At the kind invitation of Mr. A. S. Drew, the party next
visited the Manor House and inspected his collection of coins,
pottery, and other curios, among which are many of the things
found in Wareham. Here the HON. SEC., who, in the absence
of the President during the morning, had been Acting President,
proposed a cordial vote of thanks to the Rector for acting as
guide and to Mr. Drew for admitting the Club to view his
collection.
THE GARDENS OF LYTCHETT HEATH.
After luncheon the party drove to Lytchett Heath, where they
were received by Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil and Mr. and the
Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. The Members rambled through the
extensive and beautiful gardens and grounds under the guidance
of the Hon. Mrs. EVELYN CECIL, one of the most distinguished
of lady Botanists, and well known in the botanical and horticul-
tural world as the author of "A History of Gardening in
England," ''London Parks and Gardens," &c. On the way the
Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil pointed out curious, rare, and interest-
ing plants and flowers.
She first called attention to the Japanese maple, a garden hybrid which is
always red, but turns a brilliant scarlet in the autumn. This, she said, was
brought from Japan in 1837. Secondly, she showed a young cedar of Lebanon
that had sprung from a cone which Lord Eustace Cecil brought home from
Lebanon itself in 1869 ; then a profusion of hydrangeas, which, she said, do very
well in these gardens ; Cornish heath, and an acacia, the Australian silver wattle,
flowering wonderfully well. After looking at a Buddleia albiflora, the flower of
which, by the way, is not white, the party observed a specimen of the holly-like
Desfoiitana spinosa, a Peruvian plant which had gladdened Mrs. Cecil by putting
Ixxiv. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATtt.
out its first modest flower yellow and orange. It is, she remarked, related to
the nightshades and a greenhouse plant ; but yet it had teen out in the open there
for four years. The attention of the visitors was called to a specimen of New
Zealand flax which had been flowering ; the spiderwort from America, of which
in the States there are large numbers of various colours white, blue, and pink ;
the giant yellow centaur Centaurea Babylonica ; the giant scabious, which has
not flowered yet ; and the tree-fern, which, Mrs. Cecil said, was brought home
for her from Australia by her sister, Lady William Cecil, and had stood out of
doors two winters. They did not, she observed, lose anything seriously in those
gardens last winter. Several members of the party availed themselves of the
invitation to carry away bulbs of the curious air onion, which makes its bulbs in
the air ; and that they are not thereby lacking in pungency the party were
afforded ample olfactory evidence. Having looked with interest at the only
orange-tree that is hardy Citrus triptera, the visitors next found their gaze
arrested by the Mariposa lilies; and their guide told them that when she was
with her husband in the Grand Canon they rode through them as one would ride
through fields of buttercups. A showy red daisy of rich colour was, she said, a
flower that had come to England only since the Boer war. They made its
acquaintance in South Africa as the Barberton daisy, but it was now called the
Transvaal daisy. Six plants were brought home, but this was the only one
which had survived. Mrs. Cecil next showed one of the latest Chinese plants
introduced into England since China had been opened up. It was a new vine,
Vitis Henryana, from Northern China. The magnolias were admired, and then,
having noticed a good specimen of Clematis montana rubra, the party observed
the aromatic pineapple salvia, so called because, if you pinch a leaf between
your fingers, you can smell the distinctive and unmistakeable odour of the pine.
Mrs. Cecil next led the Club to the ornate, recently -planted yew gardens, which
she designed and Lord Eustace Cecil planted. It was, she explained, taken
from a real 16th Century design, and the four corners were planted with
nothing but lavender and roses. The onlookers could well believe that, when the
yews are grown, this will be a delightful part of the Lytchett Heath gardens.
They moved on to notice Yucca flaccida, a kind of woad, and Erica Lusitanica,
so called after Portugal, its native home. It is spreading freely, and flowers
from November to April with white flowers with little pinkish buds. This is the
only place in the British Isles where it has ever seeded itself; and when Sir
William Thiselton Dyer came down to see it he said frankly that he had not
believed that such a large area could be covered with it in this country.
The party passed on to a charming feature of the gardens, the series of
three ponds, in two of which gorgeous water-lilies are growing hybrids.
Mrs. Cecil stated how M. Marliac, the French floriculturist, hybridised the pink
Swedish varieties and some of the American varieties and produced these
brilliant coloured ones. A pretty little bit of white flower, called the water
hawthorn, was observed. In the upper ponds the party noticed the rich gleam
of the goldfish, which do not hurt the lilies. Mrs. Cecil stated that they
WAR EH AM AND L^TCHETT HEATH. IxXV.
were going to keep the lilies out of the lower pond, where there were trout.
The uppermost pond was made a few year ago, and was so successful that they
proceeded to make the others. Leading the way into a greenhouse, Mrs. Cecil
showed a good many rare bulbs brought back by her and Mr. Cecil from South
Africa, among them yellow arums which they themselves dug up in Rhodesia,
Melanoleuca, and a quite new thing, gloriosa superba lutea. The party having
shown interest in a Mimosa pudica, Mrs. Cecil next pointed to the red "mop" of
Hymanthus Cecil, a find of her own and so named after her. Following their
guide, the Club went down through a deep, cool, winding glade into the recesses
of the wood. Here Mrs. Cecil called attention to the fact that the last flower
had disappeared from the giant lily. The party next inspected the fernery, their
guide observing that the parsley fern there did very well. Mrs. Cecil next
pointed to the Aralia spinosa, seeding itself, a thing rather uncommon ; the
luxuriant deutzia, which had shed its profusion of petals like snow upon the
ground, the rain having so dashed it ; the swamp lily of California (as it is
called by some) lilium pardalinum ; the Agapanthus, which she said would come
on here later, when those in the open garden were over ; Helleborus niger,
and the Tropaeolum speciosum, which grows so profusely in Scotland. In
turn the party next noticed the Primula Japonica, a new rhododendron, the
" Fink Pearl," and the superb fan-palms, which Mrs. Cecil observed did very
well in this spot. They were Fortune's Chamaerops, introduced by that zealous
and adventurous collector from China, where, to facilitate his botanical
researches, he donned native dress. When the party had observed how
wonderfully well a Himalayan variety of bamboo spatheflora was growing there,
and had noticed the Muehlenbeckia, the hardier members of the party followed
Mrs. Cecil up a pretty winding path, through heath, bracken, and shrubberies,
to the summit of Black Mount, which wears as a coronal a curious circular
earthwork, mound and ditch. It was perhaps a small defensive position, or
more likely a look-out ; but of what period it would be hard to say. The hill-
top is plumed with fir-trees, and the party who climbed it were rewarded for
their toil by the glorious view of the heath country and the long gleaming reaches
of Poole Harbour which burst upon their sight.
THE BUSINESS MEETING.
On the re-assembly of the party at the house, the Members
attended a business meeting, at which four persons were elected
and three candidates for Membership nominated.
The HON. SECRETARY mentioned that Mr. C. S. Prideaux
had lately superintended some important excavations at a
barrow on Mr. F. J. Barnes' quarryland at Portland, and the
Ixxvi. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETt HEATI*.
Council of the Dorset County Museum and Mr. Barnes had
given two guineas each towards the expense. It was proposed
that the Field Club should give the same, and also vote a guinea
towards the cost of cleaning out the outline of the " Giant" at
Cerne. This was duly sanctioned. Mr. Pentin next mentioned
the proposal that the Club should join hands with the British
Archaeological Association to cut some sections, after obtaining
the necessary leave, at the Roman Amphitheatre and at Pound-
bury, Dorchester, in order to ascertain more correctly and fully
the real nature of those ancient and interesting earthworks. It
was proposed that a joint committee of the two bodies should
be formed to undertake the supervision of the work, and as a
guarantee to the public that it would be done in a scientific
manner by responsible persons.
The proposal was approved, and the following were appointed
to act on the joint committee on behalf of the Field Club :
The President, Hon. Sec., Hon. Treasurer, and Assistant Secre-
tary, Captain Acland (curator of the Dorset County Museum),
Mr. H. B. Middleton, Dr. H. Colley March, the Rev. W. Miles
Barnes, and Messrs. C. S. and W. de C. Prideaux. It was decided
to invite Captain Acland to act as honorary secretary and
treasurer of the committee.
The HON. SEC. added that it had further been suggested that
the Club should make a grant towards the work out of the
funds, to be supplemented by individual donations. If any
Members of the Club would like to contribute towards the
fund, Captain Acland would, he was sure, be pleased to receive
their contributions.
The PRESIDENT said he believed that the British Archaeological
Association intended also to contribute towards the excavation
fund, and they would likewise give them the benefit of their
considerable knowledge and experience.
On the motion of Mr. J. T. STEPHENS, it was unanimously
resolved to make a grant towards this object out of the Club
funds, and to leave it to the Executive to determine the exact
amount,
WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEAtH. Ixxvil.
Mr. F. J. BARNES mentioned the desirability of having a
recently discovered dene-hole at Portland a beehive-like
structure of slabs of stone, believed to be Roman, and used
as a grain store removed to the Dorset County Museum. The
expense of removing it to Dorchester could not be great. It
might be from j to 10, and the advantage of having so inter-
esting an historical relic at the recognised depository of county
antiquities was obvious. Dene-holes were getting scarce ; and
if they did not take steps to preserve this one, the likelihood
was that it would be destroyed, and they would not soon have
an opportunity of securing another.
The PRESIDENT stated that he wrote to Captain Acland about
it ; but he answered that he thought there was not room for it
at the Museum, and, moreover, that the Museum Council could
not afford to bear the cost of its removal. (The Council sub-
sequently declined the proposal.)
Mr. BARNES answered that eight feet by six feet was the
utmost floor space that it would take up, and it was seven or
eight feet high. He proposed that the Club strongly recommend
the Museum Council to secure the dene-hole for the Museum.
Mr. FORDE seconded, and it was carried.
Dr. COLLBY MARCH asked what evidence there was that it was
really a Roman dene-hole.* 4 In reply Mr. BARNES described the
nature of the structure, and gave all the particulars in his
possession.
The meeting having ended, the party repaired to the lawn,
where, under a marquee, tea was served.
The PRESIDENT, before the party quitted the lawn, proposed a
hearty vote of thanks to Lord and Lady Eustace Cecil for their
kind invitation and the hospitality of their reception, and also to
the Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil for conducting them through the
lovely gardens.
The vote having been carried with acclamation,
* The dene-hole closely 16561111)168 that figured on p. 165 of " Damon's Geology
of Weyrnouth, Portland, &c.," 2nd Edn., 1884, except that the present one
consists of a single excavation only.
JXXviii. WAREHAM AND LYTCHETT HEATH.
Lord EUSTACE CECIL, in reply, said that it had been a great
pleasure to Lady Eustace Cecil and himself to see them all
there, and he offered them the most hearty welcome. It had
been his good fortune to make that place what it was, and, from
the point of view of Nature, there were few places in Dorset or
elsewhere that were more beautiful. And to Mrs. Evelyn Cecil
it had been a great pleasure to show them the various botanical
changes which she had there worked out so successfully, and
the numerous rare plants which she had brought from South
Africa and other parts of the world, and which she was so well
able to describe.
Before returning to Wareham Lord Eustace showed his
beautiful little Chapel of St. Aldhelm, and called attention to
the variety of stone used in the structure, and also the various
orders of architecture reproduced, forming a truly "composite
building.
Ixxix.
FOURTH SUMMER MEETING.
FORD ABBEY.
THE LAST OF THE SUMMER MEETINGS was held at Ford
Abbey, on September 5th. The party numbered about 150.
On arrival at Chard Junction a short business meeting was
held, at which three Members were elected and ten candidates
for Membership nominated.
The HON. SECRETARY announced that he had received a letter
from Sir Frederick Treves enclosing a cheque for five guineas
towards the proposed excavation work at Maumbury Rings. He
had sent the cheque to Captain Acland, who had kindly con-
sented to act as secretary and treasurer of the Excavation
Committee. The name of Mr. Alfred Pope was added to the
committee, and this concluded the business meeting.
The party then drove to Ford Abbey,* where they were
welcomed by Mr. and Mrs. Freeman Roper, and were invited
first to enter the refectory or great hall.
Mr. Sidney Heath, joint-author of " Some Dorset Manor
Houses," had sent a paper on "Ford Abbey," and in his
absence it was read by the HON. SEC., who said he was sorry that
Mr. Heath could not be with them, and explained that the paper
was a portion of a chapter of the book "Memorials of Old
Dorset " which was soon to be brought out by Messrs. Bemrose.
FORD ABBEY.
Various authorities agree with Camden in stating that Ford Abbey (originally
in Devon, but now included in the county of Dorset), near Chard, was founded
in the year 1140, for Cistercian monks, by Adeliza, daughter of Baldwin de
Brioniis, and a grand-niece of William the Conqueror. The circumstances of its
origin are interesting and romantic. It appears that Adeliza's brother, Richard
of Okehampton, had given, in 1133, certain lands at Brightley, within his
barony, to an Abbey of the Cistercian Order, and had secured twelve monks to
* The illustrations of Ford Abbey in this volume are reproduced, by permission,
from " A Brief History " of the Abbey, published by Messrs. Young and Son,
Chard. The photographs were taken by Messrs. Higgins and Son, Chard.
Ixxx. FORD ABBEY.
dwell therein from Gilbert, Abbot of Waverley, in Surrey. This small com-
munity remained at Brightley for five years, when they, " by reason of great
want and barrenness, could abide there no longer," and commenced a return
journey to their original home in Surrey. On their way they passed through
Thorncombe, the parish wherein Ford is situated, where they encountered
Adeliza, who, hearing with great regret of the failure of her brother's enterprise,
exclaimed : " Behold my manor w r here you now are, which is very fruitful and
well wooded, which I give you for ever in exchange for your barren lands at
Brightley, together with the mansion-house and other houses. Stay there until
a more convenient monastery may be built for you upon some other part of the
estate." The site selected by the monks for the erection of the Abbey was in a
valley, on the left bank of the river Axe, at a place called, according to Leland,
"Hertbath" (balneum cervoruni), and which, from its nearness to a ford
crossing the river at this spot, subsequently became known as Ford.
Such is the accepted origin of the splendid pile of buildings which sprang up in
this fertile and sequestered valley in 1148, and which still, notwithstanding the
pillage at its dissolution and its many structural alterations, still commands our
admiration and our attention, although, if we except some small portion of what
is known as " the chapel," at the eastern end of the south front, nothing now
remains of the original foundation erected by the pious Adeliza.
The original purpose of this ancient part of the building, known as ' ' the chapel,"
is somewhat obscure. It has been commonly regarded as that portion of the
religious house which its name indicates, and as being the burial-place of its
founder and other benefactors. Dr. Oliver, however, in the supplement to his
Monasticon, speaks of it as the " Chapter House "a likely suggestion. In his
Memoir of Thomas Chard, JV.D., Dr. J. H. Pring writes :
"That except in the deed of surrender, and a short reference made to it by
Hearne, I have not been able to discover the slightest notice of ' the Church of
the Blessed Virgin Mary of Ford ' in any of the numerous accounts which have
been given of the abbey ; though when we read of frequent interments, some on
the north, others on the south side of the choir others, such as that of Robert
Courtenay, who, we are told, was buried on the 28th July, 1242, in the chancel,
before the high altar, under a stately monument exhibiting the figure of an armed
knight there can be little doubt, I think, that these took place, not in what is
now known as the Chapel, but in the Abbey Church, which stood at the east end
of the abbey, about two hundred feet above the chapel.'
This portion of the edifice, whose original uses are conjectural, shows, both
inside and out, considerable vestiges which appear to suggest a Norman origin,
and which we may assume were possibly erected under the immediate auspices, if
not under the personal superintendence, of the Lady Adeliza. The exterior angles
of the eastern end exhibit the quoins so characteristic of the Norman style of
building, and the interior has many fine examples of Anglo-Norman work, in the
pillars, the groined stone roof, the arches at either end, of a slightly pointed
character, with the well-known zig-zag or chevron moulding. The eastern
MONKS' WALK, FORD ABBEY (LOOKING NORTH),
FORD ABBEY. Ixxxi.
window is of much later date, being Perpendicular in style, and it is believed to
have been inserted by Thomas Chard, the last Abbot, as the upper panel of the
left-hand side depicts a stag's head, whilst the companion panel, parallel to it,
contains faint traces of the oft-repeated monogram, T. C.
The next feature in point of antiquity is what is now termed the " Monks'
Walk," a range of ivy -clad buildings running back for nearly four hundred feet
from the eastern end of the Abbey in a northerly direction, and it is thought that
a similar range ran parallel to it. The remaining wing is on the eastern side, and
consists of two storeys, the lower of which possesses some beautiful Early-
English work, and the upper one was probably the monks' dormitory. In the
centre is an archway of fourteenth century date, and along the entire length of
the wing is a series of lancet windows, almost perfect on the western side, but
destroyed or built up on the eastern. Hearne thus notices this wing :
" 'But now, though one of the chief uses of the cloisters was for walking, yet in
Religious Houses they had sometime galleries for the same end. We have an
instance of it in Ford Abbey in Devonshire, which is one of the most entire abbeys
in England ; in the east front whereof, which is the oldest of the two fronts
(though the south front be the chief est), there is a gallery called the Monks'
Walk, with small cells on the right hand, and little narrow windows on the left."
Great as is the antiquarian interest of these fragments of what we may reason-
ably presume to have formed part of the original foundation the greater
part of the existing fabric is the work of Abbot Chard. The best view
of the building is obtained from the front, where nearly all that meets the
eye affords a striking instance of the consummate taste and devoted per-
severance of this remarkable man under circumstances that may well have
discouraged the boldest. The storm which culminated in the dissolution of the
monastic houses was gathering ; but instead of being filled with dismay, as were
so many of his fellow churchmen, Thomas Chard spared no effort to beautify his
beloved abbey, so that the very glamour of her loveliness might enchant the eyes
of the spoilers and turn them from their purpose of ruthless spoliation. To a
great extent his work was preserved, for, although the abbey did suffer, and that
grievously, yet it escaped the wanton wreckage by which most of these
foundations throughout the land were devastated.
The first portion of Chard's building to claim attention is the cloister, late
Perpendicular in style, with mullions and window tracery which present an
appearance at once good and bold, and show no signs of the debasement and
formality that are so characteristic of the late buildings of this period. Above the
windows a frieze of stone-work depicts on shields the arms of various benefactors
to the Abbey as those of Courtenay quartering Eivers, Poulett, the Bishop of
Exeter, etc. ; and on many shields appears either the monogram or the name of
Thomas Chard.
An excellent account of the cloisters and, indeed, of the whole Abbey is
contained in a very rare little volume, entitled a History of Ford Abbey, written
anonymously many years ago, but acknowledged by ecclesiologists to be the work
FORD ABBEY.
of one who for a long period must have resided there, and who thus, by daily
associations with the fabric, became more familiar with its minute architectural
details than could possibly be the case with anyone who had not enjoyed a
similar privilege. As this volume is rare, as well as interesting and accurate in
regard to its architectural information, no apology is needed for quoting certain
passages from it here. In reference to the cloisters we learn that :
" The cloister is divided by a suite of rooms and arcade from the grand porch -
tower, so conspicuous for its architectural beauty, and which in days gone by was
no doubt the original entrance. It is richly ornamented with first-rate sculpture,
some of it obviously unfinished ; the central boss in the vaulting uncut ; and the
blank shield in the centre, below the basement window, encircled by the garter,
was doubtless intended for the royal arms. The uncut shield on the sinister side,
having the pelican and dolphin for supporters, was for Courteiiay. The two
small shields cut are charged with a lion rampant for De Eedvers, and cheeky
two bars for Baldwin de Brioniis. Immediately over the arch of the door is a
large scroll shield of a more modern date, bearing the arms of Prideaux, impaling
those of his second wife, Ivery. On the upper part of this elegant specimen of
Dr. Chard's taste, in the centre shield, are his initials, T. C., with the crosier and
mitre (Dr. Chard was a Suffragan Bishop) ; and the two smaller shields, with the
T. C., crosier, and abbot's cap, alternate with the stag's head, cabossed supposed
to be the bearing of the then Bishop of Exeter ; and just below the battlement
of the tower is the following inscription :
AN'O D'NI MILLESIMO QUINOESIMO VIC mo OCTA. A D'NO FACTUM E8T THOilA
CHARD, ABB."
Now, while there is no doubt that Chard united in his own person the offices of
Abbot and Suffragan Bishop, the above account is at fault in attributing " the
stag's head cabossed " to the then Bishop of Exeter, for it formed no part of the
arms of either Bishop Oldham or of his successor, Veysey. In a letter from Dr.
Chard to Cardinal Wolsey u the stag's head cabossed " is used as the seal, and
is expressly referred to in the body of the letter as " sigillum meum" and we find
the same ornament associated with his name or monogram in various parts of the
Abbey buildings ; the most probable solution being that it relates to the ancient
cognizance of the Abbey, or the site whereon it stands, which, as we have
already seen, was Hertbath (balneum cervorum}.
Further confirmation of Dr. Chard's double office of Bishop and Abbot is
found in a remarkable panel in the frieze, which appears to have been designed
for the purpose of attesting this fact, if not in actual words, yet in unmistakable
and appropriate symbolism. The small top corner shields of this panel contain
the letters T. C., and the lower ones an abbot's and a bishop's staff, respectively ;
whilst on the hatchment-shaped panel in the centre occurs the stag's head and
bishop's staff, the name " Tho. Chard " on a scroll entwined round an abbot's
staff ; and above these, as a fitting termination to the whole, appears the abbot's
cap, surmounted by the bishop's mitre,
THE CLOISTERS, FORD ABBEY (LOOKING EAST).
FORD ABBEY. IxxxiiL
The entrance porch contains a fine west window of the same character as those
of the adjoining great hall, which in their turn correspond with those of the
cloister, and above them is a frieze of grotesque animals. To quote once more
from the book already referred to :
'* This part of the building has been shorn of its length, as, on minute inspection,
will appear. The royal arms are not in the centre, as they no doubt originally
were. They consist of a rose crowned, encircled with a garter, and supported
by a dragon and greyhound, the badges of Henry VII. . . . Although the
remaining portion of this wing has been altered, it was built by Thomas Chard,
the battlements corresponding with the tower and chapel ; and, as a more
decisive proof that it was so, there is, at the western end of the building, but hid
by ivy, the portcullis cut in stone, another of the badges of Henry VII. ; and to
the north, or back side, are the initials T. C., with the crosier and cap."
The ancient guest-chamber, so integral a part of these old foundations, appears
to have been at right angles to the great hall, as it was noticed some years ago on
the collapse of portions of the ceiling that the ancient timber roof was still in situ.
The antiquary, Leland, visiting the Abbey during Dr. Chard's alterations,
writes : " Canobium mine swnptibus plane non credendis abbas magnificentissime
restaurat" * This beautiful structure had scarcely had its delicate stonework
mellowed by the soft winds from the Devonshire moors, when the Dissolution,
long impending, burst in fury upon the larger religious houses, and on March 8th,
1539, Thomas Chard was induced to sign the surrender of his beloved Abbey of
Ford, which was endeared to him by many sacred associations, and on which
he had lavished his own private fortune and the artistic genius of a master
mind.
No sooner had the document been signed than the work of pillage commenced ;
but one is inclined to agree with the Devonshire historian Prince that, "by
what lucky chance he knew not, Ford Abbey escaped better than its fellows, and
continueth for the greatest part standing to this day." At the same time there
is little doubt that much havoc took place, although, perhaps, not to the extent
recorded by Eisdon, who says it now merely "somewhat showeth of what
magnificence once it was."
It is just possible that Thomas Chard's beautiful work softened the hearts of
the spoilers, and its very wealth of ornament caused it to be retained as too
valuable a prize to be utterly demolished ; but, whether standing entire or razed
to the ground, it appears to have been an encumbrance, for on October 28th, in
the year of its surrender, it was granted by the King, " with all and singular its
manors, lordships, and messuages, etc.," to Eichard Pollard, Esq.
At the time of its dissolution the annual revenues of the Abbey were com-
puted at 374 10s. 6d. by Dugdale and at 381 10s. 6d. by Speed, and the net
revenue was, no doubt, somewhere between these two sums.
* " The Abbot at incredible expense is now restoring the monastery most
gloriously."
Ixxxiv. FORD ABBEY.
Having finished reading Mr. Heath's paper,* Mr. PENTIN read
a short paper written by Mr. L. B. Clarence on the Ford Abbey
Chapel bell.
FORD ABBEY CHAPEL BELL.
In the little bell-cot on the roof of the chapel- tower hangs a mediaeval bell a
pre-Reformation bell. Bell-founders before the Reformation very seldom put
their names on their bells, much less the names of churchwardens, or the doggerel
rhymes which we find on more modern bells. The founders, however, can usually
be identified by the lettering of their inscriptions, and various ornamental devices,
some of them known as foundry- marks, also cast upon their bells.
The inscription and the ornaments on this Ford Abbey bell tell us that the bell
was cast by one of a family of Norwich bell -founders, who bore the surname of
Brasyer, a name derived from their craft, and who cast very fine and handsome
bells in thai city in the 15th and 16th centuries ; perhaps also in the 14th.
A William Brasyer, of Nottingham, was admitted to the Freedom of Norwich in
1376. A Robert Brasyer was Mayor of Norwich in 1410, and two Richard
Brasyers, father and son, were casting bells there between 1456 and 1510. This
Ford Abbey bell may have been cast by any one of them ; and it is noteworthy as
the only specimen of their handiwork known to exist in this part of England. In
those days, when roads or rather tracks were rough and " foundrous," it was
a difficult and risky matter to convey a bell any long distance from the foundry,
unless water-carriage were practicable. Sometimes, there is reason to think, a
founder may have brought his materials with him to a distant parish and cast a
bell there, in situ, but seldom, or never at any very great distance from his foundry.
In all probability this Ford Abbey bell was cast at Norwich and conveyed by sea
to Lyme or Bridport, and so to Ford Abbey.
The inscription on the bell is Leonine or rhymed Hexameter, in very handsome
Lombardic capital letters :
FAC MAEGAEETA NOBIS HEC MUNEEA LETA,
showing that the bell was dedicated to St. Margaret.
Between the two halves of the hexameter are two grotesque leonine heads, one
of them in the centre of a cruciform ornament. On the waist of the bell is a
shield, bearing the ordinary device, or "foundry stamp," of the Brasyers;
three bells on a field adorned with something like sprigs of some plant.
* Reference may be made to Mr. J. S. Udal's " Notes on the History of Ford
Abbey, and of the families who have possessed it since the Dissolution of the
Monasteries," printed in the Club's Proceedings, Vol. IX. Also to Mr. Heath's
forthcoming book on Ford Abbey (F. Griffiths, London, 10s, 6d. net),
FORD ABBEY. IxXXV.
The PRESIDENT said that, as the assembly was about to split up
into several parties, he would take the opportunity, while they
were all together, of expressing their warm thanks to Mr. and
Mrs. Freeman Roper for their great kindness in allowing the
Club to come there that day. It had been the wish of Members
of the Club for many years past to visit the Abbey ; but circum-
stances had not admitted of it ; and, therefore, they ought to be
all the more grateful to Mr. and Mrs. Roper for so kindly at last
gratifying their wish.
Mr. FREEMAN ROPER thanked the Members of the Club for
the cordiality with which they had received the President's
words. He hoped that they would all spend a very pleasant
afternoon and take away agreeable recollections with them.
The Club was then conducted over the Abbey in convenient
parties of about 30 each, taking different routes.
Tea was afterwards served in the old refectory, and the
hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Freeman Roper made the Club still
further indebted to them.
Shortly after four o'clock the party drove off to catch their
train, and thus ended a delightful day and a very enjoyable
summer season.
Ixxxvi.
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NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
(Read May 2nd, 1907.)
OBITUARY.
T is a great thing in a Club like ours that those who
manage it should have a certain number of friends
and supporters amongst its Members' on whom
they can rely for help in various ways in time of
need, either pecuniary or otherwise, and I am glad
to be able to say that during my connection with
it I have always had a certain number to whom I
had only to appeal to meet with an immediate
and kind response. One of these was one of
the few remaining original Members of the Club, Mr. William
Colfox, who has passed away from us since our last annual
meeting. He always took great interest in both our Club
and its kindred institution, the Dorset Museum, and has given
us much information on various subjects, chiefly connected with
archaeology. Another friend whose loss we have to deplore is
the Rev. O. M. Ridley, a frequent attendant at our meetings and
Ixxxix*
interested in natural history. It is to be regretted that he
should not have lived a short time longer to see the distinction
of F.R.S. conferred upon his son, Mr. Henry Nicholas Ridley,
director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, of whose talents he
was justly proud. Last year it was my painful duty to chronicle
the loss of two distinguished Dorset astronomers, and I have
again to record the loss of two of our Members who have been
specially interested in that branch of science, Rev. Thomas
Perkins and Dr. Griffin, who, before he became incapacitated
during the last few years through illness, was interested in this
and various other scientific matters. Mr. Perkins was seventeenth
Wrangler, and a man of great and varied attainments, and he is
a great loss to our Club as well as to his friends. He was a
good antiquary and an excellent photographer, and is perhaps
best known to us in the latter capacity, as is evidenced by our
volumes of Proceedings and by those of the Photographic
Survey in the Dorset Museum, in which he greatly assisted the
Rev. W. Miles Barnes. Many of those present will remember
Mr. William Mate, who has been a Member since 1885, and gave
us some interesting information about Poole at our meeting
there in 1905. Lastly and quite lately I have heard with regret
of the death of Dr. Comyns Leach, who held several important
medical posts, and whose genial presence will be missed from our
summer meetings.
Science is always advancing, and I will now mention some of
the chief discoveries and what I may call scientific events of the
past twelve months.
ZOOLOGY.
In all the animal kingdom man's greatest foes are the smallest
and apparently the most unimportant members of it. For one
who is slain by a lion, thousands fall before the trypanosome of,
say, sleeping sickness, so that these lowly organisms have
deservedly merited the great attention they have received in
recent years. The smallest object visible is an ordinary
microscope would have a diameter of about 1-147,000 inch,
xc. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
whilst with special arrangements an object about half that size
would be seen, so that we are able to perceive creatures of very
minute dimensions. The King of the Belgians has offered a
prize of 8,000 for the discovery of a remedy for the disease I
have mentioned. It has not yet been awarded, though Professor
Koch claims to have discovered a cure in the form of atoxyl ;
but as the disease often lasts for years it must take a long
time before its efficiency can be proved. An attempt is also
being made to prevent the tsetse fly from becoming infected
with the trypanosome, which it takes in when sucking the
blood of an infected person and injects into a fresh victim
when performing the same process. To avoid this the natives
are being removed from the lake shore where the fly occurs, and
at the ports on the lake the trees which harbour it are being cut
down, so that it is hoped by these means to keep the plague in
hand and very greatly diminish it. It is sad to have to record
the death from sleeping sickness of Lieut. Tulloch, one of the
three gentlemen, sent out by the Royal Society to investigate it,
who have performed such excellent work. An important dis-
covery has been made in finding for the first time the pupae of
the tsetse fly in a natural position. The fly is viviparous, and its
larvae are not born until they are full grown, when they very
soon turn to a dark brown pupa about the size of a grain of
wheat. These had often been produced from captive flies, but
it has only just been discovered that pupation takes place
naturally in the loose earth among banana roots. As the flies
are abundant in some places where there are no bananas it
would seem probable that they also pupate elsewhere. The
destruction of mosquitoes {Anopheles} has been so well carried
out at Ismaiia that it has now become quite free from malaria,
though as lately as in 1902 there were 1,550 cases. This has
been done at an expense of something like 5,000 only, by
filling in and draining the pools and marsh land or treating
these with petroleum where the insects breed, concreting water-
courses, &c., and teaching the inhabitants to keep their own
water supplies clear of the mosquito larvae. This has been done
XC1.
also with more or less success at many other places, including
the Roman Campagna. The Royal Society's Commission at
Malta have traced the origin of Malta fever to goats' milk, and
by preventive measures the cases have been reduced to 15 from
258 in the summer of 1905, and many other diseases of bacterial
origin are now more or less under control. In regard to animal
diseases of this nature, a valuable report has lately been pub-
lished on the results of an investigation ordered by the Board of
Agriculture in 1902 on two serious diseases of sheep, louping ill
and braxy, which caused at times great loss among them.
The bacilli have been discovered and effective means of
prevention indicated. It has been suspected, and is now
proved, that rats in India are subject to plague, which is
transmitted from one to another by fleas ; and that they are also
a great cause of its spread amongst human beings is strongly
evinced by the fact that, since a wholesale destruction of rats in
Mysore, that city has been practically free from plague, there
being only five deaths instead of 995 in the year before these
measures were taken. Further experiments have been made
with the Radiobes, which had been put forward as living
structures generated by the action of radium on gelatin, but
which had not been accepted as such by the scientific world. It
is found in the first place that it is not radium, but the barium
usually associated with it, which produces the effect on the
gelatin, and that pure gelatin is not affected unless it contains,
as is usually the case, some sulphuric acid. The so-called cells
appear to be formed round a precipitate of insoluble sulphate,
but show no trace of the division which takes place in the living
cell, though they may be kept in their original condition for
months by sealing down the covering glass. They are, there-
fore, merely a chemical product devoid of life. Before I leave
these lowest forms of life I should like to draw your
attention to an address given by Mr. J. J. Lister, F.R.S., as
President of the Zoological Section of the British Association,
containing many of his discoveries in relation to the Foramini-
fera, some of the most beautiful and interesting of those minute
XC11.
creatures, which form many-chambered shells, of which some
resemble small Ammonites. His work is worthy of the dis-
tinguished scientific family to which it belongs, headed by his
uncle, Lord Lister, whose discoveries have been of such
immense benefit to mankind. As you are aware, we have the
honour of including his father and sister amongst our Members.
Coming next to insects, I have to record the discovery, by Mr.
Gervase Matthew, a visitor to Dorset, of a plume-moth new to
Britain, Stenoptilia graphodactyla, bred from marsh gentian
( Gentiana pneumonanthe] in the neighbourhood of Wimbome. It
has been found that white ants in Ceylon cultivate in their
nests a small white fungus on which they feed, thus imitating
the better-known habits of some true ants. A very remarkable
new leaf-winged grasshopper is described from Costa Rica,
which not only has its wings veined and coloured to resemble a
dried leaf, but the edges of the wing are crenulated and deeply
hollowed out here and there, as if a caterpillar had been eating
it. The issue of a bulletin of the " Laws against Injurious
Insects and Foul Brood in the United States" suggests that
some such laws in our own country might be of advantage. For
instance, there would probably be no great difficulty in exter-
minating warble-flies, which are a source of considerable loss to
the farmer through the damage to the hides caused by the
perforations made in them by the larvae. These larvae are easily
killed whilst in the backs of the cows, either by pricking
them or by the use of a suitable insecticide, and if this was
universally done for a few years warbles would become exceed-
ingly rare. But farmers will not take the trouble unless
compelled. Some even, in this part of the country, consider
their presence a sign of health ! but, if numerous, they cause
much suffering and deterioration of milk. In Derbyshire I
found that they understood and waged war against them. To
show how much there is still left to discover in the world I
may allude to the fact that some moss lately brought from
British Guiana contained no less than 40 new species of
Orobatida* These are the tiny hemispherical mites, generally
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. xciii.
shining black, which are often found abundantly on the under-
sides of stones and elsewhere. An instance is recorded
from China of a sparrow flying into and becoming hope-
lessly entangled in the web of a large spider, though it
struggled violently and was not interfered with by the spider.
The Fish Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History)
has again been opened to the public in a much improved state
as regards the quality and arrangement of the specimens. I
alluded in my last address to some discoveries in the early
life history of eels. Since then the knowledge of the cycle
has been made fairly complete. The parent eels leave the
rivers for deep water of 500 fathoms, where they spawn, the
young larvae eating for a time when they are in the stage called
Leptocephalus, very unlike their parents and more the shape of ail
ordinary fish. They then eat nothing for about a year, and
gradually assume the eel-like form and migrate towards their
parent rivers, growing there to their full size. The remarkable
fauna of the African lake Tanganyika has been further
investigated, showing a very large proportion of fish and
crustaceans not found elsewhere, whilst the general similarity
of the fish-fauna in tropical Africa and America is striking.
The capture of an unusually abnormal turbot is worth recording,
as such specimens may throw some more light on the
extraordinary development of flat fish. In this the right side
was white and contained both the eyes, and the fish
consequently rested with its white side uppermost instead of
its coloured side. Last, but not least, among the fish records
(if fish it be) comes the account of a sea-serpent, seen on
December yth, 1905, off the coast of Para by two gentlemen
trained in natural history observation. The head, resembling
a turtle's, the neck about six feet long, and a dorsal fin were
seen, the total length being perhaps about 25 feet. In the face
of this and similar reliable observations it seems impossible
to doubt the existence of some large unknown marine
animal, possibly a Saurian, the nature of which will probably
only be fully understood on its capture being effected.
xciv. PRESIDENT'S ADDksss.
From experiments made with earthworms, its usual food, it
appears that the Apteryx possesses a strong sense of smell,
being able to locate and pick out with its bill both living and
dead worms buried in earth. Our English birds are well
protected, but it is to be feared that at no distant date some of
the more beautiful species of tropical birds will be exterminated,
as, in spite of Bird Protection Societies, the number imported
into England and France alone reaches the enormous total of
ij millions. South America is, fortunately, making protection
laws, and it is extraordinary that there are none in India, as is, I
believe, the case. A defect, termed " barring," in ostrich
feathers has lately been causing considerable loss on the Cape
farms ; the cause is uncertain, but seems to be connected with
nutrition, or possibly parasites, doubtless also with the semi-
artificial conditions of domestication. More specimens of the
okapi and African forest-pig have been obtained. The former
is said to be solitary in its habits, to frequent marshes, and to be
exceedingly shy and quick of hearing. The success of an open-
air lion cage has caused others to be made at Clifton, and the
lions flourish in them, like the open-air caged monkeys, more
than under the old system. To pass to more general subjects,
the great value of finger-prints as a means of identification is
shown by the City Police records, in which, out of about
1,000 individuals apprehended, more than a quarter, not other-
wise recognised, were found by a comparison of their finger-
prints to have been old offenders. I think that it is a common
belief that the children of clever fathers are not, as a rule, noted
for talent ; but the researches of Dr. Galton have shown that
able fathers have able children in a much larger proportion than
the generality.
BOTANY.
In Botany a new order of plants has been discovered in
Mexico and Peru and named Julianiacea. It consists of two
genera and five species, which are resiniferous, deciduous,
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. xcv.
dioecious shrubs, with small green female and catkin-like male
flowers. The fruit is a nut contained in a samaroid pod, much
larger than that of the elm. It is interesting to note that the
two genera have not yet been found nearer together than
2,000 miles, the genus Juliania being confined to Mexico and
Orthopterygium to Peru. A new species of Eucalyptus from E.
Australia, which attains a height of 60 feet, possesses a remark-
ably hard wood resembling lignum vitae, which will be valuable
for many purposes. Another plant, a common English St.
John's wort (Hypericum perforatuni), was sown in an Australian
garden 25 years ago, and has now become a most noxious weed
over, it is estimated, 10,000 acres of good land, large sums being
spent in attempts to extirpate it. Only two flowering plants
have as yet been found in the Antarctic, against 400 from the
Arctic regions, though lichens and mosses are numerous. What
threatens to be a serious enemy to the gooseberry has lately
appeared in England in the form of the American gooseberry
mildew (Sphcerotheca mors-uva). It is most destructive in
America, and appeared first in Ireland in 1900, where it has
done great damage. The sugar-cane leaf-hopper, which has
caused great loss in Hawaii, seems to be decreasing under the
attacks of an egg-parasite which has been introduced, but,
unfortunately, this method cannot be applied to a mildew. Two
exhibitions which have been recently held may be alluded to.
At one, that of the Royal Agricultural Society, many matters
important to farming were discussed, including the vitality of
farm seeds. In certain experiments it had been found that
wheat and barley ceased to have any vitality after ten years,
whilst black and white oats retained 76 and 57 per cent, of living
seeds in the eleventh year. This seems to be directly opposed
to the stories of the germination of mummy wheat, which, if
true, may be accounted for by the dryness of the Egyptian
climate. The other was the Exhibition of Indiarubber, held in
Ceylon, and of great importance in view of the demand for and
cultivation of rubber. The most interesting new development
seems to have been processes for vulcanising, colouring, and
xcvi. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
mixing with fibre rubber whilst in the milk state. A serious fact
for rubber-tree planters is that chemists have very nearly, if
they have not already quite, succeeded in making indiarubber
synthetically, which is likely to bring down the value of the
natural product.
GEOLOGY.
Last year I had to record the occurrence of the terrible earth-
quake at San Francisco. This year, on January i4th, there took
place one, also attended with great loss of life and destruction
to property, at Kingston, Jamaica. It was confined to a small
area, as places 30 miles distant were scarcely affected. It will
interest those present to know that Dr. Vaughan Cornish, so
lately a Member and Vice-President of our Club, was in
Kingston at the time, and, though a sufferer, as well as Mrs.
Cornish, from injuries from the falling walls of the Myrtle
Hotel, the ruins of which were figured in the illustrated papers,
he managed, with true scientific spirit, to take photographs and
notes of the devastation. They are now starting again to make
further observations. One of our Members, Mr. Arthur
Symonds, was also injured in the earthquake. A great earth-
quake on August 1 6th, 1906, also partly destroyed Valparaiso.
Nearer home one of the strongest shocks which have visited this
country took place over South Wales on June 2yth, 1906, and
did much damage, in Swansea especially, though trifling in
comparison with those I have just described. By other move-
ments of the earth's crust, doubtless the effect of a submarine
volcano, a new island was at the end of 1906 formed in the Bay
of Bengal, 307 yards long by 217 broad and 19 feet high.
Probably, however, it would not, from the loose nature of the
materials composing it, be very permanent. At the York
meeting of the British Association the President of the
Geological Section reviewed the evidence on which a belief
in the occurrence of mild interglacial epochs rested, showing
that it was weak, and that the glacial period, which at one time
clothed the greater part of our country in ice, was probably
PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. XCV11.
unbroken by milder intervals. A good supply of coal, one seam
being 24ft. thick, is now found in the Transvaal, and it has also
been discovered, at a depth of 1,668 feet, in a seam of almost
equal thickness, under the sandstone to the west of the South
Staffordshire coalfield, according to the predictions of geologists,
after nine years' work in sinking. The Dover coalfield shows
great promise, seams amounting to 22 J feet having been found
at Dover at a depth of 1,000 feet, and others at other places in
the neighbourhood at depths down to 1815 feet. The British
output of coal in 1906 was 6-33 per cent, more than in 1905, or
251,050,809 tons. Rubies have been found in the Transvaal,
though not yet on a large scale, and an enormous quartz crystal
has been found in Japan, stated to be 4^ feet long and i J feet
thick. The largest in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) is 3 feet
long and more than i foot thick, and comes from Madagascar.
An interesting association between diamonds and garnets has
before been noticed, the former having been found embedded
in the latter crystals. Now conversely a diamond has been
found containing a garnet. An excellent geological map of
Cape Colony is being published, and the tenth International
Geological Congress was held last September in Mexico, but
was attended by hardly any delegates from England.
Recent researches in Irish caves in county Clare have shown
that they do not generally contain stalagmite floors, but usually
two distinct deposits, the lower of a clayey nature with
bones of the bear, reindeer, Irish elk, and Arctic lemming ;
the upper layer being brown earth with implements, charcoal,
and bones of domestic animals. Remains of the wild cat
also occurred, and in the mammoth cave, near Doneraile, co.
Cork, were found, for the first time in Ireland, bones of the
cave hyaena. Another specimen of a pterodactyl from Eichstatt,
showing the wing membranes, is now in the U.S. National
Museum, and is valuable on account of the rarity of fossils
in which such soft parts are preserved. As a rule we can only
speculate on their form and markings from analogies with living
animals. The frequent occurrence of fossil cycads in the
xcviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Purbeck beds at Portland will give a local interest to a valuable
memoir on these fossil plants lately published at Washington
on the Mesozoic American species and others, which throws
much light on their methods of flowering and other points.
A new fern of the genus Tubicaulis of some importance has
been found in the coal measures, and the President of the
Botanical Section of the British Association calls attention
to the great loss to science that arises from the fact that so
many of the specimens of coal fossils in museums and elsewhere
are not labelled with particulars of locality and horizon.
Careful and accurate labelling in all branches of science is
important ; and the want of it may lead to serious losses of
knowledge in the future. This fact is probably far more
realised and acted upon now than formerly, but there is still
room for improvement.
ASTRONOMY.
The records of some of the ancient eclipses are sufficiently
definite and well dated to have formed the basis for calculations
in which it has recently been found that, by allowing an
acceleration of u seconds per century for the moon and 4
seconds for the sun, the conditions and dates of these eclipses
can be worked out to agree with historical accounts. These
accelerations might be caused by the motion of the earth
through a resisting medium or a lengthening of the day by
one two-hundredth part of a second in a century. Without
historical aid it would seem impossible to deal with these
extremely minute changes. Certain difficulties involved in the
well-known nebular hypothesis of Laplace have led to the
propounding of the planetesimal theory in its place, which
assumes that the nebula from which the solar system was
developed was not gaseous, but consisted of innumerable
minute planetoid bodies, revolving each in its own orbit, as
is probably the case in certain existing nebulae which do not
show a gaseous spectrum. In these the particles are much
closer together at certain parts, and it is by the still further
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS. XC1X.
aggregation of these that planets would be formed. Whether
this theory will last as long as Laplace's remains to be seen,
but theories, even if wrong, are often of great use, and lead
to an increase of our knowledge in the investigations they
necessitate. Though light-pressure is not a new discovery,
it is only lately that it has been measured and taken much
into account in the forces which affect the heavenly bodies.
It would seem from experiments that the light pressure caused
by the sun on a particle of dust of less than one-ten-thousandth
of an inch in diameter would be greater than the attraction
of gravitation, so that it would tend to recede from the sun
into space, though by a dark object, such as a planet, it
would be attracted. Gravitation varies, of course, as the cube
of a diameter, light-pressure as the square, which accounts for
its much greater effect on small bodies than on large ones.
This theory opens out quite a new train of considerations
in regard to the constitution of the universe, as must any new
force which has not hitherto been taken into account. It is
suggested that this may be an agent by its action on meteoric or
cometary dust in producing that elusive phenomenon, the
Zodiacal Light, which is now supposed to be caused by the
illumination of such dust by the sun's rays. From observations
taken some years ago it appeared that there was a very slight
oscillatory movement of the equator backwards and forwards
parallel to itself, which could not be accounted for by any
known cause ; and observations were instituted of the variation
of latitude at several stations, which are still being carried on,
and will, it is hoped, lead to some result. Owing to
photographic methods and better instruments the discovery
of new variable stars and asteroids has become of such common
occurrence as to be hardly worth recording here, the latter
having been lately found at the rate of about one a week. A
reflecting telescope of 100 inches in diameter, the largest ever
made, is in course of construction, as a gift to the Mount Wilson
observatory. It has been found practicable to produce at a
very moderate cost large lenses consisting of a liquid contained
c. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
between concave glass ends, which are said to give good results.
A fine aurora was seen in many parts of the kingdom between six
and twelve on the evening of February pth last, showing beautiful
undulatory streamers of white, red, green, and yellow, whilst a
series of sunspots, some visible to the naked eye, were also seen
during the same month. A graphic description of the fall of a
meteorite into the sea is worth recording on account of the
rarity of such an observation. The observer says that suddenly
on October iyth, 1906, an immense meteor made the dark night
as light as day, and, falling almost perpendicularly, produced a
broad electric-coloured band, gradually turning to orange and
then to the colour of molten metal. When it came near it
appeared like a molten mass of metal being poured out, and
entered the water with a hissing noise close to the ship. The
planet Mercury is an object which is not often seen without the
aid of a telescope, but it is stated by an observer who has seen
it 130 times since 1868 that it may be seen about 15 times
in a year. Doubtless an accurate knowledge of its position is
first essential. Interesting changes have been taking place in
Jupiter. The north equatorial band, which has been diminish-
ing since 1903, and was almost invisible on April loth, 1906,
was on July lyth, of the same year, seen to be completely
re-formed, being broader and at some points darker than the
south equatorial band. Also a great increase of velocity in the
rotation, as deduced from the great red spot, was observed,
between May 4th and August 8th last, the period of rotation
being only 9 hours 55 min. 33 i-8th sees. a greater increase
than any previously observed in the past 75 years, the time
during which these points have been specially noted. A serious
trouble has lately been threatening the Greenwich Observatory
in the vibration caused by the lately erected electric-power
station of the London County Council within half-a-mile. The
tall chimneys obscure part of the heavens, and the hot gases
which they emit cause a flickering and uncertainty of vision.
A committee of the Admiralty appointed to inquire into the
matter has suggested certain modifications and restrictions
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ci.
which will diminish the evil, but in view of the immense
importance of this Observatory, not only to England, but to the
world in general, both as regards practical and theoretical
science, there can be no doubt that more drastic remedies
ought to be applied, and the County Council station removed
elsewhere in spite of the cost involved. A new departure in
observatories has lately been made by the establishment at
Cardiff of a public observatory, where large numbers of people
are taking the opportunity afforded them of using the 1 2-inch
reflector presented for this purpose to the City Council,
METEOROLOGY.
The results of rainfall over the British Isles in 1906 were, on
the whole, average in England and Wales, 9 per cent, above in
Scotland, and 4 per cent, below the average in Ireland. In
Dorset the fall was above the average for the year, caused by
large falls in January, February, May, and October. At the
meteorological station, Weymouth, an unusual amount of bright
sunshine, 1,908 hours 20 mins., was recorded by Mr. I. J. Brown,
the hon. observer, being 130 hours 8 mins. above the average.
During a part of January the barometer was unusually high over
a large part of the north of Europe, the highest reading being
3 1*5 Sin. at Riga on January 23rd, whilst parts of England,
Scotland, and Ireland showed readings of over 3 1 inches, those
at some of the stations being the highest recorded there. The
highest reading ever recorded was 3172^., and occurred on
December 2oth, 1896, at Irkutsk, and on December i6th, 1877,
at Semipalatinsk, the highest in this country being 3 ruin, at
Aberdeen on January 3ist, 1902. The lowest is 27*i2in. at
False Point, on the coast of Bengal, and in the British Islands,
27'33in. at Ochtertyre on January 26th, 1884. These observa-
tions are all reduced to sea level. The thermometer, too, has
given a record, as temperatures of 94*3, 91-9, 93-5, and 91 degrees
were registered at Greenwich on August 3ist and September ist,
2nd, and 3rd, 1906. Though the highest record at Greenwich is
c ii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
97 degrees, yet the thermometer has never before risen above
90 degrees on four consecutive days. Great heat prevailed at
this period over most parts of England, the highest temperature
reported being 96 degrees at Bawtry, in Yorkshire, on September
2nd. From the first report of the Meteorological Committee it is
satisfactory to learn that, with regard to the weather predictions
for the preceding year, complete or partial success was attained
as follows : Harvest forecasts, 89 per cent. ; forecasts appear-
ing in morning newspapers, 88 per cent. ; storm warnings, 88-4
per cent. A cyclone, causing great destruction and loss of life,
swept over Cuba and Florida on October iyth ; and on
September i8th a typhoon of great severity, which appears to
have come without any of the usual premonitory signs, burst
over the China seas with even more serious results. I turn to a
more pleasant phenomenon in the shape of a quadruple rainbow
seen in Orkney on September 3rd, the two primary bows rising
from the same points and likewise the two secondary ones. The
direct rays of the sun shining on the raindrops produce the
ordinary double bow, whilst the second pair is caused by the
sun's rays being reflected from some piece of water behind the
observer and falling on the raindrops at a different angle. The
distance between the bows would depend upon the sun's altitude
at the time. A valuable addition has been made to our know-
ledge of air currents by the publication of a book by the
Meteorological Office, entitled " The Life History of Surface
Air Currents," founded on a very large number of observations,
whilst investigations with balloons and kites continue to add to
our knowledge of the upper air strata. Telegraphic reports are
now received by the Meteorological Office from Iceland, and
form a valuable addition to our daily information on this subject.
ELECTRICITY.
Three antique sundials, provided with magnetic needles,
including a German one dated 1451, and all before the time of
Columbus, have lately been brought into notice as showing the
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. ciii.
early date at which the compass was used. The circumference
is marked with the cardinal points and also inscribed in such a
way as to lead to the belief that the variation of the compass
was also known at that period, though the fact does not appear
to have been known to Columbus until forced upon his attention
in the course of his great voyage of discovery in 1492. A mag-
netic survey of the globe has been begun by the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, and it is hoped that it may be
completed in about 15 years. Though England cannot boast of
the main share in the discovery of wireless telegraphy, we
may yet feel some satisfaction in the fact that the first fore-
shadowings of it were due to an Englishman, Clerk Maxwell,
who by his theory gave rise to the experiments made by Hertz,
which, after further advances made by Sir Oliver Lodge, have
been developed into the present wonderful system by Signor
Marconi. The necessity for international control in such a
matter has been fully recognised, and certain rules were made at
the second International Conference held at Berlin in November
last. In connection with this subject it has been demonstrated
in Bombay that the presence of higher mountains between two
lower- lying stations does not interfere with wireless telegraphic
communications. Both at Plymouth and Berlin experiments
have lately been made with success in wireless telephony, in
which extraneous noises seem to have hitherto caused failure.
'Sounds of various kinds, speech, phonographic records, and
music were clearly transmitted n miles and 40 kilometres
respectively, so that we shall probably before long have wireless
telephones as well as wireless telegraphs. The general electric
supply of London is agitating the minds of the County Council
and others, but no decisive steps have yet been taken.
CHEMISTRY.
Radium still occupies a foremost position among the subjects of
chemical interest, as might be anticipated from its extraordinary
and unexpected properties, and a great controversy has been
civ. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
going on as to the production from it of helium. There is now
evidence of the production of radium from actinium, the actinium
itself being a product of uranium. Numerous experiments show
that the radio-active power of various substances is not altered
by an alteration of temperature, even in the wide limits between
i 80 degs. and 1,600 degs. Centigrade. The absorption of the
radium emanation by charcoal is another interesting discovery,
and the heating effect on the earth of the radium contained in
its rocks is a subject for divers opinions and much speculation.
Platinum is a metal which is much in demand, and has become
of late years scarce and valuable, being now considerably dearer
than gold. The uses of aluminium, one of the most generally
distributed and common metals in combination, have been
greatly developed, the latest being due to experiments on alloys
of a small proportion of aluminium with a large proportion of
copper. These alloys are practically incorrodible by sea water,
whilst some of them, containing from 10 to 15 per cent, of
aluminium, are equal even to steel in hardness and other desir-
able qualities, and in some respects superior, and have no doubt
a great future before them. One of the great difficulties about
aluminium is to produce a satisfactory joint by soldering, a
difficulty which has as yet, I believe, been only very partially
overcome. A high vacuum can now be obtained through the
discovery that the residual gases (except those of the argon
group) are absorbed by heated calcium. The air in the receiver
is first replaced by some gas which does not contain argon ; the
receiver is then emptied by a pump, after which the calcium
is electrically heated and absorbs the residue, forming an
extremely perfect vacuum. Experiments seem to show that
Xenon, which had been ranked as an elementary substance, is a
mixture of various gases. It has always been thought that the
rusting of iron was caused by contact with oxygen and water,
but it has apparently been proved that if all the carbon dioxide
can be eliminated from the water before the iron is placed in it,
no rusting at all will take place. My notes on the chemistry of
the past year may fitly close with a mention of the International
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cv.
celebration of the jubilee of the coal tar industry held in honour
of Sir W. H. Perkin, who began when only 17 years old by
discovering the first aniline dye, mauve, a discovery which had
such far-reaching and important effects on the world's industries.
ENGINEERING.
Perhaps the most important development in engineering is in
the navigation of the air, towards which great steps have lately
been made, though it can hardly be said that it has yet assumed
a useful form. The first successful public flight of a flying
machine which could raise itself from the ground took place
on October 23rd last, when M. Santos Dumont's machine
successfully raised itself and its driver from the ground several
feet and transported itself by its own power for 80 yards. Fur-
ther successful experiments have since been made. In this
machine no sort of balloon was used for support, the entire
power being derived from mechanical means ; and it seems not
improbable that in the near future some airship of this sort will
come into practical use. It is said that similar private experi-
ments of a much more successful nature have been made by an
inventor in America; but they are conducted with as much
secrecy as the nature of the case admits of, and one cannot,
therefore, speak of them with certainty. A great balloon race
was organised in Paris, in which 16 competitors started, but no
record flight was made, the greatest distance covered being 400
miles. The size of ships appears to be increasing, and the
largest ship afloat, the Mauretania, of 43,000 tons burden and
having a length of 785 feet, being 80 feet longer than the Great
Eastern, was launched on September 2oth, 1906. It is not
improbable that gas engines may replace steam engines as the
motive power in ships in the near future. The economy is
considerable, and could the tormer be made as reliable in their
action they would doubtless be at once adopted. What promises
to be a most important discovery is the application of a
gyroscope to the prevention of rolling in ships, and recent
cv i. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
experiments have given results unexpected by any but the inventor.
Besides preventing sea-sickness its effects will in other ways be of
much value. A scheme for the carrying out of the proposed
Channel tunnel connecting England and France has failed
owing to the great general opposition received on account of the
dangers of invasion of our country in case of war. Though the
majority of the Commission appointed to consider the matter
were in favour of the scheme for making the Panama Canal on
the sea level without locks, it was finally decided to use the lock
system on account of the smaller cost and the shorter time
employed in construction, the sea level plan involving enormous
excavations. The canal will rise to a height of 255 feet, and
will be nowhere less than 200 feet in breadth and 45 feet in
depth. An enormous dam will also be required i J mile long, J
mile wide at the bottom, and 135 feet high. Serious changes
are threatened in the region north of the Gulf of California by
the diversion of the Colorado River, caused by the making of a
canal from it for irrigation purposes a few years since. The
river was becoming diverted into this canal and a dam was
made, but this has failed to stop the influx, and there is danger
of the whole river being diverted, causing immense and rapid
changes by denudation in the new course, and by deprivation of
water in the neighbourhood of the original river. An artesian
well has been bored to a depth of 728 feet on Bovington Heath,
near Wool, Dorset, the geological details of which we look
forward to hearing in a paper from Mr. Hudleston next winter.
Valuable geological information is often procured from these
borings, which have in some places been carried to immense
depths, one at Schadelbach, in Prussia, reaching a depth of
5,736 feet. To effect this, an i lin. steel tube was first driven to a
depth of 60 feet, then percussion drills to 570 feet, with streams
of water forced down a tube to carry off the detritus. Then
tubular diamond drills were used of 8in. diameter and smaller
down to 3,510 feet, and for the rest of the distance a tubular
drill of 2in. diameter, yielding a core of a diameter of lin. This
occupied about four years, and cost about 403. a foot, and was
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cvii.
unsuccessful in its object of finding coal. One of the deepest,
if not the deepest, boring in Dorset was that made near Lyme
Regis in 1901, of which specimens of the core are in this
Museum. A depth of 1,300 feet was reached, but as no coal was
found the attempt was given up. The core down to 160 feet or
more is of Rhsetic black or grey shale and about sjin. in
diameter. At 490 feet it is 4^in. and at 850 feet about 3^ in.
to the bottom, the lower part being of the Red Marl series.
The marks of the tubular drill can be seen on the outsides of
the cylindrical pieces of core. Mr. Pope tells me that his
artesian well in Dorchester was made with percussion drills
and not with a tubular drill. It is interesting to note that
ancient boring in Egypt in hard rocks must have been executed
with similar tubular drills, as holes up to 12 inches or so
have been found with cores in them still attached. Possibly
metal cylinders were used with sand as the cutting agent.
A line of pipes no less than 550 miles in length has lately
been completed for conveying petroleum from Baku to
the Black Sea, and other shorter similar systems are in
use in America. The effect of a sand blast is used as a test of
the durability of various building stones by comparing the
amounts abraded in a fixed time. Another new invention is a
method of exploding mines by means of sound waves. A disc,
free to revolve about its diameter, and contained in a cylindrical
resonator, will, when the fundamental note is sounded, place
itself in a plane perpendicular to the cylinder, and is arranged so
that when in this position it completes an electric circuit. The
right note is then sounded by a syren on a warship, and the
mine explodes. The dangers of this ingenious method sound
considerable, but I do not know what further precautions may
be taken.
GEOGRAPHY.
In spite of the numerous expeditions that have been made for
many years past with the object of reaching the North Pole, this
cviii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
feat has not yet been performed, but a record has been estab-
lished by Commander Peary's last expedition, which reached a
latitude of 87 degrees 6' N., a point only 203 miles from the
Pole. Various enterprises have lately been proposed, including
a journey to the North Pole by an airship. What is said to be
the highest camp ever made was used for two nights on the
Numkun range in Cashmir at a height of 21,000 feet, the party
ascending 2,000 feet higher. Explorations have been made in
the Ruwenzori range in Central Africa and elsewhere, but I can
better refer to some of these in my next division. An important
meeting of the International Geodetic Conference took place at
Buda-Pest in September last, where the extensive and successful
surveying measurements in South Africa were discussed, besides
other matters. The Simplon Tunnel has been used for a base
line, and was accurately measured in five days, during which it
was placed at the disposal of the geodesists by the railway
company.
ARCHEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY.
The International Congress of Archaeology was held in April,
1906, at Monaco and discussed amongst other things the
question of the human origin of the primitive forms of flints
called eoliths, which had been shown to be identical in shape
with some produced in cement mills. Though some forms
found in certain districts seemed to be distinct from the cement
mills products, opinions were divided, and it would seem
unsatisfactory to assume the existence of man at any period on
their evidence alone. The art of Palaeolithic man, as seen on
the walls of caves in the drawings of animals in great variety,
was also exhibited. Man was less frequently figured, and
generally with grotesque faces or masks. It has been found
from an elaborate series of measurements that the modern
Egyptians show no sensible difference in head measurement
from their earliest ancestors. Excavations in Crete have pro-
duced a new form of Greek pottery of a date earlier than
2,000 B.C. The houses containing it appear to have been
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS. cix.
plastered and to have fallen in through a conflagration. It is
proposed that extensive excavations should be made at Her-
culaneum and other places by the Italian Government, the
objects obtained to be kept in an Italian Museum. It
would be well if our Government would imitate the Italians
in taking some steps to prevent the more valuable objects
of antique art from leaving this country, which they are
doing at a great rate, as it is unlikely that they will ever
return, and the number is strictly limited. A find of a jar
containing 7,000 3rd brass Roman coins was recently made
at Wakefield, the date being about the time of Constantine.
A good deal of exploration has lately taken place in various
countries. In Turkestan have been found ancient Buddhist
paintings and MSS. In Central Nigeria numerous megalithic
monuments and stone weapons and implements give evidence
of the ancient dwellers in that region, whilst at a later but
still very early date a higher civilisation is shown by the metal
work and pottery. Some steps have been attained towards
deciphering ancient Nubian MSS. of the 8th Century A.D.,
and it is hoped that certain other Coptic inscriptions in that
country may be also interpreted. Many peculiar customs and
beliefs amongst the Haida and Hopi Indians have been
described. In view of recent occurrences in this country,
it may be interesting to mention that in the latter tribe, the
woman rules absolutely in the house, which she also builds,
and can turn cut her husband when tired of him ! The men are
trained to be wonderful runners, sometimes running 40 miles to
work in their fields and back again the same day. A few skulls
have been found in Nebraska of a very primitive type, much
lower than those of any of the present inhabitants of North
America, and more nearly resembling the Australian. Evidence
has been adduced to show the very early domestication of the
horse during the Reindeer epoch, from incised figures of horses'
heads with halters or head- stalls, found in certain French caves.
Lastly, I may suggest in connection with our possible visit this
summer to some of the Dorset stone circles, that they should be
ex. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
examined, having regard to the light thrown upon their origin as
celestial time-keepers for regulating the calendar through the
recent investigations of Sir Norman Lockyer, to see whether
they bear out his theories on the subject.
GENERAL.
The name of Senior Wrangler, or, indeed, of any Wrangler,
was greatly shorn of its honours more than 20 years ago, when
it was first applied to the candidate who passed the best
examination in the more elementary mathematical subjects only,
whereas it had up to that time meant the candidate who passed
the best examination in the whole range of subjects dealt with
in the Tripos, and therefore really the best mathematician of his
year. By a recent alteration candidates are to be placed in
classes in alphabetical order, and thus one of the most time-
honoured educational positions comes to an end. The quater-
centenary of Aberdeen University was celebrated with great
eclat and new buildings opened, and a new laboratory also at the
University of Liverpool ; but the proposed Royal College of
Science, the scheme for which was so munificently started by
Messrs. Wernher, Beit, and Co., does not develop, and America
makes all English gifts for education look small by the
enormous sums which her millionaires give for this object.
An interesting calculation has been made of the proportion of
American workers in each branch of science. Thus 164 per
1,000 are chemists, 155 zoologists, whilst only 23 in each 1,000
scientific men study anthropology. The production or birth-
rate of scientists is highest in Massachusetts, and amounts to
about 109 per 1,000,000 of the population, whilst some of the
Southern States have only one or two per million. It would be
interesting to know how, compared with these figures, Dorset
would stand. The largest international exhibition ever held in the
Southern hemisphere was opened in New Zealand on November
ist last, and seems to have been very successful. Amongst the
great and reasonable complaints which are always being made of
PRESIDENT S ADDRESS, CXI.
the number of articles which are used in this country, but
"made in Germany," it is refreshing to find that the Germans
with good cause complain of the inundation of British photo-
graphic plates, the amount of which has increased from 9,600
kilogrammes in 1903 to 83,000 kilogrammes in 1906. At the
British Association meeting at York last year the President
lamented the " less widespread interest than formerly in natural
history and general science outside the strictly professional arena
of the school and university." The President of the French
Association implied something of the same sort, and it has
struck me often that the number of those interested in any
branch of science who really work at it with some degree of
industry and perseverance and make no pecuniary profit out of it
by professorships, or commercially or otherwise, is very small
indeed. If any proof is required of this, look at the list of those
scientists who take some part in the actual scientific work of the
British Association. I regret to say that in our own Club
not one Member has come forward this year with an essay
for the Mansel-Pleydell medal competition, though I feel
sure that there are many who could have written a very
fair one, and some a very good one, on the subject pro-
posed, " Ancient Camps in Dorset." I can only hope that
with regard to the subject for the present year, namely, " The
distribution of living plants in relation to the different geological
formations in Dorset," we may have a very different result. It is
one which requires no deep knowledge of botany or geology, and
is quite within the powers of many of our Members who are
interested in these subjects. I hope that some of our lady
members will take it up, as I know of several with botanical
tastes. Thanks to our late President, in whose honour the medal
is given, we have " The Flora of Dorset," a book from which
almost anyone could write an essay with the help of a geological
map of the county. The Cecil medal competition has been
more fortunate, and has produced the excellent essay which is
laid on the table for your inspection, besides others of merit. It
is satisfactory to feel that even so far off as in the Malay States
cxii. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
the Dorset Field Club medal is thought worthy of competition.
May it be the aim of each of us during the ensuing year to do
something, be it ever so small, which shall add to the knowledge
of the world and redound to the merit of ourselves and of the
Dorset Field Club.
'gjlofes on
cm6 @mrc$ of
By the Rev. C. W. H. DICKER.
ctStfLiai&Z^-
HE Lady Emma, daughter of Richard, Duke of
Normandy, became in the year 1002 the second
wife of King ^Ethelred, receiving at the time
the English name of ^Elfgifu. She thereby came
into the possession of certain royal lands in the
Piddle Valley, traces of which remain to this day
in the local names of King-grove and King-
combe. During the 50 years of this lady's
residence in England, as Consort first of ^Ethelred and after-
wards of Cmit, she gained the same notoriety for her
persistence in bringing this country under Norman influences
as history attributes to her son, Edward the Confessor. To this
fact we probably owe the bilingual name of Piddletrenthide
the " trente hides," as her friends would doubtless call it, "on
the Piddle." I may say that Piddle or Pydele is a genuine old
English word, which occurs in charters with the meaning
"stream or brook."
2 PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
This parish or Manoir, in jElfgifu's native tongue the
Queen presented, with a number of others, to the Benedictine
monastery founded at Winchester by Eadward the Elder,
afterwards famous as Hyde Abbey.
Piddletrenthide is situated near the summit of the great
central chalk highlands of Dorset, two or three miles to the
south of the greensand outcrop and the mighty escarpment
which overlooks Blackmore Vale and Somerset. The village
proper stands upon the hard Middle Chalk (our worthy sexton
wishes it didn't), and the characteristic fossil, Inoceramus
myteloides, is not infrequently found there. Its altitude above
sea-level ranges from 286 feet at the lowest point of the valley
to 700 feet on the eastern, and 780 feet on the western spurs of
the Upper Chalk.
The dwellers on these uplands may, I think, be reckoned as
being descendants of the oldest surviving race in Britain.
There appears to be every likelihood of our having amongst us
an unbroken strain of Welsh blood, undisturbed by such
vicissitudes as have befallen the Celtic families of W T est and
North Wales. For the Dorset chalk was never subjected to an
English hostile invasion ; the tide of battle in the sixth century,
deflected by the impassable fens and thickets of the Stour and
the Frome, flowed northwards before it turned westwards,
compassing Selwood and fighting its way through the vales of
" Blackmoor" and Taunton into Devon.
In early times our quite treeless downs offered on their
well-grassed slopes and rich valleys the most highly-prized
accommodation to a people of pastoral pursuits ; and to-day
they abound in evidences of having supported a crowded and
industrious Celtic population. A mile or so to the north
immense works, divided by mounds and ditches into rectangular
enclosures, crown the hills above Plush, forming what must have
been an impregnable camp of refuge for hundreds of families
with their flocks and herds. Southwards, at Piddlehinton (the
hin tun, the " lower Piddle village," as the name implies), is a
similar but unfortified kraal in the bed of the valley, besides
PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE. 3
which earthworks of kindred design meet the eye in every
direction. Go where you will in our parish, and you ate
compelled to tread on ground furrowed and wrinkled in all
directions with Welsh spade-work.
Not that these remains constitute the earliest chapter of our
Piddle history. On a hill to the north-east of our parish are to
be found typical examples of the so-called " Pit Dwellings" and
round and square " Pond Barrows," whilst round tumuli are-
scattered throughout its whole area. Not the least interesting
of these relics are a series of double pits with a narrow sloping
entrance. Then there are clearly traceable ancient roadways,
having an obvious connection with the various earthworks,
whilst above them all frowns the great chain of world-famed
fortresses, guarding every pass leading up from the Vale, and
forbidding all attempts on the part of envious Sumorsoetas to get
a footing in the coveted uplands that smiled above them, wrest-
ling with the gloomy forest land below. Doubtless some of
these old works bear traces of Roman occupation ; but it
was in any case a merely passing incident of no historic
importance.
There are many things which testify to the Celtic descent of
the Mid-Dorset folk, which cannot be well brought within the
scope of this paper; the people are now English as English as
Lord Roberts or Mr. Lloyd-George. The genius and faculty
for annexing and "Englishing" foreigners is pre-eminently a
characteristic of our race. At first this Island received its
lessons in English at the edge of the sword and battle-axe, but
these soon gave place to methods of peaceful assimilation and
inter-marriage. For we read of no English women being
imported by the followers of Cerdic ; frau and fraulein were left
on the banks of the Elbe with the forgotten Thor and Freya ;
Woden was exchanged for Christ, and the vivacious and
accomplished Welsh maiden supplanted homely Gretchen.
But the predominant element is always the English, and after so
many years' supremacy it is not surprising that hardly any traces
of the older blood remain beyond certain racial characteristics
4 PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
of temperament and speech. Queen ^Elfgifu found her
manor English, and as such we must proceed to deal with it.
The condition of the place from the yth century to the i ith can
only be deduced from the data supplied in the Domesday survey,
which tells us that the boundaries, population, and general
industrial status of the inhabitants of Piddletrenthide were much
the same in King Edward's time as they are now, mutatis
mutandis.
The arable land in the parish employed 1 7 bullock teams ; half
the manor was the Lord's demesne, in this case held by the
nominee of the Abbot of Hyde. The manor farm worked five
plough teams, and the work on the estate was done by 20 serfs,
20 villeins, and 30 boarders, probably occupying as many cottages
as the village could show at the present day. The other half of
the manor included a strip of pasture or sheep-run " two miles long
and half-a-mile wide " ; this seems to imply that the whole of the
central valley-land was reserved for this purpose, as nowhere else
could such an area be located, and a sub-manor of three hides
(some 400 acres) in the hands of freeholders, namely, "a knight
and a certain widow," whose land employed three ploughs.
Now, it is interesting to note that, at the present day, 400 acres
remain freehold in the whole parish, and that previous to the
Enclosures Act a strip of land in the most likely position for such
a sub-manor as is mentioned in Domesday was known as " Free-
lands." This ancient landmark is now entirely lost, the lands in
question having been exchanged for others in another part of the
parish some 90 years ago.
The number of mills is given as three (which are still in exist-
ence), and the demesne allotted to the Church was worth zS.
A further statement in Domesday puzzled me Aliud valet xv.
sol. Hoc manerium tenuerunt Aimer et Alured T.R.E.pro II. mancriis
de rege E, et non poterant cum terra ista ire ad quemlibit dom m -
Finally, the Survey tells us that "afterwards Roger of Arundel
held this manor of King William."
When we remember that those 20 villeins and 30 boarders all
had farming lots of their own, with their implements and stock
PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE. 5
a man of the former class sometimes having as many as 30
acres or more it is obvious that the English common-field
system must have been in full swing long before the reign of
Edward the Confessor. It is possible that some of the measured
"acres," marked to-day by clearly discernible balks on the hill-
sides of Piddletrenthide, are a link between us and the first
English eyes that rested on the freshly-cut turf twelve centuries
ago.
The site of two of the common-fields, including a magnificent
Combe of Lammas land, is laid down on a plan of land for sale
under the Enclosures Act, dated 1816 (in the possession of
Mr. J. E. M. Bridge). A third field was evidently situated some
distance southward, where acre and two-acre strips are still
conspicuous. In the old common-field on the west of the
church the strips take the form of curved lynchets, apparently
the result of ploughing-out. Other lynchets abound on both
sides of the valley ; some of them appear to be terraces cut in
the face of the hillside, and some far older than others. A
great many are now hidden under copses in fact, all the woods
in the parish, with one or two exceptions, are planted upon
lynchets.
The church, dedicated in the name of All Saints, stands upon
a picturesque knoll near the northern boundary of the parish,
justifying the conclusion that the lower two miles of valley
was originally an uninhabited sheep-run. An ancient track
runs along the western side of the valley ; beginning in the
farther common-field, passing the old reservoir known as the
Morning Well and the church, it probably became the village
street, leading southwards parallel with the river to the lower
common-field and on to Piddlehinton. The site of the ancient
village, or Church-Town (as they call it in Cornwall), is now
occupied by a few dilapidated cottages and farm buildings of
considerable antiquity.
Of the church which stood at the time of the Norman
Conquest no vestige remains. The present Romanesque door-
way and piers of the chancel arch show that it was rebuilt early
6 PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTH1DE.
T
in the i2th century, probably under the auspices of the Arundel
family. These remaining bits of Norman work are mainly
constructed of Ham Hill stone. The rest of the history of
this church, which for rustic stateliness and beauty cannot
be excelled in many English villages, must be largely a matter
of conjecture until some documentary evidence can be adduced
to throw light upon it ; but we may venture roughly to deal with
it as follows :
The Norman building must have gradually disappeared in the
1 4th century under the several alterations that then took place.
PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE. 7
The earliest of these works would seem to have been the erection
of a chapel at right angles to the old chancel ; this may have
been the " Chapel of the Holy Trinity" referred to in the will of
Alex. Riston, dated 1392 (Hut chins]. Then the chancel and
NORMAN DOORWAY.
nave were rebuilt, the original Norman piers being retained for
the chancel arch, and a large and lofty porch added to the south
doorway. In the i5th century a beautiful south aisle or chantry
of three bays was erected. Its arcade of richly-moulded pillars
and arches, with vine-wreathed capitals, is in the best style of
Perpendicular work, and gives marked distinction to the interior
of the church. Outside it is adorned with fine buttresses,
carrying lions of spirited design, gargoyles, and a battlemented
parapet. The corbels of the hood-mouldings are carved with
considerable ingenuity into likenesses of ecclesiastics, each
8 PARISH AND CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
paired with a grotesque animal, but in the eastward window an
angel is introduced.
INSCRIPTION ON W. FRONT OF TOWER.
The tower is the great glory of Piddletrenthide, and judging
from the curious description in Leonine Latin verse it was erected
by Nicholas Locke, vicar, a native of the village, in 1487. The
date is one of the earliest instances of the employment of Arabic
numerals. The first storey of the tower is pierced on the south
side only with a small pointed window ; the higher stage has on
each face a pair of graceful belfry windows of two lights, each
divided horizontally by a transom. The proportion of wall-space
to window could hardly have been arranged with better judg-
ment. The buttresses show the same masterly hand as those of
the south aisle, and the work probably is of the same date.
Within, the tower has fragments of a beautiful fan-traceried
vault, which may or may not have been completed. The great
arch opening into the nave is richly panelled and similar to
those at Cerne, Charminster, and (I think) Bere Regis.
Contemporary with the chancel, or possibly a little later, is a
large chantry or chancel-aisle on the north side, of peculiar con-
struction, to describe which would be to state an architectural
problem too intricate for the present occasion, and unintelligible
without diagrams. I may some day, perhaps, appeal to the
Club for help in solving it. I will now be content with calling
attention to the curious way in which the builder of this chantry
PARISH AND CHURCH Of PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
NORTH-EAST CHAPEL.
has joined it on to the ancient North-East Chapel, shown in the
accompanying sketch. In this sketch we may note work of four
different periods.
The latest addition to the building as it now stands was
presumably the north aisle, which is a continuation of the
chancel-chapel for four bays westward. Its design and con-
struction are poorer than the work of the south aisle, although
the arches are more symmetrical than those of this period
generally were e.g., in the neighbouring church of Cerne.
Now, who were the pious builders who lavished all this costly
work upon All Hallows' Church ? In default of any definite
information, one is inclined to attribute these chantries and
aisles to the benefactions of the Collier family, who for many
hundreds of years held the manor, as tenants at first of the Abbot
of Hyde and afterwards of Winchester College.
10 PARISH AND CHURCH Of PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
A rood-loft formed part of the design at the time of the build-
ing of the south aisle, the staircase in the thickness of the east
wall being an integral part of this work. Its noticeable feature
is a window, four feet above floor-level, opening into the aisle,
which cannot have served any purpose of a squint. In erecting
the screen, mortices were cut into the chancel step, and the
Norman capitals of the piers were slightly mutilated. Mortices
are also observable in the chancel arch, where it received the
ends of the beam carrying the rood.
The font is of the i3th Century, and consists of a roughly-
worked octagonal bowl of Forest marble upon a cylindrical stem.
The base (of Ham Hill stone) is of the Perpendicular period.
This font is remarkable for the exceedingly shallow excavation of
its bowl, which is only some four or five inches deep. The whole
building was restored in the middle of the last century in a
manner which demands some thankfulness, the general design
of the fabric having been closely studied and very little new work
chiefly repairs to window-tracery inserted. The painted glass
includes a window by Wailes, two admirable ones in Clayton and
Bell's later style, and a satisfactory west window in the tower from
Munich.
The old Laudian Holy Table was removed from the chancel,
and for many years lost sight of. During the incumbency of the
Rev. R. W. H. Dalison (1894-8), it was discovered in a public-
house in the village, but it now occupies a suitable place in the
South Chapel, restored to its sacred use. I may add that some
of our young men are at work at a reredos of carved wood to
stand behind it.
The register was commenced in 1654, when "Upon thee
Prayr 5 of y e Pishoners of Puddle Trenthead " Edward Collier was
appointed " to be the pish Register."
Upon the suppression of Hyde Abbey by Henry VIII. the
manor became part of the spoils of Winchester College, and
during the troublous times that followed, the Collier monuments,
many of which must have been found in the church, were
entirely swept away. The family held the manor during part
PARISH ANb CHURCH OF PIDDLETRENTHIDE.
II
of the i yth century, and it then changed hands several times
before coming into the possession of its present holders, the
Bridges, in 1812. To Mr. John Bridge, early in the last century,
Piddletrenthide is greatly indebted for its rich endowment of
forest trees and beautiful woods, whose many-tinted foliage gives
the place a special charm. Old surveys of the parish show an
almost entire absence of timber, King's Grove being the only
ancient wood. Even the present imposing avenue at Dole's Ash
did not exist 100 years ago.
Under the ownership of Winchester College the old village
near the church died down, and a new one sprang up, straggling
southwards. The ancient two-mile strip of pasture was broken
up and a string of small holdings established all down the river.
Great building operations went on from the later years of
Henry VIII. down to the close of the Stuart period, as is shown
by the architecture of the houses and cottages, several of which
bear dates carved upon them. Flint, with bands of ashlar, is
the prevailing material, varied in later work with courses of
brick, and two or three houses of the Jacobean days are entirely
of red brick. One house (with a lower storey of Tudor date)
has a remarkable stone newel staircase, with massive oak treads.
The Manor House, a solid Georgian mansion, built by Mr.
Wm. Cox during his tenure, stands upon the basement of the
old Tudor Court-house, some of the mullioned windows of
which are still to be seen. Its ancient fish-ponds (still available
for their original purpose) and stately culver, or pigeon-house,
are interesting links with the past.
EARE
EBTRE
9YOFWILLIA
A D'URBERVILLE TOMBSTONE IN THE CHURCHYARD.
(PART II.)
By E. A. FRY.
DECANATUS DE WHITCHURCHE.
74. (33.) Cantia bte marie infra eccliam poch de Wotton
Glanfyld, Johes mylle incubens ibm, vj/z'. xviijV. iiijV.,
whereof deductyd for money yerely dystributyd to
the pore people in a yerely dole in brede vs. ; X ma
hide xijj. viijV. And so Remayneth Clere vj/z'. viijV.
All which the sayd incumbent ther receauyd for his
Stipend or Salary * (Penc. O.)
75- (340 Due Cantie infra domn. mancione de Canford, Wills
Dowhurst (?) and Robtus Rande incumbens ibm, x/z'.
which sayd Sume of x/z'. the sayd incumbentes ther
receauyd at the hands of one John Colyer a farmer
but by what composicon or meanes y* ys not
declaryd in ther certificate (Penc. utriusq. O.)
f The manor of Canford is my 1. ptectors gracs, And the
psonage is the R s out of whiche psonage the
pencto of x/z'. is paid
76- (35-) Cantia in lychett matravers vocat Gybbons' chauntrye,
Johes Carter incumbens ibm, xlj. All which sayd
Sume of xh. the sayd incumbent receavyd to his
* All the Pensions are added in a different hand,
f This is in a different hand.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 13
owne use towardes his fyndynge and ys not resi-
dent uppon the same Chauntrye but is pson at
Sheryryngton in Wylshire as in ther certyficate yt
appearyth &c. (Penc. xly.)
77. (56.) Cantia in lychett matravers vocat matravers chauntry,
Jacobus Tubervyle Doctor in diuinitate incumbens
ibm et Robtus Byrche, xviij/z'. xijs. xd. whereof
deductyd for Rente resolute vjs. ijd. X ma Ixiiijj. and
so Remayneth Clere xv/z'. ijs. vijd. all which sayd
some of xv/V. ijs. vijd. the same S r James Turber-
vyle receauyd to fynd thre prestes to pray for the
soils of S r John matravers and his Auncetryes who
at the last certyficat dyd fynd but j prest besids
hymself whose name is S r Robt Byrche pst.
(Penc. Jacbi Turbvyle vi/z*. xiijs. iiijd.
Penc. Robti Birche Cs.)
78. Liba Capella in frome Whitfeld, Thomas growue
incumbens ibm, x/z'., X ma xxs. Rem ix/z'. all which
sayd Some of x/z'. thincumbent ther receavyd to his
owne vse towardes his lyvynge as in the certyficat
exhibityd to the kynges comyssioners yt will appere.
In all the sayd chauntryes and fre chappells
[Nos. 74-78] ther ys nother beadmen powre people
releavyd nor yet Cramer Scole found as in ther
certyficate exhibytyd to the kyngs comyssioiies yt
will more playnlye appere &c.
79. Obitus Due mirrell Hugonis Rosse militis and
Radulphi Rosse fundat infra eccliam pochialem de
Alton pancras xxj. Whiche sayd Sume of xxs. was
gyven for the maytennce of th foresayd Obyte oute
of a pcell of ground lyenge in Holcomb belongynge
to Thomas Trenchard Esquire ad was wont to be
payd to the vicar of Alton pancras abouesayd as in
ther sayd certyfycate yt wyll appere. Ther was no
pcell of this dytributyd to the pore as in the sayd
certyficate yt apperyth
14. DORSET CHANTRIES.
80. Cert, terri. iacen. in Warehm dat p sustentacion cuiusdm
lumine infra ecclia bte marie ibm. iiijj. viijd.
Whereof deductyd for Rent Resolute vijV. and so
Remayneth Clere iiijf. jd. All whicbe were im-
ployed about the same lyght as in ther certyfycate
apperyth
8 1. Cert. terr. & Tent in warehm pdict ptin ad fratintate
vocate Corpus xpi Brotherhod infra poch sci petri
ibm, viijj. iiijd. Whereof deductyd for Rente resolute
xxd. and so Remayneth Clere VJ.T. viijV/. Whiche was
yerelye implyed to the mayntennce of a dyrge and a
masse wHn.the same Church
(Of whiche sayd pmysses (Nos. 80 & 81) ther was
nothynge dystributyd to the pore peope as in the
sayd certyfycate yt apperyth)
Memor d that ther ys a fre Scole ffoundyd by S r John
loder prist w* other in the pyshe of middleton
Tregonnell the landes ad: Tents whereof are in the
tenure of Robt best of lytle mayne amountynge
to the Sume of viij/z'. by the yerc, whych sayd Some
of viij/z'. ys yerelye payd to the Scolemaster for his
Stypend the whych landes Stand in feoffes handes
to thuse of the sayd Scole and that many gentylmen
of the sayd Shire of dors be infeoffyd in the same
lands to thuse abouesayd as in ther certyficate
exhibityd to the Kynges Commissioners yt wyll
appere
DECANATUS DE DORCHESTER.
82. (i.) Cantia bte marie infra eccliam St Trinitare de
Pochester (j/<r), nullus incumbens ibm, vj/z'. x.?. ijd.
Whereof deductyd for Rent resolute xxd. X ma xs. xd.
q. and so Remayneth Clere \ti. xvijs. vijd. ob. q.
whyche sayd Rent was bestowyd to \vardes the
Repacone of the howses decayed (Penc. Cr.)
DORSET CHANTRIES. 15
83- (?) Cantia St martini in wintborn martyn, Thomas
Rygwey nup. incumbens ibm, ciij>. i'ujd. X ma xs. Rem.
iiij/Y. xiijj. iiijV/. All whiche sayd Some of ciijj.
iiijV. thincumbent ther yerelye dyd receave towardes
his fyndynge as in the certyfycate exhibytyd to the
kyngs comyssioners y f apperyth
(Penc. iiij/z'. xiijs. iiij</.)
84. (2.) liba Capella st Johis in dorchester, Edwardus weLdon
incumbens ibm, x/z'. iiijs. vjd. whereof deductyd for
Rent Resolute xlijs. v'md. X ma vjs. vd. and so
Remayneth Clere vij/z'. xvs. vd. Whiche the sayd
Edvvarde Weldon Receiuyth towards his exhibiicon
at the vniusite in Oxford by vertue of th kyngs Ires
paten dated iij tio Augusti Anno xxxij do nup Regis
henrici viij (Penc. vj/z'.)
85. (4.) liba Capella de lytle mayne, wills Baker nup. Incum-
bens ibm, xxxjs. ij lambes Wherof deductyd for Rent
Resolute xijd. & ij lambes And so Remaynyth
Clere xxxs. Whiche thincumbet thereof dyd yerely
receaue to his owne vse towards his fyndynge w f out
ministraco. (Penc. xxxj.)
86. (5.) liba Capella de Alrington, Johnes hardy incumbens
ibm, xxxiiij,?. v'rijd. X ma ijs. v'uid. Reman, xxxijj.
Which thincumbent ther dyd yerely receave
towardes hys lyvynge \v l out any suyce doynge for
the same as in the Certyfycate exhibytyd to the
kynges Comyssiones yt apperyth (Penc. xxij^ 1 .)
87. (3.) fratintas bte marie infra eccliam poch st petri in Dor-
chester, x/z'. xiijj. viijV. deductyd for Rent Resolute
vjs. vjd. and so Remaynyth Clere x/z'. vijs. ijd. All
whiche were ym ployed to thuse & mayntennce of the
Churche & for the Repacoiis & also for fyndynge a
prest ac tymes neccie
88. (6.) Guilda siue fratints Sti Georgij in Weymouth, Johes
Russell miles dns Russell M r ., vj/z'. xiiijj. xd. all
Whyche the sayd M r payd yerely to a prest of the
1 6 DORSET CHANTRIES.
same Guyld for his wages as in the Certyficate of th
Towne of Weymouth y* wyll appere (Penc. vj/z.)
89. Hospitle siue domus leprosor in Dorchester x\s. This
howse hath noe lands Appteynynge unto yt but
receauyth yerely x\s. by thandes of M r Wyllms
Esquier for ther Gownes in whyche howse ther ys x
powre men
90. Cert terre jacen infra pochiam de Sanwyche que imp
pquisit fuer p inhitants euisdm xjj. whereof de-
ductyd for Rent Resolute ]d. And so Remayneth
Clere xs. xjd. All Whyche pcell of land is Convertyd
to the mayntennce of th Sea Bankes ad: suche other
vses as the pyshe shall haue occascon to convert the
same as in the Certyficat appearyth
JURISDICTIO DE SHIRBORNE.
91. hospitale siue Domus leprosor sti Johis Evangelist
in Shirborne xxxv/z'., viij^. v]d. Whereof deductyd
for Rent Resolute iiij/z*. iijs. vjd. And so Remayneth
Clere xxxj/z'. vs. of the whych the prest ther hath
yerelye for his Stipend Cvjs. viijd. = Cvjs. viijd.
And the resydewe beynge xx/z'. xixs. ys ymployed to
the fyndynge of xj powre impotent men & iiij powre
women accordyng to the foundacon thereof &c.
Memor d for a Scole to be in Shirborne *
92. (8.) liba Capella voc. Grene in Shirborn, Rogus horay (?)
nup incumben ibm, Ixvjj. All which sayd Some of
Ixvj.?. the Incumbent there receauyd to his owne vse
towardes his fyndynge and dothe no man of suice
in the sayd Chappell. Ther ys no powre people
nor bead men found nor releauyd of the pmisses
* This is a side note in a different writing.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 17
DECANT. DE SHASTON.
93- ( J 3-) Cantia ste katine infra eccliam pochial de marnehull,
Johes Clement nup. Incumbens ibm, ix/z'. xvijs. iiijV.
Whereof deductyd for Rent Resolute xlviij.?. viijV.
X ma xiijj. iiijV. And so Remayneth Clere vj/z'. xvs.
iiijd. All which th sayd Incumbent yerely receamd
to his owne vse as in the certyficate yt apperyth
(Penc. vj/j.)
94. (14.) Cantia ste katine infra eccliam pochiale de Gyllinghm,
Galfrus Gylls nup. Incumbens ibm, vj/z'. xiijV. i\\]d.
Whereof deductyd for Rent Resolute x]s. X ma xijs.
viijV. and so Remayneth Clere vli. ixs. viid. all
whych the Incumbent yerelye receauyd to his owne
vse (Penc. O.)
95. (19.) Cantia ste Anne delagore in Shaston infra eccliam nup.
mon de Shaston, Waltus hewes & Johes Robberd
nup Incumbents ibm, xiiij/z*. vijj. deductyd for Rent
Resolut vs. vjd. X ma xxiijj. iijd. and so Remayneth
Clere xij/z. xviij.?. iijV. All whych the sayd late
Incumbentes receauyd for ther Stypendes towardes
ther lyvyngs &c. the said S r John Robte hath no
other lyvynge and Walter Hewes is vicar of S* James
in Shaston
(Penc. eor. utriusque Cs.)
96. (18.) Cantia sti Johnis Bapte in ecclia, nup. monastij
de Shaston, Willms Walsope incumbens ibm, cvjs.
viijV. X ma XJ. viijd. Rem iiij/z'. XVJ.T. whyche sayd
Chauntrye was foundyd by the late Abbesse of
Shaston & hath no lands apptynynge to the same
but receavd yerelye his porcon of the kyngs Re-
ceauo r genall of the sayd late mon of Shaston
(Penc. iiij/z'. xvj.r.)
97. (17.) Cantia ste katine in ecclia nup, mon, de Shaston,
Willms Stanley incumbens, vj/z'. xiij-f. iiijd. The
sayd chauntrye hath no lands nor Tents thereto
I 8 DORSET CHANTRIES.
belongynge but receavyth yerelye his pencon by
thands of the kyngs Receuor of the sayd late mon
of Shaston (Penc. vi/z'.)
98. ( 1 2.) liba Capella de Thornton in poch de marnehnll, Johnes
Clements incumbens, liiijj. ; X ma iiijj. ijd. ob, Rem.
xlixj. ixd. ob
99. (16.) liba Capella de Milton in pochia de Gillingham,
Johnes terkepole incumbens, xlvjj. viijd. all whych
pfytts [Nos. 98 & 99] the sayd incumbents yerely
rceavyd towards their owne lyvynge as in ther seuaU
Certyfycats Amongyst other y* wyll appere
(Penc. Clements x/z'. xs. ixd.
Penc. Terkepole x/z'. vij. viijd.)
100. (15.) hospitale sti Johis Bapte in Shaston, Johnes Ham ibm
incumbens, iiij/Y. xxd. ; X ma viijs. ijd. Rem. Ixxiij-r.
vjd. Whyche hospitall was ordenyd for the relyff of
v powre men but they lyve by thalms of the Towne
& thincumbent therof receavyth the pfptts to his
own vse
(Penc. Ixxiijj. iiijd.)
In all whiche Chuntries hospitalls frechappells [Nos.
93 100] ther heath nother ftaher bene founde
Beadme nor powre people relevyd nor eny Grani
Scole kept as in ther seuali certyficates y* apperyth.
10 1. Cert terr in Shirborne dat in Sustentation misse bte
marie infra eccliam de Shirborne xvj^. iiijd. whereof
deductyd for Rent resolute xijd. and so Remayneth
Clere xv^. iiijd. Whych was yerely Imployed towards
the fyndynge of the prest ther
102. Cert terr jacen in honnyngton in Com Wiltes ptin ad
fratintatem in ecclia de Gillynghm, Ricus Cornnells
incumbens, iiij/z'. xs. All whyche sayd Some of iiij/z'.
xs. was yerely ymployd towards the lyvynge of the
sayd prest as in ther Certyfycate y* apperyth. Mernor d
that one Cristofer Wethers claymeth to have the
same lands belongynge to the sayd Brotherhed as
DORSET CHANTRIES. 19
his own pper lands & affirmyth that ther was never
Graunte made for the same lands to any such vse &
is in possession of the same lands at the psent &
receavyth the Rent thereof &c
103. Obitus Thome Andre we fundat in ecclia Sti Jacobi in
Shaston, xiij^. iiijV. Whereof deductyd for Rent
Resolute vjs. viijV. and so Remayneth Clere \js.
viijV. all whych was ymploed to the chargs of the
sayd obite as in ther ctificat apperyth
104. Cert Terr dat p sustentacion vnius misse qualt. Aurora
infra ecclia Sti petri in Shaston, Robtus Peter
incumbens, iijs. viijV. Memor d that iijs. iiijV. of the
say d Some was Gyven by Elyn mathewe late the wyfe
of John mathewe under suche condicon that ys to
saye yf the kyngs lawes wolde suffer yt that then to
remayne for efi, orels to Remayne to the heyres of
Rychard Mathewfor eft. the residewe beinge iiijd. to
Remayne for efi.
105. Obitus Johnis mathewe Willm Ketylton Johis Brown
Willm Conye Johis nicer als potycaf & Johis
kelpyke fundat in ecclia sti Stephi in Shaston
[xxxviij.?. xjV. Whereof] * deductyd for money
dystributyd to the powre of the obyte of John nicer
als potycarye ijs. ijd. Also oute of the obytes of
John mathewe and Elene his wyf which was Gyyen
for xx 11 yeres to the powre people vijs. viijV. And so
Remayneth Clere xxix-y. ]d. Whych was Implored
vpon the sayd obits as in ther seuall certyficats
apperyth.
In all Whych lands [Nos. 101 105] ther ys other (sic)
Gram Scole nor pcher found as in ther seuall certy-
flcats exhibityd to the kyngs Comissiiis yt wyll
appere
* The space for this is left blank.
20 DORSET CHANTRIES.
[WlMBORNE.]
106. (28.) Cantia margaret Comitisse Rychemond & derbie
matris dni Rs henrici vij, nullus incumbens ad psens,
xj//'. xvijj. iiijV. deductyd for Rente Resolute xvj-
iijV. ob, X ma xixj. jV. ob, And so Remayneth x//'. ijj.
xjV.
* Memor. for a Scole to be hadd in Wymborne. Ap-
pointment of the Schole master Edmond Smith
M r . of Arts recomended by Mr. Cheke (?) appointed
to be scholem r ther quousq.
Memor d that this was foundyd to thintent that thin-
cumbent therof shuld say masse for the soils of the
founders & to be a Scolem r to teche frelye a hundred
of childern Gram w'in the same College as in the
certyficate y* may appere. In w ch sayd pmsses ther
ys no Scole kept now by reason that y 1 is in the
Kyngs hands by the deth of the late [incumbent]
neverthelesse y 1 ys very requisite & necessary to have
sayd Scole maynteyned for the towne of Wymborne
ys a greate mket towne & a throughfare & hath
many children therin & ther ys no Gram Scole kept
\v*in xij myles of Wvmborne afoesayd at wh ch place
the poore men dwellyng in Wymborne & nere
therabout are not able to kep ther Children therfore
y* ys very requisite that the sayd Scole may remayn
Stille for the bryngynge vp of yonge Children in
larnyng frelye w*out any thynge payinge as y* was in
tymes past
107. (26.) Cantia vocat Radcotts Chauntrye fundat in Collegio de
wymborne, Simon Benyson incumbens, Cxiijj. iiijV.
Wherof deductyd for Rent Resolute vjV. ob, X ma xs.
vijd. and so Remayneth Clere Cijs. \]d. ob. Whereof
This is a side note in a different writing.
DOkSET CttANTRlES. 21
the sayd incumbent receuyth for his Stypend oute of
certen lands callyd dixons & Capons lands peels of
the duchye of lancaster durynge his lyfe Cvjs. viijV,
and after his deth to be payd into the duche & that
he hath other lyvynge to the valewe of xxx/z'. ou &
besids this Stypend. In whych ther ys no poore
people releauyd nor Gram Scole found.
* Deferred to be answered of sub pencone in the Duchie
because the land is answered there.
1 08. (25.) Officm Sacristin Collegis de Wymborne, Symon
benyson incumbens, viij/z'. xvijs. i]d. [whereof] de-
ductyd for Rent Resolute Ixxj. vjV, ob. qr., X ma
xs. xjV. qr. And so Remayneth ^Clere iiij/z'. XV.T. viijV.
All Whyche the say incumbent receavyd to his
owne vse & dyd yerelye distribute to the powre
people xxj., the sayd incumbent hath other lyvyngs
to the valewe of xxx/z'. as above &c.
(Penc. Ixxj. viij</.)
109. (27.) Mo. for a pcher at wymborne in which pishe ther be
MDCC howseling peope. *
Magna Cantia vocat Brenbrys chauntry in pco Collegio
de Wymborne, Johnes Ace Waltus Mathew Johnes
Stone incumbents, xxxiiij/z'. \ijs. \d. Whereof
deductyd for Rent resolute & other necessaryes xij/z'.
xxijV. q; X ma xlvj. vjV/. ob. q. and so Remayneth
Clere xx/z'. wi ch the sayd thre incumbents dyd yerely
receave by John Ace vj/z'. xiijV. iiijV. Who hath no
other lyvyngs, Walter Mathew and John Stone eyther
of them vi/z'. xiijj-. iiijV. who hath other lyvyngs to
the valewe of vj/z'. xiijj. iijV. for eyther of them
out of Cristchurche. Ther ys nothynge dystrybutyd
to the pore
(iij Penc. cuiuslibet eor. vi//.)
This is a side note in a different writing.
22 DORSET CHANTRIES.
1 10. (24.). Mo incumbens infrascript mortuuus est *
Collegm siue liba f Regia de Wymborne Minster
Nichus Wylson nup incumbens ibm. xlix/*. xviijj. jd.
Whereof deducted for Rent resolute xijV/. xijj. viijV.
X ma inde Iviijj. xd. And so Remayneth Clere
xxxiiijV/. vjj. vijV. all whyche was ymployed as well
towards his owne porcon & fyndynge as towards the
Repacon & fyndynge of poore men in w ch sayd
Towne of wyrnborne be very many poore people
unto the fyndynge & relyff wherof he dyd yerelye
dystrybute iiij/z'. at the lest.
(29.) prima pbend in dco Collegio vocat the furst Stawle,
Ricus Sparcheford incumbens ibm, xviij//'. xj.
Wherof deducted for the wags of John Ace vicar
ther vj#. xiijs. iiijd.
(Continuat quousq. Remayneth there as oon of
the curats in Wymborne) * (Penc! vj//.)
for the wags of John Cliforde secondarye Ixvj^. viijd.
X ma dno Regi xxxs. vijd. And so Rem Ciere vj/z.
xixj. vd. All whiche the said incumbent receyued
to his Owne vse (Penc. Ixvjj. v'ujd.)
(30.) Secunda pbend in dco Collegio vocat the secunde
Stawle, Thorns mylles incumbens, xviij/z. Wherof
deducted for the wags of John Clerke vicar ther vjVi.
x'ujs, iiijV.
(Continuat quousq. He is likewise appointed a
curat there.) * (Penc. Cs.)
for the wags of Richarde Clement vicar ther Ixvjj.
viijV. X ma Dno Regi xxxiijj. vijW. And so Reman
Clere vj//. vjs. vd. all whiche the said incubent
receyued yerely to his owne vse
(Penc. Ixvj-f. viijV.)
* This is a side note in a different writing,
t A word missed out here, probably " capelhu"
DORSET CHANTRIES. 23
(30.) Tercia pbend voc the thirde Stawle, Johnes Walker
incumbens, xxiij/*. Wherof deducted for the wags of
Wat. Mathewe vicar vi/z'. xiij.9. iiijd.
(Cont. quousq. Rem d as oon of the curats there) *
(Penc. vjti. xiij,?. iiijd.)
For the wags of Ricarde harte Secondary ther Ixvjs.
viijd. X ma xxxjj. iiijd. And so Rem Clere xj/i'. viijy.
viijd. All Whiche the sayd incubent receyued
towards his lyving having none other then this
(Penc. \xvjs. viijd.)
Memoir* to haue iiij priests to Sue the Cure in the
pishe of wymbo r ne bicause ther be iij chappells
wherein ther is devyne suece bycause the Said
Chappells be distante from the Churche of Wym-
bo r ne iij myles And is for the ease of the people *
in. (30.) Quarta pbenda in Collegio pdco vocat the fourthe
Staule, Johnes kulles incumbens, xvij/z*. vs. vjd. de-
ductyd for the Wags of John Goddynge vicar ther
vj*//. xiijs. iiijd.
(Cont. quousq. Remayneth als one of the
curats there) * (Penc. Cs.)
Itm for the Wags of John moris secundarye ther
Ixvjj. viijd. (Penc. \xvjs. viijd.)
Itm to the Church wardens of Wymborne iijj. iiijd.
X ma Dno Regi xxs. xjd. And so Remayneth Clere
Cxvjj. viijd. all Whiche the say incumbent receavyd
towards his owne vse of the Whych ther ys certeyn
landes takyn into Canford pke Amountynge to the
yerely valewe of xx-r. as apperyth by the Certyfycate
112. hospitale siue Domus elemosinar ste margarete in
Wymborne xxixj. viijV. This hospitall was ordeynyd
for th relyff of powre men in whyche hospitall ther
be viij impotent powre men which dothe not onlye
* This is a side note in a different writing,
24 DORSET CHANTRIES.
lyve by the pfytts of the sayd howse but by the
devocon of the people & inhitannts of the sayd
towne of Wymborne
ii3.(30A.)Cantia sti Jacob! inte holt infra mann de kyngston
lacye, Johnes Reynolds incumbens, Cvjs. viijV. X ma
xj. \m]d. Rem iiij/z. xvjs. all Whych sayd Some of
Cvjs. viijV. thincumbent therof ye rely receauyd
towards his lyvynge by thandes of the kyngs Geriall
receavor of the possions of the late mon of Cryst-
church in Southt & hath no lands belongynge to the
same (Penc. iiij//. xvjj.)
114. (22.) Cantia de langton als lang blanford, laurenceus
Isabelts Incumbens ibm, vij/z. X ma xs. Rem vj//. xj.
all Whyche sayd Some of vij/z*. the sayd incumbent
ther yerelye receavyd for his Stipend beynge a verye
impotent pson & hathe no other lyvynge then the
say Chauntrye. (Penc. Cr.)
115. (23.) liba Capella de Westhenesworth, Doctor Benett in-
cumbens, liijj. iiijV. X ma vs. \\\}d. Reman xlviijV.
Whyche sayd Some of \i\]s. iiijd. the incumbent
yerely receavyd to his owne use. Memor d that the
sayd Chappell was ordeynyd for a Scolemaster
to be mayntened in Blanford aforsayd as by an
exemplyficacon under the scale of the Court of
Augmentacons & Reuenue of the kyngs Crowne y*
wyll appere (Penc. xlviijj.)
[No cause of continewance there but it may well be
called the Schole at Wimborne] *
1 1 6. Cert terr jacen in Campis de pympne in poch de
Blanford in tenura Johis pynge reddens inde p
annu j lode of Woodde Whyche ys dystributyd to
An Almesse howse Wherein byn iiij Cople of powre
people foundyd by th Charyte of the sayd Towne as
in ther certyfycate y* Wyll appere
* This ife a side note in a different writing.
DORSET CHANTRIES. 25
1 17. hospitalis Sitie domus elemosinar in Burge de Warehm
xh\ xiijj. Whyche sayd hospytall was foundyd for
the RelyfF of vj powre & impotent men & v powre
women & to have ther contynuall lyvynge ther And
so y l ys vsed
p me Johem Hannam deputate Supius
Memord the Duchie of Lancaster is not conteyned in
this boke
The some of the
penc. besides the
hospitalles which
might continue
Thofficers think most convenant to appoint a Schole
and a hospitall in Sherborne and the like at
Wimborne being the places most mete (?) for the
purpose
The following Certificates are such as relate to Dorset, but
appear in returns of other counties :
AUGMENTATION OFFICE.
CERTIFICATES OF CHANTRIES.
Cornwall.
Roll. No.
9. 35. The pishe of Senct Stephyn in branell In the same
Churche to fynde A lampe there, A pcell of land w*
thappurtennes lyinge in Crokeawase * gyven for } e
mayntennce of the said lampe for e9 by DiQe psons.
The Incombent, none, The same pcell of land w*
thapptennes y s of the yerely value of xvjj. Ornaments
None.
* This is entered as in co Dorset in the Calendar ; (? Crockway in
Maiden Newton parish),
26 DORSET CHANTRIES.
Southants.
Eoll. No.
52. 55. The pishe of Christchurch. Fre. chapel of Ease called
Hinton, ffounded by one S r John Sewer Knight and
others for ease of the inhabitants there to have
continuance for ev r to w ch belong lands and tene-
ments of the yerely rent of iij/z'. \i]s. iii]d. W ch Lands
Lye in a village called foston * in the countie of
Dorset and thincubent therof is Willm Skeite who
hathe no other lyving, w ch chapell is distant iij miles
from the pishe churche and so dangerous by waters
in the wint r that the people there can not cume to
their churche whiche be in nomb r aboue C house-
ling people. Ornaments v\\]d. A bell \]s. & plate
iiij oz ouncz = ij s iiij d iiij ouncz. M d the vicar of the
said pishe of Christs churche is John Smithe who
hathe paid unto hym in ready money out of the
Cathedrall Churche in Winchest r by the Dean
there xxvj 11 = xxvj 11 bnfice, Wherew 1 he is charged
w* ij priests one at Christ churche aforesaid thother
at holnhurst chapel being v miles from the said
churche and hathe of houseling people there
XX C C XX
ix & at christchurche viij = ix iiij people (= 980)
Wilts.
Roll. No.
58. 6. Robt Hungarfords Chuntre ffounded w*hin the sayd
Cath. Chu r che of Sar. Thorns Boxe of the age of
Ixxiiij yeres John Apryse of the Age of Ij yeres in-
cumbents, viz.
Edward the iiij th sometyme kinge of Englande, by his
letters patentis berynge date the XX th day of
* Forston in Charminster parish,
t)ORSET CHANTRIES. 27
ffebruarye in the xj ta yere of his reigne gave lycence
to Margaret wif unto Robt lord Hungarforde John
Cheney and John Marvyn Esquyers or any of them
to geve the Manno r of Immer w th thapp r tenncs, in
the sayd conntie of Wiltess the Advovvsans of the
ffree chappell w*hin the sayd Manno r , iij meses, cc
acr. arr. lande, ccc acr. of pasture, viij acr. of
medowe And xxxs. of Rente in Winterborne and
Homyngton in the sayd Countie And also the moite
of the manno r of ffolke with thapp r tenncs in the
countye of Dorset And the Advowsans of the
chu r che there, to the Deane and Chapter of Sar. and
to their successors for efi whiche landis and
possessions Amounte to the clere yerely valewe of
xxxiij/z'. xv.?. ]d. to the Intente that the sayd Deane
and Chapter shulde gyve unto ij Chuntre p r eests and
to their successors for efi the yerely Salary of xvj 11 ,
for Wyne and bred to mynster and celebrate diuine
Suice xiij-r. iiijV. And the mansyon house for the
sayd Incumbents situate w'hin the close of Sar w*h
a garden thereto adioyninge of the yerely valew of
xxj. = xvij/z'. xiijj. i\\]d.
The plate appteynynge vnto the sayd Chuntre ccxxvj
onz
The Goodis and Ornamentis belongynge vnto the sayd
Chuntre psed at xxvjs. v]d.
M d the sayd Incumbentis be of right honest reporte
Amongest their neighbours Albeyt not able to s'ue
a Cure by reason of their Ages And fferthermore
verey poore men and have none other lyvings but
only these Chauntres.
59. i. Due Cantie fundat p dnm Robtum hungford in Ecclia
bte Marie Sar.
Proporco et Status fundaconis siue Creaonis duar.
cantiar. p quoddm Scriptu Indentatu recitatur q d
DORSET CHANTRIES.
cum excellentissimus princeps Edwardus quartus
quondam Anglie Rex p Iras suas patent dat xx mo
die ffebruarij Anno regni sui vndecimo concesserit
& licenciam dederit <p. se & heredibus suis Margarete
vxor dci Robti dm Hungerford Johi Cheyne & Johni
Mervyn Armigis & cuilibt illor. q d illi siue eor Aliqui
quandm a Cantiam ppetuam de duobus capellanis
ppetuis in dca Ecclia cathedral! Sar. ibm imppm
celebratm facere fundare creare erigere & stabilire
possint vel possit. Et vltius Idm Dns Rex concessit
& licenciam dedit p se & heredibus suis prefat
Margarete Johi & Johi ac eor cuilibt q a illi seu eor
aliqui vel aliquis dare possint vel possit Manium de
Immer cum ptinen in com predco ac Advocaconem
libe capelle in eodm Manio ac tria mesuagia
ducentas Acras terr, trescentas Acras pasture, octo
Acras p a ti & xxx ta solidat Reddus cum ptinen in
Wyntborne & Homyngton in com Wiltes, necnon
medietatem Mann de ffolke cum suis ptinen. in com
Dors, ac Advocaconem Ecclie de ffolke eidm manio
ptinen Que quidm oia & singla premissa cum ptin
sunt Clari annui valor xxxiij 11 xvs. ]d. que concedun-
tur decano & capitlo Ecclie cathedrall predci &
Successoribus suis & a intencone vt darent &
concederent quendm a annorm Reddm septemdecim
librar. tresdecim solidos & quatuor denar. capellanis
cantie predci in fforma sequente videlt vtriq eor p
Stipendio suo octo libras nnon viginti solidos vltra
p reddu domus siue mansionis capellanor. predictos
& tresdecim solidos & quatuor denar. hide ad
inveniend. panem vinu & ceram p missis celebrand.
& officijs diuinis faciem & Exequend in quad a m
capella Ecclie predce p ut p dcm script Indentatu
Dat scdo die Maij Anno regni Regs Ed ward i quarti
post conquestm duodecimo Sigillis Margarete Johnis
& Johnis sigillat plenior apparet =* xxxiij 11 xv s j d
DORSET CHANTRIES. 2 9
58. 21. Forwardis Chauntre in Mere, Richard Chafynne of the
age of xx tie years Incumbent, (amongst others the
following) Willm Browne, Alyce his wiff, and
Phillippe his sonn holde by Indenture dated the
viij th of Marche in the xxxiiij th yere of the reigne of
kinge Henry the viij th for tme of their lyves iiij
closes of pasture lyinge togeyther called forwardis
als north heyes (in Motcombe in co. Dorset) cont
in all by est. viij acr. and payith yerely = xviijj.
of gSouff?
A DIARIST IN THE REIGN OF WILLIAM THE THIRD.
By W. BOWLES BARRETT.
;HE question suggests itself have we, as a Club,
given sufficient attention to the Diarists of
Dorset ? When their diaries can be traced,
they will frequently be found to be full of
transcripts from life quiet country life it may
be yet more fascinating than many of the
efforts to revivify the past through the medium
of historical romance or romantic history. So
far as I am aware, the only South Dorset
diary which has been pretty fully reproduced
is that of William White way, of Dorchester.* (A.D. 1618-1634.)
But While way's diary seems to have been more in the nature of
a chronicle, than an unsophisticated account of family and social
life.
It is now nearly 60 years ago that in one of our local papers
there appeared copious extracts from a diary kept by John
Richards, Esq., Lord of the Manor of Warmwell, during five
years from 1697 to I 7 I - The diary affords a delightful insight
* Proceedings, Dorset Field Club, Vol. XIII. (1892), 57.
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 31
into the simple life of a Dorset landowner of position upwards
of 200 years ago, and is the more interesting as it begins not
many years after Pepys had finished his immortal diary. The
extracts referred to are now practically forgotten and unknown.
I do not know who is the present possessor of the original diary.
I happen to possess a manuscript copy of the extracts, and, as
Mr. Richards is undoubtedly entitled to be styled "The Pepys
of South Dorset/' it occurred to me that it would interest the
members of our Club if an attempt were made to collate and
comment on this attractive record.
Warmwell is a small sequestered village delightfully situated
off the main roads, about equi-distant (seven miles) from
Dorchester and Weymouth ; it is almost surrounded by one of
those glorious gorse-covered heaths Nature's unfenced,
untouched gardens which, to my mind, rank among the chief
beauties of Dorset. Warmwell has, too, a fine stream, a
tributary of the Frome, and a picturesque water-mill. Few
parts of Dorset have such a charm for me as the lovely heaths
of Warmwell and West Knighton.
Mr. John Richards was of Dorset extraction ; his pedigree
appears in HutchinsJ* He had been a London merchant,
and was a man of refinement and financially of good means.
He appears to have resided at one time in Italy. He had a fair
knowledge of Italian, which he found useful for making entries
in his diary on certain occasions, as I shall shortly explain. He
was an intelligent reader and played the bass viol. We
remember Macaulay's remarks as to the gross uneducated
'squires of the iyth century ; these observations, in any case, do
not apply to the Warmwell 'squire.
Having retired from business in London, Mr. Richards
purchased the Manor of Warmwell in 1687 and settled there;
this was ten years before he began his diary. He resided at
Warmwell until his death in 1721 ; he and his wife were both
buried there, she surviving him only two years. Certain of
* Hist, Dorset, Vol. II., Ed. 3, 499,
32 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
their descendants allied themselves with some of the principal
families in the county.
A few years before Mr. Richards settled at Warmwell the
estate had belonged to Mr. John Sadler, a learned and remark-
able man, a favourite of Cromwell, and formerly Town Clerk of
London. Having suffered great losses at the Restoration, he
retired to Warmwell, and there led a private life.
Let us now take a view of Mr. Richards' surroundings in his
new home. His wife was a lady of a somewhat irritable and
excitable disposition. Mention is frequently made of their son,
John ; there was also a younger son, William. Mr. Richards
had a brother, James Richards, who also had been a London
merchant. Soon after the former had settled at Warmwell, James
Richards bought the Manor of West Knighton, an adjoining
parish, and there built his seat, so that the two brothers were
neighbours. The house is now a farmhouse, occupied by Mr.
Bartlett. The residence of our diarist, Mr. John Richards, was
the handsome stone-built mansion, called Warmwell House,
said to have been erected by Sir George Trenchard, and now
belonging to Captain R. B. Foster.* He farmed his own estate,
attending Dorchester markets on Saturdays to deal in corn and
sheep. His favourite hostelry there was the old " Antelope " in
South Street. He kept his greyhounds and enjoyed a fair
amount of coursing. He bred " Shake-bag " cocks ; these were,
I believe, fighting cocks, which were carried to the fighting pit
and there shaken out. The water-mill at Warmwell was part of
his domain ; the river he calls " my river," and there his swans
added to the beauty of the landscape. His gardens were
carefully tended ; they contained choice pear and apple trees,
also mulberry and fir trees ; potatoes are not mentioned, but the
'squire grew asparagus, which he sometimes spelt " Sparrow-
grass." The gravel walks and squares, as appears by the diary,
were kept well rolled. As regards his personal appearance he
* Some interesting notes on Warmwell House, by the Rev. W. Miles Barnes,
appear in Vol. XXV., slvi., of the Club's "Proceedings,"
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 33
tells us that he had two periwigs " new come from London," one
with "a sad ca\vl" and the other "of a lighter cawl made by a
Frenchman." We can picture him as he went to dine with
his friend and neighbour, Mr. Henning, at Poxwell House,
picturesquely clad in the wig of the " lighter cawl," in a black
cut-away coat open at the breast to show the daintiest of ruffles
in the whitest of cambric (of which gentlemen in those days
were so fond), with knee-breeches, black silk stockings, and
shoes with silver buckles. The 'squire was a smoker and snuff-
taker, but wished to reform, for he writes on "Thursday, the
igth Octr., 1699, I began to leave off snuff and tobacco, having
taken none all this day."
The journal abounds in variety, and throughout is reminiscent
of rural Dorset at a time when the flaring light of acetylene
lamps and the braying of a motor-horn announcing the approach
of the monster with a cloud of evil-smelling dust, were still
unknown. It conjures up the life and gossip of the country-
side, as the Pepys of South Dorset relates, almost daily, circum-
stances connected with the home life of himself and his
neighbours, the management of his estate, the births of colts,
calves, and lambs, the transfer of his stock from meadow to
heath, the lending of ferrets and his dealings in corn and hay,
One day we are with the diarist listening to a sermon in the
adjoining parish church of West Knighton, from a text taken
from the Epistle to the Colossians, on another, the Rector of
Moreton is negotiating a lottery transaction, and then, again,
we are following the hounds as they course on the borders
of Warmwell heath, or are hearing the penitent confession of a
poacher.
Mr. Richards' son John was educated at Wimborne Grammar
School, Mr. Lloyd being then Headmaster. The diarist had an
intimate friend at Wimboine, a Mr. Philip Traherne, and usually
put up at his house on his visits to the town : " 3rd June,
1700, I took my son John with me to Wimberne where we
lodged at Mr. Traherne's yt night. The 5th ditto I left Jack
with Mr. Lloyd at school, to pay 12 p. arm. for his bord
34 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
and schooling." The school fee, iz p. ami., was equal to
about 24. in the present day. The Diarist kept an inventory of
John's outfit at Wimborne; this comprised, amongst other things,
two silver spoons, twelve muslin neck-cloths and five night-
caps ; quite a sufficient number of nightcaps, one would suppose,
for a boy at a public school ! Mr. Richards says but little about
his younger son, William, beyond carefully recording the follow-
ing : " This afternoon (2 6th Augt., 1697), my boy Wm. was put
into trowsers for good."
Wimborne School was renowned for its cock-fighting; this
usually took place on Shrove Tuesday, but Mr. Richards
mentions it as occurring once on the Thursday in Shrove
week; he writes: "Wednesday, igth Feb., 1700-1, I went to
Wimborne, where I saw the scholars' cock-fight the next day,
being Thursday, the 2oth." The next entry refers to one of his
fighting cocks: "izth March, 1701. This evening my great
shake-bag cock, given me by Coll Trench d , was mortally
wounded with a pike-prong by Mr. Bound's * man and dyed
thereof the same night."
Mr. Richards was accustomed to meet on easy and familiar
terms the landed gentry and the clergy of the neighbourhood.
Amongst his friends, all or most of whom were hospitably
received at Warmwell House, were Mr. Tregonwell Frampton,
of Moreton, keeper of the running horses to William the Third,
Col. Trenchard, of Litchet, Mr. Weld, of Lulworth Castle, Mr.
Serjeant Bond, of Grange, Major Floyer, of Stracton, Mr. Henry
Henning, the owner of Poxwell and M.P. for Weymouth and
Melcombe Regis, 1679 to 1694, Captain D'Oyly Michel, of
Dewlish, Captain Edward Lawrence, of Affpuddle, Mr. John
Williams, of Lewel, the Churchills, the Frekes, the Goulds,
Parson Bound and Parson Read, Rectors of Warmwell and
Moreton, respectively.
A cousin of Mr. Richards was Idith Long, of Dorchester.
We only get occasional glimpses of her in the diary, but she
* He was Rector of Warmwell ; we note, then, that he kept a man-servant.
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 35
seems to have been a favourite, and was a frequent visitor at
Warmwell House.* The Rev. Charles Long, the stipendiary of
Charminster, was also a \isitor there ; he was no doubt a relative,
as he succeeded to the Rectory of Warmwell on the death of the
Rev. Cuthbert Bound.
The 'squire appears to have dined between i and 2 o'clock.
Informal "dinings out" in the country in those days were
frequent. People "looked in" at their friends' houses, and if
they found them at home they dined with them, but if not they
went farther, at the risk of faring worse ; thus : " This day,
1 3th Mar., 1700, Mr. Read, of Morton, and his wife came here
to dine with me, but, not finding me at home, went to Mr*
Knight's, of Knighton." The Rev. Henry Knight was Rector of
West Knighton, and an excellent man he was. f
* John Longe, in 1630, was Governor of the Company of Freemen of the
Borough of Dorchester under the Charter of Charles I. 2 Rutchins 1 Hist. Dorset,
Ed. 3, 338.
t The Rev. G. W. Butler, the present Eector, informs me that when the
wooden floor of the chancel of West Knighton Church was, some time since,
removed, previous to tiles being laid down, a stone slab was found buried under
the Holy Table, bearing an inscription to Mr. Knight's memory. The slab was
then reinterred, by the builder employed, under the tile pavement. The following
is a copy of the inscription, which is interesting, especially as it refers to a very
early denunciation of the Slave trade. It is scarcely couched in classical Latin,
nor is the spelling perfect :
H. K.
Henricus Knight A.M.
Olim a Sacris & Secretis Episcopo Ironsibe
Prebendarius Ecclesiae Herefordiee
Dispositionis Lenis
* Rectus in Fide
Integer Vitae
Oppugnator Superstionis Papalis
Et eommunis Servitutis
A persecutione & inhumanitate abhorret
Hinc religionii ipsi Ornamento
Animam ejus per acta Musices recreavit
Hujus Parochiae annos 40 a Rector dignissimus
Obijt IX Kalendas Aprilis
Anno Arse Christianee.
MDCCXXX.
Aetatis suae
LXVII. . .
36 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
A pleasant gathering at the Manor House is chronicled
in September, 1699, when " Wm. Churchill, of Dorchr., with his
sonn, Captn. Joseph Churchill, and my bro., James, were here,
and dined with me, and then Captn. Joseph Churchill brot. me
a silver caudle-cup, weg. 45 ounces, from his bro., Major Wm.
Churchill." *
Then, again, " iath, Xber, 1697. Tnis da Y J dined at Major
Floyer's, at Stratton, w th Mr. Henning, Mr. Richd. Churchill and
Mr. Plays." " Sunday, the 3oth July, 1699. This afternoon Mr.
Tregonwell Frampton was here and stayed till past 9 at night."
There is but slight reference in the Diary to Medical Practi-
.tioners : in cases of illness, the Diarist resorted to his friend,
Parson Read, Rector of Moreton, distant about four miles ; the
Rector dabbled in medicine, and sometimes even performed
slight surgical operations, f Ague in Mr. Richards' time was
far more prevalent than now : his son William having an attack,
Mr. Read was sent for and prescribed for him "Jesuites
powder," (i.e., Peruvian bark).
In May, 1698, we find Mr. Richards going to Wimborne and
Litchet to visit his friends, Mr. Traherne and Col. Trenchard :
"31 May, 1698. I set out with my boy Jack and Pymer" (one
of Mr. Richards' men), " for Wimborn, and arrived there by 1 1 of
the clock at y e White Horse Inn, being the Post-House, whence
we removed to Mr. Philip Traheren's house and lodged there yt
night and stayed there Wednesday the ist June and yt night.
Thursday morning, the 2d, we rode thence to Pool, accompanied
by Mr. P. T., and thence to Litchett and dined with Coll.
Trenchard, and thence we came home yt night."
Mr. Serjeant Bond, of Grange, was esteemed by the Diarist
both as a friend and a lawyer; "16 May, 1698. I rode to
* " Caudle, a confection made of ale or wine, eggs, sugar, and spices, to be
drunk hot."- Bailey's Dietry, 1733.
t A mural monument to his memory stood in the old Church at Moreton : the
inscription stated that he was "useful to his neighbours in all capacities, in
. . . healing their bodily distempers as well as," &c.
TfrE PEtYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 37
Grange to old Mr. Serjeant Bond's welcome home and dined
with him." Mr. Richards was not slow in shewing his
appreciation of the friendship of his more valued acquaintances.
Some time afterwards he dined again with Mr. Bond " to
whome," he says, "I then presented my 12 silver-hafted knives
and ye 12 forks belonging to 'em." * No evidence here of the
boorishness of the country squire of the seventeenth century, of
which Macaulay wrote !
When Mr. Weld presented Mr. Richards with a haunch of
venison, he at once called together his friends to partake of it.
About this time the 'squire wished to enlarge his borders.
Watercombe is a farm in Warm well Parish, and Mr. Richards
coveted it. "This 26 April, 1698, at Puddletown Fair, told old
Mr. Loder, of Dorchr.,f that I could propose something to him
that might be worth him some guineas." On the face of it a
very kind proposal! " Monday, the 2 May, 1698. Meeting old
Loder this day at the Antelope yard at Dorchr., I took him
thence to Mrs. Baker's coffee-house and told him my inclination
to purchase Watercomb, and that if he could bring it abot. I
would give him cinq ps d'oru " (i.e., five pieces of gold; guineas
we may suppose). Cunning Mr. Richards! But it does not
seem that his wish was ever gratified. Next year, however, he
did buy another estate close to Warmwell, viz., the Manor of
Lewel. The 'squire shall tell the story of how it came about in
his own words: "Sunday, the iyth Sept., 1699. This day Mr.
Jno. Wms., of Lewell, was here and dined with me, when he
offered me Lewell farme and all its appurtenances and estates
at Lewell for ^5,200." "Wednesday, the 20th, ditto. This
morning Mr. Jno. Wms., of Lewell, came, as he pretended, to
shew me an old Lease of letting his farme at ^240 p. ami., but,
indeed, as it appeared, to tell me he would sell it for ,5,000." J
* Mr. Nathaniel Bond, of Creech Grange, the Great-great-great-grandson of
Serjeant Bond, tells me that he now has these knives and forks in his possession.
t Doubtless Andrew Loder, sen., Mayor of Dorchester, 1694 (2 Hutchim' Hist.
Dorset, Ed. 3, 354), buried at All Saints' Church, 1707 (ibid 378).
$ The equivalent of about 10,000 at the present day.
38 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
Mr. Richards buys the estate, and the vendor, John Williams,
and his brother, Winston, wrangle over the purchase money.
" Sunday, the 2zd Oct., 1699. Mr. Jno. and his bro r ., Winstone
Williams, came hither and dined with me, and in the afternoon
had a falling out twixt ymselves abot. the latter's pretensions to
have p i of the purchase money of Lewell." Barely two years
after this Winston Williams came to a tragic end; he was a
Landing- waiter at the Weymouth Custom House. We learn,
from another source, that he and Mr. William Freke, brother of
Colonel Freke, of Upwey, " dranke punch to a greate hight,"
and, a quarrel arising, they went to a green plot in Weymouth,
at or near where the Royal Terrace now stands, and fought with
swords. Williams was wounded in the stomach, and died the
next day.
We get a glimpse of two Sunday gatherings at Warmwell
House, one at Midsummer and the other on New Year's Day :
''Sunday, the loth July, 1698. Col. Trenchard, Mr. Henninge,
and Captn. Trenchard came in morning to hear Mr. Bound
preach. I went to Poxwell" (Poxwell House) "and dined with
[them], and thence in the afternoon we came all down hither in
ye Collonell's coach." This private carriage, belonging to
Colonel Trenchard, is the only one which Mr. Richards
mentions. Then on the following New Year's Day he had a
small dinner party, consisting of Cousin Idith Long (who, no
doubt, was the life of the party), Parson Bound and his son, Mr.
John Williams, of Lewel, some of the Balston family, and John
Vie, the farmer of Lewel. So we see that it was not thought out
of the way for the 'squire of Lewei and the farmer there to dine
together in good fellowship on New Year's Day.
Matters of public interest were recorded in the diary: the
following refers to the peace of Ryswick an event of great
importance: "Thursday, the 2ist Oct. 1697. This day the
proclamation of peace came to Dorchr having been proclaimed
in London the iQth instant." Then again : " yth Nov., 1700.
This days gazet gave an acct of the King of Spaine's death
wch happened ye ist inst new style."
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 39
We have mentioned Parson Bound (as he is usually called by
the Diarist). This was the Revd. Cuthbert Bound, who had
already held the living of Warm well for 30 years, when Mr.
Richards came to reside there. Mr. Bound naturally occupies
a rather prominent place in the diary. He supplemented his
slender income by taking a few pupils. He was the authority
for the very curious prophecy of Mr. John Sadler, named above,
(quoted i Hutching Hist. Dorset, Ed. 3, 435, note f.). This
prophecy, made shortly after the Restoration, dealing with
matters of national interest, attracted considerable attention at
the time, and Mr. Bound was summoned to appear before the
Deputy-Lieutenants of the County to make an affidavit in
verification ; but, as Mr. Sadler was, we are told, " much
disordered in his senses " long before his death, they might,
doubtless, have saved themselves the trouble. Mr. Richards and
the Rector were, for long, on good terms, and used to go out
together "to look for a hare." As time went on, however, their
friendship waned, in consequence, it seems, of some piece of
scandal at Owermoigne fair. The Squire complainingly writes :
" Sunday, the 23rd July, 1699. Mr. Bound has not been to see
me since this day three weeks." Then follows an incident which
occurred soon afterwards, near Warmwell Church : " Thursday,
10 Aug., 1699 : This morning passing by Flower's house Mr.
Bound peept over the hedg by the Tower and sneeringly ask*
me how I did. I looking up upon him reply d ' Oh, be y u there :
never the better for y u , and so left him." Our Pepys had been
confined to his house by an attack of gout ; that was, probably,
the reason of the Rector's sneering manner. Less than two
years afterwards, Mr. Bound was carried off by the small -pox;
nevertheless, he was buried in the chancel of Warmwell Church,
so little regard was had in those days to sanitary precautions :
" Sunday, the 21 of December, 1701. This morning about . .
of the clock, Cuthbert Bound, Minister of Warmwell, dyed of the
small-pox and was buryd in chancell Tuesday the 23rd ditto."
There is a curious entry under date of 5th March, ^Q '-
" Mary Bound's hair was cutt off, weig. 4^ ounces, to make a
4.0 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
periwig for Jack." Was Mary Bound a daughter or other near
relative of the Rector ? It seems not unlikely, if we recall
Macaulay's description of the rural clergy in the lyth century.
It is sad to think of a fair girl being shorn of so large a quantity
of hair just to make a wig for a schoolboy. NT. E. Fynes-
Clinton, the present Headmaster of Wimborne Grammar School,
tells me that he thinks it very probable that the pupils there, or
at any rate the elder ones, did formerly wear wigs, but that he
has not succeeded in finding any mention of the subject. In a
memoir of Dr. Busby, * the famous Headmaster of Westminster
School in the middle of the lyth century, is a portrait of "Dr.
Busby with his favorite pupil." The pupil was Robert South,
then about 18 years of age, afterwards the great orator and Dean
of St. Paul's ; they are both wearing wigs.
We have referred to the social amenities of Mr. Richards and
his friends. The diarist purchased his wines from a distance in
wood and bottled them. Thus he records receiving a cask of
port wine from London, a quarter cask of Malaga, bought at
Lyme, and " bro* home by Mr. Eyre in my little cart," and the
sending of two men " with my cart and 5 horses to Mr. Sergt.
Bond's at Grange for my hogsh d of Clarett." I suppose that the
large team was necessary in consequence of the roads being very
bad. As to his beer, he was careful to brew it in October, and
terms it " my Oct. drink." Nor did the 'squire object to cherry
brandy. He writes: "This evening," (sist March, 1701),
" 8 quarts of Mr. Hill's brandy were put to ye black cherrys in
my old wicker bottle."
Turf and wood formed the principal fuel ; there was then, as
now, an inexhaustible supply of turf in the bogs of Warmwell
and Moreton Heaths. Mr. Richards writes on one occasion of
6,500 turves being " fetched home." Coal from Weymouth is
mentioned but once. In fact, Mr. Richards had but little
* "Memoir of Richard Busby, D.D. (1606-1695), with some account of West-
minster School in the 17th century, by G. E. Russell Barker." Lawrence and
Bullen, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, 1895.
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 41
communication with Weymouth ; his interests were inland. But
reference is made to "the Weymouth woman"; she seems to
have called occasionally at Warmwell House, probably with fish.
Here comes an entry interesting to Naturalists. The Kite, a
bird now an accidental visitor only in Dorset, was common in
Mr. Richards' day. In 1697 ne wr i tes : " Yesterday I by chance
rescued one of my chicken from the Kite."
The 'Squire justifies his conduct in parting with a favourite cat,
but he is slightly inconsequent. He writes : " i ith Oct , 1699.
This morning I sent my barn-cat to Farmer Vie, of Lewell, to
keep in his barn there, being a choice male catt, but, having
found ye way into my pigeon's house, I was forced to put her
away." His dog he put to a profitable use : " Friday, the I
1 6th Sept., 1698, my dog Quon was killed and baked for his
grease, of which he yielded nib."
I must, in justice, record the fact that Mr. Richards did a little
mild betting and that he didn't always win ; but he does not
seem to have staked more at one time than a guinea or there-
abouts, and the bets were not on horses, but on events of
passing national interest. There was some kind of a club at the
''Antelope," Dorchester, (the house being then kept by a Mr.
Meatman a singularly appropriate name) ; it was at this club,
on a Saturday in 1701, that the diarist had a bet with Captn.
Trenchard. "This afternoon," he says, "at the Club at
Meatman's I layd a wager of a guinea with Captn. Trenchard
that 5 new regiments were raised by his maty. King Wm. by this
day 12 muneths." He had two bets with a Mr. Penny : "Mr.
Penny layd me 2 bottles of claret that Barcelona was taken by
the French and this day in their possession, and 6 bottles more
that the Duke of Saxony remd. not King of Poland." Mr.
Penny seems to have won his wager as to Barcelona, and Mr.
Richards had the best of it as to the King of Poland.
Then, again, Parson Read, of Moreton, and the Squire dabbled
in lottery tickets. Lotteries were frequent at that period : " 26th
Jany., 1697-8. Mr. Tho. Reed, minister of Moreton, came
hither to see me and dined here, he pressing me very earnestly
42 THE FEPYS OF SOITTH DOkSEt.
to buy his 5 blank tickets in ye million lottery at 5 55. per
ticket. . . with the accruing interest thereon of two years.
. . the said 5 ticketts so amounting to 26 55. Whereupon
to gratifie him I accepted of them accordingly."
Our Pepys was not bald of dry humour ; here is a delicious
entry relating to an application for a loan made by his cousin,
Thomas Symes, of Came :" Sunday, 10 Oct., 1697. Tho.
Symes came hither to borrow 20 of me, but went away without
it."
Interesting references occur to persons, businesses, and places
in the neighbourhood. We find that a watchmaker was in
business in Dorchester in 1698 : " Wednesday, 23 Feb., 1697-8.
How of Dorchr watchmaker was here and opened and cleansed
my pendulum clock and did something to my Jack." Another
watchmaker lived at Puddletown. The " Red Lyon " at
Wareham is mentioned.
A word now as to wages and prices at the chief period
covered by the diary, viz., the close of the i-jth century The
problem of ascertaining the purchasing power of the currency at
different periods is, owing to the present entire change of cir-
cumstances, an extremely difficult one. In the diarist's day,
labour, rent, meat, butter, and eggs were much cheaper than
now ; on the other hand, bread, sugar, coffee, groceries, and
luxuries generally, as also travelling, were more costly. Prices,
also, varied greatly at different seasons of the year and in
different parts of the country ; the coinage, too, \vas debased.
In that marvellous work by Prof. Thorold Rogers, cited below,*
prices are given, but no attempt was made to institute
comparisons with prices at the date of publication. However,
taking everything into consideration, probably we shall not be
far wrong if we put the purchasing power of i of Mr. Richards'
* "History of Agriculture and prices in England from the year after the
Oxford Parliament, 1259, to the commencement of the Continental War (1793),
compiled entirely from original and contemporaneous records by James E.
Thorold Rogers" : Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1887. It is to be noted that
W. Stanley Jevons' " Investigations" do not commence until 1782.
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 43
money as being equal to about 2 now. Thus we can arrive,
approximately, at the equivalents of wages and prices in Dorset
at the period in question. Now as to wages : Mr. Richards
employed, in 1701, a working-bailiff, who had responsible duties.
He was " to serve me at Lewell and to take care of all my
concerns there as well of sheep, black cattle and tillage, as of
hay making, &c., also to buy or sell for me at Warmwell, and in
fine to doe me his utmost services in what I order him for 18
pr. ann. wages, and find himself in meat, drink, and lodging in
my house at Lewell." The working-bailiff thus had the
equivalent of 36 a year with lodging; the head-hind received
the equivalent of 26 a year, " bord wages" ; the under-carter
had the equivalent of 9 a year " in house" ; the dairy-maid
received a sum equal to $ IDS. now, and Susan Masters, an
interesting typical example of a "general" (she being " house-
maid, cook-maid, and also to help about my dairy- business"),
received wages equal to $ IDS. at the present day ; Mr.
Richards adds, "if I find shee deserves it I am to give her
2s. 6d. more at year's end." Meagre encouragement for poor
Susan in her multifarious duties ! The hiring of servants was
done orally, care being taken to have a witness present whose
name was recorded in the diary; "covenant money," too, was
paid.*
At a time when no provision existed for educating the poor,
Mr. Richards was not unmindful of the instruction of his
servants. He writes: "The 23rd Jan., 1698-9. I this day
* We have in the diary the following prices at Warmwell, viz. : 1697. Old
Ewes, 11s. 3d. each; Wheat, (ground), Cs. Id. per bushel ; Choice Oats, 6s. d.
per Great Sack. 1699. Sheep Skins, Is. 6d. ; and Lamb Skins, 9d. each;
Oats, Us. per Great Sack; Old Ewes, 11s. each; Seed Barley, 3s. 4d. per
Bushel ; Chilver Hogs and Barren Ewes, 12s. each. 1699-I7OO. Cow and
Calf, 4.
From the following prices, selected from Prof. Rogers' work, we may obtain
a further general idea of prices in Dorset in Mr. Richards' day: 1685.
Labourers, Hull, 9d. per day. 1686. Labourers, Is. to Is. 2d. ; Average
ren'als, Lord Leicester's estate, Cs. per acre. I69I-2. Butter, Dorchester,
4d. Ib, ; Eggs, London, 4d. score. 1696-7. (The next 11 are London prices) ;
Bacon, 4s. stone (probably 14 Ib.) ; Coffee, 10s. to 15s. Ib. (roasted) ; Butter, 52s.
cwt. ; Sugar, 5d. to 8d. Ib. ; Wheat, 62s. quarter ; Bread, lid. ; Raisins, 6d. Ib. ;
44 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
agreed with Mr. Raskar, of Dorchester, writing-master, to teach
my servt, Jno. Pymer, to write and cast accts. at 55. per quarter,
and gave him 25. 6d. entrance money ; he began this day." Mr.
Richards afterwards placed Pymer under the Rector's instruction :
"The 17 Octr., 1698. My servt., Jno. Pymer, began to goe to
School to Mr. Bound." His school must have been somewhat
"mixed!"
The usual mode of travelling appears to have been on the
saddle and pillion. It took six days to ride on horseback from
Warmwell to London and back:. Mrs. Richards jogged along
over the rough and lonesome roads on a pillion. Mr. Richards'
man, " Pymer brot. cousin Idith Long home behind him " ; this
was in 1698, Mention, however, is made of a coach that ran
from the West to London.
In the absence of newspapers and frequent correspondence it
was Mr. Richards' practice, in recording a fact, to enter the
name of his informant by no means a bad plan. Thus, in
referring to Mr. Henning, the 'squire of Poxwell, he writes :
" Friday, 24 Nov., 1699. This evening Mr. Wms., coming from
Poxwell, told me Mr. Henninge was esteemed a dying man."
And again, " i4th Septr., 1698. The Earl of Bristoll dyed
last Munday abot. i o'clock afternoon, as Robt. Lock tells
me."
The London Gazette took three days to reach Warmwell ; thus,
the Gazette, published on Monday, arrived there by post on
Thursday. So scanty and uncertain was communication between
distant places that, on two occasions, the Warmwell 'squire was
Currants, GJd. Ib. ; Iron-cast Fireback, 2d. Ib. ; Window-bars, 4d. Ib. ; Bricks,
20s. 1,000. 1698-9. Wheat, London, 62s. quarter; Wheat, Dorchester, 5Cs.
quarter ; Barley, Exeter, 20s. to 24s. quarter ; Hay, Dorchester, 30s. load ; Hay,
London, 60s. load ; Bread and Tea, no prices given. Tallow, Dorchester, 34s.
cwt. ; Beef, Winchester, 28s. cwt. ; Mutton same price ; Beef, London, 2s. per
81bs. ; Pork, London, 2^d. Ib. ; Pullets, London, Is. d. each; Chickens, London,
Is. 4d. each ; Horses, Cambridge, 11 to 12 ; Coach -horses, 18 ; Sheep, 11s. to
12s. each. 1699. Cheese, Oxford, 4|d. Ib. ; Fustian, London, 2s. 3d. yard;
Cloth, London, 8s. yard (quality not stated) ; Serge, London, 2s. 2d. yard.
I7OO. Tallow, Plymouth, 46s. cwt. ; Butter, London, 7d. to ,d. Ib. I7OO-I.
Wheat, Exeter, 24s. to 40s. quarter ; Candles, Cambridge, 5s. doz.
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 45
saluted as High Sheriff, under the false impression that he had
had that honour conferred upon him. " 29th Deer., 1698. This
afternoon, abot. 4 o'clock, came two Sherborn Trumpeters to
salute me as high Shereffe, &c. ; an hour after 2 other from
Captn. Coker on the same errand." Again, " 7th Jany. 1701-2.
Yesterday the Trumpeters came from Mr. Eastment to salute me
Shereffe." Then Mr. Templeman, a well-known resident of
Dorchester, the father, I presume, of Mr. Peter Templeman, the
eminent Attorney of that town (who died in 1749), pays him a
kindly visit : " Mr. Templeman came hither to make me a visit,
but chiefly to bespeak the Under-SherifPs place for his son."
Some days afterwards the news arrived of Mr. Richards being
"taken off from the Shrievalty," and I find no record of any
further visit from kind Mr. Templeman.
The 'squire was not wanting in care for his parish church.
He writes : "This day, 4th April, 1698, I agreed with Jonathan
Hayden . . to new build the pulpit and his desk . . for
.$ i os., or, if he affirms on his conscience 'tis a hard bargain at
the price, I am to give him los. more." Had Mr. Richards lived
in this 2oth century he could scarcely have shown more, trustful-
ness than he did in leaving it to a builder to regulate his charges
according to his conscience !
The poor old men of the village were called " Gaffers" and
the old women " Gammers," or " Goodies," still common Dorset
appellations. Amongst them Mr. Richards distributed by lot his
bull beef, and also, on one occasion, an aged cow, which,
curiously enough, bore the name of " Matthew." Surely an odd
name for a cow !
The orphan children of the poor were put out to board by the
parishioners with " Goodies" of the parish, or were apprenticed :
" 1 7th April, 1699. This evening. Robt. Wilsheare, Nathan
Grant, Jno. Thrasher, and my selfe agreed with Jane Voss to
take Jno. Jasper's 3 children and keep ym at i8d. each, yt is
43. 6d. the week for all three,* we finding them clothes, which
* Equal to about 9s, of our money.
46 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSKT.
shee is to mend into the price aforesaid." It will be observed
that the composition here is slightly confused.
It was on the 26th June, 1699, that the diarist records:
"Last night the gout came into my left foot ; " during the next
fortnight the transits from the left to the right foot and vice versa
are pathetically recounted. At length, however, " both feet be g
pretty easy, I walked to my table and once about my room."
For the gout Mr. Richards had recourse to leeches and anointed
his feet with Neat's-foot oil.
Mrs. Richards' separate allowance for dress, &c., was 10 a
year, equal to about 20 of our money; this our lady members
will probably think not a very extravagant allowance for the wife
of the Lord of the Manor ; but even that sum was not always
punctually paid.
Mr. Richards' leisured life must, on the whole, have been a
very happy one ; although, in addition to being troubled by the
gout, he suffered from his wife's uneven temper, as the frequent
entries in his diary (judiciously made in Italian), sufficiently shew.
And so it happened that the year 1700 c?me in in a turbulent
fashion : there was a domestic storm a deep depression on
the 3rd January; but, a fortnight afterwards, Mrs. Richards lends
her husband money, upon which peace, and seemingly love, are
restored; he now calls her "my Alee" (short for "Alice"),
and writes: " 16 Jany. Borrowed of my Alee \6 25. 6d. I
owe her last year's allowance money, 10 os. od." The Italian
entries are really the most amusing of any, and approach the
most closely to those of the great Pepys himself. I was sorely
tempted to reproduce them, but on consideration I determined,
from sincere respect for Mr. and Mrs. Richards' memory, to
refrain, and content myself with the translation of the following
entry only ; the original, it must be explained, appears the very
next month after the " my Alee" entry; here it is: " Having
kept myself for two days strange" (i.e., distant), " she said to me
in the morning if I did not mend my manners in a short time,
she declared, &c." (what Mrs. Richards did actually declare we
are not told), "upon which insolence losing all patience I burnt
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 47
my Will before her eyes." Shortly after this, Mrs. Richards went
to London by the Dorchester coach : she seemingly returned too
soon, for more Italian follows not long after.
In fascinating contrast to what he had written, Mr. Richards
quotes the following from a letter received from a correspon-
dent : " I lately advised y u of Mrs. Peter Harblin's death. This
week Mr. Peter Harblin also dyed, most think through grief for
the loss of his wife." Why did the South Dorset Pepys
transcribe this ?
Having thus had varied domestic experience, Mr. Richards'
advice was sometimes sought in cases of home trouble; hence:
"Wednesday the i5th June 1698, by 7 in ye morning Cousin
Mary Symes came hither from Came having layen there last
night at Gammer Coward's. Shee came to complaine of her
husband's intolerable humour, and went hence againe twixt
9 and 10 yt morning." The bad-tempered husband was Thomas
Symes, the would-be borrower of the year before.
Nor was Mr. Richards free from some of the annoyances
which usually attend country life ; one of these arose from
poachers. He writes : " i3th Oct. 1701. Coming home from
Dorch r , Knighton way, I espyed a pack of hounds with a man
on horseback in my green lewell, ab* my chalk hills. Shortly
after we espyed the hare (wch they pursued) in Knighton field ;
yt ran into my Brors adjoining mead hedg. I waited awhile to
speak wth ye huntsman whome I met as he was rideing after the
hounds in a wheat land, asking him by what authority he
presumed to enter upon my ground disturb my sheep and break
down my fences. He told me they were Dorch r dogs and he a
gentleman's serv 1 and at last after I had pressed to know his
name and place of abode, he told me he was Counsell 1 " Loder's *
serv*. I scolded him very passionately whip't off his dogs and
forbad him coming any more in yt circuit on pain of having all
* Probably "old Loder," to whom the pieces of gold were offered (ante
p. 37); or, perhaps, his son; Andrew Loder, senr., and Andrew Loder,
junr., were both living at Dorchester at this time,
48 THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET.
his dogs killed and himself soundly banged. Whereupon he
packt away in hast and promised to come yt way no more."
Then again : " 24 Oct. 1699. Wm Sampson of East Knighton
in the parish of Winfrith, taylor, came hither (in co. of old
Trent) to ask pardon for having been a-ferretting in Warmwell
heath last Michmas Eve with John Stevenson of Fossell and
Edwd Dunning of Winfrith, these 3 having been decoyed there
by Edmund White of Fossell a notorious rabbit-stealer whose
ferrett and pursenetts they had."
It will be observed that when Mr. Richards found a man
poaching on his land, he threatened to " bang " him, not to send
him to gaol, and that William Sampson was forgiven on his
confessing his wrong-doings.
A man cut and carried away some brushwood ; the diarist calls
it by a good Anglo-Saxon word, " frith," (A. S. wridan to
wreathe). *
But there was another trouble : Mr. Richards' neighbour,
Farmer Tibbs, kept a large number of pigs, which developed
decided migratory tendencies, much to the annoyance of Mr.
Richards, who had a prime " patch" of beans, nearing maturity.
One day fourteen of neighbour Tibbs' pigs attacked the beans,
but, as they did not destroy the whole crop, the good-natured
Squire passed it over lightly ; however, some days later, the pigs
made another onslaught, which brought them and their owner
into evil plight : " Friday night the 24 Sept., 1 697. 9 of Farmer
Tibbs' pigs were found in Furzey Close and brought to poun,
having eaten up the remainder of my beans which his 14 pigs
left the other day." To the credit of Mr. Tibbs, be it said, that
he called on Mr. Richards soon afterwards and made reparation.
The Squire and his neighbours had good sport in coursing,
although facilities for preventing poaching were not so great
then as now. Where can we find a more graphic account than
* "In town, in feld, in frith, and fen;" Poem by Laurence Miiiot, line 29,
circa. 1339-40, in " Political Poems and Songs relating to English History";
Yol. I., edited by Thos. Wright, M. A,, London, 1859,
THE PEPYS OF SOUTH DORSET. 49
the following of a day's coursing in South Dorset upwards of
200 years ago. I must explain that three of Mr. Richards' dogs
were called "Minx," Paint," and "Tryk." "Wednesday
morning, the 3 Oct., 1698. I went a coursing with Pymer and
my two greyhounds ; we put up 2 hares in my wheat stubble
on down, one of wch Minx coursed down to wood, the other they
coursed over ye down towards Poxwell and lost both. We put
up another hare in Fryermain near my clover field wch they
killed in Mr. Henning's barly stubble. Next we put up ye hare
wch Farmer Tibs saw, and had a very long course at her chiefly
wth Minx, but lost her almost run down. Coming home Paint
put up another hare in Warmwell field neare 14 acres hedg, wch
took ye field and ran such a course yt both my dog and bitch
were tired, and Tryk almost dead yt we could scarce get him
home."
And now, lest my hearers should be tired, too, like Tryk, I
will bring this paper to a close.
I desire to record my thanks to the following gentlemen for
help in some matters referred to in this paper, viz. : To the
Rev. Canon M.ayo, M.A., Longburton ; Rev. R. J. Pickard-
Cambridge, M.A., Warmwell; Rev. F. W. Weaver, M.A.,
Milton, Evercreech ; Rev. G. W. Butler, M.A., Broadmayne-
cum-West Knighton ; E. Fynes- Clinton, Esq., M.A., Wimborne ;
G. Banks, Esq., Crouch End ; and K. J. Milne, Esq., West
Ealing.
CHURCH OF SAINT WHITE, OR CANDIDA, AND HOLY CROSS,
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
cmomcorum.
A DESCRIPTIVE SKETCH, COMPILED FROM NOTES MADE AT
VARIOUS TIMES BY FORMER VlCARS.
By the Rev. D. HOLLAND STUBBS.
N the valley of the Char, near the village of Charmouth,
about midway between Bridport and Lyme Regis,
stands the ancient Whitechurch Canonicorum,
founded by King Alfred the Great about A.D. 897.
It is a building composed of various styles of
architecture, and consists of nave with north and
south aisles, transepts, chancel, and western
I tower.
The first point of interest lies in the names by which it is so
honourably known. It would therefore be fitting perhaps to
observe what is generally believed to be the origin of the church
and its dedication. Upon good authority it is considered to
have been built by King Alfred, who united a few townships of
which he was presumably the owner for it is well known that
the Kings of Wessex held great estates in all this district and
built a church of stone on this his royal domain. As a rule,
52 WH1TECHURCH CANONICORUM.
churches derive their names from the parishes in which they are
built, but in all probability this parish derived its name from the
church having been built of white stone, or possibly having been
whitewashed.*
In his will, dated A.D. 901, King Alfred bequeathed Hwitan
Cyrican to his youngest son Ethehvald. In the next century,
about the year 1060, the then Rector of Withchirche, Guntard
by name, who was Chaplain to William the Conqueror, " being
desirous to retire into the Monastery of S. Wandragesil, pre-
vailed upon the King to grant the two churches (Whitechurch
and Sherston) to the monks of that house." Accordingly the
Rectory of Witcerce was given by William to the Benedictine
Abbey of S. Wandragesil, now called S. Wandrille (near Caudebec
in Normandy), and was constituted a "cell of the abbey" under
the name of Album Monasterium. This connexion lasted about
a hundred and forty years, during which time the monks began
to rebuild King Alfred's Church on a larger scale.
The Abbey of S. Wandrille surrendered the Rectory of
Witcherch to the Church of Old Sarum in 1200. The right of
presentation to the Rectory then passed to Sir Robert de
Mandivel, a resident knight (whose name survives to this day in
Mandivel Stoke), apparently on his undertaking to carry out the
unfinished work of the abbots, and this was done in the Early
English style in the early part of that century. This accounts
for the different shapes of the arches and the admixture of
Norman and Early English in the nave arcades. By the addition
of transepts the church was now made ' cruciform.' It was on
Christmas Day of the year 1240 that a charter was signed by
which the Rectory and rectorial revenues were assigned to the
Canons of the Cathedrals of Salisbury and Wells, from which
time the church became known as Whitechurch of the canons, or,
in its latinised form, Canonicorum. Thus we have the earliest
* NOTE. This theory of the origin of the place-name is simple and in harmony
with the well-known instance of " Candida casa " in Galloway. Vide Article
by the Eev. Charles Druitt in the Club's Proceedings, Vol. XIX., 1898.
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
S3
name of Hwitan Cyrican about A.D. 900, then in William's charter
to his Rector Guntard, Withchirche, in Domesday, Witcerce, and
in later periods (1200) Whytecherche, (1228) Wittecheriche,
(1240) Witcherche, or, in its latinised form, Album Monasterium,
and then Whitechurch Canonicorum.
To make a tour of the church in systematic order it is best to
proceed first to the outside of the western tower. This massive
and lofty tower, in the Perpendicular style of architecture,
is a conspicuous object in the
landscape for miles around, and is
used as a landmark by vessels at
sea when making for the port of
Lyme Regis. With its buttresses
it is thirty-two feet square and
seventy-five feet high. The fine
western window with three lights is,
so far as the tracery is concerned,
more modern, although a copy of
the original. On either side of it
there are canopied niches well
preserved, but from which sacri-
legious hands in times of religious
strife have torn down the effigies of the saints. The tower
contains six bells, with inscriptions respectively as follows :
f lefts | |otjtms| |pIauD'il|[urnie||Iatti
2 C-IVE-THANKES -TO-GOD- I^C|-IL- IG
H DRAWE
HARKE*WHEN*I*CALL*COME*TO<ORCH*AU.*
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6 RING- IN -THE -CHRIST-THAI -IS -TO-BE
54
WH1TECHURCH CANONICORUM.
In the walls of the church are embedded many fragments of
carved stone which have been preserved from former buildings
probably on the same site. On the south side of the tower, and
high up, is an interesting stone carving of an archaic ship and an
axe. On a separate panel, and a little higher on the right, will
be seen another axe and an ancient weapon resembling an iron
socketted celt. On the north side is a perfect, unweathered
specimen of the same curious weapon. The ship has been
supposed by some to indicate that the donor of the tower was a
merchant who had obtained, by the traffic of his ships, the
wealth which enabled him thus to dignify and adorn his parish
church, but a more probable explanation will be found later on.
A "spoked circle," supposed to be an old sun dial, but, more
likely, a mystic symbol which had to do with solar myths, will be
seen built into the south-east side of the diagonal buttress of the
south transept. The most interesting fragment, however, and
deserving of a paragraph all to itself, is fixed in the south wall
between the tower and the porch.
It represents a two-handled
cup and is supposed to be a
figure of the Holy GraiL It
is similar in design to the
Holy Grail as seen by Bishop
Arculph in the Church of the
Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem
THE MO.IY GRAIL. '" about A.D. 680. The Holy
Grail, in mediaeval legend,
is the Holy Cup used by Our Lord at the Last Supper, originally
WHITfcCHURCH CANONICORTJM. 5$
the " San Greal," or Holy Dish, in which it is said Joseph of
Arimathasa collected the Sacred Blood. There is a similar
representation on a cross at Sancreed in Cornwall, of a one-
handled cup, but it more probably refers to the " pot and lily,"
symbolical of the Annunciation and not to the Holy Grail.
(Baring-Gould).
Particular notice should be taken of the south porch with its
striking Inner Doorway, which is really a beautiful example of
Norman work. The jambs are ornamented with circular shafts,
having foliated capitals, and the circular head enriched with nail-
head ornaments and pointed roll. On the eastern jamb and on
the inner side of it, will be seen four roughly-cut crosses, which
are said to be consecration marks. These crosses, it is supposed,
were first marked in holy oil by the bishop who re-consecrated
the church, or some part of it, possibly after desecration by
bloodshed, and were then chiselled in their present form to
commemorate the event. Of special antiquarian and ecclesi-
astical interest also is the old sacring-bell-hut over the west
5 6 WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
gable of the chancel. In this hung the bell that was rung at the
consecration prayer in the Latin Mass before the Reformation.
Nearly all over the country these sacring-bells and their huts
were destroyed in Puritan times.
Projecting from the four corners of the porch are grotesquely-
cut figures called gargoyles, evidently of earlier date than the
part into which they were built. Others may be seen on the
north side of the church, and the upper portion of the tower.
On the north side also may be observed traces of a foundation
which may be a remnant of the old Saxon portion of the fabric.
The Interior of the Church. In the severely plain, yet most
dignified interior, there is much more of interest than at first
meets the eye of the casual observer, and much that is of great
value to the student of ancient architecture. Attention is at
once drawn to two arches of the south aisle, which are Norman.
They date from the time of the re-building by the monks of the
Benedictine Abbey of S. Wandrille. These foreign owners
\VHITECHTJRCH CANONICORUM. 57
began to re-place the earlier church with a larger structure in
the then prevalent style of architecture.
The bowl of the font is Transition
Norman work. It was discovered by
a former vicar, the Rev. Sir William
Palmer, in a field belonging to Berne
Farm, and was erected by him on a
base in character with the ancient
piece of work.
On the east wall of the south
transept there is a painted board
with tablet to the memory of Eliza-
beth Floyer, dated 1666, and a
hatchment above shewing the arms
of Floyer impaling Mainwaring. The
following quaint inscription sets forth
the virtues of the good lady :
JEsuce 42.
Come, gentle reader, to bestow a teare,
Upon her sacred du/t doe not forbeare,
/hee was a vertuous wife, a tender mother,
A neighbour kind, theres/carse left such another,
Though /hee bee dead her memory will find
A name in her faire i/sue left behind
And in her pious life, which here below
With us, /hee was too good to stay we know,
Who on her death bead thanked god most high
/'was not asham'd to live, nor feard to dye.
The vestry door should receive special attention, as it is con-
sidered a good example of mediaeval architecture. Originally
there was a rood screen or loft across the chancel arch, the
remains of the entrance to which may still be seen in the wall
above.
The chancel is a very large one for a country church. It is
simply, but effectively, furnished and adorned with oak stalls, the
58 WHITECHtFRCH CANONICORUM.
panelling being known as the * linen pattern.' The altar is well
raised, and the whole appearance of the sanctuary from the west
end is of an elevating and devotional character. The east
window is bold and impressive, but not old. It was placed there
by the Rev. Sir William Palmer, a former vicar, 1846-1885. The
altar rail is of the same date as the pulpit. One of the most
striking features is the highly-decorated lomb of Sir John
Jeffery, of Catherstone, with a recumbent figure of the knight,
whose casque hangs overhead. Hard by is the smaller and less
sumptuous tomb of John Wadham, of Catherstone, a kinsman of
the founder of Wadham College, Oxford. There are remains of
stones with matrices of missing brasses in the floor of the
sanctuary. The old registers indicate that in this Church lie (in
a nameless grave) the remains of a gallant sailor, Sir George
Somers, born at Lyme Regis in 1554, the famous admiral who
annexed the Bermudas in the reign of James I. No stone now
marks the site, but a movement is on foot for erecting a tablet
or brass to his memory.
The fine carved pulpit, which is Jacobean in style, was pbced
here in the time of James I. It serves to mark an epoch in
the history of the church. Similarly-carved pulpits exist at
Netherbury, Lyme Regis, and at Wootton Fitzpayne.
The north transept bears the date of 1128 on a small wooden
cross built into the upper portion of the east wall. It was
intended to include the shrine of S. White or Candida, around
which such interest gathers. Here too stood, formerly, two
altars, one under each window, lighted by two small lancets.
Very good specimens of foliated capitals to the arcade are
deserving of special notice, particularly that representing a leaf
of the water avens, or herb bennet. The north wall, it is
probable, was originally of the same design as the bays of the
east wall, with a lancet window, replaced later by the three-light
window.
Beneath this window is the recessed tomb which is the
reputed resting place of S. Wita, or Candida, and locally known
as " the saint's shrine." The monument consists of two parts.
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM. 59
the lower, of a i3th century base brought from some other place,
and rebuilt in its present position to bear the upper part, which
is of older date. The three oval openings beneath the tomb are
a common feature of such monuments. In these openings,
handkerchiefs and other small articles were placed, in the belief
that they would become possessed of healing virtues, and could
then be carried to recover the sick. This coffin was opened by
the Rev. Sir William Palmer, and was said to contain a small
stone box in which were a few bones, but no documentary
evidence remains of his act, nor any record of what he found
there. On the top stands a small stone cross much decayed,
which formed the finial of the east gable of the chancel. It was
placed here for its preservation by the Rev. J. R. W. Stafford,
a former vicar, in 1890. A second opportunity for examining
the contents of the tomb presented itself, for in March, 1900, an
ominous fissure appeared in the north wall, and it was necessary
to underpin the walls, which was done by the then Vicar, the
Rev. Charles Druitt. The movement of the soil and consequent
settlement dislocated the old shrine, re-opening an ancient
fracture in the stone coffin to such an extent that it became
necessary to reset the broken end. It was during the execution
of this work that the re-discovery of the relics was made.*' The
broken end of the coffin having been withdrawn, there was seen
within the end of a leaden casket eight inches square ; and on
it, cast in raised letters on the lead, was found the following
inscription :
This proved to be the square end of an oblong, ancient, leaden
reliquary of 2ft. sins. It was badly damaged, having been
ripped open from end to end. The incrustation of oxide on the
* Vide the Eev. Charles Druitt's paper, " Discovery of the Relics of S. Wita,"
in the Salisbury Diocesan Gazette for Sept., 1900.
6o
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
torn edges seemed to shew
that the damage was not
recent ; apparently it had
been done some centuries
before. In the reliquary were
a number of large bones, a
good deal decayed, presum-
ably those of a small woman.
These were not disturbed in
their resting place, but one
of the bones which lay upper-
most, was measured and found
to be i3fins. long. The
larger fragments found on
the floor of the coffin were
placed with the bones in the
reliquary, and all the smaller fragments and dust reverently
collected into a small metal box and placed within the coffin.
One side of the reliquary was complete and undamaged, and on
it was found cast in similar raised letters on the lead the follow-
ing inscription :
&e -see
(Here lie the remains of Saint Wita.)
The whole of the relics were carefully replaced in the stone
coffin, the broken end being securely cemented in its place.
Formerly, it is said, there was a painted inscription on the
stone front of the tomb, but the only words decipherable were :
Candida ........ Candidiorque .....
Now the great question of interest is : Who is this S. Wita, or
Candida ? Certain theories have been propounded from time to
time, to account for her origin and the presence of her bones at
Whitechurch, but none of these can so far be proved to be more
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM. 6 1
than conjecture. By some it has been thought that she was a
virgin-martyr saint who suffered death under Maximian at
Carthage, but it would be difficult to explain what she could
possibly have had to do with a Dorset village. Some think that
the abbots of S. Wandrille, perceiving a desirable connexion
with a saint in the Roman calendar of the name of Candida, or
White and Whitechurch, had her bones conveyed here. Others,
again, that it is possible that a male saint of the name of White,
or S. Candidus as he might be called, who suffered martyrdom
near Utrecht in A.D. 755, is intended, as he was believed to be a
nathe of western Dorset. But the best and most probable
explanation of the mystery is that recently advanced by the Rev.
S. Baring-Gould, who is a recognised authority on such sub-
jects. He has kindly written the following notes expressly for
this paper :
" Who was S. Candida, or S. White ? No legend exists of
her in England, but she has received recognition in Brittany
under the Celtic name of Gwen, the Latin name of Candida,
and the French name of Blanche, all of which have their
equivalent in the English name of White. We can only
conjecture as to her identity. Of Gwen we know a good deal.
She was twice married. By her first husband she became the
mother of S. Cadfan, the founder of Tywyn Church in
Merionethshire, where his stone with inscription still remains.
She was the daughter of Emyr Llydaw, a prince of Brittany,
and her first husband was Eneas Lldewig. On his death she
married Fragan, cousin of Cado, Duke of Cornwall. For some
unknown reason, Fragan resolved on leaving Britain and cross-
ing over to Brittany, in the latter part of the fifth century, and
took with him his wife Gwen ' of the three breasts,' and his two
sons with her, Gwenthenoc and James, and he settled near
where is now the city of S. Brieuc, at a place still called
Ploufragan, or the Plebs or tribal residence of Fragan.
" Shortly after their arrival in Brittany, Gwen gave birth to
another son who was named Winwaloe, a notable saint, who
died in the year 550. Gwen received the name of 'the three
62 WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
breasted' from an expression in use among the Welsh and
Irish, descriptive of a woman who was twice married and who
had children by both husbands. At Ploufragan there is a
modern statue of her as a queen, but at Scaer is her holy well,
yielding an abundant outflow of crystal water, and there she is
called Candida.
" What little that is reliable concerning her we know from the
life of her son S. Winwaloe, but legend has been busy with her
name and story, and Sebillot, in his collection of folk tales
collected in Brittany, tells some of the traditional stories con-
nected with her. According to them the connection with
England is still present, but she is fabled to have been carried
off by English pirates to London, but she escaped from the ship
with the loss of two fingers cut off by an axe by one of the
pirates according to another version, the loss of her left hand
and to have walked on the water back to Brittany. There the
track of foam left by the tide as it turns is still called ' the track
of S. Blanche.'
II CtlEMIFI PC6MNTC SH.Kr.cm.
" She must at one time have had a considerable cult in
Brittany, as not only are there churches dedicated to her where
she had her settlement of retainers, as at Plouguin and Ple*guen,
but there is also a parish of S. Gwen, and she is likewise
venerated at S. Cast,
WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM. 63
" In A.D. 9 1 9-92 1 there was a great influx of Bretons flying their
country under their chief Matuedoi who came to England, as the
Chronicle of Nantes says, ' with a great number of Britons,' and
they brought with them the bodies of their saints. By this
means a large number of the relics of old Welsh and Breton
saints arrived in England. Athelstan, although not yet King,
received the refugees kindly and planted them, there is reason to
believe, in Cornwall and Wessex, of which Dorset was a part.
At Wareham, in Dorset, have been found inscribed stones that
belong to these settlers. Athelstan placed the relics in various
churches, and it is quite conceivable that he gave those of
Gwen, or Candida, to Whitechurch which his grandfather had
founded.
"Now it is remarkable that nowhere in Brittany is it held
that her relics were preserved ; consequently it is not at all
improbable that when the migration took place to England, the
refugees carried with them the bones of the mother of some of
their greatest saints, S. Cadfan, S. Winwaloe, S. Gwenthenoc,
and S. James. It is possible that they conveyed those of Gwen,
the ' three-breasted,' to England, and that Athelstan gave them
to Whitechurch, partly influenced by the name it bore. If
that be the case, then Whitechurch may congratulate itself in
possessing the remains of a notable mother of saints. Her son,
S. Winwaloe had, and has still, churches dedicated to him in
Cornwall, Gunwalloe, Tresmere, etc., and in Devon, that of
Portlemouth.
'* There are several Candidas in Martyrologies, but none of
these can be the S. Candida of Whitechurch. S. Candida, the
martyr of Carthage, was a virgin, but both the history of Gwen
and the legend of S. Blanche represent her as a married woman,
and do not admit of her having been a martyr. It is possible
enough that the emblems of a ship, a ' celt,' and an axe
represented on the tower of Whitechurch may have reference
to her legend, the axe that cut off her ringers, the ship in
which she crossed the sea, and the 'celt' to symbolise the
pirates."
64 WHITECHURCH CANONICORUM.
In the church walk which runs along the outside of the church
grounds there are many ancient stones built into the wall which
at one time formed part of the historic building. There are
also many other stones on which are carved texts of Scripture,
the gifts of various bishops and other dignitaries of the
Church.
of
COMMONLY KNOWN AS
THE RED BOOK OF CERNE
IN THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.
(Class-mark LL 1.W.J
(f. 1 blank).
T. del gratia Cant' archiepiscopus anglorum primas et apostolice sedis f.
legatus vniuersis sancte ecclesie fidelibus salutem. Nouerit
vniuersitas uestra quod omnibus qui ecclesiam Cernel' in
solemnitatibus annuis beati Petri apostolorum principis et beati
Edwoldi confessoris seu infra xv dies sequentes pia deuotione
uisitauerint aut aliquod bonum transmiserint xx t5 dierum indul-
gentiam de diuina confisi misericordia concedimus. Et eos
orationuni ac beneficioruna cant' ecclesie participes constituimus.
Valete.
Joe' dei gratia Sar' episcopus omnibus fidelibus ad quos presentes litere
peruenerint salutem. Nouerit vniversitas vestra quod nos de beati Edwoldi
meritis et religiosorum fratrum Cern' monasterii orationibus confisi omnibus
parochianis nostris qui ad reedificationem predicti monasterii elemosinas suas
contulerint xv dies de penitentia sua eis relaxamus. Valete.
Jocel' dei gratia Sar' Episcopus omnibus fidelibus salutem in domino. Nouerit
vniuersitas vestra quoniam omnibus qui ecclesiam Cernel' in solemnitatibus annuis
beati Petri apostolorum principis & beati Edwoldi confessoris seu infra quin-
decim dies sequentes pia deuocione uisitauerint viginti dierum indulgentiain de
peccatis confessis de diuina confisi misericordia concedimus et eos orationum
ac beneficiorum Sar' ecclesie participes constituimus. Valete.
Anno dornini M CCC xj xviijKL. Julii die sancti Basilii episcopi et confessoris
Dominus Gilbertus Episcopus Enechudensis Hibern' dedicauit altare in capella
Abbatis Ceruel' in honore sanctorum Stephani et Laurentii martirum et sancte
katerine virginis. Et in annuis festis singulorum concessit xx dies indulgence.
66 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
Item Idem Episcopus Enechadunenis eodem anno in crastino sancti Basilii
dedicauit totam Capellam de Infirmaria Cernelii in honore gloriose Virginis Marie
sancteque Margarete et sancte Appoloiiie, concessitque ad singularum festa annua
omnibus illuc veiiientibus xxx dies Iiidulgencie inpei-petuum.
Anno domini M CCC xviij Idus Martii Eogerus de Morteuaus Sar' Episcopus
dedicauit magnum altare ecclesie monasterii Cernel' in honore dei genitricis Marie
et sancti Petri apostolorum principis. Concessitque ad eorum singula festa xl.
dierum indulgenciam inperpetuum.
M d quod anno domini M CCC nonagesimo sexto xij mo die mensis Nouembris
Dominus Henricus Episcopus Enachdunensis Hibernie suffragaiieus domini Bicardi
Medf ord Episcopi Sarum dedicauit duo altaria in Capella de Nuthercerne videlicet
magnum altare in honore omnium sanctorum et altare in australi parte siue Ela
eiusdem capelle in honore sancte Etheldrede Virginis tempore domini Robert!
xxiijtf abbatis Sacristaria in manibus ejusdem abbatis existente.
f. 2a. Illustri domino suo H. Regi Anglie. Robertus Cerneliensis ecclesie minister
humilis salutem et fidele seruicium. Sublimitati vestre notificamus que sunt
feoda militum ecclesie nostre de tempore H. regis aui vestri et qui milites ea
tenent. Robertus de ver tenet feudum vnius militis et preter hoc hydam et
dimid' ynde censum reddere debet. Willelmus de monasteriis feudum vnius
militis. Aluuredus de Mchole feudum vnius militis. Et feudum quod Jordanus
iniuste tenet feudum vnius militis. Robertus de Muntsorel et Jordanus de wotton
et Osbertus Kiggenhot et Hunf ridus Makerel feudum vnius militis. Feudum quod
Radulphus Redpole tenuit feudum est vnius militia. Hugo de Bosco dimid'
feudum vnius militis. Robertus Russel feudum vnius militis quadam virgata
minus tenet iniuste et contra uoluntatem conuentus quia nunquam auus suus
illud tenuit de ecclesia neque pater suus nee teneie debet. Super dominicum
ecclesie sunt feuda trium militum et dimid' cum tenura francolensium in villa
Cernelii. Quisque autem istorum debet facere guardam ad preceptum vestrum
apud Castellum de Corf vno mense per annum vel si vobis placuerit habere inde
militem ad exercitum interim dimissa guarda duos milites ad vestrum seruicium
inuenient.
Tales literas misit abbas Robertus et sunt scripte in Rotulo et in libro ad
scaccarium London' apud Westmonasterium.
Anno Regis Henrici aui huius fuit scutagium assisum ad xx sol', super feuda
prelatorum. In anno eius ij. Et tune respondit abbas de Cerne per manus
vicecom' de tribus multibus.
Anno eiusdem Regis v to habuit idem Rex auxilium militum Angl' scilicet de
quolibet feudo ij Marc' et tune abbas eodem modo de tribus militibus.
Anno vij et viij fuit Tolosa assisa ad ij marcas et tune abbas eodem modo
de tribus militibus.
Anno xiij eiusdem expeciit Rex H. ad maritandam filiam suam de quolibet
feudo militum Angl' duci Saxon' j Marc' et peciit quod quilibet qui de eo teneret
in capite per literas suas patentes significant quot haberet milites. Inter quos
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 67
significauit ei abbas de Cern' quod tenuit x milites pro quibus debuit seruicium
duorum militum tantum. Et scribitur in rotulo xiiijmo quod reddidit compotum
de ij. marcis pro ij. militibus et quietus est. Et quod debet viij marcas pro
viij. militibus quod non recognoscit quequidena viij marce nunquam fuerunt solute
set in vj rotulo Eegis Ricardi fuit crusiat' illud debitum. In ceteris rotulis
nih.il inuenitur.
Anno regni regis Henrici filii regis Johannis xvij soluit Abbas Cern' f. 25.
scutagium de Wascou' scilicet iiij libras de ij feudis que recognoscit et allocate,
est tall'.
(f. 3 blank).
In rotulo placitorum de anno vicesimo primo regis E. tercii inter placita de f . 35.
termino Michaelis.
Dominus rex mandauit hie breve suum de magno sigillo suo quod est inter
communia de termino sancti Michaelis anno regni sui xvij. in hec verba.
Edwardus dei gratia rex Anglie et francie et dominus Hibernie Thesaurariis et
baronibus suis de scaccario salutem. Cum nuper pro eo quod in vltimo parliamento
nostro concordatum extitit quod religiosi et alii viri ecclesiastici qui ad parliamen-
tum nostrum apud Westmonasterium ad diem Mercurii proximam post diem
dominicam in medio quadragesime Anno regui nostri Anglie xiiij tentum vbi prelati
comites barones et commum'tates eiusdem regni ad idem parliamentum summoniti
nonam garb' nonum veil' et nonum agnorum nobis pro expeditione quorundam
iiegociorum nostrorum in partibus transmarinis concesserunt et qui decirnas nobis
per ipsos prius concessas de temporalibus spiritualibus suis annexis que ad
decimam inter eadem spiritualia Anno regni domini E. quondam regis Anglie Aui
nostri vicesimo taxata fuerant soluerunt de solucione none predicte pro predictis
temporalibus suis sic ad decimam taxatis penitus exonerentur quodque de terris et
tenementis per ipsos religiosos et alios viros ecclesiasticos post dictum annum
vicesimum adquisitis eadem nona ad opus nostrum leuetur per breve nostrum
mandauerimus venditoribus et assessoribus none predicte in comitatu Dors' quod
demandam quam dilecto nobis in christo Abbati de Cerne qui ad parliamentum
nostrum dicto die Mercurii tentum personaliter summonitus nou fuit sicut per
inspeccionem rotulorum cancellarie nostre nobis constat per dicta nona garb' veil'
et agnorum pro temporalibus spiritualibus suis annexis que ad decimam inter
eadem spiritualia dicto anno vicesimo taxata fuerunt et nobis soluenda fecerunt
supersederent omuino. Et si quid a prefato abbate pro dicta nona leuassent
idem ei restitui facerent indilate. Ita quod eadem nona de terris et tenementis
per ipsum abbatem vel predecessores suos post dictum annum vicesimum adquisita
ad opus nostrum leuaretur iuxta concordiam supradictam. Ac iam ex parte pre-
fati abbatis accepimus quod licet dicti venditores et assessores demandam quam
eidem abbati pro nona predicta de temporalibus predictis nobis prestanda fecerunt
omnino supersedissent virtu te mandati nostri soipradicti vobis nihilominus ipsum
abbatem de huiusmodi nona de dictis temporalibus suis que ad" decimam inter
eadem spiritualia dicto anno vicesimo taxata fuerunt ad opus nostrum soluenda per
68 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
summonicionem scaccarii predict! grauiter distringi et inquietari faciatis minus
iuste in ipsius abbatis dispendium non modicum et grauamen super quo supplicauit
nobis sibi per nos de remedio prouideri. Nos volentes (1) ipsum abbatem in hac parte
indebite onerare uobis mandamus quod viso mandate nostro predicto si vobis con-
stiterit per nos taliter demandatum f uisse tune exaccioni quam pref ato abbati pro
dicta nona de temporalibus suis predictis sic ad decimam inter spiritualia predicta
anno xx taxatas (2), soluenda per summonicionem scaccarii predicti fieri
facitis ad opus nostrum supersederi et ipsum inde ad id scaccarium exonerari
et quietum esse laciatis. Et destruccionem (3), si quam ei ea occasione fieri
feceritis sine dilatione relaxari faciatis eidem. Prouiso quod nona predicta
de terris et tenementis si que per ipsum abbatem vel predecessores suos
post dictum annum xx adquisita f uerint si nondum levata fuerit ad opus nostrum
leuetur iuxta concordiam supradictam Teste Edwardo Duce cornubie et comite
cestr' filio nostro karissimo custode Anglie apud kenyngtone xxv die octobris anno
regni nostri Anglie xvj regni vero nostri francie tercio. Et modo venit hie
predictus abbas per Johannem Longesdon' attornatum suum et dicit grauiter se
fore districtum per vicecomitem Dors' pro xixii. vd. ob. de nona predicta ac si
temporalia sua spiritualibus suis non forent annexa. Et petit sibi fieri in hac
parte etc. secundum tenorem mandati regis supradicti. Et facto super hoc
scrutinio rotulorum etc. compertum est in magno rotulo de anno xviij in Dors'
quod xixti. vd. ob. exiguntur de abbate de Cerne de nona R'anno xiij
concessa unde xls. in villa de symondesberghe iiijs. in villa de Tolr' frm. xs. in villa
de winterborn' abbatis xls. in villa de Lang' iiijfi. xviijs. vd. ob. in villa de
pourstoke xxs. in villa de Cerne. vijs. en villa de hauakecherce xijs. iiijd. in
villa de Minterne xvs. in villa de Eappole vjs. viijd. in villa de Wrth xxiiijs. in
villa de Kimerich xxxvjs. viijd. in villa de pakeswell xixs. in villa de Vrideford
iijs. in villa de Stok.' xxs. in villa de blokesworthe xxijs. iiijd. in villa de
Aff puddle sicut continetur in rotulo xiiij et in rotulo de particulis comp. abbatis
de schir' et sociorum suorum assessorum et venditorum none predicte incomitatu
Dors' hie Tho existentibus. Scrutatis etiam rotulis que ad temporalia ipsius abbatis
spiritualibus suis annexa. Compertum est in rotulis de particulis taxacionis
temporalium cleri Sar' dioc' quod temporalia abbatis de Cerne in Simondisbergh
archid' Dors' Decan' de brideport ad xiiij W. xixs. viijd. In winterborn' ad
Ixxijs. In Lang' ad. xixii. In Pourstoke ad cs. In Hauakecherch ad iiijtt.
In Cerne abb' Decan' abbi (4). mon' ad xxxvjli. xjs. iijd. In mmterne ad
cxvs. viijd. In blokesworthe ad ixtt. In affepudle ad ixii. vijs. iijd. In
rappole decan' de Dorcestr' ad. vijfi. In Kymerich ad. viijii. ijs. In Pokes-
well ad xK. vs. iiijd. In wirdesforde ad. vjii. xjs. separatim taxantur
juxta quam taxam idem abbas et predecessores sui nuper abbates loci predicti
soluerunt decimas et alias quotas cum clero quociens et quando. Et hiis visis et
prefato abbati expositis quia non liquet curie quod idem abbas pro aliquibus
1. (?) Nolentes. 3. (?) Districcionem.
2. (?) Taxatis. 4. (?) Albi.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 69
temporalibus suis in villa de Tolre frm wrth et stoke taxatus existit quesitum est f . 4.
ab eo si quid dicere sciat quare particule none super ipsum in villis predictis assesse
de ipso leuari non debent dicit quod in villa de Tolre f ratrum est quoddam hamelett'
vocatum Winfred egle in quo temporali'a sua ad Ixiiij s, viij d. et in villa de
wrth est quoddam hamelett' vocatum Bemmescomb' et temporalia sua in eadem
ad. xiij li. xv s. ijd. Et in villa de stoke est similiter quoddam hamelett'
vocatum wollesbrigg' et temporalia sua in eadem ad cxv s. taxauit cum clero
quociens et quando etc. Et sic dicit quod temporalia pro quibus ipse assidetur ad
noiiam in villa de Tolre fratrum sunt in winfred egle in villa de wrth sunt in
Eemmescomb' et in villa de stoke sunt in woleforigg'. dicit vlterius quod omnia
temporalia pro quibus assidetur ad nonam in singulis villis parochiis et locis
predictis quibus assidetur ad nonam spiritualibus suis sunt annexa et fuerunt de
possessione domus sue predicte Anno vicesimo supradicto et tune temporis ad
decimam cum clero taxata et ipse et predecessores sui decimas et alias quotas cum
clero quociens et quando etc. Adiciendo ipsum seu predecessores suos aliqua
terras seu tenementa in villis et locis predictis post dictum annum Vicesimum non
adquisiuisse nee aliqua bona seu catalla dicto anno xiiij ibidem habuisse alia quam
de terris et tenementis sic spiritualibus suis annexis exeuncia. Et hec
omnia pretendit verificare qualitercumque curia etc. Et facto vlterius scrutinio
rotulorum etc. quoad temporalia ipsius abbatis in wynfred egle Eemmescomb'
et wollebrigg' compertum est quod temporalia dicti abbatis in wynfred
egle decan' Dorcestr' ad Ixiiij s. viijd. In Eemmescomb' ad xiij ft. xvs. ijd.
et in Wollebrigg' cxvs. taxantur iuxta quam taxam idem abbas et pre-
decessores sui soluerunt decimas et alias quotas cum clero quociens et quando
etc. Et quia curia vult certiorari super superius suggestis antequam vlterius etc.
concordatum est quod inquir' inde. Et pre. s.' vie.' quod ve. fa. hie a die sancti
hilarii in xv. dies. xij. etc. de visu villarum et locorum predictorum quorum
quilibet etc. per quos etc. qui nee etc. ad recognitionem etc. Et quod premuniri
faceret Abbatem de schireborne Johannem wake Johannem de Brideport et
Eogerum le Gilden assessores et venditores none predicte in comitatu predicto
quod intersint capcioni inquisiconis predicte si sibi viderint expedire. Et ideo dies
datus est prefato abbati interim respectum etc. Ad quern diem predictus abbas
venit. Et vie' retorn' breve et nomina iur' etc. Et quod premuniri faceret pre-
fatos assessores etc. Et ipsi non veneruiit. Ideo datus est dies eidem abbati
vlterius a die pasche in xv. dies. Et pre. s. vie' quod distr' eosdem iur' etc. Et
pre illos sex taP etc. et quod premuniri faceret prefatos assessores etc. Ita etc. ad
eundem diem vel interim coram Johanne Tidingtone clerico assignato per literas
Eegias patentes ad Inquisicionem illam capiendam ad certos diem et locum quos
etc. Ita quod earn habeat hie ad predict' in quinden' Pasche etc. Inquisicio capta
apud Dorchestr' in comitatu Dors' coram Johanne Tidilington clerico die Jouis
proxima post festum sancti gregorii anno regni regis E. tercii post conquestum
xx j in presencia abbatis de Cerne ibidem comparent' per attornatum suum et in
absencia abbatis de Schir' et sociorum suorum assessorum et venditorum none
garb' veil' et agnorum domino regi anno regni sui xiiij. concesse in comitatu
70 THE CARTtfLARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
predicto ad hoc premunitorum et non comparencium per sacramcntium henrici de
Promesleye willelmi sprot henrici scherard henrici Antioche walteri sparwe
willelmi warham Johannis Gillingham Alexandri de watercombe Johannis
bakebre Johannis Warfoghell Eoberti quarel Johannis Warmewell Qui iurati
dicunt quod predictus abbas de Cerne nee predecessores sui nuper abbates loci
predicti non habuerunt aliqua terras nee tenementa in villis de Simondesberg Tolre
fratum winterborn abb' Langebr' Pourstoke Cerne hauakecherche Minterne Eappole
Wrth kimerich wirdesf orde Pokeswell Stoke blokeswurth et affepudle anno domini
Regis nunc xiiij alia quam ea que fuerunt de possessione domus sue predicto
Anno regni domini E. quondam Regis anglie auui domini Regis nunc xx quo tune
ad decimam cum clero taxata extiterunt nee aliqua bona mobilia in villis predictis
alia quam de terris et tenementis predictis exeuncia. Et dicunt quod temporalia
predicti abbatis in winfredegle ad Ixiiijs. viijd. in predicta villa de Tolre fratrum
in Remmescomb ad xiijli. xvs. iiijd. in predicta villa de wrth et in wollebrigg
ad cxv. s. cum clero taxata in predicta villa de stoke existunt. Et sunt ilia et
eadem temporalia pro quibus abbas predictus in predictis villis de Tolre frm wrth
et stoke ad nonam Anno xiiij. predicto extitit taxatus. Requisiti insuper predicti
jurati pro rege si particule huiusmodi none super ipsum abbatem in villis predictis
iuxta quantitatem bonorum suorum ad dictam nonam dicto anno xiiijo assiden-
dorum rite fuerunt assesse dicunt quod sic. In cuius rei testimonium predicti
jurati huic inquisicioni sigilla sua apposuerunt. Dat' die loco et anno supradict'
Ideo consideratum est quod predictus abbas de predictis xixJi. vd. ob. exoneretur
et quietus existat pretextu scrutinii inquisicionis et brevis regii et aliorum
premissorum. In magno rotulo de Anno xxiiij Regis E. tercii in rotulo somers'
continetur sic. Abbas de Cerne debet xix. s. vd. ob. de nonagarb' veil' et agnorum
regi concessa Anno xiiij pro bonis suis in villis de Symondesbergh Tolre fratrun
winterboriie abbatis langebr' Pourstoke Cerne hauekecherch et aliis villis set non
debet hide summoniri per breve regis irrotulat' in memorand' de anno xvij regis
huius termino Michaelis Et per processum inde habitum et consideracionem
baronum annotatam in rotulo placitorum de anno xxjo videlicet inter placita de
termino Michaelis. Et quietus est.
f. 4#. |4# contains a list, 17th century, of the monarchs of England from William
the Conqueror to Elizabeth.]
f . 5a. Memorandum quod Rex henricus secundus pater scilicet Ricardi et iohaiinis
regum anglie anno quartodecimo regni sui expeciit de quolibet feudo militis anglie
unani marcam ad maritandam filiam suam duci saxonum. Et peciit quod quilibet
qui de eo teneret in capite per litteras suas patentes significant quot haberent
milites inter quos significauit ei abbas Robertus de Cerne decimus quod tenuit
decem milites pro quibus debuit tantum seruicium duorum militum. Et scribitur
in rotulo quartodecimo dicti regis quod reddidit duas marcas pro duobus militibus
et quietus est. Et quod debet octo marcas pro octo militibus quod non recognoscit.
Que quidem octo mare nunquam fuerunt solute sed in sexto rotulo Regis Ricardi
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 7 1
f uit crusiatum illud debitum. In ceteris rotulis nichil inuenitur. (5) Littere Abbatis
Robcrti Domino H. Rcgi, sccundo dirccte et sunt scripts in rotulo et in libro ad
scaccarium londow apud Wcstmonasterium. Illustri domino suo H. Eegi anglie
Eobertus Cernelieusis ecclesie minister humiiis salutem et fidele seruicium.
Sullimitati uestre iiotificamus que sunt feuda militum ecclesie nostre de tempore
H. Begis aui uestri. et qui milites ea tenent. Eobertus de ver tenet feudum unius
militis et preter hoc hidam ct dimidiam unde censum reddere debet. Willelmus de
moiiasteriis feudum unius militis. Aluredus de Nichole feudum unius militis et
feudum quod iordanus iniuste tenet feudum unius militis. Robertus de Muntsorel
et iordanus de wotthune et osbertus kyggelnot et humfridus Makerel feudum
unius militis. Feudum quod Eadulfus de Eedpole tenuit feudum est unius militis.
Hugo de bosco feudum dimidium unius militis. Eobertus Eussel feudum unius
militis quadam uirgata minus tenet iniuste contra uoluntatem conuentus quia
nunquam auus suus illud tenuit de ecclesia neque pater suus nee tenere
debet. Super dominicum ecclesie sunt feuda trium militum et dimid' cum
tenura francolensium in villa cernelii. Quisque autem istorum debet facere
guardam ad preceptum uestrum apud castellum de corf uno mense per annum
uel si uobis placuerit habere inde militem ad exercitum interim dimissa guarda
duos milites ad uestrum seruicium inuenient. Predictus Abbas Robertus impetrauit
a dicto rcge pro se ct libcris tcncntibus suis ct eorum seruitiis quandam cartam in liec
uerba. (5.)
H. Eex anglie et Dux normannie et aquitanie et Comes andegauie vice-
comitibus et ministris suis tocius anglie salutem. Sciatis me concessisse abbacie de
Cerne Wrekcum per omnes terras suas super mare et bellum et polam et forum in
uilla de Cerne cum omnibus libertatibus suis militibus et libere tenentibus et eorum
seruitiis faciendo mihi seruicium duorum militum ad scutagium et unum militem
in expeditione. Testibus Eicardo episcopo winton' et Willelmo comite de arundel
et Eeginaldo cornice cornubie apud wodestokam.
Memorandum quod a tempore dicti H. Eegis secundi usque ad annum
quinquagesimum quartum H. regis tercii filii Eegis iohannis summonitio facta
fuit per scaccarium domini Eegis de scutagiis octo militum et arriragiis
centum quadraginta duarum librarum et sex solidorum et octo denariorum que
abbas non recognoscit. Dictus vero H. Eex tercius filius Eegis iohannis anno
regni sui quinquagesimo iiij inspecta carta H. Eegis aui sui intuitu dei et pro
salute anime sue et animarum antecessorum et heredum suorum de gratia special!
exactionem seruicii octo militum una cum arriragiis abbati et conuentui de Cerne
et eorum successoribus liberaliter ac misericorditer penitus remisit ac relaxauit
per cartam suam saluo sibi et heredibus suis seruitio duorum militum ad scutagium
et unius militis in expeditione ut patet in carta subscripta.
Henricus dei gratia Eex anglie Dominus hibernie et Dux aquitanie archiepiscopis
episcopis abbatibus prioribus comitibus baronibus iusticiariis uicecomitibus
prepositis ministris et omnibus balliuis et fidelibus suis salutem. Inspeximus
5. The words in italics are in red.
7 2 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
cartam quam dominus henricus quondam Eex anglie anus noster fecit abbacie de
Cerne in hec uerba. H. Eex anglie Dux normannie et aquitanie et conies
f. 60. andeganie uicecomitibus * et ministris suis tocius anglie salutem. Sciatis me
concessisse abbacie de cerne wrekcum per omnes terras suas super mare et bellum
et polam et forum in uilla de cerne cum omnibus libertatibus militibus et libere
tenentibus et eorum seruiciis faciendo mihi seruicium duorum militum ad
scutagium et unum militem in expeditione. Testibus Eicardo episcopo winton
Willelmo comite de arundel et Eeginaldo comite cornubie apud wodestokam.
Nos autem predictam concessionem ratam habentes et gratam earn pro nobis et
heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est concedimus et confirmamus sicut carta
predicta rationabiliter testatur. Et quia per summonitionem scaccarii nostri
seruicium octo militum ad scutagium simul cum seruitio predicto ratione terrarum
et tenementorum ad prefatam abbaciam de cerne spectantium diu exegeramus ab
abbate et conuentu domus eiusdem quod quidem seruicium octo militum nobis non
recognoscunt nee per rotulos scaccarii predicti compertum sit quod nos aut
antecessores nostri reges anglie post confectionem carte predicte de dicto seruitio
octo militum aliquo tempore seisinam habuimus nos intuitu dei et pro salute anime
nostre et animarum antecessorum et heredum nostrorum pati (6) et tranquillitati
domus predicte prouidere et eisdem abbati et conuentui gratiam in hac parte
facere volentes exactionem seruicii predictorum octo militum quod nobis non
recognoscunt ipsis abbati et conuentui et eorum successoribus duximus pro nobis
et heredibus nostris inperpetuum remittendam. Ita tamen quod nobis et heredibus
nostris faciant seruicium duorum militum ad scutagium et unum militem in
expeditione nostra sicut predictum est. Hiis testibus venerabilibus W. Eborum
archiepiscopo anglie primate N. Winton' et G. Wygorn' episcopis Eicardo Eege
almen' et W. de valenc' fratribus nostris Johanne de warenn' comite surr' Philippo
Basset Eoberto Walerond' Eoberto auguylun Willelmo de Wynthreshyll Willelmo
Belet Eadulfo de Bakepuz Stephano de edwrich Eogero de wauton' et aliis. Dat'
per manum nostram Westm' vicesimo quarto die mayi Anno regni nostri quin-
quagesimo quarto.
f. 6b. Littere domini regis directe baronibus de scaccario pro abbate et conuentu de
cerne (5).
Eex baronibus suis de scaccario salutem. Cum per cartam nostram confir-
mauerimus dilectis nobis in christo abbati et conuentui de cerne omnes terras et
teuementa que dominus henricus quondam rex anglie auus noster eis concessit
faciendo sibi seruicium duorum militum ad scutagium et unum militem in
expeditione et per summonitionem scaccarii nostri diu exegerimus ab eisdem
seruicium octo militum simul cum seruicio predicto ratione terrarum et
tenementorum ad eandem abbaciam spectantium quod quidem seruicium octo
militum nobis non recognoscunt et quod quidem seruicium octo militum per finem
quern nobiscum f ecerunt eis remisimus pro eo quod per rotulos dicti scaccarii uon
5. The words in italics are in red. 6. (?) Paci.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY. 73
est compertum quod nos aut antecessores nostri Eeges anglie post confectionem
carte predicte de eodem seruitio octo militum aliquo tempore seysinam habuimus
nobis mandamus quod cartam nostram quam idem abbas et conuentus inde habent
coram uobis legi et ipsos de dicto seruicio una cum arriragiis eiusdem seruicii
predictorum octo militum quod nobis non recognoscunt saluo nobis seruitio
predicto duorum militum ad scutagium et unius militis in expeditione nostra
quietos esse sic fieri et inrotulari faciatis. Testibus etc. Dat' apud Wyndeshores.
iij die iunii Anno regni nostri quinquagesimo quarto.
In magno rotulo de scaccario anni H. Regis tercii. liiijti. continetur quod abbas
de cerne debet. c. xlij. lib', vj. sol', viijd'. de pluribus scutagiis de feodis que non
recogiioscit set non debet inde summoneri. nee de cetero in futuris scutagiis de
eisdem feodis onerari per breui Regis in quo continetur quod rex per finem quern
idem abbas et conuentus fecerunt cum rege remisit eisdem seruicium octo militum
quod in scutagiis precedentibus exigebatur ab eodem abbate de feodis predictis pro
eo quod per rotulos scaccarii non est repertum quod rex aut antecessores sui Reges
anglie post confectionem carte H. aui Regis facte predictis abbati et conuentui
habuit seysinam de eisdem feodis set tantum de seruicio duorum militum ad
scutagium et unius militis in expeditione.
Memorandum quod anno Regni Regis Eduuardi vicesimo secundo circa f estum f . la.
sancti Petri ad vincula venit magna districcio ad dominum Walterum de Glocestria
tune vicecomitem Dors' super Abbatem Cernelii pro quodam seruicio vnius militis
quod Abbas predictus debebat in excercitu ipsius Regis in Wall' Anno decimo
Regni eiusdem. quod quidem seruicium Rex perdonauerat predicto Abbati ad
instanciam consortis sue Alienore Regine et direxit breve suum predicto vicecomiti
Dors' super hoc. set quia dicta perdonacio non fuit debito modo exsecuta versus
Baroiies de Scack' nee comperta fuit in Rotulis ad Scack' aliqua inencio de eadem
preceperunt dictam districcionem quod vicecomes distringent Abbatem per terras
et catalla ita quod manum non apponeret et quod de exitibus Respond' et quod
haberet corpus eiusdem Abbatis coram Baronibus de Scack' ad respondendum de
concelamento predicto facto ad exheredacionem Regis. Postea ad f estum sancti
Michaelis ad instanciam predicti Abbatis mandauit Rex breve Thesaurariis et
Baronibus de perdonatione quod tale fuit. Rex Thesaurariis et Baronibus de
Scack' salutem. Sciatis quod de gratia nostra speciali perdonauimus dilecto nobis
in christo Abbati de Cerne seruicium quod nobis fecisse debuerat in excercitu
nostro Wallie Anno regni nostri decimo pro vno feodo militis quod de nobis tenet
et ideo uobis mandamus quod ipsum Abbatem de seruicio illo de Anno predicto
quietum esse faciatis et districtionem si quam ei ea occasione fieri f eceritis sine
-dilatione relaxari faciatis eidem. Teste Rege apud farham xvij. die Sept. Anno
regni regis xxij. Barones uero per istud breue scripserunt vie' Dors' quod
supersederet super dicta demanda usque super compotum suum et quod retornare
faceret exitus si quos cepisset occasione mandati predicti et ita factum fuit. Ad
f estum uero sancti Johannis Baptiste Anno regni regis Eduuardi xxiij. super
compotum vicecomitis in allocacione breuium sibi directonun venit Abbas per
74 THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABBEY.
attornatum suum et petiit dictum breue allocari. Et Eesponsum f uit eidem quod
Abbas debuit seruicium duorum militum ipso attornato econtrario asserente quod
non debet nisi seruicium vnius militis in excercitu et duorum militum ad scutagium
et protulit quandam cartaru Kegis H. que eadem testabatur et in memorandis
Anni Eegis Edwardi xxiij cii irrotulatur et processus in Eotul' scriptus qui talis
est. Abbas de Cerne qui tenet omnes terras suas de Eege in capite per seruicium
duorum militum ad scutagium et vnum militem in expediccione sicut continetur in
Carta Eegis H. secundi quam idem Abbas et Conuentus eiusdem loci hide habentet
quam idem Abbas protulit ad scaccarium que irrotulatur inter memorand' anni
xxiij cii Eegis huius debet Eespondere de seruicio vnius militis quod Eegi f ecisse
debuerat in excercitu Wallie anno x et quod Eegi eodem excercitu concelauit ad
exheredacionem Eegis sicut continetur in memorandis predictis set non debet inde
summoneri per breve Eegis cuius datum est xxvij die Decembris anno xxij in.
quo continetur quod Eex perdonauit eidem Abbati seruicium quod ipse Eegi
f ecisse debuerat in predicto excercitu Wallie anno .x. pro vno feodo militis quod
de Eege tenet per quod etiam breue mandat Eex (7) Thesauriis et Baronibus de
scaccario quod predictum Abbatem de seruicio illo de anno predicto quietum
esse faciant Et quietus est.
f . lb. Memorandum quod Edwardus Eex Anglie filius Henrici Eegis anno regni sui
Tricesimo primo expeciit de quolibet feodo militis Anglie Quadraginta solidos ad
primogeiiitam filiam suam maritandam Et tune respondit Abbas de Cern' de
duobus feudis soluens' quatuor libras J. Gereberd tune vicecomiti et J. de
mueburn' militi vnde habet tall'.
Edwardus dei gratia etc. dilectis et fidelibus suis vice-comite Dors' et Johanni
de Muleborn' salutem. Cum nuper assignauerimus uos ad Quadraginta solidos de
singulis feudis militaribus in comitatu predicto in auxilium ad primogenitam filiam
nostram maritandam ad opus nostrum colligendum et leuandum ac iam ex querela
delecti nobis in christo Abbatis de Cern' acceperimus quod vos formam
assignacionis nostre predicte excedentes ipsum Abbatem ad huiusmodi auxilium
nobis tarn de terris et tenementis que tenet socagio et libera et perpetua elemosina
quam de aliis terris et tenementis suis que tenet per huiusmodi f euda et seruicia
militaria et etiam pro pluribus feudis quam teneat in comitatu predicto prestand'
distringitis iniuste in ipsius Abbatis dampnum non modicum et graumen Nolentes
eidem Abbati iniuriari in hac parte uobis mandamus quod ad feuda militaria et
terras et tenementa que ipse Abbas tenet per seruicium militare in comitatu
predicto tantum et non ad quantitatem terrarum et tenementorum suorum
consideracionem habentes ipsum Abbatem ad aliquid racione auxilii predicti ultra
id quod ad ipsum pertinet de feudis predictis et terris et tenementis suis que tenet
per seruicium militare in eodem comitatu nobis prestaiidum iiullatenus distringatis
ipsum contra forman assignacionis predicte molestantes in aliquo seu grauantcs.
Teste meipso apud Odyham octauo die Januarii Anno regni nostri Tricesimo primo.
7. This word in the margin.
THE CARTULARY OF CERNE ABfeEY. )5
Venerabili in christo patri et domino E. permissione diuina Cant' archiepiscopo
tocius Aiiglie primati suus humilis et deuotus Capellanus Abbas de Cernelio salutem
et tanto patri debitam obedieiitiam reuerenciam pariter et honorem. ad
comparendum coram vobis hac instanti die veiieris in crastino Ascensionis domini
apud nouum templum London' audiendum articulos per vos suffraganeis vestris et
clero vestre cant' prouincie iiiibi exponendos et super ipsis vna cum aliis personis
ecclesiasticis mee coiidicionis et status deliberandum tractandum et quatenus ad
honorem dei et exaltacionem ecclesie anglicane iuxta vestre paternitatis
deliberacionem circumspectam cedere potest specialiter conseiisciendum et si
iiecesse fuerit in am'mam nostram iurand' et omnia alia que ad nos pertinent
ibidem facieiid' dilectum nobis in christo magistrum T. de Weston' procuratorem
nostrum facimus et constituimus per presentes. Eatum et firmum habentes et
habituri quicquid idem procurator in premissis nomine nostro duxerit faciend'. In
cuius rei testimonium sigillum nostrum presentibus duximus apponend' Dat' apud
Cerne etc.
Pateat vniuersis per presentes quod nos T. (8) Abbas vel Prior de Cern' sarum f . 8#
dioc' ordinis sancti -Benedicts (9) cum causa excusactonis sufficiente te clara in
procurator' expresse inserta quominus prouinciali capitulo apud Northampton die
lune proxima post festum Natiuitalis beate Marie anno domini etc. poterimus
interesse Dilectum nobis in christo ffratrem T. comchu nostrum facimus ordinamus
et constituimus per presentes excusatorem et procuratorem nostrum legitimum
ad comparendum pro nobis et nomine nostro in dicto capitulo damusque eidem
potestatem in auimam nostram iurand' causam excusacionis quam pretendimus
esse veram nee non tractan' cum hiis qui erunt in capitulo memorat' ac
consenciend' omnibus hiis que in ipso capitulo fuerint per presidentem vel
presidentes et ipsum capitulum ordinata nee non omnia al' fac' que ad excusatoris
seu procuratoris officium necessaria fuerint aut aliqualiter oportuna. Eatum et
gratum habituri quicquid idem procurator et excusator noster fecerit in premissis
sub rerum nostrarum et dicti monasterii seu prioratus nostri omnium ypoteca. In
cuius rei testimonium sigillum nostrum commune presentibus est appensum.
Vniuersis sancte matris Ecclesie filiis presentes litteras Inspecturis vel audituris f . 8b.
ffrater Eobertus permissione diuina Cantuar' archiepiscopus tocius anglie primas
salutem in domino sempiternam. Deuociones christi fidelium acceptis deo
indulgeiitiarum muneribus ad orationum suffragia et caritatis opera volentes
propensius excitare de omnipotentis dei misericordia beate marie uirgiiiis beati
Thome martiris et omnium sanctorum meritis confidentes omnibus uere
penitentibus et peccata sua dimittentibus qui ad ecclesiam coiiuentualem
monachorum de Cemelio sarum dioc' pia deuotione accesserint et coram magno
altari orationes suas deo placabiles in eadem Ecclesia dixeriiit suasque oblaciones
8. Different hand.
9. Later hand.
76 THE CARTULARY OF CEkNE ABBEY.
ibidem feceriiit aut fabricam ecclesie memorate de bonis sibi a deo collatis aliqua
caritatis subsidia intuitu dei duxerint conferenda. xxx ta dies de Iniuncta sibi
penitentia misericorditer relaxamus. Batificantes et confirmantes omnes
indulgeiitias ab aliis coepiscopis nostris quibuscunque hactenus in hac parte
concessas et de cetero concedendas. Dat' apud Midletun' Sarum dioc' ij. Id. Martii
Anno domini M CC LXX septimo consecracionis nostre sexto.
Beuerendo in christo patri B. dei gratia Cantuar' Archiepiscopo totius anglie
primati Prior et conuentus cemel' salutem ct debitam reuereuciam cum honore.
Ad hunc instantem diem sancti Laurencii martiris aput nouum templum Lond' in
congregacione cleri cum continuacioiie et prorogacione dierum sequencium usque
ad ipsius congregacionis ad ordinand' tractand' prouidend' ct consenciend' hiis que
per communitatem cleri ibidem f uerint ordinata et statuta pro releuamine ecclesie
Angl' dilectum nobis in christo E. de plumpto nostrum facimus procuratorem
Eatum et habentes et habituri quicquid idem procurator nomine nostro in
premissis duxerit faciend' et si necesse f uerit in animas nostras tarn de calumpnia
quam de veritate dicend' prestand' que vestrum mandatum requirit eidem
procuratori damus potestatem. In cuius rei etc. Dat' etc.
[The following is written at the foot of the page; the first words of each
line are too faded to be read.'}
] uestro prouinciali die lune proxima post festum sancti E. regis in
ecclesia sancti pauli lond' celebrando cum continuacione et ] die Lune
proxima post festum sancti Edmundi regis in ecclesia sancti pauli London' in
congregacione cleri cum continuacione et prorogacione dierum sequencium usque
ad ipsius congregacionis expedicionem finalem.
(To be continued.}
Translation by B. FOSSETT LOCK, Barrister-at-Law.
Folio la blank.
JTTHOMAS, by the Grace of God, Archbishop of Folio
Canterbury, Primate of the English and
Legate of the Apostolic See, to all the faith-
ful of Holy Church, Greeting. Know all of
you that, trusting in the Divine mercy, we
grant an indulgence of 20 days to all who
with pious devotion shall visit or send any
gift to the church of Cerne on the yearly
leasts of the blessed Peter, chief of the
apostles, and the blessed Edwold the Martyr, or within the 18
days following. And we declare them participators in the
prayers and benefits of the church of Canterbury, Farewell.
Jocelyn, by the Grace of God, Bishop of Salisbury, to all the
faithful to whom this letter shall come, Greeting- Know all of
you that, trusting in the merits of the blessed Edwold and in the
prayers of the religious brethren of the monastery of Cerne,
we remit 15 days of penance to all our parishioners who shall
have contributed their alms for the re-building of the aforesaid
monastery. Farewell.
jS THE CERNE CARTULARY.
Jocelyn, by the Grace of God, Bishop of Salisbury, to all the
faithful, Greeting in the Lord. Know all of you that, trusting in
the Divine mercy, we grant 20 days indulgence for confessed
sins to all who, with pious devotion, shall have visited the church
of Cerne at the yearly feasts of the blessed Peter, chief of the
apostles, and the blessed Edwold the Martyr, or within the
15 days following, and declare them participators in the prayers
and benefits of the church of Salisbury. Farewell.
In the year of our Lord 1311, on the i4th of June, the day of
S. Basil Bishop and Martyr, the Lord Gilbert, Bishop of
Annadown, in Ireland, dedicated an altar in the chapel of the
Abbot of Cerne in honour of SS. Stephen and Laurence the
martyrs, and of S. Katherine the virgin. And he granted
20 days of indulgence on the yearly feast of each.
Also in the same year, on the morrow of S. Basil, the same
bishop of Annadown dedicated the whole chapel of the Infirmary
of Cerne in honour of the glorious Virgin Mary and of S.
Margaret and of S. Apollonia, and granted 30 days of indulgence
for ever to all coming thither at the yearly feasts of each of them.
In the year of our Lord 1318, on the i5th March, Roger of
Morteval, Bishop of Salisbury, dedicated the great altar of the
church of the monastery of Cerne in honour of Mary, the
mother of God, and S. Peter, chief of the apostles, and he
granted for ever an indulgence of 40 days at each of their feasts.
Be it remembered that, in the year of our Lord 1396, on the
1 2th day of the month of November, the Lord Henry, Bishop
of Annadown in Ireland, the suffragan of the Lord Richard
Medford Bishop of Salisbury, dedicated two altars in the chapel
of Nether Cerne ; namely, the great altar in honour of All Saints
and an altar in the south part or aisle of the same chapel in
honour of S. Etheldreda the Virgin : in the time of Robert, the
24th abbot, the office of Sacristan being in the hands of the
same abbot.
Folio la. To his illustrious Lord, Henry, King of England, Robert, the
humble minister of the church of Cerne, greeting and faithful
service. We notify to your Highness what are the Knights' fees
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 79
of our church as of the time of King Henry, your grandfather,
and what Knights hold them. Robert de Vere holds one
Knight's fee and, besides this, one hide and a half for which he
ought to render contribution. William of the Monasteries, one
Knight's fee. Alured of Nicholas, one Knight's fee. And the
fee of which Jordan is unjustly in possession is one Knight's fee.
Robert of Mount Sorel and Jordan of Wotton and Osbert
Kiggenhot and Humphry Makerel, one Knight's fee. The fee
which Ralph Redpole held is one Knight's fee. Hugh de Bush,
half a Knight's fee. Robert Russel is in possession of one
Knight's fee, less one rod, which he holds unjustly and against the
will of the convent because neither did his grandfather nor his
father ever hold it of the church, nor ought he to hold it. In the
demesne of the church itself are three and a half Knights' fees
under the tenure of freemen in the town of Cerne. Now each
of these ought at your bidding to keep the guard at Corfe Castle
one month in the year : or if it shall please you to have from
them soldiery for your army (in the meanwhile dismissing the
guard) they shall find two knights for your service.
Such a letter Robert the Abbot sent, and it is written in the
roll and in the book at the London Exchequer at Westminster.
In the second year of King Henry, the grandfather of the
present King, ascutage was assessed on the fees of the prelates
at the rate of 20 shillings. And then the abbot answered for
three Knights by the hand of the sheriff.
In the fifth year of the same king, he had an aid of the
Knights of England, to wit, for each fee 2 marks, and then the
abbot [answered] in the same way for three Knights.
In the 7th and 8th years the scutage of Toulouse was assessed
at the rate of 2 marks, and then the abbot [answered] for three
Knights.
In the 1 4th year of the same reign King Henry demanded for
the marriage of his daughter to the Duke of Saxony from each
fee of the Knights of England i mark, and he required that every
one who held of him in chief should signify by his letters patent
how many Knights he had (as tenants). Amongst whom the
80 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
Abbot of Cerne signified that he held ten Knights for whom he
owed only the service of two knights. And it is written in the
1 4th roll that he paid the composition of 2 marks for two knights
and is quit of that, and that he owes eight marks for eight
knights which he does not acknowledge, which eight marks were
never paid. But in the 6th roll of King Richard that debt is
cancelled. In the other rolls, nothing is found.
Folio 2b. In the zyth year of the reign of King Henry, son of King John,
the Abbot of Cerne paid the scutage of Gascony, to wit four
pounds for two fees which he acknowledges, and the tally was
allowed.
Folio Za blank.
Folio 3J. In the Plea Roll of the 2ist year of King Edward the Third
among the pleas of Michaelmas Term, the Lord King directed
this his writ under his great seal which is among the common
entries of Michaelmas Term in the i yth year of his reign in these
words : " Edward, by the grace of God King of England and
France and Lord of Ireland, to his Treasurers and Barons of the
Exchequer, Greeting. Whereas recently (because in our last
parliament it was agreed that the religious brotherhoods and
other ecclesiastical persons who [were not summoned] to our
parliament held at Westminster on the Wednesday next after
Mid Lent Sunday in the i4th year of our reign in England, at
which the prelates earls barons and commonalty of the same
realm summoned to the same parliament granted us one ninth
part of sheaves one ninth part of skins and one ninth part of
lambs for the furthering of certain affairs of ours in ports beyond
the seas, and who should pay to us the tenths formerly granted
to us by themselves of those temporalities annexed to their
spiritualities which were taxed for tenths among the same
spiritualities in the 2oth year of the reign of the lord Edward
formerly King of England our grandfather, should be altogether
exonerated from the payment of the aforesaid ninth in respect of
their aforesaid temporalities so taxed at a tenth, and that of the
lands and tenements acquired by the same religious and other
ecclesiastical persons since the said twentieth year the same
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 8 1
ninth should be levied for our use) we by our writ commanded
the sellers and appraisers of the aforesaid ninth in the County of
Dorset that they should altogether set aside the demand which
they had made upon our beloved in Christ the Abbot of Cerne
(who was not personally summoned to our parliament held on
the said Wednesday as appears from inspection of the rolls of
our Chancery) for payment to us of the said ninth part of sheaves
skins and lambs in respect of the temporalities annexed to his
spiritualities which were taxed for a tenth as part of his
spiritualities in the said twentieth year ; and also that they
should cause to be restored to him, the aforesaid abbot, without
delay, anything which they had levied from him in respect of the
said ninth ; provided that the said ninth should, according to the
aforesaid arrangement, be levied for our use in respect of the
lands and tenements acquired by the said abbot or his
predecessors since the said twentieth year ; Yet now we have
been informed on the part of the aforesaid abbot that, although
the said sellers and appraisers had altogether set aside the
demand which they had made upon the said abbot for the
payment to us of the aforesaid ninth of his aforesaid tempor-
alities by virtue of our aforesaid command, nevertheless you are
unjustly causing this very abbot by a summons of the aforesaid
exchequer to be grievously distrained and disturbed concerning
the payment for our use of the like ninth of his temporalities
which were taxed at the rate of a tenth among his same
spiritualities in the said 2oth year, to the no small charge and
grievance of the same abbot ; whereupon he besought us that
provision should be made for a remedy for him by ourselves.
Now we, being [un] willing to burden the abbot unduly in this
respect, command you (if on view of our aforesaid order it shall
appear to you that such demands have been made on our behalf)
that then you do cause to be set aside the exaction which by the
summons of the aforesaid exchequer you are causing to be made
for our use upon the said abbot for payment of the aforesaid
ninth of his temporalities so taxed at the rate of a tenth among
the spiritualities in the aforesaid zoth year, and also do cause the
82 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
abbot himself to be discharged therefrom at the same exchequer
and to be quit, and that you do cause any distraint which you
may have put upon him in that matter to be released without
delay. Provided that the aforesaid ninth of any lands and
tenements which have been acquired by the abbot himself or his
predecessors after the said zoth year, if not already levied for
our use, be levied according to the aforesaid arrangement.
Witness Edward Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester our
most beloved Son, Warden of England, at Kennington the 25th
day of October in the i6th year of our reign in England and the
3rd of our reign in France."
And now comes here the aforesaid abbot by John Longesdone
his attorney and says that he will be grievously distrained by the
Sheriff of Dorset for 19 os. 5^d. for the aforesaid ninth as if
his temporalities were not annexed to his spiritualities. And he
prays that right may be done to him in this matter according to
the tenor of the aforesaid command of the King. And there-
upon, scrutiny being made of the rolls &c. it was found in the
great roll of the i8th year in Dorset that ig os. 5^d. are
exacted of the Abbot of Cerne for the ninth granted in the i4th
year of the reign, of which 403. was in the town of Symondsbury,
43. in the town of Toller Fratrum, los. in the town of Winter-
borne Abbas, 405. ki the town of Longbredy, 4. i8s. s^d. in the
town of Powerstock, 205. in the town of Cerne, 73. in the town of
Hawkchurch, 133. 4d. in the town of Minterne, 155. in the town
of Radipole, 6s. 8d. in the town of Worth, 24.5. in the town of
Kimmeridge, 363. 8d. in the town of Pokeswell, 195. in the town
of Woodsford, 33. in the town of Stoke, 205. in the town of
Bloxworth, 22S. 4d. in the town of Affpuddle as appears in the
1 4th roll, and in the roll of the particulars of the assessment of
the Abbot of Sherborne and his colleagues, the appraisers and
sellers of the aforesaid ninth in the County of Dorset, which
rolls are here present in the Treasury. Moreover upon
examination of the rolls as to what temporalities of the same
abbot are annexed to his spiritualities, it was found in the rolls
of the particulars of the valuation of the temporalities of the
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 5
clerk assigned by the king's letters patent for holding that
inquisition at a certain day and place which &c. so that he have
it here on the aforesaid day within the quindene of Easter. The
inquisition was held at Dorchester in the county of Dorset
before John Tidilington the clerk on the Thursday after the
feast of S. Gregory in the 2ist year of the reign of King Edward
the third since the conquest, in the presence of the Abbot of
Cerne appearing there by his attorney, and in the absence of the
Abbot of Sherborne and his colleagues appraisers and sellers in
the aforesaid county of the ninth of sheaves skins and lambs
granted to the Lord King in the i4th year of his reign, who had
notice for this purpose and did not appear, by the oath of Henry
of Promesleye, William Sprot, Henry Sherard, Henry Antioch,
Walter Sparrow, William Warham, John Gillingham, Alexander
of Watercombe, John Bagber (?), John Warfoghell, Robert
Quarel, John Warmwell, who upon their oath say that neither the
aforesaid abbot of Cerne nor his predecessors recently abbots of
the aforesaid place had any lands or tenements in the towns of
Symondsbury, Toller Fratrum, Winterborne Abbas, Longbredy,
Powerstock, Cerne, Hawkchurch, Minterne, Radipole, Worth,
Kimmeridge, Woodsford, Pokeswell, Stoke, Bloxworth, and
Affpuddle other than' those which were in the possession of
his house in the aforesaid zoth year of the reign of the Lord
Edward formerly King of England, grandfather of the present
King, which were then taxed at the rate of a tenth with the
clergy, nor any moveable goods in the aforesaid towns other than
those issuing out of his lands and tenements. And they say that
the temporalities of the aforesaid abbot in Wynford Eagle are
assessed with the clergy at 645. 8d. in the aforesaid town of
Toller Fratrum, and those in Remmescombe at ^13 153. 4d. in
the aforesaid town of W T orth, and those in Woolbridge at 1 155. in
the aforesaid town of Stoke : and they are those and the same
temporalities for which the aforesaid abbot was assessed at the
rate of a ninth in the aforesaid i4th year in the aforesaid towns
of Toller Fratrum, Worth, and Stoke. The aforesaid jurors being
further questioned on behalf of the king if the particulars of
84 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
the clergy as often and when &c. adding that neither he nor his
predecessors had acquired any lands or tenements in the towns
and places aforesaid since the said zoth year, nor had any goods
or chattels in the same places in the said i4th year other than
such as were issuing out of the said lands and tenements so
annexed to his spiritualities. And all these things he offers to
prove in whatever way the Court &c. And further, upon scrutiny
being made of the rolls &c. as to the temporalities of the abbot
in Wynford Eagle, Remmescombe, and Woolbridge, it was found
that the temporalities of the said abbot in Wynford Eagle in
the deanery of Dorchester are valued at 645. 8d. and those in
Remmescombe at ^13 153. zd. and those in Woolbridge at 1 155.
and that upon this valuation the same abbot and his predecessors
paid tenths and other quotas with the clergy as often and when
&c. And because the Court desires to be certified upon the
points above suggested before proceeding further, it was agreed
that an inquisition should be held concerning them. And it was
ordered that the sheriff should cause to come here within fifteen
days after the day of Saint Hilary twelve [true and lawful men]
upon view of the aforesaid towns and places, of whom some &c
by whom &c who neither &c for the ascertainment &c. : and
that he should cause notice to be given to the Abbot of
Sherborne, John Wake, John of Bridport, and Roger le Gilden,
the appraisers and sellers of the aforesaid ninth in the aforesaid
county to attend the holding of the said inquisition if it should
seem expedient to them so to do. And accordingly a day was
given to the said abbot, and meanwhile respite &c., At which
day comes the aforesaid abbot. And the sheriff returned the
writ and the names of the jurors &c, and that he had caused
notice to be given to the aforesaid appraisers &c. And they did
not come. Accordingly a further day was given to the said
abbot within 15 days after Easter day. And the sheriff was
ordered to distrain the same jurors &c. and in addition to them
six other such &c. and to cause notice to be given to the
aforesaid assessors &c. So etc [the matter was adjourned] to
the same day or in the meanwhile before John Tidington the
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 5
clerk assigned by the king's letters patent for holding that
inquisition at a certain day and place which &c. so that he have
it here on the aforesaid day within the quindene of Easter. The
inquisition was held at Dorchester in the county of Dorset
before John Tidilington the clerk on the Thursday after the
feast of S. Gregory in the zist year of the reign of King Edward
the third since the conquest, in the presence of the Abbot of
Cerne appearing there by his attorney, and in the absence of the
Abbot of Sherborne and his colleagues appraisers and sellers in
the aforesaid county of the ninth of sheaves skins and lambs
granted to the Lord King in the i4th year of his reign, who had
notice for this purpose and did not appear, by the oath of Henry
of Promesleye, William Sprot, Henry Sherard, Henry Antioch,
Walter Sparrow, William Warham, John Gillingham, Alexander
of Watercombe, John Bagber (?), John Warfoghell, Robert
Quarel, John Warmwell, who upon their oath say that neither the
aforesaid abbot of Cerne nor his predecessors recently abbots of
the aforesaid place had any lands or tenements in the towns of
Symondsbury, Toller Fratrum, Winterborne Abbas, Longbredy,
Powerstock, Cerne, Hawkchurch, Minterne, Radipole, Worth,
Kimmeridge, Woodsford, Pokeswell, Stoke, Bloxworth, and
Affpuddle other than' those which were in the possession of
his house in the aforesaid 2oth year of the reign of the Lord
Edward formerly King of England, grandfather of the present
King, which were then taxed at the rate of a tenth with the
clergy, nor any moveable goods in the aforesaid towns other than
those issuing out of his lands and tenements. And they say that
the temporalities of the aforesaid abbot in Wynford Eagle are
assessed with the clergy at 645. 8d. in the aforesaid town of
Toller Fratrum, and those in Remmescombe at 13 155. 4d. in
the aforesaid town of Worth, and those in Woolbridge at 1 155. in
the aforesaid town of Stoke : and they are those and the same
temporalities for which the aforesaid abbot was assessed at the
rate of a ninth in the aforesaid i4th year in the aforesaid towns
of Toller Fratrum, Worth, and Stoke. The aforesaid jurors being
further questioned on behalf of the king if the particulars of
86 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
that ninth were properly assessed upon the said abbot in the
aforesaid towns according to the quantity of his goods assessable
to the said ninth in the aforesaid i4th year they say, yes. In
witness whereof the said jurors have set their seals to this
inquisition. Given at the above-mentioned day place and year.
Therefore it is considered that the said abbot be discharged
from the aforesaid 19 os. 5^d. and be quit by virtue of the
scrutiny the inquisition the royal writ and other the premisses.
In the great roll of the 24th year of King Edward the Third in
the roll of Somerset there is contained this entry : " The Abbot
of Cerne owes 19 os. sjd. for the ninth of sheaves skins and
lambs granted to the king in the i^-th year in respect of his
goods in the towns of Symondsbury, Toller Fratrum, Winter-
borne Abbas, Longbredy, Powerstock, Cerne, Hawkchurch, and
other towns, but he ought not to be summoned therefor accord-
ing to the writ of the king enrolled in the memorandum of the
i yth year of the present king in Michaelmas term and the
process which was held thereupon and the judgment of the
barons noted in the roll of pleas of the zist year to wit among
the pleas of Michaelmas Term. And he is quit."
Folio 5. Be it remembered that King Henry the Second, the father to
wit of Richard and John kings of England, in the fourteenth
year of his reign demanded from every knight's fee in England
one mark for the marriage of his daughter to the Duke of
Saxony. And he required every one who held of him in chief
to notify by their letters patent how many knights they held.
Among whom Robert, the tenth Abbot of Cerne, notified to him
that he held ten knights for whom he owed only the service of
two knights. And it is written in the fourteenth roll of the said
King that [the Abbot] paid two marks for two knights and is
quit : and that he owes eight marks for eight knights which he
does not admit. And these eight marks were never paid, but in
the 6th roll of King Richard that debt was cancelled.
The letter of Robert the Abbot addressed to the Lord King
Henry the Second is written in the roll and in the book at the
Exchequer of London as follows: "To his illustrious Lord
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 87
Henry, King of England, Robert, the humble minister of the
Church of Cerne [sends] greeting and faithful service. We
notify to your Highness what are the knights' fees of our church
of the time of Henry your grandfather, and what knights hold
them. Robert de Vere holds one knight's fee and, beside this, a
hide and a half for which he ought to pay tax. William of the
Monastery, one knight's fees : Alured of Nichole, one knight's
fee ; and the fee which Jordan unjustly holds is one knight's fee :
Robert of Mountsorel and Jordan of Wootton and Osbert
Kyggelnot and Humphry Makerel, one knight's fee. The fee
which Ralph of Redpole held is one knight's fee. Hugh of
Bush, half a knight's fee. Robert Russel holds unjustly one
knight's fee, less one rod, against the will of the convent because
neither his grandfather nor his father ever held it, nor ought he
to hold it. In the demesne of the church are three knights' fees
with the tenure of freemen in the town of Cerne. Moreover
each of them is bound to keep the guard at your bidding at
Corfe Castle one month yearly, or if it shall please you to have
from them soldiery for your army, meantime waiving the guard, Folio 5b.
they shall find two knights for your service."
The aforesaid Abbot Robert obtained from the said King for
himself and his free tenants and their servants a certain charter
in these words.
Henry, King of England and Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine
and Count of Anjou, to his sheriffs and officers in all England
Greeting. Know that I have granted to the Abbey of Cerne the
right of wreck on all their lands by the sea and of battle and
pola and a court in the town of Cerne and all its liberties, for
their knights and free tenants and their serfs on condition that
they perform for me the service of two knights for scutage and
one knight on foreign service. Witnesses Richard Bishop of
Winchester and William Earl of Arundel and Richard Earl of
Cornwall at Woodstock.
Be it remembered that from the time of the said King Henry
the Second to the fifty-fourth year of King Henry the Third, the
son of King John, a summons was issued by the Exchequer of
8 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
the Lord King concerning the scutage of eight knights and
arrears of a hundred and forty two pounds six shillings and
eight pence which the Abbot does not admit. But the said
King Henry the Third, son of King John, in the fifty fourth year
of his reign, after inspection of the charter of King Henry his
grandfather, and at the divine instigation and for the safety of
his soul and the souls of his predecessors and his heirs,
generously and mercifully by special favour wholly remitted and
released to the Abbot and convent of Cerne and their successors
the demand for the service of eight knights together with the
arrears by his charter reserving to himself and his heirs the
service of two knights for scutage and one for foreign service as
appears by the underwritten charter.
" Henry by the grace of God King of England Lord of
Ireland and Duke of Aquitaine to his archbishops bishops
abbots jurors earls barons justices sheriffs reeves officers and all
bailiffs and lieges Greeting. We have inspected a charter which
the Lord Henry formerly King of England our grandfather made
to the Abbey of Cerne in these words. {The charter is then
repeated as set out above.~] Now we holding the aforesaid grant to
be good and satisfactory do grant and confirm the same for
ourselves and our heirs as far as in us lies as the aforesaid
charter reasonably testifies. And whereas by a summons of
our Exchequer we have long demanded a service of eight
knights for scutage, as well as the aforesaid service, in respect
of the lands and tenements belonging to the aforesaid abbey of
Cerne from the abbot and convent of that house, which service
of eight knights they do not indeed admit and it is not shown
upon the rolls of our Exchequer that either we or our ancestors
fhe kings of England since the making of the aforesaid charter
have at any time had seisin of the said service of eight knights.
Now we by the inspiration of God and for the salvation of our
soul and the souls f our ancestors wishing to provide for the
peace and tranquility of the aforesaid house and to confer a
favour on the same abbot and convent in this matter have for us
and our heirs caused to be released for ever to the same abbot
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 89
and council and their successors the demand of the service of
the aforesaid eight knights, which they do not admit to be due
to us. Provided nevertheless that they perform for us and our
heirs the service of two knights for scutage and one knight for
foreign service, as aforesaid. In the presence of these
venerable witnesses, W Archbishop of York, primate of England,
N Bishop of Winchester and G Bishop of Worcester Richard
King of Germany and William de Valence our brothers, John de
Warrenne Earl of Surrey, Philip Basset, Robert Walrond, Robert
Anguylan, William of Wynthreshill William Belet, Ralph of
Bakepuz (?) Stephen of Edwrich Roger of Walton and others ;
given under our hand at Westminster on the 24-th day of May
in the 54th year of our reign.
Letters of the Lord King directed to the barons of the Folio 6b.
Exchequer on behalf of the Abbot and convent of Cerne.
The King to his barons of the Exchequer, greeting. Since
by our charter we have confirmed to our beloved in Christ the
abbot and convent of Cerne all the lands and tenements which
the Lord Henry formerly King of England our grandfather
granted to them on doing service to him of two knights for
scutage and one knight for active service, and since we have long
demanded from them by the summons of our Exchequer the
service of eight knights as well as the aforesaid service in
respect of the lands and tenements belonging to the same
abbey, which service of 8 knights however they do not admit to
us and which service of 8 knights according to the agreement
which they have made with us we have released, upon the
ground that it is not shown by the rolls of the said Exchequer
that we or our ancestors kings of England since the granting of
the aforesaid charter have at any time had seisin of the same
service of eight knights ; We command you that you do cause
our charter which the same abbot and convent hold to be read
before you and do cause it to be declared and enrolled that they
are quit of the said service together with the arrears of the
same service of the aforesaid eight knights which they do not
admit to us, saving to as our aforesaid service of two knights for
90 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
scutage and one knight on our foreign service, Witnesses, &c.,
given at Windsor on the 3rd day of June in the 54th year of our
reign.
On the great roll of the Exchequer of the 54th year of King
Henry is an entry that " the abbot of Cerne owes ^142 6s. 8d. for
several scutages of fees which he does not admit but he ought
not to be summoned therefor ; nor moreover, in future scutages to
be burdened concerning the same fees according to the writ of
the king in which it is certified that the king, by the fine
which the same abbot and convent have made with the king,
has released to them the service of eight knights which was
demanded in the former scutages from the same abbot
concerning the same fees : for the reason that it is not shown
on the rolls of the Exchequer that the king or his predecessors
Kings of England, since the granting of the charter of Henry
the king's grandfather made to the aforesaid abbot and convent,
had seisin of the same fees but only of the services of two
knights for scutage and one knight on foreign service.
Folio la. Be it remembered that in the zznd year of the reign of King
Edward about the time of the feast of S. Peter in Chains there
came to the lord Walter of Gloucester then sheriff of Dorset a
great process of distress upon the Abbot of Cerne for a certain
service of one knight which the aforesaid abbot owed in the
army of the king himself in Wales in the loth year of the same
reign which service however the King had pardoned to the
aforesaid abbot at the instance of his consort Queen Eleanor
and directed his writ to this effect to the aforesaid sheriff- of
Dorset. But because the said pardon was not directed in the
usual form to the Barons of the Exchequer and there was not
found on the rolls of the Exchequer any mention of it, they
ordered the said distress, that the sheriff should distrain the
abbot by his lands and chattels so that he should not lay hands
on them and should answer for the rents and profits and should
have the body of the same abbot before the Barons of the
Exchequer to answer for the aforesaid concealment practised to
the disinheritance of the King. Afterwards at the feast of Saint
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 91
Michael the King directed his writ to the Treasurers and Barons
concerning the pardon which writ was as follows " The King to
the Treasurers and Barons of the Exchequer Greeting; Know ye
that of our special grace we have pardoned to our beloved in
Christ the Abbot of Cerne the service which he ought to have
rendered in our army in Wales in the loth year of our reign for
one knight's fee which he holds of us and therefore we command
you to cause the abbot to be quit of that service for the year afore-
said, and that without delay you cause to be released to him any
distress which you may have caused to be made in that respect.
Witness the King at Fareham on the lyth day of September in
the 22nd year of the King's reign." But the Barons on receipt
of that writ wrote to the sheriff of Dorset that he should desist
from the said demands over and above his own charges and that
he should cause any profits which he had taken by notice of the
aforesaid ; order to be returned, and it was done. But at the
feast of S. John the Baptist in the 23rd year of the reign of King
Edward concerning the charges of the sheriff in the allowance
of the writs directed to him came the Abbot by his attorney and
demanded that the said writ should be allowed. And answer
was made to him that the Abbot owed the service of two
knights, while his attorney on the contrary maintained that he
only owed the service of one knight in the army and of two
knights for scuta ge and he produced a certain charter of King
Henry which proved this and it was enrolled in the memoranda
of the 23rd year of King Edward and a process was written on
the roll which is as follows. " The Abbot of Cerne, who holds
all his lands of the King in chief by the service of two knights
in scutage and one knight on active service, as appears by a
charter of King Henry the Second (which the same Abbot and
the Monastery of the same place hold from him and which the
same Abbot produced at the Exchequer and is now enrolled
among the memoranda of the 23rd year of the present king)
ought to answer for the service of one knight which he ought to
have performed for the king in the army of Wales and which he
withheld from the King in the same army to the disinherison of
92 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
the king as appears in the aforesaid memoranda. But he is not
to be summoned on that occount by reason of the King's writ
dated the 27th day of December in the 22nd year in which it
appears that the King has pardoned the same Abbot the service
which he ought to have performed in the aforesaid army of
Wales in the i oth year for one knight's fee which he holds of the
King, by which writ he orders the Treasurers and Barons of the
Exchequer to allow the aforesaid Abbot to be quit of that service
for the year aforesaid. And he is quit.
Folio 7*. Be it remembered that Edward King of England the son of
King Henry in the thirty-first year of his reign demanded from
every knight's fee of England forty shillings for the marriage of
his first born daughter. And then the Abbot of Cerne answered
for two fees paying four pounds to John Gereberd the then sheriff
and John of Milbourne knight from whom he holds a tally.
Edward by the grace of God &c. to his beloved and faithful
the Sheriff of Dorset and John of Milbourne Greeting. Whereas
we lately appointed you to collect and levy for our use forty
shillings of every military fee in the aforesaid county as an aid
to the marriage of our first born daughter. And whereas now
by the complaint of our beloved in Christ the Abbot of Cerne
we have heard that that you exceeding the terms of your
appointment are unjustly distraining this same Abbot to pay us
an aid of this amount as well for the lands and tenements which
he holds in socage and in free and perpetual alms as of other his
lands and tenements which he holds by military fees and
services of that nature and also for more fees than he holds in
the aforesaid county, to the no small damage and grievance of
the said Abbot: Now we, being unwilling that any injustice
should be done to the Abbot in this respect, command you that,
having regard only to the military fees and to the lands and
tenements which the Abbot holds of military service in the
aforesaid county and not to the whole extent of his lands and
tenements, you in no wise distrain the said Abbot to pay to us
anything on account of the aforesaid aid beyond his proportion
of his aforesaid fees and lands and tenements which he holds
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 93
by military service in the same county, not molesting or
troubling him in any way against the terms of your aforesaid
appointment. Witness myself at Odiham the 8th day of January
in the thirty-first year of our reign.
To the venerable father and lord in Christ Robert, by divine
permission Archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England,
his humble and devoted chaplain the Abbot of Cerne sends
greeting and also the obedience reverence and honour due to so
great a father. By these presents we appoint and constitute our
beloved in Christ Master Thomas of Weston our proctor to
appear before you on Friday instant the morrow of the Ascension
of our Lord at the New Temple in London to hear the articles
to be there addressed by you to your suffragans and your clergy
of the province of Canterbury and to deliberate and treat
concerning them with the other ecclesiastical persons of my own
condition and status and in particular to agree so far as under
your fatherly and prudent advice may conduce to the honour of
God and the exaltation of the English church and, if necessary,
to swear for our soul ; and to do all other things which appertain
to us. Ratifying and confirming and promising to ratify and
confirm whatever the same proctor shall think fit to do in our
name in the premisses. In witness whereof we have caused our
seal to be affixed to these presents. Given at Cerne, etc.
Know all men by these presents that Whereas we have Folio 8a.
expressly imparted to our proctor a sufficient and clear cause of
excuse why we shall be unable to bs present at the provincial
chapter at Northampton on the Monday next after the feast of
the Nativity of the blessed Mary in the year of our Lord etc. ;
now we Thomas the Abbot or Prior of Cerne in the diocese
of Salisbury of the order of Saint Benedict by these presents
appoint ordain and constitute our beloved brother in Christ
Thomas our fellow monk to be our apologist and lawful proctor
to appear for us and in our name at the said Chapter. And we
give him power to swear by our soul that the cause of excuse
which we put forward is true and also to treat with those who
shall be present in the said Chapter and to consent to all things
94 THE CERNE CARTULARY.
which in the Chapter shall be ordained by the president or
presidents and the Chapter and also to do all other things which
shall be necessary or in any way suitable to the office of an
apologist or proctor. Promising to ratify and approve whatever
the same our proctor and apologist may do in the premisses
under pledge of all the property of our said monastery or priory.
In witness whereof our common seal is affixed to these presents.
To all the sons of Holy Mother Church who shall read or
hear these present letters We brother Robert, by divine per-
mission Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England,
earnestly desiring by gifts of indulgences acceptable to God to
stir up the devotions of Christ's faithful to the support of prayers
and to works of charity and trusting in the mercy of almighty
God and in the merits of the blessed Virgin Mary the blessed
Thomas the Martyr and all the saints, do mercifully release
30 days of any penance imposed upon them to all those truly
penitent and ashamed of their sins who shall in pious devotion
go to the conventual church of the monks of Cerne in the
diocese of Salisbury and shall say their prayers pleasing to God
in the same church before the great altar and shall make their
oblations there or who out of the goods conferred on them by
God shall by the inspiration of God cause any gifts of charity to
be contributed to the fabric of the before mentioned church.
And we ratify and. confirm all indulgences hitherto granted or
hereafter to be granted in this respect by all other our fellow
bishops whatsoever. Given at Milton in the diocese of
Salisbury on the i3th of March in the izyyth year of our Lord
and in the sixth year of our consecration.
To the venerable father in Christ Robert, by the grace of God
Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England, the Prior
and convent of Cerne send greeting and due reverence with
honour : we appoint our beloved in Christ, Robert of Plum ton,
our proctor for the day of St. Lawrence -the Martyr instant at the
New Temple in London in the congregation of the clergy with all
adjournments and prorogations from day to day until the final close
of the congregation to ordain discuss consider and consent to all
THE CERNE CARTULARY. 95
things which by the community of the clergy may be there
ordained and decreed for the relief of the English church.
Ratifying and promising to ratify whatever the same proctor may
cause to be done in our name in the premisses ; and if necessary
we give to the same proctor power to say and warrant upon our
souls whatever your mandate may require as well in repelling
false charges as in establishing the truth. In witness whereof,
etc. Given etc.
* In your provincial [chapter] to be held in S. Paul's Church
in London on the Monday after the feast of St. Edward the
King with adjournments, and
On the Monday after the feast of S. Edmund the King in St.
Paul's Church in London in the congregation of the Clergy with
adjournment and prorogation from day to day until the final
close of the congregation.
(To be continued.)
* These are probably alternative forms of the special parts of such a
power of attorney.
n
AS SHEWN BY THE WlLLS PRESERVED IN THE
BOROUGH ARCHIVES.
By the Rev. R. GROSVENOR BARTELOT, M.A
(Read Feb. 19th, 1907.)
[Y the kindness of the Mayor of Bridport I three years
ago made copies of the ancient wills preserved
amongst the records of that historic Borough.
They are exceedingly interesting locally, and
would be a valuable contribution to Dorset lore if
printed. As the majority of these documents
viz., forty-nine out of sixty-five are dated in the
fourteenth century I have chosen the above, title
for my paper. Needless to say they are written in
old Latin of the most canine type, very much abbreviated, and
as they have suffered much from the ravages of time I thought it
best to make a complete copy translated, which I am annotating
in case at any time they may be thought worthy of publication.
When it is remembered that the Wills of the Province of
FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT. 97
Canterbury preserved at Somerset House date only from the year
1383, whilst those of the Northern Province are extant from six
years later, it will be seen that we can add one more item to our
" Praise o' Dosset," for the earliest of these Bridport wills is
dated 1268.
It will be asked, how did these documents come to be located
in their present custody ? As every one knows, the Church was,
until last century, the keeper of all records testamentary, but in
this case there is evidence that, like the Court of Hustings in
London City, and like the Corporation of Bristol as shewn by
the " Great Orphan Book," the Bridport Borough Court
actually proved and recorded in their archives the wills not only
of townsmen, but also those of residents outside their own
jurisdiction. Witness the following endorsements : (A.D. 1349).
" This will was proved before Richard Laurencz and William
" Hyghcock Bailiffs of Brideport in full Court on Tuesday the
" feast of the nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the 23rd
"year of King Edward III. (1349)." Again in 1396 "proved
" before John Palmer and John Crouks bailiffs of Bridport in
"full court held the Monday next Michaelmas 21 Ric. II. In
" testimony of which the seals of the Bailiffs are affixed," &c. I
may add that many of these wills have also the seal of the
Official of Dorset on which is represented a double-headed eagle
displayed with a crescent between the heads ; the legend reads
" SIGILLUM OFFICIALITATIS DoRCETiE." A most perfect example
of the earliest extant seal of the borough figures on the will of
Sir William Curshey 1374.
One word about the fourteenth Century itself by way of intro-
duction to my subject. It is the period in which our land
emerged from insular jealousies and racial rivalries into national
unity and European prominence. It is the Century of great
battles; Halidon Hill (1333), Sluys the Trafalgar of that
Period (1340), Crecjand Neville's Cross (1346), Poictiers (1356).
Norman and Saxon, Welshman and half-caste put aside
hereditary animosities, and fought shoulder to shoulder against
a common foe. It is the Century also in which the various races
98 FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT.
within our island blended to form the true British breed ; which
unity ousted the French tongue and created the English
language and literature with Chaucer and Wycliffe as its able
exponents. It is the age, too, of originality and independent
initiative, when with the emancipation of the serf arose that
mainstay of England's greatness, the middle class, represented by
the country gentleman, the yeoman, and the merchant venturer.
Now for the wills themselves. I touch lightly on their topo-
graphical interest, and endeavour to show what light they
throw on domestic, municipal, and ecclesiastical life in Bridport
during the Fourteenth Century.
From a topographical point of view' may I here take the liberty
of daring to correct so great a master of Dorset lore as the late
Mr. H. J. Moule himself ? Yet so it must be. In Old Dorset
occurs a very pretty derivation of the strange name "Girtups,"
the house in Bridport where Mr. Morey dwells. Mr. Moule
describes how King Charles II. as a fugitive from Worcester
fight, disguised as the groom of Mistress Juliana Coningsby,
alighted outside this very house to "girth up" his horse, and
ever afterwards the said dwelling retained the name of Girtups
in his honour. I distrust such a derivation. I fear it is the
exact converse to the case of that Pickwickian antiquary who
went into ecstacies over the field named " Wet Whistle,"
writing a lengthy article explaining how it meant the Saxon
' White Housel,' and evidently provided a rent to buy altar linen
for the Church ; only to discover from the oldest inhabitant that
the name arose from the local farmer having given them a hogs-
head to " wet their whistles " one great harvest year when wheat
Was worth growing. Now I turn to these ancient wills. I find
that a cleric called Sir Nicholas Gertop was one of the chaplains
of St. Michael's, Bridport, in 1360, and in these wills he receives
legacies from various pious testators. He endowed the Chantry,
of which he was priest, with a house, and naturally it was called
after him " Gertop's House." Added to this, a century and a
half later, when the Chantries were dissolved, a messuage called
4< Gyrtoppes, some time the property of St. Michael's Chantry,"
FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT. 99
together with the Chapel of St. Michael, was in the third year of
King Edward VI. by Royal Letters Patent granted to William
Fountayne and Richard Mayne. In the interests, therefore, of
historical research I think the King Charles' incident must give
way in this case.
Another place-name amongst many is worthy of notice.
John Proteys in 1390 bequeaths a house called " Castleheigh "
on the east side of South Street, between a house belonging to
the Corporation on the south and Walter Hazard's tenement on
the north. That there was a Castle of some kind at Bridport is
shewn by the extant name " Castle Square," which is on the west
side of South Street below the Church, and evidently connected at
one time with that strange old building called "the Dungeness."
One word about the kind of houses the. people lived in. It
would appear that a narrow frontage to the street with a long
rope-walk or garden at the back was the general type of tene-
ment in the Fourteenth Century. The basement was groined,
paved with stone or spread with rushes, and called the cellar,
though not always below the frontage level. Above this and
reached by a short stone staircase was the ' solar chamber,' the
sun room or Sunday parlour, and above this again would be the
sleeping chambers, the garrets, and the merchant's store room.
In the year 1339 Lucy Barri bequeaths " eight shillings rent
" coming from one celar which John the Hatter holds for life
" and one solar over it which celar together with solar is situated
" in the angle on the east side of the Chapel of Blessed
" Andrew." She also mentions " The open warehouse (selda)
above my chamber," so that hers was evidently a three -storied
house. It seems strange to us in these days to realise how two
or three different owners could exist amicably beneath the same
roof. Robert Bemynstre, in 1386, says " Item I bequeath that
shop which is beneath the mansion of Thomas Sore and called
the Mede house to the bailiff and community of Bridport for
ever." Here we have at the same time two different owners of
the same building. What an exquisite dilemma for the lawyers
would arise when the first-floor owner brought an action against
100 FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT.
the basement landlord to repair his foundations, to which the
latter replied that he had a perfect right and intended to pull
down his part of the house !
These wills shew us the value they set in those days on clothes,
jewels, ornaments, and even on the now unreckoned trifles of
domestic furniture. Dame Cristina de Stikelane, who by the
way leaves a legacy to Stickland Church, must have looked
remarkably attractive in her Sunday best, for by her will in 1268
she bequeaths with great care such valuable articles of attire as
" my tunic of green cloth," " my tunic of blue, my blue cape,"
"my super-tunic of bernet cloth," "the buckle of gold which
Adam Goldsmith bequeathed to me." She thus makes bequest
at the same time to a lady of a Dorchester and Farringdon family
whose relative lies in St. Peter's Church "To Alice the daughter
of William de Anne one buckle of gold bequeathed by her
mother to me," whilst to her son Bartholomew de Stikelane she
gives "one cup of silver and all my cups of gold with feet and
without," besides "a gold buckle," " several silver spoons," "a
feather bed, all my tapestries," "and all my brass pots."
I can only say that for anyone studying the evolution of
human clothing and household furniture these wills are invalu-
able. Herein one may read to his heart's content of legacies
taking the form of " my maser cup hooped with gilt, my silver
bowl large and round, my tin drinking cup, brass pots and pans,
all sorts of brewing utensils, trivets, spits, platters, and forks for
cooking purposes, oak coffers." Add to these such household
articles as " my blue curtains," " one kiverlit of white," " one
table cloth," " two candelsticks," " one hand towel," " two
towells," "a napkin," "my quilt of new cloth," "9 yards of
linen cloth," " one wooden spade and a washing tub," and a fair
idea of "the simple life" of those days is obtained. At the
same time one can almost picture mentally the dress of the i4th
century citizens of Bridport from the following items of carefully
inventoried legacies: Agnes Talant in 1371 possessed "a best
robe stuffed with feathers," which descended to her son as an
heirloom ; she also thought worthy of mention " her kirtell with
FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT. 10 1
the black cape to it " and her green robe stuffed with feathers.
A hood with silver gilt knobs must have been a great piece of
vanity, not to mention " my girdle edged with silver gilt," whilst
"my gown furred with blue fur" and " my gown of violet furred
with rabbit skin " recall to mind the Act of Parliament of 1362^
which very minutely described what kinds of fur might be worn
by the nobleman, the esquire, and the merchant. No man
having less than ^40 a year income dared presume to wear
" any fur of martins, letuse, pure grey, or pure miniver."
I must not forget an interesting item relating to the military
clothing of those days. John Proteys in 1390 bequeathed to the
fabric fund of St. Mary's, Bridport, " All my armour, namely one
helmet together with the vizor, one breastplate worth ten
shillings or else ten shillings in money, one' cuirbouilli' (i.e.,
boiled leather) buckler, one spear, one sword, and one pike."
He also gave to his uncle at Wareham a sword and a dagger.
Doubtless he had been a warrior bold, and may have represented
Dorset on the field of Poictiers. Whether he intended his
helmet to be hung up over his tomb according to the ancient
custom, or whether the whole of his armour was to be sold for
the good of the Church, I leave to those more expert in these
matters to decide. I rather think that, if such helmets were not
out of date and unsaleable, the Church gladly parted with them
for a price ; otherwise they were hung above the donor's tomb,
and so remained.
I pass on to the second section of my subject, and glance at
some of the side lights which are thrown by these wills on the
municipal and mercantile life of the Borough. And here, there
is a wide field of material, not only for the townsman, but also
for the student of county and national history. Bridport
appears as a flourishing mediaeval town. The King was lord
of the manor, so the burgesses had the privileges of a royal
borough, and their reeves or provosts held the manor at a rent of
16 per annum to the King as early as the Charter of 1252,
which provided that two bailiffs be elected annually to be
responsible for this payment. As every one knows, Bridport was
102 FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT.
always famous for its rope trade. Even back in the reign of
King John the town had supplied the ropes, sailcloth, hawsers,'
great cables, and all other tackling for the royal navy, and
when in 1322, the budding shipping port of Newcastle-on-Tyne
desired to start the same trade in the North, the Sheriff of Dorset
was ordered to send six ropers from the Wessex town, to teach
their northern cousins the mysteries of rope making. I suppose
that most of us have heard the well-worn witticism of the
"Bridport dagger" as an euphemism for the hangman's coil.
Just as the Parliamentary candidate, whose rival had charged him
with having an ancestor hanged for felony, assured his constitu-
ents that the said worthy had merely broken his neck by slipping
through a hole in a platform at a public meeting, so also the
little allusion to being stabbed with a Bridport dagger softened
any reference to life's ending, when the law secured its victim.
John Leland, the antiquary, was at Bridport in Henry VIII.'s
reign collecting materials for his History, and, of course, the
people told him the ancient joke, but he entirely missed the
point, and gravely wrote down "At Bridporth be made good
daggers." I mention this because the rope trade was at its
height here in the early fourteenth century, and there are several
references in these wills which shew that rope was not only
manufactured, but the raw material was also grown on the spot ;
for instance, such legacies as these: "To my granddaughter
Johana Clench one bottell of hemp, Item to Alice daughter of
Philip Doe two bottells of hemp and one piece of land sown
with hemp." The term ' bottell ' was evidently something to
do with the local manner of measuring this material, which is
alluded to as early as King John's reign, when the King orders
tackling for the navy ' according to Bridport weight.' "
Another testator bequeaths "one rood of hemp land lying in
the culture which is called Pencheford." Some fields appear
to have been specially suited as regards soil for growing hemp,
and evidences of the cultivation thereof are still extant in the
present day, in the shape of the little hemp flowers still bloom-
ing in summer time in the hedge rows around Bridport,
FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT. 103
A word on the subject of the keeping of accounts in those
days. The merchant muddled his head with no voluminous
ledgers and day books ; he worked on the cash system as far as
possible, and when credit was allowed his invoice was presented
not on a neatly ruled sheet of paper but on one half of a notched
stick which had been cleft down the middle. This was called
a tally a word still used as a verb in our language to-day the
corresponding half of which stick the merchant himself retained.
(It will be remembered that this same primitive method of
account-keeping was adopted by the scorer in the early days of
the game of cricket, each run being notched on a stick with a
knife.) Here are some examples how people in their wills
bequeathed debts, &c. : To Hugh, son of William de Anne,
twenty shillings out of a debt of forty shillings, which by his
tallies is to be received by me. " Item to my son Bartholomew
Stikelane all my debts by tallies or otherwise."
I mentioned just now that the rope trade flourished in Brid-
port in the Early Fourteenth Century, and I said this with
guarded intention, for in the year 1348 the town received at one
fell swoop a blow from which it hardly recovered during the
next fifty years. It was the year of the terrible plague called the
Black Death, which, starting in Asia, swept across Europe,
devastated the Channel Islands, and thence was carried in a
trading vessel to the Dorset coast. The Chronicler records this
in these words : " In the year of our Lord 1348, about the feast
of the Translation of St. Thomas of Canterbury (July yth), the
cruel pestilence terrible to all future ages came from parts over
sea to the South Coast of England into a port called Melcombe
in Dorsetshire." Bridport suffered severely : both the bailiffs died
of the pestilence, and the population of the borough was
decimated, and trade was paralysed for years afterwards. These
old wills reflect the state of affairs, for, after an average, during
the century, of one will recorded every two years, no less than
fifteen are preserved for this fateful twelvemonth and most of
them have the appearance of being hurriedly made with the
hand of death stealing a hold on the testator. It may be also
104 FOURTEENTH CENTURY LTFE IN BRIDPORT.
said that the wills for this year were enrolled for safety in the
borough archives, since the fear of infection precluded access to
the Archdeacon or Archbishop for probate.
However, it may be noted that the chief interest of these
wills, from a municipal point of view, is that they shew so
clearly how the Corporation acquired those properties which
supply its present wealth. Take a case in point the Greyhound
Hotel. One can trace the whole or part of its site back to the
year 1307, when William, son and heir of Robert de Bemynstre,
bought a house alongside St. Andrew's Church. Twenty-three
years later Richard de Bemynstre, whose son of the same name,
the M.P. for Bridport and founder of St. Katherine's Chantry,
thus bequeaths it in his will in 1386: "Item I give and
" bequeath unto Alice my wife for life all that my tenement
" with the tavern lately built on the east side of St. Andrew's
*' Church on condition that after her death the said tenement
" shall remain to the Bailifs of the Community of Bridport
" and their successors for ever." I might instance several
other testators who left land thus in reversion to the borough,
and in many cases they saddled their bequest with a condi-
tion that an annual mass and obit should be provided for
ever in their memory. Needless to say, the latter condition
lapsed at the Reformation, though the Borough still enjoys the
lands.
Let me pass on to the third point fourteenth century church
life in Bridport as illustrated by these wills. A whole volume
might be written on this subject. Ecclesiastically, this small
town was exceedingly well equipped. There were no less than
five churches, of which St. Mary's is the only one now extant.
St. Andrew's stood on the site of the present Town Hall ; St.
John's on the site of the Priory Rope Factory ; St. Michael's by
the present lane of that name ; and St. Swithun's by Allington
Vicarage. There were, besides, the Magdalen Leper-house in
Allington, and the St. John's Hospital by the East Bridge, now the
site of the West Dorset Club House. Not only were these well
supported by endowments and legacies, but a staff of ten clergy
FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRlbPORT. 105
officiated in the town, whose names, preceded by the knightly
title of " Sir," instead of " Reverend," figure as legatees in
many of the wills, whilst St. Mary's, the parish church, had at
least seven altars dedicated respectively in honour of Our Lady,
All Saints, St. Leonard, St. Katharine, St. Nicholas, St. George,
and the Holy Trinity. Guilds and brotherhoods flourished in
profusion ; the confraternity of St. Nicholas, of the Holy Cross,
of the Holy Trinity, the brotherhood of the lamp of St. Mary, and
various other bodies corresponding in a certain degree to our
friendly societies are mentioned in these wills ; nor was church
life in those days so insular or so exclusively parochial as
it is nowadays. Very few thought of making a will without
bequeathing a legacy to the Cathedral, " to the fabric of the
Cathedral of St. Mary of Sarum, one ring of silver," says Agnes
Talant in 1371, whilst the Dorset abbeys, priories, hospitals,
and many of the local churches, even as far as Dorchester and
Weymouth, figure in the bequests of liberal Bridport merchants.
"To the Rector for tithes forgotten," was a regular phrase of
legacy, and such an assortment of cattle, sheep, lambs, bull
calves, bushels of wheat, and "Six and eightpences" fell to his
share as must have made the living a valuable piece of prefer-
ment. The parish clerk and the bedeman too received legacies,
whilst from the number of endowed anniversaries or obits com-
memorating deceased testators it would seem that not a day
in the calendar was free from some bell tolling function. It is
easy to see the tendency of events towards the Reformation ;
hardly a landed estate in the place, but the Church had some
claim out of it in payment for masses, candles, obits, or
anniversaries. One cannot, however, but admire the zeal and
devotion of the good sisters of the St. John's Hospital and the
Magdalen leper house, whose pious work was often recognised
by the testators. Much of the pre-Reformation hospital work
of the Church has been over-looked or under-valued in books
dealing with the subject. No words can exaggerate what a loss
to the country the dissolution of these institutions was at the
Reformation.
io6 FOURTEENTH CENTURY LIFE IN BRIDPORT.
Let me conclude by saying that this ancient Wessex town
was at the end of the i4th century occupying the proud position
of fourth largest borough in Dorset. And from these ancient
wills it may be seen that the inhabitants were domestically,
municipally, and ecclesiastically acting up to those excellent
traditions which their successors of the present day so ably
carry on.
of ^cxinfaH, &c., in
in 1906.
By H, STILWELL.
No man more surely pays a debt
Than Rain pays Fair, and Fair pays Wet."
Old Doggerel.
RETURNS of Rainfall for 1906 have been sent in
from 5 2 stations. One of these, however, began
only with the month of August, and one return
contained the rainfall at Chetnole up to the end
of July, and at Leigh for the remaining five
months of the year.
The return, commencing in August, was from
the Rev. W. M. Barnes, of Monkton Rectory,
whom we are glad to enroll amongst the list of recorders. The
only observer we have lost is Judge Philbrick from Wimborne,
who has crossed the border into Hampshire. One new name
appears in the list, that of Captain Dymond, at Charminster.
The record of rainfall in this county, which was formerly
tabulated and arranged with so much care and exactitude by
Mr. Henry Storks Eaton, covers a period of 50 years prior to
1906, and the mean total annual amount for that period has
been 33*632^5. By the table following for 1906, it will be seen
108 RAINFALL IN DORSfiT.
that the mean of the 48 stations comprised therein amounted to
3 3 -8 Sins., so the county has received a trifle over the average
rainfall of the previous 50 years.
Its fall was very unequally spread over the different months.
January received more than double its usual share, but of the
seven months beginning with March, with the exception of May,
all were very dry, culminating with only 0*98 as the mean for
August and 1*03 for September. With October the drought
broke, with copious rain on both the ist and 2nd, and November
followed with a total above the average.
The fall in January was most remarkable. Upwards of i in. of
rain was recorded at eleven stations on the ist, and at no less
than 34 stations on the 2nd. Again, on the i6th January,
upwards of i in. fell at 14 stations. During the year, upwards
of i in. was registered on 1 6 different days, viz., three in January,
two in May, two in June, three in October, and six in November.
At two stations, upwards of 2 in. was registered on i3th May,
namely, at Gillingham 2'36in., and at Milton-on-Stour 2*o6in.
The storm which produced this rainfall was of unusual heaviness,
and it is referred to in some of the following "Observers'
Notes." It was, however, very local, and at only four stations
was upwards of i in. taken on that day, viz., at Gillingham,
Milton-on-Stour, Buckhorn Weston, and Shaftesbury. The
storm appears to have extended along the N.W. part of the
county and to have been concentrated in its northern extremity,
but no rain was registered on that day at Winterbourne Houghton
or Winterbourne Whitchurch, or to the eastward of those places ;
and Wimborne, Sturminster Marshall, Parkstone, and the stations
near the S. coast as far as Lyme Regis entirely escaped. An
account of the storm and the damage caused by it was given in
the Three Shires' Advertiser of May ipth, 1906, from which the
following extract is taken :
One of the most violent storms within living memory passed over the district
on Sunday. The morning was bright and fine, lout the clouds gathered thickly
early in the afternoon, and just before three o'clock thunder was heard. Soon
afterwards a heavy downpour of hail and ra\n commenced and continued almost
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 109
uninterruptedly until half -past ten o'clock in the evening. The downpour was
accompanied by heavy thunder, and lightning flashed from all quarters of the
horizon.
Throughout the district the, storm was so heavy as to cause a great deal of
damage to gardens, many of which presented a sorry appearance on the following
morning. In addition to this a great deal of damage was done to the fruit crops
by the large hailstones.
As might easily be imagined, the attendances at the various places of worship
were but small, the people showing but little disposition to face the storm.
Reports of damage caused by the storm have been received from all quarters.
In Gillingham, so far as can be ascertained, no damage has been caused beyond
the destruction of a few trees by lightning.
Our Shaftesbury correspondent writes that the tremendous crashes of thunder
and the vivid lightning filled the inhabitants with alarm. The downpour of rain
transformed the streets into running streams of water, and many people were
kept busy in checking an influx into their houses. In the afternoon the
pinnacle over the turret of Holy Trinity fell into the churchyard, fortunately
missing the building, or extensive damage would have been done to the sacred
edifice. As it is, the repairing of the pinnacle will involve a considerable outlay,
which, fortunately, will be partly covered by the Ecclesiastical Insurance Co., with
whom it was insured. Quite a large number of people visited the scene during
the evening, and the service was held as usual. A cottage in Layton, occupied
by a man named Hayward, w r as also struck, the lightning striking the chimney
and dislodging a quantity of bricks, passing down the chimney and completely
removing the fire grate out of its position. The chimney of Dorset House, in
Haimes Lane, was also injured. A cottage in Enmore Green was severely
damaged, and a horse in a field at Enmore Green belonging to Mr. J. Bragg, of
High Street, was struck by the lightning, which caused lock-jaw. On Sunday
evening the service at St. James' Church was abandoned. Many people had
gone out for drives in the afternoon and had to put up anywhere they could find
shelter.
At Lily's Green, a house in the occupation of Mr. Jas. Blandford was
damaged by lightning. A hole was made in the chimney, and the stones, falling
inwards, descended the chimney, dislodging a kettle from the fire, fortunately
without any injury being caused to the family of five who were sitting around.
They were all very much frightened and quickly made their escape from the
room.
At Lower Coombe, Mr. Jeremiah Sanger, market gardener, has sustained very
serious loss, his crops of potatoes, peas, &c., being washed clean away. During
the storm a cloud is said to have burst over his field, the water sweeping every-
thing before it to the depth of a foot. Mr. George Sanger's cottage was flooded
and his outhouses filled with water and soil. A large oak tree standing near the
cottage was struck by lightning, the bark being stripped from the trunk in all
directions and some of the branches being splintered into matchwood,
1 10 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
Mr. John Gillingham, market gardener, whose gardens are close to Mr.
Ranger's, was served in the same manner by the water. During the storm four
heifers belonging to Mr. William Ford, Hook Farm, Wardour, were struck by
lightning and killed.
At Jubilee Farm, Nyland, which is occupied by Mr. John Courtney, a chimney,
about seven feet high, was struck by lightning and split in half, and some of the
bricks were thrown sixty yards. For two or three seconds the place resembled a
ball of fire and several persons in the vicinity were so much stunned by the shock
as to be unable to see anything for some minutes.
A severe storm passed over the Wimborne district on Sunday, and many peals
of thunder were heard during the afternoon and evening. The lightning in the
evening was very vivid, and a heavy fall of rain was recorded in the district north
of the town, although none actually fell in the urban area. The river Stour was
much swollen on Tuesday, but, fortunately, a flood, which would be a very
unwelcome visitor, did not follow.
The storm was very severely felt in Wiltshire and some trees were struck by
lightning near Semley Church. Mr. A. R. White had a ewe and lamb killed at
Charnage. At Kingston Deverill Mr. Sfratton lost four ewes and a lamb which
were struck, and at Brixton Deverill a thatched cottage was set on fire. The
Vicar closed the service at the church, and the congregation succeeded in putting
out the fire before much damage was done. The lightning struck the house of
Mr. King, farmer, of Dinton, while the family were at tea. The house was set
on fire, but the outbreak was soon extinguished. Those in the house escaped
with a fright ; very little damage was done. The foundations of the obelisk at
Stourhead were much damaged by lightning, and Mr. C. Pickford, of Heath
Farm, Stourtou, had two sows and seven pigs killed by the lightning. While
Mrs. Davis was in the kitchen of her house at Morgan's Vale the lightning struck
the mantelpiece, smashed a clock which was on it, rendering it quite useless,
besides burning the paper on the wall.
During the progress of the storm, at 9.30 p.m., Mr. Holmes, photographer, of
Castle Street, Mere, succeeded in getting a splendid photograph of the Church
and tower, showing a magnificent flash of lightning falling to the earth quite
close to the tower. The telegraph poles and even the wires are quite distinct.
Fortunately, little damage was done in the immediate neighbourhood of Mere,
but Mr. A. B. White had two sheep killed by the lightning.
In Fonthill Park some trees were struck, one tree being completely splintered.
Four heifers belonging to Mr. Ford, at Nook Farm, were killed whilst at Fonthill
Bishop. The bark of a poplar tree was ripped from the top to the bottom of the
trunk.
A very heavy thunderstorm was experienced at Castle Gary on Sunday last,
the thunder and lightning being continuous from about three in the afternoon
till midnight. The lightning was exceptionally vivid, but no serious damage was
done, the only building that suffered being an implement house on Lodge Hill
belonging to the Manor Farm,
RAINFALL IN DORSET. I I I
OBSERVERS' NOTES.
MILTON-ON-STOUR. Great thunderstorm on i4th May.
GILLINGHAM. An extraordinary thunderstorm on Sunday,
1 3th May, with continuous rain, also hail; wonderfully vivid
lightning and heavy thunder, almost incessant, during the whole
time of its continuance, 3 to 10 p.m. The whole of the rain
registered, 2'36in., fell during the above period.
BUCKHORN WESTON. On Sunday, i3th May, this neigh-
bourhood was visited by the severest thunderstorm that was
known in the memory of the oldest, commencing almost
suddenly at 3.30 p m. and lasting without any cessation until
ii p.m. From 4 to 5.15 '86in. of rain fell, but there was no
damage of any kind in this parish, although the storm was
immediately overhead. Cows ran about, being greatly frightened
in the darkness, which was intensified by the extraordinary
lightning quite appalling.
On nth March at 8 p.m. there was a most beautiful lunar
rainbow, very bright and distinct, which lasted about ten
minutes. Again on 8th October I saw another most magnifi-
cent lunar rainbow at 10*30 p.m., the whole arch quite perfect
and far exceeding the previous one of nth March, both in
brightness and the length of time it lasted.
Some time in the month of June (I carelessly omitted to note
the day) I saw a most extraordinary phenomenon "the blue
moon" one so often hears of. It was about 7 p.m., the moon
being almost full. There was a good deal of thin mist driving
across the moon, and the moon, as seen through it, had a blue
tint quite as deep as the ordinary blue sky of the evening. The
mist passed away, and the moon appeared again in its usual
brightness, and after a while was again covered with mist and
renewed its blue appearance.
This summer has been remarkable for its extreme want of sun,
during the hay-time especially, when the sun rarely came out
with its summer power until noon or later. I am speaking of
N. Dorset. I do not know if it has been the same elsewhere.
112
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
February ..
48
1st
22
March
58
6th
24
April
66
12th
28
May
74
13th
32
June
75
23rd
37
July..
77
22nd
44
August
86
31st
45
September . .
84
1st
36
October . .
64
, 22nd
34
November . .
57
, 23rd
28
December ..
53
, 4th
22
WlNTERBOURNE HOUGHTON.
TEMPERA-TUBE.
January . . Highest, 54 deg., on 18th Lowest, 24 deg., night of the 23rd
5th
22nd
27th
2nd
5th
llth
14th
26th
30th
12th
29th
i4th May: Very heavy thunder and vivid lightning from 3 to
10 p.m. 23rd June: Very severe thunderstorm passed over
S.W. to N.E., lasting from 9.30 p.m. to midnight. August :
The remarkable rise of temperature at the end of this month
and beginning of the next was the special feature of this
summer. December : Snow began to fall heavily on 25th at
9 p.m., but turned to rain later, and snow fell very heavily on
3oth from 9 a.m. to noon.
WIMBORNE. The snowstorm on the 26th December was
unrepresented in this district, with the exception of a very small
fall on the night of 26th, not enough to be measured less than
01 in. when melted.
BLOXWORTH RECTORY. In this district I would remark upon
(i.) The almost total absence of thunderstorms in 1906. (ii.)
The general cold and ungenial nature of the year, especially in
regard to night temperature, though from the mildness of the
winter all vegetation was up to April very forward. (iii.) No
register of excessive heat during the summer, though the day
temperature was high during the early part of September.
WORTH MATRAVERS. 2yth February : Hailstorm, conical-
shaped stones, nth March: Velocity of wind = 40 miles.
2nd August: Thunderstorm between 6.30 and 6.4.5 p.m., very
large hailstones, some fin. in diameter, flattened and star-shaped.
23rd November; Wreck of Spanish steamer " Montares" in fog
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 113
under S. Aldhelm's Head. Solar halo observed 10.30 a.m. on
28th February, also on nth September and zyth October; lunar
halo observed on gth March and 3oth November.
TEMPEBATUBE NOTES. (Thermometer in Screen).
Average Day. Average Night.
January . . . . . . 45 deg 35
February 44 31
March 48 35
April 54 34-5
May 59 45
.. 47-5
, 52
June 62
July 68
August
56
September 65 .. .... ..50
October 59 47
November 47 ,, 40
December 43 34
WESTHAM, WEYMOUTH. Climatological returns :
Means for the year 1906 Barometer, 30-023^1.
Barometer highest, 30'668in., 8th January ; lowest,
29*026111., iith February.
Thermometer highest, f j6'8 ) 4th September ; lowest,
25-8, 24th January.
Thermometer means at 9 a.m., 5i*6; maximum, S7'S ;
minimum, 45'!.
Thermometer means, maximum and minimum, 5 1*3 ;
range, i2*4.
Relative humidity, 78% ; total bright sunshine, 1,908*3
hours.
Days on which sun shone, 312 ; sunless days, 53.
Amount of cloud, o to 10 5*8.
Thunderstorms, i3th May, 23rd June, and 2nd August.
Gales Westerly, 6th, 9th, i3th, i8th January, 8th and
loth February, 8th, nth, i3th March, 2ist
April, 28th October, 3rd, izth December.
S.W., 2nd October, i6th and iyth November.
Easterly, 22nd February, 4th and 9th November.
N.W., 5th December.
I 14 RAINFALL IN DORSET.
BELFIELD, WEYMOUTH. Thunder 3rd and 4th January,
2znd May, 23rd June, lasting one hour, 26th and 3oth July,
2nd August.
CHICKERELL. Thunder reported 5th January, slight; i3th
and 23rd May, distant; 23rd June, rather heavy, with lightning
almost continuous and torrents of rain for a short time ;
26th July, slight. Fine rainbow seen just before sunset 23rd
May with a very high arch, top estimated at about 55. Lunar
rainbow seen early in November, exact date not certain. There
was a fall of rain in quantity less than *oi in. on 48 days besides
the 184 days on which over that amount was collected and
recorded in Table.
UPWEY PUMPING STATION. 1906 was 3*3 1 in. wetter than the
average. January was very wet (7*25), with 4-51 in. falling in
the first seven days. Very large hailstones fell on June 23rd,
accompanied with thunder and very vivid lightning. September
was a dry month, rain falling on seven days only. October was
wet with rain on 24 days. A little snow fell on 8th and Hth
February, i ith and izth March, and 29th December.
BEAMINSTER, FLEET STREET. Solar halo was visible on
7th June. The mean of the daily maximum temperature in
shade was as follows: January, 47-9 ; February, 44-3 ; March,
47-8 ; April, 54-8 ; May, 59-2 ; June, 69*2 ; July, 70-4; August,
70-9 ; September, 66-3 ; October, 58*2 ; November, 50-1 ;
December, 43-0 ; for the year, 56-8.
BEAMINSTER VICARAGE. This station has a complete record
now for 34 years. Average for 33 years previous to 1906 =
37-97 ; therefore the rainfall for 1906 (35*23) was about 2f below
the average. During 1873-1905 inclusive (33 years)
( 1882-47-02
Highest j
\ 1891=47-04
( 1887 = 28-26
Lowest j
( 1893-28-35
BLACKDOWN HOUSE. Thunder heard 5th January, i3th May,
1 6th June (distant), and 23rd, also on ist August (distant).
Large halo round moon, 29th December.
RAINFALL IN DORSET. 115
CHEDINGTON COURT. On 5th January, we had a thunder-
storm, lightning, and rough S.W. wind, and on i3th May, from
3 to 5 p.m., a severe thunderstorm. Again, on 23rd June,
between 8.30 and n p.m., accompanied by rough wind. Our
average rainfall for nine years, up to end of 1906, is 36'88in.
CHETNOLE. On i3th May there was a heavy thunderstorm,
lasting from about 3 to 1 1 p.m., at times quite close and all
round, but we only got the outside sprinkle of hail and rain
amounting to 0*06.
WINTERBOURNE STEEPLETON. The rainfall has been
slightly (o'39in.) over the estimated 30 year average. The
months of January, February, May, and October had an excess,
the other months a deficiency. Upwards of i in. fell on four
days during the year. The longest period without any rain was
during the last 15 days in September. The rain in January
amounted to 8-91 in., which was 5-01 in. in excess of the esti-
mated average for that month, and the heaviest rainfall recorded
for January, since observations here began in 1893.
DORCHESTER, WOLLASTON HOUSE. Notwithstanding the
dry Spring and Summer, which lasted to the very end of
September, the total rainfall has exceeded the average by over
4 in. The four months, January, February, October, and
November, give 24-58 in. of the year's total. It is worthy of
notice that Dorchester and the neighbourhood entirely escaped
the very heavy snowstorm which commenced early on 2 6th
December, over nearly the whole of England.
n6
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
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co <M a co co * t- 01 co co ^ c> to ; -^ o t~ ^- a> ; >o cjs TH as t-
i t- cb <i> i Jt^ t- 60 j> ^ 60 <t s^. "ibt- 60 oocb ' co oo 60 oo oo
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2
.
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as
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HOW
3 p,
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Means of
Rom
n8
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
PH
09(1
Sny
Ir~lSlC^)-*r-IOCOlO-<l<CO(M *5OCX3C3ii-imOOCOr-l!NlOCOi-l(M(Min
iH iH r-( r-t i-l i-l iH iH i-H r-l i-H rH i-H rH i-l i-H i-l r-i r-l i-( i-H r-i i-H rH i-H rH i-H
oo rH ^H I-H 10 <ss oo i>- d o o o t^ oo o io co O5 o o 10 * TJ< m in * a^i eo
Cd rH O i-( O O5 rH GO O OS r-l rH O5 00 O O QO 00 CO rH OS O5 t^ O O O5 t-
33
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a 5 : : : r : : :
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llili *l ^iii iiif
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
09(1
i5SSS5 I
qdag
oo x^ i t- (X) t^ ^> o o ^ o co <t us co o m 10 o m 10
00 CO CO CO "* (M i-l rjt M CO i-l C> O CO i-l C CO IO
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udy
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uitO-
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120
RAINFALL IN DORSET.
TABLE III. STATISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR
AND OF THE HUMIDITY AND AMOUNT OF CLOUD
AT WlNTERBOURNE STEEPLETON MANOR AT
9 A.M., KEPT BY MR. H. STILWELL.
Temperature of the Air.
In Stevenson's Screen.
On Grass.
1
II
it
1906.
.
TS
Average of
Extremes.
1
1|
|f
j
43
^
,
|
1
W l
s
0}
t*
<S
8
fctC
02
I
1
9
1-9
B
i
^
<
o
_
o
January
481
36-8
42-7
52-1
21-0
34-8
18-0
92
6'4
February
44-7
31-9
38'3
48-8
20-0
29-5
16-7
87
5-8
March
47-6
34-3
40-8
56-2
227
32-4
20-1
86
April
May..
54-5
57-5
33-6
43-0
43-5
49-8
64-8
71-7
25-0
29-0
30-2
407
21-0
24-7
79
86
4'2
8'2
June
64-8
45'8
54-6
73-5
36-3
42-5
32-0
80
5'9
July . .
68-4
49-2
58-1
75-2
36-4
457
31-8
81
6'7
August
70-1
52-5
60-8
807
40-2
49-1
35-0
84
6-7
September
October
66'6
58-0
45-6
45-2
55-6
51-4
81-8
64-6
30-4
27-5
41-1
42-4
251
23'8
81
89
5-6
7-7
November
50-9
387
44-8
57-0
247
35-8
20-1
92
8-0
December
44-4
33-9
39-4
53'9
24-0
31-0
19'2
87
6-9
Year..
56-3
40-9
48-3
81-8
20'0
37'9
167
85
6'6
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.
PLATB A.
Fig. 1. Cryphoeca recisa, sp. n. Female. Eyes from in front.
,, 2. ,, ,, Genital aperture.
,,3. ,, ,, Spinners.
,, 4. Hahnia nava, Bl. Palpus of male, under side.
,, 5. ,, ,, Eyes from above and behind.
,, 6. ,, ,, Genital aperture. Female.
,. 7. ,, piisilla, C. L. Koch. Eyes of male from above and behind.
,, 8. ,, ,, Left palpus, male, from under side.
,,9. ,, ,, Spinners.
,, 10. ,, ,, Genital aperture. Female.
-. 11. ,, ,, Posterior extremity of sternum.
,, 12. ,, ,, Do. of Hahnia montana, Bl.
,, 13. Laseola jucunda, Cambr. Profile.
, , 14. , , , , Eyes from above and behind.
,,15. ,, ,, Genital aperture.
,, 16. Robertas insignis, sp. n. Male. Caput and eyes from above and
behind.
,,17. ,, ,, Profile of cephalothorax.
., 18. ,, ,, Right palpus from outer side.
,, 19. ,, ,, Do. outer side and behind.
,. 20. Leptyphantes patens, sp. n. Female. Genital aperture.
,, 21. ,, ,, Do. in profile.
,,22. ,, ,, Profile of cephalothorax.
,,23. ,, ,, Eyes from in front.
,,24. ,, ,, Right palpus, male, from in front and
behind.
,,25. ,, ,, Left do. from outside and above.
,, 26. Tmeticus emptus, Jackson. Male. Eyes from above and behind.
27. ,, Profile of cephalothorax.
,,28. ,, ,, Posterior extremity of sternum.
,,29. ,, ,, Right palpus from outer side.
,,30. ,, ,, Female. Genital aperture and process.
,,31. ,, ,, Posterior extremity of sternum.
,,32. ,, nigricauda, sp. n. Male. One of the falces from in front.
,,33. ,, ,, Left palpus, under side.
PLATE A.
Proc.DorsetN.H.&A.F Club, Vol. XMII, 1907.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.
PLATE B.
Fig. 34. Tmeticus nigricauda, sp. n. (continued). Male. Right palpus in
front.
,,35. ,, ,, Left palpus, rather behind.
,, 36. ,, ,, Do. from above and behind.
,, 37. ,, Caput in profile.
,, 38. ,, Eyes from above and behind.
,, 39. ,, ,, Posterior extremity of abdomen.
,,40. ,, ,, Female. Genital aperture.
,,41. ,, Do. in profile.
,, 42. ,, fortunatus, Cambr. Female. Eyes from above and
behind.
,,43. ,, ,, Genital aperture.
,,44. ,, ,, Do. in profile.
,, 45. ,, serratus, Cambr. Male. Left palpus, outer side, and
rather looking upwards, a, paracym-
bium, c, cubital joint.
,,46. ,, ,, a, paracymUum from more in front.
,,47. ,, ,, , paracymbium of T. silvaticus, Bl.,
b, comb -like process, c, cubital joint
,,48. ,, ,, Genital aperture of T. serratus.
,, *49. ' Diplocephalus protuberans, Cambr. Male. Profile.
,,50. ,, Palpus.
,, 51. Lophocarenum stramineum, Menge. Male. Side view of caput.
,,52. ,, ,, Right palpus from outer side,
in front.
,,53. ,, ,, Genital aperture. 53. Natural
length of male and female.
,, 54. Araeoncus erratus, sp. n., Sim. Cephalothorax and eyes in profile.
,, 55. ,, ,, Do. from above and behind.
,, 56. Eyes of A. vaporariorum, Cambr.,
from above and behind.
,, 57. Oxyptila scabricula, Westring. Male.
,,58. ,, ,, Right palpus from inner side.
,, 59. ,, ,, Eyes from in front.
,,60. ,, ,, Right palpus from in front and
outer side.
,,61. ,, ,, Do. from behind and outer side.
,, 62. ,, ,, Do. outer side.
63. Do. above.
* Figs. 49 and 50 are copied from figures of type given in Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Lond., 1875, PI. 29.
PLATE B.
Proc.Dor*tt,N.H.&AF.ChA,
^P*S8.
59
Ci
^
63.
NEW AND RARE BRITISH SPIDERS.
cm6
By the Rev. 0. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A., F.R.S.
rnY own outdoor observations have been, I regret to
say, still very limited during the past year; but
by the welcome assistance of several corres-
pondents, who have sent to me the results of
their labours, and kindly allowed me to utilise
them, I am enabled to report a good increase to
the List of British Arachnids, mostly Spiders
{Araneidta) ; and also to make some rectifications
of synonyma and notes on scientific and other points.
I have now to record the addition of five new and hitherto
undescribed species of Araneidea, two others known on the
Continent of Europe, but not before recorded in Britain, and
another, of which the female is now recorded and described as
new to science. Besides the above, Dr. A. Randell Jackson
has, since the publication of my report in the Proceedings of
our Club for iqo5, described a spider new to science, in the Proc.
of the Chester Soc., and two others not before recorded as
British, and one other has been recorded, for the first time in
the British Islands, by Mr. Pack Beresford. These also will be
found recorded and described in the following list.
Among those who have kindly sent to me collections and
examples of Arachnids I would especially mention the following,
J22 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
to all of whom my best thanks and acknowledgments are
due :
Dr. A. Randell Jackson, of Chester ; Mr. W. Falconer, of
Slaithwaite, near Huddersfield ; Dr. Carr, University College,
Nottinghamshire; Mr. Horace Donisthorpe, 56, Kensington
Mansions, London ; Mr. Denis R. Pack Beresford, Fenagh
House, Bagenalstown, Ireland ; the Rev. W. E. Hull, Nine
Banks Vicarage, Northumberland ; Mr. H. Wallis Kew, 9,
Queen's Road, Bromley ; Mr. W. Ruskin Butterfield, Hastings,
Sussex ; Mr. George Potts, Benthall House, Broseley ; the Rev.
J. H. Bloom, Whitchurch, Stratford-on-Avon ; Mr. F. C.
Woodforde, Market Drayton, Salop ; Mr. Robert Godfrey,
Edinburgh ; Mr. George Nicholson, late of the Royal Gardens,
Kew; Mr. H. W. Freston, Westfield, Poynton, Cheshire; and
Mr. G. H. Oliver, Bradford, Yorkshire.
For all other information connected with the Arachnida in the
following List I would refer to " Spiders of Dorset, 1879-81,"
and subsequent papers published by the Dorset Field Club in
their Annual Proceedings, 1882-1906, also to the " List of
British and Irish Spiders," published by Sime and Co., 1900, as
well as to "Monographs on the British Phalangidea or Harvest
Men, 1890 ; The British Chernetidea or False Scorpions,
1892, published in the Dorset Field Club Proceedings; and to a
paper By Dr. A. Randell Jackson in Proceedings of the Chester
Society of Natural Science, Literature, and Art Part VI., No. i,
May i, 1907, pp. 7, PL i.
NOTES ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA,
1906.
ORDER ARANEIDEA.
Family DRASSIDJE.
Agroeea inopina, Cambr.
An adult male, received from Dr. A. Randell Jackson,
taken at Hastings, 1906. I have recently received this
ON NEW ANb RARE BRITISH ARACfrNIDA. 12^
spider in some numbers from Guernsey, from Mr. E. W.
Marquand, a resident in the island, to whom I am
indebted for some extensive collections of spiders made in
Guernsey.
Agroeea notata, Cambr.
Agroeca notata, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F.
Club, Vol. XXIII., p. 30, 1902.
The Rev. J. H. Bloom has sent me immature examples of
this species from St. Margaret's Bay, Dover. Folkestone is
the only locality whence it had previously been recorded
(see Proc. Dorset N.H. and A.F. Club, XXXI., p. 30, 1902).
Family DICTYNIDJE.
Dietyna variabilis, C. L. Koch.
An adult male of this rare and local species was sent to
me from Kew by Mr. George Nicholson ; and both sexes
by Dr. A. R. Jackson, from Hastings, where they were
found by Mr. Bennett.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr.
Females were found and sent to me by Mr. J. H. Wood,
of Farrington, Hereford, from Woolhope, in Herefordshire.
Family AGELENID^J.
Cryphoeca reeisa, sp. n. PI. A., Figs. 1-3.
Cryphoeca diversa, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and
A.F. Club, XXVL, p. 144, 1905, and Dr. Carr,
Trans., Notts. Naturalists' Soc.
This spider was supposed to be C. diversa, Camb. (1. c.
supra). On further examination and comparison it appears
to be a quite distinct species. A more detailed description
is given of it (p. 136, postea). It was found in Sherwood
t24 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNlbA.
Forest by Dr. Carr, of University College, Nottingham.
(Cf, also J. W. Carr, Nott. Naturalist Society, 1905-6,
p. 48).
Cryphoeea diversa, Cambr.
Adult and immature females, found in ants' nests, were
received in the spring of 1906 from Wellington College,
near Woking, from Mr. H. Donisthorpe.
Coelotes terrestris, Wid.
Examples of this spider, which might easily be mistaken
for the more common C. atropos, Walck., have been received
during the past year from Scarborough, Mr. Gilchrist ;
Bexhill, Hastings, and St. Leonard's-on-Sea, Mr. W. Ruskin
Butterfield ; Northumberland, Dr. A. R. Jackson ; and
Berwickshire, from Mr. D. Pack Beresford.
Fam. HAHNIID^.
Hahnia pusilla, C. L. Koch, Pi. A., Figs. 7-11.
? Hahnia pusilla, C. L. Koch, 1841, A. R. Jackson,
Proc. Chester Society, supra cit.
Adults of both sexes of this species were found by Dr.
A. R. Jackson and Mr. W. Falconer in Delamere Forest,
Cheshire, in the early summer of the past year. It had not
been recorded before as British.
Hahnia nava, Blackwall, PI. A., Figs. 4-6.
This is a widely distributed and often an abundant spider,
running in early summer on walls, railings, and also on the
surface of the ground and among grass. It has been
received in 1906 from several parts of England. As the
female has not, I believe, been figured adequately by
English authors, I have given in PL A., Figs. 4-6, a sketch
of the characteristic features of both sexes.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 125
Fam. THERIDIID^.
Theridion impressum, L. Koch.
Theridion impressum^ L. Koch-Cambr., Proc. Dors.
N.H. and A.F. Club, XXVI., p. 45, 1905, and
XXVIL, p. 75, 1906.
Two adult females were sent to me from Ewias Harold,
near Hereford, by Mr. H. . Jones, in 1906. I have also
lately found examples of this species among specimens of
Theridion sisyphium, Clk., taken at Swanage several years
ago.
Theridion riparium, Blackw.
Immature examples were sent to me in June, 1906, from
Woking, where they were found by Mr. H. Donisthorpe
in the nests of an ant (Formica sanguinea). Immature
examples were also sent to me from Nottinghamshire by
Dr. Carr, of University College, Nottingham.
Crustulina stieta, Cambr.
An adult female example of the fine jet-black variety of
this rare and local spider was received from Mr. Ruskin
Butterfield, by whom it was found in the Pevensey Marshes,
Sussex.
Laseola jueunda, Cambr., PL A., Figs. 13, 14, 15.
Laseola jueunda t Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and A.F.
Club, Vol. XXIV. pp. 152 and 162.
Adults of both sexes have been recently sent to me from
Portland, where they were found under pieces of broken
rock and stone by Dr. A. R. Jackson. These fresh examples
show that the species may easily be distinguished from
Laseola inornata, Cambr. (which is found also at the same
time and in similar situations) by its rather larger size, the
less globular form of the abdomen and much darker general
hue. The legs have the dark yellow-brown markings on
126 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
the first, second, and fourth pairs, of a greater extent than
in Z. inornata, in which species these markings are more
distinct and annulose, and give the spider a somewhat
spotted look. The genital aperture also is of quite a
distinct form from that of Laseola inornata. I have found
L.jucunda lately among spiders taken several years ago at
Swanage, but hitherto overlooked.
Laseola inornata, Cambr.
Laseola dissi?nilis, Cambr., Proc. Dors. N.H. and
A.F. Club, Vol. XXVII., pp. 75 and 84, PL A.,
Fig. i.
The spider recorded as the female of L. dissimilis
(I.e. pp. 75, 84, and figured PI. A., Fig. i), proves to be that
of Laseola inornata, Cambr. The female, therefore, of
Z. dissimilis has yet to be discovered.
Euryopis flavomaeulata, C. L. Koch.
Adults of both sexes from Delamere Forest, where they
were taken by Dr. A. R. Jackson, in July, 1906.
Enoplognatha mandibulare, Lucas.
Enoplognatha caricis, Fickert-Cambr., Proc. Dors.
N.H. and A.F. Club, Vol. X., p. 114, PL A.,
Fig. 4, 1889, and Ibid. List of British and Irish
Spiders, p. 24.
Recent examination and comparison prove the spider
above recorded to be Theridion mandibulare, Lucas
a spider of wide distribution both on the continent of
Europe and in Asia. I have also lately received it from
Guernsey, from Mr. E. T. Marquand. It was described
many years ago (1899), fr m tne Island of Madeira, by
the late Mr. Blackwall, under the name of Epeira diversa ;
and I have received it subsequently both from the islands
of Jersey and Sark. (See Proc. Zool. Soc. ? London, 1872,
p. 295.)
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 127
Robertas arundineti, Cambr.
An adult male, Northampton, Mr. D. Pack Beresford,
1906.
Robertus insignis, sp. n., PL A., Figs. 16-19.
An adult male, allied to R. lim'dus, BL, received from
Norwich. (For description see postea, p. 138.)
Onesinda minutissima, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes of this exceedingly minute spider
have been met with in some abundance near Chester, by
Dr. A. R. Jackson and Mr. W. Falconer in 1906.
Teutana nobilis, Thor.
Teutana nobilis, Thor.-Jackson, Proc. Chester Soc.,
1907, Part VI., No. i, p. 3, PL L, Fig. 5-9.
An adult female was sent to me for examination by Dr.
A. R. Jackson during the past summer. It was found by
Mr. Bennett at or near Hastings, Sussex, but under what cir-
cumstances or exactly in what habitat I have not been able
to ascertain satisfactorily. This is a point of some import-
ance, as I have received several examples (of the same sex)
from a fruit store at Reigate and from a greenhouse near
that place, through the kindness of Mr. Henry Speyer,
imported from the Canary Islands, in packages of bananas.
This raises a suspicion that the Hastings example may be
also a foreign importation. The type example of Steatoda
Clarkii, Cambr. (which I believe to be of this species)
was found near Torquay, in Devonshire, and possibly may
also have been imported. It is a large, handsome, and
showy spider in the adult state. I have not seen the
male.
Linyphia furtiva, Cambr.
Found at Hastings by Mr. Bennett and received from
Dr. A. R. Jackson, 1906.
128 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Linyphia impigra, Cambr.
Received from Mr. Ruskin Butterfield, by whom it was
found in the Pevensey Marshes, Sussex, in 1906. A very
local species, but would probably not be rare where it occurs.
Leptyphantes patens, sp. n., PL A., Figs. 20-25.
Both sexes, adult, found in ants' nests near Wellington
College, Wokingham, and kindly sent to me by Mr. H.
Donisthorpe. (For detailed description see p. 139, postea.)
Tmetieus reprobus, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes found at St. Margaret's Bay, near
Dover, by the Rev. J. H. Bloom and kindly sent to me by
him in July, 1906.
Tmetieus emptus, Jackson, PL A., Figs. 26-31.
Centromerus empttis, Jackson, 1907 Proc. Chester
Soc., 1907, Part VI., No. i, p. 4, PL I, Fig. 16-22.
Both sexes were sent to me by Dr. A. R. Jackson from
Delamere Forest in 1906. Allied to T. contritus, Cambr.,
and T. prudens, Cambr. ; but quite distinct. (For detailed
description see p. 140, postea.)
Tmetieus nigrieauda, sp. n., Pi. A., Figs. 32, 33, and PL B.,
Figs. 34-41.
Adult females were found in April, 1906, in heaps of old
bones near Queenborough, Kent, and again the same sex
occurred in heaps of dead sticks and vegetable refuse at
Enfield, Essex. Subsequently (November, 1906) adults
of both sexes were found in a similar habitat, also at
Enfield. It is a remarkably striking and distinct species.
(For details see p. 141, postea.)
Tmetieus fortunatus, Cambr. PL B., Figs. 42-44.
An adult male found by myself on the column of the
porch at the Rectory, Bloxworth, on May 2ist, 1906; with
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 12Q
this was a female, which I have reason to believe to be that
sex of this species, hitherto unrecorded. (For description
see postea, p. 142.)
Tmetieus serratus, Cambr. Pi. B., Figs. 45-48.
Erigone serrata, Cambr. Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1875,
p. 325, PI. 44, Fig. 2.
An adult male of this species was found near H udders-
field in 1902 by Mr. W. Falconer, but was at the time
mixed up with T. silvaticus, Blackw. It is a smaller spider
than this last, and, besides other differences, that of the
structure of the palpal organs furnishes a good character for
the distinction of the males.
This is the first record of the species as British.
Microneta beata, Cambr.
Microneta beata, Cambr., Proc. Dor. N.H. and A.F.
Club, Vol. XXVIL, p. 90, PL A., Fig. 27-31.
Adults of both sexes were found in fair abundance by
Mr. Ruskin Butterfield, in the Pevensey Marshes in 1906.
It would be very difficult, even if possible, to tell this
species before capture, from M. rurestris, C. L. Koch ; but
the legs of M. beata are generally more or less suffused with
brown ; while those of M. rurestris are of a clear yellow.
Maso Sundevallii, Westr.
This spider, one of our smallest species, is not rare among
moss, or taken by sweeping and brushing low herbage in
woods ; but I have only once detected it in any kind of snare
or nest. In the summer of 1906 I found an adult female in
a slight web-nest formed in a curled leaf of a low-growing
plant in the flower garden at Bloxworth Rectory.
Gongylidiellum latebrieolum, Cambr.
Received from Delamere, where it was taken by
Dr. A. R. Jackson.
130 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Diploeephalus protuberans, Cambr. PI. B., Figs. 49, 50.
Erigone protuberans, Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lon.,
1875, p. 218, PL 29, Fig. 24.
Diploeephalus protuberans, Cambr., A. R. Jackson,
Proc. Chester Soc., 1907, Part VL, p. 3, PI. I.,
Fig. 10-15.
An adult male found by Mr. R. S. Bagnell, Gibside, Dur-
ham, and submitted to me by Dr. Jackson. New to Britain.
Enteleeara aeumiriata, Wid.
The male in the adult state was received from Hereford-
shire (Mr. H. E. Jones, of Ewias Harold, near Hereford),
and others of both sexes from the Kew Gardens (Mr.
George Nicholson).
Enteleeara Jaeksonii, Cambr.
Both sexes in the adult state were sent to me in 1906,
from Oakmere, Cheshire, where they were found by
Dr. A. R. Jackson. A very distinct, and as yet rare, spider.
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr.
Adult females were found by myself several years ago
among de"bris and grass stems, in woods at Bloxworth, but
have been overlooked until recently. Its most usual habitat
appears to be in the nests of Formica rufa ; but besides the
above, I have specimens from other localities quite away
from these nests. It does not seem to have been observed
yet, what the terms are on which it inhabits the ants' nests,
or whether these are used as breeding places for the spiders
or not ; or whether they only serve as shelter principally
during the winter. The ant is large and protected by its
coriaceous epidermis while the spider is very minute and
delicate, so that it seems difficult to imagine the latter
making a prey of its hosts in any way either in the egg or
larva state but, of course, there may be very minute
insects in the ants' nests, which in the larva or perfect state
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 13!
would furnish food for the spiders. The subject of insects
and, besides the spiders mentioned, various other species of
arachnids, dwelling in ants' nests is a very interesting one.
It has been closely worked at by Mr. H. Donisthorpe, to
whom I am indebted for many species of spiders he has
found in nests of several species of ants. The greater
majority of the spiders, however, found in ants' nests are
certainly, I think, simply there for purposes of warmth and
. shelter during winter, and are mostly immature.
Lophoearenum stpamineum, Menge. PI. B., Figs. 51-53.
Lophocarenum stramineum, Menge, Preuss, Spinn II.,
p. 199, PI. XXXVIII., Fig. 96, and E. Simon
de Arachnides France, V. p. 678.
Adult males of this spider were found on the Island of
Lambay, Ireland, in June and October, 1906, by Mr. Denis
Pack Beresford. Cf., " The Irish Naturalist," Vol. XVI.,
p. 61-63, 1907. It had not before been recorded in Great
Britain or Ireland.
Araeoneus erratus, sp. n. Pi. B., Fig. 54-56.
Araeoncus vaporariorum, Cambr., F. O. P. Cambr.
Ann. and Mag. N.H., ser. 6, Vol. X., p. 395, 1892,
and cf., O. P. Cambridge, List of Brit, and Ir.
Spiders, p. 45, footnote.*
As the type of the species, recorded I.e. supra, is now
in my possession, I am able to say that it is quite distinct
from Araeoncus vaporariorum, Cambr., of which last I also
have the type specimen. (For details see postea, p. 145.)
Metopobaetrus prominulus, Cambr.
Microneta territa, Cambr. Proc. Dors. N.H. and
A.F. Club, Vol. XXVIL, pp. 77 and 88, 1906,
PL A, Fig. 19-21.
The researches of Dr. A. R. Jackson and Mr. W.
Falconer prove that the female spiders I had thought to be
132 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHN1DA.
that sex of M. territa are those of M. prominulus, Cambr.
Of this last I obtained the British type-specimens of the
male many years ago at Bloxworth, but never succeeded in
finding the female there. It is apparently a more abundant
spider in the north than in the south of England.
Styloctetor uneinus, Cambr.
Styloctetor broccha, J. H. Carpenter. List of Spiders
of Ireland, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., 3rd ser.,
Vol. V., No. i, p. 165 (1898), and Irish Naturalist,
VII., p. 164, O.P. Cambridge, Proc. Dors. F. Club,
Vol. XX., p. 7, and List of Brit, and Ir. Spiders,
1900, p. 46.
Typical examples of S. uncinus, Cambr., have lately been
compared with Mr. Carpenter's Irish example, with the
result that the two appear to be identical.
Cnephaloeotes elegans, Cambr.
An adult male, Chester, Dr. A. R. Jackson, 1906.
Cnephaloeotes interjeetus, Cambr.
An adult male, Sussex, from Mr. D. Pack Beresford,
Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Ireland.
Tapinoeyba subitanea, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes from St. Leonards-on-Sea found by
Mr. Ruskin Butterfield, and in some abundance by Mr.
F. P. Smith.
Wideria melanoeephala, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes, Delamere, Chester, Dr. A. R.
Jackson, 1906.
Walekenaera obtusa, Biackw.
Both sexes adult, Hexham, Northumberland, 1903,
and in 1906 Winlaton-on-Tyne (per Mr. R. Bagnall),
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 133
Dr. A. R. Jackson (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Northum-
berland, Durham, and Newcastle, N.S., Vol. I., p. 377,
1906).
Tig-ellinus fureillatus, Menge.
Both sexes, adult, were found by Dr. A. R. Jackson at
Delamere, Cheshire, in 1906. This is one, as yet, of our
rarest spiders, and certainly one of the most remarkable in
the form of the caput. The only previous British record is
at Bloxworth many years ago.
CeratineJla seabrosa, Cambr.
Both sexes, adult, near Chester, Dr. A. R. Jackson,
1906.
Eugnatha striata, L. Koch.
An adult of each sex found and kindly sent me by Mr.
H. Donisthorpe from the borders of Sutton Broad, Norfolk,
The only previous British record is near Wareham, Dorset,
where an immature male was taken by myself in the water
meadows on the south side of the town in August, 1894.
Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim.
A female sent to me from St. Margaret's Bay, near Dover,
by the Rev. J. H. Bloom.
Oxyptila flexa, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes, Chester, Dr. A. R. Jackson,
1906.
Oxyptila seabrieula, Westr., PI. B., Figs. 57-63.
Thomisus scabriculus, Westr, Araneae Suecicae, p. 441.
An adult male of this very distinct species was sent to me
by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in May, 1906, from Woking, where
it was found on the edge of a sand pit. This is its first
record as a British spider.
134 N NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Trochosa pieta, Halm.
An adult male of a remarkable melanic variety of this
species was sent to me by Mr. George Potts, of Benthall
House, near Broseley, Shropshire, in the late summer of
1906. This variety is entirely black, while yet in certain
lights the characteristic markings are visible and of a
greyish hue. The example now recorded was taken on a
waste once the site of very ancient coal and iron workings,
and I have little doubt that a permanent race of a similar
variety might be found there. This species is liable to vary
in colour, and doubtless owing to its surroundings from a
long past. Thus in the neighbourhood of Bournemouth,
Hants, along the coast it is pretty common, and all the
examples I have seen there have been of a more or less
uni-colourous pale greyish yellow, with the characteristic
markings slightly visible. I have also found a similar
variety along the Chesil Beach near Weymouth, while on
the more variously-coloured surface of the heath districts
of Dorset and Hants the colours of this spider are rich and
strongly marked red, yellow, black, and white.
Tarantula miniata, C. L. Koch.
Adults of both sexes received from Dr. A. R. Jackson,
and found at Hastings by Mr. Bennett.
Lyeosa paludieola, Clerck.
Lycosa paludicola, Clk.-Cambr., Dor. N. H. and
A. F. Club, xxiii., p. 29.
In the record of this spider (I.e. supra), the author of the
species is, by an accidental error, given as C. L. Koch (I.e.
p. 29, and p. 17), but is rightly given (Clerck) in the
description of the plate, Fig. 12. For an account of the
synonyms of this species, cf., " Thorell, Synonyms of
European Spiders" p. 304, 1870, where the synonyms of
another allied British Species {Lycosa amentata, Clk.) are
also given.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 135
Euophrys sequipes, Cambr.
An adult male of this minute and rare little jumping
spider, found by myself on the gravel walk at Bloxworth
Rectory on July 4th, 1906.
Phlegra faseiata, Harm.
Found by Mr. Bennett at Hastings, and received from
Dr. A. R. Jackson in 1906.
Hyetia nivoyi, Lucas.
An adult female, St. Margaret's Bay, near Dover, received
from the Rev. J. H. Bloom, July, 1906.
ORDER PHALANGIDEA.
Oligolophus Meadii, Cambr.
Adult examples of this very distinct little species were
received from Delamere (Dr. A. R. Jackson), and from Mr.
Ruskin Butterfield, found at Bexhill, Sussex, in 1906. The
only previous records known to me are St. Leonard's-on-
Sea and Bloxworth Heath.
Trogulus triearinatus, Linn.
An immature example from Mr. H. Donisthorpe, found
in a nest of Formica fusca at Rames Head, Cornwall ; and
an adult, under a piece of chalk on the warren at Folke-
stone, found by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, in May, 1906.
Anelasmoeephalus Cambridg-ii, Westwood.
Received from Dr. A. R. Jackson, by whom it was found
near Chester, in 1906.
ORDER CHERNETIDEA.
Obisium maritimum, Leach.
Received from the Isle of Man, Dr. A. R. Jackson, by
whom it was found there in some abundance.
136 ON NEW AND RARE bRlTISH ARACHNIDA.
Chernes minutus, Ellingsen.
Chernes minutus, Ellingsen. Christiania, Vidensk.-
Selsk, Forhandlinger, 1896-7.
Two examples of this species were received (Sept. iyth,
1902), from Mr. Wallis Kew, by. whom they were found
at Elmer's End, Beckenham, in old refuse heaps. I took
them at the time to be C. dubius, Cambr., but Mr. E.
Ellingsen (of Kragero, Norway), has decided them to be of
another species (C. minutus , Ellingsen).
This species is new to Britain.
Chernes eyrneus, L. Koch.
Chernes eyrneus, L. Koch-Cambr. (Proc. Dors. N.H.
and A.F. Club), Vol. XXVI., p. 56, PL B.,
Fig. 27, 28, 1905. H. Wallis Kew, Trans. Not-
tingham Naturalists Society for 1905-1906, p. 41,
PI. V.
In the notice of this species (Dors. F. Club, supra cit), the
locality was inadvertently given as " Leicester," whereas it
should have been Sherwood Forest, Notts. Mr. Wallis
Kew now records (I.e.) other examples from Edwinstowe,
Sherwood Forest, under the bark of old oaks.
NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE FOREGOING
SPIDERS.
Cryphoeea reeisa, sp. nov. Pi. A., Figs. 1-3.
Cryphoeca diversa, Cambr.-Carr, Nottingham Naturalists
Society, 1903-1904, p. 17., pub. 1905, and I.e. 1905-1906, p. 48,
pub. 1907, c.f. also Proc. Dors. N. H. and A. F. Club, xxvi,
p. 44, 1905.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. I tf
Cephalothorax, legs and palpi yellow, the first rather brightest
coloured.
Eyes of posterior row in a very nearly straight transverse line,
much longer than the anterior; and the interval between the
hind-central pair is nearly double that between each and the
hind-lateral next to it. The anterior row is curved, and its eyes
contiguous to each other, the convexity of its curve a little
directed forwards ; the central pair of this row are much smallest
of the eight, all the rest rather large and co-equal, of a bright
pearl-white hue and somewhat oval form. The general position
of the eyes may also be described as in two rather distinctly
separated triangular groups of three large eyes each, with a
central small group of two smaller eyes between and rather in
front of the others in a transverse line. All are encircled by
strong black confluent rims, and those of each lateral pair are
separated by a distinct interval.
Legs moderate in strength, and not greatly unequal in length,
relative length, 142 3, 5 pairs of long and strong sessile
spines beneath the tibiae, and 3 pairs beneath the metatarsi of
the first pair those beneath the same joint of the second pair
being apparently similar; but probably this is liable to some
variation in different examples.
Fakes, maxillce, labium, and sternum yellow.
Abdomen, dull whitish yellow, with an indistinct longitudinal
central yellowish-brown stripe on the fore-half of the upper side,
followed to the spinners by several indistinct oblique lines on
each side (or taken together chevrons) of a similar hue. In
a series these markings would probably be often obsolete.
Spinners normal ; genital aperture distinctively characteristic.
This spider is nearly allied to C. diversa, Cambr., but is rather
larger, and differs in the size and position of the eyes and in
some other respects.
When first sent to me from Sherwood Forest by Dr. Carr
(University College, Nottingham), I took it to be C. diversa,
Cambr., but subsequent examination and comparison lead me to
believe it to be of a different though allied species.
138 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNlDA.
Hahnia pusilla, C. L. Koch. Pi. A., Figs. 7-11.
Hahnia pmilla, C. L. Koch, Die Arachniden, 1841, Vol. VIII. ,
p. 61, PL 270, Fig. 637, 638.
Hahnia pusilla, Dr. A. R. Jackson, Proc. Chester Soc., Part vi.,
No. i, May, 1907, p. 2, PI. i, Fig. 1-4.
Adult male, length i-i8th of an inch ; female, i-i6th.
Cephalothorax and other foreparts of a dull pale yellowish
brown hue, the normal indentations slightly indicated by lines of
a darker colour.
The abdomen is of a whitey brown colour, suffused with a
darker hue and marked with indistinct oblique lines on each side
of the hinder part of the upper side, forming obscure chevrons.
This small and rather obscure looking species nearly re-
sembles H. montana, Blackw., in size, but may be easily
distinguished by the darker colour and spotty markings on the
abdomen and cephalothorax of the latter, as well as by the form
of the posterior extremity of the sternum, which is broad and
rounded in monfana, but rather drawn out into an obtuse point
in pusilla. The palpi also of the males of these two species
differ distinctly in their structure. The spinners in montana
form also a longer and straighter transverse line, and the form
of the genital aperture is notably distinct. Examples of both
sexes were found at Delamere Forest, Cheshire, by Dr. A. R.
Jackson and Mr. W. Falconer in 1906, and were new to the
British list. Whether these are rightly identified with H. pusilla,
C. L. Koch, I do not yet feel quite satisfied. I have never had
an opportunity of examining an authentic type, of C. L. Koch's
species. That they are new to Britain is, however, quite certain.
Robertus insignis, sp. n. Pi. A., Figs. 16-19.
Adult male, length if lines (3 mm.).
This species is nearly allied to R. lividus, BL, which it
resembles in general appearance and colour. It is a rather
larger spider, however, and the form and structure of the palpal
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 139
organs distinguish it without difficulty. In the only example I
have seen the legs were much mutilated, so that no details of
them could be ascertained.
A single adult male received from Norwich.
Leptyphantes patens, sp. n. PI. A., Figs. 20-25.
Adult male, length i lines ; female the same.
Cephalothorax (male), looked at from above and very nearly
vertically, longer than wide, bluff and rounded before, and
rounded behind ; lateral marginal indentations at caput very
shallow. Profile with a slight impression before the central
longitudinal indentation ; height of the clypeus greater than
half that of the facial space ; colour pale yellow.
Eyes on black spots, in two transverse rows rather near to
each other. The posterior row is longest and curved, but not
strongly, the convexity of its curve directed backwards. The
intervals between the eyes of this row are very nearly equal and
about equal to their width ; if anything, that between the
central pair is slightly the greatest. The anterior row is
straight; those of its central pair are much the smallest, and
each is about a diameter's distance from both the lateral and
hind-central eyes on its side, and there is about half a diameter's
interval between themselves. All the eyes are pearly white,
excepting the fore-centrals, which are dark grey.
Legs tolerably Jong, not very unequal, apparently 4, i, 2, 3,
slender ; colour pale yellow ; normal spines, slender.
Fakes similar in colour to the legs, moderate in length and
strength, slightly divergent, with three nearly equal teeth in an
oblique row on the upper margin of the fore extremity and a
straight longitudinal row of exceedingly minute denticles near
their outer side, scarcely discernible without microscopic power.
Palpi rather short, like the legs in colour ; cubital and radial
joints short, about equal in length. The former has a longish
curved tapering spiniform bristle at its fore extremity towards
the outer side ; the latter is broadish in front with a transverse
146 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIbA.
marginal row of black bristles on the upper side, and an
obtuse prominence behind. The digital joint is large, obtuse in
front, where it appears to be of a somewhat bent form. The
palpal organs are large and complex ; their form was rather
obscured owing to their being thrust out of place by the
inflation of a membranous lobe connected with them ; but the
distinctiveness of their structure may be seen from the figures
given.
Maxilla, labium, and sternum dull yellowish.
Abdomen oviform, pale dull whitish yellow.
The female resembles the male in colour and other general
characters, and the form of the genital aperture is very dis-
tinctive.
Both sexes were received from Mr. H. Donisthorpe, by whom
they were found in the nest of the ant, Lasius fultginosus, at
Wellington College in the spring of 1906.
TmetiCUS emptUS, Jackson. PL A., Figs. 26-31.
Centromerus emptus, A. R. Jackson. Proc. Chester Soc.,
Part vi., No. i, May, 1907, p. 4, PI. i, Fig. 16-22.
Adult male, length i-i6th of an inch ; adult female, ditto.
Cephalo thorax, legs and other foreparts pale yellow, slightly
suffused with dull sooty brown. The lateral marginal impres-
sions at the caput are almost or quite obsolete.
Eyes rather small, closely grouped together, on black spots,
hinder row curved, convexity of curve directed backwards, and
its eyes separated by almost equal intervals of less than a half
diameter ; front row straight, its central pair very small and the
eyes not quite contiguous, but separated by half a diameter from
the laterals, which are largest of the eight. Those of each
lateral pair are seated on a strongish tubercular prominence ;
height of the clypeus equal to half that of the facial space.
Legs, moderately long, slender, 4, i, 2, 3, dull yellowish, the
tibiae of the first and second pairs slightly suffused with dull
sooty brown.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 141
Palpi similar in colour to the legs ; cubital and radial joints
short and of equal length ; the former has a tapering black
bristle from near its fore extremity on the upper side, digital
joint, rather large, with a largish lobe towards its extremity on
the outer side. Palpal organs highly developed, complex, with
the normal crescent-shaped process (or paracymbium) at their
base on the outer side large and of characteristic structure.
Sternum oval, with the hinder extremity drawn out into a
longish tapering, obtuse termination between the coxae of the
fourth pair of legs.
Abdomen oval, sooty-brown, hairs short, slender, and scanty.
The female resembles the male in general characters and
colours. The sternum, however, differs in having its hinder
extremity drawn out very slightly and its termination broad and
truncated. The genital aperture has a very characteristic pro-
cess issuing from its fore extremity and directed backwards in
close contact with the surface of the abdomen. It is long,
slender, slightly tapering, and its point reaches rather beyond
the middle of the abdomen, bearing considerable resemblance
to that of Sintula diluta, Cambr.
Adults of both sexes were found in Delamere Forest by Dr.
A. R. Jackson and Mr. W. Falconer.
Tmeticus nigrieauda, sp. n. Pi. A., Figs. 32, 33, and
PL B., Figs. 34-41.
Adult male, length, i lines. Female, i J ditto.
Cephalothorax of normal form ; the lateral marginal im-
pressions at caput very slight. Colour yellow-brown, the caput
and normal grooves and indentations marked with dark brown.
The height of the clypeus equals half that of the facial space.
Eyes small in two transverse, slightly-curved rows, the front row
shortest. The convexity of the hinder row strongest and
directed backwards, that of the front row forwards. The
interval between those of the central pair of the hinder row
slightly less than that between each and the hind-lateral next to
142 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
it. The fore-central pair are the smallest of the eight, and
separated from each other by half a diameter's interval. Fore-
laterals largest ; each lateral pair on a strong tubercle.
Legs rather long, slender, 4, 1,2,3. Colour, dull yellow-brown.
Palpi moderate in length, slender, similar in colour to the legs ;
radial joint about equal in length to the cubital, but stronger and
broader at its fore extremity, where there appears to be a pointed
apophysis at its fore extremity on the outer side and a more
obtuse one on its inner side ; from another point of view the
outer apophysis appears to be of a somewhat bifid form. The
digital joint is rather small, with a prominent lobe on its outer
side, and the palpal organs are rather complex.
Falces moderately strong ; roundly prominent at their base in
front ; compressed near their extremity and with a strong
prominent sharp tooth towards their extremity in front ; their
colour is like that of the caput.
Maxillae, labium, and sternum similar in colour to the caput,
the sternum perhaps darkest.
Abdomen bright red with a broadish terminal band of jet black
surrounding the spinners, and thinly furnished with short fine
hairs.
The female resembles the male in colours and general
appearance, but is larger and wants the strong tooth on the fore
side of the falces. The genital aperture is of characteristic
form, but not of large size.
Both sexes have been received from Mr. H. Donisthorpe, by
whom they were found in heaps of vegetable refuse at Enfield,
Middlesex, and in heaps of old bones at Queensborough, in
Kent. It is one of the most distinct and striking species I have
seen.
Tmetieus fortunatus, Cambr, PL B., Figs. 42-44.
Adult female, length i lines.
This spider agrees very well with the male (described and
figured in Proc. Dors. F. Club, XVI., 1895, P- I2 3> PI - A >
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 143
Fig. 60), in general characters and colour. Some slight
differences may, however, be observed when closely compared
with the description (I.e.), though these may be only sexual or
owing to some small inaccuracy of observation.
The lateral marginal impressions at the caput seem to be
rather stronger, and the fore-central eyes not so large in
proportion as in the male.
Legs 4, i, 2, 3, not very unequal in length. The colulus is
distinct, somewhat triangular, acute pointed, of a deep brown
colour, and furnished with slightly bristly hairs.
Abdomen pretty thickly clothed with short hairs, and the
genital aperture is of a very distinct and characteristic form.
Found at Bloxworth Rectory in company with a male in June,
1906, on the same spot where in several successive years the
male has been taken, and I feel but little doubt of its being the
female of this species. This sex has not been before described
or figured.
I should record here an adult male, hitherto overlooked, taken
at Ringstead (between Weymouth and Lulworth) in 1894, an< ^
another at VVarmwell in 1896.
Tmetieus serratus, Cambr. PI. B., Figs. 45-48.
Erigone serrata^ Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1875, p. 325,
PL 44, Fig. 2.
This spider is very nearly allied to T. silvaticus, Blackw.,
which it closely resembles in general form and colour, but is
much smaller, the male measuring in length i line and the
female ij. The male may, however, be distinguished, among
other differences, by the structure of the palpal organs (see
figures of both species, PI. B.), and by the less strength in
T. serratus of the minute denticles in the longitudinal row
near the outer side in front of each of the falces. In T.
silvaticus, BL, the spiniform bristle at the fore extremity on
the upper side of the cubital joint of the palpus is also shorter
and much more robust. In the male palpi the rather strong
144 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
somewhat comb-like process (PI. B., Fig. 47, b], connected with
the palpal organs (which I have found in all the numerous males
I have examined of T. silvaticus} is absent in T. serratus. The
paracymbium also is larger than in the latter, and differs in form,
and its serrations on the outer margin are more minute.
The female has the genital aperture and process of a somewhat
similar general form to that of T. silvaticus, but is broader from
back to front in proportion to its width, and differs also in
other details.
An example of each sex was received in 1902 from Mr. W.
Falconer among specimens of T. silvaticus, Bl., found near
Huddersfield. It has not before been recorded as a British
species, but may easily have been overlooked among examples
of T. silvaticus, Bl.
Diploeephalus protuberans, Cambr. PI. B.,
Figs. 49-50-
Erigone protuberans, Cambr., Proc. Zool. Soc., Lond., 1875,
p. 218, PI. xxix., Fig. 24.
Diploeephalus protuberans, Cambr. A. R. Jackson, Proc.
Chester Soc., May, 1907, Part vi., No. i., p. 3., Fig. 10-15.
This species is nearly allied to D. latifrons, Cambr., but may
easily be distinguished by both the form of the caput and the
structure of the palpi and palpal organs. The only British
example yet recorded is that mentioned by Dr. A. R. Jackson
(I.e. supra) found at Gibside, Durham, by Mr. R. S. Bagnall.
The figs, in PI. B. are taken from those in Proc. Zool. Soc.
(I.e. supra).
Lophoearenum stramineum, Menge. PL B.,
Figs- 51-53-
Lophoearenum stramineum, Menge Simon, Araneides de
France, torn. 5, p. 678, and D. P. Beresford, Irish Naturalist,
XVI., 1907, p.p. 61, 63.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH AKACHNIDA. 145
The form of the caput and palpi will easily distinguish this
species from the three others of the genus as yet known to be
found in the British Islands.
Two males were found on Lambay Island, Ireland, by Mr.
Denis E. Pack Beresford, 1906. The figure in the plate of the
female epigyne is from a Swiss example in my collection. The
species had not been before recorded as British.
Araeoneus erratus, sp. n. PL B., Figs. 54-56.
Araeoncus vaporariorum, Cambr.- F. O. P.-Cambr., Ann. and
Mag. N. H., Ser. 6, X., p. 395, 1892. Cf. O. P.-Cambridge.*
This spider may be distinguished without difficulty from
Araeoncus (Erigone) vaporariorum, Cambr. (Proc. Zool. Soc.,
Lond., 1875, p, 398, PI. 27, Fig 8), for which it was mistaken by
F. O. P.-Cambridge (I.e. supra), the hind-central eyes in this
latter being wide apart and far removed backwards from the
straight line of the lateral pairs, whereas in A. erratus they form
a nearly straight transverse line with the lateral pairs.
An immature male found in a cellar at Cannock, Staffordshire,
by F. O. P.-Cambridge in June, 1891.
Oxyptila seabrieula, Westr. PL B., Figs. 57-63.
Thomisus scabriculus Westr. Cambr. Araneae Suecicae, p. 441.
Adult male, length i \ lines.
This very distinct and curious little spider, may. be easily
distinguished from all our, as yet known, British species by its
very robust form, short legs, and short strong spiny armatures, the
spines mostly short, strong, and clavate.
Its general colour is a deep rich black-brown, mottled and
marked obscurely with reddish-brown on the cephalothorax, and
with a paler hue and some whitish markings on the abdomen ;
* "List of British and Irish Spiders," p. 45,
146 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
the legs are mottled with blackish, deep brown, reddish, and
paler markings, being palest and least marked towards the
extremity.
The palpi are short and strong ; the radial joint has a strong
apophysis from its fore-extremity on the outer side. This
apophysis appears to be somewhat bent, and is prominent and
very obtuse, but its exact shape is most difficult to be seen, and
the drawings given can hardly be said to represent it satis-
factorily. The palpal organs are highly developed and rather
complex, consisting of several strong curved and sharp-pointed
processes, and surrounded by a long strong tapering pointed
spine. This spine runs round sinuously on their inner side, and
ends in a bold prominent coil at their fore-extremity.
The four eyes of the central quadrangle appear to form almost
an exact square, contrary to the ordinary diagnosis for this
genus, which is that of a quadrangle whose width is less than its
length.
I have not been able to compare the above with any typical
example of Westring's spider, but M. Simon, to whom I sent
drawings of it, believes it to be of the same species.
It was found in a sandpit at Woking, and kindly sent to me
by Mr. H. Donisthorpe in 1906. Whatever it may ultimately
prove to be, it is certainly new to Great Britain.
LIST OF ARACHNIDA
In the foregoing Pages, with References to Page.
ARANEIDEA.
Agroeca inopina, Cambr. p. 122.
notata, Cambr. p. 123.
Dictyna variabilis, C. L. Koch. p. 123.
Protadia subnigra, Cambr. p. 123.
Cryphoeca recisa, sp. n. p. 123. p. 136.
diversa, Camb. p. 124.
ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA. 147
Coelotes terrestris, Wid. p. 124.
Hahnia nava, Bl. p. 124.
pusilla, C. L. Koch. p. 124. p. 138.
Theridion impressum, L. Koch. p. 125.
,, riparium, Bl. p. 125.
Crustulina sticta, Cambr. p. 125.
Laseola jucunda, Cambr. p. 125.
,, inornata, Cambr. p. 126.
Euryopis flavom aculata, C. L. Koch p. 126.
Enoplognatha mandibulare, Lucas p. 126.
Robertus insignis, sp. n. p. 127. p. 138.
,, arundineti, Cambr. p. 127.
Onesinda minutissima, Cambr. p. 127.
Teutana nobilis, Thor. p. 127.
Linyphia furtiva, Cambr. p. 127.
,, impigra, Cambr. p. 128.
Leptyphantes patens, sp. n. p. 128. p. 139.
Tmeticus reprobus, Cambr. p. 128.
,, emptus, Jackson p. 128. p. 140.
nigricauda, sp. n. p. 128. p. 141.
,, fortunatus, Cambr. p. 128. p. 142.
,, serratus, Cambr. p. 129. p. 143.
Microneta beata, Cambr. p. 129.
Maso Sundevallii, Westr. p. 129.
Gongylidiellumlatebricolum, Cambr. p. 129.
Diplocephalus protuberans, Cambr. p. 130. p. 144.
Entelecara acuminata, Wid. p. 130.
Entelecara Jacksonii, Cambr. p. 130.
Thyreosthenius biovatus, Cambr. p. 130.
Lophocarenum stramineum, Menge p. 131. p. 144.
Araeoncus erratus sp., n. p. 131. p. 145.
Metopobactrus prominulus, Cambr. p. 131.
Styloctetor uncinus, Cambr. p. 132.
Cnephalocotes elegans, Cambr. p. 132.
,, interjectus, Camb. p. 132.
Tapinocyba subitanea, Cambr. p. 132.
148 ON NEW AND RARE BRITISH ARACHNIDA.
Wideria melanocephala, Camb. p. 132.
Walckenaera obtusa, Bl. p. 132.
Ceratinella scabrosa, Cambr. p. 133.
Tigellinus furcillatus, Menge. p. 133.
Eugnatha striata, L. Koch p. 133.
Oxyptila Blackwallii, Sim. p. 133.
,, flexa, Cambr. p. 133.
,, scabricula, Westr. p. 133. p. 145.
Trochosa picta, Hahn. p. 134.
Tarantula miniata, C. L. Koch p. 134.
Lycosa paludicola, Clerck. p. 134.
Euophrys aequipes, Cambr. p. 135.
Phelgra fasciata, Hahn. p. 135.
Hyctia nivoyi, Lucas. p. 135.
PHALANGIDEA.
Oligolophus Meadii, Cambr. p. 135.
Trogulus tricarinatus, Linn. p. 135.
Anelasmocephalus Cambridgii, Westr. p. 135.
CHERNETIDEA.
Obisium maritimum, Leach p. 135.
Chernes minutus, Ellingsen p. 136.
,, cyrneus, L. Koch p. 136.
imvfctce
By VAUGHAN CORNISH, D.Se., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., F.C.S.
N December, 1901, I noticed that the snow in some
of the streets in Montreal and on the driving
track across the frozen St. Lawrence had a
remarkably undulating surface, obviously due to
the sledge traffic. These undulations averaged
13 feet from crest to crest. The length of the
sledge-runners varies, but 5 to 6 feet is a
common size. The height of the undulations varied consider-
ably, 8 inches being, however, about the usual height, reckoned
from trough to crest. The profile was symmetrical both in the
single track across the frozen St. Lawrence and in the streets,
where the track is double and the sledges keep to the right hand
side. In this case, however, the ridges were not quite at right
angles to the course, the ridge being pushed slightly at both
ends in the direction in which the sledges are driven, indicating
a small amount of movement since their formation
Upon a toboggan-run on Mount Royal, made in snow without
the use of water, similar undulations were in one instance
produced.
These undulations are called cahots, or jolts, which is the same
word as is used for holes in ordinary roads.
I SO ON SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES.
A long series of cahots was very quickly produced upon the
frozen St. Lawrence in snow about 10 inches deep; indeed, it
was surprising to see how soon the flat snow surface was thrown
into waves by the sledge traffic. In one of the streets of
Montreal I saw the old cahots being hacked up and the snow
road re-laid ; the material having consolidated to the consis-
tency of ice. In January and February, during the greater cold
at Winnipeg, Manitoba, the snow did not form cahots. When a
snow drift had consolidated across a road there would be seen
one or two slight undulations, obviously made by the bumping of
the sledge in passing over the obstruction, but they were not
remarkable. Cahots are known in other countries besides
Canada. Dr. Markoff informs me that they are familiar to him
in Russia, and the late Mr. E. A. Floyer drew my attention to
the following description in Wallace's " Russia." Apropos of
sledge travelling the author says :
"The road soon gets cut up, and transverse furrows are
formed. How these furrows come into existence I have never
been able clearly to comprehend, though I have often heard the
phenomenon explained by men who imagined they understood
it. Whatever the cause and mode of formation may be, certain it
is that little hills and valleys do get formed, and the sledge as it
crosses them bobs up and down like a boat in a chopping
sea."
The present writer also has often listened to the explanation
of the formation of cahots by those who are familiar with the
phenomenon, and who do not usually consider it to be remark-
able. The usual explanation is as follows : The transverse
furrows are caused by the bumping of the sledge. They are only
produced, therefore, when something makes the sledge bump.
This is usually hardened snow, e.g., a " drift" blown across a
road in the lee of some obstruction. Sometimes, however, the
sledge starts bumping on account of a hole in the roadway
beneath the snow.
This explanation is, as we shall see, only partial, but it is
correct as far as it goes. Given a considerable initial inequality,
BRINGING DOWN THE SLATES, CONISTON,
PLATE I.
ON SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES. 151
the bumping of sledges soon produces a long train of waves in
the snow (if the weather be not too cold), and if the traffic be
both ways the train of waves extends in both directions.
For those who do not live in cold countries it is advisable to
describe in some detail the motions of a sledge, which differ so
greatly from those of a cart. The gliding "runner" meets
obstructions at a very slight, or grazing, angle, and is deflected
from its course with surprising ease. If the deflection be in a
vertical plane the sledge pitches as a boat does. If the deflec-
tion be in a horizontal plane the sledge skids, i.e., swings
sideways, and is then apt to capsize. Both these pernicious
tendencies are minimised in carts by the rotation of the wheel ;
indeed, an experience of sledges soon convinces one that the
power of a rolling wheel to resist deflection, in both the
horizontal and vertical directions, is one of its essential
superiorities to runners.
In ascending and pitching over a mound of snow the sledge
compresses it, arid thus consolidates the mound, if the temper-
ature be not too low, on account of the well-known property of
regelation, which enables one to make snowballs in damp
snow. The skidding, or swinging, of the sledge is responsible
for the fact that the undulations produced by it are as broad as
the driving way, instead of being as narrow as the runners.
It is not only in snow that sledges produce cahots, as I learnt,
after my return from Canada, during a visit to Coniston,
September, 1901. The road from Saddlestone slate quarry on
the " Old Man " of Coniston is in places so steep that the
following system has been adopted for bringing down the
slate. Half the load is placed on a two-wheeled cart and
half is placed on a sledge, which, being hitched on behind
the cart, serves as a drag for the steeper parts of the track.
When a gentler slope is reached the sledge is run on to the
wheeled truck shown in Plate I. The steep parts of the
road down which the sledge passes are all in undulations
of symmetrical or nearly symmetrical form, having, like the
cahots in snow, rounded crests and troughs. This is the more
152 ON SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES.
remarkable, because the sledges only pass over them in one
direction, viz., downwards, the empty sledges being taken up
in the wheeled cart.
At the foot of the hill the sledges are sometimes dragged a few
yards along the flat over the road at the railway siding, and this
piece of road was slightly, but distinctly undulated. The length
of the bottom of a sledge runner was measured, and found to be
4 feet 8 inches, which is a little less than one-third of the wave-
length of the undulations on the hillside. The average length
of the undulations was 14 feet 8 inches.
I arrived at Coniston on my second visit on August 6th, 1902,
and occupied myself until August i6th with a further examin-
ation of the undulations caused by sledges.
My first observation on ascending the steep portion of the
quarry road just above the railway station was that the undula-
tions were of considerably greater amplitude, and presented
more numerous ridges in continuous series than was the case in
September, 1901, and this I at once attributed to the circum-
stance that the summer of 1901 had been a dry one, whereas
that of 1902 had been unusually wet at Coniston.
Plate II. shows the series of undulations here looking down-
hill on August 1 3th. The dimensions of a series, measuring
uphill, was as follows. The height was taken at both sides of
the track :
Wave Length. Height from Trough to Crest (inches).
E.H. L.H. Mean.
13 Feet 3 Inches . . 6*75 . . 6-5 . . 6'625
13 , 7'75 8-75 8-25
15 2|
14 6
16 5
18 6
12 5|
7-0 .. 7-0 .. 7-00
7'5 .. 8-5 .. 8-00
8-25 .. 7-75 .. 8-00
6-75 .. 6-0 .. 6-375
8-75 7'5 8-125
Mean length 14 feet 9-4 inches. Mean height 7*5 inches.
Wave-length divided by Height = 23-653.
Wave-length divided by Length of Sledge = 3'225.
THE UNDULATING SLEDGE-TRACK, CONISTON,
PLATE II.
ON SURFACE XVAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES. 153
It will be observed that the length of the undulations was
practically the same as in 1901, the same sledges being in
use.
On another flank of the Coniston " Old Man " is a track from
another slate quarry (Cove Quarry), on which sledges are
employed. On this track also I found the undulations. They
were not so highly developed as on the Saddlestone Quarry
track. The roadway itself was very loose, wet, and slushy. A
group of four ridges measured from crest to crest 13 feet,
1 8 feet, 13 feet, and 15 feet, with an average wave length,
therefore, of 14 feet 9 inches. The sledges were quite similar
to those used upon the Saddlestone Quarry track. The experi-
ments subsequently made convinced me that the inferior
development of the cahots on the Cove Quarry track was due to
deficiency of binding power of the road-bed.
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE PRODUCTION OF CAHOTS.
With the kind assistance of my friend, Prof. J. B. Cohen, of
the Leeds University, I proceeded to experiment upon the
production of cahcts. Obtaining a basket which had a form
something like a Laplander's sledge, and not unlike a rather flat-
bottomed boat, I repaired to the little delta or beach of sand
and shingle made by a brook on the shore of Coniston water,
near to the Steamboat Pier. Having weighted my " sledge,"
which, be it observed, was not on runners, and should, therefore,
have produced its " cahoting" effect more quickly, I proceeded
to haul it about on the coarse sand and fine shingle of the
highest portion of the beach, several feet above the level of the
lake. It displaced the material in a wave before its bows,
but left a flat, not an undulating, track.
I then tried the effect of drawing it backwards and forwards
over the same track, thinking that in this way I might produce
some effect; much as oscillating water-currents appear to have
more effect than continuous currents to ripple sand. Nothing,
however, came of this variation of method ; the track remained
154 N SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES.
smooth. Care was, of course, taken that the sledge was not
drawn over one's foot-prints.
Another friend having come to our assistance, " high speeds "
were tried, the " sledge" being dragged at about eight miles
an hour. I thought an undulation might arise from the
tendency of small inequalities to make a sledge jump when
moving rapidly, but in spite of a good deal of hard work the
track of the sledge remained as smooth as ever. In parenthesis
I may here remark that when I hit upon the right method the
experiment " did itself," so to speak ; as so often happens,
everything was easy and simple, including the explanation of the
process, when once the natural method was adopted by the
experimenter.
I had been trying whether the undulating surface would arise
spontaneously without the pre-existence of appreciable inequal-
ities, because my experience with sand waves (sub-aqueous and
seolian) and drifting snow waves had shown me that, in spite of
popular opinion to the contrary, the formation of such waves
does not require the pre-existence of appreciable inequalities.
However, as I had so far failed with the cahots, I made a heap
of loose sand, and the sledge was run quickly over it again and
again, always in one direction. In this way an undulating
surface of regular wave-length was speedily produced by the
jumping and bumping of the sledge. First a depression was
scooped out to " leeward " of the initial inequality, then a
mound was thrown up to leeward of the depression, and another
trough was scoured out to leeward of this, and so on, wave by
wave, the group of waves continually extending, much as a
group of waves forms to leeward of any considerable obstruction
which may be submerged in a fairly rapid stream. So far I
had got the effect similar to that due to an initial snowdrift,
causing the sledge to bump. I could not rest satisfied with
this result, however, without further modifications of the experi-
ment. There was, indeed, one important difference between
the experimental cahois and those usually produced in a
spontaneous manner. The former, as the experiment was
Ok SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES. 155
continued, became more and more unsymmetrical in profile,
until their form resembled more that of drift waves of sand or
snow than spontaneous cahots, which are generally symmetrical.
I decided to change my "sledge," and obtained a small iron
mould, about i foot long, used for casting lead, which was very
heavy, weighing 14 pounds, and was suitably shaped, having
somewhat the form of a barge.
With this I began again, drawing it along slowly and
without the employment of an initial inequality. The small
heavy sledge sank somewhat in the loose, dry, sandy, or shingly
surface of the higher parts of the beach, driving before it a
mound of loose particles, as in the former experiments. The
furrow quickly deepened as the sledge was drawn backwards and
forwards over the same track, and suddenly (my back being
turned in hauling) I noticed a change in the pull of the cord
almost simultaneously with a change in the sound made by the
sledge. The rattling over dry gravel gave place to a more
muffled note, and the prow of the sledge was felt to rise and
fall. On turning to watch the sledge, the cause of this was
immediately apparent. The level of slightly damp gravelly sand
had been reached, and the travelling mound or wave of detritus
in front of the sledge was soon welded into a coherent mass by
its pressure. The sledge then rode over this obstruction, which
after its passage was found to be perfectly incorporated with the
road-bed, forming a gentle convexity of the surface. The sledge
at once began to accumulate more material in front of it, which
soon cohered, and the sledge again overrode the obstruction,
which in its turn formed a second wave -crest.
These undulations increased very rapidly in amplitude, not
only when the sledge was drawn backwards and forwards, but
also when drawn only in one direction. The undulations were
symmetrical and similar in appearance and steepness to the
cahots of the Quarry Track. No appreciable inequality was
present to originate them, and the speed of the sledge was
throughout only that of a very slow walk, say two and a-half to
three miles per hour, and the pull was as steady as possible. The
156 ON StTRFACE WAVES tRODUCEb feY SLEDGES.
secret of the spontaneous formation of cahots had, therefore,
been the capacity of certain fragmentary or semi-granular
materials (e.g., damp road-stuff and damp snow) to cohere or
bind under pressure.
The action of the sledge itself, which is more readily apparent,
I have already explained ; but it will be convenient to repeat the
explanation as follows : Meeting obstructions at a very small
angle, it is very easily tilted in a vertical sense and caused to
pitch. This exercises a rolling-out or compressing effect
upon the obstruction, and also causes the prow to meet the
track at such an angle as to furrow it more deeply to "leeward"
of the excrescence. So much is simple, but it is not so obvious
why a sledge going on runners should produce ridges extending
the whole width of the roadway, as in the case of the tract from
the Saddlestone Quarry. The reason, however, soon becomes
evident, when one walks behind the sledge and watches how it
swings or skids. The runners, in fact, are deflected laterally,
with even greater ease than vertically, and this swinging or
skidding tendency is one of the essential inferiorities of
runners as compared with wheels.
The undulations produced by dragging the iron mould back-
wards and forwards over the same ground averaged 2ft. 8*52
inches in length from crest to crest, the " immersed " length of
the sledge being 9-25 inches. The quotient is 3-52 that is to
say, the " wave " is three and a-half times as long as the sledge.
The cahots on the Quarry Track (see page 152), were three and
a-quarter times as long as the sledge.
I wished to ascertain if the ridges on the Quarry Track
travelled down-hill, and I put in iron pegs to mark their
position, hoping that observations could be made after my
departure ; but the pegs could not then be found. The opinion
of Mr. John Mandal, of Mandal's Slate Quarry, Ltd., is that
these ridges, when developed, do not travel ; he says they
become " too hard to move, being all as if crusted and cemented
together." The road, he informs me, has to be re-made from
time to time, the ridges being " hacked up " (with considerable
ON SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES. 157
labour), and the material strewn in the hollows. The symmetri-
cal form of the ridges supports the impression of their
immobility, particularly as the sledge only traverses them in one
direction. It must not be forgotten that the condition of the
track varies with the weather. When the materials are
moderately damp the cahots would be quickly formed, and at first
may travel, but, dry weather supervening, the ridges cake or
set in a hard mass like concrete, which could not well participate
in a wave-like motion while in that condition.
OTHER EXAMPLES OF TRANSVERSE INEQUALITIES OF
SURFACE IN ROADS AND PATHS.
The principal inequality produced by wheeled traffic on a soft
road or track is, of course, the longitudinal furrow called a rut,
but in harder roads a sort of ripple is often produced, although I
have never seen the ripple, if so it deserve to be called,
attain to regularity. On the Macadamised ways much used in
the West End of London the first step in their formation seems,
generally, to be the kicking out of a stone by the horse's hoof.
The wheel soon enlarges the hole, and when the inequalities
thus produced are examined it is seen that they are generally a
succession of arcs of wheel-tyres separated by a rather large
stone firmly wedged. If the stones employed were smaller I
think the inequalities would be less troublesome. In wood
pavements if an initial inequality be caused by a bad, soft, block,
or by taking up and re-laying, this is speedily multiplied in both
directions by the bumping of the wheels.
The action of a wheel to knock holes in a stony road is
exactly the reverse of that of a roller employed for smoothing
out the inequalities of paths. The latter, however, is drawn
slowly. It is easy to see that the depressing effect of a wheel or
roller upon a projecting stone is proportional to its weight and
to the time it remains upon the excrescence that is to say it
is inversely proportional to the speed, whereas the impact
against a projecting stone will increase when the speed increases
158 ON SURFACE WAVES PRODUCED BY SLEDGES.
(probably as the square of the velocity). Hence the effect of
slow heavy traffic and of light rapid traffic respectively will be
different in respect to the production of ruts and of transverse
inequalities respectively, the latter being produced chiefly by
rapid driving.*
While these matters deserve our passing attention, it must be
well understood that wheeled traffic does not produce large and
regular undulations like those formed by sledges.
A slight transverse undulation in foot-paths, such as the Broad
Walk in Kensington Gardens, has not necessarily any connection,
except that of form, with waves. Such paths, being highest in
the centre, rain runs off transversely to their length, making
transverse grooves, towards which the water drains off from
both front and rear. The places first lowered are thus kept
damper, and therefore softer, than the intervening spaces, so
that the hollows wear away more readily than the convexities,
and the tendency is for the path to acquire a slightly undulating
longitudinal section.
* It is permissible to speculate upon a connection between this passage from
smooth -running to jolting- running and the transition from smooth, steady flow
of slow-running water to sinuous or eddying flow in swift-running water,
lottts |>frucR in
6xtring
cm&
By HENRY SYMONDS.
N offering for examination by the Field Club some
products of the regal mints of Dorset, a few
general words of introduction to the subject
may not be unwelcome.
The original sources to which we can turn
for information are few in number; the
writings of some of the Saxon Chroniclers,
Domesday Book, and the Exchequer and
Chancery Rolls in the national archives,
exhaust a short but formidable list of authorities, and we then
have to look to the coins themselves for the story they tell.
It is to the want of means of communication and the conse-
quent difficulty of circulating the King's currency from a central
point that we owe the setting up of local mints in Saxon times.
These mints were farmed by the Crown at an annual rent to
persons known as monetarily or moneyers, whose names appeared
upon the reverses of the coins, and who were responsible under
l6o COINS STRUCK IN DORSET.
most barbarous penalties for the quality and weight of the pieces
bearing their respective names.
It is generally believed that the dies were engraved in London
by the King's goldsmiths as part of their " mystery" or craft, an
opinion chiefly based upon the Worcester Domesday, which states
that each moneyer paid twenty shillings in London on receiving
the dies for the coins. This tax upon new dies was doubtless
the chief cause of the many varieties of type that we find to the
credit of the later Saxon rulers ; indeed, so great was the dis-
content, that William I. compounded for the old impost by
substituting a fixed triennial payment.
In the smaller towns the moneyer was probably the actual
craftsman who used the dies, but in the more important places
his status in the community was higher, as we read in the laws
of ^Ethelred II. of suboperarii in connection with a few mints,
while the obligation on a moneyer to produce 192 pence (no
small sum in those days) "to buy him law" when accused of
malpractices points to his being a man above the artisan class.
Although it is very possible that some of the earlier Wessex
Kings issued money within the borders of the district now
known as Dorset, the names of our mints do not appear upon
their currency before ^Ethelstan ; it is, therefore, among this
King's laws and upon this King's coins that we find the earliest
records of any Dorset mints.
Recent numismatic discoveries have added many new coins,
but no additional towns to those known to Mr. Charles Warne
when he printed his Ancient Dorset in 1872 ; accordingly
Shaftesbury, Wareham, Dorchester, and Bridport, placing them
in order by the extent of their output, remain the only burghs
where the mintmasters carried out their somewhat risky duties.
It is, perhaps, a matter of surprise that to Sherborne, the home
of Saxon Bishops and Norman Abbots, no attribution of coins
has hitherto been possible.
It is unlikely that any of these mints were entirely ecclesi-
astical in character, as was the case in other counties ; even
that of Shaftesbury was probably in lay hands, seeing that the
COINS STRUCK IN DORSET. l6l
head of the great Benedictine house was an Abbess, and I
cannot find any trace of the privilege of coining being granted
to a woman, however far-reaching her territorial influence.
Dugdale, too, in the Monasticon, makes no allusion to the
possession of a mint by the abbey in question.
As to the particular spots in these four towns where the work
of minting was carried on, there would appear to be practically
no evidence. Wareham alone points to a site near the South
Quay (see Proceedings XIII. , p. 82), but the claim is at the best
a shadowy one. There has long been a tradition that the
moneyers worked or kept their implements in the churches, and
in this connection I have quite recently found a confirmatory
entry upon the Patent Roll of 7 Henry III. (1222) concerning
the mint of Bury St. Edmund's, the material part of which I
have translated as follows :
"The die of S. Edmund shall remain in the church of the
" holy Edmund during every night, that is to say in the care of
"the sacristan of the church himself under the seal of the
" custodians." This illustrates the practice. It is also note-
worthy that the ordeals by hot iron and hot water imposed by
^thelred's laws upon accused moneyers were ordered to take
place in a church. A further indication that this tradition has a
basis of fact is afforded by the figure of a Norman coiner carved
upon the capital of a pillar in the church of S. George's de
Bocherville in Normandy. A small print of this interesting
figure, which also illustrates the actual method of working,
accompanies the detailed description of the coins. There is
therefore at any rate a possibility that in Dorchester the image
and superscription of the Saxon and Norman Kings were
wrought in one or other of the churches, or, it may be, in the
Roman and Norman castles which in turn occupied, as we may
believe, the site of the existing county prison.
The currency struck in the four towns was of one denomin-
ation and of one metal, viz., the silver penny, which should
have weighed i-240th of the Saxon pound or one pennyweight
of 24 Saxon grains, the quantity of alloy permitted being then
1 62 COINS STRUCK IN DORSET.
as now, 1 8 dwts. in each pound of silver. The penny was
occasionally cut into halves and quarters, and this method of
providing small change was apparently authorised in Norman
times. The larger denominations, i.e., the mark and the shilling,
were only moneys of account, and had no existence in fact.
A word as to where the Anglo-Saxon penny is chiefly found.
The coast lands of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark have yielded
many rich hoards of these pieces, partly Danegeld, partly private
booty, and I have compared the total number of Dorset coins
in our national collection with those in the Royal Museum at
Stockholm.
The British Museum can show 47 specimens in all, while in
the Swedish Royal cabinet 134 Dorset pennies, many of the
highest rarity, can be seen a lasting memorial of the spoiling
of the English. And Stockholm is by no means the only town
of Northern Europe that possesses such treasure. In Dorset
towns, however, we may expect that the bronze of the Caesars
or the Constantines, rather than the silver of Cnut or the
Conqueror, would reward our spadevvork. I have chosen from
my cabinet some representative examples of the Anglo-Saxon
and Norman coinage, omitting those that are merely varieties of
type or legend, and I will now deal briefly with their more
noticeable points.
^Ethelstan (A.D. 925) appointed two moneyers to Shaftesbury
and aho to Wareham, and one to Dorchester ; but no coins are
known of the last-named town. The penny of Shaftesbury which
I am able to exhibit is singular in not showing the head and
bust of the king, but only his title of Rex To Brit, which may be
accepted as an intelligent anticipation of the end of the Hep-
tarchy some thirty years later under Eadgar. This coin was
regarded as unique by Mr. Warne ; whether it should be so
described to-day I do not know.
There is then a gap of 37 years, as far as Dorset is concerned,
until ^Ethelred II. (978), who, while making other laws affecting
-his money, ordered the punishment of death to be inflicted on
any moneyer who worked in a wood or elsewhere outside a
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.
The numbers refer to Hawkins' " Silver Coins of England," 3rd Ed.
The Saxon D = TH and P = W.
1. JEthelstan. Shaftesbury. H. type 7.
obv. + ^)ELSTAN KEX. TO BRIT
rev : + ^EBELWINE. MO. SEEFTES
From the Dymock, Murchison, Warne, and Montagu cabinets.
2. ^Ethelred II. Shaftesbury. H. 204.
obv : (not shewn} + JEBELRJED. REX. ANGLOR. Bust to left with
sceptre,
rev: + GODA M~O EEFTEN
3. ^Ethelred II. Shaftesbury. H. 205.
obv : (not shewn} + JEBELR^D. REX. ANG. Bust to left without
sceptre,
rev : + JELFPINE ON SEEFTE.
4. JEthelred II. Wareham. H. 206.
obv : + ^DELR^ED REX ANGLOR
Rev : + BYRHTRIE M~O PER
5. ^thelred II. Shaftesbury. H. 207.
obv: (not shewn] + JEBELR.ZED. REX. NGLOR. Bust to left without
sceptre.
rev : + GODA M " O SEEFT
6. Cnut. Shaftesbury. H. 208.
obv . (not shewn} + ENVT. REX. Bust to left with sceptre,
rev : + ^EGELRIE ON SEE
Brice and Montagu cabinets.
7. Harold I. Dorchester. H. 214.
obv : (not shewn} + HAROLD. REX. Bust to left with sceptre,
rev : + HPATAMAN. O. DOR.
Joly cabinet.
8. Harthacnut. Dorchester. H. 217.
obv : + HARBENVT. RE.
rev : + GODPINE ON DOREE
Montagu cabinet.
9. Edward Confessor. Wareham. H. 219.
obv : + EDPERD REX (blundered}.
rev : + SYDEMAN ON PERH
M ontagu cabinet.
10. Edward Confessor. Dorchester. H. 222.
obv : (not shewn} + EADPARRD. RE. Bust to right with sceptre.
rev : +BLAREMAN ON DORE
Allen cabinet.
11. Edward Confessor. Dorchester. H. 227.
obv : + EDPERD. REX
rev : + BRAEEMAN ON DOR
Warne cabinet.
12. Edward Confessor. Shaftesbury. H. 228.
obv : (not shewn) + EADPARD. REX. ANGL. King seated on throne,
rev : + PVLFRIE ON SEEF
13. William I. or II. Dorchester. H. 237.
obv : (not shewn) + PILLEM. REX. AXGLOI. Bust full face between
two sceptres.
rev : + GODPINE ON DOREEI
Warne cabinet.
14. William I. or II. Shaftesbury. H. 238.
obv. : + PILLEM REX. AI
rev. : + ALNOB ON SAFTI
Shepherd and Montagu cabinets.
15. William I. or II. Dorchester. H. 239.
obv : + PILLELM. REX
rev : + OTER ON DORESTR
Bergiie and S. Smith cabinets.
16. William I. or II. Bridport. H. 241. Bust full face with sceptre on right.
obv : (not shewn) + PILLELM. REX
rev : + BRIHTPI ON BRIDI
Deramore cabinet.
17. William I. or II. Dorchester. H. 241, as No. 16.
obv : (not shewn) + PILLEM. REX
rev : + OTER ON DOREEST
Durden cabinet.
18. William I. or II. Wareham. H. 243. Large pellet in field.
obv : + PILLELM REX I
rev : + LEGLRIE ON PERHE
Cuff, Bergne, and Rostron cabinets.
19. Henry I. Dorchester. H. 262.
obv : + HENRIEVS RE :
rev : + SPEEN : ON : DOREEES
20. Charles I. Weymouth half-crown. H. type 4.
obv: CAROLVS DG MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIB REX
W under horse, but mint mark illegible.*
rev : CHRISTO : AVSPICE : REGNO
Mint mark, helmet. Rostron cabinet.
* There is an inferior example on which the obverse mint mark, two lions,
happens to have survived.
K \ P-
mm
DORSET COINS.
COINS STRUCK IN DORSET. 163
town. The reverse of a coin of this King exhibits the unusual
device of the Hand of Providence between the letters Alpha and
Omega the only instance (except on one coin of the Martyr
of Corfe Castle) of the use of Greek characters on Saxon issues.
Another specimen, showing the word Crux between the angles
of a cross on the reverse, also bears witness to the Church's
influence upon the engravers of the dies ; in fact, there is
scarcely any coin throughout the series that does not bear the
emblem of Christianity in some form.
The pennies of Cnut of Denmark (1016) possess no especial
features of interest or beauty, but one may record in passing
that this monarch died within our borders at Shaftesbury.
The solitary examples of Harold I. (1035) and Harthacnut
(1040) are remarkable only for their rarity; the Dorchester
penny of the latter King is probably the only specimen in this
country.
The mint of Edward the Confessor (1042) was most prolific,
and some of his types are of considerable merit, one in
particular being worthy of notice. There is a Shaftesbury coin
showing the King seated on a throne with the emblems of
royalty in either hand. This type (said by Ruding to have
.been copied by the Confessor from coins of the lower empire)
was reproduced four hundred years later in Henry the Seventh's
reign, when it appeared upon one of his gold pieces, which was
then known for the first time as a " sovereign." The reverse of
this same penny also calls for a word of comment ; the four
martlets (or doves, as some say) between the angles of the cross
are supposed to have been the badge favoured by the Confessor,
and it is at least a curious coincidence that upon one of the
maces at Shaftesbury "four martlets between a cross fleury "
are engraved, which suggests that Shaston desired to com-
memorate Edward the Confessor as well as Eadward the
Martyr. These same martlets were adopted by Richard II. and
impaled with his own Arms in veneration for his predecessor,
and they may be seen to-day on some fragments of armorial
glass in the Confessor's Chapel in Westminster Abbey.
164 COINS STRUCK IN DORSET.
The word "pax" which is found upon the coins of the later
Saxon and the earlier Norman Kings is assumed by some writers
to have a religious significance, but its meaning is more
probably historical, as being commemorative of a pact or treaty
that brought peace to the land.
The Norman period is fortunately illuminated by the wonder-
ful Domesday Book drawn up in 1086. The compilers, ignoring
the reign of Harold the Second, tell us that in the time of the
Confessor there were three moneyers at Shaftesbury, two at
Wareham and Dorchester, and one at Bridport. This is the
solitary reference to Bridport as a mint town, and it is some-
what remarkable that although the western borough presumably
struck money during the reigns of the Confessor and Harold
Harefoot no coins of these two Kings have been noted, and it is
only under William I. and II. that Bridport is known to have
added her quota to the nation's currency.
Domesday further tells us that each montlarius paid to the
King the (annual) sum of one mark of silver (133. 4d.) and
twenty shillings whenever the money was changed. With these
figures it is interesting to compare the yearly payment of 500
marks (333) fixed by Henry III. for the privilege of coining
at Canterbury in 1217, as shewn in letters patent issued at
Sturminster during that year.
The chronological sequence of and the dividing line between
the coins of William I. and William II. (some fifteen types) have
long been thorny problems, the solution of which is too techni-
cal for me even to attempt here. Suffice it to say that at
different times antiquaries have put forward their schemes of
arrangement, all ingenious and some convincing, but apparently
the last word on the subject has not yet been written.
The earlier types of the Conqueror's pennies are in imitation
of those of his immediate predecessors, whose monetary system
he was careful to maintain, but the execution is generally excel-
lent, as may be seen from some of the examples that happen to
be now in fine condition, while the head of the King appears,
for the first time, to be a real attempt at portraiture.
COINS STRUCK IN DORSET. 165
Henry I. (uoo) on the other hand has left coins that are
frequently of poor design and almost invariably of the rudest
execution, but if they are lacking in beauty they are at all
events conspicuous among Norman issues for their extreme
scarcity. Why this should be so it is difficult to say, as Henry
I. reigned long and made many regulations for the protection
of his currency, enforcing obedience by penalties of the usual
ferocity, as witness the statement that 94 moneyers suffered
mutilation at Winchester after an inquest in 1125 as to
irregularities in their calling.
At this period of its history Dorset had apparently fallen
upon evil days, for we read in the Pipe Roll of 31 Henry I.
that the burgesses of S. Edward and Dorchester were excused
forty shillings of taxation by reason of their poverty, and
it would appear that Dorchester was no longer pre-eminent
in South Wessex, as was the case during the Roman occupa-
tion.
Mr. Warne, in concluding his notice of the mint at Shaftes-
bury, lays claim on behalf of Dorset to certain coins struck by
Henry II. and III., reading " S. Ed." on the reverses. Although
it is true that Shaston was at that period sometimes called " S.
Edward," the coins just alluded to were almost certainly issued
from the mint of S. Edmund in Suffolk. This is made clear by
the Patent and Close Rolls, which contain a number of refer-
ences during the reigns of Henry II., John, and Henry III. to
the mint and exchange established at S. Edmund's, but there is
no proof or even colour for the suggestion that the borough of
S. Edward was similarly favoured by any of these three kings.
It was, however, while searching the archives for evidence as
to Shaston during the early Plantagenet period that I found
two entries of some interest relating to Dorchester which
apparently have not hitherto been noted in the literature of the
county. In the Pipe Roll of 5 Henry II. there is, under Dorset,
a memorandum in the customary form that
"Warner de Lisoriis the Sheriff renders an account of
twenty marks of the moneyers of Dorchester."
1 66 COINS STRUCK IN DORSET.
and in the following year
"The same Sheriff renders an account of 13 shillings
and 4 pence for Colbert the moneyer, and of 26 shillings
and 8 pence for Lawrence the moneyer."
These two entries, when read together, go to show that in
Dorchester as late as the year 1160 there were two resident
moneyers, and, although no specimens of their work are known
at the British Museum, it may reasonably be hoped that future
finds will supply the deficiency.
Accordingly, with regard to the coins of the Plantagenet Kings,
I should strike out Shaftesbury from Mr. Warne's list and
substitute Dorchester as the town from whose mint we may
expect to see the currency of Henrv II.
In 1856 the Rev. T. F. Dymock read a paper before the
Numismatic Society of London, in which he drew attention to
certain half-crowns of Charles I. that, in his opinion, were
struck at Weymouth during 1643-44, while that town was held
for the King against the Parliamentary forces, and Mr, Dymock's
attributions have never, as far as I am aware, been questioned
by later numismatists. His conclusions were based upon (i)
the letter W, which can be seen between the feet of the King's
horse ; (2) the date 1644 on one of tne types ; and (3) the mint
marks.
These mint marks correspond (fairly accurately, having regard
to the itinerant character of the King's mint) with two of the
heraldic charges upon the arms and seal granted to the united
boroughs of Weymouth and Melcombe in 1592, viz., the lions
passant gardant and the castle, or tower. The copper token
of Weymouth, issued by the Corporation some 25 years after the
siege, also shows the lions upon an escutcheon.
We have no documetary evidence in support of what is now
the accepted origin of these pieces, as the Government records
at that date were in the hands of the Parliament, and therefore
throw no light upon the doings of Charles' Treasury officials in
the country. The Domestic State Papers merely tell us that after
COINS STRUCK IN DORSET. 167
the capitulation in June, 1644, the Royalists marched out about
400 strong, the officers with their swords and horses, the men
with sticks only. The Weymouth borough dccuments and
minute books (catalogued by Mr. Moule) are equally silent as
to the 'incidents of the siege, probably from motives of caution
in those troubled times ; but I may perhaps hazard a conjecture
that the unfortunate King's adherents in this district, like those
of Shrewsbury, Oxford, and other towns, handed in their silver
plate for manufacture into rudely-struck half-crowns.
an6 "g&cmor of ghrampfott.
of t$e
-ouvf cSeef and @owvf
By W. MILES BARNES.
.^tMiS--
H ROUGH the courtesy and kindness of Mr. and
Mrs. Sheridan, of Frampton Court, I am able
to give extracts from the Rolls of the Court
Leet and Court Baron of the Liberty and
Manor of Frampton.
The earliest rolls have, unfortunately,
disappeared, and one volume only remains
the latest which contains the Rolls of
the Courts from May ist, 1765, to i88r,
when the records ceased. By that time the
holdings had passed from the mediaeval tenure by which the
tenants held under the Court of the Lord, to whom they did
fealty to the modern holding of the tenant farmer ; and the
later rolls are mainly interesting from that fact that they enable
the reader to trace the stages of the change and to see how the
farm buildings were gradually altered to adapt them to the
requirements of the larger tenants. These changes were
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON. I 6$
hastened by an unusual number of destructive fires which
occurred about this time, by which old farm buildings were
destroyed on various parts of the estates. Most of the buildings
were covered with thatch, so that they fell an easy prey to the
flames, which were caused at one time by a boy playing with
matches, at others through various misadventures known and
unknown.
As examples of the rolls I will give transcripts of those for
1765, dated respectively May ist and October 2 2nd, supple-
menting them with extracts from later rolls ; some of them, in
order to save space, condensed and placed between brackets to
distinguish them from the transcripts. The old spelling is
retained, and the lack of punctuation is not rectified.
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
The Court Leet with View of Frank Pledge and Court Baron
of George Browne Esquire Lord of the said Liberty and Manor
there held the ist day of May, 1765 before
JOHN RUSSELL Steward thereof
THE BAILIFF of the Richard Edwards app.
Liberty and Manor
Constable of the Liberty Richard Chipp app. and sworn.
and Manor
Tything man of Frampton John Whittle app. and Sworn.
Tything man of Bettis- None chosen many years
combe
Tything man of Bincombe John Bailey app. and sworn.
Tything man of Came Cornelius Forse app. and sworn.
Tything man of Compton Henry Davis the younger
Vallence
Viewers of Hedges and ( John Whittle )
Tellers of Cattle I John Tizzard ) app.& sworn
Hay wards of the said ( Robert Prickett ) app . & sworn
Manor I Emanuel Daw )
170
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
Names of the Jurors to enquire as well for our sovereign Lord
the King as the Body of the said Liberty.
John Damon
William Bartlett
Junr.
Henry Davis,
William Brett
Jun.
Robert lies
John Bridle
Henry Garland
William Randall
John Damon the
No. 12
Cornelius Voss
Elder
William Waters
Wiliam Waters ,
John Bailey
> sworn
.John Damon )
Affeerers < :: _ . [sworn
Henry Davis)
HOMAGE.
John Whittle
Thomas Tizzard
John Tizzard
William Tizzard
sworn
No. 7
John Stroud
George Garrett
John Legg
j-sworn
Affeerers
( John Whittle ^
( John Tizzard )
sworn
At this Court. License is granted to John Stroud who claims
to hold the Premises hereinafter mentioned as Sole Purchasers
for the Term of his own Life and for the lives of John Stroud
and Anne Stroud his son and daughter by Copy of Court Roll of
this Manor bearing date the sixth day of May, 1731, to demise
all that one dwellinghouse garden and backside and one
acre of Arable Land lying in the Great North Field and
Common Pasture for one Horse Beast and four Sheep within
this Manor or any parcell thereof to any person or persons
for the term of 81 years if the said John Stroud and the said
John Stroud and Anne his son and daughter or any widow which
the said John Stroud and John Stroud his son or either of them
shall leave at his death (who by the custom of this manor shall
or may claim the said Premises for the Term of her widowhood)
or either of them shall so long live and the estate of them or
THE LIBERTY ANb MANOR OF FRAMPTON. 17!
either of them of and in the said Premises shall so long continue
so that the House Buildings Hedges Ditches and other Fences
of the Premises be from Time to Time well and sufficiently
repaired and amended and the Rents Works Burthens suits
customs and services there due to the Lord and of right
accustomed be well and truly rendered and paid otherwise
this License to be void.
THE PRESENTMENT OF THE JURORS, &c.
Frampton. We present Henry Legg, Henry Forse and George
Soper resiants of Frampton who have made default in not
appearing at this Court, they are therefore amerced sixpence
each Affeered to same
Came. We present Joseph Bishop and John Hansford, Resiants
of Came who have made default in not appearing at this Court,
they are therefore amerced sixpence each Affeered to same
Compton Vallence. We present John Force William Stroud
Matthew Toms, Henry Davis jun r * and James Stroud (as above)
Bincombe. We present John Belk and John Bellett &c &c
Also we present Grimston Bridge to be out of repair
Also we present the Well at Farmer Helliers &c
Also we present the Well at Farmer Chips to want a cover
Also we present the Ditches in the Moore to be out of repair
and to be repaired by the owners of the grounds
Also we present Marie pit for not being railed
Compton. Also we present the Well at Anthony Peaches to
want a cover, ordered all to be done and repaired in a month on
pain of 6 s 8 d each defaulter Affeered to 4 s each.
A PRESENTMENT OF THE HOMAGE.
We present d\ those who owe suit and service at this Court that
have made default in not appearing to be emerced i s each.
Affeered to 6 d .
We present all antient customs as mentioned in the last pre-
sentment to continue and remain in full force
172 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
We present Henry Legg for plowing up the Bounds between
Land and Land near Colers Close and plowing away part of the
Bounds at' several other places in the Fields belonging to this
Parish ordered that he repair the injury in 5 months time on pain
of one pound. Affeered to the same
We present Henry Legg for loping and stocking the hedges in
the meadow grounds near the Fish house which appears to be
very injurious to the said fences, ordered that he fence out and
guard the said Hedges in order to preserve them from further
damage on pain of one pound. Affeered to the same.
We likewise present him for Cutting of the hedge against the
mill reach and laying it open to the mill reach.
We further present him for shrouding the wallnut trees grow-
ing in the Barton near Bishops Bridge which trees was never
shrouded before.
We present the Red Lion House to want thatching and
chimney want repairing ordered to be repaired in a month on
pain of i os. Affeered to same.
And the dwelling house at the Bridge belonging to Mr.
Boyland to want thatching ordered to be done in 2 months on
pain of i os. Affeered to same.
We present Thomas Taylers Stable walls to stand 4 feet
farther out than formerly they stood in Jno. Sanford's time in
the West side and one foot and half on the east side and that
the same is done on the waste of this Manor.
We present Robert Prickett and John Tizzard Junr. son of
Thomas Tizzard to be Haywards of this Manor and they were
sworn into the office.
A PRESENTMENT MADE BY THE VIEWERS OF HEDGES AND
TELLERS OF CATTLE.
AT OXTEEDS.
We present Henry Garlands Fence out of repair
[the same of Matthew Abbot, John Tizzard, Elizabeth Stroud,
George Browne Esq, Mr. Hugh Boyland, Mrs. Toogood, John
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
'73
Bartlett, William Prickett, Mr. Whittle, Richard Chipp, Mrs.
Pitman, Hugh Gill.]
BETWEEN THE FIELDS.
Robert Chipp's out of repair.
[same of Mr. Browne, Mr. Boyland, Thomas Tizzard, John
Bartlett, Christopher Holland]
ordered that all the Fences abovementioned be put in good
repair in a months time on pain of 53 each defaulter.
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
The Court Leet with the view of Frank pledge and Court
Baron of George Browne Esq Lord of the said Liberty there
held on the 2 2nd day of October 1765 before
John Russell Steward there
[The officers the same as in the foregoing list except that
Cornelius Forse's name is gi\en as Voss and the Hay wards are
Robert Prickett and John Tizzard.]
The names of the Jurors to enquire as well for our Sovereign
Lord the King as the Body of the said Liberty.
John Damon Junr
John Tizard junr
John Bartlett junr
William Brett
William Waters
James Wood
Samuel Forse
Richard Barrett
Robert Isles
Henry Garland
Robert Wood of
Southover
Henry Hellier
sworn William Randall
Robert Wood of
Frampton
John Samways
No 17 John Damer
Cornelius Voss
i John Damon Junr)
Affeerers{ J T , _. , J _
I John Tizzard Junr;
sworn
sworn
174 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
THE NAMES OF THE HOMAGE.
John Whittle ^ John Stroud
John Tizzard James Waters
William Tizzard j George Garrett
Thomas TizzardJ John Legg
sworn
(John Whittle
< sworn
(jonn wniute )
Affeerers j T , . , \ svr
( John Tizzard )
THE PRESENTMENT OF THE JURORS.
Frampton. We present William Gook John Traverse John
Traverse Jtm r & Richard Wood, Resients of Frampton
who have made default in not appearing at this court,
they are therefore amerced Sixpence Each, affeered to the
same
Came. We Present William Hust, Joseph Willas, Thomas
Dibben, Thomas Keats, John Vincent, & John Stayner
who have made default in not appearing at this court
they are therefore amersed Sixpence Each, affeered to the
same
Also We Present Edmund Devenish the Younger, Henry Legg
& John Tizzard Sen r for Martha Toogoods Estate, one of
them to serve the office of a Constable for this Liberty
for the Year ensuing of whom Edmund Devenish the
Younger was elected by the Court, and was Sworn into
the said Office
Also We Present Mr John Davis to serve the Office of a
Tythingman for the Ty thing of Frampton within this
Liberty for the Year ensuing, and he appeared and was
Sworn into this Office
Also We Present Cornelias Voss to continue the Office of
Tythingman for the Tything of Came within this Liberty
for the Year ensuing, and he was Sworn
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON. 175
Also We Present John Darner to serve the Office of T}thingman
for the Tything of Eincombe within this Liberty for the
Year ensuing and he appeared and was Sworn into his
Office
Also We Present Henry Davis the Younger to serve the Office
of a Tythingman for the Tything of Compton Vallance
within this Liberty for the Year ensuing, and he was sworn
Also We Present Grimstone Bridge to be out of Repair, Ordered
to be Repaired by the Surveyors of the Highways in a
Month's time on pain of 6 s 8 d . Affeered to 5 shillings
Also We Present the Ditches in the Moor to be out of Repair,
and to he repaired by the owners of the Grounds
adjoining, ordered to be done in a Month on pain of
6 s 8 d Affered to five shillings
Also We Present the Road against John Bartlett's House to be
out of Repair, Ordered to be Repaired by the Surveyors
in a Month Time on Pain of 6 s 8 d . Affeered to five
Shillings
A PRESENTMENT OF THE HOMAGE.
First We Present all those who owe Suit and Service at this
Court and have made default in appearing are amerced 6 d
each. Affeered to the same
Also We Present that no Barley Ground shall be broke before
S* Thomas's Day according to ancient Custom
Also We Present that no Sheep shall be fed in the Common
Meadow or Hams untill old Christmas Day and not more
than One Sheep to two Acres of Arable Land except
Trinity Monday and S 1 John's Day
Also We Present the Common Meadow Hams and Hogsleaze
to be laid up the 17 th day of March, and the Hogsleaze
and Hams to be broke the fourteenth day of May.
Yearly according to ancient Custom.
Also We present that no Wheat Ground shall be broke to Soro
Wheat in before S* Matthew's Day
Ij6 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
Also We Present that no one shall turn out Sull and Horses
on another Man's Wheat after old Martin's Day upon
the Penalty of 5". Affeered to the same
Also We Present that no Stone Horse, or Infectious Horse
shall run in the Common under the Penalty of Ten
Shillings. Affeered to the same.
Also We Present that no Pig shall run in any Part of the Parish
or Common upon the Penalty of five shillings. Affeered
to the same
Also We Present that no Horse shall go loose in the Com-
mon Meadow Hams or Mower, from old Lammas Day,
untill Woodberry Day old Style after Sun Set or the
same be rid of the Corn upon the Penalty of three
shillings and fourpence each Horse. Affeered to the
same
Also We Present that no Cow shall be fed in the Common
Meadow after Sun Set from the i4th Day of May untill
Michaelmas Day old Style under the Penalty of Three
Shillings and fourpence Affeered to the same
Also We Present that no Bull shall run in the Common from
Christmas Day old Style until the i3th day of May
Also We Present Hogsleaze to be broke with Sheep the tenth
day of October Yearly and to be laid up the lyth day of
March Yearly, and the Barley Stubble to be broke with
Sheep the tenth day of October Yearly according to
ancient Custom
Also We Present that no Horse shall be baited between Corn
and Corn except in Cowdown and Shelves in Southover
fields on pain of 3 s 4 d . Affeered to the same.
Also We Present the Wheat Stubble to be fed with Horses
and Cows from the loth day of October until the 22nd
Day of November and shall be broke with Sheep the
2 2nd Day of November yearly
Also We Present that no Person shall run a Calf in the Common
Field without a Pasture upon the Penalty of one shilling
for each Offence, Affeered to the same
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON. 177
Also We present that no Person shall fetch Furzes from the
Town Fields with any Carriages, or any Person to cut any
that do not belong to the Parish upon the Penalty of five
shillings for each offence. Affeered to the same.
Also we present Christopher Holland's shop and barn to be out
of repair for want of thatching
[Also M r Edwards house, James Wood's, Henry Gill's, John
Bartlett's, Thomas Tayler's, Mellier Salisbury's Thomas
Tizzard's, John Stroud's [house & mill] William Tizzard's
[barn] M rs Sherring's, M r Petty's, Robert Wood's widow's house,
Richard Wood's [barn and fuel house] M rs Whittle's, Robert
Chipp's [house and barn] Matthew Abbot's, Widow Baunton's,
M r Boyland's [barn], Jane Sanford's, Elizabeth Homer's William
Bartlett's, M rs Toogood's [barn] at Colers, John Bowering's,
Matthew Abbott's, William Waters, M rs Toogood's, Richard
Chipp's, Hugh Gill's, George Garrett's, John Hall's, Richard
Barrett's house where Holland lives do want Thatching, M r
Colson's [wall] Samuel Best's, Elizabeth Stroud's [barn] M rs
Whittle's stable, Widow Damon's house John Bartlett's, William
Prickett's, M r Boyland]
We present Henry Legg for plowing up part of the Common
Meadow near Roulont and for plowing too much of the walls in
other parts of the Field.
We present Richard Wood for mowing wood and Furze on the
waste near the Mill ; ordered that the several premisses above
mentioned be repaired in 6 months
We present Emanuel Daw and William Waters to serve as
Haywards for the year ensuing, and they appeared and were
sworn into the Office
A PRESENTMENT OF THE VIEWERS OF HEDGES AND
TELLERS OF CATTLE.
We present the Fences against Southover Field to be in
general out of Repair And likewise the Fences at Oxteeds.
1)8 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
Ordered to be repaired by the several persons concerned by the
first day of January on pain of 6 s 8 d each defaulter
We present John Bartlett and William Brett to serve as
Viewers of Hedges and Tellers of Cattle for the year ensuing
and they were sworn into the said office
John Whittle j Viewers of Hedges and
John Tizzard ) tellers of Cattle.
EXTRACTS.
Oct 21. 1766. Frampton. We Present George Soper and
William White servant to M r John Williams Attorney at Law,
Resians of Frampton who have made default in not appearing
at this Court they are therefore amerced sixpence each affeered
to the same.
Oct 27. 1767. We present Elizabeth the widow of Jn
Wood for selling and suffering part of the Fodder arising
upon her estate to be carried off and spent elsewhere.
We present William Tizzard for carrying off the hay and
part of the straw from Thomas Tizzard's estate called the New
Inn.
We present Tho s Tizzard for keeping a stone horse in the
Common contrary to Custom
On Oct ii. 1769. A Court Barren was held to accept
surrenders.
Oct 3. 1773. We present Nelson's Well and the well
overright Richard Chipp's out of repair
We also present the trunk at the lower end of the Parish to
annoy the road to be repaired.
Oct ii. 1775. We present that no Person shall bring Furze
from the Common Down but upon their Backs nor any person
to cut any that do not belong to the Parish under the penalty
of 5 s for each offence
Oct 13. 1779. We present James Petty, Joseph Henning
and John Stroud one of them to serve the office of Constable
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON. 179
for the year ensuing, of whom John Stroud was elected by the
Court who not appearing to be sworn into the office It is
ordered that he appear before a Justice of the Peace to be sworn
into the office in 10 days on pain of 5 s
Oct i4 th . 1782. We present John Stroud have made an
incroachment in the river below his Mill Tail of three perch in
length by w h the banks on the opposite side of the water are
broke. Ordered that the Incroachment be removed in a
fortnight on the Penalty of twenty shillings affeered to the
same.
Oct 1 6. 1799. (Only one entry, namely, a presentment by
the Homage in this and succeeding years) " we present that no
Pig is to run loose except between Woodburytide & Michaelmas
& then not without a yoke & ring under the Penalty of six
shillings & eightpence.
Oct 14. 1856. The Great Western railway was opened on
the 2oth of February 1857 from Weymouth to London &c
The Farm house, and adjacent buildings (excluding the
Granary) were completely consumed by fire, on the 6th of
August 1857, at Notton.
Oct. 1 8. 1859. , . . The west Lodge of Frampton Mansion
was converted from a cattle shed into a cottage on Ap. 6 last.
Nov. ii. 1 86 1. That a vestry has been added to the parish
Church and completed Jan 1861
We present that a heating apparatus for warming the Church
has been completed June 29th 1866.
A Font has been placed in the Church, the gift of Her Grace
the Duchess of Somerset 16 Nov 1858.
. . . An Organ was placed in the Church 30 January last
the gift of R. B. Sheridan and Marcia Maria Sheridan.
Oct. 13. 1863. . . . The Bishop of Salisbury accom-
panied by a number of the Clergy of the Diocese officiated in
the parish Church to commemorate the completion of the
restoration thereof and the rebuilding of the chancel.
The stained glass window in the north aisle of the parish
Church representing the visit of the three Maries to the tomb
l8o THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
of our Saviour after the resurrection was presented by Helen
Lady Dufferin in memory of her mother C. H. Sheridan who is
buried in the churchyard.
. . . The same day the five stained glass windows in the
chancel of the parish Church were dedicated to the Church by
R. B. Sheridan Esq and Marcia Maria Sheridan. The east and
principal window of the parish Church is dedicated to the
memory of Francis John Browne Esq who died in 1833 aged 79.
The four smaller windows to the memory of Francis Cynric
Sheridan who died in 1843 a o e d 30. Charles Kinnaird Sheridan
who died in 1847 aged 30. General Sir Colquhoun Grant who
died in 1835 aged 63, and Charlotte Augusta Grant who died in
1833 aged 16.
. . . . The parish school has been rebuilt by R. B.
Sheridan, Esq., and Maria Marcia Sheridan and was inaugurated
9th April 1863 when a number of the parishioners and others
assembled and a special service was read to them by the Vicar
of the Parish, the Rev. J. P. F. Davidson.
Oct. 1 8, 1864. East Cruxton Farm house was converted into
a dairy house and the old dairy premises were made into two
labourers Cottages.
. . . . The Dairy house to West Cruxton Farm was at
the same time appropriated as an additional labourers Cottage.
. . . . A new 8 stall stable & a waggon shed, granary
and wool loft were built at Pigeon House for the use of Little-
wood Farm and occupied about Mich. 1863.
Throop dairy house and the shed adjoining was burnt down
on the night of the 8 th day of November 1863 and rebuilt
& occupied about April 1864.
Oci 1 6 - 1866. At a Vestry held in the Parish Church on the
3 rd . It was resolved that the Bells should be put in thorough
repair at a cost of 60.
And we further present that on ringing the first peal after the
completion of such repairs a crack occurred in the large bell
bearing the inscription " Cast at the cost of Robert Browne
Esquire L.C. 1694 Give thanks to God Almighty"
THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON. l8l
Oct 15 - 1867. ... the bells of the parish Church have
been thoroughly repaired and rehung Two of them have been
recast, the whole at a cost of ^97. 19, on one of the bells w h had
been broken and recast is engraved the following doggerel 1866
When brother broke
I first awoke
And rung a good peal
For old Frampton's weal
on the other is engraved
Cast in November
Let all remember
The year I can fix
Eighteen sixty six
Oct 13. 1868 At Xmas last 1867 there was
added by R. B. Sheridan M.P. to the Chancel of the Church
rebuilt in 1862 a highly decorated Reredos Carved in Caen
stone & richly ornamented with rare marbles and alabaster
brought from Italy, Sicily & the island of Gozo
And we further present that on the i st Jan y 1868 the founda-
tions were laid of four cottages adjoining the Churchyard
intended as Alms houses & to be called the " Home of the
Homeless."
(Hill Barn totally destroyed by fire Caused by a boy playing
with matches, rebuilt in the same year)
Oct 12. 1869. (The Millers House & stables at Notton
totally destroyed by fire on Aug 27 1869.) The materials were
used in the construction of a block of labourers cottages in
1871
The Aisle of the Parish Church pulled down and rebuilt was
completd in Jan y 1871
Oct 17-1871. . , . A beautiful painted glass window
executed at Vienna representing in one light David consoling
Saul and in the other David as King was presented to the
1 82 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTON.
Church by the Hon Caroline Eliz. Sarah Norton in memory
of her eldest son Fletcher Cavendish Charles Conyers Norton
who died at Paris, unmarried, Oct. 13 - 1859 aged 30.
(The Blacksmith's shop rebuilt).
Oct 14 - 1873. Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands
honoured Mr. and Mrs. Sheridan by paying them a visit at
Frampton Court. Her Majesty arrived on the 8th November and
left on the nth, on Sunday loth and . . . the second
daughter of Mr. and Mrs. McAlgernon Sheridan was baptised by
the name of Sophie Florence Lothrop in the parish Church Her
Majesty the Queen graciously standing as one of the God
mothers on the occasion.
. . . . After the ceremony the day was further com-
memorated by the Queen on her return to the Mansion planting
two oak saplings near the Church Bridge " on the banks of the
River Frome."
(A second cottage rebuilt, to the East of the Infant School
and 2 cottages built on Town Hill. A bridge 20 feet wide of
two arches built over the Frome in the parish of Frome
Vauchurch replacing a dilapidated foot bridge. Stables &
other buildings destroyed by fire at Cruxton Dec 10 - 1872 &
rebuilt with additions.)
Oct 13 - 1874. (Two cottages opposite the Pasonage Frome
Vauchurch completed.
New Cart Stables and Ring House adjoining have been built
at Cruxton on a new site
Oct 12 - 1875. Three Cottages at Maiden Newton converted
into a Cottage for one family.
Oct 1 6 - 1877 . . . The Vicarage House since the
resignation or the Rev. M r - Tudor has been greatly improved at
the cost of the Lord and Lady of the Manor by enlarging the
drawing room and study and adding an additional small room
on the ground floor.
Oct 15 - 1878 . . . the reroofing and restoration of the
north aisle of Frampton Church was commenced in September
of this year 1878.
THE LIBERTY ANt> MANOR OF FRAMPTON. 183
(A new farm house commenced for Littlewood Farm and
completed in the next year)
Oct 14 - 1879 (The restoration of the north aisle completed
and a painted glass window added to it in memory of Edith
Marcia Caroline Sheridan who died Ap 9-1876. The subjects
represented are S. Cecilia and S. Francesea
(Dairy house stables and shed at Forston totally destroyed by
fire, rebuilt in following year at a cost of ^909 IDS.
Oct 12 - 1880. (The main weir on the river at Cruxton of
wood, renewed in cast iron with hatches of the same at a cost of
56)
Oct 1 8 - 1 88 1. (A new farm house and buildings at Gor-
well completed).
These records ceased in 1881 in consequence of my then
agent informing me that to hold a Court Leet was illegal and
unnecessary.
Since 1884 I have no inclination to record what has
occurred upon the property.
I leave it to others to do as they may think best on the sub-
ject.
R. B. SHERIDAN.
LORDS OF THE LIBERTY MANOR OF FRAMPTON
George Browne May 1-1765 Oct 22-1776
John Browne Oct 13-1777 Oct 8-1810
Francis John Browne Oct 18-1817 November 8-1832
Lt. General Sir Colquhoun Grant K.C.B. Oct 28-1833
No Lords name given Oct 19-1836
DAYS FOR OPENING AND CLOSING GROUNDS.
Old Lammas Day, Woodbury day old style, S Thomas, Old
Xmas Day, Trinity Monday, Saint John's day, Old Martin's day,
S Matthew's day, S John's day,
184 THE LIBERTY AND MANOR OF FRAMPTOtf.
PLACE NAMES
Cowden and Shelves in Southover fields, Town fields, Court
Bridge, Colers, Founts, Foans, Road called Sandway Marie
Close, Hogleaze and Hams Common Meadow, Hams and
Mower, West Mead, Sandway, Bishops Bridge, Halls lane, Butts
Close, Voss's plot,
In the presentment of the Homage at the Court Leet held
May i 1763 "Colers Close" is mentioned, also the "Fish
House" the " Mill reach" and the " Red Lion House."
in or^ef cm6
By W. H, HUDLESTON, M.A., F.R.S,, F.G.S.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introductory - - - - - 185
The Bovington Borehole (Fig. 1) - - 189
Position of the Bovington Borehole (Fig. 2) - 193
Other artesian wells and borings in Dorset (Fig 3) - 197
Notes on some artesian wells elsewhere in England - 201
Remarks on the Flowing Wells of Australia (Fig. 4) - 203
Comparative analysis of the Bovington and Wimbome
water ..... 204
General Conclusion .... 206
JTTHE question of water supply from sources other
than those on the surface has come to the front
very much of late years, and consequently the
art of deep boring has made immense strides
during the last quarter of a century. Few per-
sons are aware, perhaps, of the number of deep
wells in the Thames basin, although many of
these are of old standing, and have supplied the
leading London breweries for a lengthened period.
Quite recently an extensive literature on the subject has sprung
up, and last year the Geological Survey published important
memoirs relating to the Water Supply from " underground
sources."
1 86 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
In the majority of these cases of deep boring, the operators
rely upon the "artesian" principle for raising the water to the
required height. This name has been applied to water-springs
rising above the surface of the ground by natural hydrostatic
pressure, the general principle being that there should exist a
more or less porous water-bearing stratum sandwiched between
two impervious layers such as clays. In the more normal
instances the water-bearing stratum with its impervious cap and
base should be disposed in the form of a syncline, and, where
this syncline is perfect, as in the case of the Paris basin, the most
wonderful results ensue.* There are, however, many exceptions
to this rule, so that (a) the water does not always rise to the
surface ; and (3) the perfect synclinal is replaced by other
conditions, such as a basin where the strata, though mainly
inclined in one direction, are dislocated by a longitudinal fault
parallel to the strike, which tends to throw up the water very
effectually. In the case of a, where the water does not always
rise to the surface, but requires to be pumped, this failure to
fulfil the perfect artesian conditions is perhaps the rule rather
than the exception in this country. Such wells have been called
" sub -artesian," and the principle is just the same, for the water
rises in the borehole through the influence of the hydrostatic
pressure, and in this respect differs from the ordinary shallow
well, where the local water level is maintained. That it does
not rise high enough is due to two sets of causes, the one
natural and the other artificial. Amongst the natural causes
* We certainly owe to our neighbours across the Channel the successful
development of this principle. In February, 1841, the famous well of Greiielle
(a suburb of Paris) was completed to a depth of l,79Sft., passing through a
series of formations where almost every condition of success, both as regards the
nature of the beds and their sjmclinal arrangement, may be said to exist. When
the water-bearing stratum was pricked, the water spouted out at the rate of
864,000 gallons per day at a temperature of 82 Fah. The well at Passy, also
near Paris, is still more remarkable. The depth of this well is 1,923ft., and the
diameter of the tube at the base 2ft. 4in. ; it is said to throw up a continuous
stream of water at a rate of 5\ million gallons per day to a height of 54ft. above
ground.
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 187
may be enumerated springs, which let out the underground
waters in a variety of ways.* The artificial causes arise mainly
from too many boreholes and also from excessive pumping, so
that districts naturally artesian in their water supply are
becoming gradually sub -artesian a condition of things more
obvious after a prolonged deficiency of rainfall.
In the case of b, relating to the disposition of the beds which
are supposed to yield water, there are three conditions (and
there may be more) where the artesian principle might be
expected to apply. The first and most obvious is the simple
syncline, where a variety of beds, or one thick water-bearing
formation like the Chalk, are evenly folded into a curve some-
what after the fashion of the U-tube, though, of course, with
a much flatter angle. The more gentle the incline the more
extensive will be the outcrop of the bed or series of beds on
which the rain will fall, and thus yield the supply of under-
ground water, having a tendency to gravitate towards the centre
of the syncline. A second condition, as previously intimated,
is that of a basin where the strata are for the most part
monoclinal, i.e., all dip in the same direction, but where one or
more strike faults arrest the flow of water towards the centre
and hold it back like a ligature across an artery. There is also
a third condition, where the strata are monoclinal, so far as is
known to the prospector, but whose termination at the unknown
end of the basin can only be a matter of inference. In some
cases which come under this definition the mere friction which
the water undergoes in its passage through the rocks may tend
to produce artesian action. This third condition seems to apply
to some of the artesian wells in Australia, and, as there is no
country where deep boring has been carried to such an extent, a
short notice of this subject will be found in the latter part of
this paper.
* The source of the New River, for instance, which has supplied North
London with water for more than two centuries, is to be found in a, spring rising
out of the Hertfordshire Chalk, which yields 4| million gallons per day.
FIGURE i.
Surface 170 ft. above P.P.
Superficial Beds; 14 ft.
a. Water leuel in the J
Bagshot Beds > cut off
85 'below surface. )
0. Upper water supply
in the Chalh; 7,500
gallons per hour.
C. Lower water supply
in the Chalh; 2,500
gallons per hour.
U. Final water leu el
in the boring;
93' 6" below surface;
7 6' 6" above O.D.
Bag-shot Beds;
151 feet.
Lower Tertiaries;
(i.e. London Clay
and Reading Beds.)
115 feet.
Topmost Chalk "sticky"
and with few flints;
water about 70 ft. down.
Chalk gets harder
hereabouts.
Bottom of Borehole;
726 feet.
(i.e. 556 ft. below O.D.)
o 10 20 30 40 50
700'-
Scale of Feet
100 200
300
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 189
T^i? Bffvington Borehole (Figure i). For some years past the
troops encamped at Bovington had to be content with such
water as was supplied by a well a few hundred yards to the
S.S.E. of the recently-excavated borehole. The following par-
ticulars have been gathered respecting this well, but I cannot
guarantee that in all respects they are strictly accurate. It was
sunk in the Bagshot Beds about 1899, and is said to be 8yft.
deep: the water-level stands at 8zft. from the surface, and the
yield is 360 gallons per hour. The same Bagshot water-level
was struck in the borehole. On comparing these two water-
levels it is found that the one in the borehole stands at 85ft.
above Ordnance Datum, whilst that in the well stands at 73ft.
above O.D. This difference of izft. in a horizontal distance of
45oft. amounts to i in 37*5, showing a dip in the Bagshot Beds
of i^ to the S.S.E. This may not exactly represent the
direction of maximum dip, but there are good reasons for
believing that the line of maximum dip of the Bagshots here-
abouts is not far from S.S.E.
Since the War Office was not satisfied with the amount of
water yielded by the well they bethought themselves of obtain-
ing an artesian supply, and accordingly entered into a contract
for the execution of a borehole, which was to be prosecuted to a
depth of booft., unless a good supply of water was reached at a
less depth.* Ultimately the boring was continued to a depth of
726ft., and the following is a summary of the beds encountered :
Surface Beds, chiefly Plateau-gravel . . 14 feet.
Bagshot Beds .. .. 151 ,,
Lower Tertiaries (i.e., London Clay and
Reading Beds) .. .. . . 115 ,,
Chalk .. .. .. . . 446
Total .. ..726
* The engineers employed were Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff, of 125,
Bunhill Row, London, and the foreman of the works on the spot was Mr,
Harrodense. The operations lasted from July to November, 1906,
IQO ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
A summary of the general character of the borehole may be
gathered from Figure i, but the details of the beds above the
Chalk, 2 Soft, in all, are of interest as showing the development
of the Tertiaries in this immediate district. These details are
based upon a series of samples carefully collected and arranged
by the foreman of the works.
DETAILS OF THE BEDS ABOVE THE CHALK.
SUPERFICIAL.
Thickness. Depth.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
Soil . . . . . . . i o
*i. Marly Clay .. .. .. 20
2. Grave!. Plateau-gravel with yellow flints 1 1 o
14 o
BAGSHOTS.
3. Sand with loam lands. Coarse, yellowish
sand of uniform sized grain invested
with ferric oxide. The "loam bands"
consist of fine white powdery loam . . 20 o 34 o
4.. Coloured clay and sand. Fine sediments,
mostly discoloured and clayey . . i o o 44 o
5. Brown sand. Loose sugary sand . . 40 48 o
6. Light grey sand . . . . . . 30510
7. Loose grey sand. Sharp quartzose, clean 70 58 o
8. Coloured sandy clay. Whitish clay, slightly
stained with iron ; sets hard . . 40 620
9. Coarse sand. Loose, yellowish, coarse
quartzose sand with small fragments of
soft white silica, and one or two largish [water level 85]
pebbles of lignite (See No. 17) . . 29 o 910
10. Coloured clay and sand. "Two-ball"
pipeclay . . . . . . 60970
* The italics represent the descriptions of the foreman of the works,
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. IQI
Thickness. Depth.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
11. Live sand. Loose yellowish sand, rather
coarse and with specks of soft white
silica .. .. .. 2401210
12. Blue clay. A fine, unctuous, grey clay,
like some of the grey pipeclays . . 12 o 133 o
1 3 . Coloured clay and sand . . . . 401370
14. Live, coarse sand. A very clean, angular
quartzose grit, said to be full of water.
Would make good building sand .. 18 o 155 o
15. Brown coarse sand (live}. Similar to the
above, but dirty .. .. .. 10 o 165 o
[Change] Total Bagshots 151 o
LOWER TERTIARIES.
1 6. Sand and pebbles. Coarse, dirty greyish
sand with black flint pebbles (of the
Blackheath type), and some small buff
pebbles of another material .. 101660
17. Sand and wood. Fragments of lignite .. o 6 166 6
1 8 . Clay, sand, and pebbles . . . . 561710
ig. Dark sandy clay, hard .. .. 901800
20. Coloured clay and pebbles, reddish .. 5 o 185 o
21. Dark sand and clay. Dries pale grey and
sets rather stiff . . . . 42 o 227 o
22. Dark clay and stones. The stones are of
irregular shape (?) corroded flints .. i o 228 o
23. Live sand. Fine, pulverulent, grey sand,
not very loose . . . . 190 247 o
24. Coarse sand and pebbles, live (i.e., water) .. 5 o 252 c
25. Mottled clay. Light brown in colour .. 5 6 257 6
26. Hard dark clay and sand .. .. 4 6 262 o
1 92 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
Thickness. Depth.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
27. Hard grey sand with some clay, sets like a
sandstone . . . . . . 130 275 o
28. Green sandy clay and flints at bottom. An
earthy green-sand ranging from pale
green to darker green ; the flints are
green-coated, mostly unworn and some-
what corroded . . . . 50 280 o
Total Lower Tertiaries 1 1 ; o
It is a decided gain to have obtained the exact particulars of
the Tertiaries, both as to character and thickness, in any one
spot in the county, and these the Bovington Borehole supplies.
Without doubt the Bagshot Beds are much thicker towards the
centre of the basin, at Worgret for instance, than they are here,
so near to their outcrop, nor can we say for certain whether this
difference is wholly due to removal of the upper beds by
denudation or to less deposition within the area. As might be
expected the Bagshots maintain their reputation as a sandy
series, but there is a certain amount of the usual clays, some
iron-stained, or blood-shot, and some approaching the character
of pipeclay. Nos. 10 and 12 may to a certain extent represent
the famous Pipe-clay horizon of the Creech district, and their
position in the series is not inconsistent with this supposition.
There is a marked change in the character of the sediments
below No. 15, which may fairly be taken as the base of the
Bagshots. In No. 16 we first encounter the black flint pebbles
so characteristic of a London clay horizon, but the Lower
Tertiaries throughout the county are so extremely uninteresting,
both from an economic and a geological point of view, that there
is no need to dwell upon details beyond pointing out that
No. 25 probably represents the plastic clays in the lower part of
the Reading Beds which are much used for brickmaking in
Dorset,
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 193
Owing to the method of boring it was not possible to ascer-
tain whether the Chalk is fossiliferous here, so that no question
as to horizon can be entertained. Assuming that the usual
thickness of the Chalk in Dorset is about 9ooft., the bottom of
the borehole is just half-way through that formation. There was
no supply of water in the topmost Chalk until a depth of yoft.
was reached, but the first great supply was obtained a little
below 40oft., when the water level rose to within 96ft. of the
surface. The artesian pressure, therefore, was equal to raising a
column of water nearly zooft. into the Tertiaries in addition to
7oft. of waterless Chalk. The War Office not being satisfied
with the Upper Water Supply, boring was continued, when
a lower and increased water supply was obtained, bringing up
the total to 60,000 gallons per day, and the water-level was
raised to 93ft. 6in. below the surface.* It should be noted here
that hydrostatic pressure may, to a certain extent, be reduced by
springs on the south side of the syncline, such as those outside
Wool, which are about 75ft. above O.D. Moreover, in that
direction the protective cap of Lower Tertiaries soon fails (see
Fig. 2). The main water occurred between 67 5ft. and 685ft,
which is some soft, lower than is indicated in Fig. i.
Position of the Bovington Borehole (Figure 2). We may first
consider this from a topographical point of view and afterwards
study the geological position. The borehole is situated about
half-a-mile above Bovington Farmhouse on the west side of
the road which divides Bovington Heath from Wool Heath.
There is a patch of Plateau-gravel on the hillside, and it is
on this platform that the mouth of the borehole is situated
i7oft. above Ordnance Datum. The crest of the hill due north
* The following is the size of piping used :
Down to 20ft. .. .. I3in.
132ft llin.
180ft. .. .. lOin.
250ft 8iin.
726ft 7iin.
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ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 195
of this position is about i miles distant, and there the Plateau-
gravel attains an elevation of 2 8 3ft. at the high end of Wool
Heath. The nearest outcrop of the Lower Tertiaries (London
Clay and Reading Beds) is in the Moreton plantations, i miles
N.N.W., and the nearest outcrop of the Chalk is about i\ miles
distant in the same direction (not in the line of section). Along
the line of section, N. and S., the distance of the two outcrops
of Chalk, across the syncline, is a little under 4! miles, and this
gives the width of the Tertiary basin through Bovington. The
fact is that, previous to its final disappearance, about 2 miles
east of Dorchester, the Tertiary basin is very much narrowed in
the vicinity of Wool and Bovington owing to the northerly
advance of the Chalk on the south side of the synclinal. A
line drawn across the basin through Holme instead of through
Wool, shows a width of nearly nine miles, as against the 4^ miles
through Wool or Bovington.
When we come to study the geological position of the
Bovington Borehole, the measurements of the Borehole section,
in conjunction with the surface plotting based upon the ascer-
tained contours, enable us to obtain a fairly accurate conception
of the prevailing conditions. The true axis of the tectonic *
syncline (see Fig. 2), can only be fixed approximately, but in this
case it probably almost coincides with the axis of the Frome
valley, which here runs very nearly in the trough of the syncline.
On the meridian of Worgret near Wareham, on the other hand,
the bed of the Frome lies a long way south of the synclinal
axis. Generally speaking, the southern limb of the Dorset
syncline is shorter, and, therefore, steeper than the northern
limb. In this case a northerly dip of 6 is assigned to the
south limb above Burton Cross, on the strength of dips
observed in the Chalk near Wool. According to statements
previously made in this paper, there is reason to believe that
the northern limb in the neighbourhood of the Borehole has a
* " Tectonic," i.e., due to crust -movement, as distinguished from surf ace -
sculpture due to erosion,
196 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
dip from 1-5 to 2 southwards, taking a sort of average,
although there may be subsidiary folds within the general
syncline. This is in conformity with the general rule that the
dip of the northern limb is at a lower angle than that of the
southern one.
From the Bovington Borehole to the margin of the Chalk
escarpment near Bulbarrow is a distance of about 12 miles in a
northerly direction, and if we deduct 3 miles for areas covered by
Tertiaries along this line, there remains 9 miles of Chalk outcrop
on which the rain may fall directly to feed its underground waters.
It is well known that a large percentage of the water which
falls on this absorbent formation sinks into it instead of flowing
over the surface as is the case with clays. Moreover, the rain-
fall on the North Dorset downs is much heavier than in the
Frome valley, and still more so in comparison with Weymouth.
Hence there is an abundant supply in the region lying to the
north of the Borehole, and assuming the preponderance of a
southerly dip, which may be taken for granted, this water in its
underground passage is bound to find its way south until its
progress is arrested by the pressure of water from the opposite
limb of the syncline. Meanwhile it is kept down by Tertiary
Beds, &c., having a thickness of 28oft. Taking the average
elevation of the base of the Chalk between the Dorsetshire Gap
and Bulbarrow at 65 oft. above O.D., this may be accepted as the
elevation at the outcrop in the escarpment of the North Dorset
Downs. On the supposition that the Chalk is gooft. thick
beneath Bovington, this would bring the base of the Chalk to
i, 01 oft. below O.D. at the Borehole. Adding these two sums
together, we obtain i,66oft. as the difference in height of the
base of the Chalk between the one point and the other. This
sum of i,66oft. vertical has to be distributed over a horizontal
distance of 12 miles, and this shows an incline of i in 38 =
about 1*5. Thus from the results of an independent calcula-
tion, we obtain precisely the same amount of dip for the
northern limb of the syncline as had previously been deduced in
another way. (See page 189.)
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 197
Other Artesian Wells and Borings in Dorset. Owing to ics
proximity to Bovington I would briefly allude to the Spyway
Boring. This is situated on a low exposure of London Clay
in Moreton plantation close to a keeper's cottage, and only a
few feet above the level of the Frome valley. The following is
an account of the boring : *
1. Sand and Clay (Tertiary) . . . . goft.
2. Chalk .. .. .. iizft.
Total boring . . . . zozft.
The result is stated to have been unsatisfactory, so that at
this place ii2ft. of Chalk was penetrated without obtaining
water. It is presumed that the goft. of Tertiaries belonged
mainly to the Reading Beds. The distance from the Bovington
Borehole may be about 2 miles, N.W.
Messrs. Eldridge Pope and Co.'s well at Dorchester, f The
operations were conducted in 1880-1. The mouth of the well
is on the north side of the London and South- Western Railway
Station, and probably about 25oft. above O.D. The total depth
bored in this case was 597ft., wholly in the Chalk. A well was
dug for 7oft. and the rest completed with 6-inch tubes. The
water-level at the time work was finished stood at 45ft. Sin.
below the surface hence this well is " sub-artesian " like the
one at Bovington. The yield obtained was 3,000 gallons per
hour. The first indications of having struck a supply of water
appear to have occurred after the boring rod had passed
467^. Hence in this case nearly 5ooft. of Chalk was pierced
* Supplied by Mr. Kellaway, smith, of Bere Kegis, who executed the work
several years ago.
f For the particulars subjoined I am indebted to Mr, Alfred Pope and to
Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff.
198 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
ere an adequate supply of water could be obtained. According
to Mr. Pope it is concluded that the base of the boring is 22oft.
above the Upper Greensand, which would give Siyft. for the
thickness of the Chalk at Dorchester.
The history of artesian water supply at Wimborne (Figure 3)
is an interesting one, for there the hydrostatic pressure, before
the supplies had been tapped so freely as in later years, was
sufficient to raise the water from the Chalk to the surface and
far above it. Forty years ago (in 1867) a three-inch borehole
was made at Ellis's brewery, where the Chalk is said to have
been reached at a depth of gyft. There was such an uprise that
the yard was flooded by a column of water of considerable
height. It is interesting to note that in this case the water
seems to have been obtained without sinking into the Chalk to
any depth. This brewery is situated in the Allen Valley flat
and about 6oft. above O.D.
By far the most important of the artesian wells at W ; imborne
are the Wimborne Waterworks and the Bournemouth Water-
works. These are situated at the north end of the town in the
valley flat of the Allen, close to each other and to Warford
Bridge, at an elevation of about 66ft. above O.D. As regards
the Wimborne Waterworks, Mr. Fletcher * says that this boring
was executed under his superintendence about twenty years ago.
It is a yjin. bore, and until the Bournemouth Well was sunk
within 200 or 300 yards of it, the water rose in the tube well 6ft.
above the surface of the soil. This well is situated on the
S.E. side of Warford Bridge, and the following is the vertical
section :
Thickness. Depth.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
r Peaty matter .. .. 60^
Superficial -! Subcalcareous silt .. 8 0^-15 o
I Valley gravel & sand-rock . . i oj
* I have to thank Mr. Walter J. Fletcher, the County Surveyor, for much
valuable information in connection with the Wimborne Wells.
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 199
Reading Beds
Chalk
Plastic and variegated clay
Clays and sands sometimes
impregnated with pyritous
salts
Flints of junction bed
Chalk and flints
Total
Thickness. Depth.
Ft. In. Ft. In.
45 %
26
4
40
75
40 o
1 3 oft.
This is, of course, only a very generalised section, but the
chief point to note is that in the Wimborne Waterworks, the
boring was carried down 4oft. into the Chalk.
We now come to the consideration of the Bournemouth
Waterworks, by far the most important work of the kind
hitherto attempted in Dorset. In this case the vertical section
shows 96ft. gin. of superficial and Tertiary Beds down to the
Chalk an amount of Tertiaries slightly in excess of the adjacent
boring. It must not be forgotten that although these are called
the "Bournemouth" Waterworks, the water is derived from the
Dorset Chalk, and subsequently conveyed into the adjoining
county.
The following is the vertical section :
Superficial Beds
Lower Tertiaries
Soft Chalk (Upper Heading)
Hard Chalk
Band of flint
Chalk to bottom of well (Lower
Heading)
Trial boring in Chalk . .
:hici
mess.
Depth.
Ft.
In.
Ft. In.
7
6
7 6
89
97 o
61
6
158 6
2 3
iSi 6
o
6
182 o
28
45
2IO
2; >
Thus the " Bournemouth" Well is 2ioft., whilst the Wimborne
Well is 1 3oft. deep.
200 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
tfs
o -
Some of the particulars of
the " Bournemouth " Water-
works may be gathered from
a study of Figure 3.* The
details relating to the subsidi-
ary boreholes, &c., are mainly
of an engineering character,
and need not be dwelt upon in
the present communication ;
but there are some points of
geological interest to which
attention may be directed.
A 21 in. trial borehole was
commenced in 1894 and
finished in 1895 ; boring was
continued to a depth of 2231^,
and it was noticed that the
greatest increase in the yield
of water took place shortly
before arriving at that depth,
the Chalk removed appearing
to be much softer. The well
was started in 1896 diameter
first lift, and then loft.
and in February, 1899, on its
attaining a depth of 21 oft.,
a 6in. trial boring was sunk
to a further depth of 45ft.,
i.e., to 255^. from the surface.
* The horizontal section of the
Bournemouth Waterworks at Wim-
borne is reproduced, by the kind
permission of the Editor of " Water "
and of Mr. Cripps, the engineer of
the works. (See paper by Mr. Cripps
in " Water," September, 1906.)
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DOkSET AND ELSEWHERE. 201
The Chalk, however, was found to be very compact at this depth
and, as there was no sign of more water at the lower level, the
sinking of the well was stopped at 21 oft. from the surface and
the bottom concreted! The bottom of the well, therefore, is
about 1 45 ft. below O.D.
The horizontal section also serves to show the character of
the Headings. The Lower Heading was first commenced in
1899 at a depth of i95ft. from the surface, and excavated on
opposite sides of the main shaft. In the course of a few months
a total length of about Sooft. was attained, and the flow of water
was considered equal to about i| million gallons per day. In
July, 1899, fresh Headings (the Upper Heading) were started at
a level of i55ft. from the surface in softer Chalk, much fissured ;
the result by November was a flow of water somewhat exceeding
ij million gallons per day. At present I have no precise
information as to the level produced by natural hydrostatic
pressure in the well, but the pumping arrangements are so
complete that this level is soon lowered not only in the
" Bournemouth " Well, but in all other wells, and the exhaustion
is certainly felt as far as Kingston Lacy, two miles distant.
The total yield of water is anticipated at 3 million gallons per
day.
Notes on some Artesian Wells elsewhere in England. There can
be no doubt that artesian boring is somewhat of a lottery. To
demonstrate this two examples may be selected. The first of
these relates to a boring in Berkshire right through the Chalk
without finding water. In 1895 a boring was made at New
Lodge (Windsor Forest), Winkfield. The following are con-
densed particulars :
Thickness. Depth.
London Clay .. .. 13 6ft. i3ft.
Reading Beds .. .. 7 8ft - I 4ft.
Chalk .. .. 7 2 5*t. 939ft-
Upper Greensand .. 3 lft - 97 oft -
Gault .. 26 4 ft. 1234ft.
Lower Greensand (water) .. 9^- 1 243ft.
202 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
After penetrating gft. into the Lower Greensand, a strong spring
was struck, which rose to over seven feet above the surface,
although the site is on a hill 203 ft. above O.D. The chief point
to note in this case, is that the entire Chalk, here only 725^.
thick, was penetrated without an adequate supply of water being
obtained. This is undoubtedly a rare case, but it serves to
show that under certain circumstances even the Chalk is not
always to be relied upon for an artesian supply.
An important artesian boring for water was commenced at
Lincoln in 1901, and appears to have been completed some time
in 1906, since the particulars were stated at the meeting of the
British Association that year. The boring is 32 inches in
width, and was executed at a cost of about ^20,000 ; the yield
of water to present pumping is said to be 750,000 gallons per
day. At a depth or 1,561 feet the water rushed into the well,
and in 36 hours overflowed at the surface ; as the boring con-
tinued to a lower level the surface flow increased. The following
formations were penetrated :
Alluvium and Lower Lias . . 641 Feet.
Rhoetic Beds . . . . 52 ,,
_ . f Red Marl and Keuper Sandstone . . 86 1 ,,
Trias \ ,
^Bunter Sandstone . . . . 454 ,,
Total . . 2015 ,,
This boring has its source of supply in strata which rise to the
west, but to the east dip down (no one knows how far) towards
the North Sea. It is probably an instance of monoclinal strata,
where the flow of underground water is arrested by the interven-
tion of another rock system, which thus functions as the other
limb of a syncline. Much was expected by the worthy citizens
of Lincoln from this water. Unfortunately, coming as it does
out of the Trias, there is a risk of its being too saline for use,
and this proved to be the case here, although hopes were
entertained for a long time that the water might run pure
ultimately.
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 20j
Remarks on the Flowing Wells of Australia*. No country in the
world has yielded such results to deep boring as Australia. The
region more especially exploited lies mainly in Queensland,
New South Wales, and South Australia, and may be described as
an immense basin known as the. Great Plains. These are
situated between the Australian Highlands on the east, and the
immense western platean which goes under the general term of
Westralia on the west. The surface of these plains is arid in
the extreme, but deep below the surface of these are sands and
shales saturated with water, which is under such high pressure
that when bores are sunk through the clays, which form the cap
of the underground reservoir, the water rushes up the borehole
to the surface, and discharges as a Flowing Well, which may be
made the artificial fountain of a new river. See Figure 4-f
FIGURE 4.
* Notes on the Mowing Wells of East Central Australia in Stanford's Com-
pendium Geography, &c., and the "Dead Heart of Australia," by Professor
Gregory, F.R.S., F.G.S.
t Reproduced from the " Dead Heart of Australia " by the kind permission of
Prof. Gregory.
204 ARTESIAN WELLS IN t)ORSET ANt> ELSEWHERE.
There are also natural outlets for this pent-up water, which is
largely under the influence of beds of Cretaceous age though
not of the nature of Chalk.
In 1882, the Government Geologist concluded from the
geological structure of Queensland that a supply of artesian
water might occur in the West of that State. A bore was com-
pleted in 1888, a water-bearing layer having been reached at a
depth of 1,645 feet, when water rose to the surface and
discharged nearly 300,000 gallons per day. Since then numerous
artesian wells have been sunk in all the three States, the deepest
being 5,046 feet below the surface. Some of this water is hot
and much of it highly saline. In Queensland alone by the end
of June, 1904, no less than 973 wells had been sunk (by
boring), amounting to a total depth bored of 225 miles, at a cost
of ij million pounds, and giving a total flow of nearly 400
million gallons per day. In some cases the flow of water is so
great as to have been used for power-purposes.
The general structure of this immense basin appears to be a
monocline sloping to the west, and the waters are to a great extent
supplied by the rainfall on the western slopes of the Eastern
Highlands. Such waters, when tapped by the boring rod, are
" artesian " in the strict sense of the word ; but in addition to
those are waters thought to be raised up by gas-pressure and
other causes, and to which the term " artesian " is scarcely applic-
able. The question of over-boring and consequent possible
exhaustion is just now attracting public attention in Australia.
Comparative Analysis of the Bovington and Wimlorne Water*
Bearing in mind that both these waters come out of the Chalk,
there is a considerable difference in the nature of their mineral
contents, i.e., in the character of dissolved solid matter,
though both of them are eminently suitable for drinking
purposes. Stated simply, the Wimborne water is harder than
* Under the head of Wimborne water are included the Wimborne Water-
works, the "Bournemouth" Waterworks, and the South- Western Mineral
Company's Waterworks.
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 205
that of Bovington. The analysis of the water of the Wimborne
Waterworks may be expressed thus :
Total solids at 120 C
Combined Chlorine
Expressed as Sodium Chloride
Total hardness expressed as
Carbonate of Lime
Bodies containing Nitrogen
Balance
22-19 grains per gallon.
(2*15)
3'55
14-8
067
3*773
In the analysis of the South-Western Mineral Works there is
more solid matter, as the Chlorides amount to 4-2 grains per
gallon, and the Lime-salts to 20 grains per gallon. Total
solid matter 28 grains per gallon. I have no analysis of the
water of the Bournemouth Waterworks, but it is not likely to
differ materially from the other two. Great trouble is taken to
soften this water by the addition of lime under a special process ;
the accumulated calcareous cream thus removed from the water
is becoming a source of anxiety as to its disposal.
When we compare the above analyses with that of the
Bovington water, a considerable difference in the amount
and composition of the dissolved mineral matter may be noted.
The general result is that Chlorides, presumably of Sodium, are
greatly in excess of the Lime-sails. Hence the water must be
softer. The amount of solids obtained by evaporation is
returned at i6'8 grains per gallon.* There seems to be a
* The following is a copy of the analysis by Col. Caldwell, made at Devonport
for Messrs. Le Grand and Sutcliff :
Chlorine . .
Parts per 100,000
10
Calcium Carbonate.. ,
5-3
Fixed hard Salts . . I
3
Sulphuric Acid (SO4)
Sodium, Silica, Alumina, Iro
, &c., n
included in fixed hard Salts
1-7
Volatile matter
4-0
24-0
Total solids (by evaporation) . . ,,
It is by no means easy to understand this analysis, since the amount of Chlorine
shown would require something like 6'5 parts of Sodium in order to form Sodium
206 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
general opinion that water from low down in the Chalk is not
so hard, z.e., not so heavily charged with Lime-salts as that from
Chalk nearer the top of the formation. I am informed that the
experience derived from the London artesian wells bears this
out, viz., that lower down in the Chalk the Soda-salts exceed
the Lime-salts, and thus that the water becomes softer. The
comparison between the Wimborne and Bovington water seems
to bear out these views.
General Conclusion. It will, perhaps, be admitted by this time,
that the boring-rod is a better instrument than the divining-rod
for obtaining a supply of water.* All the same, it may be
premised that a certain amount of geological knowledge is
required to hit upon the right spot for making a bore-hole, and
even in that case the element of " luck" must be accepted as a
factor of some importance in the matter.
Omitting the consideration of any other formation than the
Chalk, we at once perceive that success does not always follow
from boring operations, though there are not likely to be many
cases such as the one in Windsor Forest (see page 201-2), where
the entire Chalk formation was bored through without a sufficient
supply of water having been obtained, and this too where the
Chloride, unless the analyst would have us believe that the water contains free
Chlorine. If we suppose that the Chlorine found is combined Chlorine, calculated
as Sodiw/i Chloride, then there is no further difficulty. I have an analysis of the
Bovington water by a London chemist which agrees with this one so far in show-
ing an excess of the Chlorides over the Lime-salt's. After all this is the main
point as indicating a fairly soft water from the Bovington well.
* There is an amusing story coming from German South-west Africa of a cer-
tain man of the name of Uslar, who had been sent out from Germany to assist the
colonists to find water in that thirsty land. It seems incredible that scientific
Germany was willing to quarter a " water finder," or wielder of the divining-rod
upon the unsuspecting colonists. This man could find water where an ordinary
observer would also have suspected its presence, whilst in other places wells have
been sunk, on his indications, hundreds of feet deep, but in vain. Thus a
correspondent of the Frankfurter Zcltiing deplores the enormous waste of money
expended in useless boring through gneiss and granite, and the cost of
Uslar's expeditions. He adds that the local authorities would be exceedingly
glad if Uslar's mission was at an end, and asks why, if the divining-rod has any
practical value, geologists and hydrologists are not driven from the universities,
Morning Post, April 1st, 1907,
ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE. 207
Chalk is fully protected by a considerable thickness of Tertiary
beds.
It is beyond my purpose even to speculate on the possible
causes for this remarkable failure in a distant locality ; but a few
remarks on the variation in the underground waters of the
Chalk, so far as they are known in the county of Dorset, will not
be out of place, and may be of some practical utility. It is
probable that where the Chalk in this county is covered by
Tertiaries which have protected it from more recent denudation,
the beds of Chalk first met with in boring operations are those
of the upper part of the series. Hence it follows that both at
Wimborne, at Bovington, and at Spyway, at all which places the
Chalk surface is protected by Tertiary beds to a greater or less
extent, the Chalk first encountered by the boring-tool is mainly
on the same horizon in each case ; yet the results as regards
water supply are very different. We have in the first instance,
at Wimborne, abundance of sub-surface water and full artesian
pressure in the very top of the Chalk ; and this, moreover, is
enormously increased by merely going about 100 feet deeper.
Here, therefore, the highest part of the Chalk is full of water
under strong hydrostatic pressure, whilst at Bovington more
than 100 feet of Chalk had to be pierced before the first spring
was reached, and nearly 300 feet before an adequate supply was
obtained ; and in this case the pressure is only sub-artesian,
i.e., the water does not quite reach the surface.
It is evident, therefore, that position with regard to existing
contours is an important factor in an artesian well, and the
valley of the Allen at Wimborne seems to fulfil the requirements
of the case in a remarkable degree. But there is also another
element in the problem, viz., the character of the Chalk
encountered during operations. It has been said that perme-
ability in the Chalk depends not so much on the nature of the
Chalk itself as on the fissures by which it is traversed. This
is well illustrated by the experience of the headings in the
Bournemouth Waterworks at Wimborne. At the same time it is
not incorrect, in a general sense, to regard the Chalk formation,
208 ARTESIAN WELLS IN DORSET AND ELSEWHERE.
with very limited exceptions, as a sponge, owing to the facility
with which the water-level moves up and down, according to the
amount of rainfall in those areas, such as the Hampshire and
Wiltshire plateau, where the Chalk itself forms the surface.
That the surface contours, and consequently the surface-flow,
has some influence on the underground flow may be conceded,
yet the controlling factors of the latter are in the main "the
" difference of pressure along the lines of flow, the varying
"texture of the strata traversed, and the disposition of con-
tiguous impermeable strata."* In regard also to the degree
of artesian pressure existing at any given spot, this may
sometimes be modified by the action of springs, which, like
excessive pumping, tend to bleed the underground arteries, and
thus lower the general water-level for considerable distances.
* Baldwin-Wiseman, on the "Motion of Sub-surface Water," Q.J.G.S.,
Vol. 63, p. 93. A sketch map of sub-surface water-levels in the Chalk of Dorset,
Wiltshire, and Hampshire is appended to this paper.
By ALFRED POPE.
( Read February 19th t 1907.
T the invitation of your Honorary Secretary I have
brought for exhibition from my general collection
of Crosses, a series of plates of those Queen
Eleanor Crosses which still remain standing ;
and, although they may not be of local interest,
yet I hope their antiquarian merit, their beauty
of design and fair proportions, and the interest-
ing and touching story attending their erection,
may be a sufficient excuse for my travelling somewhat beyond the
purview for which this Club was established.
Before I proceed to point out the beauty and variety of design
of these far-famed monuments I think I may be excused if I
repeat shortly the well-known story of their erection.
Queen Eleanor was the daughter of Ferdinand III. of Castile
by Joanna, Countess of Ponthieu, and in 1254 was betrothed to
Prince Edward, eldest son of King Henry III., she being at the
time in her tenth year and Prince Edward five years older. She
remained in France till her twentieth year, in order to complete
her education, and came to England to join her husband on the
2Qth October, 1265. She was a lovely, accomplished, and
beautiful woman, and received a most enthusiastic welcome
from the citizens of London on her arrival, and took up her
abode with Prince Edward at Windsor,
210 QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES.
Eleanor accompanied her husband in all his expeditions and
wars the Holy Land, Wales, and Scotland and, according to
the well-known legend, saved his life at the Siege of Acre in
1272 by sucking from his wound the poison of the assassin's
dagger. She bore her husband 15 children, six only of whom
survived, the eldest becoming the first Prince of Wales and
afterwards King Edward II. King Edward was devotedly
.attached to his Queen; she entered into all his schemes, was
beloved by his subjects, in whose welfare she took the greatest
interest, and was the personification of all that was good and
beautiful.
Queen Eleanor died on the 28th November, 1290, at Harby,
or Hardeby, in Nottinghamshire, whilst journeying north to join
her husband in his Scottish Wars, and, although the King
hastened back as soon as he heard of her illness, he never saw
her alive again.
King Edward's sorrow was great, and he determined to carry
the remains of his beloved Queen for interment at Westminster,
and to erect a memorial "Cross of wonderful size" wherever
the corpse rested for the night on its journey thither. These
Crosses were perhaps the most remarkable, the most costly, and
the most beautiful Memorial Crosses ever erected either in this
or in any other country.
The distance from Harby to Westminster by the old roads
was 159 miles, and it is said that the time occupied in the
journey was 15 days ; and, although the places where Queen
Eleanor's body remained for the night would thus have
numbered 15, it is probable that only twelve (some say only
nine) crosses were actually erected.
The sites of these crosses are said to be Lincoln, Grantham,
Stamford, Geddington, Northampton, Stony-Stratford, Woburn,
Dunstable, St. Alban's, Waltham, West Cheap, and Charing.
All these beautiful Queen Eleanor Memorial Crosses have
now disappeared, with the exception of three, viz., Geddington,
Northampton, and Waltham. The Geddington Cross stands in
the midst of the village, where the three principal streets meet.
THE QUEEN ELEANOR CROSS AT GEDOINGTON.
(from a print dated 1791.)
QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES. 211
Mr. C. A. Markham, F.S.A., in his admirable work on ''The
Stone Crosses of the County of Northampton," gives the follow-
ing description of this beautiful erection. He says : " It is
constructed for the most part of Weldon Stone, the string
courses and weatherings being of Stanion Stone, which is of
a slightly harder texture. It is placed on a calvary of eight
plain hexagonal steps, and is nearly 42 feet high. The Cross
itself is triangular in plan, and consists of three stories. The
lower portion is solid, and is divided into two equal parts by a
horizontal string course. In the centre of the panels of the
second part are six small shields bearing the Arms of England,
Castile, Leon, and Ponthieu. The Arms of Castile and Leon
are borne quarterly on one shield. Each face of the solid
portion is slightly convex, and at the angles and on the centre
of each face are small shafts, the flat portion being entirely
covered with very beautiful diaper work, formed of elegant and
very beautiful roses, carved with much delicacy. The second
storey is also triangular in plan, though considerably smaller
than the lower part ; it is turned a third round, so that the
points come in the centres of the sides of the lower part. The
three figures of the Queen are placed with their backs to
the flat sides of the upper part, and are covered by triangular
vaulted gables. These figures are similar to those on the
Northampton Cross, charmingly designed and executed, the
drapery being admirable. The gables over the vaults are
ornamented with beautiful crockets of fine workmanship. The
third storey, again, is smaller. It is hexagonal in plan, formed
of an assemblage of single pinnacles, crowned by small crocketed
gables, ornamented with oak leaves and a flower like a fleur-de-
lys on the top. It forms a good termination to the structure,
and appears quite complete, although it is possible that there
was some further Cross or pinnacle above it."
This Cross is, in the opinion of many, the best and most
elegant of the three Eleanor Crosses still in existence. In
design, feeling, and treatment it is quite distinct from the
others, and the triangular arrangement gives a picturesqueness
THE QUEEN ELEANOR CROSS AT GEDDINGTON.
(From a print dated 1791.)
QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES. 211
Mr. C. A. Markham, F.S.A., in his admirable work on "The
Stone Crosses of the County of Northampton," gives the follow-
ing description of this beautiful erection. He says : " It is
constructed for the most part of We Id on Stone, the string
courses and weatherings being of Stanion Stone, which is of
a slightly harder texture. It is placed on a calvary of eight
plain hexagonal steps, and is nearly 4.2 feet high. The Cross
itself is triangular in plan, and consists of three stories. The
lower portion is solid, and is divided into two equal parts by a
horizontal string course. In the centre of the panels of the
second part are six small shields bearing the Arms of England,
Castile, Leon, and Ponthieu. The Arms of Castile and Leon
are borne quarterly on one shield. Each face of the solid
portion is slightly convex, and at the angles and on the centre
of each face are small shafts, the flat portion being entirely
covered with very beautiful diaper work, formed of elegant and
very beautiful roses, carved with much delicacy. The second
storey is also triangular in plan, though considerably smaller
than the lower part; it is turned a third round, so that the
points come in the centres of the sides of the lower part. The
three figures of the Queen are placed with their backs to
the flat sides of the upper part, and are covered by triangular
vaulted gables. These figures are similar to those on the
Northampton Cross, charmingly designed and executed, the
drapery being admirable. The gables over the vaults are
ornamented with beautiful crockets of fine workmanship. The
third storey, again, is smaller. It is hexagonal in plan, formed
of an assemblage of single pinnacles, crowned by small crocketed
gables, ornamented with oak leaves and a flower like a fleur-de-
lys on the top. It forms a good termination to the structure,
and appears quite complete, although it is possible that there
was some further Cross or pinnacle above it."
This Cross is, in the opinion of many, the best and most
elegant of the three Eleanor Crosses still in existence. In
design, feeling, and treatment it is quite distinct from the
others, and the triangular arrangement gives a picturesqueness
212 QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES.
to the structure which could not be obtained from a more
regular plan.
The Northampton Cross stands about a mile from the town,
by the side of the old turnpike road leading to London, on the
brow of the hill overlooking the Nene Valley and the Borough of
Northampton.
This Cross Mr. Markham describes as consisting of four
storeys, diminishing in size as they ascend, the whole being
mounted on a flight of nine steps, octagonal in plan, which gives
great height and dignity to the structure. The lowest storey is
octagonal in form and about 14 feet high, each angle being
supported by a buttress, and each side divided perpendicularly
into two panels beneath a pointed pediment and adorned with
1 6 shields, suspended from foliage of different patterns, bearing
the Arms of England, Castile, and Leon (quarterly), and
Ponthieu. Each alternate face is further ornamented with an
open book supported on a lectern. The second storey, 12 feet
high, appears as an octagon, but in reality is formed by a solid
pier or shaft, square in plan, attached to each side of which is
an open tabernacle supported by slender pillars, vaulted and
canopied with purfled gables, terminating in bouquets and
pinnacles of graceful design. Under each of these stands a
statue of Queen Eleanor, about 6 feet high, which, like the
books on the lower storey, face the cardinal points of the
.compass. These statues show a great degree of artistic taste
and skill, and are amongst the most beautiful of British sculpture
we possess.*
. Above the tabernacles again is a third storey, which is square
in plan, panelled, and each side adorned with arches containing
quatrefoils in their points, surmounted by a crocketed gable.
Only a fragment of the fourth storey remains, and even this is
not original. It is not, and probably never will be, known what
originally formed the summit.
* They were attributed by Flaxman to Pisano, and are said to be faithful
representations of Queen Eleanor.
THE QUEEN ELEANOR CROSS, NEAR NORTHAMPTON.
(From a print dated 1791.)
QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES. 213
The Cross has been frequently restored, the first repairs of
which there is any record being those done in 1713.
In 1884. it was again restored by subscription, her late Majesty
Queen Victoria heading the list with a donation of 20.
It has since, together with the site upon which it stands,
become vested in the County Council of Northamptonshire,
who have undertaken to keep the structure in repair.*
The last resting-place of the body before entering the precincts
of London was Waltham.
Waltham Cross is certainly one of the most precious inherit-
ances we have from the architecture of the Middle Ages.
On an old print of this Cross, dated 1718, is the following
inscription :
"Waltham Cross, here represented to ye N.E., was one of
the Crosses erected by King Edward I. about ye year 1291, in
memory of his consort, Queen Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand,
3rd King of Castile and Leon, whose arms are cut on the lower
part of this Cross, as are those of ye Countess of Pontieu, her
mother, and also of England."
In another print, apparently of the same date, occurs the
following :
"In memory of Queen Eleanor, the beloved wife of that
glorious Monarch, who accompanied him to the Holy Land,
where her Royal husband being stabbed with a poisoned dagger
by a Saraycen, and the rank wound judged incurable by his
physician, she full of love, care, and affection adventured her
own life to save his, by sucking out the substance of the poison,
that the wounds being closed and cicatrised, he became per-
fectly healed."
Waltham Cross has been more copied than any other remain-
ing in England. It has been excellently imitated on a much
larger scale, in the Westminster Crimean Cross near the Abbey.
* An amusing caricature of antiquaries viewing this Eleanor Cross by
Cruickshank, was published by Allen and West in 1796. This exceedingly rare
print was given me by Mr, A. M, Broadley.
214 QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES.
The " Martyrs' Memorial," too, at Oxford is built after the
model of Waltham Cross, as also are the Ham (Holy Cross)
Drinking Fountain, Staffordshire, Bishop Fulford's monument in
Montreal Cathedral Close, and the more recent " Old Cheltonian
South African War Memorial" to the memory of 54 old
Cheltonians who lost their lives in the late war.
Waltham Cross has undergone many restorations ; indeed, it
has been so much restored that little more than the core of the
original structure remains.
West Cheap was the next stopping place, and there was
erected the celebrated Cheapside Cross, which was demolished
by order of Parliament in 1643.
This, however, was not the original Cross erected by Edward
in memory of his Queen, which fell into decay, and was
supplanted by another at the expense of the City in 1486.
This elegant Gothic structure stood until 1600, when it was
replaced by a third and last Cross, here represented.
The demolition of this Cross is thus described in Pennant's
London, being the foot note to the print.
"On the 2nd May, 1643, the Cross in Cheapside was pulled
down. A Troop of Horse and two Companies of Foot waited
to guard it, and at the fall of the top Cross, drums beat,
trumpets blew, and multitudes of caps were thrown into the air,
and a great shout of people with joy. The 2nd May, the
almanack says, was the invention of the Cross, and the 6th day
at night, the leaden Popes burnt in the place where it stood,
with ringing of bells and a great acclamation, and no hurt done
in all these actions." This shows the better feeling at this time
existing against anything savouring of Popery.
The prints on the screen show the demolishing of Cheapside
Cross, one published in 1793 and the other somewhat earlier.
Charing was the last stage where the body rested before
entering Westminster Abbey. The Cross here erected by King
Edward to his " beloved Queen " (Chere reine), and which gave
name to the locality, was demolished under an Ordinance of
Parliament (dated 28th August, 1643), notwithstanding the
THE QUEEN ELEANOR CROSS, NEAR WALTHAM.
(From a print dated 1791.)
QUEEN ELEANOR CROSSES. 21$
exception in such Ordinance contained in favour of any
monument to any king, prince, or nobleman, or other dead
person "which hath not been commonly reputed or taken for
a Saint," and under which exception the only three beautiful
Eleanor Crosses now in existence were saved from destruction.
By the Rev. S. E. V. FILLEUL, M.A.
(Read Feb. 19th, 1907.)
[Y digging in our Dorset quarry for things antiquarian
and biographical, Hutchins' History, we find that
William Knapp, clerk of Poole (that is, " parish
clerk"), published "Church Melody" in 1753,
to which his portrait was prefixed, when aged
54. The book went through several editions,
He also published " A set of new Psalms and
anthems in four parts on various occasions,"
1738, which book also went through many editions. He died,
we are told, in 1768, having been parish clerk for 39 years. And
the tune called " Wareham " was named from the neighbouring
town, his birthplace.
The Dictionary of National Biography records very little more
than this in the short account given of his life and work. It
fixes 1698-1768 as the span of his life.
Mr. W. K. Gill says that there is no memorial of him existing
in Poole; only his burial on September 26th, 1768, is, I believe,
contained in the registers.
The tradition runs in Wareham that he was a shoemaker and
played some instrument in Poole Church Choir. There are
WILLIAM KNAPP. 217
Knapps still in Wareham ; but they seem to be without ambition
to claim this worthy man as a forefather.
The book of " Church Melody," in addition to the portrait of
the author, is enriched by a reprint of " an Imploration to the
King of Kings, wrote by Charles I. during his captivity in
Carisbrooke Castle, 1648." It will be found at p. 182, set to
music. The tune "Wareham" appears in this book under the
title of "Blandiord," being arranged in common, instead of
triple, time. The whole of the music is beautifully engraved.
But it must be noticed that the tune named " Langton," at
page 123, is really Tallis's Canon, to which we usually sing
Bishop Ken's evening hymn. Apparently Knapp claims it as his
own, and most improperly, as it was contributed by Tallis to
Archbishop Parker's Psalter 180 years before.
The other book contains a page of dedication to John
Saintloe, Esq., of Little Fontmill, in the County of Dorset, in
which he is addressed as one who appreciated and practised
divine music, and was able to perform a part in verse anthems.
Also it contains a page of verses written by some admiring
friend of the author, concluding
" Long as the sun's enliv'ning glories shine,
So long shall last this deathless work of thine ;
And future worlds, with one consent agree,
Whene'er they sing of God, to mention thee."
This would be a modest equivalent for the page or two of
reviews, usual in these days, from the " Guardian," " Record,"
and " Church Times " at the beginning or end of the volume.
William Knapp also throws into this book about 25 pages of
quaintly-worded instruction in Psalmody by way of dialogue
between Theophilus and Philemon, which recalls the style of
Piscator and Venator in Walton's " Compleat Angler."
From the index we find that our Dorset-bred composer
dedicated almost all his hymn and Psalm tunes to the towns
and villages of his native county. There are tunes bearing the
names of Sherborne, Sandwich, Durweston, Dorchester, Bere,
2I WILLIAM KKAPP.
Bridport, Litchet, Poole, Morden, Sturminster, Winterbourne,
Weymouth, Wareharn, &c. The latter tune seems to be the
only one that is on the way to deathless fame. It is a sweet
old long metre tune, and is to be found in most hymn books.
William Knapp owes his chief renown to this tune, though he
is undoubtedly worthy of a high place amongst the short roll of
early church music masters. I possess an eighth edition of his
principal work, published in 1770, after his death; in which the
owner has written: "John Wright, his anthem book, 1823,"
which shows that the book was in use for at least 85 years in
our churches. There are twelve anthems in it, besides the
hymn and Psalm tunes, written mostly for various church
festivals. One of special interest is that for the 4th of June
(Eton may be jealous), but this is a commemoration of the
burning of the town of Blandford in 1731. It is taken out of
the 1 8th Psalm : " In my trouble I called upon the Lord." In
both books the air must be read in the third, or tenor, line.
s; of
connection txnfB
By WALTER J. FLETCHER.
(Read Dec. 13th, 1906.)
HE beautiful altar tomb in the chancel of Wim-
borne Minster was erected by the illustrious
Margaret Beaufort, to the memory of her
father and mother, the Earl and Countess of
Somerset.
Her grandfather, John de Beaufort, after-
wards Earl of Somerset, was the eldest son of
John of Gaunt and Catherine Swynford ; he
was born in the Castle of Beaufort in Anjou,
and in common with the other children of
this union was surnamed de Beaufort from his place of birth,
but they all bore for their arms a portcullis. He was created
Earl of Somerset during his father's life time, and he died
in 1410, leaving four sons and two daughters; Henry, the
eldest of the sons, died in his minority, and John, the second
22O MARGARET BEAUFORT AND WIMBORNE MINSTER.
son, became Duke of Somerset, and married Margaret, widow
of Sir Oliver St. John, only daughter of John Lord Beauchamp
of Bletshoe Manor, Bedfordshire, and the issue of their union
was an only daughter, Margaret Beaufort, who was born in
1441. Her father, the Duke of Somerset, died on zyth May,
1444, at the age of 39, and his title passed to his next
brother ; and his daughter, not quite three years old, became
sole heiress to her parents' vast estates. The Duke of Somerset
was buried at Wimborne Minster, and it is supposed he was at
the time living at Kingston Lacy, near Wimborne, which came
to him through his ancestor John of Gaunt. The tomb was
erected by Margaret Beaufort at the end of the i5th century,
probably about the year 1498, or 54 years after her father's
death.
On the top of the tomb are the life-sized effigies of John,
Duke of Somerset, and his wife Lady Margaret, beautifully
carved in alabaster.
The tomb is a fine example of the best artistic work of the
period in which it was erected, and it is remarkable for the
wonderful amount of detail it contains, and is a lasting testi-
mony of the skill and ability of the illustrious lady who erected
it. The tomb is in a wonderfully good state of preservation,
considering the conspicuous position it occupies. The greatest
care must have been taken in selecting the materials of which it
is made, as it would be exceedingly difficult at the present day to
procure slabs of Purbeck marble of. such excellent quality and
size.
The tomb is placed in the centre of the eastern arch between
the .chancel and the south chancel aisle. The base is orna-
mented with quatrefoil and small niches, and the sides are
divided into panels filled with delicate tracery, and in the centre
of each panel is a shield ; those on the south side were probably
covered with brass plates, which have unfortunately disappeared.
The Duke is clad in armour, every detail of which is most care-
fully worked out. The helmet is surrounded with a coronet, and
had a motto inscribed in front, a few letters of which are still
THE SOMERSET TOMB, WIMBORNE MINSTER.
MARGARET BEAUFORT AND WIMBORNE MINSTER. 221
visible. The collars of SS. are round the necks of both figures,
but the drop pendants are gone. The sword has unfortunately
been damaged, and only the handle remains, and on top of the
scabbard are the letters I.H.S. He wears a garter on his left
knee, and holds a gauntlet in his left hand, and the right hand of
his wife in the other. The lady is clad in a richly ornamented
dress gathered together at the waist, with a jewelled belt, and
holds the tasselled cords of the hood which hangs from her
shoulders. Around her head is a coronet, and she wears
jewelled rings on three fingers. The heads of both figures rest
on pillows, which are supported by angels, and at the feet of the
Duke is a lion, and at those of the Duchess a boar. On an iron
bracket above the tomb is fixed an ancient tilting helmet, but
there is no record to show why it is placed in the position, or if
it has any connection with the Beaufort family. After the death
of the Duke of Somerset in 1444, the Countess and her daughter
returned to their estates at Bletshoe in Bedfordshire. The
Duchess of Somerset married Lord Wellis about four years
afterwards, and the Lady Margaret was betrothed to Edmund
Tudor, Earl of Richmond, half brother to King Henry VI., and
they were married in 1455, when she was in her fifteenth year,
and her husband just twenty-five. They went to live at Pem-
broke Castle, where on the 26th July, 1456, a son and heir was
born, " Henry of Richmond," who afterwards became King
Henry VII., and a few months after this happy event, the Earl of
Richmond, her beloved husband, was taken away on ist
November, 1456. At the time of his death the Lady Margaret
was only in her sixteenth year. She continued to reside at
Pembroke Castle with her infant son, avoiding all connection
with the political contentions going on in England at that time.
About the year 1459 she married Sir Humphrey Stafford, son
of the Duke of Buckingham, and appears still to have continued
to reside at Pembroke Castle. Two years after Henry VI. was
deposed, the Duke of York was proclaimed King and crowned
as Edward IV., and one of his first acts was to deprive the young
Duke of Richmond of all his estates, and bestow them on his
222 MARGARET BEAUFORT AND WIMBORNE MINSTER.
own brother George, Duke of Clarence. Lady Margaret was
allowed to retain those of her estates that had come to her
in dower from her first husband and from her father ; and
Pembroke Castle, which belonged to the outlawed Earl of
Pembroke, was given to Sir William Herbert, Lord of Ragland,
who was directed to take possession of the Castle, and hold the
Lady Margaret and her son as State prisoners. A few years
after Edward IV. was defeated at Banbury and fled from
England, and Henry VI. was released from the tower and
reinstated as King of England in 1470.
The success of the Lancastrian party was, however, of very
short duration, and after their disastrous defeats at Barnet and
Tewkesbury King Henry VI. was again placed in the tower,
where he died 1471, leaving King Edward IV. in possession of
the throne. By the death of King Henry VI. the young Earl of
Richmond became head of the family and next heir to the
throne. The King's party soon besieged Pembroke Castle,
where the Lady Margaret and the Earl were still living, but
by the timely help of a Welsh chieftain they were rescued, and
the young Earl and Jasper Tudor escaped to France, and were
arrested by the Duke of Brittany and sent to the Castle of
Vannes, where the Earl was confined for many years, and mother
and son became separated. In 1481 Sir Humphrey Stafford
died, and the Lady Margaret became again a widow, and in
1482 she married Lord Stanley, Steward of the King's house-
hold, and went to live in London, probably with the idea of
being the better able to effect her son's release. Very shortly
after this event King Edward IV. died, and his son was
proclaimed King as Edward V. in 1483, and after a brief space
of ten weeks the Duke of Gloucester, who had been made
Protector of the Realm, usurped the throne under the title of
Richard III. The Lady Margaret did all in her power to get
the King to restore her son to his lawful position, but without
avail, as he refused to listen to any such entreaties, and entered
into a fresh compact with the Duke of Brittany to continue the
imprisonment of Richmond. In utter despair at the failure of
(From the picture in St. John" 1 * College, Cambridge.}
MARGARET BEAUFORT AND WIMBORNE MINSTER. 223
her efforts to gain the release of her son, Lady Margaret at last
consented to countenance measures for obtaining by force of
arms the justice to which he was entitled. A secret compact
was entered into by the Duke of Buckingham, the Bishop of Ely,
and the Lady Margaret for the escape of the Earl of Richmond
from France on the understanding that he would marry the
Princess Elizabeth of York, daughter of the late King
Edward IV. ; and, after many vicissitudes and misfortunes,
the Earl of Richmond in August, 14.85, landed in England
with French troops, and on the 22nd of that month the Battle
of Bosworth was fought, in which King Richard was killed, and
the Earl of Richmond was proclaimed King Henry VII. on the
battlefield, and was soon after restored to his mother after a
separation of 14 years, and was married to the Princess
Elizabeth about a year afterwards. By this union the two
Houses of York and Lancaster were united, and the unhappy
Wars of the Roses came to an end.
The Countess of Richmond seems to have retired from all
matters connected with public life after this time, and to have
devoted herself entirely to literary pursuits. She died in 1509
in the 6gth year of her age, having survived her son by three
months.
About the time that Lady Margaret erected this tomb she
founded the Chantry, wherein she ordained Mass to be daily
celebrated for the souls of herself, her son Henry VII., and her
parents. She also founded a Free School at Wimborne, and
procured Letters Patent from her son for its endowment,
bequeathing an annual stipend to a priest to teach grammar
free to all who should demand it according to the customs of
the schools of Eton and Winchester, enjoining the residence of
the Chaplain in a house set apart for that purpose and forbid-
ding all perquisites from the scholars, or any fees, but such as
were derived from the endowment.
The foundation of the school was afterwards considerably
enlarged and benefited by her great granddaughter Queen
Elizabeth.
224 MARGARET BEAUFORT AND WIMBORNE MINSTER.
The chapel and almshouses of St. Margaret, Wimborne,
which are connected with the Kingston Lacy estates, may, per-
haps, be so named from the Lady Margaret, and, although, the
Charity must have been founded before her time, it probably
received some benefits from her hands.
[Mr. Fletcher has since published a pamphlet on "The Lady Margaret,"
dealing with her life in much fuller detail. It is published by Messrs. W. Mate
and Sons, of Bournemouth. EDITOE.]
SIR JOHN TREGONWELL, OF MILTON ABBEY.
(from the original painting by Hans Holbein.}
of
By W. de C. PRIDEAUX.
(Head Dec. 13th, 1906. )
PART IV.
MILTON ABBEY AND MELBURY SAMPFORD.
SIR JOHN TREGONWELL, of Milton Abbey.
" CglR JOHN TREGONWELL, D.C.L., and a Master
of the Chaunceyre, 1565, in tabard, mural, altar
tomb, nave, late example of tabard. Inscription."
Hairies, 1861.
Position. Mural, below canopy of Purbeck
marble alcar-tomb, against south wall of St. John
the Baptist's Chapel, at the east end of north
aisle of the Abbey Church.
Size. Effigy, 15 in. high by io| in. wide, having a lettered
scroll (" Nos autem gloriari oportet in Cruce dm nostri Jesu
Christi ") issuing therefrom, 9^ in. in length ; shields on
dexter and sinister, 7 in. high by 6 in. wide ; shield above
dexter, having crest, helmet, and mantling, n in. high by
226 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
5^ in. wide ; below all, a rectangular inscribed plate, 2oJ in.
by 4! in.
Description. Sir John Tregonwell, clad in complete armour
of the period, is shown kneeling on a cushion, with hands raised
in prayer. He has a faldstool, or kneeling desk, before him,
over which is a fringed cloth embroidered, or otherwise wrought,
with his paternal coat, and resting upon it an open book ; on
the ground before the desk rests the knight's helmet, affront6,
his gauntlets lying beside it. Over all he wears a tabard,
charged with his arms.
His sword, unusually, is dependent from his right side, and
shown crossed behind him, almost reaching his feet, on which
are broad-toed sollerets ; his dagger is placed on his left hip ;
the cuissards are plain, the spurs, screwed into heel, show
through slits in the greaves.
One chain is shown around his neck ; his hands, clasped
before, probably hide a pendant badge ; he wears a ruff and a
long-pointed beard ; 1 his hair is very short (cf. Sir Gyles
Strangwayes, Melbury, having double pointed beard and two
chains).
Tabards first appear on brasses of the fifteenth century. They
became comparatively common, and were occasionally worn by
ladies, and usually charged with thrice-repeated armorial bear-
ings, once on breast and skirt, and twice on the sleeves.
Examples of late sixteenth century are rare, and Sir John
Tregonwell's is the latest extant. Of the few, Dorset possesses
two other examples Christopher Martyn, 1524, Piddletown, and
Sir Gyles Strangwayes, 1562, Melbury Sampford.
Heraldry. On tabard, Tregonwell, thrice repeated : Argent,
three ogresses in /ess cotised sable, between three Cornish choughs
proper. On shield above, Tregonwell, also showing crest, a
Cornish chough's head and neck holding in his beak a chaplet ermine
and sable.
1 Sometimes called the pique devant, or pick-a-devant beard, as shown on
Eepton's plate of Sir Edward Coke,
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 227
On dexter shield, Tregonwell, impaling quarterly :
(1) Kelway, Kelwaye, ah. Kellaway : Argent ^ glazier' s
snippers saltirewise sable, between 4 pears pendant
or, 1 within a bordure engrailed of the second?
(2) Biset, ah. Byset : Azure, ten bezants 4, 3, 2, and i. 3
(3) Bingham, 4 of Sutton : Ermine, on a chief sable, three
lions rampant.
(4) Rumsey, ah. Ramsey : Argent afess gules, in chief a
label of five points azure.
On sinister shield appears: Tregonwell, impaling, /*r saltire.
gules and or 4 chaplets count erchanged. New, 5 of Newbarnes,
Herts. Hutchins, in error, states that Sir John married
Elizabeth Bruce as his second wife.
The brass generally is in very good condition, and shows
more than a trace of both wax and colouring, some of the
letters being still nearly full :
44 ffoere l^etb buriefc Spr 3obn ZTresonwell Fm$obt
fcoctor of tbe Cpvill SLawes, anfc one of tbe /IDaisters
of tbe Gbauncer^e wbo H^efc tbe jttitb &a of
January in tbe $ere of our Xorfce, 1565* <w wbose
Soule <$ofc bav>e
1 Kelway pears " in the garden of Ed ward I. at Westminster were " cailleway
pears ; " they were so called from the French caillou. Rogers' Memorials of the
West, p. 158.
2 Visitation of Devon, 1620, and Cornwall, 1620, and G.M.S.
3 Sir John Bingham is stated to have held the manor of Sutton temp. Henry I.,
and it is further stated in Vist. Dorset, 1623, that he resided there temp. Henry
I., bringing us back near Domesday Book, when Sutone was held of Roger
Arundel by Roger Buissell als. Busli, who also owned the manor of Bingham, co.
Notts. Bisset, Azure ten bezants 3, 3, 3 and \.-Axmouth Church p. 108,
"Carew Scroll of Arms."
4 1352, 26 Edw. III., William de Bingham, "Dominus de Sutton Bingham,"
grants certain lands in Yevele (Yeovilj to William de Welde. Seal circular :
Arms : Ermine, in chief three lions rampant ; Legend : Sigillu " Willelmi " de
Bingham.
5 Newce als. Newes, co. Oxford, easily mistaken for Bruce, per saltire, or and
gules, 4 chaplets counter changed, G.M.S. Papworth p. 1125. New, News, co.
Oxford,
228 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
Biographical Notes. Sir John Tregonwell was Sheriff of
Somerset and Dorset, 1554, an< ^ came of an old Cornish family.
The Vicar of Milton Abbey, the Rev. Herbert Pentin,
writes l :
" He matriculated at Oxford, and was admitted Licentiate of
Civil Law in 1522. He is also credited with having been
principal of a small college, now included in Christ Church,
Oxford. But he made his reputation by the support he gave
Henry VIII. with regard to the divorce of Catharine of Aragon.
In 1529 Dr. Tregonwell (he had then taken his LL.D. degree)
was one of the King's Proctors, and was present in London at
Cardinal Campeggio's trial of the Queen. A year later he
visited, with Cranmer and others, the Universities of Europe, to
gain their decision in favour of the divorce. In 1533 he was
employed as a Master of Chancery ; and in the same year he
acted as King's Counsel when the final sentence of divorce was
pronounced on Catharine. For this he received a pension of
4.0 per annum, and was soon afterwards made Chief Judge of
the Admiralty. In 1538 he was appointed a Commissioner to
receive the resignation of religious houses in England ; and on
March nth of the next year the Abbot of Milton, John
Bradley, B.D. (afterwards Bishop Suffragan of Shaftesbury), sur-
rendered Milton Abbey into his hands. A year later Henry VIII.
granted Sir John the Milton Abbey estate for-^i,oco and the
forfeiture of the ^40 pension aforesaid. In 1544 he again sat in
the Court of Chancery, and in 1550 he was made one of the
Commissioners of the Great Seal. Three years later he was
elected Member of Parliament for Scarborough, and received
1 "The Brasses in Milton Abbey," in The Antiquary, for March 1904. This
paper also deals with some of the matrices of missing brasses, notably that of
Abbot "Walter (early 14th century) with a marginal Latin inscription in Lombardic
capitals : ABBA : VALTERE : TE : FATA : CITO : RAPVERE : TE :
EADINGA : DEBIT : SED : MORS : MALE : NOS : TVA : LEDIT.
Another matrix in the Abbey, in front of the altar- steps, shows the outline of a
civilian in a plain gown, and his wife wearing a "butterfly" head-dress, with
their five sons and four daughters.
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF t>ORSET. 229
the honour of knighthood. After being chosen Sheriff for the
counties of Somerset and Dorset, he probably lived chiefly at
Milton to the time of his death in 1565."
Sir Thomas Arundel, of the Cornish Arundels, was, together
with Sir John Tregonwell and others, appointed in 1535 to be a
Commissioner for the suppression of all religious houses " of
the sume of ccc marks and under " ; and an account of the
rough reception which they met with at the Priory of St.
Nicholas, Exeter, may be read in Dr. Oliver's Motiasttcon
Diocesis Exoniensis, p. 116.
The descendants of Sir John Tregonwell continued at Milton
for some generations. His son Thomas, who died in his father's
lifetime, married firstly Lady Villiers, secondly Anne, daughter of
Robert Martyn and sister to Nicholas Martyn, of Athelhampton,
and left issue, John Tregonwell, who died in March, 1585,
leaving two daughters, Elizabeth and Anne, and a son, John
Tregonwell, who was Sheriff of Dorset, 1604 and 1617 ; he
married Katherine, daughter of Anthony Brown, first Viscount
Montague. This John founded the Anderson branch by
purchasing that manor of Sir George Morton (the unlucky
friend of Sir George Horsey, of Clifton Maubank) September
2oth, 1620, and building Anderson House in 1622. In 1624,
when his eldest son, John, married Jane, the third daughter of
Sir Thomas Freke, 1 he left Milton to him and took up his resi-
dence at his new house. Later he divided his estate between
his two sons. He made Thomas Tregonwell, 2 born February
2nd, 1603, who, on his marriage with Lady Dorothy Ryves in
1625, had lived at Abbot's Court, his successor at Anderson, and
1 Another of whose daughters, Elizabeth, married Sir George Horsey, of
Clifton. Jane Tregonwell presented a pair of large silver barrel -shaped Flagons
to Milton Abbey (February 2nd, 1765), which are still in use. Her daughter
Mary (see next page) at about the same time presented a silver chalice and paten,
with the Tregonwell arms engraved in a lozenge, to Anderson Church.
2 Mentioned in a deed 20th March, 10 Chas. I. (1634), as "Thomas Tregonwell,
of Abscourt, Dorset, Esq.'' Deed also mentions "John Tregonwell, Esq.,
father of the said Thomas." No. 79, Dorset Deeds, Somerset and Dorset N. and
Q., p. 125, vol. x.
$3 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
also left him Abbot's Court. l At the death of a descend-
ant, Thomas Tregonwell, Esq., this latter house was sold to
Thomas Erie Drax, of Charborough, Esq., 1765 ; but his
descendants have owned Anderson until quite recently. Their
pedigree is given at length, p. 161, vol. i., Hutchins.
His eldest son, John, died at Milton, December, 1667, leaving
an only son, John, who was Sheriff of Dorset, 1670, and left a
chained Library to Milton Abbey Church as a thank-offering for
a miraculous escape from death in falling from the roof of the
church. 2 He married Jane, daughter of Sir Robert Fenn, Lord
Mayor of London, and, dying in 1680, left one son, John (who
died in his father's life-time, 1677, without issue) and three
daughters, one of whom, Mary, married, first, Francis Lutterell,
of Dunster Castle, Esq., and, second, Sir Jacob Bancks, a native
of Sweden, who came into England with his uncle, the Swedish
Ambassador, as Secretary to the Embassy in 1681. He served
in the Navy with distinction, and after his marriage with Mrs.
Lutterell became Member of Parliament for Minehead, Somerset.
Sir Jacob Bancks was instrumental in having a monument
erected to Milton in Westminster Abbey ; he died at Wimbledon
in 1724. His wife, the last of the Tregon wells who lived at
Milton, predeceased him in 1703, and is buried at Milton Abbey.
MILTON ABBEY.
JOHN ARTUR, a Monk of Milton Abbey.
"Inscription JohnArtur, monk," " At Milton Abbas, Dorset,
and Middleham, Yorks., are brass inscriptions to monks, and at
Westminster Abbey a slab with matrices of the figures of two
monks, Thomas Brown and Robert Humfrey, 1508." Haines.
1 7 Jac. I. Sir Troilus Turberville died lessee of Abbot's Court. His eldest son,
Sir Troilus, was created LL.D. at Oxford, ob. 1645. " Sir Troylus Turberville,
Capt. Lieut, of the King's Life Guard, killed among the Popish Lords and
Gentlemen." Critical Hist, of England, part ii., chap, iii., p. 203 (Brown's
Somerset Wills).
2 Tablet recording the above escape may be seen in Milton Abbey Church.
*=* ^?
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 2^1
Position. On large marble grave slab, in St. John the
Baptist's Chapel, at the east end of the north aisle of the Abbey
Church.
Size. 13^ in. long, by 2| in. wide.
Description. A simple engraved plate, of XVth Century work,
in contemporary church text, as follows :
" 1btc jacet 3obes Hrtur but' locf monacbus
Cutus antme pptctetut fceus,
We may class this brass as being rare ; apart from those lost
us through spoliation, the vow of poverty would militate against
many brasses being laid to monks, so we may reasonably con-
clude that John Artur was a notable man in the Abbey, either in
character or office, and quite possibly filled many parts in his
day, although "monachus" alone appears on his simple slab.
His Benedictine brother at St. Albans,
" Frater Robertus Beauver qndm hui' monasterii monachus,"
at various times during forty-six years, was in turn, kitchener,
refectorer, infirmerer, spicerer.
There are two other marble grave slabs in Milton Abbey,
each showing the matrix of a brass of about the same size as
John Artur's : one lies in the floor of the south aisle, not far
from the vestry ; the other (broken) lies loose in the north
transept, near the Damer monument. It is supposed that each
of these grave slabs at one time covered a monk of the Abbey.
MELBURY SAMPFORD.
MEMORIALS TO THE BRUNING ah, BROUNYNG AND
STRANGWAYES FAMILIES.
"i. : Sir Gyles Strangwayes, 1562, in tabard, Nave, p. 236.
Inscription, ii. : Two shields, with 14 and 13 quarterings, and
inscriptions to Henry Strangwayes, Esq., who 'died at the
syege of Bolleyne,' and his wife Margaret, daughter of Lord
232 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
George Rosse ; and to Sir Gyles Strangwayes, and wife Jone,
eldest daughter of John Wadham, Esq., of Meryfylde."
Haines, 1861.
Position. Mural on slab on west wall of south transept, but
formerly on a "large blue stone" (Hutchins, Vol. II., p. 677)
above the grave of Sir Gyles Strangwayes, below western arch of
tower, east and west.
Size. Effigy in armour, 24 J in. by 10 in. ; inscription, 21 in.
by 4 in.; two heraldic shields, 11 in. by 13^ in., having
inscriptions over, n in. by 3^in.
Description. Effigy of Sir Gyles Strangwayes, of Melbury,
Knt., in armour, having his head bare and resting on a helmet,
on which is seen his crest a lion, pass, in pale, paly of six argent
and gules. He wears two chains around his neck, but has no
pendant badge visible [cf. Sir John Tregonwell, Milton Abbey],
and a tabard carrying his arms, thrice repeated, as usual.
Quarterly of six, ist, sable, two lions, pass, in pale, paly of six
argent and gules, Strangwayes ; 2nd, or, a chevron within a bordure
engrailed sable, Stafford of Hooke ; 3rd, sable, a fret, or, Matravers ;
4th, per fesse azure and -gules, three crescents argent, Aumerle ; 5th,
argent, six lions rampant, gules, Greyvill ; 6th, argent, three bars
gemel sable.
His sword hangs perpendicularly from his left side, and from
the right, his dagger ; generally, his armour is similar to that of
John Horsey, "esquier to the body" of Henry VIII. , 1531
(Clifton Maubank), and both are fine examples of their period.
John Horsey is unusual in his decorated cuirass, and Sir Gyles
in having a tabard over ; a slight difference from the former may
be noticed in the pendant tuilles which show below tabard, and
the Knight of Melbury is shown wearing- a pair of very fine
gauntlets, comparable to those on effigy of Sir Thomas Cowne,
Igtham Church, Kent, temp. Edward III. A small ruff is just
visible around his neck; he is wearing his hair short, and a
double-pointed, or, as it was called, forked, beard.
A few words relating to the tabard may not be amiss. With-
out doubt, it descended from the Cyclas, a garment of somewhat
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 233
similar shape, reaching below the knees behind, and to the
lower part of the thighs before, being open at the sides as far as
the hips, as may be seen on the monument to Prince John of
Eltham, 1334, in Westminster Abbey. Matthew Paris, in
describing the pageants attending the marriage of Henry III.
with Eleanor of Provence in 1236, writes that the citizens of
London " were adorned with silk garments, and enveloped in
Cydases woven with gold."
The Cyclas gave way to the Jupon, a surcoat without sleeves,
reaching only to the waist, of almost universal wear at the
Court of Richard III. It was usually of costly description, on
which, as well as on other articles of dress, were depicted, in
silk tissue and beaten gold, the arms of the wearer.
The Jupon was in turn superseded by the Tabard, originally a
loose garment, somewhat resembling the labourer's smock-frock.
In the Plowman *s Prologue, attributed to Chaucer, we read :
" He tooke hys tabarde, and hys staffe eke,
And on hys heade he sett hys hatte."
The Tabard as formerly worn by Nobles, and which still
constitutes a conspicuous part of the herald's official costume,
descended to a little below the waist, and was furnished with
square, or rounded, sleeves extending nearly to the elbows.
Tabards first appear on brasses of the fifteenth century ; few
are found so late as this, and of the three Dorset possesses,
that at Melbury is singular in being shown on a standing
figure. Mr. Macklin mentions eight from 1547 to c. 1560, of
this transitional period ; 1 the only others of contemporary
note are shown on brasses to Henry Hobart, Esq., of Lodden,
Norfolk, 1561, and Sir John Russell, of Strensham, Worcester-
shire, 1562.
Above the effigy (see Plate 3) appear two shields having
inscriptions over ; that to the sinister bears the arms of Henry
Strangwayes, Esq., son of Sir Gyles Strangwayes, the elder, by
1 The Masses of England, Eev. H. W. MackliD, M.A., 1907, p. 240.
134 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSEt.
Joan, daughter of Sir William Mordatmt, of Bedfordshire, and
father to Sir Gyles Strangwayes, the younger, whose effigy we
have here.
Henry Strangwayes, Esq., was killed at the siege of Boulogne
in his father's lifetime, September i4th, 1544; his will was
dated April i8th of the same year, and proved November 2 ist,
1545. He married Margaret, daughter of George Manners,
Lord Roos, and sister to Thomas, Earl of Rutland ; settlement
after marriage dated November 26th, 1526; living 1544.
His shield bears the following arms. Quarterly of six, ist,
sable, two lions pass, in pale, paly of six argent and gules, Strang-
wayes ; znd, or, a chevron within a bordure engrailed sable, Stafford
of Hooke ; 3rd, sable a fret or, Matravers ; 4th, per fesse azure
and gules three crescents argent, Aumerle ; 5th, argent six lions
rampant, gules, Greyvill ; 6th, argent, three bars gemel sable.
Impaling ist, or, two bars azure, a chief quarterly, of the last
and gules ; in the ist and 4th two fleurs-de-lys, and in the 2nd and
3rd a lion passant guard ant, all or. This chief was anciently gu.,
the alteration being an honorary augmentation, showing a descent
from the blood-royal of King Edward IV., Manners ; 2nd, gules,
three water bougets argent, Roos ; 3rd, gules three Catherine wheels,
argent, Espec, co. York ; 4th, azure, a Catherine wheel, Trusbut ;
5th, gules, a fess between six cross-crosslets or, Beauchamp ; 6th,
chequy or and ami e a chevron ermine, Henry de Newburgh, Earl of
Warwick ; 7th, gules, a chevron between ten crosses paiee six in
chief (indistinct) and four in base, argent, Berkeley; 8th, or, a fess
between two chevrons sable, Lisle.
Above the shield is the following inscription :
"ZTbe armes of fbenrs Stranawases
wbo D$efc at tbe S^eoe of Bolle^ne aufc of
/Ifoar^aret bis wpfe, bowabter of ye oiorfce <$eor0e
IRosse,"
His grandfather, Henry Strangwayes, Esq., who was buried
in St. Mary's Chapel, at Abbotsbury, married Dorothy, daughter
AfcCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF bORSET. 235
of Sir John Arundell, of Llanherne, by Katherine, daughter of
Sir John Chideock ; and afterwards, Katherine, daughter of Sir
John Wadham, and relict of William Brouning, of Melbury.
He was one of the esquires deputed to attend Catharine of
Aragon in her progress to London from the West in 1501, and
died three years after, leaving a son, Sir Gyles the elder.
The shield to the dexter belongs to the effigy, and bears the
arms of Sir Gyles Strangwayes, the younger, son of the above
Henry Strangwayes, Esq., by Margaret, sister to Thomas, Earl
of Rutland. Sir Gyles was born 1524 ; married, in 1547, Joan,
daughter of Sir John Wadham, of Merifield, co. Somerset, and
Edge, co. Devon, sister and co-heir of Nicholas Wadham,
founder of Wadham College, Oxford. Sir Gyles died in 1562.
It is related that a member of the family was killed in the Seine
in the same year (see Froude's History, Vol. VIII. , p. 437).
Could this have been Sir Gyles the younger ?
Lady Strangwayes married, secondly, Sir John Young. She
died in 1603, and is buried in Bristol Cathedral with her second
husband below a monument l on which is the following in-
scription 2 :
"t>ere Ipetb tbe bofries of Sir 3obn Koung, fent.,
an> frame 3oan bis Wife* Sbe bafr issue bs bim
Sir IRobert, Sane anfc /Margaret Sbe was first
married to Sir Giles Strangwa^es, fent., b$ wbom
sbe bafc issue 3obn, Bfrwarfc, George, iFUcbolas,
Hnne t anfr JElisabetb. Sbe was fcaugbter of Jobn
Wafcbam, JEsq,, anfr fciefc tbe 14tb of 3nne, 1603,
70 $ears."
1 " To be buried in the Cathedral of Bristol in the upper end of the Quire, on
the right hand, amongst the seats there, with a vault under the same, by the right
patterne of the Tombe of Alderman Eonde, in St. Ellen's Church, London: 1
Directions in Sir John Young's will, proved Nov. 25th, 1589. Brown's Abstracts
of Somt. Wills.
2 Wallis' History of Cathedral Churches, Vol. I., p. 767.
236 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
Her will was proved February 7th, 1603-4. 150 for my
funeral. Poor of Abbot sbury, 20. * * * My late
husband, Sir Giles Sirangways. To my daughter, Fitzjames, a
silver basin, worth 20. To my daughter, Lady Elizabeth BarcHey,
a cup worth 10. * * * * My brother, Nicholas Wad ham,
Esq., and Nicholas Strangways, my brother, Exors. *
Sir Gyles left two daughters and four sons ; Edward and
Nicholas, died s.p. ; the latter married Elizabeth Berkeley ;
George Strangwayes, Esq., married Ursula, daughter of Richard
Sydenham, of Wynford Eagle, Esq., and died s. p. 1607; John
Strangwayes, Esq., of Melbury, the eldest son, married Dorothy,
daughter of Sir John Thynne, of Longleat. She died and was
buried at Melbury, September, 1592 ; he died in the year 1593,
and was buried at Melbury. His will was dated July loth, 1593,
and proved in the January following.
The shield to the dexter bears : Quarterly of six, Strangwayes,
as on sinister shield, but Impaling, ist, gules, a chevron bet-ween
three roses argent, Wadham ; 2nd, argent, on a chief gules, two
bucks' heads caboshed or, Popham, quartering gules, a chevron
argent, between ten bezants, Zouch, 3rd, a bend fusil e ermine, Read ;
4th, or, on a chevron gules three martlets, Cheddelwood or Ched-
worth ; 5th, sable six lions rampant or, St. Marty n ; 6th, barry of
five, or and azure, an eagle displayed gules, Nevell.
Above the shield is the following inscription :
"ZTbe atmes of Spr 6$les Stranowapes 1fcni0bt
anb of 3lat>$ 3one bis wpfe, ZTbe elfcest Dowobter of
3obn Wafcbam of
Near the monument (when in its former position on the floor
below the Tower), in a pew, says Hutchins,.is a small brass plate
in the pavement in memory of Elizabeth Strangwayes, who
" died young," having this inscription :
1 Brown's Abstracts of Somerset Wills, 1st series.
tig 9*
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 237
" 1bere l^etb buried tbe fourtb baucjbter of 3obn
Strauowa^es Esquier wbo bieb tbe 24 of ffebruar$,
in tbe scare of our Xorb (Bob 1583 t wbo l^etb bs
ber ^ranbfatber Sir (Biles Straugwa^es, (\>i3, t tbe
gottnoer).* 9
" On a brass plate in the pavement," says Hutchins, "on the
south side of the altar-tomb" at the entrance to the north
transept, was the following inscription :
"1bic jacet Xaurencius Sampforb miles bus be
/Belburg Sampforb, uepos (Bilberti Staunteseg milif
& fbawssa uj* ef filia biti be Basset, ac Malter'
jfoliot, miles bus be /Ibelbur^? smoub, et Elba u^ f
eius, filia et beres prebicti Xaureue; quor' auimabus
p f p'cietur H)eus* amen,"
In the pavement south of the last brass and near Sir Gyles
Strangwayes' tomb, on a brass pate, was the following :
"1foic jacet 3obes Xroungng filf Sobis 3Broum?u0
et aiianora u^ ef filia et uua bereb Ubome 3fit3
1Fl)}Cboll biai be 1bull iu 3Berftele ac Tlilliltoir
Xronngnd fili' p'bicti 5obis et Ikateriua uj f ef filia
Xaurene 9 Bru be Soutbcote iur 1Reb\?ug (Quorum
auimabus ppicietur be% amen."
The two foregoing inscriptions are now fixed on a mural slab
in the north transept.
"At each corner of the stone is the matrix of a brass shield
now gone," but of these, three are fixed to the slab on the wall
of the north transept, two above* the Brounyng inscription, and
one above Sampford, and they bear the following arms :
First shield : Quarterly, ist, Sable, a fret or, a label of three
ermine, Matravers. 2nd, Barry wavy of six argent and gu?es,
238 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
Sampford. 3rd, Azure, three bars wavy argent, Bruning. 4th,
Sable, a fret or, Matravers. Impaling "a lion statant guardant,
on a field which seems to have been paly or cheeky; but it is
indistinct and uncertain," * a charge quite indecipherable
now.
Second shield : Quarterly, Matravers, Sampford, and Bruning,
as on the former, impaling 4 charges now quite obliterated.
Third shield : Quarterly, Matravers, Sampford, and Bruning.
The arms of Bruning given as Argent, 3 bars wavy azure, are
liable to be confused with those of Sampford, Barry wavy of six
argent and gules, the latter being the older, and given in the Roll
of Henry III., as Unde (6), argent and azure, and in Glover and
Norfolk Rolls as Unde (6) argent and gules?
The Matravers fret, with a file of 3 ermine, is very clearly
shown quartered with Sampford and Bruning on one of the two
remaining shields on the canopy of William Bruning's tomb in
the north transept; the other shield having Sampford, impaling,
or, 8 piles in point gules, a quarter ermine, Bassett ; as also used by
Folliot, of Melbury Osmond. These two shields on the canopy
over the recumbent marble effigy of William Bruning, hereafter
described, are the poor remains of a wealth of heraldry on
engraved brass, with which this tomb, and the similar fine
monument under the south transept arch to Sir Giles Strang-
ways were enriched ; only empty matrices, with here and there a
broken rivet, are the evidence of the former heraldic glories on
this latter tomb.
Sir Laurence Sampford, Kt., Lord of Melbury Sampford,
living 41 Henry III., married Hawysia, daughter of the Lord
Basset (living a widow 55 Henry III., 1271, and 25 Edward I.,
1297). Their only daughter, Ada, ultimately heiress of both
her father and brother, married Sir Walter Folliot, Kt., whose
daughter, Joan, married Sir John Matravers, Kt., and left a
1 Hutchins' Dorset.
2 Thomas Sanford de Melbury tempore Eegis Henrici tercii : Azure, three bars
wavy argent,
o
z
>.
z
D
o
QC
m
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 239
daughter and co-heiress, Alice, who married John Bruning, ah.
Brounyng, of the County of Gloucester, Esq.
John Bruning, of Legh, near Durhurst, Gloucester, Esq., son
of the above, married, secondly, Alianor, daughter and co-heiress
of Sir Thomas Fitznichol, Knt., Lord of Hull, near Berkeley,
co. Gloucester, and had two sons, John and William ; the elder,
John, born in 1398, died s.p. May 3rd, 1420; the younger,
William, was born in 1400. His alabaster effigy appears in
armour on the tomb below the arch leading into the north tran-
sept, and is of singular beauty and finish. The head rests on a
tilting helm, having mantling, and for crest a lizard ; the helmet
is open, and, doubtless with the object of showing as much of
the profile as possible, wider than naturally ; around the neck is
a collar of suns and roses, similar to the Martin effigy at Piddle-
town, which it resembles generally and in many particulars ; but
here we have the pendant lion of the house of March also.
Notice may be taken of the unusual gauntlets, also of the arming
points, which latter are shown attaching the elbow caps to the
rerebras and vambras, as in the Martin, Harcourt (1471), and
Crosby (1475) effigies. The breastplate is in two pieces, the
lower, or paunce, having engrailed margins similar to the
Piddletown effigy. The fluted tuilles are hung low down on the
engrailed taces, again similar to Martin, Harcourt, and others,
figured in Stothard. The cuissards, whilst representing metal,
have the fold and appearance of leather coverings ; the knee-
caps have the same two extra plates with engrailed margins that
are pointed out by Viscount Dillon and seen so plainly on the
Martin effigy. The feet, encased in plain pointed sollerets,
rest on a lion, the whole displaying minute and painstaking
craftsmanship. William Bruning was married three times. By
his second wife, Katherine, daughter of Laurence Dm, of
Southcote, near Reading, co. Berks, he had three sons
William, born in 1432, of whom presently; Alexander, and
John ; the latter in Holy Orders. His third wife, who survived
him, and caused the monument to be erected, was Alice, the
widow of Robert Turges, Esq., and daughter of John Burton,
240 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
by Isabella, daughter and heiress of John Twyford, Esq.
Around the tomb, on brass strips, in black-letter characters, is
the following, literally transcribed :
"1bic jacet Mills Btoungng armicjer filf Sobis
Xtoungng be /Iftelburp Sampforb armfgert et
Hlianora usor ei' filia et una bereb ZTbome fits*
IRscoll bni be bull iu* Berfeele in com Gloucestr'
et Ikatina u^ ei' tilia Xaurenc' Bru be Soutbcote
iu* IRebpns in com Barscbpr ac Hlicia Button
postea uf p fcict' Millml filia Jobis Burton et
Ssabelle u^' is ef filia et beres 5pb'is ZTwpforfc
atmigetf q^ qufba Hlicia bane tubam cu toto
apparatu in omnib3 be novo fieri fecit et construct
HO b'ni /iDillessimo cccco tjpijo be bonis suis ppiis
et evens' quoj animab3 ppciet' be' Hmen/ r
William Pruning, born in 1432, the eldest son (above),
married Katherine, daughter of Sir John Wadham, and died
s.p., leaving his nephew, William, son of Alexander Brunyng, as
his heir, failing issue.
After William Bruning's death Katherine, his widow, married
Henry Strangways, Esq. ; and, being seized of the manors of
Melbury Sampford and Melbury Osmond, as her jointure by
settlement, the reversion whereof belonged to the said William
Earning, the son, it was arranged by an indenture dated
June 3oth, 15 Henry VII. (1500), that the premises should be
conveyed to trustees, as to the manor of Melbury Osmond,
immediately to the use of the said William Bruning and Anne,
his wife, and of the heirs of the body of William ; and as to the
manor of Melbury Sampford, after the decease of the said
Katherine, to the use of the said William Bruning and of the
heirs of his body, and for default of such issue to the use of the
said Henry Strangways and of the said Katherine, and of the
heirs male of their bodies; remainder to the use of the said
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 24!
Henry Strangways in fee. And for and in consideration of the
said reversion, so to be settled as aforesaid, the said Henry
Strangways agreed to pay to the said William Bruning
600 marks ; but it was further agreed that in case there
should be issue of the said William Bruning, such purchase
money should be repaid to the said Henry Strangways by
instalments. The said Henry and Katherine also agreed to
discharge the said William Bruning in respect of a rent-charge
of ^4 per annum, payable to the said Katherine by way of
jointure out of the manor of Herrystocke and Felton, in the
county of Gloucester. 1
The last-mentioned William Bruning died without issue, and
the above-mentioned limitation to Henry Strangways took effect.
The ancient and knightly family of Strangways are said to
have had their first habitation at Strangways Hall, in Lancashire.
In the Visitations of Yorkshire (1584) James, the eldest son of
Henry Strangways, is given as of Harlesley Castle, 24 Henry
VI., near North Allerton, in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
His second brother, John, was a Judge, 8 Henry VI. Sir James^
son of the above, was Speaker of the House of Commons,
i Edward IV., and married the co-heiress of Lord Darcy and
Meinel.
There was shown at the Society of Antiquaries in 1793, a
drawing of a group of figures in the upper window of the north
aisle at Thirsk, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, copied from
one taken by Sir William Dugdale in his Visitation (1666) for
Sir John Ingilby, of Ripley, Bart., who descends from one of
the ladies there represented, daughter of Sir James Strangways,
of Harlesley Castle, who, with his wife, Elizabeth, eldest
daughter and co-heir of Philip, Lord Darcy and Meinel, seven
sons and three daughters, form the painting. He was eldest
son and heir of James Strangways, an eminent lawyer in the
reigns of Henry IV., V., and VI., and made a Judge of the
1 The original deed is at Melbury.
242 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
Common Pleas, February, 1426. Sir James himself was a man
of note in his time Sheriff of Yorkshire, 1469 ; and, having
espoused the part of the House of York in the Civil Wars, was
made Speaker of the House of Commons, i Edward IV. (see
speech of the King, Rot. Parl. v. 487). He is here represented
kneeling at a desk and dressed in a tabard of his arms. His
lady, also kneeling, has on her mantle the arms of her husband,
on her kirtle her own. Between them is a large shield charged
with the coat of Strangways, quartering Darcy and Meynell.
Behind her kneel Margaret, Eleanor, and Elizabeth, her three
daughters ; and behind him Sir Richard, Knt., his eldest son
and heir, and other sons ; under the whole this inscription :
" Orate pro bono statu Jacobi Strangways et Elizabethae uxoris
ejus et omnium puerorum suorum."
Lady Harriet Frampton (the third daughter of Henry
Thomas, second Earl of Ilchester) says the first of the name
who settled in this county was Thomas Strangways, Esq.,
son of Roger, a younger brother of Sir James Strangways, of
Yorkshire. He was brought into these parts by Thomas de
Grey, Marquis of Dorset. Thomas Strangways, Esq., married,
i Edward IV. (1460) Eleanor, daughter of Walter Talboys, of
Kyme, by Alice, his wife, daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, of
Hooke, co. Dorset, Knt., and co-heir of her first cousin,
Humphrey Stafford, Lord Stafford, of Southwick, Earl of Devon,
ob. 1501 ; and by her had a great part of the estate of the
Staffords. Eleanor, his relict, lived to a very great age, and
parted not the lands (between the issue of Sir Edmund Cheyney,
her mother's first husband, and her own) till 1492, 7 Henry VII.
She made her will about 1500, and died soon after, her house-
hold goods being parted 1502, 17 Henry VII.
Henry Strangways, Esq., son of the above Thomas and
Eleanor, married as his third wife Katherine, daughter of Sir
John Wadham and relict of William Bruning, of Melbury, and
was the first of the family who possessed Melbury Sampford.
By his will, dated January i2th, 1503, proved May loth, 1504,
he ordered his body to be buried at St. Mary's Chapel, in
ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET. 243
Abbotsbury Monastery. He mentions his wife Katherine and
his son, Giles. He gives Anne and Christian, his daughters,
300 marks each. 1
Sir Giles Strangways (the elder), son of Henry, married Joan,
daughter of Sir William Mordaunt, of Bedfordshire, and was
the first of the family that possessed both Melburys. On the
death of Henry Trenchard and Anne, his wife, widow of the
last William Bruning, he became possessed of Melbury Osmund.
He obtained a grant (35 Henry VIII.) for ^"1,096 IDS. of the
site of the monastery at Abbotsbury, the manor and lands there,
the fishery of the Fleet, etc. He also owned at his death
the manor and advowson of Mappowder, the manors of Burton
and Charlton, in Charminster. He died in 1547, and was
buried at Melbury, being the first of the family there buried.
A portion of the inscription to his memory appears on the
mutilated strip brass, which partly surrounds his alabaster effigy
on the altar tomb (see Plate 6), beneath the south transept
arch at Melbury. It reads as follows, having the missing portion
(within brackets) supplied from Hutchins, and was, no doubt,
there in his time :
" HMc jacent JEgiMus Stran0wa$s, miles, ffltus et
beres Ibennci Stranowa$s armioeri, et Borotbie
uoris sue, filie 5ob'ms Htrunfcell militis, necnon
Sobana user, [predict' T&$iV et fUfa Sobannis
flfcorfcant militis, Bgifcius obiit Me jt Becemfcris
mdglvfi cujus aTe p'picietur 3D* Hmen*]"
This monument is so similar to that of William Brounyng,
before described and figured, that it is not necessary to
describe it separately. For that reason, doubt has been raised
as to the inscription being where it should be, but it may be
pointed out that lingering fashions in armour and the hereditary
1 Prerog. Off. Keg., Holgrave.
244 ANCIENT MEMORIAL BRASSES OF DORSET.
nature of both armour and sometimes crest, may explain an
apparent error ; there may have been a third altar-tomb there.
Leland says : " Ther be two of the Brounyngs, sumtyme
Lordes of Melbyrie, that hath tumbes in the church hard by the
manor place," then giving inscriptions, but following them with
this remark, " These epitaphies were written upon two tumbes
yn the chirch at Melbury. But I learned there that a saying
was, that the body of one of these Brunings was buried at
Milton Abbey, and the body of the other at Cerne."
Both inscriptions are well cut, that to Sir Giles Strangways is
remarkable for the ornaments between the words, and is worth
examination for these alone ; it may also be regarded as possibly
a palimpsest, the rivets not being of original metal.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY THE AUTHOR.
By R, G. BROCKLEHURST.
(Read Dec. 3rd, 1907.)
HT
HERE are some fine specimens of church towers in
Dorset, even though they may not be able to
compare with those of the neighbouring county
of Somerset. There is not, however, a great
variety of styles, as many of the Dorset towers
seem to have been added to, or, at all events,
completed about the same period the Perpen-
dicular.
The examples illustrated in this paper are not by any means
all those of interest, but amongst them are some of fine effect
and excellent workmanship, although several towers have lost
imposing features and details, such as figures out of niches,
crockets, and finials.
In North Dorset, Bradford Abbas tower can be selected as quite
one of the finest in the county. Of Perpendicular character,
the four angles are adorned with octagonal buttresses,
decreasing in dimensions as they go up, finally being crowned
with elegantly-carved finials, the angle containing the staircase
to the belfry being more prominent and elaborately finished.
On the west front are placed eleven niches, with fretted canopies,
246 SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS.
two two-light belfry windows, a large west window with mullions
and considerable tracery, and an ornamental arched entrance
porch and doorway, with crocketted pointed hood, leading under
the tower to the body of the church. The niches are placed
two on either side of the door, then two (one above the other)
on each side of the large west window, and the third storey is
taken up entirely with three large niches. Mutilated images
remain in two of the higher niches, the one in the centre niche
representing a person crowned, sitting with a book upon his
knees, and dressed in a rich lace mantle down to his feet ; the
other, in the niche to the left of this, also sitting in a similar
dress, has a square cap, and is without a book. The upper
corbels to niches are ornamented with foliage, but the lower are
plain. The smallness of the sketches given will not permit
much detail, but if they convey a general idea their object will
be attained. This tower has, to the interior, a heavily framed
staging, at the level of the top of the large west window, from
which hang the bell ropes, and some of the clock works. A
fine arch to the east opens into the nave, the centre portion
being panelled, and running down the piers. There are also
empty niches on either side of the piers near the bases. The
font is placed immediately under the centre of the tower, and
the whole of the interior seems in a good state of preservation.
Within a few miles of Bradford Abbas is the village of Trent,
formerly in Somerset, but now in Dorset. The tower of Trent
Church is lofty in comparison with the rest of the building, stand-
ing to the east of the main body, and almost isolated. The
window tracery seems to be of the Decorated period, but it is
usually stated that the tower was erected about 1500. Three
storeys compose this tower, with large three-light windows, then
smaller ones of two-lights, and above again are longer open
belfry windows, with delicately worked, pierced stonework, in
place of the familiar louvres. The buttresses are set at the
angles, and are in three stages, being plain and simple. To the
tops one sees large and hideous gargoyles, figures of men and
animals grinning and showing their teeth. The rain water
Plate I.
SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS. 247
shuting from the gutters behind the parapet is run out over the
heads of these figures. To the east side of the tower there is
a huge gargoyle, at the level of the chancel eaves, seemingly
fulfilling no purpose. Crowning the tower is a large slightly
projecting corbel table, with carved heads as corbels, and trefoil
arches above, and directly above this comes another smaller
corbel table with twice the number of corbels to each side.
Then there is a parapet extending all round the tower, having
open quatrefoil tracery, and at the angles are tall pinnacles,
panelled, moulded, and crocketted. Behind the parapet rises
the spire, octagonal, and ribbed at the angles, finished with a
moulded finial and weather vane of quaint design. This spire
does not seem at all safe, as there is a distinctly noticeable
leaning and twist, which makes one feel quite uncomfortable
whilst gazing at it. At the foot of the tower, close to the
principal entrance to the church, are three small steps and a
landing, from which a door leads from the exterior to the
belfry. The interior, one storey only of which is open to the
church, forms a south transept, and is plain, having two
windows and the double-chamfered arch to the nave side.
Whilst in this neighbourhood, Sherborne Abbey should be
mentioned ; but the tower seems to be one of the least
striking features of a building which is one of the finest of its
kind in England, and it is difficult to get a sketch of this part
.without dwarfing it by the magnificence of the clerestory
windows and other such prominent features.
Iwerne Minster, about six miles and a-half to the north of
Blandford, is one of the few towers possessing a spire, Trent
.and Winterborne Abbas being others. The tower itself is plain,
of Decorated character, sixty feet high, of three storeys, and is
buttressed on three sides. It is crowned with a heavy battle-
mented parapet, carried on a slightly moulded corbel-table, and
from this rises an octagonal spire, forty feet high, ribbed at
angles, with two traceried bands round, at different heights, and
crowned with a moulded finial and weather vane. The details
call for little comment, as it is the solidity and size of this tower
248 SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS.
that draw one's attention to it. The interior at the floor level
is used as a vestry, the small western door being kept perman-
ently closed, whilst the staging to belfry above is carried on the
large plain corbels. To the eastern side the arch is massive,
and consists of a series of chamfers continued down the piers to
a plain plinth. Iwerne Minster stands on an eminence, and the
church itself is raised considerably above the roads adjoining,
which lends it an imposing effect.
Wimborne Minster possesses a very fine Norman central
tower with a little Transitional work in it, being quite unique
as far as Dorset is concerned. The exterior is solidly constructed
of stones varying from a very light to a dark brownish colour,
which gives it a pleasant appearance. An arcade of intersecting
semi-circular arches forms the first storey, above the ridges of the
surrounding roofs, carried on small shafts, with carved capitals
and with one small lancet-headed centre light to each face.
Above this are two semi-circular windows to each side, deeply
recessed and beautifully proportioned. The tower is crowned by
a corbel-table running right round it, plain corbels alternating
with carved faces and large figure gargoyles. Above is a simple
battlemented parapet with large pinnacles at each corner. This
work above the corbel table is Perpendicular, very plain and
heavy, having been erected to take the place of a spire that at
one time existed, but unfortunately collapsed and fell. The
interior is supported by four massive piers of simple outline,
with plain cushion capitals, and the large semi-circular arches
above are in two receding plains. Then comes a fine storey of
arcading on a string-course running round each side, with
.detached black marble shafts and excellently carved capitals.
Above the arcading, and dividing each side into two compart-
ments, are shallow depressed arches. The two windows to
each side over this are deeply recessed, and with one engaged
shaft to the sides of each. Running down each internal angle
is an engaged circular shaft, with moulded bands at intervals of
two or three feet. Immediately above these windows is a flat
staging, heavily beamed and with four large bosses. The
Plate II.
BERE REGIS.
WIMBORXE MINSTER
STUDLAND.
JL'L'I L
MILTON ABBEY.
SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS. 249
colouring of these bosses is somewhat lurid. The western
tower of the Minster is quite plain, and has very little of interest.
It is of Perpendicular character, and the only striking details
are some tremendous gargoyles of particularly grotesque design,
being principally animals.
Dorset for its size is rich in monastic churches, and three of
them (Sherborne, Wimborne, and Milton) are in a splendid
state of preservation. The tower of Milton Abbey rises from
the intersection of the choir and transepts, and has the same
fault if one may call it so as at Sherborne ; it does not seem
adequate to so lofty and extensive a building. The style is pure
Perpendicular, with noble lantern arches deeply moulded and
recessed, buttresses carried up to the springing of lantern
arches and finished with long diamond-shaped crocketted
pinnacles. The whole is surmounted by a pierced quatrefoil
parapet ; at the angle of the staircase turret a door leads
directly on to a roof behind the parapets. The vaulting of the
interior, equally with that of the transepts, is very fine, and is
embellished with a great variety of bosses and escutcheons of
benefactors.
Studland Church, near Swanage, of Norman architecture, is
particularly picturesque and quaint. There are broad, slightly
projecting buttresses and heavy stringcourses round the exterior
at various heights, being crowned by a ridge roof and gable ends
with water-tabling. The roof projects a great deal at the eaves,
giving the tower quite a domestic appearance, whilst immediately
under come the belfry windows, square-headed and simple in
outline and detail. The windows externally are quite small and
semi-circular headed. But it is the interior that is so fine. Its
strong piers, with square reveals and engaged circular shafts,
are a great feature, the capitals also being splendidly carved,
mostly of cushion shape, with the chevron, star, and other simple
ornaments of the Norman period. The hood moulding to the
chancel arch and the abacus to each pier have the chevron
mould. The windows, north and south, are strong and
characteristic, and the vaulting is massive. " Massive," perhaps,
^5 SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS.
is a strange word to use when applied to a chancel about the
size of an average dining room, but, nevertheless, that is the
impression one obtains. Considerable settlements that have
appeared in the chancel arch have been strengthened by tie
rods. There are some other specimens of Norman work in the
neighbourhood, Worth Church being noticeable as containing
portions erected in all the Gothic styles.
Bere Regis possesses a good tower, being rebuilt in the time
of Henry VII., and is sixty-four feet high. It is solidly
constructed of flints worked in alternate blocks with Purbeck
stone. There are buttresses on each face, near the angles,
ending with long pinnacles in the upper storey. The whole is
surmounted by a plain battlemented parapet and crocketted
pinnacles to the four angles. The west window is flanked by
niches, the belfry windows being large with depressed arches
and open panelling, ornamented by the Tudor rose, and the
whole front is a good conception. The interior of the tower has
nothing much of interest, and all the other details inside the
.building are surpassed by the fine hammer-beam roof of the
nave, which has just lately been carefully renovated.
From Bere to Dorchester one passes through Puddletown.
The tower of this church is striking, and very deceptive as to
the period of its erection. Authorities have it that it was
erected in 1505, although they admit the smallness of the louvre
windows. But there are also other points, such as the buttresses
built on the angles, that indicate an earlier date. One thing is
certain, that it was finished in the Perpendicular period, the
mouldings to the embattled parapet and the crocketted
pinnacles crowning this, and the staircase turret, so indicating.
The turret attached to the tower is very prominent and large,
forming the principal feature, particularly as seen from the high
road.
Another tower of imposing appearance in the neighbourhood
of Dorchester is at Charminster. Set in a hollow, the church
stands well away from other buildings, thereby showing the tower
.off to the best advantage. It quite dwarfs the rest of the
Plate HI.
FORDINGTON ST. GEORGE.
CHARMINSTER.
PUDDLETOWN
BEAMINSTER,
SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS. 251
building, and is very late Perpendicular in character, of Ham Hill
stone, toned down by successive seasons to beautiful mellow
tints. To the interior the tower is open to the nave, and on the
north and south by arches with panelled soffits, similar to
those to be seen at Sherborne Abbey. There are four stages
consisting of the west doorway and west window above, with
depressed arch and tracery, then a small light, little more than
a loophole, and lastly two fine two-light windows. These are
sub-divided by transoms and are square-headed, with square
hood mouldings over. There are two buttresses to each face,
near the angles, terminating with crocketted pinnacles and also
pinnacles at each angle, and in the centre of each cardinal face.
These, combined with battlements, gargoyles, and a stair turret
terminating octagonally, with smaller pinnacles at the corners,
and finished centrally with a fine finial, form a rich and
picturesque object. In the panels of the arches of the interior,
and on the face of each stage of the buttresses, monograms,
formed of two T's combined, are sculptured, being the initials
of Sir Thomas Trenchard, under whose auspices the tower was
erected. This tower, as well as the church itself, is well worth
studying, and is certainly one of the most effective in appear-
ance in the county, as the proportion in design and the work-
manship are equally good.
The tower of Fordington St. George at Dorchester, standing
as it does, on an eminence, is visible from a considerable
distance round, being eighty feet high, adorned with battlements
and pinnacles, and contains five bells and a clock. It is a
handsome example of the Perpendicular style, and is of three
stages. The buttresses are boldly projecting, set away from
the angles, with moulded set-offs at each stage, the upper one
being level with the springing of the belfry windows, above
which are square pinnacles set diagonally and crocketted. There
is a similar pinnacle in the centre of each side rising from a
gargoyle or head. The parapet is embattled, the moulding being
continuous round the embrasures, and there is a stringcourse,
below the parapet, with large gargoyles at the angles. The
2$ 2 SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS.
belfry windows are coupled, each of two lights except to stair-
turret side, which has a single window a transom dividing
them in the centre, the heads above and below are cinque-
foiled, with two trefoil abatement lights and pointed arches
over. There are several loopholes to the staircase turret, whilst
this also is crowned by a very elaborate collection of pinnacles
and a finial. The interior is quite plain, and in this respect
resembles the body of the church. St. Peter's Church tower at
Dorchester is also good ; but it is much like others in the
neighbourhood.
This series cannot be at all representative without the beautiful
tower of Beaminster Church in West Dorset. It is nearly
100 feet high, containing eight bells, a clock, and chimes. The
top and the sides were anciently ornamented with pinnacles,
those on the top being entirely destroyed at the Reformation or
during the Civil War ; and age has made great havoc with the
rest. These have now been replaced, and, though they have a
new appearance compared with the old work, add considerably
to the effect. In 1503 a legacy was given towards building
this tower. It is easily the most interesting feature of the
building, and, from the manner in which the ornaments have
been applied to every available point, it constitutes a very rich
and pleasing object. About eight feet from the ground, and also
higher up, it is encircled by a band of quatrefoils and other
tracery. The upper storey is lighted on all the cardinal points
by a pair of pointed windows of two lights each, divided by a
central pier, at the foot of which is a small pinnacle, the
shaft set anglewise rising from a corbel placed in the centre of
the stringcourse which marks the stage. The buttresses are
very highly ornamental features. Where the lower stages are
exposed to view, the faces are cut into niches with crocketted
canopies. Grotesque animals crouch upon the slopes of the two
lower set-offs, from the backs of which arise small crocketted
pinnacles, and the upper stages terminate pyramidically with
crocketted finials rising above the top of the parapet. The tower
when erected had no less than 38 of these pinnacles disposed in
SOME DORSET CHURCH TOWERS. 253
different parts. The west front has a peculiar arrangement of
niches, the central figure representing the Blessed Virgin and
Child. On her right stands the figure of a man with large flow-
ing beard, supposed to represent St. James, and on her left
St. George subduing the dragon. Above these is a square-
headed window, corresponding with those on the other faces,
but in this instance walled up, as a part of the original design,
and having beneath the traceried heads of these dummy lights,
the cross forming a mullion, a small sculpture of the Cruci-
fixion, with figures standing on each side under the horizontal
arms of the cross intended to represent the Virgin Mary and
St. John. Above this, again, is a second group of niches and
pinnacles representing the Resurrection and the Ascension. On
each side are figures in the costume of the times. All this only
occupies one storey, and is the outcome of an evidently well-
thought-out scheme by the architect, commencing with the
Birth, then the Death, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ.
This tower is discerned for miles around, and at once attracts
the attention of a visitor to Beaminster.
The towers at Pydeltrenthide and Whitchurch Canonicorum
are important representatives of Dorset towers ; but they are
already dealt with and illustrated in other pages of this volume.
"glcfes.
COMMUNION PLATE
AT HENSTRIDGE, DATED 1574, NORTH WOOTTON, DORSET,
DATED 1582.
HE Hall mark on this plate, as described by the
Rev. E. H. Bates, is " a single mark a circle
filled with pellets, so as to bear some sort of
resemblance to a guelder rose ;" in one
instance, the mark is accompanied by the
letters R.O. From the disposition of the
parishes in which this plate was found, it
occurred to Mr. Bates that evidence of the
owner of the mark should be sought at Sher-
borne ; he, therefore, wrote to Mr. Wildman, asking if he could
give him the name of a silversmith at Sherborne during
the years 1570-1600. Mr. Wildman examined the transcripts
he had made of the Sherborne Church accounts, and found
mention of goldsmiths, but none by name ; but in the parish
account for 1595-6, he found the following entry: "To Mr.
Orenge for exchanging of half-a-crown of goolde that I r d at
the last accompte 4 d ." and under the date 1585-7, was Richard
Orenge's name as Churchwarden, and it seemed probable from
these two entries that Richard Orenge, churchwarden, in 1585-7,
CLUB NOTES. 255
was by trade a silversmith and the maker of the plate in
question. He informed Mr. Bates, who wrote to Mr. E. A.
Fry asking him if he could find Richard Orenge's will. Mr. Fry
did so, and found that he was a silversmith at Sherborne at the
time required. The writer suggests that the mark on the plate,
" like a guelder rose," is an orange denoting the maker's name in
a rebus ; the orange with its stem is represented on the chalice
by the same maker at Charlton Horethorne.
W. M. B.
CERNE PARISH REGISTER IN THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
(OR REGISTRARS UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH).
To occupy an idle hour when at Cerne Abbas last year
endeavouring to trace the site of the Monastic Church, which, if
fixed, would give the positions of the various domestic buildings
of the Abbey, I took up the Old Parish Register and copied the
following entries :
1653
11 1 doe allow and approve of Robert Talbot to be Register for
y e parish or town of Cerne Abbas he having y e consent of y e
parish and was sowrne befor me one of y e Justices of Peace of
this county this 24 th of October in y e yeare of oure Lord God
according to England's computation 1653
J. Bingham.
Underneath was this note in a different handwriting :
" The above mentioned Parliament had noe colour of a
Parliament but a convention by Oliver Cromwell, General,
w th out the choyce of the people. A Register in every parish
was noe act and since made void by the soe called Parliament
1656.'
W. M, B.
256 CLUB NOTES.
NOTES FROM "SOMERSET MEDI/EVAL WILLS" BY
THE REV. F. W. WEAVER.
A.D. 1441. William Wenard.
To the Friars Minor of Dorchester zo s .
A.D. 1467. Nicholas Carent.
To the parish church of Iwerne Minstre for the repair of the
nave. 40%
W. M. B.
THOMAS BEACH,
THE DORSET PORTRAIT PAINTER.
Thomas Beach was born in the old town of Milton Abbey,
under the shadow of the Abbey Church, in the year 1738. His
parents, Thomas l and Ursula Beach, lived next to the house
adjoining the old Abbey Vicarage (see plan of the old town in
Proceedings, Vol. XXV.). He was baptised in the Abbey on
October 2nd, 1738, by the Vicar, the Rev. James Martin; and
was educated at the Milton Grammar School, which wa
under the head-mastership of the Vicar. Here, Beach's
for drawing, and his desire to be an artist, attracted the at*
of Joseph, Lord Milton (one of the governors of the scho<"
his Lordship, in the year 1760, sent him as a pupil to Sir ,
Reynolds, under whose tuition he made rapid and reir. le
progress. From 1772 to 1783 Beach's pictures found _ce
in most of the Exhibitions of the Incorporated Society of
Artists; and from 1783 to 1800 he exhibited at th Royal
Academy. His paintings have occasionally been taken Jor those
of Gainsborough and Romney, and often for those of Jiis great
master, Sir Joshua Reynolds, President of the Academy.. During
the years mentioned (1772 to 1800; Beach " seems to have
limned the features of everybody who was anybody ; and nearly
1 The will of Thomas Beach was proved in the Eoyal Peculiar Court of Milton
on August 9th, 1749, and is now deposited in the Probate Court, Blandford,
THOMAS BEACH.
THE DORSET PORTRAIT PAINTER.
(17381806.)
CLUB NOTES. 257
all ' the seats of the mighty ' in Somerset and Dorset, from
Montacute and Melbury on the west, to Milton and S. Giles on
the east, possess one or more specimens of Beach's skill."
As a man, Thomas Beach was a good scholar, and of a
religious, charitable, and friendly disposition. He died at
Dorchester in the month of December, 1806, and was buried in
All Saints' churchyard ; but the site of his grave is unknown.
In 1905, however, a memorial brass was erected to his memory
in All Saints' Church " by members of his family and admirers
of his art."
" Happy life's duties with its joys to blend ;
Reynolds his master : Henderson his friend."
A full account of the life and work of Thomas Beach is to be
found in Mowbray Green's Eighteenth Century Architecture of
Bath (George Gregory, Bath) ; from which book our portrait of
the great artist is allowed to be reproduced.
ROMAN PAVEMENTS.
Proceedings, XXVII., pp. 239-258.
CORRIGENDA.
p. 240, footnote For at read ab.
241 Insert division | after Romanus.
,, , after tesserula.
242 For remembered read removed.
246 Delete . after Riley.
251 Omit the second pendebat cantherus ansd.
255 For / read r in character.
256, footnote For permatando read permutando.
258 Insert in brackets, after quotation (Arthur
C. Benson).
H. C. M,
on
of 53ir6s,
grComering of
IN DORSET DURING 1906.
, &c.,
By NELSON M. RICHARDSON, B.A.
/M JHHE names of those who have this year sent in
returns are as follows ; they are denoted in
the Report by initials :
(N. M. R.) Nelson M. Richardson, Monte-
video, near Weymouth.
(E. R. B.) Eustace R. Bankes, Norden,
Corfe Castle.
(E. S. R.) E. S. Rodd,Chardstock House,
Chard.
(W. H. D.) Rev. W. Hughes D'Aeth, Buckhorn Weston
Rectory, Wincanton.
(J. R.) Rev. J. Ridley, Pulham Rectory.
(G. R. P.) Gerald R. Peck, Darenth, Parkstone.
(S. E. V. F.) Rev. S. E. V. Filleul, All Saints' Rectory, Dor-
chester.
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 259
Several other contributors send notes, and an interesting list,
giving various particulars of the cultivation of barley and
wheat since 1898, is sent by Rev. James Cross.
NOTES ON RARE AND OTHER BIRDS IN 1906.
GREAT GREY SHRIKE (Lanius exculitor, L.). In the cold
snap of snowy and frosty weather, at the end of 1906, three
specimens were seen by my son, E. C. Linton, and myself on
Dec. zgth at no great distance, and by my son two days later
at closer range. On Jan. 2nd, 1907, my son again saw one of
them, in the same partially wooded valley. As the gamekeeper
had not noticed the birds there is no reason to suppose that its
companions had been shot. This rare winter visitor is noted in
the Birds of Dorset as having been seen or shot on eight different
occasions, the last date given being 1872, when one was shot at
Lytchett Matravers. Of the three that we saw one had some-
what brighter plumage than the other two, and was presumably
a male bird. (Rev. E. F. LINTON.) One seen at Pulham,
June 1 8. (J. R.)
PIED FLYCATCHER (Muscicapa atricapilla, L.). One seen at
Swanage by M. M. Hunt, on April 18, and recorded in "The
Country Side," Vol. II., p. 361 (May 12, 1906). (E. R. B.)
GOLDEN ORIOLE (Oriolus galbula, L.). One seen at Remp-
stone, near Corfe Castle, by Lieut. A. Smith, R.N., Ap. 22, 1905.
(E. R. B.)
DIPPER (Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein) NESTING IN EAST
DORSET. In his "Birds of Dorsetshire," p. 19 (1888), the
late Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell wrote, " The Dipper is only
known on the western side of Dorsetshire." It is, however,
satisfactory to be able to report that this statement is no longer
correct, as the following evidence will show that this interesting
bird has been, for some years past, a regular inhabitant of East
Dorset. Mr. Leonard Sturdy informs me that a pair nested at
Trigon, near Wareham, in 1896, and that this species has
260 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
nested there in various other years since then, e.g., 1904, 1905,
&c., whilst in 1905 a pair, which I had the pleasure of seeing,
frequented the stream at Binnegar Farm, which is close to
Trigon, and doubtless nested there. (E. R. B.)
SONG THRUSH (Turdus musicus, L.). Nest with three eggs at
Keysworth on Jan. 22. (S. E. V. F.)
DARTFORD WARBLER *. Mehzophilus undatus, Bodd. Seen
near Wareham on Jan. 9. (S. E. V. F.)
ICTERINE WARBLER (Sylvia icterina, Vieillot). ERRONEOUSLY
RECORDED FROM DORSET. In the " new edition," published in
1901, of his Handbook of British Birds, Mr. J. E. Harting makes
the following entry in his notice of the Icterine Warbler : " One,
Lyme Regis, Dorset, May, 1897 : Mathew, Zool., 1897, p. 332."
But although the note in the Zoologist (loc. cit.} is headed
" Icterine Warbler at Lyme Regis," and Lyme Regis is certainly
situated in the county of Dorset, the writer of the note in
question, the Rev. Murray A. Mathew, clearly states, in the
course of it, that the Icterine Warblers, heard several times by
himself and his wife, near Lyme Regis, during May, 1897, were
singing well within the confines of Devon, to which county, and
not to Dorset, the record must consequently be accredited.
(E. R. B.)
GOLD-CREST (Regulus cristatus, Koch). Numerous at Pulham,
on Jan. 1 1 and after. (J. R.)
FIRE-CREST (Regulus ignicapillus, C. L. Brehm). NEAR
CHARMOUTH. In "The Zoologist" for April, 1906, p. 149,
Miss Gulielma Lister, F.L.S., placed on record the fact that on
March 28th, 1906, she and her companions watched through
telescopes for some 20 minutes, at a distance of only ten yards, a
Fire-crest (Regulus igni'capillus\ which was flitting about a hedge
near Charmouth. Miss Lister, who has become familiar with
this species in Germany, particularly noticed the characteristics
[ (G. P.) writes Mar. 30, 1907, " I saw a pair on the Sandbanks (Poole Har-
bour) on the 28 and 29 inst. They probably mean to nest there." This note
properly belongs to the 1907 Report.]
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 261
by which it may be distinguished from the Gold -crest. The
Fire-crest has very rarely been observed in Dorset. (E. R. B.)
WAX WING (Ampslis garrulus, L.). Two examples of this rare
species were seen and watched through field glasses on the lawn
at Organford Manor, near Wareham, by Captain M. W. Portman
on Mar. 21, 1906 (D.C.C., Mar. 29, 1906), and one was seen
at intervals in the garden of Steeple Rectory, in the Isle of
Purbeck, by Mrs. James Panton, and others on the previous day.
(D.C.C., Ap. 5, 1906.)
BRAMBLING (Fnngilla montifringilla, L.). Numerous at
Compton Valence and neighbourhood. (J. R.)
HOUSE SPARROW (Passer domesticus, L.) AND OTHER SMALL
BIRDS. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF SMALL BIRDS. Under this
heading the following note by " Observer " was published in
the Dorset County Chronicle of June 2ist, 1906. "A week ago
a short paragraph appeared in the Globe, calling attention to the
remarkable disappearance of house sparrows in Dorset this
summer. This seems to be true of Dorchester, where there can
scarcely be one where usually there had been ten ; and other
small birds (not black birds and thrushes) are also scarcer than
usual. It would be interesting to hear whether this is noticeable
throughout the county, and whether it is so generally in the
West of England. And it would be most interesting to know
where they have gone in their countless and unwelcome
legions." (E. R. B.)
GOLDFINCH (Carduelis elegans, Stephens). Singing Ap. 12.
On Oct. 12, I saw at least 50 in a larch at Pulham Rectory.
(J. R.)
CHOUGH (Pyrrhocorax graculus, L.). I am informed on
reliable authority that a specimen occurred at Wyke Regis, on
or about Oct. 10. (N. M. R.)
NUTCRACKER (Nucifraga caryocatades, Selby). A specimen
of this very rare bird was seen in the middle of November, on
the Downs between Bingham's Melcombe and Chesilborne, by
Mrs. and Miss Bosworth Smith and two lady friends, one of
whom wrote to the Dorset County Chronicle (Nov. 29, 1906),
262 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS. ETC.
giving some description of the bird and recording its occur-
rence. As, however, important points were omitted, and the
letter was somewhat unconvincing, I wrote to Mr. Bosworth
Smith, who has kindly furnished me with further particulars,
which make the record as reliable as one of observation with-
out capture can well be. He says that Mrs. Bosworth Smith,
who is a good observer of birds, when she came back laid stress
on the following material points, which are omitted from the
description in the Dorset County Chronicle : (i) the size of the
bird being that of a jackdaw, (2) the size of its bill and tail,
(3) the curved shape of the bill. In these points she was con-
firmed by her daughter, who was also accustomed to observe
birds. The bird was under observation for some little time.
This species has not before been recorded as occurring in
Dorset. (N. M. R.)
LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor, L.). One
was seen at Corfe Castle by Mr. Arthur E. Bankes on May 15.
(E. R. B.)
A pair hatched a brood in the limb of a dead beech in the
latter part of April at Pulham. (J. R.)
WOOD PIGEON (Columba palumlus, L.). Throughout the
whole winter of 1906-7, Wood Pigeons have been most remark-
ably scarce in the Corfe Castle district. As a rule large flocks
of them reside with us during the winter, doing much damage,
particularly to the turnip and clover fields. These presumably
consist in general, of birds reared in Purbeck, where their nests
are abundant, especially in the many fir woods, though it is
highly probable that in some seasons their numbers are
augmented by immigrants from elsewhere. But during the past
winter I do not think we have had more than one individual for
every ten usually observed at this time, nor have I noticed a
single flock consisting of even a score of units. Seeing, how-
ever, that during this same period, Wood Pigeons in thousands
have been doing such damage in the portion of Devonshire
between Exeter and Dartmouth, that all agriculturists have had
to unite in taking special measures for their destruction, it
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 263
seems reasonable to suppose that a large portion of our Purbeck-
bred birds migrated last autumn into the neighbouring county of
Devon. (E. R. B.)
BITTERN (Botaurus siellaris, L.). One at Keysworth, Feb. 21.
(S. E. V. F.)
GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL NOTES.
HEDGEHOG. On Jan. 2 last, at 5.40 p.m., I discovered a full-
grown hedgehog grubbing about the west bank of the railway
cutting at Rodwell station. (F. J. Barnes.)
ABUNDANCE OF WASPS IN SPRING. Queen Wasps were
exceptionally common at Norden, Corfe Castle, in the spring of
1906. While recruiting my health in our garden, I myself
netted and killed 94 of them in parts of two consecutive days in
the middle of May, and destroyed 129 in portions of four
successive days ! Nearly all of these were taken whilst either
sitting on the uppersides of the leaves of a hedge of common
laurel, or whilst hovering over them, and although they delighted
to rest on the laurel leaves in the bright sunshine, not a single
one was seen on a leaf of the rhododendrons growing beside
the laurels. They appeared to resort to the leaves merely for
repose, not in quest of food, and I can only imagine that they
knew by instinct that those of the laurel would afford them more
warmth than those of the rhododendrons. Of 18 individuals
selected, more or less at random for preservation, and kindly
identified by my friend, Mr. Edward B. Nevinson, F.E.S., the
14 taken on May i4th included one Vespa vulgaris, L., four
V. germanica, Fb., nine V. ruja, L., and one V. sylvestris, Scop.,
whilst the two secured on June 5th are both referable to this
last species, and the one netted on June 4th is V. norvegica,
which is usually scarce in this county, though two nests found
near Corfe Castle yielded me an abundance of it in 1893. It is
impossible to say in what proportions the first four species
occurred among the numbers killed, and the still larger numbers
seen flying about ; probably they were all more or less common,
264 FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
but only one V. norvegica was captured. Only a few later wasps
were observed at Norden before I left home in the middle of
August for some weeks, and after my return, and they were
reported as unusually scarce during my absence. (E. R. B.)
HUMBLE BEES. "GREAT MIGRATION OF BUMBLE BEES."
Under this heading some extremely interesting observations on
the movements of one of the common species of Humble Bee,
viz., Bonibus teirestris, along the Poole Sandbanks in September,
1905, were recorded by the late Mr. Alexander M. Luckham in
"The Entomologist," XXXIX., 65 (iqo6). From September ist
to 1 3th countless thousands of these bees were seen flying
southwards in a regular stream day after day, nor was a single
one observed going in the opposite direction, while from
September i3th to 2gth a similar stream kept passing north-
wards, not a bee being seen heading towards the south !
(E. R. B.)
LEPIDOPTERA IN 1906. For truly indigenous Lepidoptera,
both large and small, the season of 1906 proved, in my experi-
ence, sadly unproductive in East Dorset, and, notwithstanding
the beautiful weather, which proved all that the entomologist
could desire, the great majority of the better-class species that
were especially searched for, were either more or less scarce, or
else apparently absent, nor do I think that they have, as yet,
nearly recovered from the effects of the wholesale destruction
wrought among them by the disastrous weather conditions
experienced in 1903. But 1906 will ever be memorable for the
sudden appearance, at the end of May and the beginning of
June, in East Dorset, as in various other parts of the south
coast of England, of considerable numbers of several different
kinds of Lepidoptera, some of which are usuallv very rare in
Britain, being unable to survive our winters, whilst all are well-
known migrants. The species that thus appeared, having
doubtless flown over from the Continent, were Vanessa cardui,
L., Phryxus livornica, Esp., Heliothis peliigera, Schiff., Plusia
gamma, L., Nomophila noctuella, Schiff., and Plutella maculipennis,
Crt., and there is every reason for believing that a flight of
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 265
Laphygma exigua, Hb., reached East Dorset at the same time.
The summer being favourable to their progeny, large subsequent
broods of most of these welcome visitors were observed in due
course. It is of special interest to be able to record that
Mr. W. G. Hooker, of Bournemouth, himself captured at
Branksome, whilst hovering over rhododendron flowers, at dusk,
May 29th June 8th, eleven specimens of the rare P. livormca
[inadvertently given by him as " ten " in Entom. XXXIX., 162,
where his captures were also erroneously ascribed to Hants
instead of Dorset (vide op. cit. p. 189)] and several H. peltigera,
and that many other individuals of both species were then seen
by him. Larvae of the latter were more or less common locally
later on, and from some, collected by myself in the Isle of
Purbeck, the perfect insects were subsequently reared. Of
L. exigua, Mr. W. G. Hooker and four friends took at light, in
the Poole district, about fifty examples in the course of August,
September, and October, and from eggs laid by one of the
females Mr. W. J. Ogden succeeded in rearing a goodly series
of moths (Entom., XL., 65).
But to return to our scarcer permanent residents, Sesia
culidformis, L., of which there were previously only two known
Dorset specimens, was discovered by Mr. W. Parkinson Curtis,
in Bere Wood, where several specimens were secured by him
and one by myself, and I had the good fortune to net, at Corfe
Castle, an example of Hemaris tityus, L. (the narrow-bordered
Bee Hawk-moth), which has but rarely been met with in the
county. But by far the most noteworthy event of the year was
the discovery near Wim borne of the Plume-moth, Stenoptilia
graphodactyla, Tr., of which a few individuals were captured,
and several bred by Paymaster-in-Chief Gervase T. Matthew
(see Ent. Rec. XVIII., 245). This species is new not only to
Dorset, but also to the British List ! (E. R. B.)
FLIES. GREAT MIGRATION OF FLIES. In "The Country
Side" of June 2nd, 1906, Mr. C. F. M. Chambers, of Spencer
Hill, Wimbledon, writes as follows: " Flies in great numbers
were seen on May i3th on the coast near Wey mouth flying
66 FIRST APPEARANCES OP BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
inland in a continuous procession, which lasted half-an-hour.
The weather was calm at the time." (E. R. B.)
BOTANICAL NOTES.
ELECAMPANE (Inula Hehnium, L.). Additional localities to
those given in Mansel-Pleydell's " Flora of Dorsetshire" are
Caundle Marsh, by roadside, and between Haselbury Bryan and
Woolland, plentiful. (J. R.)
MEADOW SAFFRON (Cokhicum autumnale, L.). Flowering
Aug. 30, at Castle Hill, Buckland Newton. (J. R.)
COMMON SALLOW (Salix cinerea, L.). On Jan. i, each of two
bushes growing in two different, and by no means either warm
or sheltered spots, had a few male catkins already out in flower,
and the catkins in many bushes in the neighbourhood were
already in the white furry stage ! This seems the more remark-
able seeing that the autumn of 1905 was exceptionally cold.
By Mar. i many bushes were in full bloom. (E, R. B.)
IRREGULAR BLOSSOMING OF SPRING FLOWERS. Owing to
the general mildness of the winter, the spring of 1906 promised
at first to be exceptionally early, but March and April were
unseasonably cold, and consequently the later spring flowers
were behind their normal times in appearing. Such weather
conditions ahvays produce great irregularity in the development
of vegetation, and this was markedly the case in 1906. For
instance, blackthorn began to bloom on February zyth, but
many bushes were, nevertheless, in full flower at the beginning
of May ; sallow bloom could be found from January ist onward
until almost the end of April ; while wood anemones were in
full flower, together with wild hyacinths, in early May.
(E. R. B.)
FLOWERING TREES, &c. Apple and pear trees, as well as
blackthorn bushes, showed a marvellous profusion of blossom
in Purbeck, but, in spite of all their promise, they yielded an
exceptionally poor crop of fruit. Gorse bloom was fine and
plentiful, the bushes being well covered with flowers, though by
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 267
no means smothered in them as was so markedly the case in
1903. (E. R. B.)
RARE FUNGUS [Peziza (Sarcocypha) coccwea, Jacq.]. In
reference to a note at p. 264 of the last volume (XXVII.) of
"Proc." D.N.H. and A.F.C., in which the finding of this
fungus is recorded from Purbeck by (E. R. B.), Rev. A. E.
Eaton, of Pentlands, Mill Road, Worthing, has sent me the
following particulars, with additional localities: "This species is
widely distributed in Dorsetshire, as localities may be cited :
Osmington, on banks in the copse to the left of the footpath
and cart track leading to Osmington Mill from the village ;
Littlebridy (otherwise Littlebredy) in damp hedgerows and
copses, such as Foxholes and the lower part of the wood
opposite Colonel Williams' kitchen gardens ; Hawkchurch ;
Thorncombe ; Holwell, near Sherborne ; and places in the
neighbourhood of Sturminster Newton. My sister (during my
childhood) and my wife (in later years) made much use of this
fungus as an ornament, arranging specimens in saucers with
wet mosses of elegant form. I mention this only as evidence
of the species being fairly common in parts of Dorsetshire. By
the way, is it rightly referred to the Subgenus Geopyxis at
p. 264, 1. 8 from top ? I believe Mr. Rayner in this matter has
misled Mr. E. R. Bankes, my authority being Berkley's Outlines
of British Fungology, p. 367, where it is classed as Peziza
(Ser. 2, Lachnea), Subgen. 5, Sarcoscypha, sp. 36, coccinea,
Jacq. Geopyxis is in Ser. L, Aleuria, Fr." The subject was
also mentioned at one of the winter meetings of the Club, and
the occurrence of the fungus in various Dorset localities was
testified to by several of those present.
[Erratum. "Proc.," XXVII. , p. 264, line 7 from bottom, for
"sand" read "same."]
NOTES ON WEATHER, &c.
CHARD. From Jan. i to April wet, .stormy, with occasional
sunny, mild days. A very cold, late, dry spring. Rain fell about
26& FIRST APPEARANCES OE BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC.
May 22 for two or three days, doing immense good ; we had not
had any rain to speak of, except an occasional thunder shower,
for many weeks. Good prospect of fruit in garden and orchard.
The spring was so cold that our spring migrants were not heard
to sing or call much this spring. Ash trees were very late and
bare of leaves on June i . A fine summer and corn harvest ; a
very good farmers' year ; root crops good ; wool and pigs very
high priced ; very hot weather at the end of August and
beginning of Sept., the temperature being 90 degrees in the
shade on Aug. 31, and I never in 40 years shot on a hotter ist
of Sept. The great heat from Aug. 3 1 to Sept. 3 was extra-
ordinary, and has not been so great in England for over 60 years.
(NOTE. The thermometer has reached a higher point, but has
not before been so high for four consecutive days. ED.) Great
drought throughout the country. A very mild winter up to
Christmas, snow and a little frost for a few nights. Snow
storms and gales about Dec. 1 1 ; Christmas day bright and
lovely ; the last week of the year very changeable. Never do
I remember in 50 years more sudden and greater changes in
weather, wind, and temperature than in the last 10 days of 1906.
(E. S. R.)
PULHAM. The driest year here since 1900. Ponds dry
which have not dried before for many years. On night of
April 27, a good inch of ice on water barrel. On night of
May 30, so cold that cool frames were closed for fear of frost.
On March 26, the only time that the whole landscape was
covered with snow. (J. R.)
THUNDER AND LIGHTNING AT PULHAM. Jan. 4 : Two vivid
flashes and thunder; again same night. Jan. 13 and April n :
Lightning in evening. Ap. 13: Distant thunder. Ap. 30:
Heavy peal about 4 p.m. ; hail. May 13 : Heavy thunderstorm
all round, but not heavy with us ; wind S.E. ; local rain-floods
near. May 16 : A little thunder. June 23 : Wind S.S.E. ;
thunder from evening till midnight. July 3 : Wind N.E. ; heavy
thunder in distance. July 26, Aug. 2, and Sept. 15 : A little
thunder. (J. R.)
FIRST APPEARANCES OF BIRDS, INSECTS, ETC. 269
DORSET BARLEY AND WHEAT SINCE 1898. The following
table of prizes, with other particulars of growth, is supplied by
Rev. James Cross, of Sturminster Marshall, the " Dorset United
Farmers' Club " being a revival of a Barley Fair formerly held at
Dorchester. It is inserted here on account of the information
which it affords as to the effect of different seasons upon the
crops.
The Tables of First Appearances, &c., are also appended:
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Isle, Church Knowle, Creech, Steeple ; Tyneham, Povington, Worbarrow ;
Lulworth, Wool, Bindon ; East Stoke, Holme, Wareham ; Corfe Castle ; and
Studland. (John Lane, The Bodley Head, London. 21s. net.) 1907.
Memorials of Old Dorset. Edited by Thomas Perkins and Herbert Pentin.
With many illustrations. Contents : Historic Dorset, the Barrows of Dorset,
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Dorchester, Weymouth, Portland,, the Isle of Purbeck, Corfe Castle, Poole,
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Literary Associations of Dorset, Some Dorset Superstitions (Bemrose and
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Dorset Parish Registers. Marriages. Edited by W. P. W. Phillimore and
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SOME RECENT AND FORTHCOMING BOOKS. 281
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INDEX TO VOL. XXVIII.
By E. W. YOUNG.
Acland, Captain, xxix., xxxii.. xxxiv.,
xl., xliv.
Aldis, T. S., xxxv.
Alton Pancras, Iv.
Church, Iv.
Antelope Hotel, Dorchester, 32, 37, 41
Amphitheatre, Roman, Excavations at,
Ixxvi., Ixxix.
Arachnida, New and Bare British, xl.,
121
List of, 146
Notes on, 122
Artesian Wells, xxxv., 185, 197, -201
Australia, Flowing Wells of, 203
Barnes, F. J., Ixxv., Ixxvii.
Eev. W., li.,lxix.
Kev. W. Miles (Vice-Presi-
dent), xxix., Ixxxix., 107, 168
Barrett, W. Bowles, xxxvi., 30
Bartelot, Rev. R. G., xl., 96
Beach, Thomas, 256
Bennett, George, Ixxii.
Bingham, Canon, lii.
Sir John, 227
William de, 227
Birds, First Appearances of, 25^, 278
Bittern, 263
Brambling, 261
Chough, 261
Dartford Warbler, 260
Dipper, 259
Fire -crest, 260
Gold- crest, 260
Golden Oriole, 259
Goldfinch, 261
Great Grey Shrike, 259
House Sparrow, 261
Icterine Warbler, 260
Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, 262
Nutcracker, 261
Pied Flycatcher, 259
Song Thrush, 260
Wax Wing, 261
Wood Pigeon, 262
Blackett, Rev. S., Ixvii., Ixxi., Ixxii.
Bond, Nathaniel, 37
Serjeant, 34, 36, 40
Books, Recent and Forthcoming, 280
Botanical Notes, 266, 276
Common Sallow, 266
Dorset Barley, 269, 270-6
Botanical Notes continued.
Elecampane, 266
Fungus, Rare, 267
M eadow Saffron, 266
Spring Flowers, Irregular
Blossoming of, 261
Trees, Flowering, 266
Bound, Mary, 39
Rev. Cuthbert, 34, 35, 38, 39
Bovington, Borehole, xxxv., 189, 193
Water, 204
Bridge, J. E. M., 5, 11
Bridport, XIV. Century Life in, xl., 93
Castle, 99
Churches, 104
Gertop's House, 98
Greyhound Hotel, 104
Magdalen Leper -house, 104
Mint, at 162
Plague, The, 103
Rope Trade, 102
St. John's Hospital, 104
British Archseological Association,
xxx vii., xxvi.
Congress in Dor-
set, xxxvii.
Association, xxviii., xlv.
Commonfields, xlix.
Valley Settlement, xlvii.
Broadley, A. M., 213
Brocklehurst, R. G., 245
Browne, George, 169
Buckland Newton, xlvii., li., Ivi.
Burton Bradstock Nodules, xxxv.
Busby, Dr. Richard, 40
Butler, Parson Billy, lii.
Rev. G. W., 35
Cahots, The production of, 153
Cambridge, Rev. 0. P. (Vice -Presi-
dent), xl., 121
Cecil, Lord Eustace, Ixxiii., Ixxviii.
Hon. Mrs. Evelyn, Ixxiii., 282
Cecil and Mansel-Pley dell Medals, xlii.,
cxi.
Cerne Abbas, Parish Register (Com-
monwealth), 255
Cerne Abbey, Cartulary of, 65
Chantries, Cornwall, 25
Dorset, 13
South Hants, 26
Wilts, 27
284
Charminster Church, 8, 250
Churchill. Capt. Joseph, 36
Richard, 36
William, 36
Clarence, L. B., Ixxxiv.
Coins, Dorset, xxxix., xl., 159
Coif ox, W., Ixxxviii.
Collins, W. W., Ixiv.
Communion Plate
Henstridge, 254
Milton Abbey, 229
North Wootton, 254
Winterborne Ander-
son, 229
Cornish, Dr. Vaughan, 149
Cross, Rev. James, 259, 269
Crosses, Queen Eleanor, xl., 209
Cheapside, 214
Geddington, 211
Northampton, 212
Westminster, 214
Waltham, 213
Cunnington, E., lii.
Dene -hole, Ixxvii.
Dicker, Rev. C. W. H., xxxi., xxxvi.,
xliv., xlvii., xlix.,Hii., lv., 1.
Dorchester, Antelope Hotel, 32, 37, 41
Norman Mint at, 164
Saxon Mint at, 164
Dorset, Artesian Wells in, 185
Barley and Wheat, 269
Chantries (Part II.), 12
Dorchester Deanery, 14
Shaston ' 17
Sherborne 16
Whitchurch
Wimborne 30
Church Towers, 245
Coins, 159
Feast in London, xxix.
Memorial Brasses, 225
Norman Mints, xl. , 164
North, Storm in, 108
Prices of Labour and Farm
Produce (1691-7), 43
Saxon Mints, xl., 164
South, The Pepys of, xxxvi., 30
Drew, A. S., Ixxiii.
D'Urberville, Tombstone, 11
Dymond, Captain, 107
Eaton, B. J., xlii.
H. S., xxix., 107
Edwards, Miss, xxxix.
Eikon Basilike, xxxviii.
Elwes, Capt. (Hon. Treasurer), xlv.,
Ixxxvi.
Filleul, Eev. S. E. V., xxxiii., xl., 216
Financial Statements, Ixxxvi., Ixxxvii.
Fletcher, W. J., xxxv., xxxvi., 198, 219
Floyer, Elizabeth, 57
Major, 34, 36
Ford Abbey, Ixxix.
Chapel Bell, Ixxxiv.
Fossil Forest (Lulworth), Ixiv.
Foster, Capt. R. B., 32
Frampton, Liberty and Manor of, 168
Tregonwell, 34, 36
Freke, Colonel, 38
William, 38
Fry, E. A., 12, 281
Fynes- Clinton, E., 40
Geological Excursion Swanage to
Weymouth, Iviii.
Gertop, Sir Nicholas, 98
Glastonbury Abbey, lii.
John of, li.
Gould, Mr., xlvii.
Gray, H. St. G., xxxix.
Griffin, Dr., Ixxxix.
Hawksley, Rev. J. E., xlvii., xlviii.
Heath, Sidney, Ixxix., Ixxxiv., 280, 281
Henning, Henry (Poxwell), 33, 34, 36,
38, 44
Hill, H. W., xxxix.
Hogg, B. A., xxxii.
Horse Ornament, Mediaeval, xl.
Hudleston, W. H. (Vice -President),
xxxiv., xxxv., Iviii., Ixiii., Ixv.,
185
Hyde Abbey, 2, 10
Insects, First Appearances of Tables,
279
Keyser, C. E., xxxvii.
King Charles I. : Majesty in Misery,
xxxix.
Knapp, William (Poole), xl., 218
Knight, Rev. H., 35
Knighton, West, 32, 33
Lawrence, Capt. Edward, 34
Leach, Dr. Comyns, Ixxxix.
Lewell, 37
Linklater, Rev. Preb., Ixvi.
Lock, B. Fossett, 77
Loder, Andrew, 37, 47
Long, Idith, 34, 38
John, 35, 38
Rev. Charles, 35
Lottery and Hiring Tickets, xxxi.
Lulworth, " Fossil Forest," Ixiv.
Lyme Regis, 58
Landslip at, xxxiv.
Lynam, Charles, Ixvii.
Lytchett Heath, Ixvii., 34, 36
Gardens, Ixxiii.
St. Aldhelm's Chapel,
Ixxviii.
Main waring, Colonel, xxxiv., xli.
March, Dr. H. Colley (Vice-President),
xi., xxxii., Ixxi., Ixxvii.
285
Margaret, The Lady, and Wimborne,
Minster, xxxvi., 219
Mate, W., Ixxxix.
Meetings, Summer, xlvii., Iviii., Ixvii.,
Ixxix.
Winter, xxviii., xxxvii., xli.
Members, Honorary, xi.
List of, xii.
New, xxiv.
Memorial Brasses of Dorset (Part
IV.)-
Melbury Sampf ord
Bruning & Strang-
wayes, 231
Milton Abbey-
John Artur, xxxvi.,
230
TregonweU, Sir J.,
xxxvi., 225
Meteorological Records, xxviii., xxix.
Michel, Captain D'Oyly, 34
Mondey, Rev. F., xxxix.,xl.
Moule, H. J. (the late), 93
Needles, Netting, xxxii.
Netherbury, Pulpit at, 58
Nettlecomb Tout, lii.
Nevill, Ralph, xli.
Nodules, Burton Bradstock, xxxv.
Norman Mints in Dorset, 159
Officers of the Club, xi., xlv.
Oram, Samuel Marsh, xxxiii.
Paris, Herb, liii.
Pentin, Rev. H. (Hon. Sec. and Editor),
xxxiv., xxxvh: xliv., Ixiv., Ixxi.
Ixxiii., Ixxv., 228, 280, 281
Perkins, Rev. T. (the late), xxix.,
Ixxxix., 280
Phonological Notes, xliv., 276
Photographic Surveys and Records,
xxix., Ixxxix.
Piddlehinton, Church, xlvii., 2
Commoiifields, xlix.
Parish of, xlviii.
Piddletrenthide, Manor House, 11
Parish and Church
of, xxxvi., xlix., 1
Plants, First Flowering of, 276
Plush Church, li., 2
Church, Old, li.
Downs at, liii.
Poole, William Knapp, Clerk of, 216
Pope, Alfred, xl., xlii., xliii., xlv.,
xlvii., 197, 209
Portland Quarry, Excavations at,
Ixxv.
Pouncy, H. (Assistant Secretary), Ixiv.,
Ixix.
President's Address, xli., Ixxxviii.
Archaeology and Anthro-
pology, cviii.
Astronomy, xcviii.
President's Address continued.
Botany, xciv.
Chemistry, ciii.
Electricity, cii.
Engineering, cv.
General, ex.
Geography, cvii.
Geology, xcvi.
Meteorology, ci.
Obituary, Ixxxviii.
Zoology, Ixxxxi.
Prideaux, C. S., xxxi., xxxv., xxxviii.,
xliii., xlvii., liv., Ixxv.
W. de C., xxxv., xxxvi.,
xxxix., 225, 280
Psalms, Book of (1628), xxxix.
Publications of the Club, xxvii.
Pydel, Valley of the, xlvii.
Queen Eleanor Crosses, xl., 209
Rainbows and Halos, xxxi.
Railway Fares, Reduced, xxviii., xxxvii.
Rainfall, &c., in Dorset, (1906), 107
Observers' Notes, 111
Steepleton Manor, temper-
ture, &c., 120
Tables, 116119
Rayenhill, Canon, xxxiv., xli., xlii., li.,
liii., Ivii.
Raymond, H. F., xxxix.
Read, Parson (Moreton), 34, 35, 36, 41
Red Lion, Wareham, 42
Report, Editor's, xlv.
Secretary's, xliv.
Treasurer's, xlv.
Richards, James, 32
John (Warm well), Diary of.
30,31
Richardson, N. M. (President), xxvii.,
xxviii., xxix., xxx., xxxi., xxxvii,
xxxviii., xliii., xliv., Ivii., Ixv.,
Ixxvii., Ixxxv., 258
Ridley, Miss Lucy, xxxi.
Bev. O. M., Ixxxviii.
Eoedeer at Plush, lii.
.Rogers, Prof. Thorold, 42
Roman Pavements, 257
Road, Kingston Lacy, xxxv.
Sword Handle, xxxii.
Roper, Freeman, Ixxix., Ixxxv.
Rules of the Club, vi.
Sadler, John, 32, 39
St. Candida, 58, 60, 61
St. Wandrille, Abbey of, 52, 56, 61
Saxon Mints in Dorset, 159
Sectional Committees, Proposed,
xxxviii., xliii.
Shaftesbury, xxxiii.
Abbey, xxix.
Maces, 163
Norman Mint at, 164
Saxon Mint at, 160
286
Sheridan, A. T. B., 168
Societies, Corresponding, xxvii.
Southwell, Rev. G. B., Iv.
Stilwell, Henry, xliv., 107
Stone, Curious Carved, xxxix.
Stubbs, Rev. D. H., 51
Surface Wayes produced by Sledges, 149
Swanage to Wey mouth, Marine
Geological Excursion, Iviii.
Arish Mell and Mupe Bay,
Ixii.
Ballard Point, Punfield Cove,
and Swanage Bay, lix.
, Chapman's Pool and En-
combe, Ixi.
Dungy Head, Durdle Door,
, Bat's Head, &c., Ixii.
Durlston Head, Tillywhim,
and Anvil Point, Ix.
Gadcliff, Worbarrow Bay, and
Rings Hill, Ixii.
Holworth House and Ring-
stead Bay, Ixiii.
Kimmeridge Coast, Ixi.
Lulworth Cove and Stair
Hole, Ixii., Ixiv.
Osmiugton Mills, Ixiii.
Peveril Point and Durlston
Bay, lix.
St. Ealdhelm's Head and
Emmit Hill, Ixi.
White Nothe Point, Ixiii.
Sword Handle, Roman, xxxii.
Sykes, E. R., xxviii.
Symonds, H., xl., 159
Tacitus, Coins of, xxxix.
Templeman, Peter, 45
Towers, Dorset Church, 245
Beaminster, 252
Bere Regis, 250
Bradford Abbas, 246
Charminster, 250
Fordington St. George, 251
Iwerne Minster, 247
Milton Abbey, 249
Puddletown, 250
Sherborne Abbey, 247, 249,
251
Studland, 249
Trent, 247
Wimborne Minster, 248
Wiiiterborne Abbas, 247
Traherne, Mr., 33, 36
Trenchard, Captain, 38, 41
Colonel, 34, 36, 38
Sir George, 32
Udal, J. S., Ixxxiv.
Ware, Castor, xxxi.
Wareham, Ixvii.
Castle, Ixxii.
Lady St. Mary's Church,
Ixxii.
Norman Mint at, 164
Roman origin of, Ixxi.
Saxon Mint at, 160
St. Martin's Church, Ixvii.,
Ixxi.
Walls, The, Ixviii.
Warmwell, Manor and House, 30, 32
Warne, C., liii., Ixix.
Watercombe, 37
Waterson, xlvii. 1
Weather, Notes on, 267
Weaver, Rev. F. W., 256
Weld, Mr. (Lulworth), 34, 37
Weymouth Bay, engraving of (1792),
Coins struck in, 166
Duel at, 38
as XVII. Century Seaport,
XXX.
Whatcombe Down, Roman Camp, lii.
Whiteway, William, Diary of, 30
Whitechurch Canonicorum, 51
Church, 53
Williams, John, 34, 37
Winston. 38
Wills, Somerset Mediaeval, 256
Wimborne, 36, 204
Grammar School, 33, 34
Minster, The Lady Mar-"
garet Tomb, 219
Water, 204
Winchester College, 10, 11
Wita, St. (Candida), 58 , 60, 61
Wootton Fitzpaine, 58
Vye, Farmer, 38, 41
Zoological Notes, 263
Flies, Migration of, 265
Hedgehog, 263
Humble Bee, 264
Lepidoptera, 264
Wasps, 263
DA
670
D69D6
v.28
Dorset Natural History and
Archaeological Society
Proceedings
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